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s 


THE 


CYCLOPiEDIA 


OR, 


UNIVERSAL   DICTIONARY 


OF 


^rts,  Sciences,  anb  ilittraturt. 


BY 


ABRAHAM  REES,  D.D.  F.R.S.  F.L.S.  S.Amer.Soc. 

WITH    THE   ASSISTANCE    OF 

EMINENT  PROFESSIONAL  GENTLEMEN. 


ILLUSTRATED    WITH   NUMEROUS    ENGRAVINGS, 

7? 5'  THE  MOST  niSTTXGUISHED  ylRTISTS. 


IN  THIRTY-NINE  VOLUMES. 
VOL.  XXL 


LONDON: 

Printed  for  LONGMAN,  HURST,  REES,  ORME.  &  BROWN,  Paterxoster-Row, 

F.r.  AXD  J.  RIVIXGTOX,  a.  STRAHAN,  PAYNE  AND  FOSS,  SCATCHERD  AND  LETTERMAN,  J.  CUTHELI., 
CLARKE  AND  SONS,  LACKINGTON  HUGHES  HARDING  MAVOR  AND  JONES,  J.  AND  A.  ARCH, 
CADELL  AND  DAVIES,  S.  BAGSTER,  J.  MAWMAN,  JAMES  BLACK  AND  SON,  BLACK  KINGSBURY 
PARBURY  AND  ALLEN,  R.  SCHOLEY,  J.  BOOTH,  J.  BOOKER,  SUTTABY  EVANCE  AND  FOX,  BALDWIN 
CRADOCK  AND  JOY,  SHERWOOD  NEELY  AND  JONES,  R.  SAUNDERS,  HURST  ROBINSOK  AND  CO., 
J.  DICKINSON,  J.  PATERSON,  E.  WHITESIDE,  WILSON   AND  SONS,  AND  BRODIE  AND  DOWDING. 

1819. 


CYCLOPEDIA: 


OR,.    A     NEVv' 


UNIVERSAL    DICTIONy\RY 


OF 


ARTS    and     SCIENCES, 


LIGHT-HOUSE. 


LIGHT-HousE,.  in  the  Mantle,  is  a  building  or  watch- 
■  tower  erefted  upon  the  fea-(hore,  to  ferve  as  a  landmark 
to  mariners  in  the  night,  to  avoid  any  roclis  or  other  dangers. 
The  hght-houfe  is  generjUy  a  high  tower,  having  at  the  top 
an  apartment  called  the  lantern,  with  windows  on  all  fides, 
to  exhibit  the  light  made  within  it  by  the  flame  of  an  open 
fire,  or  by  lamps  or  candles.  Ii  is  frequently  of  fervice  to 
navigation,  to  creft  lighr-lioufes  upon  infulated  rocks  rifing 
from  the  fea,  to  warn  {hips  of  their  approach  to  fiicli  rocks. 
Of  this  kind  are  the  Eddyftone  rocks  off  Plymouth,  and  the 
Bell  rock  at  the  mouth  of  the  Forth  in  Scotland.  In  thefe 
fituations,  the  heavy  fwell  of  the  fea,  when  agitated  by  a 
ftonr,  ftrikes  with  fuch  force  againll  the  building,  as  to 
require  every  precaution  to  feciire  them  from  being  over- 
thrown by  the  continued  action  of  fo  powerful  an  enemy. 
The  Eddyftone  rocks  being  the  molt  celebrated,  as  well  from 
their  peculiarly  e.Kpofed  fituation,  as  from  the  great  inge- 
nuity difplaycd  in  the  conllruClion  of  the  light-houfes 
erected  at  different  periods  upon  them,  renders  them  deferv- 
ing  of  particular  defcriptioii.  The  hiftory  of  the  different 
ereilions  has  been  already  given  under  the  head  of  Eddv- 
STONE.  We  here  iiitend  defcribing  the  conftruftion  of  each, 
whir.h  will  be  a  fummary  of  all  the  different  kinds  of  light- 
houfes  of  wood  or  ilone. 

Mr.  Winllanley's  light-houfe  was  begun  upon  the  Ed- 
dyftone rock  in  1696,  and  was  more  than  four  years  in 
the  eretlion,  from  the  many  interruptions  of  the  wind, 
which  from  fome  quarters  caufcs  the  fea  to  break  over  thcfe 
rocks  with  fuch  violence,  as  to  prevent  the  poffibility  of 
landing  upon  them,  though  the  lea  around  is  very  quiet. 
This  is  occafioiied  by  the  rocks  being  open  to  the  fwell 
from  t!-;e  Great  Atlantic  ocean,  or  from  the  Bay  of  Bifcay, 
in  all  the  fouth-wellern  points  of  the  compafs  ;  and  is  in- 
creafed  by  the  form  and  pofition  of  the  rocks,  which  have 

Vol.  XXI. 


a  regular  (lope  to  the  fouth-weft  from  the  deep  fea  to   tlif 
rock  upon  which  the  houfe  is  erefted,  and  which,  therefore, 
receives  the  uncontrouled  fury    of  thefe  feas,    meeting  no 
otlier  objea  to  break  upon,  and  the'effeft  of  fo   great   an 
extent  of  water,  caufed  by  the  hard  S.W.  winds,  continue* 
for  many  days,   though  fucceeded  by  a  calm,  and  breaks 
frightfully  upon  Eddyftone.     When  there  is  no  wind,  and 
the  furface  of  the  fea  appears   fmooth,  Mr.  Winftanley's 
light-houfe  appears,  from  an  engraved  plate  of  it,  publifhed 
by  himfelf,  to  have  been  a  ftone  tower  with  12  fides,  rifinx 
44  feet  above  the  higheft  point  of  the  rock,  which  is  in- 
clined fo  as  to  be  10  feet  lower  on  the  oppofite  fide  of  the 
houfe.    The  tower  was  24  feet  in  diameter.   At  the  top  were 
a  baluftrade  and   platform  :    upon    this  eight   pillars  were 
erefted,  and  fupported  a  dome  of  the  fame  diameter  as  the 
tower.  From  the  top  of  this  arofe  a  fmaller  oftagonal  tower, 
I J  feet  in  diameter  and  fcvcn  in  height ;  and  upon  this  was 
the  lantern  to  feet  in  diameter,  and  \i  high,  containing  the 
lights.      It  had  a  gallery  or  balcony  furrounding  it,  to  give 
accefs  to  the  outfide  of  the  windows.     The  whole  was  fur- 
mounted  by  a  fanciful  iron  work  with  a  vane.   The  entry  was 
by  a  door  at  the  bottom,  which  was  folid  ftone,  except  the 
aperture  for  the  ftaircafe,  12  feet  in  height.   Above  this  were 
three  floors,  the  loweft  being  the  ftore-room,  the  next  the 
flate-room,  and  the  third  the  kiichen.     Thefe  occupied  the 
height  up  to  the  level  of  the  platform,  or  open  gallery  above- 
mentioned.     The  dome  above  this  contained  the  lodging- 
room,  and  the  oftagon  above  it  the  attending  or  look-out 
room,  immediately  beneath  the  lantern.     This  edifice  was, 
as  before-mentioned,  more  than  four  year*  in  erefting.     The 
firft  fummer   (for  it  is  only  in  this  feafon  the  rock  is  ac- 
cefTible)  was  fpent  in  making    J2   holes  in  the  rock,  and 
fattening    12   great  irons  to  hold  the  future  work.      In  the 
fecond  year,  a  folid  pillar  14  feet  diameter,    and    12  feet 
•  B  high. 


444002 


LIGHT-HOUSE. 


high,  was  built  as  a  core  or  centre  for  the  buildinfr.     Thi> 
third   year   the  pillar  was   incrcafcd  to    i6  feet    diameter, 
and  all  the  work  was  raifed,  which  to  the  vane  wa^s  at  tliat 
time  So  feet.     The  workmen  lodged  in  the  hoiife  foon  after 
Midfummer,  but  were  by  bad  weather  iniprifoncd   1 1  days 
before  a  boat  co\ild  relieve  them.     A  lipht  was  exhibited  on 
the  14th  of  Nov.  169S.     But  findin^T  tliat  the  fea  frequently- 
broke  over    the    lantern,    in   the  fourth    year   tlie    whole 
building  was  encompafled  with  a  new  work  of  four  feet  in 
ihicknefs,  made  folid  for  near  20  feet  high,  and  the  lantern 
was  raifed  40  feet  higher  than  at  firft,  making  it  90  feet  to 
the  top  of  the  cupola  of  the  lantern,  above  which  the  vane 
rofe  22  feet.  "  Yet  after  all,"  Mr.  Winftanley  fays,  "  the  fea 
in  dorms  flies  in  appearance  100  feet  above  the  vane,  and  at 
times  doth  cover  half  the  fide  of  the  houfe  and  the  lantern, 
as  if  it  were  under  water."     The  joints  of  the  additional 
ilone  work  of  the  fourth  year,  appear  to  have  been  covered 
with  an  iron  or  copper  hoop  cncompafling  the  building,   to 
prevent  the  fea  wafhing  out  the  mortar.  The  building  with- 
stood the  walb  of  the  fea  only  till  the  year  1703,  when  the 
inventor,  being  at  Plymouth  to  fuperintend  fcm?  repairs  of 
the  building,  went  off  to  it  on  fome  of  his  friends  intimating 
the  danger  of  the  building,  from   a   florm  which  fcemeJ 
coming  on.     He  expreifed  a  wifh   that   he  might  be  pre- 
fent  ill  tlie  mod  violent  ilorm  which  ever  blew,   to  obferve 
its  elfctt  on  the  (Irufture.     In  this  he  was  too  amply  gra- 
tified, for  on  the  26th  of  November  a  violent  (lorm  arofe, 
and  the  next  morning  no  velh'ge  of  the  light-hoiife  remained, 
except  fome  of  the  irons  which  were  fallened  in  the  rock, 
and  a  piece  of  iron  chain,  which  was  jambed  faft  into  a  chink 
of  the  rock,  and  nothing  was  ever  afterwards  found.     Thus 
perifhed  the  firll  light-houfe  with  its  ingenious,  but  unfor- 
tunate, builder.     A  Welt  Indian  fiiip  was  loll  on  the  rocks 
foon  after  the  light-houfe  was  overthrown.  Thiscircumdance, 
and  the  great  utihty  of  the  light  while  exhibited,  ftimulated 
the    Board  of  Trinity  houfe,  who   bad  tlie   manaijcment  of 
the  building,  to  ereft  another,  and  an  aCt  of  parliament,  of 
the  4th  of  queen  Anne,  was  pafTed  in  1706,  to  enable  the 
Board  of  Trinity  houfe  to  raife  duties  on  ihips  to  rebuild  it, 
of  which  they  granted  a  leafe  of  99  years  to  Capt.  Lovel,  as 
be  engaged  to  build  and  maintain  the  houfe.     In  July  1706, 
the  work  was  begun  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  John  Rnd- 
yerd,  who  was  at  that  time  a  lllk  mercer  on  Ludgatc  hJl, 
London,  but  who  appears  to  have  pofTeffcd  much  ingenuity 
and  mental  refource.     He,  like  Mr.  Winflanley,  publiflied  a 
print  drawn  by  B.  Leus,  aud  engraved  by  J.  Sturt,  which 
informs  us,  that  it.was  a  conical  fruftum  of  wood,   formed 
of  71  upright  beams,  united  together  by  bein^  bolted  to  cir- 
cular kirbs  of  woodwithinfide,  upon  which  kirbs  the  floors 
were  framed.  It,  in  fome  degree,  rcfembled  an  inimenfe  conical 
c&Pti,  but  without  hoops  :  the  diameter  at  the  bafe  was  23 
feet,  at  the  top  15  feet,  and  its  altitude,  from  the  highcll 
point  of  the  rock  to  the  top  of  the  upright,  was  62  feet.    At 
the  top  of  the  buiidirg  was  a  balcony,  furrounded  by  a  railing, 
and  in  the  centre  ot  the  area  thus  formed  the   lantern  was 
fituated.  It  l;ad  windows  on  all  fides,  asd  wj.i  of  an  oflagonnl 
£gure,  10  feet  in  diameter,  and  13  high,  furmounted  by  a 
dome  with  a  fimple  ball  at  top,  inftead  of  the  fanciful  iron  work 
■vvhich  ornamented  tlic  lirft  edifice.    Mr.  Rudyerd,  from  prin- 
ciples totally  different  from  thofe  of  his  predeccfTor,  made  his 
building   quite  plain,  without  the  leall  projection  or  orna- 
ment on  which  the  water  could  ail  when  dafliing  againft  it  ; 
and  he  omitted  no  precaution  of  uniting  all  the  parts  toge- 
ther, and  fallenin^  the  whole  to  the  rock.     As  the   furface 
of  the  rock  was  naturally  inclined,  and  the  whole  building 
would  have  had  a  tendency  to  Aide  down  it,  if  merely  placed 
!;poa  it,  as  Mr.  Winitanley's  was,  Mr.  Rudyerd  wifhed  to 


reduce  its  furface  into  level  ftcps,  Upon  which  each  timber 
would  have  a  horizon*.;!  bearing  ;  but  finding  this  to  be  the 
mod  difficult  of  the  whole  undertaking,  it  was  imperfedlly 
executed,  only  five  deps  being  cut,  and  thofe  did  not  t;ike 
out  all  the  inclined  furface  ;  however,  it  was  fufficicnt  for  the 
purpofe. 

The  building  was  filled  up  quite  folid   for  19  feet  from 
tlie  lowed   point  of  the  rock,  and,   excepting  the  well  for 
the  (lair-cafe,  was  folid  to  the  height  of  37  feet.     The  folid 
was  formed  of  three  beds  of  moor  done,  with  drong  floorings 
of  timbers  between  each  bed,  to  unite  them  with  the  externid 
uprights.     The  lower  bed  cont.iiiied  five  coui  les  of  done,  arid 
was  live  feet  thick  ;  the  fecond  was  the  fame,  and  the  third 
was  four  feet  thick,  containing  four  courfes.     The  whole 
eredlion,  in  addition  to  the  weight  of  this  done,  which  was 
about  280  tons,  was  fecured  to  the  rock  by  36  iron  cramp.s, 
part  of  them  arranged  in  a  circle  about  a  foot  within  the  ex- 
ternal  uprights,    and    the  remainder,    which   were    fmaller ' 
cramps,  in   an   interior  circle   three   feet   didant   from   the 
former,  to  hold  down  the  floors  of  timber  which  had  the  done 
beds  between  them.     In  the  centre  of  the  building  a  dronij 
.  jnad  was  eredted,  feciu'ed  by  two  cramps  to  the  rock  at  the 
hottom,  and  rifing  above  the  folid  to  the  height  of  48  feet, 
being  united  to  I'lc  framing  of  each  floor  it  pafled  through, 
and  thus  forming  :i  central  axis  to  flrengthen  the  whole.    The 
houfe  above  the  loiid  contained  four  apartments,  the  lower 
being  the  (tore  room,  the  next  the  date  room,  the  third  the 
bed  chamber,  and  the  fourth   the  kitchen,  immediately  be- 
neath the  lantern.     In  the  manner  of  fixing;  the  irons  to  the 
rock,   upon  the  duration  of  which  the  fecurity  of  the  whole 
work  depended,  Mr.  Rudyerd  fucceededmoft  admirably.  The 
holes  in  the  rock  were  made  by  drilling  two  holes  rather  di- 
verging from  each  other,  fo  that  they  would  be  an  inch  more 
afunder  at  I  j  or  16  inches  depth,  than  on  the  iurface  of  the 
rock.     A  third  hole  being  drilled  between  thefe  two,  and  the 
three  being  broken  into  one,  formed  a  hole  larger  at  the  bot- 
tom than  the  top.  The  iron  cramp  was  formed  of  two  pieces, 
which,  when  laid  together,  were  of  the  fhape  of  the  hole,  but 
when  feparated,  one  was  larger  at  the  bottom  than  the  top, 
and  the  other  fmalleft  at   the  bottom  ;  therefore  the  former 
being  firll  put  down  into  the   hole,  and  the  latter  driven   in 
by  the  fide  of  it,  wedged  it  fad,  and  both  being  united  by 
the  fame  bolts  which  attached  them   to  the  timbers,  ren- 
dered it  impoflible  to  draw  them  out.    They  were  put  in  their 
places  hot,  and  a  quantity  of  melted  tallow  being  firit  poured 
into  the  hole,  when  the  hot  irons  were  put  down  the  tallow 
ran  over  on  all  fides,  and  thus  certainly  filled  up  all  cavities. 
A  quantity  of  coarfe  pewter,  made  red-hot,  was  now  poured 
into  the  cavity  round  the  irons,  and,  being  a  heavier  fluid,  dif- 
jilaced  the  tallow,  and  filled  the  fpace  round  them  completely, 
the  tallow  efFedlually  preventing   the  entrance  of  the   fea 
water  into  the  moll  minute  cavities.    This  method  is  worthy 
of  record,  as  it  may  be  applied  to  many  other  ufeful  pur- 
pofes.     Mr.  Rudyerd,  as  before-mentioned,  began  his  ope- 
rations  in  July  1706  ;  in   July  1708,  he  had   fo   far  com- 
pleted it  as  to  exhibit  a  temporary  light  ;  and  the  whole  was 
complet^'d  in   the  following  year.     This   building  had  fiime 
repairs  of  its  timbers  in  1723,  and   again  in  1744,  when  a 
violent   dorm  had  carried  away  a  great  number  of  the  up- 
right timbers  :  but  it  fhewed  itlelf,  in  the  courfe  of  49  years, 
to  be  a  very  excellent  condrutlion  of  its  kind,  and  only 
liable  to  dedrudtion  from  the  porilhable  nature  of  its  mate- 
rials,  or  the  cataltrophe  which  awaited  it  on  the  night  of  the 
2d  of  Dec.  1759,  when  one  of  the  attendants,  entering  tfie 
lantern  to  fnuft  the  candles,  found  it  in  flames,  and,  not- 
withdanding   every  exertion,  the  fire  communicated  to  the 
uprights,  and  barntd  downwards.    The  unfortunate  men  de- 

fcendcd 


LIGHT-HOUSE. 


fcended  from  room  to  room  as  the  fire  increafed,  and  were 
at  lad  obliged  to  take  refuge,  from  the  fall  of  burning  tim- 
bers, in  a  cavity  of  the  rock,  from  which  they  were  relieved 
by  a  boat  the  next  morning.  The  wind,  unfortunately,  blew 
from  the  eaft,  and  though  it  caufed  fuch  a  fwell  as  to  pre- 
vent landing,  did  not  break  on  the  houfe  fo  as  to  extinguifh 
the  fire  ;  and  thus,  in  a  few  days,  the  whole  was  deftroyed, 
except  the  iron  cramps  in  the  rock. 

It  is  remarkable,  that  whilil;  one  of  the  light  keepers,  at 
the  commencement  of  the  fire,  was  looking  up  at  the  fire  in 
the  cupola  of  the  lantern,  a  body  of  melted  lead  (howered 
down  upon  him,  and  he  declared  a  quantity  had  palTed  down 
his  throat  into  his  ilomach.  He  lived  only  1 2  days  after  being 
talien  on  fhore ;  and  on  opening  the  body,  a  mafs  of  lead 
was  taken  from  the  Ilomach,  weighmg  more  than  feven 
ounces.  The  curious  fact,  of  his  having  12  days  furvived  fo 
alarming  an  accident,  was  communicated  by  his  attendant 
furgeon,  Dr.  Spry,  to  the  Royal  Society,  bat  the  ciicum- 
llance  appeared  lo  improbable,  that  it  did  not,  at  firlt,  meet 
that  credit,  which  future  experiments  on  animals  proved  he 
was  entitled  to. 

On  the  news  of  the  fire  reaching  London,  the  proprietors 
(for  by  the  fde  of  Capt.  Lovel's  original  leafe,  the  property 
of  the  light-houfe  was  now  in  many  hands,)  immediately 
took  meafures  to  reftore  it,  and  appointed  one  of  their  mem- 
bers, Mr.  Rob.  Wefton,  to  the  fole  managefnent  of  their 
affairs,  and  he  being  recommended  to  Mr.  John  Smea- 
ton,  F.  R.S.,  by  the  prefident  01  the  Royal  Society,  employed 
this  gentleman  to  devife  the  means,  and  fuperintend  the  erec 


taining  the  fire-place  L,  from  which  the  fmoke  afccnds  by,a 
copper   funnel  m,  through  the  bed  room  M  and  lantern  N, 
to  the  ball  on  the  top  of  the  cupola  O.  The  afcent  from  room 
to  room  is  by  the  perforations  through  the  middle  of  each 
floor,  a  moveable  ftep  ladder  being   ufed  for  the  attend- 
ants;   but   llore  may   be  drawn   up    from  the  lower  room 
into  any  other.      P  is  the  railing    forming   the    balcony  ; 
its   floor   is   covered   with   v.ry    thick    (beet   lead,   turned 
down    over   the    cornice    Q,    which    furmounts    the    co- 
lumn fif  the  building.     R  is  the  ftone  bafeiiient  of  the  lan- 
tern, and  N  the  glazed  part :  the  cupola  O  is  fupported  by 
eight  caft-iron    ftandards,  bet^teen  which  the   copper  win- 
dow frames  are  fixed  :  the  ftandardi  have  claws  at  bottom, 
which  are  fcrewed  to  flat  iron  bars  relting   upon  the  llone 
work.     By  this  means  the  whole  lantern  is  framed  together  ; 
and  to  ftrengthen  it,  the  window  frames   are  call   with  di- 
agonal bars,  as  fiieun  in  Jg.  2.     The  whole  lantern  is  held 
down  by  eight  bolts  at  its  angles,  paffing   down  through 
the  balcony  floor  ;  one  of  thcfe  is  feen  at  ^ :  S  is  the  door 
to  the  balcony.    The  lantern  is  lighted  by  24.  candles  ar- 
ranged in  two  iron  circles,  one  fix  feet  four  inches  diameter, 
containing  16  lights  ;  and  the  other,  three  feet  four  inches 
diameter,  holding  eight  candles.  Tiiefe  circles  are  fufpenced 
by   cords  going   over   pullies,  fo  that    they    mutually  rife 
and  fall  parallel,    and   counterbalance  each   other.    By  this 
arrangement  either  circle  can  be  diawn  down   to   fnuff  the 
candles,  which  is   done  every  half  hour,  without  lofino-  the 
whole  light.      Having  thus  defcribcd  the  general   outline 
of  the  building,  the  minutia  of  its  ccnllruclion   comes  next 


tion,  of  a  new  building.    Mr.  S.,  whofe  originality  of  genius,  to  be  defcribed,  and  the  manner  of  uniting  the  ilones  com- 

and  foundnefs  of  juiigment,  have  fince   been   fa  generally  pofing  it.    The  feCtion,_^.  2,  fhews  the  feveral  fleps  wiiich 

known,  was  at  that  time  juft  entering  into  his  profeflion  as  a  were  cut   in   the    rock    to  engraft  llie   ftone   work  upon, 

civil  engineer,  but  immediately  devoted  himfelf  to  the  confi-  J^'S^-  I,  2,3,  Sec.  denote  the  different  courfes  of  llone,  eacii 

deration    of  the    light-houfe,    and   foon    determined    upon  of  whichniakes  a  level  furfacev/ich  the  ilep  it  is  fitted  into, 

eredling  a  ftone  building  ;  and  reafoned,  that  by  making  the  The  feventh  is  the  firft  com.plete  courfe.     Fig.  2.  is  a  plan 


building  very  heavy,  and  uniting  all  the  ftones  firmly  together, 
he  ihould  obtain  fuch  a  weight  and  ftrength,  as  would  firmly 
refift  the  united  action  of  the  wind  and  water.  He  determined 
upon  dovetailing  the  ftones  together,  as  being  a  more  fecure 
method  than  cramping  with  iron,  and  not  liable  to  inter- 
ruption from  the  work  getting  wetted,  as  would  almoil:  un- 
avoidably happen  in  fuch  an  expofed  fituation.  On  the  whole, 
tlie  building  he  erefted,  and  which  is  now  ftanding,  may  be 
confidered  as  the  moft  perfeft  light-houfe  in  exiftence,  and 
gives  exampies  of  the  beft  kinds  of  mafonry.  We  have  there- 
fore given  drawings  of  it  in  the  FUle  of  Light-houfe,  which 
are  taken  from  a  fuperb  work  in  foho,  publilhed  by  Mr. 
Smeaton  in  1791,  entitled  "  Narrative  of  the  Building,  and 
Defcription  of  the   Conftruction  of  the  Eddyftone  Liight 


of  the  rock,  (hewing  the  courfes  i,  2,  and  3,  laid  in  their 
places,  and  exhibiting  the  dovetails  which  are  cut  in  each 
ftep  to  hold  the  feveral  ftones  in  their  places  ;  and  thefe 
ftones  are  fo  formed  as  to  enlock  the  others  with  them  iu 
a  manner  which  will  prevent  any  ftone  quitting  its  pofition. 
The  dark  fliaded  ftones  are  moor  ftones,  while  the  lighter 
forts  are  Portland  ftone.  Fig.  4.  is  a  plan  of  the  feventh 
or  firft  complete  cOm-fe,  ftiewing  a  central  ftone  with  four 
dovetails  uniting  it  to  four  others,  and  thefe  tying  in  the 
remainder.  All  the  folid  courfes  arc  laid  in  this  manner  to 
the  fourteenth,  which,  as  before  mentioned,  completes  the 
entire  folid.  Every  courfe  is  laid  in  fuch  a  manner  upon  the 
one  beneath  it,  that  all  the  joints  break  each  other,  as 
mafons  term  it,  that  is,  immediately  above  and  below  the 


The  feveral  courfes  are  retained  upon  each  other,  to  prevc.it 
them  Hiding  fideways,  by  means  of  joggles,  which  Ere 
plugs  or  cubes  of  h^rd  bl.ick  marble,  (hewn  by  the  dark 
fquares  m  fig.  2,  and  in  the  plan,  jfj.  4,  to  be  received 
one-half  through  every  two  adjacent  courfes.  All  the  courfes 
of  the   euiire    fohds    have   a   central   joggle  f,    and  eio-ht 


houfe  with  Stone."     It  is  from  the  fame  fource  the  whole    joints  of  any  courfe  the  middle  of  a  fohd  ftone  is  difpofed 
of  this  article  has  been  compiled.  --n,     r         .  , 

Fig.  I.  is  a  fouth  elevation  of  the  whole  houfe,  andj^.  2. 
a  feftion  of  the  fame.  A  reprefents  the  landing  place  ;  B  a 
natural  cave  in  the  eaft  fide  of  the  rock;  D  an  iron  rod, 
ferving  as  a  rail  to  hold  by  in  paffing  up  fteps  cut  in  the 
rock,  to  the  foot  of  the  ladder  occaiionallv  put  out  from 

the  entry  door  at  E.  At  F  is  a  cafcade  of  water,  pouring  others,  g,  arranged  in  a  circle  round  it,  as  fliewn  in  Jig" ^ 
over  a  low  part  of  the  rock,  but  this  j^  only  momentary,  for  Above  the  entire  folid,  the  centre  ftone  is  omitted  to  leave 
the  fwell  will  in  an  inftant  caufe  it  to  iet  the  other  way.  In  the  well-hole  for  the  ftair-caie,  X,  or  rather,  it  is  com- 
Jig.  2.  fl  B  ftiews  the  upright  face  of  the  rock,  and  the  line  pofcd  of  four  ftones,  united  by  hook  or  dovetail  joints,  to 
«i  the  general  direction  of  its  ^rain  or  Hope.  In  this  figure  it  form,  when  put  together,  one  piece,  large  enough  to  Jiave 
is  feen  that,  as  high  as  the  firft  14  courfes  of  ftone  work,  the  the  well-hole  through  its  centre,  and  the  exterior  ftones  are 
budding  is  entirely  folid.  Here  the  entry  F  comme-.ces,  but  united  to  it  as  a  central  piece  in  the  lame  manner,  as_/ff,  4. 
excepting  this  cavity,  and  the  ftaircafe  X,  the  foad  ftiil  con-  In  thefe  courfes  the  continuity  of  the  ftones  being  fomewhat 
tinues  to  the  floor  of  the  lowell  chamber  G,  which  is  the  broken,  double  the  number  of  joggles,  h,  and  thole  halt" 
ftore  room,  and  H  the  door  at  which  the  ftores  are  drawn  up  the  fize,  are  introduced  between  the  courfes.  It  is  to  be 
and  received.    I  is  the  upper  ftore  room  ;  K  the  kitchen  c  jn-   obferved,  that  none  of  the  joggles,  except  ihc  centre  OHes, 

B  .;  come 


LIGHT-HOUSE. 


«ome  immediately  over  the  others,  as  the  figure  would  in- 
fer, but  they   break  j.iiiit  with  each  otlicr  to    give  every 
part  of    the  foliJ   an  equal   (Irenjjth.     Above  the  folid,  a 
new  fyilem  of  building  was  necclTanly  adopted:  the  lower 
courfes  were  coinpofed   of  Portland   (loncs   to   fill   up   the 
centre,  and  moor  iiones,  as  being  nioie  durable, to  make  the 
outfide.  The  whole  of  the  upper  works  are  of  moor  llone  ; 
and  dovetailinjj  hci'g  no  longer  pradlicable,  the  Hones  :re 
united  by  iron  cramps  and  joggles,   as  Ihevvn  in^^.  7,  which 
is  a  plan  of  the  upper  or  bed-room  M.  Each  ftone  is  here  feen 
to  have  an  iron  crump  to  join  it  to  its  neighbour,  and  has  a 
fmall  marble  joggle  to  unite  it  with  tliat  above  it.    The  ver- 
tical joints  are  rendered  impervious  to  water,  by  cutting  a 
notch  between  every  two  adjuceut  Hones,  fo  that  when  they 
come  togeliier  it  forms  a  hole  of  a  lozenge   fliape,  and   a 
piece  of  llune  being  put  dovyn  into  this   hole  with  mortar, 
makes  a  perfcA  joint,  at  the  fame  time  increafing  the  bond 
of  the  iiones.     This  kind  of  joint  is  partly  feen  in_y?f.  8,  at 
n,  but  one-half  is  hid  by  the   iron   cramps    r,  r,  extending 
over  every  joint.   In  this  figure  they  are  feen  inclined,  tliat 
they  may  take  firmer    hold  of  the  ftcnes  s,  s,    forming  the 
fides  of  the  apertures  T,  for  the  window.   The  (lones  of  the 
different  floors  arc  dovetailed  together,  as  in  ^/fj'j.   5   and   7, 
and  are  rather  arched  on  the  lower  fide,  as   flicwn   in  Jig.    2. 
To  retain  the  thrull  of  thefe  arches,  every  courfe  trom  vvhich 
a  fioor  fpriiigs,  is  bound  by  an   eiidlefs   chain   inlaid    in  the 
fione  work,  as  in  Jir.  j,  and  run    in   folid  with   lead.    The 
chain  is   fiiewn  enlarged  in  Ji^.   6.     Fig.  7.  is  a  plan  of  the 
bed-room  M,  (liewing  the  diljiohtion  of  ihe  three  cabin  beds 
i,  I,  lit,  with  a  window  between  each.   The  dark  ipot  m  is  the 
fmoke  funnel,  and  n  is  the  place  for  a  clock. — The  reader  is 
now  tolerably  well  acquainted  with  the  conl'.ruftion  of  Mr. 
Smeatoii's  light-lioufe  ;  but    in   fudi   a   peculiarly  expofed 
fituation,  every  trifling  operation  was  attended  with    diffi- 
culty, and  demanded  thought   and   ingenuity  to   devife  the 
means  of  accomplilliing  it.     On  this  account  we  iliall  briefly 
follow  Mr.  Smeatoii  through  his  narrative,  though  it  relates- 
circumllances  which,  if  recorded   in  the  account  of  a  com- 
mon building,  wijuld   appear  impertinently  minute.      The 
feaibn  when  Mr.  Smeaton  firll  took  up  the   bufmefs  of  the 
liglit-houfe  not  being  favourable  for  a  vifit  to   the   rock,  he 
did  not  attempt  it  till  April  1756,  before  which  time  he  had 
deligned  the  general  plinciplcs  of  the   building.     He  fcund 
upon  the  rock  the  irons  of  both   the  former  erections,   and 
fcveral  of  the  moor  Rones  of  the  late  building  lying  in  the 
gut,  wiiicii  was  a  narrow  channel  of  twelve   feet   deep   be- 
tween the  houfe  rock,  and  a  reef  of  rocks  to  the  well  ward, 
in  which  channel   the  boats   coming  to  the  houfe  could  lie 
in  fair  weatlier.      His    firil  vifit  was  employed   in  obferva- 
tions  on  the  rock,  ancFin  experiments  of  the  time  rcquilite  to 
drill  and  pick  holes  cf  a  certain  dimenfion,   that   he   might 
elliraatc   the  time  necelTary  to   complete  the  work  on  the 
rock.     In  fucceeding  voyages  he  took  dimenfions  of  every 
part  to  enable  him  to  make  an  accurate  model,  to  which  he 
could  ada'Jt  a  model  of  the  intended   building.     The  unfa- 
vourable days  at   fea  were  employed  on  fliore  in  examining 
the  (lone  in  the  country  round,  a  convenient  fituation   for  a 
work-yard,  &c.     The  dimenfions  of  the  rock  were  taken  by 
the  foliov/ing  means  :   He  fiiced  up  the  circle  of  ?.  theodolite, 
with  its  index,  in  the  centre   of  tlie  rock,   and  levelled  it 
with  ti  e  fpirit-level ;  a  light  rod   was  fixed  to  the  index, 
long  enough,  when  turned  round,  to  reach  all  parts  of  the 
rock  ;  it  was  provided  witli  a  fpirit-level  to   (hew  when  it 
Hood  horizontal.    It  is  obvious  that  this  rod,  when  turned 
round,  would  defcribe  a  horizontal  plane,  and  the  depth  of 
any  pcint  of  the  rock  beneath  this  plane  was  afcertained  by 
a  rod  fel  u])  vertically  upon  the  point  in  quelUon,  and  ap- 


plying the  horizontal  ruler  to  it.  The  divilioiis  on  the  ver- 
tical rod  fliewed  the  depth  ;  and  tite  divifiou  of  the  horr- 
zontal  ruler  fliewed  the  diitance  from  tlie  centre,  and  the 
degrees  of  the  theodolite  circle  pointed  out  the  direclion. 
By  thefe  means  the  jjofilion  and  altitude  of  thirty-two 
principal  points  were  obtained,  which  were  well  marked 
upon  the  rock,  and  a  line  being  ftrctched  from  one  of  thelo 
points  to  another,  pave  the  means  of  determining  the  pt»- 
fition  of  the  iron  ftanchioi;S,  or  any  thing  elle  vshieh  was 
remarkable.  Having  thi:s,  ill  ten  voyages,  made  all  tl.«; 
nccedary  obfervations  on  the  rock,  and  determined  upon  re- 
gulations for  the  management  of  the  work,  he  returned  to 
i^ondon,  and,  in  his  way,  vifited  the  various  ftone  quarries  in 
Devonlhire,  and  the  illes  of  Portland  and  Purbeck.  He 
was  employed,  till  the  month  of  July,  in  making  cxaA  mo- 
dels of  the  building,  when  he  returned  to  Plymouth,  where 
he  found  a  velfel,  the  Neptune  Bufs,  whi.  h  had  been  fitted 
up  for  exhibitini;  a  temporary  light  during  the  period  of 
rebui'diiig  the  hoiifc.  From  fome  mifundcrC.anding  be- 
tween the  Board  of  Trinity  and  the  proprietors,  this  veffel 
was  not  eu-.ployed  in  this  manner,  but  was  devoted  to  Mr. 
Smealon's  ufe,  who  immediately  began  tlic  work.s  upon  the 
rock  ;  mooring  the  Bufs  near  the  rock  to  ferve  as  a  retrejrt 
for  the  workmen,  who  were  frequently  driven  off  by  the 
waves.  In  the  month  of  September  the  three  Icwer  ll^ps  of 
the  rock  wore  completed,  and  the  upper  ones  in  a  Ihite 
of  great  fur wardnefs  ;  after  which  time,  bad  weather  pre- 
vented much  more  being  done  that  year,  and  In  November 
the  Bufs  left  her  moorings  to  return  to  Plymoutb,  in  which 
voyage  (lie  was  driven  to  fea,  and  narrowly  efcapcd  (hip- 
wreck.  Thus  concluded  the  i  perations  of  the  year  1756.. 
The  winter  feafon  was  pafTed  in  preparing  ftone  work  on 
(hore,  m  building  boats,  and,  by  Mr.  Smeaton,  in  a  long 
and  valuable  ieries  of  cxperin.ents  on  the  different  kinds  ct 
cements,  which  could  be  applied  to  the  building. 

In  May  1757,  the  Bufs  was  carried  out  and  moored,  and 
on  the  1 2th  of  June  the  lowell  and  firll  Hone  was  kid  in  its 
place  ;  from  the  great  uncertainty  of  the  weather  every  ftone 
was  fo  contrived,  that  it  was  of  itfclf  in  a  condition  to  rcfiit 
the  wafh  of  the  fea,even  when  it  was  immediately  laid,  and  be- 
fore it  was  hardened.  For  this  pnr^ofe,  eath  (lone  had  one  or 
two  holes  drilled  through  it  before  it  left  the  work-yard, 
and  this  hole  being  continued  a  few  inches  into  the  rock 
or  the  llone  ben.;ath,  a  ilrong  trenail,  or  oaken  pin,  was 
driven  through  it,  to  pin  it  fait  in  its  place  :  as  liie  dove- 
tails did  not  of  courfe  fit  perfecVy  clofe  into  each  other,  but 
left  fpace  for  the  mortar  ;  notches  were  cut  in  the  edijes 
of  each  llone  to  receive  ftrong  oak  wedges,  which  lield 
them  firm  until  the  mortar  came  to  its  folidit.y.  As  a  further 
precaution  to  defend  the  nuirtar,  all  the  outward  joints  were 
coated  over  with  plafter  of  Paris,  as  a  temporary  expedient. 
The  woi-k  went  on  r.ipidiy  in  tliis  manner,  and  the  (ecund 
courfe  was  nearly  fct  in  a  few  days  ;  but  a  ga'e  fprang  up, 
which  obliged  them  to  quit  the  work,  le?,viiig  a  few  Hones 
of  the  fecoiid  courfe,  which  could  not  be  fet,  lowered  down 
into  their  places,  and  chained  Hrongly  to  the  rock,  by  lines 
inferled  into  the  holes  made  in  each  of  the  Hones,  to  lift 
them  by  ;  and  one  o^  the  moll  expafed  was  fecured,  by 
laying  upon  it,  when  in  its  dove-tail,  a  weight  of  lead  of 
five  cwt.  in  form  of  a  hemifpherc.  A  llorm  came  on,  and 
it  was  afterwards  found,  that  this  weight  had  been  lifted 
by  the  waves,  fo  th.it  the  Hone  beneath  it  had  efcaped  and 
was  loll,  as  were  four  others,  from  which  circumftance  the 
force  of  the  fea  on  the  rock  may  be  imagined.  New  Hones 
were  immediately  prepared,  and  the  work  renewed.  In  tl'.e 
progrefs  of  the  work,  it  conilantly  happened,  after  all  pre- 
cautions, tliiit  the  cement  was  waftied  away  in  particuiair 
I  places. 


LIGHT-HOUSE. 


places,  and  it  was  always  repaired  the  firft  opportunity  with 
Pozzolana  or  Dutch  terras ;  which  repairs,  if  they  with- 
ttood  one  rough  tide,  were  never  found  to  tail  afterwards  ; 
b'Jt  fome  places  were  found  fo  difficult,  that  it  became  ne- 
cefTary  to  mix  oakum,  chopped  very  Ir.'.all,  witli  tha  mortar, 
and  this  method  always  fucceeded.  On  the  i  ith  of  Augult 
the  Cxljafement  courfes  were  completed,  and  the  firll  entire 
courfe,  N"'  7,  was  begun.  All  the  (lones  for  this  cuurfe 
were  fitted  and  put  together  in  the  work- yard,  as  Ihewn  in 
Jig.  4.  They  are  numbered,  fo  that  after  being  taken  to 
pieces,  they  could  be  rellored  to  the  lame  relative  pofition 
on  the  building  ;  but  to  do  this  accurately,  while  they  were 
in  the  work-yard,  radial  lines  were  drawn  from  the  centre  to 
the  circumference,  fo  as  to  iuterfect  each  ilone  ;  and  concen- 
tric circles  were  drawn  through  the  middle  of  each  tier  of 
Itones.  Where  any  of  thefe  lines  eroded  the  joints,  a  nick 
was  fawn  in  the  edge  of  the  Itone,  that  the  mark  might 
be  felt  as  well  as  feen  ;  and  by  the  coincidence  of  thele 
lines  the  ftones  were  fet  with  the  greatell  accuracy.  On 
the  llones  arriving  at  the  work,  the  central  ilone  was  firll 
fet;  the  hole  to  receive  the  centre  joggle  was  cut  through 
the  centre  of  courfe  fix,  and  the  joggle  fet  up  therein,  as 
fliewn  \njig.  2,  and  the  centre  flone  ot  courle  feven  let  down 
upon  it,  a  mortar  bed  being  made  beneath.  When  the 
ftone  was  thus  fixed,  the  joints  round  the  joggle  were  iiiled 
in  by  grouting,  which  is  mortar  made  very  thin  and  poured 
in  from  ladles.  Tiie  four  Hones  furrounding  the  centre 
were  now  fet,  and  the  work  proceeded  thus  to  the  circum- 
ference, every  Ilone  being  wedged  snd  trenailed  as  foon  as 
fet,  and  the  joints  grouted.  To  fix  the  eight  fmaller  joggles, 
they  were  let,  wedged,  and  grouted  into  their  holes  in  the 
lower  courfe  ;  but  the  holes  for  their  reception  in  the  lower 
fide  of  the  upper  courfe,  being  only  cut  half  through,  did 
not  admit  of  wedging  ;  they  were  therefore  fixed  by  the 
mortar  only,  as  much  being  put  on  the  top  of  the  joggle 
as  would  nearly  fill  the  hole,  but  not  quite,  and  the  remain- 
der was  introduced  through  a  hole  previoufly  drilled  through 
the  ilone,  and  forced  down  by  a  wooden  ramrod. 

The  mortar  ufed  in  the  building  was  compounded  of 
equal  portions  of  lime  and  pozzolana.  The  lime  was  burned 
from  the  blue  Lyas  limellone  found  near  Watchet,  a  fmail 
feaport  in  Somerletlliire.  It  was  carried  out  in  tight  calks, 
which  W'ere  opened  at  the  rock,  and  a  fmall  quantity  beat  up 
in  a  ilrong  bucket  with  a  wooden  peltle,  and  ufed  imme- 
diately. The  work  proceeded  in  the  fame  manner  without 
any  deviation  or  accident,  except  now  and  then  loling  a 
few  llones  by  llorms,  until  the  end  of  September,  when  the 
ninth  courfe,  being  completed,  the  work  was  given  up  for 
the  year,  and  the  Bufs  left  her  m.oorings. 

During  the  winter,  the  buoy  of  the  moorings  for  the 
Bufs  was  loll,  but  was  recovered  on  the  nth  of  May,  1758. 
Y,f  t,  before  any  work  could  be  begun,  the  chains  were  broken, 
and  the  buoy  of  the  anchors  having  got  loofe,  the  moor- 
ings were  loll  ;  much  time  being  confumed  in  preparing  new 
ones,  it  was  the  2d  of  July  before  tiie  work  wa3  renewed  ; 
but  by  the  Sth  of  Auguil,  the  14th  courfe,  completing  the 
entire  folid,  was  laid,  and  by  the  20th  the  entry  door  was 
covered  in,  and  by  the  24th  of  September,  the  whole  of 
the  fohd,  up  to  the  ftore-room  floor,  was  finilhed.  Above 
this  the  method  of  working  was  totally  altered,  but  not 
being  now  fo  liable  to  the  atlion  of  the  fea,  it  became  lefs 
difficult,  r.nd  requires  lefs  defcription.  In  addition  to  what 
has  been  faid  before,  the  iron  cramps  were  all  filled  in  their 
places  with  lead,  and  a  whole  courfe  was  done  at  once,  by 
putting  each  cramp  into  a  kettle  of  red-hot  lead,  till  it  was 
equally  hot.  A  fmall  quantity  of  oil  was  poured  into  the 
holes  ia  the  ilone,  and  the  hot  cramp  put  in  ;  this  oil  caufcd 


the  lead,  when  poured  in,  to  occupy  every  cavity  in  the 
ftone. 

On  the  3cth  of  September,  the  work  had  arrived  at  the 
ftore-room  floor,  and  here  the  iron  chain,  (hewn  \a  Jig.  5, 
was  let  into  the  ilone,  and  filled  in  with  lead  in  the  to.low- 
ing  manner : — the  chain  was  oiled  before  putting  it  in,  and 
the  groove  divided  into  four  parts  by  dams  of  clay.  Two 
kettles  were  ufed,  which  together  would  hold  lead  enough 
to  fill  the  whole  groove,  which  was  1 1  cwt.  In  thefe  the 
lead  was  made  red-hot,  and  tv.o  perfons  with  ladies  filled  the 
lead  into  the  fame  quarter  of  the  groove.  As  foon  as  it 
was  at  all  fet,  they  removed  one  of  the  clay  dams,  and  filled 
the  next  quarter,  pouring  the  lead  on  the  end  of  the  firft 
quarter,  till  it  re-melted  and  united  with  the  fecond.  The 
dam  at  the  oppofite  end  of  the  firll  quarter  was  now  re- 
moved, and  the  third  filled,  and  then  the  4th.  By  this  means 
the  lead  was  all  round  united  in  one  mafs. 

The  centering  for  the  floor  was  next  fet  up,  and  the 
floor  partly  put  together,  the  outward  llones  being  fet  firil, 
and  then  the  centre  ones.  When  the  firll  room  had  been 
thus  finilhed,  Mr.  Smeaton  propofed  exhibiting  a  temporary 
light  during  the  winter,  and,  by  fixing  three  floors  in  the 
well  for  the  ilaircafe,  to  form  ftore  rooms,  and  lodging  for 
two  men  :  but  this  idea  was  given  up,  as  it  did  net  meet  the 
approbation  of  the  Trinity  corporation,  and  .the  work  was, 
on  the  7  h  of  October,  left  for  the  year,  the  floor  being 
partly  finilhed.  The  winter  was  Ipent  in  preparing  the  iron, 
glals,  and  copper  work  for  the  lantern  ;  and  the  fpring  in  un- 
iuccefbiul  endeavours  to  recover  the  moorings  which  were 
again  loll,  and  on  the  5th  of  July  the  work  was  begun  again. 
They  found  one  of  the  llones  for  the  floor,  which  was  lodged 
in  the  ilore  room  H  the  year  before,  had  been  walhed  dowR 
the  well,  and  thence  through  the  entry  into  the  fea,  though  it 
weighed  four  or  five  cwj.  The  flones  for  the  building  had 
hitherto  been  railed  out  of  the  boats,  by  what  are  termed 
Jhears,  formed  of  two  poles,  united  bt  top,  and  their  feet 
pitched  on  the  rock  dole  to  the  building,  at  a  proper  dif- 
tance  alunder.  A  block  of  puUics  was  fufpeuded  from  the 
top  of  the  two  beams,  to  take  up  the  Ilone.  The  fliears  were 
fupported  by  a  tackle  called  a  guys,  which  was  attached  to 
the  top  of  tile  iliears,  and  hooked  to  the  far  fide  of  the 
building,  fo  that  the  Ilone,  being  raifed  up  frgm  the  boat 
by  a  windlafs  fixed  on  the  rock  at  Y,  Jig.  l,  the  guy  was 
drawn  in  to  fuing  the  ftone  over  the  building.  When  the 
work  got  above  tlie  entry  E,  the  ftones  were  landed  into  it, 
and  drawn  up  the  well  X  by  a  tackle  fufpended  from  a 
fmall  triangle  fet  over  the  well ;  but  when  the  floor  was 
covered  in,  the  hole  in  the  centre  being  too  fmall  to  let 
the  llones  come  up,  a  fmaller  pair  of  iliears  were  msde  to 
lie  upon  tlie  buiiding  and  rife  as  it  advanced.  Thefe  were 
worked  by  a  windlafs  fet  up  in  the  ilore  room  H,  and  as 
they  hung  over  the  fides  of  the  building-,  they  drew  up  the 
ftones  clear  of  the  wah.  The  work  proceeded  in  this  man- 
ner till  the  17th  of  Auguft,  when  the  laft  piece  of  the 
cornice  Q  was  fixed,  which  completed  the  i\liolecolumn,.and 
the  workmen  W'ere  enabled  to  lodge  in  the  building.  The 
balcony  rails  P,  and  the  Ilone  bafement  R  of  the  lantern, 
were  foon  completed  ;  and  by  the  26th,  the  flairs  and  a!l 
the  niafonry  were  finilhed.  The  iron  frame  of  the  lantern 
was  next  fcrewed  together  in  its  place,  ail  the  joints  being 
firft  fmeared  with  thick  white  lead  and  oil  to  prevent  them 
from  ruftmg  :  it  was  then  raifed  up  ou  wedges  a  Imall  height, 
and  lead  poured  in  the  joint  between  it  and  the  ftone  to 
make  a  folid  bed  for  it  upon  the  ilone.  On  the  17th  of 
September,  the  copper  cupola  O  was  fet  up,  by  a  parti- 
cular kind  of  Ihears  made  for  the  purpofe,  the  guys,  in  dif- 
ferent dircilions,  being  fatlened  to  booms  projected  out  from 

the 


L  1  G 


L  I  G 


tlis  feveral  windows  of  the  upper  room.  The  next  day 
the  ball,  which  was  douhk-  gilt,  was  fcrewed  on  ;  and  by 
Ottober  the  i6th,  an  eleftrical'conduftor  was  fixed,  which 
fiiiifhed  the  edifice.  A  Hght  was  then  exhibited,  which  has 
been  continued  ever  fince  without  any  particular  occurrence, 
or  any  accident  produced  by  the  inairy  violent  ftorms  which 
Tiave  happened  fince.  Mr.  Smeaton  has,  in  the  title  page  of 
his  narrativ..',  given  a  reprelentation  of  the  houfe  in  a  (torm, 
as  fcen  tlu'ough  a  telefcope  from  Plymouth,  when  the  waves 
dafh  up  againft  the  building,  till  they  nieet  the  cornice  O, 
ty  which  the  water  is  thrown  off  in  all  directions  in  a  white 
column,  which  envelopes  the  houfe  like  a  (heet,  and  rifcs  to 
at  leaft  double  its  height,  though  the  top  of  the  ball  is  loo 
feet  above  low  water.     See  Beacon's. 

Light  Infantry.  See  iNtANTny.  When  the  light  in- 
fantry companies  are  in  line  with  their  battalions,  they  are 
to  form  and  ail  in  every  refpeft  as  a  company  of  the  batta- 
lion ;  but  when  otherwife  difpofed  of  they  may  loofen  their 
files  to  fix  inches. 

The  open  order  of  light  infantry  is  ufually  two  feet  be- 
tween each  file. 

The  files  may  be  extended  from  right,  left,  or  centre  ;  in 
executing  it,  each  front  rank,  man  mud  carefully  take  his 
diftance  from  the  man  next  to  him  on  that  fide  from  u^iich  the 
extenfion  is  made  :  the  rear  rank  men  conform  to  the  move- 
ment of  their  file  leaders. 

When  light  infantry  men  fire  in  extended  order,  it  is  to 
be  a  Handing  rule,  that  the  two  men  of  the  fame  file  are 
never  unloaded  together  ;  for  which  purpofe,  as  foon  as  the 
front  rank  man  has  fired,  he  is  to  flip  round  the  left  of  tli- 
rear  rank  man,  who  will  take  a  (hort  pace  forward,  and  put 
bimfelf  in  the  other's  place,  whom  he  is  to  protcdl  while 
loading. 

The  extended  order  of  light  infantry  varies  according 
to  circumftances  and  fitu^tions.  They  may  fometimes 
loofen  their  files  to  three  times  the  dillance  of  open  order. 
But  the  general  rule  is  to  allow  convenient  intervals  for 
the  rear  rank  men  to  flip  by,  and  return  after  they  have 
fired. 

All  movements  of  light  infantry,  except  when  firing,  ad- 
vancing, or  retreating,  are  to  be  in  quick  time. 

The  officer  commanding  the  company  will  be  on  the  right, 
covered  by  a  ferjeant  ;  the  next  on  the  left,  alfo  covered  by  a 
ferjeant.  The  youngell  officer  in  the  rear.  In  extended 
order  the  poll  of  the  officers  and  ferjeants  is  always  in  the 
rear  at  equal  diltances. 

In  marching  by  files  the  officer  commanding  leads :  by 
divifions  each  officer  leads  one.  The  fupernumerary  officer, 
if  there  be  one,  is  in  both  cafes  with  the  officer  com- 
manding, ready  to  obey  any  diredlions  he  may  receive  from 
him. 

The  arms  of  light  infantry  in  general  will  be  carried  floped 
and  with  the  bayonet  fixed.  Flanking  or  advanced  parties, 
however,  or  parties  in  particular  fituations,  may  carry  them 
trailed,  and  without  bayonets,  for  the  purpofe  of  taking  a 
more  cool  and  deliberate  aim. 

When  the  light  infantry  is  ordered  to  cover  the  line  to 
the  front,  the  divifions  will  move  from  their  inner  flanks 
round  tlie  flanks  of  the  battalions,  and  when  at  the  diflance 
of  fifty  paces,  the  leading  flanks  will  wheel  towards  each 
other,  fo  as  to  meet  oppofite  the  centre  of  the  battalion, 
opening  their  files  gradually  from  the  rear,  fo  as  to  cover 
the  whole  extent  of  the  battahon. 

The  files  are  cot  to  wait  for  any  word  of  command,  but 
to  halt  and  front  themfelves.  In  this  pofition,  and  in  all 
pofilions  of  extended  order,  the  poll  of  the  officer  com- 
jaanding  is  iu  tbt  rear  of  the  centre,  and  the  movements 


are  to  be  regulated  by  the  company  belonging  to  the  batta- 
lion, which  governs  thofe  of  the  line.  For  a  fuller  expla- 
nation of  light  company  manoeuvres,  fee  page  273  to  page 
281  of  Infantry  Regulations. 

Light  infantry  men,  like  huiTars,  are  frequently  detached 
to  act  as  fcouts  on  the  Hanks,  in  the  front,  or  with  the  rear 
guard  of  the  body  of  troops  to  whicli  they  belong.  They 
then  acquire  the  appellation  of  ikirmifliers,  and  being  prc- 
vioufly  told  off  for  tliat  fpecific  duty,  they  advance  and 
form  in  the  front  in  rank  entire ;  which  is  effeCled  by  each 
man  from  the  rear  rank  placing  liimfelf  on  the  left  of  his 
file  leader.  The  rank  entire  may  be  reforted  to  for  various 
puipofes  during  the  movements  of  one  or  more  battalions, 
fince  it  may  ferve  not  only  to  cover  them  from  the  enemy's 
obfervatioii,  but  in  fome  cafes,  efpccially  in  foggy  weather, 
will  itlelf  appear  a  larger  body  than  it  really  is.  Too  much 
attention  cannot  be  given  to  the  organization  of  light  troops 
on  foot.  They  are  very  properly  called  the  eyes  of  an 
army,  and  ought  always  to  be  confidered  as  indiipenfably 
necclfary. 

\AC,nr-Room,  is  a  fmall  apartment  inclofed  with  glafs 
windows,  near  the  magazine  of  a  fliip  of  war.  It  is  ulcd  to 
contain  the  lights  by  which  tlie  gunner  and  his  affillants  are 
enabled  to  fill  the  cartridges  with  powder,  to  be  readv  for 
aftion. 

Light  Troops,  in  MUilarx  Language,  generally  denote  all 
horle  and  foot  which  are  accoutred  tor  detached  fervicc. 

Light  IVater-llm,  in  Naval  ArchitcSure,  tlie  line  of 
floatation  of  the  fhip,  before  fhe  takes  in  her  cargo. 

LIGHTEN,  in  the  Manege.  To  lighten  a  horfe,  or 
make  him  light  in  the  fore-hand,  is  to  make  him  freer 
and  lighter  in  the  fore-hand  than  behind.  If  you  would 
have  your  horfe  light,  you  ought  to  keep  him  always  dif- 
pofed to  a  gallop,  when  you  put  him  to  a  trot  ;  and  after 
gallopping  fome  time,  you  fliould  put  him  back  to  the  trot 
again. 

LIGHTER,  a  large  open  veflcl,  generally  managed  with 
oars,  common  on  the  river  Thames,  and  on  other  rivers  and 
canals  ;  where  it  is  uled  for  the  carriage  of  timber,  coals, 
ballall,  and  any  goods  to  or  from  a  fhip,  when  flie  is  to  be 
laden  or  delivered.  Tliere  are  alfo  fome  lighter.";  fiirnilhed  with 
a  deck  throughout,  in  order  to  contain  thofe  merchandizes 
which  would  be  damaged  in  rainy  weather  :  thefe  are  ufually 
called  clofe-ligbters.     See  Bo.'VT. 

LiGiiTER-Mi-n.     See  Co.mi'any. 

LIGHTFOOT,  John,  in  Biography,  the  fon  of  a  clergy, 
man,  was  born  at  Stoke  upon  Trent,  in  Stalfordfliire,  in  the 
year  1602.  He  received  his  grammar  learning  at  Moreton- 
green,  near  Congleton,  Chefhiic,  after  which  he  was  en- 
tered a  iludent  of  Chrifl's  college,  in  the  univerlity  of 
Cambridge.  Here  he  applied  hinilelf  with  much  diligence, 
and  made  fo  great  a  proficiency  in  claffical  literature,  a"d 
the  fludies  connefted  with  it,  that  he  was  reckoned  the  bed 
orator  among  the  under  graduates  of  the  univerfity.  At  the 
age  of  nineteen  he  quitted  the  univerfity,  and  engaged  him- 
felf  as  affiflaiit  to  his  old  fchool-mader,  who  had,  at  that 
time,  removed  from  Chefhire  to  Repton  in  Derbyfliire. 
Having  continued  in  this  fituation  about  two  years,  he  took 
orders,  and  fettled  as  curate  at  Norton-under-Hale-'.,  in  Shrop- 
fhire  :  about  the  fame  time  he  became  chaplain  to  fir  Rowland 
Cotton,  and  retided  in  his  family.  This  gentleman,  being  a 
perfect  mailer  of  the  Hebrew  tongue,  engaged  Mr.  Light- 
foot  in  the  fludy  of  that  and  the  other  Oriental  languages. 
He  followed  his  patron  to  London,  and  vvould  have  proceeded 
with  him  to  the  continent,  but  the  living  of  Stone,  in  Stafford- 
fhire,  being  offered  him,  he  preferred  fettling  there,  as  if  like* 
which  gave  him  an  opportuinty  of  entering  upon  the  marriage 
4  Hate, 


L  I  G 


1  I  G 


ftate,  which  he  immediately  embraced.  Here  he  found  the 
means  of  ftudy  exceedingly  fcanty,  and  in  the  coiirfe  of  a  few 
months  religned  the  Hving  of  Stone,  and  removed  to  Horn- 
fey,  near  London,  a  fituation  which  he  chofe,  on  account  of 
its  vicinity  to  the  metropohs,  where  the  fourccs  of  learning 
were  very  abundant.  He  was  now  a  frequent  attendant  at 
the  hbrary  of  Sion-college,  which  afforded  hini  tlie  moil 
ample  means  of  fuuplying  all  his  literary  wants.  In  1629, 
Mr.  Lightfoot  pubhihed  his  tirft  piece,  entitled  "  Erubhim  ; 


being  enfy  of  accefs,  affable,  communicative,  hofpitable,  and 
charitable.  Asa  writer  he  was  one  of  the  moil  ingenious, 
as  well  as  learned,  of  our  Englifh  commentators,  and  has 
furniilied  his  luccciTors  with  very  valuable  materials  in  the 
lame  line  of  ftudies:  he  had  few  equals,  and  no  fuperiorin  rab- 
binical literature;  and  in  this  branch  of  learning  his  celebrity 
was  fo  great,  that  many  foreigners  came  to  him  for  aliiilance 
in  it.  His  works  were  coUeClcd  and  publiflicd  in  16S4,  in 
two  volumes  folio.     A  new  edition  of  them  was  publifticd  in 


or  Mifcellanies  Chriilian  and  Judaical,  and  others,  penned  for  Holland  in  16S6,  containing  aU   his  writings  that  had  been 

the  recreation  of  vacant  hours."     In  i6^c,  he  was  prefcnted  originally  given  to  the   world,  in  the  Latins  lauguage,  and  S 

by  fir  Rowland  Cotton  to  the  reftory  of  Afhly,  in  Stafford-  Latin  tranflation  of  thofe  which  he  had  written  in  Englidi : 

fhire,  and    immediately  removed  to   his   parifh,  in  which  he  anda  thii-d  edition  was  publiihed  at  Utrecht  in  1699,  by  .lolrn 

lived  twelve  years,  applying  himfelf  with  indefatigable  dih-  Leufden  :   this  imprefiiou  contained  fome  poilhumoiis  pieces. 


gence  in  fearching  the  fcriptures,  and  in  the  performance 
of  various  duties  attached  to  his  office,  as  a  confcientious 
clergyman.  He  was  next  appointed  by  the  Long  Parliament 
a  member  of  the  affembly  of  divines  at  Wellminller  ;  and 
as  he  could  no  longer  relide  among  his  parifhioners  he  re- 
ligned   the   reclory,    but   obtained  the    prefentation    for   a 


which  were  comprifed  in  a  third  volume.  Thcie  were,  in  the 
following  year,  publifiied  in  an  8vo.  volume  by  Mr.  Strype, 
under  tlie  title  of  "  Some  genuine  Remains  of  the  late 
learned  and  pious  Dr.  John  Lightfoot."  The  doctor  was 
not  only  indefatigable  in  his  own  purfuits,  but  an  encourager 
of  other  learned  mt-n  in  their's.      He  gave  great  aJlidarce  in 


younger  brother.      He  arrived  in  London  in  1642,  and  was     completing  the  Englifh  Polyglott   bible,  by   drawing  up  a 
almolt  immediately    chofen  miniiler  of  St.  Bartholomew's^     chorographical    table  prefixed  to   it,  and  by  fuperintendin"- 


behind  the  Royal  Exchange.  In  the  afiembly  of  divines. 
which  met  in  June  1643,  Mr.  Lightfoot  became  diflinguiflied 
for  his  eloquence  in  debate,  and  activity  in  bulinefs.  He 
was  friendly  to  the  Preioyterian  form  of  church  government, 
which  he  declared  in  a  fermon  before  the  houfe  of  commons, 
he  verily  believed  was  "  according  to  the  pattern  in  the 
mount.".  In  1643  he  was  appointed  mailer  of  Catherine- 
hall,  m  Cambridge,  and  in  the  fame  year  he  was  prefented 
to  the  living  of  Much-munden,  in  Hertfordfliire.  In  1644 
he  publiilied  the  tiril  part  of  his  "  Harmony  of  the  New 
Tetlament,"  with  a  plan  of  his  whole  deiign,  and  conti- 
nued afterwards  to  fend  out,  at  different  periods,  the  other 
branches  of  the  fame  work.     In  i6j2,  Mr.  Lightfoot  took 


the  (heets  of  tlie  Samaritan  verfion,  as  tiiey  were  printed  : 
he  atTorded  much  pecuniary  alTiflance  to  Dr.  Callcll  in  the 
publifhing  of  his  Heptaglott  Lexicon,  which  would  other- 
w,fe  have  occaiioned  Ins  entire  ruin  for  want  of  fupport 
from  the  learned  world  :  and  Dr.  Lightfoot  v/as  tiie  perfon 
who  excited  Mr.  Fool  to  undertake  his  valuable  work  en- 
titled "  Synoplis  Criticorum."     Biog.  Brit.  Gen.  Biog. 

LiGHTiooT,  JoHX,  a  dillinguifhed  Britifli  botanift, 
chiefly  known  as  the  author  of  the  F/ira  Scotica,  was  born 
in  1735.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  Mailer  of  Arts,  and  having  entered  into  holy 
orders,  became  chaplain  to  the  late  duchefs  dcuager  of 
Portland,  "  that  great  and  intelhgent  admirer  and  patronefs 


the  degree  of  dodor  of  divinity,  and  went  through  all  the     of  natural  hiilory  in  general,"  as  he  jufily  denominates  her 
regular   exercifes,  on   that   occafion,  with   great    applaufe.     in  the  dedication  of  his   book.      He  was   recommended    to 


IniGjijhewas  chofen  vice-chancellor  of  the  univerlity  of 
Cambridge,  the  duties  of  which  important  office  he  per- 
formed with  exemplary  diligence  and  fidelity.  Upon  the 
refloration  of  king  Charles  II.  Dr.  Lightfoot  offered  to  re- 
iign  the  maflerfhip  of  Catherine-hall  iu  favour  of  Dr.  Spur- 
ilovv,  but  upon  his  declining  to  accept  it,  our  author  ob- 
tained a  confirmation  from  the  crown  of  that  place,  and  of 
his  hving.  For  tliefe  marks  of  royal  favour  he  was  chiefly 
indebted  to  the  kinduefs  of  archbifhop  Sheldon,  who,  out  of 
pure  refpe£l  for  his  learning  and  talents,  undertook  to  ferve 
him.  Soon  after  this  he  was  collated,  through  the  interell 
of  lord-keeper  Bridgman,  to  a  prebend  in  the  cathedral 
church  of  Ely.  In  1661  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  alTill- 
ants  at  the  conference  at  the  Savoy  on  the  fubjeft  of  the 
liturgy,  but  he  attended  only  twice,  on  account  of  the  violence 
difplayed  in  the  debates.  He  now  gladly  withdrew  as  much 
as  polfible  from  the  world,  in  order  that  he  might  fpend  his 
time  in  fttidies  to  which  he  was  attached,  and  which  he  piofe- 
cuted  with  vigour  to  tlielall.  His  publications  would  have 
been  more  numerous,  but  theexpetice  of  them  was  more  than 


this  illuilrious  lady,  whofe  accomplifhments  gave  a  lullre  to 
her  high  rank,  by  his  tafte  for  botany  and  conchology,  as 
well  as  his  courtly  and  afEduous  manners,  which,  accompa- 
nied by  an  habitual  pleafantry  and  cheerfulnefs,  rendered  his 
company  generally  acceptable.  By  her  grace's  influence, 
we  believe,  he  obtained  the  reclory  of  Gotham,  in  Notting- 
hamfliire,  and'fubfequently  the  hving  of  Cowley,  is  .Middle- 
lex. 

In  1772,  the  late  Mr.  Pennant,  fo  well  known  as  a 
zoologilt,  invited  Mr.  Lightfoot  to  be  the  companion  of  Ifis 
fecQiid  tour  to  Scotland  and  the  Hibrides,  advifing  him  to 
undertake  the  "compilation,"  as  he  himfelf  modeilly  calls 
it,  of  a  Flora  Scol'tca,  which  Mr.  Pennant  offered  to  ufher  into 
the  world  at  his  own  expence.  '  Tliefe  generous  and  flatter- 
ing offers  Mr.  Lightfoot  gladly  accepted,  and  m.ade  the 
mofl  of  tlie  opportunity  afforded  him  for  "  gratifying  a  fa- 
vourite affedion  he  had  long  conceived  for  the  fcience  of 
botany."  He  enjoyed  "  the  enchanting  profpecl,"  to  ufe 
his  own  words,  "  of  examining  a  country  whofe  vegetable 
produftions   had    been    attended   to  by    very   few."      Our 


lie  c;iuid  bear,  and  he  never  was  fulTiciently  patronized  by  the  author    v.'as   jullly   aware    that   a   fingle  fummer  could  by 

public  to  interell  the  bookfelLrs  in  his  behalf.     A  fhort  time  no  means  be   fulficient  for  the  full  Lccomplilhment  of  fuch 

before  his  death  he  was,  however,  requelled  by  them  to  col-  an  undertaking,  nor  would  he  perhaps   have   ventured  upon 

iect  and  methodife  his  works,  in    order  that  they  might  be  it,  but  for  the  afTiftance  of  "  able  and  ingenious   botaniils, 

prirttcd  in  an  uniform  manner.     He  died  in  December  1675,  who  had  refided  in  that  country  their  whole  lives,"  who  per- 

beforc  he  could  accomphfh  the  talk  required  of  him,  in  the  mitted  him  "  to  examine  their  colledions,  and   freely   com- 

"4th  year  of  his  age.     Dr.  Lightfoot  was  indefatigable  in  municated  the obfervations  of  many  years."      Thefe  were  the 

ins  purfuits,  and  extremely  temperate  in  his  mode  of  hving.  late  Dr.   Hope,  profeffor   of    botany   at   EJinbuvp-h  ;  the 

Jie  .lived  in  the  greateft  harmony  among  bis  parifhioners,  Rev.  Mr.  (now  Dr.)  John  Stuart  of  Lufs ;  aud  the  Rev 

Df' 


L  I  G 

Dr.  Burgefs,  the  venerable  pador  of  Kirkmicliael  in  Dum- 
fncsfliirc  :  Un-ee  men  whofc  urbanity  conferred  upon  their 
beloved  fcicncc  her  moll  attractiNx-  charm,  as  the  writer  of 
t.in  can  well  telbfy.  Mr.  Sluail  was  the  companion  of  onr 
travellers  m  their  excmfion,  and  fnpplied  eiich,  in  his  own 
Inie,  with  muc!.\  learned  information,  refpeain j  the  Erfe  no- 
menclature, as  well  as  the  real  or  fuppolVd  ufes  nnd  hillory  of 
t.he  native  animals  and  plan's.  Thus  Mr.  I'ennant  was 
miabled  to  prefix  a  compendious  Fauna  to  the  Flora  of 
his  friend  ;  and  thus  Mr.  Lightfor.t  found  his  r^ath  made 
flraight  and  plani  before  him,  and  literally  ftre'vved  with 
flowers.  He  profited  likewife  from  the  communications  of 
Dr.  larfons,  at  that  time  profefTor  of  anatomy  at  Oxford, 
and  ot  Mr.  Ya!den,  an  ingenious  young  man,  vvhofe  pre- 
mature death  happened  foon  after.  Thefe  gentlemen  had 
cultivated  botany  in  thecourft-  of  rlieir  medical  ftudics  at  Edin- 
burg!!,  the  latter  cfpecially,  with  eminent  fiiccefs.  When 
Mr^Lighttout's  materials  were  got  together,  the  library, 
herbarinm,  and  perfonal   fuperintendance,  of  his  fric-nd   fir 


jlius  at  Oxford,  under  the  eye  of  the  profeffor,  oi 
his  fon  Dr.  J;din  Sibtliorp,  gave   the   fininiing  IT 


or  rather   of 

rp,  gavvT   the   tinilhmg  ITrokc  to  his 

labours.  Thus  the  F/ora  Scotica  became  ready  for  publica- 
tion in  1777,  when  it  appeared  in  two  thick  volumes  8vo. 
With  35,  rather  indifTerenllv  engraved  plates,  five  of  which 
.  are  zoological.  The  work 'is  dilpofcd  according  to  the  fyf- 
tem  of  Linnxiis,  with  (liort  eflential  generic  and  fpccific 
charafters  copied  from  that  author,  and  references  to  a  few 
of  the  bea  ligiiresof  each  fp.-cies.  EngH(h,  Scottidi,  and 
Erfe  names  are  fubioiiicd,  with  the  general  or  particular 
paces  of  growth,  duration,  &e.;  and  the  account  of  every 
plant  rimHics  with  a  longer  or  fliorter  defcription  in  Enghfii, 
various  botanical  remarks,  and  compiled  notes  of  its  eco- 
Bomical  or  medical  ufes.— The  plan  and  the  execution  of  this 
work  appear  calculated  to  render  it  one  of  the  moll  popular 
I'loras.  it  has  found  its  way  to  the  continent,  u  hero  it  is  ge- 
nerally quoted,  efpecially  for  the  Cryptogamous  clafs,  which 
the  author  fays  "  cod  more  time  and  attention  than  all  the 
■other  23  claffes  together."  Yet  we  hare  heard  that  this  pub- 
lication did  not,  ior  a  long  time  at  lead,  pay  its  expences. 
This  cer:ainly  did  not  arife'from  any  want  of  merit  ;  for  its 
only  great  and  radical  fault  was  not  known,  or  at  leaft 
fcarcely  confidered  fuch,  till  lately.  Of  this  notice  is  taken 
under  the  botanical  article  Fi.OHA.  The  fault  we  mean  is 
the  compihng  defcriptions  from  foreign  authors,  without 
mentioning  whence  they  are  taken;  fo  that  a  Undent -can 
never  be  certain  of  their  jn(l  application,  but,  on  the  con- 
trary, often  finds  them  erroneous  or  unfuitable,  without 
knowing  why.  Even  in  the  lafl  clafs,  on  which  Mr.  Light- 
toot  bellowed  fo  much  pains,  the  fynonyins  of  Linnasus 
and  Dilleniiis  often  difa,;n-e,  thougli  in  many  cafes  fuch  con- 
trarietics  are  properly  indicated,  fo  aj  to  throw  original  light 
on  the  fubjedi. 

Mr.  Eightfoot  was  for  fome  years  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  was  one  of  the  original  fellows  of  the  Linna-an 
Society,  the  formation  of  which  he  contemplated  with  great 
pleafure,  though  his  dpath  happened  before  he  could  attend 
any  of  i"s  public  nieetinjjs.  Having  married  the  daughter 
of  an  opulent  miller  at  Uxbridge,  he  refided  in  that  town, 
and  died  there  fuddenly  in  the  fpring  of  178S,  agi  d  53, 
leaving  a  widow  and  feveral  daughters.  He  was  buried  in 
Cowley  church,  where  his  grave  remained,  for  fome  time  at 
ieafl,  without  any  memorial.  He  is  fuppofed  never  to  have 
j-ecovered  from  a  dilappoinlment,  relpcding  a  living,  which 


L  I  G 

his  patron,  the  late  duke  of  Portland,  folicited  from  lord 
chancellor  Thurlow,  but  which  the  latter  did  not  think  fit 
to  bellow. 

The  fubjcft  of  our  memoir  had,  in  the  courfe  of  his  bo- 
tanical  (Indies,  coUeftcd  an  excellent  BritiPi  herbarium,  con- 
fiding of  abundant  fpecimens,  generally  gathered  wild,  and 
in  many  cafes  hnportant  for  the  illullralion  of  his  work. 
He  had  alfo  amaffed,  from  fir  Jofeph  liaiikg  and  other 
friends,  a  number  of  exotic  plants.  The  whole  w  as  bought, 
after  his  death,  for  100  guineas,  by  his  majefty,  as  a  pi'efent 
to  the  queen,  and  depoiitcd  at  Frogmore,  the  price  being 
fixed  by  an  intelligent  friend  of  the  family.  The  fpecimens 
having  been  for  fome  time  neglected,  were,  after  a  while,  dii- 
covered  to  be  much  infefted  with  iufcCts  ;  and  as  their  royal 
poded'or,  having  a  genuine  and  ardent  tade  for  the  fludy  of 
botany,  was  anxious  for  their  prefervation,  the  writer  of  the 
prclent  article  was  requeded  to  give  his  advice  ai^d  alfdlance 
on  this  fubjcct.  This  led  to  his  frequent  invitation  as  a  vifitor 
at  Frogmore,  and  to  a  regular  courfe  of  conveifations, 
rather  than  leflures,  on  botany  and  /oology,  which  her  ma- 
jcdy.and  the  priiicedes  Angudaand  Elizabeth  honoured  with 
their  diligent  attention  ;  the  queen  regularly  taking  notes  of 
every  ledfure,  which  flic  read  over  aloud  at  its  conclulion,  to 
prevent  millake.  'J'he  plan  of  this  exemplary  mother,  on 
which  flie  has  often  been  heard  to  defcant,  was,  in  the  edu- 
cation of  her  royal  offspring,  to  open  as  many  refourccs  to 
them  as  polfible,  in  a  variety  of  iludics  and  purfuits  ;  out  of 
which  they  niight  fubfequently  make  their  own  choice,  and 
thus  be  independent  of  circumllanccs  for  occupation  and 
amufement.  Nor  has  the  herbarium  of  Lightfoot  been  con- 
figned  to  uftlefs  repofe.  It  was  allowed  to  be  confulted  fre- 
quently, on  the  fubjedi  of  ScottKli  Willows,  and  other  doubtful 
matters,  while  the  Flurn  Brilanmca  was  preparing  ;  and  the 
prefent  blfhop  of  Carhfle  was  permitted  to  make  all  requi- 
fite  ufe  of  it,  for  the  completion  of  his  valuable  paper  011 
Britifh  Caricei,  printed  in  the  fecond  volume  of  the  Linna?an 
Society's  Tranfac\iona.  In  the  knowledge  of  thefe  two  ge- 
nera of  plants,  Mr.  Lightfoot  excelled  mod  botanllls  of  his 
day  ;  but  the  ipecimens  of  Linnsbs,  being  compared  with 
his,  have  brought  errors  to  light,  which  were  never  fuf- 
pofted  before.      S. 

LIGHTFOOTIA,  in  Botany,  fi)  named  by  L'Heritier, 
in  lionour  of  the  author  of  the  Flora  Scotica.  (See  Light- 
foot )  L'Herit.  Sert.  Angl.  4.  A^t.  Hort.  Kew.  v.  i. 
217.  ed-  2.  v.  I.  343.  Wi  Id.  Sp.  PI.  V.  J.  8S7.  .IiifT.  450. — 
Clafs  and  order,  Pentanclria  Momgynia.  Nat.  Ord.  CamJ>a- 
micea,  Linn.      Campanulaccs,  .I'.ifl. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  of  five  equal,  acute  leaves,  broad 
at  the  bale,  cncoinpafling  the  middle  of  thegenr.en.  Cor. 
of  one  petal,  in  live  deep,  equal,  regular,  oblong,  fpread- 
iiig  fegments,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  the  very  fliort 
tube  clofed  by  five  valves,  bearing  the  llamens.  Slam.  Fi- 
laments five,  linear,  fiat,  equal,  much  fliorter  than  the  co- 
rolla ;  anthers  fmall,  rouiidilh,  ineumbeut.  .  Pi/l.  Germen 
half  inferior,  ovate,  llyle  thread-fhaped,  about  the  length  of 
the  corolla  ;  lligma  dilated  into  three  or  five,  fomewhat 
fpreading,  fegments.  Perk.  Capfulc  ovate,  with  three  or 
five  cells,  opening  at  the  top  by  as  many  valves.  Seeds  nu- 
merous,  fmall,  rouiidilh. 

Efl".  Ch.  Corolla  in  five  deco  fegments,  clofed  at  the  bot- 
tom by  valves  be;iring  the  damens.  Calyx  of  five  leaves. 
Stigma  of  three  or  live  lobce.  Capfule  half  fuperior,  of 
three  or  five  cells,  and  as  many  valves. 

I .  L.  oxyceccoides.  Cranberry-leaved  Lightfootia.  L'Herit. 
Sert.  Angl.  4.  t.  4.  Sm.  Exot.  Bat.  v.  2.  19.  t.  6q. —  (Lo- 
bclia  tenella  ;    Linn.  Mant.  120.     Thunb.   Prodr.  40.   L. 

parvifiora; 


L  I  G 


I.  I  G 


■parviflora  ;  Berg-.  Cap.  345'.)  —  Leaves  plain,  ovato-laneeo- 
late,  alternate,  reflexetl.  Stigma  tlu-ee-clch.  Corolla 
wiilely  fpreading.  —  Native  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  as 
are  the  two  following  fpecies  alfo.  This  was  fent  to  Kew 
ill  17S7,  by  Mr.  F.  MafTon.  ft  13  kept  in  the  greenhonfe, 
and  flowers  from  July  to  S''ptember.  The^ro;  is  perennial, 
fliriibby,  of  humble  growtli,  bufhy  and  ipreading,  not  prof- 
trate,  very  much  branched,  often  finely  dawny.  Leaves 
mimerous,  fmal',  alternate,  fefTile,  rellexed,  ovate  or  iome- 
what  lanceolate,  acute,  fmooth,  thick-edged,  entire,  except 
a  fmall  glandular  tooth  or  two  at  each  fide.  Fiotvers  (mM, 
on  little,  terminal,  naked,  fimple  flalks.  Corolla  white,  with 
a  tinge  of  purple  along  the  middle  of  each  fegment. 
Sli^ma  purple.  Capfule  of  three  pointed  valves  forming  a 
cone. 

1.  L.  temlla.  Curve-leaved  Lightfootia.  (Campanula 
tenclla;  Linn.  Suppl.  141.) — I.,eaves  ovato-lanceolate,  chan- 
nelled, cluftered,  recurved.  Stigma  three-cleft.  Corolla 
^videIy  fpreading,  with  narrow  linear  fogments.  Stigma 
three-cleft.  Gathered  by  Thunbcrg  at  tlie  Cape.  It  fecras 
a  Ih-ar.ger  to  our  gardens.  L'Heritier  confounded  it  with 
the  preceding,  from  which  it  differs  in  its  very  numerous,  cluf- 
tered, recurved,  and  deeply  channelled  kav.s,  and  the  longer 
and  narro'.ver  fegments  of  the  corolla.  We  cannot  but  think 
it  more  than  a  variety,  though  there  is  fcarcely  any  difference 
befides  what  we  have  mentioned. 

5.  la.Jubuhta.  Awl-leaved  Lightfootia.  L'Herit.  Sert. 
Angl.  4.  t.  J. — Leaves  awl-fhaped.  Calyx  ahnolt  altoge- 
ther inferior.  Corolla  moderately  fpreading,  with  linear 
fegments.  Stigma  five-cleft.—  Sent  to  Kew  by  Mr.  Maflbn 
in  1787,  from  the  Cape. — This  is  diftinguifned  bv  its  co- 
pious, awl-fiiaped,  very  narrow  haves,  fometimes  near  an 
inch  long.  The  lhrubby_y?';ff;,  with  downy  branches,  accords 
nearly  with  tin  two  former.  The  flowers  (land  on  ihorter 
italks,  and  have  longer  (liarper  calyx  leaves,  tumid  at  the  bafe, 
and  almcil  perfeftiy  inferior.  Segnu-nts  of  the  corolla  mo- 
derately fpreading,  recurved,  narrow,  white  or  blueifh. 
Stigma  five-cleft.      Capfule  we  prefume  of  five  valves. 

Nothing  can  agree  more  exaftly  with  this  as  to  habit  than 
Campanula  paniculata,  Linn.  Suppl.  i:;q,  and  Trachel'mm 
d'iffufum,  14;;  ;  but  their  corolla  has  a  long  tube.  The  cap- 
fule of  this  fuppofcd  Campanula  has  'i\sz  vnlves  opening  at 
the  top,  exaftly  as  in  Lightfootia,  not  by  pores  laterally,  and 
the  calyx  is  half  fuperior,  fo  that  it  certauily  belongs  to  the 
fame  genus,  the  length  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla  being  of 
much  lefs  importance. 

LiGiiTFOOTiA  is  alfo  the  name  of  an  arborefcent  geniis 
of  the   Pahanrlria    Monogynin,  in    Swartz's    Fl.   Ind.  Occ. 
V.  2.  947,  referred  to  Prockia  in  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  i.  12 14. 
Thi^  is  Lightfootia  of  Mart.  Mill.  Dift.  v.  3. 
LIGH  TNESS.     See  Levity. 

LIGHTNING,  in  Phyfn^ogy,  is  a  large  bright  flame, 
darting  fwiftly  tlirough  the  air,  and  extending  every  way  to  a 
confiderable  dillance,  of  inomentary  duration,  and  commonly 
attended  with  thunder.  Some  have  accounted  for  tliis 
phenomenon  bv  fuppofing,  that,  from  the  particles  of  ful- 
plnir,  nitre,  and  other  combuftible  matter,  which  are  ex- 
iialed  from  the  earth,  and  carried  into  the  higher  regions  of 
the  atmofphcre,  is  form.ed  an  inflammable  fubitancc,  which, 
when  a  fufiicient  quantity  of  fiery  particles  is  feparated 
from  the  vapour  buoyed  up  into  the  air,  with  thefe  particles 
adhering  to  them  by  the  coUifion  of  two  clouds  or  other. 
■wife,  takes  fire,  and  flioots  out  into  a  train  of  light,  larger 
or  lefs,  according  to  the  ilrength  and  quantity  of  the  mate- 
rials. 0;hers  have  cxjiained  lightning  by  the  fermentation 
of  fulphureous  iubilances  with  nitrous  acid? :  fee  Thunder. 
But  in  the  prefent  advanced  .'late  of  the  icience  of  tleftri- 
Vol..  XXL 


city,  this  i.s  univerfally  allowed  to  be  iin  eledrical  phenom". 
non.  Philofopiicrs  had  not  proce-dcd  far  in  their  experi- 
ments and  inquiries  on  thi.s  iubjeft,  before  they  were  ilruck 
with  the  obvious  anaiogy  between  lightning  and  eieftricitv, 
and  they  produced  many  arguments,  a  priori,  to  afcertain 
tiicir  fimilarity.  I'mt  the  method  of  verifying  this  hypo- 
tliefis  was  firlt  propofcd  by  Dr.  Franklin,  who,  towards 
the  clofc  of  the  year  1749,  conceived  the  practicability  of 
drawing  lightning  from  the  clouds:  having  fo.ind,  bv  prc\ii;i:s 
experim.cnts,  that  the  electric  fluid  is  attradtcd  bv  points,  \\c. 
apprehended,  that  lightning  might  hkewife  pollefs  the  fame- 
property  ;  though  the.cffi  cts  of  the  latter  muft,  in  an  afto- 
iiilhing  degree,  fur])ars  thofe  of  the  forrrer.  The  other 
circuniftancts  of  refemblance  between  lightning  and  elec- 
tricity remarked  by  this  ingenious  pliilofopher,  and  abun- 
dantly confirmed  by  later  difcovenes,  are  ti.e  following: 
flafhcs  of  lightning,  lie  obferved,  are  generally  feen  crooked 
and  waving  in  the  air  ;  and  the  eleftric  fpark  drawn  from 
an  irregular  body  at  fome  diilance,  and  wlien  it  is  dr.iwn  bv" 
an  irregular  body,  or  through  a  fpace  in  which  the  l>eft  con- 
duftors  are  difpoltd  iu  an  irregular  manner,  always  exhibits 
the  fame  appearance. 

Lightning  llnkes  the  h'ghcll;  and  moft  poiufcd  ob;cas  \\ 
its  way,  preferable  to  others,  as  high  hiOs,  trees,'  fpires, 
mails  of  fliips,  &c.  and  all  pointed  conduclors  receive  and 
throw  off  the  eled'tric  fluid  more  readily  than  thofe  which  are 
terminated  by  flat  furfaces.  Lightning  is  obferved  to  take 
the  readiell  and  beil  condiiclor  ;  and  this  is  tlie  cafe  with 
electricity  in  the  difcharge  of  the  Leyden  phial  ;  v  hence 
the  dodor  infers,  that  in  avhurdcr  llorin,  it  would  be  fafcr 
to  have  one's  clothes  wet  than  dry.  Lightning  burns,  dif- 
folves  metals,  (fee  Fu.siON,'!  rends  fome  bodies,  has  been  often 
known  to  flrike  people  blind,  dcllroys  anim.Tl  life,  dcpi;ive$ 
magnets  of  tlKi:-  virtue,  and  reverfes  their  poles  ;  and  tiiefe 
are  well-known  properties  of  eleclricitv. 

Lightning  not  only  gives  polarity  to  the  magnetic  needle, 
but  to  all  bodies   that   have  any  thing  of  iron  in  them,  as 
brick,   &c.  ;  ami  by  obferving  v.-hicii.  way  the  poles  of  thefe 
bodies  lie,  it  may  be  known,  witli  the  utmoll  certainty,  in 
what  diredlion  the  flroke  jiaded.     Kignior  licccaria  fuppules, 
that  pcrfons  are  fometimes  killed  by  l-ghtning,  witiiottt  beinti- 
really  touclicd  by  it  ;  a  vacuum  t)f  air  only  being  fuddenfy 
made  near  them,  and  the  air  rnfiiing  out  of  their  lungs  to 
fupply  it ;  and  with  fo  much  violence  that  they  could  never 
recover  their  breath.      In  proof  of  this  opinion   he  alleges, 
that  the  lungs  of  fuch   perfons  are  found  flaccid  ;   whereas, 
when  they  are  properly  kihed  by  the  eledrical  fhock,  the 
lungs  are  found  inflated  :  but  this  hypothelis  is  controverted 
by  Dr.  Priellley.     In  order  to  denionilrate  the  identity  of 
the  eleflric  fluid  with  the  matter  of  lightning,  by  r.clual' ex- 
periment. Dr.  Franklin  contrived  to  br'hig  lightnincr  from 
the  heavens,  by  means  of  an  eleclric  kite,  whtcii  lie  railed, 
when  a  florm  of  thunder  was  perceived  to  be  coming  on  ; 
and  with  the  eledricity  thus  obtained,  he  charged  phials, 
kindled  fpirits,   and  performed  all  other  electrical  experir 
ments,  which  are   ufually  exhibited  by  an  excited  globe  or 
tube.     This   happened   in   .lune,   1752,  a  month   after  the 
eleftricians  in  France,  of  v.-hom  the  moil  aftive  were  MefTrs. 
Dalibard  and  Delor,  followed  bv  Mr.  Mazeas  and  M.  Mon- 
nier,   purfuing   tlie   method    which   he   had   propofid,    had 
verified  the  fame  theory  ;    but  witiiout  any  knowledo-e  of 
what  they  had   done.     In   April  and  .lune,   1755,  In:  dif- 
covered  that  the  air  wss  fometimes  eledrificd  politivelv,  and 
fometimes  negatively ;    and  found  that   tlie  clouds   would 
change  from  pofilive  to  negative  electricity  feveral  times  in 
the  courfe  of  one  thuiuler-guil.     He  foon  perceived  that  this 
important  difcovery  was  capable  of  being  applied  to  practical 

C  nlc. 


LIGHTNING. 


ofe,  and  propofcJ  a  method,  whicli  he  oon  accomplilhcd,  of 
fecuring  buildings  from  being  damaged  by  liglitniii^,  by 
means  of  conduftors.  The  Enghfli  philofophers  had  no: 
been  lefs  attentive  to  this  fiibjcft  than  their  neighbours  on 
the  continent  ;  but  for  want  of  proper  opportunities  for 
trying  the  nccefTary  experiments,  and  from  fome  incidental 
circumdances  that  were  unfavourable,  they  had  failed  of 
fuccefs.  However,  in  July,  1752,  Mr.  Canton  fucceeded ; 
and  in  the  following  month,  Mr.  Wilfon  and  Dr.  Bevis  ob- 
ferved  nearly  the  fame  appearances  which  Mr.  Canton  had 
obferved  before.  Mr.  Canton  alfo  foon  after  obfervcd,  in  a 
number  of  experiments,  that  fome  clouds  were  in  a  pofitive 
and  fome  in  a  negative  ftate  of  eleClricity  ;  and  that  the  elec- 
tricity of  his  conduftor  would  fometimes  change  f.'om  one 
ftate  to  the  other,  five  or  fix  times  in  lefs  than  half  an  hour. 
This  variable  llnte  of  thunder  clouds  was  difcovered  by  S. 
Beccaria,  before  he  heard  of  its  having  been  obfervcd  by 
Dr.  Franklin,  or  any  other  perfon  :  and  he  has  given  a  very 
exaft  and  circumftantial  account  of  the  external  apj)earances 
of  thefe  clouds.  From  his  obfervations  of  the  lightning 
abroad,  and  of  his  apparatus  within  doors,  he  inferred,  that 
the  quantity  of  cleflric  matter,  in  an  ufual  ftorm  of  thunder, 
is  almofl:  inconceivably  great,  confidering  how  many  pointed 
bodies,  as  trees,  fpires,  &c.  are  perpetually  drawuig  it  olf, 
and  what  a  prodigious  quantity  is  repeatedly  difcharged  to 
or  from  the  earth.  This  quantity  is  fo  great,  that  he  thinks 
it  impofiible  for  any  cloud  or  number  of  clouds  to  contain  it 
all,  fo  as  either  to  difcharge  or  receive  it.  Befides,  he  ob- 
ferves,  that,  during  the  progrefs  and  increafe  of  the  (lorm, 
though  the  lightning  frequently  ftruck  to  the  earth,  the  fame 
clouds  were  the  next  moment  ready  to  make  a  ftill  greater 
difcharge,  and  his  apparatus  continued  to  be  as  much  affccled 
as  ever  ;  and,  therefore,  the  clouds  mull  ha%'e  received  at 
one  place,  in  the  fame  moment  when  a  difcharge  was  made 
from  them  in  another  t  and,  upon  the  whole,  he  infers,  that 
the  clouds  ferve  as  co-  duClors  to  convey  the  eleftric  fluid 
from  thofe  places  of  the  earth  that  are  overloaded  with  it, 
to  thofe  which  are  exhaufted  of  it.  This  eleclric  matter, 
the  rife  of  which,  from  the  earth  into  the  higher  regions  of 
the  atmofphere,  is  afcertained  by  the  great  quantities  of  fand, 
aflies,  and  other  light  fubftances,  carried  up  with  it,  and 
fcattered  uniformly  over  a  large  tra&  of  country,  wherever 
it  iffues,  attracts  to  it,  and  bears  up  with  it  the  wat(*ry  par- 
ticles that  are  difperfed  in  the  atmofphere.  It  afcends  into 
the  higher  regions  of  the  atmofphere,  being  folicited  by  the 
lefs  refinance  it  finds  there  than  in-  the  common  mafs  of  the 
earth,  which,  at  thefe  times,  is  generally  very  dry,  and 
confequently  highly  eledlric.  The  fame  caufe  which  firll 
raifed  a  cloud,  from  vapours  difperfed  in  the  atmofphere, 
drawe  to  it  thofe  that  are  already  formed,  and  continues  to 
form  new  ones,  till  the  whole  coUefted  mafs  extends  fo  far 
as  to  reach  a  part  of  the  earth  where  tliere  is  a  deficiency  of 
the  qlectric  fluid.  Thither,  too,  will  thofe  clouds,  replete 
with  elctlricity,  be  llronjjly  attraAed,  and  there  will  the 
elediric  matter  difcharge  itfclf  upon  the  earth  :  a  channel  of 
communication  being  m  this  manner  formed,  a  frefli  fupply 
of  electric  matter  will  be  raifed  from  the  overloaded  part, 
and  will  continue  to  be  conveyed  by  the  medium  of  the 
clouds,  till  the  equilibrium  of  the  fluid  between  the  two 
places  of  the  earth  be  rellored.  When  the  clouds  are  at- 
tracted in  their  paflage  by  thofe  parts  of  the  earth,  where 
there  is  a  deficiency  of  the  fluid,  thofe  detached  fragments 
are  formed,  and  a'fo  thofe  uniform  defcending  protuberances, 
which  are,  in  fome  cafes,  the  caufe  of  Water-fpouts  and  Hur- 
rkanes  ;  which  fee. 

That  the  eletlric  matter,  which  forms  and  animates  the 
thunder-clouds,  ilTues  from  places  far  beiow  the  furface  of 

2 


the  earth,  and  that  it  buries  itfclf  there,  is  probable  fronr 
the  deep  holes  that  liave,  in  many  places,  been  made  by 
lightning  ;  and  from  the  flaflies  that  have  been  feen  to  arife 
from  fubterraneous  cavitias  and  from  wells ;  as  well  as  from 
the  inundations  accompanying  thunder-llorms,  and  occa- 
fioned  by  water  buriling  out  of  the  bowels  of  the  earth. 
The  greatell  difficulty  attending  this  theory  of  the  origin  of 
thunder-ltorms  relates  to  the  collection  and  infulation  of 
eletlric  matter  within  the  body  of  the  earth.  With  refpeft 
to  the  former,  this  ingenious  philofopher  has  nothing  to  fay  : 
fome -operations  in  nature  are  certainly  attended  with  a  iofs 
of  the  equilibrium  in  the_  elcflric  fluid,  but  no  perfon  has 
yet  afiigned  a  ir.ore  probiible  caufe  of  the  r(>dundancy  of  the 
eleftric  matter,  which,  in  faft,  often  abounds  in  the  c'otids, 
than  what  we  may  fuppofe  poflible  to  take  place  in  the 
bowels  of  the  earth  :  and  fuppofing  the  lufs  of  tiie  eqi'.i- 
librium  poflible,  the  fame  caufe  that  produced  the  cft'ecl 
would  prevent'  the  relloriiig  of  it ;  fo  that  r.ot  being  able  to 
force  a  way,  at  lead  one  fufTiciently  ready,  through  ths 
body  of  the  earth,  it  would  ifl^ue  at  the  fame  convenient 
vent  into  the  higher  regions  of  the  air,  as  the  better  paflage. 
3.  Beccaria  oblerves,  that  a  wind  always  blows  from  tlia 
place  from  which  the  thunder-cloud  proceeds  ;  and  it  is  cer- 
tain, that  the  fuddeii  congregation  of  fuch  a  prodigious 
quantity  of  vapours  muft  dilplace  the  air,  and  repel  it  on  all 
fides.  A  great  number  cf  obfervations  rclati.ig  to  the  de- 
fcent  of  lightning,  confirm  his  theory  of  the  manner  of  its 
afcent :  for,  in  many  cafes,  it  throws  before  it  the  parts  of 
condufting  bodies,  a::d  diftribntcs  them  along  the  refilling 
medium,  through  which  it  muil  force  its  paifage.  Upon 
this  principle,  the  longed  flaflies  of  lightning  feem  to  be 
made,  by  its  forcing  into  its  v.-ay  part  of  the  vapours  in  the 
air.  One  of  the  principal  reafons  wliy  thofe  flalhe.'i  make  fo 
long  a  rumbling,  is  their  being  occafioned  by  the  vail  length 
of  a  vacuum,  made  by  the  paffage  of  the  eleftric  matter. 
For  although  the  air  coUapfes  the  moment  after  it  has  pafled^ 
and  the  vitjra'ion,  on  which  the  found  depends,  commences 
at  the  fame  moment  ;  yet,  if  the  flafh  was  diretfted  towards 
the  perfon  who  hears  the  report,  the  vibrations  excited  at 
the  nearer  end  of  the  track  will  reach  his  car  much  fooner 
than  thofe  excited  at  the  more  remote  end  ;  and  the  found 
will,  without  any  rcpercuflion  or  echo,  continue  till  all  tlie 
vibrations  have  fucceffively  reached  him.  Mr.  Lullin,  in 
order  to  account  for  the  prqduflion  of  eledricity  in  the 
clouds,  made  a  long  infulated  pole  to  projedt  from  one  fide 
of  the  Alps,  and  obferved,  that  when  fmad  clouds  of  va- 
pour, raifed  by  the  heat  of  the  fun,  rofe  near  the  foot  of 
the  mountain,  and  afcended  along  the  fide  of  it :  if  they 
touched  the  extremity  of  the  pole  only,  it  was  eleftrilied  j 
but  if  the  whole  pole,  and  confequently  part  of  the  hill  on 
which  it  flood,  was  likewife  involved,  it  was  not  elcftrified. 
Whence  he  concludes,  that  the  elcflricity  of  the  clouds  is 
produced  by  their  paiTfng  through  the  air  while  the  fun 
ihines  upo.i  them.  But  to  whicii  of  thefe  two  circumltances, 
namely,  the  motion  through  the  air  cr  the  action  of  the 
fun's  rays,  this  was  ov.ing,  he  could  not  dctern.ine,  though 
he  made  leveral  experiments  for  this  purpofe. 

Upon  liie  whole,  it  is  e,  fy  'o  conceive,  that  when  pjrti- 
cula-  clouds  or  different  parts  of  the  ear;h  pofllfs  oppofite 
eledlricities,  fome  being  electrified  pofi  ively,  and  others 
negatively,  a  dilcharga  .vill  take  place  within  a  certain  dif- 
tance  ;  or  the  one  wi'l  itrike  into  the  other,  and  in  the  dif- 
charge a  flafli  of  lightning  will  be  obfervcd.  But  how  the 
clouds  or  earth  acquire  this  Hate,  is  lliil  a  qiicdion  not  ab- 
folntely  determined.  Mr  Canton  queries,  whether  the 
clouds  become  pofleffed  of  electricity  b)'  the  gradual  heating 
and  cooling  of  the  air  ;  and  whether  air  fuddenly  rarcf  ed, 

SSMf 


LIGHTNING.- 


tnay  tiot  give  ele'cirie  fire  to,  and  air  fuddenly  condenfed  re- 
ceive e^ecTtr-c  fire  from,  clo'.ids  and  vapours  pafling  through 
it.  Mr.  Wilcke  fiippofcs  the  air  to  contract  its  electricity, 
in  the  fatne  manner  as  fulphur  and  other  fubllances  do,  when 
thev  are  heated  and  cooled  in  contaft  with  various  bodies. 
Thus  the  air,  being  heated  or  cooled  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  the  earth,  gives  eleftricrty  to  the  earth,  or  takes  it  from 
it  ;  and  the  electrified  air,  being  conveyed  upv.'ards  by  va- 
rious means,  communicates  its  eleftricity  to  the  clouds. 
Others  have  queried,  whether,  fince  thunder  generally  hap- 
pens in  a  fiiltry  ftate  of  the  air,  when  it  feems  repleniflied 
with  feme  fulphureous  vapours,  the  eleftric  matter  then 
in  the  clouds  may  not  be  generated  by  the  fermentation 
of  fulphureous  vapours  with  mineral  or  acid  vapours  in 
the  air. 

Dr.  Franklin  advifes  perfons  who  are  apprehenfive  of 
danger  from  ligiitninj,  to  fit  in  the  middle  of  a  room,  pro- 
vided it  be  not  under  a  metal  luflre  fufpended  by  a  chain, 
fitting  on  one  chair,  and  laying  their  feet  on  another.  It 
is  ftill  fafer,  he  fays,  to  bring  two  or  three  m'-tralfes,  or 
teds,  in''o  the  middle  of  the  room.,  and  folding  them  double, 
to  place  the  chairs  upon  them,  for  as  they  are  not  fo  good 
conductors  as  the  wall,  the  lightning  wiU  not  choofe  to  pafs 
through  them  :  but  the  fafell  place  of  all  is  in  a  hammock 
hung  with  filken  cords,  at  an  equal  diftance  from  all  the 
fides  of  a  room.  Dr.  Prieftley  obferves,  th<?t  the  place  of 
niuft  abfolute  fafety  mull  be  the.  cellar,  and  efp^cially  the 
middle  of  it  ;  for  when  a  perfon  is  lower  than  the  furface 
of  the  earth,  the  lightning  m'.'ft  ftrike  it  before  it  can 
poffibly  reach  him.  In  the  fields,  the  place  of  fafety  is 
within  a  few  yards  of  a  tree,  but  not  quite  near  it.  Never- 
thelefs,  S.  Beccaria  cautions  perfons  not  to  depend  upon  the 
neighbourhood  of  a  higher,  or,  in  all  cafes,  a  better  con- 
ductor than  their  own  body  ;  fince,  according  to  his  re- 
peated obfervations,  the  lightning  by  no  means  defccnds  in 
one  undivided  track ;  but  bodies  of  various  kinds  conduft 
tteir  {hare  of  it  at  the  fame  time,  in  proportion  to  their 
quantity  and  condu6li:ig  power.  See  on  the  fubjecl  of  this 
article  Frankhn's  Letters ;  Beccaria's  Lettre  dell'  Elettri- 
cifmo;  Priellley's  Hilloi-y,  &c.  of  Eledtricity,  paflim.  Lord 
Mahon  (now  earl  Stanhope)  obferves,  that  damage  may  be 
done  by  lightning,  not  only  by  the  main  ftroke.  and  lateral 
explofion,  but  likewife  by  that  which  he  ca'ls  the  returning 
flroke,  that  is,  by  the  fudden  violent  return  of  that  part  of 
the  natural  fhare  of  electricity  (of  any  conducing  body,  or 
of  any  combination  of  condu<3ing  bodies)  which  had  been 
gradually  expelled  from  fuch  body  or  bodies  refpedlively, 
bv  the  fuperinduced  elaftic  eledlrical  prefTure  of  a  thunder 
cloud's  eleftrical  atmofphere.  See  an  account  of  his  theory 
and  experiments,  relating  to  this  fubjeft,  in  his  Piincipies 
of  EleClricity,  &c.  quarto,  1779. 

The  author  of  the  Philofopliy  of  Agriculture  remarks, 
that  the  blalls  occafioncd  by  lightning  are  more  frequent, 
he  believes,  than  is  ufually  f'lppofed  ;  as  he  is  informed  by 
tbofe  who  purchafe  extenfive  woods,  that  very  many  trees, 
on  being  fawed  through,  are  found  cracked  and  much  in- 
jured by  lightning.  He  had  latt  year  (1799)  a  (landard 
app'e-tree  and  a  tall  apricot  tree  in  full  leaf,  blafted  at  the 
fame  time  by  lightning,  as  was  beheved.  They  both  loll 
all  their  leaves  ;  the  apple-tree,  nevcrthelefs,  put  out  a  new 
foliage  and  recovered,  and  bore  fruit  this  year ;  but  the 
apricot,  which  was  nailed  to  a  high  wall,  never  iliewed  anv 
returning  life.  Mr.  Tull,  he  remarks,  afcribes  one  injury 
to  the  health  of  wheat  plants,  and  frequently  their  death, 
to  lightning,  the  elfefts  whereof  may  be  obferved  by  the 
blackifh  parts  or  patches  vilible  in  a  field  of  wheat,  efpecially 


in  thofe  years  whicli  have  more  thunder  ftorms  than  ufuali 
and  adds,  that  againll  this  there  is  no  remedy.  The  ereclion 
of  frequent  metallic  points  could,  as  the  dodor  think?,  alone 
fecurc  a  garden  or  field  from  this  misfortune  ;  which  pro- 
bably occurs  more  frequently  on  damp  fituations  than  on 
dry  ones. 

He  conceives,  that  the  manner  in  which  lightning  deftroys 
the  life  of  vegetables  may  be  fim.ilnr  to  that  in  which  it  de- 
ftr.sys  animal  life  ;  which  is,  he  fuppofes,  by  its  great  (li- 
mulus,  exhanding  the  fenfurial  power  in  the  violent  aiflion  it 
occafions,  and  thus  producing  total  inirritability  to  the  com- 
mon ftiinuh,  which  ought  to  excite  the  vital  adlions  of  the 
fyilem.  It  may  alfo  affecl  vegetables  in  another  way  fimilar 
to  that,  which  probably  alfo  happens  when  their  young 
fucculent  roots  are  frozen  ;  that  is,  by  burlling  their  veflels, 
as  it  paaos  through  them  by  its  expanlive  power;  as  haopens 
to  the  large  branches  of  fome  trees,  and  to  Hone  buildino-s, 
and  other  bad  condutlors  of  electricity,  when  they  are 
ilruck  with  lightning.  The  expanfive  power  of  ele&ricity 
is  not  only  (hewn  by  trees  and  towers  being  rent  by  light- 
ning, but  by  the  found  which  fucceeds  the  paifage  of 
it  through  air;  fince  a  vacuum,  or  nearly  a  vacuum,  in  re- 
fpecl  to  air,  muft  previoufly  be  made  by  the  prefence  of  the 
eleftric  fluid :  and  the  iides  of  this  vacu'.:m  rufhing  together, 
when  the  ilream  has  pafled,  occafions  the  confequent  vibra- 
tions of  the  air,  which  conftitute  found,  whether  in  the 
audible  fpark  of  electricity,  or  the  tremendous  crafh  of 
thunder.  Some  ether  efFecls  on  vegetables  have  been  af- 
cribed  by  writers  to  h,jhtning,  but  they  have  not  yet  been  fa- 
tisfac^orily  proved.     See  Electricity. 

Lightning,  Artificial.  The  phofphorus,  when  newly 
made,  gives  a  fort  of  artificial  lightning  vifible  in  the  dark, 
which  would  furprife  thofe  who  are  not  ufed  to  fuch  a  phe- 
nomenon :  the  ufual  method  of  keeping  this  preparation  is 
under  water,  and  if  the  corrufcations  are  defired  to  be  feen 
to  the  greateil  advantage,  the  glafs  in  which  it  is  kept  (hould 
be  deep  and  cylindric,  and  not  more  than  three-fourths  filled 
with  water.  The  phofphorus  put  into  this  water  will  fend 
up  corrufcations  at  times,  which  will  pierce  through  the  in- 
cumbent water,  and  expand  themfelvcs  with  great  bri^htnefs 
in  the  empty  upper  part  of  the  bottle. 

If  we  compare  this  artificial  corrufcation  to  the  real  light- 
ning, we  (hail  find,  that  as  in  this  the  fire  pades  unaltered 
through  the  water,  fo  in  that  the  flaihcs  of  lightning,  which 
co.ne  at  intervals,  pafs  uninterrupted  through  the  moil  denfe 
clouds,  and  are  not  obftrucled  by  the  heavicft  ftorms  of 
rain,  but  like  the  beams  of  the  fun,  or  anv  other  fire,  pafs 
uninterrupted  through  glafs  and  water.  The  feafm  of  the 
weather,  as  well  as  the  newnefs  of  the  phofphorus,  muft 
concur  to  produce  thefe  flalhes'  for  they  are  as  uncommon 
in  winter  as  lightning  is,  but  in  warm  weather  both  are  very 
frequent. 

The  flame  of  lightning  is  generally  inoffenfive,  aid  does 
not,  except  upon  particular  circumllances,  fet  fire  to  any 
thing  that  it  falls  upon  ;  and,  in  like  manner,  the  flafhings 
of  the  phofphorus  through  the  water  will  not  burn  tlie  fleili, 
nor  even  fire  the  mod  combul'ible  things  ;  though  the  phof- 
phorus itfelf,  like  the  lightning,  under  proper  circum'lanees, 
may  be  a  very  confuming  and  terrible  fire.  The  warmth  of 
the  air,  or  the  immediate  beams  of  the  iun,  will  fet  fire  to 
tiie  condenfetl  body  of  the  phofphorus,  and  it  then  becomes 
this  terrible  fire;  and  in  the  fame  manner  lightning,  when  con- 
denfed and  contracted,  and  wrapped  up  in  'a  vehicle  of  air, 
fo  that  it  does  not  fo  eafily  diffufe  itfelf  through  the  yield- 
ing ether,  fe:s  fire  to  trves,  houfes,  or  whatever  it  conies 
near. 

C  3  The 


LI    Cr 

~Tlie  phofphorus,  wliile  burning,  a£\s  the  part  of  a  coi*- 
rofivc,  aiul  when  it  jfots  out  rcfolvcs  into  a  mcnllnnim, 
which  difTolvcs  gold,  iron,  and  other  ir.otals  j  and  hghininj;, 
in  the  fame  u-anticr,  unt-lts  the  fume  fubftances.  From  the 
whole,  it  apnea's  that  there  is  much  more  rcfcmblance  be- 
tween this  pliofphorus  and  lightning  tlian  between  gun- 
powder, or  aurnm  fiilminans,  and  that  lire  ;  tkough  theie 
Lave  often  been  fuppofed  to  be  nearly  allied  to  its  nature.. 
See  PiiOM'noill-s. 

I.IGNAC,  .losp.pii  AnniAv  i,e  Laixgf.  de,  in  liiogra- 
fh\;  a  learned  French,  abbe,  defcended  from  a  noble  fannly, 
and  burn  at  Poicliers  about  the  commencement  of  the  lall 
century.  He  was  brought  up  among  the  .Tefuits,  and  in 
the  courfe  of  time  was  chofen  to  fill  different  confidentijl 
polls  in  that  order,  and  in  the  Congregation  of  the  Oratory. 
During  a  vilil  which  he  had  occasion  to  pay  to  R'~me,  he 
was  introduced  to  the  pope  Benedict  XIV.  and  e.irdinal 
P^iflionei,  who  honoured  liim  with  attention  and  friendlhip. 
He  died  at  Paris  in  1762,  leaving  behind  him  a  confiderable 
reputation  as  a  philofopher,  a  uaturalift,  and  thcologiari. 
He  was  author  of  "  Elements  of  Mctaphylics  deduced 
from  Experience  :"  "  The  Po.Tibi'.lty  of  Man's  Corporeal 
Prefence  in  different  Places  at  the  fame  Time,"  in  which  he 
attempts  to  prove  that  the  doArine  of  trjnfubflantiation 
tontains  nothing  in  it  incongruous  with  the  principles  of 
found  phihifophy.  "  An  Examination  of  the  Treatife  de 
l"Kfprit  of  Helvetius."  As  a  naturali'.l,  we  have  "  Memoirs 
iiluflrative  of  Aquatic  Spiders:"  '«  A  Eetter  to  an  Ameri- 
can concerning  the  Natural  Hifiory  of  M.  de  BufTon  :"' 
and  as  a  divine  he  publilheil  "  The  Teflimony  of  internal 
Senfe  and  Experience,  oppoled  to  the  profane  and  ridicu- 
lous Creed  of  modern  Fatalills,'"  in  three  vols.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  he  was  employed  in  compollng  a  treatife 
"  On  the  Evidences  of  Religion." 

EIGNE',  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  I^ower  Loire,  a;id  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in 
the  dillrict  of  Ancenis ;  9  miles  N.W.  of  Anccnis.  Tlie 
place  contains  1642.  and  the  canton  5770  inhabiUuts,  on  a 
territory  of  \^~\  kiliometres,  in  4  communci. 

LIGNE.A.  Cassia.     See  Cassia. 

LIGNEVILLE,  the  Marciiese  di,'  in  Biography,  an 
ingenious  and  learned  dilettante  at  Florence  in  1770,  who 
had  ihidied  coun'.crpoint  fo  ferioufly  as  to  be  able  to  fet  the 
hymn  "  Salve  Regina''  in  canon  for  three  voices.  The 
tompolition  is  correft,  and  neatly  engraved,  copies  of 
which  were  given  to  his  friends.  In  the  titlo  of  this  pro- 
duftion,  dated  1770,  the  maiquis  de  Ligneville  is  ftyled 
prince  of  Conca,  chamberlain  to  their  Imperial  majellies, 
tii.'-eclor  of  the  mufic  of  the  court  in  Tufcjuy,  and  member 
of  the  Philharmonic  fociety  of  B.ilogna.  He  was  fon  of  the 
famous  marfhal  Ligneville,  who  was  killed  in  the  gardens  of 
Colorno,  a  villa  belonging  to  the  duke  of  Parma,  during  the 
war  of  1733,  and  was  prince  of  Conca,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Na':les,  bv  riijht  of  his  mother. 

LlGNiCEKSIS  Tiv.-.KA,  in  the  Materia  Medka,  the 
name  of  a  hue  yellow  hole  d  :g  in  many  parts  of  Germany, 
particularly  about  Enu-ric.  in  the  circle  of  Weftphalia,  and 
ufed  in  cordial  and  ailringcnt  compoiitions.  It  is  a  com- 
mon fucccdaneam  for  the  yellow  Silcfian  bole,  where  that  is 
not  to  be  had,  and  is  generally  elteemed  very  nearly,  if  not 
abfolutely,  equal  to  it  in  its  virtues. 

It  is  moderately  heavy,  naturally  of  a  fmooth  furface,  and 
of  a  beautiful  gold  colour.  It  cafily  breaks  between  the 
lingers,  and  does  not  llain  the  flcin  in  handling,  melts  freely 
in  the  mouth,  and  leaves  no  grittinefs  between  the  teeth,  and 
is  iiiuncdiateiy  diffufiblc  in  water.    It  makes  ao  effervefcecce 


L  I  G 

with  acid*  r  and  burns  to  a  fine  red  colour,  and  almod  to  a 
ftony  hardnafs. 

Charlton  (Foff.  p.  5.)  fays  it  is  more  frequently  known 
by  the  name  of  ierraJigiUaIn  Gohhcrgaijii. 

There  is  another  white  bole  known  by  this  name.  See 
Gc)LTiiEi((;i:N-.sis  terra. 

LIGNIE'RES,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
(repartment  of  the  Cher,  and  chi'T  place  of  a  canton,  in 
the  dillriil  of  St.  Amand  ;  24  miles  S.  of  Bourges  N. 
lat.  ^6  4j'.  E.  long.  2  i^'.  The  pl.ice  contains  1205, 
and  the  canton  6955  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  265  kilio- 
metres, in  T I  communes. 

LIGNITE.  This  name  is  given,  by  Brongniart,  to  the 
fpecies  of  inflammable  foflils,  called  broun  kohle  (brown  coal) 
by  Werner.  The  following  account,  froin  Brongniart's 
Traitc  de  Mineralogie,  will  fupply  the  omifiion  of  the  arti- 
cle Broiun  CO::!  in  our  work. 

The  couibullible  minerals  belcjnging  to  this  fpecies  aire 
chsraderifcd  by  their  fmell  and  the  prcdufts  of  their  com- 
bullion.  The  odour  which  they  emit  in  burning  is  pungent, 
often  fetid,  and  has  no  analogy  with  that  of  coal  or  bitu- 
mens. They  burn  with  a  pretty  clear  flnmc,  without  bub- 
bling and  cakiui^,  like  coal,  and  becoming  fluid  in  the  man- 
ner of  the  folid  bitumens  ;  they  leave  powdery  aflies  iimilar 
to  thofe  of  wood,  but  often  more  abundant,  more  ferrugi- 
nous, and  more  earthy.  The  afhes  contain  a  fmall  portion 
of  potafli  ;  at  lead  Mr.  Majon  has  found  about  3  in  100 
in  thofe  of  the  bituminous  wood  of  Callchiuovo.  Thefe 
combullibles  yield  an  acid  by  di'lillation,  which  coal  does 
not. 

Lignites  vary  in  colour  from  deep  and  fliining  black  to  a 
dull  earthy-brown  :  the  texture  of  moll  of  the  varieties  in- 
dicates their  origin  and  explains  their  name.  The  ligneous 
texture  is  ofteiiobfervable,  though  fometimes  it  has  wholly 
difappeared.  Its  fraclure  is  compad,  often  rcfinous  and 
conchoidal,  or  (hiniiig  and  even. 

The  external  chtratlers  of  the  varieties  of  this  fpecies 
vary  too  much  to  allow  them  to  be  farther  generahfed. 

I.  Jet  Lignite;  Jayet.     Pech  lohle,  Wern. 

This  fubllance  is  hard,  folid,  compaft,  and  fufceptible 
of  a  bright  polilh  ;  it  is  opaque  and  of  a  pure  blnck  colour; 
its  fradure  is  undulated,  and  fometim.es  fhining  like  that  of 
pitch.  Specific  gravity  1.2 JQ.  It  is  faid  to  be  fometin  cs 
lighter  than  water ;  but  Brongniart  thinks  this  prop^-rty  rather 
belongs  to  the  following  variety. 

Is  foiuid  in  flrata  of  little  thicknefs,  in  marly,  flaty,  cal- 
careous or  gritty  beds.  It  fometimes  exhibits  the  organical 
texture  of  wood. 

It  is  found  in  France ;  in  Prcvence,  at  Beleflat  in  the 
Pyrenees;  in  the  department  of  the  Aude,  near  the  village 
des  Bains,  fix  leagues  to  the  foulh  of  CarcafTone  (this  fomr- 
times  contains  amber),  and  near  Quilian,  in  the  fame  de- 
partment, in  the  comnumcs  of  Sainte  Colon.bt,  Peyrat,  and 
Bailide  ;  it  is  fituatcd  at  the  depth  of  ten  or  twelve  yards, 
in  oblique  flrata  between  flraia  of  fand-lione ;  but  thefe 
ilrata  are  neither  pure  nor  continuous  Jet  proper  to  be 
worked  is  foiuid  in  mafTcs,  the  »veight  of  which  is  feldona 
5j  pounds.  Thefe  mines  have  been  wrought  for  a  Icng 
time,  and  have  produced  a  conliderable  quantity  of  jet,  which 
was  cut  and  poliflied  in  the  fsmc  country.  It  alfo  occurs  in 
Germany,  near  Wittemberg  in  Saxony,  where  it  is  alfo  cut 
and  poliihcd.  Very  fine  jet  has  alfo  been  found  in  Spain, 
in  Galicia,  and  the  /\ilunas.  Is  likewifo  faid  to  occur  in 
Iceland,  in  the  vvellcrn  part  of  the  ifland. 

Befides  thefe,  proftllbr  Jamefon  has  quoted  the  following 
localities  of  pitch-coal  or  jet  lignite  :  the  coal  diilridls  of  the 

Lothians, 


LIGNITE. 


I>)thran?,  Fifefrhre,  Linlithgowfhire,  rfland  of  Skyc,  and 
Cannoby  and  Sanquhar,  in  Dunifriesdiire,  in  Scotland; 
Ne«-ca!lle,  Tindel  fcUs,  Bolton  and  Whitehaven,  in  Eng- 
land ;.  Aullria  ;  Hungary,  Binnat,  Traiilylvania  ;  Upper 
L,uf  itia  ;  Silefia  ;  mount  MeifTiier  in  HeiTia  ;  Wiirtenberg  ; 
Francoiiia  J  i5ava:ia  ;   Salzburg;   Italy;   Pruffia. 

Of  this  combu'lible  ornaments  are  made,  particularly 
iponrning  trinkets  ;  it  is  pclifhcd  with  water  on  a  horizontal 
wheel  of  fatiditone.  Jet  mixed  with  pyrites  is  generally 
rejected. 

z.  Fr'uibk  Llgnhe  ;   Moor  coal ;   Moor  lohl:,  Wern. 

This  variety  occurs  in  thick  and  exteniive  beds.  It  is  of 
a  lively  black,  but  lefs  (hining  than  that  of  the  preceding 
variety.  Its  great  friability  is  particularly  charafterillic  of 
at.  Its  furface  is  always  cracked,  and  its  mafl'es  divide  with 
the  greateil  facility  into  a  number  of  cubic  fragments  ;  a 
cliaracif  r  which  is  not  found  in  jet. 

Friable  lignite  is  more  abundant  and  confequeitly  more 
ufeful  than  the  two  firil  varieties.  It  is  found  in  horizontal 
banks  often  thick  and  extenfive,  but  is  never  feeu  in  fuch 
large  maffes  as  coal,  with  which  it  has  been  confounded  by 
fome  ;  it  differs  not  only  by  its  properties  but  alfo  by  its 
gcogiioflic  li;uation.  It  occurs  in  thofe  maffes  of  land 
wtiich  often  till  up  vallies  in  cahareous  mountains,  or  cover 
the  fides  of  the  hills  that  fliirt  them.  Is  alfo  found, 
though  more  ra-ely,  in  clayey  marie. 

Friable  lignite  is  pretty  common  in  the  fouth  of  France, 
fuch  as  in  the  department  of  Vaiiclufc*.  Alfo  as  confider- 
able  mafs  at  Lnette,  department  des  Forcts. 

Other  locaaiies  cited  by  authors  are  Leitmeri:z,  Snatz, 
and  EUenbogen  in  B-<l;emia ;  Thalern  near  Krems  in  Auf- 
tria  ;  Tranfylvaiiia  ;  Moravia  ;  the  ifl.uid  of  Barnholm  in 
the  Baltic,  and  the  Faroe  idands.  It  oijc^irs  more  fre- 
fluently  in  Bohemia  than  in  any  other  countr^    Jam. 

It  burns  without  diinculty,  but  fpreads  a  very  difagree- 
able  odour.  It  can  be  made  ufe  of  only  in  raanufaftures,  or 
to  bur-7  lime.      Smiths  cannot  ufe  it  in  their  forges. 

3.  Fibrous  Liginti  ;  Bltumhi.us  'wood;  Bilumhiofcs  IjoJt^, 
Wern. 

Its  colour  varies  from  a  clear  blacklfh-brovvn  to  clove 
brown  ;  it  has  a  perfectly  woody  form  and  texture  ;  confe- 
qiiently,  its  longitudinal  fraiture  is  iibrous,  and  its  tranf- 
verfal  fraclu'v  Ihews  tlie  yearly  layers  of  the  wood.  Jt  is 
more  eafily  frangible  than  wood,  and  takes  a  degree  of 
polifh  whtn  cut  with  a  knife. 

This  bgr.lte  often  occurs  in  large  mafies. 

It  Is  found  in  France  ;  in  the  vicinity  of  Paris,  near 
.St.  Germain,  in  the  ifle  of  Chatou,  which  appears  to 
be  entirely  formed  of  it ;  and  near  Vitry  on  the  banks  of 
the  Seine,  where  is  a  thick  bed  of  trunks  of  trees  well  pre- 
(erved.  In  the  department  of  Arricge,  tlie  clef:s  of  this 
lignite  are  filled  with  calcareous  fpar.  In  Liguria,  near 
Ciflelnuovo,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Magra,  it  is  found  in 
thick  and  exten.lve  beds.  In  Heffia,  in  the  .mountains  of 
Ahlberg,  the  ilratum  is  above  two  yards  thick.  /i.t  Stein- 
berg, near  Miinden  in  Hanover,  it  forms  two  ftrata,  one  of 
about  ten  yard?;,  the  other  of  fix,  feparated  by  a  bed  of 
rock  from  twelve  to  fourteen  inches  thick.  In  England, 
EtBovey  near  Exeter,  there  are  fevcnteen  pretty  thick  llrafa, 
(iiuated  at  a  depth  of  about  twenty  two  yards  under  fand 
and  in  pott.-rs'  cLy.  In  Iceland,  w  here  it  is  very  abundant, 
it  is  called  Sarturhrand i  the  trunks  which  form  thefe  beds 
are  very  diilind,  a'ld  appear  merely  to  ha-ve  been  comprciFed. 

To  tliefe  locahties  we  add  tlie  following  from  Jamefon  : 
Scoilaiul,  iii  the  fietz-trap  formation,  accompanied  with 
pitch-coa!,  in  the  ifland  of  Skye  ;  in  feparate  pieces  in 
traiip-brectia  in  tlie  ifluud  of  Cannay  ;  in  Betz  Lmc-llone,  in 


the  iiland  of  Skye,  and  in  the  independent  coal  formation  ia 
the  county  of  Mid  Lothian  ;  Bohemia,  in  the  Saatz  and 
Leitmeritz  circles;  Auilria  ;  Tranfylvania  ;  Moravia;  Leo- 
ban  in  Stiria  ;  Irfcnberg  in  Bavaria  ;  Upprr  Palatinate  ; 
Landeck  in  Silefia  ;  Halle;  Merfeburg  ;  .-^.rtern  and  Eifle- 
ben  in  Tliuringia  ;  Kalten-Nordheirn  near  Eifenach  ;  Weh- 
rau,  Upper  Lufatia  ;  Wiirtenberg;  Freeienwalde  and  Ko- 
nigfwalde  in  Brandenburg  ;  Weilerwald  ;  Salzburg  ;  Rufiia. 

But  this  lignite  is  iliil  more  common  in  fmail  detached, 
maflcs ;  it  fometimes  accompanies  the  preceding  varieties; 
fometimes  it  is  found  alone  in  (mail  layers,  in  the  mid  It  of 
banks  of  clay  or  fand.  It  is  met  with  almoil  every  where, 
and  is  ufod  as  fuel  in  thofe  places  «here  it  is  abundant. 

This  combuilible  being  fcarcely  deconipofcd,  and  hence 
rather  vegetable  than  mineral,  would  not  deferve  to  conlli- 
tute  a  variety  ir.  a  fyilem  of  mineralogy,  if  it  did  not  p;.fs  by 
imperceptible  degrees  into  the  preceding  varieties,  and  inti> 
that  which  follows. 

4.  Earlhy  Lignite;  Enrlli  coal ;  Erd Ljhle,  Wern. 

Commonly  called  earth  of  Cologne,  and  fometimes^ 
though  improperly,  umber  ;  but  the  true  umber,  whicli  comes 
from  Italy  or  the  eaft,  contains  nothing  that  is  combulLble,. 
whence  it  cannot  belong  to  this  fpecies. 

This  fubllanee  is  black,  or  blackifh-brown  mixed  witk- 
reddifh.  Its  fratlure  and  afpect  are  earthy  ;  it  is  fine- 
grained, eafily  frangible  and  even  irial-le;  it  is  rather  foft  to- 
the  feel.  Its  fpecific  gravity  is  nearly  that  of  water.  It 
burns,  emitting  a  difagreeable  fmell. 

It  not  only  often  contains  vegetable  remains,  but  fome- 
times it.Gflf  preients  the  texture  of  wood,  without  ever  pof- 
feffing  either  the  colour  and  luftre,  or  the  hardnels  of  the 
pr-ceding  varieties.  It  burns  fufficiently  well  to  be  ufed  as 
fuel.      It  gives  a  gentle  and  equal  heat. 

It  is  found  in  fecondary  formation  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  coal  mines,  and  more  frequently  in  alluvial  land. 

As  an  authentic  example  of  this  variety  may  be  mentioned 
the  earthy  lignite  from  the  vichiity  of  Cologne,  known  ia 
trade  by  the  name  of  eai'th  ot  Cologne.  It  is  dug  up  at  a 
little  diilance  from  that  city,  near  the  villages  Briihl  and 
Liblar,  where  it  forms  very  extenfive  beds  of  eight  or  ten 
yards  in  thicknefs,  v/hich  are  fituated  under  elevated  ground. 
It  is  immediately  covered  with  a  bed,  more  or  lels  thick,  of 
rolled  pieces  of  quartz  and  jafper,  of  the  fize  of  an  eg.g, 
and  refts  on  a  bed  of  white  clay  of  an  unknown  thickntls. 
The  bed  of  lisjnite  is  homog-eneous,  but  foffil  veiretables  are 
found    in    it    in    a    good    Hate   ot    prelervation  ;  they    arc, 

1,  trunks  of  trees  lying  one  on  the  other  without  order; 
the  wood  is  black  or  reddiih,  generally  comprefied',  it  readily 
exfoliates  by  drying  in  the  open  air.  Some  of  theie  belong 
to  dicotyledonous  trees,  others  are  fragments  of  palms. 
Among  thefe  M.  Coquebert-Montbret  has  found  fome  that 
are  fi.led  with  a  number  of  fmall  round  pyritic  badies  re- 
fembling  grains  of  fmall  (hot.  Similar  fmall,  but  elongated- 
round  grains,  refembhng  a  two-celled  pod,  have  been  found- 
by  Mr.  Heim,  in  the  lignite  of  Kalten  Nordheim.  This 
wood    burns    very    well,    and    even    with    a    fmall   flame.., 

2.  Woody  fruits,  of  the  fize  of  a  nut,  and  which  are  con- 
fulered  as  belonging  to  a  fpecies  of  areca.  The  hgnite  of 
Cologne  contains  about  twenty  per  cent,  of  a(hes  rather  alka- 
line and  ferruginous.  Its  uies  are  manifold  ;.  it  is  wxirked 
in  open  air  with  a  iimple  fpade,  but  in  ordei-  to  convey  it 
wiih  greater  convenience,  it  is  moillened  and  moulded  iti 
veffcls  which  give  it  the  fhape  of  a  truncated  cone.  It  is 
generally  ufed  as  fuel  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Cologne.,  v 
It  burns  (lowly  but  readily  and  wiihout  flame,  like  fungu* 
tinder,  giving  a  llroug  heat  and  leaving  very  fine  allies. 
The  latter  being  conliuiicd  as  a  very  good  manure,  a  paix 


L  I  G 


L  I  G 


•f  the  lignite  is  burnt  on  the  fpot  where  it  is  wrought,  for 
the  fake  of  obtaiiiiiit^  them. 

The  earth  of  Cologne  is  particularly  employed  for  paint- 
ing in  diftemper  and  even  in  oil  painting.  The  Dutch  ufe 
it  to  adulterate  fniilF,  and  if  it  is  not  added  in  too  great  a 
quantity  it  gives  the  fniilf  a  defirable  finenefs  and  foftnefs, 
and  cannot  be  in  tl'.e  leall  injurious.      Fanjas. 

This  lignite  is  faid  to  occur  alfo  in  Hcffia,  Bohemia, 
Saxony,  Iceland,  &.c. ;  but  as  there  has  been  a  confufion 
between  this  fiibdance  and  the  variety  of  ochre  called  umber, 
we  cannol  be  cert-,(in  that  thefe  indications  of  localities  are 
referable  to  earthy  lignite. 

It  may  liave  been  obfervcd,  from  what  has  been  faid  on 
the  fituations  peculiar  to  fome  varieties  of  lignite,  that  this 
foflil  combuftible  belongs  to  depofitions  of  the  mod  recent 
formation,  fince  it  is  found  only  in  alluvial  fand  or  clay  ; 
it  feldom  or  never  occurs  in  (tony  depofitions,  except  in 
coarfe  grained  lime-done  and  under  brfalt.  In  the  moun- 
tains of  Hcffia  called- the  Ringe  Kuhie,  feveral  thick  beds 
of  lignite  are  feen  leiling  on  fandllone,  and  leparated  by 
beds  of  potters'  clay  and  fand. — (Mohs).  On  the  fea-fliore 
near  Calais,  fragments  of  lignite  have  been  found  that  were 
penetrated  by  very  tranfpai'ent  globularly  aggregated  quartz 
cryftals. 

The  air  which  circulates  where  lignite  is  wrought  is  gene- 
rally bad. 

From  what  has  been  faid  it  appears  (our  author  concludes) 
that  lignite  is  of  a  very  different  formation  from  that  of 
coal ;  indeed,  Mr  Voigt  thinks  that  there  is  no  tranfition 
between  thefe  two  fub  (lances. 

The  firft  of  Brongniart's  varieties  of  li.'nite,  is  by  Wer- 
ner given  as  a  fub-fpeoies  of  his  fclnvartz  ko'n.le,  or  black  coal. 
A  variety  not  mentioned  in  the  above  account  of  ligi.itc,  but 
nearly  related  to  the  tibrous  lignite  No.  3,  is  the  fub-fpecies 
of  Werner's  brown-coal,  called  common  bro'um-coal.  Its 
colour  is  light  ijrowiiifh-black,  pafiing  into  blackifli-brown. 
It  occurs  maffive.  Its  fragments  are  indeterminately  angular, 
more  or  lefs  (harp-edged.  It  is  found  at  Bovey,  and  feveral 
other  places  mentioned  under  tiie  localities  of  (ibrous  lignite 
or  bituminous  wood. 

LIGNON,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  th'j  Marne  ;  9  miles  S.  of  Vitry  le  Francois. 
LIGNUM  Ai.oES,  or  Wood  of  Aloes.     See  Aloes. 
Lignum  Bulfaml.     SeeBAL-SAM. 
L1GNI.1M  Ciimpechianum.     See  Log-wood. 
LiGNU.M  Cnjfid!.     See  Cassia. 

LiGNU.vi  Colubrinmn.  See  SravcnNUS.  Garcias  tells 
us  of  the  wonderful  elfefts  of  this  xlrug  againd  the  bites 
of  venomous  f.rpents,  and  defcribcs  two  kinds  of  the  plant 
which  produces  it ;  one  having  leaves  like  the  pomegranate, 
and  the  other  like  the  peach-tree  :  thefe,  he  fays,  both 
grow  in  the  iflar.d  of  Ceylon  ;  and  Acofta  mentions  two 
other  fpecies  of  plants  producing  this  wood,  both  different 
from  cither  of  thofe  defcribcd  by  Garcias,  and  both  grow- 
ing in  Malabar.  We  have  alfo  accounts  in  the  Geograpluis 
Nubienfis  of  another  lignum  colubrinum,  different  from 
thefe,  growing  in  Ethiopia,  and  po(fefled  of  the  fame  vir- 
tues again'l  the  bites  of  ferpcnts  as  the  others.  This  lad  is 
called  in  the  /Vrabic  haud  alha'ic,  the  plain  verbal  tranflation 
of  which  is  fnake-wood,  or  lignum  colubrinnni.  He  tells 
«s,  that  it  has  fome  refemb'ance  in  form  to  pyrelhrum,  and 
that  the  wood  is  always  contorted. 

Alha  cararha  is  another  of  its  Arabic  names,  and  this  is 
the  word  by  which  Avicenna,  and  the  other  Arabian  writers, 
interpret  \hii  tyrcthrum  of  Diofcorides  ;  but  it  is  not  certain 
whether  the  liijiilitudc  of  founds  between  two  or  more 
Jft.rabic  words,  may  not  have  occafioned  fome  confufion  or 


error  here.  Dicxarchus,  in  his  fragment  of  mount  PelioSi 
defcribes  the  root  of  a  tree  growing  there,  which  is  not 
only  a  fovereign  remedy  for  the  bites  of  fcrpents,  but  even 
deftroys  them  by  its  fincU.  This  is  alfu  a  lignum  colu- 
brinum ;  but  whetlier  the  fame  with  any  of  the  others,  or 
dilferent  from  them  all,  we  have  not  defcriplions  enough  to 
determine. 

It  appears,  upon  the  wht>le,  that  little  can  be  depended 
on  in  the  accounts  of  the  medicine  called  lignum  colnbrinum 
by  any  author,  nnlefs  he  has  himfelf  experimented  what  he 
relates,  and  defcribed  the  plant  which  produces  the  drug  ; 
for  much  imaginary  virtue  has  been  at  all  times  given  to 
many  things  againd  the  bitings  of  fcrpents,  and  the  lignum 
colubrinum  of  one  author  is  not  the  lignum  colubrinum  of 
another. 

LiGNOM  Nephrlficum.     See  NEniniTic. 
LuiNU.M    Vitic,  the  wood  of  a  genus  of  trees,  called  by 
botanids  thuya;  which  fee. 

Lignum  vita:  is  much  valued  by  turners  :  making  ex- 
tremely beautiful  cups,  bowls,  boxes,  and  other  curiolities. 
Lignum  vitas  is  alfo  a  name  given  to  guaiacum. 
LIGNY,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Meufe,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in.  the 
diftridl  of  Bar-f,  r-Orncin.  The  place  contains  2S15,  and  the 
canton  10,081  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  192^  kiliome- 
tres,  in  19  communes.  ^ 

L,iasY-le-Chateau,  a.  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Yonne,  and  chief-place  of  a  canton,  in  the  diilritl  of 
Auxerre  ;  9  miles  N.E.  of  Auxerre.  The  place  contains 
1249,  and  the  canton  7301  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of 
182^  kiliometres,  in  l^  communes. 

LIGOR,  a  town  of  Afia,  and  once  capital  of  a  king, 
dom,  now  I'ubi^l  to  Siam,  lituated  on  a  river  of  the  fame 
name.  Here  "uie  Dutch  have  a  faftory  for  tin,  rice,  and 
pepper.     N.  lat.  8'  iS'.  E.  long.  100   35'. 

LiGOR,  or  Tantalum,  an  ifland  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf 
of  Siam,  triangular  in  its  figure,  and  about  130  miles  in 
circuit.     N.  lat.  810'.  E.  long,  ico   50'. 

LIGUA,  a  river  of  Cliili,  which  runs  into  the  Pacific 
ocean,  S.  lat.  32'. — Alfo,  a  town  of  Chili,  on  this  river; 
72  miles  N.N.E.  of  Valparaifo. 

LIGUEIT,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
Indre  and  Loire,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  dif- 
triit  of  Loches  ;  9  miles  S.W.  of  Loches.  The  place  con- 
tains 1998,  and  tlie  canton  9756  inhabitants,  on  a  territory 
of  32/7,  kiliometres,  in  14  communes. 

LIGUNY,  a  town  of  Samogitia  ;  44  miles  E.  of 
Micdniki. 

LIGULA,  a  word  ufed  by  medical  writers  in  very  dif- 
ferent fcTifes.  Some  exprefs  by  it  the  clavicle,  others  the 
glottis ;  others  ufe  it  as  the  name  of  a  meafure,  for  things 
either  liquid  or  dry,  being  a  quarter  of  a  cyathus,  equal  to 
a  forty-eighth  part  of  a  pint  with  us  ;  others  finally  ufe  it  for 
a  weight,  lefs  than  half  an  ounce  by  two  fcruples,  or  teu 
fcrupks. 

LiGUL.\,  in  Natural  Hijlory,  a  genus  of  the  moUufca  or. 
der  of  the  chfs  Vermes,  according  to  the  Linnxan  fydem  : 
the  charafter  of  this  genus  is  body  linear,  equal,  lon^-  ;  the 
fore  part  obtufe,  the  hind  part  acute,  with  an  impre(red  dor- 
fal  future.  There  are  only  two  fpecies,  w's.  i,  k\k  inttJVi- 
nalis,  which  has  a  clear  white,  and  very  narrow  body,  and 
which  IS  found  in  the  intedines  of  the  merganler  and  guille- 
mot :  about  a  foot  long,  and  exactly  relembling  a  piece  of 
tape.  2.  The  abdomineilis,  of  which  there  are  feveral  varie- 
ties ;  the  body  is  of  a  palc-a(h  colour,  and  rather  broad  ;  it 
is  found  in  the  abdomen  of  the  loche,  gudgeon,  tench,  cru- 
cian, dace,  bleak  ;  cyprinus  vimba,  and  bream.  Thefe  ani- 
mals 


L  I  G 

mats  are  foHnd  chiefly  in  the  mefentery,  emaciating  the  fi/Ii 
they  infeft,  and  making  them  grow  deformed :  when  they 
efcape  from  the  body  they  penetrate  through  the  flcin  ;  they 
are  fometimes  lolitary  and  fometimes  gregarious,  about  one- 
twentieth  of  an  inch  thick,  and  from  fix  inches  to  five  feet 
long. 

LIGULATE  Florets,  in  Botany,  from  Uguhi,  a  fmall 
ftrap,  are  fuch  as  compofe  the  radiant  part  of  a  daify.  See 
Floret. 

LIGURES,  in  Ancient  Geography,  a  people  of  Gallia 
Cifalpina,  who  occupied  a  territory  along  the  fea-coalf, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Po,  and  feparated  from  Gaul  by 
the  Alps,  and  the  oblique  winding  courfe  of  the  Varus. 
Its  eaftern  limit,  at  different  periods,  was  the  Macra,  and 
the  rapid  Arnus.  It  comprehended  the  greater  part  of  the 
diftrids  of  Nice,  Piedmont,  Montferrat,  Genoa,  Modena,  and 
Parma.  This  powerful  nation  was  compofed  of  many 
tribes,  the  boundaries  of  whofe  fettlements  cannot  now  be 
afcertained  witli  precilion.  Thefe  tribes  were  the  Vediantii, 
who  inhabited  a  mountainous  traft  watered  by  the  Varus,  in 
which  were  Nica:a  or  Nice,  and  Ceraenelium,  or  Cimia  ; 
the  Intemelii,  who  occupied  feveral  places  along  the  fea-coait, 
■viz.  Intemelium,  or  Ventimiglia,  Tropjea  Augulii,  or 
Torbia,  &c.;  the  Ingauni,  whole  capital  was  Albingaunum, 
or  Albenga,  and  they  alfo  occupied  the  fea-port  towns  of 
Vada  Sabatia,  or  Vai,  and  Savo,  now  Savona  ;  the  Epan- 
terii,  who  inh;;bited  a  mountainous  diftrift  between  the  Van- 
gieiini  and  Ingauni  ;  the  Vangienni,  who  relided  near  the 
declivity  of  Mons  Vefiilus,  mount  Vifo,  and  the  fources  of 
the  Po  ;  the  Statielli,  who  were  cantoned  at  the  bottom  of 
the  gulf  of  Genoa,  in  a  hiily  territory,  that  extended  north- 
ward to  the  Tanarus  ;  the  cities  and  towns  in  this  diilriA, 
occupied  by  the  Statielli,  and  other  inferior  tribes  of  the 
Ijigures,  were  Genua  or  Genoa,  Portus  .jDelphinus,  or 
Porto  Fino,  Segeftra  or  Selhi,  Portus  Veneris,  or  Porto 
Venere,  and  Luna  ;  and  the  principal  rivers  of  this  dillritt 
were  the  Macra  and  Boactes  ;  the  inland  towns  in  the  terri- 
tory  of  the  Statielli  were  Aquas  Statiella:  or  Aqui,  Ceba 
or  Ceva,  near  the  fource  of  the  Tanarus,  PoUentia,  Alba 
Pompeia,  Afta  or  Aili,  Bodincomngus  or  Induftria  on  the 
P",  Forum  Fulvii,  furnamed  Valentinum,  on  the  Po,  Ca- 
riftum,  Dertona  or  Tortona,  and  Iria  or  Voghiera.  The 
Celelates  and  Cerdicates  inhabited  an  inconfiderable  dillrift 
between  the  Trebia  and  tlie  Po,  now  called  Pavefan  ;  their 
principal  towns  were  Clallidium,  Chiailezo,  and  Litubium. 
The  Briniates  occupied  a  hilly  traCl  not  far  from  the  fea- 
coaft,  watered  by  the  Bosftes.  The  chief  town  of  the 
Apuani  was  Apua,  now  Pontremoli,  at  the  foot  cf  the 
Apennines,  near  the  fource  of  the  Macra.  The  Ananes,  or 
Anamani  were  for  fome  time  eftabiilhed  in  the  territory  now 
called  Parma  and  Modena  ;  the  Lingoncs,  in  tlie  northern 
part  of  Bolognefe,  and  in  Ferrara  ;  the  Boii,  in  the  S.  part 
of  the  Bolognefe,  at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines  ;  the  Se- 
rones,  in  the  eftate  of  the  church,  along  the  coaft  of  the 
Adriatic  from  Rimini  to  Ancona.  To  thofe  tribes  belonged 
the  following  towns,  "u/z.  Parma,  Bnxellum  or  Berfello, 
Forum  Novum  or  Fornovo,  S.W.  of  Parma  on  tlie  Tarus  or 
Taro,  Tanetum  or  Tanedo,  between  Parma  and  Modena, 
Calicarin,  S.  of  the  Po,  Padinum  or  Buondena,  N  V/.  of  Forum 
Alieni,  now  Ferrara,  Hadrianum  or  Ariano,  Neronia  above 
the  mouth  of  the  Po,  and  Spina  at  the  mouth  of  the  fouth 
branch  of  the  Po.  The  following  towns  were  fituated  on 
Via  iEmilia,  between  Parma  and  /-^rminiuin,  -jia.  Tanetum 
already  mentioned,  Regium  Lepidi  or  Reggio,  Mutina  or 
Modena,  Bononia  now  Bologna,  Claterna  or  Claterva,  New 
Quadenio,  Forum  Cornelii  or  Imola,  Favcntia  or  Faenza, 


L  I  G 

Forum  Livii  or  Forli,  Forum  Popilii  or  Forlimpopoli.  The 
inland  fettlements  were  Sufemontium,  Aquinum,  and  Ra- 
venna. 

LIGURIA,  a  country  of  ancient  Italy,  which  had  on 
the  W.  a  part  of  the  Maritime  Alps,  and  the  river  Varus  ; 
on  the  N.  the  Po  ;  on  the  E.  a  part  of  Gallia  Cifpadana, 
and  a  fn-.all  portion  of  Etruria.  In  the  time  of  Scylax,  who 
wrote  about  the  year  350  B.C.,  the  Ligurians  extended 
themfelves  to  tlie  Arnus.      See  the  preceding  article. 

LIGURIAN  Republic.     See  Geno.i. 

LIGURINUS,  in  Ornithology,  a  name  ufed  by  many- 
authors  tor  the  bird  more  commonly  known  by  the  name  of 
Jpinus,  and  called  in  England  xhefi/hn. 

LIGURIUS,  in  Jciu'ijh  Antiquity,  a  precious  (lone  on 
the  high  piriell's  breall -plate.  It  is  called  lejchnn  in  Hebrew. 
Theophrailus  and  Pliny  defcribe  the  ligurius  to  be  a  llone 
like  a  carbuncle,  of  a  brightncfs  fparkling  like  (ire. 

The  ligurius  was  the  firit;  ilone  in  the  third  row  upon  the 
high  priell's  pedioral,  and  the  name  of  God  was  infcribed 
upon  it.  iElian,  De  Animal,  lib.  iv.  cap.  17.  Pliny, 
lib.  viii.  cap.  38,  and  lib.  xx.wii.  cap.  5.  Calm.  Did.  Bibl. 
See  LvNCUKius  Lapis. 

LIGUSTICUiVl,  in  iJotoyi,  Xi^vriHov  of  Diofcorides,  fi> 
called  from  Liguria,  in  Italy,  its  native  country.  The  an- 
cient plant  evidently  appears  by  the  defcription  of  this  au- 
thor to  have  been  of  the  umbelliferous  tribe,  growing  in 
mountainous  fituations,  and  of  an  aromatic  pungent  naiure. 
So  far  it  agrees  with  the  Linnasan  adaptation  of  the  name  ; 
but  among  fo  intricate  a  tribe,  who  (hall  fay  that  the  L'iguf- 
ileum  of  LinuKus  is,  or  is  not,  the  very  f  me  with  that  of 
Diofcorides  ?  Linn,  Gen.  137.  Schreb.  187.  Wil  d.  Sp. 
PI.  V.  I.  1424.  Mart.  Mill.  Did.  v.  3.  Sm.  F;.  Brit.  309. 
Prodr.  Fl.  Gra:c.  v.  i.  193.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  cd.  2.  v.  2. 
141.  JufT.  222.  Tourn.  I.  171.  Laii.arck.  lUultr.  t.  198. 
Gaertn.  t.  85.  (Cicutarin  ;  Tourn.  t.  171.  Danaa  ;  Allion. 
Pedem.  v.  2.  34.  t.  63.)-  Clafs  and  order,  Paitandria  Digy- 
r:ia.    Nat.  Ord.  Umbellifene- 

Gen.  Ch.  General  iinilcl  u[  numerous  rays  ;  partial  Cmilar 
to  it.  General  involucrum  membranous,  of  about  levcn  un- 
equal leaves  ;  partial  of  Icarcely  mere  than  four,  like- 
wife  membranous.  Perianth  of  five  teeth,  fcarcely  difcerni- 
ble.  Cor.  Univerjal  uniform  ;  flowers  all  ufually  fertile  ; 
partial  of  five  equal,  involute,  flat,  undivided  petals,  keeled 
inwardly.  Stam.  Filaments  five,  capillary,  ftiorter  than  the 
corolla  ;  anthers  fimple.  Fiji.  Gernien  inferior  ;  ilykstwo, 
clofe  togL'ther ;  ftigmas  fimple,  obtufe.  Peric.  Fruit  ob- 
long, angular,  furrowed,  fcparable  into  two  parts.  Seeds 
two,  oblong,  Imooth,  marked  with  tliree  elevated  lines  on 
the  outer  fide,  flat  on  the  other. 

Eff.  Ch.  Fruit  oblong,  with  tliree  ribs  on  each  fide. 
Flowers  uniform.  Petals  involute,  regular,  undivided. 
Calyx  of  five  teeth. 

Obf.  Reichard  obferves  that  fome  male  flowers  are  ccca- 
fionaliy  intermixed.  The  fruit  has  not  five  grooves  or  fur^ 
row<^,  but  three  elevated  ribs,  at  each  fide. 

1.  L.  Livi/Ucum.  Common  Lovage.  Linn  Sp.  PI.  3^9. 
Wcodv.  Med.  Bot.  t.  ly^.  Zorn.  Ic,  t.  233.  Ehrh.  PI. 
Off.  393.  (Levilticum  vulgare  ;  Dod.  Pempc.  311.  Ger. 
em.  ioc8.  Morif.  Seft.  9.  t.  3.  f.  i.)— Leaves  repeatedly 
compound;  leaflets  wedge-fliaped  at  their  bale,  unequally 
cut  m  the  fore-part.  Umbels  many  together.  Native  of  the 
Ligurian  Alps,  whence  it  is  taken  for  the  Ai-i/rixo;  of  Diof- 
corides.  In  medico-botanical  gardens  it  is  prefcrved  on  that 
account,  but  rarely  elfewhere.  The  root  is  perennial,  re- 
quiring a  rich,  ra' her  moul  foil.  Herb  five  feet  high,  of  a 
lijjht,    rather   glaucous,  green,    fniootb,  ikongly  aromatic 


LIGUSTICUM. 


and  acrid.  Leaves  bipiiinate  ;  Iciiflcts  about  two  or  liiroc 
Inches  long,  and  one  broad,  deeply  cut.  C/),;ii/j  aggregate, 
ilalked,  tlicir  involiicrnl  leaves  dc-flexed,  wbitidi.  Floiutrs 
f:nall,  yellowifii,  coniini;  out  in  May  and  June. 

This  plant,  el'pcciallv  the  root,  "  whofe  flavour  is  Icfs  un- 
grateful (fays  Dr.  Woodville)  than  the  leaves,"  abounds 
with  a  ycllowilh  fetid  gum  refin.  It  was  thought  to  be 
ufeful  in  removing  obllruftions  of  various  kinds,  and  even 
to  afiid  delivery  ;  but  h  now  laid  aiide. 

2.  I"  fco'ktim.  Scottilh  Lovage.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  359. 
Engl.  Bot.  t.  1207.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  107. — Leaves  twice  ter- 
iiate,  dilated,  deeply  ferrated — Native-  of  fea-fliores  in  Swe- 
den, Canada,   Scotland  ;    and    recently   difcovered,  as  Mr. 

-  Winch  informs  us,  at  Dun!tonburgh  callle,  Northum- 
berland. It  is  of  much  humbler  growth  thin  the  firlt  fpe- 
cics,  with  twice  terna'c,  broader  and  ro'uider  leaves,  'fnining 
beneath,  rather  fen-ated  than  cut.  Utr.lch  fewer,  white 
vith  a  reddilb  tinge.  Mr.  Lightfoot  fays  this  is  eaten  raw 
as  a  falad,  or  boiled  as  greens,  in  the  ille  of  Skve,  where 
it  is  called  Stuiias  or  Shiinis.  The  root  is  reckoned  a  good 
carminative,  and  an  infuliou  of  tiie  leav:s  in  whey  ferves  to 
purge  calves. 

3.  Ij  nod'iflorum.  Nettle-leaved  Lovage.  Villars  Dauph. 
-V.  2.  60S.  t.  13.  (Smvniium  nodiflorum  ;  Allion.  Ptfdem. 
•V.  2.  21.  t.  72.  Angelica  alpina,  ad  nodos  florida  ;  Tourn. 

•  'Inft.  313  )-TLcaves  twice  or  thrice  ternate,  dilated,  tapcr- 
yointcd,  llrongly  ferrated.  Umbels  very  nuineious.  Flowcr- 
Halks  whorkd,  widely  fpreading. — Native  of  fliady  pine- 
-forells  on  the  Alps.  Stem  three  or  four  feet  high,  folitary, 
vith  very  numerous,  whorlcd,  divaricated,  flender  flower- 
•iblks,  and  copious  white  imbeh,  wliofc  invoUicral  leaves  are 
-very  few  and  narrow.  Radical /^^"folitary,  large,  fmooth, 
4.wice  or  thrice  tcrnnte,  or  fomewhat  pinrfate  ;  the  leaflets 
.two  or  three  irches  loiig,  ovate,  taper-pointed,  ftrongly  fer- 
rated in  the  manner  of  a  nettle.  Villars  fays  the  root  is  fold 
at  Lyons  by  the  name  of  Bohemian  Angelica,  and  has  an 
aromatic  flavour,  lefs  agreeable  but  more  laiUng  than  that  of 
the  true  Angelica.  It  is  dillinft,  as  Villars  well  obferves, 
.from  tiie  Angel.-ca  ■oertidUnrh  of  Linnaeus,  and  appears  nevei- 
■to  have  come  under  his  obfervation. 

4.  L  peloponnenfe.  Hemlock-leaved  Lovage.  Linn.  Syfl-. 
;Veg.  ed.  14.  283.  (L.  peloponncfiacum  ;  Linn.  Sp.  PI. 
-360.  .lacq.  Aullr.  33.  append,  t.  13.  Sefeli  peloponnenfe ; 
•Camer.  Epit.  514.  Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  112.  Cicuta  latifolia 
ioctidiffima  ;  Cler.  em.  1062.  Morif.  Scft.  9.  t.  6.  f.  J.) — 
Leaves  repeatedly  pinnate  ;    leaflets    lanceolate,  decurrent, 

taper-pointed,  cut N?.tive  of  mountainous  woods  in  Car- 

-niola,  Rhxtia,  Switzerland,  and,  as  it  fliould  feem,  in  the 
Pelooonnefus  ;  but  Dr.  Sibdiorp  <3id  not  find  it.  In  gar- 
<iens  it  is  confpicuous,  but  too  much  like  hemlock  to  be 
cultivated  for  ornament.  The  leaves  are  very  large,  but 
finely  cut,  of  a  fine  fliiiiing  green,  their  fegments  numerous, 
-crowded,  remarkably  decurreiit  and  taper-pointed.  Utnlcls 
•white,  one  very  large,  with  fcveral  fmaller  in  whorls,  accom- 
panied by  leaves,  at  the  bafe  of  its  li'alk. 

y.  L.  auftriacum.  Auflrian  Lovage.  Jacq.  Auftr.  t.  151. 
Allion.  Pedem.  v.  2.  15.  t.  43  (L.  n.  11  ;  Gmcl.  Sib.  v  i. 
-196.1.45.) — Leaves  twice  pinnate;  leaflets  wedge-fhaped, 
decurrent,  cirt.  Umbels  leafy. — Native  of  the  Alps  of 
Auftria,  France,  Italy,  S:c.  Much  like  the  lafl,  but  the 
Jlem  is  ivouter  ;  umlils  larger  and  more  leafy  ;  hai'cs  not  fo 
rcg'.darly  pmnate  or  pinnatllid,  nor  fo  exatlly  decurrent, 
jiei'her  are  th-y  by  far  fo  taper-pointed. 

6.  \^.  cornul/ienje.  CornillV  Lovage.  Linn.  Sp  PI.  35'9. 
jSm.  Fi.  Brit.  310.  Ic.  Pift.  t.  II.  Engl.  Bot.  t.  683. 
^L^  a^uilegifoLum  ;  WiUd.  n.  3-     L.   altcrum  belgarum  ; 


Lob.  Ic.  786.  Danaa  aquilegifolia  ;  Allion.  Pedem.  v.  2. 
34.1.63.  Smyrnium  lufitanicum  minus,  ajiii  fohis  ;  Tourn. 
Infl.  316.) — Radical  leares  twice  cennpound.  wedgc-fliaped, 
cut  ;  Ifem-leaves  ternate  or  fimple,  lanceolate  and  entire. 
Tieeds  ovate,  tumid,  obfcuroly  ribbed.  —  Native  of  bulhy 
ftony  place,^  in  Cornwall,  Piedmont,  and  Portugal.  Ga- 
tliered  by  Dr.  Sibthorp  on  mount  Athos.  Itij  perennial, 
and  known  from  ail  the  reft  by  its  principal  compound  lea-Jcs 
being  all  radical,  theyAm  he'.ring  only  a  few  ternate  or  liniple 
ones,  quite  undivided.  The  umbels  are  few  and  fulitarv. 
Invohicnnn  fcarcely  membranous,  j'irfi'/ remarkably  tuniid, 
ovate,  black,  obfeurcly  ribbed. — This  plant,  found  in  Corn- 
wall  in  the  time  of  Dillenius,  who  has  figured  it  in  hiscditicii 
of  Ray's  Sympjis,  t,  8,  was  long  overlooked,  and  fuppofcd 
to  be  loft,  till  It  was  recovered  about  2J  years  ago.  Speci- 
mens fent  by  Prof.  AUioiii  to  the  writer  of  thi^  have  proved 
his  Danaa  to  be  the  fame.  (Sec  Das.t.a.)  Li'tle  did  the 
late  Prof.  Sibthorp  fufpcft  he  liad  found  fo  celebrated  an 
Englifh  plant  on  mount  Athos,  which  from  his  herbariiiin 
proves  to  be  the  cafe.  AVilldenow  perhaps  learnt  from  the 
EfTay  on  Dorfiferous  Ferns,  Mem.  de  VAcad.  de  Turin,  v.  c. 
420,  that  it  was  a  Ligu/lkum,  but  having  never  fecn  it,  either 
as  the  Danaa  or  the  Coruiih  Lovage,  he  has  it  tw  ice  in  his 
Sp.  PI. 

7.  L.  ftyrenieum.  Pyrencan  Lovage.  Willd.  n.  8.  Gouan. 
Illuflr.  14,  but  not  his  t.  10.  f.  2,  which,  thou<jh  cited  i)y 
himfelf^  and  copied  by  others,  is  Thapf.a  gar^anica.  (L. 
alpinum  perennc,  ferulx  folio,  floribus  aibis  ;  Sc>;i!.  Veron. 
V.  2.  41.  t.  13.) — Leaves  repeatedly  compound  ;  leaflets  pin- 
nirtifid  ;  fegments  nearly  linear,  awned.     General  invohicrum 

flight.      Seeds  oblong,  with  membranous  even  ribs. Native 

of  the  fouth  of  France  aliout  the  Pyrenees  ;  alfo  of  mount 
Baldus,  nearVeroi-a.  The /fj-ivj- are  lari;e,  very  finelv  di- 
vided, light  green  ;  their  fegments  inclining  to  elliptical',  de- 
current,  obtufe,  with  a  minute  briflle.  Stevi  leafy.  Umheh 
rather  large  ;  the  general  invohicrum  wanting,  or  deciduous  • 
when  prefent  it  is  fometimes  of  one  three-cleft  leaf  Flo-jueis 
white,  fmall.  Fruit  cliiptic-oblong,  with  ftraight,  pale, 
membranous  ribs,  and  crowned  with  but  a  fmall  jrlandular 
floral  receptacle,  Style.^  refiexed.  —  Linnxus  confounded  this 
with  his  Selinum  Carvi/oiia,  but  thl-y  appear  to  be  Uifliciently 
different. 

S.  L.  muhlfidum.  Fine-leaved  Lovage.  (I,,  fuliis  tri- 
plicato-piiinatis,  extremis  lobulis  brevi^ter  muUindi.s ;  Gmel. 
Sib.  V.  I.  199.  t.  4.6.  Herb.  Linn  ) — Leaves  thrice  com- 
pound ;  fegments   linear,    channelled,    decurrent,     pointed. 

Seeds  ovate,  with  mem.branous,  fomewhat  crifped,  ribs 

Native  of  fields  in  the  province  of  Ifct,  in  Siberia.  Gmc- 
lin's  fpecimen  is  in  the  herbarium,  but  appears  never  to  iiave 
been  noticed  in  the  works  of  Linnccus,  The  root  is  faid  to 
have  the  talle  and  fliape  of  Carrot  ;  it  is  as  thick  as  the  mid- 
dle finger  at  the  top,  long  and  taper  downward,  vcllowiili 
without,  white  within.  ,$■/£■«  two  cubits  or  more  in  hei'iht, 
hollow,  branched  from  about  a  third  part  of  its  heiglit  up- 
ward, the  branches  a  foot  long,  fomewhat  leafy.  Radical 
Laves  with  their  long  llalks  about  a  fpan  L)ng  or  .more,  finely 
tlirice  compounded,  the  fegments  uniformly  narrow,  acute, 
fcarcely  awned,  channelled,  entire,  ail  decurrent,  h"l.t 
green,  fmooth;  ft  cm  leaves  much  lel's  divided,  and  fmailer. 
Umbels  not  large,  white  ;  their  general  Irmo'ucrum  of  about 
eight  lanceolate,  membranous-edged,  leaves,  and  I  lie  car;  iai 
ones  are  fim.ilar.  Fniii  fliort  and  roundifli,  -with  crifped 
wings,  and  a  very  large  floral  di(k  or  receptacle.  Siy/es  di- 
varicated,     .'iti^mas  very  obtufe. 

9.  Y,.  caniliciir.s.  Pale  Lovage.  Ait.  Hort.  Kcw.  cd.  i. 
v.  I.  348.  ed.  2.  V.  2.  142. — Leaves  repeatedly  compound  ; 

«  leaflets 


L  1  G 


L  I  G 


leaflets  %vedge-fliaped,  cut,  fmooth.  General  involucrum  of 
two  leaves,  fomewhat  leafy.  Ribs  of  the  feeds  membranous, 
fmooth. — Introduced  into  Kew  garden  about  the  year  ijSo. 
It  is  faid  to  be  a  hardy  perennial,  flowering  there  in  July  and 
Auguft  ;  but  its  native  country  is  unknown. 

10.  L.  peregnnum .  Parfley-leaved  Lovage.  Linn.  Sp. 
PI.  360."  Jacq.  Hort.  Vind.  v.  3.  13.  t.  18. — Leaves  repoiit- 
edly  compound  ;  leaflets  three-cleft,  wedge-fhaped,  cut. 
Seeds  ovate,  obtufely  ribbed.  Umbels  terminal. — Native 
of  Portugal  i  gathered  by  the  late  M.  Brouffonet  on  the 
rock  of  Gibraltar,  flowering  in  May.  The  root  is  biennai. 
The  whole  plant  has  the  appearance,  even  the  tafte  and 
fmell,  of  common  parfjey,  but  is  in  every  part  ftouter  and 
more  rigid.  There  can  be  no  doubt  of  its  clofe  affinity  to 
that  plant  ;  and  great  violence  is  offered  to  nature  in  referring 
one  to  Ligujlicum,  the  other  to  j4piiim.  Yet  even  the 
Bauhins  diitinguifhed  them  as  fpecies. 

11.  Y..  d'tffufum.  Spreading  Lovage.  Roxburgh  MSS. 
— Leaves  twice  compound  ;  fegments  wedge-lhaped,  de- 
current,    three-toothed.      Seeds    ovate,    ftrongly     ribbed. 

L^mbels  on  lateral  italks,  oppofite  to  the  leaves Native  of 

the  Eaft  Indies  ;  given  by  Dr.  Roxburgh,  with  the  above 
name,  to  lord  vifcount  Valentia,  to  whom  we  are  obliged 
for  the  fpecimen.  Its  habit  is  fo  like  the  laft,  x\\^  fruit  being 
of  the  fame  (hape,  though  more  ftrongly  ribbed,  that  it 
confirms  the  genus  of  that  fpecies.  It  differs  in  having 
fmaller,  lefs  compounded,  and  blunter  neatly  tootlied  leaves, 
llrongly  decurrent  in  their  fegments,  and  umbels  on  folitary, 
fimple,  lateral  ftaiks.  The  invo/ucral  leaves  are  of  a  fuffi- 
cient  number,  lanceolate,  long,  narrow,  pointed,  with  mem- 
branous edges.  Ribs  of  the  JieJs  prominent  and  fomewhat 
crifped,  not  membranous. 

12.  L.  Meum.  BrilUe-leaved  Lovage,  Spignel,  Men, 
or  Bald-money.  Crantz.  Auftr.  fafc.  3.  82.  Roth.  Germ. 
V.  I.  123.  V.  2.  322.   (Meum  athamanticum  ;  .)acq.   Auilr. 


V.  4.  2.  t.  303.  Sm.  Fl.  Brit.  308.  Engl.  Bot.  t.  2249. 
Athamanta  Meum;  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  35'3.  Hudf.  116. 
CEthufa  Meum  ;  Linn.  Syft.  Veg.  ed.  14.  287.  Willd.  Sp. 
PI.  V.  I.  1447.)  —Leaflets  all  in  numerous,  deep,  briftle-like 
fegments. — Native  of  mountains  in  Italy,  Spam,  Germany, 
Switzerland  and  Britain,  flowering  in  May.  The  propriety 
of  referring  it  to  this  genus  was  hinted  in  Fl.  Brit,  and 
Crantz  and  Roth  had  previoufly  fo  arranged  it.  Where  fo 
many  difl'erent  opinions  have  been  ftarted,  the  genus  cannot 
be  fuppofed  very  clear,  but  we  venture  to  remove  the  plant 
hither.  Its  rOot  is  powerfully  aromatic,  with  a  flavour  like 
melilot,  of  which  the  herb  partakes  ;  and  an  infufion  of  the 
■plant  is  faid  to  give  cheefe  the  talle  of  the  Swifs  Chap-z.le- 
£ar.  The  finely  divided  leavus  dillinguifh  it  readily.  The 
Jfoiuers  are  white,  witii  a  blufli  occafionally.  Fruit  oblong, 
often  curved,  coloured  ;  its  ribs  llrong,  not  membranous, 
even,  not  crifped. 

13.  L.  baJear'uum.  Balearic  Lovage.  Linn.  Mant. 
CI 8. — Radical  leaves  pinnate,  rounded,  ferrated  ;  the  lower 
leaflets  auricled  :  llem-leaves  pinnate,  narrow,  cut.  Fruit 
oblong. — Native  ef  the  Balearic  iflands,  as  well  as  of  Italy 
and  Spain.  M.  Bronflonet  gathered  it  at  Gibraltar  in 
May.  Linmus  had  this  plant  in  the  Upfal  garden,  but  lays 
it  did  not  ripen  feed,  fo  that  he  was  doubtftd  of  the  genus. 
It  appears  to  us  rather  to  belong  to  Athamanta.  The 
joungfruit  is  ftriated  rather  than  ribbed  ;  the  involucral 
leaves  very  flender,  awl-fhaped,  not  membranous.  The  kaves 
bave  fomewhat  of  the  afpect  of  Pajlinaca  fativa  in  a  wild 
ftate.     The  umbels  are  wide,  but  (lender,  yellow. 

14.  L   Gingidwm.     New  Zeeland  Lovage.     Forll.  Prod. 
•22.     Willd.  n    12.     (Gingidium    montanum  ;    Forll.   Gen. 

21.) — Leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  crenate  ;  oblique  and 
■     Vol.  XXI. 


entire  at  t!ie  bafe.— Native  of  New  Zeeland.  Its  afpect  i' 
not  unlike  Stum  angiijli folium,  but  the  umbels  are  axillary  or 
terminal,  and  the  leafett  very  finely,  rather  (harply,  crenate, 
all  broad  and  ovate. 

1 5.  L..  longifolium.  Long-Icaved  Lovage.  Willd.  n.i^ 
— "  Leaves  twice  ternate  ;  the  radical  ones  doubly  com- 
pounded ;  leaflets  linear-lanceolate,  entire." — Native  of  Si- 
beria. Prof.  Willdtnow  faw  a  dried  fpecimen.  We  know 
this  fpecies  by  his  account  only.  He  cites  the  PcuceJanum 
majiis  iW/'cHH;  of  Morilon,  fed.  9.  t.  15.  f.  i,  (at  the  bottom,) 
as  feeming  to  agree  with  his  plant — The  leajlels  are  ftalked, 
linear,  entire,  tapering  at  each  e.\tremity.  iix  or  feven  inches 
long,  and  three  lines  wide.  General  involucrum  wanting  1 
partial  of  many  fetaceous  leaves. 

We  have,  in  the  above  view  of  the  genus  Ligujlicum, 
added  three  ipecies  to  his  lift,  although  we  have  reduced  two 
of  his  into  one. 

L1GU.STICUM  Leviflicum,  or  Comm'.n  Lovage,  in  the  Ma- 
teria Meelica.  The  odour  of  this  plant  is  very  ilrong,  and 
peculiarly  ungrateful  ;  its  tafte  is  warm  and  aromatic.  It 
abounds  with  a  yellowifli,  gummy,  refinous  juice,  very  much 
refembling  Opoponax.  Its  virtues  are  fuppofed  to  be  fimi- 
lar  to  thofe  of  angelica  and  mafter-wort  in  expelling  flatu- 
lencies, exciting  fweat,  and  opening  obftrudions  ;  and  it  is 
therefore  chiefly  ufed  in  hyfterical  diforders  and  in  uterine 
obftrudions.  A  teacup-ful  of  the  juice  with  Rhenifh  wine, 
or  a  decodlion  of  the  feeds  with  wine  or  mugw'ort  water, 
was,  by  Foreftus,  faid  to  be  a  fecret  remedy  cf  extraordinary 
efficacy  in  flow  or  laborious  parturition.  Tiie  leaves,  eaten 
as  ialad,  are  accounted  emmenagogiie.  The  root,  iefs  un- 
grateful than  the  leaves,  is  faid  to  poflefs  fimilar  virtues,  and 
may  be  employed  in  powder.     Woodv.  Med.  Bot. 

Lir,u.STicuM  iMarmor,  in  Katural  Hiflory,  a  name  by 
which  fome  authors  have  called  the  Carrara  marble,  the 
marmor  lunenfe  of  the  ancients.  It  is  a  fine  white  marble, 
harder  than  the  Parian  or  llatuary  kind,  and  ufed  for  tables, 
chimnies,  &:c.  as  the  other  for  carving.  See  LuNjixsu 
Marmor. 

LIGUSTRL^M,  in  Botany,  a  name  found  in  Pliny  and 
other  Latin  writers,  by  which  the  oriental  Cypros  {Larji' ■ 
fonia  inermis)  feems  originally  to  have  been  intended,  but 
which  is  now  univerfally  received  for  our  Privet. — Linn. 
Gen.  9.  Schreb.  12.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  i.  41.  Mart.  Mill. 
Dift.  v.  3.  Sm.  Fl.  Brit.  12.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2. 
v.  I.  19.  Tournef.  t.  367.  .luff.  106.  Lamarck  Illuftr.  t.  7. 
Girtn.  t.  92. — Clafs  and  order,  Dianclria  Momgynia.  Nat. 
Ord.    Sejiiarij.  Linn.   Jafmintcs,  JulF. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  of  one  leaf,  tubular, 
very  Imall  ;  mouth  four-toothed,  eredt,  obtufe.  Cor.  of 
one  petal,  funnel-ftiaped ;  tube  cylindrical,  longer  than  the 
calyx;  limb  ipreading,  cut  into  four  ovate  fegihents.  Stam. 
Filaments  two,  oppolite,  fimple  ;  anthers  ereCt,  alnioit  as 
long  as  the  corolla.  Fiji.  Germcn  fuperior,  roundilh  ;  ilvle 
very  fhort,  ftigma  cloven,  obtufe,  thickilh.  Peric.  Berry 
globote,  fmooth,  frigle-celled.  Seeds  four,  convex  on  one 
lide,  angulated  on  the  other. 

Obf.  Gajrtncr  more  correcf  ly  defcribes  Ligiijlrum  a.s  having 
a  two-celled  berry  ;  the  cells  coated  with  a  thin  membrane, 
having  two  feeds  in  each  cell. 

Elf.  Ch.  Corolla  four-cleft.  Berry  fuperior,  of  twu 
cells,  with  two  feeds  in  each   cell. 

I.  L.  vulgare.  Privet.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  10.  Engl.  Bot, 
t.  7(14.  Curt.  I^ond.  fafc.  5.  t.  i. — Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate, 
obtufe,  with  a  little  point. — Not  uncommon  in  hedges  aiid 
thickets   where  the  foil  is  moift  and  gravelly,  flowering  in 

May  and  June,  and  ripening  its  berries  in  Auguft 'I'his 

Jhrub  rifesto  the  Iwight  of  live  or  fix  feet.     Biimehei  wand- 
.    D     ■  hk> 


LIGUSTRUM. 


like.  Leaves  oppofite,  nearly  fefTiIe,  dark  green,  fmooth, 
lanceolate,  (now  and  tiicn  elliptical,)  eiitiri-,  poin:ed,  not 
acuminated,  generally  remaining  through  the  winter.  Pa- 
nicles terminal,  denfe.  Flowers  white,  fm.  Hint:  difagrceal)ly. 
Berries  &AtV.  purple,  or  blacki(h,  very  bitter,  like  the  toliajjc 
and  bark. 

Privet  is  remarkable  for  thriving  amidfl  the  fmoky  atmo. 
fphcrc  of  towns,  being  frequently  planted  for  hedges  in  gar- 
dens, for  whieli  purpofe  it  is  particularly  eligible,  fince  Jts 
foliage  fomewhat  rcfembles  that  of  the  myrtle,  and  in  mild 
winters  is  almoll  evergreen.  It  was  formerly  known  by  the 
name  of  Print,  or  Prim-print,  moil  probably  from  its  neat 
and  regular  appearance  wlien  clipped  and  trimmed.  The 
beil  mode  of  proj)agating  this  plant  is  by  feed.  It  is  ea'.en 
by  the  Sphinx  Liguftri,  in  its  caterpillar  (late,  one  of  our 
-finelt  native  infcifis.  Curtis  fays  that  the  berries  are  recom- 
mended in  dyeing,  colouriir.-  of  wines,  and  as  affording  a 
purple  colour  to  iiai'i  prints,  though  at  the  fame  time  he  re- 
marks there  are  much  better  materials  in  common  ufe  for  the 
fame  purpofcs. — This  fpecics  is  fiibjeft  to  variation  with  re- 
fpe<A  to  its  leaves,  which  are  fometimcs  variegated,  and 
growing  three  at  each  joint.  Tlie  berries  have  alio  been 
found  white,  or  rather  yellow.  We  ought  not  to  omit 
mentioning  that  this  fruit  is  one  of  the  vejretable  fubllances 
which  has  been  fufpefted  to  form  a  princitial  ingredient  in 
the  prefent  popular  gout  medicine,  the  ran  mediciiinlf  d' Hiiffon. 

2.  L.  japonicum.  Broad-leaved  Privet.  Willd.  n.  2. 
Thunb.  Japon.  17.  t.  I. — Leaves  ovate,  acuminate.  Pani- 
cle divaricated.— A  native  of  .lapan,  as  its  fpccific  name 
teftilies  ;  where  it  flowers  in  June  and  July,  and  ripens  its 
fruit  late  in  the  autumn  — Stem  eight  or  nine  feet  high,  very 
much  branched.  Branches  oppolite,  roundidi,  rugofe,  ath- 
coloured,  ereft,  rather  fpreading.  Leaves  oppofite,  on  foot- 
ftalks,  entire,  with  a  deep  furrow  in  their  centre,  green 
above,  pale  underneath,  fmooth,  an  inch  broad,  an  inch  and 
half  long.  FootfiMs  round,  furrowed  on  the  upper  lide. 
Floivers  in  terminal  fpreading  panicles.  Berry  ovate,  fmooth, 
the  fize  of  a  pea. 

3.  L.  lucidum.  Chinefe  Privet.  Wax-'.ree  Ait.  Hort. 
Kew.  n.  2. — Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  flmiing  above. 
Panicle  greatly  divaricated.  —  A  native  of  China,  and  intro- 
duced  into  Kew  garden  by  the  Right  HonDura')le  fir  Jofeph 
Banks,  K.B.  in  th"  year  1794.  It  flowers  from  July  to 
September. — 'YhKjhrub  is  only  to  be  fecn  at  the  place  above 
mentioned,  where  we  arc  informed  it  makes  a  beautiful  appear- 
ance, when  covered  with  its  copious  white  blofToms,  in  the 
open  air.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  fo  defirable  a  plant 
(hould  ict  be  in  general  cultivation. 

4.  L  pnenfe.  Narrow-leaved  Privet.  Louroir.  Cochinch.  19. 
Mart.  Mill.  Dift. — Leaves  lanceolate,  downy,  panicles  ob- 
long, both  lateral  and  terminal.  Found  near  Canton  in 
China. —This  imall /r«,  according  to  Loureiro,  grows  to 
the  height  of  about  eight  feet.  Branches  diffiife,  (Iraiglit. 
Leaves  oppofite,  lanceolate,  entire,  downy,  dark-green. 
i^fewtTj  white,  fmall,  in  oblong  panicles.  Arrv  very  fmall, 
roundifh,  of  a  brown  colour. 

LiGusTRtiM,  in  Gardening,  comprehends  a  plant  of  the 
hardy  deciduous  and  evergreen  fhrubby  kind  ;  of  which  the 
fpecies  cultivated  is  the  common  privet  (L,  vulgare).  It 
is  a  (hrub,  ufualiy  about  fix  feet  in  h.-ight,  bra.xhed,  the 
bark  of  a  grrenifh  afh-colour,  irregularly  fprinkled  with  nu- 
mero'.is  prominent  poiHts  ;  branches  oppofite,  the  yontig 
ones  flexible  and  purplifh  ;  the  leaves  oppofite,  on  very  (hort 
petioles,  fmooth  on  both  fide!>,  perfeiUy  entire,  the  lower 
cnes  at  the  bottoms  of  ti;c  frrull  ijranches  lealt  :  the  panicle 
about  t^vo  inches  in  kn^thj   clcfc    »ud  fomewhal  pyra- 


midal ;  branches  and  pedicles  appearing  villofe  wlicn  magnf- 
fied  ;    the  corolla   white,  but  foon  clianging   to  a  reddifii- 

brown  ;  the  flowers  are  fwcet-fcented  ;  berry  (uj^erior, 
flefliy,  fub-globular,  fliiuing,  of  fo  dark  a  purple  as  to  Item 
black ;  it  is  found  wild  in  niofl  parts  of  Europe,  &c. 
flov/eriurin  July,  and  the  berries  ri[ien  in  autumn. 

Of  thefe  plants  there  are  leveraL  varieties ;  a;  viththe 
leaves  in  threes,  and  enlarged  at  the  bafe  ;  with  lilver-llriped 
leaves ;  with  go'd-llripcd  leaves,  with  wiiite  berries  ;  and  the 
evergreen  or  Italian  privet,  which  rifes  with  a  ilron.'or  lle::i, 
the  branches  lei's  pliable,  and  gro«3  more  erett  ;  the  bark 
is  of  ali.jliter  colour.  The  leaves  much  larger,  ending  in 
acute  points,  of  a  brighter  green,  and  continue  till  llicy  are 
thrull  oft  by  the  young  leaves  in  the  fpring  :  the  liowers  are 
rather  larger,  and  are  not  often  fuccecded  by  berries  in  this 
climate. 

Method  of  Culture. — Thefe  different  plants  are  capable  of 
being  increafcd  by  fseds, layers, fuckers,aiid cuttings;  but  the 
firlf  method  aft'ords  the  bed  plants  :  the  feeds  fliould  be  fowa 
in  autumn,  in  a  bed  of  common  earth  an  inch  deep,  or  in  drills 

,  the  fame  deptli  ;  but  as  they  do  not  always  grow  freely  the 
firll  year,  they  may  be  buried  till  next  autumn,  in  pots  of 
fandy  earth,  in  tlie  ground,  and  then  fown  as  above  :  when 
r!ie  plants  come  up  they  fliould  be  kept  well  weeded,  and, 
when  a  year  or  two  old,  be  planted  out  in  nurfery  rows,  to 
remain  two  or  three  years,  then  removed  where  they  are 
wanted  to  remain  :  the  layers  fhould  be  laid  down,  from 
fome  ot  the  pliable  young  branches,  in  tiie  earth,  in  autumn 
or  winter,  when  they  will  be  rooted  by  the  autumn  fol- 
lowing ;  then  take  tiiein  off  from  the  ftool,  with  their  roots, 
and  plant  them  in  the  nurfery  for  a  year  or  two,  or  till  of  a 
proper  fize  tor  the  pnrpofes  they  are  intended  :  the  fucker* 
which  arife  annually  from  the  roots  fliunld  be  taken  up  in 
autumn,  winter,  or  fpring,  with  roots,  and  planted  in  the 
nurfery  as  above  ;  the  cuttings  of  the  young  Iboots,  eight 
or  ten  inches  long,  fhould  be  pl.inted  in  the  autumn,  in  a  Hiady 
border,  where  they  will  be  properly  rooted  by  the  following 
autumn,  when  they  may  be  p  anted  out  in  nurfery  rows,  to 
acquire  proper  growth,  in  the  manner  directed  above.  The 
varieties  with  itriped  leaves  may  be  increafcd  by  budding,  or 
inarching  upon  the  pl.iin  fort,  or  by  laying  do.vn  tlie 
branches ;  but  they  feldom  flioot  fo  fail  as .  to  produce 
branches  proper  for  this  purpofe  ;  and  being  more  tender, 
they  fliould  have  a  dry  loil  and  a  warm  fituation  :  in  a  rich  foil . 
they  foon  lofe  their  varieg  ition,  and  become  plain.  I'te 
ItaUan  or  evergreen  fort,  which  is  now  ge:;er;.l!y  fiiund  in 
the  nurferies,  is  equally  hardy  with  the  otljer  fortSj  and. 
thrives  in  almoit  any  fituation  :  it  is  incrcafed  in  the  fanK; 
manner  ;  but  as  it  feldom  produces  berries  in  this  climate, 
they  mull  be  procured  trom  the  pLise  of  its-  native. 
growth. 

Th;fe  plants  may  be  introduced  in  the  fhrubberics  antl 
other  parts-  by  way  of  variety,  efpecially  the  evergreen 
fort. 

But  the  chief  ufe  o^  the  common  fort  is  to  form  fuch 
hedges  as  are  required  in  dividing  gardens  tor  (belter  or  or- 
nament ;  yet  the  Italian  or  evergreen  kind  (hould  be  pre- 
ferred ;  it  bears  clij.-ping  well,  is  not  liable  to  be  disfigured 
by  infetls,  and  liaving  only  fibrou;)  roots,  it  robs  the  grouwl 
lefs  than  almoll  any  other  flirub  ;  it  is  one  of  the  few  plants 
that  will  thrive  in  the  fmoke  of  large  towns,  though  it  fel- 
dom produces  any  flowers  in  th-  clofer  parts  after  the  firll 
year  :  it  alfo  grows  well  under  the  drip  of  trees  and  in,  fhade  j 
the  fphinx  ligullri,  or  privet  hawk  moth,  and  phalena  fyrin- 
garia,  feed  on  it  in  the  caterpillar  (late,  and  nicloc  vcficato- 
rius,  cantharides  or  blifler  beetle,  is  found  on  it.  From  the 
pulp  cf  the,  bwries  a  rafe-coloured  pigment  may  be  pr«- 

2  pared ; 


L  I  L 


L  I  L 


pared  ;  with  which,  by  the  addition  of  alum,  wool  and  filk 
may  be  dyed  of  a  good  durable  green  :  for  which  purpofe 
they  mull  be  gathered  as  foon  as  they  are  ripe. 

LIHONS,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart, 
ment  of  the  Somme  ;  iS  miles  E.  of  Amiens.  N.  lat.  50' 
15'.     E.  long.  2-  31'. 

LIKA,  a  county  and  province  of  Dalmatia,  or  Auilrian 
Croatia,  bordering  on  the  Adriatic,  oppofite  to  the  ifland  of 
Pago. 

LIKAVA,  a  town  and  caiUe  of  Hungary  ;  5  miles  N. 
of  Rofenberg. 

LIKE  Quantities,  in  Algebra,  are  thofe  which  are  cx- 
prefll'd  by  the  fame  letters,  under  the  fame  power,  or  equally 
repeated  in  each  quantity. 

Thus  2  h  and  3  h,  and  g//  and  ^ff,  arc  like  quantities ; 
but  %h  and  },hh,  and  ()ff  and  •,///,  are  unlike  ones,  be- 
caufe  the  quantities  have  not  every  where  the  fame  dimen- 
fions,  nor  are  the  letters  equally  repeated. 

Like  Signs,  or  Symbols,  are  when  both  are  affirmative,  or 
both  negarive. 

If  one  be  affirmative,  and  the  other  negative,  they  are 
unlike  figns. 

Thus  -t-  64  ^and  +  5  </,  have  like  figns ;  but  -j-  gy' and 
—  ~  f,  have  unlike  figns. 

LiKK  Figures,  in  Geim;try,  are  fuch  as  have  their  angles 
equal,  and  the  fide*  about  thofe  equal  angles  proportional. 
See  Similar. 

Like  Arcs,  in  the  projefiion  of  the  fphcre  in  piano,  are 
parts  of  leffer  circles,  containing  an  equal  number  ot  degrees 
with  the  cor-cfponding  arcs  of  greater  ones. 

laiKEfoUd  Figures,  are  fuch  as  are  contained  under  like 
planes,  equal  in  number. 

LIKEN.\S,  jn  Geography,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Warmeland  ;  60  miles  N.  N.  W.  of  Philip- 
Ibdt. 

LI-KIANG-TOU,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  firft  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Yim-nan,  near  the  fource  of  the  river 
Yan-gong-kiang.  This  place  is  faid  to  be  occupied  by 
defcendants  of  fome  ancient  colanies  of  Chincfe  ;  it  has  no 
other  city  under  its  jurildidtion,  but  the  mountains  that  fur- 
round  it  feparate  it  from  the  land  of  the  Lamas.  Its 
mountains  are  faid  to  contain  mines  of  gold.  Amher  and 
pine-apples  arc  plentiful.  The  adjoining  land  is  fertile,  and 
is  well  watered.     N.  lat.  26  52'.     E.  long.  100   8'. 

LIL A,  a  town  of  Abyffinia,  on  the  coaft  of  the  Red  fea  ; 
48  miles  S.S.E.  of  Arkiko. 

LILAC,  in  Botany,  or  rather  LiL'ih,  the  Turkifh  name 
for  the  Privet,  Ligujlrum  vulgare,  according  to  Dr.  Sib- 
thorp  ;  fee  Prodr.  Fl.  Grxc.  v.  r.  j.  It  is  generjUy  known 
in  England  as  the  appellation  of  the  beautiful  and  popular 
Syringa  vulgaris,  which  was  introduced  into  our  gardens, 
under  the  name  of  Lilach,  or  Lillach,  in  the  time  of  queen 
Elizabeth  ;  nor  was  this  word  bv  any  me3n<  borrowed,  as 
Dr.  Johnfon  fuppofes,  from  the  Lilas  of  ths  French,  though 
they  have,  doiibtlefs,  one  common  origin.  The  clofe  affi- 
nity and  near  refemblance  between  the  Privet  and  tlie  Lilac, 
leave  no  room  for  wonder  at  their  having  the  fame  name 
among  the  Turks.  The  common  as  well  as  the  Pjrlian 
L'.lac  is  cultivated  by  them,  and  tiie  former  at  leall  is  found 
wild  in  fome  countries  under  their  dominion.  Mattliiolus 
has  given  a  tine  cut  of  it  (fee  Lilac,  Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2. 575-, 
576.),  from  a  drawing  brought  from  Conftantinople  under 
this  n^me  ;  and  it  is  curious  to  obferve  how  the  incorrect 
delineation  of  its  fruit  led  him  to  miliake  it  for  a  plant  of 
the  Piliacia  kind,  and  thence  to  fupf  ofe  it  a  fort  of  Ckns 
Vnguer.tiria-)  cr  Ben  nut. 


LILjEA,  in  Ancient  Geography,  a  town  which,  accord, 
ing  to  Homer,  was  not  far  from  the  fprings  of  the  Cephifius, 
in  the  Phocide.  When  the  Macedonians  took  poffeffion  of 
it,  Patron,  one  of  the  citizens,  roufed  and  armed  the  peo- 
ple, and  caufed  them  to  evacuate  it.  In  commemoration  of 
tliis  evenf,  hif  feilow-citi/.ens  erefted  a  ftatue  to  his  honour 
in  the  town  of  Delphi.  In  the  time  of  Paufanias  it  had  a 
theatre,  baths,  and  two  temples,  one  in  honour  of  Apollo, 
and  anot'ncr  of  Diana.  The  ilatues  were  formed  of  Ptn- 
thelic  marble. 

LILBURNE,  JoHK,  in  Biography,  famous  for  his  ex- 
ertions   in    the    caufe    of  liberty    during   the    tyrannies  of 
Charles  I.  and  Cromwell,  was  born  in  the  year  1618,  of  aft 
ancient  fa;nily,  in  the  county  of  Durham.     At  an  early  age 
he  was  fent,  with  very  little  education,  to  London,  and  put 
apprentice    to   Mr.  Thomas    Hewfun,    of  London-fione,  a 
who'efale  clothier.     He  had,  probably,  imbibed  thole  prin- 
ciples for  which  he  was  afterwards  diilinguifned  among  his 
o'.vn  relations  in  the  country,  and  having  a  bold  tmi  intrepid 
n-.ind,  he  was,  from  this  period,  involved  in  that  perpetual 
feries  of  contention  and  fufTcriiig,  of  v.hich  we  (hall  proceed 
to  give   a   brief  account.     The  tiril  difplay  of  his  temper 
was  exhibited  in  a  complaint  which  he  laid  before  the  charri- 
berlain   of  London,   againll   his  maimer  for  ill   ufage.      He 
car.-ied  his  point,  and  obtained  redieis,  and  ever  afterwards 
not  only  lived  in  peace  with  him,  but  he  fays,  in  his  "  Legal 
and  Fundamental  I.,iberties,  &c."  that  he  had  in  Mr.  Hew- 
lon   "  the    trueft  friend  that  ever   fervant  had  of  a  mafter 
in  the  day  of  his  trial."      While  he  was  in  his  apprenticef?:ip 
he  had   much   leifure  time,   which  he  fpent  in  reading  tfit 
bible,   the   book  of  Martyrs,   and    the   works  of  Luther, 
Calvin,   Beza,  &c.      From  thefc  he  unqueftionably  imbibed 
an  cnthuliallic  paffion  for  encountering  all  dangers  and  fuf- 
ferings  in   the  caufe  of  truth.      In   1636  he  was  introduced 
to  the  acquaintanct  of  Dr.  Baftwick,  at  that  time  a  prifcr.er 
in  the  Gate-houfe,  whom  he  conllantly  vilited,  and  for  whom 
he  co.itracled  fuch  a  friendlhip  and  affettioii,  that  he  could, 
he  fays,  have  readily  laid  down  his  life  in  his  defence.     He 
was  foon  engaged  aftively  in  the  popular  caufe,  and  carried 
to  Holland  one  of  the  doftor's  anti-epifcopal  writings  ia 
order  to   get  it   printed.      Shortly  after  his  return  he  was 
apprehended,  tried,  and  convicted  in  the  ftar-chamber  court 
of  printing  and  publilhing  libels  and  feditious  books.     At 
his  examinations  he  refufed  to  anfwer  the  interrogatories  of 
his  judges,  and  in  every  inilance  he  jullified  and  maintained  tlie 
rights  and  privileges  attached  to  his  cliaracler  as  an  Englifh- 
man.      He  was  ientenced''  on   this  occafion   to  receive  joo 
lalhes,  and  then  to  be  let  in  the  pillory,  which  fentence  was 
executed  with  great  leverity,  the  whipping  being  inilicfed 
with  knotted  cords,  as  ordered  by  the  bloody  decree  of  old 
fir  Henry  Vane.     His  fpirit   was   not,   however,   fubdued, 
for  eveii  on  the  pillory  he  uttered  many  invedftivcs  againll 
the  bifhops,  and  threw  pamphlets  from  hi.s   pockets  among 
the  crowd.     For  this  conducl  he   was  remanded  to  prilon, 
and,  according  to  his  own  account,  endured  a  world  of  other 
unheard-of  miferies  and  barbarous  cruelties  for  three  years 
together.     Though  double-ironed,  and  in  one  of  the  woril 
eel's  in  the  prifon,  he  contrived   while  there  to  get  another, 
libel  printed   and   publifhed.      Such   wa^  the  opinion   held 
refpecting  his  defperate  rcfoluiion,  that  a  fire  havinsr  takea 
place  near  the  cell  in  which  he  wa<  lucked  up,  he  was  fuf-. 
pected  of  being  the  occafion  oi  it,  for  the  fake  of  obtaining 
his    dehvcrauce,   and    the  other    prifoners  and   neighbours, 
jomed  in  an  application  to  have  bim  repioved,  by  which  h^ 
obtained  a  more  airy  fituation.     On  the  meeting  of  the  Long 
Parl'.ament  in  1640,  he  was  allowed;  he  hberties  of  the  Fleet, 
an  mdiil^ence  that  enabled  him  to  appear  a;  a  ricglesder  of 
t)   ;  gji 


L  I  L  R  U  R  N  E. 


an  armed  mob  which  a(rembled  at  Weftniinfter,  and  cried 
out  for  juilice  ugainft  the  carl  of  Strafford,  for  whicli  he 
was  brought  to  the  bar  of  tlie  lioiifc  of  lords  on  a  charge  of 
treafon,  but  difmified.  In  the  following  year  the  houie  of 
commons  voted  "  That  the  lenience  of  the  (lar-chamber 
againft  Mr.  Lilbnrne  was  illegal,  barbarous,  bloody,  and 
tyrannical,  and  that  reparations  ought  to  be  given  him  for 
his  imprilonment,  fuflerings,  and  lofles  fiillained  by  that 
illegal  fentcnce."  Ncvertlielefs,  he  tells  us,  that  he  never 
received  any  remuneration,  though  he  had  been  put  to  the 
cxpence  of  from  loon  to  i  joo/.,  and  had  endured  feven 
or  eijjht  imprifoimients  for  nothing.  When  an  army  was 
raifed  by  parhament,  I.ilbnrnc  entered  into  it  as  a  volun- 
teer, and,  at  the  battle  of  Edge-hill,  he  acted  as  a  captain 
of  infantry.  He  behaved  with  diilinguilhed  bravery  at  the 
battle  of  Brentford,  where  he  was  made  prifoner,  carried  to 
Oxford,  and  arraigned  on  a  ciiarge  of  high-trcaibn.  but  was 
faved  by  a  declaration  of  parliament,  threatening  reprifalf, 
and  was  foon  after  exchanged,  was  received  with  triumph  b)- 
his  party,  and  rewarded  with  ^joo/.  as  a  C(nnpcnfation  for 
his  fiiffcrings.  Cromwell  and  I'airfax  would  willinglv  have 
employed  him  after  lliey  had  ncw-niodelled  the  army  in 
164,,  and  given  him  a  high  comiT\and  ;  but  his  dillike  to 
the  Prefbyterian  chiu'ch  government  would  not  permit  him 
to  ferve  the  party  then  in  power,  and  lie  laid  down  his  fword 
to  rcfume  his  pen,  which  he  employed  againft  Prynne, 
I^eiithall,  and  other  perfons.  He  was  in  confetjucnce  com- 
mitted to  Newgate  on  a  charge  of  feditii>ns  practices,  but 
no  bill  being  found  againll  him,  he  was  releafed  without 
trial.  He  next  was  brought  before  the  honfc  of  lords  for 
certain  reflections  call  on  the  earl  of  Manchefter,  in  a  work 
entitled  "  The  Juft  Man's  .Tuftification  :"  being  examined 
upon  interrogatories  refpefting  the  writing  of  that  work,  he 
not  only  retufed  to  aniwer  q\ieftions,  but  protelled  againtl 
their  jurifdiftion  over  him.  He  had  llated  the  argument  on 
this  point,  in  full,  in  his  "  Legal  and  Fundamental  Liberties 
of  the  People  of  England  ;"  which  he  had  maintained  in 
the  houfe,  but  wiiicli  proved  of  no  avail,  as  the  houfe  im- 
mediately made  an  order  "  that  he  be  committed  a  clofe 
prifoner  in  Newgate,  and  that  none  have  accefs  to  hiin  but 
his  keeper,  until  this  court  doth  take  farther  order  ;"  that 
is,  fail!  Lilburne,  "when  they  turn  honell  and  jufl:,  which 
I  confidently  believe  will  never  be."  So  much  was  he  now 
regarded  by  the  people  as  a  champion  of  liberty,  that  a 
remonftrance,  ligncd  by  many  tluuifand  names,  was  preientcd 
to  the  houfe  of  commons  in  his  behalf.  This  failing  of 
effeft,  he  continued  to  publilli  pamplilets,  in  which  he  dif- 
played  his  grievances  in  fuch  bold  and  virulent  language, 
that  he  rendered  tlie  leading  men  of  all  parties  his  enemies. 
It  (hould,  however,  be  obferved,  that  the  leading  men  al- 
luded to,  were  thofe  who  were  either  adherents  to  the  king, 
cr  thofe  who  were  attached  to  Cromwell  ;  but  Lilburne, 
perceiving  that  both  parties  were  hoflile  to  the  liberties  of 
the  fubjeC'l,  did  not  fcruple  to  oppofe  all  their  projects, 
which  he  fufpefted,  and  juilly  too,  would  lead  to  the  cda- 
blilhmcnt  of  a  tyraimy  in  (ome  fliape  or  other.  He  charged 
Cromwell  with  a  delign  of  ufurping  the  fovereignty  ;  and 
accufed  him  and  his  relation  Ireton  of  high  treafon,  for 
■which  h-.;  was  ordered  to  be  tried  as  a  libeller.  At  this 
period  he  had  fo  many  friends  among  the  people,  that  the 
houfe  ot  commons  judged  it  proper  to  difchargo  him  from 
prilon,  and  make  an  order  for  remunerating  him  for  his  fuf- 
f^rings.  At  the  time  of  the  king's  death,  Lilburjie  was 
bufy  in  plans  for  fetth»:g  a  new  model  of  government. 
Finding  the  leaders  of  the  army  refolved  to  keep  the  power 
in  theiv  own  hands,  he  oppofed  them  with  his  ulual  ir.tre- 
pij'.iy,  and  maintained  the  right  of  the  people  to  form  a 


conftitution  for  themfelves.  So  dangerous  now  did  he  ap- 
pear to  Cromwell  and  his  council,  that  he  was  again  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower,  and  was  brought  to  his  trial  for  high 
treaion  before  a  fpccial  couunillion.  On  this  occafion  he 
defended  himlelf  witli  great  firmncfs,  never  once  (liewing  a 
difpofition  to  crouch  to  his  profecutors  or  his  judges  :  he 
felt  that  he  Hood  on  firm  ground,  and  was  determined  not 
to  bend  to  the  circumllances  of  the  times.  The  trial  laftcd 
many  hours,  and  when  the  jury  were  about  to  retire  to  con- 
fider  their  verditl,  the  foreman  afl<ed  permifTion  of  the  court 
to  take  a  cnp  of  fack  among  them  ;  to  wliich  the  judge 
replied,  it  was  impolhble,  they  could  have  no  manner  of 
refrelhment  while  impannelled  in  a  cafe  of  high  treafon. 
One  of  the  court  was  willing  they  fliould  be  indulged,  but 
the  chief  juilice  faid  he  dare  not  permit  it.  Mr.  I^il- 
burne's  jury  retired  for  three  quarters  of  an  hour,  and  then 
brought  in  a  verdict  of  Not  Guilty  :  which,  fays  the 
reporter  of  the  trial,  was  received  with  unanimous  plaudits 
from  within  and  without,  that  continued  without  intcrmif- 
iion  for  more  than  half  an  hour.  The  judges,  who  feem  to 
'have  llraiiied  hard  for  a  verdi''t  of  guilty,  were  abaflied  and 
confounded.  Lilburne  Hood  fdcnt,  alTedted  and  oppreffed 
with  the  gratulatiims  of  his  ccnmtrymen,  unable  to  exprefs 
thofe  fenfatioiis  which  he  unqueilionably  felt  for  the  general 
interell  which  was  taken  in  his  caufe.  A  medal  was  ftruck 
of  his  head,  with  the  following  infcription  :  "  .John  Lil- 
burne, faved  by  the  power  of  the  Lord  and  the  integrity  of 
his  jury,  who  are  judges  of  law  as  well  as  of  fail."  The 
names  of  the  jurymen  were  given  on  the  rcverfe ;  names  which 
mull  live  fo  long  as  England  is  a  free  country.  Mr.  Hume, 
fpcaking  on  this  fubject,  and  of  thofe  v.ho  had  ufurped  the 
government,  and  of  their  unwillingnefs  to  trull  tlieir  caufe 
to  the  decifion  of  juries,  chofen  according  to  the  ancient 
conllitution  of  the  country,  fays,  "  They  had  evidently 
feen  in  the  trial  of  Lilburne  what  they  could  expeft  from 
juries.  This  man,  the  moil  turbulent,  but  the  moll  up- 
right and  courageous  of  human  kind,  was  tried  for  a  tranf- 
grefhon  of  the  new  llatute  of  trcafons  ;  but  though  he  was 
plainly  guilty,  he  was  acquitted  to  the  great  joy  of  the  peo- 
ple. Never  did  any  ellablilhed  power  receive  fo  llrong  a 
declaration  of  its  ufurpation  and  invalidity,  and  from  no 
inllitution,  befides  the  admirable  one  of  juries,  could  be  ex- 
pedled  this  magnanimous  cllort." 

A  new  offence  which  he  gave  to  parliament  caufed  that 
body  to  pais  a  fentence  of  heavy  line  and  punifliment  againit 
him,  upon  which  he  retired  to  Holland.  Here  he  remained 
till  the  diffolution  of  the  Long  Parliament,  when  he  uled  all 
his  interell  to  obtain  a  paffport  fi;r  his  rehirn  to  England, 
and  not  iucceeding,  he  ventured,  in  June  i')53,  to  come  back 
without  one.  He  was  very  fion  apprehended  and  com- 
milted  to  Newgate,  and  being  brought  once  more  to  trial, 
he  defended  himftlf  on  the  plea  of  illegality  in  his  fentence 
of  banifhment,  and  was  accordingly  acquitted  by  his  jury. 
The  government,  however,  ordered  him  to  be  immediately 
fent  out  of  the  kingdom,  but  giving  fecurity  for  his  future 
quiet  behaviour,  he  was  fuffered  to  remain.  The  nature  of 
the  fecurity  here  referred  to  has  excited  fome  doubts  m  the 
hillorian  ;  but  the  writer  of  the  article  in  the  Uiographia 
Britannica,  makes  it  appear  highly  probable,  that  Lilburne'3 
brother  Robert  became  fecurity  in  this  inllancc  for  his  future 
peaceable  demeanour.  Having  brought  together  the  argu- 
ments in  favour  of  this  hypothelis,  the  writer  referred  to 
fays,  "  Laying  then  all  thefe  circumllances  together,  can 
there  be  any  reafonable  doubt  who  was  the  perfon  that 
averted  Cromwell's  wrath  againll  our  author,  and  faved  hurt 
from  tranfportation,  and  after  going  through  an  uncommon 
variety   oi  llorms,    tenipells,  and  fliipwrecks,   fettling  the 

weather- 


L  I  L 

treatSer-beaten  vefTel  in  a  peaceful  and  (lill  liar!)Our  ;  where, 
partly  through  a  full  conviclion,  that  all  polfibility  of  fuc- 
ccfs  in  any  farther  ftrugglings  againll  his  adverfary  was  cut 
olF,  and  chiefly  out  of  a  religioufly  affeftionate  regard  for 
liis  entirely  beloved  brother  who  flood  refponfible  for  him, 
he  pafTed  the  remainder  of  his  days  in  perfecl  tranquillity, 
equally  undillurbcd  by,  and  undifturbing  his  triumphant 
competitor "  Jolni  Lilburne  now  lettlcd  at  Elthani,  in 
Kent,  joined  the  fociety  of  quakers,  and  even  preached  at 
their  meetings  in  Woolwich,  and  other  adjacent  places,  till 
his  death  in  1657,  at  the  early  a^e  of  thirty-nine.  He  had  a 
wife,  who  pofltrlled  the  fame  undaunted  fpirit  with  that  of  her 
hulband,  and  was  his  faithful  and  affectionate  helpmate  in 
all  his  fuiferlngs.  By  Anthony  Wood,  Lilburne  is  flyled,  "  a 
great  trouble-world  in  all  the  variety  of  government  :"  by 
other  hillorians  and  biographers  he  has  been  reprefcnted  to 
have  been  of  fo  factious  and  quarrelfome  a  temper,  that 
"  if  there  were  none  living  but  him,  John  would  be  againlt 
Lilburne,  and  Lilburne  againll  John."  Such  charges  were 
brought  againll  him  by  his  contemporaries,  and  in  his 
"  Legal  and  Fundamental  Liberties  of  the  People  of  Eng- 
land," he  has  taken  pains  to  rebut  the  calumnies  of  his 
adverfaries,  and  to  fhew  that  his  hand  was  never  lifted  up 
but  againll  tyranny  and  tyrants :  and  at  the  clofe  of  that 
work  he  fubfcribes  himfelf  "  An  honeft  and  true  bred  free 
Englilliman,  that  never  in  his  life  feared  a  tyrant,  nor  loved 
an  opprelTor."  If  it  were  Lilbunie's  misfortune  to  be  a 
trouble  to  the  exilHng  governments  under  which  he  hved  ; 
it  mull  be  remembered  that  he  vindicated  the  caufe  of  his 
country  in  oppofition  to  the  arbitrary  meafures  of  Charles  L 
and  the  ufurpatiors  of  Oliver  Cromwell  ;  and  however  he 
might  be  regarded  by  his  contemporaries,  and  mifreprefented 
by  partv  writers,  poilerity  mull  look  to  him  with  refpeft, 
and  (hould  be  thankful  that  fuch  a  man  exilled,  in  times  of 
peculiar  difficulty,  when  the  will  of  the  few  had  well  nigh 
fuperfeded  the  authority  of  the  law,  and  when  every  thuig 
holy  and  excellent  in  our  coiillitution  mull  have  been  for 
ever  loll,  but  for  the  exertions  of  fuch  patriots  as  Lilburne. 
His  efforts  ill  the  public  caufe  were  not  more  zealous  than 
they  were  pure  and  dilinterefted.  What  he  conceived  to  be 
jullice  and  the  public  good,  he  purfued  againll  all  parties 
with  an  invincible  fpirit,  and  through  a  life  of  perfeeution. 
He  was,  at  the  fame  time,  a  firm  fupporter  of  the  laws  of 
his  country,  whicii,  in  return,  often  fupportcd  him,  and 
proved  effeitual  barriers  againll  arbitrary  violence.  Biog. 
Brit.  Hume.  Lilburne's  Trial  by  Varax  ;  and  his  Legal 
Fundamental  Liberties  of  the  People  of  England,  revived, 
afferted,  and  vindicated. 

LILEN,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
the  province  of  Popayan  ;    15  miles  S.W.  of  Call. 

LILESWARA,  .in  Hindoo  I\Iylhology,  a  name  of  Siva, 
the  regenerative  power  of  the  deity.  (See  SiVA.)  It 
means  Ifwara  (or  the  lord)  who  gives  delight,  and  was 
alfumed  with  manhood,  in  one  of  the  numerous  metamifr- 
pholes  detailed  in  the  Puranas,' by  this  deity,  who  in  this 
form  became  re-united  to  his  fpoufe  Parvati,  giving  delight 
to  her  in  her  terrellrial  manifelfation,  under  the  name  of 
Lilefwari.  (See  P.vrvati.)  The  Puranas  abound  in  this 
delcription  of  incarnation  of  their  male  and  female  deities, 
which,  thus  veiled  in  allegory,  are  fuppofed  to  conceal  hil- 
torical  and  philofophical  fafts.  (See  PCK.\.\.v.)  Mr.  Wil- 
ford,  in  feveral  of  the  volumes  of  the  Aliaiic  Refearches, 
has  purfued  this  allegorical  maze  with  great  iudullry.  See 
more  particularly  vol.  iii.  vi.  and  viii.  See  alfo  Hindu 
Pantheon,  p.  3^(9. 

LILl,  the  name  of  one  of  the  favourite  remedies  of  Para- 


L  I  L 

celfus,  the  bafis  of  which  is  antimony  ;  but  he  has  not  given 
us  the  proccfs  for  preparing  it. 

Lir.,I.-\,  in  Botany,  a  natural  order  of  plant!,  fo  called 
from  LHlmn,  the  Lily,  which  is  one  of  them.  Touriieftirt, 
who  underllood  this  order  in  a  wider  fenfe  than  more  recent 
authors,  denominated  the  plants  which  he  referred  to  ii, 
lUlacei ;   Liuraus,  and  moll  others,  call  them  U/incea. 

The  /l/ia  conllitute  the  fourteenth  order  in  Jullieu's  fvf- 
tern,  and  the  fourth  of  his  third  c'afs.  The  effential  cha- 
racters of  this  clafs  are  "  Cotyledon  one.  Stamens  inferted 
into  the  calyx  or  corolla."  He  gives  its  dillinctions  at 
length  as  follows. 

"  Calyx  of  one  leaf,  tubular  or  deeply  divided,  fuperior 
or  inferior,  fometimes  naked,  more  generally  attended  by  a 
fheath  containing  one  or  many  flowers,  rarely  by  an  involu- 
crum  refembling  an  exterior  calyx.  Corolla  none  ;  for  what 
is  called  corolla  by  Tournefort,  LiiuiiEus,  and  others,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  writer  (Jullicu),  is  a  real  calyx.  Stamens 
definite  in  number,  rarely  indefinite,  inferted  either  into  the 
lower  or  the  upper  part  of  the  calyx,  oppolite  to  its  fr<r. 
ments  ;  the  filaments  feparate,  rarely  united  ;  the  anthers 
feparate,  of  two  cells.  In  a  few  inllances  the  gerinens  are 
feveral  and  fuperior  ;  with  as  many  ilvles  and  fligmas,  and 
the  fame  number  ot  lingle-celled  capfules,  with  one  or  manv 
feeds,  internally  of  two  valves,  which  bear  the  feeds  on  their 
margins.  In  moll  cafes  the  germen  is  iingic,  fuperior  or 
inferior;  llyle  lingle,  rarely  threefold,  or  wanting;  flignia 
fimple  or  divided ;  fruit  pulpy  or  capfular,  of  three  cells, 
with  three  feeds  or  many  ;  fometimes  two  of  the  cells  are 
abortive,  or  there  is  only  one  of  the  feeds  perfected.  Tlie 
feeds  of  the  berries  are  affixed  to  tlie  internal  angle  of  each 
cell ;  in  the  capfules,  ufually  of  three  valves,  they  are  in- 
ferted here  and  there  upon  the  edges  of  an  elevated  recep- 
tacle, conflituting  the  partition,  in  the  middle  of  each  valve, 
and  feparating  along  with  it.  The  coreulum  is  fmall,  in  a 
large  horny  albumen." 

The  order  of  Ului  is  thus  defined. 

Calyx  inferior,  coloured,  in  fix  deep  fegment?,  ufually 
equal  and  regular.  Stamens  fix,  iulertcd  into  the  bottom  of 
each  legmeut.  Germen  fimple,  fuperior;  flyle  one,  rarely 
wanting ;  fligma  in  three  divifions.  Capfule  fuperior,  of 
three  cells  and  three  valves,  with  many  feeds,  which  are 
ranged  in  a  double  row  in  each  cell,  and  generally  flat. 

The_y?r;n  is  mollly  herbaceous.  Radical  leaves  fometimes 
fheathing ;  the  reft  fefTile,  for  the  moll  part  alternate,  rarely 
whorlcd.  Floti'ers  either  naked,  or  furniflied  with  a  fheath, 
{fpaiha,)  or  accompanied  by  a  leaf  refembling  fuch  ;  often 
drooping,  the  Ityle  being  longer  than  the  llamens. 

The  genera  are  eight ;  Tullpa,  Erytlironltim,  Gloriofa, 
(for  wliich  lall  JufTieu  retains  the  name  Methoulia,)  Ui-u- 
laria,  Frltllhirla,  Iniperlalls  (the  Crown  Imperial,  feparated 
from  Frildliiria,  becaufe  its  nectariferous  cells  are  round  in- 
flead  of  oblong),  Lllhm,  and  Tueca. 

Ijinnxus  calls  his  lilla  the  Patrician  order,  or  Nobility  of 
the  vegetable  kingdom,  in  his  fanciful  dillribution  of  plants 
at  the  head  of  his  Sr/lenia  Vegetal/Ilium.  We  may  fuppofe 
that  he  had  in  view,  la  this  inttance,  not  only  the  analogies 
of  the  other  orders,  but  elpecially  the  text,  fo  often  quoted, 
"  conlidcr  the  lilies  of  the  field, — ihcy  toil  not,  neither  do 
they  Ipiu,"  ixc.  in  which  thele  gorgeous  plants  feem  more 
particularly  indicated.  The  very  fpecies,  which  our  Saviour 
had  then  perhaps  before  his  eyes,  is  thought  ta  have  been  the 
fplendid  ylmaryllls  hitea,  with  which  the  fields  of  PalelUne 
are  over-run  at  the  end  of  autumn.  Poffibly  this  hint  may 
be  of  ufe  to  biblical  chronologills.  The  learned  Olaus 
Celfuis  ieenii  not  to  have  adverted  to  this  text,  as  alluding 

to 


L  I  L 


L  I  L 


■to  any  particular  plant.  Some  have,  without  any  reafon, 
taken  for  granted  that  the  Garden  Tuhp  was  meant ;  but 
that  plant  is  not  a  native  of  Pale  (line. 

The  order  of  liliaceous  plants  is  now  receiving  mod  mag- 
nificent illuUration  at  Paris,  in  a  work  cxprefsly  deftined  to 
ftiat  purpofe,  by  M.  Redoute,  of  which  iivc  volumes  in 
folio  have  reached  us.  The  figures  are  printed  in  colours, 
in  the  modern  French  manner.  The  defcriptions  are  in 
French.  Many  plants,  not  properly  belonging  to  the  fame 
family,  are  adn-.itted  into  this  publication,  as  a  few  of  the 
OrchiJe^,  and  Scitatn'meit,  which,  though  they  interfere  with 
its  ollenfiblo  defignation,  certainly  do  not  lelTen  its  value, 
either  as  to  beauty  or  utility. 

LILIACEOUS  Plants,  in  CarJemng,  all  fucli  as  re- 
femble  thofe  of  the  lily  kind,  in  their  Howers  having  fix 
regular  petals,  in  the  form  of  a  lily  ;  or  three,  or  even  one 
petal  deeply  divided  into  fix  fegments,  afTuming  a  lily-flower 
form  :  they  have  not,  however,  all  flowers  fo  large  as  that 
of  the  lily,  fomc  being  confiderably  fmaller ;  and  as  the 
common  lily  has  no  calyx,  fo  feveral  of  tlie  liliaceous  flowers 
are  alfo  deftitute  of  a  cup  ;  and  others  have  cups,  which  are 
principally  of  tliat  fort  called  a  fpathc.  They  may,  there- 
fore, be  dillingulflicd  into  fuch  as  have  cups  and  fuch  as 
have  not. 

Thofe  ■wll/)  cups  are  all  the  different  forts  of  the  common 
lily  :  the  tulip,  all  the  kinds ;  fritillarv,  and  crown  im- 
perial ;  hyacinth  ;  flar  of  Bethlehem  ;  baftard  ftar  of  Beth- 
leheih  ;  tuberofe  ;  afphodel ;  fqui:l ;  hcnierocallis,  or  day- 
lily  ;  anthericum,  or  fpidtrwort ;  aloe ;  yucca,  or  Adam'* 
needle  ;  gloriofa,  or  fiipcrb  lily,   &c. 

Thofe  •with  fpathes  or  cups  are  the  crocus ;  galanthus,  or 
common  fnow-drap  ;  leucoium,  or  great  fnow-drop  ;  daf- 
fodil, narciffus,  and  jonquil  ;  crinum,  or  afphodel  lily  ;  col- 
chicum ;  iris,  or  fiower-de-lucc ;  hemanthus,  or  blood- 
Hower  ;  gladiolus,  or  fuord-lily  ;  Virginia  fpider-wort ;  ama- 
ryllis,  including  the  Guernfey  lily,  belladonna  lily,  and  Ja- 
cobea  lily,  &c.  ;  pancraticum  lily,   &c. 

It  may  be  noticed,  that  the  greater  part  of  thefe  liliaceous 
plants  of  both  kinds  are  bulbous-rooted :  fome,  however, 
iave  tuberous,  and  fome  fibrous  roots  ;  and  all  of  them  are 
perennial  in  root,  but  annual  in  tlie  ftalk  or  Item. 

Thefe  are  all  ornamental  garden-flowers,  and  molt  of  them 
fufficiently  hardy  to  grow  in  the  open  ground  ;  though  a 
few  are  proper  for  the  green-houfe  and  (love,  at  they  require 
proteftion.      Sec  thefe  difterent  genera. 

LILIAGO,  in  Botany.     See  ANTilERlcuM. 

LILIASTRUM,  the  beautiful  St.  Bruno's  lily.  See 
Anthericum. 

LILIENDAL,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Nyland  ;  ij  miles  N.E.  of  Borga.  N.  lat. 
60°  Z7,\    E.  long.  26    _;  . 

LILIENTHAL,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Bremen, 
fituated  on  the  river  Worp  ;    10  niilto  N.N.E.  of  Bremen. 

LILIO-Asi'iiODELUs,  in  Botany     See  Chinum  and  He- 

MEROC.M.LIS. 

LilLlo-Fritillaria.     See  Fritillaria. 

Tu-UAO-Hyacinthus.     See  SciLl.A. 

L,lLlo-Narri/fut.      See  A.MAUYI.MS  and  PA^xnATIl'^r. 

LILIUM  appears  to  be  a  name  of  rather  obfcure 
origin  ;  fome  deduce  it  from  the  Greek  ?.ei»iov,  a  lily,  derived 
from  Xsio,-,  fmooth,  not  rough,  alfo  hanilfome,  becaufe  the 
plant  is  confpicuous  for  the  beauty  of  its  flowers.  It  has 
moreover  been  called  x^i>ov,  from  xfiuvr;,  duf!,  or  pollen,  be- 
caufe the  flowers  feem  in  general  to  be  fprinkled  with  a 
powdery  fubllance,  from  the  abundance  of  their  pollen. 
Lltium  ia  adopted  from  Pliny  and  other  Latin   authors. 


Linn.  Gen.  165.  Schreb.  218.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  5.84, 
Mart.  Mill.  Did.  V.  3.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  2. 
240.  Tournef.  t.  19J.  Jufl".  49.  Lamarck,  llluftr.  t.  246. 
Gsrtn.  t.  83. — Clafs  and  order,  Hexandria  Monogynia, 
Nat.  Ord    Coronariir,  Linn.     Lilij,  .Tufl". 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  none.  Cor.  bell-fliapcd,  nar- 
rower at  the  bafc  ;  petals  fix,  ereft,  lying  over  each  other, 
obtufely  carinatcd  at  their  backs,  more  expanding  and 
broader  upwards  ;  their  tips  obtufc,  thick,  retlexed.  Nec- 
tary a  longitudinal  line,  tubular,  forming  a  channel  in  each 
petal  from  its  bafe  to  the  middle.  Slam.  Filaments  fix, 
awl-fliaped,  ereft,  (liorter  than  the  corolla  ;  anthers  oblong, 
incumbent.  Pfl.  Gerinen  fuperior,  <  blong,  cylindrical, 
marked  with  fix  furrows;  ilyle  cylindrical,  the  length  of 
tho  corolla  ;  fligma  thiekifli,  trianguhir.  Peric.  Capfule 
oblong,  fix-furrowed,  hollow,  triangular,  and  obtufe  at 
the  top,  of  three  cells  and  three  valves  ;  the  valves  connected 
by  a  netv\ork  of  fibres.  Seeds  numerous,  incumbent  in  a 
double  order,  flat,  outwardly  femicircular. 

Obf.  The  nedary,  in  fome  fpecies,  is  bearded,  in  others 
naked.  In  fome  the  petals  are  totally  revolute,  in  others 
not  fo. 

EIT.  Ch  Corolla  of  fix  petals,  bell-fhapcd,  each  petal 
marked  with  a  longitudinal  neCfary.  Caplule  with  valves 
connedled  by  a  network  of  fibres. 

Examples  of  this  beautiful  and  fragrant  genus  are  tlie 
following.  The  c  'lour  of  their  flowers  is  either  white, 
yellow,  or  red.  The  fourteenth  edition  of  I^inna;us's  Syf- 
inna  VegelabiUiim  comprifes  ten  fpecies.  Willdenovv  has 
fixteen,  though  his  firll,  /,.  cordifoliuni,  belongs  to  another 
genus,  which  Mr.  Salilbury,  in  Tr.  of  Linn  Soc.  v.  8.  1 1^ 
has  propofed  to  call  Suujfurea.      (See  Hilmkrocallls.  ) 

L.  candiclum.  Common  White  Lily.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  43J. 
Sm.  Prod.  Fl.  Grxc  v.  i.  227.  Curt.  Mag  278.  Re- 
doute Liliac.  t.  199.  Woodv.  Med.  Bot  t.  101.  (L.  al- 
bum ;  Rudb.  Elyf.  V.  2.  167.) — Leaves  lanceolate,  fcat- 
tered,  attenuated  at  the  bafe.  Corolla  bell-fhaped,  fmooth 
on  the  infide. — This  is  the  Kti»o»  of  Diofcondes,  and  K^i'vo 
of  the  modern  Greeks.  Great  doubts  cxifted  refpefting 
the  native  habitat  of  this  well  knowm  and  elegant  plant,  till 
Mr.  Hawkins,  the  friend  and  companion  of  Dr.  .Sibthorp, 
found  it  growing  wild  in  that  truly  ckiflical  and  celebrated 
fpot,  the  vale  of  Tempe.  It  flowers  early  in  the  fummer, 
and  has  been  cultivated  in  our  gardens  from  time  imme- 
morial. Root  a  large  fcily  bulb,  from  which  proceed  many 
fucculcnt  fibres.  Stem  firm,  upright,  limple,  ufually  rifing 
to  the  heit^ht  of  about  three  feet.  Leaves  nnmnowi,  long, 
fmooth,  feflile.  Flotvers  large,  white,  in  a  chiflcr  at  the 
top  of  the  ftem  ;  the  petals  are  of  a  beautiful  fliining  white 
on  their  infide,  ridged,  and  not  qnjte  fo  tranfparent  or  lu- 
minous on  their  outlidc. 

Pliny  and  Ovid  have  each  added  their  teflimony  to  the 
general  admiration  in  which  this  plant  has  been  univerially 
held.  The  former  fays,  LiUum  Rofs  nol/ilitate  proximum 
eji.  The  latter  has  thus  poetically  alcnbcd  its  origin  to  the 
milk  of  Juno  : 

"  Dum  puer  Alcides  Divx  vagus  ubera  fuxit 
Junonis,   dulci  prefla  fapore  luit  ; 
Aiiibrofiumque  alto  lac  diltillavit  Olympo 
In  terras  fufum  Lilia  pulchra  dedit." 

Both  thefe  flowers  have  furnidied  ancient  and  modern  poet* 
with  their  (hare  of  metaphor  ;  either  fingly 

"  Vel  mixta  rubent  ubi  lilia  multa 

Alba  roia  ;  tales  virgo  dabat  ore  calores." 

N.\\.  1.  xii.  63. 

The 


L  I  L  I  U  M. 


The  flowers  have  a  pleafant  fvveet  fnicll,  and  were  formerly 
ufed  for  ineeicinal  piirpofes,  particularly  as  an  antiepileptic 
and  anodyne.  A  water  dillillcd  from  them  was  ufed  as  a 
cofmetic,  and  the  "  oleum  liliurum''  was  fiippofed  to  pof- 
fefs  anodyne  and  nervine  powers  :  but  the  odorous  matter 
of  thefe  flowers  is  very  volatile,  being  totally  diffipatcd  in 
drying,  and  wholly  carried  off  in  evp-poration  by  reftihed 
fpirit  as  well  as  water;  and  though  both  menflrua  become 
impregnated  with  their  agreeable  odour  by  infufion  or  dif- 
tillation,  yet  no  elfential  oil  could  be  obtained  from  feveral 
pounds  of  the  flowers.  Hence  the  Edinburgh  Colleo-c  row 
direi-ls  the  ufe  only  of  the  roots,  whiih  are  mucilaginous, 
and  are  chiefly  employed,  boiled  with  milk  or  water,  iu 
emollient  and  fuppuratuig  cataplafms  :  it  is  not  improballe, 
however,  that    the   poultices    formed    of   bread   or    farina, 


lagon.  Curt.  Mag.  t.  893,  the  Purple  Martagon,  or  Turk's 
Cap  I>ily  ;  both  are  very  hardy — L.  ti^rhium,  Curt.  M„g. 
t.  1237,     {L.  f^cciofum;     Andr.  Bot.    Repof    1.586.)   is 
however  perhaps   the  moR  fliowy  fpecies  of  all.      It  was  ift- 
troduced  from    China,    by   fir  Jofcph  Banks,    in  the   year 
1S07,  and  is  four.d   to  bear  our  climate  if  cultivated  in  a 
border  of  bog  earth,   flowering  in  Auguil. 
LiLiu.M  ConvalUum.     See  Convallaiua. 
Lir.iu.M,  in  Carilemng,  containing  plants  of  the  bulbous- 
rooted  flowery  perennial  kind,  of  which  the  fpecies  ufually 
c'.ltivated  are  the  common   white  lily   (L.  candidum)  ;  the 
Catefby's  lily   (L   Catefbei)  ;    the  bulb-bearing   or   orange 
lily  (L.  bulbiferum)  ;  the  purple  martagon  lily,  or  Turk's 
tap  (JL.  martagon)  ;  the  pomponi:m  lily  (L.  pomponium)  ;  - 
the  fcarlet   martagon   lily    (L.   chalcedonicuit)  ;    the  great 
yellow  martagon  lily  (L.  fuperbum)  ;  the  Canada  martagon 
lily  (L.  Canadenfe)  ;  the   Kamtfthatka  lily  (L.  Cainfchat- 
""'  '  liy   (L.   riiila- 


poflefs  every  beneficial   quality   afcribed   to   thofe   of  lily- 
root.     Gerard  recommends  them  internally  in  dropfies.    For 

this  purpofe,  bread  was  made  of  barley  meal,  with  the  juice  cenfe)  ;    and   the   Philadelphian   martagoa 

of  the  roots,  and  conftaiitly  ui'ed  for  a  month  or  fi;r  weeks  ;  delphiciim). 
but  Dr.  Lewis  obferves,  that  there  are   inllances  of  fimilar         In  the  iirft   fort   the  principal  varieties  are,  with  ftriped 

cures  by  the  ufe  of  common  bread  ;  and  that   probably,  in  flowers,  or  with  blotched  purple  flowers,  or  with  variegated 

one  cafe  as  \\-ell  as  in  the  other,   abttiiience  from  liquids  was  ftriped   leaves,  or   with   yellow   edged   loaves,  with  double 

the  remedy.      Lewis  Mat.  Med.  Woodv.  Med.  Bot.  flowers,  and  with  pendulous  flowtrs.      But  the  firll:  of  thefe 

L.  bulblferum.      Bulb-bea,'ing,  or   Orange   Lily.      Linn,  varieties  is  now  become  common  ;  the  purple  ftain  o-iving  the 

So.    PI.  433.     Jacq.   Aullr.   t.  226 — Leaves  linear-lance-  flower  a   dull   colour,  the  common  white  is  generally  pre- 

oiate,  fcattered.     Corolla  bell-fliaped,  eretl,  glandular  and  ferred.     The  fecond  is  chiefly  valued  for  its  app-^Eiance  in 

rough  on  the  infide,  downy  without.-— x\  native  of  Italy,  winter  and  fpring  ;   for  the  leaves  coming  out  early  in  the 

Auftria,  and  North  America.      It  flowers  in  June  apd  .luly.  autumn,  fprcading  themfelves  flat  on  the  ground,  and  being 

Bulb  compofed  of   numerous  thick,   white,  loofely   imbri-  finely  edged  with  a  fine  yellow  band,  make  a  pretty   ap- 

cated  fcales.     Stem  upright,,  about   a   foot   and  half  high,  pearance  during  the  winter  and  fpring  months,  a?  it  flowers 

flriated    and   angular,  .  fmooth,    or   flightly   hairy.      Upper  earlier  than  the  plain  fort.     The  third  is  of  little  value,  as 

leaves  fpreading  horizontally,  having  a  roundiih  pale-green  the   flowers   never  open   well  unlefs  they  are  covered  with 

or  purplifli  bulb  at  their  bafe.      Flowers  large  and   hand-  glafles  ;  nor  have  they  any  of  the  rich  odour  of  the  common 

fome,  of  a  beautiful  red  or  orange  colour,  paler  on  the  out-  iort.      The  fourth  came  originally  from  ConPLdr.tinople  ;  the 


fide,  inodorous 

There  are  faveral  varieties  of  this  generally  cultivated 
plant,  of  which  the  moft  common  is  that  figured  in  Curt. 
Mag.  t.  36,  but  the  darker  tinted  one  of  Jacquin  is  hand- 
fomeft,  bearing  more  bulbs  and  fewer  flowers. 

\..  fuperbum.  Superb  Martagon  Lily.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  434. 
Curt.  i\Iag.  t.  936.  Redoute  Liliac.  t.  103. -Lower- 
leaves  whorled,  the  reft  fcattered.  Flowers  forming  a 
branched  pyramid,  reflexed.  Corolla  revolute.  A  native 
of  North  America,  whence  it  was  imported  by  Mr.  Peter 
Collinfon   in    the   year    1 738.      It    flowers    from   .Tune    vo 


ftalk  is  much  more  flender  ;  the  leaves  narrCiver,  and  fewer 
in  number  ;  the  flowers  not  quite  fo  bxge,  and  the  petals 
more  contraded  at  the  bafe  ;  they  always  hang  downwards  ; 
the  ftalks  are  fometimes  very  broad  and  flat,  appearing  as  if 
two  or  three  were  joined  together  :  when  this  happens,  they 
ful'tain  from  fixty  to  one  hundred  flowers,  and  fometimes 
more;  this,  however,  is.merely  accidental,  as. the  lame  root 
fcarcely  ever  produces  the  fame  two  years  together,  or  io 
fuccelTion. 

The  third  fort  has  varieties  with  double  flowers,  with 
variegated  .leaves,  with  fmaller  fteius,  and  the  bulb-bearing 


Auguft.     Wild  fpecimens  of  this  beautiful  fpecies  are  feldom  fiery  lily,  which  feldom  rifes  more  than  half  the  height  of  : 

found  with  above  three  or  four  flowers,  but  they  may  be  the  <jthers  ;   the  leaves  are  narrower;  the  flowers   fmaller,  , 

brought,    by  careful   cultivation,    to   bear  from  twelve  to  and  of  a  brighter  flame-colour,  few  in  number,  and  more 

fifteen.     Bulb   white  as    ivory.     Stem    round,    Imooth   and  erect:  they  come  out  a  month  before  thofe  of  the  common  • 

even,  two  or  three  feet  in  height,  branched.     Floivers  large  fort,  and  the  flalks  put  out  bulbs  at  moll  of  the  axils,  , 

and  handfome,  one, at  the  end  of  each  branch,  red  or  yelloW  which,  if  taken  off  when  the  ftalks  decay,  and.plansitd  out,   . 

with  dark  fpots  ;  their  fmell  is  dilagreeable.  they  readilv  produce  new  plants.  . 

One  of  the  fineft  figures  that  can  be  exhibited  of  this  or  In  refpeCt  to  the  fub -varieties,  they  are  the  great  broad- 
any  other  plant,  m.ay  be  feen  in  the  fecond  number  of  Dr.  leafed,  the  m.niy-flowered,  the  fniail,  and  the  hoary  bulb- 
Thornton's  lihiflration  of  the  Linnaan  Syftem,  bearing  l;Iy. 

L.  pbiladelphicm.ii     Philadelphi  n  Lily.      Linn,-  Sp.  PI.  The  fourth  kind  varies  with  white  flowers,  with  double 

435.     Curt.    Mag.    t.   5191       Redoute    Liliac.   t.    104. —  flowers,  with  red  flowers  and  hairy  ihilks,  and  wilJi  imperial   '. 
Leaves    whorled.       Flowers    erecl.       Corolla    "oell-fliaped  ; 
petals  unguiculate. — Sent  from  Philadelphia   by  Mr.  .lohn 
Bartram    in    the   year    1757.      It   flowers  in   July.     Bulbs 

fmall,  white  and  fcaly.      Stem  rather  more  than  a  foot  high,  fpotted   flowers,  with   white   Ipotted   flowers,  xnth  yellow 

bearing  two  elegant  flowers  at  the  fummit  ,    Petals  red  and  fpotted  flowers,  with  early  fcarlet  flowers,  and.  the  niajor  - 

yellow,    fpotted   towards  their   bafe   with   darkiili   red    or  fcarlet  pompouy. 
purple.  And  the  fixth  fort,  according  to  Mr.  Curtis,  varies  in  the 

Among  the  moft;  common   fpecies   in    the   gardens  are  number  of  flowers,  from  one  to  fix,  and  tl'.c  colour  in  lome 

L   chakedonieum.    Curt.  Mag.  t.  30,  which   is   the  Scarlet  is  cf  a   blood-red ;    alfo,  with   deep   fcarlet   flowers,   with    ; 

Maj-tagon  fo  remarkable  for  its  tine  coiQur ;  aitd  L.  Mar-  purple  flowers,  aud  with  large  bupctes  of  flowers. 

0£  < 


divided  ftalks. 

The  fifth  fpecies  has  varieties  with  double  red  flowers,. 
with   white   flowers,  with  double  white  flowers,   %«itli  red 


L  I  L 


L  I  L 


Of  thr  cij^hth  fpecics  there  is  a  variety  with  larger 
di'pper-colourcd  flowers. 

Method  of  Culture.— AW  tliefe  forts  are  capable  of  being 
incrcaled  by  planting  the  off-fcts  of  the  roots,  and  by  fowing 
feeds  to  obtain  new  varieties. 

And  the  roots  of  all  the  forts  afford  plenty  of  o(f-fets 
annually,  which,  when  greatly  wanted,  may  be  taken  off 
every  year  in  the  autumnal  feafon  ;  but  once  in  two  or  three 
years  is  belter,  according  as  they  are  wanted  ;  the  proper 
time  for  which  is  in  fummer  and  auttinm,  when  the  winter 
is  pad  and  the  llalks  decayed,  either  feparating  the  off-fets 
from  the  mother-bulbs  ni  the  ground,  or  taking  the  whole 
up,  and  feparating  all  the  otf-fcts,  fniall  and  great,  from 
the  main  bulbs  ;  the  fmall  off-fets  being  then  planted  in  beds 
a  foot  aHnukT,  and  three  inches  deep,  to  remain  a  year  or 
two,  and  the  large  bulbs  fet  again  in  the  borders,  &c. 
fmgly.  'I'he  off-fets  in  the  nurfery-beds  may  alfo,  after 
)iaving  obtained  fizx  and  ftrength  for  Howering  in  perfetlion, 
be  planted  out  where  they  are  wanted  for  ornament. 

But  the  fowing  of  feed  is  chiefly  pra<Sifcil  for  the  mar- 
tagons,  to  obtain  new  varieties,  which  fiiould  be  done  in 
autumn,  foon  after  the  feed  is  ripe,  in  pots  or  boxes  of  rich 
light  fandy  earth,  with  holes  in  the  bottoms  half  an  inch 
deep  ;  placing  the  pots  in  a  funny  flieltered  fituation  all 
winter,  refrefhing  them  often  at  firll  with  water,  and  the 
plants  will  appear  in  the  fpring^  when  about  April,  remove 
•them  to  have  only  the  morning  fun  all  the  fummer,  giving 
moderate  waterings  ;  in  Augutt,  the  bulbs  fliould  be  tranl- 
planted  into  nurfery-beds  in  flat  drills,  an  inch  deep,  and 
three  or  four  afunder  ;  when,  as  the  bulbs  will  be  very  fmall, 
■fcattcr  the  earth  and  bulbs  together  into  the  drills,  covering 
them  with  earth  to  the  above  depth  :  and  after  liaving  grown 
in  this  fituation  till  the  Augull  or  September  following,  they 
fhould  be  tranfplanted  into  another  bed,  placing  them  eight 
or  nine  inches  each  way  afunder,  to  remain  to  fhew  their 
firfl  flowers  ;  after  w'tiich  they  may  be  finally  planted  out 
into  the  pleafure-groimd. 

And  new  varieties  of  the  other  forts  may  be  raifed  in  tlie 
fame  way.  Likcwife,  the  bulb-bearing  varieties  may  be  in- 
creafed  by  the  little  bulbs  put  forth  from  the  axils  of  the 
leaves,  without  taking  up  the  old  bulbs,  where  it  is  ne- 
ceffary. 

And  the  fame  method  of  planting  and  general  culture 
anfwers  for  all  the  different  forts  and  varieties. 

It  may  be  noticed,  that  the  moll  proper  time  for  planting 
and  transplanting  them  is  in  autumn,  as  has  been  feen,  when 
their  flowers  and  ftalks  decay,  which  is  generally  about 
September;  the  roots  being  then  at  rell  for  a  iliort  fpace  of 
time,  as  well  as  for  procuring  roots  to  plant  o'lt.  The 
tulbs  taken  up  at  the  above  feafon  may  be  kept  out  of 
ground,  if  neceffary,  till  Odlober  or  November  :  the  white 
lilies,  however,  do  not  fucceed,  if  kept  long  out  of  the 
«arth  ;  and  all  the  olliers  fucceed  bed,  when  planted  again 
as  foon  as  poflible.  The  bulbs  of  all  the  forts  are  fold  at  the 
nurferies. 

They  fhould  be  planted  lingly,  as  they  foon  increafe  by 
off-fets  into  large  bunches,  dilpofmg  them  in  a  femblage  in 
different  parts  of  the  borders,  and  towards  the  fronts  of  the 
principal  fhriibbery  clumps;  placing  them  three  or  four 
inches  deep,  and  at  good  dillances  from  one  another,  inter- 
mixing the  different  forts,  placing  fome  forward,  and  others 
more  backward,  to  effeft  the  greater  (how  and  variety. 
And  fome  may  Ukewife  be  planted  in  feparate  beds  by  them- 
felves,  twelve  or  fifteen  inches  afunder,  either  of  different 
forts  together,  or  each  in  diffinft  beds,  or  in  feparate 
rows,  &c. 

Whea  they  have  been  thus  planted  out, 'few  of  the  forts 


require  any  particular  culture,  as  they  are  capable  of  en- 
during all  weather  at  every  feafon.  It  is,  however,  necef- 
fary to  dellioy  all  weeds  ;  and,  as  fome  of  them  run  up  with 
pretty  tall  (lender  llalks,  to  fnpport  them  witli  (licks,  to 
prcfcrve  effectually  their  upright  pofition,  by  which  their 
flowers  will  appear  to  the  bell  advantage. 

But  fome  of  the  more  tender  forts,  as  the  fecond,  fourth, 
cigiith,  and  tenth  Ipecies,  fliouid  be  protected  in  fevcic 
winters,  by  ajiplying  tanner's  bark,  or  fome  other  fimilar 
fubflance  over  their  roots.  And  they  fliould  all,  as  already 
ilated,  remain  undillurbcd  two  or  three  years,  or  h>nger  ; 
as  by  remaining,  they  flower  ftronger  after  the  firfl  year  ; 
and  liaving  increaled  by  off-fets  into  large  bunches,  many 
flalks  will  rife  from  each  bunch  of  roots,  fo  as  to  exhibit  a 
large  duller  of  flowers :  it  is,  however,  proper  to  take  up 
the  bulbs  entirely  every  three  or  four  years  at  leall,  at  the 
decay  of  the  llalk,  to  feparate  the  increafed  ofl-kts,  both 
for  propagation  and  to  dilburthen  the  main  roots,  and 
give  theni  room  to  take  their  proper  growth  in.  As  foon 
as  they  are  taken  r.p  in  the  autumn,  ail  the  lorts  fliould,  as 
already  obferved,  be  replanted  as  foon  as  pofTible,  efpecially 
the  while  lily  forts,  as  they  foon  begin  to  emit  roots. 

All  the  forts  and  varieties  are  valuable,  as  plants  of  or- 
nament, for  the  beauty  of  their  flowers,  which  have  a  nobl? 
appearance  :  they  are  of  courfe  proj)er  ornaments  for  the 
plcafure-grouud ;  and  when  the  different  forts  are  properly 
intermixed,  they  effect  a  moll  elegant  variety,  fucceedinj^ 
each  other  in  blow  upwards  of  three  months.  When  wanted 
particularly  for  fhady  or  clofe  places,  the  common  white 
lily,  orange  lily,  and  common  martagons,  are  the  mofl 
proper,  as  they  thrive  under  trees.  The  orange  lily  alfo 
anfwcrs  well  in  fmall  gardens,  in  the  midft  of  buildings  in 
towns  and  cities.  Befidcs  planting  the  different  forts  for 
tlie  beauty  of  their  flowers,  many  of  the  flriped-leavcd  whiter 
lily  forts  fhould  be  placed  towards  the  fronts  of  the  moil 
confpicuous  parts,  for  the  beauty  of  their  leaves  in  autumn, 
■winter,  and  fpring,  which,  if  dilpofed  alternately  with  the 
common  white  lily,  whole  leaves  are  entirely  green,  a  mofl 
flriking  variety  will  be  produced.  But  the  tall-growing 
forts  arc  only  proper  for  large  borders  and  clumps,  in  mix- 
ture with  other  large  kinds  of  the  herbaceous  plants. 

LiLlUM  lapiihum,  a  name  given  by  the  writers,  in  Natural 
H'ljhjry,  to  a  foffile  body  found  in  fome  parts  of  Germany  ; 
which  plainly  Ihews,  tliat  it  was  once  a  fpecies  ot  llar-filh  ; 
though  the  animal  be  not,  at  this  time,  known  in  its  recent 
flate.  Klein,  who  has  well  coniidcred  this  body,  in  com- 
pliance to  the  vulgarly  received  names  of  things,  calls  this 
the  cnlrochus  rnntofus,  ar  branched  entrochus  i  and  the  refem- 
blance  fome  of  its  parts  have  to  the  common  entrochi,  fhews 
plainly,  that  their  origin  has  been  the  fame,  and  that  tliey 
are  fragments  either  of  this  fpecics  or  of  the  Magellanic 
ftar-fifh.  The  recent  filh  not  being  found  from  which  the 
lilium  lapideum  is  formed  is  no  peculiar  fate,  but  is  com- 
mon to  It,  .and  to  the  cornua  Ammonis,  and  many  other  ani- 
mal remains. 

LILLE,  or  Lisi.E,  in  Geography;,  a  city  of  France,  and 
principal  place  of  a  dillrict,  in  the  department  of  the  Nonlu 
Before  the  revolution,  it  was  the  capital  of  French  Flan- 
ders. It  is  fltuated  in  a  marfliy  but  rich  foil,  furrounded 
with  walls,  and  llrongly  fortified  by  marflial  Vauban.  The 
river  Doule  croffes  it.  It  is  faid  to  contain  i^oftreets,  30 
public  places,  8000  houfes,  and,  by  the  moll  recent  Itate- 
ment,  54,756  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  77-  kiliometres, 
in  14  communes.  Before  the  revolution  it  had  feveral  re- 
ligions houfes.  It  was  divided  into  leven  parifhes,  and  had 
feven  gates,  fome  of  which  were  admired  for  the  ffyle  of  their 
arcliitecture.     Its  manufactures  are  llwfe  of  cloth,  camlets, 

aankeeus. 


L  I  L 

•ankeenS,  JltufFs  of  (ilk  and  woollen,  cotton,  linen  of  all  qua- 
lities and  defies,  lace,  ribbons,  carpets,  hats,  ftockings, 
paper,  foap,  &c.  The  citadel  of  Lifle  has  been  reckoned 
one  of  the  beft  works  of  Vauban,  and,  except  Turin,  the 
ftrongeft  in  Europe.     N.  lat.  jo"  38'.     E.  long.  3^  7'. 


L  I  L 

Lilly,  WlLLIA.^r,  an-Englifli  a(lrologer,wa5  bom  atDif-- 
worth,  in  Lcicefterfliire,  in  the  year  1602,  and  vas  educated 
at  Afhby-de-la-Zouch.  The  knowledge  he  acquired  at  this 
place  was  very  fcanty,  owing  to  the  fhort  time  that  he  was 
allowed  to  remain   in  it.     In   1620  he  came  to  London  to 


LILLEBONNE,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  feek  his  fortune,  and  was  bound  apprentice  to  a  tradefman 
of  the  Lower  Seine,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  dif-  in  St.  Clement  Danes.  In  1624  he  became  book-keeper  to 
tricl  of  Le  Havre  ;  16  miles  E.  of  Havre.  The  place  con-  the  malter  of  the  Sailers'  company,  on  whofe  death  he  mar- 
tains  601  j  and  the  canton  8685  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  ried  his  widow.  Being  now  his  own  mafler,  and  poflelTed 
135  kiliometres,  in  20  communes.  ""  *"         "■  '     "  ....  .       - 

LILLERS,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
Straits  of  Calais,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  diftriiSl 
of  Bethune;  6  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bethune.  The  place  con- 
tains 4107,  and  the  canton  14,682  inhabitants,  on  a  terri- 
tory of  10)  kiliometres,  in  9  communes. 

LILLO,  George,  in  Biography,  an  Englifh  writer  of 
tragedies,  born  in  London  in  the  year  169^,  was  the  fon 
of  a  Dutch  jeweller,  by  an  Enghfli  mother.  He  was 
brought  up  to  his  father's  trade,  and  carried  on  the  bu- 
finefs  with  great  reputation  for  feveral  years.  His  firll 
publication,  as  a  literary  character,  was  entitled  "  Sylvia,  a 
haliad-opera  ;"  but  his  fame  is  founded  on  his  tragedies, 
which  are  rcprefentations  of  domeftic  dillrefs  in  common 
Hfe,  exhibited  for  a  moral  purpofe.  By  the  choice  and  ma- 
nagement of  his  Horses,  he  f\icceeded  in  rendering  them 
eminently   pathetic,    and    he    difplayed    no    inconfiderable 


of  fome  fortune,  he  fpent  much  time  in  frequenting  fermons, 
leftures,  5;c.  and  became  attached  to  the  Puritan  party.  In 
1632  he  ftudied  aftrology  under  a  perfon  named  Evans,  a 
profligate  clergyman,  who,  on  account  of  certain  immora- 
lities, was  obliged  to  quit  a  curacy.  Lilly  in  a  few  weeks 
obtained  of  his  mafter  all  the  requifite  knowledge  of  his  art, 
and  in  a  fnort  time  excelled  him  in  calculation.  The  firil 
fpecimen  which  he  gave  the  public  of  his  flcill  in  aftrology, 
was  an  intimation,  that  the  king  had  chofen  an  unlucky  ho- 
rofcope  for  his  coronation  in  Scotland.  About  the  year 
1634  he  got  poffeffion  of  a  book  in  MS.  entitled  "  Ars 
notoria,"  teaching  the  pretended  occult  fciences,  from 
wluch  he  eagerly  imbibed  tlie  doclrine  of  the  magic  cir- 
cle, and  the  invocation  of  fpirits,  which  he  praftifed  fer 
fome  time,  ufmg  certain  prayers  prefcribed  in  it,  addrcfled 
to  angels  whom  it  reprefents  to  be  inftruftors  of  men  ii\ 
thele  grand  arcana.  Previoufly  to  this,  few  perfons,  who 
knowledge  of  the  human  heart.  His  tragedies  are  "  George  praftifed  in  the  aitrological  art,  pretended  to  go  farther 
Barnwell,"'  "Fatal  Curiofity,"  and  "  Arden  of  Fever-  than  to  endeavour  to  trace  out  and  recover  ftolen  goods  ; 
(ham."  The  firil  of  thefe  is,  we  believe,  uniformly  brought  but  Lilly  treated  this  part  of  the  myftery  with  great 
on  the  ftage  about  Chriftmas  in  every  year,  and  it  generally  contempt,  and  laid  claim  to  the  fupernatural  fight,  and 
brings  crowded  houfes  :  the  play  entitled  "  Fatal  Curiofity"  the  gift  of  predicting  future  events,  which  he  well  knew 
is  mentioned  by  the  late  James  Harris,  efq.  in  his  "  Philo-  how  to  turn  to  his  own  advantage.  In  i6'6  he  fettled 
logical  Inquiries,'"  as  a  fine  example  of  the  gradual  unfold-  at  Her/ham,  near  Walton  on  Thames,  in  Surrey,  where  be- 
ing of  a"  fcene  of  horror,  not  lefs  perfeft  than  that  which  remained  till  164 1,  when  he  came  to  London,  with  a  num-- 
has  been  fo  long  and  highly  applauded  in  the  (Edipus  of  ber  of  curious  books,  in  his  ov.-n  art,  which  he  had  pur- 
Sophocles.  Attempts  have  been  made  to  revive  its  reputa-  chafed  in  the  country.  In  1644,  he  pubbdied  his  "  Mer- 
tion,  but  without  fuccefs.  The  "Arden  of  Fevertham"  linus  Anglicus,"  an  almanac,  which  he  continued  annually 
was  a  pofthumous  piece.  His  other  performances  have  till  his  death,  and  feveral  other  works  which  were  written 
long  fince  been  forgotten.  He  died  in  1739,  at  the  age  of  on  the  fubjefts  of  his  art ;  devoting  his  pen  and  other  la- 
47,  and  his  works  were  collected  and  edited  in  2  vols.  8vo,  hours  fometimes  to  the  king's  pavtv,  and  fometimes  to  that 
by  Mr.  Davies,  v.-ith  a  thort  account  of  his  hfe  ;  to  wliich  of  the  parliament  ;  raifing  his  forfjne  by  favourable  pre- 
the  reader  is  referred  for  farther  particulars.  See  alfo  the  dictions  to  both  parties,  at  one  time  by  prefents,  and  at 
new  edition  of  the  Biographia  Dramaiica.  another  by  penfions.     Lilly  was  certainly  confulted  refpeft- 

LlLLO,  in  Giogrophy,  a  town  of  SpaiB,  in  New  Cadile  ;    iiig  the  king's  projefted  efcape  from   Cari.^rook-caftle,  and 

by  his  advice  and  contrivance  the  monarch  attempted  feveral 
times  to  make  his  efcape  from  his  confinement  :  he  procured 
and  lent  aquafortis  and  files  to  cut  the  iron  bars  of  his 
priion  windows,  but  advifing  and  writing  for  the  other 
party  at  tlie  fame  time.  In  1648  and  1649,  he  read  public 
lectures  on  aftrology,  for  the  improvement,  as  he  pretended, 
of  young  (Indents  in  the  art,  and  managed  matters  fo  well, 
and  profitably,  that  in  1651  and  1652,  he  laid  out  nearly 
2000/.  in  an  eitate  at  Herlham.  During  the  fiege  of  Col- 
cheiter,  he  and  Booker,  another  aftrologer,  who  was  alfo  a 
licenfer  of  mathematical  books,  were  fent  thither  to  encou- 
rage the  fcldiers,  which  they  did,  by  aifuring  them  that  the 
town  wouldfoon  be  taken,  which  proved  true  in  the  event. 
In  the  year  1 650,  having  predicted  in  his  almanac  that  the 
parliamentary  gevernment  would  be  overturned,  he  was 
lummoned  to  anfwer  for  his  conduft,  but  during  the  inter- 
val of  four-and-twenty  hours,  which  were  allowed  him,  he 
got  the  obnoxious  leaves  reprinted,  and  carried  before  the 


28  miles  E.S.E;  of  Toledo 

LiLLO,  a  fortrefs  of  Brabant,  on  the  E.  fide  of  the 
Scheldt,  built  bv  the  Dutch  in  1584,  and  ever  fince  gar- 
rifbned.  This  fortrefs,  which  guards  the  pafiTage  to  An- 
twerp by  large  velTels,  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1794  ; 
9  miles  N.W.  of  Antwerp. 

LiLLO,  in  Ichthyology,  a  name  given  by  the  Rhodians  to 
the  labrus. 

LILLY,  John,  in  Biography,  an  Englifli  writer,  was 
bom  about  the  year  1553,  and  educated  at  Magdalen  col- 
lege, from  whence  he  removed  to  Cambridge,  alter  he  had 
taken  his  degrees  in  arts.  On  his  anival  in  London,  he  be- 
came acquainted  with  fome  of  queen  Elizabeth's  courtiers, 
by  whom  he  was  careffed  as  a  poet  and  a  wit  ;  and  her  nia- 
ie'.ly,  on  particular  feltivals,  honoured  his  dramatic  pieces 
witk  her  prefence.  He  attended  the  court  feveral  vears, 
yet  fo  little  did  he  get  by  his  attendance  there,  notwith- 
Itanding  his  literary  reputation,  that   he   was  under  the  ne- 


cefTity  of  petitioning  the  queen  for  a  fmalftipend  to  fupport  committee  fix  copies  thus  altered,  which  he   faid   were  co- 

him  in  his  old  age.     He  died  about  the  year  f6oo.     He  was  pies  of  his  edition,  the  others  having  been  printed  with  .-» 

autho?  of  feveral  plays,  as   Endmuon  ;   Campafpe  ;  Midas;  view  to  ruin  his  reputation.      By  this  trick  and  fa' ihood  he 

aaed  before  queen  Elizabeth  j  the  Maid's  Metamorphofis,  efcaped  with  only  an   iniprifonment  of  thirteen  dave.     In 

&c.  i-'jjj  he  was  indicted  for  giving  an  opinion  in  the  cafe  *f 

Vet.  XXI.  E                                   iiolcB 


L  I  L 


L  1  L 


fto'cn  (^oocls,  but  the  svidcncc  being  infufiicicnt  to  conviA  LiLV  .■•//'hoi^c/,  m  J^ct,ir.y.     See  Criki-m. 

him  he  was  acquitted.'     In    1659,   he  received  a  haiHlfome  "Lu.X,  bH-idnnitti,  ilaffodil,  Gucritfiy,  Mexican,  znA  Japan, 

gold  chain  and  medal  from  tlie  king  of  Sweden,  on   account  names  ufed  by  di!fercut   iiuthors  It*-   the  amarylhs,  or  liUo. 

of  his  havinjr  mentioned  that  monarch   in   his  ahnanac  for  narcitTus  of  Liiiiia;us  and  Touniefprt. 


two  fncceffive  years  with  applaufc.  On  tlic  reftoration  of 
Cliarlcs  II.  he  was  examined  as  to  the  perfon  who  decapi- 
tated the  late  kinj,s  and  declared  that  it  was  cornet  Joyce. 
On  account  of  the  part  which  it  was  known  he  hid  taken 
during  the  commonwealth,  he  was  glad  to  fue  out  a  pardon 
under  the  great  feal,  which  was  granted  him.  In  i66j, 
when  the  plague  raged  in  London,  he  removed  to  Herfliam. 
After  the  great  fire  of  London  in  1666,  he  was  examined 
as  to  the  perpetrators  of  the  deed,  but  he  was  unable  by  his 
art  to  fatisfy  his  employers.  Shortly  after  this  he  adopted 
for  a  fon  a  perfon  named  Henry  Coley,  a  taylor  by  trade, 
and  gave  him  the  profits  of  his  almanac.  Lilly  died  at 
Heriham  in  1681,  when  he  was  about  feventy-nine  years  of 
age.  I^tis  works  were  numerous,  the  titles  of  which  are 
piven  in  the  Biog  Brit.,  and  alfo  in  Hutton's  Mathematical 
Diftiorary  :  the  chief  of  them  are  "  Chriftian  Adrology  ;" 
•'  A  CoUedion  of  Nativities  ;"  "  Obfcrvations  on  the  Life 
and  Death  of  Charles  Lite  King  of  England  ;"  and  «'  Annus 
Tcnebrofus,  or  the  Black  Year." 

Lilly  of  Paracelfus.     See  Tinctuke  of  Mdah. 
Lilly  Point,  in  Geography,  a  place  of  America,  in  King 
William  County,  Virginia,  in   which  is  a  pod-office;    134 
miles  from  Washington. 

LILOAN,  a  town  on  the  E.  coaftof  the  iflandof  Sibu  ; 
J>I.  lat.  10  40'.  E.  long.  I2_5^4j'. 

LILY,  WiLLl.\.M,  in  Biography,  a  famous  fchoolmaller 
and  grammarian,  was  born  at  Odiham,  in  Hamptliire,  about 
the  year  1466.  He  was  educated  at  Magdalen  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  a  degree,  and  tlien  went  on  a  pilgri- 
mage to  the  Holy  Land.  On  his  return  he  puifued  iiis  lludies 
at  Rhodes,  which  ifland,  after  the  capture  of  Conllanti- 
rople,  was  the  refidence  of  feveral  learned  men,  under  the 
protcftion  of  the  knights,  its  potTetTors.  Here  he  itudied, 
and  made  great  progrefs  in,  the  Greek  language  ;  but  for 
farther  improvement  in  it,  and  in  the  Latin  tongue,   he  vi 


Lily,  DaJfoillU     Sec  A.m.\kvl/,is  and  Paxckatiu.m. 

Lily,  Day,  or  Si.  Rruno\<.  Illy.     See  He-mkrolallis. 

Lily,  Hyacinth.     See  Scii.la. 

Lily,  May.     See  CoNVAi.LAiaA. 

Lily,  Pcrfan.     Sec  FiirriLLAiu.'V. 

Lily,  Superb.     See  Gi.oiuosa. 

LiLY-?/or«.     See  Catesh.t'.a. 

Lily  of  the  Valley.     Sec  Coxvallaria. 

Lily,  lluiter.     See  Nymmi-t-a. 

Lily,  Lefer  yellow  luater.     Sec  Mexyaxtiics. 

LILYTwEUM,  nowylfi7r/(;/a,  m  Ancient  Geography, ztowti 
of  Sicily,  S.of  Drepanum,  and  near  the  promontoiy  of  the  fame 
name,  mow  called  Cape  Bocco.  It  was  the  princij)al  fortrefs 
of  the  Carthaginians  in  Sicily,  and  ih.e  only  city  that  refilled 
Pyrrhus  wiien  he  paffed  into  this  ifland  in  the  47 ^th  year  of 
Rome  ;  but  having  been  ineffeftually  befic-ged  for  five  years, 
it  was  ceded  to  the  Romans  after  the  victory  of  Lutatius, 
A.  U.  C.  511.  The  ifle  Tligadcs,  the  modern  Maretimo, 
which  is  oppofite  to  Marfala,  feenis  to  be  the  key  of  that 
immcofe  harbour.  It  is  formed  by  rocks,  little  low  iflands, 
tongues  of  land,  and  fand-banks,  which  break  the  waves  on 
all  fides,  and  form  a  large  femi-circle,  within  which  the  fea 
is  always  calm.  It  was  from  this  fort  that  the  formidable  fleet 
commanded  by  Scipio  Africanus  failed,  when  he  let  out  for 
Afiica  in  the  fecond  Punic  war,  A.U.C.548.  The  beauty 
of  this  harbour  induced  the  Saracens  to  call  it  "  Marfala," 
fignifying,  in  their  language,  tl  e  "  Port  of  God."  The 
number  of  inhabitants  at  Marfala  is  clUmated  at  a^jOoo. 
Of  this  famous  port  and  impregnable  city,  the  traces  that 
remain  are  fome  few  ruins  of  the  ancient  walls  W.  of  the 
town,  built  with  enormous  mafles  of  llone,  whicii  no  machine, 
before  the  invention  of  cannon,  could  fliake.  In  front  of 
thefe  wall.s  were  deep  ditches,  hewn  out  of  the  rock,  fome 
parts  of  which  ftill  exilt.  Here  is  no  longer  any  anchorage 
for  fliipping,  and  the  port  is  only  fit  for  the  reception  of 


fited  Rome,  and  attended  tlie  ledures  of  the  moit  celebrated     fmall  barks.      It  was  dellroyed,   as  it  is  faid,   by  Don  John 


profeifors.  He  now  returned  to  London,  and  opened  a 
fchool  for  the  learned  languages,  rhetoric,  and  poetry, 
which  he  taught  on  pure  clalhcal  principles.  In  15 10, 
when  dean  Collet  founded  St.  Paul's  fchool,  he  app;)inted 
Lily  the  firft  mailer,  a  ftatiou  which  he  occupied  v.'ith  An- 
gular utility  for  twelve  years.  He  died  of  the  plague  in 
1.J22,  or  1523.  Lily  was  much  elleemed  by  his  contempo- 
raries,  as  well  for  his  moral  cliaradler,  as  for  his  literary 
abilities.  He  was  the  author  of  feveral  Latin  poems  and 
tracls,  but  is  bell  known  for  the  grammar  that  goes  under 
his  name,  and  is  llill  ulcd  in  our  public  fchools.  This  was 
not  wholly  of  his  own  compofition,  having  been  afillled  in 
It  by  the  labours  of  cardinal  Wolfey  and  dean  Collet.  Biog. 
Brit. 

Lily,  Geor€;e,  eldefl  fon  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
London,  and  educated  at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  after 
whicli  he  was  made  canon  of  St.  Paul's  and  prebendary  of 
Canterbury.  He  was  the  firft  perfon  who  publifhcd  an 
cxaft  map  of  Britain  :  he  died  in  1559,  and  left  behind 
feveral  works  of  merit,  as  "  Antjlorum  Return  Chronices 
Epitome  ;"  "  Regum  Anglix  Genealogia  ;"  "  Catalogus 
five  Series  Pontificum  et  Casfarum  Ronianorum,"  &c.      He 


of  Audria,  who  being  unable  to  defend  it,  would  not  leave 
it  open  to  the  Africans,  who  were  only  at  the  difl.ance  of 
JO  leagues.  At  prefent  Marfila  has  only  a  fmail  road,  to 
which  veflels  refort,  in  order  to  load  with  tunny,  and  the 
aflies  of  kali,  which  are  made  here  in  great  abundance,  and 
form  the  principal  and  almoft  fole  objetl  of  the  commerce 
of  the  country.  The  merchants  of  Marfeilles  come  hither 
to  purchafe  it  for  their  foap  manufactories. 

LIM.A,  in  Geography,  an  audience  of  Peru,  ereftedin  the 
year  1542,  which  contains  within  its  jurifdidion  one  arch- 
bilhopric  and  four  bilhoprics  ;  -ui^.  thofe  of  Truxillo,  Gua- 
manga,  Cu/,co,  and  Arequipa.  The  arcl.bllhopric  of  Lima 
comprehends  15  jurifdiclions,  w'a.  the  circuit  of  Lima,  Chan- 
cay,  Santa,  Canta,  Canete,  lea,  Pifco,  and  Naica,  which 
three  places  form  one  jurildiilion,  Guarachia,  Guanuco, 
Yauyos,  Caxatambo,  Sarma,  Jouxa,  Canchucos,  Guyalas, 
and  Guamalies.  The  diocefe  of  Truxdlo  contains  fevea 
jurifdiclions;  that  of  Guamanga  nine;  that  of  Cuzco 
fourteen  ;  and  that  of  Arequipa  fix. 

Lima,  a  famous  city  of  the  audience  of  Lima,  and  capital 
of  the  vice-royalty  of  Peru.  This  city,  called  "  Civdad  de- 
los  Reye?,"  or  the  city  of  the  kings,  from  its  having  been 


left  likewife  a  MS.  life  of  bifliop  Filher,  which  is  depofited    founded  by  Don  Francifco  Pizarro,  on  the  read  of  the  Epi- 

in  the  library  of  the  Royal  Society.     Biog.  Brit.  phany,  A.  D.    1 5^3 ;,  is   fituated   in  the    fpacious  and   de- 

LlLY-,  \n  Botany.     SceLlLlCM.  '  lightlul  valley  of  Rimac,  whence,  by  corruption,  the  name 

Lily,  in  Gurj/i-mn^,  the  common  name  of  this  well  known    Lima  is  derived:   Rimac  being  the  ap'^ellation  of  an  idol 

flower  plant.    See  Amauxlus,  and  Lilil'M.  to  wliicb  the.  native  Indians  ufed  to  offer  facrificcs,  as  the 

Yiica* 


LIMA. 


Yncas  alfo  did,  after  they  had  extended  their  empire  hither : 
and  as  it  was  fuppofed  to  return  an  anfwcr  to  the  prayers  ad- 
drefled  to  it,  they  called  it,  by  way  of  diftinftion,  Rimac, 
or  lie  who  fpeaks.  The  fituation  of  this  city  is  peculiarly 
advantageous,  as  it  is  placed  in  the  centre  of  a  valley,  the 
■whole  of  which  it  commands.  Towards  the  north,  at  a 
confiderable  diilance,  is  the  Cordillera,  or  chain  of  the 
Andes  ;  whence  fome  hills  project  into  the  valley,  the 
neareft  of  which,  to  tlie  city,  are  tliofe  of  St.  Chriftopher, 
and  Amancaes.  A  river  of  the  lame  name  walhes  the  walls 
of  Lima,  over  which  is  an  elegant  and  Ipacions  (lone  brido-e, 
with  a  gate  of  beautiful  architedure,  that  forms  the  entrance 
into  thcvcity,  and  leads  to  the  grand  fijuare,  wliich  is  large, 
and  finely  ornamented.  In  the  middle  of  it  is  a  noble 
fountain  of  bronze,  and  fuch  olijefts,  uletul  as  well  as  orna- 
mental, are  not  uncommon.  The  form  of  the  city  is 
triangular,  the  bafe,  or  longed  lide,  extending  along  the 
banks  of  the  river.  Its  length  is  1920  toifes,  or  -jds  of  a 
league;  and  its  greateft  breadth  from  N.  to  S.,  that  is, 
from  the  bridge  to  the  angle  oppofite  to  the  bafe,  is  1080 
toifes,  or  |ths  of  a  league.  It  is  fnrrounded  with  a  brick, 
•wall,  fianked  with  34  baftions  ;  and  in  its  whole  circum- 
ft-rence  it  has  feven  gates  and  three  poiterns.  On  the  fide 
of  the  river  oppofite  to  the  city  is  a  fuburb,  called  St.  La- 
zaro,  which  has  lately  increafed  ;  all  its  flreets,  like  thofe  of 
the  city,  are  broad,  parallel,  and  at  right  angles,  forming 
fquare?  of  houfes  ;  all  well-paved,  fupphed  from  the  river 
■with  ftreams  of  water,  arched  over,  fo  that  they  contribute 
to  cleanunefs  and  falubrity,  without  the  leaft  iiiconveniency. 
The  number  of  ilreets  is  faid  to  be  35  j,  and  of  houfes  3941 . 
Towards  the  E.  and  W.  parts  of  the  city,  within  the  walls, 
are  many  fruit  and  kitchen-gardens  ;  and  mod  of  the  prin- 
cipal houfes  have  gardens  for  amufemcnt,  which  are  conti- 
jiually  refrelhed  with  water  by  means  of  canalj.  The  whole 
,  city  is  divided  into  five  parilhes,  and  abounds  with  churches, 
convents,  nunneries,  colleges,  and  charitable  foundations, 
which  it  would  be  tedious  to  recount,  and  it  has  alfo  a  famous 
univerfity,  founded  in  1576.  All  the  churches  and  chapels 
are  large,  and  adorned  with  paintings  -and  other  decorations 
of  great  value.  The  viceroys  of  Peru  ufually  refide  at 
Liima,  enjoying  all  the  privileges  of  rpyalty,  and,  befides 
afhlling  at  the  courts  of  jullice,  and  the  councils  relating  both 
to  the  finances  and  war,  give  every  day  public  audience  to 
all  forts  of  perfons  ;  for  which  purpofe,  there  are  in  the 
palace  three  very  grand  and  fpacious  rooms.  Under  the 
•viceroy  there  is  a  number  of  officers,  and  of  tribunals  for 
the  tranfaAions  of  the  bufinefs  of  the  city  and  audience. 
The  Cabildo,  or  Ayuntamiento,  that  is,  the  municipal 
body  of  the  city,  enjoys  particular  privileges  ;  and  the  re- 
venue of  the  capital  exceeds  36,000  dollars.  Since  1786, 
tliere  is  alfo  a  judge  of  the  police,  afilfted  by  an  able  archi- 
teft,  and  other  officers. 

Upon  the  whole,  we  may  obferve,  without  reciting  par- 
ticulars, that  Lima  is  not  only  large,  magnificent,  and  dillin- 
guilhed  as  the  capital  of  the  kingdom,  by  the  refidence  of 
the  viceroy,  and  the  fuperior  courts  and  offices,  but  that  it 
has  an  acknowledged  fuperioijity  over  the  other  cities  in  that 
part  of  the  world,  from  the  inftitutions  that  are  eftablilhed 
for  the  advancement  of  literature  and  the  fciences.  It  is  a 
place  v.'here  lu.Kury  prevails  to  a  great  degree  ;  the  malls 
are  crowded  with  bandfome  carriages ;  the  number  of 
coaches  and  calafh'cu  being  computed  at  1400.  Never- 
thelels,  amufements  are  rare,  and  literature  is  negleded. 
Little  encouragement  is  given  to  publications  of  a  kind 
moft  likely  to  mtereil  the  inhabitants  of  the  city  and  its 
environs.  The  univerfity  of  St.  Mark  is  condufted  on  the 
plan  of  tlie  Spanifh  univerfitie*.     The  theatre  is  »  neat 


building ;  but  the  exhibitions  do  not  difplay  much  tarte. 
Coffee-houfcs  only  began  to  be  opened  in  177 1.  Cock- 
fighting  is  a  favnurife  amufement  on  Sundays  and  feflivals  ; 
nor  are  bull-fightr,  unknown. 

The  number  of  inhabitants  in  this  city,  according  to 
the  lateft  enumeration,  amounts  to  ^2,627  ;  the  monks 
and  clergy  being  1392;  the  nuns  1585;  the  Spaniards, 
in  general,  17,215;  with  3219  Indians,  and  8960  negroes, 
the  reft  being  Meftizos,  and  perfons  of  other  calls.  The 
rich  ecclefiaftics,  proprietors  of  entailed  eilatcs,  mih'tarv 
and  civil  officers,  and  phyiicians,  advocates,  attornies,  and 
artizans,  may  amount  to  19,000  ;  the  reft  being  ilaves 
or  domeftics.  The  want  of  occupation  leads  many  of 
the  females  to  vice ;  and  the  men  are  rather  inclined  to 
indolence  and  floth.  The  population  has  declined  finre 
the  ereftion  of  the  new  vice-royally  of  La  Plata  ;  and  it 
is  likely  ftiil  farther  to  dccreafe,  notwithllanding  an  i  iflux 
of  1400  perfons  of  all  fexes  and  conditions,  who  annually 
arrive  aa  a  fupply  ;  not  to  mention  the  Spanifh  j^irls,  who, 
from  the  province  of  Pinra  in  the  north,  and  lea  in  the 
fouth,  come  hither  to  difpofe  of  their  charms  either  in  mar- 
riage or  love,  thofe  provinces  being  celebrated  for  female 
beauty.  All  the  inhabitants  of  Lima,  from  the  highcft  to 
the  loweft,  are  fond  of  fine  clothes,  and  they  indulge  their 
pafiion  to  great  excefs.  The  women's  drefs  confiils  of  a 
pair  of  ftioes,  a  chemife,  a  petticoat  of  dimity,  an  open  pet- 
ticoat, and  a  jacket,  which,  in  fummer,  is  of  linen,  and  in 
winter  of  ftuff,  to  v.hich  fome  add  a  mantelette.  Women  ' 
of  the  loweft  condition,  whofe  whole  ftock  of  apparel  confifti 
merely  of  two  chemifes  and  a  petticoat,  wear  bracelets,  rofa- 
rifs,  and  finall  gold  images,  about  their  necks  andarms,  to  the 
valne  of  fifty  or  fixty  crowns.  The  females  are,  in  general,  of 
a  middling  ftature,  handfome,  genteel,  of  a  very  fair  com. 
plexion,  withbeautitul  hair,  and  enchanting  luilre,  anddiTnity 
in  their  eyes.  They  are  naturaUy  gay,  fprightly,  jocofe,  with- 
out  levity,  and  remarkably  fond  of  niufic.  The  temperature 
of  the  air  at  Lima  is  agreeable  ;  and  though  the  difference  of 
the  four  feafons  is  perceptible,  they  are  all  moderate,  and 
none  of  them  troublefome.  Spring  begins  towards  the  clofe  of 
the  year,  ;.  e.  towards  the  end  of  November,  or  beginning 
of  December  ;  this  is  fucceeded  by  fummer,  the  heat  of 
which  is  moderated  by  the  fouth  winds :  at  the  latter  end 
of  June,  or  beginning  of  July,  the  winter  begins,  and  con- 
tinues till  November  or  December,  the  autumn  intervenino-. 
As  rain  is  feldom  or  never  feen  at  Lima,  the  place  is  equally 
free  from  tempefts,  and  tiie  inhabitants  are  totally  firangers  to 
thunder  and  lightning:  there  are,  however,  orhcr  incon- 
veniences and  evils  10  which  they  are  obnoxious.  In  fum- 
mer they  are  tormented  with  fleas,  bugs,  and  raofquiloes  ;  ' 
but  the  moft  dreadful  calamity  to  wliich  this  country  is 
fubjetl  is  the  recurrence  of  earthquakes,  of  which  they  have 
had  feveral,  which  have  almoft  ruined  the  city.  Thefe  have 
occurred  in  1582,  1586,  1609:  1630,  1655,  167S,  J687, 
1696,  1697,  1699,  1716,  1725,  1732,  1734,  '745'  and 
1746  ;  the  latter  being  the  moft  tremendous  and  deilruftivs. 
As  the  beft  fecurity  againft  carthouakes,  they  build  their 
houfes  moftly  of  \*ood,  and  the  walls  of  wattled  oziers  or 
canes,  covered  with  clay,  and  painted.  The  dillempers 
moft  common  at  Lima  are  malign;uit,  intermittent,  and  catar. 
lious  fevers,  pleurifies,  and  conilipations  ;  and  thcfe  rage 
covitinually  in  the  city.  The  fniall-pox  is  slfo  known  here  ; 
and  when  it  occurs  proves  fatal  to  many.  The  wealth  of  this 
city  is  chiefly  derived  from  the  mines  in  the  province* 
to  the  north  and  fouth-;  but  agriculture  profpers  very  much 
in  the  vicinity,  and  the"  fii  Ids  fupply  food  for  a  multitude  of 
Iiorfes  and  cattie.  The  fertility  of  the  foil  was  very  much 
improved  iii  ancient  times  bv  the  care  of  ilje  Yocas,  ta  cut 


L  I  M 


L  I  U 


and  arrange  trenches  in  fuch  a  manner,  as  to  condmSt  the 
water  of  the  rivers  to  irrigate  the  foil  j  and  when  the 
Spaniards  took  pofTcfTion  of  the  country,  they  purfued  the 
fmie  phin  ;  thus  they  watered  the  fpacioua  fields  of  wheat 
and  barley,  large  meadows,  plantations  of  fugar  caaes,  and 
olive  trees,  vineyards,  and  gardens  of  all  kinds,  which  were 
rendered  very  produAivc.  By  the  eartliquake  in  1O87,  the 
foil  was  fo  vitiated,  that  it  hecame  unfit  for  yielding  wheat 
and  barley  ;  but  after  remaining  40  years  in  this  (late  of 
fterility,  it  again  fo  far  recovered  itfelf  as  in  a  confiderablc 
degree  to  become  fit  for  grain  as  before.  Hoivever,  re- 
peated earthquakes  have  been  unfavourable.  Tlie  fields  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Lima  are  chiefly  fovvn  with  clover, 
of  which  there  is  a  very  great  confuniption,  as  it  is  the  com- 
mon fodder  for  all  beads,  particularly  mules  and  horfes,  of 
which  there  is  an  inconceivable  number.  The  bread  at 
Lima  is  the  bed  in  all  this  part  of  America,  both  with  re- 
gard to  its  colour  and  talle.  The  mutton  and  beef  are  alfo 
very  good  ;  and  here  is  alfo  plenty  of  poultry,  pork,  and 
fifh  ;  which  latter  article  is  fuppliod  by  the  Indians  of  the 
coalt,  from  the  bay  of  Callao,  and  the  villages  of  CheriUo 
and  Luria.  The  river  of  Lima,  and  the  coafts,  furnifli 
anchovies  and  various  forts  of  {liell-tifli.  The  wines  at  Lima 
arc  of  diflerent  forts,  white,  red,  and  dark-red,  and  of  each 
fort  fome  are  peculiarly  excellent.  ■  They  are  imported  from 
the  coalls  of  Nafea,  Pifco,  Lucumba,  and  Chili,  but  the 
latter  produces  the  beft.  That  from  Pifco  has  the  greatell 
fale,  and  from  the  fame  place  all  the  brandies  ufed  at  Lima 
or  exported  are  brought.  Many  of  the  dried  fruits  are 
brought  from  Chili,  and  by  the  trade  carried  on  between 
the  two  kingdoms,  Lima  is  fnpplied  with  all  lorts  of  fruits 
known  in  Spain.  At  Lima  tliere  are  no  fabrics  nor  manu- 
fadlures  of  any  kind.  Lima  owes  much  of  its  magnificence 
and  fplendour  to  its  being  the  capital  of  Peru,  and  the 
general  ftaple  of  the  kingdom.  As  it  is  the  relidence  of 
the  government  and  chief  tribunals,  it  is  alfo  the  common 
factory  for  commerce  of  every  kind,  and  the  centre  of  the 
produces  and  niannfaiflures  of  the  other  provinces,  together 
■with  tliofe  of  Europe,  brouglit  over  in  the  galleons  or  regif- 
tcr  tbips  ;  and  dillributed  from  hence  through  the  wide 
(rxteut  of  thefe  kinj;doms.  At  the  head  of  the  commerce 
is  the  tribunal  del  Confulado,  which  appoint  commiflaries  to 
retide  in  the  other  cities  of  its  dependencies,  extending 
through  all  Peru.  The  chief  commerce  of  Lima  is  with 
Valparaifo,  Concepcion,  and  Coquimbo,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Chili ;  the  ille  of  Chiloe,  and  Arica,  Ilo,  and  Pifco  in  the 
fouth  i  towards  the  north  with  Truxillo,  Pacafmayo,  and 
Payta,  in  the  viceroyalty  of  Peru  ;  with  Guayaquil  and  Pa- 
nama in  the  viceri>yalty  of  New  Granada  ;  and  with  Realejo 
in  Giiatamala,  and  Acapulco,  in  Mexico.  This  trade  is 
conducted  by  10  (hips,  11  merchant-frigates,  19  packet- 
boats,  and  a  balandra,  »r  fmall  Irar.fport-boat ;  amounting 
in  all  to  351,500  quintals  of  tonnage,  navigated  by  460 
feamen.  After  the  dedru&ion  of  the  fea-port  town  of 
Callao  by  an  earthquake  in  1747  (fee  Callao),  a  new 
town  or  village  was  fou  ded,  at  the  didancc  of  a  quarter  of 
a  league,  called  "  Ballavilla."  There  is  a  fortrefs  called 
"  San  Fernando,"  with  a  fufBcient  garrifon  to  defend  the 
bav,  which  in  the  S.W.  is  fenced  by  a  barren  idand  called 
"  San  Lorenzo."  Here  all  the  fliips  anchor  about  two 
leagues  from  Lima.  The  coalls  of  Nafca  and  Pifco  fend  to 
Lima  wine,  brandy,  raifins,  o  ives,  and  oil ;  and  the  king- 
dom of  Chili,  wheat,  flour,  lard,  leather,  cordage,  wines, 
dried  fruits,  and  fome  gold.  Every  Monday,  during  the 
whole  year,  there  is  a  fair  at  Callao,  whither  the  traders  or 
proprietors  of  commodities  refort  from  all  parts  ;  and  the 
goods  are  carried,  according  to  the  dircclioiis  of  the  buyers. 


on  droves  of  mules  kept  for  tliis  purpofe  by  the  mafterS  of 
the  warehoufes.  Copper  and  tin  in  bars  are  brought  frdm 
Coquimbo  ;  from  the  mountains  dc  Caxamarea  and  Chaca-' 
poyas,  canvas  made  of  cotton  for  fails  and  other  duffs  of 
that  kind,  and  Cordovan  leather  and  foap  are  made  all  over 
Valles,  the  valley  in  which  Lima  is  fituated.  From  the 
fouthern  provinces,  as  Plata,  Oruio,  Potofi,  and  Cuzco, 
is  fent  Vicuna  wool,  for  making  hats  and  fome  ilulTs  of  a 
peculiar  firinnefs.  From  Paraguay,  the  herb  called  by 
that  name  is  fent,  of  which  there  is  a  great  cojifumptiorf. 
The  produce  of  the  fales  in  the  inland  parts  of  the  king- 
dom is  fent  to  Lima  in  bars  of  filver,  and  pignas,  which 
are  porous  and  light  mades  of  iilver,  being  an  amalgam  of 
mercury  and  dull  taken  out  of  the  mines.  The  Jilver  is 
coined  at  the  mint  in  this  city.  I^ima  has  alfo  its  particular 
trade  with  the  kingdoms  both  of  N'Tth  and  South  America. 
The  mod  conliderable  commodity  received  from  the  former 
is  fnud",  which  is  brought  from  the  Havannali  to  Mt  xico, 
and  after  havinjj  been  there  improved  is  forwarded  to  Lima, 
and  conveyed  from  thence  to  the  other  proviices  Thero 
is  no  province  in  Peru,  that  does  not  tranfmit  to  Lima  its 
products  and  manufatlures  ;  and  fupply  illelf  from  hence 
with  the  neceflary  commodities. 

Lima  alfo  receives  from  the  ports  of  New  Spain,  paph» 
tha,  tar,  iron,  and  fome  indigo  for  dyeing.  'Phe  kingdom 
of  Terra  Firma  fends  to  Lima,  kaf-tobacco  and  pearls, 
which  fuid  here  a  good  market,  as  no  mulatto  woman  is 
without  fome  ornament  made  of  them.  The  ladies  and 
women  of  all  ranks  have  an  ancient  cudom  of  carrying  in 
their  mouths  a  "  linipion,"  or  cleanfer,  of  tobacco.  The 
intention  of  thefe  is,  as  their  name  imports,  to  keep  the 
teeth  clean.  The  limpions  are  fmall  rolls  of  tobacco,  four 
inches  long  and  nine_  lines  in  diameter,  tied  with  a  thread 
which  they  untwift  as  the  limpion  wades.  One  end  of  this 
they  put  into  the  mouth,  and  alter  chewing  it  for  fome  time, 
rub  the  tCLth  with  it,  thus  keeping  them  always  clean  and 
white.  All  the  timber  nfed  in  building  houfes,  refitting 
(hips,  or  condrnfting  fmall  barks  at  Callao,  is  brought  from 
Guayaquil,  together  with  the  cacao.  S.  lat.  12'  2'  31".  E. 
long.  282  27'.  See  ,Iuan  and  De  UUoa's  Voyage  to  South 
America,  and  Eilalla,  cited  by  Pinkerton's  Geographv- 
For  further  particulars,  lee  Peru. 

IwMA,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  rifes  in  the  province  ot 
Galicia,  traverfes  the  province  of  Entre  Duero  e  Minho, 
and  runs  into  the  Atlantic,  two  miles  below  Viana.   N.  lat. 

41°  40'.     W.   long.  8    30' Alfo,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in 

the  province  of  Oman,  near  the  coall ;  32  miles  S.E.  of 
Julfa. 

LIMACHU,  a  river  of  Chili,  which  runs  into  the  Pa- 
cific ocean,  S.  lat.  30    25'. 

LIMACIA,  in   Botany,   fo   named  by  Lourciro,  from, 
lirr.ax,  a  fnail,  in  alluficn  to  the  fpiral  furrows  on  its  nut. — 
Loureir.  Cochinch.  620. —  Clafs  and  order,  Diascta  Hexan- 
dr'ia,     Nat.  Ord.     Sarmentaccx,  Linn.   /Ifparngt,  .Tuff. 

Gen.  Ch.   Male-flowers   nearly   terminal,   crowded  toge-- 
ther.      Cal.    Perianth  inferior,    diort,    of  fix   acute  leaves, 
the  alternate  ones  fmaller,  arranged  altogether  horizontally. 
in   a   triangle.      Cor.   Petals  three,  triangular,  almod  eredt, 
longer  than  the  calyx;  neflary  equal  to  the  calyx,  divided' 
into   fix,   roundidi,  concave,  flelhy   fegments.     Slam.   Fila-- 
ments  fix,  very  diort,  each  placed  upon  a  fegment  of  the 
nectary,  and  altogether  forming  a  triangle  ;  anthers  of  two 
cells,   rounilidi.— Female  flowers  axillary,   in   pairs,     on   a.' 
fepanite   plant.     Ciil.    as   in    the   male.     Cor.    Petals   fix, 
ronndilh,  curved,   unequal  ;    nectary   equal    to    the   calyx, 
divided  into  fix,  turbinate,  connivent  fegments.     Piji.   Ger- 
inen   fuperior,    fomewhat  triangular;    dylc  none  j   iligmas  . 
1  three. 


L  I  M 

three,  many-cleft,  fpreading.  Peri:  Driipa  flcfliy,  ratlier 
kidncy-fhaped,  containing  a  iingle  feed.  Nut  fpirally  fur- 
rowed like  a  fcrew,  the  kernel  funple. 

Eff.  Ch.  Male,  Calyx  of  fix  leaves.  Corolla  of  three 
petals. — Female,  Calyx  of  fix  leaves.  Corolla  of  fix  petals. 
Stigmas  three.     Drupa  kidney-ihaped,  fpiral. 

I.  L.  fcanJeris.  Cay  Me  ga  of  the  Cochinchinefe,  and 
found  in  the  woods  of  Cochinchina Stem  (hrubby,  climb- 
ing, wilLoitt  tendrils,  long,  much  branched.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, ovate -oblong,  acuminate,  entire,  fmooth.  Flowers, 
both  male  and  female,  yellovvi(h-green.  Drupa  imall, 
fwooth,  acid  and  efculent. 

LIMADASI,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Ciirdiftan,  on  an 
ifland  in  the  lake  Van. 

LIMANDA,  in  Ichthyology,  a  name  by  which  fome 
anthers  have  called  the  flat-filh,  which  we  in  Engiifh  call  the 
Jab,  the  paJJr  ajper  of  authors. 

LIMARIA,  a  name  given  by  Gaza  and  fnch  other 
writers  to  the  thynnus  or  tunny-fifli,  called  the  Spanj/lj 
tnackrel. 

LIMASOVA,  in  Geography,  one  of  the  fmaller  Phi- 
lippine iflands,  near  Leyta.  N.  lat.  lo  i'.  E.  long. 
125=  2'. 

LIMASSOL.     See  LiMESor,. 
■  LIMATAMBA,  a  town  of  Peru,   in  the  diocefe  of 
Cuzco  ;   25  miies  W.  of  Cuzco. 

LIMATURA  Martis  Pnparata.     See  InoN". 

LIMAX,  in  Natural  Hiflory,  the  Hug  or  fnail,  a  genus 
of  the  Vermes  Mollufca,  clafs  and  order,  of  which  the  cha- 
racter is  ; — Body  oblong,  creeping,  with  a  flefiiy  kind  of 
Jhield  above,  and  a  longitudinal  flat  difk  beneath  ;  aperture 
placed  on  the  right  lide,  within  the  fiiield  ;  feelers  four, 
fituated  above  the  mouth,  with  an  eye  at  the  tip  of  each  of 
the  larger  ores. 

This  genus,  of  which  there  are  fifteen  fpecies  mentioned 
in  the  Syftema  Naturae,  comprehends  thofe  animals  that  are 
commonly  known  by  the  name  of  flugs,  or  naked  fnails, 
which  commit  fuch  depredations  in  our  fields  and  gardens, 
efpecially  in  wet  weather.  Of  the  fifteen  fpecies  Jix  arc 
common  in  our  own  country. 

Species. 

I^rvrs.  Body  black,  and  almoil  wilhoutvvrinkles.  It  is 
fbund  among  mofs  late  in  the  autumn,  and  is  about  half  an 
inch  long.  The  body  is  glofly,  with  undulate  tranfverfe 
ftricE  on  the  {hield  ;  narrov%-Er,  and  not  fo  much  wrinkled  as 
the  aler,  which  is  the  next  mentioned. 

Ater,  or  black  (lug  ;  body  black  and  furrowed  with 
ikep  wrinkles.  Of  this  fpecies  five  varieties  are  enumerated  : 
3'.  The  colour  of  this  is  deep  black  and  pale  beneath. 
2.  Bliiok,  with  a  pale  greeniih  ridge  down  the  back.  3.  Black, 
beneath  white;  mouth  yeUowiih.  4.  Chefnut-brown,  be- 
neath white;  mouth  yellowifh.  J.  Dudcy-brown,  with  a  yel- 
h.iwiih  n.O'jth  and  llreak  each  fide.  This  laft  is  common  in 
woods,  meadows,  fields,  and  gardens  ;  and  is  from  an  inch 
and  a  half  to  five  inches  in  length  ;  it  crawls  vciy  flowly, 
;i»d  leaves  a  flime  upon  whatever  it  paffes  over ;  feelers  al- 
ways black  ;  the  back  is  convex  ;  the  fliield  rough,  with 
numerous  dors  ;  abdomen  wrinkled. 

Albus.  This  fpecies,  which  is  characterized  by  the  white- 
r.efs  of  its  body,  contains  four  varieties.  I.  llie  entirely 
white.  2.  White  edged  with  yellow.  ^.  White,  with  an 
orange  margin  and  hmd-head.  4.  White,  with  black  feelers  ; 
it  inhabits  woods  and  groves,  and  is  from  a  quarter  to  half 
an  inch  in  length. 

RuFUs.  Body,  above  pale  rufous,  beneath  while;  it 
inhabits  fliady  damp  places,   and  the  botloin  of  hills,  is 


L  I  M 

about  an  inch  and  a  half  long;  the  body  has  neither  ^cts  nci* 
belts;  its  feelers  are  larger  than  thofe  of  the  ater. 

Flavu.s.  Body  am.bcr-colour  fpotted  with  white,  and 
is  found  in  herbage. 

Maximus.  Body  cinereous,  with  or  withoat  fpots ; 
there  are  fix  varieties,  ijiz.  1.  Body  immaculate;  (hield 
black-blue.  2.  Shield  fpotted  with  black  ;  body  with 
black  longitudinal  ftripes.  3.  Shield  and  body  fpotted 
with  black.  4.  Body  with  five  whitifh  llreaks,  the  lower 
one  interrupted.  5.  Body  with  white  and  cinereous 
wrinkles,  and  black  fputs  in  a  double  row.  6.  Bodir 
edged  with  v.'hite  ;  inhabits  woods,  gardens,  and  damp  cel- 
lars ;  is  from  four  to  five  inches  long. 

Hyalinus,  takes  itsj  name  from  the  colour  of  its  body,- 
which  has  a  hyaline  or  glafly  appearance  ;  feelers  obfolete;,- 
with  a  brown  line  reaching  from  the  feelers  to  the  fliield  ; 
this  is  found  in  damp  molfy  places,  and  is  very  deilructive 
to  the  young  fhoots  of  kidney-beans;  belly  with  numerous- 
interrupted  wrinkles. 

Agre.st!s.  Ruftic  fliig;  body  whitifh,  with  black- 
feelers  ;  this  fpecies  is  divided  into  four  varieties,  of  which 
the  I,  is  entirely  whitifh,  immaculate;  2,  whitifli,  with  a 
yellowifli  fiiield  ;  3,  whitifh,  with  a  black  head  ;  4,  whitifh, 
with  a  cinereous  back;  5,  whitifli,  with  fcattercd  black- 
fpecks. 

The  mofl  curious  of  the  above  varieties  is  the   fecond, 
that  with  a  yellowifh  Ihield,  or  that  which  is  characterized 
by  Miiller,    in    his   Hill.   Verm.    "  Limax   albidus  clypeo 
flavefcente,"  or  by  Gmelin,  "  Limax  albus,  clypeo  flavef- 
cente ;"  it  has  been  figured  by  Liller,  but  more  accurately, 
and  with  great  care,  in  the  fourth  volume  of  the  Linnxan 
Tranfadfions,  in  which  it  is  exhibited  in  a  ftate  of  repole,  • 
as  it  is  feen  in  its  progrefTive  motion  on  the  ground ;  and 
alfo  as  it  is  obferved  fufpended  from  the  branch  of  a  tree,. 
&c.    both  with   refpect   to  its   upper  and   nnder  furfaces. . 
This  variety  is  denominated  in  our  own  language  the  /pin-  ■ 
^''"'S.f^"S'  ^'"^  ^^  commonly  about  three  quarters  of  an  iucll^ 
long  ;  it  inhabits  woods  and  other  fhady  places.     It  vrzs 
particularly  noticed  by  Mr.  Hoy,  and  defcribed  in  the  ilrft 
volume  of  the  Tranfactions  of  the  Linn-Tan  Society  ;  at  firlt 
he  faw  it  ful'pended  from  the  branch  of  a  fir  tree,  and  was  not 
aware  that  it  was  a  living  creature.      It  was  hanging  by  a 
fingle  line  or  thread  attached  to  its  tail.     This  thread  was 
in  the  upper  part  extremely  fine,  bnt  near  the  animal  it  be-  • 
cam.e  thicker  and  broader,   till  at  length  it  exactly  cor-- 
refponded  with  the  tail.     Its  defccnt  was  at  the  rate  of  an  ■ 
inch  in  three  minutes,    a  motion  fufficiently  flow   for  the 
minutell  obfcrvations.     The  line  by  which  it  defeended  was 
drawn   from  the    fiimy  exudation  gradually  fecreted  from  ■ 
the  pores  that  covered  its  whole  body.    .Apparently  there 
was   much  exertion  required  to  produce  a  fufficient  kipply 
of  the   liquid,  and   to   force   it  towards   the  tail  ;  it  alter- 
nately drew  back  its  head,  and  turned  it  as  far  as  poffible, 
firfl  to  one  fide,  and  then  to  the  other,  as  if  to  prefs  its 
fides,  and  thus  promote  fecretion. 

In  addition  to  Mr.  Hov's  account,  w«  fhall  give  fome 
farther  particulars,  taken  iiom  a  curious  paper  by  Dr.  John-' 
Latham,  in  the  fourth  volume  of  the  Linnsran  TranfacTtiuns; 
a  work  that  contains  abundance  of  interelting  matter,  but 
which  is  too  expenfive  to  liave  a  ver}'  general  circulation  be- 
yond the  members  of  the  focicty.  .Speaking  of  the  curious 
property  belonging  to  the  fpinning  flng,  the-dtjclor  fays, 
"  that  it  is  a  cullom  not  unuiual  for  this  fpecies  of  hniax: 
to  pafs  from  an  height  fecurcly  to  the  ground,  by  means  of 
a  thread  of  its  own  coultiudion  feems  manifeft ;  for,  on  my 
friend's  (Colonel  Montague,  F.L.S.)  putting  one  of  them 
on.  the  projecting  frame  of  a  w  indow,  it  jwiuediatcly  crawled 

forward* 


L  I  M 


L  I  M 


forwards  till  it  Ctme  to  the  projefting  anglf,  from  wlitnce, 
without  attariptiiig  to  fix  itfelf  by  its  fore  parts  to  any 
tiling,  it  became  viiibly  fiifpcndcd  hy  a  thread  from  its  tail. 
'When  it  had  dt.'fcendod  two  feet,  the  colonel  took  it  up  by 
the  thread,  and  carried  it  to  a  dillant  room ;  but  trying  to 
fix  it  afrefli,  in  order  more  accurately  to  obferve  its  profrrefs, 
the  tliread  broke.     He  chcn  put  it  on  a  frame  about  four 
feet  from  the  gronnd  ;  in  a  few  minutes  it  was  again  fuf- 
pended,  and  obferving  by   his  watch,  it  defccndcd  at  the 
rate  of  th'-cc  inches  and  a  half  in  a  minute."     After  re- 
peated trials,  tlie  colonel,  by  means  of  glafTes,  was  enabled 
to   afcertain   that   the  fecretion,  of  which  the  thread   was 
formed,  \»a.s  wliolly  from  the  under  parts,  and  not  from  the 
back  and  lides,  both   of  which   appeared   nearly  dry,  nor 
did  it  proceed  from  any  orifice  in  the  tail.     This  creature 
.feemj   quite  feiiiible  of  its  abilities,  for  it   extended  itfelf 
from  the  bottom  of  the  frame,  with  its  head  downwards, 
till  the  tail  became  fufpended  ;  and  it  was  by  means  of  an 
undulating  motion  of  die  belly  that  the  flow  of  the  vifcous 
fecretion  was  produced  towards  the  tail,  but  in  doing  this 
the  belly  was  contracted,  being  furnidied  with  numerons 
tranfverrc  rvgtc ;  at  the  fame  time  the  body  and  tcntacula 
were  fully  extended,   indicating  no   alarm    whatever ;  the 
head  was  occafionally  moved  from  fide  to^fide,  which  gave 
ieveral  turns  to  the  right  or  left,  as  the  centre  of  gravity 
lay  ;  but  as  it  as  frequently  turned  one  way  as  the  other, 
the  thread  was  not  in  the  leall  twilled.     The  thread,  on 
firil  leaving  the  tail,  was  five  times  as  broad  as  it  wa?  at  the 
eighth  of  an  inch  diftant  therefrom,  but  afterwards  feemed 
of  an  equal   fize,  and  confiderably  fmaller  than   the  fineft 
human   hair.     When   a  portion  of  this  thread  was  placed 
under  a  microfcope,  it  appeared  contrafted ;    it   was  pel- 
lucid and  elallic.     By  anotlicr   writer  on   this  fubjeft  we 
are  told,  that  by  the  application  of  the  microfcope,  the 
flimy  humour  will  be  feen  to  come  out  infcnfibly  from   the 
jjlandnlar  pore«  of  the  flvin,  like  clear  and  minute  points  ; 
thele,  by  continuing  a  gentie  prefTure  on  the  flcin,  will  be- 
come  fmall  drops,  and   in  the  end  form  a  confidcrable  col- 
ledion  of  matter.      It  may   be  alfo  obfcrvcd,  that  colonel 
Montague  found  feveral  individuals  of  this  variety  that  he 
could  not  induce  to  fpin,  and,  as  if  fenfiblc  of  their  inability 
fo  to  do,  readily  turned  back  when  approaching  the  pro- 
jected   edge  ;    while   others    at   once  let   themfelves  down 
without  hefitation  ;    fo   that  it  might  be   known  by  their 
motion,    when   near  the  brink  of   the  precipice,    whether 
they  were  endued  with  the  facuhy  or  not.     After  thefe  ani- 
mals have  fpun  for  i'omc  time,  their  fpinning  power  fecnis 
to  be  for  a  while  loll,  but  in  all  thofc  on  which  experiments 
ihave  been  made,  it  has  been  recovered  again  by  keeping 
them  for  a  few  hourr,  among  wet  mols. 

The  fifth  variety  above-mentioned,  or  that  with  fcattered 
black  fpecks,  is  found  in  gardens,  paltures,  and  groves,  from 
May  till  the  end  of  the  year,  and  is  the  animal  which  has  been 
recommended  to  be  fwallowcd  by  confumptive  perfons.  It 
is  about  half  an  inch  in  length,  and  when  touched  it  ilicks 
to  the  fingers  as  if  dead. 

CiNxrcs.  This  fpccies  is  yellowifli,  with  a  cinereous 
belt  on  the  fhield  and  body  ;  it  is  commonly  found  in  groves, 
and  is  about  two  inches  long  ;  body  v/ithout  fpots,  and  be- 
neath it  is  white, 

Marcinatcs,  This  is  cinereous  ;  (hield  with  a  duflcy 
ftreak  on  each  fide :  the  body  is  of  a  pale  blneifh  colour ; 
it  is  found  on  the  beech  ;  back  with  a  white  ridge,  each 
Jide  of  which  is  blueifii-a(h ;  abdomen  fometimes  fpotted 
black. 

iifiiiCLiAXUS.    Brown,  with  black  dots  on  tlie  fliield 


and  lines  on  the  body  ;  it  inhrtbits  garden*  in  Denmark  and 
Germany  ;  it  is  an  inch  and  a  half  long. 

AuitliUS.  Yellow,  immaculate,  vvith  black  feelers;  it 
inhabits  the  groves  of  Denmark  and  Norway,  is  about  half 
an  inch  long.  The  body  beneath  is  white,  with  a  black 
line  between  the  feelers. 

Fu.scus.  Tliis  is  of  a  reddift  hue,  with  a  bbckifh  lateral 
line  and  back. 

Tenkllus.  Greonifli,  with  black  head  and  feelers  ;  is 
found,  early  in  the  fpring,  in  hollows  of  woods  filled  with 
dry  leaves ;  about  an  inch  long  ;  the  fliield  whitifn  with  a 
yellowifli  call. 

Lan'ckoi.atu.s.  Linear-lanceolate  and  very  fliarp  at 
each  end ;  the  margin  furroundcd  with  a  membranaceous 
border  ;  without  tentacula  or  feelers  ;  found  on  the  coall 
of  Cornwall. 

Ll.M.AX  Mariniis,  in  Zoology,  a  name  gfvcn  by  fome  to 
the  Upparls,  or,  as  it  is  commonly  termed  in  Engllih,  the 
fea-Jnail,  caught  in  plenty  at  the  months  of  rivers  in  York- 
iliire,  and  fome  other  places.     See  Cvi.iNDliU.s. 

1..IMAY,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart^ 
ment  of  the  Seine  and  Oife,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in 
the  diilricl  of  Mantes  ;  fituated  on  the  Seine,  oppofite  to 
Mantes.  The  place  contains  1520,  and  the  canton  9881 
inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  Ij7-t  kiliometres,  in  17  com- 
munes. 

LIMB,  in  Anatomy,  is  ufed  to  denote  certain  parts  of 
the  human  body,  proceeding  from  the  trunk.      See   E.k- 

TREMITIKS. 

The  limbs,  as  well  as  the  life  of  a  man,  arc  of  fuch  high 
value  in  the  eflimation  of  the  law  of  England,  that  it  par- 
dons even  homicide,  if  committed  fe  defcmkndo,  or  in  order 
to  preferve  them. 

l..iMB.'^,  ylmputatioii  nf,  in  Surgery.  See  Amputation'. 
LiMR.s,  Ari'ificted.  Under  this  denomination,  furgical  wri- 
ters fpeak  of  the  various  machines  and  contrivances  which 
have  been  invented  for  fupplying  the  place,  and  in  fome 
meafure  executing  the  office,  cf  limbs  which  are  naturally 
impcrfcft  or  wanting,  or  which  have  been  amputated,  or 
othcrwile  lofl.  Anciently,  it  was  as  much  the  duty  of  the 
fnrgeon  to  provide  his  patient  witli  a  wooden  leg  after  am- 
putation, as  to  cut  off  the  member,  which  endangered  life 
and  could  not  be  prefcrvcd.  At  prelent,  however,  the 
bufinefs  of  furnilhing  artificial  limbs  is  left  almoil  entirely  to 
the  mechanic,  though  it  cannot  be  denied,  that  the  atten- 
tion of  a  judicious  furgeon  will  often  be  well  befiowcd  in 
taking  care,  that  the  preffure  of  fiieh  machines  is  contrived 
to  fall  as  little  as  puitible  upon  that  part  of  a  f*ump  which 
is  moll  tender,  stid  inclined  to  ulcerate.  The  end  of  a  thigh- 
Ihimp,  indeed,  can  ill  bear  the  cflecls  of  preflure,  and  in 
this  cafe,  it  is  ufual  to  mr.ke  the  thigh  part  of  the  wooden 
member  in  the  form  of  a  conical  box,  which  is  calculated 
to  receive  the  flump,  and  at  the  fame  time  not  allow  the  end 
of  the  bone  to  meet  with  any  material  refinance  below. 
The  preffure  partly  falls  on  the  fides  of  the  remaining  por- 
tion  of  the  thigh,  and  partly  on  the  pelvis,  round  which  a 
flrap  proceeds  from  the  upper  part  of  the  machine.  The 
makers  of  artificial  limbs  in  this  metropolis,  however,  have 
in  general  brought  their  bufinefs  to  great  perftction,  and 
fuch  patients  as  can  afford  it,  may  be  accommodated  with 
contrivances,  which,  v.'ithout  being  heavy  and  cumberfome, 
bear  a  great  refcmblance  to  tiie  natural  limb.  Artificial 
hands  and  arms  may  alfo  be  procured,  which  have  moveable 
fingers,  and  by  the  ingenuity  of  the  nicchanifm,  may  be 
made  to  perform  many  little  uleful  offices  in  grafping  and 
holding  things. 

LiWBS,  Dl/locatkiu  cj\    See  LuiLAXiON. 

LiMBSa 


L  I  M 


L  I  M 


Limbs,  Fra^urrs  of.     See  FRACTURE. 
Limb,    Limhus,    the   cutermolt    boi-dcr,     or   graduated 
edi;o,  of  an  allrolabe,  quadrant,  or  the  like  laathematicai 

iiiltrunient. 

Tlie  word  is  alfo  ufed  for  the  primitive  circle  in  any  pro- 
jection of  the  Inhere  in  piano. 

Limb  alfo  ligiuiics  tlie  oiitermoil  border  or  edge  of  the 
fun  or  moon,  when  the  middle  or  diflc  is  hid  in  an  ecliple  of 
either  luminary. 

Ailronomcrs  obferve  the  lower  and  upper  limb  of  the 
fun  in  order  to  lind  out  its  true  height,  which  is  that  of  the 
centre. 

Limb  is  alfo  ufed,  among  Botnnifls,  for  the  outer  edge  or 
border  rf  plants,  their  leaves  and  flowers.      See  Petal. 

LIMEE,  in  Geography,  ao  ifland  in  the  Ealt  Indian  fea, 
about  12  miles  long^  and  3  broad,  near  the  E.  coall  of 
Celebes.  N.lat.  I'lS'.  E.  long,  1  25"  10'. — Alio,  a  fmall 
town  or  village  in  the  N.W.  part  of  the  illand  of  St.  Do- 
mingo ;  fcven  leagues  W.  by  S.  ot  cape  Frani^ois. 

LIMBECK.     See  Alembic. 

LIMBERG.  in  Geography,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of 
Stiria  ;    12  n;iies  S.of  Voitfberg. 

I^IMBERS,  in  Artillery,  a  fort  of  advanced  train  joined 
to  the   carriage  of  a   ca:'non,  upon  a   march.      See  C.'iK- 

lji.\iBEit-/Wfj-,  in  a  Ship,  little  fquare  holes  cut  through 
her  floor-timbers,  ferving  to  let  the  water  to  the  well  of  the 
pump,  which  othervvife  would  lie  between  thofe  timbers, 
where  the  keel  rope  runs. 

Every  floor-timber  has  two  limber-holes  cut  through  it  ; 
Vfz   one  on  each  fide  of  the  keelfon. 

LlMBER-ioanij,  are  fliort  pieces  of  plank,  whicli  form  a 
part  of  the  cieling  or  lining  of  a  (hip's  floor,  clofe  to  the 
keelion,  and  immediately  above  the  limber*.  They  are  oc- 
cafionally  removed,  in  order  to  examine  and  clear  the  hmber- 
holes. 

LiMcr.u-rc^c,  is  a  long  rope,  frequently  retained  in  the 
limber-holes  of  a  fhip,  and  communicating  from  one  to 
another,  in  order  to  clear  them,  by  pulling  tlie  rope  back- 
Avards  and  forwards,  fo  as  to  loofen  the  fa::d  or  dirt  by 
Vfhicli  they  may  occafionally  be  choaked. 

LIMBEUO,  in  Geography,^  a  town  on  the  E.  :oaft  of 
the  ifland  of  Celebes.      N.  lat.  o^  18'.      E.  lons^.  12^'  18'. 

LIMBOBARYA,  a  town  of  Bengal;  30'milesN.W. 
of  Nattore. 

LIMBORCH,  Vnihiv,m  Biography,  a  celebrated  Dutch 
divine,  was  born  at  Amllerdam  m  the  year  163^.  He  was 
educated  among  the  Remonfirants,  and  had  lor  his  inltruClors 
among  others,  Barleins,  and  Gerard  Voffius.  Having  com- 
pleted the  ufual  courfes  of  learning,  in  ethics,  philofophy,  and 
the  languages,  he  ftudied  theology  under  Curcellsus,  the  fuc- 
ceifor  of  Epifcopius,  in  the  profen'orfiiip  of  that  facult)-, 
among  the  Rcmonllrants  at  Amlterdam.  Aftervvards  he 
went  to  Utrecht,  where  be  attended  the  lefturcs  of  Gilbert 
Voetitis,  and  other  celebrated  divines.  In  1654  he  undertook 
the  c;fjice  of  minilter  at  Haerlem,  from  whence  lie  removed 
to  Gouda.  In  1660  he  pubhfhcd  an  excellent  colleftion  of 
the  correfpondence  of  learned  and  celebrated  men,  under  the 
title  of  "  Epiftola;  pra:ft.antium,  et  eruditorum  virorum," 
8vo.  In  16^4  and  1704  he  puhliflied  new  editions  of  it, 
greatly  cnhirg-ed,  in  folio.  In  tliis  coUcftion,  almolt  the  en- 
tire hifl:ory  of  the  affairs  of  the  Remonftrants  maybe  traced 
from  the  time  of  Arrainius  down  to  the  fynod  of  Dort.  In 
1G61  he  pubiilhed,  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue,  a  ircatife  in 
defence  ot  toleration,  which  was  excecdinfjly  well  received 
by  the  friends  of  lilierty.  In  1667  he  undertook  the  paf- 
toral  charge  of  the  church  at  Amllerdam,  and  in  the  foU 


lowing  year  he  was  appointed  divinity  profeflbr.  From 
this  period  he  wholly  devoted  his  iludies  to  the  enquiries  con- 
netled  with  his  new  office,  and  acquired  a  high  reputation 
by  the  manner  in  which  he  pertornied  :13  duties.  In  the 
year  1686  he  publiflied  his  fyllem  of  theology,  under  the 
title  of  "  Theologia  Chrilliana  ad  Praxim  Pietatis  ac  Pro- 
molioncm  Pacis  Chrillianae  unice  direcla."  It  pafled  very 
quickly  throKgh  four  editions.  In  this  fame  year  Limborch 
had  a  difpute  with  Orobio,  a  Spanifli  .Tew,  who  had  efcaped 
from  the  prifon  of  the  Inquifition,  and  foon  after  he  publifhed 
the  fubftance  of  it  in  a  treatifc,  entitled  "  Collatio  Arnica 
de  Veritate  Religionis  Chriftianz,  cum  eruaito  Judso." 
This  treatife  very  iatisfattorily  repels  the  objeftions  which 
any  confillent  believer  in  the  'Old  Teltament  can  advance 
againll  the  New.  He  obtained,  in  1692,  "The  Buok  of 
Sentences  ot  tlie  Inquifition  of  Tholoufe  from  IJ07  to 
13  13,"  which  he  pubhflied,  and  prefixed  to  it  a  hiltory  of 
that  horrible  and  bloody  tribunal  drawn  from  the  writings  of 
the  inquihtors  themfelves.  The  title  of  it  is  "  Hilloria  In- 
quilitionis  ;  cui  fubjungitur  Liber  fententiarum  Inquilitionie 
Tholofanae,  ab  anno  1307  ad  13  13, "410.  This  hiftorj- is 
pronounced,  by  Mr.  Locke,  to  be  a  work  abfolutely  perfect 
in  its  kind  ;  it  was  tranflated  by  Dr.  Samuel  Chandler  into 
Englilh,  in  two  volumes  4to.  with  additions  by  the  editor, 
by  Antlwny  Collins,  efq.  and  by  the  author.  Dr.  Chandler 
prefixed  to  his  edition  an  introduftion,  concerning  the  rife 
and  progrefs  of  perfccution.  In  1694  he  converted  a  young 
woman  to  Chriitianity  who  had  been  drawn  over  to  the 
.Tewifli  religion  by  a  perfon  of  whom  (he  had  learned  the 
Hebrew  language.  In  171  i  Limborch  publiflied  his  va- 
luable "  Commentarius  in  Adta  Apottoiorum  et  in  Epillolas 
ad  Romanos,  et  ad  Hebr-jsos."  He  died  in  the  month  of 
April  1 7 1  2,  in  the  feventy-ninth  year  of  his  age.  A  funeral 
oration  was  delivered  on  the  occafion  by  Lc  Clerc,  who, 
among  other  tilings,  fays,  *'  He  was,  above  all  thi:  gs,  ani- 
mated with  the  love  of  truth,  and  was  indefatigable  in 
fearching  for  it,  day  and  night,  in  the  facred  fcriptures  and 
th-,'  beft  expofitors,  and  whenever  he  found  it,  he  adhered  to 
it  inflexibly.  His  piety  was  pure  and  ardent,  uiitinftured 
by  lupenfition,  or  any  notions  diflionourable  to  the  benevo- 
lence of  the  Deity.  As  a  preacher  he  was  methccical,  argu- 
mentative, and  iulid  rather  than  eloquent ;  and  fo  invariably 
was  he  governed  by  candour,  moderation,  and  prudence,  that 
he  never  gave  offence  to  any  one.  In  his  inltrudtions  front 
his  prof^effional  chair,  he  was  diltinguiflied  by  the  greatell 
perfpicuity,  and  the  moft  exaft  order  ;  to  which  iiis  memory', 
which  retained  whatever  he  had  written,  no  doubt  greatly 
contributed.  His  behaviour  towards  ail  who  had  the  hap- 
pinefs  of  being  acquainted  with  him,  was  fo  affable,  kind, 
and  conciliating,  that  they  faw  him  with  delight,  and  re- 
gretted, when  they  could  no  longer  enjoy  his  converfation." 
Gtn.  Biog.      Moreri. 

LIMBOtfRG,  John  Piiilip  de,  a  phyfician  at  Spa,.- 
wIk)  obtained  a  great  re;)Utatiou  by  his  knowledge  of  the 
properties  of  the  mineral  waters,  and  by  the  fuccefs  with 
which  he  prefcribed  them  in  many  obllinate  difeafcs,  which 
had  refilled  other  reu'.edies.  He  rehded  at  Spa  during  the 
feafon  of  drinking  the  waters.  He  publifttcd  fevcral  work-,, 
the  principal  of  which  detail  the  refult  of  his  obfervations  on 
their  properties  and  ufes  ;  ir/a.  '•  Diflcrtation  fur  les  Eaux 
de  Spa,  foutcnue  a  Leyde,  le  7  Aout,  1736,  &c.''  Liege, 
1749,  l2mo.  "  Traite  des  Eaux  Mineraies  de  Spa,"  Ley- 
den,  1754,  I2mo.  "  Differtations  fur  les  Bains  d'Eau  Am- 
ple, tant  par  immerfion,  qu'on  douches  et  en  vapeurs," 
Liege  1757,  i2mo.  "  CaraiStcres  des  Medccins,  ou  I'ldee 
d6  ce  qu'ils  font  communement,  et  cclle  de  cc  qu'ils  devroient 
etrc,  ccc."  ibid.  1 760,  1 2mo,   "  DiflTcrtation  fur  les  Aflinites 

chymiquesy 


L  I  M 


L  I  M 


:*hymiqu€8,  qui  a  rcmportc  le  prix  de  Phyfiqile  de  I'aii 
.1758,  au  jugemcnt  de  l'v\cadcmie  de  Rouen,"  ibid.  1761, 
•lamo.  "  Nouveaux  Amufemtns  des  Eaux  Mincralcs  de 
■Spa,"  ibid.  1761,  izmo.  "  DifTcrtation  fur  les  doulours 
•vagues,  coniuics  lous  le  nom  do  goutte  vague,  et  do  rlicu- 
inatif'ne  gouUeux,  &c.  ;"  a  prize  efTay,  ibid.  1'6^.  "  Re- 
cueil  des  Ettets  dei  Eaux  Minerales  de  Spa,  de  I'an  1764; 
iivec  des  reuiarques  fur  le  fytteme  dc  M.  Lucas  furies  memes 
€aux  minerales,"  ibid.  \~6^.     Elov.  DiCl. 

Ll.MliOUlUi,  Duchy  of,  in  Geography,  before  the  revolu- 
tion, was  a  province  of  the  Netherlands,  bounded  on  the 
"N.  by  the  duchy  of  Juliers,  on  the  E.  by  the  elcdoratc  of 
(Cologne  and  duchy  of  Juliers,  and  on  the  S.  and  ^^^  by 
the  bilhopric  of  Liege  ;  about  30  miles  long  and  24  broad  ; 
but  now  annexed  to  France,  and  forming  part  of  the  de- 
^lartment  of  the  Ourte.  It  affords  good  arable  ground,  and 
abounds  with  a  fine  breed  of  cattle.  Near  the  town  of 
iinibourg  are  found  mines  of  iron,  lead,  and  calamine, 

LlMBOUllO,  late  capital  of  the  above-mentioned  duchy, 
now  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the  Ourte,  and 
chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  diftridl  of  Malmcdy  ;  fituated 
near  the  river  Wa/.e,  in  a  fertile  country,  on  a  pleafant 
mountain.  It  was  formerly  fortified  in  a  regular  mauRcr, 
and  had  a  caiUe,  built  on  a  rock,  and  defended  by  towers 
andbaftions,  conllrufted  of  free- (lone.  Wheii  it  was  ceded 
to  the  houfe  of  Auilria  by  the  treaty  of  Baden,  the  fortifi- 
cations were  dellroyed.  Near  it  are  quarries  of  different 
kinds  of  marble ;  the  adjacent  racks  are  romantic  ;  the  air 
is  healthy,  and  the  inhabitants  long-lived.  Here  is  a  confider- 
able  manufacture  of  woollen  cloth  ;  and  in  its  environs  fome 
excellent  chcele  is  made.  The  town  is  faid  to  contain  14H4, 
and  the  canton  12,759  inhabitants,  en  a  territory  of  152^ 
kiliometres,  in  12  communes;  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Liegel 
N.  lat.  jo'  36'.     E.  long.  2y  30'. 

.    LIMBR.A,  a  town  of  Hindooftan,  in  Guzerat ;  35  miles 
W.  of  Gogo. 

LIMBRY,  a  town  of  Hindooflan,  in  Guzerat  ;  68 
miles  AV.  of  Amcdabad. 

LlMBURG,  a  lordfhip  and  principality  of  Germany, 
belonging  to  the  circle  of  Fraiiconia,  but  fituated  in 
Swabia  ;  extending  from  S.  to  N.  almoft  20  miles,  and  from 
\V.  to  E.  18  miles.-  Alfo,  a  town  of  Germany,  fealcd  on 
the  Lahn  y  26  miles  N.  of  Mentz.  N.  lat.  jo°  20'.  E. 
long.  S  3''  — Alfo,  a  town  and  citadel  of  Germany,  called 
Hohen-Limbiirg,  which  gives  name  to  a  county,  a  fief  of  the 
county  of  Mark,  in  which  it  is  infulated  ;  about  15  miles 
long  and  12  broad  ;  30  miles  E.  of  Dufl'eldorp. 

'LIMBUS,  or  Limb,  is  a  term  m  the  Roman  Theology, 
jifed  for  that  place  where  the  patriarchs  are  fuppofed  to  have 
waited  for  the  redemption  of  mankind,  and  wiiere  they  ima- 
gine our  Saviour  continued  from  the  time  of  his  death  to 
that  of  his  refurreftion. 

Du-Cange  fays,  the  fathers  call  this  place  limbus,  eo  quod 
Jit  limbus  mferiorum,  as  being  the  margin  or  frontier  of  the 
other  world. 

Limbus  is  -.ilfo  ufed  by  Catholics  for  the  place  dellined  to 
receive  the  fouls  of  infants,  who  die  without  baptifm  ;  who 
Jiave  not  deferved  htll,  as  dying  in'innoi  ence  ;  nor  yet  are 
.worthy  of  heaven,  becaufe  of  the  imputation  of  original 
Jin. 

Li.MBUS  CoroUe,  in  Botany,  the  expanded  part,  or  border, 
flfa  monopctalous  corolla,  fupported  by  the  tube,  and  ana- 
logous to  the  lamina  of  each  petal  in  a  polypetalous  one. 
-See  Coi'.oLLA  and  La.mina. 

LI  ^^  BUY  AN,  in  Geography,  a  town  on  the  S.  coaft  of 
.  jtheiHandof  Malbate.     N.  lat.  iz    S.     E.  long.  133  36'. 

X-IME,    LiWiisfONU,   ia  Mineralogy,  KalLjleiu,  Germ. 


Pirrre  calcaire,  Ch'aux  earlonalet,  Vr.  This  fpeeies'  of  the 
carbonates  of  lime  is  divided  by  Werner  into  four  fub- 
fpecies.  1.  Compart  lime-flone.  2.  Foliated  lioie-llone. 
3.  Fibrous  lime-flone.     4.  Pea-llone. 

I .  ComfiiUl  linii'-Jlonr,  is  fubdivided  into  common  compnft 
lime-flone,  and   roe-Rone. 

A.  Common  compnll  liiiif-Jlane ;  Ctmciner  fUchler  ialljlein, 
Wern.  Pierre  ealcaire  compatle  commune,  Broch.  Chaux 
carhonatie  compnde  ou  groffure,  Haiiy.  Compail  Ume-Jlonc, 
Kirwan.     Tdlt  halhlhn,   Swed. 

Among  the  nnmerous  colours  of  common  compaft  lime- 
flone,  the  molt  frequent  are  the  various  fhades  of  grey,  fuch 
as  fmokc-grty,  vcllowilh-grey,  bluifli-grey,  rediifli  and 
greenifh-grey ;  it  is  alfo  feen  greyifh-white,  greyifh-black, 
flefli-red,  with  fome  deep  tints  of  red  and  ot  yellow  ;  fevc- 
ral  of  thefe  colours  often  occur  in  the  fame  fragment,  and 
moftly  in  fuch  veined,  clouded  and  other  delineations  which 
are  dillinguiflied  by  the  epithet  of  marbled. 

It  is  moftly  found  mallive,  fometimes  in  rolled,  feldom  in 
tabular  pieces,  frequently  with,  and  aiiuoil  entirely  com- 
pofed  of,  extraneous  follils,  particularly  fliells. 

Internally  it  is  dull.  Its  texture  is  always  more  or  lefs 
clofely  conipaft,  fometimes  wax-like ;  fratture  I'mall  and  fine 
fplintery  pafTing  into  large  and  flat  conchoidal,  and  fome- 
times into  even.  Fragments  indeterminately  angular,  more 
or  lefs  fharp-edged. 

The  varieties  having  a  clofe  texture  are  tranflucent  on 
the  edges. 

It  is  femi-hard,  fometimes  approaching  to  foft ;  brittle; 
eafily  frangible. 

Specific  gravity  from  2. ,00  to  2.700. 

It  is  chiefly  compofed  of  lime,  carbonic  acid,  and  water  ; 
but  is  feldom  without  an  admixture  of  fome  argil  and  oxyd 
of  iron,  and  fometimes  intlanuiiable  matter. 

This  widely  extended  fubllance  occurs  principally  as 
fletz  rock,  but  it  is  alfo  found  in  the  tranfition  mountains. 

The  tranfition  lime-llone  is  generally  more  tranflucent  on 
the  edges,  and  very  often  exhibits  variegated  colours,  parti- 
cularly black,  fnicke-grey,  bluifli  and  greenilli-grey,  and  red. 
It  contains,»like  the  fletz  lime-llone,  petrifaflions,  but  moft- 
ly of  fea  animals,  the  prototypes  of  which  do  no  longer  exift. 
With  regard  to  the  pctrifaf'lion,  both  in  the  tranfition  and 
fletz  lime-llone,  it  is  to  be  obfervcd,  that  they  occur  pretty 
regularly  difpofed  ;  difl'erent  ftrata  being  generally  furnilhed 
each  with  particular  genera  or  even  fpeeies. 

Fletz  lime-llone  occurs,  almofl  without  exception,  dif- 
tinttly  flratified;  the  ftrata  are  fometimes  very  thin,  of  which 
we  have  a  remarkable  inilance  in  the  lime-ftone  quarries  of 
Sollenhofen,  near  Pappenheim,  in  Germany.  Tliefc  ftrata, 
which,  as  Mohs  inf'jrms  us,  arc  very  regular  and  perfcftly  ho- 
rizontal, contain  the  well-known  petrifactions  which  are 
called  after  that  place,  but  are  much  leis  frequently  found 
than  is  generally  imaeined. 

M.  de  Bournon  fays,  that  in  the  Alpe  of  Dauphine  lime- 
ftone  is  found  in  ftrata  of  no  more  than  one  or  tv,o  inches  in 
thickncfs,  in  which  cafe  it  is  not  unfrequemly  mixed  with 
quartz.  This  lime-ftone  in  tables,  called  laujcs  in  Dau- 
phine, is  employed  for  enclofing  fields :  a  fimilar  variety  is 
found  at  Grenoble  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains  of  Saf- 
fenages. 

Fletz  lime-flone  is  frequently  alternating  with  fubordinate 
ftrata  of  niarle,  and  bituminous  marie  flate  ;  but  in  thefe  cafes 
the  lime-ftone  is  generally  greatly  predominating.  The  ex- 
terior of  mountains  coinpofed  of  iletz  lime-ftone  is  of  a 
peculiar  kind  ;  the  hills  formed  by  it  are  feldaim  conical,  but 
blunt  and  malTv,  and  interfetled  by  deep  valhes. 

There  are,  befides  the  tranfitiuu  lime-llone,  fcveral  other 

formations 


L  I  M  E. 


formations  of  compaift  lime-Hone.  That  called  by  Werner 
xhejirjljlctz,  Ttms-Jhne  is  the  oideil ;  its  lowell  ftratuin  is  the 
bituminous  and  cupriferous  marie  flate,  or  tiie  kupjir-fch'.ej'tr- 
fift^,  as  it  is  called  by  German  miners  :  it  extends  round  a 
CTreat  part  of  the  oldell  mountains  of  Germany,  fuch  as 
the  Hartz,  the  Thuringian  foreil,  Suabia,  &c.  rells  on  the 
old  red  fand-ftone,  and  is  covered  by  the  oldeft  flet/.  gypfum, 
or  the  variegated  fand-flone.'  It  contains,  bclldcs  the  above 
copper  (late  ftrata,  feveral  ores  of  copper,  cobalt,  heavy 
fpar,    S:c.  being  the  produdlions  of  veins. 

The  fecond  formation  of  fletz  lime- Hone  is  calledyJ.-//- 
Tims-Jlom,  on  account  of  its  abounding  in  petrifactions, 
which,  however,  are  not  peculiar  to  it,  nor  do  tliey  confill 
in  (hells  only,  for  the  upper  llrata  contain  likewife  petrified 
crabs,  vermiculites,  fpecies  of  afterias,  &c.  (See  Shells, 
peirified,  and  M.^rble. )  It  is  widely  extended,  and  appears 
molb  charafteriftic  in  Franconia,  Suabia,  and  Bavaria. 
This  formation  is  alfo  remarkable,  on  account  of  the  many 
caves  which  occir  in  it  almoft  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  and 
many  of  them  filled  with  the  oUeous  remains  of  land  animals. 
The  moft  famous  of  thefe  lime-ftone  caves  are  thofe  of 
Muggendorf  and  Galenreuth  in  Cayreuth,  at  Eichitedt  in 
Franconia,  the  Baumanlliole  on  the  Hartz,  thofe  of  Dal- 
matia,  Carniola,  Hungary,  Siberia,  &c. 

There  are  fome  other  fubordinate  formations  of  fletz- 
lime-ftone  ;  which,  however,  require  to  be  more  clolely  ex- 
amined before  their  charafters  can  be  determined  with  any 
thing  like  precillnn.  Of  fuch  apparently  diftinft  depo- 
fitions  the  following  are  mentioned  by  profeffor  Janieion. 
I.  A  fletz  lime-ftone,  in  Poland  and_  Silefia,  which  alternates 
with  beds  of  lead-glance  and  calamine.  It  was  formerly 
called  the  calamine  formation,  and  Karften  confiders  it  as 
fubordinate  to  the  firll  fletz  lime-ftone,  but,  according  to 
Werner,  it  belongs  to  the  fecond.  2.  -V  depofit  of  lime- 
ftone  between  Drefden  and  MeilTen,  particularly  near  Plauen 
and  in  the  vicinity  of  Gbttingen,  which  was  confidered  as  a 
third  fletz  lime-ftone  formation,  but  is  now  clafled  as  a  mere 
variety  of  the  fecond  fletz  lime-ftone  :  it  is  generally  fandy, 
or  mixed  with  clay,  and  is  therefore  feldom  ufed  as  lime, 
but  principally  employed  as  a  building  ftone.  It  often  eon- 
tains  petrifactions,  fuch  as  corallites,  ammonites.  Sec.  and 
fometimes  lead-glance  is  difteminated  through  it.  3.  A 
lime-ftone  formation  at  Wehrau,  in  Upper  Lufatia,  contain- 
i"g  newer  petrifaftions,  fuch  as  peftinites,  mytilites,  S:c.  : 
It  alternates  with  beds  of  fand-ftone,  and  the  whole  refts 
upon  alluvial  land.  4.  A  fletz  lime-ftone  of  a  reddifli-brown 
colour,  frequently  containing  petrifaftions  ;  it  is  horizon- 
frilly  ilratiried,  and  contains  beds  of  a  variety  of  alum  flate. 
Alfo  a  conchoidal  lime-ftone  of  Greece  is  mentioned  as  pro- 
bably conftituting  a  particular  formation. 

The  ufes  to  which  compacl  lime-ftone  is  applied  are 
various  ;  it  is  principally  employed  as  a  building  ilone,  and 
burnt  for  makir^g  lime  and  mortar;  nor  is  it  lefs  important 
to  the  agriculturift  as  a  manure,  to  the  miner  as  a  flux  for 
the  reduction  of  ores,  to  the  foap-boiler,  tanner,  &c. 

The  iiiie-graincd  and  variegated  varieties  of  compail  lime- 
ftone,  many  of  which  are  highly  valued,  are  known  by  the 
name  of  marble  ;  a  term  which  is  more  particularly  applied 
to  the  fine  varieties  of  granular  lime-ftone,  and  alfo  given  to 
various  mixtures  of  lime-ftone  with  other  fubftances.  See 
Marble. 

B.  Roe-jlone  ;  Rocigeiiflan,Vilcrn.  O-oiform  lime-JIone,Y^iTV{ . 
Oolite,  Broch.  Chaux  carboiuitce  globuUforme,  Ha'uy.  Me- 
finite,  pfammile.  See. 

its  colour  is  generally  yellowifli-brown,  paffing  into  va- 
rious deeper   ftiades  of  brov.n,  fuch  as  hair-brown,  clove- 
brown  ;  it  is  alfo  found  fmoke-grey,  yellowifti,  and  reddifli- 
VoL.  XXI. 


grey.  The  colour  of  the  globules  is  often  different  from 
that  of  the  marley  mafs  by  which  they  are  cemented  to- 
gether. 

It  is  found  maftive.  It  i";  dull.  Frafture  fine  fplinlcry,  a 
charafler  not  cafily  obfervable,  on  account  of  the  fmallnefs 
of  the  diftin£t  concretions.  Fragments  indeterminately  an- 
gular, blunt-edged. 

It  confifts  of  fpherical,  granular,  diftinft  concretions  ; 
each  of  which  is  generally  compofed  of  concentric  lamellar 
concretions,  which  are  either  cemented  together  by  a  marley 
fubftance,  or  connected  by  limple  contact  ;  the  grains  vary 
in  fize,  and  are  often  fo  minute  as  to  be  fcarccly  diftinguifh- 
ableby  the  naked  eye  ;  the  largelt  are  nearly  of  the  llze  of 
a  pea,  but  thele  are  feldom  fcen.  In  fome.  varieties  each 
globule  is  an  aggregate  of  fever. 1  fmaller  globules. 
It  is  opaque,  feldom  tranflucent  on  the  edges. 
It  is  foft  and  fcmi-hard  ;  brittle  ;  eafily  frangible.  Spe- 
cific gravity  2.456  —  2.494,   Ku'w. 

Its  chemical  charafter  is  little  diiTerent  from  that  of  the 
common  corapaft  lime-ftone.  The  variety  analyfed  by  Kir- 
wan  was  compofed  of  90  parts  (jf  carbonate  of  )ime  and 
10  of  aluminc,  with  fome  oxyd  of  iron. 

This  fub-fpecies  is  much  lefs  frequently  met  with  than 
common  compaft  lime  ftone.  It  occurs,  however,  in  con- 
fiderable  quantities  at  Brunfwic,  in  Thuringia,  particularly 
in  the  dittricl  of  Weimar,  in  that  of  Mansfeld,  Sangerf- 
haulen,  Klofterroda,  &c.  in  Tyrol ;  in  Englar.d,  at  Bath,  in 
Derby  ftiire,  at  Purbeck. 

It  occurs  chiefly,  in  more  or  lefs  confiderable  beds,  in  the 
variegated  fand-ftone  forrrtition,  to  which  it  is  fubordinate, 
and  between  the  ftrata  of  \v-hich  it  is  generally  intcrpofed 
with  great  regularity.  It  contains  no  pelrifaftions,  nor  is 
it  metalliferous. 

Roe-fto!ie,  being  very  fubjeft  to  difintegraticn,  is  feldom 
employed  for  the  purpolos  of  building  ;  but  it  is  in  fome 
countries  ufed  as  a  manure.  The  more  compact  varieties  take 
a  tolerably  good  polifli. 

The  name  of  roe-ftone  is  given  to  this  mineral  on  account 
of  its  clofe  refemblance  to  hlb.-roes  ;  indeed,  the  old  mine- 
ralogifts  were  fo  far  niifled  by  the  imitative  form  of  this 
fubftance,  that  they  realK  conlidcred  it  as  the  petrified  roes 
of  fifti. 

The  origin  of  the  ftruflure  of  roe-ftone  is  not«eafily  ex- 
plained ;  fome  have  confidered  it  as  a  conglomerate  of  rolled 
pieces  of  hme-ftone  ;  others  have  afligned  the  fame  origin  to 
It  as  to  the  pea-ftone  ;  but  Werner  confiders  it  as  the  refult 
of  cryftallization. 

2.  Foliated  Ihne-JIune  ;  BHittnger  Lalhjleiii  of  Werner,  who 
divides  this  fub-lpecies  into  two  kinds  :  I.  Granular  lime- 
ftone.      2.   Calcareous  fpar. 

A.  Granular  lime-Jlarie.  Koriiiger  iali/lai!,Wern.  Foliated 
and  granular  lime-Jloiie,  Kirw.  Pierre  calcaire  grcnue,  Broch. 
Chaiixcarhonaiie  faccardldf,  Haiiy.  Granular,  or  J'aline  mar- 
ble, Jlaluary  marble,  &  c . 

Its  chief  colour  is  white,  often  fnow-white,  greyifli,  yellovr- 
ifli,  and  greenifli  and  reddilli-vvhite  ;  alfo  bluifli,  greenifli,  a(h 
and  fmoke-grey,  and  greyiili-black  ;  from  grcenilh-white  it 
paftes  into  yellowifti  and  olive -green',  and  /rom  reddifli-white 
into  pearl-grey  and  .ftcflj-red.  Its  colours  arc  moftly  uni- 
form, but  it  alfo  occurs  fometimes  fpotted,  and  with  llriped 
and  veined  delineations  ;  and  on  their  rifts  the  mafl^es  are 
now  and  then  marked  with  dendritic  figures. 

It  is  maflive.  Internally  it  alternates  from  fliining  to 
glirtening  and  glimmering  ;  its  luftre  being  intermediate  be- 
tween pearly  and  vitreous. 

Fiafture  foliated  ;  ionietimes,  on  account  of  the  fmall- 
nefs  of  the  particles,  it  appears  almoft  compact  and  fplin- 

F  tery. 


L  I  M  E, 


tenf.  Frai^menJs  Indeterminately  aftgulnr,  not  particularly 
(harp-ed'^ed.  It  occurs  almoll  rfKvays  in  graii'.ilar  dilUnCl 
concretion?,  which  arecoarfe,  fmall,  and  finegrained. 

1'  is  jTenorally  trandiicid  ;  the  dr.rk-coloiired  varieties 
tranfl'.Kvnt  only  on  the  cdj^es 

It  is  feii.i-hard,  fome^imes  hard  when  mixed  "ith  liliccous 
and  argillaceous  particles  ;  brittle  ;  cafdy  frangible  ;  feldom 
clalbc.  . 

Specific  gravity  2.707  (white  Cnrrara),  Mufchenbr  ; — 
2.717  (the  fame)',  Kirwan  ;  — 2.837  (Parian),  Bridon  ; — 
".849  (white  Saxon),  Gcllert  ; — 2.8j6,  (elallic  var.  from 
Campo  Lon^o),  Fl.  dc  Bellevue. 

Pure  white  granu'ar  hV.e-ilone  is  infufible  before  the  blow- 
pipe, and  only  crumbles  to  piccef.  In  the  charcoal  cruci- 
ble, that  of  Carrara  was  found  by  Klaproth  to  be  burnt  to 
<|uicklime;  while  in  the  clay  crucible  it  was  fu fed  into  a 
compaft,  tranfparent,  hard  glafs  of  a  light  glafs-green  co- 
lour. It  iifi'.ally  ftrongly  effervefces  with  nitric  acid,  and 
•when  pure  is  foon  difiblved  in  it  without  leaving  a  refidue. 

Granular  lime-ftone  is  almoft  alway.'!  of  primitive  forma- 
tion ;  it  feldom  occurs  as  tranfition  rock,  and  fcarcely  ever 
as  a  produftion  of  fLCOndary  mouvitains,  or  if  it  be  found  in 
thcfe,  it  is  never  in  extcnfive  depofitions,  but  only  in  beds  of 
rot  very  con uderable  dimcnfion.s.  As  tranfilion  rock  it  prin- 
cipally occurs  on  the  Hartz  ;  it  is  found  there  of  a  grey 
colour,  and  of  coarfe  granular  texture. 

Primitive  granular  lime-ttone  is  fcidom  feen  very  diftinflly 
ftratified  ;  it  moll  commonly  occurs  in  confiderablo  beds  in 
gr.eifs,  mica  flate,  and  clay  flate,  in  which  latter  the  Iran- 
fition  lime-ilone  appears,  which,  however,  principally  be- 
longs to  compaft  lime-tlcne.  It  is  generally  iimple,  bi:t  alfo 
font.iins  ingredients  which  are  characleriUic  of  it,  fach  as 
mica,  quartz,  ferpcntine,  tremoiite,  hornblende,  c!ay  (late, 
garnets,  magnetic  iron-ftone,  blende.  Sec.  Mixe<^wi:h  no'^le 
ferpcntine  it  conditutes  the  ■uerik  ant'ico. 

The  common  varieties  are  employed  for  the  fame  purpofcs 
as  comnad  lime-ftone  ;  the  finer  are  among  tiic  muft  fulendid 
and  defirable  materials  for  ftatuary  and  architcftiire,  and  for 
the  decoration  of  the  interior  of  houfes.  See  M.xreLE,  under 
which  article  alfo  feveral  of  the  numerous  localities  of  this 
fub-fpecies  will  be  given. 

Some  varieiies  of  granular  lime-ftone  have  manifcfted  a 
confider^le  decree  of  flexibility  ;  one  of  thefe  was  dif- 
covered  by  M-  Fleuriau  de  Eellevne,  at  an  elevation  of  6000 
leet,  on  Campo  Longo,  on  mount  Gothard.  Tlie  fame  phe- 
nomenon may  be  anificially  produced  by  expofing  granular 
iime-ftone  to  a  certain  degree  of  heat. 

3.  Cakartous  [par.  Cak /par.  Jam.  Kalhfpath,  Wern. 
Civr.monfiary   Kirw.     Spalh  cakaire,  Broch. 

Its  principal  colour  is  white,  which  is  pure  and  fnow- 
■whitc,  or  greyifli,  yellowifh,  greenidi,  and  feldom  reddidi  ; 
it  occurs  alio  olive,  afparagus,  piilachio  and  leik-green  ; 
greenidi-" rey,  yellowifli-grey,  honey,  ochre,  wine,  ai^d  wax- 
yellow  ;  flelh-red,  brov.n-red,  and  very  rarely  rofe-red  ; 
fmoke-grey  pafTuig  into  black  ;  very  feldom  pearl-grey,  and 
light  violet-blue. 

It  occurs  mafiive  and  diffeminated,  alfo  drufcd  and  fta- 
laftiticil,  but  molt  commonly  cryftallized. 

The  primitive  figure  of  the  cryftals  is  an  obtufe  rhomboid 
of  101'  32'  13",  and  73-  27' 47",  according  to  Haiiy  ;  and 
of  TOl'^  32',  and  7S'  28',  according  to  Bournon. 

The  integrant  molecule,  as  obferved  by  Monf.  de  Bour- 
ron,  is  a  trihedral  prifm  with  inclined  bales.  The  number 
of  modifications  derived  from  the  primitive  rhomboid  is 
very  confiderable ;  thofe  enumerated  in  the  laft  mentioned 
author's  very  elaborate  "  Trait e  de  Miacr.dogie,"  amount- 
ing to  no  lefs  than  !ifty-nine. 


The  figures  fuppofed  fundamental  by  Werner,  and  from 
which  all  the  others  may  be  derived,  are  :  the  fix-fidcd 
pyramid,  the  fix-fided  prifm,  and  the  three-fided  prifm.- 
The  followinir  Wernrrian  defcription  of  the  different  va- 
rieties of  calcareous  fpar  is  from  JanVefon's  Mineralogy. 

1.  The  fixfi(hd  Prifm. — When  perfetl  it  is  acute,  and 
three  alceruate  lateral  edges  are  more  obtufe  tiiaii  the  otheni. 
It  occurs  I.  Simple;  either  erect  or  inverted.  The  inverted 
has  three  cylindrical  concave,  and  three  inwardly  bent  lateral 
plants,  and  on  the  upper  extremity  it  is  flatly  acuminated 
by  three  planes,  whicii  are  fet  on  the  c)lindrically  concave 
lateral  planes.  2.  Double,  where  the  lateral  planes  of  the 
one  are  obliquely  fet  on  the  lateral  planes  of  the  other,  in 
fuch  a  manner,  that  the  edges  of  the  common  bafis  form  a 
zigzag  line,  and  the  more  obtufe  lateral  edges  of  the  one 
are  oppofed  to  the  lefs  obtufe  lateral  edges  of  the  othci- 
pyrnmid.  Of  this  figure  the  following  varieties  occur : 
(7.  The  extremity  of  the  pyramid  is  fometimes  more  or  lefs- 
deeply  and  flatly  acuminated  by  three  fomewhat  convex 
planes,  which  are  fet  on  the  more  obtufe  lateral  e<lges  ? 
b.  The  angles  of  the  common  bafe  are  often  more  or  lefs 
deeply  truncated;  when  the  truncating  planes  become  fo  large 
that  they  touch  one  another,  the  tr^nfitinn  into  the  fix-fided 
prifm  is  formed,  c.  The  lefs  obtufe  edges  are  fometimes 
bevelled,  and  the  extremities  fometimes  more  or  lefs  deeply 
truncated,  d.  If  two  double  fix-fidod  jjyramids  penetrate 
one  another  in  the  direflion  of  their  axis,  and  one  of  them 
is  turned  around  a  fixth  of  its  periphery,  fo  that  the  lefs  ob- 
tufe lateral  edges  of  the  one  cryfta!  come  to  be  oppof«:d  to 
the  lefs  obtufe  lateral  edges  of  the  other,  the  refult  is  a 
twin  cryllal,  reprefenting  a  double  fix-fided  pyramid  having 
three  alternate  re-entering  angles  at  the  common  bafe,  where 
the  more  obtufe  lateral  edges  are  oppofed  to  one  another. 

2.  Sixfulcd  Prifm. — It  occurs  ufually  h  idi  three  alternate 
lateral  planes  broader  than  the  oth.ers,  and  rather  acutely 
acuminated  by  fix  planes  which  are  fet  on  the  lateral  edges, 
and  t!:e  acuminating  planes  m.eet  alternately  under  more  obtufe 
angles,  a.  The  fame  prifm  a  fecond  time  flatly  acuminated 
by  three  planes,  which  are  fet  on  the  alternate  obtufe  lateral 
edges  of  the  firft  acumination.  b-  When  th.e  planes  of  the 
fecond  acuminatioii  enlarge  fo  much  that  thofe  of  the  firll 
entirely  difappear,  il\e.'-e  refults  the  fix-fided  prifm  flatly 
acuminated  by  three  planes,  which  arc  fet  on  the  alternate 
and  alternating  lateral  planes,  c.  The  apex  of  the  acumi- 
nation is  often  more  or  lefs  deeply  truncated,  which  pro- 
duces the  fix-fided  prifm,  in  which  Ihe  alternate  ar.d  alter- 
nating terminal  angles  are  truncated,  d.  When  the  trun- 
cr.tion  of  the  apex  becomes  fo  large  that  all  traces  of  the 
acum.i'iation  difappear,  the  perfect  fix-fii  d  prifm  is  formed. 
e.  When  the  prifm  becomes  lower,  it  paiies  into  the  f:x- 
fided  table,  which  is  often  exrreir.ely  thin. 

3.  I'hreefiiled  Pyramid.—  1.  Simple  three-fided  pyramid, 
whofe  fummit  angle  is  of  variou"^  degrees  of  magnitude,  from 
obtufe  to  acute.  2.  If  the  angles  of  the  preceding  figure 
are  fo  deeply  truncated,  tLit  the  angles  of  the  truncating 
places  meet  each  other,  an  oftahedron  is  formed.  3.  The 
pyramid  is  often  double  ;  in  which  cafe,  the  lateral  planes 
of  the  one  pyramid  are  fet  on  the  lateral  edges  of  the  other. 
It  prefents  the  following  varieties  :  a.  Flat  double  flx-fided 
pyramid,  which  has  fometimes  convex  lateral  planes,  b.  If 
a  number  of  thefe  flat  or  obtufe  pyramids  are  piled  on  one 
another,  there  is  formed  a  fix-fiiled  prifm  acuminated  by 
three  planes,  which  are  fet  on  the  alternate  and  alternating 
lateral  planes,  c.  When  this  pyramid  becomes  very  obtufe, 
it  gives  rife  to  the  lens.  d.  When  the  fummits  of  the  py- 
ramid become  lefs  obtufe,  and  approach  to  right  angles,  a 
figure  differing  but  little  from  the  cube  is  formed,,    e.  When 

S>  the 


L  I  M  E. 


9  the  fummits  become  ftill  more  acute,  an  acute  double  llirec- 
lided  pyramid  is  formed,  f.  The  acute  double  three-lidod 
pyramid  is  fometimes  truncated  on  the  lateral  gdgcs,  fome- 
times  bevelled  :  in  the  latter  cafe,  when  the  bevelling  planes 
become  fo  large  that  the  original  ones  are  very  fmall,  or  even 
difappear,  the  refult  is  an  acute  double  three-fided  pyramid, 
having  its  planes  length-v.ife  divided ;  or  it  is  a  double  fix- 
fided  pyramid,  g.  If  the  fummits  of  the  double  fix-fided 
pyramid  are  deeply  truncated,  it  gives  rife  to  the  fix-fided 
table,  having  its  terminal  planes  fet  on  alternately  in  oppo- 
lite  dircAions. 

Though  the  preceding  defcription  of  the  different  modi- 
fications of  Calcareous  fpar  may  poflefs  the  merit  of  fpeakin^ 
to  the  eye,  yet  it  can  by  no  means  fuperfede  the  details  of 
a  llriclly  cryilallographical  inveftigation  ;  we  therefore  fub- 
join  a  fiiort  abftraA  of  the  excellent  clafUlication  given  by 
coimt  B  nu-non.in  the  firll  volume  of  his  "  Tratte  de  Mine- 
ralogie"  lately  publithed. 

All  the  modifications  of  cryftallized  carbonate  of  lime  are 
by  this  author  divided  into,  i,  prifmatic;  2,  rhomboidal ; 
and  J,  pyramidal  modifications. 

I.   Prl  malic  Modifications. 

1.  Prifm  from  th:  eigei  of  the  hafc  of  the  pr'tnuti-ve  cryflal ; 
or  thefe  edges  intercepted  each  by  a  plane. —  Of  this,  a 
variety  with  very  fnort  prifm  occurs  in  Cumberland  and 
Uerbyfhire.  That  with  long  prifm  ( Chaux  carbon,  prifme, 
Haiiv,  pL  24.  f.  10  )  is  likewife  found  in  Cumberland. 
The  variety  in  which  the  lateral  planes  form  rhombf,  fo  that 
the  cryftal  at  firft  fight  has  the  appearance  of  the  garnet 
dodecahedron,  is  the  Icarceft  of  this  modification. 

2.  Prifm  from  the  fol'td  angles  of  the  lafe  ;  thefe  angles  of 
the  primitive  cryilalbcinginterccpredeachby  a  plane.  — The 
chaux  carb.  ImitaLli,  Haiiy,  (ib.  fig.  12.)  belongs  to  this 
modification.  It  is  generally  feen  in  combination  with 
others.  Sometimes  two  of  the  planes  of  the  pyramid  of  the 
primitifle  rhomboid  enlarge  at  the  expence  of  the  third  ;  and 
fometimes  one  of  them  caufes,  in  the  fame  manner,  the  two 
others  to  difappear.  Found  in  Cumberland,  Dauphine, 
and  on  the  Hartz. 

3.  Summit  intercepted  by  a  plane  perpendicular  to  the  axis. — 
This  modification  feldom  occurs  in  its  finiple  fiate.  The 
varieties  in  which  this  plane  is  of  confiderable  extent  is  called 
chaux  carb.  liafee  by  Haiiy  (pi.  23.  fig.  8.)  This  is  fre- 
quently feen  nnited  with  the  preceding  modifications;  in 
which  cafe,  if  the  new  plane  has  caufed  the  j-'vramid  of  the 
rhomboid  entirely  to  difappear,  the  chaux  carb.  prifmatique, 
Haiiy,  (pi.  24.  fig.  14.)  is  produced,  the  fineft  groups  of 
which  are  found  in  Cumberland  and  on  the  Hart/.  Some 
of  the  lateral  ])lanes  of  thefe  prifnis  frequently  enlarge,  at 
the  expence  of  the  adjoining  planes;  fo  that  one,  two,  or 
even  three,  entirely  difappear.  The  cryflals  of  the  regular 
hexahedral  prifmatic  variety,  from  the  Hartz,  are  not  unfre- 
quently  feen  with  white  opaque  furface,  and  alfo  fometimes 
to  include  fimilar  cryflals  of  fmaller  diameter,  which  now 
and  then  project  above  the  terminal  plane  of  the  larger  cryf- 
tal. The  prifm  of  this  variety  is  often  fo  fhort  as  to  repre.- 
fent  a  thin  fix-fided  table.  When  both  the  fecond  and  the 
firil  modifications  are  united  in  the  prifm,  we  have  the  chaux 
carb.  peridodicacdre  of  Haiiy    (pi.  26.  fig.  33.) 

II.   Rkomloidal  Modifications. 

A.  Obtufe  Rhomboids.  Of  thefe,  Nos.  5,  6.  8,  and  9,  have 
not  before  been  noticed. 

4.  Obtufe  rhomboid  of  l\^°  "LC)',  and  G^,\\'. —  One  of  the 
moft  common  modifications,  and  more  frequently  than  all 
the    rell    (except    the   preceding)    combined     with   otjiec 


modifications.'  It  is  produced  by  the  edges  of  the  pyranids 
of  the  primitive  rhomboid  being  replaced  each  by  a  plane 
equally  i-.iclining  on  thofe  by  which  the  edge  itfelf  is  formed. 
In  its  complete  ftate,  tliis  modification  is  the  chaux  carb. 
iquiaxe  of  H;iuy  (pi.  23.  fig.  2.),  wiiich  is  much  more  fre- 
quently met  with  than  the  different  pali'ages  of  the  primitive 
rhomboid  into  this  modification.  The  planes  of  this  fourih 
modification  are  often  longitudinally  itriated ;  and  when 
they  are  arrived  at  tlieir  limits,  the  llris  run  parallel  to  the 

fhorier  diagonal  of  the  rhomboidal  planes This  is  found 

united  principally  with  No.  2,  reprefcnting  various  degrees 
of  elongation  of  the  chaux  carb.  dodkacdre,  Haiiy  (pi.  24. 
fig.  j8.)  :  found  alfo  as  twin  cryftals  in  Derbythire  ;  with 
No.  1,  belonging  to  the  chaux  carb.  bifur.itaire,  Haiiy 
(fig.  17.\  ch;tily  from  Cumberland  (rare);  with  Nos.  i 
and  2,  and  witn  Nos.  2  and  3,  chaux  carb.  tqui-vaknte, 
Haiiy  (pi.  25'.  fig.  28  ),  both  from  Cumberland ;  with 
Nos.  2  and  3,  and  part  of  the  primitive  planes,  whence  it  is 
called  chaux  carb.  Iriforme  by  Haiiy  ifig.  26.).  Tlie  lall 
mentioned  variety  is  from  the  Hartz  ;  and  both  the  fpecimcn 
of  Haiiy  and  that  defcribed  by  M.  de  Bournon  are  remark- 
able, for  having  part  of  the  pyramid  covered  with  cryftalline 
matter,  whicli  appears  to  be  depohted  after  the  cryftal  had 
been  completed,  and  is  thus  forming  a  paflage  into  the 
regular  hexahedral  prifm. 

5.  Very  obtufe  rhomboid  of  \\y  56',  and  6i'  4'. — It  is 
produced  by  tlie  edges  of  the  primitive  rhomboid  being  re- 
placed each  by  a  plane,  which  is  inclined  towards  its  ium- 
mit.  This  has  hitherto  been  found  only  in  combination 
with  other  modifications,  viz.  Nos.  2  and  3.  The  cryflals 
are  all  from  the  Hartz,  where  red  filver  ore  is  fometimes 
accompanied  with  them.  The  variety  of  calcareous  fpar, 
called  en  rofe,  generally  belongs  to  the  complete  rhomboid 
of  this  modification,  as  alio  m.ofl  of  thofe  known  by  the 
names  of  coxcomb  and  lenticular  ip.ir;  but  they  are  feidom 
determinable  by  the  goniometer. 

6.  Obtufe  rhomboid  0/"  1 13  and  G'f. — This  is  cafily  con- 
founded with  the  preceding  modification.  Count  Bournon 
has  obferved  it  only  in  a  few  inllances,  combined  with  the 
planes  of  Nos.  i,  2,  and  36  {vide  infra),  in  cryflals  from 
Derbyfliire  and  Cumberland. 

7.  Obtufe  rhomboid  of  107"  3',  and  72"  57'. — This  is  the 
refult  of  a  decrement  of  the  lamina;,  ilniilar  to  tljat  which 
produces  the  preceding  modification ;  but  the  planes  thus 
formed  are  more  inchned  on  the  bafe  of  the  primitive  rhom- 
boid. To  this  is  to  be  referred  Haiiy's  chaux  carb.  guadri- 
rhomboidale.  (Ann.  du  Muf.  d'H.  Nat.  t.  I.  pi.  8.  fig.  4.) 
It  is  always  obferved  in  combination  with  other  modifica- 
tions, fuch  as  with  thofe  of  Nos.  i,  2,  and  with  thofe  of 
the  primitive  cryllal.  They  come  from  Dauphine  and 
Derbyfhire.  Th.is  modification  has  not  yet  been  feen  pet- 
feCl  ;  though  nearly  fo,  in  a  variety  which  has  very  narrow 
planes  of  No.  i .  One  variety  from  Derbyfhire,  which  has 
the  prifm  of  No.  2  combined  with  this  modification,  and 
part  of  the  planes  of  the  primitive  rhomboid,  might  be  cafily 
miilaken  for  prifmatic  rock  cryllal,  of  which  it  has  fome- 
times the  tranfparency.  'J^he  planes  marked  /  in  Haiiy's 
chaux  carb.  relrcgrade,  (pL  26.  fig.  36.)  belong  to  this 
variety. 

8.  Very  obtifs  rhomboid  of  118'  34',  and  61'  26'. — This 
moll  obtufe  of  a'l  rhon;boids  known  to  occur  in  calcareous 
fpar,  is  the  refult  of  a  decrement  of  the  cryftalline  lamina?, 
at  the  obtufe  angles  of  the  planes  that  form  the  fclid  angle 
of  the  fummit,  which  is  thus  replaced  by  three  planes  refling 
on  thofe  of  the  primitive  rhomboid.  This  modification, 
which  is  fcarce,  does  not  occur  in  its  complete  ftate  ;  befides 
with  planes  of  the  primitive  rhomboid,  it  has  been  obferved 

F  z  in 


L  1  M  E. 


in  i-ombination  with  thofc  of  Nos.  I,  3,  5,  8,  41,  and  43  j 
molt  of  them  from  the  Hartz.  Perhaps  fome  of  the  very 
flat  lenticular  varieties  of  calcareous  fpar  may  be  alfo  referable 
to  this  modilication. 

q.  Sligkly  ohtuji  rhomboid  of  95°  2ft',  and  84'  32'.— This 
very  rare  modilicHtion  is  produced  by  the  obtufe  anglrs  on 
the  bafe  of  the  primitive  rhomboid  being  replaced,  each  by 
a  plane  refting  on  the  correfpondinir  primitive  planes.  It  is 
obvious,  that  the  cleavage  of  this  rhomboid  mail  be  different 
from  that  of  the  hill  mentioned  modification,  by  being  on 
the  planes  of  the  fiimmit  inltcad  of  the  bafe;  while  that  of 
all  the  preceding  rhsmboids,  likewife  at  the  bale,  takes 
T)lace  on  tlie  edges.  This  rhomboid  has  been  obfervcd  per- 
left  in  fpecimens  from  Siberia  ;  and  in  combination  with 
the  planes  of  No.  36. 

B.  Acute  rhomboiiU.      Nos.  lo,  12,  15,  16  and  iS  — 21  of 
this  divilion  are  new. 

10.  ylcute  rhomboid  of  6  J'  28',  and  1 14°  32' The  obtufe 

angles  of  t'.ie  primitive  rhomboid  replaced  each  by  a  plane, 
as  in  the  preceding  ;  but  being  the  refult  of  a  more  rapid 
decrement  of  the  lamina:,  its  axis  is  three  times  longer  than 
that  of  the  primitive  rhomboid.  Occurs,  though  rarely, 
in  Dcrbyfhire,  both  in  its  complete  ilate,  and  in  combination 
with  remains  of  the  planes  of  No.  2. 

1 1 .  ylcute  rhomboid  of  45 ''  34',  and  134°  26'.  -  The  refult 
of  a  decrement  on  the  fame  angles  as  in  the  preceding,  but 
the  decrement  prodiking  a  rhomboid  much  more  acute. 
It  is  the  chaux  carb.  coiitrajiante  of  Haiiy  (pi.  23.  fig.  5.) 
one  of  the  moll  common  rhomboids  that  occur  in  calcareous 
fpar.  It  occurs  perfect,  fomctimes  with  traces  of  the  pri- 
mitive planes,  and  in  combination  with  Nos.  i,  2,  3,  4,  and 
36.  Is  found  in  Derbvlhire,  Cumberland,  at  Grenoble  in 
France,  on  the  Hartz,  &c.  When  the  planes  of  the  rhom- 
boid of  this  modification  are  combined  with  thofe  of  the 
common  acute  pyramidial  dodecahedron,  No.  36,  they,  re- 
place the  folid  angles  of  the  bafe  of  this  dodecahedron  in  the 
form  of  an  elongated  trapezoid. 

12.  Acute  rhomboid  of  ^o'^  36',  and  139-  34'. — Decrement 
on  the  fame  angles  as  in  the  preceding,  to  which  it  ap- 
proaches clofely.  Occurs  mollly  in  its  complete  ilate  in 
Uerbylhire,  and  has  been  feen  combined  in  the  fame  cryllal 
with  planes  of  the  primitive  rhomboid,  and  Nos.  i,  14,  and 
36,  in  which  latter  its  planes  are  placed  nearly  in  the  fame 
manner  as  thofe  of  the  rhomboid  of  the  preceding  modi- 
fication. 

1 3.  Very  acute  rhomboid  of  i  j'  and  165''. — Decrement  on 
the  fame  angles  as  in  the  preceding  modifications,  but  giving 
origin  to  a  much  more  acute  rhomboid.  Count  Bournon 
has  obferved  it  in  its  complete  Hate.  It  is  feldom  feen,  and 
it  is  difficult  to  preferve  it,  on  account  of  the  great  fragility 
of  the  fine  termination  of  the  cryllals.  Combinations  of 
the  planes  of  this  and  No.  4  occur  in  Derbyfhire,  on  the 
Hartz,  &c.  and  in  Cumberland,  generally  on  cryllals  of 
fulphate  of  barytes ;  the  one  called  chaux  carb.  coniraSce 
(Haiiy,  pi.  24.  fig.  20.)  belongs  to  it.  Fine  groups  of 
this  modification  in  its  complete  Hate  have  been  found  in 
Wcftmoreland  ;  and  in  the  lame  fpccimen,  combined  with 
planes  of  the  very  acute  pyramidal  dodecahedron,  No.  54. 

14  Slightly  acute  rhomboid  of  ?)■]'  ^2' ,  and  g2^  18'. — This 
is  the  chaux  carb.  cuhdide  of  Hauy,  (pi.  23.  fig.  7.)  It 
occurs  complete,  with  planes  of  the  primitive  rhomboid,  and 
combined  with  the  planes  of  fevcral  other  modification'', 
fuch  as  Nos.  1 — 4,  and  No.  15,  in  Languedoc,  at  Stron- 
tian,  Bi»th,  in  Derbylhire,  and  on  the  Hartz.  This  modifica- 
tion," combi:!ed  with  the  planes  of  No.  3,  is  the  chaux 
carb.  apoph'ine  oiWixx)-,  (pi.  24.  fig.  15.) 

15.  Acute  rhomboid  c/84"  26',  and  g^"  34'.  — This  rhom- 


boid, the  preceding,  and  all  the  following,   arc   the  refult 
of   a  decrement  of    the   cryftalline   laminae   on   the  obtufe 


angles  of  the.bafc  ;  and  the  cleavage  in  all  of  them  takes 
place  at  the  fummit,  and  on  the  edges  of  the  cryllal.  Though 
combined  with  moll  of  the  other  modifications,  the  planes 
of  this  rhomboid  have  never  been  mentioned  by  cryllallo- 
graphers,  a  circumllance  probably  owing  to  their  fmallncfs, 
and  tlieir  having  been  confounded  with  the  preceding,  from 
which  it  is,  however,  cafily  dillinguilhed,  even  without  the 
alfidance  of  the  goniometer.  It  is  fometimes  found  in  a 
complete  ftate  on  the  Hartz,  and  at  Strontian  in  groups, 
accompanied  with  ililbitc  and  crofs-ftonc,  or  harmoiomc, 
and  in  combination  with  the  planes  of  Nos.  i  —  j.  and  alfo 
with  the  remains  of  thofe  of  the  primitive  rhom.boid. 

16.  Acute  rhomboid  of  Si^  19',  rtni-/ 98^  41'. — This  is 
oftcncr  feen  in  its  complete  Ilate  than  combined  witl;  the 
planes  of  other  modifications,  fuch  as  thofe  of  Nos.  i,  2, 
3,  4,  and  36  ;  it  alfo  occurs  with  traces  of  the  primitive 
rhomboid.  Moll  of  thcfe  were  brought  from  the  ifland  of 
Ferroe,  and  from  Scotland  ;  the  former  mollly  in  groups, 
with  flilbite  zeolite,  the  others  with  analcime  zeolite.  The 
variety  in  which  it  is  combined  with  No.  4,  came  from  Caf- 
tagna-moro,  in  Italy.  Their  gangue,  in  the  above  places, 
is  a  wacke  like  rock. 

17.  Acute  rhomboid  of  y ^^  31',    and   104'  29'. — This  is 
the  chaux   carb.   invcrfe  (Haviy,  pi.  23.  fig.  3.),  fo   called 
becauie  this  rhomboid  is,  as  it  were,  an  inverfion  of  the  pri- 
mitive.    Next  to  No.  14,  it  is  the  moll  common  of  all  the 
modifications  of  calcareous  fpar  ;  but  a  circumllance  worth 
remarking  is,  that  it  fcarcely  ever  occurs  in  any  other  but 
(liell  liine-ftone  ;  while  the  reverfe   prevails  with  regard   to 
the  primitive  rhomboid  which,  in  its  pcrfcft  Hate,  is  feldom 
found  in  any  brt  the  older  formations  of  lime-flone.      The 
name  of  muriatique,  given    to   this   rhomboid  by  Ronre  de 
I'Ifle,    is  derived    from    the   juil  mentioned  mode  of   oc- 
curing.       The  complete    rhomboid   frequently    occurs    in 
veins  at  Bath,  in  Derbyfiiire,  and  lining  hollows  of   (liell- 
marble  in  feveral   other  parts  of  Britain.      In   dill  greater 
perfcftion  it  is  found,  together  with  various  combinations  of 
the  phines  of  other  modifications,  in  the  (hell  lime-ftone  of 
Coulon,  near  Lyons,  and  in  thofe  ofVougy,  near  Roanne, 
in  Forez  ;  in  the  former  of  thefe  places  it  is  generally  feen  in 
the  interior  of  filiceo-calcareous   geodes ;    in  the  latter  in 
geodes    of  black,    earthy,   and  compacl   black  manganefe, 
with  mammillary  internal  furface.      It  has  been  obferved  by 
M.  de  Bournon  combined  with  the  planes  of  the  primitive 
rhomboid,  and  with  thofe  of  Nos.  i  to  4,  and  Ncs.  11,  14, 
36,  37,  and  49.     That  with  narrow  remains  of  the  primitive 
planes  is  Haiiy 's  chaux  carb.  an//a(V«  (pi.  23.  fig-9-)>   '''^t 
with  remains  of  the  primitive  planes,  and  ihofe  of  the  prifm 
No.  2,  has  been  defcribed    by   the    fame  cryflallograjiher 
under  the  name  of  chaux   carb.    uniiinaire  (Ann.  du  iVIuf. 
Par,  vol.  i.)  ;  that  w>lh  the  planes  of  the  fame  prifm  No.  2, 
and  with  thofe  of  No.  3,  is  Haiiy's   chaux  carb.  perfiflanta 
(pi.   25.    fig.   29.)  ;    the  fame  with  additional  remains   of 
the  planes  of  No.  4,    is  his  chaux  carb.  coardonnee  ;    and 
a  variety  in   which  this  rhomboid  is  combined  with  narrow/ 
planci  of  Nos.   1,  2,  3,  4,   and  37,    is  defcribed  by  hira. 
under  the  name    of    chaux  carb.  quadruplante.     (An».  du 
Muf.  vol.  i.) 

1 8.  Acute  rhomboid  of  70°  1 8',  and  IC9"  42'.  —  This  rhom- 
boid is  very  rare,  ana  has  been  feen  in  combination  only 
with  the  planes  of  the  prifm  No.  2,  accornpanied  by  planes 
of  Nos.  23,  30,  36,  and  of  the  primitive  rhomboid.  Thefe 
cryllals  occur  in  Cum.berland  and  in  Derbyfiiire. 

19.  Acute  rhomboid  of  bl  12,  a;«/iiS  48'.  This  has 
been  obferved  by  count  Bournon,  in  its  complete  Ilate,  im  2 

m-dfs 


LIME. 


mafs  of  brown  iron-floiie  ;  and  alfo  in  combination  with  the 
planes  of  the  primitive  rhomboid  and  tholL'  of  Nos.  i,  2,  3, 
4,  1 1,  and  36.  The  cryllals  exhibiting  this  modification  are, 
with  a  few  exceptions,  ail  from  Derbylhire. 

20.  ylcuU  rhomboid  of  ^y  ^^',  and  12^  26'.— This  rhom- 
boid, which  has  been  obferved  complete,  and  in  combination 
remains  of  the  primitive  planes,  and  thofe  of  Nos.  2  and  3,  is  of 
ftill  rarer  occurrence  than  the  preceding.  Found  in  Derbylhire 
and  Cumberland.  The  preceding,  and  the  next  modiiication, 
fometimcs  exhibit,  underneath"their  pyramidal  edges,  the 
planes  of  the  priinitive  rhomboid,  which,  elpcciahy  when 
of  a  diitcrent  tint  from  the  rell,  are  vifible  througli  the  fub- 
Itance  of  tlie  cryftal ;  a  phenomenon  produced  by  a  fuper- 
pofition  of  cryilalline  matter  on  the  cryllal  already 
formed. 

21.  Acute  flximbotd  of  ^o"  ^A^ ,  and  1 29°  6'. — This  occurs 
both  fimple  and  combined  with  other  modifications,  fuchas 
Nos.  I,  2,  3,  4,  II,  17,  and  46,  in  the  Hartz,  in  Cumber- 
land, and  more  frequently  in  Derbylhire.  It  is  often  feen  to 
accompany  (lalaftitical  varieties  of  calcareous  Ipar. 

22.  Very  acute  rhjmbohi  of  T^-j'  3  i',  and  142  29' — This  is 
the  chaux  carb.  ?7i:xtc  of  Hauy  (pi.  23.  lig.  6.)  It  is,  like 
the  preceding,  not  unfreqnently  met  with,  particularly  as 
accompanying  ilaladtitical  lime-ftone  ;  it  occurs  as  often  in 
a  complete  (late  as  combined  with  the  planes  of  other  m.o- 


difications,  amonsc  which  are  Nos. 


'3>4. 


and  46. 


They  are  principally  found  in  Derbylhire.  Tlie  variety 
which  is  combined  wdth  the  planes  of  No  4,  has  been  de- 
fcribed  by  Haiiy  under  the  name  of  utilmixte  (Ann.  du 
Iiluf.  vol.  i.)  ;  and  that  with  the  planes  of  No  1 1,  and  re- 
mains of  the  primitive  planes,  is  called  by  the  fame  cryftal- 
lo'j-rapher  chaux  carb.  tri-rhomhai(!a:e  (Min.  pi.  25.  fig.  17.); 
that  with  additional  tr.ices  of  the  planes  of  No.  7,  is  his 
chaux  carb.  quadrl-rhomboidale  (Ann.  du  Muf.  vol.  i.).  When 
the  planes  of  this  variety,  and  thofe  of  Nos.  11  and  3,  are 
united  at  the  extremities  of  the  prifmatic  modification  No.  2, 
it  is  Haiiy's  chaux  carb.  ar.ntilaire   (ibid.) 

23.  Extremely  acute  rhomboid  of  14'  6',  and  l6j''  54' This 

is  the  mod  acute  of  all  the  rhomboids  that  belong  to  calca- 
reous fpar.  It  is  feldom  feen  in  its  complete  Itate,  both 
on  account  of  its  minutenefs  and  its  extreme  fragility  ;  M.  de 
Bournon  has,  however,  obferved  it  feveral  times  on  the 
groups  of  calcareous  fpar  from  the  Hartz,  which  are  confider- 
ed  as  filiform  and  indeterminable.  The  combination  of  the 
planes  of  this  with  thofe  of  No.  4,  is  named  ciiaux  carb. 
ddatee  by  Haiiy  (pi.  24.  fig.  31.},  which  occurs  alfo  as 
made  ;  that  with  traces  of  the  planes  of  Nos.  3  and  17  is 
the  fame  cryilaliographer's  chaux  carb.  hyperaxide  (pi.  25. 
fig.  ;o.)  ;  and  that  with  Nos.  4  and  7,  his  chaux  carb.  rr/ro- 
^rade  (pi.  26.  fig.  36.)  It  occurs  alfo  with  the  planes  of 
feveral  other  modifications.  This  rhomboid  might  eafily  be 
miltaken  for  that  of  No.  13,  v/hicii  is,  however,  the  refult  of 
quite  a  different  decrement  of  the  cryilalline  laminx,  aud  con- 
fequently  has  a  different  cleavage. 

III.   Pyramidal  Modif.calions. 

The  feveral  pyramidal  dodecahedrons  belonging  to  this  di- 
vifion,  are  here  diilinguifned  from  each  other  by  the  mealure 
of  the  fohd  angle  of  their  lummit,  taken  on  two  oppofite 
edges  of  the  pyr.nnid. 

A.  Pyramidal  obtufe  dodecahedrons — The  modifications  of 
this  fub-divifion  of  pyramidal  dodecahedrons  are,  upon  the 
whole,  very  rare,  and  almoft  pccuhar  to  England,  where  they 
occur  in  Derbylhire,  Cumberland,  and  Durham.  When  the 
planes  of  feveral  of  thofe  modifications  are  combined  in  the 
fame  cryftal,  theur  narrownefs,  together  with  the  very  obtufe 

3 


angles  they  form  with  one  another,  fometimcs  produces  curvi- 
linear planes,  efpecially  when  they  are,  at  the  fame  time,  com- 
bined with  the  planes  of  feveral  of  tlie  rhomboidal  modifications. 

The  following  ten  modifications,  with  the  exception  of 
Nos.  27  and  30,  have  not  been  noticed  before. 

24  Obtufe  pyramidal  dodecahedron  of  i'^^'  28'. — This  modi- 
fication (as  well  as  thofe  that  follow),  is  the  reiult  of  a  retro- 
gradation  of  the  cryftalline  laminx,  along,  and  parallel  with, 
the  edges  of  the  pyramids  of  the  primitive  rhomboid,  replacing 
each  of  thefe  edges  by  a  double  plane  or  bevelment.  Three 
of  the  edges  in  each  pyramid  of  this  modification  muft,  there- 
fore, be  exaftly  in  the  fame  direftion  with  thofe  of  the  primi- 
tive rhomboid.  It  has  not  been  obferved  either  in  its  pallage 
from  the  primitive  rhomboid,  or  as  complete  dodecahedron, 
but  only  in  combination  with  very  fhort  planes  of  the  prifm 
No.  2  (from  Cumberland)  ;  with  thofe  of  Nos.  2,  4,  and 
36,  in  a  pyramidal  cryftal  from  Derbylhire  ;  and  with  thofe 
of  Nos.  2  and  3  j,  from  the  fame  county. 

23' .  Obtufe  pyramidal  dodecahedron  &/'  i  26  ^  5 1 '. — This  modi- 
fication, if  it  exiiled  in  a  complete  Hate,  woidd  exhibit  py- 
ramids with  planes  forming  ifolceles  triangles,  and  conle- 
quently  with  all  the  angles  of  the  common  bafeon  the  fame 
level.  M.  de  Bournon  has  but  twice  obferved  this  modifica- 
tion ;  and  in  both  cafes  combined  with  the  planes  of  leveral 
othei' modifications,  among  which  thofe  of  the  prilm  No.  2 
are  the  moft  apparent.      From  Derbyfliire. 

26.  Obtufe  pyramidal  dodecahedron  of  124'  36'. — This  is 
of  much  more  frequent  occurrence  th;m  the  preceding,  from 
which  it  differs  eflentially,  in  having  fcalene  triangles.  The 
complete  dodecahedron  comes  from  Derbylhire  ;  a  combina- 
tion of  its  planes  with  thofe  of  No.  2  from  Cumberland. 
In  Derbyfliire  it  is  alfo  found  combined  with  the  planes  of 
feveral  other  modifications,  of  which  thofe  of  Nos.  2  and  36 
are  the  moft  chaiaiSeriftic. 

27.  Obtufe  pyramidal  dodecahedron  of  121°  26'. — Theplanes 
that  terminate  Haiiy's  chaux  cavh .  Joti/lraffive  ipl.  26.fig.37.) 
belong  to  this  modification.  They  are  alio  feen  in  his 
chaux  carh.  furcompofee  (pi.  28.  fig.  50.),  in  w'hich  five  mo- 
difications are  combined.  Cryltals  with  planes  of  this  dode- 
cahedron are  common  in  Derbylhire  and  Cumberland,  where 
it  occurs  combined  with  the  planes  of  feveral  other  mod;fi« 
cations.     The  complete  dodecahedron  is  Icarce. 

28.  Obtufe  pyramidal  dodecahedron  of  118"  26'. — Has  not 
yet  been  found  in  a  complete  llate.  The  fimpleft  combina- 
tion is  that  with  the  very  Ihort  planes  of  the  prifmatic  modi-  , 
fication  No.  2.  But  it  generally  occurs  together  with  the 
planes  of  feveral  other  modifications,  fuch  as  with  Nos.  4, 
7,  II,  27,  28,  and  36,  and  in  lome  of  thefe  alio,  with  re- 
mains of  the  planes  of  the  primitive  rhomboid.  Found  prin- 
cipally in  Derbylhire  and  Cumberland. 

2  9.  Cltufe  pyramidal  dodecahedron  of  11 J  25 '. — Differs  but 
little  from  the  preceding.  It  has  not  been  found  in  a  complete 
ftate,  nor  are  its  planes  often  ftcn  combined  with  thole  of 
other  modifications  j  among  thofe  figured  by  M.  de  Bournon 
are  Nos.  2,  15,  17,  and  36.  The  cryftals  which  exhibit  its 
planes  are  moftly  from  Derbylhire. 

30.  Oblufe pyramidal  dodecahedron  of  T  1  ^  17'. — Its  planes- 
are  reprefenled  in  Hauy's  chaux  carb.  diijainte  (pi.  26, 
fig,  38.),  in  which  it  is  combined' with  thofe  of  Nos.  2  and  36. 
In  the  fame  author's  chaux  carb.  bint^enaire  (Ann.  du  Muf. 
vol.  i. )  it  is  feen  without  the  planes  of  tlie  prifmatic  modif. 
No.  2,  but  with  thofe  of  No.  36  ;  and  his  chaux  carb.  additive 
(ibid.)  is  the  bifonaire,  augmented  by  the  planes  of  No.  4. 
Thefe  cryftals  are  faid  to  come  from  Derbylhire.  M.  de 
Bour'ion  has  not  iiimfelf  ftcn  cryftals  with  planes  of  this 
modification, 

51.  Cltife 


L  I  M  E. 


31.  Obtuft  ptramlJiil  dodecahihoii  of  100'  24'.— The 
•planes  produced  by  ihc  retrogradAtiou  of  the  cryftalliiie 
lainiiire  replace  the  edges  of  the  primitive  rhomboid,  but 
iiiftead  of  being  parallel  to  them,  as  in  the  precedinj;  modili- 
CHtions,  they  become  narrower  towards  the  fummit  ot  the 
rhomboid.  The  two  pyramids  of  this  dodecahedron  arc,  like 
thofe  of  No.  25,  compofcd  of  ifofcelcs  triangles,  whence 
the  angles  of  their  hnfe  mull  be  upon  a  level.  It  has  not  yet 
been  obferved  in. it-  complete  (late;  but  in  a  variety  compoled 
of  its  planes  and  thofe  of  Nos.  35  ?,nd  2,  M.  de  Bournon  has 
feen  it  terminate  the  cry  Hal  in  a  very  regular  manner.  It 
has  alfo  been  obfervyd  in  a  cryftal  in  which  the  planes  of 
No.  2,  and  in  another  in  which  llioi'e  of  No.  36.  arc  predomi- 
nant. 'J^ic  cry  llals  exhibiting  the  planes  of  this  modification 
are  rare,  and  have  been  found  only  in  Dcrbyfliire  and  Cum- 
berland. 

32.  Obtufc  pyramidal  dodecahedron  of  lOl"  6'. — This  has 
not  been  feen  complete,  but  in  combination  with  the  phinej 
of  feveral  other  moditicalions  producing  very  complica'cd 
<ry(lals.  They  occur  in  Dcrbylhire,  but  rarely.  The 
cleavage  of  this  dodecahedron  takes  place  at  the  bafe  on  the 
lefs  obtufe  edges. 

33.  Qbtufe  pyramidal  dodecahedron  of  gy''. — The  cryftals 
in  which  are  feen  the  planes  of  this  moditication  occur  but 
leldom,  and  are  ilUl  more  complicated  than  thofe  with  the 
planes  of  the  preceding  modification.  One  of  the  two 
cryftals  figured  by  M.  dc  Bournoii  comprehends  72,  and 
the  other  no  lefs  than  84  planes,  of  which  thofe  of  the  prif- 
matic  modification,  No.  2,  arc  the  principal  ones.  They 
Were  found  in  Derbyfhire.  The  cleavage  of  this  dodecahe- 
dron is  the  fame  as  that  of  the  preceding  modHkation. 

B.  jlitite  pyramidal  dodecahedrons. — The  following  modifi- 
cations, with  the  exception  of  Nos.  34,  56,  39.  48*  and  50, 
are  all  new. 

34.  ylcutc  pyramidal  dodecahedron  o/'88"  ^'3'. — The  planes 
of  tins  dodecahedron  are  the  refult  of  a  decrement  of  the 
cryllalline  laminx  along  the  edges  of  the  bafe  of  tiie  primitive 
rhomboid:  cleavage  at  the  fummit  on  the  more  obtufe  edges. 
Thefe  planes  are  marked  u  in  Faiiy'  figure  of  his  chaux 
carb.  li^emince  (pi.  27  fig.  49.)  Befides  in  this  combination, 
(in  which  the  planes  of  No.  36.  are  the  moft  prominent,) 
M.de  Bournon  has  obferved  them  witli  the  planes  of  Nos.  2, 
Z9,  and  34,  in  two  cryftals  from  Cumberland,  where  alio 
the  complete  dodecahedron  has  been  found.  The  planes  of 
this  modification  are  of  rare  occurrence. 

3J.  Acute  dodccahcdral  pyramid  of  78^  40' — This  is  far 
•lefs  fcarce  than  the  preccL.ing  modificatifm,  with  which  it 
agrees  in  the  nature  of  the  decrement  and  the  cleavage. 
Has  not  yet  been  obferved  in  its  complete  ilate.  Its  planes 
are  reprefented  in  Haiiy's  figure  of  chaux  carb.  afccndante 
(pi.  27.  fig.  44-  «)' '"  w-hich  they  are  combined  with  tiiole  of 
Nos.  2  and  II.  Another  cryftal  has  been  defcribed  by  Haiiy, 
under  the  name  oi  fjufquadniple  (Ann.  du  Muf.  vol.  ii.), 
which  di!fers  from  the  latter  in  having  alfo  traces  of  No  28. 
The  dodecahedron  has  not  been  feen  in  its  complete  Ilate,  but 
our  author  pofleffes  cryftals  in  which  the  two  pyramids  are 
■feparated  from  one  anotiier  only  by  ftiort  planes  of  the  prif- 
matic  modification  No.  2.  Befides  this,  its  planes  have 
been  obferved  in  combination  with  fome  other  modifications. 
Thefe  cryftals  have  been  found  in  Derbyiliire. 

36  ylcutc  pyramidal  dodecahedron  o/"  48-'  22'. — This  is 
Haiiy's  chaux  carb.  melajlatiqu:  (pi.  4<S,  iig.  70),  a  modifica- 
tio:i  which,  both  in  its  complete  ftatc,  and  in  conjunction 
with  the  planes  of  other  modifications,  is  of  moft  irequent 
occurrence  in  the  cryftals  of  calcareous  ipar.  We  lliall 
mention  the  more  intexefting  varieties. 


When,  in  the  progrefs  from  the  primitive  rhomboid  mto 
this  dodecahedron,  only  fmall  planes  of  the  former  remain 
at  the  top  of  the  pyramid,  it  is  the  chaux  carb.  linairc  (T 
Haiiy  (pi.  24.  fig.  11.)  Tlie  complete  dodecahedron  is  ftill 
more  common  than  this  ;  it  is  fometimes  found  with  plants 
of  the  pyramids  unequal,  and  not  meeting  in  a  point  ;  alfo 
as  made.  Combined  with  fmall  planesof  No.  2,  it  is  Haiiy's 
chaux  carb.  bifalterne  (pi.  25.  fig.  23);  which  likewife 
occurs  as  made.  When  ihc^planes  of  the  prifmatic  variety 
are  more  confiderable  than  in  the  jull-mentioned  variety, 
and,  confequently,  hexagonal,  it  is  the  chaux  carb.  prifnu: 
of  Haiiy  (pi.  2).  fig.  24.)  ;  this  is  very  common.  If,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  latter,  fmall  planes  of  No.  4.  are  leen,  it  is  t!  e 
chaux  carb.  annlogique  prifmee  of  Haiiy  (pi  26.  fig.  35.)  ; 
from  which  the  chaux  carb.  analo^iqtie  disjoiiile  (Haiiy, 
pi.  26.  fig.  38.)  only  differs  in  the  magnitude  of  the  planes 
of  Nos.  4  and  36.  The  combination  of  Nos.  2,  4,  and 
36,  is  alio  fometimes  feen  in  the  fliape  of  that  beau- 
tiful made  called  "  heart-fhaped  calcareous  fpar,"  and  ex- 
plained and  figured  by  M.  de  Bournon.  'i'he  prifm  of 
No.  2,  having  planes  of  this  36th  modification,  togetln  r 
with  remains  of  the  primitive  planes  at  the  fummils  of  the 
pyramid,  is  Haiiy's  chaux  carb.  bibinaire  (pi.  25.  'fig.  26.) 
In  combination  with  the  jji-ifni  of  No.  1,  and  with  Nos.  i 
and  ^-J,  this  dodecahedron  is  feldom  found  ;  in  the  latter  tlie 
line  which  feparates  the  pyramidal  planes  from  the  prifm  is 
fometimes  im.perceptiblc,  fo  that  the  cryftal  appears  com- 
pofed  of  curvilinear  planes. 

A  variety,  remarkable  on  account  of  its  fimplicity,  is  the 
chaux  carb.  analogigue  (Haiiy  pi.  26.  fig.  34.)  ;  it  is  like- 
wife  compofed  L>f  the  planes  of  this  modilication,  and  thofe 
of  Nos.  2  and  4,  forming  altogether  a  cryftal  of  24  trape- 
zoidal planes,  not  unlike  thole  of  the  leucite,  except  that  in 
the  former  the  planes  are  of  three  different  dimtnfions. 

This  modification  is  alfo  of;cn  feen  in  combination  with 
the  planes  of  No.  1 1  ;  the  variety  in  whi.li  thefe  latter  have 
much  increafed  in  fize  at  the  expence  of  the  former,  is 
Haiiy's  chaux  carb.  blnoleriiaire  (pi.  2 ;.  fig  25.)  ;  the  fame 
cryftal  is  alfo  obfervt-d  as  made.  A  fimilar  variety,  but 
which  contains  alfo  narrow  planes  of  Nos.  4  and  17,  is  the 
chiuix  carb.  doublaute  of  the  fame  cryftallographer,  (pi.  27. 

The  pyramidal  variety  of  this  modification  with  p'anes  of 
Nos    17  and  11,  is  Haiiy's  chaux  carb.  progrejft-ve  (pi.  27. 
fig.  41.)  ;    and  a   fimilar  one,    but    with    the    pbnes     of      1 
No.  2    inilead  of    II,    is    the    fame  auiiior's  chaux   carb. 
emoujfee  (pi.  26.   fig.  40.)  ;  the  latter  occurs  alfo  as  made. 

Many  more  combinations  of  the  planes  of  this  modification, 
with  thofe  of  others,  are  defcribed  and  figured  by  count 
Bournon  ;  among  others  a  cryftal,  compofeo  of  feven  modi- 
fications, contains,  in  all,  fixty  planes,  and  another,  com- 
pofed of  eleven  modifications,  exhibits  no  lefs  than  96  planets. 
The  fame  author  has  ilhiftrated  this  modification  by  129 
fignres. 

37.  yseute  pyramidal  dodecahedron  of  40'  14'. — Though 
the  dodcCdliedron  of  this  modification  is  confidcrably  more 
acute  than  that  of  the  preceding  modification  ;  yet  it  ap- 
pears to  have  hitherto  been  confounded  with  it.  It  has 
been  found  in  combination  with  the  planes  of  the  primitive 
rhomboid,  and  thofe  of  Nos.  36,  2,  and  11,  and  alfo  ia  its 
complete  ilate.  The  cryftals  exhibiting  this  modification  are 
pretty  large.  They  have  been  found  only  in  the  Dauphiiie 
Alps  of  Loifan,  and  in  Derbyfhire. 

38.  P yrnimdal  dodecahedron  of  ^f'  5'. — This  might  eafily 
{je  miftaken  for  the  dodecahedron  of  t  lie  preceding  modifica- 
tion.    It  has  not  yet  been  obferved  in  its  complete  ftatc,  but 

in 


LIME. 


in  combination  with  tTie  planes  of  Hos.  2,  5,  ly,  17,  23, 
and  wil'i  remains  of  thj  planes  of  tlie  primitive  rhomboid. 
Ha^  been  found  in  Hungary,  and  other  places  ;  but  does 
not  appear  to  occur  in  Enirland. 

39.  PyramlLd doJ.'cah^dron  of  icp  58'. — The  complete  do- 
decihedron  occurs  in  Germany  ;  nearly  complete,  with  planes 
of  Ml.  t7  at  the  points  of  the  pyramids,  it  is  Haiiy's  chaux 


42',  and  three  under  one  of  112^44'.  The  complete  do. 
decahedron  of  thss  modilicaticn  is  fcarce,  but  occurs  in  Der- 
by(hire.  In  combination  willi  the  planes  of  other  modifica- 
tions, particularly  with  Nos.  2  and  14;  2,  14,  and  47;  2,  4,  and 
50,  it  is  found  in  Derbyfliire  and  Cumberhmd  ;  and  com- 
bined \yith  planes  of  feveral  other  rr:odii;cations,  count 
B  jurnon  has  fecn  it  among  the  cryHals  of  calcareous  fpar 


c^rh.  fixilttodkhnih   (p!..2J.  fig.  22);    with    the    fummit     that  accompany  the  filver  ores  of  Potofi;  one  of  thefe  cr'\-f. 
interceoted  by  N"   3,  and  with  trapezoidal  planes  of  No.  2,     tals,  the  refult  of  eight  moditications,  has  66  planes 
it  cOTlH'.utes  the  fame  crylhiiograplier's  ciiaux  carb.  oc!ode-         Haiiy's  i  haux   carb.  num!:riqui{\.  des  Min.  No.  10 


chn^lt  (ib.  fig.  51.)  ;  its  planes  are  a!fo  feen  in  his  chau)i 
cjrb.  zon.iire  (pi.  26.  fig.  39.)  in  combination  with  thofe 
of  N.)  I,  and  of  No.  17,  which  latter  are  the  characteriltic 
planes.  Alfo  the  variety  defcribed  by  Hsiiy  under  the 
name  oi qu'tntiforme,  (Ann.  da  Muf.  vol.  ii.)  has  fmall  planes 
of  this  :?9;h  modification,  which  has  hitherto  been  found 
principally  in  Ger.nany. 

40.  Acute pyran'id^.l  dodecahedron  of  26^  34'. — This  dode- 
cahedron is  not  unfrequently  feen  i;i  its  complete  ftate,  but 


06.)  ap- 
proaches very  near  this  modiiicalion  in  the  meafurement  of 
its  angles. 

4j.  Acute  pyramidal  dulecahedron  of  ^6'  Jo'.— Mio-ht  eafily 
be  miftaken  for  the  dodecahedron.  No.  36,  in  which,  however,, 
the  cleavage  takes  place  on  the  more  obtufe  edges.  The  do- 
decahedron in  its  complete  ftate  ha.":  been  found  in  Derbviliire, 
wliere  this  modification  occurs  in  combination  with  the  planes 
of  feveral  others;  the  mo!f  complic:ited  among  them  is  a 
cryftal,  produced  by  ten  modifications,  five  of  which  belong 


its  points,  on  account  of  their  great  fragility,  are  generally     to  rhomboids  and  four  to  dodecahedrons,  which,  together 
broken.      It  occurs  in   Germany,  from  wiiich  country,  and     with  the  planes   of  the   prifra  No.  2,  form  a  cryllal  of  84 
from  Derbyfhire  and  Cumberland,  are  alfj  procured  groups     plane?, 
of  crvltals,  including  the  plaaes  of  this  modification,  in  com- 
bination with  others,  fuch  as  Nos.  i,  2,  3,   17,  19,  21,  22, 
59,  and  50. 

41.  Acute  pyramidal  dodecahedron  of  1 3  53'- — This  is  the 
lail,  and  at  the  fame  time  the  moit  acute,  of  the  feries  of 
pyramidal  dodecahedrons  produced  by  a  decrement  along  the 
edges  of  the  bafe  of  the  primitive  rhomboid,    and  confe- 


46.  Acute  pyramidal  dodecahedron  of  40  2^'. —  Refembles 
the  dodecahedron,  No  45,  with  regard  tothe  inclination 
of  its  planes  to  each  other  ;  but  it  is  much  more  acute.- 
On  the  otiier  hand  it  approaches  near  the  dodecahedron, 
No.  j6,  in  the  meafurement  of  the  folid  angle  of  its  fum- 
mit ;  but  in  thi«  the  inclination  of  the  planes  is  different,., 
not  to  mention  the  difference  in  the  cleavagfe.     This  dode- 


{j'lently   with  cleavage    at  the  fummit  on  the   more  obtufe     cahedron  in  its  compL  te  ftate  is  very  fcarce,  it  has,  however 
edges  of  the  pyramid.    This  dodecahedron  occurs  complete,     been  found  in  Derby  fti.ire  and  Cumberland ;  the  combinations 

of  its  planes  with  thofe  of  other  modifications,  fuch  as 
Nos.  I,  2,  3,  4,  6,  17,  id,  and  thofe  of  the  primitive 
rhomboid,  are  more  frequently  met  with  in  thofe  oarts  of 
England. 

47.  Acute  pyramtiLd dodecahedron  of  45"  2'.— This  appears- 
to  be  peculiar  to  the  fame  places,  in  which  the  cryftals  wi'th 
the  planes  of  the  preceding  modification  are  found.  The 
complete  dodecahedron  is  feldom  feen.  It  is  moft  frequently 
found  in  combination  with  theprifm  No.  2:  the  ano-Ics  of  three 
alternate  edges  being  very  obtufe,  its  pyittmid  appears  al- 
moR  trian^'ular.  Thefe  cryllals  are  in  general  very  tranf- 
parent  and  beautiful. 

48.  Acute  py.  amdal  dodecahedron  of  44"  la'. — This  is  but 
little  more  acute  than  the  dodecahedron  of  the  preceding 
modification  ;  but  the  planes  of  the  latter  meet  each  other, 
three  under  an  angle  of  163' 50',  and  three  under  one  of 
84^  ;  while  in  this  48th  modification  the  fame  planes  meet 
three  under  150°  8',  and  three  under  97'  12'.  The  dode- 
cahedron in  its  complete  ftate  has  not  yet  been  found.  Its- 
planes  occur  in  cryftals  from  Cumberland  and  Derbylhire, 
in  combination  with  thofe  of  Nos.  2,  14,  ^2,  36,  and  4J. 

48*.  Acute pyram-dal dodecahedron  of  ifV  3.1'. — The  planes, 
of  this  modification  are  thofe  marlted  x  in  the  figures  of 
Haiiy's  chaux  carb.  paradoxal  (pi.  27.  fig.  42.)^  delojiquf 
(ib.  fig.  46.),  -a-cA  contplexe  (ib.  fig.  43.) 

49.  Acute  pyramidal  dodecahedron  of  ^g  9'. — The  dodecahe- 
dron of  this  modification  in  its  compiote  ftate  is  from  Hun- 
gary.     Combined  with  the  planes  of  (everal  other  modifica- 
tions, it  occurs  principally  in  Derbyfnire;  one  of  the  cryl- 
44.  AcuJe  dodecahedral  pyramid  of  61'^  4"]'. — Thmigh  the     tals  from  thence,  figured  by  count  Bournon,  is  compofed  of 
olid  angle  of  the   fummit  of  this  dodecahedron  differs  but    90  planes,  being  the  refult  of  nine  modifications. 


hut,  on  account  of  its  great  fragility,  is  generally  feen  in  a 
broken  ftate ;  fometimes  two  oppofite  planes  of  the  pyramid, 
having  increafed  is  fize,  fo  that  they  meet  no  longer  in  a 
point,  give  rife  to  cuneiform  pyramids.  Nor  is  it  uncom- 
mon to  fee  four  oppofite  planes  in  the  fame  cafe.  Such 
cryftals  bear  great  refemb'aace  to  certain  varieties  of  arra- 
gonite,  from  which  they  are,  however,  eafily  diftinguifhed 
by  their  much  greater  fragility,  and  by  their  lamellar 
ftruclure.  It  has  been  obferved  with  veftiges  of  the  primi- 
tive planes,  and  in  combination  with  thofe  of  feveral  other 
modi'u-ations  :  in  one  cryftal  there  are  no  lefs  than  60  planes, 
being  the  refult  of  feven  different  modifications.  The  cryftals 
exhibiting  planes  of  this  modification  are  moftly  found  in 
Cumberland,  Derbyftiire,  and  on  the  Hartz. 

42.  Acute  pyramidal  dodecahedron  of  6-^^  ^y'. — With  this 
bf^gins  the  feries  of  thofe  dodecahedrons  which  are  the  refult 
of  a  decrement  of  the  lamiris  at  the  acute  angles,  on  the 
bafe  of  the  primitive  rhomboid.  Hence  the  cleavage  takes 
place  at  the  fummit  on  the  lefs  obtufe  edges.  Is  found  in  its 
complete  ftate,  and  combine.!  v/ith  the  planes  of  Nos.  36, 
and  36  and  2,  in  Derbyihire  ;  but  belongs  to  the  more  fcarce 
raodilications  of  calcareous  fpar. 

43.  Acute  dodecakedral  pyramid  of  63'  36^ — This  has 
been  found  in  a  complete  ftate  in  Derbyfhire,  where,  as  well 
as  in  Cumberlaiid,  it  occurs  alfo  combined  with  the  planes  of 
feveral  other  modifications,  forming,  in  fome  inftances,  very 
complicated  cryftals,  fuch  as  that  of  fig.  476  in  the  work 
before  us,  the  102  planes  of  which  are  the  refult  of  eleven 
modifications. 


little  from  that  of  the  preceding  modification,  yet  there  is  a 
great  difference  in  the  inclination  of  their  planes  ;  in  the  pre- 
ceding dodecahedron  thefe  meet  each  other  under  three  angles 
of  I  j8'  22',  and  three  others  of  96^  40',  while  in  this  44th 
moiificatioa  they  meet  three  of  them  under  an  aiigis  of  140'' 


90  planes,  being  ' 

JO.  A.itte  pyramidal  dodecahedron  of  2^"  25'. — To  this  pro- 
bably belong  the  pyramidal  planes  of  Haiiy's  chaux  carb, 
acutangle.  This  modification  has  hitherto  been  principally 
found  on  the  Hartz,  it  occurs  however  alfo,  combined  witiu- 
the  planes  of  feveral  others,  in  Derbyfhire  apd  otter  parts 


L  I  M  E. 


rf  England';  the  crylb's  that  exhibit  its  planes  frequently 
accompany  ftalaclitical  carbonate  of  lime.  'Die  complete 
dodecahedron  has  not  yet  been  found. 

5 1 .  Acute  pyramidnl  iloJnahcJron  of  14°  30'. — The  planes 
of  the  very  acute  pyramids  of  tliis  modification  are  of  rare 
occurrence  ;  and  in  its  complete  ibue  the  dodecahedron  has 
not  been  feen  at  all.  The  cryilals  from  Dcrbylhire,  en 
which  its  planes  have  been  obferved,  are  the  refults,  fome 
of  fix,  others  of  leven  and  eleven,  different  modifications. 

53.  Acute  pyramidal  iloJucahcdron  of  18°  26  . — Though  this 
and  the  two  following  dodecaliedrons  are,  like  ihofe  of  the 
preceding  modifications,  the  reiult  of  an  intermediate  decre- 
ment of  the  cryftalline  lamince  on  the  acute  angles  of  the 
planes  at  the  bafc  of  the  primitive  rliomboid,  yet  they  differ 
from  the  latter  in  the  cleavage,  which  takes  place  on  their 
more  obtufe  edges.  This  dodecahedron  has  not  yet  been 
found  in  its  complete  ftate  ;  in  combination  with  the  planes 
of  feveral  other'modifications,  of  which  thofe  of  No.  36  are 
the  molt  confiderable,  it  is  found  in  Derbyfhire 

5  5 .  Acute  pyramidal  dodccahcdnn  of  16  $^ '. — M.  de  Bour- 
nonhas  obferved  the  planes  of  this  modilication  only  in  two 
cryllals  from  Saxony,  where  they  fometinics  accompany 
red  filver  ore.  This  is  undoubtedly  the  fcarcefl;  of  all  mo- 
difications of  calcareous  fpar,  and  one  of  the  few  that  are 
not  found  in  England. 

54.  Acute  pyramidal  dodecahedron  of  14°  4'. — This  is  the 
moll  acute  of  all  dodecahedrons  hitherto  obfervedincalcareous 
fpar.  It  differs  but  little  in  this  refpeft  from  that  of  No.  5 1  ; 
but  independently  of  the  confiderable  diffe.-cnce  in  the  re- 
fpeftive  inclination  of  their  planes  to  each  other,  the  cleavage 
of  the  former  is  on  the  lefs  obtufe  edges,  while  that  of  this 
modification  takes  place  on  the  moll 'obtufe  edges.  M.  de 
Bournon  has  obferved  the  planes  of  this  modification  in  two 
varieties  only  ;  the  one  is  the  dodecahedron  in  its  complete 
Hate  ;  the  other  exhibits  its  planes  combined  with  thofe  of 
'Ho.  13,  which  latter  happens  to  be  the  moll  acute  of  all 
rhomboids  hitherto  obferved  of  this  fubllancc.  Both 
varieties  were  found  in  Weftmoreland. 

5  J.  Acute  pyramidal  dodecahedron  o/"34^i2'. — This  dode- 
cahedron,like  thofe  of  Nos.  25  and3 1,  iscompofedof  ifofcelcs 
triangles.  Count  Bournon  has  obferved  this  rare  modifica- 
tion in  a  few  cryllals  from  Derbyfhire,  in  combination  with 
the  planes  of  the  primitive  rhomboid,  and  thofe  cf  Nos.  2 
and  4. 

IV.     Dodecahedral prifmatic  Alodiftcation. 

c6.  Dodecahedral  prifm  formed  at  the  folid  angles  of  the  lafe. 
(not  before  defcribed)  Its  planes  arc  produced  by  a  retro- 
gradation  of  the  cryilalline  laminse  on  the  folid  angles,  fo  a.s 
10  replace  each  of  them  by  two  planes  which  meet  under  an 
ann^leof  142  1' ■  Its  planes  are  found  combined  with  thofe 
of  the  hexahedral  prifm  No.  2,  which  give  the  cryftal  the 
form  of  a  prifm  of  18  fides;  in  other  cryllals  which,  be- 
fidesthejufl  mentioned  planes,  cchnprife  alfo  thofe  of  No.  i, 
the  prifm  is  compofed  of  24  fides.  It  has  been  likewife 
found  in  combination  with  the  planes  of  fix  different  modifi- 
cations, four  of  which  belong  to  dodecahedrons,  one  to  the 
prifm  of  No.  2,  and  one  to  No.  56,  producing  in  all  66 
planes.  Another  variety  has  been  obferved  by  count 
Bournon,  which,  in  addition  to  the  planes  of  the  lall-men- 
tioned  variety,  contains  alfo  thofe  of  the  prifm  No.  I,  and 
is  confequently  compofed  of  72  planes.  This  modification, 
wl  ich  has  been  found  in  Cumberland,  is  rare,  but  it  is  not 
improbable  that  its  planes  may  be  thofe  of  feveral  of  the 
curvilinear  x-arieties  already  mentioned,  but  which  cannot  be 
determined  by  the  goniometer. 

Tiie  cryftals  of  calc*reous  fpar  are  varioufly  aggregated, 


and  often  fo  deeply  imbedded,  that  their  fummits  only  are 
vifible.  They  occur  of  all  degrees  of  magnitude,  from  mi- 
nute to  14  inches  in  length  ;  their  furfacc  is  generally  fmooth, 
fometimes  flreaked  or  drufed.  Externally  from  fiiining  and 
fplendent,  to  dull,  fometimes  pearly  ;  internal  luihe  from 
fplendent  and  fpccularly  fplendent,  to  fhining  ai/d  gliilening  ; 
it  is  nioilly  a  vitreous  lullic,  the  intenfity  of  which  is  gene- 
rally in  proportion  with  the  tranfparency  of  the  cryftal. 

Fracture  foliated,  rarely  curved  foliated  ;  fragments 
rhomboidal.  The  maffive  is  generally  found  in  large-grained 
diftinft  concretions,  but  alfo  fometimes  in  lellaceous,  wedgt- 
fhaped,  and  diverging,  more  or  lefs  flreaked  prifmatic  ctiu- 
cretions. 

Tranfparency  both  of  mafTue  and  cryftallizej  calcareous 
fpar  is  various  ;  the  former  is  however  generally  only  tranflu- 
cent,  while  the  cryflals  are  mollly  femi-tianfparent  and 
tranfpareiit ;  and  thefe  poffefs  the  double  refratlion  in  a  high 
degree. 

It  is  femi-hard,  between  gypfum  and  fluor  fpar,  or,  (ai 
count  Bournon  charadlerifes  its  hardnefs,)  jull  Icratched 
by  common  brafs.     It  is  brittle,  eafily  frangible. 

Specific  gravity  27.17  as  a  mean.      Bourn. 

Some  varieties,  efpecially  that  of  brownilh-yellow  colour, 
and  part  of  thofe  found  in  the  fhell  marble  of  Derbyfliire, 
are  pholphorefcent  when  laid  on  a  hot  coal.  The  fame  qua- 
lity has  been  obferved,  by  Schumacher,  in  varieties  from  Nor- 
way. 

Its  chemical  charaflers  agree  with  thofe  of  the  preceding 
fub-fpecies.     The  purell  Iceland  fpar  is  compofed  of 
Lime  55,0  55.5 

Carbonic  acid   34.0  44. 

Water  ii.o  o.i 


100     Bcrgm.      100 


~  f   Phillips  Phil. 
1      Mag.  xiv. 


This  fub-fpecies  is  found  in  motl  parts  of  the  world  ;  but 
mod  abundantly  it  occurs  in  England  (where  almoll  all 
modifications  have  been  found),  in  Saxony  and  France. 
Certain  cryflal-forms  appear  to  be  peculiar  to  certain  coim- 
tries  or  localities  ;  but  this  requires  farther  obfervations. 

With  regard  to  the  Iceland  fpar  it  ihould  be  remarked, 
that  this  very  pure  mafTive  variety  of  calcareous  fpar,  is  far 
from  being  peculiar  to  that  ifland  ;  at  Pergine,  in  Italy,  as  we 
are  told  by  Buch,  the  fame  occurs  in  mica  flate,  as  nialTes 
fufTiciently  large  to  be  cleft  into  rhomboids  of  upwards  of 
two  feet  in  length. 

Calcareous  tpar  is,  almofl  without  exception,  the  pro- 
duftioii  of  particular  repofitorics  ;  it  is  never  feen  to  form 
independent  beds  or  flrata.  It  occurs  vcnigenons  in  the 
rocks  of  almofl  all  formations  ;  in  the  oldell  ;  in  Switzerland 
and  the  Pyrenees,  it  is  accompanied  with  feldfpar,  rock- 
cryftal,  &c.  Alfo  frequently  in  various  metalliferous  veins 
in  gneifs,  mica  Dale,  clay  flate,  fienite,  porphyry,  more 
feldom  in  granite,  frequently  in  granwacke,  and  with  ores 
of  cobalt  and  copocr,  in  the  older  fietz  lime-flone.  The 
newer  fle'z  lime-iione  is  fometimes  travcrled  by  veins  entirely 
compofed  of  calcareous  fpar. 

The  minerals  ufually  accompanying  calcareous  fpar  are 
granular  and  comoaft  lime-llone,  brown  fpar,  quart/.,  feld- 
fpar, barytes,  fluor  fpar,  clay  fiate,  chlorite,  iron  and  cop- 
per pyrites,  fpathofe  iron,  brown  iron-flone,  galena,  blende, 
grey  copper  ore,  malachite,  &c. 

3 .   Fibrous  limeflone. 

Thi.s  fuh-fpecies  is  divided  into  two  kinds,  a,  common,  and 
b,  flalaftitical  fibrous  lime-ftone   (Kalkfinter,  Wern.) 

A.  Common  fhrous  Umeflone  Cemeiner  fafriger  kalljleiny 
Wern.     Satin  fpar. 

Its 


LIME. 


Its  colours  are  white,  greyiffi,  rcddiffi  and  yellowidi- 
^■hite. 

It  occurs  madivc. 

Internally  it  is  between  gliAening  and  fhining,  with  a 
pearly  or  fatiny  luftre. 

Crols-fraclure  compaft  fplintcry ;  longitudinal  fraclure 
ftraight  or  waved,  fibrous;  the  fibres  (wliicli  may  be  con- 
fidered  as  indeterminable  cryftals)  are  cither  llrongly  ad- 
hering to  each  other,  and  parallel,  or  partly  detached,  and 
tapering  ;  they  have  alfo  been  feen  reticularly  aggregated. 
Fragments  in  moll  varieties  fplintery,  alfo  flattened  fibrous  ; 
flrongly  traiiflucent.  Hardnefs  rather  lefs  than  that  of  cal- 
careous fpar,  which  it  refembles  in  the  remainder  of  its  cha- 
racters. 

Its  conllituent  parts  were  found  by  Mr.  Pepys  to  be 
Carbonic  acid  47-6 

Lime  50.1 


Water  and  lofs 


100. o     Phil.  Mag.  xij. 


It  is  a  produdl  of  veins. 

The  fmell  variety  of  fibrous  llme-ft one  is  that  of  Cumber- 
laud,  to  which  the  name  of  fatin  fpar  is  peculiarly  appli- 
<able.  It  forms  veins  or  trmns  of  a  few  inches  thick,  in  a 
calcareous  clay  ;  the  ialbands  or  litis  of  thefe  fmall  veins  are 
thin  layers  of  a  blackifh  clay  flate  mixed  with  iron  pyrites. 
This  variety,  which  has  fometimes  a  beautifnl  pale  rufe  red 
tint,  and  perfectly  pearly  luilre,  is  cut  and  poliflied,  and 
employed  for  inlaid  and  other  ornamental  works  ;  when  cut 
en  cabochon,  it  fometimes  paffes  for  white  cat's-eyc,  a  name 
■which  is  alfo  fometimes  erroneoully,  fometimes  fraudulently, 
given  to  pieces  of  fibrous  gypfiim,  cut  in  the  fame  manner. 

M.  de  Bourhon  has  defcnbed  a  pretty  variety  of  this  lub- 
ilance  from  Matlock  in  Derbyfhire  ;  it  forms  a  very  light, 
cellular  mafs,  in  which  the  fibres,  of  a  yellowilh-grcy  colour, 
€rofs  and  decuffate  one  another  fo  as  to  form  the  fame  kind 
of  net  which  is  feen  in  fome  fibrous  zeolites.  A  variety  with 
detached  parallel  fibres,  which  forms  fmall  veins  of  an  inch 
or  two  in  thicknefs,  is  mentioned  by  the  fame  autlior  ae  oc- 
curring in  (hell  lime-ltone ;  its  fibres,  of  a  yellowilh-brown 
colour,  are  very  delicate,  and  feparable  from  one  another 
by  the  flighted  touch.  A  variety  with  detached  diverging 
£bresis  found  at  Schemnitz  in  Hungary. 

B.  Stalacl'itkal Jihi-ous  lime-Jlone.  Kalkfinter,  Wern.  Sta- 
la3'tli  or  Sinter. 

Its  more  common  colours  are  fiiow,  greyifh  and  yellowifh- 
■white,  v.hich  latter  pafles  inJo  wax  and  honey  yellow,  and 
yellowith-brown  ;  lefs  common  are  the  green  varieties  of  co- 
lour, fuch  as  fiikin,  pillacliio,  afparagus,  mountain,  and 
verdigris  green,  which  latter  paflls  into  i]<y  blue  ;  fometimes, 
though  rarely,  it  is  flefli,  or  peach-bloffbm  red,  and  reddifli- 
brown.  When  fevcral  of  thefe  colours  occur  in  the  fame 
piece,  they  are  in  llripes,  fometimes  running  into  each  other, 
at  other  times  perfectly  diftincl. 

It  occurs  maflive,  tubular,  reniform,  globular,  botroidal, 
coralloidal,  llalaclitic,  and  tuberofe.  Its  iurface  is  generally 
rough,  or  drufy,  with  minute  indeterminable  cryilais ;  in- 
ternal luilre  commonly  glimmering,  and  pearly. 

Fradure  from  very  delicately  to  coarfe  fibrous  ;  fibres  ge- 
nerally llraight,  ftellularly  diverging,  or  parallel.  Frag- 
ments cuneiform  and  fplintery,  alfo  indeterminately  angular. 
It  generally  occurs  in  curbed  lamellar  diflir.dt  concretions, 
j)arailel  to  the  external  furface. 

It  is  more  or  lefs  tranflucent,  palling  into  femi-tranfparent. 
The  remaining  characters  are  thole  of  calcareous  fpar. 

Specif,  grav.  z.iir -a.876,  Briflbn  ;  i.vj.!  (ydlowifli- 
MoL.  XXL 


white  from  Poland),  Kirwan.     This  niuft  of  courfe  vary  ac- 
cording to  the  different  degrees  of  purity. 

Staladitical  fibrous  lime-Hone  is  generally  found  in  cavee, 
crevices,  and  old  fliafts,  in  tranfition,  and  fletz  lime-done, 
hanging  from  and  covering  the  roofs,  walls,  and  floors  of' 
the  caves,  and  thus  producing  groups  of  figures,  which 
fancy  readily  transforms  into  (latues,  pillars,  pulpits,  fonts, 
&c.  The  moll  celebrated  llalaftite  caves  are,  the  grotto  of 
Antiparosin  Greece,  the  Bauman's  hole  on  the  Hartz,  the 
caves  of  Baden,  tlmfe  of  Orenburg  and  Nertfliinflc  in  Si- 
beria, thofe  of  Matlock  in  Derbyfliire,  of  Yorkfliire, 
Auxelles,  d'Arcy,  de  la  Balme  in  France,  &c. 

The  maflive  variety  of  this  fubllance,  produced  by  thf 
trickling  down  from  the  roof  and  walls,  and  covering  the 
floor  of  caves,  is  fometimes  diflinguiflied  from  ilalatlite  bv 
the  appellation  oi  Jlalagmttcs. 

Sometimes  the  conical  or  cylindrical  flalaclites  are  tei^- 
nated  by  a  fmall  cryllal. 

The  common  varieties  are  ufed  for  burning  to  lime  ;  the 
finer  forts  are  employed  by  the  llatuary  and  mafon,  in  coun- 
tries where  they  occur  in  large  maftes.  They  are  called 
marmo  nlabajh'mo  by  the  Italians.     See  MauhI-E. 

The  beautiful  coral-like  calcareous  fubllance,  called_/?3f 
ferri,  and  commonly  referred  to  (lalaftitical  fibrous  lime- 
llone,  is  a  variety  of  arragomte. 

4.  Pea-Jlone.  Evlfenjiein,  Werner.  Pierre  de  pots  on 
Pifolhe,  Broch. 

Its  principal  colour  is  ycllowifh,  reddifli,  and  greyifh,  lefs 
frequently  fnow-whlte  ;  the  yellowifh  pafles  through  yel- 
lowifli-grey  into  cream  yellow  and  yellowilli-brown. 

It  occurs  commonly  maflTive,  but  alio  reiiifonn  and  bo- 
troidal. 

Internally  it  is  dull.  Frafture  even.  Fragments  indeter- 
minately angular. 

It  is  compofed  of  fpherical  diftinft  concretions,  which  are 
again  compofed  of  thin  concentric  lamellx.  Thefe  globules 
are  generally  connecled  either  by  a  calcareo-ferruginous  ce- 
ment, or  they  are  detached  ;  their  fize  values  from  that  of  3 
pea  to  that  of  a  hazel-nut. 

It  is  opaque,  feldom  rather  tranflncent  on  the  edges. 
Soft  ;    brittle  ;  eafily  frangible. 

Specific  gravity  2.396,  Wiedenmann. 

Its  chemical  characters  and  conllituent  parts  appear  to  be 
thofe  of  the  preceding  fub-fpecies. 

The  principal  locality  of  pea-ftone  is  Carlfbad  in  Bo- 
hemia. A  handiome  variety,  confiding  of  detached  glo- 
bules, which  are  generally  compofed  of  fine  granular  diflinft 
concretions,  is  found  at  the  baths  of  St.  Philip  in  Tufcany, 
and  known  by  the  name  of  confetto  di  Tivoli.  Pea-llone  is 
alfo  faid  to  occur  in  Hungary  and  Silefia. 

Several  opinions  have  been  broached  to  account  for  the 
origin  of  thefe  globular  concretions,  each  of  which  is 
furnifiied  with  a  nucleus  of  various  dimenfions,  but  generally- 
very  minute  ;  it  is  fometimes  a  fmall  angular  or  rounded 
grain  of  quartz,  or  a  particle  of  flate  ;  and  even  fmall  frag- 
ments of  granite  have  been  feen  in  the  centre  of  thefe  glo- 
bules. This  circumttance  points  out  the  only  poflible  man- 
ner in  which  thefe  concretions  can  have  been  produced.  The 
fmall  bodies  which  ferve  as  nucleus  to  each  globule,  muft 
have  been  railed  by,  and  kept  floating  in  the  agitated  water 
of  the  fprings,  which  being  highly  impregnated  with  calca- 
reous particles,  gradually  depofited  round  each  of  them  the 
concentric  lamiuic  ;  the  globules  thus  produced  afterwards 
huik  to  the  bottom,  where,  according  as.circumllances  per- 
mitted it,  they  either  remained  unconnecled,  or  were  ce- 
mented into  folid  beds,  fuch  as  they  are  feen  near  the  hot 
fprings  of  Carlfbad. 

G  The 


LIME. 


The  fiinilarity  which  fom?  writers  find  between  the  pca- 
ftonc  and  the  variety  of  compact  lime-llone,  called  roe-ilone, 
•is  not  found  in  reality. 

Lime  may  he  obtained  in  a  (late  of  abfohite  purity,  by 
feveral  proceflcs  from  the  native  fubllanccR  containing  this 
earth.  The  analyfia  of  the  carbonats  of  lime  is  by  far 
the  mod  fimple,  cfpecially  when  no  other  earth  or  metallic 
oxyd  is  prcfent.  This  is  pretty  much  the  cafe  with  feveral 
of  the  marbles,  particularly  the  white  or  llatuary  marble. 
If  the  lime  in  any  of  thefe  fuhdances  be  combined  with  no 
other  acid  but  the  carbonic,  let.  loo  grains  in  fine  powder 
be  diffolvcd  in  m'.:riatic  acid.  If  there  be  any  rtTiduum,  it 
may  be  confidered  as  filcx,  or  fomc  fait  of  lime  not  decom- 
pofable  by  the  muriatic  acid,  and  mull  be  fet  apart.  Add 
to  the  muriatic  folution  as  much  pure  ammonia  as  will 
make  it  fmell  of  this  alkali,  and  all  the  earths,  excepting 

■lime,  with  metallic  oxyds,  if  there  be  any,  will  be  preci- 
pitated, leaving  the  liir.e  in  folution.      If  no  fubltance  be 

■fufpeftcd  which  is  foluhle  in  am  ronia,  the  lime  may  be  con- 
fidered as  feparated  from  the  o'her  fiibllanccs,  and  if  futh 
a  fui'picion  iliould  exiil,  the  fubftance  may  be  feparated  by 
adding  only  jud  as  much  ammonia  as  will  make  the  folation 
neutral.     The  lime  may  be  precipitated  from  the  acid  with 

■carbonat  of  potafli,  or  that  fait  cnnimonly  called  the  fub- 
carbonat,  by  which  a  carbonat  of  lime  is  obtained.  This 
white  powder,  being  feparated,  mull  be  expofcd  to  a  llrong 
heat  in  a  platina  crucible,  to  feparate  the  carbonic  acid, 
which  leaves  the  lime  in  a  ilate  of  purity.     'Ihe  precipitates 

-by  the  ammonia  may  confid  of  mai;neria,  iron,  and  ibme- 
times  manganefe.  The  magnefia  and  manganefe  will  be 
diffolved  by  adding  a  folution  of  fuper-carbonat  of  potafh, 
leaving  the  oxyd  of  iron  behind,  which  mull  be  wafhed  and 

•dried.  The  manganefe  may  be  precipitated  by  the  h)  dro- 
fulphuret  of  potafh  in  a  flate  of  fulphuret  of  manganefe, 
which  being  wafiied,  dried,  and  expofcd  to  a  (Irong  heat  in 
a  platina  crucible  to  expel  the  fulphur,  will  leave  the  pure 
oxyd  of  manganefe.  The  magnefia,  which  is  yet  held  in 
folution  by  the  excefs  of  carbonic  acid,  may  be, finally 
precipitated  by  pure  potafh.     The  precipitate,  being  fepa- 

•rated,  may  be  cxpofed  to  a  (Irong  heat  in  a  platina  crixible, 
which  will  give  this  earth  in  a  (late  of  purity.  The  refnlt- 
ing  r.ibllances,  on  being  weighed,  will  not  amount  to  the 
original  weight  of  the  hme-llone;  for,  independent  of  the 
lofs  by  analylis,  alloivanee  mull  be  made  for  the  lofs  of  car- 
bonic  acid  and  water.  The  to;al  amount  of  the  latter  filh- 
ftances  may  be  knov.n,  by  cxpofing  a  given  weight  in  pow- 
der in  a  platina  crucible.  The  lofs  by  weight  will  be  car- 
bonic acid  and  water.  If  the  carbon;c  acid  alone  be 
required,  let  a  given  weight  in  powder  be  taken,  and  let  a 
quantity  of  dilute  fulphuric  acid,  amply  fufificient  to  faturate 
all  the  fubllanccs,  be  accurately  weighed  ;  then  let  the 
acid  and  powder  be  rr.i.xed  together,  and  (lirred  till  the  effer- 
vefcence   ceafes  :  afterwards  weigh  the   mafs ;   the  lofs  of 

■weight  will  be  carbonic  acid.  The  fame  may  be  afccrtained 
by  putting  the  powder  iuto  a  gas  bottle,  and  adding  mu- 
riatic acid  by  degrees  from  an  acid  hohler,  and  then  col- 
IcCling  the  gas  in  lime-water.  The  carbonat  of  lime  fo  col- 
le£lcd  being  weighed,  4J  of  carbonic  acid  may  be  allowed 
for  every  100  of  the  carbonat. 

The  example  given  is  fuppofed  to  be  the  mod  compli- 
cated  of  the  carbonats  of  lime.  If  filcx  be  a  component 
part,  it  will  be  feparated  in  the  lird  folution,  and  mud  be 
wadied  and  dried.  Manganefe  is  feldom  found  in  lime- 
ftone.  It  is  faid  to  conttitute  the  property  which  fome 
lime  has  of  fetting  under  water. 

The  native  fulphat  of  lime  or  gypfum  may  be  analyftd 
by  the  following  procefs.     Let  a  iumdred  grains  of  the 


cryftallized  fait,  in  (lue  powder,  be  cxpofed  to  a  red  heat 
for  fome  time  :  the  lofs  by  this  treatment  is  the  water  of 
cryihdhzation.  Let  the  powder,  after  weighing,  be  boiled 
for  fome  time  in  a  folution  of  pure  carbonat  of  potafh, 
by  which  is  obtained  a  carbonat  of  lime,  and  a  fa  phat  of 
potafti,  the  latter  being  foluble,  and  the  forjner  inloluble. 
To  the  fulphat  of  potafh,  when  feparated,  add  muriat  of  ba- 
rytes,  and  the  fulphuric  acid  will  be  precipitated  combined 
with  the  barytes.  For  every  100  of  this  fait,  allow  53.3 
of  acid,  by  which  the  proportion  of  fulphuric  acid  will  be 
known. 

The  infoluble  matter  firll  produced  will  confid  of  car- 
bonat of  lime,  and  perhaps  iron.  By  adding  to  this  the 
fupercarbonat  of  potalh,  the  whole  of  the  lime  will  be 
didblved,  but  the  oxyd  of  iron  will  be  left  behind. 

The  lime  which  is  diffolved  by  the  fuper-carbonat  of 
potafli  may  be  precipitated  in  the  date  of  carbonat,  and 
made  pure  by  a  drong  heat  in  a  platina  crucible,  to  drive 
olf  the  carbonic  acid. 

Phofphate  of  lime  is  analyfed  by  diffolving  the  native 
crylfals  in  nitric  acid,  and  adding  to  the  fol'.;tion  acetat,  or 
nitrat  of  lead,  till  no  more  is  precipitated  :  the  fubllaiice  is 
the  phofphat  of  lead,  whicli  being  feparated  and  weighed, 
will  determine  the  quantity  of  pholphoric  acid,  by  allowing 
iS.4  of  acid  for  every  100  of  the  phofphat  of  lead.  The 
lime  which  is  dilTolved  in  the  nitric  acid  may  be  precipi- 
tated by  carbonat  of  potadi. 

The  fiuat  of  lime  may  be  analyfed  by  fird  boiling  it  in  a 
date  of  fine  powder  with  carbonat  of  potalh,  or  (oda,  by 
which  a  fluat  of  potalh  or  foda  is  obtained,  from  which  the 
fluoric  acid  may  be  again  precipitated  by  acetat  or  nitrat 
of  lead,  from  which  the  proportion  of  fluoric  acid  may  be 
obtained. 

The  llrd  refiduum,  which  is  carbonat  of  lime,  and  gene- 
rrlly  oxyd  of  iron,  mud  be  treated  as  in  the  analylis  of  ful- 
phat of  lime,  to  feparate  the  oxyd  of  iron  from\he  lime. 

The  native  borat  of  lime  contains  more  magnefia  than 
lime  ;  for  its  analyfis,  fee  the  Borat  of  Alngnejia. 

Chemical  Properties  of  Lime. — To  obtain  lime  in  a  pure 
date,  the  moll  perfect  cryllals  of  the  carbonat  (hould  be 
put  into  a  covered  vefTel,  and  expofed  to  a  drong  heat,  con- 
llderably  above  redncfs,  for  feveral  hours.  The  crydals 
will  retain  their  fhape,  but  will  have  lod  their  tranfparcncy, 
and  become  beautifully  white.  By  this  procefs  the  car- 
bonic acid  and  water  of  crydallization  are  expelled,  leaving 
the  lime  in  a  date  of  purity. 

The  lime  thus  cbt.iined  has  acaudic  alkahnetade,  and  hke 
bodies  of  thofe  qualities,  to  a  certain  degree,  dedroyi  the  tex- 
ture of  the  fkiii,  and  in  other  refpefts  afts  upon  animal  fub- 
flances  in  general :  it  alfo  changes  vegetable  blues  to  green. 
Its  fpccific  gravity  is  various  ;  according  to  Kirwan  it  is  2.3. 
In  this  date  it  is  called  quick-lime.  Its  hardnefs,  imme- 
diately after  it  is  produced  from  the  carbonat,  is  not  much 
diminifhed ;  but  if  expofed  to  tlie  air  for  a  certain  time,  it 
falls  into  an  impalpable  powder,  which  appears  of  a  more 
fplendid  white  than  in  the  folid  date. 

In  afiuming  this  form  by  cxpofure,  it  is  found  to  be 
heavier  by  one-third  of  its  original  weight.  For  this  fadl 
we  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Dalton,  who  terms  lime  in  this 
date  an  hydrat  of  lime. 

If  it  be  expofed  to  the  air  a  longer  time,  it  combines  with 
carbonic  acid,  and  would  ultimately  acquire  the  original 
weight  of  the  sarbonat. 

When  water  is  poured  upon  newly  burned  lime,  it 
quickly  fwells  with  a  hifTing  noii'e,  abfurbing  the  water  with 
great  avidity,  while  much  heat  and  even  light  are  evolved. 

Thefe 


LIME. 


hefe  phenomena  do  not  ceafs  till  it  has  ahforbed  one-lhird     and  clofed  at  one  end,  put  fome  pieces  of  phofphorus,  fo  u 

to  lie  at  the  clofed  end  of  the  tubt.     Lot  the  remainder  of 
the  tube  be   filled  with  bits  of  newly  burned  quicL-lime, 
about  the  fize  »f  large  peas,  and  then  Hop  the  end  of  the 
tube  with  a  chalk  or  dry  clay  Hopper,  not  lifting  very  tight. 
Let    the  tube  be  now  paffed  through  two  holes  of  a  port- 
able furnace,  the  furnace  being  about  lis  inches  in  diameter. 
One  of  the  holes  muft  be  a  htlle  below  the  other,  lo  as  to 
give  the  tube  a  fmali  inclination  to  the  horizon,  the  open 
end  being   higheft.     Let  the  middle  part  of  the   tube  be 
heated  red-hot,  and  then  draw  gradually  the  end  containing 
the  pholphorus  into  a  heat  fufiicient  to  fubhme  the  pbof. 
phorus.     The  vapour  of  the  latter  will  now  pafs  throucrli 
the  red-hot   lime,  a  great  portion  of  which  will  combine 
with  it,  forming  the  phofphuret  of  hme.     If  t!ie  vapour  ef 
the  phofphorus  come  too  rapidly  it  pailes  by  the  loofe  (lop- 
per,  but   fo   foon   as  the   whole  has  been  fublimed,  let  the 
end  be  llopped  more  clofely  ;  and  let  the  tube  be  witlidrawii, 
keeping  it  well  (lopped  till  it  is  perfectly  cold.     Tiie  whole 
of  the  contents  of  the  tube  may  now  be  Ihaken  out,  and  the 
darkeft  coloured  pieces   felefted,  which    mud  be  kept  in  a 
well  (topped  dry  bottle. 

The    phofphuret  of  lime,    thus  prepared,  is   of  a    deep 
brown  colour. 

Wlien  thrown  into  water  it  does   not  diflolve,  but  bub- 
bles  ot  gas  are  feen  to   proceed  from  it,  which  coming  ta 


of  its  weight :  in  this  ftate  it  is  called y/urit^a  lime. 

Many  other  fubftances  are  capable  of  furniiliing  lime  in 
a  ftate  of  tolerable  purity.  Ot  thefe  are  the  ftaladtite  of 
Derbyfliire,  chalk,  white  marble,  and  fome  of  the  other 
marbles. 

Lime  is  not  fufed  by  the  greateft  heats  hitherto  pro- 
duced, although  it  is  fufceptible  of  fudon  by  very  flight 
admixture  of  fome  earths  and  metalhc  oxyds. 

The  change  which  takes  place  in  all  thcfe  bodies  which 
afford  lime  by  burning,  was  not  explained  belore  the  dif- 
covery  of  carbonic  acid  by  Dr.  Black.  The  pecuHar  qua- 
lities of  quick-lime  w^ere  fuppoied  by  Boyle  and  by  Newton 
to  arife  from  the  fire  fixed  in  it  by  the  procefs  of  burning. 
Others  fuppofed  its  cauilicity  to  arife  trom  the  prefei  ce  of 
an  acid  formed  by  the  heat.  Dr.  Black,  ho^vever,  demon- 
ftratedthat  the  qualities  of  lime  were  njt  to  be  atifibuted  to 
the  prefence  of  any  fubttance  in  lime,  but  to  the  a  fence  of 
vater  and  carbonic  acid,  the  latter  of  which  he  at  the  lame 
time  difcovered. 

If  lime  be  added  to  vrater  at  60°,  it  dilTolves  about  .ooj 
of  its  weight.  It  appears  from  the  experiments  of  Dalton, 
that  cold  water  diffolves  more  lime  than  hot ;  a  property  not 
common  to  other  bodies.  According  to  this  ingenious 
chemift,  water  at  60  '  diffolves  ^i-^  of  its  weight ;  at  130  , 
^i,  part ;  and  at  312°,  -^Vo  P^t- 


The  fohition  of  lime  m  water  is  commonly  called  lime-  the  furface  burft,  and   inflame  fpoiitaneoufly,  producing  a 

'Ujalir.      When   lime-water  is  expoled  to  the  air,  it   foon  beautiful  ring  of  white  fmoke. 

becomes  covered  with  a  pellicle,  exhibiting   the  prifmatic  Thele    phenomena  are  occalioned   by  the  prefence   of  a 

colours,  which  gradually  thickens  into  a  cruft,  and  by  its  fubftance  called  phofphuretted  hydrogen  gas,  which  has  the 

weight  falls  to  the  bottom  of  the  liquid.     This  has  been  lingular  property  of  taking  fire  at  the  common  temperature, 

called  the  cream  of  lime.     It  is  produced  by  the  lime  com-  The  water  is  decompofed  by  the  phofphuret.     The  hydro- 

bining  with  the  carbonic  acid  of  the  acmofphere,  by  which  gen  combines  with  a  portion  of  the  pholphorus,  forming 

it  becomes  infoluble,  and  is  feparated  from  the  water.  the   gas  above-mentioned,    while  the   oxygen   of  the  fame 


The  fame  feparation  takes  place  by  breathing  through 
lime-warer,  from  the  prefence  of  the  carbonic  acid  afforded 
by  refpiration. 

Lime  combines  with  feveral  of  the  combuftible  bodies, 
forming  peculiar  compounds.  When  two  parts  of  lime  and 
one  of  fulphur  are  heated  together  in  a  crucible,  they  unite 
in  forming  a  reddifh  mafs,  which  is  the  fulphuret  of  lime. 
When  this  compound  is  moiftened  with  water,  the  latter  is 
decompoled.  One  portion  of  the  hydrogen  of  the  water 
unites  with  a  portion  of  fulphur,  and  efcapes  under  the  form 
of  fulphuretted  hydrogen  gas.  Another  portion  combines 
■with  a  part  of  fulphur  and  lime,  forming  a  triple  compound 
of  fulphur,  hydrogen,  and  hme,  galled  an  hydroguretted 
fulphuret  of  the  earth,  wliile  the  oxygen  of  the  decompofed 
water,  with  the  remainder  of  the  fulphur  and  lime,  forms  the 
fulphat  of  lime. 

The  hydroguretted  fulphuret  of  lime  is  of  a  greenidi- 
yellow  colour.     If  expofed  to  the  air  for  fome  time,  it 


gradually  abforbs  oxygen,  and  is  converted  into  fulphat  of    and  the  colour  dilappears. 


combines  with  the  remainder  of  the  phofphorus,  forming 
pholphoric  acid,  w'hich  with  the  lime  fcrms  phofphat  of 
lime.  Befides  this,  a  portion  of  the  gas  firil  combines  with 
the  phofphuret,  forming  an  hydroguretted  phofphuret,  which, 
if  taken  from  the  water  belore  it  is  decompofed,  and  wiptd 
dry,  retains  the  gas.  On  pouring  muriatic  acid  upon  it  the 
gas  is  hberated,  and  inltantly  inflanies. 

Lime  does  not  combine  with  any  other  of  the  inflam- 
mable bodies,  but  it  combines  with  leveral  of  the  metallic 
oxyds. 

When  any  of  the  oxyds  of  lead  are  boiled  with  lime  and 
water,  a  portion  of  the  oxyd  is  diffolveJ.  The  folution,  on 
evaporation,  aifbrds  imall  cryllals. 

This  compound  has  the  property  of  ftaining  wool,  hair, 
nails,  horn,  and  fome  other  animal  lubftances,  of  a  deep  and 
agreeable  brown,  which  by  expofure  to  the  air  difappeari. 
This  colour  appears  to  be  the  bro.vn  oxyd  of  lead  com- 
bined  with  the  fubilance.     An  acid  initautly  diffolves  it. 


lime.  It,  however,  it  be  kept  in  folution  in  water  in  a  clofe 
veffel,  fome  of  the  fulphur  gradually  precipitates,  leaving  in 
folution  the  hydrofulphuret  of  lime.  See  Sulphuretted 
Hydrogen-. 

The  hydroguretted  fulphuret  of  lime  has  the  property  of 
difTolving  charcoal  as  well  as  fome  metals,  and  metallic 
oxyds. 


Lime  alio  diffolves  the  red  osyd  of  mercury,  of  the  fo. 
lution  affording  yellow  cryllals. 

Lime  has  the  property  of  combining  with  fome  of  the 
other  earths  and  metallic  oxyds,  forming  mortars  of  different 
qualities.  Dr.  Higgins,  in  his  book  upon  cements,  propoftd 
the  following  as  the  bell  compoiition  for  common  mortar  : 
three  parts  of  fine  walhed  fand,  four  parts  of  coarfcr  fand. 


The  hydrofulphuret  of  lime  is  formed  by  palling  ful-    one  part  of  newly  flacked  lime  made  up  with  as  little  water 


Moitar, 
1 


phuretted  hydrogen  gas  through  lime-water.  This  gas 
unites  with  the  lime,  forming  a  compound  of  a  difagreeable 
bitter  tafte. 

Phofphuret  of  Lime. — This  fubftance  may  be  formed  as 
follows;  into   an   earthen  tube  about   12  inches  long,  or  a     of  m.i  king  mortar,  which  is  not  known  to  the  moderns, 
glafs  tube  coated  with  equal  parts  of  fand  and  pipe-clay,        A  great  improveir.eut  has  lattly  been  made  in  making 

G  3  ocmeut* 


as  poffible,  which  he  recommends  to  be  fott  water 
thus  formed,  becomes   very  hard  m  a  little   time,  anU  con 
tinuesto  become  harder  for  a  great  length  of  time.     Hence 
has  arifen  the  miftake,  of  the  ancients  being  in  fome  fecret 


LIME. 


cements  by  combining  lime  with  oxyd  of  iron  and  manganefe. 
An  iron  ore  aboundinij  with  clay ,  a  calcareous  matter,  and 
pyrites,  have  been  introduced  under  the  name  of  "  Parker's 
cement,'"  from  the  name  of  the  inventor  and  patentee. 
After  burning  and  grinding  to  powder,  it  has  the  pro- 
perty of  fetting  rapidly  when  mixed  witli  water,  and  even 
under  water.  This  rapid  induration  can  be  explained,  only 
by  fuppofing  a  great  afTmity  to  exill  between  the  different 
earths  and  mctalUc  oxyds  in  its  compofition. 

Lime  had  long  been  fufpcfled  to  be  a  compound  body  ; 
but  it  is  only  lately  that  this  facl  has  been  verified  by  ex- 
periment. From  the  general  refemblance  of  the  earths  to 
the  oxyds  of  many  of  tiie  metals,  Lavoilier  fuppofed  tlicm 
to  be  oxyds  of  metals,  which  had  fo  great  an  affinity  for 
oxygen  as  not  to  be  reduced  by  ordinary  means.  Several 
imfuccefsful  attempts  were  made  to  realize  this  conjecture 
by  different  philofophcrs. 

In  the  late  experiments  of  Mr.  Davy,  in  which  he  dif- 
covered  the  fixed  alkalies  to  confid  of  metallic  bafes  united 
to  oxygen,  this  pliilolopher  was  led  to  iuppofe  that  the 
earths,  at  leaft  thofe  having  alkaline  qualities,  might  be 
compounds  of  peculiar  bafes  united  to  oxygen  ;  and  in  this 
conjetbire  he  fcems  not  to  have  been  mifled. 

Mr.  Davy  did  not  fucceed  in  obtaining  the  mctaloid  of 
lime  in  a  pure  Hate,  as  in  the  inllanccs  of  potafh  and  foda. 
He  fufed  a  portion  of  lime  and  potafli  together,  and  ex- 
pofed  tliis  compound  to  the  action  pf  ilic  Galvanic  battery, 
in  the  fame  way  he  had  done  potafli  and  foda.  He  ob- 
tained by  this  means  a  metallic  fubllance,  which  dillered 
from  the  metal  ef  potafh  in  being  Icfs  fuliliie,  and  took  fire 
as  foon  as  it  was  formed.  He  fuccecded  better  by  nioif- 
■  tening  the  lime,  and  mixing  it  vvilii  red  oxyd  of  mercury. 
Thefe  were  placed  upon  a  plate  of  platina,  connected  with 
the  pofitive  end  of  the  battery.  A  cavity  being  made  in 
the  mixed  mafs,  a  globule  of  mercury,  weighing  about 
60  grains,  was  placed  in  it,  and  a  connection  formed  be- 
tween the  mercury  and  the  other  end  oi  the  battery  by 
means  of  a  platina  wire.  By  this  means,  the  lime  under- 
went decompofition  ;  its  metallic  bafe  combining  with  the 
mercury.  This  amalgam  was  then  diftilled  in  a  glafs  tube, 
filled  with  the  vapour  of  naphtha  ;  by  which  the  mercury, 
to  a  certain  extent,  was  expelled,  leaving  a  while  mafs  of  a 
metallic  appearance,  and  of  the  colour  of  filvcr.  This  fub- 
ilance,  which  no  doubt  was  tlie  bafis  of  lime,  had  fo  great 
an  attraition  for  oxygen,  that  Mr.  Davy  could  not  fueceed 
in  examining  its  properties  before  it  was  burned  and  re- 
converted into  lime.  He  has  given  it  the  name  of  Cal- 
tliim. 

Salts  of  lAme. — Lime  combine.^  with  the  different  acids, 
forming  peculiar  compounds  called  falts. 

It  pofTcfTes  a  ftrongcr  attraction  for  the  acids  than  aid- 
mine,  magnefia,  or  any  of  the  metallic  oxyds  :  hence  the 
exiftencc  of  aluminous,  magncfian,  and  metallic  falts  arc 
incompatible  with  lime.  Several  of  the  falts  ot  lime  are 
found  native  in  great  abundance,  partieidarly  the  carbonat 
and  fulphat.  We  rarely  find  a  mineral  water  free  from  fomc 
of  the  falts  of  lime.  They  are  molUy,  however,  the  car- 
bonat, fulphat,  and  muriat ;  the  reft  of  the  native  falts 
being  infoluble  in  water. 

Sulphat  of  Lim:. — This  fait  may  be  formed  by  difTulving 
lime  in  the  muriatic  or  nitric  acid,  and  adding  fulphiirie 
acid  to  the  clear  folution,  till  the  precipitation  ceafes.  The 
fubftance  which  falls  to  the  bottom  is  the  fidphat  of  lime, 
in  a  ftate  of  white  powder.  It  abounds  fo  plentifully  in 
nature,  that  it  is  never  manufaftured  for  fale.  The  native 
rrvllals  are  right-angled  prifms,  with  rhomboidal  bafes. 
Jt  is  alfo  found  fomeiimes  ia  cryilals  of  the  form  of  four 


and  fix-fided  prifms,  which  are  generally  very  tranfparent- 
In  fornc  fpecimens  thefe  cryflals  are  very  fmall,  giving  the 
mafs  a  fibrous  appearance.  It  occurs  in  Derbyfliire,  in 
large  fenntranfparent  maffes,  modly  abounding  with  yel- 
lowifh-broun  iireaks,  occafioned  by  the  prefrnce  of  iron. 
Great  quantities  of  this  laft  is  worked  into  ornaments,  and 
ufed  alfo  i[i  fculpture. 

This  fait  is  foluble  in  460  parts  of  water.at  60''. 

It  is  not  altered  by  expolure  to  the  air,  at  the  common 
temperature  :  if,  however,  it  be  heated  to  ignition,  it  lotes 
its  water  of  cryllallization,  and  falls  into  a  fine  wliite  powder. 
This  powder,  if  left  in  the  air,  would  re-abforb  the  water, 
and  aflume  its  chemical  qualities.  Wlieii  this  powder,  newly 
calcined,  is  mixed  with  water  to  the  confidence  of  pulp,  it 
foon  begins  to  lliftcn,  becomes  warm,  and  in  a  little  tima 
becomes  very  hard.  During  this  Ihite  it  expands  with  great 
force,  fo*as  to  break  very  ilrong  vell'els.  It  admits  of 
the  nioR  delicate  calls  being  taken  by  means  of  it.  The 
fudden  expanhon,  at  the  time  it  is  lofiiig  its  liquid  f<ii;m,  . 
forces  it  into  the  moll  minute  cavities.  It  is  employed  b/' 
artifls  for  makings  cafls  of  bufls,  and  different  ornaments. 
The  fame  properties  render  it  of  great  value  to  the  manu- 
facturers of  pottery  and  porcelain.  It  is  ufed  in  fome 
countries  for  making  the  floors  of  upper  rooms,  as  a  fub- 
flitutc  for  wood.  In  the  laying  of  thefe  floors,  iome  idea, 
may  be  given  of  its  expanlive  force  when  fetting.  Thin, 
flips  of  wood,  of  a  thicknefs  equal  to  the  expaufion  of  the 
floor,  arc  placed  between  the  wall  and  the  pulpy  mafs,  till 
tiie  time  it  begins  to  afTume  the  folid  form.  Thefe  flips  are 
then  inllantly  removed,  to  make  room  for"  the  expanfion. 
If  this  precaution  were  not  taken,  fo  great  would  be  the 
force,  as  to  pulh  out  the  wall  in  that  part. 

Sulphat  of  lime  is  compofed,  according  to  Bergman,  of 
46  acid,  52  bafe,  and  22  water,  in  the  100.  Kirwan'5 
analyfis  gives  59  acid  and  41  bafe  in  the  100.  Wenzc! 
makes  it  59-1^4  acid  and  40.16  baft. 

Dalton   makes  the  atom  of  lime  24,  and  fulphuric  acid 


13  +3  X  7  =  34:  lience, 


24  +  34 


100 


,  which  gives 


34  5**-^ 

58.6  acid,  and  41.4  bafe,  =:  100. 

This  fait  is  faid  to  be  ufed  in  America  as  a  manure  with: 
much  fucccfs  ;  but  has  not^been  ufed  in  this  country. 

Sulphllc  of  Lime This  fait  may  be  formed  by  adding 

fulphurous  acid  to  the  nitrat  or  muriat  of  lime.  A  white 
powder  is  precipitated,  which  is  fulphite  of  lime.  This  fait  , 
is  fiduble  in  lOO  parts  of  water.  It.  is  flightlv  efflorefcent 
in  the  air,  and  ultimately  is  converted  into  fulphat.  Wlieii 
heated,  fome  fulphur  is  fublimed,  and  it  affumes  the  ftate 
of  fulphat.  This  fait  is  compofed  of  48  acid,  47  lime,  and 
J  water,  =  loOi     It  has  not  been  applied  to  any  ufe. 

Nhrat  of  I, me. — The  nitrat  of  lime  may  be  formed  by 
adding  powdered  carbonat  of  lime  to  nitric  acid,  till  the 
efl'ervefcenct?  ceafes.  When  the  folution  is  evaporated  to 
the  confiltence  of  fyrup,  and  placed  in  a  very  cold  fitua- 
tion,  fmall  needle-fhaped  cryftals,  after  fome  time,  will  ap- 
pear :  the  fhape  of  thefe  is  fix-hded  prifms.  This  fait  is 
cryflaUizable,  but  with  difficulty,  owing  to  its  great  folu- 
bihty  ;  or,  in  other  words,  to  its  graat  affinity  for  water ; 
and  when  the  cryftals  are  forn-sed,  they  fooii  attract  moillure 
from  the  ai-,  and  difappear. 

When  the  folution  is  evaporated  to  drynefs,  and  the  heat 
contiinicd  a  fhort  time,  the  mafs  actiuires  the  property  of 
(liining  in  the  dark.  This  fait  is  known  by  the  name  of 
Baldwin's  phofphorus. 

When  a  ftronger  heat  is  applied,  up  to  ignition,  the  fait 
ie  dccompofcd ;  the  acid  is  reiolved  into  nitrous  gas,  oxy- 
gen. 


LIME. 


jren,  and  nitrogen.  It  might  be  employed,  like  nitre,  to 
obtain  a  tolerably  pure  oxygen  for  experiments  of  coin- 
buftion.  Its  decompofition  by  heat  alfo  furnifhes  an  elegant 
method  of  procuring  lime  in  a  ftate  of  purity.  The  analyfis 
of  this  fait  by  Richter  gives,  in  the  loo,  63.9  acid,  and 
:56. 1  bafe.  That  of  Kirwan  gives,  in  the  100,  54.44  acid, 
^2  bafe,    and   10.56  water.     Dalton   makes    the   atom   of 


and  concludes  the  loluble 
19.4  X  2  +  24  _     100 
"    c876' 


nitric  acid  5.4  -1-2x7  =  '9-4' 

nitrats  to  be  fuper-falts :    hence, 

'^  19.4  X  2 

which  gives  58.6  acid,  and  41.4  of  lime,  =  100. 

Muriat  of  Lime. — This  fait  is  generally  formed  in 
manufatluruig  the  carbonat  of  ammonia.  The  muriat  of 
ammonia  is  mixed  with  carbonat  of  lime,  in  a  veffel  which 
is  expofed  to  a  heat  capable  of  fiibliming  the  carbonat  of 
ammonia,  which  leaves  behind  the  muriat  of  lime.  ■  It  may 
b&alfo  formed  by  adding  carbonat  of  lime  to  muriatic  acid. 
When  the  folution  is  evaporated  to  the  confillence  of  fyrnp, 
and  fet  in  a  cool  place  equal  to  32°,  it  cryftallizes  into  fix- 
fided  prifms,  terminated  by  pyramids.  Thefe  cryftals, 
however,  foon  deliqucfce,  from  their  great  attraftion  for 
meifture,  and  atfume  the  liquid  form.  Reduced  to  a  ftate 
of  drvnefs,  it  is  ufed  tor  the  purpofe  of  drying  different 
gafes. 

Water  at  fio'  diffulves  four  times  its  weight  of  this  fait  ; 
while  at  100',  it  difFolves  in  any  proportion.  It  diflblves 
in  alcohol  in  a  great  proportion,  producing  heat.  Wlien 
the  dry  fait  is  mixed  with  inow,  it  produces  great  cold,  and 
is  employed  to  great  advantage  in  freezing  mixtures. 
When  it  is  expofed  to  heat  above  ignition,  fome  of  the  acid 
efcapes,  reducing  it  to  the  ftate  of  lubmuriat.  In  this  ftate 
it  has  the  property  of  iliining  in  the  dark,  and  has,  in  con- 
fequence,  been  called  the  phofphorus  of  Homberg.  It  is 
campofed,  according  to  the  analyfis  of  Bergman,  of  3 1  acid, 
44  bafe,  and  25  water,  in  100.  Kirwan  makes  it  42  acid, 
50  bafe,  and  8  water;  and  Wenzel,  51  acid  and  49  bafe. 
Dalton  makes  an  atom  of  muriatic  acid  2  %  ;  then  hme  being 

24-^-22  100  ,     r       , 

24,  — ^ —  ■ ^  •.  hence  we  have,  from  thefe  data, 

22  47.^3 

47.S3  of  acid,  52.17  of  bafe. 

Oxymuriat  of  L'tme. — It  appears  that  fuch  a  fait  does  not 
exift,  except  in  the  dry  ftate.  When  it  is  thrown  into 
water,  it  is  converted  into  the  muriat,  and  oxygen  efcapes. 

The  fait,  which  the  bleachers  call  the  oxymuriat  of  lime, 
is  in  faft  the  hyper-oxymuriat.  It  is  made  by  palling  the 
oxymuriatic  acid  gas  through  a  mixture  of  lime  and  water, 
in  a  Woulfe's  apparatus.  (SeeX,.M!OJiATORY.  )  The  lime 
is  at  length  taken  up,  and  the  liquid  becomes  colourlefs.  It 
is  decompofcd  by  the  muriatic  acid,  aft^ording  oxygen  and 
oxymuriatic  acid.  It  is  ufed  in  bleaching  to  a  great  extent. 
See  Bleaciukc;. 

Plwfphal  of  Lime. — This  fait  conftitutes  the  bafis  of  bones, 
and  is  a  component  part  of  moft  animal  fubftaixes.  It  may 
be  prepared  by  adding  muriat  or  nitrat  of  lime  to  phofphat 
ef  foda ;  or,  cheaper,  by  difTolviug  the  earth  of  bones, 
which  is  a  mixture  of  the  fubphofphat  and  carbonat  of  lime, 
in  muriatic  acid,  and  adding  pure  ammonia  to  the  foUition. 
The  phofphat  of  lime  will  be  precipitated  alone,  leaving  the 
cxcefs  of  lime  diftblved  in  the  acid.  Tliis  fait  is  in  the  form 
«)f  powder  of  a  white  colour ;  ;he  native  fait,  v^'hich  has  been 
defcrifaed,  being  alone  capable  of  the  cryi{.tlline  form. 

Several  of  the  acids,  but  particularly  the  fulphuric,  de- 
compose this  fait,  by  taking  a  part  of  the  lime,  and  leaving 
it  in  the  ftate  of  fuperphofphat.     Phofjihat  of  hme  is  com- 


pofed,  according  to  the  analyfis  of  Klaproth,  of  39.5  of 
acid  and  69.5  bafe.  Fourcroy  and  Vauquelin  make  it 
41  acid  and  59  bafe;   Richter,  45  acid  and  55  bafe;  and 

5  water.     l3y  Dalton's 
X  7  =  2_j  :  then. 


Eckeberg,  39  acid,   36  bafe,  and 
hypothelis,  the  phofphoric  acid  is  9 
23  4-  24  100 

^~    ~  4M^ 


making  the  acid,    in    100,   48.9  acid. 


the  bafe  being  51.  i. 

SupcrpLofphat  of  Lime. — When  fulphuric  acid  is  added  to 
the  phofphat  of  lime,  the  former  being  one-third  of  the  latter 
by  weight,  a  portion  of  fulpiiat  of  lime  will  be  formed, 
which  will  be  precipitated,  leaving  the  fuperphofphat  dif- 
folved.  It  may  alfo  be  formed  by  diflblving  47  parts  of  the 
phofphat  in  23  parts  of  real  acid. 

This  fait  cryftallizes  by  evaporation,  in  brilliant  plate.=, 
having  a  pearly  appearance.  The  tafte  of  thefe  iryftals  is 
ftrongly  acid.  Indeed  it  was  once  taken  for  the  phofphoric 
acid,  and  was  diililled  with  charcoal,  to  obtain  pliofphorus. 
This  fait  is  now  decompofed  by  the  acetat  of  lead  ;  and  the 
phofphat  of  lead  is  ufed  for  that  purpofe,  which  is  found  a 
great  improvement  in  the  preparation  of  phofphorus. 

When  this  fait  is  heated  in  a  crucible  at  a  little  more  than 
a  red  heat,  it  fufes  ;  and,  on  cooling,  aiuimes  the  appear, 
ance  of  a  tranfparent  glafs,  which  has  been  called  phofphoric 
giafs.  Its  compofitioii,  according  to  the  analyfes  of  Four-' 
croy  and  Vauquelin,  is  54  acid  and  46  lime. 

Fluat  of  Lime. — This  lalt  is  not  a  product  of  art,  but  is 
found  native  in  Di^rbydiire,  and  other  counties  abounding 
with  lead.      Its  cryftals  are  in  the  form  of  cubes. 

When  this  ialt  is  coarfely  powdered,  and  laid  upon  a  hot 
plate,  a  little  fliort  of  ignition,  it  gives  a  beautiful  blueifli 
light,  not  much  unlike  the  flame  of  baruing  fulphur  in  com- 
mon, air.     The  artificial  fluat  alfo  poflefTeS  this  property". 

When  the  fluat  of  lime  is  expofed  to  a  ftrong  heat,  it 
melts,  and,  on  cooling,  becomes  tranfparent.  The  facility 
with  which  vit  fufes,  and  renders  other  earthy  fubftances 
fufible,  is  taken  advantage  of  in  the  reduftion  of  lead,  and 
other  metals.  Hence  it  has  derived  its  name  from  acting  as 
a  flux. 

This  fait  is  decompofed  bythe  nitric  and  fulphuric  acid,' 
by  leizing  the  lime,  wliile  the  fluoric  acid  gas  is  difengaged.. 
Guy  LuiTac  and  Thenard  have  lately  fliewn,  that  the  gafeous 
form  of  its  acid  is  caufed  by  the  prefence  of  (ilex  ;  lince, 
when  it  is  difengaged  from  any  bafe  where  filex  is  not  pre- 
lent,  the.acid  adumes  the  liquid  form.     See  Silkx. 

Its  analyiis,  by  Klaproth,  is  32.25  acid  and  (J7.75  bafe  ; 
by  Dr.  Thomfon,  32;  acid  and67ilime.    . 

Borat  of  Lime. — This  fair  may  .be' formed  by  mixing  the 
muriat  of  hme  with  a  foluticn-  of  borat  of  foda.  The  fait 
is  precipitated  in -the  ftate  of  white  powder,  which  is  in- 
■foluble  in  water :  few  of  its  properties  are  known. 

Curlonat  of  Lime. — Tliis  fait,  in  the  native  ftate,  is  the 
moft  abundant  of  all  the  calcareous  falts. 

,'\Uhough  the  primitive  forms  of  the  cryftals  of  it  are- 
rhomboidal  prifms,  this  figure   has   been   fo  differently  ar-    • 
ranged  as  to  form  a  numerous  variety  of  fecondary  forms.'   . 
The^neutral  fait  of  this  fpecies  is  iiifolublc  in  water;  but  it 
becomes  foluble,  to  a  certain  degree,  with  an  extra  dofe  of'  . 
acid. 

The  carbonat  of  lime  may  be  formed  by  .adding  carbonat    " 
of  potaftt   to  muriat  of  lime.      It  coniifts  of  45  acid  and" 
^^  lime. 

According  to  the  experiments  of  fir  James  Hall,  when 
the  carbonat  of  lime  is  expofed  to  a  red  heat,  in  a  clofe 
vellcl,  tuch  as  a  guu  barrel,  it  melts;  and,  on  cooling,  is    ■ 

found  ■' 


LIME. 


found  to  retain  ita  original  properties,  with  the  exception 
of  lofing  fomething  lefs  than  4  or  5  per  cent,  of  carbonic 
acid. 

Suprrcarbonat  of  lAme. — When  the  fiipcrcarbonat  of  pot- 
a(h  is  added  to  muriat  of  lime,  a  portion  of  lime  will  remain 
on  folution,  which  is  not  the  carbonat  of  lime,  but  a  fuper- 
carbonat.  This  fait  is  very  frequently  found  in  mineral 
waters,  efpecially-  in  lime-llone  countries,  and  in  countries 
abounding  with  marie. 

A  carbonat  of  potafli  being  added  to  a  folution  of  this 
fait,  takes  one  dofe  of  acid  from  it  to  form  a  fupercarbonat, 
and  the  carbonat  of  lime  is  thrown  down.  When  tlic  fuper- 
carbonat of  potafh  is  added,  no  change  taki-s  place.  When 
lime-waten  is  added  to  water  didolving  the  fupercarbonat  ot 
lime,  the  lime  of  both  alFumes  the  Hate  of  carbonat,  and 
fall  down  together. 

Wiien  the  fupercarbonat  of  lime  is  expoRd  to  a  boiling 
heat  for  fome  time,  the  fecoiid  dofe  of  acid  is  expelled,  and 
tile  remaining  carbonat  is  precipitated.  This  lalt,  how- 
ever, is  not  immediately  decompofed  by  boiling,  but  re- 
quires to  boil  for  fome  time. 

Acetat  of  Lime. — If  carbonat  of  lime  be  added  to  the 
acetic  acid,  an  eifervefcence  will  take  place,  and  tlie  lime 
will  be  diffolved  in  the  acetic  acid,  forming  acetat  of  lime. 
If  the  folution  be  evaporated,  it  affords  fmall  crydals  of  a 
white  colour,  having  a  filk  appearance. 

It  has  a  bitter  acid  tafte. 

It  is  compofed  of  65.1 1  acid  and  34.89  lime. 

Oxalat  of  Lime Tliis  fait  is  formed  by  dropping  the 

oxalat  of  ammonia  into  any  folution  of  hmc.  It  appears  to 
be  the  molt  infoluble  of  all  the  falts  of  lime.  It  is  in  the 
form  of  white  powder,  and  is  compofed,  according  to  Berg- 
man, of  48  acid,  46  lime,  and  fi  water. 

Tartrat  of  Lime. — If  carbonat  of  lime  be  added  to  a  folu- 
tion of  the  fupertartrat  of  potafli,  the  excefs  of  tartaric  acid 
combines  with  the  lime,  wliich  falls  in  the  (late  of  infoluble 
powder.  It  is  from  this  infoluble  tarlrat  that  the  tartaric  is 
obtained,  by  means  of  fulphuric  acid. 

Citrat  of  Lime. — This  fait,  like  the  laft,  is  formed  by 
-adding  the  carbonat  of  lime  to  citric  acid  in  the  lemon 
juice.  The  fait  is  the  infoluble  powder  which  falls  to  the 
bottom.  It  is  from  this  fait  that  the  citric  acid  is  obtained 
pure,  by  the  fuperior  affinity  of  fulphuric  acid. 

It  confills  of  62.66  acid  and  ^^7.34  lime. 

Prujftat  of  Lime The  prufTiat  of  lime  is  formed  bv  dif- 

folving  lime  in  the  pruHic  acid.  It  is  decompofed  by  all  the 
acids,  and  is  of  little  permanence.  The  fait  commonlv,  but 
improperly,  called  by  this  name,  is  a  triple  fait,  containing 
both  lime  and  iron.  It  is  made  bv  adding  56  parts  of  lime 
water  to  two  parts  of  Pruflian  blue,  well  vvadied  in  hot 
water,  boiling  ihem  for  fome  time  till  the  lime  is  fatnrated. 
The  folution  is  of  an  olive  colour,  and  affords  cryllals  by 
evaporation.  The  folution  of  this  fait  is  a  valuable  tell  for 
iron  in  mineral  waters. 

The  re  it  of  the  falts  of  lime  are  not  of  any  importance,  as 
far  as  we  at  prefent  know. 

The  arfeniats  and  molybdat  of  lime  are  infoluble  in  their 
aeutral  Hate  :   the  former  is  foluble  in  excefs  of  acid. 

Succinat  of  Lime  is  difficultly  foluble. 

Benzoat  of  Lime  is  foluble,  and  may  be  obtained  in 
eryllals. 

Chromat  of  Lime  is  foluble  and  cryftallizable. 

Suberat  of  Lime  difTolves  in  hot,  but  little  in  cold  water. 

Camphorat  of  Lime  is  fparingly  foluble. 

Lime,  in  /l^ricuhure,  a  foft  friable  fubllance,  obtained 
6 


by  calcining  or  burning  Tarious  calcareous  materials,  fuch 
as  chalk,  marble,  lime-llone,  fliells,  &c. 

This  is  a  fubllance  which  is  ii>  different  ftates,  according 
to  the  particular  circuniftances  under  which  it  exilLs. 
When  newly  made,  from  its  great  power  ot  deftroying  the 
texture  of  bodios,  it  is  termed  cauftic  or  quick  lime.  It  is 
alio  fometimes  called  flicll-lime  or  rticUs.  In  this  (late,  when 
ufcd  as  manure,  it  operates  with  the  greatell  violence,  dif- 
flpating  and  robbing  the  foils,  to  winch  it  is  applied,  of 
their  inoiflnre  and  other  fluid  mat'tr :  but  after  being  ex- 
pofed  to  the  atmofphere  for  fome  time,  from  its  property  of 
quicl'ly  abforbing  moilUue  and  carbonic  acid  from  it,  it  be- 
comes mild  or  effete,  and  is  termed  carbonat  of  lime. 
When  applied  to  land  in  this  Hate,  it  ads  with  much  more 
mildi.el's,  orily  promoting  the  refoliition  of  the  matters  in 
which  it  comes  in  contadt,  by  forwarding  the  natural  procefs 
of  putrefai'tion.  It  has  alfo  lefs  tendency  to  produce  a 
mortary  hardnefs  in  the  poorer  forts  of  clayey  foils.  But 
befides  thefe  dilTerence£,  there  are  others  arillng  from  tlie 
fubllances  which  are  combined  with  the  calcareous  matters 
employed,  as  liar,  been  lately  (liewn  by  the  ingenious  ex- 
periments of  Mr.  Tennant,  itatcd  in  the  fecond  part  of  tlie 
Philofophical  Tranfaftions  for  the  year  1799.  Having 
been  informed  that  two  kinds  of  lime  were  uled  in  agricul- 
ture, which  differed  greatly  in  their  effeils,— one  of  which 
it  was  neceffary  to  ufe  fparingly,  and  to  fpread  very  evenly 
over  the  land,  as  it  was  faid  that  a  large  proportion  of  it 
diminidied  the  fertility  of  the  foil,  and  tliat,  wherever  a 
heap  of  it  had  been  lefc  on  one  fpot,  all  vegetation  was  pre- 
vented  for  many  years  ;  and  that  of  this  kmd  of  lime,  50  or 
60  bufhels  on  an  acre  were  as  much  as  could  be  uftd  with 
advantage  ;  wliile  of  the  other  fort  of  lime,  a  large  quantity 
was  never  found  to  be  injurious,  and  that  the  (pots  which 
were  entirely  covered  with  it  became  remarkably  fertile,  in- 
ftead  of  being  rendered  barren  : — having  analyled  thofe  two 
kinds  of  lime,  he  found  that  the  latter  conlilted  lolely  of  cal- 
careous earth  ;  but  that  the  former  contained  two  parts  of 
magnelia,  with  three  parts  of  calcareous  earth.  He  after- 
wards proved,  that  though  vegetable  feeds  would  grow 
equally  well  in  both  thefe  kinds  of  lime-llone,  when  (imply 
reduced  to  powder  ;  yet  that,  when  they  were  calcined  ((* 
as  to  become  lime,  and  both  of  them  flrewed  about  the  tenth 
of  an  inch  thick  on  garden  mould,  the  niagnedan  lime  pre- 
vented nearly  all  the  feeds  which  had  been  fowed  from 
coming  up,  while  no  injury  was  occafioiied  by  the  calcareous 
lime,  when  ufed  under  the  fame  circumdances. 

It  may  be  noticed,  that  this  valuable  difcovery  feems  in 
fome  meafure  to  explain  the  caufe  of  the  variety  of  opinion 
that  has  been  maintained  refpedting  the  application  of  lime, 
which  fome  have  fuppofed  to  be  of  little  or  no  advantage, 
and  even  injurious  to  land  ;  which  has  been  owing  probably 
to  their  having  employed  the  magiiedan  lime,  or  ufed  it  in 
too  large  proportions. 

This  philofophical  inquirer  firft  found  magnefian  lime 
near  the  town  of  Doncader,  and  afterwards  at  York,  at 
Matlock  in  Derbvfhire,  at  Breeden  in  Leicellerdiire,  and  at 
Work(op  in  Nottingliamfliire.  He  alfcrts,  that  the  cathe- 
dral and  walls  of  York  are  built  with  this  magnefian  lime- 
done  ;  and  that  at  Matlock  the  magnefian  and  calcareous 
lime-dones  are  contiguous  to  each  other,  the  rocks  on  the 
fide  of  the  river  Derwent,  where  the  houfes  are  built,  being 
magnefian,  and  on  the  other  fide  calcareous.  He  found 
alfo,  that  in  this  fituation  the  magnefian  lime-done  was  in- 
cumbent on  the  calcareous :  for,  in  defcending  into  a  cavern 
formed  in  that  rock,  he  found  a  feparate  vein  of  calcareous 
lime-Hone,  which  was  fuU  of  fliells,  but  contained  no  mag.- 

nclia : 


LIME. 


nefia :  awi  concludes,  tliat,  in  general,  the  magnefian  lime- 
ftone  may  be  eafilv  diflinguilhed  from  the  calcareous,  by  its 
folutio^  in  acids  beitii;  much  flower,  and  that  it  contains 
generally  very  few  (hell?  ;  but  that  thcfe,  when  prefent,  are 
impregnated  with  magnelia. 

In  the  Philofophy  of  Agriculture  it  is  remarked  alfo, 
that  all  lime-ftone  may  be  divided  into  three  kinds :   firft, 
the  rocks  which  remain,  where  they  were  formed  from  (lieUs 
beneath  the  ocean,  except   that  they  were   afterwards  ele- 
vated by  fub-marine  fires ;  fecondly,  into  alluvial  lime-ftone, 
as  thofe  which  have  been  diftblved  in  water,  and  fimply  pre- 
cipitated, as  the  beds  of  chalk,  which  contain  only  the  molt 
infoluble  remains  of  fea  animals,  as  the  teeth  of  Iharks  ;  and, 
thirdly,  thofe  which,  after  having  been  diffblved  and  pre- 
cipitated, have  been  long  agitated  beneath  the  fea,  till  the 
particle?  have  been  rolled  fo  againft  each  other,  as  to  acquire 
a  (rlobular  form,  which  is  faid  to  refemble  the  roe  or  fpawn 
of  fiih,  and  which  contain   very  few  fhells,  or  none,  as  the 
Ketton  ftone,  and  that  which  he  ha?  feen  on  Lincoln  heath, 
extending  almoft  from  Sleuford  to  Lincoln.     Now,  fays  he, 
as  the  falts  of  the  fea  confift  of  only  two  kinds  ;  common 
fait,  or  muriat  of  foda,  and  vitriolated  magnefia,  commonly 
called  Epfom  fait,  %vhich,  in  the  fea-waters  furrounding  this 
idand,  are  found  at  a  medium  to  exill  in  the  proportion  of 
one-thirtieth  part  of  common  fait  and  one-eightieth  part  of 
vitriolated  magnefia,  compared  to  the  quantity  of  water  ; 
and,  fecondly,  as  thefe  falts  are  believed   by  many  philo- 
fophers  to  have  been  formed  by  vegetable  and  animal  mat- 
ters, which  principally  grew  upon  the  furtace  of  the  dry 
land,  after  it  was  raifed  out  of  the  primeval  ocean  ;   and 
that,  in  confcquence,  the  faltnefs  of  the  fea  was  pofterior 
to  the  formation  of  the  primeval  rocks  of  lime-ftone ;   we 
may  underftand  why  thofe   lime-ftone  ftrata,    which  have 
not  been  diflolved  or  v.-aftied  in  fea-water  fince  the  fea  be- 
came fait,  are  not  mixed  with  magnefia.     The  chalk,  he 
fuppofes,  muft   hai-e  been  dinblvcd  and   precipitated  from 
water,  as  it  exacllv  refembles  the  internal  part  of  fome  cal- 
careous ftalaftites  which  he  has  in  his  pofTefiion  ;  yet  there 
is  no   appearance  *,of  its   component  particles   having  been 
rubbed  together  into   fmall  globules,  and  may  not,  there- 
fore, have  been  removed  from  the  fituation  where   it  was 
produced,  except  by  its,  elevation  above  the  furface  of  the 
ocean.      But  that  alluvial  lime-ftone,  which  confitts  of  fmall 
globules   adhering  together,  called   Ketton  lime-ftone,  and 
of  which  there  appears  to  be  a  bed   lo  miles  broad  from 
Beckingham  to  Sleaford  in  Lincolnfhire,  and  20  miles  long 
fron  Sleaford  to  Lincoln,  he  fulpefts  may  probably  confill 
of  magnefian  lime-ftone  ;   which  is  alfo  faid  in  that  country 
to  do  no  fervice  to  vegetation  :   tor  this  alluvial  lime-ftone, 
by  having  evidently  been  rolled  together  beneath  the  fea,  by 
v/hich  the  fmall  cryftallized  parts  of  it  have  had  their  angles 
nibbed  off,  is  moft  likely  to  have  thus  been  mixed  with  the 
magnefia  of  the  lea-water,  which,  as  has  been  obferved,  is 
laid  to  contain  one-eightieth  part  of  its  weight  of  vitriolated 
magnefia. 

It  is  further  remarked,  that  at  the  lime-works  at  Ticknal, 
rear  Derby,  there  appears  a  ftratum  of  alluvial  lime-ftone, 
like  K.e;ton  lime-ftone,  which  they  do  not  burn  for  fale, 
over  the  bed  of  the  calcareous  lime-ftone,  which  they  get 
from  beneath  the  former,  and  calcine  for  fale.  It  is  pro- 
bable, he  thinks,  tkat  the  fuperior  bed  may  contain  mag- 
nefia, which  has  rendered  it  not  fo  ufeful  in  agriculture.  It 
is  ftlU  more  probable  that  alluvial  Iime-ftone  has  acquired  its 
mixture  of  magnefia  from  the  fea-water ;  as  magnefia,  in  its 
uncalcined  ftate,  will  precipitate  lime  from  water,  as  ob- 
served by  Dr.  Alilon,  who  thence  propofes  to  render  water 
pure  and  potable,  wliich  has  been  long  kept  at  fea  free  from 


putridity  by  having  lime  mixed  with  it,  by  precipitating" 
the  lime  by  the  addition  of  mild  magnefia. 

The  lime  from  Brcedon  is  magnefian,  that  from  Ticknal 
(which  is  fold)  is  calcareous,  he  believes ;  and  fome  farmers 
in  the  vicinity  of  Derby  affert,  that  two  loads  of  Breedon 
lime  will  go  as  far,  that  is,  will  apparently  do  as  much  fer- 
vice to  their  land,  as  three  loads  of  Ticknal  lime.  Breedon 
lime,  he  is  alfo  informed,  is  preferred  in  architeiture,  and 
is  faid  to  go  further  in  making  mortar  ;  which,  he  fuppofes, 
means  that  it  requires  more  fand  to  be  mixed  with  it.  In 
the  Account  of  the  Agriculture  of  the  Midland  Counties, 
lime  made  at  Brcedon,  near  Derby,  is  faid  to  be  deftruftive 
to  vegetables,  when  ulcd  in  large  quantities  ;  and  in  Not- 
tinghamftiire  it  is  aflerted,  that  the  iime  from  Critch,  in 
Derbyfliire,  is  fo  mild,  that  thiftles  and  grafs  fpring  up 
through  the  edges  of  large  heaps  of  it,  when  laid  in  the 
fields.  Dr.  Fenwick  of  Newcaitle  obfervcs,  that  the  farmers 
in  that  country  divide  hme  into  hot  and  mild;  whicii  Mr. 
Tennant  believes  to  mean  magnefian  and  calcareous  lime. 

By  experiments  which  were  made  by  Mr.  Tennaitt,  by 
fowing  feeds  of  colevvort  on  various  mixtures  of  calcined 
magnefia  with  foil,  and  of  calcareous  lime  with  foil,  he 
found  thirty  or  forty  grains  of  lime  did  not  retard  the 
growth  of  feeds  more  than  three  or  four  of  calcined  mag- 
nefia :  hence,  what  can  we  conclude,  but  that,  as  thev  both 
injure  vegetation  in  large  quantities,  they  may  both  affill 
vegetation  in  fmall  ones  ?  and  that  this  is  more  probable,  as 
the  farmers  believe  that  they  find  both  of  them  ufeful, 
though  in  different  quantities ;  and  as  the  magnefia  would 
form  Epfom  fait,  if  it  met  with  vitriolic  acid,  which  Dr. 
Home  found,  from  his  experiments,  to  be  friendly  to  vege- 
tation, when  ufed  in  very  fmall  quantities.  More  accurate 
obfervations  and  experiments  are,  however.  Dr.  Darwin 
thinks,  wanting  on  this  iubjeft. 

The  moft  certain  way  to  know  whether  any  fort  of  ftone 
be  fit  for  making  lime  is  to  drop  upon  it  a  little  aquafortis, 
fpirit  of  fea-falt,  or  oil  of  vitriol.  All  Hones  on  which  the 
above,  or  any  other  ifrong  acid,  eflervefces  or  rifes  in  bub- 
bles, are  calcareous  Hones,  or  will  burn  to  lime  ;  and  the 
ilronger  the  effervefcence  is,  the  titter  they  are  for  that  pur- 
pofe. 

And  as  in  the  ufe  of  calcareous  matter  as  a  manure,  much 
depends  upon  its  being  brought  into  a  fine  powdery  ftate, 
it  Ihould  always,  where  fuel  can  be  obtained  at  a  moderate 
expence,  be  prepared  by  burning,  as  that  is  the  eafieil  and 
moft  efficacious  mode  of  reducing  lime-ftone  to  powder  that 
ever  was  invented,  and  therefore  ought  always  to  be  adopted 
where  neceffity  does  not  prevent  it.  Reducing  lime-ftone  to 
powder  by  calcination  is  alfo,  he  remarks,  attended  with  this 
farther  advantage  to  the  farmer,  that  it  confiderably  dimi- 
nifhes  his  expence  of  carriage.  Pure  lime-ftone  lofes  about 
two-thirds  of  its  weight  by  being  thoroughly  burned  ;  fo  that 
the  man  who  is  obliged  to  drive  this  manure  from  a  great 
diftance,  will  find  a  very  confiderable  favingby  driving  it  in 
the  ftate  of  ihells  ;  but  if  it  were  reduced  to  a  powder  by 
mechanical  'rilure,  he  could  not  be  benefited  by  this  circum- 
ffance.  Many  perfons  choofe  to  drive  lime-ftone  from  a 
confiderable  diftance  and  burn  it  at  home  ;  but  it  is  obvious 
they  then  fubjedl  themfelves  to  a  very  heavy  charge  in  car- 
riage,  which  would  be  avoided  by  an  oppofite  conduct.  This, 
therefore,  ought  never  to  be  praftilcd  but  where  other  cir- 
cumftances  may  counterbalance  this  unfavourable  one.  But 
as  lime-ftone  is  often  in  iti  native  ftate  mixed  with  fand  in 
various  proportions,  and  as  fand  lofes  nothing  of  its  weight 
by  calcination,  it  muft  happen  that  thofe  kinds  of  lime-ftone 
which  contain  the  largcft  proportion  of  fand  will  lofe  leaft 
ill  calcination,  and  of  courie  alford  the  weighticll  lime-fhells. 

Hence 


L  1  ME. 


Hence  it  is  obvious,  that  thofe  who  are  under  tlie  neceflity  of 
driving  lime  from  a  great  diftancc  ouglit  to  be  particularly 
careful  to  make  choice  of  a  kind  of  iime-ftonc  as  free  from  fand 
a^  polhble,  and  to  drive  it  in  the  Hate  of  fliells,  as  they  will 
thus  obtain  an  equal  quantity  of  manure  at  the  leall  expence 
of  carriage  that  is  polfihle  ;  and  the  lightell  (hells  enight,  of 
ciurfe,  to  be  always  preferred.  When  lime  is  flaked,  that 
which  contains  moft  fand  fall?  mod  quickly,  and  abforbs 
the  fmallelt  proportion  of  water.  What  is  pure  requires  a 
very  lart^e  pro;x)rtion  of  water,  and  is  much  longer  before  it 
begins  to  fall.  Hence  it  happens  that  thoi'e  who  drive  fandy 
lime-(hells  in  open  carriages,  mull  be  very  careful  to  guard 
againll  rain,  becaufe  a  heavy  (hower  would  make  the  whole 
fall,  and  generate  fuch  a  heat  as  to  be  in  danger  of  fetting 
the  carts  on  fire  ;  whereas  pure  lime-lhells  are  in  no  danger 
of  being  damaged  by  that  circumftance.  The  writer  has 
fecn  a  cart  loaded  with  fuch  fliells,  which  had  been  expofed 
to  a  continued  fliower  of  rain,  as  violent  as  is  ever  known  in 
this  country,  for  more  than  three  hours,  and  feemed  hardly 
to  be  affecled  by  it  in  the  fmallell  degree.  He  ought,  he 
fays,  to  obferve,  however,  that  his  experiments  were  con- 
fined to  only  one  kind  of  pure  lime,  fo  that  it  is  not  from 
hence  demondrated  that  all  kinds  of  pure  lime  will  be  pof- 
fefled  of  the  fame  qualities.  Lime-fliells  formed  from  the 
purefl  lime-done  require  more  than  their  own  weiglit  of 
water  to  flake  them  properly-,  whereas,  fome  kinds  of  lime- 
ihells  that  contain  much  fand  do  not  requite  above  one- 
fourth  part  of  that  quantity.  He  has  found,  by  experi- 
ment, tliat  pure  lime-fliells  cannot  be  flaked  with  lefs  than 
about  one-fourth  more  than  their  own  wciglit  of  water. 
When^flaked  in  the  ordinary  way,  the  fame  lime-fliells  took 
more  thau  double  their  weight  of  water. 

Hence  it  is  much  worfe  economy,  in  thofe  who  have  pure 
lime-fliells,  to  flake  and  carry  them  home  in  the  date  of 
powdered  lime,  than  it  is  in  thofe  who  have  only  a  fandy 
kind  of  lime-fliells  to  make  ufe  of. 

It  is  farther  fuggeded  that  it  is  even,  on  fome  occafions, 
more  advlfable  for  thofe  who  have  very  fandy  lime,  to  drive 
it  in  the  date  of  powdered  lime  than  m  that  of  fliells  ;  for, 
as  it  is  dangerous  to  give  that  kind  of  limc-ftone  too  much 
heat,  led  it  fliould  be  vitrified,  thofe  who  burn  it  can  never 
be  certain  that  the  whole  of  the  done  wi  1  fall  to  powder 
when  Viiater  is,  added,  till  they  have  actually  tried  it  ;  nor 
do  they  think  it  a  great  lofs  if  fome  part  of  it  fliould  be 
imperfeAly  burned,  as  it  requires  much  lefs  fuel  on  a  future 
occafion  than  frefli  hme-llone  ;  and  therefore  they  much  ra- 
ther choofe  to  err  on  this  than  on  the  oppofite  extreme.  But 
fliotfld  any  one  attempt  to  drive  this  poor  fort  of  hme  in 
the  date  of  ihells,  he  would  be  in  danger  of  carrying  home 
many  dones  that  would  never  fall  ;  which  would  more  than 
counterbalance  the  benefit  he  would  derive  from  the  want 
of  the  fmall  quantity  of  water  that  is  required  to  flake  it. 
On  tliefe  accounts  it  is  fuppofed  it  may  be  admitted  as  a 
general  rule,  that  thofe  who  can  ha^'L•  accefs  to  lime-done 
which  is  free  of  fand,  will  fave  a  great  deal  in  the  carriage  of 
it  by  driving  it  in  the  date  of  fliells  ;  and  that,  on  the  con- 
trary, it  will  be  mod  economical,  in  thofe  who  can  only  get 
lime  of  a  very  fandy  quality,  to  drive  it  in  the  Hate  of 
powdered  hme.  Hence  it  follows,  that  the  praftice  which 
jio\r  prevails,  of  carrying  fliell-lime  by  water  frim  one  part 
■of  the  country  to  another,  is  only  an  imaginary  laving,  ob- 
lained  at  a  very  high  rifl<,  to  thofe  who  drive  fliells  ot  a 
fandy  quality  ;  but  a  real  and  unequivocal  advantage  ot  very 
Jiigh  importance  to  the  community  at  large,  if  thefc  fliel's 
are  obtancd  from  a  pure  lime-done.  Thefe  obfervations 
relate  only  to  the  faving  of  carriage  to  the  farmer  ;  which, 
however,  is.an  article  of  great  importance  toiiiai. 


But  there  are  fome  other  particulars  that  may  alfo  equally 
afleft  him  in  this  way,  and  in  the  application  of  the  lime  to 
his  ground.  A  vague  opinion  in  general  prevails  in  every 
part  of  the  country,  that  one  fort  of  lime  may  be  more 
valuable  than  another  ;  but  it  does  ijot  appear  that  farmers 
have  hitherto  had  any  rule  to  dircft  them  in  the  choice  of 
different  forts  of  lime ;  fome  cdeeniing  one  fort  drongcfl;, 
as  they  term  it,  and  fome  valuing  another  fort  more  highly, 
without  being  able  to.:i/Ggn  any  fatisfaftory  reafon  for  the 
preference  they  give  in  eitlier  cafe.  It  is  of  importance  that 
this  matter  Ihould  be  elucidated.  Although  it  docs  not 
always  happen,  yet,  in  many  parts  of  the  country,  the  real 
nature  of  lime  is  fo  little  underdood,  that  the  weightied 
lime  is  preferred  as  a  manure  to  lliat  which  is  lighter  ;  be- 
caufe it  is  imagined  the  firll  has  more  fubilance,  and  will 
therefore  produce  a  more  powerful  efleifi  upon  ground  than 
the  tinelt  and  lighted  lime.  But  tliere  fceir.s  to  be  no  rea- 
fon  to  think  there  is  any  diderence  in  the  fpecific  gravity  of 
difleient  parcels  ot  pure  calcareous  matter  when  fully  cal- 
cined ;  therefore,  if  there  is  any  difierence  in  the  v\ eight  of 
various  forts  of  lime,  it  mud  arile  entirely  from  a  variation  in 
the  quantity  or  gravity  of  fome  extraneous  matter  tliat  i> 
mixed  with  the  lime  ;  and  as  land  is  alniod  the  only  extraneous 
body  that  is  ever  found  in  lime-llone,  and  is  always  of  much 
greater  fpecific  gravity  than  pure  quick-llnie,  it  follows,  that 
the  weighty  lime  only  owes  its  fuperior  gravity  to  a  larger 
proportion  of  fand  that  is  mixed  with  it.  But  fand  is  of 
no  value  as  a  manure  ;  io  that  he  who  voluntarily  purchafe* 
this  kind  of  lime  in  preference  to  the  other  is  guilty  of  a 
great  degree  ot  folly  ;  which  will  be  tlie  greater  if  he  has 
likewife  to  drive  it  from  a  confiderable  dillance. 

However,  thole  tarmers  who  have  accefs  to  only  .one  fort 
of  lime-done,  mud  be  contented  with  it,  wliatever  may  be 
its  quality.  But.fucli  as  have  an  opportunity  of  choofing 
may  be  benefited  by  the  oblervation,  that  pure  lime-ftone, 
when  fully  calcined  and  flaked,  is  reduced  to  a  fine  white 
impalpable  powder  that  feels  loft  between  the  fingers, 
without  the  Imalled  tendency  to  grittinefs  ;  while  fuch 
lime  as  contains  land  is  never  fo  fine  nor  fo  foff,  but  feels 
gritty  when  rubbed  between  the  liugers.  See  Aiiderfon's 
Edays. 

JlSion,  Qjmnti/y,  and yfjip/icatloti  of  Lime. — The  author  of 
Modern  Agriculture  remarks,  that  there  are  few  didrifts 
where  lime  is  not  either  in  general  ufe,  or  partially  intro- 
duced as  a  manure.  With  refpcdt  to  the  ufe  of  hme,  or 
the  benefit  derived  from  it  as  a  mean  of  fertilizing  the  foil, 
fome  are  of  op;,i:on  that  it  promotes  vegetation,  by  ilimu- 
lating,  or  forcing  the  foil^  with  which  it  is  incorporated  to 
exert  itfelf :  others  .niiagine  it  promotes  vegetatiuu  by  en- 
riching the  foil,  and  thereby  adding  to  the  quantity  of  vege- 
table food.  Various  other  opinions,  different  from  thefe, 
and  in  fome  indaaces  oppollte  to  each  other,  have  been 
entertained  refpeiiing  the  manner  in  which  lime  operates 
upon  land  ;  but  all  tliat  we  yet  know  with  certainty  on  the 
fnbiect,  is  collected  fr-^m  praflice  and  experience,  whereby 
it  is  proved  that  lime  lomebow  or  other  operates  fo  as  fre- 
quently to  produce  luxuriant  crops  on  foils  which,  before 
the  application  of  that  manure,  were  comparatively  of  little 
value,;  and  farther,  that  on  all  foils  which  are  treated  pro- 
perly after  being  thoroughly  limed,  its  beneficial  elfecls  are 
.diicernible  by  the  mod  curfory  obftrver.  Various  other 
modes  in  .which  this  fubdance  may  be  ul'eful  as  a  manure, 
may  be  feen  under  the  terms  Cakareous  Eautji,  and  Piios- 
rjioitu.i. 

The  proportion  or  quantity  of  lime  appUed  to  the  acre 
feenis  hitherto,  the  fame  writer  obferves,  fixed  .by  no  certain 
rule,  either  in. regard  to  the  nature  of  the  different  foils,  the 

modes 


L  I  M  E. 


modes  of  cropping  afterwards  adopted,  or  the  fuperior  qua- 
lity' of  one  kind  of  lime-ftone  beyond  another. 

It  has  been  remarked,  that  fome  require  that  it  fhould  be 
applied  in  fuch  fmall  quantities  as  thirty  or  forty  bufhels  to 
the  acre  ;  and  aVer,  that  if  more  is  ufed  the  ground  will  be 
abfolutely  ruined  ;  while  others  maintain,  that  ten  times 
that  quantity  may  be  applied  with  iafety.  A  great  varia- 
tion m:\y  no  doubt  be  produced,  in  this  fefpec^,  by  a  dif- 
ference in  the  nature  of  the  foil,  in  the  ftate  of  culture  it 


fpread.  The  field  was  paftured  upon  for  feven  or  eight 
years  after  that,  before  it  was  converted  into  tillage  ;  ■and 
the  heaps  were  by  that  time  become  fo  fiat,  and  fo  far  funfc 
into  the  ground,  that  they  could  hardly  be  difcovered. 
Before  it  was  p-'.oughed  up,  the  whole  of  tiie  field  was 
limed,  and  this  part  of  it  equally  fo  with  the  rell  ;  i:or  were 
the  old  heaps  touched  till  the  plough  went  tljrough  them  irr 
tilling  the  field,  when  the  lime  was  there  turned  up,  with 
only  a  very  fmall  mixture  of  foil.     The  conlequeiice  was. 


is  under  at  the  time,  in  the  quantity  of  calcareous  matter  that  at  every  one  of  thefe  heaps,  a  tuft  of  corn  fprung  up 
with  which  it  may  have  been  formerly  impregnated  ;  and  with  fuch  luxuriance  as  to  be  entirely  rotted  before  harvtlt  ; 
perhaps  a  variation  may  fometimes  arife  from  other  cir-  and  for  many  years  afterwards,  thefe  tufts  could  be  dillin- 
cumllances  that  have  never  yet  been  attended  to.  A  differ-  guiihed  from  the  other  part  of  the  field  at  a  very  great  dif- 
ence  will  likewife  arife  from  the  quality  of  the  lime  that  is  tance,  like  fo  many  buttons  on  a  coat  ;  and  perhaps  continue 
applied,  and  from  the  manner  in  which  it  is  employed,  fome  fo  to  this  day.  From  thefe  experiments,  as  well  as  other 
kinds  of  lime  containing,  perhaps,  ten  times  more  calcareous  confiderations,  there  fecms  to  be  reaion  to  conclude,  that 
matter  than  others ;  and  a  very  great  difference  may  pro--  on  foils  which  do  not  naturally  abound  with  chalk,  or  other 
ceed  from  the  mode  of  applying  the  lime  itfelf.  For  it  is  calcareous  m.atter,  there  is  lefs  danger  in  giving  too  much 
common  to  hear  thofe  who  have  had  little  experience  of  lime  than  in  applying  too  littk,  except  in  ihofe  cafes  where 
lime  as  a  manure,  recommend  very  great  caution,  left  too  an  over  luxuriance  is  to  be  apprehended  previoufly  to  fuch 
great  a  quantity  be  employed,    for   fear   of  burning    the    limings. 

foil,   as   they  exprefs  it.     This   idea  of  burning  has  been         It  has  been  dated  by  a  late  agricultural  writer,  that  iir 
evidently  adopted  from  what  is  experienced  by  applying    the  counties  of  Lanark  and  Weftmoreland,   from   one  liun- 
caullic  lime  to  animals  or  vegetables  in  large   quantities,  as    dred  to  five  hundred  bufhels  of  hme-lhells,  after  being  re- 
it  often  corrodes  and  (hrivels  them  up,  and  produces  other    duced  to  powder,  are  applied  to  the  Englifh   llatute  acre ; 
effeSs,  which  greatly  refemble  thofe  of  fire  ;  but  it  cannot     and  that  the  bulhel  of  lime-ltells,  or  calcined  lime-ftone, 
produce  any  fuch  eifefts,  unlefs  there  are  vegetables  grow-     generally  yields  from  two   and  a  half  to  tliree   bulhels  of 
jng  upon  the  toil  at  the  time.      In  that  cafe   the  vegetables     powdered  lime  ;  the  price  of  which  at  the  kilns  varies  from 
might  indeed  be  corroded   by  the  lime,  if  rain  fnould  fall     fourpence  to  fixpence  ;  the  general  average  over  the  king- 
immediately  after  it  was  fpread  when  newly  (laked  ;  but  as    dom  being  rated  at  fourpence  halfpenny   the    bufhel.     la 
it  lofes  this  liery  corrofive  power  in  a  few  days  after  it  is    the  county  of  Nottingham,  the  ordinary  quantity  does  not 
fpread,  nothing  of   that  kind  can  be  expefted  to  happen     exceed  feventy  or  eighty  bufhels.     In  the  counties  of  Cum- 
to  the  foil.     Accordingly,  wc   never  hear  of  crops  being    berland  in  Engla::d,  and  Well  Lothian,  Fife,  Perth,  An- 
bumt  up  with  too  great  a  quantity  of  lime  in  thofe  coun-    gus,   Mearns,  &c.  m   Scotland,  from  one  hundred  to  one 
ties  where  it  has  long  been  ufed  as  a  common  manure,  al-    hundred  and  fifty  bufhels  is  the  ufual  quantity  ;  and  this 
though  it  is  there  often  employed  in  much  larger  quantities    lail   may  be   i^ated  as  the   general  ave.-age  quantity  com- 
than  in  other  places  where  it  is  more  rare.     The  writer  has     monly  ufed  in  all  the  other  parts  of  the  illand. 
himfeif  had  the  experience  of  lime  in  all  proportions,  from         It  is  afTerted  to  have  been  often   heard  urged  as  an  ob- 
one  hundred  to  above   feven  hundred  bufhels  to  the  acre,     ieftion  to  the  tife  of  lime  as  a-  manure,    that  althouTh  it 
upon  a  great  variety  of  foils  ;  and  has  always  found  that    does  indeed  promote  the  fertility  of  a  foil  in   <1  higher  de- 
its  effeft  in  promoting  the  fertility  of  the  foil  has   been  in     gree  at    firlt,    yet,    in   the    end,  it  renders  it  much  more 
proportion  to   the   quantity  employed,  other  circumllances     Iterile  than  formerly  ;  on  which  account,  they  fay,  it  ought 
being  alike.     The  expence,  in  moft  cafe?,  prevents  farmers     not  to  be  at  all  employed.     This,  like  many  other  objections 
from  employing  this  manure  in  greater  quantities  than  thofe     to  ufeful  pradices,  takes  its  rile  entirely  from  the  avarice 
above-mentioned  ;  but  accidental  circumllances  clearly  {hew,    and  unfkilfulnefs  of  thofe  who  complain.     It  is  chiefly  heard 
that  if  it  were   apphed  in  much  larger  quantities,  theeffeft    of  in  thofe  parts  of  the  country  where  it  is  not  common  for 
would  on'y  be  to  promot-e  the  luxuriance  of  the  crop  in     a  farmer,  after  once  liming  a  poor  foil,  to  take  filteen.  or  fix- 
a  higher  degree.  A  gentleman  of  his  acquaiTitance,  in  whofe     teen  crops  of  oats  faccellively,  without   any  other  drellino- 
veracity  he  can  confide,  happening  to  be  from  home  when     or  alteration   of  crops.     It  mtjft  be  a  good  manure  that 
a  large  field  was  limed,  and  having  no  occalion  for  the  whole    enables  thefe  loils  to  produce  fuch  a  number  of  fucceifive 
quantity  of  lime  that  had  been  brought  for  that  purpofe,     fcourging  crops  of  any  fort :    but  it  would  be  a  marvellous 
and  laid  down  in  one  corner  of  the  field,  his  fervants,  with-     one  indeed,  if  k  fhould  prevent  thofe  fields  being  exhaulled 
outdriving  it  away,  mixed   what  remained  with  the  foil,    by  them.    But  is  it  not  well  known,  that  in  all  the  riche:l 
although  the  lime  lay  there  about  four  inches  thick  over  the 
whole  furface.     The  effecl  was,  that  for  many  years  after- 
wards, the  grain  in  that  place  was  fo  immoderately  luxu- 
riant, that  It   fell  over,  and  rotted  before  it   came  to  the 
«ar.     After  many  yean  this  luxuriance  abated  a  little,  fo  as 
to  allow  the  grain  to  ripen  ^  but  it  was  there  always   much 
more  luxuriant  thsn  in  any  other  part  of  the  field.     An 
accidental  experiment,  nearly  fimilar  to  this,  fell  under   his 
own  obfervation.     It  happened  that  the  fervants  of  another 


and  beil  improved  parts  of  the  country,  lime  has  been  long 
employed  as  a  manure  ?  Yet,  fo  far  are  thofe  foils  from 
being  rendered  flerile  by  it,  that  it  is  doubtful  if  any  art, 
without  the  aflilhmce  of  lime,  or  fome  calcareous  matter, 
could  ever  have  biouglit  thefe  fields  to  their  prelent  degre..- 
of  fertility.  Thofe,  therefore,  who  complain  of  the  hurtfv.l 
effects  of  lime  as  a  manure,  proclaim  wh;;t  they  ought  to 
conceal  ;  that  they  have  had  in  their  pofleiuon  a  trcafure, 
which  might  have  enriched  their  pul^erity,  but  which  la 
farmer  laid,  by  miftake,  a  few  heaps  of  lime  upon  a  grafs  their  own  life-time  they  have  idly  fquandered  away, 
field  that  he  did  not  intend  fhould  be  broken  up  at  the  We  are,  however,  not  only  unacquainted  with  the  mode 
time.  The  millake  was  foon  difcovered,  and  no  more  lime  in  which  the  lime  operates  upon  th*  foil,  butweareeven 
was  laid  down  at  that  place  ;  and  the  few  heaps  (about  a  i.i  a  great  meafure  ignorant  of  the  aflu.-il  changes  that  are 
kulhel  in  each)  were  allowed  to  lie  negleded,  without  being  produced  upon  the  earth  after  this  manure  ia  applied,  Ii 
Vol..  XXI.  H  '  A 


LIME. 


is  often  alked,  How  long  the  efTcdls  of  lime  maybe  per- 
ceived on  the  foil  ?  And,  if  by  this  qucllion  it  be  meant  to 
afcertain  the  length  of  time  that  the  effefts  of  lime  will  be 
perceptible  in  promoting  the  luxuriance  of  the  crop  after 
one  manuring,  it  is  no  wonder  that  very  different  anfwers 
ihould  be  given,  as  the  effefts  mud  vary  with  the  quantity 
or  quality  of  the  lime  employed,  tlie  nature  of  the  crops 
that  follow,  and  many  other  circumllanccs,  which  it  would 
be  impoffible  to  enumerate.  But  if  it  he  viewed  in  another 
light ;  if  lime  be  fuppofod  to  alter  the  foil,  fo  as  to  ren 


ground,  which  has  been  once  impregnated  with  calcareou* 
matter,  acquires  qualities  from  that  moment  which  it  did  not 
poffets  before,  whicli  it  ever  afrerwards  retains,  and  never 
returns  cxaclly  to  its  former  (late.  In  addition  to  this  it  i» 
obfervid,  that  although  lime  has  fuch  powerful  cffefls  on 
the  foil,  it  does  not  fecmever  to  incorporate  witli  tlie  mould, 
fo  as  to  form  one  homogeneous  mafs  ;  but  the  lime  remain* 
always  in  detached  particles,  which  are  larger  or  fnaller  in 
proportion  as  it  has  been  more  or  lefs  pcrfcflly  divided  when 
it  was  fpread,  or  broken  down  by  the  fubfcquent  meclianital 


der  it  fufceptible  of  being  affefted  by  other  manures  in  a    operations  the  foil  may  have  been  made  to  undergo.    Hence 


more  feniiblc  degree,  fo  as  to  make  it  capable  of  pro- 
ducing crops  that  no  art  could  otiiervvi'o  have  effected, 
and  to  admit  of  being  improved  by  mod<.s  of  culture  that 
would  not  otherwife  have  produced  any  fenlible  benefit,  the 
anfwer  to  the  queftion  would  be  more  cafy,  as  in  this 
light,  it  is  pretty  plain  that  its  effects  will  be  felt,  pcrhap?, 
as  long  as  the  foil  exills.  It  is  believed  farmers  are  lel- 
dom  accuilomed  to  confider  lime,  or  other  ca'ca^eous  ma- 
nures, in  this  point  of  view  ;  although,  when  i  comes  to 
be  inquired  into,  it  is  not  doubted  but  thi--  will  lie  found 
to  be  by  far  the  moft  valuable  effeft  of  ilicfe  meafures.  A 
few  fafts  will  bell  illullAte  the  meaning  In  D-.rby(hire 
the  farmers  have  found,  that  by  fprt  adinL'  1  me  in  confider- 
able  quantities  upon  the  furface  of  their  hea'hy  moo  s,  afier 
a  few  years  the  heath  difappcars,  and  the  whole  furface 
becomes  covered  with  a  fine  pde  ot  grafs,  coiifiding  cf 
white  clover,  and  the  o.her  valuable  forii  of  pallurc  graffes. 


it  happens,  that  in  ploughing,  if  there  chance  to  be  any 
lumps  of  calcareous  matter  in  a  dry  Hate  upon  the  furface, 
they  naturally  tumble  into  the  bottom  of  the  open  furrow  ar 
foon  as  the  earth  is  edged  up  upon  the  mould-board,  fo  as 
to  fall  into  the  lowed  place  tiiat  has  been  made  by  the  plough 
before  the  furrow-flice  is  fairly  turned  over.  In  conlequence 
of  this  circumdance,  it  muft  often  happen  that,  in  the 
courfe  of  many  repeated  ploughings,  more  of  the  lime  will 
be  accumulated  at  the  bottom  of  the  foil  than  m  any  other 
part  of  it  ;  and  as  the  plough  fometimea  goes  a  little  deeper 
than  ordinary,  the  lime  that  on  thefe  occalions  chances  to  be 
depofited  in  the  bottom  of  thefe  furrowp,  will  be  below  the 
ordinary  ilaple  of  the  foil,  it  will  be  ufelefa  for  the  purpofes 
of  the  farmer,  it  is  commonly  thought  that  the  lime  has 
funk  through  the  foil  by  its  own  gravity,  although  it  is  cer- 
tain that  hme  is  fpecifically  lighter  than  any  foil,  and  can 
only   be   accumulated   at  the   bottom  of  the  mould   by  the« 


This  (liews  that  lime  renders  the  fod  unfriendly  to  the  growth  means  above  defcribed  :  others  think  that  the  lime  is  chemi 

of  heath,  and  friendly  to  that  of  cluer.     It  is  found  by  cally  dilFolved,  aud  afterwards  depofited  there  ;  but  this  idea 

experience,  that  in  all  porous  foils  wl.ih  are  net  expofed  to  is  not  corroborated  by   the   fafts    that   have   been  already 

too  much  danipnefs,  in  every  part   of  Scr.tland  where   lime  brought  to  notice.     The  following  direftions  are  apphcable 

has  not  been  employed,  hea  h  has  a  natijral  and  almod  irre-  in  either  cafe.     To  obviate  this  inconvenience,  it  behoves  the 

fiftible   propenfity  to  cftablilh  itfclf.      In  thofe  parts  of  the  farmer,  in  the  fird  place,  to  be  extremely  attentive  to  have 

-country  where  lime  has  been   much   ufed  as  a  manure,  we  his  lime  divided  into  as  fmall  particles  as  jioffible  at  the  time 

find  that  the  fields  may  be  alloA-ed  to  remain  long  in  grafs,  of  fpreading  ;  for,  if  thefe  are  fufficiently  fmall,  they  incor- 

without  becoming  covered  with  that  noxious  plant.    Again,  poratc  fo  intimately  with  the  mould,  as  to   be  incapable  of 

it  is  well  known  by  thofe  who  have  been  attentive,  and  have  being  eafily  detached  from  it.     On  this  account,  as  well  as 

had  opportunities  of  obferv.ing  the  fail,   that  peas  of  any  others,  it  is  always  mod  advifable  to  fpread   the  lime  when 

fort  can  never  be  fuccefsfully  cultivated  in  any  part  of  the  in  its  dry  powdery    date,  immediately  after  flaking,  before 

country  where  the  foil  is  not  of  a  very  drong  clayey  na-  it  has  had  time  to  run  into  lumps.     It  is  alio  cf  importance 

ture,  or  where  lime  or  other  calcareous  manures  have  never  to  plough  the  foil  with   a   more  fliallow  furrow  than  ufual 

been  employed.     If  the  groe.nd  be  made  as  rich  as  poffible  when    lime   is  put   upon  it,  elpecially  the   fird   time   it  is 

with  common  dung,  although  the  peas  in  that  cafe  will  ve-  ploughed  after  the  lime  has  been  Iprcad  upon  its  furface  ;  be- 

getate,  and  grow  for  fome  time  with   vigour ;    yet,   before  caule,  at  that  ploughing,  the  lime  being  all  on  the  furface, 

they  begin  to  ripen,  they  become  blighted,  ufually  die  away  a  larger   propoition  of  it  is   turned  into  the  bottom  of  the 

entirely  before  the  pod  is  formed,  and  but  rarely  produce  a  lalt   made  furrow  than   at   any  fncceediiig  ploughing  ;  and 

few   half-formed  peas.      But  if  the   ground  has  ever  been  therefore  more  of  it  will  be  buried  beneath  the  daple  than  at 

limed,   although,   perhaps,  at  the  didance   of  thoufands  of  any  other  time,  if  the  furrow    fhall    have  been   very    deep, 

years  before  that  period,  it   never   lofes  its   power  of  pro-  This   circumdance   becomes    more   elientially   ncceflary    in 

clucing  good  crops   of  peas,  if  it  is  put  in  a  proper  tilth  ploughing  grafs  ground  that  has  been  newly  limed;  becaufe, 

for  carrying  them  at  the  time.     Again,  in   countries   that  in  this  cafe,  the  ime  is  lefs  capable  of  being  mixed  with  any 

have  never  been  hmcd,  the  i;inds  of  grafs  that  fpontaneoufly  part  of  the  .'oil  than  in  any  other.     It  aifo  becomes  extreme- 
appear,  if  left  to  therafelves,   are   the   fmaU  bent-grafs  and  ly  neceffary,  in   all  luccceding  times,  to  guard   as  much  as 

feather-grafs.     In  places  where  lime  has  ever  been  ufed,  the  poffible  againft  ploughing  to  unequal  depths.     See  Ander- 

ground,  if  eshaudcd,  produces  fewer  plants  of  thefe  grades  ;  fon's  Ellays. 

but  in  their  dead  white  clover,  the  poa  and  fefcue   grades.  In  the  work  on  the  prefent  date   of  hufbandry  in   Great 

chiefly  abound.    The  foil  in  either  of  thefe  cafes  may  become 

equally  poor  ;  that  is,  may  produce  equally  fcanty  crops  :  but 

the  means  of  recovering  them  will  be  fomewhat  different.   In 

the  hit  cafe,  a  fallow  feldom  fails  to  prove  beneficial.    In  the 

fird,  it  is  often  of  no  eifeft,  fometimes  even  hurtful.      In  the 

lad,  a  moderate  dreffmg  of  dun^  produces  a  much   more 

fenfible  and  lading  effedt  thjn  in  the  other.      In  the  lad  the 

quality  of  ihe  grafs,  as  well  as  its  quantity,  rather  improves 

by  age.    In  the  firl't  thefe  ci'-cumdances  are  reverfed.   Several 

Other  obfervations   might  be  made,  tending  to  fiiew  that 


Britain,  it  is  fuggeded  as  probable,  that  the  propriety  or  im- 
propriety of  repeated  hmings  depend  more  on  the  nature  of 
the  foil,  and  the  modes  of  management  afterwards  adopted, 
th:in  on  any  other  circumdance  connected  with  it ;  and  that, 
as  in  iome  didritis  it  is  repeated  two  or  three  times  in  the 
courie  of  twenty  years,  while  in  others  a  repetition  of  liming, 
except  ill  mixture  with  other  fubltances,  is  found  injurious, 
it  is  impoflible  to  account  for  fuch  variations  in  the  practice 
or  its  effects  on  the  foil,  without  obferving,  m  the  fird  place, 
that  although  there  has  been  as  yet  no  general  rule  edabhfticd, 

by 


LIME. 


by  which  a  farmer  can  dcterTitne  what  quantity  ef  lime  is  bed 
fuited  to  a  particular  foil,  yet  in  praftice,  a  greater  quantity 
is  hid  on  ftrong,  denfc,  itubborn  foils,  than  on  thofe  of  a  more 
friable  nature.  In  the  fecond  place,  that  the  diverfity  of 
meafures  by  which  lime  is  fold  at  the  different  kilns,  is  often 
fo  great,  as  to  leave  it  doubtful  whether  a  farmer  in  one  part 
of  the  ifland,  who  applies  three  chaldrons  to  the  acre,  does 
not  ufe  lefs  than  he  who,  in  another  dillrift,  applies  two. 
And  in  the  third  place,  that  the  quality  of  linie-fhells  is 
fo  extremely  different,  that  in  forne  cafes  the  farmer  who 
lays  five  chaldrons  on  the  acre,  does  not  apply  a  greater 
quantity  of  effective  manure  than  another  who  limes  an  acre 
with  three  only.  And  from  various  circumllances  which  have 
been  already  noticed,  in  fpeaking  of  calcareous  earth,  as 
well  as  from  the  great  and  general  advantage  of  this  fub- 
ftance  on  all  foils  and  fituations,  except  fuch  asareprevioudy 
replete  with  calcareous  matter,  or  too  moid,  the  writer  of 
the  "  Philofophy  of  Agriculture"  conceives,  that  its  effedls 
can  only  be  underftood  from  the  idea  of  its  aftually  fupply- 
ing  the  nutrition  of  vegetables.  This  is  ftill  farther  con- 
firmed, by  its  contributing  fo  much  to  the  amelioration  of 
the  crops,  as  well  as  to  their  increafe  in  quantity,  as  noticed 
by  millers  and  bakers.  If  it  be  applied  in  a  large  quantity, 
it  likewife  kills  animals  in  the  foils,  and  alfo  fmall  vegetables, 
and  from  the  dellroyed  and  decayed  animals  and  vegetables, 
the  foil  is  rendered  more  fertile,  by  being  impregnated  with 
mucilage.  The  fuperabundant  lime  is  ufeful  as  it  becomes 
mild  calcareous  earth,  by  attracting  carbonic  acid  from  the 
atmofphere,  and  afterwards  gradually  affording  it  to  plants. 
By  the  fermentation  it  brings  on,  and  the  finenefs  of  its  par- 
ticles, the  texture  of  the  earth  is  opened  and  divided. 

It  is  evident  that  light  fandy  lands,  containing  only  a  fmall 
portion  of  vegetable  matter,  (hould  not  be  overdone  with 
lime,  unlefs  we  can  affift  them  liberally  with  animal  manures. 
Its  great  excellence  on  a  fandy  foil  is  its  mechanically  binding 
the  loofe  particles,  and  preventing  the  different  parts  of  the 
manure  from  efcaping  out  of  the  reach  of  the  crop.  On 
clay,  by  means  of  the  gentle  fermentation  which  lime  pro- 
duces, the  ftubborn  foil  is  opened  ;  the  manure  readily  comes 
into  contact  with  every  part  of  it,  and  the  fibres  of  the  plants 
have  full  liberty  to  fpread.  It  is  often  faid  that  lime  anfwers 
better  upon  fand  than  clay  ;  but  let  the  farmer  treble  the  quan- 
tity, and  he  will  be  convinced  that  lime  is  better  for  clay  than 
fand.  Clay  well  limed  becomes  a  marie,  falling  in  water,  and 
fermenting  with  acids ;  the  air,  rain,  and  dews  are  freely  ad- 
mitted, and  the  foil  retains  the  nourifhment  of  each.  In  con- 
fequence  of  a  fermentation  raifed  in  the  foil,  the  fixed  air  is 
fet  at  liberty,  which  in  a  wonderful  manner  promotes  vege- 
tation. It  is  the  nature  of  Kme,  in  its  aftive  ftate,  to  dif- 
folve  vegetable  bodies.  Uporr  this  principle  v/e  may  account 
for  the  wonderful  effefts  it  produces  in  the  improvement  of 
black  moor-land,  which  confifts  of  diffolved  and  half  dif- 
folved  vegetable  fubllances.  And  it  may  be  obferved  in  ge- 
neral, that  the  greateft  quantity  fhould  be  ufed  upon  the 
deeped  and  richeil  foils,  and  the  leail  upon  thofe  that  are 
thin  and  light.  On  drong  clays  and  deep  loams  there  is  a 
fubdantial  body  forit  to  operEte  upon  ;  confequently,  a  con- 
fiderable  quantity  will  be  required  to  pervade  and  give  due 
aftivity  to  the  whole  ;  but  as  the  foil  is  lighter,  the  quantity 
mud  be  lefs,  and  the  after-management  in  regard  to  crops 
extremely  cautious.  In  liming  a  fingle  field,  an  attention  to 
the  quantity  will  often  be  found  neceffary  :  the  foil  of  the 
higher  parts  being  for  the  mod  part  light  and  free,  and  that 
of  the  lower  more  deep  and  compaft,  v.here  the  ground  is 
unequal.  On  fome  foils,  particularly  where  the  bottom  is 
chalk,  lime-done,  or  marie,  lime  will  be  pernicious,  efpecially 
if  the  foil  be  thin. 


Whatever  be  the  method  in  which  lime  produces  its  bene- 
ficial  effefts  upon  land,  it  fhould  always  be  reduced  into  ae 
fine  a  powder  ai  poffible,  and  fpread  out  with  the  ^/reateft 
equality  upon  the  foil,  as  by  thefe  means  it  will  be  more 
equally  blended  with  it,  and  be  more  extenfively  ufeful  in 
promoting  the  growth  of  crops, 

Confidering  lime  as  a  fubdance  operating  upon  the  living 
fubdances  in  the  foil,  as  weU  as  mechanically  upon  the  foil 
itfelf,  we  perceive  the  neceflity  of  applying  a  fufficient 
quantity  at  once,  in  order  to  produce  thefe  effects:  for,  if 
the  quantity  employed  be  fmall,  and  the  foil  deep,  its  effcfts 
will  be  fcarcely  perceived.  Many  farmers  imagine  that  hme 
will  not  anfwer  upon  their  lands,  becaufe  they  have  laid  it  on 
in  Imall  quantities,  whereas  in  all  probability  they  would  have 
found  a  larger  dofe  highly  beneficial.  On  clay,  four  or  five 
hundred  budiels  are  laid  on  for  wheat,  but  it  can  fcarcely  be 
expefted  to  anfwer  theexpence.  On  mofs,  bog,  moor,  &c. 
to  be  reclaimed  from  a  ifate  of  nature,  the  more  is  hid  on 
the  better  it  is.  The  beneficial  effe£t  of  Time  on  fandy  land 
may  be  explained  from  its  binding  quality.  But  when  fuch 
lands  are  fird  broken  up  from  their  date  of  heath,  the  vege- 
table matter  is  afted  upon  and  reduced  to  manure  by  the  cor- 
rofive  power  of  the  lime.  On  fuch  lands,  the  fird  crop  of 
rye  has  more  than  paid  the  expences.  By  attracting  water, 
lime  has  a  tendency  to  lay  land  dry.  By  infinuating  itfelf 
between  the  particles  of  clay,  it  dedroys  their  adhefions, 
breaks  the  diffnefs  of  the  foil,  and  gives  readier  accefs  to  the 
operation  of  manures,  and  to  the  extenfion  of  the  growing 
roots  of  plants.  By  attiading  carbonic  acid,  or  fixed  air 
and  water,  and  by  its  corrofive  properties,  it  dedroys  the 
texture  of  bodies,  and  reduces  vegetable  matter  to  a  date  of 
manure.  It  unites  drongly  with  oils,  and  renders  thera 
mifcible  with  water.  By  being  dedruftive  to  infefts  and  ver- 
min, it  may  alfo  contribute  to  preferve  the  fpringing  corn 
from  their  ravages. 

Dr.  Anderfon,  however,  fuggeds,  that,  from  writers  on 
agriculture  having  long  been  in  the  cudom  of  dividing  ma- 
nures into  two  claffes,  viz.  enriching  manures,  or  thole  that 
tended  direftly  to  render  the  foil  more  prolific,  however  de- 
rile  it  may  be,  among  the  foremod  of  which  was  reckoned 
dung ;  and  exciting  manures,  or  thofe  that  were  fuppofed 
to  have  a  tendency  to  render  the  foil  more  prolific,  merely 
by  adtiiig  upon   thofe  enriching  manures  that  had  been  for- 
merly in  the  foil,  and  giving  them  a  new  dimulus,  fo  as  to 
enable  them  to  operate  anew  upon  that  foil  which  they  had 
formerly  fertilized  :   in  which  clafs  of  dimulating  manures 
lime  was  always  allowed  to  hold  the  foremod  rank ;  it  would 
follow,  that  lime  could  only  be  of  ufe  as  a  manure  when  ap- 
plied to  rich  foils  ;  and,  when  applied  to  poor  foils,  would 
produce  hardly  any,  or  even  perhaps  hurtful  effedts.     He 
acknowledges  that  he  was  fo  far  impofed  upon  by  the  beauty 
of  this  theory,  as  to  be  hurried  along  with  the  general  cur- 
rent of  mankind,  in  the  firm  periuafion  of  the  truth  of  the 
obfervation,  and   for  many  years  did  not  fufficicntly  advert 
to  thofe  fads   that  were  daily  occurring   to  contradift    it. 
He  is  now,  however,  firmly  convinced,  from  repeated  ob- 
fervations,  that  lime  and  other  calcareous  manures  produce 
a  much  greater  proportional  improvement  upon  poor  foils 
than  on   fuch  as  are  richer  ;  and  that  lime  alone,  upon  a 
poor  foil,  will,  in  many  cafes,  produce  a  much  greater  and 
more   lalting  degree  of  fertility  than  dung  alone.      In  direft 
contradiction  to  the  theory  it  is  added,  that  he  never  yet  met 
with  a  poor  foil  in  its  natural  date,  which  was  not  benefited  in 
a  very  great  degree  by  calcareous  matters,  when  adminidered 
in  prooer  quantities.      But  he  has  met  v.-ith  feveral  rich  foils 
that  v^-ere  fully  impregnated  with  dung,  and  therefore  exactly 
in  that  date  in  which  the  theory  fuppofes  that  lime  would 
H  2  produce 


LIME. 


■produce  the  pfreatcft  efFcA,— but  upon  wliiih  lime,  applied 
in  anv  quantities,  produced  not  t1u>  fniallfft  fenfible  effert. 

Tlic  author  of  Pliytologia  fiiggclls  the  idea  of  its  fupplying 
aftual  nutrition  to  vegetables,  which  fcoms  probable,  as  it 
contributes  fo  much  to  the  melioration  of  the  crops,  as  well 
as  to  their  increafe  in  quantity —  wheat  from  land  well  limed 
being  believed  by  farmers,  millers,  and  bakers,  to  be,  as 
they  fuppofe,  thinner  (l<inned  :  that  is,  to  turn  out  more 
and  better  flour;  which  it  is  fuppofed  is  owing  to  its  con- 
taining more  flarch  and  lefs  mucilage.  Hence  is  perceived 
another  very  important  ufe  of  lime  in  the  cultivation  of  land, 
tvliich  may  be  owing  to  its  forwarding  the  converfion  of 
mucilage  into  (larch,  that  is,  to  its  forivarding  the  ripening 
of  the  feed,  which  is  a  matter  of  great  confequence  in  this 
climate  of  fliort  and  cold  fiimniers.  Mr.  Young,  from 
various  minutes  made  in  his  Eaftern  Tour,  concludes,  that 
lime  agrees  with  almoil  all  foils  ;  that  it  fails,  however,  on 
a  thin  loam  or  lime-ftone  ;  that  it  feems  inefficacious  on  old 
patlure;  that  it  has  a  ftrong  cffeA  in  killing  weeds;  but  that 
the  greateft  cfTeft  is  on  heath  and  moor-lands;  where,  as  in 
the  peak  of  Dcrbyfhire,  it  converts  walle  foils  into  fine  paf- 
tures,  without  tillage  :  but  the  fort  is  a  ttrong  llonc  lime, 
burning  foft  and  foapy,  and  the  quantity  laid  on  is  very 
great,  rifing  to  three  hundred  .Tnd  fixty  or  even  one  tlioufand 
bufhels.  There  is  great  reafon  to  attribute  much  of  the 
benefit  to  quantity  :  in  waUes  efpecially,  too  much  can 
hardly  be  laid  on,  becaufe  diffolving  the  roots  of  heath  and 
other  fpontancous  growth  requires  a  powerful  agent.  Of 
their  Itrong  lime  three  hundred  and  fixty  bufhels  are  pro- 
bably  equal  to  five  or  fix  hundred  buflicls  of  chalk  lime. 
\Vhat  then  are  five  or  fix  quarters,  which  is  no  uncommon 
quantity,  laid  upon  an  acre  ? 

And  the  mode  of  uling  lime,  in  improving  their  heaths 
or  moors,  is  firft  to  pare  the  ground  in  the  beginning  of 
March,  about  an  inch  and-  a  half  thick,  to  turn  it  about  in 
dry  weather,  when  dry  to  gather  it  into  heaps,  and  burn  it 
into  alhes,  to  fprcad  them  even  over  the  ground,  to  fet  on 
their  lime,  to  fpread  and  harrow  jj;  altogether,  to  plough 
the  ground  very  thin,  and  to  fow  it  with  turnips  or  rape  : 
then  the  fpring  following  to  fow  with  oats  or  barley,  and 
good  grafs  feeds  :  another  good  dreffing  with  lime  after  the 
iirft  crops  of  feeds  is  got ;  and  then  it  may  lie  for  pallure. 
Spreading  the  lime  in  a  flaked  ftatcis  by  far  the  belt  method. 
The  fummer  months  are  preferred,  becaufe  fewer  coals  are 
necelTary  for  burning  ;  in  other  refpefts,  the  winter  months 
are  julf  as  good  for  laying  the  lime  upon  the  ground,  provided 
it  be  done  in  dry  weather. 

But  in  its  application  upon  fallows  it  is  found  to  produce 
the  beft  eflcfts  when  laid  on  early  in  tlie  feafon,  and  well  in- 
corporated with  the  foil  while  it  is  dry  and  powdery. 

And  the  affiftance  of  this  manure  has  been  highly  ufcful 
in  the  cultivation  of  turnips;  whole  diftriAs,  formerly  ufc- 
lefs,  having  been  made  to  produce  not  only  good  crops  of 
them,  but  alfo  valuable  ones  of  corn  and  broad  clover.  Its 
greatelt  utility  would  feem  to  be  upon  light  foils  for  thefc 
crops  ;  as,  where  lime  is  the  principal  manure,  they  feldom 
fow  turnips,  clovers,  peas  or  beans,  except  upon  lands  that 
have  been  previoufly  limed.  Inftances  of  this  fort  are  often 
met  with  upon  the  uplands  ;  where,  if  any  of  the  broad- 
leaved  crops  are  fown,  where  a  part  has  been  limed,  and  a 
part  not,  the  parts  where  the  lime  has  been  laid  will  produce, 
it  is  laid,  a  valuable  return,  while  that  which  has  been 
dunged  only  will  hardly  repay  the  expence  of  feed  and  la- 
bour. The  methods  of  uiing  lime  upon  turnip-lands  are 
various.  Some  farmers  lay  it  on  only  before  the  lall  plough- 
ing, and  plough  it  in  without  harrowing  :  they  alio  lay  it 
in  heaps,  hot  from  the  kiln,  without  being  flaked.     But 


probably  the  fooner  it  is  laid  upon  the  land,  and  the  more 
perfeftly  it  is  mixed  and  incorporated  with  the  foil  before 
the  feed  is  fpwn,  the  more  certain  and  extenfive  will  its  ef- 
fefts  be  found. 

But  the  application  of  this  fubftance  upon  clover-ley  for 
oats  is  a  mode  of  praftice  which  ought  not  to  be  attempted. 
It  is  generally  laid  on  in  this  way  in  the  autumn,  and 
ploughed  down  in  the  fpring,  but  the  crops  feldom  repay 
the  expence. 

This  fubftance  is  alfo  ufed  as  a  top-dreiring  in  fpring 
upon  grals,  or  wheat  and  other  grain  ;  but  upon  the  httter 
it  is  faid  to  be  dangerous,  uiikfs  tiie  lime  be  made  into  a 
compofl  with  dung  or  earth  ;  in  this  form  it  will  not  only 
be  fafe  but  highly  ufeful,  except  upon  coarfe  meadows 
abounding  with  ruflies,  and  other  trumpery,  which  it  de- 
llroys  by  abforbing  the  fuperabundant  moiflure  which  fup- 
ports  them. 

But  upon  light  foils,  if  fcveral  white  crops  be  taken  in 
fncceflion  after  hiniiig,  the  land  will  be  worn  out  ;  a  white 
and  green  crop  (hoald  be  taken  alternately.  Upon  clay 
lands  a  fummer  fallow  is  fometimes  indifpen fable ;  in  that 
cafe  the  lime  fliould  be  laid  on  in  .July  or  Augull,  and  com- 
pletely harrowed  in  before  ploughing  :  two  or  three  plougli- 
ings  at  lenlt  are  required  to  incorporate  it  well  with  the  loil, 
and  a  fuitable  harrowing  after  each  (hould  likewife  be 
given. 

However,  about  Perth  in  Scotland,  according  to  the 
Report  of  that  county,  the  quantity  laid  on  llifT  land,  by 
ficilful  improvers  in  the  low  country,  is  from  forty  to  fifty 
bolls  to  the  acre;  on  light  land,  with  a  gravelly  fubfoil, ' 
thirty  or  thirty-five  bolls  are  accounted  a  fiifficient  dofe. 
In  fome  parts  of  the  carfe  or  clay  land,  which  is  not  caiily 
ftimulated,  they  lay  on  eighty  or  ninety  bolls.  It  is  fome- 
times laid  on  fallows,  immediately  before  the  feed  furrow  ; 
on  barley  and  grafs  feeds,  either  before  or  after  the  barley 
is  fown  ;  and  in  fome  cales  with  the  preceding  crop,  where 
turnips  are  cultivated,  to  prepare  the  ground  for  barley. 
Lime  is  in  fome  inllances  mixed  in  compoil  dung-hills,  in 
others  it  is  fprcad  on  the  green  fward,  before  the  land  be 
broken  up  from  grafs.  One  infallible  maxim  with  regard 
to  lime  is,  that  the  longer  it  is  kept  near  the  furface,  at 
lead  within  reach  of  the  plough,  until  it  be  intimately 
mixed  with  the  foil,  and  its  virtues  imbibed,  fo  much  the 
better.  The  firft  liming  ot  land  has  always  a  more  power- 
ful effeft  than  it  has  at  a  future  but  no  dillant  period, 
the  quantity  being  equal.  Quick  lime  intended  for  wheat, 
after  a  fallow,  or  for  barley  and  grafs  feeds,  might  be 
ploughed  in  with  a  very  fliallow  furrow,  before  the  feed 
is  fown  :  for  oats  after  ley,  it  ought  to  be  laid  on  during 
the  preceding  autumn  ;  and  for  palhire  or  a  top-drefling, 
early  in  the  fpring  or  autumn,  rather  than  in  fummer 
or  in  winter  ;  becaufe,  if  the  fummer  be  dry,  the  grafs  is 
burnt  up  by  the  lime,  and  in  winter  its  virtues  are  leflened 
by  the  froU,  nor  does  it  fo  powerfully  attracl  the  influence 
of  the  air.  It  is  common,  but  perhaps  difficult  to  be  ac- 
counted for,  when  lime  is  fpread  on  fliort  heath  or  other 
barren  ground,  which  has  a  dry  bottom,  to  fee  white  clover 
and  daifies  rifing  fpontaneoufly  and  plentifully,  the  fecond 
or  third  fpring  afterwards,  where  not  a  vellige  of  either, 
nor  even  a  blade  of  grafs,  could  be  difcovered  before  it  was 
applied.  Dr.  Darwin  remarks  that  he  has  been  informed, 
that  if  a  fpadeful  of  lime  be  thrown  on  a  tuffock,  which 
liorles  or  cattle  have  rcfufed  to  eat  for  years,  they  will  for 
many  fucceeding  feafons  eat  it  quite  cluie  to  the  ground  ; 
which  is  owing,  he  fufpefts,  to  the  grafs  containing  more 
fiigar  in  its  joints,  or  to  the  lefs  acidity  of  all  itsjuices. 

Where  lime  is  to  lie  in  a  heap  for  any  length  of  time,  it 
7  fhould 


LIME. 


fiould  be  coWred  with  earth,  to  preferve  it  from  the  air  and 
rain.     It  has  been  obferved,  that  the  benefit  of  lime  is  not 
apparent  in  a  dry  fummer,  and  that  it  does  not  aft  fully  as  a 
manure,  till  it  has  been   thoroughly  flaked  in  the  foil,  by 
continued  rains.     In  Effex  an  excellent  praftice  prevails,  of 
forming  a  compoft  of  lime,  turf,  and  ditch  earth,  at  the 
gate  of  every  field,  ready  to  be  apphed  as  a  manure  when 
vantcd.     Twenty  bufiiels  of  lime  mixed  with  forty  buHiels 
of  fand  form  an  excellent  top-dreffing  for  an  acre  of  wheat, 
if  laid  on  early  in  the  fpring.     But  lime,  as  full  noticed,  is 
apt  to  fubfide   beyond  the  depth  of  the  common   furrow ; 
deep  ploughing  in  this  cafe  is   the  only  remedy  applicable. 
In  fome  midland  counties  a  fallow  is  feldom  made  without 
being  drefled  with  lime,  under  an  idea  that  it  mellows  the 
foil,  and  makes  it  work  well,  while  in  tillage  ;  and  fweetens 
cr  improves  the  quality  of  the  herbage  when  laid  down  to 
grafs.     For  this  pUrpofc   it   is  fetched   eighteen  or  twenty 
miles.     Anitwo  forts  of  lime  are  in  ufe  in  fome  diftrifts,  as 
about  Derby.     The  Breedon  lime,  burnt  from  a  very  hard 
ftone,  and  of  fingular  rtrength  as  manure  ;  and  the  common 
lime,  burnt  from  common  ilones,  and   called   Ticknall  or 
Walfal  lime.     The  load-heaps  are  generally  watered  as  they 
are  thrown  down  from  the  waggon  ;  and  always  turned  over 
to  complete  the  falling  more  effeftually.     If  a  quantity  of 
lime  be  fetched  in  autumn  or  early  in  winter,  to  be  ufed  in 
the  fpring,  when  team-labour  is  more  valuable,  it  is  thrown 
up  into  a  regular  roof-like  heap  or  mound,  and  thatched  as  a 
flack  ;  a  fmall  trench  being  cut  round  the  fl<irts  to  catch, 
with  an  outlet  to  convey  away,  rain  water.     Thus  the  heap 
is  prevented  from  running  to  a  mortar-hke  confidence  by  the 
fnows  and  rains  of  winter,  and  thereby  rendered  more  ufeful 
as  manure. 

In  the  Rural  Economy  of  the  Midland  Counties  it  is 
noticed,  that  a  turnip  fallow  was  manured  with  Breedon 
lime,  in  general  five  quarters  to  an  acre  ;  part  had  double 
that  quantity,  and  part  had  none.  The  turnip  crop  re- 
ceived no  obvious  advantage,  but  its  effefts  on  the  barley 
were  evident.  The  part  not  limed  was  the  worfe  crop, 
nearly  in  the  proportion  of  four  to  three.  But  the  part 
limed  with  ten  qaarters  to  an  acre  was  the  beft  crop. 
Whence  the  common  notion,  that  more  than  five  quarters 
of  Breedon  lime  to  an  acre  is  ruinous  to  crops,  feems  to  be 
ill  founded.  And  in  the  Economy  of  Norfolk,  lime  is  faid 
to  be  in  good  repute,  though  not  in  general  ufe  as  a  manure  ; 
different  opinions  being  entertained  refpefting  the  value  of 
it.  This  difference  of  opinion  will  ever  remam,  while  gene- 
ral conclufions  are  drawn  from  particular  incidents.  It  is 
ufed  by  many  judicious  farmers,  even  after  marie,  with  fuc- 
ccfs.  Upon  hot  burning  foils  it  is  generally  found  of  the 
greatell  efficacy,  and  is  perhaps  the  moft  effeftual  cure  of 
fcalds  or  burning  patches  of  land  that  has  yet  been  difco- 
vered  ;  from  thefeand  other  circumftanceslime  is  there  con- 
fidered  as  a  cold  manure.  The  general  method  of  applying 
lime  is  to  let  it  fall  in  large  heaps,  and  to  fpread  it  out  of 
carts  upon  fallowed  ground  either  for  wheat  or  barley. 
The  quantity  fet  on  is  about  three  chaldrons  an  acre ;  the 
price  gs.  or  lo.v  a  chaldron.  (Now  much  higher.)  From 
experiments  made  on  turnips,  barley,  and  wheat,  it  ap- 
pears that  lime  does  not  aft  as  a  manure  until  it  has  been 
thoroughly  flaked  in  the  foil ;  and  it  feems  as  if  the  rains  of 
fummer  were  necelfary  to  promote  its  operation.  But  in 
fome  parts  of  Yorkfhire  lime  is  ufed  invariably  on  every 
fpeeies  of  foil ;  and  in  mofl  cafes  with  great  fuccefs.  On 
the  higher  and  more  dry  lands  its  utiHty  is  evident.  At 
Malton  it  is  laid  on  the  calcareous  quarry  foil  with  fuccefs. 
Its  ufe  to  the  loofe  fandy  foils  is  fully  etlabhfhed.  The 
prevailing  crop  is  wheat  on  fallow.     It  it  alfo  pretty  gene- 


rally fet  on  for  rape,  turnips,  or  other  crops,  after  fod- 
burning,  and  fpread  among  the  aflics.  It  is  alfo  fometinics 
fet  on  for  barley.  But  its  cffeft  on  the  firfl  crop,  except 
of  wheat  or  rape,  is  feldom  perceptible. 

But  the  benefit  of  lime  to  grafs  is  a  matter  of  difpute ; 
it  is  even  thought  by  fome   to    be  detrimental.      It  feems, 
however,  to  be  a  generally  received  idea,  that  lime  laid  on 
grafs  is  not  thrown  away  ;  for,  whenever  the  land  is  turned 
up    again,  its   benefit  to  corn   will  have  full  efFeft.     Tlie 
methods  of  liming  are  various.     The  worll  is  laying  it    in 
large  heaps,  and  fuffcring   it   to  run  to  a  jelly  before  it  i; 
fpread.     Next  to  this,  is  fetting  it  about  tlie  land  in  fmall 
hillocks ;     for,  although   they  are    fpread  before  they   ap- 
proach to  a  ftate  of  mortar,   yet  this  method  is  injudicious. 
Lime  falling  in  the  open  air  breaks  into  fmall  cubical  maffes, 
which  being  once  buried  in  the  foil,  remains  in  it  for  ages, 
without  being  mixed  intimately  with  it.    Lime  ought  tliere- 
fore  to  be  fpread  in  a  flate  of  perfect  powder.     It  is  there- 
fore the  praftice  of  judicious  hufbandmen  to  fet  lime  upon 
the  land  in  load-heaps,  and  fpread  it  over  the   foil  out  of 
carts,  as  foon  as  it  is  fufficiently  fallen/     Or  the  load-heaps 
are  turned  over,  not  fo  much  to  finifh  the  falling,  as  to  gain 
an   opportunity  of   burying   the  granulous    furface   of  the 
heaps ;  by  which  means,  the  fragments  are  at  leaft  lefTened, 
if  not  reduced  to  powder.     In  the  moor-lands  the  heaps  are 
interlayered  and  covered  up  with  moill  turf  or  peat-mould, 
which  bringing  on  a  rapid  fall,  the  whole  is  fet  on  fire,  and 
the  furface  kept  free   from  granules  by   a  covering  of  dry 
aihes.     The  heaps,  therefore,  whether  great  or  fmall,  fhould 
be  covered  up  with  foil,  either  of  the  field  they  are  let  in,  or 
that  of  lanes  or  ditches  carried  to  them  for  the  purpofe  ; 
and  if  a  fpeedy  fall  be  required,    water  thrown   over  this 
covering.     If  hme  be  ufed  on  fallows  for  wheat,  it  is  gene- 
rally  fpread  in  July,  har'uwed  in   as  fafl  as  it   is  fpread, 
and  ploughed  under  with  a  fhallow  furrow,   as   foon  as  con- 
venient.    The  ufual  quantity  is  three  or  four  chaldrons  t» 
an  acre. 

And  "  much  depends  upon  the  mode  of  applying  the 
lime  to  the  foil  after  calcination,  according  to  Dr.  Anderfon. 
If  it  is  fpread  as  foon  as  it  is  flaked,  while  yet  in  a  powdery 
flate,  a  very  fmall  quantity  may  be  made  to  cover  the  whole 
furface  of  the  ground,  and  to  touch  an  exceedmgly  great 
number  of  particles  of  earth  ;  but  if  it  is  fuffered  to  lie  for 
fome  time  after  flaking,  and  to  get  fo  much  moillure  as  to  ^ 
make  it  run  into  clods,  or  cake  into  large  lumps,  it  can  never  ~ 
be  again  divided  into  fuch  fmall  parts  ;  and,  therefore,  a  much 
greater  quantity  is  neceffary  to  produce  the  fame  efFeft,  than 
it  it  had  been  applied  in  its  powdery  flate.  But  if  the  foil 
is  afterwards  to  be  continued  long  in  tillage  (as  thefe  clods 
are  annually  broken  fmaller  by  the  adtion  of  the  plough  and 
harrows),  the  Hme  mull  continue  to  exert  its  influence  anew 
upon  the  foil  for  a  great  courfe  of  years  :  it  will  produce  an 
effeft  nearly  fimilar  to  that  which  would  be  experienced  hy 
annually  llrewing  a  fmall  quantity  of  powdered  lime  over 
the  furface  of  the  foil  ;  but  as  the  lime  mud,  in  the  firit 
cafe,  be  paid  by  the  farmer  altogether  at  the  beginning, 
which  only  comes  to  be  fuccefTivcly  demaaded  in  the  other 
cafe,  this  deferves  to  be  attended  to,  as  it  may  become  a 
confideration  of  fome  importance  where  lime  is  dear,  and 
money  not  very  plentiful." 

And  it  is  conilantly  an  objeft  worthy  of  attention  to  re- 
move the  fhells  as  foon  as  polfible  after  the  lime  is  drawn 
from  the  kiln  ;  for  it  is  known  from  experiment,  that  a  ton 
of  lime  expofed  twenty-two  days  to  the  air  after  calcination, 
is  augmented  in  weight  to  thirty  hundred  weight,  and  fome 
kinds  of  lime  even  to  thirty-five ;  which  is  Ijitle  lefs  tb«« 
double. 


LIME. 


in  ortlor  to  unJcrftand  the   gooilncrf  of  lime,  it  is  re-  loads  of  ^o  biifliels  :  fucli  a  dreffing,  when  the  fpace  to  be 

marked   by  the  fame  writer,  that  the  lime  from  pure  lime-  improved   is   large,   demands    tlie   employiin-iit  of  regular 

ftone  is  always  of  a  bright  white,  when  perfectly  calcined  teams  to  be  kept  continually   at   work.     In   fuch   under- 

without   a  teni'e:icy  to  any  colour.     When  it  has  any  co-  takings,   it  is  idle  to  be   nice   about  the  feafon  of  applying 

lour  it  rr)ceods 'from  the  fand,  or  other  uncalcareous  matters  the   manure;    convenience  demands  that   the  work   Ihould 

in  its  compolition.     There  are,  however,  fomc  forts  of  fand  go  on  at  all  feafons,  but  in  the  coun'ics  where  lime  is  moll 

that  are  of  fjch  a  pure  whitenefs,  as  not  to  debafe  the  co-  ufed,  the  common  feafon  is  fumnier,  and  on  fallows." 

lour  <:f  the  lime  in  the  fmalled  degree  ;  but  thefe  are  rare  ;  And  there  cannot  be  any  doubt   but  that   it  is  the  bed 

and  there  are  fome  matters  that  alter  the  colour  of  the  lime  praftice  to  apply  it  either  in  the  fpring,  fummer,  or  early 


a  s;o:)d  ded,  without  deballng  its  quality  in  any  conlider- 
able  degree  ;  but  thefe  are  lliU  more  rare  than  the  former. 
H-TCe  it  follows,  that  the  bed  lime  for  the  piirpofe  of  the 
farmer,  is  that  which  is  lighted,  fofteft  to  the  touch,  and 
whiteft.  Softr.efs  to  the  touch  is  not,  however,  it  is  con- 
ceived, an  unequivocal  proof  of  the  purity  ct  the  hme. 
He  has  feen  one  kind  of  lime  that  contained  a  large  propor- 
tion of  an  uncalcareous  in.palpable  powder,  that  was  as  foft 
to  the  touch  as  the  piir'-(l  lime  ;  but  this  was  a  fingular 
exception  to  the  rule  that  is  very  general.  The  more  they 
deviate  from  eiliier  of  thefe  tefts  of  J^irity,  the  worfe  ihey 
are  for  the  purpof -s  of  agriculture.  But  if  the  limc-llone 
lofes  much  of  its  weight  in  calcination,  and  the  lime-fliells 
are  extremely  hght  ;  if  the  (hells  require  a  very  large  pro- 


part  of  the  autumn,  and  in  a  (late  as  little  moill  as  poffible, 
as,  under  fuch  circumdances,  it  may  not  only  be  laid  on 
with  the  grcated  convenience,  but  be  fpread  out  in  the  mod 
even  and  regular  manner,  which  is  a  point  ot  coniiderable 
importance  in  this  luifbaiidry,  and  be  laid  on  with  lefs  in- 
jury from  treading  the  land,  than  could  otherwife  be  the 
cafe. 

The  above  writer  alfo  flates,  that  "  liming  is,  in  many 
didrids,  connefted  with  paring  and  burning,  and  it  is  one 
of  the  bell  methods  of  applying  this  manure.  From  a  peck 
to  a  buOiel,  according  to  its  plenty,  is  added  to,  and  mixed 
with,  every  heap  of  allies,  and  they  are  then  fpread  together. 
The  effeft  gener?t'y  is  coniiderable,  but  proportioned  to  the 
foil.     The  greated  efleft  of  this  manure  is  upon  land  that 


portion   of  water  to  flake  them  fully  ;  if  it  is  long  before  has  been  long  in  a  date  of  nature  ;  and  particularly  upon  all 

they   begin   to  fall  j  if  the  lime-done  is  not  apt  to  run  (or  peat  foils,  moors,  mountains,  and  bogs.     But  upon  all  on 

be  vitriGed)  in  the  operation  of  burning  ;  if  it  falls  entirely  which  it   is  known  to  have  elfedt,  it  is  well  applied  in  the 

when  it  gets  a  fufficient  quantity  of  water,  after  it  has  been  aflies  of  paring  and  burning." 
properly  calcined  ;  if  it  fwells  very  much  in  flaking,  and  if         But  though  the  application   of  this  fubdance  properly 


the  li 
may 


ime  is  light,  fine  to  the  touch,  and  of  a  pure  white,  it  belongs  to  (he  occi  piers  of  lands,  it  is  neceffary  that  the 

be   concluded  that  it  is  extremely  good,  and  may  be  proprietors  tf  them  lliould  render  it  as  cafy  and  convenient 

ufed  in  preference  to  any  other  lime  that  is  inferior  to  it  in  as  polTible,  "  eitder  by  fcarching  for  raw  materials,  opening 

any  of  thefe   refpefts.     Thefe  rules  are  perfefitly  fufficient  quarries,   and  eretliiig   kilns    upon  the  edates  under  their 

to  decide  as  "o  the  comparative  value  of  any  two  kinds  of  care,  or  by  bringing,  from  a  didancc,  materials,   fuel,  or 

lime  that  -.iiiy  be  onpo-fed  to  one  another,  and  may  be  relied  lime  itfelf,  at  the  lead  poUible  expence,  through  the  means 

upo'i  as  fiiific-.ently  accurate  for  the  ordinary  purpofes  of  the  of  improved  roads,   rail-ways,   or   water-carriage."     And 


Til-re  are  o'lier  methods  by  which  the  qualities  or  good- 
nefs  of  lime  may  be  afcertdined  with  exaclneis,  but  which 
are  bed  p.-ri'o'  med  by  an  '.x  pert  cheniid. 

Proper  S'jfon  for  ii/Ing  Lime.  —  J  n  refpedl  to  the  mod 
proper  time  of  uling  lime  to  lands,  there  feems  fome  dider- 
ence  of  opinion  amon^^  farmers,  as  well  as  to  the  date  in 
which  it  Ihould  be  ufed  ;  fone  fuppofin.;  the  bed  time  to 
lay  it  on  dry  foils  intended  for  turnips,  is  in  autumn,  while 
others  thi^ik  the  beginning  of  f  immer,  as  May  and  June, 
belter.  S  )me,  like'vife,  contend  tht  it  (hould  be  applied 
before  it  has  been  flaked ;  while  others  think  it  -may  be 
employed  when  even  in  a  date  of  confiderable  moillure. 
The  writer  of  the  Farmer's  Calendar,  after  putting  the 
quedion,  whether  lime  burnt  in  January  fliould  be  then  ufed 
or  kept  till  fpring,  obferves,  that  "  there  are  two  motives 
for  burning  done  or  chalk  ;  one  is,  for  the  lake  of  reducing 
the  material   to    powder,   for   accuracy   in    fpreading ;  the 


that  the  fame  principle  holds  good  "  with  rcfpedt  to  hiarles, 
and  other  grofs  fubilances,  to  be  ufed  in  their  raw  Hate  ; 
as  the  advantages  arifing  therefrom  will  always,  eventually, 
find  their  way  into  the  rent-roll." 

Dodlor  Anderfon  thinks  it  may  be  necell'ary  to  obfervej 
that  when  farmers  employ  a  great  deal  of  lime,  it  fome- 
times  happens  that  their  horfes'  feet  are  burnt  by  it  ;  which 
is  extremely  troublefome,  and  fometimes  proves  even  fatal 
to  the  poor  animals  :  a  method  of  preventing  or  remedying 
that  inconvenience  will,  therefore,  be  of  ufe.  The  bell 
method  of  preventing  any  inconvenience  of  this  fort  is  to 
fpread  the  lime,  when  in  its  powdery  date,  upon  the  field  as 
evenly  as  polTible,  and  to  allow  it  to  lie  in  that  date  fome 
time  before  you  begin  to  plough  it.  If  the  lime  has  been 
in  fine  powder,  it  will  have  become  perfedlly  effete  in  a 
week  or  fo  ;  after  which  time  it  will  be  as  little  corrofive  as 
any  kind  of  common  earth,  lo  that  the  horfes  may  work 
among  it  with  perfeft  fafety.     But  if  it  has  been  ludercd 


other  is.  for  the  application  of  a  caullic  body  dedrudtive  of  to  run  into  clods  before  it  was  fpread,  thefe,  if  not  broken 

living  vegetables.     For  the  former  purpofe,  the  lime  had  fmall,  will  be  longer  in  abforbing  their  air,  and,  of  confc- 

better  be  kept  ;  for  the  latter,  it  is  ufiially  laid  on  In  fuch  quence,  will  remain  longer  in  an   acrid  (late,   fo   that   the 

large  quantities,  that  it  is  not  very  material  at  what  feafon  ploughing  may,  in  that  cafe,  be  deferred  for  a  week  longer, 

it  is  fpread,  provided  it  be  done  frelh  from   the  kiln.     It  nor  will  it  be  even  then  fo  perfectly  fafe  as  the  other.     But 

will  have  a  greater  effedl   in  fpring  and   fummer,  but  the  if  it  becgimes  necedary  at  any  time  to  plough  in  the  lime 

fuperiority  is  not  fuch  as  to  induce  delay  from  a  time  in  immediately  after  it  is  fpread,  take  care,  fays  he,  to  do  it 


which  the  teams  have  little  to  perform,  to  a  ieafon  in  which 
there  is  much  work  for  them."  And  he  further  dates, 
that  "  the  grand  effeft  of  this  manure  is  on  uncultivated 
wade  land.  On  moors,  mountains,  bog,  and  boggy  bottoms, 
the  effeft  is  very  great,  but  the  quantity  apphed  is  con- 
fiderable. The  more  the  better.  •  In  Derbylhire,  as  far  as 
600  buffaels  an  acre  have  been  ufed;  or  20  one  horfe  cart 

13 


only  when  the  foil  is  perfectly  dryj  and  in  leading  your 
horfes  to  the  plough,  take  care  to  prevent  them  from  g#ing 
through  any  wet  place,  fo  as  to  wet  their  hoofs  or  ankles ; 
for  lime  adts  not  at  all  upon  any  dry  fubdance  ;  but  when 
it  is  in  its  acrid  caudie  date,  it  will  corrode  the  hair  and 
flefh  in  a  moment,  if  it  has  accefs  to  water.  As  foon  as  the 
horfes  are  unyoked,  keep  their  feet  dry  till  you  have  got 

them 


.      ,  L  I  M 

thfm  carefully  bruflied,  fo  as  to  wipe  away  all  the  dry 
powdery  lime  that  may  adhere  to  them  ;  and  if  the  lealt 
fliower  fhould  fall,  unyeke  your  horfco  immediately,  and 
take  them  off  the  field.  Witli  thefe  precautions,  they  may 
work  among  lime  for  any  length  of  time,  without  receiving 
any  damage  whatever. 

However,  in  cafe  of  any  accident,  by  which  a  horfe  or  man 
that  is  working  among  lime  fliould  be  fcalded  by  it,  it  is 
always  advifable  for  every  farmer  who  has  work  of  that  kind 
going  forward,  to  keep  a  tub  of  very  four  milk,  or  whey, 
in  fome  place  ready  to  walli  the  part  affeded  well  with, 
which  will  quickly  deftroy  the  poignancy  of  the  lime,  and 
prevent  the  mifchief  that  would  otheruife  arife  from  it. 
The  fourer  the  milk  or  whey  is,  the  better  it  will  be  for 
this  purpofe  ;  it  ought,  therefore,  to  be  long  kept.  For 
want  of  this,  vinegar  may  produce  the  fame  effeift,  or  very 
ftaU  urine  will  be  of  ufe  ;  but  the  milk  or  whey  is  the 
cheapeft  and  bell  remedy,  and  ought  alvrays  to  be  in  readi- 
nefs  where  hme  hufbandry  is  going  on  to  any  extent. 

Lime,  in  Botany.     See  Lemon. 

hiyiE-^ mmoniacal,  a  kind  of  phofphorus,  invented  by  Mr. 
Homberg,  and  made  of  fal  ammoniac  and  hme.  See  ^m- 
pionLical  Phosphorus,  and  Lime, /uj>ra. 

Lime,  Bir^.     See  BiRD-//m:-. 

Lime,  BrooL     See  Brook-/;W. 

Lime,  Burning,  a  term  figniiying  the  procefs  of  convert- 
ing lime-ftone,  chalk,  marble,  {hells,  a:.d  other  calcareous 
fubftances  into  lime,  by  means  of  heat,  in  kihis  properly 
CQnftruSed  for  the  purpofe.     Sje  Kiln. 

In  thefe  cafes,  the  calcination  is  effected  by  different  forts 
oF  fuel,  in  different  fituations,  but  principally  by  fofTil-coal, 
peats,  or  woods  ;  thefe  being  laid  in  layers,  alternately 
with  thofe  of  the  calcareous  materials,  in  the  ki  ns,  and 
the  procefs  of  burning  continued  for  any  length  of  tir.ic, 
"by  repeated  applications  of  fuel  and  calcareous  matters  at 
the  top,  and  drawing  out  the  lime  from  below  occafionally 
as  it  is  burnt. 

But  mineral  coal,  or  culm,  are  unqaeftionably  the  mofl 
convenient  and  fuitable  materials  for  efl'efting  this  bufinefs, 
where  they  can  be  procured  in  plenty,  and  at  a  fufficiently 
cheap  rate,  as  they  burn  the  llone,  or  other  calcareous 
matter  more  perfeAly,  and,  of  courfe,  leave  fewer  cores  in 
the  calcined  pieces  than  when  other  forts  of  fuel  are  em- 
ployed for  the  purpofe. 

However,  Mr.  Dodgfon  has  had  much  fuccefs  in  burning 
lime  by  the  ufe  of  peats  ;  as  he  ilates,  in  the  Farmer's  Ma- 
gazine, that  he  is  "  convinced,  from  experience,  that  lime- 
ftone  can  be  burnt  to  better  purpofe,  and  at  lefs  expence, 
with  peat  than  with  coal.  When  coal  is  ufed,  the  lime- 
Aones  are  apt,  from  exceflive  heat,  to  run  into  a  folid  lump, 
which  never  happens  with  peat,  as  it  keeps  them  in  an  open 
flate,  and  admits  the  air  freely.  The  procefs  of  burning, 
alfo,  goes  on  more  flowly  with  coal.  No  lime  can  be  drawn 
for  t'AO  or  three  days  ;  whereas,  with  peat,  it  may  be  drawn 
within  twelve  hours  after  tire  is  put  to  the  kiln  ;  and  in  every 
fucceeding  day  nearly  double  the  quantity  of  what  could 
be  produced  by  the  ule  of  coal.  The  expence  is  compara- 
tively fmall.  A  mail  and  a  boy  will  dig  as  many  peats  in 
one  day  as  will  burn  60  Carlifle  bufhejs  of  lime,  (the  Car- 
lifle  bulTiel  is  equal  to  three  Winchefter  ones,)  and  the  ex- 
pence,  including  drying,  will  not  exceed  four,  or,  at  mort, 
five  Ihillings ;  while  the  coal  neceffary  for  burning  the  fame 
quantity  of  lime  would  have  colt  twelve  fhilhngs  at  the  pit. 
The  wetnefs  of  feafons  is  no  argument  againft  the  ufe  of 
peats,  as  they  can  be  Hacked  ne^r  the  kiln,  when  half  dry, 
at  any  time  of  furomer^  the  moifture  will  be  exhaled  from 


L  I  M 

them  during  winter,  and  they  will  be  in  a  fit  flate  for  burn- 
ing in  the  months  of  April  or  May.  He  lives  in  the  north- 
eallern  diltriifl  of  Cumberland,  where  the  farmers,  in  general, 
burti  their  own  lime  ;  a:.d  though  there  is  coal  in  ihe  im- 
mediate neighbourhood,  he  gives  a  decided  prefere.  ce  to 
peat,  for  the  reafons  above-mentioned."  And  it  is  well 
known,  that  this  kind  of  fuel  has  been  occafionally  ufid  in 
many  parts  of  the  kingdom  for  the  fame  purpcfe,  from  a 
very  early  period,  without  any  complaint  of  the  want  of 
fuccefs. 

In  the  praftice  here  ftated,  no  particular  form  of  kihi 
was  found  neceffary,  nor  any  particular  fort  of  management 
in  the  procefs  of  calcination  ;  the  proportion  of  peat  de- 
pending upon  the  nature  of  the  Lme-ltone  employed,  and 
other  circumftances. 

It  has  been  confidered  by  Mr.  Marihall,  that  "  the  manu- 
fadlure  of  lime  is  an  art  of  which  tl-.e  manajrer  of  an  eftate 
ought  not  to  be  ignorant."  And  he  conceives,  that  "he 
ought  to  have,  at  lealt,  a  fufRti  n'  knov^l  dge  of  its  theory, 
to  enable  him,  when  occafion  requl  es,  to  fuptrintend  or  di- 
reft  its  prailice.  For  it  feld  >m  anfwers,  uniefs  where  ma- 
terials are  plentiful  and  fuel  cheap,  for  every  tenant  upon  an 
eftate  to  manufacture  his  own  lime.  A  full-fi/.ed  kiln  accu- 
mulates a  (tronger  heat,  with  a  given  proportion  of  fuel,  than 
a  fmali  one  of  the  fame  for.-n,"  whicU  is  without  doubt  a 
great  favifg. 

It  is  fuppofed,  that  "  the  chief  or  fole  intention  of  burning 
lime- flone  for  manure,  appears  to  be  that  of  reducing  it  in  the 
readiefl;  and  cheapeft  manner  to  an  impalpable  powder.  For 
experience  fufficiently  fliews,  that  quick  lime  is  injurious, 
rather  than  beneficial,  to  vegetation  ;  and  that  burnt  hme- 
fjone  does  not  operate  as  a  manure  until  it  has  regained  the 
fixed  air,  of  which  the  fire  deprived  it.  If  it  could  be 
reduced  by  mechanic  powers  to  powder  of  equal  finenefs, 
its  eftefl,  as  manure,  would  doubtlefsly  be  the  fame  as  that 
of  dead  hme  (effete).  It  is  in  the  perfeft  folution  which 
well-burnt  lime-ftone  has  received,  by  the  expulfion  of  its 
fixed  air  in  the  fire,  fo  as  to  have  completely  loofened 
its  texture,  and  unbound  its  every  atom,  that  we  are  to 
look  for  its  prompt  effect  and  the  fhortnefs  of  its  duration, 
comparatively  with  unburnt  calcareoi-s  fubftances.  Hence 
the  main  point  to  be  attended  to  is  to  expel  the  whole  of 
the  air.  For,  uniefs  this  be  accomplifhed,  the  foluticn  be- 
comes imperfeft ;  the  ftones,  inftead  of  completely  diffo'ving 
into  impalpable  atoms,  break  into  granules,  or  flakes  ;  leav- 
ing, perhaps,  a  firm  cere  in  the  centre,  to  encumber,  ra- 
ther  than  to  fertilize,  the  foil"  on  whicli  they  are  apphed. 
"  There  is,  however,  an  oppofite  extreme  to  be  avoided,  and 
with  greater  care.  For  an  unburnt  ftone  may  be  returned 
to  the  kiln,  but  one  which,  by  too  intenfe  a  heat,  is  vitrified, 
or  changed  to  a  ftate  of  impure  glafs,  is  not  only  rendered 
ufelefs,  but  has  incurred  an  extraordinary  wafte  cf  fucL 
Conlequently,  ftones  that  are  prone  to  vitrification  ought  to 
be  broken  down  into  fmall  pieces  ;  otherwife,  the  fire  is 
required  to  be  fo  intenfe,  that  the  furface  becomes  vitrified, 
before  the  air  from  the  centre  can  be  expelled."  And 
"  another  fuggeftion,  refpefting  the  proper  iize  of  the  ftones 
to  be  burnt,  may  have  its  ufe.  Where  fuel  is  weak,  or  dear, 
the  materials  require  to  be  broken  into  fmaller  fragments, 
than  where  aftrong  fire  can  be  kept  up  at  a  fmail  expence  ; 
while,  under  the  latter  circumftance,  and  where  the  ftone  is 
not  prone  to  vitrification,  much  of  the  labour  a-.d  expence 
of  breaking  may  be  fitved,  by  uling  an  extr.i  quantity  of 
fuel,  and  keeping  up  a  ftrong  fire  in  the  kiln,"  or  place 
where  it  is  burned  ;  the  form  or  conftruciion  of  which 
depends  partly  on  the  quaUties  and  value  of  the  mutenalf, 
and  partly  on  the  kinds  of  fuel  that  are  made  ufe  of,  and 

the 


L  I  M 

Ihe  differences  of  their  prices  at  the  places  where  they  are 
■employed.     Sec  KiLS. 

It  is  vifeful  that  the  procefs  of  burning  lime  fliould  go  on 
Auring  January  and  February,  as  well  as  moll  ni  the  winter, 
and  aUo  in  the  fumnuT  months.  Perpetual  kihis  are  wrought 
in  many  diftricts,  efpecially  the  northern  ones,  and  in  Ire- 
land ;  the  lime,  when  not  taken  away,  heing  preferved,  ,in 
ftieds  creeled  for  the  pnrpofe,  from  'h.  wet.  The  ufual 
mode  of  managing  with  them  is,  for  t\.:  farmers  to  contraA 
for  lome  fort  of  meafiire,  according  to  the  cuRom  or  prac- 
tice of  the  particular  diftridl  ;  being  cartful  that  it  is  well 
burnt,  and  of  a  proper  quality  in  other  refpecis.  The  dif- 
ferences in  the  cxpence  of  burning  will  depend  on  the  abun- 
dance or  fcarcity  of  fuel,  and  the  convenience  of  the  ftoue 
for  carriage. 

Li. MR,  CJx,  Calx  viva,  in  the  Materia  Medica,  &c.  is 
prepared  by  breaking  a  pound  of  lime-ftone  into  fmall  pieces, 
and  heating  it  in  a  crucible  in  a  very  (Irong  fire  for  an  hour, 
or  until  the  carbonic  acid  i-:  entirely  driven  off,  fo  that  on 
the  addition  of  the  acetic  acid,  no  bubbles  of  gas  Ihall  be 
extricated.  Lime  may  be  made  by  the  fame  procefs  from 
{hells  previoufly  wafhed  in  boiling  water,  and  cleared  from 
ey.traneons  matters.  In  the  former  pharmacopeias  lime  was 
ranked  among  the  articles  of  the  Materia  Medica,  and  taken 
as  prepared  for  its  ufes  in  the  arts  ;  but  in  the  lad  London 
Pharmacopeia  particular  dircftions  are  given  for  obtaining  it 
in  a  purer  liatc.  Two  varieties  of  the  carbonate  are  feletled 
from  which  it  may  be  prepared,  ij/^.  lime-Hone  and  fliells 
of  oylters  ;  the  latter  of  which  contains  the  leall  foreign 
admixture ;  but  even  the  former,  thus  prepared,  will  be 
much  purer  than  that  which  is  ufiially  made  from  chalk. 
According  to  Kn-vvan,  carbonate  of  lime  confifts  of  45  parts 
of  carbonic  acid  and  55  of  lime  :  but  from  whatever  com- 
bination it  be  obtained,  lime  is  always  the  fame  fubllaiicc, 
poflefiing  the  fame  charatters,  and  producing  the  fame 
effeds,  though  it  may  be  different  with  regard  to  the  pro- 
portion of  heterogeneous  matters  with  vvhicli  it  is  mixed  ; 
and,  therefore,  the  di(linftioi>s  which  were  formerly  made 
between  its  medical  qualities,  as  obtained  from  different 
fources,  were  fuperfluous,  and  will  not,  in  the  prefent  ftate 
of  fcicnce,  be  likely  to  be  renewed  by  the  introdii<Stion  of 
more  than  one.  To  the  perfcftion  of  the  lime  it  is  neocffary 
that  the  carbonic  acid  fhould  b&  entirely  expelled;  but  in 
the  preparation  of  ordinary  lime  this  is  done  very  imper- 
fectly ;  for  to  all  common  purpofes  it  is  lufiicient  if  it  be 
burnt  fo  as  to  flake  on  the  addition  of  water  ;  on  (he  other 
hand,  it  may  alfo  be  noticed  that  where  lime- ilone  is  em- 
ployed, the  heat  may  be  urged  too  far  and  be  too  long  coh- 
tinued.  The  pure  earths  will  not  vitiify  by  heat,  but  many 
firthy  admixtures  readily  will  ;  and  as  moft  lime-floncs  con- 
tain fome  portion  of  otlier  earlhs,  they  may,  under  thefe 
circumllances,  vitrify,  ar.d  form  a  coaling  over  the  furface 
T)f  the  lumps,  which  will  defend  thera  from  the  aftion  of 
water,  and  thus  prevent  their  flaking  or  folution  ;  fo  that 
lime  may  thus  be  over-burnt.  The  pieces  of  (tone  ufed  for 
burning  fhould  be  as  nearly  as  pollible  of  equal  fize.  If 
half  i'3  weight  of  water  be  poured  upon  lime,  it  fwells  and 
f al  s  into  a  white  powder,  much  heat  is  evolved,  p.irt  of  the 
water  rifes  m  llcam,  and  part  con.bines  with  the  lime  ;  this 
is  called  llakcd  lime,  and  in  this  ftate  carbonic  acid  from  the 
air  cafily  attaches  to  it.  When  perfectly  dry  it  may  be 
kept  in  bottles  far  any  lenglli  of  lime  without  alteration  ; 
but  to  obviate  any  ch.ice  of  its  being  impure  from  the 
above  caufe,  it  is  Xifual  to  diredl  its  being  employed  newly 
prepared.  Lime  newly  (lakcd,  and  to  which  more  water 
is  added,  ought  not  to  effervefce  on  the  addition  of  an 
scid. 


L  I  M 

Lime  is  much  ufed  by  tanners,  /kinners,  &c.  in  thepe. 
paration  of  their  leather ;  by  foap-boilcrs  for  diffolving  the 
oil,  and  facilitating  its  union  with  the  alkahne  fait  ;  and  by 
fugar-bdkers  for  refining  their  fugar. 

It  is  alfo  of  fome  medicinal  ufe  ;  being  appKed  externally 
in  deficcative  and  epnlotic  medicines. 

It  is  ufed  alfo  as  a  depilatory  ;  and  has  been  fometimes 
made  into  an  unguent  with  lioney  for  rheumatic  and  other 
obilinate  fixed  pains  of  the  joints  or  limbs  :  this  unguent 
JG  much  commended  by  Fuller,  who  obferves,  that  it  is 
almoft  cauftic.  As  an  abforbent  earth,  it  is  anti-acid,  and 
capable  of  abforbing  the  acid  matters  which  are  produced 
in  digeftion  from  the  weaknefs  of  the  llomach,  in  difeafes 
proceeding  from  a  fpontaneous  acid,  fo  well  defcribed  by 
Boerhaave.  It  is  the  fitter  in  ihefe  difeafes,  which  are  com- 
monly the  effeft  of  the  inaftivity  and  weaknefs  of  the  fibres, 
as  it  poffeffefs  a  tonic  quality,  which  other  abforbent  earths 
have  not.  Befides,  perfons  afflicted  with  tl.eie  difeafes  are 
fubjeft  to  much  wind,  which  is,  perhaps,  nothing  elfe  but 
gas  ;  and  quick  lime  is  very  capable  of  abf.rbing  that  fli-id. 
As  quick-lime  is  alfo  drying,  a  little  caullic,  and  confe- 
quertly  cicntriOng,  it  may  contribute  to  cure  certain  ulcers, 
efpecially  thofe  of  the  foft  parts.  Accordingly,  fevcral 
able  phyficians  have  preicribed  it  fuccefsfully  tor  internal 
fuppuration?,  and  in  the  plithifis  pulmonalis.  Moreover, 
the  property  which  quick-lime  has  of  attenuating  vifcid 
matters,  and  of  decompofing  ammoniacal  inks,  has  been  ad- 
vantageoufly  applied  to  diffolve  flones  in  the  bladder  and 
kidnies.  But  the  befl  method  of  adminiilering  quick-lime 
internally  has  been  thought  to  be  by  giving  the  lime-water  ; 
becaufe  this  water  is  fuppofed  to  polfcls  all  the  medicinal 
virtues  of  quick-lime,  and  bccaufe  the  earthy  partielea  are 
thus  reduced  to  the  greateft  finenefs,  and  are,  confequeiitly 
fufceptible  of  the  molt  perfect  diftribution.  However,  this 
Ihould  be  adminillered  with  great  caution,  and  much  diluted  ; 
and,  after  all,  it  is  doubted,  whether  the  lime-water,  thus 
diluted,  has  all  the  medical  quahties  which  might  be  ex- 
pefted  from  quick-lime.     Macquer. 

LlMK,  Carbunat  of,  a  term  applied  to  lime  when  flaked 
or  in  ihc  ftate  of  hme-ftone  :  when  thus  faturated  it  is  in  the 
leaft  aftive  condition.     See  hiymJIaiK. 

Lime,  Cream  of.     See  Ckk.\.m. 

Lime  Efflle,  that  which  has  been  flaked  by  the  air  and 
moiilurc  ot  the  atmofphere  after  long  expofure. 

L.ime-Gj//s,  in  Natural  Hiflory,  ?i  fort  of  galls  or  vege- 
table protuberances,  formed  on  the  edges  of  the  leaves  of 
the  lime-tree  in  fpriiig  time  ;  they  are  very  common  in  the 
plantations  of  limes,  and  are  irregularly  (haped,  but  ufuaiiy 
oblong  and  rugged,  and  of  a  reddifh  colour  ;  they  occupy 
only  the  edges  of  the  leaves,  and  are  of  a  red  colour,  fome- 
times very  beautiful.  As  thefe  are  very  plemiful,  M. 
Reaumur  was  of  opinion,  that  ihey  might  be  of  fervice  in 
the  dyeing  trade  ;  he  made  trial  by  rubbing  them  on  fome 
parts  of  his  linen,  and  found  that  they  gave  a  very  beautiful 
red  colour,  which  did  not  come  cut  in  the  firlt  wafliings 
afterwards.  It  is  extremely  probable,  tliat  there  wants  only 
inquiry  to  prove  that  we  have  many  valuable  productions 
of  this  kind,  which,  though  difregarded  at  preient,  might 
prove  of  great  ufe  in  the  fcveral  mechanical  arts  as  well  as 
in  medicine. 

Thefe  galls  of  the  lime-leaves  are  ftiimed  by  a  worm,  w hich 
inli.ibils  them  during  its  term  of  life,  being  found  in  ihcm 
of  all  fi7.es,  from  the  mofl  minute  to  that  of  the  full  growth, 
which  is  about  half  an  inch  in  length  ;  but  when  Us  period 
of  life,  as  a  worm,  draws  near,  it  defcrts  this  habitation, 
and  goes  elfewhert  to  pafs  into  its  tliryfalis  ftate.      See 

G.VJLLS. 

LiMK 


L  I  M 


L  I  M 


Lime  Huflr.nJry,  a  term  iifed  to  fignify  that  fort  of  ma- 
Jiat-etnt-nt  which  relates  to  the  application  of  lirae  on  land. 
See  Lime. 

LiME-A';/n,  a  fort  of  kiln,  conftrufled  for  tl:?  purpofe  of 
burning  lime.  Kilns  of  this  nacure  are  formed  in  a  varicly 
of  dificrent  ways  to  fr;ve  expence,  and  anfvver  to  the  parti- 
cui.ir  nature  of  tiie  fuel.     See  Kiln. 

LiME,  Quid,  a  term  applied  to  lime  in  its  mofl  pcHverful 
or  cauftic  llate,  before  it  has  been  rendered  mild  by  the  ;ib- 
forption  of  carbonic  acid  gas,  or  iixed  air,  from  either  the 
atinofphere  or  the  foil. 

l^isi'S.-Jlone,  in  yigrkuhure,  a  kind  of  calcareous  ftone, 
which  is  capable  of  beinj  converted  into  lime  by  means  of 
calcination.  It  would  feem  from  the  remarks  that  have 
been  already  made,  in  fpenking  of  the  nature  of  lime,  that 
this  fort  of  ftone  exills  in  different  ftates  of  purity,  and  con- 
I'lds  of  different  forts  of  fubllanccs  in  difTerent  fituations, 
from  wliich  much  diverfity  in  its  effecls,  when  converted 
into  lime,  is  prod'jced  ;  fome  forts  being  more  proper  for 
the  purpofes  of  agriculture,  while  others  are  better  adapted 
to  thofe  of  building,  &c.     Se;  Lime. 

It  may  be  worthy  of  remark,  that  all  fuch  forts  of  iime- 
ftone  as  contain  impurities,  fuch  as  clay,  faiid,  or  ftony 
matter  in  their  compofitions,  are  more  proper  in  general 
for  the  purpofes  of  agriculture,  than  for  thofe  of  build- 
ing. Where  lime-ftone  is  plentiful  and  fuel  fcarce,  it 
might  be  employed  for  the  purpofe  of  hufoandry  with  great 
advantage  in  its  uncalcined  ftate,  after  being  pounded  or 
ground  into  a  fine  powdery  form,  by  means  of  mills  or 
other  machines.  And  it  is  ftated  in  the  Survey  of  the 
County  of  Perth,  that  in  Rannoch,  a  dillrict  of  that 
county  very  remo;e  from  coal,  a  machine  was  erected  by 
the  late  commiflioners  ot  annexed  eftates  for  this  purpofe, 
which  was  driven  by  a  dream  of  water.  Mr.  Stewart,  of 
Crofmount,  who  faw  the  machine,  the  pounded  lime-done, 
and  its  effetl  on  the  land,  favoured  the  author  with  the  fol- 
lowing remarks  ;  "  There  were  two  pounders,  and  a  third 
was  afterwards  added,  all  from  Carron,  at  a  fmall  expence. 
The  pounded  lime-ftone  was  carried  from  the  machine  by  a 
fmall  run  of  water  to  three  different  ponds,  one  above  the 
other.  The  upper  pond  contained  the-  groffeft  particles, 
and  the  lower  pond  the  fmaileft  or  fincft  parts  of  tlic  lime- 
ftone,  which  refenibled  clay  or  marie  from  its  fmoothnefs." 
The  middle  pond  contained  that  which,  it  would  appear, 
Mr.  Ste%vart  thought  to  be  properly  pounded  ;  becanfe  he 
adds,  "  the  run  of'  water  might  have  been  ftroiiger,  which 
would  have  enabled  the  mill  to  double  the  quantity  grinded, 
which  would  ferve  the  purpofe  of  manure  equally  well,  if 
not  better,  than  by  being  pounded  fo  very  fmall.  All  that 
was  pounded  before  the  machine  was  carried  off  by  a  flood, 
or  the  moil  of  it,  was  uft-d  by  colonel  Alexander  Robertfon, 
uncle  to  the  prcfent  colonel  Robertfon  of  Struan,  who  had 
■a  farm  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  mill.  The  effects  of  it 
were  vifible  upon  the  ground,  which  were  Sicwn  by  the 
colonel  to  different  gentlcir.cn,  and  approved  of.'  It 
feerhs,  however,  that  before  its  virtues  could  be  fully  afcer- 
tained  by  repeated  and  varied  experiments,  a  torrent  in  the 
brook  that  drove  the  mill  carried  all  the  machinery  away, 
or  at  lead  deranged  it  fo  that  it  was  never  reftored.  There 
is,  it  is  fjppofed,  little  doubt  of  its  beneficial  cffcfts  on 
land  ;  or  of  its  eftefts  being  more  povi-erful,  in  one  ftiape  or 
other,  than  thofe  of  the  fame  quantity  of  calcined  lime- 
ftone,  becaufe  the  virtues  mull  !)e  in  proportion  to  the 
quantity  of  calcareous  earth  in  each.  Any  given  quantity 
of  raw  lime-ftone  lofes  one-third  of  its  weight  when  burnt 
Jnto  {hells.  Nothing  is  here  diffipated  except  the  water  ; 
all  the  calcareous  earth  remains.     It  is  alfo  found,  that  any 

Vol.  XXI. 


given  quantity  of  nic-IIs  produces  double  that  quantitv  of 
powdered  or  flaked  lime.  Therefore,  a  quantity  of  raw 
lime-ftone,  a  bulhel  for  inftance,  has  double  the  quantity  of 
calcareous  earth  which  is  in  a  buftiel  of  (iaked  lime  ;  coii- 
fequently  its  influence  as  a  manure  mull  be  double.  Whr,t 
is  commonly  fuppofed,  and  the  writer  thinks  wi'h  proba- 
bility by  thofe  who  ufed  both  kind?,  without  makin<»-  any 
accurate  experiments,  is  that  the  effefts  of  the  raw  lime- 
ftone  are  .ow,  buf  more  lafting  ;  of  the  calcined  lime,'  more 
immediate,  but  lefs  durable. 

And  it  has  been  ftated  in  a  periodical  work,  that  "  tl.tf 
difierence  between  lime-ftone,  fiefli  from  the  rock,  and  that 
which  has  been  cclcined,  confifts  in  the  former  poffeffing, 
as  one  of  its  principal  component  parts,  a  very  confidcrabie 
p.'-oportion  of  fixed  air  or  carbonic  acid,  a  principle  of  which 
it  is  entirely  deprived  in  the  burning,  if  the  operation  is 
properly  conducted  ;  a  circumftance  well  worth  the  atten- 
tion of  proprietors,  as,  in  that  ftate,  its  beneficial  effefts 
conlift  chiefly  in  the  power  it  poffeffes  of  ncutralifmg  acids, 
or  decompounding  metallic  oxyds  ;  but  upon  the  anim.al  or 
vegetable  fubftances  it  meets  with  in  the  foil,  it  can  produce 
no  alteration."  For  "  many  years  ago,  an  attempt  was 
made  by  lord  Karnes  to  ufe  unburnt  lime-ftone  as  a  manure; 
the  fuccefs  of  which,  it  is  believed,  has  not  been  recorded  ; 
indeed,  the  trial  would  probably,  it  is  fuppofed,  prove 
abortive,  if  made  upon  mofs,  or  moorifti  lands,  which, 
owing  to  the  great  quantity  of  vegetable  matter  they  con- 
tain, cannot  poilibly  be  benefited  by  any  fubftance  poffeffing 
lefs  aftivity  than  quick  or  cauftic  lime." 

A  maciiine  for  this  ufe,  that  admits  of  being  wrought  by 
fteam,  wind,  water,  or  the  power  of  horfes,  is  reprefented 
in  Plate  Anriculture,  in  which  a  reprefents  a  beam,  fup- 
ported  by  tour  ftrong  pofts  joined  together  by  tranfvert'c; 
pieces  of  wood,  as  fecn  in  the  figure,  and  at  the  top  fufti- 
ciently  feparated  to  allow  the  wheel  to  work :  /',  a  wheel 
with  a  ijroove  on  the  circumference,  fufticiently  deep  to 
receive  tlie  beam  a,  with  a  large  iron  fpindle  or  axis,  move- 
able in  a  bufli  made  of  bell  m.etal :  c,  a  weight  of  a  conical 
ftiape,  of  caft  iron  ;  the  bafe  ftudded  with  knobs  or  pro- 
tuberances, about  two  inches  long,  of  a  diamond  fliapc, 
terminating  in  a  blunt  point,  and  about  five  inches  in  cir- 
cuxference  at  the  bottom  :  e,  the  face  of  the  weight  or 
pounder,  which  is  hidden  from  view  in  the  cut:  f,  a  circular 
building  funk  below  the  furface  of  the  ground  ;  the  bottom 
prepared  by  a  ftratum  of  clay,  well  tempered,  and  mixed 
with  a  proportion  of  burnt  lime-ifcne,  powdered  without 
being  flacked,  and  forge  aflies  beat  very  fmall.  When 
this  is  properly  dried,  abed  of  fand,  about  18  inclies  in 
thickncfs,  is  laid  about  it,  and  paved  with  common  paving 
ftones,  of  the  kind  ufed  for  ilreets  ;  which,  after  being  well 
beaten  down,  is  covered  with  anotlicr  bed  of  fand  of  the 
fame  thicknefs,  which  fhould  be  paved  in  the  fame  manner, 
and  afterwards  well  beaten  down.  The  foundation  of  the 
building  fliould  be,  at  leaft,  fix  feet  below  the  common  fur- 
face  ;  which  allocs  iS  inches  for  the  clay,  36  inches  for  the 
two  beds  of  land,  and  18  inches  for  the  two  courfes  of  pave- 
ment. And  the  "  circumference  lliould  conlift  entirely  of 
hewn  ftone,  at  leaft  the  uppermoll  three  feet  of  it ;  the 
ftones  of  which  ftiould  be  ftrongly  batted  together  with  iron, 
and  fecured  on  the  outlide  with  numerous  wooden  poft» 
drove  into  the  earth,  and  different  courfes  of  pavcn  ent, 
extending  at  leaft  fix  feet  all  round,  carefully  laid  and  well 
beaten  down.  A  floor  prepared  in  this  manner,  if  it  is  not 
ufed  too  foon,  will  refift  any  force  that  can  be  let  fall  upim- 
it.  The  lime-ftone  laid  into  it  fliould  not  be  too  fmall,  and  ' 
fliould  have  a  light  bedding  ot  fand,  in  foil,  to  give  it  ftabi- 
lily.     The  building  may  be  of  any  ftzc,  according  to  ^X\i 

I  powers 


L  I  M 


powers  of  the  machinery,  and  ihe  weight  of  the  beater. 
Others  have  fugffclUd,    that   the  pounding  of   hnic-llone 
may  be   greatly  iacihtated  by  a  very  fimple  contrivance  ; 
mciclv  that  of  kindling  a  fire  upon  the  fiirface  of  the  rock, 


or  round  any  qviantitv  of  the  hme-llone  after  it  is  quarried, 
and  expofing  the  (l^w'e  to  the  heat  of  it  for  ten  or  twelve 
hours.  During  the  heating,  a  gvcat  deal  of  it  flics  to 
pieces,  and  the  rcmaind-.r  very  readily  gives  way  to  the 
ftroke  of  the  hammer.  It  is  alfo  fuppofcd,  that  confider- 
able  advantage  may  be  derived  from  a  machine  of  this  kind, 
in  reducing  burnt  lime-It  one  to  a  powder,  before  it  is  flaked 
by  the  aftion  of  the  air  or  raoilhire,  as,  in  ihat  ftate,  its  ope- 
ration upon  the  fubllances  it  meets  wiih  in  the  foil  is  much 
more  confiderablc  than  after  it  has  abforbtd  the  fixed  air  ; 
and  when  cmplnyod  in  building,  it  cements  immediately, 
and  may  be  ufed  with  fuperior  advantage  in  the  conflruttion 
of  aqueduAs,  harbours,  and  other  fituations  expofed  much 
to  water,  and  where  halty  dryiiig  is  of  importance. 

It  may  be  noticed,  that  the  expcnce  of  fuch  a  machine 
will  varv  according  to  circumllances,  but  it  cannot  be  jreat, 
and  in  many  places  it  may  be  addtd  to  thredv.ng  a^  d  corn 
mills,  and  the  expcnce  be 'greatly  KfTered  in  that  way. 

It  is  obvious,  that  the  analyfia  of  liir.c-tlone  may  be 
efTofted  in  the  fame  way  as  thofe  of  other  calcareous  ma- 
terials, except  that  where  the  Hone  is  of  a  hard  and  firm 
texture,  it  (hould  be  reduced  into  a  Hate  of  powder,  in  order 
to  expedite  its  folution.  Where  the  lim.e-ftcne  fubjeded  to 
analvfis  does  not  yield  more  than  two-thirds  of  its  weight 
of  pure  chalk,  it  can  feldom  be  burnt  with  profit  ;  unlefs 
in  a  county  where  fuel  is  cheap  and  lime  is  dear.  Good 
lime-ftone  yields  upwards  of  ninety  per  cent.  That  of  par- 
ticular quarries  is  almoll  vihoUy  calcareous,  as  has  been  al- 
ready feen. 

hlMK-J!oue  Gravel,  a  hard  fort  of  calcareous  marie, 
that  allir.nes  the  appearance  of  I'mall  Hones  or  gravel, 
which,  when  fpread  upon  the  ground  and  mixed  with 
it,  gradually  falls  into  fmaller  pieces,  and  fertilizes  the 
foil  in  proportion  as  it  breaks  down  and  mixes  with  it.  _  It 
is  a  fort  of  manure  little  known  in  Britain,  although  it  is 
common  in  many  parts  of  Ireland. 

But  after  what  has  been  already  obferved,  little  need  be 
faid  as  to  the  qualities  or  mode  of  applying  this  manure. 
Tiie  farmer  will  eafily  be  able  to  perceive,  that  if  the  pieces 
of  which  this  gravel  confills  are  large,  and  di'Tolve  but 
flowly,  the  quantity  at.-plied  at  one  (!reffi:ig  ought  to  be 
great,  and  the  eftedis  will  be  flow  ;:r.d  lallinjj;  but  if  the 
gravel  be  fmall,  it  will  require  a  fnr.iller  quantity,  wli;ch 
will  operate  more  quickly,  and  laft  fcr  a  ftiortcr  time,  like 
all  other  calcareous  fubllances  in  the  fame  circumftances,  or 
which  are  applied  in  the  fame  manner  to  lands. 
L.iME-J!oiK,  in  I^tineralogy.  See  Lime. 
'LiyiE-Jonc,  Ai ai^r.g'ian.  See  DoLOMiTc  and  Rhomb- 
spar. 

LmE-Jone,   Quarlzy.     See  KosiT. 
l^lMCjIoTie    Fetid.     See  SwiS .JJone. 
hiME-Jloite,  Eccaitrk.     Sec  Arkagonite. 
LlME-Wii/tr.  liquor  calc'ii,  aqua  calcis,  aqua  calc'is Jlmptex, 
in  t!ie  JVJatc/ta  Medico,  is  prepared  by  pouring  twelve  lunts  of 
boiling  dilliUed  water  on  haf  a  pound  of  iime,  and  ftirring 
them  togeiher  :  let  the  vcflel  be  immediately  covered,  and 
left  to   Ihmd  for.  three  hours  ;  then  ktep  the  folutioii  upon 
the  remaining  lime  in  (topped  g!afs  bottles,  and  pour  off  the 
clear  liquor  when  it  is  wanted  for  ufe.      Lime  is  foluble  in 
about  450  times  its  weight  of  water,  »'r  Imle  ir.ore  than  one 
grain  in  cue  fluid-ouncr,  forming  a  tranfparcnt  fohition ;  hence 
the  proportion  here  dirt-ftcd,  is  in  f.ifl  more  than  is  it  quired 
for  the  faturation  oi  the  water  j  but  the  larger  quantity 

2 


L  I  M 

allows,  moreover,  for  any  impurity  contained  in  the  lime, 
and  as  it  is  a  cheap  article,  the  quantity  ufed  is  fcarccly  of 
any  importance.  The  i)rocefs  here  adopted  is  fimple,  effica- 
cious, and  convenient,  and  by  keeping  the  fohition  (landing  . 
upon  the  lime  it  will  always  be  faturatcd  ;  and  the  place  of 
any  crull  of  carbonate  of  liine  whicli  forms  upon  the  fur- 
face,  if  expofed,  will  be  fnpplicd  from  the  lime,  which  re- 
mains in  a  ftate  read*-  for  lolution.      I.,ond.  Pharm.  i8og. 

The  general  opinion  of  lime  acling  as  a  caiiUic,  and  con- 
fuming  the 'bodies  it  was  made  to  a£t  upon,  by  means  1  f  the 
great  quantllv  of  particles  of  fire  it  contained,  Icmg  denied 
any  preparation  of  it  a  place  among  ir.teriiat  medicines  ;  at 
length,  water  poured  upon  it  was  found  to  take  in  a  part  of 
its  virtues,  and  to  be  a  valuable  medicine,  and  very  fafely  to 
be  given  infernall-/  in  large  quantities. 

i'or  this  purp':fej  a  gallon  and  a  half,  or  two  gallons  of 
water,  were  ponrcd  by  degrees  upon  a  pound  of  frelh-burnt 
quick-lime ;  the  vcflel  fliaken  when  the  ebullition  ceafed, 
and  then  fet  by,  till  the  undidblved  hme  had  fe:t!cd  ;  after 
which,  the  liquor  was  poured  oft,  and  paffed  through  a 
filtre.  Only  a  Imall  portion  of  the  lime  is  difi'olved  by  the 
water,  and  the  remainder  gives  a  (Irong  impregnation  to  large 
quantities  of  frefli  water,  though  not  (o  (Irong  as  the  firlt  ; 
great  part  remaining  at  la(l  undifTolvcd  :  this  rcfiduum,  cal- 
cined again,  becomes  quick  lime,  as  before  ;  and  by  repe- 
titions of  this  procefs,  nearly  the  whole  may  be  difiolvcd. 
The  fohition  has  a  flrong  (typtic  t:\lle  ;  and  its  eficdts  in 
chemical  mixtures  are  fimilar  to  thole  produced  by  quick- 
linie.  In  vefTels  quite  filled  with  lime-water,  and  exadlly 
clofedj  it  may  be  kept  unchan:;ed  for  many  months;  but  in 
open  veflels,  the  calcareous  matter  foon  feparatcs  from  the 
aqueous  fluid,  and  forms  a  crull  or  cream  upon  the  furface, 
iiifipid  and  inditfoluhle  as  the  earth  in  its  natural  (late,  and 
again  convertible  into  quick- lime  by  repeated  calcination. 
It  is  obferved,  that  the  quantity  of  calcareous  matter  that 
is  thus  feparated  from  hme-vatcr,  is  even  greater  than  it 
ought  to  be,  if  it  was  exactly  proportioned  to  the  evapora- 
tion of  the  water  ;  the  cau(e  of  which  is,  that  the  quick- 
lime grai'it-ally  recovers  from  the  air  as  much  gas  as  is 
neceffary  to  deprive  it  of  its  properties  of  qun  k-limc,  and 
to  relfore  it  to  its  fta'.e  of  fimple. calcareous  earth,  mild, 
cfFervefcing,  and  unlbhible  in  water.  Hci  ce  lime-water 
by  long  cxpofure  to  air,  lofcs  much  of  its  ftrength,  and  at 
lall  becomes  almotl  fhfipid  It  is  neceflary  alio,  when  this 
liquor  is  employed  as  a  menflruum,  to  add  fome  quick-lime 
in  lubltance,  in  order  to  continue  the  impregnation  of  the 
water  with  the  lime. 

A 11  lime  is  not  equally  good  for  the  making  of  tliis  water  ; 
but  the  feveral  kinds  differ,  according  to  the  lubdances  they 
are  made  from.  In  Holland  they  make  lime  of  fca-fhelk, 
which  they  find  in  vafl:  abundance  on  their  fea-fhores.  This 
was  alfo  a  praftice  in  the  time  of  Diofcorides ;  bur  the  lime 
thus  made,  it  h.ns  been  faid,  is  not  fit  for  making  lime- 
water.  The  water  made  from  it  does  not  keep  long,  and 
is  lefs  ftyptic,  and  fv.eetilh  to  tlie  talle,  and  is  greatly  in- 
ferior to  the  water  m;c!e  with  lime  burnt  from  ftoiics.  The 
newer  the  lime  is,  tlie  lefs  it  has  been  expofed  to  the  air, 
and  the  drier  it  has  been  kept,  and  finally,  .the  more  it  has 
held. together  withoi-t  crumbling,  or  mouldering  to  powder, 
the  better  it  is  for  making  hme-water.  Mem.  Acad.  Par. 
1 700. 

It  appears  now,  from  the  ingenious  Dr.  Alflon's  experi- 
ments, that  one  part  of  quick-lirre  is  fufficieut  for  five  or 
fix  hundred  parts  of  water.  Water  will  dlfTolve  but  a  cer- 
tain portion  of  quick-lime  ;  and  how  much  that  is  cannot  be 
eafily  afcertamed  So  far  feem.s  certain  from  Dr.  Allton's 
experiments,  that  out*  pound  of  quick-lime  is  lufTicient  for 

making 


L  I'M 


L  I  M 


makinfr  fix  hundred  pounds  of  good  lime-water ;  and  that 
thofe  who  with  Charas  have  fuppofed,  that  the  fecond  and 
third  hrae-watcr  is  weaker  than  the  tiilt,  liave  been  led  into 
an  error  by  the  fmall  quantity  of  water  they  ufed.  And 
it  has  been  generally  believed^  that  in  order  to  obtain  good 
lime-water,  the  quick-lime  muft.  not  only  be  recent  and 
fully  calcined,  but  alfo  for  one  part  of  quick-lime  only 
eight,  ten,  or,  at  mod,  twelve  parts  ol  water  taken  ;  as 
if  it  could  iaipregnate  no  more.  But  the  doftor  fays  he 
has  found,  by  many  experiments,  that  it  is  altogether  indif- 
ferent wheiher  the  waier  be  hot  or  cold,  poured  on  gra- 
dually, or  at  once,  tlie  water  poured  on  the  lime,  or  the 
lime  thrown  into  the  water;  whether  the  quick-hme  be  in 
flieils  or  (hiked  ;  or  even  expofed  to  the  air  for  fcveral 
months,  fcr  fucii  quantities  cf  the  water  as  are  commonly 
iifjd  ;  and  if  tjic  auick-lime  be  frefh,  whether  for  one  pound 
of  it,  eight,  ten,  twci;ty,  fifty,  or  five  hundred  pounds  of 
water  be  taken.  Only  it  is  neceffary,  even  for  tlie  firil 
water  after  the  ebullition  is  over,  to  ilir  and  mix  the  lime 
with  the  water,- and  allow  it  time  to  impregnate  itielf; 
which  is  bcif  known  by  the  cruil  formed  on  its  lurface. 
Filtration  indeed  is  not  neceffiiry,  if  it  be  not  to  prevent 
any  undifFolved  lime  being  mixed  with  it  ;  or  cruils  diuiinifh- 
ing  its  traiifpavency. 

The  doftor,  for  his  own  ufe,  poured  about  eiglit  pounds 
of  boiling  water  upon  a  pound  of  Hone  quick-lime  in  a 
glazed  earthen  velfel.  He  drank  about  a  pint  and  a  h;ilf 
ot  this  lime-water  daily  for  about  iixteen  months;  liiling 
lip  the  veflel,  when  neceffary,  with  freih  water,  fiimetimes 
hot  and  lometimes  cold,  without  obferving  any  difference 
in  the  lime-water,  which  he  conltantly  filtered  through  grey 
paper  before  he  drank  it.  He  obferved,  that  the  lime  was 
not  exhaulled  afrer  two  years  and  two  months,  nor  was  the 
water  fenfibly  weaker,  when  it  flood  a  fufficient  time  on 
the  lime,  which  he  knew  by  the  crufls  that  were  formed. 
But  the  lime  becoming  confiderably  lighter,  after  ;t  is  long 
thus  ufed,  it  at  length  requires  feveral  days  to  fubfide,  and 
form  the  crufls,  and  after  the  crufts  are  formed,  it  does  not 
leave  half  the  water  clear  as  it  did  at  firll.  On  the  whole, 
this  fihgle  pound  of  lime  afforded  the  doftor  about  fix 
hundred  pounds  of  lime-water.  He  adds,  tliat  having  taken 
lime-water  made  indifferently  of  fime-flone,  or  of  chalk,  or 
of  fhelis,  and  tometinics  made  of  all  the  three  together,  he 
was  never  able  to  difcover  any  diflerence  in  their  effects. 
But  fo  much  lime-water  is  not  to  be  obtained  from  quick- 
lime, unlefs  it  be  frefh,  completely  calcined,  and  free  from 
heterogeneous  fubuances  ;  for  if  defe&ive  in  any  of  thefe,  it 
will  yield  proporticnably  lels  lime-water.  Liewis's  Mat. 
Med.  and  Macquer's  Chcm.  Didt. 

Mr.  Burlet  has  given  an  ample  account  of  its  efTcfts  in 
the  French  Memoirs,  chiefly  from  his  own  experience. 
But  he  obferves,  it  fucceeded  much  better  in  Holland,  &e. 
than  in  France.  It  is  a  powerful  alterant,  and,  like  a  pure 
a'ikaline  water,  fitted  to  blunt  and  deltroy  acid  ferments, 
which  are  the  principles  of  al"  obftruftions,  and  the  caufe 
of  oioil  clironic  difeales.  Its  principal  ufe- is  in  cache.\ies, 
green- ficknefs,  dropfy,  fcurvy,  obUiuftions  on  the  liver, 
fpleen,  &c. 

Experience  has  fhewp.  lime-water  to  be  an  exceUent  me- 
dicine in  many  cafes  ;  in  the  gravel  and  Itone  particularly. 
And  it  has  alfo  been  found  very  ferviceable  in  the  gout, 
in  habitual  relaxations  of  the  bowels,  and  in  other  cafes 
of  relaxation.  In  iome  kinds  of  the  fcurvy  likewife  it  is 
of  ufe  ;  and  is  often  applied  with  fuccefs  externally  to 
ulcers,  &c. 

Fabricius  ab  Aqwapeudente  affures  us,  he  cured  a  fcir- 
rhous  fpleen,  and  the  dropfy,  by  a  continued  ufe  of  fpon^je* 


dipped   in   common  lime-water,  and   placed  near   the  part 
alTefted.     Boyle's  Works,  Abr.  vol.  i.  p.  80. 

Lime-water,  which  was  long  looked  on  as  a  caiillic,  was, 
in  the  lail  century,  found  to  be  a  very  fafe  and  valuable  re- 
medy. It  is  uncertain  who  firft  ventured  to  give  it  inward- 
ly, but  Willis,  Bates,  and  Moreton,  ieem  to  have  ufed  it 
much. 

Lime-water  kills  worms,  and  many  other,  if  not  all,  in- 
fetls.  Kence  Dr.  Alllon  concludes,  it  might  prove  a  gc<<d 
anthelmintic  for  children  ;  and  ei;perience  has  confirmed  this 
notion. 

It  is  probable,  that  lime-water  may  be  of  great  i;fe  in 
long  fea-voyages,  preventing  tiie  corruption  cf  water,  or 
iiifefls  breeding  iu  it,  as  well  as  curing  the  dilVafes  to 
which  fea-faring  people  are  moil  fubjeft.  The  experi- 
ment is  certainly  fafe,  eafy,  and  attended  with  no  expence ; 
one  pound  of  frefh  well-burnt  q-.iick-hme  of  any  kind 
being  enough  for  a  hogfiicad  of  water,  which  may  not 
only  be  ufed  for  common  drink  by  the  difeafed,  of  for 
prevention  by  the  healthy  ;  but  alio  by  boiling  and  ex- 
pofing  it  to  the  air  for  a  ihort  time,  it  may  be  reduced  to 
fweet  water,  and  ufed  in  drcirmg  the  victuals  of  the  moft  ' 
delicate. 

The  virtues  of  lime-water  do  not  depend  on  its  abforb- 
cncy  ;  and  it  may  as  julUy  be  called  antalkahne,  as  ant- 
acid. 

Lime-water  prevents,  or  long  protrafts,  the  putrefaftion 
of  animal  fabilances.  Dr.  Alllon  alio  thinks  that  quick- 
lime in  a  fliip's  well  would  effectually  prevent  the  cor- 
ruption of  tlie  water,  and  confequently  the  putrid  fteams, 
or  foul  air,  thence  arifing,  which  fonietimes  prove  fatal  to 
the  crew. 

The  vu-tucs  of  lime-water  outwardly  applied  in  many 
difeafes  of  the  (Iciii,  in  excoriations,  ulcers,  gangrenes,  &c. 
are  well  known.  Perhaps  there  is  not  a  better  gargarifm 
for  feveral  forts  of  fores  in  the  mouth  and  throat  than  lime- 
water.  It  has  alfo  been  known  to  be  of  great  ufe  in  the 
tooth-ache.  Inwardly  taken,  lime-water  has  all  tlie  virtue* 
of  pure  element,  which  are  not  a  few  ;  and  on  wliich  pro- 
bably depend  the  good  effedls  of  mineral  waters,  more  than 
on  the  minerals  they  contain.  Dr.  Alflon  never  found 
it  cauftd  thirll  ;  on  the  contrary,  he  found  it  quenched 
thirll  as  well  as  fi-.npie  water,  and  culfom  rendered  it 
agreeable.  Lime-water  is  notably  detergent  and  attenuat- 
ing, even  more  fo  than  foap  itfelf,  of  mucous,  vifcid,  and  1 
other  animal  fordef,  wliicli  makes  it  preferable,  in  many 
cafes,  to  the  purefl,  as  well  as  to  mineral  waters.  In 
a  word,  lime-water  may  be  faid,  in  general,  to  purify  the 
blood,  with  as  good  reafon,  as  any  other  medicine  whatever, 
efpecially  from  any  putrid,  purulent,  or  fcorbutic  foul- 
neffes. 

Dr.  Lewis  obferves,  that  lime-water,  drank  to  the  quan- 
tity of  a  quarter  of  a  pint  three  or  four  times  a  day,  ha» 
been  found  ferviceable  in  fcrofulous  complaints,  fluxes,  fe- 
miiral  weaknefTes,  and  other  dilorders  proceeding  from  aa 
impurity  of  the  fluids,  or  laxity  and  debility  of  the  folids. 
It  generally  promotes  urine  ;  oftentimes  tlie  cuticular  dil- 
charge  ;  and,  where  the  ftomach  is  opprefled  witli  vifcid 
phlegm,  expeCioration.  It  for  the  nviil  part  biniis  tlie 
belly,  and  fonietimes  occafioiis  a  troiibl  ■ionie  coflivcnels, 
unlefs  this  effetl  be  occafionaily  provided  againfV  by  the 
iuterpofition  of  proper  laxative.-.  It  auf.vers  bell  in  cold, 
fluggiih,  phlegmatic,  and  corpulent  habits  ;  and  is  to  he 
ufed  more  cautioufly  in  hot,  bilious  diipoiitions,  and  wher# 
the  patient  is  much  en.aciated,  or  the  appetite  weak,  aid 
at  the  time  of  any  critical  or  periodical  evacuation.  It 
has  been  cullomary  to  i.-npregnate  lime-water' with  different 
I  2  matcritd^i 


L  I  IM 

for  this  concrete,  than  that  made  from  the  flonc  limes ;  tfire 
dilFolving  iniwLT  ot  the  oy  llcr-fhcU  lime-water  fccmiiig, 
from  y)r.  Wliyll's  experiments,  to  be  more  than  double  to 
tliat  of  the  llonc  lime-waters.  Dr.  Alllon  feems  to  think 
this  a  matter  of  indifference  ;  and  was  himfclf  cured  chiefly 
of^fhavcd  liquorice,  and  four  drams  and  a  ha  f  of  bruifeJ  by  the  ftonc  quick-lime  water  before  mentioned.  This  li- 
nutmeirs  •  tlie  college  of  London,  half  an  ounce  of  faifafras  thonlriptic  quality  of  lime-water  has  been  farther  conlirmed 
bark  and  one  ounce  of  liquorice,  with  the  addition,  in  fome  by  Dr.  Alllon,  who  has  (hewn  the  efficacy  of  hme-water  ni 
cafes  of  four  ounces  of  rafped  guaiacum  wood,  and  three  this  refj;ett,  not  only  when  made  by  the  firlt  infufion,  and 
drachms  of  coriander  feeds  ;  to  be  macerated  for  four  days  in  afPUlcd  by  artificial  lieat,  but  even  alter  fifty  or  more  infu- 
three  quarts  of  lime-v.a'.er,  and  the  licpiid  drained  ofl'  for     fions,  and  in  the  common  air.     The  dodtor  thinks  that  the 


L  I  M 

materials,  partly  for  rendering  it  more  acceptable  to  the 
palate  and  llomach,  and  partly  for  improving  its  medicinal^ 
ofiieacy  agaiull  cutaneous  defedations.  'I'hc  college  of 
Edinburgh  directed,  in  this  view,  three  ounces  of  the  (liav- 
in^s  of  the  wood  and  bark  of  faifafras,  one  ounce  and  a  half 
P  ^       ,  ,•  ,  r 1 1  „  v.„  (■  .,r  K..,,;ro.( 


«fe.  Thefe  infuiions  are  taken  in  the  fame  quantities  as  the 
fimple  lime-water,  by  thenifulves,  or  with  the  addition  of 
niiik.     Ia-w1s*s  Mat.  Med. 

But  Dr.  Macbride  obferves,  that  the  adivity  of  lime- 
water  is  impaired  by  infuiing  vegetable  fub!lances  therein, 
which  contain   much  lixed  a\r,  fueh  as  the  guaiacum  or  faf- 


energy  of  lime-water  in  this  cafe  probably  confilts  in  its  pe- 
netrating detergeiicy,  whereby,  inlinuating  illelf  among  the 
folid  parts  of  the  calculi,  or  into  their  pores,  it  feparates 
them,  or  diminidies  their  cohelion,  but  docs  not  difiblve 
them.     See  Litiiontru'tic. 

But  the  efficacy  of  quick-lime  and   canllic   alkali   in  this 


fafras-  for  thefe  woods,  abounding  in  rclln,  give  out  their  intention,  is  now  known  to  de;;end  principally,  if  not   en- 

cmetitinT    principle,     which,     uniting    with    the    didblved  tirely,  on  its  power  of  abforbing  the  air,  which  binds  calcu- 

quick  liine,  reilores  it  to  its  original  itate  of  an  inaftive  cal-  lous  fub (lances  together.     However,  the  alkali,  when  com- 

careous   earth  :    therefore,  when    it  is   intended  that   thefe  bined  with   oil,  and   made  into  foap,  is   not  only  fo  greatly 

woods,  or  any  other  fubdance  of  tlic  like  nature,  Ihould  give  obtunded  thereby,  as  to   lofe   much   of  its   power,  but  the 

ut  their  virtue  to  lime-water,  and  that  the  water  (hould,  at  foap  itlelf  is  fo  naufeons,  that  few  perfons  can  be  induced  to 


the  fame  time,  contain  its  due  proportion  of  diifolved  limC; 
fome  ouitk-lime  ought  to  be  added,  during  the  time  of  ma 
ceration.  He  alfo  obferves,  that  as  milk  contains  a  large 
proportion  of  fixed  air,  it  ought  not  to  be  mixed  with 
lime-water,  (ince  it  muft  ncceflarily  take  off  from  its  afti- 
vity.  To  the  fame  purpofe,  Dr.  Alllon  has  obferved,  that 
there  is  fca-ceiy  any  thing  that  is  ufually  mixed  and  given 
along  with  lime-water,  that  does  not,  more  or  Icfs,  dellroy 


take  It  in  a  quantity  fufficient  to  prove  of  much  elfedl :  it 
would,  therefore,  be  a  happy  difcovery  if  any  vehicle  could 
be  found  out  that  would  (healiie  the  acrimony  of  the  cauHi* 
alkali,  fo  as  to  allow  it  to  be  taken  in  large  and  continued 
dofcs.  PolTibly,  fays  Dr.  Machiide,  veal  broth,  or  a  de- 
codlion  of  marflimallow  roots,  might  be  found  to  anfvver 
this  purpofe;  and  lime-water  might  he  taken  at  the  fame 
time,  which  would  not  at  all  interfere  with  the  operation  of 


its  efficacy  ;  for  width  realon  he  recommended  it  always  to  the  alkali,  but  rather   add  to  its  activity.     Dr.  Chittick's 

be  taken  alone.     Macbride's  Effays,  p.  250.  271.  noilrum,    which    is    found,    after   a    perfeverance   of  iome 

It  is  obferved  by  Dr.  Lewis,  that  lime-water  diflolves,  by  months,  actually  to  difiblve  the  (lone,  is  faid   to  be  nothing 

the  afritla:ice  of  hei.t    mineral   fiilphur,  vegetable   oils   and  more   than    the   caullic  alkali,  given   in    veal   broth.      But 

refins    ar  d  animal  fats.      It  extracts   alfo,  in   the  cold,  the  lime-water,  when   taken  alone,  mult  often  tail  in  producing 

virtues  of  fui'dry  refinous  and  oily  vegetables,  and  dillblvcs  any  conliderable  cfiecl  as  a  lithontriptic,  becaufe  it  will  lole 

thick  phlegm,  and  mucous  matters,  and  the   curd  of  milk,  much  of  its  power,  as  Dr.  Macbride   has  fhewn,  from  the 

with   whicli   lall   i;  forms  a  white   liquid,  nearly  fimilar  to  fixed  air  of  the  alimentary  fubtlances  in  the  firll  pafl'ages. 


milk  in  its  natural  (late.  But  the  ditiolvent  power  of  quick 
lime  has  been  evinced  by  Dr.  Macbride,  and  (hewn  to  ex- 
tend to  a  "aricty  of  difteient  fubliances,  as  camphor,  myrrh, 
gum  guaiacum,  afa  fa;:ida,  aloes,  callor,  balfam  of  Tolu, 
mallich,  jalap,  and  the  cortex  Peruvianus,  which  were 
found  to  yield  llrr,iig  folutions  and  tindures  ;  and  thefe,  he 
fays,  are  more  elegant  medicines,  and  perhaps  may  be  found 


who,  therefore,  recommends  it  to  be  drank  when  the 
ilomach  is  empty  ;  and  alio,  a.'  Dr.  Whytt  and  Dr.  Mac- 
bride have  proved  by  experiments,  from  the  fixed  air  of  the 
urine  itfelf,  which  will  faturatc  great  part  of  the  quick- 
lime, even  when  it  hath  reached  the  bladder.  Macbride"S 
Effays,  eff.  5.  puflim. 

Since  there  is  but  a  fmall  proportion  of  lime  in  the  water. 


more  efficacious  than  the  fpirituous  tindures,  fince  they  will  it   may  be  thought   that  taking  a  few  grains  of  the  quick 

never   become   turbid,  or  feparate  on   being  mixed  in   any  lime  in    fubltance  would  prove  much  more  eflettual  in   the 

watery   vehicle.      And   fince  the   folvent   power  of  quick-  done,  than  large   quantities   of  lime-water.       But   this  is  a. 

lime  is  found   to  depend   on  its  depriving   certain  fubltances  miftake  ;    and  hence  Mrs.   Stephens's  egg-fhells  and  fnail- 

cf  that  fixed  air  or  carbonic  acid,  which  is  their  cementing  (hells,  if  burnt  to  quick-hme,  can  never  be  equally  fuccef*- 

principle,  it  was  natural  to  imagine  that  it  might  be  ufe-  ful  with  lime-water  for  the  done. 
fully  applied  to  '.he  foliition  of  the  human  calculus  or  done.         As  for  the  agtia  lenedicla  conipofitx,  or  compound  lime- 

Of  the    varioHS    fubdances   examined    by    Dr.    Hales,  waters,  they  are  not  to  be  compared  with  fimple  lime-water 

with  a  view  of  determining  their   relpeftive    quantities  of  in  the  gravel ;  nor,  in  Dr.  Alvfton's  opinion,  in  any  difeafe 

fixed  air,  the  human  calculus  was  found  to  contain  the  larged  requiring  this  water. 

proportion  ;  above  one-half  of  this  mafs  confiding  of  fixed  The  dodor  adds,  in  his  Appendix,  that  though  he  cannot 
air.  Neverthelefs,  if  the  cau'.lic  alkali,  or  lime-water,  yet  determine  how  far  lime-water  may  be  proper,  even  in 
could  be  fafely  conveyed  to  it,  tliele  would  abforb  the  fixed  acute  didempers,  yet  he  has  found  it  fafe  in  fcverilh  colds  ; 
air,  ;:nd  the  earthy  parts,  deprived  of  what  bound  them  to-  and  by  the  cafes  he  there  mentions,  it  feems  probablft 
gether,  mud  prefently  fall  to  pieces.  That  lime-water  is  that  lime-water,  by  its  diluent  and  diuretic  qualities, 
lithontriptic  has  been  (bcwn  fufficiently  by  Dr.  Hales,  and  may  prove  more  ufeful  in  fevers  than  is  at  prefent  be- 
more  fully  by  Dr.  Whytt.     See  his  Elfay  on  the  virtues  of  licved. 

Lime-water,  in   the    Cure  of  the    Stone,  and  Edinb.  Eff.  However  this  may  prove  on  farther  trials,  it  may  be  faid, 

ice.  vol.  i.  art.  23.  p.  3B3.   vol.  v.  art.  69.  in  general,  that  hme-water  is  dilut-ut,  detergent,  antilepue. 

This  gentleman  prefers  calcined  oyder-lhell  lime-water  to  anihelmiiitic,  duuetic,  and  vuliiLrary  ;  uleful  in  all  dileafes 

any  other  ;  wliicUj  he  fay^,  proves  a  more  adive  mcnlliuum  ptoceeuing  from,,  or  accompanied  wiLh,  obflruclions  in  th» 

bowels 


L  I  I\I 


L  I  M 


bowels  or  glands,  vifcitl  phlegm,  calculous  concretions,  or  coimties  of  Clare  and  Tipperary,  being  fcparated  from  the 

putrefaclioii  ;  and   commended   for   the   feurvy,  fcrophulat,  former  by  the  river  Shannon,  on  the  weit  by  Kerry,  on  the 

gravel,    confumptions,    empyema-allhma,     arthritis     vaga,  iouth  by  Cork,  and  on  the  sail  by  Tipperary.     Its  length 

cedematous  fwellings,  diabetes,  fiuor  albus,  fluxes,  &c.  and  from   eail    to   weft   is  40   Irifh    (51    Englifli)  miles.       its 

outwardly  for   difcafes  of  the  (\dn,  ulcers,  gangrenes,   &c.  breadtli  from  north  to  fouth  2)  Irifh   (32    Englifli)   miles. 


It  may  be  taken  to  the  quantity  of  a  pound,  once,  twice, 
or  thrice  a  day  ;  or  ufed  for  commoi)  drink.  See  Dr.  Al- 
fton's  Diflertation  on  Quick-lime,  and  Lime-water,  Edinb. 

1752.       See    LiTIJONTIUPTIC. 

L.im-IViiter.  in  Gardening,  an  ufefulkind  of  water,  which 
is  prirpared  by  flaking  cauitic  lime  in  foft  water,  in  the  pro- 
portion of  half  a  peck  of  the  former  to  thirtv-two  gallons 


It  contains  386,750  acres,  or  604  fquarc  miles  Irifh,  equal 
to  622,975  2cres,  or  970  fquare  miles  Englifh.  There  are 
125  panthes,  which  by  unions  form  60  benefices,  of  which 
7,7,  only  had  parifh  churches  at  the  time  Dr.  Beaufort  pub- 
iilhed.  The  parifhes  are  mollly  in  the  diocefes  of  Limerick, 
and  Emly.  The  population  was  flated  by  Dr.  Beaufort  at 
170^000,  but    it    mult   have  confiderably  increafcd.     The 


of  the  latter,  letting  them  remain  fome  time  before  they  are     foil  of  Limerick  is  extremely  good  for  tillage,  and  very  pro 


made  ule  of,  ftirring  them  well,  two  or  three  times  a  day, 
for  two  or  three  days.  It  is  a  liquid  which,  when  the  lime 
has  fiibfided,  is  found  highly  ufeful  in  clearing  fruit-trees 
from  the  ravages  of  the  Aphis  puceron,  or  vine-fretter.  It 
fhould  be   applied  once  a  dav  by  means  of  an  engine,  fo  as 


dudive  of  grafs  ;  elpecially  thofc  grounds  which  are  called 
the  coreacl.'s,  whole  fertih'ty  is  proverbial,  and  is  caufed  by 
the  rich  manure  which  is  annually  depofited  by  the  over- 
flowings  of  the  Shannon.  The  heaviell  and  fatteil  bealls 
that  are  flauglitered  at  Cork  are  fed  in   this  county;  much 


to  be  thrown  as  much  as  pofTible  on  llie  under  fides  of  the     butter  is  exported  from  it  ;  the  orchards  produce  a  very  fine 

leaves,  and  with  confiderable  force,  prefhng  the  fore  finger  £yder,  and  it  is  by  no  means  deftitute  of  trees  and  planta- 
lipon  the  end  of  the  pipe,  to  make  it  ipread  like  fm:i.il  rain,  tions.  The  patture  fvftem,  which  has  been  on  the  decline 
Esd  taking  care  that  every  part  of  the  tree  be  well  watered,  in  mod  parts  of  Ireland  fince  the  introduftion  of  cora 
It  fhould  be  done  as  much  as  poffible  in  cloudy  weather,  and  bounties,  propofed  by  that  enlightened  friend  of  his  country, 
when  the  fun  is  off  the  walls.  Where  the  trees  have  an  the  Rt.  Hon.  John  Foiler,  when  chancellor  of  the  exche- 
earterly  afpeft,  they  may  be  watered  about  half-pall  eleven  quer,  ftill  continues  in  Limerick,  but  is  on  the  decline, 
o'clock   in   the  forenoon,  and  in   a   northern  one,  the  firit     Even  when  Mr.  Young  wrote  in  1778,  he  obferved  a  great 

thing  in  the  mornings  but  in  a  fouthern  afpeft,  about  four  increafe  of  tillage  ;  "  thrice  the  corn   grown  that  there  was, 

o'clock   in  the  afternoon.      But  when  northerly  ov  eallerly  formerly  ;  much  pafturage  broken  up  on  this  account,  fome 

winds  and  frolly  nights  prevail,  it  fhould  be  difcontinued  till  bullock  land   and  fome  llicep  land."      The   fame  inteUigenL 

the  weather  becomes  mild.     The  trees  fhould  always  get  dry  writer  alfo  fpeaks  of  improvement  in  the  ftate  of  the  poor, 

before  night,  and  never  be  watered  when   the  fun   is   upon  but  this   ihil  wants   amelioration.     Limerick,  though  diver- 

them.     Care  mull  likewife  be  taken  that  the  grounds  of  the  fified  by  fmall  hills,  is  not  at  all  mountainous,  except  on  the 

lime  be  not  made  ufe  of,  as  it  would  make  the  trees  have  a  foutli-eafl,  where  it  is   bounded  bv  the  Galtees,  a  ridge  o£ 

difagreeable    appearance,  and   perhaps   be  injurious.       See  formidable  mountains,  that  extend  into  Tipperary,  and  oa 

Puceron  and  Vike-fretter.  the  borders  of  Kerry,  where  it  grows  uneven,  and  forms  a. 

LiME-W-'ori,  fuch  works  or  kilns  as  are  conftantly  em-  grand  amphitheatre  of  low  but  Ifeep  mountains,  which  ex- 
ployed  in  the  maimfafturing  of  lime.  A  late  writer  has  tends  in  a  wide  curve  from  Logliil  to  Drumcollohen.  In  the 
thought  it  neceffary,  that  the  managers  of  eltates  fiiould  firft  of  thefe  rifes  the  river  Maig,  which  crofies  the  county^ 
iinderlland  the  nature  of  this  fort  of  manufacture,  though  and  fills  into  the  Shannon  ;  as  do  many  fine  llreams  by  which 
it  is  feldom  necefiary  or  eligible  for  a  large  proprietor  of  it  is  plentifully  watered.  In  the  vvelfcrn  hills  are  the  fourcea 
land  to  carry  on  his  own  lime-works,  "  unleis  during  a  of  the  Feale  and  the  Gale,  which  run  weflward  through, 
limited  time,  at  the  ouffet  of  new  works,  to  afcertain  their  Kerry,  and  oix\\c  Black  water  which  flows  in  a  contrary  di- 
value,"  as  there  are  always  enterprifing  men  who  will  give  rcftion  through  the  countv  of  Cork.  Limerick  is  the 
more  rent  for  a  vvork,  than  the  profits  arifing  from  it  to  a  countv  town  ;  for  which  fee  the  next  article.  There  are 
proprietor,  even  when  under  the  direction  and  management  no  other  towns  of  confequence.  A  colony  of  palatines  from, 
of  the  moft  faithful  perfon.  They  and  the  lands  attached  Germany  was  fettled  in  this  county  about  a  century  ago^ 
to  them  fhould  ra'her  be  confidered  by  fuch  proprietors  as  by  a  former  lord  Southwell.  Of  thefe  Mr.  Young  men- 
farms,  the  building  of  kilns  and  (beds  as  erefting  farm  tions  fome  particulars  which  are  interefting.  "  Thev  have 
offices,  and  the  laying  out  and  conftrufting  of  roads,  rail-  in  general  leafes  for  three  lives,  or  3 1  years,  and  are  not 
ways,  &c.  as  general  improvements  of  their  ellate  ;  the  cottars  to  any  farmer,  but  if  they  vvork  for  them,  are  paid  ia 
tenants  agreeing  to  work  the  quarries  agreeable  to  articles,  money.  The  quantities  of  land  are  fmall,  and  fome  of  them. 
and  to  keep  the  kilns,  building,  and  roads  in  ftates  of  pro-  ha"e  their  feeding  land  in  common  by  agreement.  They  are 
per  repair.  different  from  the  Irifh  in  fevcral  particulars  ;  they  put  their 

Lime,  in    Geography,    a    town  of  America,  in   Grafton  potatoes  in  with   the  plough  in  drills,  horle-hoe  them  while 

county.  New  Hainpthire,  fituated  on  the  E.  bank  of  Con-  growing,  and  plough  them  out.     One-third  of  the  dung  doe.'? 

nefticut  river  ;    12  mil  s  N.  of  Daitmouth  college,  and  con-  in  this  method,  for  they  put  it  only  in  the  furrows,  but  the 

taining  13 18  inhabitants.  crops  are  not  fo  large  as  in   the   common  method.     They 

LIMER,     Lyemmer,     or    Lime-houn:!.        See    Blood-  plough  without  a  driver  :  a  boy  of  twelve  has  been  knowu  to 

HouN'D  and  Doc.  plough  and  drive  four  horfes,  and  fome  of  them  have  a  hep- 

LIMERICK,    ill    Geography,    a   county  of  Ireland,  in  per  in   the  body  of  their  ploughs,  which  fows  the  land  at 

the  province  of  Muntter,  called  from  the  town  of  the  fame  the  fame  time  it  is  ploughed.     Their  courfe  of  crops,   i,  Po- 

name,  which  was,  from  the  earliefl   times  in  Irifh  hiiiory,  a  tatoes,    2.  AVheat,    3.  Wheat,    4.  Oats  ;     or    i.  Potatoes,, 

place  of  confiderable   importance.     At  the   time  when   the  2.  Barley,  3.  Wheat,  4.  Oats:   in  which  management  they 

Irifh  chieftains  did  homage  to  Henry  II.  Daniel  O'Brien,  keep  their   laud   many  years,   never  laying   it  out   as  their 

king  of  Limerick,  was  of  the  number.     This   prince   ap-  neighbours    do.       They    prcferve    fome    of   their    Germaiv 

pears  to  have  been  alfo  fovereign  of  Clare,  which   was  then  cultoms ;  they  ficep    between   two  beds:    they   appoint    a. 

called  Thomond.     Limerick  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  burgomavler,  to  whom  they  appeal  in  cafe  of  all  dilgutes  j. 


L  I  M 

and  they  yet  (177S)  prcferve  their  language,  but  that  is 
declining.  They  are  very  ipclultrious,  and  in  confcquence 
are  much  happier,  and  better  fed,  clothed,  and  lodged,  than 
the  Iridi  peafants.  We  mud  not  however  conclude  from 
thence,  that  all  is  owing  to  this;  their  being  independent  of 
other  farmers,  and  having  leafes,  are  circumftances  which 
will  create  indiillry.  1'hoir  crops  arc  much  better  than  thofe 
of  their  neighbours.  There  are  three  villages  of  them, 
about  70  families  in  all.  For  fome  time  after  they  fettled, 
thev  fed  upon  four  crout,  but  by  degrees  left  it  off,  and 
took  to  potatoes  ;  but  now  Uiblill  upon  tliem  and  butter 
and  milk,  but  with  a.  great  deal  of  oat  bread,  and  fome 
of  wheat,  fome  meat  and  fowls,  of  which  they  raife  many. 
They  have  all  offices  to  their  iioufcs,  that  is,  llables  and  cow- 
houfes,  and  a  lodge  for  their  ploughs,  5:c.  They  keep  their 
cows  in  the  houfe  in  winter,  feeding  tiiem  upon  hay  and  oat 
flraw.  They  are  remarkable  for  the  goodncfs  and  c'.eanlinefs 
of  their  houfes.  The  women  are  very  indullrious,  reap 
the  corn,  plough  the  ground  fomctimcs,  and  do  whatever 
■work  may  be  going  on  ;  they  alfo  fpiii,  and  make  their  chil- 
dren do  the  fame."  Tlie  late  Silver  Oliver,  efq.  of  Gallic 
Olirer,  planted  another  colony,  taken  froin  this  firll,  of  about 
66  families,  amounting  to  700  Protellants,  on  his  ellate,  and 
of  thefe  Mr,  Young  gives  a  funilar  account.  But  with 
thefe  exceptions,  the  hulbandry  of  the  county  of  Limerick 
is  perhaps  the  work  in  Munfler,  which  is  attributed  to  the 
natural  richnefs  of  the  foil,  and  to  the  greater  prevalence  of 
the  grazing  fyftem.  Mr.  Young  fays,  that  the  rich  land 
reaches  from  Charleville,  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains,  to 
Tippcrary  by  Kilfenning,  a  Ime  of  25  miles,  and  acrofs 
from  Ardpetuch  to  within  four  miles  of  Limerick  16  miles. 
BrufF,  Kilmallock,  and  Hofpital  liave  very  good  land  abo«it 
them  ;  the  quantity  in  the  whole  coujeftured  to  be  100,000 
acres.  This  is  chiefly  under  bullocks.  The  /corceffcs  on 
the  Shannon  are  from  two  to  three  miles  broad.  There  is 
alfo  a  light  hme-llone  land,  for  flieep  and  cows.  Mr.  Young, 
fpeaking  of  the  land  near  Caftle  Oliver,  in  the  rich  dilhicT:, 
fays,  "it  is  a  rich,  mellow,  crumbling,  putrid,  Hindy  loam, 
18  inches  to  three  feet  deep,  the  colour  a  reddilh-brown. 
It  is  dry  found  land,  and  would  do  for  turnips  exceedingly 
well,  for  carrot?,  for  cabbages,  in  a  word  for  every  thing. 
I  think,  upon  ihe  whole,  it  is  the  richell  foil  I  ever  fa*,  and 
fuch  as  is  applicable  to  every  purpofe  you  can  wilh ;  it  will 
fat  the  largeit  bullock,  and  at  the  fame  time  do  equally  well 
for  (heep,  for  tillage,  for  turnips,  for  wheat,  far  beans,  and 
in  a  word  for  every  crop  and  circumlbince  of  profitable 
hufhandry."  After  fome  other  particulars  he  concludes 
thus  :  "  The  face  of  the  country  is  that  of  defolation  ;  the 
grounds  are  over-ruii  with  thiftles,  ragwort,  &c.  to  excels  ; 
the  fences  are  mounds  of  earth,  full  of  gaps ;  there  is  no 
wood,  and  the  general  countenance  is  fuch  that  you  muft 
examine  into  the  foil  before  you  will  believe  that  a  country, 
which  has  fo  beggarly  an  appearance,  c;ui  be  fo  rich  and  fer- 
tile." Thefe  remarks  were  written  above  30  years  ago,  and 
improvement  has  fince  taken  place,  but  they  are  ftill  too  ap- 
plicable. Limerick  is  reprefented  in  the  imperial  parliament 
by  three  members,  two  for  the  county,  and  one  for  the  city. 
This  county  has  not  yet  had  a  llatiftical  account  of  it  pub- 
lifhed.      Beaufort.     Young. 

Li.MERicic,  a  city  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the  county 
of  the  fame  name,  llrongly  fituated  on  the  river  Shan- 
non, on  an  ifland  in  which  it  is  partly  built.  It  is  a 
pod-town,  and  is  reprefented  in  parliament.  The  new  port, 
which  is  conncited  with  the  old  city  by  a  bridge,  is  called 
Newtown  Pery,  from  the  Pery  family,  the  head  of  which 
is  now  earl  of  Limerick,  whofe  ellate  it  is.  The  buildiiic;s 
are  of  brick,  large,  and  uniform,  fo  that  vfhilft  the. old 


L  I  M 

town  has  a  very  ruinous  appearance,  this  port  will  bear 
comparifon  with  the  bed  dreets  in  almod  any  other  city, 
except  v.-hcre  public  buildings  contribute  to  ornament  them. 
The  public  buildings  are  not  many,  or  deferving  of  much 
notice.  The  cuftom-houfe  is  a  plain  building.  The  ca- 
thedral is  an  ancient  and  venerable  pile.  The  biflisp's  pa- 
lace is  a  comfortable  modern  houfe  at  the  wed  end  of  the 
city.  The  corporation  of  Limerick  is  what  may  be  called 
a  clofe  one,  as  no  perfon  can  be  become  a  freeman,  except 
by  favour  of  the  courcil  ;  freeholders,  however,  can  vote 
at  the  election  of  members  of  parliament.  The  magiftrates 
are  a  niavor,  two  Iheriffs,  a  recorder,  a  town-c  erk,  alder- 
men and  burgelTes ;  it  hath  alfo  a  military  governor,  con- 
ftable  and  town  major,  and  is  tlie  relidence  of  the  general 
commanding  a  dillriA.  The  population  probably  exceeds 
50,000.  The  trade  of  Limerick  is  very  extenfive,  and  is 
rapidly  increafing.  Its  export  of  corn  is  perhaps  the  greateil 
in  Ireland,  and  its  corn-market  is  very  convenient.  It  muft 
more  and  more  derive  benefit  from  tiie  canal  connecling  the 
Sliannon  with  the  Llffey.  There  are  fix  churches,  a  Pref- 
byterian  meeting  houfe,  a  Methodill  meetinghoufe,  a  Qua- 
kers' meeting-hoiife,  and  fc-veral  chapirls  for  Roman  Citlio'ic, 
who  form  the  greateil  part  of  the  population.  I'here  are 
alfo  fome  charitable  inftilutioni  well  attended  to,  and  a  pub- 
he  library,  lately  inililuted.  The  inhabitants  are  reckoned 
gay  and  fond  of  fociety,  and  public  amufements  are  in  ge- 
neral well  fupportcd.  Limerick,  being  naturally  a  city  of 
drength,  and  formerly  well  fortiiied  by  art,  has  always  been 
deemed  a  place  of  conliderable  importance.  In  1651  it  w:,s 
taken  by  Ireton,  in  the  fervice  of  the  parli  iinjut,  after  a 
vigorous  fiege.  In  1690,  it  was  unfuccefafully  befieijed  by 
king  William  in  perfon.  In  1691,  it  furrendered  to  general 
Ginkle,  afterwards  earl  of  Atliloue,  on  terms  of  capitula- 
tion very  advantageous  to  the  belieged,  and  all  who  pro- 
feir?d  the  Roman  Catholic  religion,  which  are  called  the 
articks  of  Limerick.  Limerick  is  94  Inlh  miles  S.W.  from 
Dublin.     Beaufort,  Young-,  Carhde. 

LlMRUlCK,  a  bidioprie  of  Ireland,  in  the  ecclefiadical 
province  of  Calhel,  uni'ed  to  the  b.ftioprics  of  Ardfert'  and 
Aghadoe,  in  the  vear  1663.  The  two  latter  have  been 
lonj;-  incorporated  fo  as  to  form  but  one  diocefe  ;  the  dignity 
of  archdeacon,  and  the  ruined  walls  of  aclnircli  with  around 
tower,  are  all  the  memorials  of  the  bidiopric  of  Aghadoe  that 
now  remain.  The  whole  union  comprehends  great  part  of  the 
county  of  Limerick,  the  whole  of  Kerry,  and  a  few  pariihes 
in  the  counties  of  Cork  and  Clare.  There  are  in  all  176  pa- 
riflies,  which  are  uiiiied  fo  as  to  form  88  benefices,  and  of 
thefe  only  47  have  churches,  and  14  glebe  houfes.  It  is  to 
be  remembered,  however,  that  the  population  is  not  Pro- 
tedant.     Beaufort. 

Limerick,  a  pod-town  of  America,  in  York  county 
and  date  of  Maine,  near  the  confluence  of  Ofiipee  river 
with    Saco,    and    oppofite    to    Gorham  ;    incorporated  in 

1787,  and   containing   995  inhabitants Alfo,    a  townfhip 

in  Montgomery  county,  PenufyK-ania,  containing  999  in- 
habitants. 

LIMESOL,  Li.M.vssor,,  or  Li.mi.sso,  a  town  of  the 
idand  of  Cyprus,  formerly  Ncmofia,  is  now  in  a  miferable 
date,  abounding  with  ruins  and  rubbifh.  Its  harbour,  how- 
ever, is  not  a  little  frequented  ;  here  veflcls  are  loaded  with 
grain,  cotton,  and  other  produftions  of  the  foil.  The  belt 
Cyprus  wines  are  made  in  its  environs,  and  it  is  the  em- 
porium of  all  thofe  of  the  iiland  who  are  concerned  in  trade. 
Not  far  from  this  town,  if  it  delervcs  that  appellation, 
ftood  the  ancient  "  Limaffol,"  whi^jh  lUll,  at  a  period  of 
remoltr  antiquity,  was  called  yimathus,  celebrated  for  a 
temple   eonfecratcd  to    Vcnu3  and  Adonis,  in  which  was 

preferved, 


L  I  M 


LI  M 


preferved,  according  to  Paufanias,  a  rich  necklace  of  pre- 
clous  ftoncs,  ornamented  with  gold,  the  work  of  Vulcan, 
■and  "iven  i:i  the  firft  inflance  to  Hermione.  But  this  an- 
cient town  is  deftroyed.  (See  Amathus  )  Near  Limaflol,  E. 
of  it,  is  the  moft  fouthern  promontory  of  the  ifland,  for- 
merly named  the  promontory  of  A^rothi,  at  prefent  Cape  di 
Gatti  or  Gallo,  on  account  of  the  great  number  of  cats 
k'.-T't  bv  tlie  monks,  who,  in  the  4tli  century,  obtained  per- 
mlliion  to  eilablifh  themfelves  there,  as  well  as  on  mount 
Oiympus,  on  condition  of  keeping  many  of  thofe  animals 
fi)r  huntitii;  and  de'lroying  fnakes,  which  liad  multiplied  in 
the  idand.  (See  Gatto  and  Cyprus.)  Limafibl  is  the 
lee  of  a  bifliop,  fufFra^an  of  Nicofia.  N.  lat.  34^  45'. 
E.  lonsr-  32    30'. 

LIMESTONE,  a  poft-town  of  America,  in  Kentucky, 
on  the  S.  fide  of  Ohio  river,  and  on  the  W.  fide  of  a  fmail 
creek  of  the  fame  name.  This  is  the  ufual  landing  place 
for  people  who  come  down  in  boats  with  an  intention  of 
fettling  in  the  upper  parts  of  the  ftate,  and  here  the 
champaign  country  on  tlie  E.  fide  of  the  river  begins; 
four  miles  N.E.  of  WaQiington,  N.  lat.  38"^  40'.  W. 
long.  84    17'. 

LIMETREE,  in  Gardening,  is  a  tree  of  the  deciduous 
kind,  occafionaliy  ufed  in  plantations  for  its  wood,  &c.  There 
are  four  fpecies,  each  of  which  is  capable  of  being  raifed 
from  layers  and  cuttings! 

It  is  fuggelled  by  Mr.  Niccl,  that  this  fort  of  tree  fuc- 
ceeds  in  the  moft  perfeft  manner,  in  "  low,  deep,  fub- 
liumid  loams,"  but  that  "  in  dry  gravelly  foils,  it  lofes  the 
beautiful  glofs  of  its  foliage,  for  which  it  is  fo  much  ad- 
mired in  the  early  fummer  feafon." 

It  may  be  noticed  that  the  timber  of  the  limetree  is  ufed 
by  carvers,  it  being  a  foft  light  wood  ;  as  alfo  by  architefts 
for  framing  tlie  models  of  their  buildings,  &c.  The  turners 
likcwife  ufe  it  for  making  light  bowls,  dilhes,  &c.  but  it 
is  too  foft  for  any  ilrong  purpofes.  See  Citrl'S,  in  Botany, 
GardemngtZnti  Planting.     See  alfo  Tjlia. 

Ll.Mf.TREE  Bay,  i.i  Geography,  a  bay  on  the  S.  coaft  of 
Santa  C^uz.     N.  lat    17    45  .     W.  long.  63    27'. 

LiMZUM,  in  Balanv,  appears  from  Phny  to  be  a  name 
of  Gallic  origin  for  a  plant  with  which  the  ancient.  Gauls 
poifoned  their  arrows.  This  appellation,  however,  could 
not  have  been  originally  applied  to  the  prefent  genu?,  all 
the  fuecies  of  which  are  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hone. 
L-nn.  Gen.  184.  Schreb.  246.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  2.  291. 
Mirt. -Mill.  Dift.  V.  3.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2.  337. 
JisfF.  314.  Lamarck  Illuftr.  t.  27J.  Gsrtn.  t.  76. — Clafs 
a  d  order,  Heptandria  D'lgyma.  N-it.  Ord.  Hohrjufte,  Linn. 
Porlulacees  JufT. 

Gen  Ch.  Ccd  Perianth  inferior,  permanent,  of  five,  ovate, 
acuminated,  carinated  leaves,  membranaceous  at  the  margin, 
two  of  them  exterior.  Cor.  Petals  five,  equal,  ovate,  with 
a  (light  claw,  obtufc,  fhortcr  than  the  calyx  ;  neftary  form- 
ing a  margin  round  the  germen,  bearing  the  llamens.  Sta;n. 
Filainents  feven,  av.l-fhaped,  ihorter  tha"  the  '-orolla  ;  an- 
thers ovate.  Pijl  Girmen  fuperior,  glohofe.  Stvle  cloven, 
cylindrical,  {horte:  than  the  flamens  ;  IHgmas  rather  obtufc. 
Per'ic  Capfule  globofe,  of  two  cells.  Si.ds  folitary,  hemi- 
fphcri:  al,  hollow. 

O'jf.  We  are  induced  to  follow  the  opinion  of  Li;ina:us 
refpefting  the  capfule  of  this  genus,  as  it  undotibteyiy 
belongs  to  the  Porlulaceii  of  Juflleu.  See  Gartner  and 
Schreber. 

EiT.  Ch.  Calyx  of  five  leaves.  Petals  five,  equal.  Cnp- 
lule  globofe,  of  two  cells.     Seeds  folitary,  concave. 

1.  L.  africanum.  Linn  Sp.  PI  48S.  ,  Thunb.  Prod.  68. 
— Leaves  obiong,  on  footllaiks. — A  native  ol'  the  Cape,  . 


whence  if  was  brought  by  Mr.  Francis  Maflon  in'o  tTie 
Royal  Garden  at  Kew  in  the  year  1774.  It  flowers  in 
June  and  July.  Linnaeus  jnftly  remarks,  that  this  fpccieS 
has  the  appearance  of  Corrigiola  or  Telcphium.  The  root  is 
perennial.  Stems  proftrate,  feeble,  a  fj  an  long,  a  gulatcd, 
njked,  perennial  at  the  bafe.  Leaves  alternate,  remote, 
linear-lanceolate,  or  oblong,  about  ari  inch  i:i  length.  Co- 
rymbs of  green  and  wYalc  Jlowcrs  ter.minal,  Mitary,  com- 
pound, naked,  on  long  llalks.  -  Martyn  fays  that  the  leaves 
of  this  are  fnbjett  to  vary  ;  for  that  '■  in  the  B  nkfian 
herbarium  may  be  feen  linear,  oblong,  ovate,  roundifh  and 
fpatulate  leaves,  if  the  f;iecimens  be  all  of  one  fpecies." 

2.  L.  eapenfe.  Willd.  n.  2.  Thunb.  Prod.  C8.  (L.  in- 
canum  ;  Mart.  Mill.  Dift.  v.  3.  L.  aphyi'um ;  Linn. 
Suppl.  214.) — Leaves  ovate,  fcfiile. — It  is  curious  thatHlie 
younger  Linnjeus  fliould  have  given  this  the  fpecific  name  of 
aphyllmn,  remarking  tliat  it  appears  to  be  with.out  leaves, 
when  at  the  fame  time 'he  defcnb.'S  them  as  ovate  atid  feffile. 
Martyn,  judging  from  Mafi'on's  fpecimen  in  the  Bankfian 
herbarium,  fays,  that  L.  capmfe  is  a  fmall  plant,  extremely 
woody  at  the  bottom.  Leaves  ovate,  almoit  feflile,  and  as 
woolly  as  thofe  of  mullein  ;  radical  ones  numerous ;  ftem- 
leaves  fewer. 

3.  L.  athiopicam.  Willd.  and  Thunb. — Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate.  This  fpecies  is  only  k-^ou;i  from  being  men- 
tioned by  Thunberg  and  adopted  by  Wilidenowand  Martyn. 
The  laft  author  jultly  obferves,  that  we  have  a  deplorable 
inflance,  in  thefe  three  fpecies  of  Limeum,  of  trivia!  names 
which  are  not  given  for  the  fake  of  true  diftinclion  :  all 
tlie  plants  being  nati>.'es  of  the  Cape,  though  feverally  called 
africanum,  eapenfe,  and  ethiopicum. 

We  further  learn  from  profeffor  Martvn,  that  there  is  a 
fourth  fpecies  in  the  Bankfian  herbarium,  which  is  truly  a 
ftirub,  and  may  be  called  L..  fruticans. 

LIMINGO,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
government  of  Ulea ;   1 1  miles  S.  of  IHea. 

LIMINGTON,  a  tov.m  of  America,  in  York  county, 
and  Hate  of  Maine,  bounded  N.  and  E.  by  Saco  river ; 
50  miles  N.  of  York. 

LIMIT,  in  Mathematics.     See  LnilT.s. 

'Li'snr  cf  J^/t-na  I'ifiot!,  m  Optics.     See  Di/IinS  ViSJOy. 

LIMITATION,  LiMiT.iTio,  in  Zccy,  is  a  certain 
tim.e  afligned  by  fiatute,  vvithin  which  an  attion  muft  be 
brought ;  and  hmitation  of  time  is  two-fold  ;  wis.  to  make 
title  to  an  inheritance  by  the  common  law  ;  and  in  writs  by 
fevcral  llatutes  There  is  a  limitation  in  real  and  perfonal 
aftions  ;  and  in  the  former,  he  that  will  fue  for  any  lands 
or  hereditaments,  ought  to  prove,  that  he  or  his  anceflors 
were  feifed  of  the  lands  fued  for  by  writ  of  affize,  or  he 
cannot  maintain  his  action  ;  and  this  is  called  limitatir^n  of 
alTize.  Stat.  Weft.  I.  See  IVrit  of  RlGlir  and  Slatul:s 
of  Li.MiTATlON  infra,  alfo  Ixfokmation". 

There  is  no  limitation  with  re.ard  to  the  time  within 
which  any  actions  touching  advowfons  are  to  be  brought ; 
at  Iea!\,  none  later  than  the  times  of  Richard  I.  ai:d 
Henry  III.  ;  for  by  ilatute  i  Ma-,  ft.  2.  c.  5.  the  ila- 
tute  of  limitations,  32  Hsn.  VIII.,  c.  i,  is  declared  not 
to  extend  to  any  vi^rit  of  right  of  advowfon,  nuere  impedit, 
or  lifVtte  oi  darrein  prefentireiit,  ut  jus  patrcnatus.  And  this, 
fays  ju.dge  Blackftone,  upon  very  good  roafon,  becaufe 
it  may  very  caiily  happen,  that  the  title  to  an  advowfon 
may  cot  come  in'o  queftion,  nor  the  right  have  an  oppor- 
tunity of  being  tried,  within  '60  years  ;  which  is  the  longeft 
period  of  limitation  afiigned  by  the  Itatute  of  Henry  Vlll. 
See  Appkal  and  Indictment. 

LiMiT.A.TiON'  of  Entry.     See  Entry. 

Ljjua  ATio>c  of  Efiati,  in  a  It  gal  fsnfe,  imports  how  bng 
,  the 


1-  I  M 

Uie  eftate  (hall  continue,  or  is  rather  a  qualification  of  a 
precedent  cilate.  As  wliero  one  doth  give  lands  to  a  man 
to  hold  to  him  and  his  heirs  male,  and  to  him  and  the  heirs 
female,  &;c.  here  the  daughters  fliall  not  have  any  thing  in 
it,  fo  long  as  there  is  a  male  ;  for  the  ellate  to  the  heirs 
male  is  lirli  limited.     Co.  Lilt.  31J. 

A  limitation  is  denominated  l)y  Littleton  [§  380.  I  Inft. 
2^4.)  a"  condition  in  law."  For  where  an  eft.ite  is  fo  ex- 
prelbly  confnied  and  limited  by  the  words  of  its  creation, 
that  it  cannot  endure  for  any  longer  time  than  till  the  con- 
tingency happens,  upon  which  tlie  eilate  is  to  fail,  this  is 
<lenominatcd  a  "  hmitation  ;"  as  when  land  is  granted  to 
a  man,  fo  long  as  he  is  parfon  of  Dale,  or  wliile  he  con- 
tinues unmarried,  or  until  out  of  the  rents  and  profits  he 
fliall  have  made  50c/.  and  the  like.  (10  R.ep.  41.)  In 
fuch  cafe  the  cH ate  determines  as  foon  as  the  contingency 
happens,  and  the  next  fubfequcnt  eilate,  which  depends 
upon  fuch  determination,  becomes  immediately  veiled 
without  any  att  to  be  done  by  liim  who  is  next  in  ck- 
pedtancy.  But  when  an  ellate  is,  Ilriaiy  fpcaking,  upon 
"  condition  in  deed,"  (as  if  granted  exprcfsly  upon  condition 
lo  be  void  upon  the  payment  of  40/.  by  the  grantor,  cr 
fo  that  the  grantee  continues  unmarried,  or  providfd  he  goes 
to  York,  5cc.  Rep.  41.)  the  law  permits  it  to  endure 
beyond  the  time  when  fuch  contingency  happens,  unlefs 
the  grantor,  or  his  heirs  or  afligns,  take  advantage  of  the 
breach  of  tlie  condition,  and  make  either  an  entry  or  a 
claim,  in  order  to  avoid  the  ellate.  (Lirt.  §  347.  Stat. 
32  Hen.  VIll.  c.  34.)  Yet  though  ftrici  words  of  con- 
dition be  ufed  in  tlie  creation  of  the  ellate,  if  on  breach  of 
the  condition  the  eftate  be  limited  over  to  a  third  perfon, 
and  does  not  immediately  revert  to  the  grantor  or  his  re- 
i)refentatives,  (as  if  an  ellate  be  granted  by  A  to  B,  on 
condition  that  within  two  years  B  intermarry  with  C,  and 
on  failure  thereof  tlien  to  D  and  his  heirs,)  this  the  law 
conllrucs  to  be  a  limitation  and  not  a  condition  ( i  V'entr. 
202.)  ;  bccaufe,  if  it  were  a  condition,  then  upon  the  breach 
thereof,  only  A  or  his  reprcfcnta'.ives  could  avoid  the 
ellate  by  entry,  and  fo  D's  remainder  might  be  defeated 
by  their  negletting  to  enter ;  but,  when  it  is  a  hmitation, 
the  eilate  of  B  determines,  and  that  of  D  commences,  and 
he  may  enter  on  the  lands  the  inftant  that  the  failure 
happens.  So  alfo,  if  a  man  by  his  will  devlfes  land  to  his 
heir  at  law,  on  condition  that  he  pays  a  fum  of  money,  and 
for  non-payment  devifcs  it  over,  this  {hall  be  conlidered  as 
a  limitation  ;  otherwifc,  no  advantage  could  be  taken  of 
the  non-payment,  for  none  but  tlie  heir  hinifelf  could  have 
entered  for  a  breach  of  condition.  Cro.  Eli/..  201. 
I  Roll.  Abr.  411.     Blackll.  Com.  b.  ii. 

LliMITATJON  of  the  Croiun.  The  ilatutes  I  W.  &  M. 
cap.  8.  12  W.  III.  cap.  2.  and  i  &  2  Ann.  cap.  17. 
4  Arm.  cap.  8.  Sec.  arc  atls  for  the  limitation  of  the  crown, 
and  fettling  it  on  Protcllant  heirs  in  the  lioufe  of  Hanovei-. 
See  Crown. 

Limitation,  Statutes  of,  a  fpecies  oif  plea  in  bar,  in 
which  a  perfon  may  plead  the  time  limited  by  certain  acts 
of  parliament,  beyond  which  no  plaintiff  can  lay  iiis  caufe  of 
adlion.  'This,  by  the  ilatute  of  32  Hen.  VHI.  c.  2.  in 
a  writ  of  right  \i  fi.vty  years  ;  in  afiifes,  writs  of  entry,  or 
other  pofleffory  aclions  real,  of  the  feilin  of  one's  ancellors, 
in  lands  ;  and  either  of  their  feiiln,  or  one's  own,  in  rents, 
fuits,  and  fervices,  fifty  years ;  and  in  adions  real  for  lands 
.gri.unded  upon  one's  own  feifin  or  poffeflion,  fuch  pofieffion 
mull  have  been  within  thirty  years.  By  Hat.  I  Mar.  il.  2. 
c.  5.  this  limitation  does  not  extend  to  any  fuit  for  ad- 
vowfons.  (See  above.)  But  by  the  flatute  21  .Tac.  L 
.c.  3.  a  time  of  limitation  was  estended  to  the  cafe  of  the 


L  I  M 

king,  -viz,  Jixty  yein  precedent  to  19th  February,  1623. 
(3  Inft.  183.);  but  this  becoming  incHeftual  by  efflux  of 
time,  the  fame  date  of  limitation  was  fixed  by  ilatutc  9  Geo. 
IIL  c.  16.  to  commence,  and  be  reckoned  backwards, 
from  the  time  of  beginning  any  fuit,  or  other  procefs,  to 
recover  the  thing  in  qucltion  ;  fo  that  a  pofleffion  for  Jixty 
years  is  now  a  bar  even  againll  the  prerogative,  in  deroga- 
tion of  the  ancient  maxim  "  nullum  tempus  occnrrit  regi." 
By  another  (laiute,  2  1  Jac.  L  c.  1 6,  tivcitly  years  are  the  time 
of  limitation  in  any  writ  of  formedon  ;  and  by  coiifequence, 
twenty  years  are  alfo  the  limitation  in  everyadlion  of  ejectment; 
for  no  ejectment  can  be  brought,  unleis  where  the  lefTor  of 
the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  enter  on  the  lands  ;  and  by  the 
ftatute  21  Jac.  L  c.  16.  no  entry  can  be  made  by  any  man, 
unlefs  within  t<wenty  years  iifter  his  right  iliall  accrue.  Alfo, 
all  aftioiis  of  trefpafs  {quarc  claufum  fregil,  or  otherwife) 
detinue,  trover,  replevin,  account,  and  cale,  (except  upon 
accounts  between  merchants),  debt  on  limple  contradt,  or  for 
arrears  of  rent,  are  limited  by  the  llatute  lail -mentioned  to 
fix  years,  after  the  caufe  of  action  commenced  ;  and  anions  of 
alfault,  menace,  battery,  mayhem,  and  imprifonment,  mull  be 
brought  withiii_/iHr  years,  and  aftions  for  words  wdtliin  twa 
years  after  the  injury  committed.  And  by  the  llatute 
3 1  Eli/.,  c.  5.  all  fuits,  indiiSlments,  and  informations,  upon 
any  penal  Ilatutes,  where  any  forfeiture  is  to  the  crown  alone, 
fliall  be  fued  within  tiuo  years,  and  where  the  forfeiture  is 
to  a  fubject,  or  to  the  crown  and  a  fubjecl,  within  one  year 
after  the  offence  committed  ;  unlefs  where  any  other  time  is 
fpecially  limited  by  the  llatute.  Lallly,  by  llatute  10  W.  IIL 
c.  14,  no  writ  of  error,  fire  facias,  or  other  fuit,  fhall  be 
brought  to  reverfcany  iudgmcnt,  fine,  or  recovery  for  en'or, 
unlefs  it  be  profecuted  witliin  tiver.ty  years.  The  ufe  of  thefc 
ilat'.ites  of  hmitation  is  to  preferve  the  peace  of  the  kingdom, 
and  to  prevent  thofe  innumerable  perjuries  which  might  enfue, 
if  a  man  were  allowed  to  bring  an  attion  for  any  injury  com- 
mitted at  any  diflance  of  time.  Upon  both  lliefe  accounts 
the  law  therefore  holds,  that  "interfl  rcipubtici:  ut  fit  finis 
litittm,"  and  upon  the  fame  principle  the  Athenian  laws  in 
general  prohibited  all  actions,  wliere  the  injury  was  com- 
mitted^yfiif  years  before  the  complaint  was  made.  If,  there- 
fore, in  any  fuit,  the  injury  or  caufe  of  action  happened 
earlier  than  the  period  exurefsly  limited  by  law,  the  de- 
fendant mav  plead  the  Ilatutes  of  limitations  in  bar ;  as 
upon  an  ajiunpfit,  or  promife  to  pay  money  to  the  plaintiff, 
the  defendant  may  plead  non  affumpfit  infra  fex  annos ;  he 
made  no  fuch  promife  within  fix  years  ;  which  is  an  effeftual 
bar  to  the  complaint.      Blackll.  Com.  b  iii. 

LIMITED  Fek.s,  denote  fuch  ellales  of  inheritance 
an  are  clogged  or  confined  with  conditions,  or  qualifications 
of  any  fort.  Thefe  are  of  two  forts,  viz.  qualified  or  bafefees, 
and  fees-conditional,  or  fees-tail.  See  Bafe-l'EKx,  and  Fees- 
lail. 

I..lMiTi;r)  Prohkm,  is  that  which  admits  but  of  one  fo- 
lution.  or  which  can  only  be  folved  one  way:  as  to  make 
a  circle  pafs  through  three  j)oints  given,  not  lying  in  a  right 
line,  to  defcribe  an  equilateral  triangle  on  a  line  given,  &c. 
See  PiiOBLKM,  and  Detei'.mixati;. 

LIMITROPHOUS  Column.     Sec  Column. 

LIMITS,  in  Mathemalics,  a  term  fometimes  ufed,  in  ge- 
neral, for  quantities,  one  of  which  is  greater,  and  the  other 
lefj  than  another  quantity.  '^Ihus,  in  the  quantities,  a,  X)  b,\i 
a  be  Ids  than  x,  and  b  be  greater  than  x,  a  arid  b  are  faid 
to  be  limits  of  x.  The  wurd  occurs  in  this  fenfe,  when  we 
fpeak  of  the  limits  of  the  roots  of  equations. 

Sometimes  a  quantity  is  faid  to  be   a   limit   between   two 

others,  when  it  is  greater  than  the    one   and   lefs   than  the 

other.     So  a  ratio  is  faid  to  be  a  limit  between  two  other 

C  -  ratios. 


LIMITS. 


ratios,  wliea  if  is  greater  than  the  one,  and   lefs  than  the 
otlier. 

But  limit  is  often  ufed  in  a  more  reflricled  fenfe  j  thus, 
when  a  variable  quantity  approaches  continually  to  feme  de- 
terminate  quantity,  and  may  come  nearer  to  it  than  to  have 
any  given  difference,  but  can  never  go  beyond  it ;  then  is 
tTie  determinate  quantity  faid  to  be  the  limit  of  the  variable 
quantity. 

Hence,  the  circle  may  be  faid  to  be  the  limit  of  its  cir- 
cumfcribed  and  infcribed  polygons;  becaufe  thefe,  by  in- 
creafing  the  number  of  their  fides,  can  be  made  to  differ 
from  the  circle  lefs  than  by  any  fpace  that  can  be  propofcd, 
how  fmall  foever. 

The  limit  of  a  variable  ratio,  is  fome  determinate  ratio,  to 
which  the  variable  ratio  may  continually  approach,  and 
come  nearer  to  it  than  to  have  any  given  difference,  b\it  can 
never  go  beyond  it.  Hence,  the  ratio  of  the  ordinate  to 
the  fub-tangent  of  a  curve,  is  faid  to  be  the  limit  of  the 
variable  ratio  of  the  differences  of  the  ordinates,  to  the  dif- 
ferences of  the  abfciffi. 

The  word  limit,  in  this  fenfe,  fignifies  the  fame  as  what 
fir  Ifaac  Newton  calls  a  firll  or  prime,  and  a  laft  or  ultimate 
ratio. 

There  arc  two  cafes  of  a  variable  quantity,  or  variable 
ratio,  tending  to  fuch  a  limit,  ?.3  we  have  been  defcribing. 
In  the  firfl  cafe,  the  variable  quantity,  or  ratio,  will  not 
only  aj)proach  to  its  limit  within  lefs  than  any  given  differ- 
ences, but  will  aftually  arrive  at  its  limit. 

In  the  fecond  cafe,  the  variable  quantity,  or  ratio,  will 
only  approach  its  limit  within  lefs  than  any  given  difference, 
but  will  never  actually  arrive  at  it. 

Sir  Ifaac  Newton,  to  avoid  theharihnefs  of  the  hypothefis 
of  indivifibles,  and  the  tedioufnefs  of  demonftrations,  ac- 
cording to  the  method  of  the  ancients,  by  dedutlions  ad 
abfurdum,  has  premifed  leveral  lemmata,  in  the  iirll  feclion 
of  the  tiril  book  of  his  Princ^jles,  relating  to  the  firlt  and 
lali  fums,  and  ratios  of  nafcent  and  evanefcent  quantities  ; 
that  is,  to  the  limits  af  fums  and  ratios.  This  doftrine 
chiefly  depends  on  the  firft  of  thofe  lemmata  ;  the  words 
of  which  are,  "  Quantitates  ut  &  quantitatum  rationes,  quae 
ad  iqualltatem  tempore  quovis  finito  conllantcr  tendunt,  & 
'ante  finetn  temporis  illius  propius  ad  invicem  accedunt 
quam  pro  data  quavis  differentia,  Hunt  ultimo  squales.'' 

The  learned  gentlemen,  who  have  written  in  defence  of 
fir  Ifaac,  againft  the  author  of  the  Analyll,  are  not  agreed 
among  themfclves  as  to  the  precile  meaning  of  this  lemma. 
One  of  thefe  gentlemen  fays,  that  the  genuine  meaning  of 
tliis  propofition  is,  that  thofe  quantities  are  to  be  elleemed 
ultimately  equal,  and  thofe  ratios  ultimately  the  fame,  which 
are  perpetually  to  each  other,  in  fuch  a  manner,  that  any 
difference,  bow  minute  foever,  being  given,  a  finite  time 
may  be  adigned,  before  the  end  of  which,  the  difference  of 
thofe  quantities,  or  ratios,  fhall  become  lefs  than  that  given 
difference.  See  Pref.  State  of  the  Rep.  of  Letters  for  Ott. 
l-^j,  and  for  Oct.  17J6. 

What  fir  Ifaac  Newton  intends  we  fliould  underfland  by 
the  ultimate  equality  of  magnitudes,  and  the  ultimate  iden- 
tity of  the  ratios  propofed  in  this  lemma,  will  be  belt  known 
from  the  demonftration  annexed  to  it.  By  that  it  appears, 
fir  Ifaac  Newton  did  not  mean  that  any  point  of  time  was 
affignable,  wherein  thefe  varying  magnitudes  would  become 
artually  equal,  or  the  ratios  really  the  fame  ;  but  only  that 
no  difference  whatever  could  be  named,  which  they  ftiould 
not  pafs.  The  ordinate  of  any  diameter  of  an  hyperbola, 
is  always  lefs  than  the  fame  continued  to  the  afymptote  ;  yet 
the  demonftration  of  this  lemma  can  be  applied,  without 
thanging  a  fingle  word,  to  prove  their  ultimate  equality. 

Vol..  XXI. 


The  fame  is  evident  from  the  lemma  immediately  following', 
where  parallelograms  are  infcribed,  and  others  cirrtimfcribed 
to  a  curvilinear  fpace.  Here  the  iirft  lemma  is  applied  ta 
prove,  that  by  multiplying  the  number,  and  diminifhiiig  the 
breadth  of  thefe  parallelograms  in  tiifimtum,  that  is,  per- 
petually and  without  end,  the  infcribed  and  circurnfcribed 
figures  become  ultimately  equal  to  the  curvilinear  fpace, 
and  to  each  other  ;  whereas,  it  is  evident,  that  no  point  of 
time  can  be  affigncd,  wherein  they  are  aftually  equal ;  to 
fuppofe  this  were  to  affcrt,  that  the  variation  afcribcd  to  the 
figures,  though  endlefs,  could  be  brought  to  a  period,  and 
be  perfeflly  accompliihed  ;  and  thus  we  fhould  return  to 
the  unintelhgible  language  of  indivifibks.  The  excellence 
of  this  method  confifts  in  making  the  fame  advantage  of 
this  endlefs  approximation  towards  equality,  as  by  the  ufe 
of  indivifibles,  without  being  involved  in  the  abfurdities  of 
that  doftrine.  In  fhort,  the  difference  between  thefe  two 
may  be  thus  explained. 

There  are  but  three  ways  in  nature  of  comparing  fpaces  : 
one  is  by  (hewing  them  to  conlilt  of  fuch,  as  by  impofition 
on  each  other  will  appear  to  occupy  the  fame  place  :  an- 
other is,  by  (hewing  their  proportion  to  fome  third  ;  and 
this  method  can  only  be  direCtly  applied  to  the  like  fpaces 
as  the  former  ;  for  tliis  proportion  muff  be  finally  deter- 
mined  by  {hewing  when  the  multiples  of  fuch  fpaces  are 
equal,  and  when  they  differ  :  the  third  method  to  be  ufed, 
where  thefe  other  two  fail,  is  by  defciibing  upon  the  fpaces 
in  queftion  fuch  figures  as  may  be  compared  by  the  former 
methods  ;  and  thence  deducing  the  relation  between  thofe 
fpaces,  by  that  indireft  manner  of  proof,  commonly  called 
dcdudio  ad  ahfurdum;  and  this  is  as  conclufive  a  demonitra- 
tion  as  any  other,  it  being  indubitable,  that  thoil-  things  arc 
equal  which  have  no  difference.  Thus  Euclid  and  .Vrchi- 
medes  demonllrate  all  they  have  written  concerning  the 
comparifon  and  menfuration  of  curvilinear  fpaces.  The 
method  advanced  by  fir  Ifaac  Newton  for  the  fame  purpuie 
differs  from  their's,  only  by  applying  this  indirect  form  of 
proof  to  fome  general  propofitions,  and  from  thence  de- 
ducing the  rclf  by  a  direCt  form  of  reafoning.  Whoever 
compares  the  fourth  of  fir  Ifaac  Newton's  lemmas  with 
the  firfl:,  will  fee,  that  the  proof  of  the  curvilinear  fpaces, 
there  confidered,  having  the  proportion  named,  depends 
wholly  upon  this,  that  if  otherwife  the  figure  infcribed 
within  one  of  them,  could  not  approach,  by  fome  certain 
diftance,  to  the  magnitude  of  that  fpace  :  and  this  is  pre- 
ciffly  the  form  of  reafoning,  whereby  Euclid  proves  the 
proportion  between  the  different  circles.  As  this  method  of 
reafoning  is  very  diffufively  fet  out  in  the  writings  of  the 
ancients  ;  and  fir  Ifaac  Newton  has  here  expreffed  himfelf 
with  that  brevity,  that  the  turn  of  his  argument  n^ay  pof- 
fibly  eicape  the  unwary,  the  reading  01  the  ancients  mull 
be  the  belt  introduAion  to  the  knowledge  of  his  method. 
The  impoffible  attempt  of  comparing  curvilinear  fpaces, 
without  having  any  recourfe  to  the  foremenlioned  indirect 
method  of  arguing,  produced  the  abfurdity  of  indivifibles. 

As  the  magnitudes,  called  in  this  lemma  ultimately  equal, 
may  never  abfolutcly  cxiff  umier  that  equality  ;  fo  the  va- 
rying magnitudes  holding  to  each  other  the  variable  ratios, 
here  confidered,  may  never  exilt  under  that,  which  is  here 
called  the  ultimate  ratio.  Of  this  fir  Ifaac  Newton  gives 
an  inftanee,  from  lines  i-.icreafing  tOi^elher  by  equal  addi- 
tions, and  having  from  the  firit  a  given  difference.  For 
the  ultimate  ratio  of  thefe  lires  in  the  fenfe  of  this  lem.ma, 
as  fir  Ifaac  Newton  himfelf  obferves,  will  bo  the  ratio  of 
equality,  though  thefe  lines  can  never  have  this  ratio  ;  fince 
no  po-nt  of  time  can  be  afligned,  when  one  does  not  exceed 
the  other. 


LIMIT  S. 


In  like  manner,  ihe  quantities  called  by  fir  Ifaac  Newton 
Taniihing,  may  never  fubfift  under  that  proportion  here 
eftcemed  the:r  ultimate. 

In  the  cafe  of  drawing  tangents  to  curves,  wliere  the  or- 
dinate bears  the  fame  proportion  to  the  fubtanprent,  as  that 
wherewith  the  diff^-rence  <.f  the  or.linatcs,  to  the  difference 
of  the  abfcl(r.e,  vanifh  ;  thefe  lines  mull  not  be  conceived, 
by  the  naine  of  an  evanefcent,  or  any  other  appellation,  cvi-r 
to  fubfifl  under  that  proportion  :  for  (hould  we  conceive 
thefe  lines,  in  any  manner,  to  fubllll  under  _th!s  proportion, 
though  at  the  iiiilanl  of  tlieir  vaiiiihing,  we  (hall  tall  into 
the  unintelhgible  notion  of  "indivilibles,  by  endeavourir.g 
to  reprefent,  to  the  imagination,  fome  inconeei\able 
kind  of  exillence  of  thefe  lines  between  tlieir  having  a  real 
magnitude,  and  becoming  abfolutely  nothing.  Sir  Ifaac 
Newton  was  himfelfapprehenfive,  tiut  tliis  midakc  might 
be  made  ;  for  as  lie  thought  fit  (in  compliance  with  the  bad 
tafte  which  then  prevailed)  to  continue  the  uie  ot  fomeloole 
and  indillind  cspreirioiis  refembliiig  thofe  of  indivifiblcs, 
for  which  he  has  himfelf  apologized,  lie  exprefsly  cautions 
lis  againll  railinteipreling  him  iu  this  manner,  when  he  fays  : 
'  Si  quando  di.Kcro  qiiantitates  quam  minimas  vel  cvanef- 
centes,  vel  ultimas,  cave  intcUigas  qnantitates  magiiitudine 
dcterminatas,  fed  cogita  femper  diminuendas  fine  limite.'' 
Thus  exprefsly  has  he  declared  to  us,  that  vaniihing  quan- 
tities, or  whatever  other  lefs  accurate  appellation  he  names 
them  bv,  arc  to  be  confidercd  as  indeterminate  quantities 
bearing' to  each  other,  under  their  different  magnitudes,  dif- 
•  ferent  proportions  ;  which  the  quantities  themfelves  can 
never  obtain,  and  the  limit  of  thefe  proportions  is  that, 
for  the  fake  of  which  thefe  quantities  are  confidered:  in- 
fomuch,  that  fince  thefe  quantities  have  different  propor- 
tions, while  they  obtain  the  name  of  vaniiliing  quantities,  the 
term  ultimate  is  necefTarily  added  to  denote  that  proportion, 
which  is  the  limit  of  an  enJltfs  number  of  varying  ,ones. 
Tne  hke  remark  is  necciTary,  when  thefe  quantities  are  con- 
fidered in  the  other  light,  as  ariling  before  the  imagination  : 
for  then  the  proportion  intended  muil  be  fpecificd,  by  call- 
ing it  the  firil,  or  prime  proportion  of  thc(e  quantities. 
And  as  this  additional  epithet  is  neceffary  to  exprefs  the 
proportion  intended,  fo  it  is  abfurd  to  apply  it  to  the  quan- 
tities themfelves  ;  as  fir  Ifaac  Newton  fays,  there  are  '<  ra- 
tjones  prim.B  quantitatuni  nafccntium,"  but  not  "  qnan- 
titates primx  nafccntes."  Philofoph.  Tranfadlions,  N  J42, 
p.  205. 

So  that,  according  to  the  author  we  have  been  quoting, 
all  the  examples  given  by  fir  Ilaac  in  the  before  mentioned 
foftion,  are  to  be  underftood  of  fuch  limits  or  ultimate  ra- 
tios, as  are  never  attained  to  by  the  quantities  and  ratios  li- 
tiiited,  but  to  which  thefe  may  approach  indefinitely,  that  is, 
ib  as  to  differ  lefs  than  by  a  given  quantity. 

On  the  other  hand,  a  learned  gentleman,  who  affnmed 
the  name  of  Philalethes  Cantabrigienfis,  thinks  that  (ir  Itaac 
means,  by  the  words  of  the  lemma,  and  proves,  in  his  de- 
inondration,  not  that  the  quantities  or  ratios  are  barely  to 
be  confidered  as  ultimately  becoming  equal,  or  are  to  be 
clU-emed  as  ultimately  equal ;  though,  in  reality,  they  can 
never  have  that  proportion  to  each  other ;  but  that  they  do 
at  lall  become  actually,  pen'eAly,  and  abfolutely  equal. 
PreL  State  of  the  Republic  of  Letters  for  November  1733, 

He  alfo  diitinguifhes,  as  above,  between  quantities  and 
ratios  which  arrive  at  their  limits,  and  thofe  which  do  not. 
And  it  is  innfted  on,  that  every  one  of  the  examples  given 
in  the  lemmata  of  this  firft  feftion  of  the  fw-il  book  ot  fir 
ifaac's  Principles,  are  of  fuch  quantities  and  ratios  as  ac- 
tually arrive  at  their  refpcftive  limits ;  nor  is  there  an  in- 

8 


fiance  there  given  of  a  quantity,  or  rati^  which  never 
arrives  at  its  limit,  except  one  at  the  latter  end  of  the 
fcholiupi  of  this  fection  (and  that  by  way  of  illuHration  of 
a  particular  objection  only)  of  two  quantities,  liaving  a 
given  difFerenee,  and  being  equally  increaled,  aJ  hifiiiiiupi, 
and  whole  ratio,  it  is  admitted,  never  arrives  at  its  limit. 
But  decreafing  quantities  may  really  and  in  faft  be  di- 
mini(hed  flc/  infnitum ;  for  they  may  vanifli  and  come  to 
nothing.  The  ratio,  therefore,  of  thefe,  fays  he,  may  arrive 
at  its  limit  ;  though  that  of  the  others  cannot. 

Neither  are  thefe  learned  gentlemen  agreed  ^s  to  the  fcnfc 
of  the  word  I'ani/ling  or  evuru-futit,  in  the  feholium  of  tiiis 
firll  tVclion  of  fir  Ifa.:c's  Principles. 

The  quelUon  is,  whether  the  quantities  that  vanilh  are 
underilood  to  fpcnd  fom.e  finite  time  in  vaniihing,  or  to  vaniHi 
in  an  inftant,  or  point  of  time  ;  and  confequently,  whether 
they  bear  one  to  another  an  infinite  number  of  difierent  fuc- 
cefiive  ratios  during  the  vanidiing,  or  one  ratio  only,  at  the 
point  or  inllance  of  their  evauefcence. 

This  lall  is  the  fenfe  in  which  Philalethes  takes  the  word 
evanefcent,  or  vanifiiing  ;  and  the  difpute,  on  this  head,  as 
he  obferves,  is  of  no  otiier  confequeiice  than  to  determine, 
wliether  the  fenfe  in  which  he  nfes  the  word  be  agreeable  to 
fir  Ifaac  Newton's,  For,  if  the  quantities  vanilh  in  an  in- 
llaiit,  I  take  the  only  ratio  with  which  they  vanidi ;  or  they 
fpend  a  finite  time  in  vanifliing,  and  I  take  the  Inft  of  the 
ratios,  wiiieh  they  fucccliively  bear  to  one  another  during 
that  time  ;  ftill  the  ratio,  taken  in  either  of  thefe  cafes,  will 
be  one  and  the  fame.  Prefent  State  of  the  Republic  of  Let- 
ters for  November  1735,  p.  3S3,  384. 

We  cannot  pretend  to  give  the  whole  detail  of  this  con- 
troverfy,  but  muft  refer  the  curious  to  the  Prefent  State  of 
the  Republic  of  Letters  for  1735.  We  (hall  only  obferve, 
that  this  difquifition  is  partly  critical  and  partly  fcientifical. 
Tiie  critical  inquiry  is  into  the  fenfe  of  fir  Ifaac,  fo  far  as 
it  may  be  determined  from  his  own  words  ;  and  here  we  can- 
not help  thinking  that  this  is  fomewhat  doubtful.  The 
other  inquiry  is  about  the  true  or  fcientifical  notion,  upon 
which  this  doftrine  ought  to  be  founded.  With  relpett  to 
which  we  (hall  only  a(k  two  queftions,  which  every  reader 
may  refolve  for  himfelf,  to  wit,  whether  the  conception  or 
notion  he  has  cf  the  ratio  or  proportion  of  evanefcent  quan- 
tities, at  the  point  or  inftance  of  their  cvariefeence,  be  more 
clear  and  diftincl  than  the  notion  of  infinitefimals  .'  And 
wliether  the  notion  of  infcribed  or  circumfcribed  polygons 
to  any  curve,  attaining  their  lall  form,  and  thereby  coin- 
ciding with  their  curvilinear  limit,  be  more  clear  and  dilliiic\ 
than  the  notion  of  polygons  of  an  infinite  number  of  fides  in 
the  method  of  iufiniteiimalb  ? 

Before  we  leave  this  fubjeft,  it  may  be  proper  to  give 
the  fentiments  of  an  eminent  mathematician  about  the  doc- 
trine of  limits,  or  of  prime  and  ultimate  ratios,  and  to  Ihe^v 
the  conncftiou  of  this  dodrine  with  that  of  fluxicns,  Mr. 
Maclaurin,  in  his  Treat,  of  Flux.,  art.  502. 

Sir  Ifaac  Newton  coiifiders  the  fimulianeous  increments 
of  flowing  quantities  as  finite,  and  then  invelligates  the 
ratio  which  is  the  limit  of  the  various  proportions  wh:ch 
thofe  increments  bear  to  each  other,  while  he  fuppofes  thetn 
to  decreafe  together  ti;l  they  vanifii  ;  which  ratio  is  the  laiic 
with  the  ratio  of  the  fluxions.  In  order  to  difcover  this 
limit,  he  firil  determines  the  ratio  of  the  increments  in  gene- 
ral, and  reduces  it  to  the  moll  fimple  terms,  fo  as  that 
(generally  fpcaking)  a  part  at  leall  of  each  term  may  be  in- 
dependent of  the  value  of  the  increments  themfelves  ;  then, 
by  fuppofing  the  increments  to  decreafe,  till  they  vanifii, 
the  limit  readily  appears. 

For  example,  let  u  be  an  invariable  quantity,  #  a  flowing 

quantity, 


LIMITS. 

•riuantity,  and  u  any  increment  of  a? :  then  the  fimultaneoiis    out  them  both;  andhence  the  ofculator}' circle  is  fuppofej 
increments  of  .r.r  and  rt  A' will  be  2«o+ooandao,  which     to  have  an  equal  curvature  with  the  curve  at  that  point.     See 
■     "'     ""  •■- '  '    --' ■    -:-.--      '1^1-;-     Mr.  Maclaiirin's  Flux.  art.  ^g.y. 


■ara  in  the  fame  ratio  to  each  other  as  2  x  +  o  is  to  a.  This 
ratio  o(  2  X-  +  0  to  a  continually  decreafes  while  o  dccrcafcs, 
and  is  always  greater  than  the  ratio  of  2  x  to  a,  while  o  is 
any  real  increment ;  but  it  is  manifeft,  that  it  continually 
approaches  to  the  ratio  of  2  x  to  a  as  its  limit ;  whence  it 
■follows,  that  the  fluxion  of  xx  is  to  the  fluxion  of  tin,  as 
2  .r  is  to  a.  If  x  be  fuppofed  to  flow  uniformly,  ax  will 
likewife  flow  uniformly,  but  xx  with  a  motion  continually 
accelerated ;  the  motion  with  which  a  x  flows,  may  be 
•mj-afured  br  a  o  ;  but  the  motion  with  which  2  .v  flows  is 
not  to  be  meafured  by  its  increment  2x0  +  00,  but  by  the 
•part  2. f  9  only,  which  is  generated  in  confequence  of  that 
motion;  and  the  part  00  is  to  be  rejefted,  becaufe  it  is 
generated  in  confequence  only  of  the  acceleration  of  the 
motion  with  which  the  variable  fquare  flows,  wliile  n,  the 
increment  of  its  fide,  is  generated;  and  the  ratio  of  2.1-0 
to  a  <;  is  that  of  2  >•  to  a,  which  was  found  to  be  the  limit 
of  the  ratio  of  the  increment  2x0  +  00  and  ao.  See 
Fluxion-. 

It  is  cbjeflcd  aijainft  fir  Ifaac  Newton's  method  of  in- 
vcftigating  this  Imiit,  that  he  firft  fuppofes  tliat  there  are 
inorement'ri ;  that  when  it  is  faid  iel  the  increment  I'aniji,  the 
former  fuppofition  is  deilroyed,  and  yet  a  confequence  of 
this  fuppofition,  J.  e.  an  expreffion  got  by  virtue  thereof,  is 
retained.  But  the  fuppofitions  that  are  made  in  this  method 
of  inveftigating  the  limit  arc  not  fo  contradicfory  as  this  ob- 

fuppofes  that 


jeftion  feems  to  imoort.      He  firft   luppoles  that  tliere  are         ■      j         •  u    1       n-    - 

"increment^  generated,  and  reprefents  their  ratios  by  that  of    C"'"^-'d«  with  the  elhplis  ;  but  this  fcems  a  confeq 
"     "  ■:h  is  given  fo  as  not  to  vary  with     the 'anguagc  of  nnhnitchmals.      It  would  be   more 


two  quantities,  one  of  which  is  gi' 

the  increments.  If  he  had  afterwards  fuppofed  that  no  in- 
crements had  been  geiicr.ited,  this  indeed  had  been  a  fup- 
pofition dirtflly  contradiAory  to  the  former  But  when  he 
Xuppofrs  thole  increments  to  be  diminilhed  till  they  vanifli, 
this  fuppofition  lurely  cannot  be  faid  to  be  fo  contradictory 
to  the  former  as  to  hinder  us  from  knowing  what  was  the 
ratio  of  thofe  increments,  at  any  term  of  the  time,  n  hile 
they  lud  ,i  real  exiftence  ;  how  this  ratio  varied,  and  to  what 
limit  it  approached  while  the  increments  were  continually 
diminifhed:  on  the  contrary,  this  is  a  very  concife  and  jull 
method  of  .hfcov -ring  t!ie  limit  which  is  required. 

Jt  is  to  be  obfjrved,  that  the  limiting,  prime,  or  ultimate 
ratio  of  increments,  (trittly  fpeaking,  is"  not  tlie  ratio  ot  any     that  one  fliall  be  greater  and  one  lefs  than  the  root  required 


Now  if  we  conceive  the  ofculatory  circle  at  the  end  of  the 
great  a.\is  of  an  ellipfis,  it  will  fall  entirely  within  the  ellipfis  ; 
and  the  curvature  of  the  ellipfis  and  ofculatory  circle  may 
both  be  faid  to  be  limits  of  the  curvatures  of  all  the  circles 
falling  wholly  within,  and  touching  the  ellipfis  at  the  end  of 
its  great  axis.  But  the  term  limit  will  not  in  both  ca.Q-i 
have  prccifely  the  fame  meaning;  for  the  ofculatory  circle 
is  a  limit  mcluji-ve,  being  the  lait  of  the  circles  limited  ;  and 
the  ellipfis  is  a  limit  exchfive,  none  of  the  circles  limited 
ever  coinciding  with  it.  As  to  the  circles  which  fall  wholly 
without  the  ellipfis,  and  touch  it  at  the  end  of  its  great  axis, 
they  have  no  limit  inclttfi-ve,  no  circle  touching  the  cllipfii 
fo  clofely,  that  no  other  can  pafs  between ;  the  or.Iy  huiit 
here  is  exclu/ive,  the  ellipfis  ilfelf. 

The  contrary  of  tiiis  happens  at  the  end  of  the  lefl^er  axi.'!. 
At  any  other  point  of  the  ellipfis,  one  half  of  every  ofculatory 
circle  is  a  limit  incluftvs  of  the  femirircles  that  fall  within, 
and  the  other  half  is  a  limit  e.xclufivs  of  thofe  that  fall 
without. 

_  May  we  not  aflv,  if  a  curve  is  the  limit  of  its  infcribed  or 
circumfcribed  polygons  in  any  other  fenfe,  than  the  curva- 
ture  of  the  elliplis  is  the  limit  of  the  curvatures  of  the  circles 
before  defcribed,  which  approach  nearer  and  nearer  to  the 
curve,  but  never  coincide  with  it .'  It  is  true  we  hear  it 
often   faid,  that  the  ofculatory  circle  is  equicurval,  and  fo 

uence  of 
accurate 
to  fay.  that  the  curvature  of  the  eHipfis  is  the  hmit  exclu/ive 
of  all  the  before  mentioned  circles,  and  that  the  ofculatory 
circle  is  their  limit  indiifive.  That  excellent  geometer,  Mr. 
Simfon,  in  his  Conic  Seftions,  lib.  v.  prop.  36.  cor.  fays 
only,  after  demonltrating  the  chief  property  of  the  ofcula- 
tory circle,  that  eanciem  habere  cum  Jl-f.ior.e  conica  curvaluram 
Jicitiir,  giving  this  only  as  an  appellation,  but  not  as  a  pro- 
pofiion.  See  on  the  fubjeft  of  this  article,  Robins's  Difc. 
on  Fluxions,  in  his  Trafts,  vol.  li. 

LiMlT.s  of  the  Roots  of  an  Equation.— 'V'c  have  already 
obferved,  that  fey  finding  the  limits  of  the  roots  of  an  ecua- 
tion,  is  to  be  underfiood  the  finding  of  tuo  fuch  numbers,  ■ 


real  increments  whatfoever.  But  as  the  tangent  of  an  arch 
is  the  right  line  that  limits  the  pofition  of  all  the  fecants  that 
tan  pafs  through  the  point  of  contatt,  though,  llrictly 
fpeaking,  it  be  no  fecant ;  fo  a  ratio  may  hmit  the  variable 
ratios  of  the  increments,  though  it  cannot  be  faid  to  be  the 
ratio  of  any  real  increments.  The  ra.io  of  the  generating 
motion  may  be  likewife  faid  to  be  the  lail  or  ultimate  ratio 
of  the  increments,  while  they  are  fuppofed  to  be  diminiilied 
till  they  vanilh,  for  a  like  reafon.  It  may  jull  be  added, 
that  there  being  two  cafes  of  variable  quantities  and  ratios 
tending  to  a  limit,  it  might  have  conduced  to  pcrfpicuity, 
and  preventing  difputei,  to  have  dilfinguifhed  thcfe  different 
limits  by  fome  addition.  As  m  the  firll  cafe  to  have  called 
It  a  limit  or  ultimate  ratio  i.irlufve  ;  becaufe  the  limit  is  the 
lad  of  the  quantities  or  ratios  limited  :  and  in  the  fecond  to 
have  called  it  a  limit  or  ultimate  ratio  exclufve  ;  becaufe  the 
quantities  limited  never  attain  to  the  limit,  though  they  .ap- 
proach t'l  it  indefinitely. 

This  dillinftion  may  perhaps  receive  fome  farther  ilhiftra- 
tion  from  the  following  example.  It  is  known  that  the 
olculatory  circle  is  a  circle  that  touches  a  curve  fo  clofily 
that  no  other  circle  can  be  drawn  through  the  point  of  con- 


iad  between  them,  all  other  circles  paflitng  within  or  with-    refults  with  contrary  lign 


by  which  means  an  approximation  is  evidently  made  to- 
wards  the  true  root,  and  the  nearer  thefe  limits  approach 
towards  each  other,  fo  much  the  more  accurate  will  be  the 
approximation.  I.a  Grange,  in  his  "  Traite  de  la  Rcfolution 
iiumerique  des  Equation,<!,"  has  carried  the  method  of 
limits  to  itj  utmoit  poihble  perfoftion,  by  {hewing,  in  all 
equations,  how  the  limits  of  each  of  its  roots  may  be  afcer- 
tained,  and  has  fliewn,  tliat  the  method  of  approximation 
employed  by  Newton,  and  in  fact  every  method,  except 
that  ot  his  own,  is  defective  in  this  refpeif,  iiir..  that  be- 
tween the  hmits  afcertained  in  their  operation,  there  may 
be  one,  two,  or  more  roots,  and  confequently,  that  tliey  are 
not  neceflfarily  the  limits  of  one  root,  but  merely  the  limits 
between  whicli  one  at  leall  of  the  real  roots  of  the  equation 
muft  lie.  The  nature  of  this  article  will  not  admit  of  our 
entering  into  an  explanation  of  the  procel's  of  this  celebrated 
analyll  ;  we  can,  therefore,  only  refer  the  reader  to  the 
work  itlelf,  and  mult  content  ourfelvcs  in  this  place  with 
giving  a  few  of  the  moil  remarkable  cafes  relating  to  the 
limits  of  the  roots  of  an  equation. 

I.   If  we  can  find  two  quantities,  which,  being  fnbftitutcd 
for    the    unknown     quantity  in    any    equation,    give    two 


,  then  will  thcfe  two  quantitie» 
>i-  2  be 


LIMITS. 


\)e  the  limits  of  the  value  of  x,  that  is,  a  value  of  .r  will 
always  be  found  between  thefe  two  quantities. 

Let  .r-  -  A  ^i"-  +  B  .V—'  -  C  x-" -•'  +  &c.  +  N  =  c. ; 
and  fuppofe  that,  by  fubflituting  any  quantity  p,  inttcad  of 
X,  we  have 

p-"  -  Ap"  '  +  B/)-"  -  -  c/-"  '  +  s:c-  -T  >-'  =  R ; 

and  by  fubftituting  another  quantity,  q,  for  it,  we  obtain 

5- -A  9"-  +  Bj-^-C^--^  +  &c.  N  =  -S: 
then,  t  fay,  that  there  is  at  leaft  one  real  value  o£  x  between 
the  limits  /.  and  7  ;  that  ij,  x  is  lefs  than  the  former,  and 
greater  tliau  the  latter.  The  truth  of  llic  propofition,  how- 
ever, is  better  demonftraied  from  a  partial  than  from  a 
general  example. 

Let  us,  therefore,  afiumc  the  equation 

.t^—  ij.v'  +  7.V  —  1  =0; 
here,  if  we  fubftitute  .v  =  2,  and  x  =  20,  wc  have  a 
refult  in  the  firll  cafe  =  -  3 1  ;  and  in  the  fccond  =  -r 
-939  ;  and  it  remains  to  be  (hewn  that  there  is,  at  leatt,  one 
real  value  of.  x  coniprifed  between  thefe  limits.  For  this 
purpole,  the  equation  may  be  written 

..'+  7^-  -  ('3'    +  0 

found  to  be   negative   when    x  =   2  ; 


the  refult  is  pofitive,  and  x  c=  o,  making  it  negative,  a  real 
value  of  jr  mull  he  between  the  limits/;  and  o.  Again,  the 
above  equation  may  be  converted  into  anotlier,  having  th<? 
fame  roots,  only  with  contrary  ilgns,  by  writing  —  y  for 
X.  And  let  us  fuppofe,  in  the  full  place,  that  ni  is  even^ 
then  the  transformed  equation  will  be 

J-  +  Ay'"-  +  B.r'   '  +  Cj"-'  &c.  +  N  =  o  ; 

and,  conftquently,  N  will  ilill  have,  with  regard  to^"*,  the 
fame  fign,  which, as  above,  we  fuppofe  to  be  negative  ;  then, 
if  y  be  fuch  as  will  give  a  pofitive  refult,  and  .i-  =:  o  giving 
a  negative,  it  follows,  that  a  real  value  of  y  will  be  found 
between  the  limits  g  and  o  ;  and,  conlequently,  in  the 
equation  propofed,  a  real  root  is  comprifed  between  the 
limits  —  g  and  o. 

But  if  tlie  power  m  be  odd,  then  the  transformed  equation 
will  be 


+  Ay- 


-  C>"-5  -f  &c.  + 
+  Cy-'  ±  &c.  + 


N 

N: 


:   O, 


which  quantity  is 


'I'hat  is,  in  the  lirlt  cafe,  we 


but  pofitive  when  x  =  ; 
liave 

{x->  +  7-v)  <  ('i-^-'  +  0' 
and  in  the  latter 

(*■'  +  7-^-)  >  (I.?-*"'  +  ')• 
Now,  it  is  obvious,  that  each  branch  of  thefe  cxpreffions 
will  increafe  as  .v  is  augmented,  and  that  they  will  likewife 
be  each  diminifhed  as  .v  is  diminiflied.  Let  us,  theretorc, 
conceive  x,  in  the  firft  cafe,  to  be  fucceffively  mcreafed  by 
any  fmall  quantity,  till  it  arrives  at  the  value  of  .r  in  the 
fccond  cafe.  Then,  fince  .v'  +  T  x,  which  was  at  iirit  lets 
than  H  I-  +  1,  is  now  become  greater  than  13  x'  +  i.  *} 
muft  neceffarily  have  palfed  through  that  Hate,  in  whicli  it 
was  neither  greater  nor  Icfs  ;  that  is,  the  two  branches  mutt 
have  palfed  through  that  Hate  in  which  they  were  equal ; 
but  when 

x'  +  7.r  =  (13X'  +   I), 

we  have  alfo 

x'^  —  IS  X-  +  •;  X  —  1  =  o  ; 

and,  confequently,  this  value  of  x  is  a  real  root  of  the  cqua- 

lion  propofed.  ,        ,       ,      •  •     1 

This  reafoning,  though  employed  only  in  a  particular 
cafe,  is  equally  applicable  to  our  general  equation  :  for,  by 
puttinT  the  pofitive  part  of  the  equation  =  P,  and  the 
negative  =  Q  ;  alfo,  fuppofmg  />  to  be  that  value  of  ..• 
which  renders  the  refult  negative,  or,  which  is  the  fame, 
v*-hich  gives  P  <  Q  ;  and  y  that  value  which  makes 
Y  •-,  Q,  then  we  mav  conclude  the  fame  as  above,  that  P, 
from  being  lefs  than  Q,  having  paifed  to  that  ftate  in  wliich 
it  is  greater  than  (>,  there  mull  neceffarily  be  a  real  value  of  x, 
between  p  and  5,"which  renders  P  =  Q  ;  or  the  propofed 
equation  =  o.  We  may  alfo  afcertain  the  limits  of  x  be- 
tween o,  and  fome  real  quantity,  pofitive  or  negative.  For 
example,  in  the  general  equation 

X-"  -  A*"—  +  B  .v"-^  -  C  .x"-'  +  &c.  +  N  =  o, 


T  Bj'-" 

±  D/ 

and,  confequently,  y"  and  ^  N,  have  not  the  fame  fign 
with  regard  to  each  other.  If,  therefore,  now,  any  value  y 
can  be  found,  fuch  that  the  refult  may  be  negative,  a  root 
of  this  equation  will  be  found  between  the  limits  g  and  o, 
and,  therefore,  in  the  original  one  between  —  j  and  o. 

2.  The  greateil  pofitive  root  of  an  equatioi.  is  always 
contained  between  the  limits  S  (-  1  and  o  ;  S  being  the 
greateil  negative  co-efRcicnt  that  enters  into  the  equation. 

In  order  to  prove  this,  we  muft  demonftrate  that  in  any 
expreflion 

.v"  +  A  .r"--'  +  B-t""-'  +  Cr""-'  &c.  N. 

The  firll  term  may  be  made  to  exceed  the  fum  of  all  the 
other  terms.  Now,  it  is  obvious,  in  the  firft  place,  that 
the  cafe  which  prelents  the  greateil  difficulty,  it  that  in 
which  all  the  co-efficients  are  made  negative,  and  each  equal 
to  the  greatefl  ;  let,  then,  S  be  the  greateil  negative  co- 
efficient, it  is  to  be  demonftrated,  that  fuch  a  value  of  x 
may  be  found  as  will  render 

.i"  >  S  (.x'"-'  4-  .x"-'  -1-  .v"""'  +  &c.  -f  1). 

Or,  fince  the  part  within  the  parenthelis  is  equal  to  - 
we  have  to  fiiew,  that  we  may  find  .v  fuch,  that 

vS  x"  S 


X-   J 


> 


S  {x--l) 

— i ,  or  . 


> 


X  —    I 


Now,  this  will  be  manifellly  the  cafe,  if  we  make 
S  .v"  S 


-,  or  X 


S  +  I. 


itis  obvious,  that  by  taking  x  =  o,  the  refult  will  be  nega-    other  negative 


It  is  therefore  obvious,  that  this  value,  fubftituted  for  x  in 
the  propofed  equation,  will  give  a  polltive  refult  ;  whereas, 
X  =  o  gives  a  negative  refult  :  tlierefore,  from  what  is 
ihewn  above,  a  real  value  of  x  is  found  between  the  limits 
8  +  J  and  o.  If  the  foregoing  equation  be  converted 
into  another,  with  the  figns  of  the  roots  changed,  and  if  R 
in  that  equation  be  the  greateil  negative  ce-efficient,  then 
—  (R  -(-  l),  and  o,  will  be  the  limits  alfo  of  the  greattlt 
negative  root. 

it  follows,  immediately  from  what  is  fhewn  above,  that 
every  equation  of  even  dinienfions,  having  its  laft  term  nega- 
tive,  has  at  leaft  two  real  roots,  the  one  pofitive  and  the 


live  or  pofitive,  according  as  N  is  affedted  with  the  fign 
er  + .     Therefore,  if,  in  the  firft  place,  we  find  p  fuch  tliat 


It  may  alfo  be  readily  demonftrated,  upon  Cmilar  princi- 
ples, that  every  eqiKition  of  odd  dimenfwna  has  at  leaft  one 

real 


L  I  M 


L  I  M 


rfal  root  ;  a  truth  which  it  is  difficult  t»  prove  in  any  other 
manner.  See  La  Croix's  Elemens  de  Algebra,  and  La 
Grange's  work  above  quoted. 

Limits,  in  a  Milkary  Senfi,  denote  the  diftance  which  a 
centry  is  allowed  on  his  poll,  viz.  fifty  paces  to  the  right, 
and  as  many  to  the  left ;  and  though  the  weather  be  ever  fo 
bad,  he  mull  not  get  under  cover. 

Limits  of  a  Flamt,  its  greateft  excurfions  or  diftances 
from  the  ecliptic.     See  Planet. 

LIMITANEI,  among  the  Romans,  an  appellation  given 
to  the  foldiers  who  were  ftationed  on  the  frontiers  of  the 
empire. 

LIMITROTOPHI,  among  the  Romans,  the  fame  with 
limitaneL 

LIMMA,  or  Leimma,  an  interval  of  the  Greek  Mufic, 
which  is  a  comma  lefi  than  the  feniitone  maior,  and,  re- 
trenched from  a  tone  major,  leaves  behind  the  A^otom: ; 
which  fee. 

The  ratio  of  the  limma  is  24;  to  256,  and  is  generated 
bv  beginning  at  C,  and  moving  by  5ths  to  B  ;  for  then  the 
quantity  by  which  the  neighbouring  C  exceeds  B,  is  pre- 
cifelv  in  the  ratio  which  we  have  ellablifhed. 

Piiilolaus,  and  all  the  Pythagoreans,  made  the  liinma  a 
diatonic  interval,  which  anfwercd  to  our  femitone  major : 
for,  after  two  conjunctive  tones  major,  there  remains  only 
that  interval  to  complete  the  true  4th,  or  tetrachord.  So 
that,  according  to  them,  the  interval  from  E  to  F  was  lels 
than  that  from  F  to  Y -j^.  Our  chromatic  fcale  gives  quite 
the  contrary.      RoulTeau. 

The  abbe  Roudier  has  given  the  mufical  etymology  of 
the  word  leimma,  according  to  Aritlo,\enu3.  ^lem.  lur  la 
Muf.  des  Anc.  p.  I42. 

LIMMAT,  in  Geography,  a  river  of  Switzerland,  which 
rifes  in  the  Alps,  about  1 1  miles  S.  of  Glarus,  alluming  the 
name  of  Lint  or  Linth,  and  having  pafled  Glarus  and  joined 
the  Mat,  near  the  lake  of  Wallenftadt,  takes  the  name  of 
Limmat,  and  having  traverfed  the  lake  of  Zurich,  joins  the 
Aar,  three  miles  N.  of  Baden.  The  llream  of  this  river  is 
very  rapid  ;  its  water  beautifully  tranfparent ;  and  its  bor- 
ders, at  tirft  flat,  afterwards  gently  riling  into  hills  clothed 
with  pafture  and  wood,  or  divided  into  vineyards,  and  at 
lail  becoming  quite  perpeiadicular,  and  fringed  to  the  water's 
.edge  with  hanging  trees.  About  a  mile  from  Baden,  where 
the  Limmat  flows  with  the  greatell  rapidity,  is  a  beautiful 
wooden  bridge,  240  feet  long,  and  fufpended  about  20  feet 
from  the  furface  of  the  water.  It  was  the  lall  work  of 
Grubenman,  the  felf-taught  architect,  and  is  far  fuperior  in 
elegance  to  *hat  of  Schaffhaufen. 

ilMMEN,  a  town  of  Holland  ;  j  miles  S.  of  Alc- 
maer. 

LIMNiEUS,  .ToHN,  in  Biography-,  an  eminent  German 
jurilt,  was  born  at  Jena  in  1592,  where  his  father  was  pro- 
felTor  of  mathematics.  Having  received  a  good  education 
in  ths  elements  of  learning,  he  went  to  Weimar  to  purfue 
his  maturer  lludies,  and  from  thence  to  the  univcrfity  of  his 
native  place,  where  he  remained  till  the  death  of  hus  father 
in  1614,  when  he  removed  to  Altdorf.  In  1618,  he  en- 
gaged himfelf  as  travelling  tutor  to  two  young  men  of 
Nuremberg,  whom  he  accompanied  to  France,  England, 
and  Holland.  Having  fmilhed  his  esgagement  with  thefe, 
he  took  upon  himfelf  the  office  of  private  tutor  to  fevtral 
young  perfons  of  rank,  among  whom  was  Albert,  margrave 
of  Brandenburg.  In  proccfs  of  time,  this  prince  gave  him 
the  poll  of  chamberlain  and  member  of  his  privy  council. 
He  died  in  the  enjoyment  of  thefe  offices  in  the  year  1663. 
His  works  are  numerous,  and  valued  for  their  erudition. 
The  ch>«f  are,  "  Traclatus  de  Academiis,"  4to.  ;  "  Notilix 


Rpgni  Galliie,"  2  vols.  4to. ;  "  De  jure  imperii  Roraano- 
Germanici,"   J  vols.  410.      Moreri. 

LIMNER,  corrupted  from  the  French  word  fn/ummrar, 
a  decorator  of  books  with  initial  or  other  pictures.     Johnfon. 

LIMNIA,  in  Botany.     See  Claytonia. 

LIMNING,  (trom  enluminer,  Fr.  to  aJirn  tochs  '■j.i'ttb 
paintings),  As  thele  paintings,  or  illuminationo,  as  tliey 
are  called,  were  always  done  in  water-oolours.  limning  is 
never  properly  employed,  except  it  be  to  defignate  thai 
fpecies  of  art,  which  is  now  commonly  known  by  the  name 
of  miniature-painting,  wrought  in  thofe  colours,  and  on 
paper  ;  indeed,  it  is  become  almoft  obfolete,  though,  in  the 
minds  of  the  vulgar,  it  is  fometimes  ulod  to  fignify  the 
art  ot  painting  generally,  and  more  particularly  Portrait- 
painting ;  which  fee.  See  alfo  the  articles  Miniatuke  and 
Wa'tek-coi,oli«. 

LIMNITIS,  a  word  ufed  bv  the  ancients  to  exprefs  the 
concretion  of  round  reeds,  or  water-plants,  by  fome  called 
adarce  :  or  fomewhat  analogous  to  that. 

LIMNOPEUCE,  in  Botany,  from  ^ly.r,  a  pool  ot /air, 
and  rT-.y.r.,  a  pine-trt-e,  a  name  given  by  Vaillant  to  the 
Pinajlclla  of  Dillenius,  Hippuris  of  Linnxus,  in  allufion  to 
its  fpiry  (haoe  and  watery  habitation.      See  Hii'PUKls. 

LIMNOPHILA,  from  y.iu-.r.,  a  pool  or  lake,  and  ;l^•., 
to  loi'e,  becaufe  it  inhabits  fuch  places.  Brown  Prod.  Nov. 
HoU  v.  I.  442.  Clafs  and  order,  JJiJynamia  ytngiofpermia. 
Nat.  Ord.  Perfenatte,   Linn.      Scrophulari^,  Jiiff 

Efl.  Ch.  Caly.x  tubul^,' five-cleft,  equal.  Corolla  fun- 
nel-fhapcd  ;  limb  in  five  nearly  equal  fegments.  Stamens 
within  the  tube  ;  anthers  cohering  in  pairs.  Stigma  dilated, 
oblique.  Capfi.le  of  two  cells,  and  two  deeply  divided 
valves,  the  partition  inferted  into  that  edge  of  the  valv.s 
which  burlls  lateft. 

Herbs  that  inhabit  marlhes,  with  oppofite  deep-cut  leave?, 
moltly  divided  into  three  parts  to  the  bale,  which  gives 
them  the  appearance  of  being  whorled.  Flo wer-llalk  s 
axillary,  with  two  bradleas  at  the  top. 

The  only  fpecies  named  by  the  author  is 

L  gratioloidcs.  (Hottonia  indica  ;  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  20S. 
H.  flore  folitario  ex  foliorum  ali=;  proveniente  ;  Burm.  Zcvl. 
121.  t  jj  f.  I.  Tsiudan-tfieia ;  Rheede  Hort.  Malab. 
V.  12.  71  t.  ^6.) — Gathered  in  the  Tropical  part  of  New 
Holland  by  Mr  Brown,  who  fufpeCts  that  feveral  fpecies 
are  confounded  by  botaaifts  under  the  above  denomination, 
to  be  alcertained  by  examination  of  them  in  a  recent  ilatv^ 
only.  It  is  remarkable  that  the  plant  of  the  Htrlus  jilula- 
laricus  is  faid  to  grow  in  a  dry  fandy  foilf  See  HoT- 
TO.NIA. 

LIMO.     See  Citrus. 

LIMOCINCTI,  among  the  Romans,  a  kind  of  priefls, 
who  officiated  at  public  lacrifices,  and  were  drefled  with  a 
garment  called  limus. 

LIMOD.ORUM,  in  Botanf,  XsiusJi^oj,  a  fort  cf  parali- 
tical  plant,  or  rather,  as  it  fhoold  feem,  fome  kind  of  tare,  it 
being  faid  to  choke  or  fulTocate  the  fanum  gitium.  By 
this  latter  name  we  are  not  perhaps  to  underltand  literally 
the  fenugreek  or  Trigomtla,  but  may  extend  it  to  any  other 
plant  cultivated  for  hay  in  Greece,  as  more  th<)i)  one  of  the 
leguminous  tribe  are,  or  have  been.  Dodonius  applied  this 
ancient  name  to  the  Oroiancbe,  or  Broom  Rape  ;  Clufius  to 
the  Orchis  aiortiva  of  Linnaeus  ;  which  at  leail  is  what  he 
defcnbcd  and  intended,  in  his  Stirp.  Panncn.  241,  though  in 
his  Hijhria  acut  uiOphrys  Nidus- Avu  is,  by  millake,  annexed 
to  that  defcription.  Linmus,  having  referred  the  plant  cf 
Clufius  to  the  genus  Orchis,  adopted  the  name  in  quellion 
for  a  new  genus  of  the  lame  natural  oraer  ;  but  Swartz,  m 
his  excellent  trcatile  on  this  order,  havi:,£  referred  the  Lin- 

4  G««» 


•L  I  M 


L  I  M 


nsrui  lAmoJorum  to  liis  CymblJ'wm,  very  properly  reftorss 
the  name  to  the  original  plant  of  Clufiua,  whicli  proves 
dilliiict  in  (lenus  from  Orchis,  as  Tiiirnefort  had  done  before 
him.  Cliif.  Hid.  V.  I.  270.  Toiirn.  t.  2yo.  Swartz. 
Orchid,  in  Schrad.  N.  .Tourn.  v.  i.  84.  t.  I.  f.  4.  Ind. 
Occ.  15:19.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  V.  4.  122 — Clafs  and  order, 
Cynandria  Monandna.  Nat.  Ord.  Orchuleic,  Linn.  Jufl". 
Brown.  Prodr.  Nov.  HoU.  v.  1.  309. 

Gen.  Ch.  reformed.  C<il.  Perianth  of  three,  generally 
fprcading,  equal  leaves,  rarely  reverfed.  Cor.  Petals  two, 
generally  fmaller  than  the  calyx-Kaves.  Neftary  a  fprcad- 
ing  lip,  undivided  or  lobcd,  concave  at  the  bafe,  projecting 
hcliind  in  a  fpiir,  various  in  figure  and  lenffth.  Stam.  An- 
ther an  hemifpherical,  fomctimes  pointed,  terminal,  deciduous 
lid,  of  two  or  four.celii;  maflej  of  pollen  ilalked,  in  pairs. 
J'ijl.  Germen  inferior,  oblong,  or  obovate.  nearly  upright, 
furrowed  ;  ftyle  femi-cvlindncal,  often  gibboiif,  concave  in 
front  ;  lligma  concave  or  convex,  in  the  front  of  the  ftvle 
near  the  top.  'Per'ic.  Capfule  oblong,  with  three  or  fix  ribs, 
with  one  cell  and  three  valves,  opening  by  clefts  between  the 
ribs.  Seeds  numerous,  minute,  each  clothed  with  n  chaflTy 
tunic,  inferted  into  the  downy  internal  ridges  of  the  valves. 

E(f.  Ch.  reformed.  Calyx-leaves  fotnewhat  fpreading. 
Lip  fpreading,  elongated  at  the  bafe  behind  into  a  fpur. 
Anther  a  terminal  lid,  deciduous. 

Dr.  Swartz  enumerates  twenty-one  fpecies,  befides  a 
doubtful  one,  which  is  RodnguiT.ia  of  the  Prodr.  Fl.  I'cruv. 
etChil.  t.  TJ.  Profeflbr  Willdenow  has  twcnty-fcven  fpecies, 
•for  though  he  omits  the  fix  laft  of  Swart/.'s,  having,  perhaps, 
not  feen  Schrader's  New  .Journal,  in  which,  and  in  its  re- 
impreffion  the  Genera  et  Species  Orchidcanm,  ordy,  they  are 
dclcribcd  ;  he  has  added  twelve  others,  which  Swartz  had 
only  i"  part  indicated  as  doubtful.  All  thefe  are  adopted 
by  Willdenow  from  books  ;  the  fix  wliofe  defcriptions  he 
had  not  feen,  were  all  gathered  by  Dr.  Af'zclius  at  Sierra 
Leone. 

This  genus  differs  from  Cymb'ulium  in  having  a  fpur  to 
the  nectary,  in  whofe  cavity  the  honey  is  lodged.  We  have 
however  already  mentioned,  (fee  CvMiimiuM,)  that  this 
chara(fter,  though  apparently  decifive,  is  overfet  by  fome 
iiondefcript  Orchtdeu:,  found  by  Dr.  Buchanan  in  the  liaft 
Indies.  Thefe,  by  every  mark,  except  the  abfence  or  pre- 
-fencc  of  a  fpur  in  which  they  totally  differ  among  thcmfelves, 
-mull  form  one  genus,  differing  in  habit  from  every  thing 
already  known  ;  and  we  have  little  doubt  that  a  critical 
examination  of  them  recent,  would  be  the  meai^s  of  detetl- 
ing  fonic  oveiT-ruling  charafter,  which  would  ftamp  this 
genus,  independent  of  all  that  concerns  the  fpur.  In  that 
cafe,  the  latter  might  Hill  remain  a  fufficient  difUndlion 
•between  lAmodnrum  and  Cymildium. 

Some  remarkable  fpecies  of  Umodorum  are 

L.  TdiihervUlits.  Banks  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  i.  v.  ^. 
302.  t.  12.  Andr.  Repof.  t.  426.  Willd.  n.  i.  (Phauis 
grandifolius  ;  Loureir.  Cochinch.  529.) — Leaves  radical, 
elliptic-lanceolate,   pointed,  ribbed,   plaited.     Stalk  fimple, 

many-flowered.     Lip  convoluted,  with  a  very  (liort  fpur 

Native  of  China.  It  is  treated  in  Europe  as  a  (love  plant, 
flowering  in  th."  fpring.  We  firll  faw  it  at  Lady  Tanker- 
ville's  in  17S6,  and  it  bloffomed  that  year  at  Haerlem. 
The  great  li^e  of  the  whole  plant,  which  much  exceeds 
that  of  any  other  of  rliis  natural  order,  whether  wild  or 
cultivated  in  Britain,  and  the  fplendidly  contralled  colours 
of  the  jlowers,  render  it  mwon  admired.  The  infide  of 
the  calyx  and  petals  is  cinnamon-coloured,  the  outfidc  of 
the  mod  brilliant  polilhcd  white  ;  the  netiary  crimfon, 
often  compared,  though  certainly  inferior  in  beauty,  to  the 
foxglove. 


L.  alorhvinn.  Willd.  n.  26.  (L.  auHriacnm  ;  Tourn. 
Inft.  437.  Orchis  abortiva  ;  Linn  Sp.  PI.  1 336.  Jacq. 
Audr.  t.  193.  Epipaftis,  n.  1288.  t.  36.  Hall.  Hdvet. 
V.  2.  148.) — Leaves  none.  Stalk  with  feveral  tubular 
fhcaths.  Flowers  but  little  fpreading.  Lip  wavy.  Spur 
awl-fhaped,  the  length  of  the  germen. — Native  of  fhady 
woods  in  Germany,  Italy,  the  fouth  of  France,  and  fome 
parts  of  Switzerland,  but  rare  even  in  that  country  of 
Orehidca.  That  it  has  no  right  to  a  place  in  the  Flora  of 
Britain,  though  admitted  by  Ray  and  Hudfon,  is  now 
generally  allowed.  The  millake  arofe  from  its  being  con- 
founded in  old  books  with  Orohnvche  citrulca,  Engl.  Bot. 
t.  423,  as  is  minutely  explained  at  length  in  Tr.  of  Linn. 
Soc.  v.  4.  164 — 169,  and  it  appears  that  Lobel's  Orcbanche 
major,  e  Gramunl'w  luco  Alonfjxllienfiiim,  Lob.  Ic.  v.  2.  269. 
f.  I,  which  is  Orobanche  monfpeliuca  jlor'ibus  oblongis,  Ger. 
em.  1 3 12,  is  cert^iinly  this  Limodorum.  The  root  conhils 
of  two  biennial  cinders  of  thick,  cylindrical,  divaricated 
fibres.  Tlipjfali  is  fimpie  and  folitarv,  eighteen  to  twenty, 
four  inches  high,  clothed  with  a  few  clofe  pi!rplidi  Ihealhs, 
and  terminating  in  a  clofe  Ipike  of  rather  large  jioivcrs, 
variegated  with  paler  and  deeper  purple. 

L.  Epipog'wm.  Willd.  n.  27.  (Epipogium  ;  Gmel.  Sib, 
V.  I.  II.  t.  2.  f.  2.  Satyrinm  Epipogium  ;  IJnn.  Sp.  PI. 
1338.  Jacq.  Audr.  t.  84.  Epipadtis,  r,  12S9.  Hall. 
Helvet.  V.  2.  149.) — Leaves  none.  Stalk  Iheathed.  Floweis 
few,  pendulous,  reverfed.      Lip  three-lobcd,  concave.     Spur 

ovate,  afcending This  fingular  and  rare   plant  grows  in 

foine  (hady  barren  forells  in  Siberia,  Germany,  and  .Swit- 
zerland. Its  pale  hue  and  tlefhy  habit,  fo  like  EfipaRis 
Nidus- A'c'is,  indicate  its  being  a  parafitical  attendant  on  the 
roots  of  trees.     See  EpiPAni.s,  n   9;  and  Epipooum. 

Dr.  Swartz  refers  alio  to  this  fame  genus  the  Cvprip'-dh.-m 
hulhofum,  Linn  .Sp.  PI.  1347.  Sm.  Spicil.  t.  n,  a  moft 
curious  plant,  found  in  Lapland  and  Nova  Scotia,  of  which 
very  little  is  known  ;  but  the  propriety  of  this  mealure  is 
in  our  opinion  very  doubt rul. 

LlMODOUi'M,  in  Gardejihi'^,  contains  plants  of  the  bulbo- 
tuberous  rooted  herbaceous  perennial  kind,  of  which  the 
fpecies  commonly  cultivated  are  the  tuberous-rooted  limo- 
dorum ( L.  tuberofnm)  ;  the  tall  limodorum  (L.  altum)  ; 
and  the  Cliinefe  limodorum  (L.  Tankerviilix.) 

Method  of  Culture.  —  Thefe  plants  are  increafed  by  plant- 
ing the  offsets  from  the  roots  in  pots  of  bog-earth,  and 
plunging  them,  in  the  firil  fort,  in  a  mild  tan-pit,  and  in  the 
others,  in  the  tan  hot-bed  of  the  Hove.  The  proper  time  of 
taking  them  off  is  \^•hen  the  plants  are  the  molt  deftitute  of 
leaves. 

But  the  two  lad  forts  fliould  have  a  loamy  mould,  and 
but  little  water  in  the  winter  feafon.  And  the  fird  requires 
the  proteAion  of  a  good  green-houfe  in  winter,  but  the 
two  lad  fliould  be  kept  in  the  bark-bed  of  the  Hove. 

All  thefe  plants  afford  variety  in  green-houfe  and  dove 
collections. 

LIMOGES,  in  Geography,  a  city  of  France,  and  capital 
of  the  department  of  the  Upper  Vienne  ;  and  before  the 
revolution,  the  fee  of  a  bifhop.  It  is  a  place  of  coiiliderable 
trade,  and  contains  about  20,550  inhabitants,  and  25,466  m 
the  t)vo  cantons,  on  a  territory  of  292*  kiliometres,  in  11 
communes.     N.  ht.  45    50'.     E.  long,  i"  20'. 

LIMON,  in  Botany,  Tourn.  397,  the  Lemon.  See  Cr- 
TRU.s  inedica  ,? 

LiMoN,  in  Geography,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the  W.  fidis  of  the' 
gulf  of  Bothnia.      N.  lat.  60    44'.     E.  long.  17=  9'. 

I^IMONA  de  la  I'rou,  a  town  near  the  N.  coait  of  the 
ifland  of  Hifpaniola  ;    10  miles  S.E.  of  Cape  Franjois. 

LIMONE,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 

Maritime 


L  I  M 


L  I  r,r 


MaritJme  Alps  ;  S.  of  Cani — Alfo,  a  town  of  t!ie  ifland  onelargeft.   Branda  z\gzzg  snd  t\endcr.~V:hcnt}i\s  (OvV- 

of  Ncgropoiit  ;   20  miles  S.  of  Nogropont.  flowered  feme  years  lince  at  Vienna,  it  anfwered  fo  ill  to 

LIMONES,   Grande,  a   town  of  the  ifland  of  Cuba  ;  the  charaaer  of  Limon'ia,  in  number  of  parts,   that  the  cc- 

50  miles  S.  of  Hav.inna.  lebratcd  Jacquin  was  near  making  a  new  genus  of  it,   which 

LIMONEST,  a  town  of  France,   in  the  department  of  he  deltined  to  honour  an  Englifli  bolanifl.     There  can  be  no 

the  Rhone,  and  chief  place  of   a  canton,  in  the  dillriCt  of  doubt   however  that   it  belongs    to   Limonia.     "  Le  petit 

Lyons.     The  place  contains  750,   and  the  canton   ii,o8y  citron  doux"  of  Sonncrat,  Voy.  to  New  Guinea,  jc.  t.  6? 

inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  77^  kiliometres,   in  12  com-  is  made  a  variety   of  this  by  WiUdenow,   who,  judging  by 

"™"^/-    _-,-.^  f  T-  •      ,      J  r    ^''^  ^g"'"'^'  ""^  ^^^   dcfcription,  improperly   favs   it   has  no- 

•    LIMONHE,   a  town  of  France,  m  the  department  of    fpmes.     The  feffile  Laves,  and  folitary /owo-j,  give  it  a  dif- 

the  Lot,   and  chief  place   of  a  canton,  in  the  diflrid   of    ferent  appearance. 

Cahors  ;   i^  miles  E.  of  Cahors.     The  place  contains  1 1 75,         Qf  tiie  unarmed  fpecies  are 

and  the  canton  0270  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  01  2fC  kilio-         t  ,   „      ^-      ,         ■  .■  .        .       „ 

-     '^  '  -'^  l^.  prniapbyUa    Five-lcavcd  Limonia.    Retz.  Obt  fafc.  j. 

24.  Roxb.  Corom.  v.  i.  60.  t.  84. — Spines  none.  Leaves 
pinnate  ;  leaflets  elliptical,  erlirc,  two  pair  with  an  odd 
one.  — Native  of  the  Eaft  Indies.  The  foiuers  are  fmall 
and  white,  exquifitely  fragrant,  in  axillary  branched  cluf- 
ters.  Fruit  red,  the  fize  of  a  currant.  Stamens  ten,  dif- 
tinft,  fpindle-fhaped. 

L.  arhoren.     Tree  Limonia.     Roxb.   Corom.  v.    i.   60. 
t-   Sj. — Spines    none.     Leaves   pinnate;    leaflets  ferrated,- 
oblong,  two  pair  with  an  odd  one.- From  the  fame  coun- 
try.    The  _/owfrj  are  very  numcrcu,';,   in  branched  chillers,  . 
fragrant.     Fruit  fmall,  brown.     Sttimens  thread-fliaped. 

Li.MONlA,  in  Geography,  an  idand  in  the  Mediterranean, 
about  three  miles  long,  and  one  broad  ;  fix  miles  W.  of 
Rhodes.  N.  lat.  36  27'.  E.  long.  27^  22'.  On  its  eaft- 
ern  cuaft  is  a  fmall  haven,  defended  by  a  Ihoal,  on  the  maro-in 
of  which  (lands  the  only  village  in  the  ifland.  At  fomc 
dillance  from  Limonia  is  Narki,  or  Karki,  anciently  Chal- 
cia,  or  Chalcis,  which  feems  by  feveral  ihoals  that  rife  above  • 
the  waters  to  have  formerly  joined  with  Limonia. 

LIMONIUM,  in  Botany,  derived,  as  it   appears,  from 
ixiiy,  a  7neailozv,  (becaufe  the  plant   occupies,  to  a  great 


metres,  in  i  ^  communes. 

LIMONIA,  in  Botany,  in  its  prefent  application,  evi- 
dently alludes  to  Liinon,  the  lemon  ;  the  genus  which  is 
lo  denominated  being  next  akin  to  Citrus,  in  charadters, 
habit,  and  fenlible  qualities.  The  word  therefore  can  have 
no  reference  to  the  ?.=i;ii'nz  of  the  Greeks,  Limonia  of  the 
Romans,  which  is  a  fpecies  of  ylnemone,  and  derives  its 
name  from  X;iui,.»,  a  meadoiu. — Linn  Gen.  215.  Schreb. 
285.  WiUd.  So.  PI.  V.  2.571.  Mart.  Mill.  Did.  v.  3. 
Alt.  Hon.  Kew.  ed  2.  v.  3.  43.  JufT.  261.  Lamarck 
Illuftr.  t.  353.  Gsrtn.  t.  58.— Clafs  and  order,  Decandria 
Monogynia.     Naf.  Ord.  Aurantia,  Juff. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  iufeiior,  of  one  leaf,  very  fmall, 
in  from  three  to  five,  more  or  lefs  deep,  fegments,  permanent. 
Cor.  Petals  from  three  to  five,  oblong,  obtufe,  ereft,  fprcad- 
ing  at  the  fiimmit.  Stam.  Filanients  from  fix  to  ten,  awl- 
fliaoed,  erect,  (horter  than  the  cu'-olla  ;  anthers  linear,  ercft. 
Fiji.  Germen  oblong,  fuperior ;  (tyle  cylindrical,  the  length 
of  the  ilamens  ;  Itigma  capitate,  flat.  Peric.  Berry  ovate, 
or  nearly  globofe,  of  three  cells,  with  membranous  parti- 
tions.     Seeds  folitary,  ovate. 

Efl".   Ch.     Calyx  in  from  three  to  five  deep  fegments,  in 
ferior.     Petals  three  to  five.    Berry  of  three  cells, 
folitary. 


Seeds  ^''tent,  low   trafts    of  land   on  the  fea-fliore,)    is  the  old 
name  for  feveral  fpecies  of  Sea  Lavender.  (See  Statice.) 

Three  fpecies  of  this  genus,  all   tropical  fpinous   fhrubs,  The   fame  name  has  been  alfo  applied  to  the  Red  Valerian, 

and  mich  refe^nbling  orange  trees  in  miniature,  were  known  ^°  '''^.  B"ck-bean,  and  even  to  the  Pyrola  rotundij'olia.    The 

to-Linn=eus.     Five  without  fpines,    adopted  from  Forfter,  la"er  indeed  does  grow  on  low  fnndy  commons   in  Holland, 

Lamarck  and   Retzius.    are  added  by   Willdenow.      Two  and  near  Yarmouth,  but  hkewife  in  the  molt  elevated  heathy 

mor»  from  the  Ead  Indies,  defcribed  by  Dr.  Roxburgh,  alp'ne  places ;  nor,  as  far  as  we  know,  in   fcarcely  any   in 


one  with  and  one  without  fpines,  "are  mentioned  in  Mr. 
Alton's  new  edition. 

Examples  of  the  fpinous  fpecies  are 

L.  fmnophylliu  Simple-leaved  Thorny  Limonia.  Linn. 
Mant.  237.     Roxb.  Corom.  v.    i.    jg.   t.    83.     (Limones 


termediate  ftation  ;  for  what  is  fo  named  in  books   is  often 
P.  minor.     The  coincidence  of  alpine  and  maritime  plants,  ' 
found  in  no  other  fituations,  is  a  curious  problem  for  the- 
vegetable  phyfiologift. 

Li.MONiu.M-Gfl//,  in  Natural  Hijhry,  the  name  of  a  fpe- 
pumili  zeylanici  fylvellre.<  ;   Bnrm.  Zeyl.  143.  t.  6,.  f.  i.)     cies  of  gall  or  vegetable  protuberance,  ferving  for  the  lodg- ■ 
— Leaves  fimple.     Spines  folitary. — Native  of  the  Ealt  In-    ing   of  an   infefk,    affording    a    very    beautiful   appearance 
dies,  in  the  extenfive  foreds  of  the  coall  of  Coromandel,    on  the  plant,  and  very  common  in  the  eallern  parts  of  the 
where  it  is  called  by  the  natives  the  Wild  Lime.     This  is  a     world. 

ftirub  QV  fmall  in:,  with  alternate,  ftalked,  ovate,  entire,  This  of  the  limonium  is  fingular,  in  that  it  is  produced 
sfetufe,  evergreen,  fliining  leaves,  full  of  pelluad  dots,  as  from  a  butterfly  egg,  and  is  inhabited  by  a  true  caterpillar. 
are:hof?  of  ail  tht-  rell,  and  each  accompanied  by  a  (harp  The  butterfly  depolits  her  eggs  on  feveral  parts  of  the  leaves 
axillary  thorn.  Tlie_/ZoTOf/-.r  are  white,  in  axillaiy  ciullers.  and  ftalks  of  this  plant,  and  the  young  caterpillar,  as  loon; 
Petals  four.  Sta.nens  ten,  united  into  a  firm  hemifpherica!  as  hatched,  eats  its  way  through  the  iurface  ;  and  contiiiu— ||t 
cup.  Berry  the  lize  of  a  very  fmall  goofeberry,  brownifii,  ing  to  eat  when  within,  Ihs  depredations  occafion  an  abun- 
of  tour  cells,  thickly  coated.  —  Nocwithttanding  the  mona-  dant  derivation  of  juices  to  the  part,  by  means  of  which  a 
delphous  ftaaaens  and  fimple  leaves,  this  fpecies  has  too  en-    gall,  or  protuberance,  is  formed,   which  is  iullained  by  a 

pedicle,  and  in  all  rel'petts  relembles  a  fruit.  This  i.s  of  a-- 
roundilh  figure,  and  by  degrees  grows  to  the  fize  of  a  nut' 
meg.  It  is  compufed  of  leveral  coats,  or  cruils  f  the  ex- 
terior ones  are  foft  and  fpungy,  but  the  interior  are  harder, 
and  more  woody  than  the  galls  of  the  oak.  As  the  gere» 
rality  of  other  caterpillars  feed  on  the  fubllancfi  of  tlie  leaves  •• 


tirely  the  habit  of  the  retl  to  be  leparated  from  them. 

L.  trifoliata.     Three-leaved  Limonia.     Linn.  Mant.  237, 

Jacq.   Ic.    Rar.    t.  463.      Andr.    Repof.  t.   143 Leaves 

ternate.  Spines  in  pairs. — Native  of  the  Ead  Indies.  It 
makes  a  pretty  appearance  in  the  (love,  when  decorated 
eitiicr  with  its  white  blolToms,  which  are  three-cleft  and 


hexandrous,    or  its  fcarlet  berries,    which    are    fweet  and     of  trees  and  plants,  this  ea'.s  only  the  inllde  of  its  lodgment  ; 
pleafantly  acid.     The  kajett.  are  ewarginate,  the  central    and  nature  fo  readily  lupplies  thii  defett  by  new  matter,  that 


L  I  M 


I.  I  N 


tht  cavUff  in  which  it  is  lodged,  is  never  found  to  be  very 
gioat. 

This  fceins  the  only  known  inflance  of  a  gall  formed  by 
a  genuine  caterpillar,  the  inhabitants  of  the  willow  galls, 
though  iifiially  eftecmid  fmooth  caterpillars,  being  not  fo, 
but  the  worms  of  a  four-winged  fly.  Reaumur'*  Hill,  of 
Infeds,  vol.  vi.  p.  2:7. 

LIMOSA,  in  Oinhhohgy,  the  fcolopax  glottis  of  Lin- 
niws,  the  name  of  a  long-legged  water-bird,  common  in 
Italy,  and  callei-1  by  fome  glottis,  and  pluvm/it  major.  See 
alfo  >Si;oi oi'Ax  limofa,  fufca  and  Fedoa,  Tetanus,  &c.  &c_ 
and  Recl'rviuostk  \  Amtricana. 

LiMOSA,  iH  Icliihyoli};y,  a  name  given  by  Salvian  to  the 
common'  mackarel,  and  in  his  figures  to  the  thynniis,  or 
tiiiiny-fiili,     called     the    Sj>ani/h     mciclarel.       See    Thynnvs 

SrOMBKIl. 

LIMOSANO,  in  Groj;raphy,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the 
county  of  Molife  ;    17  miles  N.E.  of  Molife. 

LIMOSELLA,  in  Botany,  derived  from  Umus,  mud, 
from  the  circumllancc  of  its  growing  and  thriving  in  muddy 
pools  and  ditches.  For  the  fame  caufe  it  lias  obtained  the 
Englifli  appellation  Mudwort. — Linn.  Gen.  320.  Schrcb. 
419.  Willd.  Sp.  PL  V.  3.  541.  Mart.  Mill.  Did.  v.  3. 
Sm.  Fl.  Brit.  668.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  2.  359.  Brown 
Prod.  Nov.  Holl.  443.  Juff.  96.  Lamarck  lUullr.  t.  53,. 
.G^rtn.  t.  JO. — Clafs  and  order,  D'tdyuamla  ^ngiofpcrmia. 
Nat.  Ord.   Precis,  Linn.     LyfimachU,  JulT. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  of  one  leaf,  five-cIeft,  ercft, 
acute,  permanent.  Cor.  of  one  petal,  bell-fliaped,  ereft, 
equal,  five-cleft,  acute;  divifions  fpreading.  Stum.  Fila- 
ments four,  erect,  two  of  them  adhering  to  the  iame  fide, 
•(horter  than  the  corolla  ;  anthers  fimple.  Fiji.  Germen 
•fuperior,  oblong,  obtufe  ;  flyle  fimple,  as  long  as  the  lla- 
Tneus,  reclining ;  ftigma  globofe.  Feric.  Capfiile  ovate, 
half  covered -by  the  calyx,  of  one  cell  and  two  valves.  Seeds 
iljumerous,  o^ai.      Rccept.  ovate,  very  large. 

Elf.  Ch.  Calyx  five-cleft.  Corolla  five-cleft,  equal. 
■Stamens  approaching  each  other  in  pairs.  Caplule  with 
ene  cell,  two  valves,  and  many  feeds. 

I.  L.  nquatica.  Common  Mudwort.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  881. 
Engl.  But.  t.  357.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  69.  (Spergula  perpufilla 
ianceatis  foliolis  ;  Loes.  Pruf  261.  t.  81.)— Leaves  lanceo- 
late.— Found  in  muddy  pools  where  water  has  been  Hand- 
ing. Dr.  Abbot  fcnt  it  to  Mr.  Sowerby  from  Bedfordfliire, 
and  Dr.  Smith  has  gathered  it  on  the  Denes  at  Loweib)ft 
in  Suffolk.  It  flowers  in.  July  and  Auguft. — /foo/ annual, 
creeping.  Stems  prollrate,  cylindrical.  Leaves  radical,  on 
■Jong  footftiilks,  fmooth,  entire,  not  involute.  Floiuers 
finall,  fleih-coloured.  Calyx  fomcwhat  irregular,  acute, 
^fmooth.      Capfule  with  a  groove  along  its  upper  fide. 

1.  L.  diandra.  Diandrous  Mudwort.  Linn.  Mant.  2J2. 
"Kccnig — Leaves  fomewhat  linear. — A  native  of  the  Ealf 
Indies  and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. — The  habit  of  this 
fpecies  i«  exactly  fimilar  to  that  of  the  lalf ,  but  the  plant 
is  only  about  a  fourth  as  large  in  all  its  parts,  fo  that  it 
in  may  be  confidered  as  one  of  the  fmalleft  of  all  plants.  Stems 
creeping,  fliort.  Leaves  radical,  linear,  fcarcely  widening 
in  the  middle,  obtufe.  Linnjcus  complains  that  on  account 
of  the  minutenefs  of  the Jlowers  he  could  not  defcribe  them 
■from  a  dried  fpecimen,  but  that  the  acute  difcoverer  of  this 
•fpecies,  Kocnig,  found  them  to  be  diandrous. 

3.  L.  anjlralis.  New  Holland  Mudwort.  Brown.  Prod. 
Nov.  Holl.  44J. — Leaves  fpatulate  linear. — We  know  no- 
■thing  of  this  fpecies,  but  we  infert  it,  on  the  authority  of 
Mr.  Brown,  as  a  native  of  New  Holland,  whojuilly  obfervcs 
that  all  the  fpecies  (land  in  need  of  further  invelligation. 
LIMOUIiS,  in  Ce-o^raphy,   a  town  of  France,  in  the 


department  of  tlie  Seine  and  Oife,  and  chief  plare  of  a  can- 
ton, \u  the  diftritt  of  Verfailies  ;  nine  niiies  S.  of  Verlailles. 
The  place  contains  858,  and  the  canton  7304  inhabitants, 
on  a  territory  of  147!  kiliometres,  in  14  communes 

LIMOUX,  a  town  of  France,  and  principal  place  of  a 
dillrid,  in  the  department  of  tiie  Aude.  N.  lat  43 '  3'. 
E.  long.  2°  18'.  The  place  contains  5142,  and  the  canton 
J  2, j;6  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  240  kiliometres,  in 
13  communes. 

LIMPET,  in  Conchyliolegy.  See  Patella  and  Cos- 
ciioirwiv. 

LIMUS,  among  the  Romans,  a  garment  reaching  to  the 
ground,  and  worn  by  the  priells,  who  on  that  account  were 
called  Umocindi. 

LINACAGAN,  in  Geography,  one  of  the  iHands  in  the 
Eall  Indian  fca,  called  Calamianes.  N.  lat.  1 1  40'.  E. 
long.  120'  10'. 

LINACRE,  Thomas,  in  Biography,  an  eminent  phy- 
fician,  and  one  of  the  moft  elegant  fcliolars  of  iii.i  age,  was 
born  at  Canterbury  about  the  year  1460.  Having  com. 
pleted  his  fcliool-education,  under  a  very  emii.ent  mailer,  in 
his  native  city,  he  entered  at  Oxford,  and  was  chofen  fel- 
low of  All-Souls'  college  in  14S4.  His  defire  of  farther 
advancement  in  learning  induced  him  to  accompany  his 
former  Ichoolmader,  De  Selling,  into  Italy,  whither  the 
latter  was  feiit  on  an  embaffy  to  the  court  of  Rome  by 
Henry  VII.  De  Selling  left  him  at  Bologna,  with  llrong 
recommendations  to  Angelo  Poliziano,  who  was  at  that 
time  accounted  one  of  the  moft  elegant  Latiniftsin  Europe; 
but  whom  our  young  ftudent,  by  his  alTiduous  application, 
at  length  excelled  in  the  purity  of  his  ilyle  in  that  language. 
At  Florence,  Linacre  had  the  good  fortune  to  acquire  the 
favour  of  that  munificent  patron  of  literature,  Lorcn-/,o  de 
Medicis,  who  granted  him  the  privilege  of  attending  the 
fame  preceptors  with  his  own  fons.  He  knew  hsw  to  profit 
by  fuch  an  opportunity  ;  and  under  Demetrius  Chalcon- 
dylas,  who  had  fled  from  Conllantinople  when  it  was  taken 
by  the  Turks,  he  acquired  a  perfcA  knowledge  of  the 
Greek  language.  Thus  accompliflied  in  claffical  learning, 
he  went  to  Rome,  and  ftudled  medicine  and  natural  philolo- 
phy  under  Hermolaus  Barbarus.  He  applied  particularly 
to  the  works  of  Ariftotle  and  Galen,  and  is  faid  to  have  been 
the  firft  Englifliman  who  was  well  acquainted  with  thofe  writers 
in  the  original  Greek.  On  his  return  to  England,  he  took 
the  degree  of  dottor  of  phyfic  at  Oxford,  and  gave  lec- 
tures on  phyfic  and  taughtg  the  Greek  language  in  that 
univerfity.  His  reputation  loon  became  fo  high,  that  king 
Henry  VII.  called  him  to  court,  and  entrulled  him  with 
the  care  both  of  the  health  and  education  of  his  fon,  prince 
Arthur.  He  is  faid  alfo  to  have  inftrufted  princefs  Callieriiie 
in  the  Italian  language.  He  was  made  fucceflively  pby- 
lician  to  the  kings  Henry  VII.,  Henry  VIII., and  Edward 
VI.,  and  to  the  princefs  Mary. 

In  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  indeed,  he  appears  to  have 
flood  above  all  ri\liiniip  at  the  head  of  his  profeffion  ;  and 
he  evinced  his  attachment  to  its  interells,  as  well  as  to  the 
public  good,  by  various  acls  ;  but  efpecially  bv  founding 
two  lectures  on  phyfic  in  the  univerfity  of  Oxford,  and  one 
in  that  of  Cambridge,  and  by  obtaining  the  inftitution  of 
the  Royal  Colleg'^  of  I'hyficians  in  London.  He  faw  with 
concern,  that  the  praftice  of  medicine  was  chiefly  engrofl"ed 
by  illiterate  monks  and  empirics,  licences  being  eafily  ob- 
tained by  improper  perfons,  when  the  bifhops  were  autho- 
rifed  to  examine  and  licenle  praftitioncrs  in  an  art  of  which 
they  could  not  be  competent  judges.  Through  the  intereit 
of  cardinal  Wolfey,  thcretore,  Linacre  obtained  letters  pa- 
tent iit  ijiy  from  Henry  VIII.,  conllituting  a  corporiite 

body 


L  I  N 


L  I  N 


body  of  regularly  bred  phyf!c!ans  in  London,  in  whom  wai 
veiled  the  iole  right  of  examining  and  admitting  perfons  to 
praiflife  within  the  city,  and  ffven  miles  round  it  ;  and  alio 
of  licenling  pracftitioners  throughout  the  whole  kingdom, 
except  fuch  as  were  graduates  of  Oxford  or  Cambridge, 
who  by  virtue  of  their  degrees  were  independent  of  the  col- 
lege, except  within  London  and  its  precincts.  The  college 
had  likewifc  authority  given  to  it  to  examine  prefcriptions 
and  drugs  in  apothecaries'  Ihops.  Linacre  was  the  hrlt  pre- 
fident  of  the  new  college,  and  continued  in  the  office  during 
the  remaining  feven  years  of  his  life;  and,  at  his  death,  he 
bequeathed  to  the  colkge  his  houfe  in  Knlght-rider-ftreet, 
in  which  its  meetings  were  held.  There  is  no  doubt  that 
this  inlhtution  greatly  contributed  to  the  credit  and  diginty 
of  the  medical  profeflion  in  the  metropolis,  and  many  julUy 
celebrated  names  are  enrolled  among  its  members.      In  pro- 


gmce  »nd  chaftenefs  of  flyle,  but  intimates  that  he  occa- 
iionally  facriiices  fidelity  to  tlicfe  qualities. 

It  was,  indeed,  on  his  reputation  as  a  philologifl,  that  he 
feems  chiefly  to  have  valued  himfelf.  liia  lirft  cffay  was  a 
translation  of  '•  Proclus  on  the  Sphere,''  dedicated  to  his 
pupil,  prince  Arthur ;  and  he  alio  wrote  a  fmall  book  ot 
the  rudiments  of  the  Latin  Grammar,  in  Englifh,  for  the 
life  of  the  princefs  Mary,  which  was  afterwards  tranflated 
into  Latin  by  the  celebrated  Buchanan.  But  the  work 
which  appears  to  have  engaged  a  very  large  portion  of  hi» 
time,  and  was  univerfally  acknowledged  to  be  a  work  of 
tlie  moil  profound  erudition,  was  a  larger  grammatical 
treatife,  entitled  "  De  emeiidata  llrudura  Latini  Sermonis, 
libri  lex."  This  work,  which  was  not  printed  till  after 
his  death,  in  December  1524,  when  it  appeared  with  a  re- 
commendatory letter  from  the  learned  Melanttho!i,  was   re- 


cefs  of  time,  however,  its  foundation  became  narrowed,  and     ceived  with  much  applaufe  by  men  of  eiui'.itioii,  and  paCed 


it  fell  into  the  ufual  monopolizing  ipirit  of  a  corporation, 
whilft  its  powers  to  controul  the  audacity  of  einjiirical  im- 
poftors  (the  principal  objcA  of  its  eftablilliment)  have  funk 
into  total  difufe. 

Towards  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  in  the  year  151Q, 
Linacre  entered  into  holy  orders  ;  a  ilep  to  which,  it  would 
leem,  he  was  principally  induced,  from  a  deiire  to  obtain 
a  ftudious  and  ealV  retirement,  at  a  time  when  he  became 
exceedingly  afRifted  with  that  painful  difeaie,  the  tlonc, 
■which  greatly  incapacitated  him  for  bufineis,  and  at  length 
put  an  end  to  his  life.  Sir  John  Cheke  relates  that,  not 
long  before  his  death,  when  worn  out  by  iicknefs  and  fatigue, 
he  firlt  began  to  read  the  New  Teltament  ;  and  that  when 
he  had  perufed  the  fifth,  fixth,  and  feventh  chapters  of  St. 
Matthew,  he  threw  the  book  from  him  with  violence,  ex- 
claiming, "  either  this  is  not  the  gofpel,  or  we  arc  not 
Chrillians!"  a  declaration,  if  rightly  underilood,  equally 
honourable  to  the  morals  he  found  there  inculcated,  and  fa- 
tirical  to  thofe  of  the  age.  He  died  in  great  agonies  from 
the  ilone,  on  the  20th  of  Oftober,  1524,  at  the  age  of  fixty- 
four,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral,  where  a  mo- 
nument was  afterwards  erected  to  his  memory  by  his  ad- 
mirer and  fucceiTor  in  fame.  Dr.  Caius. 

In  his  literary  character,  Linacre  ilands  eminently  diilin- 
guilTied  ;   inaf[nuch  as  he  was  one  of  the  firft,  in  conjunction 


through  Icveral  editions  :  it  was  too  complex  h^nvever,  and 
too  profound  in  metaphyfical  diviiioaf,  and  in  the  philofo- 
phy  of  language,  for  popular  ufe.  His  friend  Eraimus, 
indeed,  in  his  "  Morix  Encomium,"  b;liov.ed  fonie  good- 
natured  raillery  upon  the  author,  for  having  tortured  him- 
felf for  twenty  years  by  the  fubtleties  of  grammar,  and, 
after  forfaking  other  more  important  objects,  thought  him- 
felf happy  in  living  long  enough  to  ellabliih  certain  rules 
for  diftinguilbing  the  eight  parts  of  i'peech. 

In  his  profeilional  character,  Linacre  acquired  univerfal 
reputation,  among  his  countrymen  and  contemporaries,  for 
fl<ill  and  practical  ability,  as  well  as  for  his  learning  j  and 
he  was  equally  the  fubjeCt  of  applaufe  and  ellimation  as  an 
upright  and  humane  phyfician,  a  fteady  and  affectionate 
friend,  and  a  munificent  patron  of  letters.  It  were  fuf- 
ficient  of  itfelf  to  juilify  this  eulogiiim,  to  mention  that  he 
was  the  intimate  friend  of  Erafmus.  That  great  and  worthv 
man  frequently  takes  occaiion  to  exprefs  his  affedion  and 
efteem  for  his  character  and  abilities;  and  writing  to  aa 
acquaintance,  wlien  feizcd  with  an  illnefs  at  Paris,  he  pa- 
thetically laments  his  abfence  from  Linacre,  from  whofe 
fliill  and  kindnefs  he  might  receive  equal  relief.  The  fol- 
lowing epitaph,  written  by  Cams,  will  be  acceptable  to  the 
learned  reader  from  the  elegance  of  its  compofition. 

"  Thomas  Lynacrufi,  Regis  Henrici  VIII.  medicus;  viret 


with  Collet,  Lilly,   Grocin,  and  Latimer,  who  revived,  or  y  Grice  et  Latine,  atque  in   re   medica  longe  eruditifllmus. 


rather  introduced,  the  learning  of  the  ancients  in  this  ifland 

IVanflations  from  the  Greek  authors  into   Latin  were  the 

•chief  occupations  of  the  Kterati  of  thofe  times  ;   and  Linacre 

conferred  a  beneiit  on  his  profeflion,  by  trandating  fevcral 

of  the  moil  valuable  pieces  of   Galen.      Thele  were   the 

treatiles,  "  De  Sanitate  tuenda,"  in  fix  books,  which  was 

printed  at  Cambridge  in  Ijl",  and  dedicated  to  king  Henry 

VIII.;  "De  Morbis  curandis,"  in  fourteen  books,  printed 

at  Paris  in  I J26  ;   three  books,  "  De  Temperamentis,"  and 

one  "  De  insquali  Temperie,''  firft  printed  at   Cambridge    juxta    charus :    aliquot  annos  anteqviam  obierat   Preibvtej- 

in   1521,  and  infcribcd  to  pope  Leo  X.;    "  De  naturali- 

biis  Eacultatibus,'"   three  books,   together  with  one  book 


Multos  sEtate  fua  hnguentes,  et  qui  jam  anim.a.m  defponde- 
rant,  vits  reflituit.  Multa  GiiL-n:  opera  in  Latinam  iin- 
guam,  mira  et  fingulari  tacundia,  vertit.  Egregium  opu» 
de  emendata  ftrudura  Latir.i  iVrmonis,  amicorum  ro-Tatu, 
paulo  aute  mortem  edidit.  Medicinj;  ftudioiis  Oxor.U 
publicas  leCliones  duas,  Cantahrigiif  unam,  in  perpetuunt 
ilabilivit.  In  hac  urhe  Collegium  Medicorum  fieri  fua  111- 
dutlria  curavit,  cujus  et  Pr.i'lidens  proximus  electus  eit. 
Fraudes  dolofque   mire    perol'us  ;    fidus  amicis ;    omr.ibut 


■*•  De  pulfuum  Ufu,"  the  firll  time  of  printing,   which  is 

unknown,  but  they  were  reprinted  by  ColiVixus  in  1528,  as 

•*ell  as  his  poilhumous  tranflation  of  the  four  books  "  De 

Morborum  Syniptoniatibus."       In    thefe  verfions  Linacre 

exhibited  a  Latin  llyle  fo  pure  and  elegant,  as  ranked  him 

among  the  fiiietl  writers  of  his  age  ;  it  was  laboured,  indeed, 

\v\\.\i  that  folicitude  of  correctnei'i,  which  befpoke  a  Latinill 

fornii-d  in  tlie  Italian  fchool  of  that  time.     His  friend  Eraf- 

inns  defcrjbes  him  as  "  Vir  non  exaCti  tantura,  fed  feveri 

judicii ;"  and  Huet,  in  his  learned  treatii'e  "  De  claris  In- 

ierpretatoribus,"  gives  him  the  praife  of  extraordinary  elc- 

Vui,.  XXI. 


faftus  ;  plenus  annis,  ex  hac  vita  migravit,  multum  deiide- 
ratus,  anno  1524,  die  21  Octobris.  Vivit  pyil  funers 
virtus.  Thorns  Linacro  clariffirao  Medico,  Joliannes  Caiui 
pofuit,  anno  IJ57.  See  Aikin's  Biog.  Memoirs  of  Med. 
Freind's  Hill,  of  Phyfic.     Gen.  Biog. 

LINAGROSTIS,  in   Botany,    from  \l^o■^,  iir^aj,   and 
ayfT'''.  grafi,  the  old  name  of  the  Cottun-gral's.  See  Emo- 

PUOBUM. 

LINAilES,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Jaen,  fix  leagues  from  tlie  Sierra  Iktoreiia  ;  only  re- 
markable for  a  fountain  with  many  jets,  and  the  remains  of 
a  Roman  aqueduct,  by  which  water  was  conveyed  to  the 
actieat  Calldo,  now  Cazlona.  in  the  neigbourhood  are 
!•  »ery 


L  1  N 

tery  rich  lead  mines,  and  one  of  a  fcmi-mctal,  with  which  tRe 
emerald  tint  is  given  to  porcelain.  Two  leagues  from  this 
town  there  is  a  filver  mine,  lamous  in  the  time  of  the 
Carthaginians,  which  belonged  to  the  beautiful  Himilci, 
■wife  of  Aidriibal.  The  Romans  alfo  worked  this  mine. 
It  has  a  (haft  2000  feet  deep,  into,  which  numcro'is  gal- 
leries open.  It  was  long  negleclcd  ;  but  re-opened  in  the 
T7th  century,  when  a  vein  of  filver  was  found  five  feet 
broad  :  however,  it  has  fince  been  difregarded.  It  be- 
longs to  the  town  of  Baeza. 

LINARIA,  in  Botany,-  fo  called  from  having  the  habit 
and  foliage  of  L'murn,  or  Max,  is  tlie  Toad-flax.  (See  An- 
TIRRIUNUM.)  The  French  b-.!lanills  are  partial  to  the  name, 
though  certauilv  none  of  the  hell  ;  and  as  they  divide  the 
genus,  retain  J.klirrh'mum  for  fiicli  t'pecics  only  as  iiave  no 
fpur. 

LiNAUiA,  in  Ornhl.'.hj^y.      See  iMiiNOii.LA  and  Linnet. 

LIN  A  R  YD,  in  Gtography,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Smahnd  ;    1 1  miles  S.S.E.  of  Wexio. 

LINATO,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  department  of  the 
Olona,  on  the  Lambro  ;  5  miles  S.E.  of  Milan. 

LINBO,  a  fmall  illand  in  the  Adriatic.  N.  lat.  44  37'. 
E.lone.  54   57'. 

LINCH-Clout,  in  yirliHery,  ihe  flat  iron  under  the  ends 
of  the  arms  of  an  axle-tree,  to  llrengthen  them,  and  dimi- 
nilli  the  friftion  of  the  wheels.      See  Cloi'I'.s. 

LlNCil-P/n,  in  Rural  Economy,  the  fmall  pin,  in  carts  or 
ether  carriages,  that  is  put  upon  the  end  of  tlie  axle-trees, 
to  confine  the  wheels  on  them  in  a   Heady   manner.      See 

LlS:iPIN<i. 

LINCfiANCHIA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Mexico, 
in  the  province  of  Yucatan  ;   25  miles  N.  of  Mcrida. 

LINCKIA,  \n  Botany,  fo  called  by  Michcli,  in  honour 
ef  John  Henry  Liiick,  an  apothecary  at  Lciplic,  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Londuii,  who  died  in  1734,  at  the  age 
cf  60.  He  wrote  an  account  of  the  coffee-tree,  from  one 
which  flowered  in  a  garden  near  hi'  refidencc,  in  1724,  and 
his  treatife  may  be  feen  in  the  Ephennrides  of  the  Acad. 
Naturi  Curioforum,  v.  1.  204.  He  is  alfo  the  author  of  a 
fplendid  work  in  folio,  on  the  fpecies  of  Star-filh,  j^Jlenas. 
The  plant  to  which  Miclieli  has  given  his  name,  fee  Mich. 
Gen.  126.  t.  67,  is  Tremel/a  Nojloc  of  Linnjeus,     See  TuE- 

MEI.LA. 

LINCOLN,  an  ancient  city  in  the  county  of  that  name, 
England,  and  a  place  of  confiderablc  importance  in  the  cc- 
cleliailical  and  military  annals  of  the  kingdom,  is  Angularly 
fituatcd  on  the  top  and  fide  of  an  eminence,  which  (lopes 
■with  a  deep  defcent  to  the  fouth,  wh;-re  the  river  VVitham 
runs  at  its  bafe.  A  large  portion  of  the  city,  or  rather 
fuburbs,  extend-.,  in  a  long  llreet,  from  the  foot  of  the  hill 
10  the  fouth.  On  the  northern  fide  of  it,  without  the  walls, 
is  another  fuburb,  called  Newport,  fnppofed  to  have  been 
an  outwork  of  the  Roman  (lation.  Camden,  and  fonie 
ether  antiquaries,  ftate,  that  this  place  was  occupied  as  a 
ftation,  or  itrong  hold,  by  the  Briton."!,  anterior  to  the  Ro- 
man  colonization  of  the  ifland  ;  and  that  then  it  bore  the 
name  of  "  Lindcoit,  from  the  woods  (for  which  fome  co- 
pies have,  corruptly,  Lintcoit)."  By  Ptolemy  and  Anto- 
jiinus  the  name  of  the  place  is  written  Lind'.tm  ;  and,  from 
having  the  privilege  of  a  colony,  it  was  called  Linduin  colo- 
jiia.  As  a  military  Itation,  occupied  by  a  ailony  of  Romans, 
it  mud  have  been  a  place  of  fome  extent  and  confequence. 
This  is  evident  from  the  veftiges  that  remain,  and  from  the 
■various  difcoverie=  that  have  been  made  at  different  periods. 
The  form  of  the  fortified  Ration  was  that  of  a  parallelogram, 
divided  into  four  equal  parts  by  two-  ftreets,  which  croffed  it 


LIN 

atfight  angles.     At  the  extremities  of  thefe  were  four  forti- 
fied gates,    nearly   facing  the    four    cardinal    points.     The 
whole  was  encompaffed    by    an  embattled  wall,  which,  011 
three  fides,  was  flanked  by  a  deep  ditch,  but  on  the  fouth 
fide   the   lleepnefs   of  the   hill   rendered  a  fofs   nnneceffary. 
The  area,  thus   inclofed,  was  about   1300  feet  in  length  by 
1200  in  breadlh,  and  is  ellimated  to  have  contained  thirty- 
eight  acres.     The  walls  have  been  levelled  with  the  ground  ; 
and  three  of  the  gales  have  been  long  fince  demohlhed.  The 
remaining  eate,  to  the  north,  which  is  called  Newport  gate, 
is  deleribed  by  Dr.  Stukeley  as  "  the  noblcff  remnant  of  this 
fort  in  Britain,  as  far  as   I  know  ;''  and  he  expreffes  much 
furprile,  that  it  had  not  "been  taken  notice  of"  before  his 
time.  The  great  or  central  ^lateway  has  a  femi-circular  arch, 
fixteefi  feet  in  diameter,  formed  with  twenty-fix  large  Hones, 
apparently  without  mortar.  Tlieheight  is  twenty-two  feet  ar.d 
a  lialf,  of  which  eleven  are  buried  beneath  the  ground.      On 
each  fide  of  the  arch  are  feven  courfes  of  horizontal  (lones> 
called  fpringers,  lome  of  wiiieli  are  from  fix  to  feven  feet  in 
length.     On  each  fide  of  the  arch  are  tv.  o  fmall  lateral  door- 
ways or  pofterns.     A  mafs  of  the  old  Roman   wall    is   ffill 
to  be  feen  eaftward  of  this  gate  ;  and  to  the  weft  is  another 
large  mafs,  called  the  mint-wall,  which  was    about   fixteen 
feet   high  and  forty  feet  long,  and    had    fcaftold-holes  and 
marks  of  arches.     Mr.  Gough   fnppofed  this  to  be  part  of 
a  Roman  granary.    Southward  of  the  Itation  above  deftribed^ 
were  other    Roman  works,  which   extended  from  the  brow 
to  the  bottom  of  tlie  hill.     It  appears  that  a  fortified  wall, 
with  towers    at  the  corners,  continued  from  the  top  to  the 
bottom  of  the  hill,  where   it  turned  at   right  angles  by  the 
fide  of  the  river.     Thefe  fortitications  undcnvent  feveral  al- 
terations and  additions,  during  ih^  various  wars  to  which  t!ie 
place  was  fubjefted.     Hence  it  i-  very  difficult,  if  not  wholly 
impoffible,  to  define  what  is  really  of  Roman  origin,  or   of 
Saxon  or  Norman   workmanflii]).      It  is  equally  perplexing 
to    ifcertain   the  time  of  efhibliffiing   the   firlt  colony  here 
forming   the  ftation,  building   the  walls,  or  extending    the 
city.      Various    coins  and    other   remains  of  antiquity  have 
been    difcovered    here.      In    1739,  three  (lone    coffins  were 
found  at  the  loutk  weft  corner  of  the  clofe,  near  theChec-- 
quer  gate.      Beneath  thefe  was  a  teflellatcd  pavement,  and 
under  that   a   Roman   h\  pocauit.     A  fimilar  difcovery  was 
made  in  1782.   In  the  tenth  volume  of  the  Archaeologia  is  a 
delcripticn  of  an  ancient  place  of  fepultuie,  difcovered  in  an 
open  field,  half  a  mile   from    the  eaft  gate    of  the    ancient 
Lindum.   In  1790  was  found,  abo.it  three  or  four  feet  belo\ir 
the  furface,  a  very  curious  fepulchral  monument,  evidently 
Roman,  and   of  fome   perfon  of  high   rank.      Many   frag- 
ments of  antiquity  were  preferved  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Gordon, 
the  precentor  of  the  cathedral,  who  gives  an  account  of  fe- 
veral earthen  and  glais    urns,  which  were  difcovered  in  the 
fame  field,  fome  of  which  were  of  fingular  (liape.      He  alfo  • 
delcribts  a  room,  twenty  feet  by  fixteen,  which  was  difco- 
vered in  a  quarry.     The  fame  field   having  been  broken  up 
for  the  purpofes  of  quarrying,  feveral  i-.one   coffins  of  va- 
rious  fliapes   have  at  dKferent   times   been   difcovered  in  the 
loofe  ground,  which   covers   a   fubftratiim  of  rock.     From 
thefe,  and  from  other   cfrcumftances,  it  is  highly   probable 
th.1t  this  was  a  Roman  burial-ground. 

Soon  after  the  Romans  quitted  the  ifla'id,  Lincoln,  in 
common  with  other  places  of  confequence,  (hared  in  the 
general  calamities  which  cnfued  by  the  incurfions  of  the 
Pifts',  Saxons,  and  Danes.  At  what  period  the  Saxons  firft 
poffeffed  themfelves  of  this  city  does  not  appear  in  hilloi^' : 
but  early  in  the  fixth  century  we  find  Arthur,  king  of  Bri- 
tain, obtaining  great  advantage*  over  the  combined  ferccs  of 

li  tke 


LINCOLN. 


t!ie  two  Saxon  chiefs,  Colgem  and  CerJic,  and  compelling 
them  to  relinquilh  the  fiege  of  Lincoln.  In  thofe  ftrugjrics 
the  old  town  was  nearly  dellroyed,  and,  as  Leland  fiippofes, 
'"  new  Lincoln  was  made  out  of  a  piece  of  old  Lincoln.'' 
The  Saxons,  for  their  better  fecurity,  fortitied  the  fouthern 
part  of  the  hill  with  ditches  and  ramparts,  walled  the  town, 
and  erecled  gates.  At  the  time  of  the  Norman  conqueft, 
Lincoln  appears  to  have  been  one  of  the  richeft  and  moll 
populous  cities  in  England  :  and  of  great  importance  as  an 
emporium  of  trade  and  commerce.  The  Domefday  Survey 
mentions  1070  manfions,  900  burgeffes,  and  12  lagemen, 
having  fac  and  foke.  On  the  acceffion  ot  the  Conqueror  to 
the  throne,  he  ordered  four  ftrong  callles  to  be  built  ;  of 
which  one  was  to  be  at  Lincoln.  In  confeqoence  of  this,  a 
large  and  flrong  calUe  was  erected  on  the  ridge  of  the  hill, 
on  which  this  city  was  fitiiated.  The  building  was  644  yards 
in  circumference,  and  occupied  the  fpace  on  which  it  is  af- 
ferted  that  166  houfcs  had  flood  ;  74  more  were  at  the  fame 
timedemolifhed  without  the  limits,  that  the  whole  might  be 
iufiilated.  In  the  reign  of  Henry  I.  a  navigable  canal  was 
made,  or  enlarged,  from  the  river  Witham  at  Lincoln  to  the 
Trent  nearTorkfey  ;  and  was  ])robably  the  firll  canal  of  the 
fort  ever  made  in  England.  This  was  about  feven  miles  in 
length,  and  is  at  prefeiit  called  the  Fofs  dyke.  By  this  a 
communica'ion  was  formed  with  the  Trent,  and  down  that 
by  the  Humber  to  the  fea.  Being  thus  acceilible  for  foreign 
TciFels,  and  having  alfo  the  advantage  of  an  inland  naviga- 
tion, the  city  became  populous  and  wealthy  ;  and,  accord- 
ing to  Alexander  Necham,  a  poet  of  that  age,  "  Lincoln 
was  now  ftored  with  good  things,  and  became  the  fiipport  of 
the  neighbouring  country."  At  this  period,  it  appear";  to 
have  polfeffed  a  large  (hire  of  the  import  and  export  trade 
of  the  kingdom.  When,  in  the  year  1140,  the  emprefs 
Maud  came  to  England  to  affert  her  title  to  the  crown,  (lie 
took  up  her  refidence  at  Lincoln,  as  a  place  of  fafety,  and 
conveniently  fituated  for  communication  with  her  friends. 
Stephen  hearing  of  it  marched  quickly  thither,  clofcly  hr,- 
fieged  the  city,  and  took  it  :  but  the  emprefs  had  efcaped. 
Tke  king,  having  poflefTed  himfclf  of  the  city,  appeafed  the 
tumults  of  the  neighbourhood,  and  tinding  the  country 
quiet,  left  a  garrifon,  and  proceeded  to  his  armv,  afting  in 
other  parts  of  the  kingdom.  During  the  conteft  between 
the  emprefs  and  Stephen,  Lincoln  acquired  great  notoriety  ; 
and  thence  obtained  a  degreeof  confcquence  in  the  ellimation 
of  future  monarchs.  After  Henry  II.  had  been  crowned  in 
London,  he  was  afterwards,  according  to  Speed,  crowned 
at  Lincoln  in  the  year  il)5.  We  find  this  city  and  its 
caftle  materially  concerned  in  the  contentions  between  king 
.Tohn  and  the  affociated  barons.  The  caftle  and  bail  of  Lin- 
coln appear  to  have  continued  in  the  occupation  of  the  crown 
till  the  time  of  Edward  I.,  when  Henry  de  Lacy  died 
feifed  of  them,  and  they  paffed,  with  other  parts  of  his  in- 
heritance, to  the  earl  of  Lincoln,  and  fo  became  annexed 
to  the  duchy  of  Lancaller.  John  of  Gaunt,  duke  of  that 
palatinate,  greatly  improved  the  caftle,  and  made  it  his  fum- 
mer  reiidence  ;  having,  according  to  a  local  tradition,  built 
himfelf  a  winter  palace  below  the  hill,  in  the  (otithern 
fubmbs.  Several  parliaments  were  held  at  Lincoln  in  the 
reigns  of  Edward  I.  II.  and  III.  In  the  year  1348,  the 
contrafted  fpirit  of  monopoly  fo  far  prevailed  here,  againft 
the  acta  of  parliament  paffed  in  the  years  l,?^^  and  i  ^37,  and 
the  king's  refolutions  to  folier  the  woollen  manufaftures, 
that  the  weavers  of  Lincoln  obtained  a  grant  from  Ed- 
ward III.,  of  what  they  confidered  and  called  their  A'^^rtoj. 
By  this  charter  they  were  iuvefted  with  the  power  of  de- 
priviHg  any  weaver  not  of  their  guild,  of  the  privilege  of 
■working  at  his  trade  within  twelve  leagues  of  the  city.  This 


and  other  fimilar  monopolies  were  abolidied  in  ijyi,  by  an 
adt  called  the  Statute  nf  Ch/ths.  In  the  following  year,  the 
ftaple  of  wool  was  removed  from  Flanders  to  England  ;  and 
Lincoln  was  one  of  the  ftaple  towns  appointed  on  that  occa- 
fion.  It  was  alfo  made  a  ftaple  for  leather,  lead,  and  various 
other  articles.  This  proved  highly  beneficial  to  the  place, 
for  it  thereby  recovered  from  the  lolTes  it  had  fuftaindd  by 
military  ravages,  and  was  foon  reftored  to  a  flourifhing  con- 
dition. At  the  commencement  of  hoftilities  between 
Charles  I.  and  his  parliament,  the  king  came  to  Lincoln, 
and  convened  the  nobility  and  freeholders  ef  the  county.    , 

The  diocefe  of  Lincoln,  after  the  fee  was  removed  from 
Sidnacefter,  foon  acquired  a  vaft  accumulation  of  territorial 
jurifdiftion  and  wealth.  It  included  fo  many  counties,  that 
it  was  defcribed  as  ready  to  fink  under  the  incumbent  weight 
of  its  own  greatncfs  ;  and  though  Henry  II.  took  out  of  it 
the  diocefe  of  Ely,  and  Henry  VIII.  thofe  of  Petei borough 
and  Oxford,  it  is  Kill  confidered  the  largeil  in  England, 
As  the  jurifdiftian  was  great,  fo,  prior  to  the  reformation, 
the  revenues  were  proportionably  abundant.  Except  the 
two  archbifhoprics,  and  thofe  termed  the  principality 
bifhoprics,  Wincheller,  Durham,  and  Ely,  no  fee  was  fo 
well  endowed,  which  was  the  reafon  that  there  is  no  record, 
prior  to  the  time  of  Elizabeth,  of  any  bifliop  of  this  fee 
having  been  tranfiated  to  another,  except  Wincheller ; 
though  fince  that  time,  Willis  obferves,  "  no  lefs  than  ten 
out  of  feventeen  have  left  this  for  more  valuable  ones." 
Nor  was  it  lefs  remarkable  for  the  number  of  epifcopal  pa- 
laces within  the  diocefe.  Previous  to  the  year  1547,  it  had 
eight.  In  this  county,  Lincoln,  Sleaford,  and  Nettleham  ; 
in  Rutlandfliire,  Ledington  ;  in  Huntingdonfhire,  Buckden, 
the  ufual  refidence  of  the  bilhops ;  in  Buckinghamfhire, 
Woburii  and  Finghuril ;  in  Oxfordftiiro,  Banbury  Cattle  : 
there  were  alfo  two  others  at  Newark  in  Nottinghamlhire  ; 
and  Lincoln  Place,  Chancery  Lane,  London.  All  thefe, 
except  that  at  Lincoln,  with  about  thirty  manors,  were 
given  up,  in  the  firll  year  of  Edward  VI.,  by  Holbech,  the 
firft  married  biihop  ;  who,  in  order  to  gratify  the  wifhes  of 
fonie  co'jrtiers,  and  to  raife  his  own  family,  exchanged  al- 
moil  every  fpecies  of  landed  property  annexed  to  the  lee  for 
impropriations  ;  fo  that  now  only  four  manors  remain  of  the 
anciei.t  demefnes.  The  prefent  revenues,  therefore,  prin- 
cipiliy  arife  from  reftorial  property  or  tythes. 

The  cathedral  is  not  only  the  ir.oft  prominent  objeft  of 
this  city,  but  is  the  moft  interefting  as  a  fubjeft  of  hifiory, 
ar.tiquity,  and  art.  This  magnificent  ftruClure,  trom  its 
fituation  on  the  fummit  of  a  lull,  and  from  the  fiat  ftate  of 
the  country  to  the  fouth-eall  and  fouth-welt,  may  be  feea 
at  the'diftance  of  twenty  miles.  Railed  at  a  vail  expence, 
by  the  munificence  of  feveral  prelates,  it  difcovejrs,  in  many 
parts,  fingular  ficill  and  beauty,  particularly  in  its  weftern 
front,  which  muft  attracl  the  attention  of  every  traveller. 
The  fee  being  tranflated  from  Dorchefter  to  Lincoln  in 
1088,  St.  Remigius  de  Fefcamp,  the  firft  bilhop,  founded 
a  cathedral  church,  which  was  fo  far  advanced  in  the  courfe 
of  four  years  as  to  be  ready  for  confccratiou.  All  the 
bifhops  of  England  were  fumraoned  to  attend  on  that  occa- 
fion.  Remigius  died  two  days  before  the  intended  folem- 
nity.  His  fuccelTor,  Robert  Bloet,  finilhed  the  cathedral, 
dedicated  it  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  and  greatly  enriched  it. 
In  his  time,  the  biftiopric  of  Ely  was  taken  out,  and  made 
independent  of  that  of  Lincoln.  The  cathedral,  having 
been  doftroyed  by  fire  in  1 1  44,  was  rebuilt  by  Alexander 
de  Blois,  then  bifhop,  ^\h()  arched  the  new  fabric  with  Hone, 
to  prevent  a  recurrence  of  a  fimilar  accident  ;  and  gr-ratly  in- 
creafed  the  fize  and  au^jmented  the  ornaments  of  it,  lo  as  to 
render  it  the  moll  magnificent  facred  edilice  in  his  time. 
I..  2  Biftiop 


LINCOLN. 


BilTiop  Hugh  Biirgundus  enlarjjcd  it  by  the  ereftion  of 
what  is  now  called  the  New  Work.  He  alfo  built  the 
chapter  houl'e.  This  prelate  died  in  woo.  Two  kings 
(John  of  England  and  William  of  Scotland)  alfillcd  to 
carry  his  body  to  the  cathedral,  whore  it  was  cnfhrincd  in 
frivcr,  acconlinjT  to  Stnkcdey  ;  but  Sandcrfon  fays  the  Ihrine 
was  of  beaten  gold,  litlli'ip  Gyncwell  added  to  the  cathe- 
dral  the  chapel  of  St.  M;iVy  Ma^'dalen.  Bilhop  I-l.-niing 
built  a  chapel  on  the  north  lide,  in  which  lie  was  buriid  :  on 
liis  monument  is  his  figure  in  free-ftone,  pontifically  habited. 
Bifhop  AInwiek  was  a  conlldorable  benefaftor  to  the  cathe- 
dral, and  built  the  llately  porch  at  the  great  fouth  door. 
Bifnops  Jlufil'll  and  I.ongland  built  two  chapels :  to  both 
thefe  prelates  are  altar-tombs,  though  the  latter  was  interred 
at  Eton. 

The  cathedral  church  confifts  of  a  nave,  with  its  aides; 
a  tranlcpt  at  the  well  end  ;  and  two  other  tranf^pts,  one 
rear  the  centre,  and  the  other  towards  the  calKrn  end  ; 
alfo,  a  choir  and  chancel,  with  their  aides,  of  correfponding 
.height  and  width  with  the  nave  and  ailles.  The  great  traii- 
fept  has  a  nave  towards  the  call :  attached  to  the  wellern 
Me  of  this  tranfept  is  a  gallilee,  or  grand  porch  ;  and  on 
the  fouthern  fide  of  the  callern  aide  are  two  oratories,  or 
private  chapel"^  ;  while  the  northern  fide  has  one  of  nearly 
Similar  (hape  and  charafter.  Branching  from  the  northern 
fide  are  the  cloillcrs,  which  communicate  with  the  chapter- 
houfe.  The  church  is  ornamented  with  three  towers  ;  one 
at  the  centre,  and  two  at  the  weftern  end  :  tliefe  are  lofty, 
and  are  decorated  with  varied  tracery,  pillars,  pilafters,  win- 
dows. Sec.  The  dimenlions  of  the  whole  ll/uiture,  ac- 
cording t«  the  accurate  mealiirements  of  Mr.  T.  Efpin  of 
Louth,  are  as  folbw  :  the  height  of  the  two  weitern  towers 
j8o  feet.  Previous  -to  the  year  iSoS,  each  of  thefe  was 
furmouiited  by  a  central  fpire  loi  feet  high.  The  great 
tower  in  the  centre  of  the  church,  from  the  top  of  the  corner 
pinnacle  to  the  ground,  is  ;oo  feet ;  its  width  53  feet. 
Extsrior  length  of  the  church,  with  its  buttrelTes,  524  feet  ; 
interior  length,  482  feet ;  width  of  weftern  front,  174  feet; 
exterior  length  of  great  tranfept,  250  feet  ;  interior,  222; 
width,  66  ;  the  leffer  or  ealtern  tranfept  170  feet  in  length, 
44  in  width,  including  the  fide  chapels ;  width  of  the  ca- 
thedral, 80  feet  ;  height  of  the  vaulting  of  the  nave,  80 
feet.  The  chapter-houfe  is  a  decagon,  and  meafures,  in- 
terior diameter,  60  feet  6  inches.  The  cloillers  meafure 
118  feet  on  the  north  and  foutli  fides,  and  91  on  the  callern 
and  weftern  fides.  The  grand  wellern  front,  wherein  the 
preatefl  variety  of  llyles  prevails,  is  certainly  the  workman- 
fhip  of  three,  if  not  more,  dillindk  and  dillant  eras.  This 
portion  of  the  fabric  conlills  of  a  large  fquare-lhaped  facade  ; 
the  whole  of  which  is  decorated  with  door-ways,  windows, 
arcades,  niches,  &c.  It  has  a  pediment  in  the  centre,  and 
two  oftangular  ftair-cafe  turrets  at  the  extreme  angles,  fur- 
,  mounted  by  plain  fpirc-ftiaped  pinnacles.  'J'he  upper  tran- 
lept  and  the  choir  appear  the  next  in  point  of  d?,te.  Tliefc 
arc  in  the  ft»arp-poinled  llyle;  and  their  architecture  is  very 
irregular,  having  pillars  \^•ith  detached  diafts  of  Purbeck 
marble,  in  different  forms,  bnt  all  very  light  :  thofe  on  the 
fides  of  the  choir  have  been  llrengthened.  The  vaulting  is 
j^cncrally  fimple  ;  the  ribs  of  a  few  groins  only  have  a  fli- 
rted moulding.  A  double  row  of  arches  or  arcades,  one 
placed  before  the  other,  is  continued  round  the  inlide  of  the 
aiftes,  beneath  the  lower  tier  of  windows.  The  windows, 
which  are  lofty  and  narrow,  are  placed  two  or  three  to- 
jcther ;  the  greater  buttrelTes  in  front  are  ornamented  in  a 
firgular  manner  with  detached  fhafts,  terminating  in  ricK 
foliage.  This  part  of  the  fabric  was  probably  built  by 
'ki^y  St.  Hugh.     The  great  tranlept,  {lie  gallilee  porch, 


and  the  veftry,  are  nearly  of  the  fame,  but  in  a  later  Rytr. 
The  vcilry  is  vaulted,  the  groining  having  ftrotig  ribs  ;  and 
beneath  it  is  a  rrypt  with  groiii>-,  converging  into  pointed' 
arches.  The  nave  and  central  tower  wire  next  reliullt,  pro- 
bably  begun  by  bifhop  Hugh  de  Welle.';,  as  the  llyle  of 
their  architertnre  is  that  of  the  latter  part  of  the  rei-n  of 
.lolin,  or  the  beginning  of  Henry  111.  Part  of  the  great 
tower  was  creeled  by  bilhop  GrolUiead,  wlm  linidied  tlie 
addilrons  which  had  been  made  to  the  old  well  front.  The 
part  cxccnding  from  the  finaller  tranfept  to  the  call  end  ap- 
pears to  have  been  built  by  bidiops  Gravefend,  Sutton,  and 
D'Aldeiby,  about  the  conclulioii  of  the  thirteenth,  or  com- 
mencement of  the  fourteenth  century.  The  latter  prelate 
built  the  upper  llory  of  the  rood  tower,  and  added  a  lof'y 
fpire,  wliich  was  conllrucled  of  timber,  and  covered  with 
lead.  Tliis  was  blown  down  in  a  violent  llorm  in  the  yc.r 
I  ^47  ;  and  the  damagrs  then  fuilained  were  not  wliolly  re- 
paired till  17-5.  That  nothing  might  be  wanting  to  render 
this  church  as  fplendid  in  its  furniture  as  it  was  elegant  in 
its  workmanlhip,  it  received  the  moll  lavifh  donations.  So 
fumptuoudy  was  it  fupplied  wi;h  rich  duines,  jewels,  &c. 
that,  Dugdalc  informs  U6,  Henry  VI H.  took  away  2621 
ounces  of  gold,  and  4285  ounces  of  diver,  beiides  precious 
flones  of  great  value.  This  cathedral  had  formerly  a  great 
number  of  coftly  fepultures  and  monumental  records  :  of 
many,  not  a  veitige  remains ;  nor  are  the  places  knov.ii 
where  they  ftood.  At  the  Reformation,  what  the  ravages 
of  time  had  left,  the  zealots  pulled  down  or  defaced  ;  !o 
that,  at  the  clofe  of  the  year  1 548,  there  was  fcarcely  a 
perfect  tomb  remaining.  .'\uior.g  the  illuilrious  ))erloin 
who  were  buried  here,  and  had  monuments  ereC^a-d  to  their 
memory,  were  Catherine  Swinford,  wife  of  John  of  Gaunt, 
duke  of  Lancafter ;  Joan,  countcfs  of  Weftmoreland,  their 
daughter;  and  Bartholomew,  lord  Burgherfh,  brother  to 
the  bilhop  of  that  name.  Many  of  the  bifhops  were  in- 
terred here. 

On  the  north  fide  of,  and  connefted  with,  the  cathedral 
are  the  cloiftcrs,  of  which  only  three  fides  remain  in  the  ori- 
ginal  ftate.  Attached  to  the  eaftern  fid'^  is  the  chapter- 
houfe,  a  lofty  elegant  ftructure.  It  forms  a  decagon,  the 
groined  roof  of  wliich  is  fupported  by  an  umbilical  pillar, 
confining  of  a  circular  Ihaft,  with  ten  fmall  fiuted  columns 
attached  to  it ;  having  a  band  in  the  centre,  with  foliated 
capitals.  One  of  the  ten  lides  forms  the  entrance  :  in  the 
otiier  lides  are  nine  windows,  having  pointed  arches  with 
two  lights  each.  Over  the  north  lide  of  the  cloiftert  is  the 
library,  which  contains  a  large  colleclion  of  books,  and 
fome  curious  fpeciniens  of  Roman  antiquities.  It  was  built 
by  dean  Honey  wood. 

Beiides  monafteries,  nunneries,  and  other  edifices  for  pious 
ufes,  I.,incoln  had  formerly  more  than  fifty  churches.  Ele- 
ven onlr,  exclufive  of  the  cathedral,  now  remain;  and  fcarcely 
any  of  them  merit  a  particular  dclcrijjtim.  Tluife  molb 
worthy  of  notice  are,  St.  Dcnnct's,  St.  Mary  de  Wigford's, 
and  St.  Peter's  at  Gowts  :  thefe  have  loity  fquare  towers  in 
the  Norman  ftvle.  St.  I'etcr's  is  a  very  ancient  itruclure, 
and  appears  to  have  been  the  chapel  of  fome  religious  houfe, 
of  which  the  remains  are  extant.  The  places  of  wordiip  for 
the  different  denominatious  of  Diflenters,  are,  one  for  Ro- 
man Catholics,  one  for  Independent  Baptills,  one  for  Pref- 
byterians,  and  one  for  Methodifts. 

The  number  of  paridies  within  the  city  is  twelve,  which, 
with  the  four  towndiips  within  its  iurifdiction,  make  fixteen. 
TluTe,  according  to  the  government  furvey  in  the  year  i8co, 
contained  1574  houfes,  which  were  inhabited  by  739S  per- 
fons.  Many  of  the  honfesare  nld,  but  there  are  fome  very 
good  buildings,  both  upoa  and  below  the  iiilL     The  city 


LINCOLN. 


hit  of  Jate  been  confiderably  improved,  by  making  a  new 
road,  paving  the  footways,  and  erecting  a  new  market 
place. 

Lincoln  has  an  extenfive  trade  in  corn  and  wool,  of  which 
great  quantities  are  exported  into  York.(hi4-e,  by  veffcls 
which  obtain  a  back  freightage  of  coals  and  other  neceffary 
articles  for  the  life  of  the  interior.  This  city  is  a  county  of 
itfclf,  having  f'.ibjeft  to  it  four  townftiips  in  the  vicinity, 
])racebridge,  Caiiwick,  Branllon,  and  Waddiiigton,  called 
the  "  Liberty  of  Lincoln.''  This  privilege  wis  conferred  in 
the  third  year  of  George  I.  ;  and  in  official  acts  it  is  deno- 
minated, "  The  Citv  and  County  of  the  City  of  Lincoln." 
Its  vifcountial  jurifdicliion  extends  twenty  miles  round  ;  a 
privilege  unequalled  by  that  of  any  city  in  the  kingdom. 
In  the  26th  year  of  Edward  L  A.  D.  129S,  WiUielmua 
Difney  and  Johannes  Marmion  were  fummorted  to  parlia- 
ment an  its  tirll  reprefentatives.  In  the  hillory  of  the  bo- 
rougiis  of  Great  Britain,  it  is  faid,  "  This  city  had  fum- 
mons,  with  London  and  York,  to  fend  members  to  parlia- 
ment, the  forty-ninth  of  Henry  III."  The  right  of  eleition 
is  coniidered  to  be  in  the  freemen,  and  the  number  of  voters 
is  about  eleven  hundred.  The  political  influence,  though  by 
no  means  abfolutc,  is  pofTefTed  by  lord  Delaval,  who  has  a 
feat  at  Doddington,  in  the  neighbourhood.  The  civil  go- 
vernment of  Lincoln  is  veiled  in  a  corporation,  confilting  of 
a  mayor,  twelve  alder:nen,  two  fherifls,  twenty-eight  com- 
mon-coancilmen,  and  four  chamberlains  ;■  witli  a  recorder, 
deputy  recorder,  lleward  of  the  courts  of  borough-mote, 
a  town-clerk,  four  coroners,  four  ferjeants  of  the  key,  or 
bailiffs,  and  other  inferior  officers.  The  city  was  incorpo- 
rated fo  early  as  the  feventh  year  of  Edward  II.  ;  Henry 
Bell  being  then  th;  lirll  mayor.  Leland,  in  his  defcription 
of  Lincoln,  enumerates  live  "  Gates  in  t'le  waulles  of 
the  citie,"  and  obferves,  "  It  is  eafy  to  be  perceived,  that 
the  towne  ot  Lincoln  hath  been  notably  builded  at  three 
tymes." 

Of  the  callle,  built  by  the  Conqueror,  little  now  re- 
mains ;  and  the  area  is  occupied  bv  buildings  appropriated 
to  ufes  of  the  municipal  power.  The  few  remaining  velliges 
convey  the  fame  idea  of  original  Norman  architedture  as 
tliat  of  York,  erected  nearly  at  the  fame  period.  The 
keep  was  not  included,  but  Hood  half  without  and  half 
within  the  callle  wall,  which  afcendcd  up  the  flopcs  of  the 
hill,  and  joined  the  great  tower.  This  being  fituated  on  a 
high  artificial  mo-int,  it  was  equally  inaccefTible  from  within 
cr  without  t!ic  callle  area.  It  was  nearly  round,  and  covered 
tl.e  fumniit  of  the  mount.  The  walls  are  above  leven  feet 
in  thicknefs.  In  a  corner  of  the  area  is  a  curious  fmall  build- 
ing, appearing  on  tlie  outfide  like  a  tower,  called  Cob's- 
hall ;  which  Mr.  King  thinks  was  originally  ufed  as  a 
chapel. 

Few  places  in  the  kingdom  exhibit  fo  many  ancient  re- 
mains as  Lincoln.  Saxon,  Norman,  and  pomted  arches  ; 
and  door-ways  with  turrets,  walls,  mullions  of  windows, 
2nd  othyer  fragments  of  old  dilapidated  buildings,  appear  in 
'■very  direction.  Its  numerous  ciuirches  and  rehgious  lioules, 
the  velliges  of  which  occafioiially  meet  t.'ie  eye  of  tire  en- 
quiring  traveller,  arc  hig^iily  interelling  to  the  antiquary,  as 
tending  to  iiluftrate  the  progrefs  of  the  arts,  and  thehiilory 
ot  pall  ages.  The  Mint- .vail,  mentioned  by  Mr.  Gough, 
u  Hill  remaining,  and  form*  part  of  the  inclofure  .of  a 
garden. 

Checquer  gate,  at  the  weft  end  of  the  cathedral,  had  two 
gate-boufes  ;  the  wellern  one  hai  been  recently  taken  down  ; 
the  remaining  one,  to  theea.l,  has  three  ga.cvvays,  and  two  tur- 
rets between  them.  Ir.  Eailgate-llreet  are  two  very  ancient 
^tcways,  one  o£  which  is  nearly  entire.     At  the  bottom  c£ 


the  town,  near  Brayford  water,  are  remains  of  a  fort,  caiicd 
Lucy-tower.  In  the  minfter  yard  is  a  large  gateway,  witli 
grooves  for  a  portcullis.  A  large  oblong  building,  in  Broad- 
gate-ftreet,  was  appropriated  to  the  Grey  friars,  and  dill 
difplays  much  of  its  ancient  architecture  :  part  ot  this  edifice 
is  now  ufed  as  a  free-fchool,  and  the  other  part  as  a  hbrary. 
The  deanery-houfe  was  founded  by  dean,  afterwards  bifhop, 
Gravefend,  in  1254.  The  vicar's  college,  called  the  Old 
Vicars,  formed  a  quadrangle,  of  which  there  remain  only 
four  good  houfes,  inhabited  by  the  vicars.  The  bilhop's 
palace,  on  the  fouth  fide  of  the  hill,  which,  from  being 
iituated  near  the  fummit,  Leland  defcribed  as  "  hanging  in 
dechvio,"  was  built  by  bifhop  Chefney,  to  whom  the  Icite 
was  granted  by  king  Henry  II.  It  was  enlarged  by  fuc- 
ceeding  prelates,  and  was  fcarcely  exceeded  in  gr;uideur  by 
any  of  our  ancient  call!e<;.  Adjoining  to  St.  Andrew's 
church-yard  formerly  ilood  the  palace  of  the  celebrated  John 
of  Gaunt.  Oppolite  to  this  hoiife  is  a  large  building,  called 
John  of  Gaunt  s  llables.  It  was  a  large  ftrudture,  in  the 
Norman  Ityle,  and  formerly  confilled  of  a  qnandran-'le,  en- 
cloling  a  fpacious  area  ;  of  which  only  the  north  and  well 
fronts  remain.  The  Jew's  houfe,  on  the  fide  of  the  hiil,  is 
an  objed  of  great  curiolity  :  it  is  lingularly  ornamented  in 
front,  and  fome  of  its  mouldings  are  limilar  to  thofe  round 
the  well  doors  of  the  cathedral  ;  in  the  centre  of  the  front 
is  a  femicircular  arched  door-wav,  with  a  projefting  pilaller^ 
This  houfe  was  polTeffed  by  Belafet  de  Wallingford,  a  Jewefs^ 
who  was  hanged  for  clipping  in  the  iSth  of  Edward  I.  The* 
Stone-bow,  a  large  tower-gateway,  crolling  the  High-ftreet, 
is  faid  to  have  been  erected  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II.  ;  but 
the  llyle  indicates  a  later  date.  The  High-bridge,  over  the 
main  llrcam  of  the  Witham,  conlilling  of  one  arch,  is  con- 
fidered  to  be  at  leall  live  hundred  years  old.  Formerly  here- 
were  two  grammar  fchools,  one  in  the  dole,  the  other  in  the 
city :  they  were  united  in  1583.  The  principal  modern 
buildings  are,  the  market  houle,  eredled  1736  ;  the  blue- 
coat-fchool,  on  the  plan  of  Chnll's-hofpital,  London  ;  the 
county  hofpital ;  the  county  gaol,  coullruded  on  the  plaa 
of  Mr.  Howard  for  folitary  confinement ;  two  alTembly* 
rooms,  and  a  fmall  theatre. 

Among  the  dillinguilhed  natives  of  Lincoln  was  the  late- 
Dr.  'Willis,  celebrated  for  his  treatment  of  infanity,  who 
died  at  an  advanced  age  December  1S07.  Beauties  of  Eng- 
land,  vol.ix.     I'he  Hillory  of  Lincoln,  izmo.  18 10. 

Lincoln",  a  maritime  county   of  America,  in  the  Hate  of 
Maine,  boiuided  N.  by  Kennebeck  cwunty,  S.  by  the  ocean^ 
E.  by  Hancock   county,  and  \V.  by  that   of  Cumberland. 
The  i'ea-coail  extends  from  that  part  of  Fenobfcot  bay,  op- 
polite  to  Deer  illand  callward,  to   Cape  Small-point   well- 
ward.     The   lea-coall    of  the  counties  of  Cumberland  and 
Lincoln  is  ico  miles  in  extent,  meafured  in  a  llraight  line^ 
but    faid  to  be  above  200  by  the  courfe  of  the  waters.     It 
abounds    with  fate    and  commodious  harbours  j   and    the 
whole  fhore  is  covered  by  a  line  of  illands,  among  which 
velTels  may  generally  anchor  in  fafety.      Acrol's  the  country 
there  is  a  water  communication  by  lakes,  ponds,  and  rivers, 
from  the  wllern  to  the  eallern  bounds  ;  fo  that  the  produc- 
tions of  the  country  ma)  be  conveyed  to  the  different  fea- 
ports.     The  chief  towns  are  Wifcalfet,  Waldoborough,  and 
Warren.— Aifo,  a  county  of  Upper  Canada,  divided  into 
four  ridings  and  20  townlhips,  containing  about  Coco  inha- 
bitants, and  furnifhing  five  battalions  ot  militia.     It  is  faid 
that  ly  covered  waggons  brought   families  to  fettle    in  the 
vicinity  of  the  county  of  Lincoln,  in  June  1799.  — Alfe,  * 
county    of    Morgan    dillrid.  North  Carolina,    containing 
12,568    inhtibitants,    of    whom  1479   are    Haves.      In   this 
county  are  mineral  fprings  and  miiiei  of  iron.    The  manu- 

fadurc 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 


faftiire  of  iron  is  carried  on  in  this  county.     Tiie  chief  town  During  the  Anglo-Saxon  dominion  in  England,  Lincoln. 

is  Lincolntovvn. Alfo,  a  county    »f  Georgia,  formed   in  fliiro  was  ineorporatfd  witliin  t lie  kingdom  of  Merc;a,  which, 

I7g6,  containin'T  fcven  townnups,  and  47(16  inli^ibitanls,  in-  accordmg  to  an   old  clironicle  quoted   by  Leland,  was  then 

cludme  14^^  flaves.  —  Alfo,  a  county    of    Kentucky,  con-  divided  into  two  provnices,  nortli  and  foiith  ;  and  as  tlie  Trent 

tainin?  8c  J  J  inhabitants,  of  whom  17  JO  were  (laves.     The  was  the  line  of  feparation,   the  county  of  Lincoln  conlhtntcd 


road  from 'Danville  on  Kentucky  river  palTes  through 
fouth-wefterly,  and  over  Cumberland  mountain  to  Virginia. 
—  Alfo,  a  town  in  Mercer  county,  Kentucky,  on  the  road 
from  D?.nville  to  Virginia;  12  miles  S.  E.  of  Danville. — 
Alfo,  a  townlhip  in  Grafton  county.  New  Hampfliire,  in- 
corporated in  1764,  and  containing  41  inhabitants — Alfo, 
a  townlhip  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Addilon  county,  Vermont, 
containing  97  inhabitants. —Alfo,  a  toanfhip  in  Midd!efex 
county,  Malfachufetts,  incorporated  in  1754,  and  containing 
756  inhabitanf!  ;    16  miles  N.W.  of  Bollon. 

LINCOLNSHIi<E,  a  maritime  county  of  England, 
is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  river  Huinbcr,  which  fepa- 
rates  it  from  Yorklhire  ;  on  the  E.  by  the  German  ocean  ; 
on  the  S  by  Cambridgelliire  and  Northamptonfhire  ;  and 
on  the  W.  by  the  counties  of  Rutland.  Leicefter,  Notting- 
ham, and  York.  It  is  in  length  77  miles,  and  about  48  in 
breadth  ;  and  contained,  according  to  the  return  made  to 
parliament  m  1800,  42,489  houfcs,  inhabited  by  208,557 
perfons,  viz.  102,445  males,  and  106,112  females:  24,263 
were  Hated  to  be  employed  in  trade  and  manufafture  ;  and 
(50,584  in  agriculture.  By  a  return  to  the  houfc  of  lords 
in  1805,  the  area  of  this  county  is  Itated  to  be  27S7  fquare 
ftstute  miles,  equal  to  1,783,680  ftatute  acres  ;  the  number 
of  inhabitants  on  each  fquare  mile  75  ;  and  the  total  number 
of  perfoMS  209,025.  The  total  amount  of  the  money  railed 
by  the  poor's  rate  in  1S05  was  145,848/.  at  the  rate  of 
3.f .  y/i  m  the  pound  ;  and  the  grofs  amount  of  the  alTeirment 
under  the  property  tax  of  1806  was  2,704,736/.  The 
average  of  the  deaths  for  ten  years  appears  to  he  as  I  to  49! 
of  the  population.  Mr.  Stone,  in  his  view  of  the  agriculture 
of  this  county,  eltimatesthe  number  of  acres  at  i, $193,100  ; 
of  which  he  fuppofes  there  may  be  473,000  acres  of  mclofed, 
marfli,  aid  fen  lands,  200,000  of  commons,  wafles,  and  un- 
embanked  fait  mnrfiies,  268  000  of  common  fields,  25,000 
of  woodlands,  and  927,120  of  inclofed  upland.  Mr.  Arthur 
Young  Hates  the  area  of  this  county  at  2888  fquare  miles, 
or  1,848,320  acres;  of  which  he  fays,  the  wolds  contain, 
234,880;  the  heath  118,400;  lowland  776,960;  and  mif- 
cellaneous  foils  718,080. 

That  part  of  Britain  which  is  now  called  Lincoladiire, 
was,  anterior  to  the  Roman  conquelt,  poffelTed  by  a  clafs 
of  Britons  known  by  the  name  of  Coritaiii.  During  the 
Roman  dominion,  this  dillrift  was  included  within  the  pro- 
vince of  Britannia  prima  ;  and  was  interfefted  by  different 
roads,  occupied  by  military  llations,  and  fome  of  its  natural 
inconveniences  removed  by  Roman  fcience  and  induftry. 
The  principal  roads  were  the  Britilh  Ermin-ftreet,  afterwards 
adopted  by  the  Romans,  and  the  Fofs-way.  A.  great  work 
of  this  county,  generally  attributed  to  the  Romans,  is  the 
Car-dyke,  a  large  canal  or  drain,  which  extends  from  the 
river  Welland,  on  the  fouthern  fide  of  the  county,  to  the 
river  Witham,  near  Lincoln.  Its  channel,  for  nearly  the 
whole  of  this  courfe,  an  extent  cf  upwards  of  forty  miles,  is 
fixty  feet  in  width,  and  has  a  broad  fiat  bank  on  each  fide. 
This  great  canal  receives  from  the  hills  ail  the  draining  and 
Bowing  waters,  which  take  an  eaderly  courfe,  and  which,  but 
for  this  Catchwater  drain,  as  it  is  now  appropriately  called, 
vffould  ferve  to  inundate   the    Fens.      Several   Roman    coins 


a  conliderable   part   of  South  Mercia.     Crida  was  the  lirlt 
Mercian   fovcreign,  and   began   his  reign   in  586.     At  this 
time  Mr.  Turner,  (I-Iillory  of  the  Anglo-Saxons,)   fuppofed 
that  the  whole  illand   was  governed   by  eight  Anglo-Saxon 
monarchs  ;    whence   it    fliould    rather    be    denominated    an 
octarchy  then  an  heptarchy.     During  the   ellablilhment   of 
thcfe  petty  kingdoms,  the  Saxons  were   in  condant  warfare 
with  the  Romanized  Britons;  and  after  thefe  were  fubdued, 
the  former  were  repeatedly  embroiled  ip  conflicts  with  eaeh 
other.      In  the   riiidll  of  thele  civil  conmiotioiis  Chriltianity 
was  introduced,  and  gradually  made  its  prOt;refs  through  the 
ifland ;  giving  a  new  turn  to  human  purfuits,  and  diverting 
and    cngrofiing  the    attention    of  the   barbarous    heathens. 
Peada,  the  fon  of  Pcnda,   wa«  the   reigning  monarch  here, 
when  this  religion  was  accepted  by  the  South  Mercians  ;  he 
founded  a  monallery  at  Medeii-hamlled,  now  Peterborough. 
He  was  foon  afterwards  murdered,  as  luppofed,  by  his  wite. 
Edwin  tlij  Great,  the  Firll  Chrillian  king  of  Northumberland, 
conquered  the  counties  of  Durham,  Cliellcr,   Lancaller,  the 
Ifle  of  Man,  and  .\nglefea,  carried  his  arms  fouthward  over 
the  Trent,  and  obtained  all  the  province  of  Lindley.     Pau- 
lino';, who  converted  him  to  Chnlbanity,  preached  thegofpel 
wherever  that  king's  power  extended.      He  built  the  cathe- 
dra' of  Southwell,  a  little  wed  of  Newark,  baptized  many 
thoufands  in  the  river  Trent,  near  to  Tiovulfingaccller,  and 
converted  Blecca,  the  governor  of  Lincoln.    This  was  about 
the  year  630      The  learned  and  pious  Alklrid  kept  his  court 
at  Stamford  in  658.     After   the  death   of  Ofwy,   king  of 
Northumberland,    I'gfrid,   his   ion,    mvadcd   Wulfere,    and 
wre'.led  from  him  the  whole  pro\inceof  Lindfey  in  Lincoln- 
(hire.      I  1  677  he  erected  theepifcopal  fee  of  Sidnacelter,  in 
favour   of  EaJhed,  who   had  been    chaplain   to  his  brother 
Alkfrid,  king  of  Deira.     In  683,  Eadhed  removed  to  Ripon, 
where  he  remained  till  his  death.     The  fouth  Mercian  king- 
dom and  bilhop's  fee  being  thus  edabliflied,  but  few  public 
events  are  recorded,  till  the  incut  fioii  of  the  Danes,  who,  in 
the  year   870,  laid   vialle  great   part   of  Lincolnfliire,  and 
burned  the  monailcrics  of  Bardney,  Croyland,  and  Meden- 
hamiied,  putting  all   the  monks  to  the  fword.     After   the 
defeat  of  the  Danes  bv  Alfred,  the   fovereignty  of  Mercia 
fell  into  his  power.     He  did  not,  however,  avowedly  incor- 
porate it  with  Weflex,  but  di'.contiiiucd  its  regal  honours ; 
and  during  the  reign  of  Edward  the  Elder,  it  was  found  ue- 
cefTary  to  conilru6t  and  fortify  feveral  places  on  the  borders 
of  Mercia  joining  Northumbria,  particularly  on  the  banks 
of  the  Humber.     Mercia   was   foon  afterwards  annexed  to 
WefTex,    but  fome  places   were   ftill  held  by  the   Danes ; 
among  thefe  were  the  towns  of  .Stamford  and  Lincoln,  even 
fo  late  as   941,   when    Edmund  the    Elder  expelled    them 
hence. 

The  maritime  counties  of  England  being  more  direftly 
expofed  to  attack  from  invading  armies  av.i  piratical  plun- 
derers ;  and  in  the  early  part  of  our  civil  ellablifhments, 
being  more  populous  than  the  midland  ctuintry,  were  there- 
fore frequently  expofed  to  the  confiitls  of  warfare;  and 
hence  it  is  found  that  thele  diftrifls  abounded  with  military 
works  anc  caftlcs  or  caftellated  manlions.  Bcfides  the  per- 
manent nations  of  the  Romans  in   Lincoln  (hire,  they  threw 


have  been  found  on  the  banks  of  this  dyke.  The  whole  of  up  callrametations  in  different  places;  to  guard  the  vallies, 
tlie  prefent  county  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  named  by  the  protedt  the  great  roads,  and  detend  the  mouths  of  the  rivers. 
Romans  Linduin,  and  the  principal  ftatjon  or  town  hmdcm  In  the  continued  wars  between  the  Anglo-Saxon  kingdoms, 
coloiiia.  thele  were  again  occupied  by  the  conteniir.g  parties ;  and 

after 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 


after  tfie  Normffn  conqueit,  forr.e  of  the  moft  commanding 
were  adopted  by  the  conqueror's  captains  and  barons,  and 
then  became  heads  of  extcnfivc  'nrdflitps.  To  defcribe  or 
difcriininate  them,  is,  and  ever  will  be,  imp^ifUblc  ;  for  docu- 
ments are  w.'.nting,  and  the  innovations  of  the  latter  occu- 
piers generally  obfcured  or  annihilated  all  traces  of  their  pre- 
decefTors.  Exctufive  of  the  R:>:n;in  itaticns,  there  are 
notices  or  rcmaiT-s  of  the  following  fortifications  in  this 
county.  Encampment<;  at  or  near  Brocklefby,  Hibberfton, 
Broughton,  Roxby,  Winterton  cliffs,  Aulkboroiig-h,  Yar- 
borou^h,  South  Ormfbv,  Burwell,  Stamf>rd,  Cultle-hill 
near  GainPjorough,  Winterington,  Humiiiijton,  L'goldfby, 
Callle  Carleton,  Burgh,  Brough,  north  of  Cafton,  Barrow. 
Caftles,  or  remains  at  Horncalile,  Tatter.liiill,  a  noble  re- 
main, Bounie,  only  earth-works  remaining,  Caflor,  Somer- 
ton.  Moor  Tower,  Stamford,  Scrivelfby,  Torkfey,  a  fine 
remain,  Sleaford,  only  earth-works,  BoIIingbrook,  Lin- 
coln, with  walls  and  gates,  Folkingham,  with  large  foffa:, 
Kyrae  tower,  and  Hufl'ey  tower,  near  Boilon,  Pinchbeck,  a 
moated  manfion,  Bitham. 

According  to  the  bell  authorities,  the  cpifcopdl  fee  was 
ellabbdiedat  Lincoln  towards  the  clofe  of  the  eleventh  cen- 
tury, prsvious  to  which  era,  the  diocefe  had  confiiled  of  the 
two  Anglo-Saxon  fees  of  Dorchefter,  now  a  village  in  Ox- 
fordfhire,  and  Sidnacefler  a  place  bordering  on  the  river 
Trent.  The  diocefe  of  Lincoln  is  the  largell  in  the  whole 
kingdom,  notwithftanding  thofe  of  Oxford,  Peterborough, 
and  Ely,  have  been  taken  from  it.  It  comprehends  the 
counties  of  Lincolli,  Leicefter,  Huntingdon,  Bedford,  and 
Buckingham,  excepting  the  parifhesof  Monks,  Rifloroiigh, 
and  Halton,  which  are  peculiars  of  Canterbury  ;  and  Ab- 
bot's, Afton,  and  Winflow,  (whicii,  with  fifteen  other 
pariihes  that  are  in  Hertford  (hire,  and  were  taken  hence, 
being  made  of  exempt  jurildiftion,  and  appropriated  to  the 
abbey  of  St.  Albans,  became,  on  the  diflblution  of  that 
monaftery  in  1541,  part  of  the  diocefe  of  London.)  The 
fee  alfo  retains  the  greater  part  of  Hertfordihire,  and  feveral 
parilhes  in  the  counties  of  Oxford,  Rutland,  and  North- 
ampton. The  whole  diocefe  is  divided  into  fix  archdea- 
conries ;  thefe  are  fubdivided  into  fifty-two  deaneries  ;  the 
number  of  pariihes  is  ftated  by  Browne  Wdlis  to  be,  in- 
cluding donatives  and  chapels,  1517,  of  v\'hich  577  are 
impropriated  ;  and  the  clergy's  yearly  tenths  in  this  very 
extenfivejurifdiftion  I'^xl.  l^'.td.  Camden  fays  there  are 
630  parifhes  in  this  county.  The  monafteries,  hofpitals,  &c. 
connected  with  the  cathedral  and  its  ecclefiallical  eftablidi- 
mtnt,  were  very  numerous,  and  fome  of  very  extenfive  in- 
fluence. 

The  ecclefiailical  architefture  of  Lincolnfhire  ha-  long 
been  juiUy  celebrated  for  its  magnificence  ;  and  its  numerous 
churches  have  been  the  fubje6ts  of  admiration.  It  is  re- 
n-.arkable  that  tiic  moil  fplendid  edifices  wliich  adorn  this 
dictrid,  were  erefted  chiefly  in  its  lowed  and  moll  fenny 
fituations,  where  all  communication  mull  formerly  have  been, 
and  even  to  this  day  is  extremely  difficult.  The  ecclefiailical 
edificjs  in  the  divilion  of  Lindfey,  excepting  the  cathedral 
of  Lincoln,  are  in  general  inferior  to  thofe  in  Keftevcn  and 
Holland  ;  but  in  the  north-ealtern  part  of  this  divifion, 
which  is  bounded  by  the  German  ocean  to  the  call,  and  the 
highlands,  called  the  Wolds,  to  the  welt,  there  are  feveral 
churches,  difphying  much  elegance  in  their  architecture, 
and  built  of  excellent-rnaterial;.  The  divifion  of  Kefteven 
abounds  with  churches  fplendid  both  in  their  plans  and  de- 
corations. In  the  central  part,  the  greater  proportion  of 
them  is  adorned  with  lofty  fpirss  ;  wiiile  many  of  thofe  in 
the  northern  and  fouthern  extremitiis  prefent  handlbme 
towers,  fre<^ueiitly  divided  into  three  or  four  diflia^  ftones, 


and  forr  ed  of  excellent  material*  anJ  naafonry.  Tfic  dat? 
of  the  churches  in  this  divifion,  with  the  exception  of  thofe 
of  Sempringham  and  St.  Leonard  Stamford,  is,  in  few 
iiiflances,  earlier  than  the  thirteenrh  century.  It  is  princi- 
pally in  the  divifion  of  Holland  that  Liner  h.fhire  Loafts  of 
iuperior  excellence  in  ecclefiafticai  architecture  ;  ?pd  it  is 
really  furprifing  tliat  fo  many  fine  monaftic  buildings,  and 
facred  edifices,  ihould  have  been  crefted  in  a  couniy  lo  in- 
convenient for  travelling,  fo  unpleafant  to  the  eye,  and  fo  un- 
congenial with  the  common  comforts  of  life ;  yet  in  lliis 
fenny  and  fvvampy  diftrift,  are  the  churches  of  Boilon, 
Gofberton,  Pinchbeck,  Spalding,  Hoibeath,  Gedney,  Long- 
Sutton,  Croyland,  and  many  others,  which  have  a  jull 
claim  to  univerfal  admiration.  The  charafler  and  plan  of 
the  churches  in  this  divifion  vary  in  different  parrs.  Some 
are  cruciform  ;  many  have  fpires  in  common  with  thofe  of 
Kefteven  ;  while  embattled  tov^ers  at  the  weft  end  form  the 
prin-:ipal  feature  of  the  remainder.  Of  the  fp'cndid  church- 
at  Croyland,  only  a  fmall  portion  of  the  original  rtructure 
now  remains  ;  but  fufficieiit  to  fhew  that  in  its  entire  ttate,  it 
was  not  inferior  to  any  of  our  cathedrals,  either  in  fize  or 
architedural  ornament.  The  ftone  employed  in  the  ereftion 
of  the  edifices  of  this  diftriil  is  univerfally  found  to  be  of  an 
excellent  and  durable  fpecies,  ftill  retaining  at  the  dillance, 
ill  many  inftances,  of  fix  or  feven  centuries,  its  original  face 
and  firmnefs. 

This  county  is  more  noted  for  its  religious  than  for  its  civil 
architefture.  Though  of  great  extent,  it  contains  but  few 
manfions  of  confequence,  grandeur,  or  elegance,  and  thofe 
are  chiefly  of  modern  ereftion.  The  following  are  the 
principal  ;  Grimfthorpe  caftle  ;  the  feat  of  the  duke  of  An- 
cafter-Nodlon  J  earl  of  Buckinghamfliire — Glentworth;  earl 
of  Scarborough — Broklefby  ;  lord  Yarborough— Belton  ; 
lord  Brownlow — Redbourn  ;  lord  WUham  Beauclerk Bur- 
ton ;  lord  Monfon— Doddington  ;  lord  Delaval — Bloxholm  ; 
Hon.'  colonel  Manners — Manby  ;  Hon.  Charles  Anderfon 
Pelham — Reveft)y  abbey  ;    fir  Jofeph  Banks,  bart. 

Lincolnftiire,  and  the  counties  of  Effex,  Cambridge,  and 
Norfolk,  have  been  generally  defcribed  as  particularly  un-- 
favourable  to  health  ; .  and  from  their  contiguity  to  the   fea, 
with  the  nuniei-ous  fens,  merej,  brooks,   (See.   with   which 
they  abound,  are  commonly  ftigmatized  as  producinor  pelli- 
lential  climates;  only  calculated  to   excite  agues,   cramp?,, 
and  rheumatifms.    Thefe  general  maxims,  though  frequently 
originating  in  facts,   are   too  often   perverted,  or  extended 
beyond  due  bounds.     Lincolnlhire  may  be  faid  to  be  in  this 
predicament  :  far  its  name  is  commonly  affociated  with  fens, 
ilatnefs  and  bogs.     Thole  who  refide  in,   or  have   travelled    ' 
over  it,  are  enabled  to  appreciate  and   define  its   chara£ier. 
Arthur  Young  has  pointed  out  and  defcribed  many  features 
and  places  in  this  county,  that  may  be  referred  to  as  par- 
taking of  t;ie  beautiful  and  piclurefque  : — "About  Belton,'' 
he  fays,  "  are  fine  views  from  the  tower  on  Belmont  ;  Lyna 
and  the  Norfolk   cliffs   are  vifible,  Nottingham  caftle  alfo^ 
the  vale  of  Belvoir,  &c.     And  in  going  by  the  Cliff  towus- 
to  Lincoln,  there  are  many  fine  views.  '  From   FuUbeck  to- 
Leadenham,  efpecially  at  the  latter  place,  there  is  a  moft 
rich  profpeft    over  the  vale  of   the   Trent    to  the    diftant 
lands  that  bound  it.     Thefe  views,  over  an  extenfive   vale, 
are   linking,  and  of  the  fame  features  as  thofe   from  the 
cliff-road  to  the  north  of  Lincoln,  to  Kirton,  where  is  a 
great    view   both  eaft   and   well  to  the  Wolds,  and  alfo  to 
Nottinghamfhire.    Near  Gain  (borough  there  are  very  agree- 
able fcenes ;  Irom  the  plantation  of  H.  Dalton,  of  Ki.aith, 
and  from  the  chateau   battery  of  Mr.  Hutton,   of  Burton, 
the  view  of  the  windings  of  the  Trent,   and  the  rich  level 
plain  of    meadow,   all  alive   with  ^reat  hcrtU  of  cattle, 

)»oiuided 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 


bounded  by  di[l*nt  hWU  ni  tultiTation,  are  features  of  an 
»jri-eeable  county.  "But  (lill  more  beautiful  is  that  about 
'I'l-cntfall  ;  froin  fir  Jolin  SIiefTit-ld's  lijiiging  wood,  and  tin; 
Ri-v.  Mr.  Slieffiold's  oruaiticnted  walk,  foUowini,'  the  cliff 
to  Alkbornufjh,  vhere  Mr.  Goulton's  bt-autiful  grounds 
commaiid  a  groat  view  of  the  three  rivers  ;  as  tlie  foil  is 
div,  the  woods  lol'ty,  a'ld  tlu'  county  various,  this  muft  be 
rlleemeJ  a  noble  ficiiery,  and  a  perfeft  contraft  to  what 
I,incohiniire  is  ofti.-n  reprefented  by  lliofc  who  have  oidy 
feen  the  parts  of  it  that  are  very  different.  The  svhole  line 
of  the  Ilumber  henee  to  Grinilhy,  when  viewed  from  the 
hii;her  wolds,  prefer.ts  an  objert  that  muft  be  intcrellnig  to 
all  Tlii-s  with  the  very  great  plantation  of  lord  Yar- 
■b.iTOUgh,  are  feen  to  much  advantage,  from  that  moll  beau- 
tiful building,  the  maufoleum  at  Brocklelhy.''  Many  other 
parts  of  the  county  might  be  pointed  out  as  prefeniing  in 
themlclves,  or  commanding,  intereiling  fcenery.  The  coun- 
try around  Grantham,  alfo  in  the  vicinity  of  Louth,  and 
that  more  particularly  between  15ourn  and  the  former  place, 
including  the  noble  and  fpacious  woods  of  Griinllhorpe, 
abound  with  that  inequality  of  furface,  that  divi-rlihed  m- 
lercliange  of  hill  and  dale,  wood  and  lawn,  which  conlliiute 
the  pifturelque  and  beautiful  in  natural  fcenery. 

Lincolnlhire  may  be  faid  to  piefent    three   great   natural 
features,  each  of  which  has  a  fpecific   and   nearly  uniform 
cluracter.      Tiiefe  are   tlie   wolds,  heaths,   and  fens.      Tlic 
Jatter    occupy    the   fGUth-eallern   fide    of   the  county,  and 
though  formerly  a  mere  walle    and   perfectly  fterile,  have 
been,  by  means   of  drainage,   S:c.    rendered  fubfervient  to 
agriculture  ;  many  parts  indeed   may   be   pronounced    un- 
commonly   fertile.     On    the    fea    coaft,  towards  tlie  north 
jiart  of  tiie  county,  this  traft  is  narrow  ;    near    the    Hum- 
ber  it  contracts  to  a  mere  (Irip  of  land.     The  heaths,  north 
and  t'outli  of  Lincoln,   and  the   wolds,  are  calcareous  hills, 
which,  from  their  brows,  command  many  fme  views  over  the 
lower  regions.     The  rell  of  tlie  county  is  not  equally  difcri- 
minated,  either  by  fertility  or  elevation.     "  The  heath,  now 
jiearly  indofed,"    fays  .\rthur  Young,   "  is  a  tract  of  high 
country,  a  fort  of  back  bone  to   the   whole,  m   which  tl\e 
foil  is  a  good  fandy  loam,  but  with  c'ay  enough  in  it  to  be 
fiippery  with  wet,   and  tenacious   under  bad  manai^ement  ; 
tut  excellent  turnip  and  barley  land,  on  n  bed  of  lime-llones, 
at  various  depths,  from  li.\  inches  to  leveral  feet,  commonly 
nine  inches  to  eighteen.     This   hill    flopes    fharply  to  the 
well ;  the  declivity  of  tlie  fame  nature,  but  generally  good  ; 
and  this  extends  fome  dillance  in  the  flat  vale,   for   the  firil 
line  of  villages,  (built  alfo  as  the  foil   lies  in   a   longitudinal 
direction  north  and   fonth. )     The  foil    is   rich   loam,  con- 
taining   much    pallurage."       Between    Gainfl)orough    and 
Newark,  for  twenty  live  miles,   is  a  large  tract  of  flat  fandy 
foil,  the  greater  part  of  which  has  been  inclofcd,  and  partly 
<irained.     The  foil  of  the  ille  of  Acholme  may  be  laid  to 
be  among  the  iineft  in  England.      It  confills  of  black  landy 
loams,  warp  land,  brown  land,  and  rich  loams  of  a  foapy 
and  tenacious  quality.     The  under  llratum  at  Stacey,  Bel- 
ton,   &c.  is,    in   HKiny  places,   an   ini perfect    plaller   ftone. 
Refpecling  the  general  produces  of  the  county,  the  higher 
grounds  are  now  mollly  inclol'ed,  and  appropriated  to  til- 
lage, and  produce  all  forts  of  grain.      Some  of  the  wolds, 
however,  are  not  yet  disidi'd,  but  are  devoted  to  iheep  and 
rabbits.     The  lower  lands   that  have   been  drained  and  in- 
clofed,  produce  abundant  crops  of  oats,  hemp,  flax,  ^e. 

Lineolnlhire  has  long  been  famouc  for  a  breed  of  fine 
horfes  ;  but  the  adjoining  county  of  York  has  nww  the 
credit  for  rearing  many  that  are  aftually  bred  in  this  county. 
In  I'ome  ditlrifts  great  numbers  of  rfiares  are  kept  for  the 
fole  purpolie  of  breeding,    la  liylkijsi  Divilion  alraoit  every 


farmer  keeps  fome  ;  and  the  number  of  colts  reared  is  vpry 
great.     The  neat  cattle  of  this  county  are  defcribed  by  Mr. 
.Stone    as   being,  for  the   greatefl   part,    of   a   large    fort, 
having  great  heads  and  fhort  horns  ;     flout   in    the    bone, 
and  deep  in  the  belly  ;  with  lliort  necks  and  flcfliy  quartert. 
narrow  hips  and  chines,  high  in   their   rumpK,  and   bare  on 
the   Ihoulders.      'Die  cows,  he  remarks,    when  fat,  weigh 
from  eight  to  nine  hundred,  and  the  oxen  from  ten  to  twelve 
hundred.      The  moil  profitable  flock  of  the  county  appears 
to  be  (lieep.     Numbers  are  bred  and  fattened  in  thii  part 
of  the  kingdom.      Large  quantities  of  wool  are  thence  ob- 
tained, to  lupplv  the  demands  of  the  neighbouring  diftrlfts. 
It   is  a  euriou'i   fai^l,  that  while  fo  much  has  bi-en  faid  in 
commendation  of  the  l.,eieellerniire  breed,  the  Lincolnfhire, 
which  is  the  lame,  fliould  have  been  palled  over  in   liltnce. 
Mr    Stone  fays,  ihele   fheep  are  not  even   varieties.     The- 
Lincolnfhire,  a  large  horned  animal,  adapted   for  the   rich 
grazing  and  marlh   land   of  the   county  ;    generally   weighs 
Will  when  fat,  and  bears  a  heavy  fleece  of  coarfe  but  long 
flapled  wool  ;   the  weight,    per  fleece,   is  eight    pounds  and 
upwards.     Mr.  Young  mentions  a  Iheep  fold  at   Smithfield. 
which   clipped,  the    firft  year,    2 jib.   of  wool,  and   in  the 
fecond  year,   2 2, 'lb.      Few  manutaiJlures  are    ellaolifhed  in 
this  county  ;  but  here  are  two  ob'ied.s  of  coiifidcrable  mer- 
chandize, rabbits'    fur,  and    goole   feathers       Thefc  ■were 
formerly  of  great  confequence,  and  furmflied  articles  of  ex- 
tenfive  trade.      I'Vom  the  fyftem  of  inclofing,  now  lo  cxten- 
fively  adopted,  both  rabbits  and  gecle  are  much  di.iiiniflied. 
The  rabbit  warrens  of  this  county  were  formerly  much 
more  exteiifive  than   at  prefent.  and  were   prelerved  on  a 
principle  of  im])rovement  ;  fome  being  broken  up  for  tillage, 
and  others,   which  had  been   under  tilth,  being   again  laid 
down  for  this  purpol'e.     The   foil   of  old   warrens,  by  the 
rabbit*  continually  llirring  and  ventilating  the  earth  in  bur- 
rowing, has  been  found  incomparably  better  than  lands  of  a 
like  nature  left  in  their  original  flate.     The  fecundity  ot 
rabbits  was  a  circumlVance  of  no  fmall  confequencc,  wliea 
the  fkins  of  large  well-chofen  rabbits  would  produce  2s.  6J. 
or  ^s.  each  :  at  that  time  they  were  uled  iu   making   mulls, 
tippets,  lining  robes,  &:c.  :  the  dov^n  was  alfo  employed  in 
hats.     As  the  fl<ins  conHitute  tUe  principal  profit  ijf  the  pro- 
prietor, it  becomes  a  primary  object  with  him  to   attend   to 
the  breeding,  killing,  &c,  :   Ikins  that  are   free   from  black 
fpotsonthe  infide  are  faid  to  be   in   feafon.      The  trade  is 
now  on  the  decline,  not  only  from  the  diminution  in  the  va- 
lue of  the  flcins,   but  alfo  from  the  means  of  conducting  it 
becoming  daily  more  circumfcribed,  it   being   now   thought 
good  hulbandry  to  dellroy  the  warrens,  and  apply  the  land 
to  other  ules.     The  number  of  warrens  in    this   county  has 
been  greatlv  reduced,  yet  many  thouland  acres  are   flill   de- 
voted to  this  kind  of  llock. 

Many  of  what  are  called  the  fens,  are  in  a  flate  of  wafle, 
and  ferve  for  little  other  purpole  than  breeding  and  rearing 
geefe,  which  are  confidered  the  teninan's  treafurc.  They 
are  a  highly  valuable  llock,  aud  live  where,  in  the  prefent 
flate  of  thofe  lands,  nothing  elle  will  :  they  are  very  pro- 
liiic,  and  the  young  quickly  become  laleable,  or  fpccdily 
contribute  to  increafe  the  ftock.  The  feathers  are  very 
valuable  ;  and  however  trifling  it  may  appear,  the  fale  of 
quills  alone  amount,  on  a  large  flock,  to  a  confiderable 
fum.  "  During  the  breeding  feafon,"  Mr.  Gough  lays, 
<'  thefe  birds  are  lodged  in  the  fame  houfes  with  the  inhabit- 
ants, and  even  their  very  bed-chambers  ;  in  every  apart- 
ment are  three  rows  of  coarle  wicker  pens,  placed  one  above 
another  ;  each  bird  has  its  feparate  lodge,  divided  from  the 
other,  which  it  keeps  polfefTion  of  during  the  time  of  fitti«ig. 
A  gozzard,  ur  gooleherd,  attends  the  flock,  and  twice  a 
0  <lay 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 


iiy  drivea  the  whole  to  water,  then  brings  them  back  to 
their  habitation,  helping  thofe  that  live  in  the  upper  flories 
to  their  nells,  without  ever  mifplacing  a  fingle  bird."  The 
geefe  are  ufually  plucked  five  times  in  the  year  :  at  Lady- 
day  for  quills  and  feathers,  and  again  at  Midfummer,  Lam- 
mas, Michaelmas,  and  Martinmas.  Goflings  are  not  fpared, 
as  early  plucking  tends  to  increafe  the  fucceeding  feathers. 
Mr.  Young  Hates,  that  "  the  feathers  of  a  dead  goofe  are 
worth  fixpence,  three  giving  a  pound  ;  but  plucking  ahve 
does  not  yield  more  than  three-pence  a  headier  <3Hn«)n.  Some 
wing  them  only  once  evei-y  quarter,  taking  ten  featliers  from 
each  goofe,  which  fell  at  five  (hillings  a  thoufand.  Plucked 
gecfe  pay,  in  feathers,  one  (hilling  a  head  in  Wildmore  Fen.'' 
The  common  mode  of  plucking  live  geefe  is  confidercd  a 
barbarous  cuftom  ;  but  it  has,  perhaps,  prevailed  ever  fince 
feather  beds  came  into  general  ufe.  The  mere  plucking  is 
faid  to  hurt  the  bird  but  httle,  as  the  owners  are  careful  not 
to  pull  before  the  feathers  are  ripe,  that  is,  juft  ready  to  fall : 
if  forced  from  the  llcin  fooner  they  are  of  inferior  value. 

The  general  improvements  that  have  been  effefted  in  this 
county  within  the  lad  twenty  years,  and  that  are  now  gra- 
dually making,  liave  co-operated  to  alter  the  general  ap- 
pearance, the  agriculture,  climate,  &c.  fo  materially,  that 
the  furface  has  afl'umed  a  new  afpecl,  the  value  of  land  is 
greatly  increafed,  the  means  of  focial  and  commercial  com- 
munication have  been  facilitated,  and  the  comforts  of  do- 
meftic  life  greatly  promoted.  Yet  there  is  ftill  fcope  for 
material  improvements :  for  the  roads,  in  many  parts  of  the 
county,  are  in  a  very  bad  (late ;  and  the  traveller  has  not 
advantages  adequate  to  the  tolls  levied  on  him.  In  the  vi- 
cinity of  Bofton,  Spalding,  and  Louth,  the  commilTioners 
have  commenced  a  plan  for  forming  firm  and  fubftantial 
roads.  This  is  moflly  done  by  laying  Ihingles,  brought 
from  the  Norfolk  coaft,  in  the  centre  of  the  road,  and 
mixing  them  with  the  filt  of  the  place. 

The  wolds  extend  from  Spillby,  in  a  Horth-wefterly  di- 
reftion,  for  about  40  miles  to  Barton,  near  the  Humber. 
They  are,  on  an  average,  nearly  eight  miles  in  breadth,  of 
fand  and  fandy  loam,  upon  flinty  loam,  with  a  fubllratum 
of  chalk.  Beneath  this  line  lies  an  extenfive  traft  of  land 
at  the  foot  of  the  wolds,  called  the  marlh,  which  is  fecured 
from  the  encroachments  of  the  fea  by  embankments,  and  is 
agriculturally  divided  into  north  and  fouth  marflics  by  a  dif- 
ference in  the  foil. 

The  fens  of  this  county  form  one  of  its  mod  prominent 
features.  Tliey  confift  of  lands  which,  at  fome  diftant 
period,  have  been  inundated  by  the  fea,  and  by  human  art 
have  been  recovered  from  it.  Li  the  fummer  they  exhibit 
immenfe  trafts,  chiefly  of  grazing  land,  interfered  by  deep 
ditches,  called  droves,  which  ferve  both  for  fences  and 
drains.  Thefe  are  accompanied  generally  by  parallel  banks, 
upon  which  the  roads  pafs,  and  are  intended  to  keep  the 
waters,  in  flood  time,  from  overflowing  the  adjacent  lands. 
They  not  only  communicate  with  each  other,  but  alfo  with 
larger  canals,  called  dykes  and  drains,  which,  in  fome  in- 
ftances,  are  navigable  for  boats  and  barges.  At  the  lower 
end  of  thefe  are  fluices,  guarded  by  gates,  termed  gowts. 
During  the  fummer,  numerous  flocks  and  herds  are  feen 
grazing  over  this  monotonous  fcene,  and  many  of  the  paf- 
tures  afford  a  luxuriant  herbage  :  but  in  the  vvmter,  or  in 
the  autumn,  if  it  fhould  prove  wet,  the  afpect  is  changed  ; 
the  cattle  quickly  difappear,  and  the  eye  mull  pafs  over 
thoufands  of  acres  of  water  or  ice,  before  it  can  find  an 
objeA  on  which  to  reft.  Several  caufes  combine  to  produce 
this  drowning  of  the  lands.  Many  of  the  fens  lie  below  the 
level  of  the  fea  ;  fome  are  lower  than  the  beds  of  the  rivers  ; 
and  all  are  beneath  the  high-water  mark  of  their  refpeftive 
Vol.  XXL 


drains.  The  fubdratum  of  the  fens  is  flit,  or  fes-fand, 
which  i«  a  well-known  conductor  of  water.  Through  this, 
when  the  drains  are  full,  the  fea-water  filters  ;  and,  unable 
to  pafs  by  the  drains,  rifes  on  the  fnrface,  and  is  known  by 
the  name  of  foak.  Dugdale  was  of  opinion,  that  there  was 
a  time  when  thefe  parts  were  not  inundated.  In  his  hiftory 
of  embanking,  he  obfcrves,  that  the  ifle  of  Axholrae, 
though  for  many  ages  it  hath  been  a  fenny  traft,  was  not 
anciently  fo,  but  was  originally  a  luoarly  country,  not  an- 
noyed with  thefe  inundations,  as  is  evident  from  the  great 
numbers  of  trees  which  had  been  found  in  the  moor.  The 
fame  author,  fpeaking  of  the  great  level,  gives  his  opinion 
that  it  was  formerly  firm  and  dry  land,  neittier  annoyed  with 
ftagnation  of  frefli  waters,  nor  inuni^.ations  from  the  fea; 
and  this  he  fuppofes  was  the  cafe  of  the  fens  in  Lincolnfliirc, 
and  the  adjoining  counties :  for  it  is  an  ellablilhed  faft,  that 
large  timber  trees  will  not  thrive  in  watery  lands,  and 
fuch  have  been  found  lying  in  the  earth  abundantly  in  this 
country. 

The  principal  rivers  which  either  rife  in  the  county,  pafs 
through  it,  or  are  connefted  with  it,  are  the  Trent,  the 
Ancholme,  the  Witham,  the  Welland,  and  the  Glen. 
The  Trent,  though  not  properly  a  river  of  this  county, 
forms  the  boundary  of  it  on  the  north-weftern  fide,  from  ths 
village  of  North  Clifford  to  that  of  Stockworth  ;  whence  it 
conliitutes  the  eallern  boundary  of  the  ifle  of  Axholme:  it 
thence  flows  to  Aldborough,  and  having  received  the  Dun 
and  the  Oufe,  mingles  its  waters  with  the  Humber.  From 
Gainfborough,  where  it  is  crofTed  by  a  jiandfome  bridge,  it 
is  navigable  for  coals,  corn,  and  various  articles  of  com- 
merce. The  Ancholme  is  a  fmall  river,  rifing  in  the  wolds, 
near  Market-Raifin,  whence  it  is  navigable  to  the  Humber, 
into  which  it  falls  fome  miles  below  the  junction  of  the 
Trent.  The  Welland  has  its  fource  near  SibertoflF,  in 
Northampton  rtiire;  and  being  increafed  by  numerous  ftreams, 
partes  Market-Deeping ;  where,  enternig  the  fens,  it  leas'es 
a  portion  of  its  waters  and  fludge,  which  it  had  accumulated 
in  its  previous  paflage  through  the  rich  lands  of  Northamp- 
tonfliire,  Leiceflerfliire,  and  Rutlandfliire.  It  afterward.^ 
meets  the  contributor}'  Glen,  and  empties  itfelf  into  F0I3- 
dyke-Wafli,  eaft  of  Bofton.  The  Witham,  which  is  co.-n- 
pletely  a  river  of  this  county,  derives  its  origin  near  Soulh- 
Witham  ;  and  thence  flows  almoft  due  north,  through  the 
park  of  Eafton,  and  to  Great  Ponton.  It  proceeds  through 
a  wide  valley  to  Lincoln  ;  continuing  its  courle  to  Bofton, 
it  unites  its  waters  with  the  fea  at  a  place  called  Bofton- 
Deeps.  Much  of  the  prefcnt  bed  of  tlie  river,  from  Bofton 
upwards,  is  a  new  cut,  made  for  the  purpofe  of  widening 
the  channel,  rendering  it  more  commodious  for  navigation, 
and  better  adapted  to  receive  and  carry  off  the  water  of  the 
contiguous  fens.  Thefe  rivers,  with  thofe  of  the  Grant, 
Oufe,  and  Nene,  in  tke  adjacent  counties,  from  the  obftruc- 
tions  they  meet  m  delivering  their  waters  to  the  ocean,  form 
one  great  caufe  of  inundating  fo  large  a  portion  of  valuable 
land.  In  viewing  the  various  inlets  of  the  fea,  it  is  fur- 
prifing  to  obferve  the  immenfe  quantity  of  fand  and  fludge 
which  is  continually  depofiting  on  the  fliore.  This  is  owing 
to  the  nature  of  the  tides,  which,  from  the  form  of  the 
channel,  flow  with  more  violence  than  they  ebb.  Hence 
the  mouths  of  the  rivers  are  choaked  up,  and  the  defcending 
waters  are  thrown  back  on  the  low-lands.  The  great  bay, 
or  eftuary,  into  which  the  diff"erent  rivers,  parting  through 
the  fens,  are  emptied,  is  very  (hallow,  and  full  of  ihifting 
fands  and  filt. 

That  this  diftrift  was  thus  flooded  at  a  very  remote  period, 
is  evid'nt  from  the  plans  of  enibankitig  and  draining  which 
the  Romans  adopted,  in  order  to  countcrad  the  mifchievoui 

M  efferts 


L  I  N 

effefts  of  fiich  inundations.  Since  their  departure,  mu^h 
has  been  done  at  various  times  for  the  improvement  of  the 
fen  country  ;  and  an  immenfe  cxpence  has  been  occafionally, 
and  is  Hill  annually,  incurred,  to  prevent  the  encroachment 
of  the  water,  and  to  ameliorate  the  foil.  A  very  brief  no- 
tice of  thefe  endeavours  will  tend  to  give  fome  idea  of  the 
country,  and  to  illuftrate  thofe  periods  of  liillory.  Decping- 
Fen,  on  the  banks  of  the  Wclla-.id,  appears  to  have  re- 
ceived the  earlieft  attention  :  for,  at  the  beginning  of  Ed- 
ward the  ConfetTor's  reign,  (as  Ingulphus  relates,)  a  road 
was  made  acrofs  it  by  Egelric,  forjnerly  a  monk  of  Peter- 
borough, but  at  that  time  bifhop  of  Durham.  In  the  time 
of  the  Conqueror,  Richard  dc  Rulos,  the  king's  chamber- 
Iain,  inclofcd  thi<!  part  of  the  fen-country  from  the  chapel  of 
St  Guthlake  to  Cardyke,  and  to  Clevelake  near  Cran- 
more  ;  excluding  the  river  Wcltand  by  a  large  and  cxtenfive 
bank  of  earth.  The  Fofs-Dj  ke  is  an  artificial  trench,  ex- 
tending about  feven  miles  m  length,  from  the  great  marih 
Hear  the  city  of  Lincoln  to  the  river  Trent  in  the  vicinity 
of  Torkfey.  This  was  made  or  materially  altered  by  king 
Henry  I.  in  the  year  i  !2I,  for  the  purpofe  of  navigation, 
and  for  making  a  general  drain  for  the  adjacent  'evel  From 
its  pafli;'g  through  fiich  a  Hat  country,  the  watt  r  could  have 
but  a  flow  current,  whereby  it  became  url^iavigable  ii  m  the 
accumulati'.ii  of  mud,  fo  that  it  was  foon  found  ntceflary  to 
cleanfe  it.  Of  themar(hes  on  the  river  Ancholme,  the  lirll 
account  on  record  is  the  i6th  of  Edward  I.  In  luccceding 
reigns,  various  ftatutes  were  enafted  for  rendering  effettual 
the  drainage  of  this  part  of  the  country.  The  ifland  of  Ax- 
holme,  though  now  containing  fome  of  the  richeft  land  in 
the  kingdom,  was  formerly  one  continued  fen,  occafioned 
by  the  filt  thrown  up  the  Trent  with  the  tides  of  the  Hum- 
ber.  This  obftrufting  the  free  paffage  of  the  Dun  and  the 
Idle,  forced  back  their  waters  over^lie  circumjacent  lands, 
fo  that  the  higher  central  parts  for.^leJ  an  ifland,  which  ap- 
pellation they  ftill  retain.  In  the  tirll  of  Edward  III.,  and 
in  feveral  fucceeding  reigns,  commidions  were  granted  for 
repairing  the  banks  and  ditches,  as  they  fell  to  decay.  Early 
in  Charles  I.'s  reign,  that  great  work  was  commencLd,  which 
embraced  not  only  the  mardies  of  Axliolme,  but  of  aU  the 
adjacent  fens,  called  Dikefmardi  and  Hatfield  chafe,  in  the 
county  of  York.  Thefe  comprehended  an  extent  of  lands 
which  were  not  only  drowned  in  winter,  but  e<-en  in  fum- 
mer  werefo  deeply  covered  with  water,  that  boats  c'>uid  na- 
■vigate  over  60  ooo  acres.  It  is  traditionally  affirmed  that 
large  velfels  could  fail  up  the  river  Vv'itham  from  Bofton  to 
Lincoln  ;  and  from  tlie  ribs,  timbers,  &c.  of  fhips,  that 
have  been  frequently  found  near  it,  the  tradition  feems  to  be 
(uilified.  At  prefent,  it  is  only  adapted  for  barges,  and  the 
"iflow  of  '.he  current  is  fo  fmall,  that  it  does  not  cleanfe  the 
bed  of  the  river.  The  firft  notice  of  the  inconveniences 
arifiug  from  the  obilru('^ion  of  its  waters,  appears  in  the 
iixth  year  of  Edward  III.,  when  conimtlfioncrs  were  ap- 
pointed for  furveying  the  fame.  In  confequence  of  their 
report,  and  of  various  furveys  and  prefentments  in  different 
reigns,  fueceffive  regulations  w-erc  made  for  reftraining  the 
waters  withm  due  bounds,  and  delivering  the  land-fioods 
fpeedily  to  the  fca.  But  in  the  fifteenth  of  Henry  VII., 
more  f  ff- "hial  meafures  v/ere  thought  necelTary  to  be  adopt- 
ed for  furthering  the  defign  ;  and  an  ab'e  engineer,  Mayhave 
Hake,  of  Gr.iVfcling  in  Flanders,  was  invited  over  to  put  it 
into  execution.  It  was  accordingly  covenanted  between  him 
and  the  king's  commiffiom-rs,  "  that  the  faid  Mayhave  Hake 
fhould  bring  with  him  from  Flanders  fourteen  mafons,  and 
fotjr  lab  urers,  to  make  him  a  proper  fluice  and  dam  near 
the  town  of  Bofton,  fufficient  for  its  future  fsfeguard.  For 
which  they  were  to   be  remunerated   as  follows  :  Mayhave 


L  I  N 

Hake,  for  himfelf  and  man,  per  diem  4/.  ;  mafons  and  flone* 
hewers,  per  week,  ^s.  ;  labourers,  per  week,,  ^j.  The  faid' 
Mayhave  Hake  to  receive  50/.  ir.'  re    on   the  completion  of 

the  work Should  any  more  workmen  be,  neccirary  they" 

fliould  be  provided  at  the  expencc  of  the  inhabitants  of  B(^f- 
ton,  and  the  level  of  Holland  and  Kefteven."  To  the 
north  and  north-eaft  of  the  Witham,  are  the  large  fenny 
tradts  called  Wildmore  Fen,  Weft  Fen,  and  Eaft  Fen,  in 
the  latter  of  which,  it  appears  by  a  writ,  41  Elizabeth, 
5000  acres  were  drowned.  A  plan  is  now  executing  under 
the  diredlion  of  that  very  fcie.  tific  and  able  engineer  Mr. 
John  Rennie,  by  which  thefe  'hree  fens  will  be  efiediually 
drained,  and  the  lowlands  of  this  part  of  the  county  be  rent 
dercd  productive  and  profitable. 

Lincolniliire  confiils  of  three  great  diviiions  ;  Holland, 
Kefteven,  aiid  Lindfey  ;  which  are  fubdivided  into  33 
hundreds,  wapeutakfs,  and  (okfs  ;  containmg  in  the  whole 
one  city,  31  market-towns,  657  villages.  Twelve  members 
are  returned  to  parliament  ;  two  for  the  fliire,  two  for  the 
city,  and  two  from  each  of  the  boroughs  of  Bofloii,  Gran- 
tham, Great  Grimfby,  and  Stamford  Spalding  and  Wayn- 
fleei  were  reprefented  in  the  eleventh  year  of  Edward  III. 
This  county,  from  its  extent  and  opulence,  is  n<t  under  the 
influence  of  any  individual  ;  and  in  contcited  elections  the 
freedom  of  the  people  is  not  fo  liable  to  corruption  as  in 
fniallrr  counties  and  property  boroughs.  Beauties  of  Eng- 
land and  Wsle.'!.  vol.  ix.  Stone's  Agricultural  Survey  of 
Lincolnfhire.     Young's  Ditto. 

LINCOLNTOWN,  a  poft-town  of  America,  in  North 
Carohna,  and  capital  of  Linco'n  county,  containing  about 
35  or40  houfes,  a  court -houfe,  gaol,  and  church  ;  46  miles 
from  Morgantown. 

LINCOLNVILLE,  a  town  of  Hancock  county,  in  the 
ftate  i-f  Maine,  on  the  W.  fide  of  Penobfcot  bay  ;  13 
mi'.e?  from  Telfaft.  1 

LI^CO''■  I  \,  in  Bolany,  a  name  given  by  Linnaeus,  but 
of  whole  'gin  or  derivation  we  are  unable  to  trace  any 
thing. — Linn.  Mant.  i^j.  Schrc'o.  170.  Wild.  Sp.  PI.  v.  r. 
12  6.  JufT.  4.p.  C.'afs  and  order,  Pentandria  Dlgynia. 
Nat.  Ord.  Incerta /edis,  .IiifT.  ^ 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  of  four  ovate,  perma- 
nent leaves,  the  inferior  oppofite  pair  fliorter.  Cor.  Petals 
five,  lanceolate,  fefule,  ered^.  Ni'dlary  a  cavity  inipreiTed 
at  the  bafe  of  the  petals,  fitrrourricd  below  by  a  margin. 
Stam.  Filaments  five,  awl-fhaped  bordered,  ereft,  ofrr.id- 
dhng  length  ;  anthers  obtufe.  arrow  -fhaped,  burfltng  to- 
wards the  bafe  of  each  lobe.  Pifl.  Gerinen  half  inferior 
with  rcfpedl  to  the  corolla,  but  fupi  rior  with  relped^  to  ilie 
calyx  ;  ftvies  tu'O,  thrcad-fhaped,  ftriated  ;  ftigmas  fimple. 
Pcrlc.  Capfule  of  two  eels.    Seeds  two  ? 

Lin  xus  obfcrves  that  if  the  perianth  may  be  taken  for 
brafteas,  the  flower  is  altogether  fuperior,  but  this  does  not 
fcem  coi'red^. 

Eff.  Ch.  Petals  five,  having  each  a  honey-bearing  cavity 
at  their  bafe.     Capftde  of  two  cells,  half  inferior. 

I.  L.  alopecuroidea.  Li  n.  Mant.  216.  Syft.  Veg.  cd.  14. 
261. — A  native  of  n-.oimtainoi;s  watery  places  at  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  T\ns  h  z  Jhnib  fiirnifhtd  with  wand-like 
determinate  branches,  fcarred  with  the  bafts  of  the  fallen 
leaves,  as  in  the  fir  tribe.  Leaves  fcattered,  or  fome- 
what  whorled,  about  five  or  fix  in  a  whorl,  almott  fiffile, 
linear,  triangular,  channelled,  rigid,  fhining,  appearing  cu- 
rioufly  granulated  under  a  microfcope,  an  inch  long,  rough 
at  the  angles,  the  upper  ones  fringed.  Flo-u.'ers  about  the 
tops  of  the  branches,  lateral,  feffiK-,  the  length  of  the  leaves, 
permanent,  flelh-coloured,  or  white. 

UNC- 


L  I  N 


L  I  N 


LINCTUS,  a  form  of  medicine,  the  fame  as  lamhatlve, 
ioboch,  and  eclegma. 

LINDA,  in  Geography,  a  fraall  ifland  in  the  Indian  fea, 
n«ar  t!ie  coal'  of  Africa,  at  the  n^outu  of  the  Zarrbefe. 

LINDAHL,  a  town  of  Norway;  140  miles  N.  of  Chrif- 
tiania. 

LINDANUS,  William,  in  Biography,  a  celebrated 
Dutch  divine,  was  born  at  Dort,  in  Holland,  in  the  year 
152J.  He  pnrfued  his  academic 4  ftudies  at  Louvain,  and 
afterwards  went  to  France  to  pcrfetl  himfelf  in  the  Greek 
and  Hebrew  lariguages.  Havmjr  returned  to  Lou%-ain,_he 
was  ordained  a  prieil,  and  admitted  a  licentiate  in  divinity. 
This  was  in  the  yenr  1552,  and  in  the  following  ye^r  he  un- 
dertook the  ofEce  of  leAurer  on  ihe  facred  fcriptures  at  Dil- 
liii;ien,  which  poll  he  filled  for  tiiree  years  with  high  reputa- 
tion. H'»  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  in  I5j6,  after  which 
he  was  appointed  dean  of  the  Hague ;  counfellor  to  the 
.king  ;  vicar  to  the  bifuop  of  Utrecht,  and  inquifitor  of  the 
faith  within  the  fame  ecclefiailical  jurifdidion.  On  account 
of  his  great  zeal  in  the  latter  office,  the  duties  of  which  he 
performed  with  miich  feverity,  he  was  nominated,  by  the 
bigotted  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  to  the  bilhopric  of  Rurc- 
mond.  In  1568  he  went  to  Rome,  and  was  received  by 
pope  Gregory  XIII.  and  the  cardina's  with  Angular 
murks  of  refpeft  and  efteem.  On  his  return  he  exercifed 
the  fundlions  of  a  Chrillian  bifhopin  a  very  honourable  man- 
ner, applying  the  revenues  of  his  fee  to  the  relief  of  the  in- 
digent, aad  vifiting  every  part  of  his  diocefe  for  the  pur- 
pofe  of  perfonally  comforting,  inilrufting,  and  alTilling  thofc 
who  ftood  in  need  of  temporal  or  fpiritual  aid.  After  a  fe- 
cond  journey  to  Rome,  he  was  appointed,  in  ij8S,  to  the 
bilhopric  of  Ghent,  an  office  which  he  held  but  three  months, 
when  he  died  in  the  fixty-third  year  of  his  ag'^.  He  was 
reckened  a  very  learned  man  and  an  abl*  divine.  His 
writings  are  numerous,  confifting  of  Polemical  treatifes ; 
Paraphrafes  on  many  of  the  Pfalms,  and  the  Pfalter,  il- 
liiftrated  with  Greek  and  Hebrew  texts  :  but  his  moll  valued 
publication  is  entitled  "  Panopha  Evanp-elica.''      Moreri. 

LINDAR,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Illria  ;  J  miles 
N.E.  of  Mittenburg. 

LINDAU,  an  imperial  city  of  Germany,  feated  on  an 
ifland  in  the  lake  of  Conftance,  and  communicating  with  the 
continent  by  means  of  a  bridge.  The  ifland  is  fo  divided  by 
an  arm  of  the  lake,  as  to  form  another  fmaller  ifland,  which 
is  feparated  from  the  city,  and  conliftsof  vineyards  and  gar- 
den enclofed  within  a  wall.  Lindau,  from  its  peculiar  fitua- 
tion,  has  been  called  the  Venice  of  Swabia.  Moll  of  the 
burghers  are  Lutherans,  This  city  contains,  befides  a  parilh 
church  dedicated  to  St.  Stephen,  a  well-;'ndowed  hofpital, 
and  a  grammar-fchool.  The  callle,  and  Heyden  Maur,  or 
Heathen  wall,  as  it  is  called,  are  reckoned  Roman  works  ; 
the  latter  being  afcribed  to  Tiberius  Nero,  and  the  former 
to  Conllanlinus  Chlorus,  during  their  encampments  here,  in 
their  expeditions  againft  the  Vindelici  and  Alemanni.  It  is 
fuppofed  that  near  this  callle  formerly  flood  a  cliurch,  and 
that  the  little  church  of  St.  Peter  here  was  built  on  the  firll 
introduttion  of  Chridianity  into  this  country.  The  territory 
of  Lindau  comprehends  14  villages  ;  19  miles  E.  of  Con- 
ftance. N.  lat.  47-  28'.  E.  long.  10'  35'. — Alfo,  a  town 
<ind  callle  of  Hungary  ;  17  miles  N.NAV.  of  Cfakatluirn. 
— Alfo,  a  town  of  Weftphalia,  in  the  territory  of  Eichfeld, 
■jituated  on  the  Rhine  ;  1  2  miles  N  W.  of  Duderlladt. — 
.Alfo,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  principahty  of  Anhalt 
Zerbll ;  5  miles  N.  of  ZerblK — Alfo,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  principality  of  Bayreuth  ;  8  miles  N.W.  of  Bdyrenth. 

LINDE,  or  Lis'desrf.rg,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Well- 
manknd,  filuated  between  two  lakes ;  built  by  q^uccn  Chnf- 


a  medicinal  fpring  ; 
N.  lat.  59°  35'.    E. 


8r   miles 


long.  14'^ 
circar  of 


tina   in   1644  ;  near   it  is 
W.N.W.  of  Stockholm. 

56'- 

LINDEAL,  a  town  of  Hindooilan,  in   the 

Cuddaiia  ;   25  mileiN.  of  Gandicotta. 

LIXDECK,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Siiria  ;  Smiles 
N.  of  Cilley. 

LINDEN,  a  town  of  Gci-many,  in  the. principality  of 
Culmbach  ;  6  miles  N.  of  Neuftadt. 

LINDENAU,  a  town  of  Pruffia,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Thorn  ;  20  miles  N.E.  of  Culm. — Alfo,  a  town  of  Siiefia, 
in  the  principality  of  Neifle  ;  6  miles  N.W.  of  Patfchkau. 

LINDENBERG,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Bavreuth  ;  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bayreuth. 

LINDENBRUCH,  Frederic,  m  Biogrsphy,A]ezraed 
philologiil  of  the  feventeenth  centurj',  was  a  liative  of 
Flanders,  and  died  in  1658.  Fie  wrote  notes  on  Terence, 
on  the  fragmente  of  certain  Latin  poets,  and  on  Ammiant:.s 
Marcellinus.  He  alfo  publiflied  "  Codex  Legum-Antiqua- 
rum,  feu  Leges  Wifigothorum,  Burgundionum,  Longo- 
bardorum,  &c."  which  is  eft;eem.'d  a  very  curious  vmfk. 
Moreri. 

LINDENFELS,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Gennany, 
in  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine;  14  miles  N.N. E.,  of 
Manheim. 

LINDENHARDT,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Bayreuth  ;  9  miles  S.  of  Bayreuth. 

LINDER,  a  town  of  Illria;  12  miles  N.N.E.  cf 
Pedena. 

LINDERA,  in  Botany,  a  name  dedicated  by  Thua- 
berg  to  the  memory  of  John  Linder,  a  phy.lcian  at  Stock- 
h.lni,  afterwards  ennobled  bv  the  name  ot  Lindellolpe,  whu 
was  born  in  the  year  1678,  and  died  in  1724.  He  was  a 
celebrated  Swedifh  botaniit,  and  author  of  the  Flora  WiLJher- 
genfis,  publifhed  at  Stockholm  in  1728.  His  inaugural 
thefis  "  de  Hefper'idum  pomh"  was  publilhed  at  Abo  :a 
1702.  About  fix  years  afterwards  appeared  his  treatiie 
"  de  Venenis"  printed  at  Leyden  ;  a  pollhumous  editioi 
of  which  was  publillied  at  Leipfic  in  1739,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  M.  Stenzclius.  This  is  faid  to  be  a  mallerly  difler- 
tation  on  vegetable  poifons. — He  was  alfo  the  author  of  aR 
effay  upon  the  colouring  properties  of  feveral  Swedifli 
plants,  particularly  of  fome  Lichens. — Thunb.  Jap.  9.  Nov. 
Gen.  64.  Schreb.  232.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  2.  230.  JulT.  429. 
Lamarck  lUullr.  t.  263. — Clafs  and  order,  Hexandria  Mo- 
nogynia.     Nat.  Ord.   Incerttt  fedis,  JulT. 

Gen.  Ch.  CaL  Perianth  none.  Cor.  Petals  fix,  ovate, 
obtufe.  Stam.  Filaments  fix,  many  times  (horter  than  the 
corolla  ;  anthers  very  Imall.  Pifi.  Germen  fuperior,  ovate, 
fmooth  ;  llyle  erect,  a  little  Ihorter  than  the  corolla  ;  ftig- 
mas  two,  reflexed.    Perk  Capfule  of  two  cells.   Seeds 

EIT.  Ch.   Corolla  of  lix  petals.      Capfule  of  two  cells. 

I.  L.  vmbellata.  Thunb.  Japon.  145.  t  21.  Linn.  Syft. 
Veg.  ed  14.  339.  (Kuro  Nosji ;  Ksmpf.  Anicen.  908.) 
Found  on  the  mountains  of  Japan,  flowering  in  April  and 
May. — Stem  ftirubby,  branc!i.?d,  fpreading  .ind  weak. 
Branches  alternate,  zigzag,  fmooth.  Z-Mx;fj  tlullered  at  the 
extremity  of  the  branches,  on  footftalks,  oblong,  acute,  un- 
divided, about  an  inch  long ;  fmooth  and  green  above ; 
hairy  and  paler  beneath.  Flowers  terminal,  in  Cmple,  many- 
flowered  umbels. 

Thunberg  informs  lis  that  the  .Taponefe  make  fmall 
brulhes  of  the  wood  ■of  this  plant  for  cleaning  tlie  teeth. 

LiNDF.R.i  is  alfo  the  name  of  a  genus  in  Adanfon,  Fi- 
millcs  dcs  Plantes,  v.  2.  499,  by  which  he  feems  to  have  ia- 
tended  to  honour  Dr.  Lmdern.  (See  LindeRSI.^.)  Hil 
plant  appears  to  be  a  CharophyHuti. 

M^  LINDtR. 


L  I  N 


L  I  N 


LTNBF.RKRErZ,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Saxorty, 
in  the  circle  of  Koulbdt  ;  8  miles  NAV'.  of  Weyila. 

LINDERXIA,  \n  Botany,  fo  called  by  Allioni,  in  ho- 
noiir  of  Francis  Balthazar  voii  Lindcrn,  a  phyfician  at 
Stralljurg,  who  lived  in  the  early  part  of  the  lall  century, 
and  appears  to  have  graduated  at  Jena,  where  his  inaugural 
differtation,  "  de  Vcrmibus ,"  was  puhlillicd  in  1707. — As 
a  botanill  he  is  known  from  the  following  works,  lountefor- 
tins  ^ilfalk-us,  publilhed  in  Svo.  at  Strafburg,  in  1728,  - 
and  Hortiis  ^Ufaticu!.,  in  1747.  The  latter  contains  an  ac- 
couat  of  the  plants  growing  in  the  province  of  Alfatia,  and 
elpecially  about  Siraiburg.  Both  the  works  are  accom- 
panied by  a  few  plates. — Allien.  Ped.  v.  i.  J7.  Linn. 
Mant.  1^4.  Schreb.  4i().  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  v,  3.  32J. 
Mart.  Mill.  Diol.  v.  3.  .lulT.  122.  Brown.  Prodr.  Nov. 
Holl.  440.  Lamarck  lUuitr.  t.  522. — Clafs  and  order, 
Didjuamia  yingiofpcrmia.  Nat.  Ord.  Pcrfonatx,  Linn. 
Scrciphuluridc,  JufT. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cat.  Perianth  of  five,  deep  linear,  acute, 
equal,  permanent  divifions.  Cor.  of  one  petal,  gaping, 
two-hpped  ;  upper  lip  very  (hort,  concave,  emarginate  ; 
lower  ere<ft,  trifid,  the  middle  fegment  rather  larger.  Stam. 
Filaments  four,  in  pairs,  the  two  upper  ones  fim'ple,  the 
two  lower  afccnding,  with  a  terminal,  llraight  tooth  ;  an- 
thers twin,  the  lower  ones  as  it  were  lateral.  P'tjl.  Germen 
fuperior,  ovate  ;  ftyle  thread-fhaped  ;  ftigma  emarginate. 
Peru-.  Capfule  oval,  of  one  cell  and  two  valves.  SaJs  nu- 
merous.    Recept.  cylindrical. 

Eil.  Ch.  Calyx  deeply  tive-cleft.  Corolla  ringent,  the 
upper  hp  very  fhort.  The  two  inferior  ilamens  having  a 
terminating  tooth  and  a  fublateral  anther.  Capfule  of  one 
cell. 

1.  L.  Pyxidaria.  Linn.  Mant.  252.  Allion.  Mifc. 
Taur.  V.  3.  178.  t.  5.  Icon.  Taur  v.  16.  t.  S4.  (Capraria 
gratioloides  ;  Linn.  Sp  PI.  876.  Pyxidaria  repens  annua  ; 
Liudern.  Tourncf.  Alfat.  156.  t.  y.  Hort.  Alfat.  269. 
Gratiola  floribus  pedunculatis  ;  Gron.  Virg.  3.)  —  Leaves 
oval,  entire,  feflile.  Peduncles  folitary.  — Originally  a  native 
of  Virgmia,  in  fpongy,  inundated  marrtics,  whence  it  was 
brought  into  Europe,  and  may  at  prcfent  be  found  in  fimilar 
fituations,  in  Alface  and  Piedmont,  flowering  in  .July  and 
Augutl. — Root  annual.  Stem  fmooth,  fquare,  brittle,  oc- 
ealionally  branched  and  creeping.  Leaves  oppofite,  fmall, 
(lightly  notched,  like  thofe  of  Anagallis.  Flowers  axillary, 
folitary,  of  a  pale  blue  colour. 

2.  L.  d'w.r.th.ra.  Swartz.  Prod.  92.  lud.  Occ.  lOjS. 
(Erinus  procumbens  ;  Mill.  Dift.  n.  6  ) — Leaves  on  foot- 
ftalks,  ovate  or  roundith,  llightly  ferraied.  Stem  creeping. 
— A  native  of  moift  fand  or  clay  in  Hifpaniola. — Root 
thread-fhaped,  with  fliort  fibres.  Stem  herbaceous,  loolely 
fpreading.  Branches  afccnding,  fquare,  fmooth.  Leaves 
oppofite,  ribbed,   fcarcely  veined.     Flowers  fmall. 

3.  ]^.  japomca.  Linn.  Syll.  Veg.  ed.  14.  567.  Thunb. 
Japon.  2^3. — Leaves  obovate,  toothed,  the  lower  ones  on 
footflalks.  A  native  of  Japan,  where  it  flowers  through 
flie  fpring.  Root  annual.  Stem  herbaceous,  branched, 
weak.  Branches  alternate,  from  an  inch  to  a  fpan  in  length. 
Radical  leaves  numerous  ;  Jlem-leaves  few,  feflile,  all  obovate, 
obtufe,  toothed,  very  ilightly  hairy.  Floiuers  in  chillers  at 
tlie  extremities  of  the  branches. 

Thefe  two  fpecies  lad  defcribed  are  faid  by  the  ingenious 
Mr.  Brown,  in  his  Prodromus  to  the  Flora  of  New  Hol- 
land, to  be  certainly  different  in  gt'nus  from  L  Pyxidaria. 
The  fame  author  defcribes  the  three  following  ne.w  fpecies 
of  Lindirnia,  all  natives  of  the  tropical  part  of  New  Hol- 
land, though  he  remarks  that  they  do  not  altogether  ajCOrd 
witli  (he  original  charaftcr  of  iliis  genus. 


L.  alfmoidts.  Leaves  ovate,  entire  or  (lightly  toothed  r 
ftein-leavcs  dillant :  floral-ones  fmall.  Tube  of  the  coroSa 
a  little  longer  than  the  calyx.     Stem  ered.' 

L..  fciipi:;era.  Leaves  broad-ovate,  nearly  entire:  lower 
ones  cro^vded  together:  thofe  of  the  item  few  and  fmall: 
floral  leaves  minute.  Tube  of  the  corolla  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx. 

L.  fubnlata.  Leaves  linear-awl-fhaped,  entire.  Found 
by  the  Rt.  Hon.  fir  .(ofeph  Banks  only. 

LINDERUPOE,  in  Geography,  a  fmall  ifland  of  Den- 
mark, in  the  Little  Belt,  near  the  coall  of  Slefwick  ;  8 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Aflens  in  the  ifland  of  Funen. 

LINUESNESS,  or  the  Naxe,  a  cape  on  the  S.  coaft 
of  Norway,  in  the  North  fea,  conneftcd  with  the  land  by  a 
very  narrow  iflhmus.  The  cape  projefts  into  the  fea  about 
a  Norway  mile  towards  the  S.W.,  and  is  about  half  a  mile 
broad.  The  promontory  is  high,  rocky,  and  barren,  and 
has  upon  it  twelve  houfes  of  peafants.  N.  lat.  58  l'.  E. 
long.  7'  12'. 

I^INDEWEISE,  a  town  of  Silefia,  in  the  principality 
of  Neiffe  ;    11  miles  S.E.  of  Ncifle. 

LINDISFARNE,  or  Holy  IJland,  an  ifland  fituatcd 
in  the  North  fea,  oppofite  to  the  toaft  of  that  portion  of 
Durham  which  lies  between  the  river  Tweed  and  the  county 
of  Northumberland,  England.  It  was  named  by  the  Bri- 
tons Inis-Mendicante.  The  appellation  Holy  Ifland  was 
given  to  it  by  the  Englifh  from  being  the  refidence  of  feve- 
ral  of  the  primitive  fathers  of  the  Saxon  church.  The  dif- 
tance  of  this  ifland  from  the  Mainland  is  about  two  miles. 
It  is  eafily  acccflible  at  low  water  to  all  kinds  of  conveyance, 
but  the  lands  are  dangerous  to  fuch  perfons  as  are  unac- 
quainted with  them.  The  circumference  of  this  ifland  is 
about  nine  miles,  and  the  number  of  acres  contained  in  it 
1020,  nearly  one-half  of  which  are  mere  fand-banks.  The 
other  grounds  are  rather  of  a  rich  foil  ;  but  previous  to  the 
)'ear  1792,  when  the  common  was  inclofed,  only  40  acres 
were  in  tillage.  The  rental  increaftd  between  the  years 
1790  and  1797,  from  320/.  to  396/.  The  town  is  fituated 
on  the  wefl  corner,  and  in  1 798  was  inhabited  by  379  perfons, 
whiTwere  chiefly  employed  in  fifhlng.  From  the  names  and 
ruins  of  feveral  ilrcets  it  is  con'iectured  to  have  been  at  one 
period  much  more  i^onfiderable  than  it  now  is.  In  the  year 
635  this  place  was  made  a  bifhop's  fee  by  king  Ofwald. 
Its  firft  prelate  was  a  Scotchman  of  the  name  of  Aiden. 
The  church,  or  monaftery,  originally  confifled  of  timber 
and  thatch.  St.  Cuthbert,  the  faint  to  whom  it  was  de- 
dicated, was  buried  here  ;  but  after  the  Danes  began  their 
depredations,  the  monks  removed  to  Cheller-le-flreet,  and 
carried  the  faint's  body  along  with  them.  After  their  flight 
the  invaders  dcilroyed  the  building,  which  however  feems 
to  have  been  fubfequently  rebuilt,  at  leail  in  part.  Various 
detached  portions  of  this  edifice  are  ftill  (landing.  Portions 
of  the  church  conltitute  the  principal  ruins.  The  north  and 
fouth  walls  of  it  are  ftill  almoll  entire,  though  mucli,out  of 
the  perpendicular.  So  likewife  is  a  part  of  the  well  wail, 
but  that  on  the  eaft  is  nearly  level  with  the  ground.  All 
the  arches  of  this  church  are  circular,  except  two  in  the 
chancel  and  one  in  the  north  aifle,  but  thefe,  as  well  as  a 
pointed  arch  over  the  north  aifle,  feem  to  be  of  later  date 
than  the  reft  of  the  building.  The  columns  of  the  nave 
are  of  four  kinds,  very  maffy,  and  varioully  ornamented. 
The  bafes  and  capitals  are  plain.  Over  each  arch  are  large 
windows  in  pairs,  and  over  them  again  are  fmallcr  arches. 
One  of  the  ribs  of  the  arch,  which  fupported  the  tower,  is 
ftill  (landing.  It  is  richly  ornamented  with  Saxon  zigzag, 
as  is  alfo  the  wellcrn  door  and  fome  other  arches.  The 
itones  of  which  thia  church  is  conftruded  are  of  a  deep  red 

colour. 


L  I  N 

colour.  On  the- fides  mod  expofed  to  tlie  weather  they  are 
eaten  into  the  femblance  of  honeycomb.  The  reniairjs  of 
the  priory  and  ofnces  lie  on  the  foiith  fide.  The  in(idc  of 
their  walls  i.s  built  of  whin-ftone,  obtained  from  a  rock 
■which  forms  a  lofty  natural  pier  on  the  foutli  fliore  of  the 
idand.  The  pedeilal  of  fit.  Cuthbert's  crofs,  anciently 
held  in  great  veneration,  and  now  called  the  pellingjlone,  is 
.  fitiiated  a  Ihort  way  to  the  eaft.  When  a  bride  cannot  itep 
the  length  of  it,  the  fuperftitious  reckon  it  ominous  of  fu- 
ture unhappinefs  in  the  marriage  ftate.  The  parifli  church 
is  a  plain  but  fpacious  (Irufture,  having  feniicircular  arches 
«n  the  one  fide  and  pointed  ones  on  the  other.  The  win- 
dows are  long  and  narrow.  The  caifle  ilands  upon  a  lofty 
whin-ftone  rock  on  the  fouth-eaft  portion  of  the  illand.  At 
the  commencement  of  the  civil  wars  it  was  garrifoned  by 
the  king's  forces,  but  (hortly  after,  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  parliament.  The  Pretender  attempted  to  obtain  pof. 
felfion  of  it  in  the  year  1 7 15.  A  detachment  of  invahds 
is  now  ufually  ftationed  here.  Hodgfon's  Beauties  of 
Northumberland,  8vo.   181 1. 

LINDO,  a  town,  or  rather  the  remains  of  a  town,  in 
the  illand  of  Rhodes,  anciently  called  Lindus,  the  native 
place  of  Cleobulus,  one  of  the  feven  wife  men  of  Greece, 
and  of  Chares,  who  made  or  at  leall  began  the  famous  co- 
lolTus,  confecrated  to  the  fun,  and  the  fcite  of  a  magnifi- 
cent temple  dedicated  to  Minerva.  This  temple  is  faid  to 
have  been  built  by  Danaus,  king  of  Egypt,  on  landing 
here  in  his  fligh.t  from  his  own  kingdom.  A  teftival  was 
celebrated  here,  not  with  bleffings  and  prayers,  but,  as 
Laftantius  fays,  with  curfes  and  imprecations  ;  infoniuch 
that  if  a  good  word  efcaped  from  any  perlon  prefent,  it 
was  deemed  a  bad  omen,  and  the  ceremony  was  begun  anew. 
The  velliges  of  this  city,  called  L'wdo,  are  feated  in  a  ham- 
let nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  E.  fide  of  the  illand,  and 
altogether  peopled  by  Greeks  ;  its  harbour,  though  far 
from  being  fpacious,  is  niucli  frequented  by  the  fmall  craft 
of  the  country  ;  which  there  take  in  the  commodities  of  the 
iQand  and  bring  thither  merchandife  from  other  parts.  Ac- 
cordingly ahnoft  all  the  inhabitants  of  Lindo  are  addicted 
to  commerce,  or  to  the  carrying  trade  of  the  neighbouring 
coafls  and  iflands  ;  they  navigate  with  fmall  lall-faihng 
veflels  conftrutled  by  themfelves,  and  to  which  they  give 
greater  folidity  than  the  Ihips  which  come  oft  the  itocks  of 
Rhodes,  on  account  of  government.  A  few  Lindians  alfo 
employ  themfelves  in  rural  labours,  but  as  the  part  of  the 
ifland  which  they  inhabit  is  lefs  capable  of  tillage  than  any 
other  parts,  on  account  of  its  ftony  foil,  their  culture  prin- 
cipally confifts  of  plantations  of  vines,  fig-trees,  and  iuch 
others;  14  miles  S.S.W.  of  Rhodes.  N.  lat.  36  17'. 
E.  long  27'  ^8'.      Sonnini. 

LINDON,  a  fmall  ifiand  on  the  W,.  fide  of  the  gulf  of 
Bothnia.      N.  lat.  60   5^'.      E.  long.  j6    57'. 

LINDOW,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  Middle 
Mark;  33  miles  N.N.W.  of  Berhn.  N.  lat.  52  57'.  E. 
long.  13  . — Alio,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  Middle 
Mark  ;  8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Franckfort  on  the  Oder. 

LINDSjEA,  in  Botany,  a  genus  of  ferns,  fo  named  by 
the  late  Mr.  Dryander,  after  Mr.  John  Lindlay,  "  an 
affiduous  and  feillful  botanift  of  Jamaica,''  author  of  a 
paper,  printed  in  the  Tranfaftions  of  the  Linnxan  Soc. 
V.  2.  9J,  on  the  germination  and  raifing  of  ferns  from  the 
feed  ;  as  well  as  of  another  paper,  in  the  fame  vol.  p.  313, 
concerning  the  raifing  of  feveral  other  cryptogamic  plants 
in  the  fame  manner.  Dryandr.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  3.  39. 
Sm.  Mem.  de  I'Acad.  de  Turin,  v.  5.  413.  t.  9.  f.  4. 
Trafts  on  Nat.  Kift.  242.  t.  i.  f.  4.  Swartz.  Fil.  118. 
Brown  Prodr.   Nov.  Holl.  v.  i.   J5G. -Ciafs  and  order, 


L  I  N 

Ciyptcamla    Fili:?!.       Nat.    Ord.     Filices   dorffirx,    Lins* 
Juil. 

Gen.  Ch.  Capfules  annulated,  in  continued,  nearly  mar- 
ginal, lateral  or  ti-rminal,  lines,  twaohtcrum  ariling  from 
the  furface  of  the  leaf,  membranous,  continued,  entire  or 
flightlv  ercnate,  at  length  reflexcd,  permanent. 

Etl".'  Ch.  FruBifcatlm  in  continued,  nearly  marginal, 
lines.  Infolucrum  from  the  furface  of  the  leaf,  continued, 
feparating  at  the  fide  towards  the  margin. 

Nine  ipecies  are  defcnbed  in  Mr.  Dryander's  origin:^ 
eflfay,  to  which  five  are  added  by  Dr.  Swartz,  one  by  M. 
Labillardiere  and  one  by  Mr.  Brown. 

I.  L..  fayjtlata.  Dryandr.  n.  i.  (Adiantiim  fagittatum  ; 
Aubl.  Guian.  964.  t.  366  ) — Frond  fimple,  arrow  or  heart- 
fhapcd,  with  a  taper  point. — Native  of  woods  and  fiiTurei 
of  rocks  in  Guiana.  The  roct  is  creeping,  bearing  five  or 
iix  fronds  in  a  clufter,  near  a  fpan  high  ;  ihejalis  black  and 
fhmmg  ;  leaf  fmooth,  with  dichotomous  veins  all  fpringing 
from  its  bale  where  the  ftalk  is  infcrted  ;  line  of  fruftifica- 
tion  about  a  Itraw's  breadth  from  the  edge. 

■2.  L.  renformis.  Dryandr.  n.  2.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc. 
V,  3.  t.,  7.  f.  I. — Frond  fimple,  kidney-lhaped,  obtufe. — 
Native  of  Guiana  and  Surinam.  -  Much  lilie  the  laft,  of 
which  we  are  inclined  to  fuipecl  it  a  variety. 

3.  L..  enffoHa.  Swartz  n.  3.- Frond  pinnate;  leaflets 
alternate,  "fword-lhaped.  — From  the  ifland  of  Mauritius. 
We  have  what  anfwers  to  this  charafter,  from  Madagafcar  ; 
but  if  right,  it  is  very  nearly  allied  to  the  following. 

4.  L.  Lviceolata.  Brown,  n.  2.  Labill.  Nov.  Holl.  v.  2. 
98.  t.  248.  f.  1. — Frond  pinnate  ;  le.itlets  alternate,  linear- 
lanceolate,  fometimes  pinnatifid  ;  ftalk  fquare.  — Found  by 
Labillardiere  at  Van  Diemen's  land  ;  by  Mr.  Brown  in  the 
tropical  part  of  New  Holland.  Each  leafld  is  about  one 
and  a  half  inch  or  two  inches  long,  nearly  felTiie.  If  the  dicho- 
tomous  form,  and  great  diftance  of  the  lateral  veins  from 
each  other,  which  are  very  remarkable  characters  in  La- 
billardiere's  plate,  be  correct,  this  fpecies  is  effentially 
diltinCt  from  the  laft,  whofe  veins  compofe  an  uniform  fort 
of  network,  interbranching  with  each  other  over  the  whole 
difli  of  the  leaf.  ' 

J.  L..  grand  folia.  Frond  pinnate;  leaflets  pppofite,  ellip- 
tic-lanceolate, pointed.  Fructification  lialf  way  between 
the  rib  and  the  margin. — Gathered  in  Malacca.  — We  know 
this  merely  from  a  pencil  flvetch  taken  by  the  younger  Lin- 
ncEUS,  marked  with  the  native  country  of  the  plant,  and  a 
note  faying  it  "  probably  conftitutes  a  new  genus,  of  which 
Aublet's  tab.  365  and  366,  and  an  yldiaiilum  of  Smcath- 
man's,  are  other  Ipecies."  This  was  perhaps  written  at  fir 
Jof.  Banks's;  but  if  fo,  we  cannot  account  for  Mr.  Dry- 
ander's having  omitted  this  fpecies,  which  appears  to  be 
one  of  the  moil  rem.arkable  of  the  whole  number.  The 
/ron(/ confifts  of  Iwo  pair  of  oppofite,  (lightly  ftalk ed,  leaflets, 
three  or  four  inches  long,  with  a  terminal  one  ftiU  longer. 
A  fine  of  fruftification  lies  midway  between  the  rib  and 
the  margin,  on  each  fide  of  the  former;  but  none  of  the  lines 
e.'itend  either  to  the  baie  or  the  fummit,  by  near  an  inch. 

6.  L.  linearis.  Swartz  n.  4.  318.  t.  3.  f.  3. — ^Frond  pin- 
nate, linear;  leaflets  very  numerous,  fau-ftiaped,  finely  cre- 
nate  and  fruftifying  a;  their  outer  edge. —  Native  of  various 
parts  of  New  Holland.  We  have  it  from  Port  Jackfon. 
About  a  foot  high,  with  a  dark  polifiiedy/j/i,  tapering  and 
zigzag  at  the  bafe.  The  leajets  are  imperfedly  oppofite, 
deflexed,  fmall,  broad  and  very  ftiort,  fo  as  to  give  a  re- 
markable narrownefs  to  the  fliape  of  the  whole  frond. 

7.  L.falcata.  Dryander.  n.  3.  t.  7.  f.  2. —Frond  pinnate; 
leaflets  fomewhat  crcfcent-lhaped,  entire,  wavy,— Gathered 
by  Aublet  in  Guiana.— About  a  foot  high,  with  feveral 

pair 


L  I  N 


L  I  N 


pair  of  ratlier  clofe  leaflets,  each  about  an  inch  long,  (lightly 
falcate  backward,  wavy  at  their  upper  edge,  along  which 
runs  the  line  of  frudilication.  The  terminal  leajlet  is  irre- 
gularly fhaped. 

8.  L.  hdcrophylla.  Dryjndr.  n.  4.  t.  8.  f.  i.  -  Frond  pin- 
nate; leaflets  entire  or  ferratcd;  the  lower  ones  fomewhat  rhom- 
boid-lanceolate, pointed;  the  upper  rhomboid  and  very  ob- 
tufe  ;  the  upperinoll  confluent. —  Gathered  by  Mr.  Robert- 
fon  at  Malacca.  A  fpan  high,  with  very  various,  lliglilly 
dirtant  leaflets,  the  longeft  of  which  meafure  fcarcely  an  inch. 

9.  L.  iullreila.  Swartz.  n.  7.  (Adiantum  cultratum ; 
Willd.  Phytogr.  fafc.  I.  14.  t.  10.  f.  2.)  Frond  pinnate  ; 
leaflets  oblong,  obtufe,  wavy  at  their  upper  margin  ;  the 
terminal  one  elongated  jagged.  Native  of  the  coait  of  Ma- 
labar.—i^roW  about  five  inclies  high,  with  a  green  _//«//■,  10 
or  12  pair  of  alternate,  (lalked,  horizontal  leaflets,  and  a  fingu- 
larly  jagged,  elongated,  upright  terminal  one. 

10.  h.  flabellulata.  Dryandr.  n.  5.  t.  8.  f.  2. — Frond  pin- 
nate ;  leaflets  fan-fliaped,  finely  toothed  ;  the  lower  ones  of 
the  old  plants  compound.  Native  of  China,  Macao,  and 
Sumatra The  leaflets  are  almolt  femicircular  at  their  fructi- 
fying edge,  whicii  ilands  outwards,  not  upperinolt. 

11.  h.  trapeziformis.  Dryandr.  n.  6.  t.  9. —Frond  doubly 
pinnate  ;  leaflets  quadrangular,  abrupt ;  the  lowermolt:  fan- 
ftiaped.— Gathered  in  Grenada  by  Smeathman  ;  fee  our  n.  j. 
— A  large  and  handfome  fern,  each  branch  of  whole  frond 
confills  of  above  a  dozen  pair  of  oblong  quadrangular 
leaflets,  frutlifying  at  their  upper  and  outer  margins. 

12.  L..  guiatietifls.  Dryandr.  n.  7.  (Adiantum  guianenfe  ; 
Aubl.  Guian.  962.  t.  365.)— Frond  doubly  pinnate  j  its 
branches  fpreading,  tapering ;  leaflets  crowded  ;  the  lower 
lunate;  middle  ones  fquare  ;  upper  fan-fhaped. —  Gathered 
by  Aublet  at  the  bottoms  of  little  hills  in  the  forefts  of 
Guiana.  This  is  a  very  handfome/rt-n,  two  or  three  feet  high, 
■with  a  longifli  JIa/i,  and  about  fix  pair  of  nearly  oppofite, 
tapering,  widely  fpreading  branches,  each  compofed  of  in- 
numerable, crowded,  light  green  leeiflets,  more  or  lefs  rounded 
in  their  upper  or  fore-part,  which  is  bordered  nith  a  broad 
brown  line  of  truftificatioii. 

13.  L..  JlriSa.  Dryandr.  n.  8.  Swaitz  Ind.  Occ.  1722, 
(Adiantum  llriclum  ;  Swartz  Prodr.  135.) — Frond 
doubly  pinnate ;  branches  ereft,  contrafted  ;  leaflets  tra- 
peziform.— Native  of  .Tamaica,  Porto  Rico,  and  Panama. 
—No  figure  of  this  fpecies  has  yet  appeared. 

14.  1^.  media.  Brown  n.  3.- Frond  doubly  pinnate  ;  del- 
toid ;  leaflets  obovato-rhomboid,  coriaceous  ;  the  lower 
ones  lobed  ;  the  rell  entire  ;  with  a  folitary  uninterrupted 
line  of  fructification  at  the  fore  edge  ;  the  barren  ones  fer- 
rated  at  the  top  ;  ftalk  fquare — Gathered  by  Mr.  Brown  in 
the  tropical  pare  of  New  Holland. 

15.  L.  trichomamidcs.  Dryandr.  n.  9.  t.  II. — Frond 
doubly  pinnate  ;  leaflets  membranous,  bnear-clubfhapcd, 
abrupt. — Gathered  at  Duflcy  bay,  New  Zeeland,  by  Mr. 
A.  Manzies.     A  delicate  fpecies,  a  fpan  high,  with  (lender 

'creeping  downy  roots,  and  fmooth  hrov-njlalh.  The  leajlets 
vary  in  fize  and  breadth,  but  are  nearly  wedge-fliaped,  de- 
current  and  confluent,  of  a  light  green  colour  and  fomevvhat 
membranous  texture,  fo  as  much  to  refemble  a  Trkhomanes 
or  Hymenophytlum  ;  their  fummit  abrupt,  crenate  or  jagged. 
Line  of  fruciificiition  fometimes  very  ihort ;  the  involutrum 
broadifti,  fcarcely  ever  reflexcd,  but  finally  deciduous,  along 
with  the  capfules. 

16.  L.  tenera.  Dryandr.  n.  10.  t.  10.  —  Frond  triply  pin- 
nate,   triangular ;    leaflets   obovate,    fomewhat    rhomboid, 

.^ut. — Native  of  the  Eaft  Indies  ;  fent  to  fir  Jofeph  Banks 
by  the  Moravian  miffionaries  from  the  ifland  of  Nicobar. 
il  appears  to  us  as  truly  pinnate  as  any  of  the  others,  rather 


than  pinnatifid,  though  the  ultimate  divifions,  or  leajlets,  are 
decurrent  ;  ihefe  are  broader  and  more  rounded  than  in  tlic 
lail,  as  well  as  lobed  or  cut. 

17.  L.  mierophylla.  Swartz  n.  14.  319. —Frond  lanceo- 
late, trJply  pinnate  ;  leaflets  wedge-lhapcd,  dilated  and  cre- 
nate at  the  top.  Gathered  near  Port  .lackfon,  New  South 
Wales,  by  Dr.  White.  This  elegant  fpecies  is  a  foot  and 
a  half,  or  more,  in  height  j  the  whole  frond  of  a  narrow 
lanceolate  figure,  with  flender,  lax,  pinnate  branches,  and 
fmall,  light  green  dotted  leajlets,  which  are  wedge-lhaped, 
tapering  at  the  bafe,  always  crenate  at  the  fummit,  as  is  alfo 
the  involucrtim.  Every  leaflet  is  fuddenly  dilated  oppofite  to 
eac\i  end  of  the  frudlifying  line. 

Tlic  three  lad  fpecies  are  naturally  allied  to  the 'genus 
Davallia  (fee  that  article),  with  which  they  agree  as  to  habit, 
and  occafionally  even  in  the  fhort  round  ligure  of  their 
fructification  and  involncrum,  which  in  general  however  are 
continued  in  a  fubmarginal  line. 

LINDSAY,  John,  in  Biography,  a  learned  nonjuring 
divine,  who  was  educated  at  St.  Mary-Hail,  Oxford.  He 
had  a  congregation  in  London,  among  whom  he  regularly 
ofRciated,  and  was  employed  by  Mr.  Bowyer  as  a  corrector 
of  the  prefs.  He  tranflated  Mafon's  "  Vindication  of  the 
Church  of  England;''  and  wrote  "A  Short  Hiltory  of 
the  Royal  Succeflion  ;"  and  "  Remarks  on  Whillon's  Scrip- 
ture Politics.'"     He  died  in  1768,  aged  82. 

Lindsay,  5/r  David,  a  Scotch  poet,  was  a  native  of 
the  county  of  Fife,  and  educated  at  the  univerfity  of  St. 
Andrews.  He  was  at  the  battle  of  Pavia,  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  Scotland  James  V.  appointed  him  mailer  of  the 
herald's  office.  He  wrote  feveral  poems,  fome  of  which 
have  been  printed,  particularly  his  Sa'ires  on  the  Clergy. 
He  died  in  1557,  aged  61.  There  was  another  of  this 
family  named  David  likewife,  who  was  born  about  the  year 
1527  :  he  was  a  zealous  promoter  of  the  reformation,  and 
died  in  1592.  He  wrote  the  Hillory  of  Scotland  from  1437 
to  1  ^42. 

LINDSEY,  Theopiiii.us,  was  born  at  Miudlewich, 
in  Chefhire,  June  20th,  1723,  old  ilyle.  His  father, 
Mr.  Robert  Lindley,  was  an  opulent  proprietor  of  the 
falt-works  in  that  neighbourhood  ;  his  mother's  name  was 
Spencer,  a  younger  branch  of  the  Spencer  family,  in  the 
county  of  Buckingham.  Thcophilus  was  the  fecond  of 
three  children,  and  f )  named  after  his  godfather,  Thcophi- 
lus, earl  of  Huntingdon.  He  received  the  rudiments  of 
grammar  learning  at  Middlewich,  and  from  his  early  attach- 
ment to  books,  and  the  habitual  feriouinels  of  his  mind,  he 
was  intended  by  his  mother  for  the  church.  He  loll  fome 
time  by  a  change  of  ichools,  till  he  was  put  under  the  care 
of  Mr.  Ijarnard  of  the  free-ichool  of  Leeds,  under  whom  he 
made  a  rapid  progrefs  in  clafTical  learning.  At  the  age 
of  eighteen  he  was  admitted  of  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge, 
where,  by  exemplary  dihgence  and  moral  conduft,  he  obtained 
the  entire  approbation  of  his  tutors.  As  ioon  as  he  had  finifhed 
his  lludies  at  college,  taken  his  firll  degree,  and  had  been 
admitted  to  deacon's  orders,  he  was  nominated  by  fir  George 
Wheeler  to  a  chapel  in  Spital  fquare,  London.  Soon  after 
this,  he  was,  by  the  recommendation  of  the  earl  of  Hunt- 
ill^;don,  appointed  domeftic  chaplain  to  Algernon,  duke 
of  Somerfet.  The  duke,  from  a  great  regard  for  his  merit, 
determined  to  procure  him  a  high  rank  in  the  church,  but 
an  early  death  deprived  Mr.  Liudfey  of  liis  illuilrious  pa- 
tron. In  1754,  he  accompanied  the  prefent  duke  of  Nor- 
thumberland to  the  continent,  and  on  his  return  he  fupplied, 
for  fome  time,  the  temporary  vacancy  of  a  good  living  in  the 
north  of  England,  called  Kirkby-Wilk  :  here  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  Mr.  archdeacon  Blackburne,  and  in  1 760  mar- 
ried 


LIN' 

ricd  his  daughter-in-law.  From  Kirkby  Mr.  Lindfcy  went 
to  Piddletown,  in  Dorfetlhire,  having  been  prefcnted  to  the 
living  of  that  place  by  the  earl  of  Huntingdon :  this,  throngh 
the  interell  of  the  fame  patron,  he  exchanged,  in  i  764,  for 
the  vicarage  of  Catterick,  in  Yorkfiiire.  Here  he  refided 
nearly  ten  years,  an  exemplary  pattern  of  a  primitive  and 
confcientious  path>r,  higiily  refpetled  and  beloved  by  the 
people  committed  to  his  charge.  Befides  his  various  and 
important  duties  as  a  parifh  clergyman,  Mr.  Lindfey  was 
ever  alive,  and  iicartily  aftive,  in  every  caufe  m  whii  h  the 
principles  of  truth  a;id  right  rcafon  were  concerned.  We 
accordingly  find  him,  in  1771,  zealoufly  co-operating  with 
Mr.  arclideacon  Blackburne,  Dr.  John  .Jebb:  Mr,  Wyvil, 
and  others,  in  endeavouring  to  obtain  relief  in  matters  of 
fubfcription  !o  the  thirty-nine  articles :  the  objeft  of  tliefe 
gentlemen  was  fimply  this,  that  the  clergy  of  the  ellabliftied 
church  migiit  be  permitted  to  held  their  preferments  upon 
condition  of  merely  iubCcribIng  their  belief  of  the  holy 
fcriutures,  inftead  of  the  thirty-nine  articles.  The  quellion 
«as  brought  before  the  haufe  of  commons  in  1772,  but  after 
a  very  auiniated  difcudlon,  it  vvas  loll  by  a  great  majority. 
Coiifidering  the  ilTue  cf  this  debate  as  an  abfulute  difapponit- 
ment  and  refufrd  of  ail  their  ju(l  and  righteous  demands,  lie 
began  to  confider  what  courfe  he  ihould  take  to  latisfy  his 
cou'.cience,  and  in  a  Ihort  time  explicitly  avowed  his  i,  ten- 
tions  of  refigning  his  living.  He  had,  probably,  for  fome 
years,  had  doubts  with  relpect  to  the  dodrine  of  the  Tri:iity, 
and  other  leading  topics  of  the'eilabliflied  faith,  .Tnd  early  in 
the  year  1773  an  anonymous  writer,  under  the  fignaturc  of 
Laslius,  ftarted  the  fubjedl  of  the  impropriety  of  perfons  re- 
maining in  the  church  who  could  not  confcientioufly  conform 
to  her  principles:  to  this  Mr.  Lindfey,  in  a  letter  to  a  friend, 
mod  feelingly  alludes  ;  "  The  fubjeS:  of  Lxluis's  lall  letter 
may  give  one  many  a  pang.  1  cannot  fay  that  I  have  been  for 
many  years  a  day  free  from  uneafinefs  about  it."  In  the  fol- 
lowing November  he  wrote  to  the  prelate  of  his  diocefe,  in- 
forming him  of  his  intention  to  quit  the  church,  and  fignifying, 
that  in  a  few  days  he  (liould  tranfmit  to  him  his  deed  of  refig- 
iiation.  The  bifhop  endeavoured  to  perfuade  him  to  remain 
at  his  pod,  but  lie  had  made  up  his  mind  that  duty  required 
the  facrifice,  and  he  was  refoKed  to  bear  the  confequences. 
When  the  act  was  done,  he  faidhe  felt  himlelf  delivered  from  a 
load  which  had  long  lain  heavy  upon  him,  and  at  times  nearly 
overwhelmed  hirn.  Previonfly  to  his  quitting  Catterick, 
Mr.  Lindfey  delivered  a  farewell  addrefs  to  his  pariihioners, 
in  which  he  :'ated  his  motives  for  quitting  them  in  a  fimple  and 
very  affecting  manner,  pointing  out  thereafons  why  he  could 
no  longer  condufl,  nor  join  in  their  worfliip,  without  the 
guilt  of  continu.d  infincerity  before  GoH,  and  endangering 
the  lofsof  his  favour  forever.  He  left  C.:tterick  about  the 
middle  of  December,  a  id  after  vifiting  lome  friends  in  dif- 
ferent pans  of  the  coimtry,  he  arrived  in  London  in  January 
1774,  where  he  met  with  fiiei.ds,  who  zeidoufly  patronized 
the  idea  which  he  entertained  pf  opening  a  ulace  of  worfliip, 
devoted  entirely  to  Ui  itaria  pri.iciples.  A  large  room  w<is 
at  firll  fitted  up  for  the  pu  pofe  in  Eilex-ftreet  i;i  the  S'rand, 
which,  after  overcoming  fome  1-gal  otillacles,  thrown  out  by 
the  magillrates  in  the  way  of  regilteriiig  it,  was  opeoed 
April  17,  1774.  The  fervice  of  the  place  was  conduced 
according  to  the  plan  of  a  liturgy  which  had  been  altered 
from  that  ufed  in  the  eltabliflied  church  by  the  late  Dr. 
Samuel  Clarke,  reftor  of  St.  James's  church,  Piccadilly, 
London.  Mr.  Lindfey  publifhed  the  ftrnion  whiih  he 
preached  on  the  opening  of  his  chapel,  to  whieh  was  added 
an  account  of  the  liturgy  made  ufe  of.  About  the  fame 
time  he  pubhthed  his  "  Apology,''  of  which  leveral  ed.lions 
were  called  for  in  tlic  courfe  of  a  few  years,     'i'his  was  fol- 


L  I  N 

lowed  by  a  flill  larger  volume,  entitled  "  A  Sequel  to  the 
Apology,"  which  was  intended  as  a  reply  to  his  various 
opponents,  and  likewife  to  vindicate  and  eilablifh  the  leadii  g 
doctrines  which  he  profeffed,  and  en  account  of  which  he 
had  given  up  his  preferment  in  ihe  church.  This  work  was 
publifhed  in  1776,  and  in  1778  he  was  enabled,  by  the  slu.t- 
ance  of  his  friends,  to  build  the  rhapel  of  Ef!i-x  llri'ct,  and 
to  purchafe  the  ground  on  whxh  it  itands.  Till  thefumnier 
of  1793,  Mr.  Li'idfey,  with  the  aid  of  his  friend  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Difncy,  condnttcd  the  fervices  of  the  place,  upon 
ftrift  Unitarian  principles,  to  a  refpectable  and  nnratrous 
congregation.  He  th-.'n  refigned  the  whole  into  the  hands 
of  his  very  able  coadjutor,  notwithftanding  theearneft  wiflies 
of  his  hearers  that  he  fliould  Hill  continue  a  pait  of  the  fi-r- 
vices.  Though  he  had  quitted  the  duties  of  the  pulpit, 
he  continued  to  labour  in  the  caufe,  by  ids  publiL-.tioiiS,' 
till  he  had  attained  his  eightieth  year.  In  i8o3  he  puhhflied 
his  lall  work,  entitled  "  Conferfations  on  the  Divine  Go- 
vernment, fhewing  that  every  Thing  is  from  God,  and  for 
good  to  all."  The  objeft  of  this  piece,  which  has  been  re- 
printed for  general  circulation  by  a  fociety  for  promoting, 
Chrillian  knowledge,  &;c.  is  to  vindicate  the  Creator  froin 
thofe  gloomy  notions  which  are  too  often  attached  to  his. 
provide. ice,  and  to  fhew  that  the  govi-rr.mei.t  of  the  world 
is  the  wifeft  that  could  have  been  adopted,  and  that  a(Hic- 
tions  and  apparent  evils  are  permitted  fur  the  general  good. 
From  thisprincipilo  Mr.  Lindfey  derived  confolat ion  through 
life,  and  upon  it  he  aded  in  every  difficult  awd  trying  fcene. 
On  his  death  bed  he  fpoke  of  his  fufferiiigs  with  perfcA  pa- 
tience and  meeknefs,  and  when  reminded,  by  a  friend,  that  he 
doubtlefs  was  enabled  to  bear  them  with  fo  much  fortitude 
in  the  recolleftion  of  his  favourite  maxim,  that  "  Whatever 
is,  is  right ;"  no,  faid  the  dying  Chrillian,  wit'ii  animation 
that  lighted  up  his  countenance,  "  Whatever  is,  is  bell.''  This 
was  the  lall  lentence  which  he  was  able  dlltindly  to  articu- 
late :  he  died  November  3,  1808.  Befides  the  wijrks  already 
referred  to,  he  publilbed  two  differtations  :  i.  On  the  Preface 
to  St.  Jolin's  Gofpel  ;  2.  On  praying  to  Chrifl  :  "An  Hif- 
torical  View  of  the  State  of  the  Unitarian  Doftrine  and  Wor- 
fhio  from  the  Reformation  to  our  own  Times  ;"  and  fevcral 
other  pieces.  Among  controverlial  vvriters  Mr.  Lindfey  takes 
a  very  refpectable  place,  as  his  "  Vindici.e  PrieiUeiam,"  and 
his  ■'  Examination  of  Mr.  Robiufon's  Plea  for  the  D'vinity 
of  Ciinlt,"  will  fhew.  In  every  eharafter  of  life  which  this 
excellent  man  fullained,  he  adted  his  part  with  iionour  an-d 
integrity,  and  for  his  exertions  in  the  caufe  of  truth  and 
rational  Chriilianity,  whatever  may  be  thought  of  lii.s  peculiar 
opinions,  many  will  rife  up  and  call  him  bletfed.  O.liers,. 
equally  devout,  equally  humble,  equally  perfevering,  will  be 
forgotten  when  the  name  of  Thtophilus  Lindfey  fliad  be  held 
in  veneration,  bccaufe  to  humility,  piety,  and  perievorancir,. 
he  added  a  courageous  avowal  of  wliBt  he  believed  to  be  t!ic 
truth  :  lie  bore  public  teflimony,  in  oppoiltion  to  the  penal 
laws,  in  mattcrs-of  faith,  tliat  llill  exill  on  our  liatutc-book, 
to  the  Ui.ity  of  God  at  the  hazard  of  all.  Two  voliimcs  of. 
hi.^  fermons  have  been  pubhlhed  fince  his  death.  Montlily 
Mag.  Dec.  l3c8. 

LINDUM,  in  Ancient  Geography,  a  town  of  Britain,  in 
the  country  of  the  Coretani,  which  ty  tiie  jth  Iter  of 
Antoninc  is  lituated  between  Caufenn*  or  Ancailer,  and 
Segelceum  or  I^ittleborough.  This  is  univerfally  agreed  to 
be  Lincoln,  which  was  a  Roman  colony,  and  ^  place  o£ 
great  in  portance  in  ancient  tinus.  Baxter,  without  luffi- 
cient  authority,  contends  that  Lindum  was  the  Lendiniuiri' 
in  which  fo  many  of  the  Romans  were  fiain  by  the  Britons 
in  their  gn  at  revolt  under  Boadicea.     See  LixcoLX.. 

Lil^DU.M  was  alfa  the  name  of.  a  glace  in  the  coiaitry  of 

the 


L  I  N 


L  I  N 


tVie  Dumnii  ;  whicVi,  in  both  the  fi)und  and  fignification  of 
the  name,  bears  fo  grerat  a  refemblance  to  Liiihthgow,  that 
it  is  moft  probably  the  fame  place,  though  its  fituation 
does  not  exaftly  agree  with  that  affigned  by  Ptolemy,  who 
is  far  from  being  correft  in  this  particular, 

LINDY,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Querimba, 
S.  lat.  ()-  58'.    E.  long.  41'  4'. 

LINE,  in  Geomtlry,  a  quantity  extended  in  length  only, 
without  either  breadth  or  thicknefs. 

A  line  is  fuppufed  to  be  formed  by  the  flux  or  motion 
of  a  point  ;  and  is  to  be  conceived  as  the  termination  or 
limit  of  a  furface,  and  not  as  a  part  of  that  furface,  how- 
ever fmall. 

There  arc  two  kinds  of  lines  ;  tiiz.  nght  lines,  and  curve 
lines. 

If  the  point  A  moves  towards  B  (  P/.  X.  Geometry,  Jig.  I  ) 
by  its  motion  it  defcribes  a  line:  and  this,  if  the  point 
go  th.'  neareft  way  towards  B,  will  be  a  right  or  ftraight 
line,  whofe  definition  therefore  is  the  neareft  or  fhortell 
diilance  between  any  two  points,  or  a  line,  all  whofe  points 
tend  tlic  fame  way.  It  the  point  go  any  way  about,  as  in 
the  lines  A  C  B,  or  A  c  B,  it  will  trace  out  either  a  crooked 
line,  as  the  upper  A  r  B  ;  or  elfe  two  or  more  ftraight  ones, 
as  in  the  lower  AC,  C  B. 

Right  lines  are  all  of  the  fame  fpecies :  but  curves  are  of 
an  infinite  number  of  different  fpecies  ;  we  may  conceive 
as  many  as  there  are  different  compound  motions,  or  as  many 
as  there  may  be  different  ratios  between  their  ordinatcs  and 
abfcifTas. 

Curve  lines  are  ufually  divided  \nXo  gmmetrlcal  3^\A  mecha- 
nical. The  former  are  thofe  which  may  be  found  exaftly 
and  fecurely  in  all  their  points.  (See  Gkometrical /;nf.) 
The  latter  are  thofe,  fome  or  all  of  whole  points  are  not 
to  be  found  precifely,  but  only  tentatively,  or  nearly. 

Accordingly,  Defcartes  and  his  followers  define  geome- 
trical lines,  thofe  which  may  be  expretfed  by  an  algebraic 
equation  of  a  determinate  degree  ;  which  equation  is  alfo 
called  locus. 

The  fame  perfons  define  mechanical  lines  thofe  which  can- 
not be  exprefTed  by  an  equation  of  a  determinate  degree. 
Others,'  confidcring  that  thofe  called  by  Defcartes  mecha- 
riicalXvaa,  notwithllanding  their  not  being  of  a  determinate 
degree,  are  not  Icls  precife  and  cxaft,  and  confequently  not 
lefs  geometrical  than  the  others  ;  it  being  this  precifion 
which  conflitutes  the  geometricity  of  the  line  :  for  this 
reai'on,  choofe  rather  to  call  thofe  lines  which  are  reducible 
to  a  determinate  degree,  algebraical  lines  ;  and  thofe  which 
are  not,  tranfceiulcntal  lines. 

Lines  are  alfo  divided  into  thofe  of  iha  Jirjl  order,  feccnd 
vrder,  third  order,  &c.      See  Curve. 

Sir  Ilaac  Newton  enumerated  feventy-two  lines  of  the 
tliird  order,  and  Mr.  Stirling  found  four  more  ;  fince  that 
Mr.  Stone  has  found  two  others,  which  had  efcaped  fir 
Ifaac  and  Mr.  Stirling.  The  two  fpecies  added  are  to  be 
reckoned  among  the  hyperbolico-parabolical  curves.  Enu- 
nier.  Lin.  Tert.  Ordin.  Linea.  Tert.  Ordin.  Neutoniansc, 
O.xon.  1717.  Svo.     Phil.  Tranf.  N^4;6.  5  6.  SeeCuRVE. 

Lines,  confidered  as  to  their  pofitions,  are  e'llhur  paral- 
lel, perpendicular,  or  oblique  ;  the  eonflruftios  and  proper, 
ties  of  each  whereof,  lee  under  Parallel,  Perpekuicu- 

iAR,    fvC. 

Euclid's  fecond  book  treat*  moftly  of  lines,  and  of  the 
effefts  of  their  being  divided,  aad  again  multiplied  into  one 
another. 

Lines,  Algebraic,  are  divided  into  different  orders,  accord- 
ing to  the  degree  of  thtir  ecpiations,     Thefe  degrees  are 

S 


ertimated,  as  in  determined  equations,  by  the  degree  of  the 
higheft  term  of  the  equation. 

Thus  a-\-by-\-cs=:o,  is  a  general  equation,  es- 
prelfnig  the  nature  of  lines  of  the  firll  order,  or  of  ftraight 
lines. 

The  equation  tt  -\-  b  y  -\-  c  x  ■\-  d y  y  -\-  e  x  y  +fxx  =  o, 
reprefents  the  lines  of  the  fecond  order  ;  that  is,  the  conic 
fcftions,  and  the  circle,  which  is  one  of  them. 

And  the  equation  a  -\-  by  ■\-  c  x  ■\-  d  y  y  -\-  exy  + 
fxx  -\-  g  y^  +  /;  X  y  y  +  i  x'y  +  /.i-'  =  o,  exprelTes  in 
general  tlie  lines  of  the  third  order.  And  the  lines  of  the 
fourth  and  higher  orders  may  be  exprefTed  in  the  like  man- 
ner. Sec  Cramer  Introd.  a  1' Analyfe  des  Lignes  Courbes, 
p.  J2,  feq.  Mr.  Cramer  ufes  tlie  terms  lines  of  tlie  fecond, 
third,  fourth,  &c.  order,  and  curve  of  the  fecond,  third, 
fourth,  &c.  order,  iudiiferently.  Sir  Ifaac  Newton  has 
made  a  diftinftion,  according  to  him.      See  CuRVK. 

LiKE.s.  circular,  converging,  diverging,  generalln:;,  helifphe- 
rlcal,  hyperbolic,  logijlic,  nuigneticat,  normal,  proportional,  qua- 
drature, reciprtcal,  roiervalian,  and  "vertical.  Sec  tlie  refpedtive 
adjectives. 

J..1NE  of  the  y]pfides,  in  Jljlronomy,  is  the  line  which  joins 
the  apfides  ;  or  it  is  the  greater  axis  of  the  orbit  of  a 
planet. 

Line,  Fiducial,  the  line  Or  ruler  which  paffes  through  the 
middle  of  -.n  allroiabe,  or  tlie  like  inilrument  ;  and  on  which 
the  fights  are  fitted  ;  otherwife  c?\\i:A  alliidade ,  index,  dioptra, 
and  niedlellnliim. 

Line,  Horizontal,  a  line  parallel  to  the  horizon. 

LiNE.s,  Ifochronal  and  Meridian.      See  the  adjeftives. 

Link  0/  the  Abodes,  in  yljironomy,  is  the  line  which  join,? 
the  nodes  of  tlie  orbit  of  a  planet,  or  the  common  feftion  of 
the  plane  of  the  orbit  with  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic. 

Line,  Hnrti,ontal,  in  Dialling,  is  the  common  feftion  of 
the  horizon,  and  the  dial-plate. 

Lines,  Horary,  or  Hour-lines,  are  the  common  interfcftions 
of  the  hour-circles  of  the  Iphere,  with  the  plane  of  the 
dial.     See  Hou,\ry,  and  HouR-nVr/cj. 

Line,  Suh/lylar.     See  Substylah. 

Line,  Equinodial,  is  the  common  interfeAion  of  the  equi- 
noftial,  and  tlie  plane  of  the  dial. 

Line,   Contingent.     See  Conti^'Gf.nt. 

Lines,  Dialling  and  Meridian.  See  the  refpeftive  ad- 
jeftives. 

Line,  in  Fencing,  is  that  part  of  the  body  direftly  oppo- 
fite  to  the  enemy,  wherein  the  fhoulders,  the  right  arm,  and 
the  fword,  ought  always  to  be  found  ;  and  wherein  are  alfo 
to  be  placed  the  two  feet,  at  the  diftance  of  eighteen  inches 
from  each  other. 

In  this  fenfe,  a  man  is  faid  to  be  in  his  line,  to  go  out  of 
his  line,  &c. 

Line,  in  Fortification,  is  fometimes  taken  for  a  ditch,  bor- 
dered with  its  parapet  ;  and  fometimes  for  a  row  of  gabions, 
or  facks  of  earth,  extended  leiigthwifc  on  the  ground,  to 
ferve  as  a  fhelter  againit  the  enemy's  fire. 

When  the  trenches  were  carried  on  within  thirty  paces  of 
the  glacis,  they  drew  two  lines,  one  on  the  right,  and  the 
other  on  the  left,  for  a  place  of  arms. 

For  the  difference  between  trenches  or  approaches,  and 
lines,  fee  Intrenchment. 

Lines  are  generally  made  to  fliut  up  an  avenue  or  entrance 
to  fome  place  ;  the  fides  of  that  entrance  being  covered  by 
rivers,  woods,  mountains,  morafles,  or  other  obftruAions, 
not  eafy  to  be  paiTed  over  by  an  army.  When  they  are 
conflrufted  in  an  open  country,  they  are  carried  round  the 
place  to  be  defended,  and  ref'-mble  the  lines  furrounding  a 
camp,  called  lines  of  circumvallation.     Lines  are  iikewife 

thrown 


LINE. 


thrown  up  to  ftop  the  progrefs  of  an  army  ;  but  the  term 
is  nioft  commonly  appHed  to  the  line  which  covers  a  pal's 
that  can  only  be  attacked  in  front.  For  conftrufting  fuch 
a  line  in  the  place  moft  convenient  for  the  purpofe.  let  a 
rope  be  run  quite  acrofs  the  way  along^the  intended  place 


top,  feven  or  eight  feet  deep,  and  the  fides  of  the  ditch  are 
flopcd,  fo  as  to  leave  only  fix  feet  breadth  at  bottom  ;  the 
breait-work,  or  parapet,  is  about  feven  feet  thick  on  the 
top  or  crown,  and  feven  or  eight  feet  high.  The  heights, 
depths,  and  breadths,  of  the  feveral   parts   of  a   line  well 


of  the  line,  pegging  it  to  the  ground  at  the  diftance  of  every     defigned  and  finifhed,  are  exhibited  in  Plate  VI.  Fortification, 


four  or  five  yards  ;    and  at   the  diilance   of  about   ten  or 
twelve  feet   before  the  line,  towards  the  enemy,  let    fuch 
another  line  or  row  of  flakes  be  carried  in   a  pofition  pa- 
rallel to  the  firlt  rope.     When  the  labourers   are   properly 
ranged  within  thefe  limits,  let  them  dig  up  the  earth  in  this 
breadth,  and  throw  it  on  the  other  fide  of  the  firit  rope, 
until  a  bank  of  about  five  or  fix  feet  thick,  and  fix  or  feven 
feet  high,  be  raifed,  floping  the  fides  according  to  the  decli- 
vity  neccflary  for  the    earth's  rolling  naturally   down   the 
bank  ;  and  let  the   digging  be   continued   till    the  ditch  is 
about  five  or  fix  feet  deep,  the  breadth  of  the  bottom  being 
about  one-third  of  the  breadth  flaked  out  at  top  :   the  bank 
may  be  rendered  more  firm  by  being  trod  or  rammed  down. 
Llet  the  inner  fide  of  the  bank  be  pared  with  the  fpade  mto 
fuch  a  flope,  as  a   man  flanding  upright  may  eafily  touch 
with  his  arm  extended  flraight  before  him  ;  and  at  the  iopt 
of  this  bank,   let  a  foot-bank  or  Hep  be  raifed,  of  fuch  a 
height,  as  a  man  flanding  on  it  may  eafily  fire  his   m.u&et 
over  the  bank,  or  let  it  be  about  four  feet  and  a  half  lower 
than  the  top  of  the   bank   or  breaft-work.     A  gentle  flope 
may  alfo  be  m.ade  to  the  foot-bank,  that   the  troops  may 
more  eafily   afcend  it  ;    and   let    the  crown  or  top  of  the 
breaft-work  be  Hoped  fo,  that  a  muflvet  laid  fiat  on  it  may 
ftrike  the  ground  xvith  its  fliot,  about   five  or  fix  feet  be- 
yond the  ditch.     The  bank  or  breaft-work   will,  in  this 
cafe,  feture  the  troops  behind  the  lines  from  the  enemy's 
fire  ;  and  when  they  ftand  on  the  foot-bank,  they  are  more 
than  two-thirds    covered,    and,    confequently,    the   troops 
within    may  maka  three  of  their   ftiots  tell  for  one  of  the 
enemy  ;  and  by  going  off  the  foot-bank,  they  may  be  quite 
covered,  while  they  load  again  ;  fo  that  with  this  advantage, 
they  are  in  no  great  danger  of  being  forced  from  the   fines, 
unlefs    the   enemy    are   greatly   fuperior   in    number    and 
cannon. 

The  following  Table  ftiews  the  dimenfions  of  lines  com- 
monly conftrucled,  and  the  rate  of  expence  attending  the 
conftruftion  of  them. 


Breaft-V\'or 

k. 

1              Ditch. 

lixpence.       1 

-^  3 

:l:l ' 

t-i 

^■e 

Si 

o  s 
-J  H 

^-^ 

«f 

U 

Feet. 

Feet. 

[•>«. 

Feet. 

Feel. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

4 

Ik 

6 

8 

2| 

5 

4f 

I 

S 

7?- 

0 

lO 

.-5i 

?^ 

6A 

I^ 

6 

ih 

6 

12 

4 

6 

8 

2 

7 

Ik 

6 

H 

4t 

6i 

lo 

2i 

•8 

ik 

6 

i6 

?i 

7 

12 

3 

9 

Ik 

6 

i8 

6 

Ik 

15 

3k 

The  day's  work  here  is  for  one  yard  in  length  ;  and  in 
the  firft,  a  hundred  men  will  complete  a  hundred  yards  in 
length  of  this  kind  of  lines  in  one  day  ;  two  hundred  men 
in  half  a  day,  &c.  The  lines  above  defcribed  are  called 
temporary  lines,  and  chiefly  ferve  a  prefent  emergency. 
When  lines  are  thrown  up  at  leifure,  and  defigned  for  longer 
duration,  then  the  ditph  is  ufually  eighteen  feet  broad  at 

Vol..  XXI. 


fs,-  3'  '"  which  I  L  reprefents  the  ground  line,  or  furface 
ot  the  place ;  A  B  the  breadth  of  the  ditch  at  the  top  ; 
C  D  Its  breadth  at  the  bottom  ;  F  A  C  the  flope  or  fcarp 
of  the  parapet  and  ditch ;  'D  B  K  the  counterfcarp  ;  £  F 
the  top  or  crown  of  the  parapet  or  breaft-work  ;  E  G  the 
inner  flope  of  the  parapet  ;  H  G  the  top  of  the  foot-bank ; 
H  I  the  flope  of  the  foot-bank  ;  and  B  K  L  a  fmall  flooing 
bank,  called  the  glacis.  This  fedlion  or  profile  inav  be 
drawn,  by  laying  off  in  the  ground-line,  from  any  fcale  of 
equal  parts,  the  diftances  i  a  =  6  feet,  ab  =  ^,'bc  —  i-i, 
r  ^  =.  7,  </ A  =:  4^,  A  /=  6,  /^  =  6,  ^  B  =  6,  and 
B  L  :=  5  feet.  Through  a,  b,  c,  <  ,/,  g,  B,  draw  lines  per- 
pendicular to  I  L.  Make  a  H  =  2^  feet  =  i  G,  <r  E  =  7 
feet,  dT  =  6,fC  =  8  feet  =:  ^  D.  Draw  I  H,  H  G, 
G  E,  E  F,  F  A  C,  C  D,  and  D  B,  which  continue,  till  it 
meets  the  line  F  L,  and  the  profile  is  conftrufted. 

When  lines  are  made  to  cover  a  camp,  or  a  large  traft 
of  land,  where  a  confiderable  body  of  troops  is  pofled,  the 
work  is  not  made  in  one  ftraight,  or  uniformly  bending  line  ; 
but  at  certain  diftances,  the  lines  project  in  faliant  angles, 
called  redents,  redans,  or  flankers,  towards  the  enemy. 
The  diftance  between  thefe  angles  is  ufually  between  the 
limits  of  two  hundred  and  two  hundred  and  fixty  yards  ; 
the  ordinary  flight  of  a  mu.&et-ball,  point-blank,  being  ge- 
nerally  within  thofe  limits  ;  although  muflvets,  a  little  ele- 
vat-jd,  will  do  efFeftual  fervice  at  the  diftance  of  three  hun- 
dred and  fixty  yards.  In  Plate  VI.  Fortification,  fig.  4, 
are  fliewn  the  forma  of  the  ufual  hnes,  where  the  figures 
CAB,  c  ab,  are  the  redents  or  flankers  ;  A  C,  A  B,  ar, 
a  b,  the  faces  ;  C  B,  r  b,  the  gorges  ;  A  D,  a  J,  the  capi- 
tals ;  ByJ  the  curtin;  and  the  angles  CAB,  cab,  the 
faliant  or  flanked  angles.  The  diftance  of  the  faliant  angles 
is  about  two  hundred  and  forty  yards  at  a  mean;  the  length 
of  the  capital  is  ufuaUy  between  forty  and  fifty  yards,  and 
the  length  of  the  gorges  is  alfo  about  fixty  or  feventy 
yards. 

To  make  a  plan  of  lines  with  redents ;  draw  the  line 
EEEE,  &c.  (Plate  VI.  ForfifieaUon,fg.^,)  in  fuch  a. 
manner,  that,  wherever  there  is  a  bend  or  angle,  it  may  be 
either  at  once,  twice,  or  thrice,  &c.  the  length  of  about 
two  hundred  and  forty  yards  from  one  another ;  fo  that 
there  may  be  a  redent  where  there  is  an  angle.  In  this 
fine,  lay  ofi"  the  diftance  of  two  hundred  and  forty  yards 
from  E  to  E,  E  to  E,  &c.  reckoning  from  the  bends  to- 
wards each  end,  whether  it  happens  that  the  line  will  or 
will  not  be  exactly  meafured  by  a  repetition  of  the  two  hun- 
dred and  forty  yards.  At  each  point,  E,  draw  the  capital 
E  F  in  a  perpendicular  pofition  to  the  diredion  of  tiie  fine 
in  that  point,  and  make  the  capitals  about  forty  or  fifty 
yards  long.  On  each  fide  of  E,  take  the  half  gc:ges  E  G, 
EG,  each  of  about  thirty  or  thirty-five  yards,  and  draw  the 
faces  F  G,  F  G  ;  and  thus  the  out-lmc,  or  mafter-Iine,  of 
the  curtins  and  redents  is  formed.  Parallel  to  each  curtin 
and  face  draw  lines,  within,  at  the  diftances  from  the  mafler- 
line  of  feven  feet,  eight  feet,  twelve  feet,  and  eighteen  feet ; 
then  the  breadth  of  feven  feet  reprefents  the  plan  of  the 
parapet,  that  of  one  foot  its  inner  flope,  that  of  four  feet 
the  top  of  the  foot -hank,  and  that  of  fix  feet  the  foot-bank 
flope.  On  the  outiide  of  the  niaftcr-line,  draw  lines  at  the 
dirt..nce  of  lo^,  16^,  and  22^  feet  parallel  to  each  curtin 
and  face ;  and  thefe  will  reprefent  the  plans  of  the  fcarp, 

N  '     ditch. 


LINE. 


ditcli,  aiiJ  countcrrcarp  ;  obfervliii^  that  the  fahaiit  angles 
of  the  coiiiitcrfcarp  arc  rouiultd  ^cfovc  the  an;^les  ot  iho 
rodents.  A  plan  of  lljis  kind  fiiiiiicd  from  a  Imnll  Icalc, 
as  of  twenty  yards  to  an  inth,  is  ulnully  reprcfented  by  tour 
parallel  lines;  one  witlioul  the  nialUr-linc,  reprcfentiiig  the 
counterfcarp  or  out-line  of  the  ditch,  and  two  within,  re- 
prcfenting  the  breadths  of  the  parapet  of  the  foot-bjnh. 
In  fome  cafej,  a  fliort  line  is  hallily  formed  by  a  number  of 
cbivaut  lie  fiijc  chained  together  ;  and  in  countries  abound- 
ing with  wood,  a  line  may  be  formed  by  laying,  in  a  pofi- 
tion  pointing  to  the  enemy,  the  Hems  of  trees  and  llielr 
larger  branches,  piled  on  one  another  to  a  iufilcient  heigiit, 
and  the  inlerlllces  filled  with  earth  ;  fuch  a  work  is  called 
an  ahbatis.     See  Roberlfon's  Marino  Fort.  p.  2,  &c. 

l.INK,  Fundnmtr.tal,  is  the  finl  line  drawn  for  the  pLin  of 
a  place,  and  which  (hews  its  area. 

LiNii,  Ciipilal,  in  Forlylcation.     See  Capital. 
Link,  Ctnlral,  is  that  drawn  from  the  angle  of  the  cen- 
tre, to  that  of  the  baftion. 

Iasz  of  Defence.     See  Defence. 
1a^&  of  Defence  fichant.     See  Defence. 
Iask  of  Defence  razcnt.      See  Di-ir.NCE. 
LiSE  of  ylpproach,  or  Attack,  fignilies   the   work   which 
the  befiegers  carry  on  under  covert,  to  gain  the  moat,  and 
the  body  of  the  place.     See  Afi'ROACIIEs. 

hx'SK  cf  Coun/er-al)preach.  St:eCoViiTEll-aJ>/>roach.  See 
Plate  VI.  Forlijicat'.oii,  Jij.  6.  > 

Line  of  CircumvaUatwn,  is  a  line  or  trench  cut  by  the  be- 
fiegers, within  cannon-rtiot  of  the  place,  which  ranges  round 
their  camp,  and  fecures  their  quarters  againil  any  relief  to 
be  brought  to  the  bellegcd.     See  Cihcu.mvallation. 

Line  of  Contrnvalhiti'jn,  is  a  ditch  bordered  with  a  pani- 
pct,  which  ferves  to  cover  the  befiegers  on  the  iidc  ot  the 
place,  and  to  ttop  the  fallies  of  the  garrifon.     Sec  CoN- 

TltAVALLATIOy. 

LiSES  of  Commmikation,  are  thofe  which  run  from  one 
work  to  another.  Sec  Pl.iie'Vl.  Fortification,  fi^.  7.  See 
alfo  Communication.     But 

Th  Line  of  Communication,  more  cfpecially  fo  called,  is 
a  continuad  trench,  with  which  a  circumvaliation,  or  contra- 
vallation  h  furrounded  ;  and  which  maijitains  a  communica- 
tion with  all  its  forts,  redoubts,  and  tenailles. 

Line  of  the  Bafe,  is  a  right  line,  which  joins  the  points  of 
the  two  neared  hall  ions. 

To  Line  a  Work,  fignifies  to  face  it,  chiefly  with  brick 
or  Hone;  e.  gr.  to  itrengthen  a  rampart  with  a  firm  wall,  or 
to  euccmpafs  a  parapet  or  moat  with  good  turf,  &c. 
Line,  Indented,  in  Forliftcutian.  See  Redexs. 
Lines,  among  Fo-wlers,  arc  nfed  to  exprcfs  the  ilrings  by 
•which  they  catch  birds.  The  large  and  fmall  land  birds 
are  taken  by  them  with  equal  eafe,  and  fometimes  the  water- 
fowl. 

Thefe  lines  are  made  of  long  and  fmall  cords,  knotted  in 
different  places,  and  containinir  in  length  as  many  fathom  as 
the  places  where  they  are  to  be  laid  requiiv.  Plovers,  and 
the  larger  wild-fowl,  are  very  conveniently  taken  by  them. 
When  tliefe  llrin^-.  are  to  be  ufed,  they  mult  be  limed  with 
the  ftrongeft  bird-lime  that  can  be  got,  and  then  coming  to 
their  haunts  before  the  evening  flights,  that  is,  before  fun-fet ; 
or,  for  the  morning  flights,  at  leail  two  hours  before  day, 
the  fportfman  is  to  carry  a  parcel  of  fmall  ilitks,  each  about 
two  feet  long,  and  fnarpencd  at  both  ends,  but  having  a  little 
flit  at  one  end  like  a  fork.  The  plain  end  of  each  (lick  is 
to  be  ftuck  into  the  ground,  in  fuch  a  manner,  that  the 
ftick  ftandiag  aflant,  its  upper,  or  forked  end,  may  be  about 
a  foot  and  a  h:ilf  from  the  furface.  The  hmed  llrings  arc 
viKD  to  be  carried  along  all  thcfe  Hicks,  in  ditTerent  rovvs; 


fome  higher  ihan  others.  Every  row  of  the  flicks  is  thus 
to  be  tilled,  and  the  whole  haunt  covered  with  the  lines. 
I'hc  plover,  and  other  birds  that  fly  low,  when  they  come 
to  then-  haunt?,  fly  directly  in  ainontjil  the  llrings,  and  are 
taken  ii:  great  numbers  ;  the  whole  flight  coming  in  at  once, 
and  covering  all  the  place,  fo  that  thofe  which  are  not  yet 
aligliled,  have  no  opportunity  of  feeing  the  diilreis  of  their 
companions.  There  is  no  need  for  the  fportfman  to  be  con- 
llanlly  ujion  the  watch  for  the  taking  of  the  birds  ;  fur 
when  once  they  are  taken  they  cannot  loofen  themfclves,  fo 
that  he  may  come  and  take  them  up  at  his  own  time.  The 
water-iowl  may  beeafily  taken,  in  the  fame  manner,  by  ob- 
ferving  their  haunts,  and  flretching  thefe  lines,  in  feveral 
rows,  acrofs  the  brook,  or  river,  iome  higher,  and  fome 
lower,  the  loweft  lying  a'moll  at  the  edge  of  the  water. 
Thefe  mud:  never  be  ufed  on  moonlight  nights  on  the  occa- 
fion  ;  for  the  fliadow  of  the  llrings  in  the  water  \pill  then 
fright  them  away. 

Line,  in  Genealogy,  is  a  feries  of  fucceffipn  or  relations  in 
various  degrees,  all  defcending  from  the  fame  common 
father. 

B4ne,  DircS,  is  that  which  goes  fiotn  father  to  fon  ;. 
which  is  the  order  of  aicendants  and  dcfcendants.  See 
DiitEcr. 

Line,  Collateral,  is  the  order  of  thofe  who  defcend  from 
fome  common  father,  related  to  the  former,  but  out  of  the 
line  of  alcendants  and  defcendants.  In  this  are  placed 
uncle-,  aunts,  coufins,  nephews,  &c.  See  Collateu.vl. 
See  alfo  Consanglinity  and  Descent. 

Line,  in  Geography  and  Kavlgati-m,  is  ufed  by  way  of 
eminence  for  the  equator  or  equinodial  line. 

The  line  in  the  heavens  is  a  circle  defcribed  by  the  fun  in 
his  courfe  on  the  20th  dav  of  March,  and  the  23d  of  Sep- 
tember. The  line  on  the  earth  is  an  imaijinary  circle 
anfvvering  to  that  in  the  heavens.  It  divides  the  earth  from 
call  to  well,  into  ti»'0  equal  parts,  and  is  at  an  equal 
dillance  from  the  two  poles  ;  fo  that  thofe  who  live  under 
the  lir.o  have  the  poles  always  in  their  horizon. 

The  latitudes  commence  from  the  line. 

The  feamen  have  fometimes  pratlifed  the  ceremony  of 
chrillening  their  frcfh  men,  and  paffengei-:*,  the  lirft  time 
they  crofs  the  line.     See  Bai'TISM. 

Lines,  in  Heraldry,  llie  figures  ufed  in  armories  to  di- 
vide the  fliield  into  different  parts,  and  to  compofe  different 
figures. 

They  are  of  difTerent  forms,  and  were  it  not  for  this,, 
many  arms  would  be  one  and  the  fame,  for  a  chief  wavy 
differs  from  a  plain  chief,  by  the  lines  -.hich  compofe  them, 
and  tlie  heralds  fliew  particular  reafous  for  ali  thefe  different 
forms  of  lines. 

Thefe  lines,  according  to  their  forms  and  names,  give  de- 
nomination to  the  pieces  or  figures  which  they  form,  except 
the  llraight  or  plain  lines,  which  are  carried  evenly  through 
the  efcutclieoa,  and  are  four,  "viz.  the  perpendicular  line, 
the  horizontal-,  the  diagonal  line  dexter,  and  the  diagonal 
line  finifler. 

The  crooked  lines,  which  are  carried  unevenly  through 
the  efcutcheon,  rifing  and  tiHing,  are  thxfe  :  firit  the  iii- 
grailed  or  engrailed,  and  inverted  or  invented  ;  thefe,  when 
reprefented  together,  arc  fomewhat  known  the  one  from  the 
other,  being  oppofite  to  one  another,  both  being  made,  as 
it  were,  of  femicircles  :  the  ingralled  with  the  points  up- 
ward, the  invedled  with  the  points  downward.  But  this  is 
not  a  fufficient  diflincliou  :  for  fuppole  the  fpace  between 
them  which  they  form  be  a  fefs,  then  the  whole  is  only  in- 
grailed,  not  invecled  ;  for  the  fefs  ingrai'ed  mud  have  the 
points  on  both  fidca  turned  towards  the  field,  and  the  convex 

or 


LINE. 


x>r  gibbofe  parts  toward  the  fefs  itfelF,  and  fo  of  a  bend,  writers  :  the  fird  is  the  falee  or  dovdail  line,  fo  called  from 
chevron,  and  other  proper  figures  of  lieraldry ;  and  if  thefe  its  refemblance  to  a  fort  of  joint  ufed  by  our  carpenters,  ia 
be  invefted,  then  the  convex  parts  of  the  lines  are  towards'    which  one  part  goes  alternately  all  the  way  down  between 


two  others  ;  this  is  called  by  Morgan  the  inclave,  or  labelled 
hne,  becaufe  the  points,  as  they  proceed  from  the  ordinary, 
fuch  as  the  chief  or  fefs,  reprt-fcnt  not  amifs  the  points,  or 
rather  the  ends  of  the  labels.  The  other  line  is  called 
urdec  or  champagne  by  Frefne  ;  and  by  Upton,  vnir,  becaufe 
its  points  are  formed  like  pieces  of  the  fur,  called  by  heralds 
-ca'ir. 

The  two  laft  of  thefe  are  of  very  little  ufe,  the  others  are 
the  common  lines  of  arms,  and  are  called  the  attributes  or 
accidents  of  armorial  figures  which  they  form  ;  and  if  any 


the   fie'd  ;    but   thefe  line*   are   better   diftinguillied   wh.en 

placed  by  way  of  bordure,  with  the  letters  within  a  bordure 

ingrailed  or  invecied. 

Thefe  two  lines  are  more  hard  to  be  diftinguiflied,  when 

the  field  is  divided  into  two  equal  parts,  of  different  colours, 

as  parted  per  pale,  parted  per  fels,  &lc.      Here  we  know 

not  whether  the  line  be  ingrailed  or  invefted,  except  we 

follow  this  rule,  that  the  form  of  the  hne  muft  be  applied  to 

the  colour  firll  nam.ed.     The  French  terms  for  thefe  two 

lines  are,  for  the  engrailed,  engrele,  and  for  the   invefted, 

can  h ;  and  the  Litin  writers  exprefs  ingrailed  by //jj/v^/Za/vj-,     other  lines  are  found  in  the  figures  or  engravings  of  arms 

imbrkatus,  and  jlnalus,  and  the  invefted  by  the  words  in-     which   are  not   reducible  to  the  one  or  the  other  of  thefe, 

"■jcrtiis  and  canaUculalns.  they  are  called  irregular,  and  by  the  French  heralds  ckllc. 

The  v(-avy,  or  waved  line,  is  f;?ch  an  one  as  is  formed  in     The  knowledge  and  ufe  of  thefe  forms  of  lines  are  neceffary 

reprefenlation  of  the  waves  of  the  tea,  as  parted  per  fefs     in  the  fcier.ce  of  heraldry  to  diftinguifh  and  difference  many 

wavy  in  arms  and  other  waved  lines,  as  the  wavy  bai's  all    armorial  bearings.  ' 

L.INE,  Lalelhd.     See  Labelled. 

Line,  Lateral,  linca  lateralis,  in  Ichthyology,  a  name  given 
by  naturahUs  to  a  line  or  (Ireak,  with  whicii  many  kinds  of 
fi(h  are  marked,  pafiing  along  their  fides.  Few  fi(h  are 
without  this  line  ;  but  it  is  variottfly  formed  in  the  feveral 


exprefs  that  the  perfon  got  his  honours  by  fea  fervice. 

Nebulee  is  another  name  of  a  line  in  heraldry  :  it  exprefles 
a  clouded  line ;  the  French  call  it  nuance,  and  the  Lafins 
nebulofa  linea.  This  alfo  has  been  given  to  perfons  who  have 
been  eminently  {killed  in  navigation 


Crenele,  or  embattled  lines,  reprefent  tiie  battlements  of    kinds,  and  makes  a  very  confiderable  article  in  their  defcrip- 


a  houfe,  and  are  faid  to  reprefent  in  heraldry  the  fi<ill  in 
architecture,  for  which  the  firft  of  the  family  was  famous  ; 
they  were  alfo  given  fometimes  for  eminent  fervices,  in  af- 
fauhing  or  defending  catties  in  time  of  war,  and  fometimes 
only  as  emblems  of  a  houfe  to  exprefs  a  perfon  who  bore 
them  being  of  a  noble  houfe  or  family  ;  for  of  old,  none 
were  fufFered  to  embattle  their  houfes  but  perfons  of  great 
diilinftion. 

The  L.3tin  writers  in  heraldry  ufe  for  the  words  crenele, 
the  terms  pir.natus  and  pinnis  afperatns,  according  to  ITredus 
in  his  blazons,  and  Sylveller  Petra  Sandia  in  his  w.urales 
pinnalee. 

There  is  another  line  of  this  kind  in  heraldry,   which 


tion,  if  not  in  the  diftiii6tion  of  tiie  fpecies.  In  fume  fpecies 
it  is  made  of  a  feries  of  little  poii.ts,  or  holes,  as  appears  to 
the  eye ;  of  this  nature  is  the  line  in  eels,  &c.  In  fame 
others  it  is  formed  of  a  fort  of  dutt,  running  along  the 
centre  of  a  great  number  of  fcales.  This  is  its  ilructure  ia 
the  generality  of  filhcs. 

Tliis  line,  in  various  kinds  of  fifii,  varies  alfo  in  regard  to 
number,  fituatiop,  figure,  and  other  properties.  In  regard 
to  number,  there  is  no  line  obl'crved  in  the  fyngnathi  aiid 
petromyza,  in  almofl  all  other  fiih,  there  is  one  on  each 
fide  ;  and,  finally,  in  foTne  there  are  as  it  were  two  lines  on 
each  fide  :  an  inilance  of  ihis  we  have  in  the  ammodytae.  In 
regard  to  the  fituation,  the  diiferences  are  thefe:     i.  In 


Leigh  calls  the  battle-embattled  line  :  this  has  one  degree  of    fome  it  is  near  the  back,  as  in  the  clupea,  falmonf,  perch. 


embattling  above  another.  When  the  upper  points  in  this 
kind  of  line  are  reprefented  fharp,  it  is  called  campagne,  as 
if  the  lines  ending  in  points  reprefented  baftions,  or  the 
outer  works  of  ciiies  and  camps  ;  and  when  the  upper  points 
are  rounded,  it  is  called  crenele  embattled  arrondi. 

The  indented  hne  is  notched  fo  at  the  edges,  that  it  re- 
prefents  the  teeth  of  a  faw,  and  has  its  name  from  the  Latin 
dens,  a  tooth,  or  from  the  law  term  indenture,  a  fort  of 
deed,  the  top  of  which  is  always  notched  hke  the  teeth  of  a 
faw. 

The  dancette  is  another  line,  very  much  refembling  the 
indented  line,  but  that  it  is  always  much  fmaller  ;  it  is 
therefore  faid  by  the  heralds  to  be  the  fame  in  quality,  but 
rot  in  quantity.  The  dancette  differs  alfo  from  the  indented 
line,  in  that  it  aKvays  confifts  but  of  a  few  teeth,  though 
never  lefs  than'  three,  according  to  Mr.  Holmes,  in  his 
Office  of  Armory  ;  whereas  the  indented. line  has  always  a 
great  many  teeth.  The  French  exprefs  our  indented  line  by 
the  term  danche  or  deritille ;  av.A  the  dancette,  when  it  has 
but  very  few  teeth,  and  thofe  very  long,  by  the  term  •viiitre, 
which  Meneftrier  takes  to  be  the  letter  M,  with  its  legs  ex- 
tended from  fide  to  fide  of  the  fliield,  becaufe  many  who 
carry  a  partition,  or  fefs,  after  that  form,  have  the  family 
name  beginning  with  that  letter.  The  J^atin  v/riters  ex- 
prefs the  term  indented  by  dentatus,  indentatus,  and  denti- 
euiatui  f  and  when  the  teeth  are  very  long,  as  in  the  dan- 
cette, they  call  them  denies  decumani.  See  alfo  Nebuly  and 
Raoui.ed. 

There  are  yet  two  other  lines  mentionsd  by  the  heraldry 


and  the  like.  2.  In  others  it  is  placed  nearer  the  belly, 
and  runs  parallel  with  it,  as  in  the  cyprir.i.  j.  In  fome  it 
is  placed  in  the  centre  of  each  fide  between  the  back  and 
the  belly,  as  in  the  caralTius.  4.  In  fome  it  is  placed 
a*ainft  the  interlliccs  of  the  mufcles,  or  fpina  derfalis,  as  ia 
the  murtena.  And,  j.  In  fome  it  is  placed  above  the  inter- 
ilices,  as  in  the  ammodytE,  &c.  It  has  been  fuppoied  by* 
many,  that  this  litiea  lateralis  war.  always  parallel  to  the  in- 
terllices  of  mufcles ;  but  this  is  evinced  to  be  an  erroneous 
opinion,  by  the  obiervation  of  the  perch  and  mackrel.  In 
regard  to  the  differences  of  figure,  this  line  is  ia  fome 
ftraight,  as  in  the  coregone,  falmons,  &c.  2.  In  ethers  it 
is  crooked,  as  in  the  cypriiii,  the  perch,  &;c.  and  in  the 
generality  of  fifh  is  fmooth  to  the  touch,  but  in  fome  it  is 
rough  and  aculeaied,  as  in  the  tracliurus  and  pleuroueCti. 
See  Anatomy  cfFikijKS. 

LlSEoflL'Banj^et,  in  the  Manege.      See  Banquet. 

Like  of  a  Volt.     Sec  Squaue  and  Volt. 

Line  of  Dircifion,  in  Mechanics  and  Gunnery.  See  Di- 
rection. 

Line  of  Gravitiition  ef  a  heavy  Bvly,  is  a  line  draw-n 
through  Its  centre  of  gravity,  and  according  to  which  k 
tends  downwards.  ■ 

LiSE  of  the  fKnftefi  Deftnl  of  a  heavy  Body.  SceJOc- 
scent  and  Cycloid. 

Linj:  of  a  Frojc^iL:     See  PiiojnrTir  si  .; 

Lines,    in  Mufc.     Three,  four,  five,  or  fix  horizontal 

and   parallel  liix-:  compofe  the  llafl",  upor.  which  iv.A  bp, 

N  2  tw:ca 


LINE. 


tween  which  all  mufic,  I'mce  the  invention  of  counterpoint, 
has  been  written. 

The  llafF  in  canto  fermo,  or  plain  fong,  confided  only  of 
a  finale  line,  drawn  through  or  between  the  points  or  dots 
of  different  elevation,  to  aid  tlie  priells  in  chanting :  then 
two,  three,  and,  finally,  four,  lines  compofed  the  Itaff  for 
Gr-e^orian  notes  in  the  miffals  and  mafs  books,  in  Roman 
Catholic  churclies  ;  and  thefe  liave  never  been  incrcafed. 
Secular  mufic  for  the  virginil,  fpinnet,  harpfichord,  and  or- 
gan, from  tile  time  of  queen  Elizabeth  to  the  cud  of  the 
feventeenlh  century,  was  written  on  a  ftaff  of  fix  lines,  both 
in  the  treble  and  the  bafe.  At  the  beginning  of  the  lall 
century,  all  mufic,  except  the  tablature  for  the  lute  and 
o-uitar,  began  to  be  conltantly  written  on  and  between  five 
fines,  called  fpaccs,  with  the  occafional  ufc  of  fhort  addi- 
tional lines,  for  notes  that  go  higher  or  lower  than  the  re- 
gular ftaff.  The  lines  and  fpaces  in  all  mufic  are  counted 
from  the  bottom,  fo  that  the  lowed  is  the  firft,  the  highelt 
in  canto  fermo  the  fourth,  and  in  figurative  mufic  the  lifih. 
See  Stave,  Staff,  Portee,  and  Righe. 
■  Line,  in  Inland  Namgatkn,  is  often  ufed  to  cxprefs  the 
principal  part  of  a  canal,  and  thus  to  diftinguifli  it  from  its 
branches. 

Lines  of  Deviation,  denote  lines  on  the  parliamentary - 
plans  of  fome  canals,  fliewiiig  the  diftances  within  a  hill  it 
is  intended  that  the  cutting  of  the  canal  fhould  be  con- 
tinued. 

Line,  Geometrical,  in  Perfpedive,  is  a  right  line  drawn  in 
any  manner  on  the  geometrical  plane. 

Like,  Horizontal.     Sec  Horizontai.. 

Line,  Terrcjlrial,  or  Fundamental  Line,  is  a  right  fine, 
wherein  the  geometrical  plane,  and  that  of  the  picture,  or 
draught,  inter-tdt  one  anotlier. 

Such  is  the  line  NI  {Plate  I.  PerfpeSive,  jig.  3.)  formed 
by  tlie  iiiter!e£tion  of  the  geometrical  plane  L  M,  and  the 
perfpeftive  plane  H  L. 

Line  of  the  Front,  is  any  right  line'  parallel  to  the  ter- 
reftiuil  line. 
.  Line,   Vertical,  is  the  common   fedlion  of  the  vertical, 
and  of  the  draught. 

Line,  Vifual,  is  the  line,  or  ray,  imagined  to  pafs  from 
the  objedl  to  the  eye. 

Line  of  Station,  according  to  fome  writers,  is  the  com- 
mon fection  of  the  vertical  and  geometfical  planes.  Others 
mean  by  it,  the  perpendicular  height  of  the  eye  above  the 
geometrical  p'aue ;  others,  a  line  drawn  on  that  plane, 
and  perpendicular  to  the  line  expreffing  the  height  of  the  eye. 

Line,  OijeSive,  is  any  line  drawn  on  the  geometrical 
plane,  whofe  reprefeiitation  is  fought  for  in  the  draught  or 
pifture. 

L,inB  of  Dijlan<e.     See  Distance. 

Lines  on  the  plain  Scale,  in  Trigonometry,  are  the  line  of 
chords,  fine  of  fines,  line  of  tangents,  line  of  fecants, 
line  of  fcmi-tangentB,  line  of  leagues.  The  conftruftion 
and  application  of  thcfe  lines,  fee  under  Scale,  Sailing, 
&c. 

Lines  on  Gunter's  Scale,  are  the  line  of  numbers,  line  of 
artificial  fines,  line  of  artificial  tangents,  line  of  artificial 
verfed  fines,  line  of  artificial  fines  of  rhumbs,  line  of  arti- 
ficial tangents  of  the  meridian  line,  and  line  of  equal  parts. 
The  conllrudlion  and  application  of  thefe  hues,  fee  under 
Gunter's  Scale. 

Lines  of  the  Sector,  are  the  line  of  equal  parts,  or  line  of 
lines  ;  fine  of  chord';,  Uiie  of  fines,  hne  of  tangents,  line  of 
fecants,  hne  of  polygons,  line  of  numbers,  line  of  hours, 
^  line  of  latitudes,  Kne  of  meridians,  line  of  metals,  hne  of 
folids,  line  of  planes  ;  the  conftruftion  and  ufe  of  thefe,  fee 
Sector. 


Line,  in  the  yfrt  of  War,  is  underftood  of  the  difpolition 
of  an  army,  ranged  in  order  of  battle ;  with  the  front  ex- 
tended as  far  as  may  be,  that  the  feveral  corps  of  cavalry  and 
infantry  which  compofe  it,  may  not  be  cut  off  or  flanked 
by  the  enemy. 

An  army  ufually  confirts  of  three  lines;  x\\e  JirJ}  is  the 
front,  van,  or  advance-guard  ;  the  main  body  torms  the 
fecond,  in  which  is  the  general's  port  ;  the  third  is  a  referved 
body,  or  rear-guard.  The  term  line,  as  expreffing  a  mili- 
tary arrangement  for  battle,  was  not  known  till  the  16th 
century.  Before  that  period,  wiien  armies  were  ranged  in 
order  of  battle  upon  three  lines,  thefe  feveral  hnes  were 
denominated  in  the  manner  above  ftated  :  but  tlie  terms 
advance-guard,  main  body,  and  rear-guard,  are  never  ufed 
in  modern  times,  except  when  an  army  is  on  its  march  : 
when  drawn  up  for  aclion,  or  in  the  fiild  for  review,  they 
are  denominated  lines. 

The  fecond  hue  fiiould  be  about  three  huiulrcd  paces 
behind  the  firft,  and  the  referve  at  about  five  or  fix  hundred 
paces  behind  the  fecond. 

The  artillery  is  likevvife  diftributed  along  the  front  of 
the  firft  line.  The  front  line  fiiould  be  llronger  than  the 
fccond,  that  its  fliock  may  be  more  violent,  and  that,  by 
having  a  greater  front,  it  may  more  eafily  clofc  on  the 
enemy's  flanks. 

Each  line  is  fo  drawn  up,  that  the  vvinga  or  extremitie* 
always  confid  of  fome  fqiiadrons  of  horfe,  whofe  inter- 
vals are  fupported  by  infantry  platoons.  The  battalions 
are  potted  in  the  centre  of  each  line  ;  fometimes  they  are 
intermixed  with  fquadrons  of  horfe,  when  a  confiderable 
body  of  cavalry  is  attached  to  the  army.  The  fpace  of 
ground  wiiich  in  each  line  feparates  the  different  corps 
from  one  another,  is  always  equal  in  extent  to  the  front 
that  is  occupied  by  them.  Thefe  intervals  are  left  in  order 
to  facilitate  their  feveral  movements,  and  to  enable  them  to 
charge  the  enemy  without  confufion.  It  is  a  general  rule, 
that  the  intervals  or  fpaces  which  are  between  each  battalion 
and  fquadron  belonging  to  the  fecond  hne  Ihould  invariably 
correfpond  with  the  ground  that  is  occupied  by  the  batta- 
lions and  fqu;idroni  which  conftitute  ihc  Jirfl  line  ;  in  order 
that  the  Jirjl  line,  on  being  forced  to  fall  back,  may  find 
fufficient  Ipace  to  rally,  and  not  endanger  the  difpofition  of 
the y^coW  line,  by  precipitately  thronging  and  preffing  upon 
it.  Each  line  is  divided  into  right  and  left  wings ;  each 
wing  is  compofed  of  one  or  more  divifions :  each  divifion  is 
compofed  of  one  or  more  brigades  ;  and  each  brigade  is 
formed  of  two,  three,  or  four  battalions.  Battalions  are 
formed  in  line  at  a  diftance  of  twelve  paces  from  each  other, 
and  this  interval  is  occupied  by  two  cannon,  which  are 
attached  to  each  battalion.  For  the  difference  between  the 
Pruffian  and  French  mode  of  arrangement,  and  other  par- 
ticulars, fee  Army,  Battle,  Column,  Engagement, 
and  Tactics. 

The  Line  is  a  term  frequently  ufed  to  diftinguifh  the  re- 
gular army  of  Great  Britain  from  other  cftabllfliments  of  a 
lefs  military  nature.  All  numbered,  or  marching  regiments, 
are  called  the  line.  The  guards  are  an  exception  to  this 
rule.  Tfie  marines,  fencible,  militia,  volunteer,  and  yeo- 
manry corps,  together  with  the  life-guards,  are  not  compre- 
hended under  this  denomination.  The  term  line,  however, 
has  not  been  applied  with  fufficient  precifion  and  difcrimina- 
tiou.  Striftly  fpeaking,  line,  in  m;htary  matters,  denotes 
that  folid  part  of  an  army  which  is  called  the  main  body, 
and  has  a  regular  formation  from  right  to  left.  Upon 
the  whole,  it  may  be  obfcr\ed,  that  the  term  is  generally 
mifapphed,  and  that  it  cannot,  with  ftrift  propriety,  be 
ufed  to  diftinguifli  any  particular  ellablifhment  from  an- 
other. 

Line, 


LINE. 


JLlNB,  To,  from  the  French  aligner,  is  to  drefs  any  given 
body  of  men,  fo  that  every  individual  part  niiill  be  fo  difpofed 
as  to  form  colleftively  a  llraight  continuity  of  points  from 
centre  to  flanks. 

Lime  of  March,  denotes  tlie  orderly  fiicceffiori  of  the 
component  parts  of  an  army  that  is  put  in  motion. 

Lines  of  March,  are  bodies  of  armed  men  marching  in 
given  points  to  arrive  at  any  ftraight  alignment  on  whicii 
they  are  to  form.  The  line  is  faid  to  be  well  drejfd,  when 
no  part  is  out  of  the  ftraight  alignment.  That  this  may 
be  effefted,  at  the  word  drsfs,  which  is  given  by  the  com- 
mander, it  is  immediately  to  commence  from  the  centre  of 
each  battalion,  the  men  looking  to  their  own  colours,  and 
the  correiSing  officers  lining  them  upon  the  colours  of  their 
next  adjoining  battalion. 

LiiiiE-firings  are  executed  feparately  and  independently 
by  each  battalion. 

L.1SE  of  Fire.     See  Fire. 

Line,  To  form  the,  is  to  arrange  the  troops  in  order  of 
battle,  or  battle  array. 

Line,  Inverfion  of  the,  is  a  manoeuvre  which  is  effefted 
by  facing  a  batcahon  or  line  to  the  right  about,  inftead  of 
changing  its  pofition  by  a  countermarch  ;  fometimcs  it  may 
be  neceflary  to  form  to  a  flank  with  its  rear  in  front.  The 
column,  with  its  line  in  front,  may  arrive  on  the  left  of  its 
ground,  and  be  obliged  immediately  to  form  up  and  fupport 
that  point,  fo  that  the  right  of  the  Ime  will  become  the  left. 
Part  of  a  fecond  line  may  double  round  on  the  extremity  of 
a  firft  line,  thereby  to  outflank  an  enemy.  Thefe,  and 
various  other  movements,  may  be  found  neceflary,  and  they 
can  only  be  praftifed  with  fafety  and  expedition  by  the  in- 
verhon  of  the  line. 

Lines,  Retiring,  denote  bodies  of  armed  men  that  have 
advanced  againlt  an  oppoling  enemy  in  order  of  battle,  with- 
drawing themfelves  with  regularity  from  the  immediate 
Iccne  of  aftion.  On  this  occallon,  it  is  of  the  greateft 
moment,  that  the  line  fhould  be  corre&ly  drefled  before 
it  faces  to  the  right  about ;  and  the  battalions  will  prepare 
for  the  retreat  in  the  manner  prefcribed  for  the  fingle  one, 
by  receiving  the  caution,  that  "the  line  will  retire." 

Lines  of  Support,  are  lines  of  attack,  which  are  formed  to 
fupport  one  another.  If  there  are  feveral,  the  fecond  fliould 
oiitflank  the  firfl:,  the  thkd  the  fecond,  the  advanced  one 
being  thereby  ilrengthenra  and  fupported  on  its  outward 
wing. 

To  Line  Men.  Ofiicers  and  non-commiflSoneJ  officers 
are  faid  to  line  the  men  belonging  to  their  feveral  battalions, 
divKioris,  or  companies  when  they  arrive  at  their  drafling 
points,  and  receive  the  word  drefs  from  the  commander  of 
the  whole.  When  a  fingle  battalion  halts,  it  is  dreffed  or 
lined  on  its  right  centre  company,  and  muft,  of  courfe,  be 
in  a  ftraight  hne.  When  feveral  battalions  drefs  from  the 
centre  of  each  on  its  next  colour,  the  general  line  will  be 
ftraight,  provided  all  the  colours  have  halted  regularly 
in  a  hne.  On  thefe  occafions,  every  thing  will  depend  upon 
the  two  centre  dreffes  of  each  battalion. 

To  Line  a  Coafl,  under  the  immediate  prefllire  of  invafion, 
requires  not  only  great  ability  and  exertion  in  the  com- 
manding officer  of  the  particular  diftriA  againft  which  an 
inf.ilt  may  be  offered,  but  itis  moreover  necelfary,  that  every 
individual  officer  in  the  different  corps  fhould  minutely  at- 
tend to  the  particular  fpot  on  which  he  may  be  llationed. 
The  Englifli  coaft,  efpecially  where  there  are  bays,  isalmoft 
always  interfered  by  narrow  paffes  through  the  rocks  or 
fand-hills.  On  this  account,  when  any  body  of  men  re- 
ceives orders  to  line  a  fpecifitd  extent  of  ground,  the  cfficers 
who  are  entruited  with  the  feveral  parts  of  a  battalion  or 


brigade,  (hould  take  care  to  make  the  moll  of  their  men, 
and  to  extend  their  files  in  fuch  a  manner,  as  not  only  to 
prefent  an  impofing  front  from  the  crown  of  the  hill,  bul 
to  be  able,  at  a  moment's  warning,  to  carry  their  whole 
ftrength  to  prevent  the  enemy  from  getting  upon  the  flanks 
by  fuddenly  rufliing  up  the  gap.  Much  coolnefs  is  required 
on  thefe  occalions. 

To  Line  Hedges,  izjc.  to  plant  troops,  artillery-,  or  fmall 
arms,  along  them  under  their  cover,  to  fire  upon  an  enemy 
that  advances  openly,  or  to  defend  them  from  the  horfe, 
&c. 

To  Line  a  Street  or  Road,  is  to  draw  up  any  number  of 
men  on  each  fide  of  the  ilreet  or  road,  and  to  face  them  in- 
wards. This  is  frequently  praftifed  on  days  of  ceremony, 
when  fome  diftinguifhed  perfon  is  received  with  mihtary 
honours  on  his  way  throiigh  places  where  troops  are 
ftationed. 

Line,  To  Ircak  the,  is  to  change  the  direction  from  that 
of  a  ftraight  line,  in  order  to  obtain  a  crofs-fire. 

Line,  Turning  out  of  the.  The  line  turns  out  without 
arms  whenever  the  general  commanding  in  chief  comes  along 
the  front  of  the  camp.  When  the  line  turns  out,  the 
private  men  are  drawn  up  in  a  fine  with  the  bells-of-arms ;  the 
corporals  on  the  right  and  left  of  their  refpedive  companies  ; 
the  picquet  forms  behind  the  colours,  with  their  accoutre- 
ments on,  but  without  arms.  The  ferjeants  draw  up  one 
pace  in  the  front  of  the  men,  dividing  themfelves  equally. 
The  officers  draw  up  in  ranks  according  to  their  commiffions, 
in  the  front  of  the  colours  ;  tvi-o  cnfigns  taking  hold  of  the 
colours.  The  iield-ofScers  advance  before  the  captains. 
The  camp -colours  on  the  flanks  of  the  parade  are  to  be 
ftruck,  and  planted  oppofite  to  the  bells-of-arms  ;  the 
officers'  fpontoons  are  to  be  placed  between  the  colours, 
and  the  drums  piled  up  behind  them  ;  the  halberts  are  to  be 
planted  between  and  on  each  fide  the  bells-of-arms,  and  the 
hatchets  turned  from  the  colours. 

Line,  or  Line  of  Battle,  in  Naval  Tallies,  is  applied  to 
the  difpofition  of  a  fleet  on  the  day  of  engagement ;  on 
which  occafion  the  veflels  are  ufually  drawn  up  as  much  as 
poffible,  in  a  ftraight  line,  as  well  to  gain  and  keep  the 
advantage  of  the  wind,  as  to  run  the  fame  board.  See 
Eng.^gexient. 

This  right  hne,  or  long  file,  is  prolonged  from  the  keel 
of  the  hindmoft  to  that  of  the  foremoft,  and  paflTes  longi- 
tudinally through  the  keels  of  all  the  others,  from  the  van 
to  the  rear  ;  fo  that  they  are,  according  to  the  fea-phrafe, 
in  the  wake  of  each  other.     In  the  line,  or  order  of  battle, 
all  the  fliips  of  which  it  is  compofed  are  clofe  hauled,  upon 
the  ftarboard  or  larboard  tack,  about  fifty  fathoms  diftant 
from  each  other.     When  a  fleet  is  drawn  up  in  line,  in  pre- 
fence  of  an  enemy,  it   fhould  be  formed  in  fuch   a  manner  • 
as  that  the  fhips  may  mutually  fuftain  and  reinforce  each 
other,  and  yet  preferve  a  fufficient  fpace  in  their  Rations,  to 
work    or   direft  their  movements  with  facility  during,  the 
aftion.     The  line  clofe -hauled   is  peculiarly  chofen  as  the 
order  of  battle,  becaufe,  if  the  fleet,  which  is  to  windward, 
were  arranged  in  any  other  line,  the  enemy  might  foon  gain 
the  weather-gage  of  it ;  and  even  if  he  thinks  it  expedient 
to  dechne  that  advantage,  it  will  yet  be  in  his  power  to 
determine  the  dillance  between  the  adverle  fleets  in  an  en- 
gagement, and  to  compel  the  other  to  adlion.     The  fleet  to 
leeward,  being  in  a  line  clofe-hauled,  parallel  to  the  enemy, 
can  more  readily  avail  itfelf  of  a  change  of  the  wind,  or  of 
the  ncgleft  of  its  adverfary,  fo  as  to  get  to  windward  of 
him  ;  or,  at  lealV,  fo  as  to  avoid  coming  to  adion,  if  the 
enemy  is  much  fupcrior,  or  to  prevent  him  from  efcaping, 
if  he  fhould  attempt  it.     Belides,  in  this  order,  the  fails  of 

each 


LINE. 


each  fhip  are  fo  difpofed  as  to  counteraft  cacli  other,  and, 
tlicrcfore,  the  fhips  in  genera!  neither  advance  nor  retreat 
during  the  aiElion,  and  are  thus  enabled  to  keep  their  fta- 
tion,  and  to  profeci:te  the  bailie  with  vigour,  and  without 
diforder.  Wliild  tlie  uniformity  of  the  line  is  prcfervcd, 
the  admiral's  orders  may  be  readily  communicated  by  fignals 
from  the  van  to  the  rear ;  diilreded  (hips  may  be  more 
eafily  difcovered  and  relieved  ;  and  the  lltuation  and  circum- 
ftances  of  the  enemy's  line  will  be  open  to  the  view  of  the 
commander-in-chief.  Moreover,  the  Ihips  of  the  line  fliould 
not  only  be  fufilciently  clofe  to  fuftain  each  other,  but  tlicy 
(hould  be  of  the  larger  fort,  with  the  weightier  metal.  Many 
advantages  concur  to  recommend  the  larger  fhips  in  a  line  of 
battle ;  they  overlook  thofe  of  an  inferior  rate,  which  are 
accordingly  laid  open  to  the  lire  of  their  mufeetry.  In  a 
liigh  fea  they  can  more  fafely  employ  the  artillery  of  their 
lower  deck  tlian  a  fmaller  ihip  ;  and  if  both  arc  obliged  to 
Jhut  their  lower-deck  ports,  the  advantage  of  the  three- 
decked  (liips,  with  regard  to  their  cannon,  will  yet  be  con- 
iiderable  ;  they  have  lliree  tier  againd  two,  and  two  againll 
one.  The  fame  fuperiority  fubiifls,  in  cafe  they  are  dif- 
mafted,  when  the  upper  deck  is  incumbered  with  the  ruins  ; 
the  large  fliips,  being  higher  between  decks,  are  lefs  incom- 
moded  wi-Ji  the  fmoltc,  and  their  cannon  is  managed  with 
greater  facility  ;  the  large  fltips,  having  greater  folidity  of 
frame,  are  better  calculated  to  relllt  the  cfFcdts  of  battle 
and  temped.  In  general  alfo  they  fail  better  than  the  fmall 
•ones,  except  in  fine  weather  ;  for,  in  a  frelh  wind,  when  the 
fea  becomes  agitated,  they  have  always  the  fuperiority.  The 
lire-diips  do  not  fucceed  fo  well  againft  large  fliips  as  the 
fmaller  ones  ;  the  artillery  will  link  them,  or  oblige  them 
fooner  to  rclinquiflj  their  dclign  ;  and  they  are  eafily  towed 
away  by  the  great  long  boats.  The  line  of  a  fleet,  which 
has  many  capital  dtips,  need  not  be  fo  much  inclofed  as  that 
of  an  enemy  which  has  fewer.  The  former  may  be  alfo  lefs 
numerous,  without  being  weaker.  This  circumdancc,  how- 
ever, flioiild  not  c.'iclude  a  certain  number  of  the  third  and 
Jo'.irlh  rates,  which  are  necefl'avy  in  all  naval  armaments. 

The  weather-line  and  the  line  to  leeward  have  their  feve- 
■ral  advantaiin'es  and  inconveniences.  Tlic  chief  advantage 
of  tlie  former  are,  that  it  may  approach  the  enemy,  fo  as  to 
determine  the  time  and  didance  of  the  action  ;  if  it  is  more 
numerous  than  the  lee-line,  it  may  eafily  appoint  a  detach- 
ment to  fall  upon  the  van  and  rear  of  the  latter,  and  in- 
clofe  it  between  two  fires  ;  it  is  little  incommoded  by  the 
fire  or  fmoke  of  the  cannon,  and  n>ay  difpatcii  the  fire-ihips, 
oinder  cover  of  the  fmoke,  upon  the  difabled  fhips  of  the 
lee  line,  or  fo  as  to  oblige  tlie  enemy  to  break  the  fine  and 
bear  away.  But  the  weather-line  has  alfo  its  defefts  ;  whf n 
the  fea  is  rou^h,  and  the  wind  boiderous,  it  cannot  readily 
fight  with  the  lower  deck  battery  ;  it  cannot  decline  the 
action  without  the  dangerous  expedient  of  forcing  through 
the  enemy's  line  ;  and  if  it  keeps  tlie  wind,  the  lee -line  may 
inclofe  and  totally  dedroy  it.  The  difabled  diips  of  the 
weather-line  mud  tack,  to  avoid  falhng  into  the  enemy's 
fleet  ;  and  if  they  are  much  diattcred,  they  may  be  alto- 
gether feparated  from  their  own  £eet,  particularly  if  they 
are  in  the  rear  of  the  line. 

The  advantages  of  the  line  to  leeward  are  thefe  :  the 
fhips  of  the  former  may  ufe  the  guns  of  their  lower  decks, 
without  t'ne  hazard  of  taking  in  much  water  at  the  ports  in 
ftormy  weather,  which  the  line  to  v/indward  cannot  do  with- 
out great  danger.  The  lee-line,  though  it  cannot  fo  calily 
.double  upon  the  van  and  rear  of  the  •enemy,  and  inclofe  them 
iietween  two  fires,  may,  ncverthelcfs,  have  opportunities  of 
lacking,  and  cutting  olT  a  part  of  the  enemy's  rear.  The 
jdifobled  fhips  to  leewiird  ace  more  ealily  removed  from  the 


line  than  thofe  to  windward  ;  and  the  lee-line  can  with 
greater  facility  avoid  the  aftioii  than  its  adverfary,  which  is 
a  circumdancc  very  favourable  to  an  inferior  fqnadron.  But 
the  defefts  of  the  lee-liiic  are,  that  it  cannot  decide  the  time 
and  didaacc  of  the  battle,  wiiieh  may  commence  before  it 
is  fufilciently  formed  ;  and  it  will,  j'crhaps,  be  attacked  by 
an  enemy  bearing  down  upon  it  in  regular  order.  Tiie  fire 
and  fmoke  of  the  weather-line  are  a  great  inconvenience  to 
it  ;  and  it  cannot  eafily  break  the  enemy's  line  with  its  firc- 
fhips,  which  are  very  flowly  and  with  great  difficulty  con- 
veyed  to  windward.  The  admiral's  fliip  always  prefeVves 
her  dation  in  the  centre  of  tlic  YuiC.  The  line  is  faid  to  be 
formed  a-bread  when  the  fliips'  fides  are  all  parallel  to  each 
other,  on  a  line  which  croffes  their  keels  at  right  angles. 
This  is  mod  freq':cntly  ufed  in  purfuing  or  retreating,  with 
the  wind  right  aft,  io  that  the  line  forms  a  perpendicular 
with  the  direclion  of  the  wind.      Falconer's  Mar.  Diet. 

Tlie  two  modes  of  engagement  by  the  line  to  windward 
and  to  leeward  have  been  particularly  illudrated  ;  and  alio 
the  method  of  cutting  or  breaking  the  line  of  battle,  lately 
put  in  praftice  to  great  advantage,  by  John  Clarke,  efq. 
of  Eldin,  in  his  "  EfTays  on  Naval  Tatties  ;"  a  fccond 
edition  of  which  was  printed  at  Edinburgh  in  1804,  4fo. 
See  Tactics. 

Line  is  alfo  a  name  given  to  feveral  fmall  corJs  of  dif- 
ferent files,  and  ufed  for  various  purpofes  at  fea.  They 
are  fmaller  than  ropes,  and  formed  of  two  or  more  fine 
lirands  of  hemp  ;  as  houfi-Une,  made  of  three  ftrand.'^,  ufed 
to  feize  blocks  into  their  (traps  and  the  cl'jes  of  fails,  ami 
to  marl  the  flcirtsof  fails  to  their  bolt-ropes  ;  /of -//'nf,  made  of 
three  or  more  (Irands,  ai  d  ufed  for  the  log,  &e.  ;  and  mar- 
lim,  made  of  two  drands,  and  ufed  for  the  fame  purpofes  "as 
houfe-line.  Some  ropes  are,  from  their  fitiiation,  termed 
lines,  as  boiv-line!,  bimt-l'mes,  dm  or  cleiv-lhies,  FdncyHr.c, 
which  is  a  rope  ufed  to  overhaul  the  brails  of  fomc  tore 
and  aft  fails  ;  fiirling-lims,  girt-liih's,  hcndl'ines,  h-cch-l'ines, 
which  are  ropes  ufed  to  trufs  up  the  fails  ;  life-lines,  for  the 
prefervation  of  the  feam^n,  v^liich  are  worn  hawfer-laid 
rope,  and  made  fall  with  two  half-hitches  round  the  llrap  of 
the  lift-block,  and  jeer  or  tye-blocks  in  the  middle  of  the 
yard  ;  nave  line,  Jlal-linc,  fpilling-lines,  tow  line,  and  tracing- 
lines  ;  which  fee  refpeftively. 

Li.VE,  Ship  nf  the,  is  a  vefTel  large  enough  to  be  drawn 
up  in  the  line,  and  to  have  a  place  in  a  fea-fight.  See 
Smi'. 

LlXE,  Knave,  in  a  Ship.     See  Kn.wk. 

Link  of  Meafures,  is  ufed  by  Oughtrcd  to  denote  the 
diameter  of  the  primitive  circle  in  the  projeftion  of  the 
Ipherc  in  platio,  or  tliat  line  in  which  the  diameter  of  any 
circle  to  be  projeftcd  fails. 

In  the  llercographic  projection  of  the  fphere  in  piano,  the 
line  of  nieafures  is  that  line  in  which  the  plane  of  a  great 
circle,  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  projcition,  and 
that  oblique  circle  which  is  to  be  projefted,  interfects  the 
plane  of  the  projection  ;  or  it  is  the  common  fection  of  a 
plane,  paffiiig  tlirough  the  eye-point  and  the  centre  of  tlie 
jirimitive  ;  and  at  right  angles  to  any  oblique  circle  which  is 
to  be  pro'iedlcd,  and  in  which  the  centre  and  pole  of-lucli 
circle  will  he  found. 

Line,   Meaftre  of  a.     See  MF..^.suRI•. 

Line  of  Demarsalion,  or  A'icxandrlan  Line,  is  a  meridian 
paffing  over  the  mouth  of  t)ie  river  Maragnon,  and  by  the 
capes  of  Houmas  and  Malabrigo  ;  io  called  from  pope 
Alexander  VI-  who,  to  end  the  dilputcs  between  the  crowns 
of  Caitile  and  Portugal  about  their  boundaries,  in  1493, 
drew  ani'Kaginary  line  on  the  globe,  which  was  to  tcrmiiiaie 
the  pretenfions  of  eacli.     By  which  partition  the  Ead  Indi<;s 

8  fell 


L  I  N 


L  I  N 


fell  to  tTie  lot  of  the  Portuguefe  ;  and  ttic  Weft  Indies,  then 
newly  difcovered,  to  the  Caililians, 

Line,  BoiuHnq,  Bunt,  Cram,  Furlong,  Log,  Rhumb,  and 
Jiakr  }  fee  u:;dtr  tiie  refpt-.'itive  adjeClivcs. 

Line  aifo  d-Totts  a  fmall  French  meafure,  containing  the 
i;th  part  of  an  inch,  t-.r  i44*h  part  of  a  foot. 

Ttiegtorr.etricians,  not'.viihftanding  its  fmalhiefj,  conceive 
the  line  fubdividtd  into  fix  points. 

The  French  line  anfwers  to  the  Englifh  barley-corn. 

Line.  Angling.  The  bed  materials  for  making  thefe 
lines  sre  line  and  even  horfe-hairs  :  the  hair  (hould  be  round 
and  twilled  even,  for  that  greatly  ftrengthens  it  ;  and  all  the 
hairs  fiiould  be  of  an  equal  bignefs,  or  as  nearly  lo  as  may 
be.  Tlicy  (hould  be  laid  in  the  water  about  a  quarter  of  an 
hour  after  twiftiiig,  that  it  may  be  feen  which  will  fhrink  ; 
they  are  then  to  be  twilled  over  again.  In  this  la!l  twilling 
fome  intermingle  fdk  airoiig  them,  but  that  is  not  fo  well. 
Lines  made  entirely  of  filk  are  not  bad  ;  but  tliofc  of  filk 
and  hair  mixed  are  never  found  to  do  well.  The  beft  co- 
lours for  a  line  are  forrel,  white,  and  grey  ;  the  two  laft  are 
beft  for  ani^ling  in  clear  w'uters  ;  the  former  in  muddy  ones. 
The  pale  w-atery-grcen  is  alfo  a  very  good  colour,  and  may 
be  made  thus:  boil  in  a  qu:nrt  of  alum-water  a  large  hand- 
ful of  marygold-fiowers  ;  there  will  arife  a  fcuhi  which  mail 
be  taken  off  ;  then  add  to  tliis  liquor  copperas  and  "erdigris, 
of  each  half  a  pound,  beat  to  pov.  der  together  ;  boil  thefe 
up  together;  ihen  put  the  hair  into  this  liquor,  and  let  it 
lie  ten  or  twelve  hours  ;  it  will  obtain  a  watery  biiieilh  greea 
colour,  which  will  not  wafii  out  afterwards. 

LiXE  of  Equat.d  Balirs.     See  Equated  Bodies. 

Lines,  Gauge,  Plumb,  and  Rear.  See  the  feveral  ad.- 
jeftives. 

Line.   White,  in  Printing.     See  White. 

LINEA  Ai.B.\,  in  Anatomy,  is  a  white  line  in  the  abdo- 
men, formed  Ly  the  union  of  the  tendon.?  of  the  abdominaf 
mufcles.     See  Obliquus  externus  ahJumims. 

LiNE.V  Medh^nj.      See  \'ediAN.\. 

LiNE.v  Ntlul'jfa.     See  Nf.bulo.sa  Llnea. 

LlNE.l  Semilunaris,  is  a  line  following  the  outer  edge  of 
tlie  Rectus  abdominis  mufcle  ;  which  fee. 

LiNE.E  Tranjverfj,  lines  crcfling  the  re(Elus  abdominis. 
See  Rectus. 

LINEx^L  Descent.     See  Descent- 
Lineal  .EA:c_f£/(>.     See  Exegesis. 

LINEAMENT,  a  fine  ftroke  or  line  obferved  in  the 
face,  and  forming  the  delicacy  thereof;  being  that  which 
preferves  the  refemblance,  and  ocrafions  the  relation  of  like- 
nef^,  or  unlikenefs,  to  any  other  face. 

It  is  by  thele  that  pliyfiognomills  pretend  to  judge  of 
the  temper'and  manners  of  people. 

Lineament  is  alfo  ufed  by  the  painters  for  the  outline  of 
a  face.     See  Contour. 

LIKEANS  PuxcTUM.     See  Punctu.m. 

LINEA.R  Leaf.     See  Leaf. 

Linear  Numbers,  are  fuch  as  have  relation  to  length  only. 
See  Nu.MBEa. 

Such  e.  gr.  is  a  number  which  repiefents  one  fiJe  of  a 
plane  figure.  If  the  plane  figure  be  a  Iquare,  the  linear 
iiumber  is  called  a  r»  ^ 

LiNB.-\R  Problem,  in  Mathemalles,  is  that  which  may  be 
ffilved  geometrically,  by  the  interfedlion  of  two  right  lines. 
E.  gr.  to  meafure  an  iiiaccefiible  height  by  the  means  of  two 
unequal  fticks,  &c. 

This  is  alfo  cidled  zjm^le  problem,  and  is  capable  but  of 
one  Iblu'.icQ, 


LINE  ATORES,  in  the  Hippodrome  at  Conftantinople, 
were  tlie  fame  with  the  deftgnutores  in  the  Circus  at  Rome. 
See  Hll'PODHO.ME,   CiRc.u.s,   ai.d  De^ignatok. 

LINEN,  ill  Geography,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  county 
of  Tecklenbnrg  ;  7  miles  S.S  E.  of  Tecklenburg. 

Linen,  in  the  Manufaclures.  There  are  various  forts' 
of  'inen,  the  principal  materials  of  which  are  cotton,  flax^ 
and  hemp.  The  linen  trade  of  Europe  is  chiefly  in  the 
hands  of  the  Ruffians,  Germans,  Swiis,  Flemings,  Hol- 
landers, and  French. 

Linen  is  the  llaple  of  Ireland,  as  it  was  of  Scotland  ;  but 
it  was  long  neglected.  The  Scots  at  prefent  are  not,  'how- 
ever, in  fo  bad  a  fituation  in  refpeft  to  this  trade,  as  the 
French  were  in  the  reign  of  king  Henry  IV.  or  the  Irifh  at 
the  Revolution  ;  where,  by  the  force  of  public  encourage- 
ment, it  has  arrived  to  an  extiaordinary  pitch,  and  it  is  to  be 
hoped  will  daily  advance  :  the  Scots  have  it  not  to  begin, 
and  they  are  improving  and  extending  it  to  a  very  greaC 
degree. 

The  balance  of  trade  between  England  and  Scotland,  and' 
England  and  Ireland,  is  on  the  Englidi  fide  ;  and  fo  far  as 
England  and  its  dependencies  can  be  lerved  with  linen  from 
Scotland  and  Ireland,  inileadot  Holland,  France,  Germany, 
and  Rufiia,  fo  far  will  England  be  a  gainer  by  this  change 
in  the  courfe  of  trade.  The  more  linen  the  Scots  and  Irifh 
can  fell  in  England,  the  more  of  the  Englifh  commodities 
will  they  be  able  to  purchafe  ;  and  it  may  be  reafonably 
fuppofed  that  iheir  demands  from  England  will  always  in- 
creafe  in  proportion  to  the  incrcafe  of  their  people  and  linen 
manutajdures.  It  is  then  evidently  the  intereft  of  England 
to  promote  and  advance  the  manufafture  of  linen  in  Scot- 
land and  Ireland,  and  to  give  them  all  rtafonabJe  advantages 
in  the  trade,  in  preference  to  foreigners  ;  where  the  balancer 
of  trade  is  againff  us,  and  this  feenis  to  be  the  fenfe  of  the 
nation,  iince  all  foreign  linen,  for  home  confumption,  pays  a 
duty.     Poft.  Did.  Com. 

The  linen  trade  of  this  country  is  regulated  by  feveral 
ftatutes. 

No  perfon  Ihall  put  to  fale  any  piece  of  dowlas  linen,  &c. 
unlefs  the  juft  length  be  expretfcd  thereon,  on  pain  of  for- 
feiting the  fame.  (28  Hen.  VIll.  cap.  4.)  Ufing  means 
whereby  hnen-cloth  ihall  be  made  deceitfully,  incurs  a  for- 
feiture of  the  linen,  and  a  month's  imprifonment.  (Stat, - 
I  Ehz.  cap.  12.)  Any  perfons  may  fet  up  trades  for  dreff- 
ing  hemp  or  flax,  and  making  thread  for  linen-cloth,  &c. 
15  Car.  II.  cap.  15. 

By  the  43  Geo.  III.  c.  69.  all  tbrmer  duties  on  linen 
cloth,  filks,  cottons,  and  calicoes,  are  repealed;  and  in  lieu, 
thereof  other  duties  are  impofedupon  all  goods  which  fhall  be 
printed,  itained,  painted,  or  dyed  in  Great  Britain,  accord- 
ing to  a  fchedule  annexed  to  the  atl :  and  by  50  Geo.  III. 
c.  26.  certain  export  duties  are  impofed ;  the  faid  duties 
to  be  paid  by  the  printer,  llainer,  painter,  or  dyer.  By 
49  Geo.  III.  c.  9S.  certain  duties  and  cufloms  are  impofed- 
upon French  linens,  (or  lawns.)  By  43  Geo.  Ill;  c.  69. 
every  calico  printer,  and  every  printer,  painter,  or  ilainer 
of  linens,  cottons,,  or  fluffs,  fhail  pay  annually  for  a  licence 
10/.  The  printing  or  ftaining  of  calicoes  rauft  be  for  ex- 
portation ;  becaufe  by  7  Gee.  ft.  i.  c.  7.  the  ufe  of  printed, 
painted,  ftained,  or  dyed  calico  for  wearing  apparel  is  pro- 
hibited, on  pain  cf  5/.  to  the  informer,  on  conviftion  :  and 
a  perfvin  oft'ering  fuch  for  fale,  unlefs  for  exportation, 
forfeits  :c/.,  half  to  the  informer,  and  half  to  the  poor. 
This  prohibition,  however,  does  not  extend  to  calicoes  dyed 
wholly  blue  :  and  it  fhall  be  lawful  to  ufe  ftuff  made  of  linen 
yarn  a.id  cotton  wool  manufaftured,  and  printed  or  painted 
m  Great  Britain,  provided  the  warp  thereof  be  wholly  linen 


LINEN. 


yam.   (9  Geo.  II.  c.  4.)  By  14  Geo.  III.  c.  72.  itisenafted 
that  no  greater  duty  (hall  be  paid  for  ftiiffs  made  of  raw  cot- 
ton wool  within  this  kingdom  than  ^^d.  a  yard,  4:;  Geo.  III. 
c.  69.    and   that  any  perfon   may  ufe  the  fame  in  apparel 
or  otherwife :  and  every  piece  is  to  have  three  blue  ftripes 
in  both  felvedges,  and  to  be  (lamped  at  each  end  with  a 
ftamp  provided  by  the  officers  of  excife,  and  inftead  of  the 
word  calico,  ufed  for  foreign  calicoes,    each  piece  fhall  be 
marked   with    the  words  Brifi/h   MaiiufaBory.       If   ftuffs 
made  wholly  of  cotton,    and   printed,  painted,  (lained,  or 
dyed  fluffs,    (mnfliiis,    neckcloths,  and  fullians  excepted,) 
witliout  fuch  mark  (hall  be  expofcd  to  falc,  they  (hall  be 
forfeited,    and   50/.   for  each  piece.      If  any   perfon   (hall 
counterfeit  fuch  ftamp,  or  knowingly  fell  fuch  ftuffs  with 
a  counterfeit   (lamp,  he   (liall  be  guilty  of  felony  without 
benefit  of  clergy.     If  any  perfon  (hall  import  any  c.ilicoes, 
muflins,  or  other  (luffs  made  of  hnen  yarn  only,  or  of  linen 
yarn  and  cotton  wool  mixed,  or  wholly  of  cotton  wool,  in 
wliich  (hdU  be  wove  in  the  fclvedge  any  fuch  blue  llripe, 
he  fhall  forfeit  the  fame,  and    10/.  for  each  piece.      Every 
fuch  printer,  painter,  (lainer,  or  dyer,  (hall   give  notice  in 
writing,  at  the  next  ofHce,  of  his  name  and  place  of  abode, 
and  where  he  intends  to  work,  on  pain  of  50/.    (10  Anne, 
c.  19.  2C  Geo.  III.  c.  72.1  By  I  Geo.  (I.  2.  c.  34.  anyperfon, 
undertaking  to  print,  paint,  &c.  any  (ilks,  linens,  or  fluffs, 
at  any  other  place  than  the  place  of  his  ufual  refidence  or 
exercife  of  his  trade,  lliall  firft  make  entry  of  the  place,  and 
pay  the  duties,  on  pain  of  50/.,  and  forfeiture  of  the  goods. 
Officers  may  enter  at  all  times  by  day  or  night  to  take  ac- 
count, &c.  and  the  penalty  of  obftrufting  the  officer  in  the 
execution  of  his  duty  is  200/.  (loAnne,c.  19.  25  Geo.  III. 
c.    72.)       Goods    fliall  be   entered  once  in  fix  weeks  on 
oalh   before  the  colleftor  or    fupervifor,    on  pain   of  50/. 
(10  Anne,  c.  19.)  No  perfon  fhall  begin  to  print,  ftain,  paint, 
or  dye  any  goods  before  they  have  been  meafured  and  marked, 
on  pam  of  forfeiting  the  fame,  and  alfo  20/.  for  every  piece. 
(25'  Geo.  III.  c.  72.)   If  ar.y  printer  fhall  wilfully  cut  out  or 
deface  fuch  frame  mark,   he  fhall  forfeit  50/.     Concealing 
goods,  or  avoiding  duty,  incurs  a  forfeiture  of  50/.  :  and  all 
goods  found  in  a  place,  of  which  no  notice  has  been  given, 
or  the  value  thereof,  fhall  be   forfeited.     (10  Anne,  c.   19. 
25  G"o.  III.c.  72.)     Nor  fhall  goods  be  kept  in  unentered 
places  on  pain  of  forfeiting  jo/.  and  the  goods.   20  Geo.  III. 
c.  72.)     Within    fix    weeks   the   duties    (hall   be  cleared, 
on  pain  of  forfeiting  double.   (lo  Anne,  c.  19.)      Nor  fhall 
they  be  removed  before  the  officer  hath  taken  account  of 
them  and  (lamped    thfm,    on    pain    of   5c/.    and   feizure. 
(loAnne,  c.  19.   25  Geo.  III.  c.  72.)   Goods  furveyed  fhall 
be  kept  feparaie  from  thofe  unfurreyed,  on  pain  of  50/.  : 
and    goods   unitamped   may   be  fearched   for   and    feized. 
(10  Anne,  c.  19.  25  Geo.  III.c.  72.)   The  perfon  in  whofe 
cuflody  luch  goods  are  found    fhall  forfeit    100/.  5  Geo. 
c.  Jl.    27  Geo.  III.  c.  31. 

Calicoes,  &c.  that  (hall  not  have  three  blue  threads  in 
the  felvtdge,  fhill  be  deemed  foreign  calicoes,  and  on  being 
printed  or  dyed,  fliall  be  marked  at  each  end  with  the  words 
"  fori'ign  calicoes  for  exportation;"  and  every  dealer  who 
fhall  have  any  fuch  goods  in  his  cullody  (except  dyed 
throughout  of  one  colour)  or  any  fluffs  made  wholly  of 
cotton  wool  wove  in  Great  Britain,  commonly  called 
"  Britifli  Munufaftory,''  (muflins,  neckcloths,  and  fuftians 
excepted.)  not  having  fuch  blue  threads,  (hall  forfeit  200/. 
and  every  luch  piece  found  in  his  cullody.  (25  Geo.  III. 
c.  72.)  The  owner  or  printer  of  any  piece  or  remnant  of 
coflac  or  foreign  muflins  and  calicoes  fhall,  before  they  be 
prcfented  to  the  officer,  mark  the  fame  at  both  ends  with  a 
frame  mark,  containing  his  name  and  place  of  abode,  and 


alfo  the  name  by  which  fuch  goods  are  commonly  knowa 
(except   fuch   as  arc  dyed  throughout  of  one  colour)  on 
pain  of  forfeiting  10/.  for  every  piece  or  remnant.     The 
owner  or  printer  of  any  linens  or  ftuffs  made    of  cotton 
mixed,  or  wholly  of  cotton   wool  wove  in   Great  Britain, 
called  "  Britifh  Manufactory  or  Muflins,"  fliall   mark   the 
fame  at  both  ends  (fuftians,  velvets,  velverets,  dimities,  and 
other  figured  ftuffs  excepted)   with  a    mark,   containing  his 
name  and  place  of  abode,  and  the  name  and  quality  of  fuch 
goods,  with  the  ready  money  price  thereof,  before  the  fame 
are  prcfented  to  the  officer  in  order  to  be  printed  or  dyed  : 
.on  pain  of  forfeiture  and  feizure,  and  20/.  ;  and  if  any  fuch 
piece  be  marked  at  a  lefs  price  than  the  real  value,  the  fame 
may  be  fcizcd   and   forfeited,  and  the  owner  fhall  forfeit  20/. 
If  the  frame  mark  be  defaced,  the  fame  fhall  be  renewed  on 
notice  ;    but   if  any   perfon   fhall   counterfeit  or  forge  any 
frame  mark,  he  fhall  forfeit  lOo/.  :   and  if  any  perfon  coun- 
terfeit   the  ftamp,  it  is   felony   without  benefit  of  clergy. 
(25  Geo.  III.  c.  72.   27  Geo.  III.  c.  31.)     If  any  perfon 
fliall  knowingly  fell  any  of  the  goods  with  a  counterfeit 
ftamp,  he  fhall  forfeit    100/.  and   ftand  two   hours  in   the 
pillory.   (10  Anne,  c.  19.    13  Geo.  III.  c.  j6.   25  Geo.  III. 
c.  72.)      By  27  Geo.  III.  c.  31.  if  any  peribn  fliall  know- 
ingly fell  aay  fuch  goods  with  counterfeit   (lamp,  thus  in- 
tending to  defraud  his  majefty,  he  (hall  be  guilty  of  felony 
without  benefit  of  clergy.     Every  perfon  who  hath  paid 'the 
duties,    or  bought  the  goods  of  any  perfon  who  hath  paid 
the  duties,  may  export  the   fame,  and  fhall  be  allowed  all 
the  duties  in  drawback,  as  fet  forth  in  43  Geo.  III.  c.  69. 
Sched.  C.  on  conforming  to  certain   prefcribed   conditions. 
(25  Geo.  III.  c.  72.  25  Geo.  III.  c.  74.)  By  the  4  Geo.  III. 
c.  37.    which  eftablifhes    the   corporation    of    the   Englifh 
Linen  Company  for  making  cambrics  and  lawns,  it  is  enadled 
that  the  commiffioners  of  excife,  where  there  fhall  be  a  ma- 
nufa£lory  of  cambrics  or  lawns,  or  of  goods  known  under 
that  denomination,  fhall  appoint    the   fupervifor   or   other 
officer  to  feal  the  fame,  for   which  they  fliall  have  fuch  fee 
as  the  commiffioners  fhall  appoint :  the  manufacturer  to  give 
notice  in  writing   to   the   officer,  of  the   finifliing   of  every 
piece,  before  it  is  taken  out  of  the  loom,  who  fliall  feal  the 
fame  at  both  ends  ;  on  pain  that  fuch  manufacturer,  taking 
the  fame  out  of  the  loom  without  having  given  fuch  notice, 
and  having  the  fame  fealed  as  aforefaid,  fliall  forfeit  5/.  ;  and 
every  fuch  piece  fhall  be  forfeited,  and  may  be  feized  by  any 
officer  of  the  cuftoms  or  excife,  and  the  officer,  with  con- 
venient   fpeed  after  notice,    fhall   mark    and   alfo  number 
each  piece  ;  and  make  entry  in  writing,  in  books  to  be  pro- 
vided at  the  expence  of  the  manufafturer,  of  the   number 
fet  to  each  piece,  the  length  thereof,  and   the  number  of 
threads  in  the  warp,  on   pain  of  10/.      If  the   officer  fhall 
mark  arry  not  made  in  England,  or  after  the  fame  is  taken 
out  of  the  looms,  he  fhall  forfeit  50/.  for  each  piece  to  him 
who  fhall  fue,  and   forfeit   his  office,  and  be  incapacitated 
to   hold   any    other   office  of   truft  under  the  crown.      If 
any    perfon   fhall  offer  to  the  officer  any  bribe,     he   fliall 
forfeit  50/.  ;  and  if  he  fhall  by  bribery,  or  otherwife,  prevail 
upon  the  officer  to  commit  fuch  offence,   he  fliall  forfeit 
100/.,  and  ftand  in  the  pillory  two  hours.      And   the  officer 
fhall  yearly,  in  the  month  of  June,  tranfmit  to  the  commif- 
fioners an  account  of  all  goods  which  he  fliall  have  ftamped, 
and  a  copy  of  the  entries   made,    on   pain   of  difmiffion  ; 
and  he,  or  his  executors,  fhall  deliver  up  the    feals,  on  de- 
mand from  the  commiffioners,  on  pain  of  200/.     Cambrics 
and  lawns  made  in  England  found  undamped,  fhall  ba  for- 
feited, and  may  be  feized  by  any  officer  of  the  cuftoms  or 
excife,  and  after  condemnation  fhall  be  fold  ;  and  every  per- 
fon who  fhall  fell  or  expofc  to  fale.  or  have  in  his  cuftody 

for 


L  I  N 


L  I  N 


fbr  that  purpofe,  any  cambrics  or  lawns  made  in  England, 
\inmar!»"d,  Ihall   forfeit  30o/.  fuch  goods   not  to  be  fold, 
or  worn  in  this  kingdom,  but  to  be  exported,  and  to  be 
fold  only  on  condition  of  exportation.     Nor    fliall  tliey  be 
delivered  out  of  the  warehoufe  until  bond  be  given,  to   the 
fatisfattion  of  the  coUedor,  in  double  penalty  of  the  goods, 
that   the   fame   fhall  be  exported,   and  not  relanded.     To 
counterfeit  the  feal  appointed  by  this  att,  or  import  any  fo- 
reign   cambrics   or  lawns    having    fuch    counterfeit    mark 
thereon,    or  expofe  the  fame  to  fale,   knowing  the  (lamp 
thereon  to   be  counterfeited,  is  felony  without   benefit  of 
clergy.     All  goods  condemned  in  purfuance   of  this  act, 
and  all  pecuniary  forfeitures  (not  otherwife  direfted)  fhail 
fee  fued  for  and  recovered  in  any    of  his   majelly's   courts, 
in  the  name  of  the  attorney-general,  or  of  Inch  ofScer  as 
aforefaid  ;  and  applied,  after  dednftion  of  charges,   half  to 
the  king,  and  half  to  the  officer  feizing,  informing,  or  fuing, 
according  to  the  direftions  of  this  aft.     The  penalties  may 
be  fjed  for,  levied,  and  mitigated  as  by  the  laws  of  excife, 
or  in  the  courts  at  Weftminlter ;  ard  employed  half  to  the 
kinn-,  and  half  to  him  that  fhall  difcover,  'inform,  or  fue. 
(  10  Anne,  c.  19.   24  Geo.  II.  c.  40.   25  Geo.  III.c.  72.) 
AH  utenfils  and  inftriinicnts  for  printing,  painting,  ilaining, 
ci-  dyeing  fneh  goods,  in   cuftody  of  the  faid    perfjn,  or 
any  other,  fhall  be  liable  to  all  arrears  of  the  duty,  and 
to  all  penalties  concerning  the  fame,  in  like  manner  as  if  fich 
perfon  was  the  lawful  owner.    10  Anne,  c.  19.  25  Geo.  HI. 
c.  72.    28  Geo.  III.  c.'37. 

Stealing  of  linen,  fulUan,  cotton  goods,  &c.  from 
whitening-grouncs  or  drying  houfes,  to  the  value  of  10s. 
or  knowingly  buying  or  rec-.-iving  fuch  ilolen  goods,  is 
felony  without  benefit  of  clergy.  (18  Geo.  II.  cap.  27.) 
Such  alfo  is  breaking  into  houfes,  {hops,  5cc.  and  dettroying 
any  linen  cloth,  or  implements  uled  in  the  manufatluring  of 
it,  by  4  Geo.  III.  cap.  37.     See  Larceny. 

A  new  manufafture  was  fet  on  foot  fome  time  ago  in 
London,  for  embelliihing  linen  with  flowers  and  other  or- 
naments of  gold  leaf.  The  linen  looks  whiter  than  mqft  of 
the  printed  linens ;  the  gold  is  extremely  beautiful,  and  is 
faid  to  bear  wafiting  well.     See  Stuff. 

There  are  many  fubftances  from  which  a  juice  or  dye  is 
obtained,  that  will  ilain  linen  of  different  colours.  The 
juice  of  the  anacardium,  rubbed  on  linen  or  cotton,  gives  a 
reddifii-browrt  Ilain,  which  foou  deepens  in  the  air  i;ito  a 
black,  and  which  has  not  been  difchirged  by  v/alliing  and 
boiling,  with  foap  or  alkaline  ley.  Hence  the  anacardium 
is  faid  to  be  ufed  for  marking  linen  and  cotton  cloths,  and 
to  be  known  ail  over  India  by  the  name  of  marking-nut. 
The  juice  of  the  calhew-nut,  called  by  fome  the  anacar- 
diuin  of  the  Weft  Indies,  differs  from  the  oriental  anacar- 
dium ill  its  colouring  quahty  ;  that  lodged  between  its  iheiis 
being  :nuch  paler,  and  giving  to  linen,  cotton,  or  paper, 
only  a  biownifh  (lain,  which  is  durable,  but  does  not  change 
at  all  towards  blacknefs. 

Several  fpecies  of  the  toxicodendron,  or  poifon-wood, 
contain  in  their  leaves  a  milky  juice,  which  in  drying  be- 
comes of  a  deep  black,  and  communicates  the  fame  colour 
to  the  linen  on  which  it  is  dropped :  tlie  linen  thus  ilained, 
boiled  with  foap,  came  out  without  the  lead  diminution  of 
iti  colour,  nor  does  llrong  ley  of  wood-a(hes  make  any 
change  in  it.     Phi!.  Tranf.  vol.  xlix.  for  1755. 

Dr.  Lewis  has  found,  that  the  milks  oF  wild  poppies, 
garden  poppies,  dcindelion, .  .hawk-weed,  and  fow-thillle, 
pare  brown  or  browni(h-red  llains,  which  were  difcharged 
by  waihing  with  foap  ;  the  colourlefs  juice  which  ilTues 
from  hop-llalks  when  cut,  llains  linen  of  a  pale  reddidi  or 
browni(h-red,  extremely  durable  :  the  juice  of  floes  gave 
Vol.  XXI. 


likewife  a  pale  brownilh  Ilain,  which,  by  repeated  wa(?ring§ 
with  foap,  and  wetting  with  ilrong  folution  of  alkaline  fait, 
was  darkened  to  a  deeper  brown  ;  on  baking  the  floes,  their 
juice  turns  red,  and  the  red  Ham  which  it  then  imparts  to 
linen  is,  on  wafliing  with  foap,  chan);cd  to  a  pale  blueifti, 
which  aifo  proves  durable.     See  Dyeing  0/  Thread. 

Tlie  late  Dr.  Smellie  has  recommended  the  following  me- 
thod of  marking  linen,  fo  as  not  to  wafh  out  again  :  take 
vermilion,  as  much  as  will  lie  on  a  half-crown  piece,  of  the 
fait  of  Heel  a  piece  about  the  fize  of  a  fmall  nutmeg  ;  grind- 
er levigate  them  well  together  with  hnfced  oil :  tlie  compo- 
fition  may  be  diluted  or  thickeneii  at  plcafure. 

Linen-,  Fojfd.     See  Amianthu.s  and  Asbestos. 

LiNEM  Mills.     See  Mill. 

Linen,   White.     See  ^VH•TB. 

Linen,  Bleaching  of.     See  BLE.^cjiiNe. 

LIN-FOU,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Corea ;  20  miles 
S.  of  H^-imen. 

LING,  in  Agriculture,  a  provincial  term  applied  to  the 
plant  uiually  known  by  the  name  of  heath.     See  Heatk. 

By  4  &  5  W.  c.  23.  no  perfon  fliall  on  any  mountains, 
hills,  heaths,  moors,  foreils  or  chafes,  or  other  waftes,' 
burn  between  February  2,  and  June  24,  any  grig,  ling, 
heath,  furze,  gofs  or  fern,  on  pain  of  being  committed  to 
the  houfe  of  correction,  for  any  time  not  exceeding  one 
m.onlh,  nor  lefs  than  10  days,  then  to  be  whipped  and  kept 
to  hard  labour. 

Ling,  in  Ichthyalngy,  the  Englilh  name  for  a  kind  of 
fi(h,  which  is  a  fpecies  of  the  gadus,  with  two  tins  on  the 
back,  with  a  bearded  mouth,  and  witii  the  upper  jaw 
longed.     See  Gadus  Moha. 

Ling  is  efteemed,  both  frefh  and  cured,  for  the  table. 

This  fifh  abounds  about  the  Scilly  Ifles,  on  the  coafts  of 
Scarborough,  and  thofe  of  Scotland  and  Ireland,  and  formg 
a  confiderable  article  of  -commerce.  In  the  Yorklhire  fea* 
they  are  in  perfection  from  the  beginning  of  February  to 
the  beginning  of  May,  and  fome  till  the  end  of  that  mo'nthi 
They  Ipavvn  in  June,  at  which  time  the  males  feparate  from 
the  females.  When  the  ling  is  in  feafon,  its  liver  is  very- 
white,  and  abounds  with  a  tine  fl.i>oured  oil,  which  after- 
wards becomes  red,  like  that  of  a  bullock,  and  affords  no 
oil.  Thisoil  is  faid  to  be  hoardpd  up  in  the  cellular  mem- 
branes of  fiflies,  to  return  into  their  blood,  and  fupport 
them  in  the  engendering  feafon.  Great  quantities  of  this 
iifh  are  falted  for  exportation,  and  for  hoine-confumption : 
for  this  purpofe  it  mull  meafure  twenty-fix  inches  or  up- 
wards from  the  fttouider  to  the  tail,  in  order  to  be  entitled 
to  the  bounty  on  exportation.  Thole  under  that  fize  ar& 
called  ilriz%les.     Pennant. 

LIKGA,  in  Geography,  one  of  the  fmaller  Shetland 
iflands,  near  the  N.  coall  of  Mainland.  N.  lat.  60 '  44'. 
W.  long,  i^  27' — Alfo,  one  of  the  fame  group  cf  iflands 
near  the  E.  coaft  of  Mainland.  N.  lat.  60'  34'.*  W.  long. 
I '  6'. — Alfo,  one  of  the  fame  duller,  near  the  S.W.  coalt 
of  Uiil.  N.  lat.  61=  2'.  W.  long,  i^  12'. — Alio,  one  of 
the  fm;dl  weilern  iflands  of  Scotland,  near  the  S.  coaft  of 
South  Uift.     N.  lat.  57'  3'.     W.  long.  7'  19'. 

LiNGA  Sound,  a  bay  on  the  W.  coall  of  the  illand  of 
Stronfa.     N.  lat.  59'.     E.  long.-o"  2S'. 

LiNC.\,  or  LIrigam,  as  it  is  pronounced  in  the  fouthern 
and  eailtrn  parts  of  the  peninfula,  in  Hindoo  Mythology, 
is  a  fymbol  to  which  great  veneration  is  paid,  and  much 
mylliciim  attached,  by  the  extenfive  fed  of  Hindoos  called 
Saivas,  or  the  worfliippers  of  Siva,  the  dellruttive,  or  rather 
regenerative  power  of  their  triad.  This  type  of  Siva  is  re- 
prelentcd  of  a  conical  form,  and  is  feeu  in  almoft  all  parts  of 
India,  of  various  fizes,  in  Hone,  wood,  clay,  metals,  &c. 

O,  It 


L  I  N 

It  may  be  fuppofcd  that  Siva,  being,  among  his  other  attri- 
butes, a  pcrfonitication  of  lire,  as   the   molt   dcllruclive  of 
elements,  was  typified  by  a  cone  willi  its  apex  upwards,  tiie 
form  naturally  aftunicd  by  flame  ;  and  that  to  this  form  cn- 
thufiafts  have,  in  the  wildnefs  of  their  ina^nnalion,  fancied 
alluiions,  and    diredcd  analogies,  that,  in  the  progrefs   of 
time,  have  more  and  more  bewildered  them  ;   until  at  length 
fiich  an  inextricable  mafs  of  myllicifm  luith  been  accumu- 
lated rcferrmg  to  this  fymbol,  as  to  wear  an  appearance  al- 
moft  of  ridicule.     The  Linga  being  tiie  fymbol  of  Siva,  his 
votaries  are  reminded  of  it,  and   of  its  archetype  by  any 
thing  conical  or  cred  ;   a  hill,  a  tree,  any  pyramidal  objeft, 
a  mafl  or  pole,  &c.     Lingas  are  feen  of  enormous  fize  ;  in 
the  cavern  of  Elephanta  for  inllance,  marking  unequivocally 
that  the  fvmbol  in  quelUon  is  at  any  rate  as  ancient  as  that 
temple,  as  they  are  of  the  fame  rock  as  the  temple  itfelf ; 
both,  as  well    as  tlie  iloor,  roof,  pillars,  pilallres,  and  its 
numerous  fculptured  figures,  having  been  once  one  undillin- 
cruifhed  mafs  of    granite,  which  excavated,  ehiifelled,  and 
poli(hed,  produced  the  fire  cavern,  and  forms  that  are  ihll 
contemplated  with  fo  much  furprizc  and  admiration.     The 
magnitude  of  the  cones,  too,  farther  preclude  the  idea  of 
f-.ib'.'equcnt  introduction,  and  together  with  gigantic  ftatues 
of  Siva  and  his  confort,  more  frequent  and  more  cololTal 
than  thofe  of  any  other  deity,  ncccflarily,  as  before  noticed, 
coeval  with  the  excavation,  indicate  his  paramount  adoration, 
and  the  antiquity  of  his  feci.  (See  Ei.F.rnASTA  and  Kakly.) 
Lin'^as  are  fecn  alfo  of  diminutive  fize  for  domellic  adora- 
tion, or  for  perfonal  ufe  ;  fome  individuals  always  carrying 
one  about  with  them,  and  in  fome  Brahman  families  one  is 
daily  conftrufted  in  clay,  placed,  after  due  fanditication  by 
appropriate  ceremonies  and  prayers,  in  the  domeftic  fhrine, 
or  under  a  tree  or  fhrub   facred  to  Siva,  the  Bilva   (Cra- 
tsva  marmelos)  more  efpecially,  and  honoured  by  the  ado- 
ration of  the  females  of  the  houlhold.     This  ceremony  is 
called   Linga-puja,  /.  e.  the  worfnip  of  the  Linga,  a  beau- 
tiful plate  of  wltieh,  with  a  particular  defcription,  is  given  in 
Moor's  Hindu  Pantheon,  where"  apious  female  is  reprefented 
in  plate  22,  propitiating   Mahadeva  (another  name  of  Siva) 
in  his  generative  character,  indicated  by  the  Linga,  inftrtcd 
in  its  appropriate  receptacle  the  Argha,  or  Yoni,  myftcrious 
tvpes  of  nature,  particularly  dilcuiTed  in  future  pages.      The 
devout  female   may  be  imagined  as   invoking  the  deities, 
tvpified  by  their  fymbols,  for  the  blefling  of  fruilfulnefs, 
its  r'evei-fe  being   deprecated  by  both  fexes,  as  the  moll  af- 
fliclino-   vilitation   of    divine   difpleafure.      It  is  explained 
hereafter,  how  certain  ceremonies  called  Sradha,  to  be  per- 
formed by  tlie  offspring  of  defunct  parents,  are  effential  to 
the  repofe  of  a  departed  foul."  P.  68.  See  Sradha,  Yoni, 
and  Meru. 

A  fctt  of  Hindoos  worfhip  almoft:  exclufively  the  Linga, 
as  the  fymbol  of  their  deity  :  this  feft  is  called  Lin^aja, 
LirfancitLi,  and  Liiigi.  Another  fe61,  exclufive  worfhippers 
of  the  Ton!,  or  the  female  power,  are  called  Y''onija ;  the 
former  being  apparently  the  fame  as  the  Phalhc  emblem 
of  the  Greeks,  the  mrmbrum  virik ;  and  the  latter  pudendum 
m-dlebre,  rarely,  however,  feen  in  India  in  an  indecent  form. 
•'  The  myllery  in  which  the  real  hiftory  of  ihcfe  emblems 
is  veiled,  renders  it  extremely  difficult  to  give  a  clear  ac- 
count of  the  origin  or  tendency  of  the  rites  by  whicli  we 
fee  their  votaries  honour  them.  That  they  had  their  origin 
in  nature  and  innocence  we  may  admit,  without  admitting 
likewife  the  propriety  of  their  continuance  to  a  period  when 
nature  and  innocence  are  no  longer  feen  unfophiilicated  : 
k.nowing,  however,  fo  little  of  the  genuine  hiitory  of  tliefe 
rites  and  fymbols,  it  is  but'a  rcafonable  extenfion  of  charity 
:o  (uppofe  that  their  origin  was  philofophical  though  myl- 


L  I  N 

terious,  and  that  their  obfervance,  though  ofTenfive  to  delicacy, 
is  not  criminal. 

"  It  is  fome  comparative  and  negative  praife  to  the  Hin- 
doos, that  the  emblems  under  which  tin  y  exhibit  tlic  dements 
and  operations  of  nature,  are  not  extcrnnllv  indecorous. 
Unlike  the  abominable  realities  of  Egypt  and  Greece,  we 
fee  the  Phallic  emblem  in  the  Hindoo  exhibitions  without 
oflence  ;  and  know  not,  until  the  information  be  extorted, 
that  we  are  contemplating  a  lymbol,  whofe  prototype  is  ob- 
fcene.  The  plates  of  this  work  may  be  turned  and  exa- 
mined over  and  over,  and  the  uninformed  oblerver  will  not 
be  aware  that  in  fevcral  of  them  he  has  viewed  the  typical 
reprelentation  of  the  generative  organs  or  powers  of  hu- 
manity. The  external  decency  of  the  fymbols,  and  the  dif- 
ficulty with  which  their  recondite  alluiions  are  difcovered, 
both  offer  evidence  favourable  to  the  moral  delicacy  of  the 
Hindoo  charadter.  I  am  not,  however,  prepared  to  deny 
the  appearance,  in  many  inftanccj,  of  ilrong  evidence  to  the 
contrary;  the  difgulling  failhfulnels  of  natural  delineations, 
and  the  combinations  fo  degrading  to  human  nature,  ob- 
fervable  on  fome  of  the  temples  and  facred  equipages  of 
the  Hindoos,  are  deeply  offenfive  to  common  delicacy  and 
decency  ;  and  I  continue  of  opinion  that  fuch  objects  of 
depravity,  publicly  offered  to  juvenile  contemplation,  cannot 
fail  of  exciting  in  fuch  untutored,  efpecially  temale,  minds,, 
ideas  obnoxious  to  the  innocence  that  we  love  to  think  an 
inmate  there."  (Hin.-  Pan.  p.  382.)  Something  on  this 
topic,  and  an  inftance  of  the  adoration  of  the  Linga  in  a 
magnificent  temple,  occur  under  the  articles  Idolatuy  and 
Jejlry.  See  alfo  Phali.vs.  The  fimilarity  of  Phallic 
and  of  Linga  wordiip,  and  other  Grecian,  Egyptian,  and 
Hindoo  coincidences,  are  learnedly  difcuffed  by  major  Wil- 
ford  in  the  third,  fourth,  fixtii,  and  eighth  volumes  of 
the  Aiiatie  Refearches.  See  Gentoos  and  Lotos,  in  this 
work. 

LINGAJA,  a  feft  of  Hindoos,  who  adore,  it  is  faid, 
exclufively,  the  Linga,  a  fymbol  of  Siva.  See  LiXGA, 
and  Sects  of  Hindoos. 

LINGAN,  in  Geography,  a  river  of  Ireland,  which  runs 
into  the  Suir  ;   1  miles  below  Carrick-upon-Suir. 

LINGANCITA,  a  feft  of  Hindoos,  the  fame  wuh 
Lingaja,  who  exclufively  worfhip  Siva  under  the  fymbol  of 
a  Liiija  or  Phallus.     See  Linha,  and  Sects  of  Hindoos. 

LINGAPOUR,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Hindoollan,  in 
Dowlatabad  ;   i^  miles  S.ot  Nei.rmul. 

LINGA Y,  one  of  the  fmaller  weftern  iflands  of  Scot- 
land, near  the  S.W.  coail  of  Harris.  N.  lat.  '^•j'  40V 
W.loiig.  f. 

LING-CHAN,  a  town  of  Corea  ;  76  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Han-tcheoij. 

LINGEN,  a  city  of  Weftphalia,  and  capital  of  a  county 
of  the  fame  name  ;  formerly  fortified,  but  now  barely 
furrounded  with  a  ditch,  and  fmall.  It  is  the  feat  of  the  re- 
gency of  the  united  counties  of  Lingen  and  Tetklenburg, 
and  of  the  deputations  of  the  war  and  domain  chamber  of 
Min'den,  and  has  a  Calviniff,  a  Lutheran,  and  a  Roman  Ca- 
tholic church.  The  academical  gymnafium  of  this  place 
was  founded  in  1697  by  William  III.,  prince  of  Orange. 
About  a  quarter  of  a  mile  dillance  from  the  town,  N.  of 
it,  is  the  paffage  over  the  Embs,  called  the  "  Lingen  Eerry." 
— Alfo,  a  county  of  Wedphalia,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
bilhopric  of  Munfter,  on  the  E.  by  the  bifliopric  of  Ofna- 
bruck,  on  the  S.  by  the  county  of  Tecklenbuig,  and  on  the 
W.  by  Bentheim.  At  the  peace  of  Tilfit  it  was  ceded  by 
Pruffia  to  Wellphalia.  It  has  mines  of  coal  and  quarries  of 
(lone.  The  chief  town  of  the  upper  divifion  of  the  county 
is  Lingen,  and  tlut  of  the  lavvcr   Ibbenbuhren. — Alfo,  an 

iHand 


L  I  N 


L  I  N 


ifland  in  tlie  Eall  Indian  fea,  near  the  S.  coad  of  Malacca, 
about  loo  iiiik's  in  circumference,  and  jo  miles  from  the  N.E. 
coalt  of  tlie  iflaiid  of  Sumatra.  S.  lat.  o'  lo'.  E.  long. 
•104°  40'. 

LINGENDES,  Claude  de,  in  Biography,  a  French 
Jefuit,  and  one  of  the  molt  celebrated  preachers  of  the  pe- 
riod in  which  he  flouridied,  was  born  at  Mouhns  in  the 
year  1591.  He  entered  the  order  when  he  was  fixteen 
years  ot  apje,  and'after  completing  his  (Indies  to  the  fatisfac- 
tion  of  his  fuperiors,  became  eminent  as  an  inllruclor  in  rhe- 
toric and  polite  literature.  His  chief  talent  was  foon  difco- 
vered  by  the  eloquence  of  his  pulpit  difeourfes,  and  for  fix 
and  thirty  years  he  attracted  crowded  audiences  by  the  ex- 
cellence of  Ins  compofitions,  and  by  his  fine  elocution.  Be- 
fides  the  labours  of  the  pulpit,  he  prefided  eleven  years  over 
■thecjllege  of  his  native  place,  and  afterwards  filled  the  polt 
of  provincial  of  the  order  in  France.  He  died  in  1660, 
fit  the  age  of  lixty-nine,  while  he  was  fupenor  of  the  .Te- 
fuits'  feminary  at  Paris.    He  vvas  author  of  a  popular  work, 


LING-QUAN-Y,  ill    Geography,  a   tow»  of  China,  ia 
the  province  of  Clien-fi  ;  50  miles  S.W.  of  Si-ngan. 

LING-TAO,  a  town  of  China,  of  the  firil  rank,  in 
Chcn-fi,  fituated  on  the  Tie-tfan  river,  which  falls  into  the 
Hoang-ho,  or  Yellow  river.  Gold  is  found  in  great  quanti- 
ties  in  the  fand  of  the  neighbouring  rivers  and  brooks. 
The  country  is  very  mountainous,  and  abounds  with  wild 
bulls,  and  an  animal  refembling  a  tyger,  whofe  fliinsare  very 
valuable.  The  vallies  are  fertile  in  corn,  and  the  pailures 
near  the  rivers  fupply  food  for  cattle.  Upon  this  city  de- 
pend two  cities  of  the  fecond  clafs,  and  three  of  the  third. 
N.  lat.  25°  22'.   E.  long.  106    34'. 

LING-TCHEOU,  a  town  of  Corea  ;  28  miles  S.S.V,'. 
of  Koang-tcheou. 

LINGUA  Gko.ssa,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  the  valley  of 
Demona  ;  9  miles  W.  of  Taormina. 

Li.NGUA,  Tongue,  in  Anaiomy.     See   Deglutition"    and 
Tongue. 

LiNGU.v  Ams,  Bird's-tongue,  in  the  Materia  Mcdica,  the 


entitled  "  Monitu  qusdam  ad  Vitam  bene  Ordinandam,"     feed  of  the  alli-tree,  or  afnen-keys. 


which  has  been  frequently  reprinted  :  "  Volivum  Monu- 
inentuni  ab  Urbe  Molinenli,  Delphino  oblatum  ;"  and  of 
Latin  iermons,  entitled ,"  Concionum  quadragefimahum 
Argumenta,"  which  have  been  publifhed  in  410.  and  8vo.  and 
■vviiich  have  been  tranflated  into  the  French  language,  and 
much  read  m  the  original  and  trar.flation.     Gen.  Bios'. 


Lingua  Cervhia,  in  Botany,  Hart's  Tongue,  a  fpecies, 
or  with  Plumier,  Tournefort,  and  others,  a  genus  of  tlie 
fern  tribe.     See  Asplenium  and  Scolope.vdiuu.m. 

Lingua  Medietas,  in  Law.     See  Medietas. 

LINGU/E  Fk/enuiM,  in  Anatomy  and  Surgery.  See 
Fr.knum. 


LINGHOLM,  in-  Geography,  a  fmail  idaiid  among  the    *   LINGUADO,  in  Ichthyology,  the  name  of  a  Well   In 


Orkneys,  near  the  W.  coall  of  Stronfa.     N.  lat.  jo''  59' 
E.  long,  o"  27V 

I>ING!,  a  left  of  Hindoos,  worfliippers  of  the  Linga, 
a  Pliallic  emblem  of  Siva,  the  dellruftive  and  regenerative 
power  of  the  Indian  triad.-  See  Linga,  Sects  of  Hindo'js, 
and  Siva. 

LINGICOTTA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Africa,  in 
Kullo.     N.  lat.  12°  30.  W,  long.  9-  ro'. 

LINGLEBACH,  Joiiv,  in  Biography,  a  painter  of 
groiefque  lubjecfs,  fairs,  mountebanks,  landfcapes,  &c.; 
born   at   Frankfort   on   the    Maine  in    1625  ;     who  having 


dian  lllh,  in  Ihapc  rcfemblmg  a  loal. 

LINGUALIS,  in  Anatomy,  an  epithet  applied  to  feme 
parts  about  tae  tongue.  The  lingual  ar:ery  is  a  large  branch 
of  the  external  carotid.  (See  Akteuy.)  For  the  lingual 
glands,  fee  Deglutition  ;  for  the  lingnalis  mufc  e,  fee 
Deglutition  ;  and  for  the  lingual  nerve,  fee  Nerve. 

LINGUATULA,  in  Ichthyology,  a  fpecies  oi  pleuro- 
nePies  ;  which  fee. 

Linguatula,  in  Natural  Hifiory,  a  genus  of  the 
vermes  niollufca  clafs  and  order  :  body  deprcfi'ed,  oblong  ; 
month  placed  before,  furrcunded   with   four  pafiages.     Of 


early  acqu.red  fome  knowledge  of  the  art  of  painting,  went    this  genus  there  is  but  a  lingle    fpecies  ;  w'n.  the  Serrata, 


to  Rome  for  his  improvement,  but  returned  to  his  na- 
tive country  at  the  age  of  25,  to  practife  in  his  own  native 
llyle.  He  did  indeed  acquire  m  Italy  a  flight  tafte  for  the 
clalTic,  which  he  exhibited  by  introducing  fplendid  ruins 
fometimes  in  his  landfcapes  ;  but  in  general  his  talle  is  Dutch, 
and  his  llyle  alio,  particularly  in  colouring  and  effeft.  His 
pictures  are  in  general  pleafnig,  having  very  much  the  tone 
of  tliofe  of  Adrian  Vandeveh,  though  not  finiflied  fo  mi- 
nutely, and  indeed  differing  in  choice  of  fubjeft.  He  was 
frequently  employed  by  eminent  artills  to  inlert  figures  and 
animals  m  their  landfcapes  ;  and  his  ingenuity  in  the  manage- 
ment of  his  pencil,  enabled  himfo  to  afTimilate  his  touch  to  that 
of  the  painter  who  employed  him,  that  it  is  not  cafy  to  dif- 
coier  hishand.     He  died  in  16S7,  at  the  age  of  62. 

LING-NGAN,  ill  Orography,  a  city  of  China,  of  the 
firit  rank,  in  Yun-nan.    N.  lat.  2^    38.      E,  long.  102' 42'. 

LINGNLANY,   a  town  of  Lithuania ;  32  miles  E.  of 
Wiikomierz. 

L INCOMES,  in  Aiidetit  Geography,  a  people  of  Gallia 
Cilalpina,  near  the  Po,  and  north  of  the  Boii,  in  the 
ijorthern  part  of  Bolognefe  and  in  Ferrara.  They  formed 
Ija^ues  of  anjity  with  the  Boii,  and,  like  them,  they  were 
Gauls  in  their  origin  ;  and  their  defcent  has  been  traced  by 
fome  authors  from  the  Lingones  of  Gallia  Tranfalpina,  where 
they  inhabited  a  territory  near  t!ie  prefcnt  Langres.  Their 
-towriiin  Italy  were  Forum  Cornelii,  Claterna,  Favcntia,  So- 
lona;,  and  J5utrium.  Traces  of  the  fuir.c  people  have  been 
alio  difcovcredin  Upper  Germany. 


wliich  inhabits  the  lungs  of  a  hare. 

LINGULA,  in  Ichthyology,  the  name  of  an  extremely 
fmall  hih  of  the  foal-kind.  It  is  known  from  tlie  relt  of  this 
genus  not  only  by  its  fmallnefs,  but  by  a  ridge  of  fmall 
fcales,  which  run  along  the  line  over  the  fpine,  and  are  much 
more  elevated  and  dillinguifhable,  both  to  the  eye  and  touch, 
than  tliofe  of  tlie  rell  of  the  body.  It  is  a  well-tailed  hlh, 
and  much  firmer  in  its  flefli  than  the  foal,  but  is  very  fcarce, 
and  is  of  little  value,  becaufe  of  itsthinnefs.  It  is  caught  in 
the  Mediterranean. 

LINGULACA,  a  name  by  which  fevcial  authors,  parti- 
cularly  fonie  of  the   older  natarah!ls,  have  called  the  Jial 

LINGULATUM  Folium,  in  Botany.     See  Leaf. 

LINGUMPILLY,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Hindoo- 
flan,  m  Mylore  ;  30  miles  S.W.  of  Tademeri. 

LINHARES,  a  town    of  Portug:d,  in  the  province  of 

Trns  los  Monies  ;  19  miles  S.  of  Mirandela Alfo,  a  town 

of  Portugal,  in  the  province   of  Beira ;  5  miles  S.W.   of. 
Calorico. 

LINHAY,  in  Rural  Economy,  a  provincial  word  applied 
in  Devonlhire  to  lignify  an  open  (hed. 

LINIE'RES,  La,  in  Geogmphy,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Charente  ;  15  miles  S.W.  of  An- 
goitlefnic, 

LINIMliNT,   LlMMENTUil,   from   the  Latin  Unire,  to 

anoint  geiitiy,  in   Phaririaey,  a   torm   of  external   medicine, 

O  2  made 


L  I  N 


L  I  N 


*iade  of  unAuousfubftances,  ufcd  to  rub  on  any  diftcmpcrcJ  applied,  it  will  alTeft  the  mouth  more  rapidly  than  the  mer-- 

part.  ciirial  ointment  will  do. 

The  liniment  is  of  a  mean  confiftcnce  between  an  oil  and         Limmemtum  Saponaceum,  Linimtntum  faponis  camfofitum, 

an  unguent.  or  compound  Joap-lmmeni,  a  form  of  medicine  prefcribed  ia 

The  ufe  of  liniments  is  to  foftcn  afperities  of  the  fltin,  the  London  Pharmacopeia,  and  meant  to  fupply  the   place 

moillen  parts  that  need  humeftation,  and  refolve  the  humours  of  the  ointment  well  known  by  the  name  of  epodehlnc.     It  is 

that  afflift  the  patient  and  give  him  pain.     There  are  various  made  thus  :    take  fpirit  of  rofcmary  a  pint,  liard  SpanilH 


kiflds  of  liniments  \ifed,  according  to  the  various  oceafions. 

LINIMENTUM  Album,  P.  L.  1745  !  Ungutrttumjper- 
miueti,  P.  L.  1787  ;  Unguentum  cctcicei,  P.  L.  1S09,  ointment 
of  fpermaceti,  is  formed  as  follows  :  take  oil-olive  three 
ounces,  fpermaceti  ilx  drachms,  white  wax  two  drachms  ; 
melt  all  together  over  a  gentle  fire,  ftirring  it  till  it  is  per- 
feftly  cold. 

This  liniment  may  be  applied  in  cafes  of  excoriation, 
■where,  on  account  of  the  largenefs  of  the  furface,  the  oint- 
*>ent  with  lead  or  calamine  miglit  be  improper. 

LiNiMEKTUM  Mrugtnis,  Liniment  of  fcrJigris,  P.  L. 
J  809;  Unguentum  jEgyptiacum,  P.  L.  1720;  Md  j£gyp- 
iiiicum,  P.  L.   1745  ;  Oxymel  ,rrugini.t,  P.  L.  17S7,  is   jjrc- 


foap  three  ounces,  camphor  one  ounce  ;  diti'oKc  the  cam- 
phor with  the  rofemary  fpirit,  and  then  add  the  foap  ;  and 
macerate  in  the  heat  of  a  fand-bath  until  it  be  melted. 

A  liniment  of  tiiis  kind  may  be  prepared  by  rubbing. an 
ounce  ot  camphor,  with  two  ounces  of  Florence  oil,  in  a 
mortar,  till  the  camphor  be  diflblved.  This  anti-lpafmodic 
liniment  may  be  uled  in  obdinate  rheumatifms,  and  in  fome 
other  cafes,  accompanied  with  extreme  pain  and  tenliou  of 
the  parts.  1 

LiNlMENTUM  Terellnthint,  Turpfiitine  Uniment,  is  formed 
by  adding  half  a  pint  of  oil  of  turpentine  to  a  pound  of 
refin  cerate  previoufly  melted,  and  mixing.  This  liniment 
is  very  commonly  applied  to  burns  )  and  its  firlt  introduc- 


pared  by  didolving  an  ounce  of  powdered  verdigris  in  feven  tion  into  pradtice  for  this  purpofe  is  owing  to  Mr.  Kcntiill 

£uid-ounces   of  vinegar,  and   ilraining  it    through  a    linen  of  NewcalUe. 

cloth;  then  adding  gradually    fourteen  ounces  of  clarified  Linimentum  ^o/fl/;Z?,  P.  L.  1745;  Linimenlum  ammoniat 

honey,  boil  it  down  to  a  proper  confidence.     This  prepara-  P.  L.  1787;    Liiumenlum  ammonia  carlonatis,  li/iimeni  of  car- 


tion  is  intended  only  for  external  ufe 


lonate  of  ammonia,  is  foi-med  by  fliaking  togi-thcr  a  lluid- 


LiNlMEKTUM  Ammonie  Furtius,  flrong  liniment  of  ammonia,  ounce  of  fohition  ot  carbonate  of  ammonia  with  three  fluid* 
is  formed  by  Ihaking  together  a  fluid-ounce  of  folution  o§  ounces  of  ohvc-oil,  until  they  unite.  Or  this  Kniment  may 
ammonia,  with  two  fluid-ounces  of  ohveoil,  until  they  unite,     be  prepared  by  Ihaking  together  an  ounce  of  Florence  oil> 


See  LiNiMENTuM  and  half  an  ounce  of  fpirit  of  hartfliorn.  If  tiie  patient's 
fkin  is  able  to  bear  it,  the  liniment,  made  with  equal  parts 
of  the  fpirit  and  oil,  will  be  more  eflicacious.  Sir  Jolia 
Pringle  obferves,  that  in  the  inflammatory  quinfey,  a  piece 
of  flannel  nioittcned  wiih  the  liniment  and  applied  to  the 
throat,  to  be  renewed  every  four  or  five  hours,  is  one  of  the 
mull  efficacious  remedies ;  and  that  it  fcldom  fails,  after 
bleeding,  either  to  leffen  or  carry  ofi"  the  complaint. 

A  liniment  for  burns  may  be  made  by  fiiakmg  well  to- 
gether, in  a  wide-moutlied  bottle,  equal  parts  of  Florence 
by   diffolving  half  an  ounce  of  camphor  in  two  fluid-ounces     oil,  or  of  frefli  drawn  Unfecd   oil,   and  lime-water.     This 
of  olive  oil.     This   is  a  fimple    folution  of  camphor  in  oil,     is  found  to  be  an  exceeding  proper  application  for  recent 
which  readily  diflblvesit.     The  fr.me  folution  alfo  affords  an     fcalds  or  burns.     It  may  either  be  fprcad  upon  a  cloth,  or 


L.IKIMENTLI.M    Ammonia  Carlotiatis 
Volatile. 

LlN'tMENTUM  And,  P.  L.  1720  ;  Ungucntum  e  gummi 
flcmi,  P.  L.  1745  ;  Ungucntum  eltmi  compojilum,  P.  1..  17S7, 
is  a  compofition  formed  by  nicking  a  pound  of  elemi  with 
two  pounds  of  prepared  fuet  ;  then  removing  it  from  the 
lire,  and  immediately  mixing  in  ten  ounces  of  common 
turpentine,  and  two  fluid-ounces  of  olive  oil;  then  Ilraining 
the  mixture  through  a  linen  cloth.     See  Elemi. 

LlNiMENTUM    Camphora,   Camphor  liniment,  is   prepared 


ufeful  method  of  giving  camphor  internally  in  a  liquid  form, 
by  rubbing  it  in  thi.s  (late  firll  with  mucilage,  and  then  adding 
any  aqueous  vehicle.  One  drachm  of  the  oil  contains,  as  thus 
prepared,  fifteen  grains  of  camphor.     See  Camphor. 

LiN'i.MENTUM  Camphora  Compofitum,  Compound  camphor 
liniment,  is  prepared  by  mixing  fix  fluid-ounces  of  folution- 
of  ammonia  with  a  pint  of  fpirit  of  lavender  in  a  glafs  retort ; 
then,  byJthe  heat  of  a  flow  fire,  diftilhng  a  pint  ;  and  laftly 
in  this  diilillcd  liquor  diffolving  two  ounces  of  camphor. 
See  CAMPiion. 

LiNiMKNTOM  Hydrargyri,  Mercurial  Uniment.  confills  of 
the  following  ingredients  ;  t'/z.  ilrong  mercurial  ointment 
and  prepared  lard,  of  each  four  ounces,  an  ounce  of  cam- 
phor, 15  minims  (of  which  60  make  a  fluiefrachm)  of  rec- 
tified fpirit,  and  four  fluid-ounces  of  folution  of  ammonia. 
It  is  prepared  by  firil  powdering  the  camphor  with  the  ad- 
dition of  the  fpirit,  then  rubbing  it  with  the  mercurial  oint- 
ment and  the  lard,  and,  laftly,  adding  gradually  the  folution 
of  ammonia,  and  mixing  the  whole  together.  This  combi- 
nation requires  that  the  camphor  fliould  be  powdered  by 
the  fmallell  poflible  quantity  of  fpirit,  and  if  the  other  fub- 
llances  be  added  in  the  manner  above  dircclcd,  it  will  form  a 
naafs  of  uniform  confidence  without  feparaliiig  ;  and  it  will 
be  confiderably  thicker  than  the  other  liniments  are.  It  is 
ah  ufeful  combination  for  the  difcuflTion  of  indolent  fwellings 
•r  colleftions  of  fluid  ;  but  if  it  be  frequently  or  largely 


the  parts  afiefted  may  be  anointed  with  it  twice  or  thrice 
a  day. 

A  liniment  for  the  piles  may  be  made  by  mixing  tw» 
ounces  of  emollient  ointment,  and  half  an  ounce  of  liquid 
laudanum,  with  the  yolk  of  an  egg,  and  working  them  well 
together. 

LINING,  in  Canal- Making,  fig,nifies  a  thicknefs  or  coat 
of  puddle,  fomelimes  applied  to  the  bottoms  and  fides  of 
canals,  to  prevent  them  from  leaking,  as  qrtt,  Plate  I. 
Can/ils,  Jig.  1 5- 

Lining  of  Hot-beds,  in  Gardening,  is  the  art  or  praftice  of 
applying  a  proper  layer  of  hot  dung  to  the  fides  of  the  bedsj 
to  revive  and  keep  up  the  declining  heat  of  them.  It  is 
eflentially  neceil'ary,  in  the  cidture  of  plants  on  dung  hot- 
beds, in  the  early  feafons  in  winter  or  fpring,  until  May. 
As  thefc  hot-beds  generally,  in  from  three  or  four  to  five  or 
fix  weeks,  according  to  their  fubllance,  begin  to  decline  in 
their  degree  of  heat,  they  require  of  courte  a  revival  to  con- 
tinue them  in  regular  heat ;  which,  in  dung  hot-beds,  can 
only  be  effeftcd  in  this  manner.  It  is  applied  to  one  or 
both  fides,  as  the>e  may  be  occafion,  or  as  heat  may  be 
wanted. 

Hence^  in  this  way,  by  the  occafional  repetition  of  two, 
tliree,  or  more  linings,  a  hot-bed  may  be  continued  in  a 
proper  degree  of  heat  feveral  months,  as  exemplified  in  early 
cucumber  and  melon  hot-beds ;  which,  without  the  aid  of 

vccafional 


L  I  N" 

•ccafional  linings,  would  not  retain  fuflicient  heat  to  forward 
tlifir  relpective  plants,   ixc.  to  proper  pcrfcftion. 

The  dung  for  this  purpofe  lliould  be  of  the  bell  frefh 
liorfe  liable  kind,  moiil  and  full  of  a  ftcamy  lively  heat, 
being  prepared  in  the  manner  defcribcd  under  Mor-Bed, 
»iid  in  proper  quantity  to  make  the  lining  fubllantial,  as  i^ 
or  i8  inches  wide,  and  as  high  as  the  dung  of  the  hot-bed; 
as,  when  too  (lender,  they  do  not  effeft  the  intended  pur- 
pofe,  efpeciaily  in  early  beds,  or  when  the  heat  is  confider- 
mbly  decreafed. 

And  in  early  hot-bed  work,  care  (hould  be  taken,  ac- 
cording to  tl;e  extent  of  the  bed  or  beds  and  feafon  of  the 
year,  to  allot  and  referve  a  fufEciency  of  dung  for  linings ;  - 
early  beds  in  very  cold  weather  will  generally  require  more 
fubllantial  and  frequent  linings  than  later  made  beds  in  the 
advanced  fpring  months  ;  and^  fome  hot-beds,  for  flight  or 
temporary  ufes,  jull  to  raile  plants  far  two  or  three  weeks, 
will  fometimea  require  but  very  little  or  no  linings.  Hot- 
beds made  late,  as  in  the  beginning  or  any  time  in  May, 
will  need  but  very  trifling  linings,  or  fome  not  a:  all,  except 
in  particular  ufes,  as  when  plants  are  rather  backward  in 
growth,  the  weather  cold,  and  the  bed  declined  mucli  in 
heat,  when,-  probably,  even  in  May,  or  beginning  of  June, 
a  final  moderate  hning  may  become  neceffary. 

It  is  neceffary  that  the  requifite  linings  rtiould  always  be 
applied  to  the  refpeclive  hot-beds  in  proper  time,  which  may 
be  afcertained  by  examining  the  (late  of  heat ;  not  letting 
them  dechne  too  confiderably  before  they  are  applied,  but 
to  continue  always  a  moderately  lively  heat,  but  never  vio- 
lent.  Linings  are  fometimes  applied  by  degrees,  raifiwg 
them  only  half-way  at  firll ;  adding  more  in  height  in  a  few 
days,  and  thus  proceeding  till  they  are  raifed  to  the  height 
of  the  hot-beds. 

And  in  application  of  linings,  it  is  generally  neceflary  to 
line  only  one  fide  at  a  time,  commonly  the  back  part  of  the 
bed  firll  ;  and  m  a  week  or  fortnight  after,  to  line  the  front 
fide,  and  both  ends,  if  neceffary  ;  or  in  particular  cafes  of 
the  hot-bed  having  fuddenly  declined,  or  been  permitted  to 
decreafe  very  confiderably  in  heat  before  applying  the  lining, 
to  line  both  fides  moderately  at  once,  about  i  2  or  i^  inches 
in  width,  but  only  as  high  as  the  dung  of  the  bed  at  firll  ; 
being  afterwards  a  little  augmented  by  degrees,  according  as 
the  dung  of  the  lining  fettles. 

The  general  requifite  thicknefs  or  fubdance  of  the  linings 
is  from  12  to  15  or  18  inches  width  in  dung,  and  as  high  as 
the  dung  of  the  bed,  or  fometimes  a  few  inches  higher  :  but 
for  early  beds  of  cucumbers,  melons,  or  other  plants  of  long 
continuance  in  hot-beds,  they  fhould  generally,  be  laid  from 
15  to  18  inches  in  width  at  bottom,  as  conceived  necefTary, 
luuTowing  the  width  gradually  upwards  to  8,  10,  or  12 
itKhes  at  top,  which  may  be  raifed  at  once  to  the  full  height 
of  the  dung  of  the  bed,  or  a  few  inches  higher  up  the  fide 
df  the  frame,  to  allow  for  fettling  :  but  with  a  llrong  lining, 
great  caution  (hould  be  ufed  in  railing  it  much  above  the 
dung  of  the  hot-bed,  elpecially  when  made  of  very  lirong, 
hot,  ileamy  dung,  for  fear  either  of  its  throwing  in  a  too 
ftrong  heat  above  to  burn  the  internal  earth  of  the  bed,  or 
imparting  a  copious  rank  ileam  to  penetrate  within  the 
frame,  which  would  lleam-fcald  the  tender  plants  which  may 
be  contained  thei-ein. 

As  foon  as  the  hnings  are  raifed  to  the  intended  height,  it 
is  proper  in  general  to  lay  a  (Iratum  of  earth  at  top  two 
inches  thick,  clofe  up  to  the  bed  or  bottom  part  of  the 
t  frame,  doping  a  little  outward  to  throw  olf  the  falH.ig  wet 
cf  rain,  fnow,  &c. ;  which  top-covering  of  earth  is  efVential, 
both  to  keep  the  heat  of  the  linings  from  efcaping  too  con- 
fiderably above,  is  order  that  it  may  be  direded  more  ef- 


*  LIN 

fei^ually  to  its  intended  purpofe  of  imparting  its  wholit 
principal  heat  internally  to  the  revival  of  that  of  the  bed, 
and  prevent  the  ilrong  fleam  arifing  immediately  from  the 
rank  dung  from  entering  the  frame  at  bottom,  or  through 
any  fmall  crevice,  or  at  top,  when  the  lights  are  occafionaliy 
niifed  for  the  admilTion  of  frefii  air  ;  as  iie  rancid  dung  Itcani 
thus  produced,  without  being  moderated  and  correfted  by 
firll  pafTing  through  a  (Iratum  of  cartli,  if  it  (hould  enter 
within  the  frame  confiderably,  vrould  prove  very  pernicious 
to  moll  plants,  and  b«  the  total  dcllruclion  of  fome  par- 
ticular kinds. 

And  conllant  care  muft  be  taken,  that  as  the  heat  of  the 
linings  declines  to  any  extent,  they  niuil,  as  jull  noticed,, 
be  renewed  by  a  fupply  of  frefii  hot  dung.  This  may  fome- 
times be  elfeited  by  turning  over,  and  (liaking  up  the  fame 
dung  mixedly  together,  diredily  for.Tiing  it  again  into  a 
lining  :  or  fome  of  the  bell  or  leaft  decayed  or  exhaulled 
parts  of  the  old  hning  may  only  be  ufed,  mixing  it  up  pro- 
perly  with  a  good  fupply  of  new  dung,  applying  it  immedi- 
ately in  a  proper  fubllantial  hning  as  before.  In  eitherof 
thefe  ways,  frefh  air  is  entangled,  by  which  a  new  ferment-- 
ation  and  heat  is  brought  on.  However,  where  the  dung 
of  the  hnings  is  greatly  exliauded,  frefli  dung  (hould  moftly 
be  ufed  in  the  renewal  of  the  heat. 

And  linings  of  hot  dung  are  fometime.rufed  fubllantially, 
in   working   fome  forts  of  forcing-frames,   in  raifing  early 
flowers  and  fruits,  by  applying  the  dung  againil  the  back 
of  the  frame,  two  or  three  feet  in   width  at  bottom,  car-- 
rowing  gradually  to  a  foot  and  a  half,  or  lefs,  at  the  top,, 
railing  the  whole  according  to  the  height  of  the  frame,  from 
four  or  five  to  fix  or  feven  feet ;  which  heating  ouufiderably- 
againil  the  whole  back  of  the  frame,  communicates  the  heat 
internally,  by  which  the  different  plants  are  forwarded  to- 
early  production  ;  fuppurting  the  internal  heat  by  renewin"" 
the  linings,  as  already  direcied.     See  YoRLisc-Frariw,  and 
Garili!i-¥  HAilE. 

Linings  of  dung  are  alfo  fometimes  uled  in  fupporting  the 
heat  of  nurlery  hot-beds  for  yoiuig  pine-apple  plants,  and: 
fome  other  exotics  of  the  hot-houle  or  (love,  both  in  dung 
and  tan-bark  hot-beds,  under  proper  frames  and  glalFes  ;  as 
well  as  thofe  wintered  in  thefe  detached  hot-beds  dillinft 
from  the  hof-houfe,  &c.  in  which  a  conllant  regular  heat, 
almod  equal  to  that  of  the  Hove,  muft  be  fupported ;  fo 
that,  when  the  natural  heat  of  th'i  bed  is  on  the  decline,  a 
(Irong  lining  of  hot  dung  muft  be  applied,  half  a  yard  or 
two  feet  wide  below,  narrowing  moderately  upward,  and 
contimied  on  both  fides  occafionaliy;  and  as  the  heat  of 
them  fubfides,  it  muft  be  immediately  renewed  by  a  lupply 
of  frefti  dung,  either  worked  up  with  the  belt  of  that  of  the 
declined  dung  ;  or,  if  this  be  too  much  decayed,  wholly  of 
new  :■  and  thus  the  hot-beds  maintained  in  a  proper  degree 
of  heat  from  the  autumn  until  the  fpring  feafon,  when  they 
become  unnecelTary. 

And  the  decayed  dung  of  the  dilTercnt  linings,  when 
done  with,  becomes  excellent  manure  far. the  kitchen-garden 
departments. 

Lining,  in  Majl-Mah'ir.g.,  denotes  the  marking  of  the. 
length,  breadth,  or  depth  of  any  thing,  according  to 
defign,  by  a  cord,  rubbed  with  white  or  red  chalk,  fadened. 
at  the  extremities,  and  foVcibly  pulled  up  in  the  middle,  or. 
towards  one  end,  then  let  fall  perpendicularly,  if  meant  to 
be  (Iraight,  or  thrown  fideways  to  form  a  curve. .  Accuracy 
in  the  latter  performance  requires  pradlice. 

Ll-siNGS,  in  Sail-Making,  fignify  the  canvas  fewed  on  the  . 
backs  and  middle  of  a  (ail,  to  llrengthen  it. 

LINITAN,  in  Ccosmphy,  a  fmall  iiland  in  the  Ead- 
4  ludiaa 


L  I  N 


L  I  N 


Indian  fea,  five  miles  north  from  t\ie  ifland  of  Serangan,  to 
•wliich  it  belongs.      S.  lat.  J'  36'.   E.  long   125    21'. 

LIN-KIANO,  a  city  of  Cliina,  of  the  firlt  clafs,  in  tlic 
province  of  Kiang-ii,  fitiiatcd  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
Yu-ho.  Jts  foil  is  good,  and  the  climate  is  healthful ;  but 
it  is  fo  much  defcrted  that  the  Cliinefe  fay,  "  one  hog  would 
be  fuincient  to  maintain  the  whole  city  two  days  "  Four 
cities  of  the  third  clafs  belong  to  its  dlltricl.  One  of  its 
villages  is  tlie  general  mart  for  all  the  dnigs^  fold  in  the  em- 
pire ;  and  this  circumltance  gives  it  fome  degree  of  celebrity. 
N.  lat.  £7-  j8'.  E.  long.  iiy\ 

LINK  10,  in  Bnliiny,  a  kind  of  water-pl^nt  among  the  Clii- 
^nefe,  the  iruit  of  which  is  of  a  triangular  pyramidical  form, 
prominent  every  way,  with  a  green  thick  rind,  that  grows 
reddifli  towards  the  apex,  and,  when  the  fruit  is  dried,  grows 
black.  The  internal  fubilaiice  is  cxcccdir.g  white,  its  talle 
like  that  of  the  chelnut,  three  or  four  of  which  it  equals  in 
bulk.  The  plant  is  found  in  (landing  waters,  and  has  very 
flender  leaves,  that  fprcad  themfelv^s  over  a  large  extent  on 
the  furbce  oi  tlie  water,  and  th:  fruit  lies  concealed  under 
water  in  great  nnmberi:. 

LINKIOPING,  in  Geography,  a  fmall  and  neat  town  of 
-Sweden,  in  Eatl  Gothland,  fituated  on  the  river  Stocng, 
near  lake  Roxen  ;  containing  an  epifcopal  palace,  a  catbe- 
■  dral,  and  the  lioufe  wliich  is  the  relidence  of  the  governor  of 
Eall  Gothland.  It  has  three  churches  and  a  public  femi- 
nary ;  96  miles  S.W.  from  Stockholm.  N.  lat.  58  20'. 
E.  long,  i^  '  iS'. 

LINKNESS,  a  cape  of  Scotland,  on  tlie  N.W.  coaft  of 
the  ifland  of  Stronfa  ;  1  \  mile  S.W.  of  Huipfnefs.  N.  lat. 
59^  4  .     E.  long.  O"  26'. 

LiINLEY,  Joux,  in  Biography,  an  eminent  miilic  profef- 
'iorand  organill,  long  relident  at  Bath,  where  he  had  ferved 
.an  apprenticefliip  under  Chileot,  t!ie  organift  of  that  city. 
Jjinley  loved  mufic,  was  a  lludious  man,  equally  vcrfed  in 
the  theory  and  pratlice  of  his  art.  Having  a  large  family 
of  children,  in  whom  he  found  the  feeds  of  gefiius  had  been 
planted  by  nature,  and  the  gift  of  voice,  which,  in  order  to 
<:ultivate,  he  pointed  his  (ladies  to  lingiiig,  and  became  the 
bed  finging  mailer  of  his  time,  if  we  may  judge  by  the  fpe- 
dcimens  of  his  fuccefs  in  his  own  family.  He  was  not  only  a 
mallerly  player  on  the  organ  and  harpficlK^rd,  but  a  good 
compolcr,  as  his  elegies  and  feveral  compoiltions  for  Drury- 
■lane  theatre  evinced.  His  fon,  Thomas,  who  was  placed 
under  Nardini  at  Florence,'  the  celebrated  difciple  of  Tartii-ii, 
was  a  hue  performer  on  the  violin,  with  a  talent  for  compo- 
lltion  i  which,  if  he  Lad  lived  to  develope,  would  havegiven 
longevity  to  his  fame.  Being  at  Grimllhorpe,  in  Lincoln- 
fliire,  at  the  feat  of  the  duke  of  Ancaller,  where  he  often 
.an'.uied  himfelf  in  rowing,  (idling,  and  failing  in  a  boat  on  a 
piece  of  water,  in  af<[nallof  wind,  or  by  fome  accident,  the 
boat  was  overfet,  and  this  amiable  and  promifing  youth  was 
drowned  at  an  early  age,  to  the  great  affliftion  of  his  fa- 
ultily and  friends,  particularly  his  matchlefs  fidcr,  Mrs.  She- 
ridan, whom  this  calamity  rendered  miferable  for  a  long  time  ; 
during  which,  her  affettion  and  grief  were  diftilled  in  vcrfes 
of  the  mod  iweet  and  alTeiting  kind  on  the  forrowful  event. 
The  beauty,  talents,  and  mental  endowments  of  this 
*'  Sanfla  Cxcilia  redivivj,"  will  be  remembered  to  the  !a(l 
•hour  of  all  who  heard,  or  even  faw  and  converfed  with  her. 
The  tone  of  her  voice  and  exprefiive  manner  of  (ingijig  were 
as  enchanting  as  her  (Countenance  and  converfation.  In  her 
linging,  with  a  mellifluous  toned  voice,  a  perfed  (hake  and  in- 
toiiati<ni,  (he  was  poireficd  of  tlie  double  power  of  delighting 
xin  audience  equally  m  pathetic  (trains,  and  fongs  of  brilliant 
execution,  which  is  allowed  to  very  few  (Ingers.  When  (lie 
lad  heard  the  Agujari,  and  the  iJiwu,  afterwards  Aladainc 


Le  Brun,  fhe  artonifhod  all  hearers  by  pcrforminsf  tlieir  bra- 
vura airs,  extending  the  natural  compafs  of  her  voice  a  tourtli 
above  the  higheit  note  of  the  harpfichord,  before  additional 
keys  were   in  fadiion.      Mrs.   Sheridan   died   at   Brillol    in 

1792. 

Mrs  Tickel,  her  fider,  was  but  little  inferior  to  her  in 
beauty  and  talents,  and  Mr.  Linley's  other  daughters  conti- 
nued to  excite  the  admiration  of  all  who  knew  them,  in  a 
manner  worthy  of  the  family  from  which  they  fprung. 

Mr.  Lniley,  the  father  of  this  ned  of  nightingales,  from 
being  alhdant  manager  of  Drury-lane  theatre,  lived  to  be- 
come joint  patentee,  and,  for  fome  time,  fole  aeting  manager  ; 
in  which  capacity,  he  gave  more  fatistatlion,  and  elcaped 
cenfure,  public  and  private,  by  Ins  probity  and  Ready  con. 
duft,  more  than  is  often  allowed  to  the  governor  of  fuch  a 
numerous  and  froward  family.  This  worthy  and  ingenious 
man  died  Novemiicr  1795. 

LINLITHGOW,  in  Geography,  a  royal  borough  and 
county  town  of  Liiilithgowlhire,  or  Wed-Lothiari,  Scotland. 
It  is  (ituated  on  the  road  between  Edinburgh  and  Slirhiig,  at 
thediftance  ot  16  miles  from  the  metropolis.  This  town  has 
claims  to  confiderable  celebrity,  both  on  account  of  the  con- 
nexion of  its  hidory  with  fome  of  the  mod  important  tranf- 
aftions  of  the  kingdom,  and  of  the  noble  remains  of  former 
magnificence  with  which  it  is  adorned.  As  the  reader  will  iind 
mentioned  in  the  following  article,  the  name  ot  this  place  is 
purely  of  Britilh  origin,  and  peculiarly  defcriptive  in  its  appli- 
cation. During  the  reign  of  David  I.,  Linlithgow  fornud 
?.  part  of  the  royal  demcfncs,  and  had  a  cadle  and  a  grange, 
at  which  that  monarch  and  his  fucced'ors  frequently  re- ' 
fided.  When  Alexander  III.  died,  an  event  which  hap- 
pened before  this  town  obtained  Us  charter,  it  was  governed 
by  two  bailies,  as  we  learn  from  a  writ  addreded  to  them  by 
Edward  I.,  dated  the  2Sthof  Augud  1296,  requiring  them 
to  make  payment  of  fome  arrears,  due  to  the  king  ot  Nor- 
way, by  the  (irm  of  the  town.  In  the  year  1298,  the  fame 
monarch  encamped  his  army  on  the  heiglit  immediately  to  the 
ead  of  Linlithgow  on  the  night  before  the  battle  of  Falkirk, 
in  which  the  celebrated  patriot,  fir  William  Wallace,  was 
defeated  through  the  treachery  of  Gumming.  This  town 
was  formerly  a  place  of  very  confiderable  commerce,  opulence, 
and  fplendour.  but  all  thefe  advantages  began  gradually  to 
decay,  after  the  union  of  the  two  crowns,  m  the  per(on  of 
James  VI.  It  once  had  an  exclufive  right  of  trade  from  the 
water  of  Cra  nond  to  the  mouth  of  the  Avon.  Blacknefs 
cadle  was  then  alligned  to  it  as  a  port,  and  at  this  place 
many  warehoufes  wereereirted,  fome  of  which  are  llill  (land- 
ing. A  cudom-houfe  was  hkewife  lituated  here,  till  re- 
moved in  the  la II  century  to  Dorrowdownefs,  through  the 
ititered  of  the  Hamilton  family. 

The  period  at  which  Linlithgow  was  fird  condituteda 
royal  borough  by  charter  is  uncertain,  but  it  has  doubtlefs 
exided  in  that  capacity  from  a  very  early  period.  In  th/ 
veign  of  David  I.  it  is  declared  by  aft  of  parliament  one  of 
the  principal  burghs  of  the  kingdom.  Since  that  time  it 
lias  received  feveral  charters,  all  of  which  were  confirmed  in 
IJ.p  by  a  writ  of  Novotlamns  from  James  V.  The  govern- 
ment of  this  town  at  prefent  is  veiled  in  a  proved,  four 
bailies,  a  dean  of  guild,  twelve  merchant  counlcUors,  and 
the  deaeors  of  the  eight  incorporated  trades.  The  princi- 
pal manufa6lure  now  carried  on  is  that  of  leather  :  (hoemak- 
ing  IS  a  thriving  biifinefs.  The  woollen  trade  is  alfo  confi- 
derable, and  about  a  mile  from  the  town  there  has  lately  been 
cdabhdied  a  very  extenfive  bleach  field,  which  gives  employ- 
ment to  nearly  300  perfons. 

Tlie  prefent  condition    of  Linlithgow,  with   refpeft   to 

exterior  view,  is  .much  inferior  to    what  it    formerly   was. 

6  From 


L  I  N 


L  I  N- 


From  tlie  antiquity  of  many  of  t!ie  hoiifcs,  tlie  whole  ex-    probably  intended  for  muficians.     Tlie  parliamcnt-chambc/ 
hibits,  at  firil  fight,  a  ruineus -.md  decayed  appearance.  There    in  which  the  unfortunate  queen  Mary  was  born  on  the  8tii 
are,  however,  a  number  of  good  buildings  flill  to  bo  found.     ^^  '  ....... 

It  confiils  chiefly  of  one  flrcet,  extending  nearly  a  mile  in 
lengtli,  from  eail  to  well.  This  is  interfetted  by  a  variety 
of  fmaller  llreets  or  lanes.  The  ruins  of  the  palace  (land 
on  a  rifing  ground,  immediately  overlooking  the  town. 
They  are  evidently  the  renvuis   of  a  once  magnificent  and 


December  1542,  has  li.kewife  been  an  elegant  apartment. 
The  whole  was  kept  in  good  repair  till  the  year  1746,  wlitH 
being  ufed  as  a  barrack,  a  great  part  of  it  was  accidentally 
burnt  by  the  king's  troops.     Since  that  period  it  has  been 


fuffered  to  fall  into   ruins.     The   church   of   Linlithgow, 
-^       ,        .  .       ^  which  is  appended  to  the  palace,  is  a  very  fine  building, 

fuperb  manfion.     The  fituation  of  thefc  ruins   is  extremely     Some  of  the  window,9   are  particularly  beautiful 
fine,  and  fuch  as,  in  ancient  times,  would  render  it  well  cal-     edifice  the  aide  is  liJU  fhev/n,  in  which  James  IV. 


culated  for  del'ence.  The  eminence  on  v/hich  it  is  fituatcd 
runs  a  confiderable  way  in  an  extcnfive  lake,  which  conduces 
greatly  to  the  ornament  both  of  the  town  and  calHe.  The  firll 
foundation  upon  this  fpot  is  faid  to  have  been  at  leaft  coeval 
with  the  period  of  the  Gadeni.  There  feems  reafon  to 
believe  it  was  afterwards  the  fcite  of  a  Roman  ftation.  For- 
dun  fays  that  Edward  I.  ereded  a /i/c  here  in  1300.  This, 
however,  is  doubtful,  as  it  is  unqueftionably  true  that  there 
was  a  royal  refidence  here  befcM-e  that  period,  which  cannot 
be  fuppofed  to  have  been  unfortified  in  thofe  times.  It  is 
very  probable  that  this  monarch  only  repaired   it  for  his  re- 


In  this 

.  is  faid  to 

iiave  leen  an  apparition,  warning  him  of  the  impending  fate 
of  the  battle  of  Flowdcn,  in  which  that  monarch  and  the 
flower  of  his  nobility  were  (lain.  As  there  is  no  doubt  but 
a  perfon  in  an  unufual  habit  did  accoll  that  prince,  when  atl 
tending  the  evening  fervice  in  this  aifle,  it  is  fuppofed  to 
have  been  a  Itratngem  of  the  queen's,  to  dilTuade  him  from 
his  intended  cnterprize  againft  England,  which  a  credulous 
and  fuperllitious  age  converted  into  a  fupernatural  and  pro- 
phetic admonition .  The  church  is  adorned  with  a  handfome 
fpire,  furmounted  with  an  imperial  crown.  A  number  of 
-ftatues   formerly  decorated  the    outfide,    but  were  all  de- 


ception in  ijoi.previoustopaffinghisChrillmasinit,  which  rtroyed  by  the  reformers,  except  that  of  the  patron  of  th^ 
he  did  that  year.  During  the  civil  diiientions  between  Bruce  chinch,  the  archangel  St.  Michael.  The  houfe  from  which 
and  Baliol,  this  caftle  was  taken  by  Rratagem,  through  the     Hamilton   fliot  the  regent  Murray,  in  the  rei'rn  of  queen 


means  of  one  Binnoch  or  Binny,  who  fecretly  favoured 
the  caufe  of  Brace.  Binhoch,  being  accullomed  to  fupply 
the  fortrefs  with  hay,  was  well  known,  and  had  free  accefs  at 
all  times.  Under  thefe  circumilances  he  propofed  to  Bruce 
to  conceal  fome  armed  men  in  his  cart,  which  fhould^  be 
apparently  loaded  with  hay.  Thefe  being  admitted,  fecured 
the  guards,  and  made  themfelves  mailers  of  the  place.  For 
this  fervice  Binnoch  was  rewarded  with  fome  lands  in  the 
neighbourhood.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  this  callle 
was  again  feized  by  the  Englifh.  In  14:4  it  was  deilroyed 
by  fire,  as  well  as  the  greater  part  of  the  town.  The  name 
of  the  perfon  by  whom  the  former  was  rebuilt  is  unknown. 
It  became  a  fixed  royal  refidence  foon  after  the  acceilion  of 
the  houfe  of  Stewart  to  the  throne  of  Scotland  ;  and  was 


Mary,  is  ftill  Handing.     This  murder  is  one  of  the  moft 
deliberate  recorded   in  the  annals   of  hillory.     The  town- 
houfe,  eretled  in  i668,  is  a  commodious  and  elegant  Itruc- 
ture.     In   front,  but  at   fome  dillance  from  it,   there  was 
formerly    an    antique    crofsj.    ornamented    with   grotefque 
figures,  and  having  eight  fpouts  at  different  elevations,  from 
which  the  water  was  poured.     This  having  become  mucl*. 
decayed,  a  new  one,  of  fimilar  conitruftinn,  has  lately  beea 
ereited.      Linlithgow   anciently  poffeffed  a  variety   of  re- - 
hgious  eilablifhments.      In    1290  the  inhabitants  founded  a 
convent  of  Carmelites,  or  White  friars,  on  an  eminence  fouth 
of  the  town,  Hill  called  Friars'  Brae.     St.  Magdalen's  on  ■ 
the  ea(t,  fituatcd  at  the  foot  of  Pilgrim's  hill,  was  formerly- 
a  hofphjum,  or  place  of  entertainment  for  llrangers.     The 


feveral  times  afligned  as   a  jointure-houfe  to  the  queens  of    Dominican  or  Black  friars  had  likeivife  a  monaltery  here 

.1,.,.  i.;„,..,5.™       T„  r-iA„k„„  .  .Qo    .i.;„„,i j„i: 1     ^jj  ^hefe  builclings  were  demohftied  by  the  earl"  of  Argyle,  , 

lord  James  Stewart,  and  John  Knox,  when  they  vifited 
Linlithgow  in  their  progrefs  of  reform.  Linlithgow  ren- 
dered itielf  confpicuous  by  the  part  its  inhabitants  took  in 
the  grand  rebellion.  It  had  its  full  lliare  in  the  miferics  of 
that  dilfrafted  period.  The  folemn  league  and  covenant 
was  publicly  burned  here,  on  the  anniverfary  of  the  reftora- 


that  kingdom.  In  October  i.|88,  this  pa'ace  was  delivered 
to  the  rule  of  lord  Hailes  and  Alexander  Home,  tv/o  of  the 
principal  leaders  of  the  rebellion  againtl  Ja:nes  III.,  o«;  of 
the  mildell  monarchs  that  ever  graced  a  throne,  whofe  me- 
lancholy fate  every  feeling  heart  muft  pity  and  bewai'.  In 
IJ17  It  was  feized  by  Stirling  and  his  followers,  who  had 
attempted  to  aflafUnate  Melburne  ;  but  was  foon  afterwards 


retaken  by  affault  by  De  la  Bailie,  the  regent's  lieutenant,  tion  in   1662,  by  the  inhabitants   themfelve's,   without  any 

when  the  ailaflins  were  fortunately  fecured.     James  'V.  re-  authority  from  government.     This  town  ranks  as  the  fixth 

fided  for  the  moll  part  in  this  palace,  during  his   minority,  among  the  royal  boroughs  of  Scotland.     Since  the  union   it 

The  battle  of  Linlithgow  was  fought  on  the  4th  September  has  been  affociated  with  Lanark,  Selkirk,  and  Peebles  ' 

1526,  with  the  view  of  refcuing  that  prince  from  the  do-  the  privilege  of  fending  one   reprefentative  to   parliame 

nnnation  of  the  earl  of  Angus.     In  this  atlion,  the  earl  of  ''"'  •      ^  ... 


Lennox,  the  friend  of  James,  was  flain,  after  quarter  given, 
by  fir  .lames  Hamilton,  To  the  lail-mentioned  monarch 
and  to  James  VI.  this  palace  was  indebted  for  much  of  ita 
magnificence  and  grandeur.  Over  the  infide  of  the  grand 
gate  there  form.erly  flood  a  ftatue  of  pope  Julius  II.  with 


in 

^  -  „  .  parliament. 

vVinzet,    the   famous  polemical  antagonift  of  John  Knox,  . 
was  mailer  of  the  I.,iniithgow  fchool,  when  chofen  by  the 
Catholic  clergy  to  defend  their  principles  and  rights,  . 

1  he  parifii  of  Linlithgow  is  about  five  miles  in  Ien<vth, 
and  three  in  breadth:    it  is  in  general  well  cultivated 'and - 
enclofed.     Coal  is  abundant  in  different  parts  of  it,  but  no 


the  triple  crown,  who  fent  a  confecrated  fword  and  helmet     pits  are  at  prefent  wrought.-.    There  ishkewife  plenty  of 
to  James  V.     This  piece   of  fculpture,^  after  efcaping  for     lime-Hone,  but  free-flone  is  fcarce.     Copper-ore  has  been 

found  iri  one  fpot ;   and  in  the  fouthern  extremity  there  is  a  • 


more  than  a  century  the  fury  of  the  reformills,  ultimately 
fell  a  facrifice  to  the  pious  zeal  of  a  blackfmith.  The 
whole  palace  is  conltructed  of  hewn  ftone,  and  covers  about 
an  acre  of  ground.  It  has  in  the  centre  a  handfome  fquare, 
one  fide  of  which  is  more  modern  than  the  others,  having 
been  built'by  James  VI.  In  one  portion  of  this  building  is 
a  very  fuperb  room,  90  feet  long,  30  feet  6  inches  wide, 
and  33  high.     At  one  end  is  a  giillcry  with  three  arches, 


filver  mine,  which  is  faid  to  have  been  formerly  wrought  tOhj 
great  advantage.     The  population  of  the  whole  pariln,  ac- 
cording to  -the  parliamentery  returns  of  1801,  amounted  to 
3)9+  pcrfons ;  the  houfes  were  ellimated  at  746.    Sinclair's 
Statiltical  Account  of  Scotland. 

LINLITHGOWSHIRE,    or    West  LoTHi.iN,    a 
county  on  the  fouthern  fliorc  of  the  Frith  of  Forth  ia  s'tot-- 

l-iid^ 


LINLITHGOWSHIRE. 


land.  It  is  fcparated  from  EdinVurgliniire  on  the  eaft  and 
♦•  iouih-eall  by  the  rivulets  Briecii  and  Aniow,  except  at  Mid- 
calder,  where  the  latter  county  intrudes  fomewhat  more 
than  a  mile  into  Liiihthgowdiire.  On  tlie  well  it  is  divided 
from  Stirlingdiirc,  firll  by  the  Linn-burn,  and  after  its 
jundion  witli  the  Avon,  by  that  river,  till  it  dilcharges  it- 
felf  into  the  Torth.  A  part  of  I.anarklhire  foinis  the 
boundary  on  the  Ibuth-well,  while  the  waters  of  the  Forth 
wa(h  its  coaft  for  the  extent  of  fourteen  miles  on  the  north. 
The  form  of  this  county  is  that  of  an  irregular  triangle. 
Its  medium  breadth  from  north  to  fouth  is  little  more  than 
fcvcn  miles,  and  its  medium  length  about  fixtecn.  It  con- 
tains nearly  112  fquare  miles,  or  57,008  Scottlfli  acres.  The 
parilhcs  amount  to  13  in  number,  compriftng,  according  to 
the  parliamentary  ref.-.rns  of  1800,  a  population  of  17,844 
pcrfons. 

The  afpeft  of  this  county,  except  towards  the  fouth, 
vhere  it  confifts  chiefly  of  moor-mol's  afid  morafs,  is  that 
•of  a  level  and  well  cultivated  diftrift,  divcrfifi-'d  by  a  variety 
of  fmall  hills  :  thcfe  are  moft  numerous  in  the  middle  and 
wcfl.ern  parts  of  the  county.  Beginning  at  Bowdcn,  the' 
more  remarkable  of  them  form  a  range  wliich  runs  through 
the  centre  of  the  county  in  an  oblique  diredion  from  north- 
weft  to  fouth-call.  In  the  northern  dillrift  they  are  lefs  ele- 
vated than  towards  the  i:,idd'c  and  wellern  parts,  and  are 
more  varioully  dillribntcd.  In  general  they  are  both  ufeful 
and  ornamental,  nearly  the  whole  of  them  affording  abundant 
paftiire  ;  many  of  tliem  being  cbthed  with  woods ;  and 
.not  a  few  of  them  containing  "aluable  minerals. 

Soj/fl/^/Cy/mn/f.—Tliis  county  exhibits  a  great  diverfity 
of  foils,  as  well  as  variablenefs  of  climate.'  Almoil  every 
ivind  of  clayey  foil  is  to  be  found  in  different  parts  of  it. 
About  7000  acres  are  compofed  of  light  gravel  and  fnnd, 
:and  nearly  the  fame  extent  of  that  fpecies  which  is  lifually 
trailed  loam.  The  higli  rocky  land  extends  to  about  10,000 
nacres,  and  the  rtolTes  to  fomewhat  better  than  loco.  Such 
parts  of  this  county  astonler  on  the  Forth,  have  a  tempe- 
rate and  an  excellent  climate.  The  upper  or  fouth-weftern 
part,  however,  is  not  fo  much  favoured.  Its  elevated  iitua- 
tioD  with  the  proximity  of  the  moors  and  moffes,  Either  in 
this  county  or  the  neighbouring  one  of  Lanark,  render  it 
ileak  and  damp  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year. 

The  lands  of  this  county  are  poffeiTed  by  between  thirty 
and  forty  landholders  whofe  eftiites  vary  from  200/.  to  60C0/. 
per  annum,  befides  a  few  of  inferior  rental.  About  a  third 
part  of  the  county  confifls  of  wood  and  pafture  lands,  or 
is  laid  down  with  artificial  grafTes.  The  caufe  of  this 
great  proportion  of  patlure  grafs  feems  to  be  the  vicinity  of 
Edinburgh.  The  agriculture  of  this  county  is  fimilar  to 
that  of  the  other  Lothians.  The  upper  portions  are  the 
pooreil,  but  even  in  the  highcit  moors  of  that  dittrid,  art 
-and  indidlry  are  making  rapid  changes  and  improvements. 
The  grub-worm  is  perhaps  more  dellruclive  in  this  than  in 
moft  other  counties.  Tliis  infeft  geyerally  begins  its  depre- 
dattons  in  May  or  June,  efpeciallj  if  the  lands  have  been 
formerly  in  grafs,  or  over-run  with  mofs,'  and  the  crops  are 
ftunted,  whxh  is  apt  to  be  the  cafe,  from  the  dry  eall  winds 
■which  prevail  during  thefe  months.  Not  above  one-lixth  of 
the  vvhol--  county  remains  uninclofed.  Great  attention  is  pa;«l 
to  the  forming  of  plantations,  particularly  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  gentlem.n's  feats,  which  tend  m  no  fmall  degree  to 
enrich  the  fcenery  of  this  cultivated  diftritl.  The  fliores  of 
the  Forth  are  peculiarly  ornamented  both  by  nature  and 
art.  Barnhougle  p^rk,  the  feat  of  the  earl  of  Rofeberry, 
is  laid  out  v.ith  plantations,  formed  in  the  very  bell;  tafte,  and 
in  a  manner  ivcU  calculated  to  flielter  the  foil,  and  exhibit 
tlic  aipcd  of  the  country  around  to  great  advantage.     On 


the  coaft,  Linlithgowfliire  rifes  fudJenly  into  a  ridge  adornej 
by  culture  and  well  wooded.     From  liencc  wellward  by  the 
ancient  feat  of  the  Dundas  family,  and  by  Hopetoun-houle, 
a  fcries  of  views  are  to  be  met  with  not  inferior  to  any  in  the 
kingdom.     The  fcenery  in  the  immediate  neighbonrliood  of 
Queensferry  is  peculiarly  fine,  the  Forth  here  forming  a  nar- 
row tlrait,  which  expands  fuddeitly  on  both  fides  into  an  ex- 
tenfive    bay,  with   richly  on*  nented    banks.     At    various 
points  of  the  coall  the   views   are   different,  the  water  af- 
fuming  the  appearance  of  a  lake,  a  noble  river  or  broad  fea, 
according  to  the  fituation  from  which  it  is  feen.     In  one  fpot, 
a  httle  dillance  from  the  fliore.  Hands  Hopetoun-houfe,  one 
of  the  moll  fuperb  and  magnificent  feats  in  this  kingdom. 
It  is  fituated  on  a  noble  and  extenfive  lawn,  flretching  to  the 
diftance  of  more  than  a   mile  from  the  front  of  the  lioufe, 
and  foniiing  a  foit  of  terrace  along  the  banks  of  the  Forth, 
which  winds  round  it,  and  prefeuts  the  view  of  a  wide  ex-. 
teniive  lake,  interfperfed  with  iflaiids,  and  enlivened  by  a  va- 
riety of  {hipping.      Behind  the  lioufe   the  ground  is   more 
various,    breaking   into   hills,    vallies,    and    promontories, 
which  (hoot  into  the  Forth.     To  a  confiderable  dillance  the 
grounds  fcem  well  wooded  and  enclofed  ;  the  lioule  itfelf  is 
flanked  with  a   noble  plantation,  which  ferves   to  flielter  it 
from  the  northern  blalls.     At  the  extremities  of  this  vail 
and  magnificent  iceuery  a  variety  of  mountains  arife  of  dif- 
ferent form^  and  at  different  diftances.      In  Ihort,  every  thing 
the  eye  can  contemplate  in  the  whole  Icene,  or  its  appendages, 
is  gre.it  and  noble.      The  fituation  of  the  houie,  and  its  ar- 
chitedtiire,  are  alfo  equally  objects   of  admiration.      It  was 
planned  and  begun   by  the   celebrated  architect  fir  William 
Bruce,  and  finiflted   by  Mr.  Adams.     Some  of  the  apart- 
ments are   grand  and  fpacious,  but   they  are   in  general  of 
moderate  fize,  which  is  perhaps  the  only  defeft  of  its  con- 
trivance.     It  abounds  with  paintings. 

With  the  exception  of  free-ftone  and  coals,  there  are  n» 
minerals  of  any  importance  in  the  county.  In  the  Balli- 
gate-hills  there  ivas  formerly  a  valuable  lead  mine,  but 
being  now  fought  in  vain  is  fuppofed  to  be  cxhauiled.  A 
free-llone  quarry,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Queensferry, 
is  one  of  the  finell  in  the  kingdom.  More  than  three  acres 
have  been  already  excavated.  This  flone  is  exported  in 
great  quantity,  both  as  materials  for  building,  and  m  the 
fhape  of  grinding.flones.  Coal  abounds  in  different  pans 
of  the  county  ;  but  is  chiefly  wrought  in  the  neighbonrliood 
of  Borrowflownefs.  Here  is  one  of  the  moil  extraordinary 
coal  mines  in  the  world :  it  extends  under  the  Forth  half 
way  acrofs.  Formerly  there  was  a  building,  or  moat,  about 
half  a  mile  from  the  fhore,  where  there  was  an  entry  down 
into  the  pit  formed  under  the  fea.  This  building  being  in 
the  fliapa  of  a  quay,  vefl'els  were  brought  along  fide  or"  it, 
and  loaded  with  the  coals  raifed  trom  the  pit  and  depolittd 
lierc.  This  mine  was  extremely  profitable,  but  at  lall  an 
unexampled  high  tide  overwhelmed  the  whole,  before  the 
colliers  could  effeft  their  efcape.  This  did  not  dift;ourage 
the  dai'ing  adventurers.  A  new  mine  was  opened,  and  con- 
tinues to  be  wrought  at  this  day  to  a  great  extent.  For 
the  purpofc  of  rendering  the  coal  in  the  upper  parts  of  this 
county  more  extenfively  ufeful,  it  has  been  propofed  to  cut 
a  canal  from  Glafgow  to  Edinburgh,  which  might  like- 
wife  bring  to  the  eailward,  at  a  cheap  rate,  a  portion  of 
the  treafures  contained  in  the  hills  of  Lanarklhire.  To 
thefe  ufeful  productions \)f  the  mineral  defcription  in  this 
county,  may  be  added  iron-ftone,  whin-fione,  grey  granite, 
and  fliell  marie.  On  the  fouth  fide  of  Dundas-hill  is  a  ba- 
fsltic  rock,  250  yards  iu  length,  and  60  or  70  feet  high. 
The  maffes  are  in  an  irregular  ftate,  formed  like  pilfers, 
feparatcd  by  channels  ;  but  not  a  few  of  them  exhibit  regu- 
lar 


L  I  N 


L  I  N 


lar  and  well  defined  prifms.     The  ftone  of  wliich  thefe  are 
coTtipofcd  is  of  a  light  bliieifh  colour. 

The  royal  boroughs  in  this  county  are  Linlithgow  and 
Queensferry.  The  former  is  the  fhire  town,  ar.d  (ituated 
in  the  interior  of  the  county.  The  latter  ftinds  on  the 
coafi;  of  the  Forth,  about  nine  miles  weft  from  Edinburgh. 
It  was  formerly  of  more  importance  than  at  prcfent  ;  it 
being-  now  totally  deilitute  of  trade.  A  particular  account 
of  thefe  boroughs  will  be  found  under  their  refpeftive 
names. 

Borrowftownefs,    or   Bo-nefs,    is  the  principal    fea-port 
town  in  rhis  county.      It  is  a  borough  of  barony,   governed 
by  a  bailiff  appoint^  by  tV">  duke  of  Hamilton.    The  honfcs 
in  this  place  are  low  and  crowded,  and  much  injured  in  ap- 
pearance,   by  the    Imoke   of  tlie   numerous  fait  pans  with 
which  it  abounds.     The  produce  of  thefe  pans,  and  of  the 
coal-works  in  the  neiglibourhood,  are  the    chief  articles   of 
export  from  this  town.      The  harbor.r  is   confidered   very 
fafe.   About  thirty  fail  of  fliipping  belong  to  perfons  refident 
on  the  fpot.   Many  others  frequent  this  harbour  in  the  courfe 
of  trade.     The  imports  are  ufually   tallow,  hemp,  timber, 
flax,  and  flax-feed.     The  herri.yg  fifhery  is  carred  on  here, 
but,  being  hazardous  ard  precarious,  fcarcely  deferves  notice 
in  mentioning  the   commerce  of  this  port.      Kineel  houi'e, 
belonging  to  the  duke  of  HamiUon,  is   beautifully  lituated 
on  the  (hore  of  the   Forth,  not  far   from  the   town.     The 
village  of  Bathgate  ftands  on  the  fouthern  declivity  of  the 
hills  which  bear  its  name,  and  foim  a  part  of  the  range  al- 
ready  mentioned,    as    running   through  the  centre   of  the 
county.     Here,  as  well  as  in  the  village  ot  Whitbuiti,  fitu- 
ated   on   the    mod  fouthern   road  between   Edinburgh  and 
Glafgow,  a  number  of  weavers  are  employed   by  the  Glaf- 
gow  manufafturers.     At  prelent  neither  of  thefe   places   is 
of  much  importance  :    but  in   the  event   of  the   propofed 
canal,  formerly  noticed,  being  carried  into  effect,  it  is   not 
improbable  thev   would  foon  rife  into  confiderable  dillinc- 
tion.     Befides  thefe,  there  are   tew  other   villages   in    this 
county  which  do  not,  however,  require  particular  notice. 
Among  the  antiquities  of  this  county  is  the  termination  of 
the  celebrated  Roman  barrier,  or  wall  of  Antoninus.  It  enters 
Linlithgowfhire  near  the  village  of  Inner  Avon,   and  pro- 
ceeds by  Kineel  houle  to  the  village  of  Carriden,  behind 
the  church  of  which,  it  is  probable,  the  lall  or   nineteenth 
fort,  counting  from   tke   Clyde,  was  ftationed,  though   no 
remains  of  the  work  can  now  be  difcovered  beyond  the  in- 
clofiires   of    Grange.     Two  miles  eaft   from  Carriden,  and 
one  and  three  quarters  weft  from   Abercorn,   is    Blacknefs 
cattle,    which,  from  its  fituation  with  regard  to  the  wall, 
feems  not  improbably  to  have  been  the  Roman  port  on  the 
Forth.     In  Abercorn  parifh,  on  a  point  north-eall  from  the 
church,  Abercorn  ca'tle  was  formerly  fituated:     It  was  one 
of  the  ftrong  holds  of  the  Druglafes,  and   was  taken   by 
ftorm,  after  a  long  fiege,   by  James  II.   during  his   coiitell 
with  that  family.     After  this  it  wAs   never  repaired,   and 
Buchanan  mentions  it  as  a  ruin  in  his  time.     The  moil  an- 
cient monaftery  in  Scotland  was  lituated  here,  as  we  learn 
from  the  venerable  Bcde,  after  whofe  time  it  is   not  men- 
tioned in  hi'.lory.    In  Torphechen  parifh  was  a  houfe  for  the 
knights  of  St.  John  ;  it  was  founded  by  kinr  David  I.   This 
preceptory  was   a   place  of  refuge,  or  funduary.     In   the 
church-yard  is  a  Ixono  with  a  St.  Jihn's  crofs  on  it,  and  four 
fimilar  ones  at  the  ditlancc  of  a  mile  each.      This  parifh  is 
alfo  diftingnifhed  by  four  great    ftones,    fituated  about    a 
mile  eall  of  the  vilLge,  which  arc  faid  to  have  been  a  Drii- 
idical  temple.      In   Kirklillon  parilh   is  anotiier  remarkable 
ftone,  known  to  the   iiil  abitants  by  the  name  of  the  Cal 
fione.      It  is  four  feet  and  a  half  high,    and  eleven    feet 
Vol.  XXI. 


and  a  half  in  circumference.  The  form  is  tliat  of  an  ir- 
regular  prifm.  On  one  fide  is  the  following  infcription, 
rudely,  but  deeply,  cut,  the  explanation  of  which  hss  puzzled 
manyantiquaries.  "  In' oc.Ti;mvi.(>  jACi  uett.v  D  uicta.'' 
ThQ  church  of  Dalmeny  may  likewife  be  ranked  among  the 
anriquities  of  this  county.  Concerning  the  date  of  its 
erection  nothing  is  known.  Its  architefture  is  of  that  mid- 
dle lort  vvhi  h  has  received  the  appellation  of  .Saxon.  It  is 
a  fmall  building,  apparently  with  Grecian  windows,  but 
upon  inveltigation,  the  fliafts  are  found  to  be  difpropor- 
tionate.  The  ealiern  portion  of  this  church  is  vaulted  with 
fjmicircular  arches,  having  mouldings  chiefly  in  the  form  of 
liars  and  other  decorations.  Sinclair's  Statiftical  Account 
of  Scotland.      Chalinrr's  Caledonia. 

LINNjEA,  in  Botany,  {o  caded  in  honour  of  the  great 
Swedilh  naturalill,  (fee  LiN.v.i;i.s,)  appears  by  the  journal  of 
his  Tour  to  Lapland  to  have  been  chof.  n  by  himlelf  to  com- 
memorate his  own  name,  when  he  gathered  it  at  Lykfele, 
May  29,  173?.  Former  botani'ls  had  called  this  elegant 
and  fingular  Irtle  plant  Campanula  ferpyKfoYia ;  but  Lin- 
nius,  profecuting  the  iludy  of  vegetables  on  the  onlv  certain 
pnnciples,  the  ftructure  ot  their  parts  of  fructification,  foon 
found  this  to  con'.Utute  a  new  genus.  He  referved  the  idea 
in  his  own  breall,  till  his  diicoveries  and  publications  had 
entitled  him  to  botanical  commemoration,  and  his  friend 
Gronoviu?,  in  due  time,  undertook  to  make  this  genus 
known  to  the  world.  It  was  publifhed  by  Linnseus  himfelf 
in  the  Genera  Plantarum,  ed.  I,  in  1737,  ar.d  the  fame  year 
in  the  Flora  Lapfomca,  with  a  plate,  being  moreover  men- 
tiored  in  the  Critka  Botaoica,  p.  80,  as  "  a  humble,  de- 
fpiled,  and  neglected  Lapland  plant,  flowering  at  an  earlj- 
»ge,"  like  the  pcrfon  whofe  name  it  bears.  Linn.  Gen. -319. 
Schreb.  41S.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  3.  340.  Mart.  Mill.  Dic^. 
v.  3.  Sm.  Fl.  Brit.  666.  Juff.  211.  Lamarck  llluftr.  t.  5:^6. 
— Oafs  and  order,  Didynamia  Angiufpirm'ta.  Nat.  Ord. 
Aggregoia,  Linn.      Ceprlfolia,  Jufl". 

Gen.  Ch.  C<j/.  Perianth  double  ;  that  of  the  fruit  inferior, 
of  two  or  four  leaves  ;  the  outennoft  of  which  are  oppofite 
and  minnte  ;  the  others  eUiptical,  concave,  ered,  hifpid, 
clofed  around  the  germen,  permanent  :  that  of  the  Hower 
(the  proper  one)  fuperior,  of  one  leaf,  in  five  ereft,  narrow, 
acute,  equal,  deep  fegments.  Cor.  of  one  petal,  above 
twice  as  long  as  its  perianth,  belLlliaped,  its  border  in  five 
rather  deep,  ofetufe,  nearly  equal  divificns.  Stam.  Fila- 
ments four,  awl-fnaped,  mferted  into  the  bottom  of  the 
corolla,  two  of  them  much  the  fn-.allefi  ;  anthers  comprefled, 
verfatile.  PjJ}.  Germen  roundifh,  inferior ;  flyle  thread- 
fhaped,  ftraight,  the  length  of  the  corolla,  inclining  ;  lligma 
globofe.  Peril.  Berry  dry,  ovate,  of  liiree  cells,  clothed 
with  the  hif"id  glutinous  perianth  of  the  fruit,  deciduous. 
Seeds  roi:ndifh,  two  in  each  cell. 

Eff.  Ch.  Calyx  double  ;  that  of  the  fruit  of  two  or  four 
leaves  ;  that  of  the  flower  fuperior,  in  live  deep  divifions. 
Corolla  bell-lhaped.      Berry  dry,  of  three  cells. 

Obf.  The  two  outer  or  fnialler  leaves  of  the  inferior  calyx 
are  often  wanting.  When  prefent  thev  are  like  the  inner 
ones  in  (hape,  though  fmaller  in  fize,  and  {land  like  them 
clofe  to  the  germen,  being  totally  diftinft  fioin  the  brae 
teas,  which  are  a  little  remote  from  them,  lancsolate  and 
acute.  i' 

1.  "L.  borealis.  Linn  Sp.  Fl.  880.  Fl.  Suec.  319.  t.  i. 
Fl.  Lapp.  ed.  2.  214.  I.  12.  f.  4.  Engl.  Bot  t.  433.  Fl. 
Dar.  t  3.  (Campanula  fcrpyllifoha  ;  Bauh.  Prodr  3j.)-_ 
Native  ot  dry  ftony  moffy  ancient  fir  woods,  in  Sweden, 
Siberia,  Rulfia,  Switzerland,  Scotland,  and  North  Ame- 
rica, flowerii^g  in  May  and  June.  Linnzus  defcribes  it  in 
his  Lapland  Tour,  v.  1.  20,  as  cluthing  maffes  of  Hones, 
P  being 


h  I  N 

being  intprwoTen  with  ivy,  in  a  piiSurefque  manner.  It 
vas  firft  difeovered  in  Britain,  June  2d,  179 J,  by  tlie  late 
yrofelfor  .lames  Beattie  of  Aberdeen,  in  an  old  fir  wood  at 
Mearns  in  that  county. 

The  root  is  fibrous  and  perennial.  Stems  trailing,  csecp- 
ing,  perennial,  woody,  round,  leafy,  fomcwhat  hairy,  often 
jcddifTi,  a  little  branched,  very  long  and  flender.  Leaves 
•vergreen,  oppofitc,  llalked,  roundi(K  or  ovate,  veiny,  cre- 
Tiatc  in  the  fore-part,  paler  beneath,  bearing  a  few  fcattered 
hairs  on  the  upper  fide.  Flowering  branches  ereft,  three  or 
four  inches  high,  with  a  pair  or  two  of  leaves  near  the  hot- 
lorn,  naked  above,  terminating  in  two  equal  floucr-flalks, 
with  a  pair  of  fmall  leaves  at  their  origin,  and  each  bcnving 
•lie  droopivg_^oa>fr,  accompanied  by  two  fmall,  lanceolate, 
flifhtly.  remote,  oppofite  bradeiis,  which,  like  the  Ralks, 
calyx  and  germen,  are  clothed  with  glandular  vifcid  hairs. 
The JJoi^'eri  are  of  a  delicate  pink,  elpccially  within,  being 
pale  wliite  or  yeilowifh  externally.  They  are  f»id  in  the 
Flora  Suecka  to  be  very  fragrant  at  night,  fmclling  like 
Meadow-fweet.  An  infufion  of  the  leaves,  witli  milk,  is 
eiteemed  a  fpecific,  among  the  Swedes,  in  rheumatic  and 
fciatic  diforders.  The  inhabitants  of  Wed  Bothnia  cure 
paintul  complaints  in  the  feet  of  their  (heep,  with  a  cataplafm 
or  fomentation  made  of  this  herb.  The  fmoke  of  it  when 
burnt  is  though:  by  the  Norwegians  beneficial  in  the  fcarlet 
fever,  and  its  decoftion  in  the  itch. 

This  is  the  only  known  fpecics  of  Linnita.  The  right 
honourable  fir  Jofeph  Banks  is  pofi'elTed  of  a  drawing,  made 
by  an  artift;  who  was  employed  many  years  ago  to  delineate 
plants  in  the  Eaft  Indies,  which  reprefents  a  plant'anfwcring 
to  the  fame  generic  charafters,  but  of  which  no  fpecimens 
having  ever  been  feen,  the  drawing  is  fuppofed  to  be  a 
forgery.  The  younger  Linnxus,  when  in  England,  was 
much  interefled  by  the  fight  of  it,  but  endeavoured  in  vain 
to  afcertain  its  truth. 

LINN^AN  Syjlem  of  Botany.  See  Botany,  Flowers, 
and  Sexuaf,  Syjletn, 

LINNjEUS,  Charles,  afterwards  Von  Linne,  in  Bio- 
graphy, the  molt  eminent  of  modern  naturalifts,  whofe  la- 
bours and  abilities  rendered  his  favourite  fcience  of  Botany 
firtl  more  phihifophical,  and  then  more  popular,  thari  it  had 
ever  been  in  any  other  age,  was  born  at  "Radiult,  in  the 
province  of  Smaland,  in  Sweden,  May  13th,  old  *ftyle, 
1 707.  His  father  Nicholas  Linnxus  was  alfiltant  minifter  of 
theparifhof  Stenbrohult,  to  which  the  hamlet  of  Rafhult 
belongs,  and  became  in  procefs  of  time  its  paftor  or  reftor  ; 
havi.ig  married  Chrillina  Broderfon,  the  daughter  of  his 
predecefifor.  The  fubjedl  of  our  memoir  was  their  firfl-born 
child.  The  family  of  Linnxus  had  been  peafants,  but 
fome  of  them,  early  in  the  17th  century,  had  followed  lite- 
rary purfuits.  In  the  beginning  of  that  century  regular 
and  hereditary  furnames  were  firll  adopted  in  Sweden,  on 
which  occafion  literary  men  often  chofe  one  of  Latin  or 
Greek  derivation  and  ftrufture,  retaining  the  termination 
proper  to  the  learned  languages,  as  Melander,  even  when  the 
name  itfclf  was  not  taken  from  thence,  as  Retzius.  A  re- 
markable Linden-tree,  Tilla  europsa,  growing  near  the  place 
of  their  refidcnce,  is  reported  to  have  given  origin  to  the 
names  of  Lindelius  and  Tiliander,  in  fome  branches  of 
this  llmily  ;  but  the  above-mentioned  Nicholas  is  faid  to 
lave  firft  taken  that  of  Linnxus,  by  which  his  Ton  became 
fo  extc-nfively  known.  Of  the  talle  which  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  his  happinefs  as  well  a«  his  celebrity,  tins  worthy 
father  was  the  primary  caufe.  Refiding  in  a  delightful  Ipot, 
on  the  banks  of  a  fi.  e  lake,  furioandcd  by  hills  and  valleys, 
woods  and  cultivated  ground,  his  garden  and  his  fields 
yielded  hiin  both  amukmcut  and  profit,  and  bij  infant  foa 

3 


LIN 

imbibed,  under  his  anfpices,  that  pure  and  ardent  love  of 
nature  for  its  own  lake,  with  that  habitual  exercife  of  tin 
mind  in  obfervation  and  adivity,  which  ever  after  marked 
his  charafter,  and  which  were  enhanced  by  a  redtitude  of 
principle,  an  elevation  of  devotional  talle,  a  warmth  of 
feeling,  and  an  amiablenefs  of  manners,  rarely  united  m  thofe 
who  fo  tranfcendently  excel  in  any  branch  of  philofophy  or 
fcience,  becanfe  the  culiivalioii  of  the  heart  does  by  no 
means  fo  conltantly  as  it  ought  keep  pace  with  that  of  the 
iinderdandlng.  The  maternal  uncle  of  Nicholas  Linnxus, 
Sucno  Tiliander,  who  had  educated  him  with  his  own  fchil- 
dren,  was  alfo  fond  of  plants  and  of  gardening,  fo  that 
thefe  taftes  were  in  fome  meafiire  hereditary  The  young 
Charles,  as  he  tells  us  hinifelf,  was  no  fnoiier  out  of  his 
cradle,  than  he  alinoll  lived  in  his  fatlier'?  garden.  He  was 
fcarcely  four  years  old  when  he  heard  his  fallier  defcant,  to  a 
rural  party,  on  thediilindions  and  qualities  ol  fome  particu- 
lar  plants,  culled  from  the  flowery  turf  on  which  they  were 
fcated,  and  this  firit  botanical  lecture  was  ever  after  remem- 
bered as  an  cpocjia  in  his  fcientific  life.  He  neverceafed  to 
enquire  of  his  father  concerning  the  names  and  properties  of 
all  the  produflions  of  the  garden  and  the  fields,  that  he 
could  pofiibly  procure  ;  nor  did  the  economy  of  infedts,  even 
at  this  early  period,  efcape  his  attention.  His  youthful  in- 
aptitude for  retaining  the  names  of  natural  objecls,  fome- 
times  tired  and  difpleafed  his  inllruclor,  whofe  wholefome 
authority  in  time  corrected  this  defeft,  and  perhaps  early 
prevented  his  falling  into  the  error  of  tfarofe  dciultory  fpecu- 
latorsof  nature,  who  have  agreed  to  dcfpife  that  methodical 
and  didaftic  precifion  of  ideas,  which,  for  want  of  early 
dilcipline,  they  could  never  attain.  The  meinory  of  Lin- 
nxus, indeed,  like  his  powers  of  perception,  was  naturally 
good,  and  his  fight  was  always  remarkably  acute.  The  vi- 
vacity and  brilliant  expreflion  of  his  eyes  are  faid  to  have 
lafted  through  life,  and  indeed  are  diiplayed  in  mail  of  his 
portraits. 

Thefe  flowery  ftudies  however  were  obliged  to  give  way,, 
in  fome  meafure,  to  lefs  agreeable  occupations,  and  unhap- 
pily the  private  tutor  proved  a  man  of  lefs  winning  manners 
than  the  beloved  parent.  Thus  at  feven  years  of  age  gram- 
mar had  but  an  unequal  conteft  with  botany  in  the  mind  of 
the  young  ftudent.  Nor  was  he  much  more  fortunate  when 
removed  in  i  7  1 7  to  the  grammar-fchool  of  Wexio,  the  mailer 
of  which,  as  his  difgutted  pupil  relates,  "  preferred  ftripea 
and  punifliments  to  admonitions  and  encouragements.''  Such 
a  fyltem  was  near  extinguiihing  all  the  talents  it  was  inte:  ded 
to  cultivate,  and  when  the  youth  was  committed,  two  years 
afterwards,  to  the  care  of  a  more  judicious  and  amiable  pri- 
vate tutor  than  before,  the  horrors  of  the  rod  feem  ftill  to 
have  predominated  over  his  tafte  for  learning.  In  1722  he 
proved  competent,  neverthelefs,  to  be  admitted  to  a  higher 
form  in  the  fchool,  and  his  drier  ftudies  were  now  allowed 
to  be  intermixed  and  fweetened  with  the  recreations  of  bo- 
tany. In  1724,  being  17  years  of  age,  he  was  removed  to 
the  fuperior  feminary,  or  Gymnafwm,  and  his  dellination  was 
fixed  for  the  church.  But  the  original  inclinations  of  his 
mind,  and  its  early  prejudices,  here  grew  but  the  more  ap- 
parent. He  had  no  talle  for  Greek  or  Hebrew,  ethics, 
metaphyfics  or  tlieology  ;  but  he  devoted  himfelf  with  fuc- 
cefs  to  mathematics,  natnral  philofophy,  and  a  fcientific 
purfuit  of  his  d.irling  botany.  The  Chloris  Goth'ica  of  Bro- 
raelius,  and  Ilorlus  Up/aH:>ifis  of  Rudbeck,  which  made  a 
part  of  his  little  hbr.ny,  were  calculated  rather  to  fire  than 
to  fatisfy  his  curiofity  ;  while  his  Palmberg  and  Tilbnds 
might  make  hurt  fenfi;>!e  how  much  more  than  they  had  ac- 
compiiihea  lliU  remained  to  be  done.  His  own  copies  of 
thefe  books,  ufcd  wiih  the  utmolt  care  and  neatcefs,  are 

I)0\« 


LINNJEU5. 


mow  before  us.  His  literary  i*pirrat!on  ho^i'ever  made  fo 
little  progrefs,  that,  when  his  father  paid  a  vifit  to  Wcxio, 
in  1726,  his  tutors,  hke  the  fapient  inflrutlors  of  Newton 
at  Cambridge,  gave  him  up  as  a  hopelefs  dunce.  They  ad- 
vifed  that  he  fhould  be  put  apprentice  to  a  fhoemaker,  tai- 
lor, or  fome  other  handicraft  trade,  rather  than  be  forced  to 
purfue  an  objett,  for  which  he  was  evidently  unlit.  Fortu- 
nately, the  dilappointed  parent  met  with  a  l^etter  counfellor 
in  Dr.  Rothmann,  the  letlurer  on  natural  pbilofuphy,  who 
encouraged  him  to  hope  much  from  the  inclination  of  his 
fon  to  natural  knowledge  and  praAical  obfervation,  and  re- 
comme::ded  that  he  Should  be  directed  to  the  ih'.dy  of  me- 
dicine. This  good  advice  was  fupported  with  the  gratuitous 
offer  of  taking  the  young  man  into  his  own  houfe,  for  the 
vear  during  w  hich  he  was  ftill  to  remain  at  the  Gymnafum, 
which  was  gladly  accepted.  The  worthy  preceptor  gave 
his  pupil  a  private  courfe  of  inftrutlion  in  phyfiotogy  on  the 
Boerhaavian  principles,  and  was  rewarded  by  the  luccefs  of 
his  endeavours.  He  tirft  fuggefted  to  Linnaeus  the  true 
principles  upon  which  botany  ought  to  be  iludied,  founded 
on  the  parts  of  fructification,  and  put  the  fyftem  of 
Tournefort  into  his  hands,  in  the  knowledge  of  which  he 
made  a  rapid  progrt's.  Its  very  impcrfecElions  proved  ufe- 
ful,  in  prompting  him  to  attempt  fomething  mere  complete 
hereafter. 

In  1727  Linnaeus  was  matriculated  at  the  univerfity  of 
Lund,  having,  on  the  19th  of  Augull,  undergone  with  cre- 
dit the  examination  of  tiie  Dean,  and  even  of  the  Profeflbr 
of  Eloquence,  Papke.  He  devoted  himfelf  to  the  (ludy  of 
medicine,  lodging  at  the  houfe  of  a  phyfician.  Dr.  StobKus, 
■whofe  library  and  mufeum  of  natural  hillory,  afforded  the 
greatell  delight  and  afliftance  to  his  ardent  mind,  and  the 
itudy  of  which  often  robbed  him  of  feveral  hours  of  his 
natural  repofc.  In  the  fame  houfe  was  a  German  fludent 
named  Koulas,  eager  hke  himfelf  for  inftruflion,  and  their 
friendfhip  was  mutually  beneficial.  Dr,  Stoboeus  being  in- 
firm in  health  and  fpirits,  Linnzus  was  allowed  to  relieve 
him  occafior.ally  from  the  labours  of  his  profefhon,  and  foon 
became  a  groat  favourite.  While  botanizing  in  the  country, 
in  the  fpring  of  1728,  our  young  naturaliil  met  with  that 
accident,  whatever  it  was,  which  he  always  attributed  to 
the  iting  or  bite  of  his  fuppofed  Furia  infimalis,  an  animal 
whofe  exiitence  has  been  doubted  by  many  perfons,  and  by 
fome  pofitively  denied.  We  need  not  here  repeat  what  is 
faid  under  the  article  FuitlA.  His  pupil  Solander  has 
recorded  feveral  cafes  of  this  accident  or  difeafe,  and 
delcribes  the  animal  as  if  he  had  feen  it,  in  the  Nova  ASa 
UpfdUtnJia,  v.  I.  55.  In  the  enfuing  fummcr  Linnaeus 
paifed  the  vacation  under  his  paternal  roof.  Here  he  met 
with  his  former  patron  Rothmann,  by  whofe  advice  he  was 
induced  to  quit  Lund  for  Upfal.  as  a  fuperior  fchool  of 
raedicme  and  botany.  But  the  llender  fupport  which  his 
father  could  afford  him,  a  capital  of  about  8/.  Iferling-,  beinir 
totally  madequate,  he  was,  in  this  new  Iituation,  reduced  to 
the  greatell  neceflity.  Private  pupils  were  not  to  be  pro- 
cured by  a  poor  unknown  Undent.  He  was  obliged  to 
trull  for  chance  to  a  meal ;  and  when  he  relates  that  he  had 
nu  Way  ot  mendmg  his  fhoes  but  by  folded  paper,  -feems  to 
hiive  felt  th;;  want  even  of  the  cobler's  education  which  had 
been  recommended  to  him.  He  had  offeiided  his  old  friend 
Stobxus  by  quitting  Lund,  and  thousrh  he  had  brought 
%vith  him  a  fplendid  Latin  teftimonial,  from  the  Redor  of 
that  univerfity,  in  which  he  was  called  PoTiiiJfmus  onuilijjl- 
mufque  dominus,  and  was  declared  "  to  have  cundncled  hun- 
fell  with  no  leis  diligence  than  correctnefs,  fo  as  to  gain  the 
affection  of  all  v.ho  knew  him,"  he  feems  to  have  obtained 
Bothmg  more  than  a  royal  ftholarfhip,  which  was  conferred 


upon  him  on  the  i6th  of  Dsc?mber,  but  of  the  value  of 
which  we  arc  not  informed.  It  appears  however  by  the 
above  account  to  have  been  totally  infufiicienr  for  his  main- 
tenance.  He  ncverthelefs  did  not  relax  in  liis  ftudies  ;  but 
attended  the  lettures  of  the  younger  Rudbeck,  then  Pro- 
feffor  at  Upfal,  as  well  as  the  medical  ones  ef  Profeffor 
Roberg :  and  made  critical  manufcript  remarks  upou  all 
that  he  faw  and  heard. 

In  the  .(utumn  of  1729  his  botanical  tafle  and  applicatio* 
raifed  ur)  for  him  a  new  and  v.-ry  eflimable  patron,  in  the 
learned  Dr.  Olaus  Celfius,  Prcfeflor  of  Divinity,  who  met 
with  him  by  chance  in  that  academical  garden,  the  fame  of 
which  he  was  defined  hereafter  to  immortalize.  This  gen- 
tleman had  then  been  inten*,  for  above  30  years,  upon  the 
illuftration  of  the  plants  mentioned  in  the  Holy  Scriptures, 
on  which  he  publiflied  a  very  celebrated  work  in  1745, 
having  travelled  to  the  Eaft  on  purpole  to  rei.der  it  more 
perfect.  He  foon  difcovered  the  merit  of  Linnaeus,  took 
him  under  his  proteftion,  and  allowed  him  the  full  ufe  of  his 
own  rich  library.  The  fricndlhip  of  fuch  a  man  foon  pro- 
cured him  further  advantages.  The  fon  ot  Pvofeffor  Rud- 
beck, and  other  young  men,  became  his  private  pupils,  by 
which  his  finances  were  improved.  Nothing  howevi-r  feem» 
to  have  been  recollected  with  fo  much  fatisfattion  to  himfelf, 
in  relating  the  events  of  this  part  of  his  life,  as  his  intimate 
fcientific  friendfliip  with  Peter  Ardedius,  who  af'erwards 
called  himfelf  Artedi,  and  became  lo  famous  in  the  know- 
ledge of  fifhes  and  of  umbelliferous  plants.  They  paffed. 
fome  time  together  fubfeqiiertly  in  Hoi  aiid,  when  Li:  mu» 
witnelfed  the  melancholy  fate  of  his  friend,  who  was  acci- 
dentally drowned  at  Amfterdam  ;  of  which  he  has  prefixed 
fo  pathetic  an  account  to  the  Ichthyologia  of  Artedi,  pub- 
lilbed  by  his  means. 

During  his  fludies,  under  the  roof  of  Celfius,  Linnxus 
met  with  a  review  of  Vaillant's  trealife  on  the  Sexes  of 
Plants,  which  firft  led  him  to  confider  the  importance,  and 
great  varieties  of  form,  of  the  llamens  and  piilils,  and  ther.ce 
to  form  a  new  fcheme  of  arrangement  founded  on  thofe 
effential  organs.  He  drew  up  an  effay  in  oppofition  to  the 
librarian  of  the  univerfity,  who  had  publilhed  a  work  de 
Nuptiis  PLintarum,  and  iliewed  it  to  Celfius,  who  communi- 
cated it  to  Rudbeck.  and  the  performai.ee  was  honoured 
with  the  high  approbation  of  both.  This  led  the  way  to 
his  being  appointed  to  ledure  in  the  botanic  garden,  as  an 
alliftant  or  deputy  to  the  latter,  whofe  advanced  age  ren- 
dered fome  relaxation  neceffary.  The  lectures  ot  Linnxus 
began  in  the  fpring  of  1730.  He  had  previoufly  folicited 
from  the  Profeffor  the  humble  appointment  ot  gardener  t.o 
the  univerfity,  which  was  refufed,  only  on  the  ground  t  f 
his  being  fit  for  a  better  fituation  Now  fir.ding  himic.f 
authorized  to  take  the  direftion  of  the  garden,  he  itforuieJ 
and  greatly  enriched  it.  He  was  taken  into  the  houfe  cf 
Rudbeck,  as  tutor  to  his  younger  children,  and  by  this 
means  had  the  ufe  of  a  vry  fine  collection  of  books  and 
drawings.  His  mornings  being  devoted  to  the  duties  of  hit 
llation,  his  evenings  were  fpent  in  preparing  fome  botanicil 
works.  It  was  now  that  he  began  to  write  his  Biblfotbuct 
Botanica.  Claffcs  Plantarum,  Critica  Boiailca  and  Gemra 
Plantarum,  though  thele  books  were  not  given  to  the  world 
till  about  fcven  years  afterwards,  v.hcn  he  printed  them  in 
Holland,  during  his  flay  there. 

A  new  object  now  engaged  all  the  attention  of  our  emu- 
lous  young  naiuralift  The  convcrfations  of  Rudbeck,  con- 
cerning the  natural  hillorv  of  Lapland,  and  the  curicfities 
he  had  feen  there,  excited  an  irrefitlible  defire  in  Linntus 
to  viiit  the  fame  country.  To  this  he  was  perhaps  the  more 
immediately  prompted,  by  fome  little  circumitauces,  which 

P  2  made 


LINNjEUS. 


made  his  refidence  at  Upfal  uncomfortable.  Thcfo  were, 
tlie  jeal'iufy  of  Dr.  Rofcn,  wlio  wns  ambitious  of  fuccecdinij 
RiiJbeck  whenever  his  Prof  fTorlhips  fhoiild  become  vacant, 
and  who  by  his  fuccefs  as  the  only  prailifinji-  phylician  at 
Upfal,  was  likely  to  prove  a  formidable  rival ;  as  well  as 
fome  domellic  chasrrin,  which  he  thns  relates.  "  The  failh- 
lefs  wife  of  the  librarian  Norrclius  lived  at  this  time  in  Rud- 
beclt's  lioiife,  and  by  her  LiniKEus  was  made  fo  odious  to 
his  patronefs,  that  he  could  no  longer  ftay  there." — In  the 
end  of  the  year  1731  he  retired  to  his  native  place,  and  foon 
received,  from  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Upfal,  an  ap- 
pointment to  travel  through  Lapland,  under  the  Royal  au- 
thority, and  at  the  cxpence  of  the  Academy. 

After  a  viiit  to  Lund  in  the  fpring  of  1732,  Linna»u5 
fet  out  from  Upfal,  May  12th,  on  his  Lapland  expedition. 
He  travelled  on  horfeback,  but  flenderly  provided  with  bag- 
gage, and  after  vifiting  the  Lapland  alps  on  fost,  and  de- 
fcending  to  the  coaft  of  Norway,  of  which  he  has  given  a 
molt  picbirefque  and  ftriking  dcfcription,  returned  by  Tor- 
nea,  and  the  call  fide  of  the  Bothnian  gulf,  to  Abo,  and  fo 
to  Uplal,  whiih  he  reached  on  the  lotli  of  Oftober,  having 
performed  a  journey  of  near  4000  Engllfli  miles.  The  par- 
ticulars of  his  interefling  expedition  have  lately  been  given 
to  the  public,  in  an  Englijh  tranllation  of  the  original  journey 
written  on  the  fpot,  illullrated  with  wooden  cuts  from  his 
own  (ketches,  making  two  ochr.o  volumes.  This  docu- 
ment, a  faithful  iranlcript  of  his  own  mind,  and  written 
folely  for  his  own  uie,  gives  a  moil  amiable  and  refpedtable 
idea  of  the  chara«ler  and  acquirements  of  this  celebrated 
man,  at  this  period  of  his  life. 

Having  learned  the  art  of  afTaying  metals  during  ten  days' 
refidence  at  the  mines  of  Biorknas,  near  Calix,  in  the  courfe 
of  his  tour,  he  next  year  gave  a  private  courfe  of  Icftures 
on  that  fubjett,  which  had  never  been  taught  at  Upfal  be- 
fore. The  jealoufy  of  Rofen,  however,  ilill  purfued  him  ; 
and  this  rival  defcended  fo  low  as  to  procure,  partly  by  in- 
treaties,  partly  by  threats,  the  loan  of  his  manufcript  lec- 
tures on  botany,  which  Linnaeus  deteded  him  in  furrepti- 
tioufly  copying.  Rofen  had  taken  by  the  hand  a  young 
man  named  Wallerius,  who  afterwards  became  a  ditlin- 
guiflied  mmeralogill:,  and  for  whom  he  now  procured,  in 
oppofitioii  to  Linnaeus,  the  new  place  of  adjun8,  or  aflllk- 
ant,  in  the  medical  faculty  at  Lund.  But  the  bafell  adion 
of  Rofen,  and  which  proved  envy  to  be  the  fole  foiirce  of 
his  conduft,  was,  that  having  married  the  niece  of  the  arch- 
bifhop,  he  obtained,  through  his  lordlhip's  means,  an  order 
from  the  chancellor  to  prevent  all  private  medical  lettures 
in  the  univerfity.  This,  for  which  there  could  be  no  mo- 
tives but  confcious  inferiority  and  malice,  deprived  Liniiasus 
of  his  only  means  of  fubtittence,  and  the  iludents  of  any  in- 
formation which  might  endanger  their  reverence  for  his 
rival.  He  is  faid  to  have  been  fo  exafperated,  as  to  have 
drawn  his  fword  upon  Rofen,  an  affront  with  which  the 
latter  chofe  to  put  up,  as,  doubtlefs,  became  the  profperous 
nephew  of  an  archbifhop  ;  but  Linn:eus  cannot  be  excul- 
pated of  hai'ing,  for  fome  time  afterwards,  indulged  feel- 
ings of  paffionate  rcfentment,  and  even  of  meditated  re- 
venge. Thefe,  however,  bis  better  principles  and  difpo- 
fitions,  after  a  while,  entirely  fubdiied,  and  Rofen,  towards 
the  clofe  of  his  life,  was  glad  of  the  medical  aid  of  the 
man  he  had  in  vain  endeavoured  to  crufh. 

Difappointed  in  his  views  of  medical  advancement,  Lin- 
PSEUS  turned  his  thou-hts  more  immcdia'ely  to  the  fubjedl 
of  mineralogy.  In  the  end  of  the  year  1 733,  he  had  vilited 
fome  of  the  principal  mines  of  Sweden,  and  had  been  intro- 
duced to  Baron  Reutcrholm,  governor  i:f  the  province  of 
Palarne,   or  Dalecarlia,  retiJcnt  U    Fahlun.     This  place 


Linnneus  has  perpctuated^  in  the  tnemory  of  botanifts,  by  hi« 
JAchen  Fahlimenfis,  a  produtlion  more  refembling  fome  rami- 
fication of  the  neighbouring  copper  ores,  than  any  thing  of 
vegetable  origin.  At  the  perhiafion,  as  well  as  at  the  ex- 
pence,  of  the  governor,  he  travelled  through  the  eaftera 
part  of  Dalecarlia,  accompanied  by  feven  of  his  ablcfl  pu- 
pils, and  the  unpublilhcd  journal  of  his  tour  exills  in  his 
library.  At  F;4ilun  he  gave  a  courfe  of  leflures  on  the  art 
of  alFaying,  which  was  numcroudy  attended,  and  here  he 
(iril  became  acquainted  with  Browallius,  then  chaplain  to 
the  governor,  afterwards  bilhop  of  Abo.  This  judicious 
friend  advifed  Linnaeus  to  take  his  doctor's  degree,  in  order 
to  purine  the  practice  of  phyfic,  in  which  he  had  already  at 
Fahlun  met  with  much  fuccefs,  and  he  further  recommended 
him  to  aim  at  fome  advantageous  matrimonial  conneftioii. 
Dr.  ,Tohn  Morxiis,  a  phyfician  of  the  place,  though  at  firft 
not  prepoffetrcd  in  favour  of  our  young  adventurer,  wliofe  me- 
dical fuccefs  had  encroached  on  his  own,  allowed  him  to  pay 
his  addrelles  to  his  eldell  daughter  ;  but  their  union  was  for 
the  prefent  deferred. 

In  purfuit  of  the  plan  pointed  out  by  Browallius,  Lin- 
nxus,  having  fcraped  together  about  i  j/.  ilerling,  now  en- 
tered on  his  travels,  with  a  view  of  obtaining  his  degree  at 
the  cheapcil  univerfity  he  could  find,  and  of  feeing  as  much 
of  the  learned  world  as  his  chances  and  means  might  enable 
him  to  do.  In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1735  he  fet  out, 
after  vifiting  his  father,  lately  become  'a  widower,  in  com- 
pany with  another  medical  liudent,  named  Sohlbcrg.  At 
Hamburgh  his  (kill  and  honefty  unfortunately  Hood  in  his 
way.  The  brother  of  one  of  tlie  burgomailers  was  pof- 
fe(red  of  a  fpecimen  of  that  reputed  wonder,  a  Hydra  with 
feven  heads,  the  awe  and  admiration  of  all  who  beheld  it, 
upon  wiiich  its  owner,  in  the  true  mercantile  (lyle,  had  fixed 
an  enormous  hypothetical  value.  His  golden  dream  was 
deftroyed  by  Linnseus,  who  proved  the  monfter  to  be  ar- 
tificial. 

After  a  (lay  of  eight  days  at  Amderdam,  Linnxus  pro- 
ceeded to  Harderwyck,  where,  having  offered  himfelf  as  a 
candidate,  and  undergone  the  requifite  examinations,  he  ob- 
tained his  degree  June  23,  1735-  On  this  occafion  he  pub- 
hlhed  and  defended  a  thefis,  entitled  Hypolhejis  Nova  tic 
Febrium  Intermiltiiitlum  Caufd,  in  the  dedication  of  which, 
to  his  Alitcemiles  ct  Patrones,  it  is  remarkable  that,  among 
the  names  of  Rudbeck,  Rothmann,  Stobsus,  Mora:us,  &c. 
we  find  that  of  Rofen.  The  hypothefis  here  advanced, 
moll  correftly  fo  denominated,  is  truly  Boerhaavian.  Inter- 
mittent fevers  are  fuppofed  to  be  owing  to  fine  particlta  of 
clay,  taken  in  with  llie  food,  and  lodged  in  the  terminations 
of  the  arterial  fyftem,  where  they  caiile  the  fymptoms  of 
thedlforder  ir.  quelkion.  If  we  fmil.'  at  the  theory,  v.-e  can- 
not but  admire  the  ingenuity  with  which  it  is  fupported, 
and  the  extent  of  the  author's  knowledge  and  obfervation  j 
nor  is  the  theory  itlelf  at  all  lefs  refpeclable,  than  thofe 
which  make  a  figure  in  the  humoral  pathology,  univerfally 
taught  at  tlrat  period,  by  fome  of  the  greateit  medical  phi- 
lofophers  of  any  age. 

In  Holland  Linnsus  became  acquainted  with  Dr.  John 
Frederick  Gronovuis  (fee  GuoNOVJUii),  whoalnfted  him  in 
publifning  the  fir!l  edition  of  the  celebrated  SyJIema  Naturip, 
confilting  of  eight  larg-  (hcets,  in  the  form  of  tables  ;  whicti 
edition  is  now  a  great  bibhotjiecal  curiofity.  He  alfo  pro- 
cured accefs  to  the  illullrious  Boerhaave,  who  encouraged 
him  to  remain  in  Holland  ;  bat  this  advice  could  fcarcely 
have  been  followed,  had  he  not  met  with  a  patron  in  Bur- 
mann,  of  Amfterdam,  who  was  then  preparing  his  Tbtfaurus 
Zeylankus,  and  who  received  Linnxus  into  his  houfe,  as  his 
guell  for  fome  months,  during  which  period  he  printed  his 
I  Fundamenla 


LiNNiEUS. 


Tunddmtnla  Botamca,  a   finall  od^avo  of  j6  pages,  in  tlie  ligent  and  communicative  friends  in  Dr.  Shaw,  the  oriental 

form  of  aphoiifnis,  which  contains  the  very  eflence  of  bota-  traveller,  profcflTor  Martyii  the  elder,  the  wcU-knowu  Philip 

nical  philofophy,  a'id  has  never  been  fuperfeded  nor  refuted.  Miller,  and  the  celebrated  Peter  Collinfon.     (See  Collin'- 

The  fubfequent  performances  of  the  author  himfelf,  and  of  son.)     Thefe  men  of  true  fcicnce  admiMd  his  genius  and 

his  followers,  have  been  excellent,  in  proportion  as  they  have  valued  his  friendlhip  ;  they  promnlud   his   w  ifiiea  by   '.very 


kept  to  the  maxims  of  this  httle  book..  After  Liiinsiis  had 
been  a  few  months  under  profefFor  Burmann's  roof,  he  was 
introduced  by  Boerhanv.-  to  Mr  George  Clifford,  an  opu- 
lent banker,   whofe  garden   at    Hartecamp  was  one  of  the 


means  in  their  lower,  enriching  him  with  hooks  ;  and  I'up- 
plying  him  plentifully  with  plants,  both  for  his  own  h'.-rba- 
rium,  aid  the  garden  of  his  patron  at  Hartecamp.  He 
was  mtvh  ftruck  with  what  he   faw   of  London,   and  has 


richeft  in  the  world,  a.^d  who  thought  himfelf  happy  in  :he  celebn.ced  it  in  an  expreffion  which  has  cft.m  been  repeated, 
opportunity  of  procm-ipg  fuch  a  mjn  to  ftudy  and  iu;'cr-  calling  thi'.  famous  city  the  '■'■  pimSum  fallen!  in  vittllo  orbis." 
intend  his  coUeftion,  as  well  as  to  make  known  to  the  world  Of  his  o'ifervations  on  the  natural  hiltory  of  this  country, 
any  novelties  it  might  contain.  Linnsus  was  therefore  re-  nothing  is  prelerved  but  a  tradition,  that  the  golden  bloom 
moved  to  Hartecamp,  where,  as  he  lays,  "  he  lived  Ike  a  of  the  furze  on  the  commons  near  London,  efpecially  Put- 
prince,"  more  glorious,  no  doubt,  than  an  Aliatic  delpot,  ney-heath,  delighted  him  fo  much,  thai  he  fell  on  his  knees 
in  the  innumerable  vegetable  tribes  which  daily  offered  their  in  a  rapture  at  the  fight.  He  was  always  an  admirer  of 
homage  at  his  feet.  With  an  ample  library,  as  well  a:'  gar-  this  plant,  and  laboured  in  vain  to  preftrve  it  through  a 
den,  at  his  command,  in  both  which  he  had  unlimited  Swedilli  winter  m  his  greenhoiife  ;  as  we  in  England  are 
powers  to  fupply  any  defects  that  he  might  dilcover,  he  had  obliged  to  Ihelter  the  Cape  (hrub  in  a  Hove,  though  it  covers 
DOW   the  means   of  cultivating  his  beloved  fcience  without  walls  in  the  open  air  at  Paris. 

reilriftion   or  impediment,  ai'.d  appears  to  have  been  truly         On  his  i-eturn  to  Holland,  he  continued  the  impreffion  of 

fcnfible   of  the   happinefs  of  his  h)t.     He   now  wrote  and  his  Gi-fu-ra  P/an/aru/n,  which  appeared  in  1737.     Li  October, 

printed  his  admirable  Flora  Lappon'tca,  the  plates  of  which  1736,  he  was  made   a  member  of  the    Imperial  Academy 


were  fupplied  by  the  contributions  of  a  fociety  at  Amiler- 
dani.  This  work,  one  of  the  happieft  literary  compofitions 
of  its  author,  is  llrikingly  charafterillic  of  the  Hate  of  his 
mind  at  the  time  it  was  written.  It  is  redundant  in  obfer. 
vation  and  refleftion,  on  every  fubjeft  whicli  could  be  inter- 
woven with  its  profefied  object,  conveyed  m  the  moll  engaging 
ftyle  ;  a  ftyle  independent  of  ftud;ed  phrafcology,  flowing 
direftly  from  the  heart,  and  deriving  its  principal  charm 
from  the  delight  which  the  author  takes  in  what  he  has  to 
communicate.  The  enthufiafm  with  which  his  imagination 
retraces  every  idea  o£his  Lapland  expedition,  turns  the  wild 
fcenes  of  that  country,  even  in  the  mind  of  his  reader,  into 
a  paradife,  inhabited  by  all  that  is  innocent  and  good.      His 


Nature  Curiuforum,  by  the  title,  according  to  the  cuflom  of 
that  body,  of  Diofcorides  fecundus.  He  was  now  tempted 
by  Boerhaave  to  undertake  a  botanical  expedition  to  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  to  America,  at  the  pubhc  ex- 
pence,  and  flattered  with  the  expectation  of  a  ProfelTorlhip 
in  Holland  at  his  return  ;  but  he  neither  chofe  to  encounter 
the  hazards  of  the  undertaking,  nor  to  give  up  his  profpetl* 
at  home.  He  would  not  however  leave  the  bencfaftier  to 
whom  he  owed  fo  much,  till  he  had  accomplifhed  all  that  was 
to  be  expefted  from  him.  He  printed  in  1737  the  Firida- 
rium  Cliffbrtianum,  an  oftavo  catalogue  of  his  friend's  gar- 
den, difpofed  according  to  his  own  fexual  fytlem  ;  of  whicli 
he  publifhed,  later  in  the  fame  year,  at  Leyden,  an  exempli- 


effufions  refemble  the  longings  of  an  exiled  Swifs  ;  and  are  fication  under  the  title  of  Methodus  Sexualts,  in  which  all  the 
in  fail  incipient  fymptoms  of  that  oppreflion  of  the  heart,  known  genera  of  plants  are  fo  arranged  by  name  only, 
which,  after  a  while,  rendered  his  abode  in  Holland,  with  This  year  alfo  produced  his  magnificent  Hortus  differtlanus, 
all  its  icientific  charms,  no  longer  tolerable,  to  one  born  in  in  folio,  in  which  all  the  plants  of  Mr.  Clifford's  colleftion, 
the  purer  air  of  Sweden,  and  nurtured  amongll  her  Lapland 
alps. 

The  profperous  condition  of  Linnxus,  under  the  patron- 
age of  Mr.  Chfford,  afforded  him  much  more  than  a  felfifh 


gratification,  when   he   met  with   his   old  friend  Artedi,  at 
Amfterdam,  dellitute  of  the  means  of  profecuiing  his  ftu- 


whether  living  or  dried,  are  enumerated,  with  many  defcrip- 
tions  and  highly  interefting  remarks,  an  almoil  complete 
detail  of  fynonyms,  and  fome'of  the  moil  exquilite  plates 
ever  fcen  in  any  book.  This  fplendid  volume  was  not  pub- 
lifhed, but  only  given  away  by  Mr.  Clitlord.  It  was  begun 
and    completed  in   nine  months.      In  the   intervals  of  this 


dies,  obtaining  his  degree,  or  even  of  fupporting  himfelf  labour  the  Critica  Botanica,  an  octavo  volume,  was  written 
with  credit  or  decency.  "  He  hud  fpent  all  his  money  in  and  printed.  Tliis  is  an  entertaining  commentary  and  illuf- 
London  ;"  an  accident  not  peculiar  to  a  poor  Swedifh  ilu-     tration  of  part  of  the  Fundamenta,  from  feclion  210  to  324, 

relating  to  nomenclature  and  Ipecitic  chara6lers.  It  is  a 
book  not  fo  much  known  as  it  delerves,  being  very  rare. 
Thefe  fevere  labours  however  proved  too  much  for  the  health 
of  Linnxus,  and  he  conceived  that  the  autumnal  air  of 
Holland,  as  is  very  probable,  did  not  agree  with  him. 
Though  he  had  every  luxury  and  indulgence  at  his  com- 
mand, and  was  careffed  bv  his  patron,  and  by  all  who  came 
near  him,  with  the  moll   flattering  attentions,   he  longed  to 


dent  ;  and  would  now  have  been  dellitute  but  for  the 
exertions  of  !iis  friend,  who  recommended  him  to  Seba,  to 
whom  the  learning  and  abilities  of  Artedi  were  peculiarly 
ferviceable,  in  completing  the  third  volume  of  his  magni- 
ficent Thefiiurus,  chiefly  devoted  to  fifhes.  We  have  already 
alluded  to  the  unfortunate  catallrophe  of  this  young  man, 
and  a  Ihort  fketch  of  his  life  is  given  in  its  prcper  place. 
See  Aktedi. 


In  1736,  after  having  written  his  Mufa  Cl'iffhrhana,   Lin-     return  to  his  nalire  country.     Having  left  Mr.  Chfford.  he 
nxus  was  fent  by  Mr.  Clifford  to  England,  ai:d  was  intro-     could  not  refufe  his  affillance  for  a  while  to  Profeilbr  Adrian 
dnced  to    the   lovers    and    teachers    of  natural   fcience,    at     "        " 
O.^ford    and    London  more    efpccially.     Of  his  reception 
from  the    Sherardian   ProfefFor,    we   have  already   fpoken. 
(See   Dll-LEMUs.)       He   was    flrongly    recommended    by 
Boerhaave,  in  a  letter  which  flill  exills,  to  fir  Hans  Sloane  ; 
but  this  indefatigable  collector  neitlier  underilood  nor  cared 
for  thofe  improTements  in  botanic  fcience  which  he  might 
have  learned  from  his  vifitor.     Linnxus  found  more  intel- 


Van  Royen  at  Leyden,  in  the  arrangement  and  dcfcription 
of  the  garden  there,  which  feems  rather  to  have  dilpleafed 
his  late  patron,  and  not  perhaps  without  reafon,  after  the 
flrong  inducements  he  had  offered  to  retain  him.  Linnaus 
exculed  himtelf  as  well  as  he  could,  and  while  givmg  his 
affillance  to  Van  Royen,  compofed  and  printed  the  ClaJJct 
Planlarum,  which  is  a  complete  view  of  all  the  botanical 
fyllcms  ever  known.     Here  alfo  he   publifhed   his  friend 

Arttdi'e 


1^ 


LINNJ^US. 


Artedi's  Ichlhfalogia.  Tiotrhaave  made  another  attempt  to 
iadiice  him  lo  vifn  forr.e  exotic  rc(;ions,  otFering  him  ;i  me- 
dical appointment  at  Surinam,  which  it  is  happy  he  did  not 
accept.  His  friend  and  great  fiivo' rue  Bartfch,  who  was 
fenl  in  his  ftead,  fell  a  facrilice  to  the  climate,  and  to  the 
neglect  on d  ill  ulage  he  received  from  the  governor,  as  Lin- 
naeus has  feelingly  related  in  his  Flora  Siucica,  under  the 
genus  Barlfia. 

Jjinnxus  remained  at  Leyden  tillthe  fpring  of  1738,  when 
he  had  an  interefting  interview  with  the  great  Boerhaave, 
then  on  his  dea'h  hcd.  "  I  have  lived  out  my  time,"  faid 
the  venerable  invalid.  "  I  h^ve  done  what  I  could,  may 
God  prelerve  thee,  from  whom  the  world  expects  much 
more.  Farewell"  Whether  the  climate  of  Holland  co- 
operated with  dejecflion  of  fpirits  in  our  young  Swede,  in 
confequence  of  news  he  received  refpetting  a  rival  in  the 
afFeftions  of  his  miilrefs,  and  in  the  elleem  of  his  intended 
father-in-law,  or  whether  his  literary  labours  were  too  unre- 
mit'ing,  his  departure  vvas  prevented  by  a  very  formidable 
intermittent  fever.  The  ikill  of  Van  Swieten,  and  the  re- 
newed attentions  of  the  amiable  Clifford,  who  received  liim 
again  under  his  roof  with  the  mod  liberal  and  indulgent 
kindnefs,  after  fome  weeks  reilored  him  fo  far,  that  he  was 
able,  though  Hill  weak,  to  fet  out  on  his  journey.  On 
reaching  the  more  elevated  country  of  Brabant,  he  felt  in 
one  day  quite  renovated,  his  whole  frame  being,  as  he  ex- 
prclFes  it,  "  freed  from  fome  great  burthen."  He  carried 
a  very  handfome  introduftory  letter  from  V'an  Royen  to 
Anthony  de  Jnfiieu,  the  phy'iciaii,  who  made  him  acquainted 
with  his  brother,  the  famous  Bernard  de  Juffieu.  (See 
Jussi.EA..)  He  infpecled  the  botanir  garden,  the  herbariums 
of  Tournefort,  Vaillar.t,  the  JuHieus.  &c.  ;  vifited  the 
neighbourhood  of  Fontainebleau,  which  he  has  celebrated 
for  itf  Orchiikx,  formed  an  acquaintance  with  Reaumur  and 
other  diltingnifhed  naturaliils,  and  was  admitted  a  corre- 
fponding  member  of  the  yf endemic:  dcs  Si'icr.ies. 

How  he  co:iverfed  with  Reaumur  and  others,  who  knew 
no  language  but  their  own,  and  for  the  fame  reafon,  how  he 
contracted  fo  clufe  a  friendfliip  with  Mr.  Colhnfon  at  Lon- 
don, it  is  not  eafy  to  conceive.  He  confefles  a  peculiar  in- 
aptitude, and,  we  think,  a  blarr.eable  indifference,  tor  the 
learning  of  languages,  declaring  in  his  diary  that  in  all  his 
travels  he  learnt  "  neither  Eiiglilh,  French,  German,  Lap- 
landiih,  nor  even  Du'ch,  though  he  Hayed  in  Holland  three 
whole  years.  Ncverth.'lefs,  he  found  his  way  every  where, 
■well  and  happily."  By  the  journal  of  his  Lapland  tour, 
■  and  other  manulcripts,  it  appears  that  Latin  was  lufhclently 
familiar  to  him  ;  and  if  fallidious  critics,  who  are  not  com- 
jjetent  to  follow  his  ideas,  may  fometimcs  cenfure  the  ftyle 
of  part  of  his  writings,  they  have  chielly  taken  that  liberty 
with  the  ^mienitales  y/caJemica;  not  remarking  the  great  va- 
riety of  Itylc  in  the  tUays  whiclicompofe  thole  volumes,  and 
which  are  chiefly  wntcen  by  the  pupils  whofe  inaugural  dif- 
fertations  they  were.  The  matter  indeed  was  molUy  communi- 
cated by  the  ProfefTor,  whofe  office  it  was  to  defend  e.ich 
thefis,  in  conjunftion  with  the  candidate,  againlt  all  op- 
pofers.  Thus  thcfe  elTa^'S  are  always  quoted  as  the  works 
of  Linnaeus,  though  their  language  is  rarely  his  own  ;  and 
is  indeed  fo  various,  that  it  could  not  be  fuppofed  all  to 
come  from  one  aulhor. 

After  leaving  Paris,  Linnxus  took  his  paffage  at  Rouen 
for  Sweden,  and  landed  at  HeKingborg,  from  whence  he 
proceeded  to  Fahlun,  vifiting  his  father  for  a  few  days  in  his 
way.  His  reception  from  the  lady  of  his  choice  was  favour- 
able, and  they  were  formally  betrothed  to  each  other.  Be- 
fore they  could  marry,  it  was  necelTary  that  fome  profpcft 
»[    au  advantageous    eilablifhment   fliould  be  difcovcrcd. 


Stockholm  was  thought  a  pron-.irnig  theatre  for  a  yoiinf 
man  of  talents  in  the  medical  profefTion,  but  talents  are 
ufualiy  what  thofe  who  cmpli>y  a  young  pliyfician,  are  of 
all  things  leaft  able  to  judge  of.  If  Crirtune  or  prejudice  do 
not  Hand  his  friend,  the  fkiU  of  Hippocrates,  Celius  or 
Boerhaave  will  fcarcely  be  difccrned.  The  fcicntific  merits 
of  LinniBus  were  not  overlooked,  as  he  was  unaiiimoufly 
cholen  a  member  of  the  Upfal  academy,  the  only  one  then 
in  Sweden  ;  yet  the  homage  he  had  fo  lately  received  abroad, 
feems  to  have  made  him  a  little  unreafonahle  on  this  head, 
and  he  declares  that  he  would  certainly  have  quitted  his  na- 
tive country,  "  had  he  not  been  in  love."  To  this  all-power- 
ful deity  therefore,  amd  not  to  his  merits,  or  to  the  vvifdom 
of  his  countrymen  in  Jifcerning  them,  was  Sweden,  in  the 
firll  inilance,  indebted  for  the  pofieflion  of  her  Linnarus. 
From  his  country  however  flowed  his  mofl  abundant  reward  ; 
for  whatever  emolument  his  matrimonial  connexion  might 
afford,  it  certainly  brought  him  little  liappinefs  or  honour. 
.After  paffiiig  the  winter  of  1738  in  the  capital,  he  began  to 
make  iiis  way  in  fome  departments  of  medical  practice,  fo 
that  by  the  following  Marcii  he  had  confiderable  employ- 
ment. At  this  time  a  plan  was  fori-ed  for  eftablilhing  a 
literary  fociety  at  Stockholm,  which  afterwards  rofe  to 
great  eminence,  and  Hill  continues  to  flouriili,  having  pub- 
lifhed  numerous  volumes  of  TranfaCfions,  in  the  Swedifh 
language.  Triewald,  Hopken  and  Alllroem,  (v.  hole  fa- 
mily was  ennobled  by  the  name  of  Alftroemer,)  were,  with 
Linna;us,  the  tirlt  members :  and  the  infant  fociety,  being 
incorporated  by  royal  authority,  was  augmented  with  all 
the  molt  learned  men  of  the  country.  Its  objects  were  de- 
clared to  be  natural  philofophy,  natural  hiftory  in  all  its 
branches,  chemiftry,  inediciuc,  anatomy,  furgery,  mathe- 
matics, economy,  commerce^  arts  and  manufadtures.  So 
wide  a  range  might  have  been  feared  to  have  cnilangered  its 
fucecfs  ;  but  though,  in  its  progrefs,  Jthefe  various  lludies 
have,  from  time  to  time,  predominated  by  turns,  they  feem 
net  to  have  clafhed  with  each  other.  Part  of  its  tranfaClion» 
has  been  publifhed  in  Latin  at  Venice,  under  the  title  of 
^na/effa  Trnujiifp'ma,  which  is  fotne  reproach  toother  coun- 
tries of  Eurt.'pe,  where  they  are  fo  very  little  known. 

A  molt  flattering  mark  of  public  approbation  was,  foon 
after,  conferred  on  Liunxus,  without  any  folicitatioii. 
Count  TefTin,  marlhal  of  the  Diet,  which  was  then  fitting, 
gave  him  an  annual  penfion  of  200  ducats  from  the  board 
of  mines,  on  condition  of  his  giving  public  lectures  on 
botany  and  mineralogy  at  Stockholm.  'J'he  fame  nobleman 
alfo  obtained  for  him  the  appointment  of  pliylician  to  the 
navy,  and  received  him  into  his  hcufe.  His  pracStice  now 
increafed  greatly  among  the  nobility,  and  he  found  himl'elf 
in  fo  prolperous  a  condition  that  he  would  no  longer  delay 
his  marriage,  which  took  place  at  Fililun,  June  26.  1739. 
After  a  month  he  returned  to  Stockholm.  He  was,  by  lot, 
the  firft  prefident  of  the  new  academy  ;  and  as  that  office 
was  to  be  but  of  three  month.^'  duration,  after  the  French 
plan,  herefigned  it  in  September,  and  on  that  occafion  de- 
livered  an  oration  in  Swedifli,  on  the  wonderful  Economy  of 
Infedts,  which  was  printed  in  theTranfadlions  ;  and  a  Latin 
verfion  of  it  may  be  found  in  the  j^msnilates  jilcadimics,  v.  2. 
His  example  was  followed  by  all  the  fucceedirg  pretidents. 

The  death  of  profelfor  RuJbeck  in  1740,  gave  Linnaeus 
a  hope  of  fucceeding  to  the  botanical  chair  at  Upfal,  one  of 
the  grcatcit  objedts  of  his  ambition.  The  prior  claims  of 
his  torme|:  rival,  Rofen,  on  account  of  his  handing  m  the 
uiiiverlity,  could  not  however  be  fet  afide.  Wallerius  alfo 
rofe  up  in  oppofition  to  the  claims  of  Linnseus.  It  hap- 
pened however  that  Roberg  religned  the  protefforfhip  of 
phyfic  about  this  time,  and  by  the  exertions  of  count  Teffin, 

who 


LINN^'EUS. 


wTio  applied  to  the  chancellor,  count  Gyllenboror,  a  com- 
promife  took  place.  Rofon  obtained  the  pnifefTorfliip  of 
botany,  and  Lii.nacus  that  ■  of  medicii:e,  whilil  Wallerius 
gained  only  cenfure  for  the  illiberality  with  which  he  had 
profecuted  his  clairrs.  By  an  amicable  adjiiflment  which 
\Tas  confirmed  by  authority,  the  two  new  profefTors  after- 
v.ards  divided  their  official  duties  between  them,  lo  as  bed 
to  fuit  the  talents  of  each. 

A  war  chancing-  to  break  out  between  Sweden  and  Ruffia, 
Linns'^s  was  apprelicnfive  that  he  ihould  be  obliged  to  at- 
tend the  fleet,  inilead  of  which  however,  he  received  the 
much  more  agreeable  order  to  travel  tlirough  iEiand,  Gcth- 
land,  &c.  for  the  purpofe  of  inv- ftigaiing  the  n 'tural  hif- 
tory  and  produce  of  thole  countries.  He  was  accompanied 
by  fix  of  his  pupils,  and  Ipent  four  months  of  the  fummer 
of  1741  in  his  expedition,  of  which  an  account  was  pub- 
liihed  at  Stockholm  in  174,  ;  before  he  began  his  leftures 
at  Uplal,  to  which  place  he  removed  in  the  autumn,  he  de 
liven  d  a  Latin  oration  "  On  the  Benefit  of  travelling  in 
one's  own  Country,"  prinred  in  the  2d  vol.  of  the  Amceni- 
tales,  and  tranflated  by  Mr.  Stillmgfleet  in  his  MifccUan  ous 
Trafts.  Thi<  compofition  has  been  much  and  jultly  admired. 
The  next  year  Linmus  undertook  the  reform  of  the  Up- 
fal  garden,  a  new  grcen-houfe  was  ereiSed  ;  an  old  houle  of 
ftone,  built  by  the  great  Olaus  Rudbeck,  who,  having  fuf- 
fered  fo  much  by  fire,  would  not  admit  a  bit  of  wood  into 
the  ftruflure,  "was  converted,"  as  Linnsus  fays,  "from 
an  owl's  neil  into  a  lodging  fit  for  the  ProfefTor."  In  1743 
the  garden  was  in  a  (late  to  receive  thofe  copious  fupplies  of 
exotics,  which  the  new  ProfefTor,  in  confequence  of  his  ex- 
tenfive  foreign  correfpondence,  was  enabled  to  procure. 
He  was  this  year  chofen  a  tnember  of  the  academy  at  Mont- 
pellier.  His  reputation  continued  to  increafe  both  abroad 
and  at  home  ;  he  became  R-cretary  of  the  Upfal  academy, 
and  was  employed  on  fome  public  occafions  to  do  the  ho- 
nours of  the  univerfity.  The  death  of  his  father-in-law 
obliged  hun  to  pay  a  vifit  to  Fahlun,  but  he  fecms  to  have 
gained  little  by  this  event,  except  the  old  medical  library  of 
Dr.  MorjEUs,  which  flill  makes  a  part  of  his  own.  In  1746 
he  travelled  to  Weft  Gothland  ;  an  account  of  his  journey, 
vhich  occupied  two  months,  was  publifhed  the  folic  ving 
year. 

In  1745  Linnxns  publifhed  the  firfl  edition  of  his /"/orrt 
Suecica,  and  in  1746  iiia  fauna  Sutcica  came  out.  Thefe 
works  are  mode's  for  fuch  compofitions,  efpecially  their 
fecond  editions,  publifhed  many  years  afterwards,  with 
fpecific  names,  and  many  valu.ible  additions. 

A  medal  of  this  diftinguifhed  man  was  ftruck  by  fome 
cf  his  friends  in  1746,  dedicated  to  count  TefTm.  He 
foon  after  received  the  rank  and  tit'e  of  Archiater,  unfo- 
licited,  from  the  king,  and  was  the  only  Swede  chofen  into 
the  new-modelled  academy  of  Berlin.  All  thefe  honours, 
however,  though  he  was  by  no  means  indifferent  to  fuch,- 
appear  to  have  given  him  lefs  delight  at  this  moment,  than 
the  acquifition  of  the  herbarium  inade  by  Hermann  in  Cey- 
lon, which  an  apothecary  at  Copenhagen  unki/owingly 
pofTeffed.  Being  defirous  of  becoming  better  acquainted 
with  the  nature  of  this  coUedlion,  its  owner  was  recom- 
mended to  Linnaeus,  who  foon  difcovered  to  whom  it  had 
originally  belonged,  and  rejoiced  at  recovering  a  treafure 
■which  had  been  fuppofed  irrecoverably  lofl.  He  laboured 
day  and  i.ight,  as  he  tells  us,  in  examining  the  flowers,  and 
hence  originated  his  Flora  Ztylanka,  publifhed  at  Stock- 
holm m  1747.  This  herbarium,  as  well  as  that  of  Clif- 
ford, is  now  in  the  pofTeffion  of  firjofeph  Banks. 

The  exertions,  and  dome  lie  as  v; ell  as  foreign  reputation, 
•f  Linnxus,  bad  now  rendered  botany  extremely  popular 


in  Sweden,  and   its  interefts  were  cembined  with  thofe  of 
commerce  in  various   diflant   expeditions  and  fpeculations. 
Many  of  the  principal  merchants,  as   well   as   the  nobility, 
had  acquired  a  tafte  for  natural  hillory,  and  were  proud  to 
further  the  views  of  their  diftinguifhed  ProfefTor,  who  was 
now  confidered   an   honour  to   the   nation.     Several  of  his 
m')ft  intelligent  pupils  were  fent   to   fuch    didant  countries, 
a'!  he  thought  moft  worthy   to   be  explored  ;    as  the  Eaft 
Indies,  China,   North  and   Sou'h  America,   and  the  Holy- 
Land.     (See  Has.'jelquist,     Kalm,    and    LtEPLixciA.) 
Their  difcoveries    enriched  his   works    and  his  herbarium. 
The  latter  alfo  received  important  and  very  interefting  com- 
munications  from  Gmelin  and  others,  who   had   vilited    Si- 
beria, and  the  original  collections  of  Magnol  and  Sauvages^ 
were   tranfmitted   from   Montpellier.     Gronovius  alfo  fur- 
nifhed  many  Virginian   fpecimens,    gathered    by    Clayton, 
Such  communications,  from   all   parts  of  the  world,  grew 
more  and  more  frequent  as  Linna;us   advanced   in  life,  as 
did  alfo  the  academical  honours  which  every  literary  body- 
was  proud  to  confer  upon  him.      In    1749  appeared  his  yl/a- 
term   Medica,  written  in  the   fame  fyilematic   and  didaftic 
ftyle  as  the  refl  of  his  works.      Of  this   numerous   editions 
have    been   publifhed   on  the  continent,  but  none  with  any 
additions   or  corrections   from  the  author   himfelf,  though, 
he  has  left  behind  him  copious  manufcript  notes  on  the  fub- 
jeft.     By  the  curieus  fronlifpiece  of  this  book,  one   would 
fuppofe  that  he  laughed  in  his  fleeve  at  the  ftate  of  medical 
prai^ice  in  the  world,  though  the  body  of  the  work  proves 
he  laboured  very  feiiotifly    to   improve  it.     This  year  he 
tra%-clled  through  Scania,   &c.    and,  two  years    afterw-ard, 
publifhed  an  account  of  this  tour,  as  he  had  done  of  the 
former.      It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  thefe  travels  of 
Linn^us  are  not  given  to   the   world   in  a   language  more 
generally  underftood.      There  are   German  tranflalions  of 
them,  but  we  know  of  no  others.      He  was  this  year  reftor 
of  the  univerfity,   and  it  was  memorable  to  him  alfo  for  an 
attack  of  the  gout,  fo  violent  as  to  end.mger  his  life.      He 
always  attributed    his   rcftoration   from  tliis  fit,  and    other 
fubfequent  ones,  to  his  eating  wood  (Irawberries,  t'nc  ouly 
fort,  then   at  leaft,  known   in    Sweden.      Of  this  fruit  his 
fervants  were  ordered  to  purchafe,  throughout  the   feafon, 
all  that  were  brought  to  his  door,  and  it  made   a  principal 
part  of  his  diet. 

To  this  ,attack  of  the  gout,  however  diftreffing  to  the 
patient,  the  world  is  indebted  for  one  of  his  moft  valuable 
and  remarkable  works,  the  Philofophia  Bolanica.  The  iub- 
ilance  of  this  book  mull  have  been  comprehended  in  the 
mind  of  its  author  when  he  wrote  his  Funilamenta  Botanha  ; 
of  which  it  is  profefTedly  a  dilatation  or  exemplification,  in 
the  form  of  a  commentary  on  each  aphorifm  throughout. 
But,  though  he  had  long  meditated  on  the  fubjecl  of  this 
publication,  which  embraces  the  whole  range  of  botanic 
fcience,  and  indeed  all  the  principles  of  natural  knowledge; 
he  had  made  but  a  few  notes,  not  being  able  to  digell  or- 
feleft  his  ideas,  fufficiently  to  his  own  latisfaiftion,  to  com- 
municate them  to  others.  This  illnefs  however  prompted 
him  to  relcue  from  the  grave,  to  which  he  fuppofed  him- 
felf haftcning,  whatever  might  be  of  fervice  to  thofe  he  left 
behind  ;  and  his  pupil  Lo-tling  was  employed,  fitting  by 
his  bed-fide,  to  write  down  v.-liatever  the  intervals  of  his 
fufTerings  would  allow  hiin  to  communicate.  The  manu- 
fcript afterwards  received  his  own  correttions.  and  the  book. 
came  out  in  1751. 

About  this  period  the  queen  of  Sweden,  Loiiifa  Ulrica, 
fifter  to  the  great  FrerTerick  of  Prudia,  having  a  talle  for 
natural  hillory,  which  her  royal  contort  king  Adolphus 
Frederick  alfo  patronifed,    fliewed  much  favour  to  Lin- 

E2Ut< 


LINNiEUS. 


nxui.  He  was  employed  in  arranging  her  collefkion  of  in- 
fefts  and  Ihelis,  in  the  country  palace  of  Drotuiiijjhohii, 
or  Ulrickfdalil,  and  was  frequently  Iioiioured  with  the 
company  and  converfation  of  tlicir  ma'iellii-s,  during  his 
attendance  there.  The  queen  interclled  hcifclf  in  the  edu- 
cation of  his  fon,  and  promifid  to  frnd  liim  to  travel 
thio'ie'h  Europe  at  her  own  expence.  She  alfo  liftencd  very 
graciiufly  to  any  recommendation  or  pcution  of  Linna:iis, 
in  the  f  rvice  of  fcience  ;  redeeminor  the  papers  and  collec- 
tion of  HafT'-lqnilf,  and  caufintj  Kcehler  to  be  lent  to  the 
Cape  of  Gord  Hope  ;  whofe  mifiion  hovxever  was  rendered 
abortive  by  the  jealoufy  of  the  Dutch,  though  he  forwarded 
many  curio'is  uifeiHs  and  plants  to  his  mailer  from  Italy. 
Linnxus  devoted  fome  of  his  leifiire  time  in  winter,  to  the 
arrangeiiient  of  his  friend  count  TeiTm's  coUedlion  of  fof- 
fils,  at  Stockholm,  of  which  an  account  in  Latin  and 
Swedilli,  making  a  fmall  folio,  with  plates,  came  out  in 
1753.  The  rcfuk  of  his  labours  at  Drotningliolm  was  not 
given  to  the  public  till  many  years  after,  ni  1 764,  when 
his  Mufcam  Reg'tnt:  appeared,  in  8vo  being  a  fort  oi  Pro- 
dromus  of  an  intended  more  fpleudid  work,  that  was  never 
executed.  His  moll  magnificent  publication  appeared  in 
I75'4,  being  a  large  folio,  entitled  Mufcum  Regis  jiilolphi 
Frcdviii,  compreiiending  defcriptions  of  the  rarer  quadru- 
peds, birds,  ferpents,  fifhes,  &c.  of  the  kuig's  mufeum,  in 
Latin  and  Swedifli,  with  plates,  and  an  excellent  preface. 
This  preface,  one  of  the  moft  entertaining  and  eloquent 
recommendations  of  the  iUidy  of  nature,  that  ever  tame 
from  the  pen  of  an  enthufiallic  naturaliil,  was  tranflatcd 
into  Englirti  by  the  writer  of  the  prefent  article,  and  iirll 
printed  ni  1786;  appearing  again,  in  a  volume  of  Tracis 
j-elaiing  to  Natural  Hi/l-ory,  in  1798.  The  queen  of  Sweden 
took  fo  much  plealure  in  the  converfation  of  !ier  diftinguifhed 
naturalift,  that  (he  allowed  him  his  habitual  indulgence  of 
fmoking,  even  in  her  apartments,  that  he  might  continue 
his  labours  with  the  m<ne  eafe  and  fatisfaftion  to  himfelf. 
He  was  in  every  refpeft  politely  treated,  as  a  vifitor  to  hij 
royal  miftrefs,  nor  were  his  fervices  accepted,  without  fuit- 
able  returns  of  royal  munificence.  Whether,  however,  he 
felt  not  fo  entirely  at  eafe  as  in  his  own  ftudy,  or  his  atten- 
tion was  diftracled  by  a  variety  of  objcfts,  the  Mufeum  Re- 
ginee  is  certainly  not  one  of  his  mofl  correil  works,  as 
thofe  who  (ludy  its  Lep'ukplera  and  Ihells,  with  critical 
«are,  will  not  fail  to  difcover. 

In  the  mean  while,  this  eminent  man  was  preparing  a 
lalling  monument  of  his  own  talents  and  apphcation,  which 
even  his  rival  Haller  nobly  denomii.ates  "  maximum  opus 
et  aternum,''  the  Species  Plantarum,  of  which  the  firll  edi- 
tion was  printed  in  1753,  the  feccnd  in  176;,  each  in 
two  volumes  8vo.  The  work  is  too  well  known  to  need 
any  defcription,  but  befides  its  importance  as  a  complete 
arrangement  and  definuion,  with  all  neceifary  indication  of 
fynonyms,  of  every  plant  of  which  its  author  had  any  fa- 
tisfaftory  knowledge,  it  is  ever  memorable  for  the  adapta- 
tion of  fpecific,  or  as  they  were  at  firtl  called,  trivial  names. 
This  cantris'ance,  which  Linnxus  firit  ufed  in  his  Pan  Sue- 
cicus,  a  difi'ertation  printed  in  1749,  extended  to  minerals 
in  his  Mufeum  Tejjinieinum,  and  fnbfequentlv  to  all  the  de- 
partments of  zoology,  has  perhaps  rendered  his  works  more 
popular  than  any  one  of  their  merits  befides.  His  fpecific  dif- 
ferences were  intended  to  be  ufed  as  namet  ;  but  their  un- 
avoidable length  rendernig  this  imprafticable,  and  the  appli- 
cation of  numeral  figures  to  each  fpecies,  in  Haller's 
manner,  being  Hill  more  burthenfome  to  the  memory,  all 
natural  fcience  woidd  have  been  ruined  for  want  of  a  com- 
mon language,  were  it  not  for  this  fimple  and  happy  in- 
vention.    By  this  means  we  fpeak  of  every  natural  produc- 


tion in  two  words,  its  generic  and  its  fpecific  name.  No 
ambiguous  comparifons  or  references  are  wanted,  no  pre- 
fuppolition  of  any  thing  already  known.  The  diilinguifh- 
ing  charader  of  each  objeft  is  mcllly  llamped  in  its  name  ; 
and  if  this  perfeftion  of  the  art  cannot  always  be  attained, 
the  memory  is  alTillcd,  often  ve-y  ingenioufl),  with  collateral 
ii:formation,  indicating  the  colour,  the  habit,  or  the  qua- 
lities of  the  objeft  of  our  examination.  'The  philofophical 
tribe  of  iiaturahlls,  for  fo  thcv  are  called  by  themfelves 
and  their  admirers,  do  not  therefore  depreciate  Linnaeus, 
wlien  they  call  him  a  nomerclator.  On  the  contrary,  they 
celebrate  iiini  for  a  merit  which  no  other  perfon  has  at- 
tained, and  without  which  their  own  difcoveries  and  re- 
marks, of  whatever  value,  would  not  be  underllood. 
Neither  can  fome  of  his  fellow  labourers,  in  the  difcrimiiia- 
tive  departmetit  of  natural  fcience,  be  jiillified,  for  either 
flightint;  this  invrntion,  or  giving  the  credit  of  it  to  others. 
The  metht.d  of  Rivinus  is  not  the  fame  ;  as  he  defigi-.ed  his 
names  for  fpecific  charafters,  to  which  purpofe  they  are 
neccflarily,  from  their  brevity,  inadequate.  Whatever  may 
have  been  thought  of  the  Linna:an  trivial  names  at  their 
firll  appearance,  they  are  now  in  univtrfal  ufe,  and  their 
principle  has  been,  with  the  greatcd  advantage,  extended  to 
chemiilry,  of  which  the  ;elebrated  Bergman,  the  friend  of 
Linnxus,  originally  fet  the  example. 

Thefe  herculean  literary  labours,  combined  with  the 
praclice  of  pliyfic,  were  more  than  the  bodily  conllitution 
of  Linna:us  could  fupport.  He  was  attacked  with  the 
ilone,  and  had  alfo,  from  time  to  time,  returns  of  gout. 
He  confidered  the  wood  llrawberry  as  a  fpecific  for  both 
dilorders,  and  they  never  greatly  interfered  with  his  com» 
fort  or  his  duties.  Oil  the  27th  of  April  1 753,  he  re- 
ceived, from  the  hand  of  his  fovereign,  the  order  of  the 
Polar  Star,  an  honour  v.'hich  had  never  before  been  conferred 
for  literary  merit.  A  tlill  more  remarkable,  if  not  more 
grateful,  comphment  was  paid  him  not  long  after  by  the 
king  of  Spain,  wlio  invited  him  to  fettle  at  Madrid,  with 
the  offer  of  nobility,  the  free  exercife  of  his  religion,  and  a 
fplendid  botanical  appointment.  This  propofal  was  con- 
veyed to  him  in  a  handfome  letter  by  the  duke  of  Grimaldi, 
then  prime  minifter,  and  was  as  handfomely  declined  by 
Linnceus,  who  declared,  that  if  he  had  any  merits,  they  were 
due  to  his  own  country.  This  patriotic  moderation  re- 
ceived its  juft  reward  in  November  1756,  when  he  wasraifed 
to  the  rank  of  Swedifli  nobility,  and  took  the  name  of  Von 
Linne. 

The  Syflema  Nalura  had  already  gone  through  nine  edi- 
tions in  different  countries.  Its  author  had,  for  feveral 
years,  a  more  ample  edition  of  the  animal  department  in 
contemplation,  on  the  plan  of  his  Species  Plantarum,  and  thit 
conftituted  the  fn-ll  volume  of  the  tenth  edition,  pubhlhed 
in  1758.  The  fccond  volume,  which  came  out  the  follow, 
jng  year,  was  an  epitome  of  the  vegetable  kingdom.  Here 
the  genera  appear  with  fhort  effential  charaders,  and  the 
fpecies  are  noted  by  little  more  than  their  (pecific  differences, 
with  few  references  and  no  indication  of  their  native  coun- 
tries. This  fame  great  and  important  work  appeared  tlill 
more  enlarged,  in  a  twelfth  edition,  in  the  year  1766:  to 
this  the  Mineral  kingdom  was  added  in  a  third  volume  on 
the  fame  plan  with  the  firll.  We  can  readily  pardon  the  felf- 
complacency  of  its  author,  when,  in  his  diary  written  for  the 
life  of  his  friend  Menander,  he  calls  the  Syjlema  Naturs 
"  a  work  to  which  Natural  Hiflory  never  had  a  fellow." 
We  may  venture  to  predift  that  as  this  was  tiie  firll  per- 
formanceof  the  kind  it  will  certaiidy  be  the  lall ;  the  fcience 
of  natural  hillory  is  now  become  fo  vaft,  that  no  man  can 
ever  take  the  lead  again  as  an  umverfal  naturaliil. 

The 


LINNiEUS. 


The  emoluments  of  Linnafus  by  liis  various  publications 
were  not  great.  He  is  reported  to  have  fold  the  copy- 
right of  mod  of  them  for  a  ducat,  (about  nine  and  fixpence,) 
a  printed  fli^et.  His  different  appointments,  however,  for 
lie  foon  laid  afide  the  general  prattice  of  phyfic,  had  raifed 
iiim  to  a  confiderable  degree  of  opulence.  He  purchafed 
the  eftates  of  Hammarley  and  Sbfja  in  I  758,  for  So, 000 
dollars,  above  2330/.  fterling.  He  chofe  the  former  for 
his  country  refidence,  and  there,  fome  years  afterwards,  he 
lodged  his  mufeum,  in  a  building  of  ftone,  fecured  from  all 
danger  by  fire.  Tliere  he  received  the  vifits  of  diftinguiflied 
foreicrners  and  admitted  liis  favourite  pupils  ;  to  feveral  of 
whom  he  gave  private  courfes  of  Leftures,  and  completely 
laid  afiJe  the  ftate  of  the  nobleman  and  profelTor  while  he 
dilcourfed  wi;h  them  on  his  favourite  topics.  In  1760  he 
could  not  refill  the  temptation  of  writinj  in  fupport  of  liis 
doftrine  of  the  fexes  of  plant?,  a  handfome  premium  being 
offered  that  year  by  the  Peterlburg  academy,  as  it  was  fup- 
pofed  with  a  view  to  awaken  his  attention  to  the  fubjeft. 
His  Differtation  was  printed,  and  was  trandated  into  Englifli 
in  1786,  with  notes,  by  the  prcfent  pofienor  of  his  library. 
His  patent  of  inability  did  not  receive  his  Majefty's  fign 
manual  till  1761,  thotigh  it  was  antedated  1757.  It  was 
confirmed  by  the  Diet  in  1762,  and  he  then  took  a  coat  of 
arms  exprefilve  of  the  fciences  he  cultivated.  That  augull 
body  honoured  him  with  a  Hill  more  folid  reward,  upwards 
of  j2o/.  flerling,  for  what  feems  to  have  been  the  leail  va- 
luable of  his  dilcoveries,  the  art  of  producing  pearls  in  the 
river  mufcle.  Tliis  was  accomplifhcd  by  wounding  the 
ihells  in  their  natural  fituation,  as  appears  by  fome  fpecimens 
■illuftrative  of  i:  in  his  mufeum,  but  the  praftice  does  not 
feem  to  have  been  profecuted  to  any  great  extent. 

He  now  became  one  of  the  eight  foreign  members  of  the 
French  Academy  of  Sciences,  an  honour  never  before  con- 
ferred on  a  Swede.  Amid  all  his  dignities  however,  his 
ibndnefs  for  botany  never  declined  ;  he  records  in  his  diary 
ttiat  having  made  many  trials  in  vain  to  obtain  the  lea  plant 
alive,  he  fucceeded  at  length  in  1763,  adding  "  that  God 
bleffed  him  even  in  this  point."  His  view  indeed  \^■as  pa- 
triotic as  we;l  as  botanical,  aiming  at  bringing  this  (hrub 
into  ctiltivation  with  us,  fo  as,  to  ufe  his  own  expreflion, 
"  to  fhut  the  gate  through  which  all  the  filver  went  out  of 
-Europe."  It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that,  from  fome  pe- 
culiarity in  the  conftitution  of  this  precious  vegetable,  all 
.attempts  to  reconcile  it  to  the  climate  of  any  part  of  Europe 
have  proved  of  no  avail,  at  lead  as  to  any  economical  pur- 
pofe. 

In  1763  Linnceus  was  permitted  lo  avail  himfelf  of  the 
alTiftance  of  his  fon,  now  21  years  of  age,  in  the  labours  of 
the  Botanical  Prcf^efrorfhip,  and  the  young  man  was  thus 
trained  up  for  hk  future  fucceffor.  His  eldeft  daughter  was 
married  to  an  officer  in  1764.  His  worldly  concerns  appear 
to  have  been  in  a  profpsrous  train,  except  that  he  fuffered 
this  year  from  a  dangerous  attack  of  pleurify  ;  but  it  is 
pleafing  to  read,  in  his  private  memorandums,  the  gratitude 
he  expreiTes  to  his  old  rival  Rofen,  for  his  Hvill  and  atten- 
tion during  this  iilnefs,  and  the  expreflions  of  intimate  re- 
gard by  which  they  were  now  become  attached  to  each 
other. 

This  year  the  fixth  edition,  by  far  the  mod  complete,  of 
the  Genera  P/antarum  was  publifhed,  nor  did  its  autiior  ever 
prepare  another.  It  was  intended  as  a  companion  to  the 
Species  Plantarum,  but  was  greatly  fuperfeded  by  tiie  more 
concife  and  commodious  (hcrt  characters  of  g.ncra,  given 
in  the  vegetable  part  of  the  Syjlema  Nature.  This  laft- 
mentio?;ed  part  was  lubfequently  prepared,  under  the  in- 
fpection  of  Linnseus,  for  publication  by  liis  pupil  Murray 

VojL.  XXI. 


of  Gottingen,  with  the  title  of  Sv/lema  Veretabilium,  edition 
13th,  and  printed  in  1774.  A  14th  edition,  with  additions 
from  Jacquin  and  Thunberg,  was  pubhflied  in  1784.  Into 
thefe  editions  were  interwoven  the  new  fpccles  defcribed  by 
Linnaeus  in  his  firll  and  fecond  Mantype,  two  little  volumes, 
containing  additions  and  corrediions,  by  way  of  fupplement 
to  the  Species  Plantarum.  In  them  we  cannot  help  perceiving 
a  decline  of  the  wonted  precilion  and  genius  of  their  author, 
efpecially  in  the  latter  part  of  the  fecond  Mantijfa,  many 
remarks  in  which  are  mifapplied,  to  plants  different  from 
v.'hat  were  intended,  and  the  errors  to  which  they  give  birth 
can  be  unravelled  by  the  infpetlion  of  the  Linnsean  herba- 
rium only. 

Though  Linna;us  declares,  in  his  diary,  that  he  gave  up 
the  general  pradice  of  phyfic,  on  his  eltabiifhment  at  Upfal, 
attending  only  his  friends  and  the  poor,  he  appears  ever  to 
have  paid  great  attention  to  that  noble  and  intricate  fcience. 
His  ledlures  on  medicine,  dietetics,  and  the  animal  economy, 
were  in  high  repute,  nor  is  he  at  all  beiiind-hand  in  com- 
mending his  own  abilities  in  this  li:'.e.  Though  undoubtedly 
a  great  and  fagacious  obfcrver  in  every  department  of  na- 
ture, he  was  in  this  fomewhat  too  theoretical.  If,  hovvever, 
he  had  peculiar  ideas  refpefiing  the  prevalence  of  the  num- 
ber five,  his  hypothefes  in  general  role  much  above  the  di:!! 
level  of  the  humoral  pathology  in  which  he  was  educated  ; 
and  when  he  applies  his  own  didadtic  talents  to  illuftrate 
medical  theories,  or  any  thing  elfe,  he  is  always  ingenious, 
and  as  luminous  as  the  fiibjecl  will  allow.  His  cunous 
little  Clavis  Medicinie,  publilhed  in  1766,  and  his  Generd 
Morborum,  which  appeared  three  \T;ars  before,  are  not  only 
ftriking,  but  inllruitive.  His  idea  of  a  fyftematic  arrange- 
ment of  difeafes  by  technical  charafters,  was  followed  up 
and  illuftrated  on  a  large  fcale,  by  his  friend  Sauvages  of 
Montpellier  ;  and  the  celebrated  Dr.  Cullen  of  Edinburgh, 
juftly  attributed  to  the  Swedifii  philofopher  the  foundation 
of  his  own  performance  in  this  line.  Such  fchemes  of 
arrangement  indeed  can  be  confidered  merely  as  helps  to  the 
memory,  and  in  themfelves  altogether  artificial.  The  abi- 
hties  of  Linnius  appear  to  the  grcateft;  advantage  in  hii 
claffification  ot  natural  objefts.  He  excelled  in  a  happy 
perception  of  fuch  technical  charatters,  as  brought  together 
things  mod  naturally  allied.  Thus  his  fexual  didribution 
of  plants,  though  profefiedly  artificial,  is  in  many  parts 
as  natural  as  any  that  pretends  to  be  fo.  Linnaeus,  more- 
over, was  the  fird  who  perceived  and  declared  the  dillinc- 
tion  between  a  natural  and  an  artificial  botanic  fyftem,  and  he 
has  laboured  at  the  one  as  much  as  at  the  other.  His  lec- 
tures on  the  natural  orders  of  plants  were  pubhlhed,  long 
after  his  death  in  1792,  from  the  notes  of  his  pupils  Gileke 
and  Fabricius,  at  Hamburgh.  They  evince  his  deep  con- 
fideration  of  a  fubject,  then  in  the  infancy  of  cultivation, 
the  intricacy  of  which  may  well  cxcufe  tlie  frequency  of 
error  in  the  detail.  In  the  zoological  department,  it  is  but 
judice  to  obferve,  tl.at  his  ckifTifications  of  birds  and  infects 
are  the  mod  original  as  well  as  the  bed  of  the  whole,  la 
the  former,  as  in  the  lilammalia,  the  organs  of  feeding  lead 
the  way  to  the  moll  natural  diftin£tions  pofTible  ;  but  the  au- 
thor of  this  fydem,  wlrich  no  one  has  yet  attempted  to  fuper- 
fede,  was  well  aware  that  the  fame  principle  would  not  hold 
good  throughout,  particularly  with  refpedt  to  infefts,  whnfe 
detlination,  in  their  perfecl  ilate,  is  not  lo  much  to  take 
food,  as  to  propagate  their  fpecies.  The  mouth  and  its 
appendages  are  therefore,  in  this  tribe,  but  of  far  fubor- 
diiiate  confequence  ;  and  Linnaeus  had  rccourfe  to  the  more 
natural,  as  well  as  far  more  eafy  principles,  deducible  from 
the  chief  peculiarities  of  thefe  animals,  the  differences  in  their 
wings,  their  llings,  and  their  arienns.     His  pupil  Fabriciui, 

g  fcr 


LINNiEUS. 


for  this  Teafon,  however  able  and  ingenious  in  entomology, 
cannot  be  confidered  as  fortunate  or  ph\lofophical,  in  applying 
his  great  preceptor's  fchemc  of  arrangement  of  quadrupeds 
and  birds  to  infefts.  Indeed,  thofo  who  have  followed 
Fabricius  in  the  detail  of  this  lludy,  declare,  that  he  has 
rarely  proceeded  on  his  own  plan,  but,  leaving  the  mouth  in 
moft  cafes  unexamined,  has  trullcd  to  habit  and  general 
configuration,  which  certainly  produce  natural  atTemblagcs 
enough,  and  true  to  the  Linnxan  rules,  but  dilforcnt  from 
his  own.  The  arrangement  of  fifhes,  by  the  relative  pofition 
of  their  ventral  fins,  was  a  no  lefs  happy  and  original  idea 
of  the  Swedilh  naturalill  ;  as  pointing  out  their  leading  dif- 
ferences of  form  and  habit,  liy  a  diiliudive  character,  taken 
from  a  peculiar  organ  of  their  own.  Shells  he  was  long 
before  he  would  lludy  minutely  at  all,  confidering  them 
merely  as  the  houfes  of  particular  animals,  the  knowledge 
of  vviiofe  (Iructure  and, economy  wa«,  in  a  great  nieafiire, 
inacceflible.  At  length,  however,  the  uniformity  of  his 
plan  obliged  him  to  clafs  thefe  popular  obiefts  of  admira- 
tion, in  fome  way  or  other,  and  he  has  fucceeded  at  leall  as 
well  as  any  of  his  fellow-labourers ;  though  we  are  by  no 
means  inclined  to  jullity  fome  of  his  terms,  which  are  bor- 
rowed from  an  anatomical  analogy,  not  only  falfe  in  itfelf, 
but  totally  exceptionable.  This  leads  us  to  cor.fider  a 
charge,  often  brought  againft  this  great  man,  of  pruriency 
of  phrafeology  in  many  parts  of  his  works.  The  moll  atten- 
tive contemplation  of  his  writings  has  fatisficd  us  that  in 
fuch  inllances  he  meant  purely  to  be  anatomical  and  phy- 
fiological,  and  if  his  fondnefs  for  philofophical  analogies 
fometiraes  led  him  allray,  it  was  not  in  purfuit  of  any  thing 
to  contaminate  his  own  mind,  much  lefs  that  of  others. 
"  Some  of  the  defcriptions  of  Linnsus,"  fays  a  noble  bo- 
tanical author,  "  would  make  the  moft  abandoned  perfon 
blulh."  His  lorddiip  ought  to  have  added,  "  none  but  the 
moft  abandoned."  That  the  mind  of  Linnxus  was  limple 
and  chafte,  as  his  morals  were  confeffcdly  pure,  is  evinced 
by  his  Lapland  Tour,  written  only  for  his  own  ufe,  but 
which  is  now,  as  we  have  already  mentioned,  before  the 
public.  This  is  fuch  a  pifture  of  liis  heart,  as  will  ever 
render  any  juftification  of  his  moral  charadter,  and  any  ela- 
borate difplay  of  his  rehgious  principles  or  feelings,  alike 
fuperfluous. 

His  apparent  vanity,  as  difplayed  in  his  diary,  pubhihed 
in  Dr.  Maton's  valuable  edition  of  Dr.  Pulteney's  Flew  of 
his  Writings,  is  perhaps  far  lefs  juftifiable.  All  we  can  fay 
for  him  is,  that  this  paper  was  drawn  up  for  the  ufe  of  hi.s 
intimate  friend  Menander,  as  materials  from  which  his  life 
was  to  be  written,  If  it  be  unbecoming,  and  indeed  highly 
ridiculous  in  many  inftances,  for  a  man  to  fpeak  as  he  does 
of  himfelf,  the  julUce  and  accuracy  of  his  affertions,  had 
they  come  from  any  other  perfon,  could  in  no  cafe  be  dif- 
puted. 

As  the  habits  of  Linnxus  were  temperate  and  regular, 
he  retained  his  health  and  vigour  in  tolerable  perfeclion,  not- 
withftanding  the  immenfe  labours  of  his  mind  till  beyond 
his  Coth  year,  when  his  memory  began  in  fome  degree  to 
fail  Iiim.  In  1774,  at  the  age  of  67,  an  attack  of  apo- 
plexy greatly  impaired  liis  conltitution.  Two  years  after- 
wards a  fecond  attack  rendered  him  paralytic  on  the  right 
fide,  and  materially  affcfted  his  faculties.  The  immediate 
caul'e  of  his  death,  which  happened  .Tanuary  jotli,  1778,  in 
the  71ft  year  of  his  age,  was  an  ulceration  of  the  bladder. 
His  remains  were  depolited  in  a  vault  near  the  weft  end  of 
the  cathedral  of  Uplal,  where  a  monument  of  Swedilh  por- 
phyry was  ereded  by  his  pupils.  His  obfequies  were  per- 
torn-ied,  in  the  moil  refpeCtful  manner,  by  the  whole  uni- 
vcriity,  jlie  pall  being  fupported  by  fi.\teen  dodlors  of  phyfic, 


all  of  whom  had  been  his  pupils.  A  general  mourning  toofe 
place  on  theoccafion  at  Upfal.  His  fovereign,  Guftavns  III. 
commanded  a  medal  to  be  llruck,  expreflive  of  the  publlt: 
lofs,  and  honoured  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Stockholm 
with  his  prefence,  when  the  eulogy  of  this  celebrated  man 
was  pronounced  there  by  his  intimate  friend  Back.  A  ftill 
higher  compliment  was  paid  to  his  memory  by  the  king  in 
a  fpeech  from  the  throne,  wherein  his  majefty  publicly  cele- 
brated the  talents  of  his  decea'ed  fubjed,  and  lamented  the 
lofs  which  his  country  had  fo  recently  fu'.lained.  Various 
teftimonics  of  refped  were  given  to  the  merits  of  Linnaeus 
in  the  different  parts  of  Europe,  even  where  rival  fyltems 
or  interells  had  heretofore  triumphed  at  his  expcnce.  The 
celebrated  Condorcet  delivered  an  oration  in  his  praifc  to 
the  Parilian  Academy  of  Sciences,  which  is  printed  in  its 
memoirs.  We  cannot  wonder  that  his  memory  was  che- 
lilhcd  in  England,  where  he  had  long  had  numerous  corr?- 
fpondents,  and  where  two  of  his  moll  dillinguilhed  pupil", 
Solandcr  and  Dryander,  have,  in  their  own  talents  and  cha- 
rader,  conferred  fingular  honour  upon  their  preceptor. 
Ten  years  after  his  deceafe  anew  fociety  of  naturalills,  dif- 
tinguilhed  by  his  name,  was  founded  in  London,  and  has 
fince  been  incorporated  by  royal  charter,  wnofe  publications, 
in  ten  quarto  volumes  of  Tranfadions,  fufiiciently  evince 
that  its  members  are  not  idle  venerators  of  the  name  they 
bear.  This  name,  in  imitation'  of  them,  has  been  adopted 
by  feveral  fimilar  inftitutionsin  other  parts  of  the  world. 

The  appellation  of  Linniean  Society  was,  with  the  more 
propriety,  chofen  by  this  Britilh  inftitution,  on  account  of 
the  muleum  of  Linnaeus  having  fallen  into  the  hands  of  its 
original  projedor,  and  hitherto  only  prcfident.  This  trea- 
fure,  comprehending  the  library,  herbarium,  infeds,  fliells, 
and  all  other  natural  curiofities,  with  all  the  manulcripts 
and  whole  correfpondence  of  the  illuftrious  Swede,  were 
obtained,  by  private  purchafe  from  his  widow,  after  the 
death  of  his  fon  in  1783.  The  authority  which  fuch  an 
acquifition  gave  to  the  labours  of  the  infant  lociety,  as 
well  as  to  all  botanical  and  zoological  publications,  the 
authors  of  which  have  ever  been  allowed  freely  to  confult 
it,  will  readily  be  perceived.  Nothing  perhaps  could  have 
more  contributed  to  raile  up,  or  to  improve,  a  tallc  for 
natural  fcience,  in  any  country. 

I.innreus  had  by  his  wife  Sarah  Elizabeth,  who  furvivcd 
to  extreme  old  age,  two  fons  and  four  daughters.  His' 
eldeft  fon  Charles  fucceeded  him  in  the  botanical  profeflbr- 
fliip  ;  fee  the  next  article.  The  younger,  John,  died 
March  7,  1757,  in  the  third  year  of  his  age.  The  mar- 
riage of  his  eldeft  daughter,  Elizabeth  Chriftina,  we  have 
already  mentioned.  This  lady  is  recorded  as  having  difco- 
vered  a  luminous  property  in  the  flowers  of  tlie  Nalhirtium, 
Tropdohiin  meijus,  which  are  fometimes  feen  to  flafli  like 
fparks  of  fire  m  the  evening  of  a  warm  fummer's  day.  Of 
the  other  daughters  we  know  nothing  materially  worthy  of 
record.  The  late  Danilli  ProfelTor  'Vahl  is  reported,  when  a 
ftudent,  to  have  made  an  impreftion  on  the  heart  of  the 
youngell,  which  her  father  did  not  think  proper  to  coun- 
tenance, and  which  is  fuppofed  to  have  prevented  his  Ihewing 
that  favour  and  encouragerr.ent  to  the  young  Dane,  which 
his  acutenefs  and  zeal  in  botjuiical  ftudies  certainly  deferved. 
Linnajus's  Diary,  publiflit^d  by  Dr.  Ma'on,  with  another 
in  MS.  of  the  early  part  of  his  hie.  Stoever's  Life  of 
Linn-JEUS  by  Trapp.  Aikin's  General  Biography.  Vari. 
ous  works  of  Linnaeus.     S. 

1,innm:l-.s,  or  'Von   Linnk,  Charles,    the  eldeft,  and 

only  furviving,  fon  of  the  preceding,  was  born  January  20, 

174I,  at  the 'houle   ot  hi;>  a.aternra  griirdii'.ther  a:  Falilin. 

Hio  father  was  anxioully  defirous  of  his  excelling  in  natural 

2  huiory, 


LINNiEUS. 


■fciilovy,  more  particularly  botany,  anJ  after  endeavouring, 
iram  his  moll  tender  years,  to  make  him  fond  of  flowers, 
committed  him,  when  about  the  age  of  nine  or  ten,  to  the 
Diore  particular  care  of  fome  of  his  own  moft  farounte 
pupils.  By  them  he  was  taught  the  names  of  the  plants  in 
the  Upfai  garden,  and  fuch  of  the  principles  of  natural  fci- 
ence  as  were  fuited  to  his  period  of  life,  as  well  as  to  con- 
verfe  habitually  in  Latin.  He  proved  a  docile  and  ready 
fchoiar,  and  appears  to  have  given  fatisfaftion  to  his  father, 
•who  procured  for  him,  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  the  appoint- 
ment of  Demonftrator  in  the  botanic  garden,  an  office  then 
iirll  contrived  on  purpofe  for  him.  Having  learned  to  draw 
from  nature,  he  became  an  author  at  the  age  of  twenty-one, 
publilbing  in  1762  his  firft  Dtcas  Plantarum  Rariorum  Horti 
Upfi-il'ienfis,  the  plates  of  which,  in  outline  only,  like  thofe 
of  Pluinier,  were  drawn  by  his  own  hand.  Tiiefe  are  fuffi- 
ciently  faithful  and  ufeful,  if  not  ornamental.  The  de- 
Icriptions  are  full  and  fcientiiic.  In  1763  another  Decas, 
or  collection  of  ten  fpecies,  came  out  on  the  fame  plan. 
Whether  the  Upfal  bookfellers  did  not  encourage  him  to 
proceed,  or  for  what  other  reafon  we  know  not,  he  never 
printed  any  more  numbers  under  this  title.  In  1767  how- 
ever,  he  publillied  at  Leipfic  ten  more  plates  and  defcrip- 
tions,  like  the  above,  entitled  Plantarum  Rariorum  Horti 
Upfalimfis  Fafciculus  Primus.  To  this  he  was  perhaps  inlli- 
gated  by  his  friend  Schreber,  who,  the  year  before,  had 
given  to  the  world  a  fimilar  work,  defcribing  ten  rare  ori- 
ental plants,  drawn  by  himfelf.  But  neither  of  thefe  pub- 
lications was  ever  extended  to  a  fecond  Fafciculus.  In  176^ 
he  was  nominated  adjunct  Profeffor  of  Botany,  with  a  pro- 
mife,  hitherto  unexampled,  that  after  his  father's  death,  he 
ibould  fucceed  to  all  his  academical  funftions.  In  1765 
lie  took  his  degree  of  Doctor  of  Phyfic,  and  began  to  give 
leAures. 

His  progrefs  would  probably  have  been  happy,  if  not 
brilliant,  but  domellic  chagrin  lapped  the  foundation  of  all 
his  felicity,  and  damped  his  ardour  in  every  purfuit.  This 
arofe  from  the  conduct  of  his  unnatural  mother,  another 
example  of  that  rare  and  detellable  depravity  exhibited  by 
the  mother  of  Savage  the  poet.  Not  content  with  dil- 
honouring  her  hulband's  bed,  and  making  his  home  as  un- 
comfortable as  flie  could,  by  the  mear.ell  parlimony  and 
difgulling  petty  tyranny,  the  wife  of  the  great  Linnajus 
conceived  a  hatred  for  her  only  fon,  which  {he  difplayed  by 
every  affront  and  perfecution  that  her  fituation  gave  her 
the  means  of  inflitling  on  his  fufceptible  and  naturally 
amiable  mind.  According  to  Fabricius,  fhe  forced  her  huf- 
hand,  who  by  fuch  a  conceffion  furely  partook  largely  of 
her  guilt  and  meannefs,  to  procure  the  nomination  of  his 
pupil  Solander  to  be  his  future  luccelTor,  in  preference  to 
his  own  fon,  and  it  was  a  part  of  her  plan  that  he  fhould 
marry  her  elded  daughter.  Solander,  however,  difdaincd 
both  the  ufurpation  and  the  bait,  refufing  to  leave  England  ; 
and  the  mifguided  father  recovered  his  ienfes  and  authority, 
caufing  his  fon,  as  we  have  laid  above,  to  receive  this  truly 
honourable  diltinCtion.  The  mind  and  fpirit  of  the  young 
raan  neverthelefs  Hill  drooped,  and  even  when  he  had  attained 
his  thirtieth  year,  he  would  gladly  have  efcaped  from  his 
miferies  and  his  hopes  together.  The  authority  of  the  king 
was  obliged  to  be  exerted,  at  his  father's  ioliciiation,  to 
prevent  his  going  into  the  araiy.  This  meafure  of  the  pa- 
rent wa^  happily  followed  up  by  kindnefs  and  encourage- 
ment in  his  botanical  purfuits,  to  which  treatment  the  fon 
was  ever  fcnfiblc,  and  he  revived  from  his  defpondency  be- 
fore his  father's  death,  which  happened  when  he  was  thirty- 
feven  years  of  age. 

Though  obliged  by  his  mother  to  purchafe,  at  her  own 


prife,  the  library,  manufcripts,  herbarium,  &c.  which  he 
ought  by  every  title  to  have  inherited,  he  rofe  above  ever)' 
impediment,  and  betook  himfelf  to  the  ufeful  application  of 
the  means  now  in  his  hands,  for  his  own  reputation  and 
advancement.  His  father  had  already  prepared  great  part 
of  a  third  botanical  Appendix,  or  Manliffa  ;  from  the  com- 
munications of  Mutis,  Kccnig,  Sparmann,  Forfter,  Pallas, 
and  others.  To  this  the  younger  L;nna;us  added  thofe  of 
Thunberg  from  the  Cape,  which  his  father,  "  with  half- 
e.vtingnifhed  eyes,"  as  Condorcet  beautifully  relates,  had 
juil  been  able  to  glance  over,  but  not  to  defcribe.  Hence 
originated  the  Supplementum  Plantarum,  printed  at  Brunf- 
wick,  under  the  care  of  Eiirhart  in  1781.  The  ingenious 
editor  inferted  his  own  new  characters  of  fome  genera  of 
Moffes  ;  which  Hedwig  has  (ince  confirmed,  except  that 
fome  of  the  names  have  been  jiittly  rejedled.  This  (heet 
was,  in  an  evil  hour,  iupprcifed  by  the  mandate  of  Lin- 
naeus from  London,  \\-here,  at  that  period,  the  fubjeft  of 
generic  charatterj  of  moiTes  was  neither  iludied  nor  under- 
tlood,  whatever  fuperior  knowledge  was  difplayed  concern- 
ing their  fpecies.  Tlie  plants  of  the  ^uppiemmtum  are 
admitted  into  the  fourteenth  edition  of  the  Syjlcma  Vege- 
tahilium  by  Murray,  and  figures  of  lome  of  the  moit  curious 
have  been  publilhed  by  the  writer  of  this  prefent  article,  in 
his  Plantarum  hones  ex  Herbaria  Linnsano.  Three  bota- 
nical differtations  alfo  appeared  under  the  prefidency  of  the 
younger  Linnaeus,  on  Grafles,  on  Lavandula,  and  the  cele- 
brated Mstbodus  Mufcorum,  which  laft  was  the  work,  and  the 
inaugural  thefis,  of  the  prefent  Profedor  Swartz  of  Stock- 
holm. Thefe  form  a  fequel  to  the  186  fimilar  elfays,  which 
molt  of  them  compofe  the  feven  volumes  of  the  ^Imoenilatei 
Acadimiciz,  the  reit  being  publiihed  by  Schreber  in  three 
additional  ones. 

Tile  fubjecl  of  our  memoir  had  always  felt  a  ftrong  defire 
to  vifit  the  chief  countries  df  learned  and  civilized  Europe. 
For  this  purpofe  he  was  obliged  to  pawn  his  juvenile  her- 
barium, made  from  the  Upfal  garden,  to  his  friend  Alllroe- 
mer,  for  the  loan  of  about  fitty  or  fixty  pounds.  He 
arrived  at  London  in  Mav  1781,  and  was  received  with 
enthufiafm  bv  the  farviving  friends  and  correfpondents  of 
his  father,  and  was  in  a  maimer  domefticated  under  the  roof 
of  fir  Jofeph  Banks,  whofe  friendfhip,  kindnefs,  and  libe- 
rality could  not  be  exceeded  ;  neither  could  they  have  been 
by  any  one  more  gratefully  received.  Here  the  ardent 
Swedilii  vifitor  had  every  affiftance  for  the  preparation  of 
feveral  works  on  which  he  was  intent,  as  a  fyllem  of  the 
Mammalia,  a  botanical  treatife  on  the  Lily  ai  d  Palm  tribes, 
and  nevk-  editions  of  feveral  of  his  father's  llandard  books. 
None  of  thefe  however  have  yet  been  printed.  An  attack  of 
the  jaundice  rendered  half  his  ftay  in  England  uncomfort- 
able as  well  as  ufelefs  to  him.  He  proceeded  to  Paris  in 
the  latter  end  of  Augull  1781,  accompanied  by  the  amiable 
and  celebrated  Brouffonet,  with  whom  he  became  acquainted 
at  London.  His  reception  in  France  was  not  lets  flatter- 
ing than  what  he  h^d  experienced  in  England.  He  was 
enriched  with  duplicates  of  Commerfon's  plant.s  from  the 
herbarium  of  the  excellent  Thouin,  which  amounted  to 
about  HOC  fpecies,  and  had  never  been  communicated  to 
any  other  foreigner.  In  the  following  fpring  he  vifited 
Holland,  tracing  with  filial  piety  every  veiligc  of  his  fa- 
ther's fteps  at  Harcecamp  and  eliewliere,  and  receiving,  as 
he  had  done  at  Paris  and  London,  ample  contributions  for 
his  herbarium,  library,  and  mufeum  of  fliells  and  infers. 
The  next  place  in  w^hich  he  made  any  flay  was  Hamburgh, 
where  feveral  of  his  own  friends  were  already  fettled,  and 
from  hence  he  returned  by  Copenhagen  and  Stockholm, 
vifiting  his  friend  Fabricius  at  Ivel,  and  his  patron  Baron 
Q  2  Alllroemrr 


L  I  N 


L  I  N 


Alftroemer  at  Gottenbiirgli,  finally  arriving  at  Upfiil  in 
February  :783.  In  his  progrefs  lie  had  received  fevcral 
academical  honours,  as  well  as  ample  teftinvinies  of  fcieiitific 
and  i-crfonal  refpc(^t,  being  a  man  of  agreeable  and  iinalTiim- 
ing  manners,  without  "-anity  or  ollentation,  though  fome- 
what,  perhaps  not  unduly,  tenacious,  that  his  own  difco- 
veries  and  performances  fliould  not  be  confounded  with  any 
thing  left  behind  by  his  father.  But  the  career  of  this  ex- 
cellent man  was  cut  Ihort  by  a  bilious  fever,  wliich  con- 
cluded with  a  itrokc  of  apoplexy,  November  i,  i/S^j,  in 
the  forty-fecoiul  year  of  his  ago.  His  remains  were  in- 
terred with  gi-eat  folemnity  on  the  30th  of  the  fame  month. 
His  coiBn  was  laid  by  the  fide  of  iiis  father,  and  as  t!ie 
male  line  of  the  family  concluded  in  him,  l\un  co-.it  of  arms 
vas  broken  over  the  grave.  After  this  ceremony  the  gar- 
dener of  the  univerlity  ftrewed  flowers  over  the  mingled 
alhes  of  the  father  and  the  fon.  A  funeral  oration  in  SwcdilTi 
was.  pronounced  by  M.  Von  Schulzer.heim,  and  was  foon 
after  publifhed.  This  compolition,  partly  tranflated,  and 
much  enlarged,  in  the  Englilh  edition  by  Trapp  of  Stoe- 
ver's  Life  of  Linna;u3,  has  afforded  much  of  the  fubftance 
of  this  article,  aflKled  by  feveral  private  communications. 

The  younger  Linnaeus  is  faid  to  have  had  naturally  a 
ftrong  and  vigorous  frame  of  body,  and  to  have  inherited 
his  father's  keen  and  penetrating  eyes,  as  well  as  his  temper 
and  adlive  difpoliticn.  He  was  greatly  beloved  by  thofe 
who  knew  him,  and  died  generally  rcfpefted  and  lamented. 
His  mufeuna  and  library  reverted  to  his  mother  and  Cillers, 
as  he  had  never  been  married  ;  and  the  former  indantly 
fixed  her  eyes  on  fir  .lofeph  Banks,  as  the  rrioll  likely  per- 
fon  to  purchafe  thefe  relics  at  the  high  price,  as  ilie  thought 
it,  of  a  thoufand  guineas.  On  his  refufal,  and  by  his  kind 
recommendation  and  advice,  they  came  iiito  the  hands  where 
they  now  are.  The  fale  was  precipitated  before  the  return 
of  the  king  of  S.vedcn,  then  on  his  travels,  lell  he  ftiou'd 
oblige  the  heirs  to  dilpofe  of  the  whole  at  a  cheaper  rate  to 
the  Univerfity  of  LTpfal.  This  would  aftually  have  been 
the  cafe,  as  appears  from  the  exertions  made  by  his  Majeily 
on  his  return,  who  fent  a  courier  to  the  Sound,  and  a  velTel 
by  fea,  to  intercept  the  (hip  that  was  bearing  away  the 
prize.      S. 

LINNET,  LlN'ARlA,  in  Ornith'.hgy,  the  denomination  of 
a  tribe  of  birds,  which  fome  authors  have  made  a  diilinft 
genus,  comprehending  feveral  fpecies,  which  are  ufually 
clalTed  u'lder  the  genus  FrlngiUa.  Thofe  who  confider  them 
as  a  diilintl  genus,  ftatc  their  charafters  to  be  thele  :  the 
birds  of  it  are  fomevvhat  fmader  than  the  chaffinch  ;  their  ge- 
ne.-al  colour  is  a  greyiih-brown  ;  their  tail  is  a  little  forked, 
the  outer  feathers  of  it  having  white  extremities  ;  and  they 
all  ling  very  fwectly.  We  have  in  England  four  fpecies  of 
this  bird. 

1.  The  common  brown  linnet,  the  Fr'm^iUa  linota  of  Gme- 
lin,  well  kno.vn  to  every  one.  Thefe  birds  are  much  ef- 
teemed  for  their  fong  :  they  feed  on  feeds  of  different  ki:;Js, 
which  they  peel  before  they  eat  :  the  feed  of  the  linum,  or 
flax,  is  their  favourite  focd,  whence  the  name  of  the  hniiet 
tribe.      See  Fkingilla  L'mota. 

2.  The  I'lr.aria  rubra  major,  or  grea'er  red-headed  linnet, 
or  greater  redpole;  the  Frin^il/ci cannalina  of  Linnseus.  This 
has  a  fine  red  head,  a  grey  neck,  a  duilcy  reddilh  brown 
back,  and  its  breall  and  bcily  are  fome'vhat  reddilh.  The 
female  of  this  fpecies,  however,  has  no  rcdnefs  in  its  head 
er  breail,  but  has  fomevvhat  of  a  greenifh  caft  on  the  brown 
of  its  back,  and  is  yellovvifh  on  the  breaft,  with  fome 
brownilh  fpots.  It  is  a  common  fraud  in  the  bird-lhops  in 
London,  when  d  male  bird  is  dillinguidied  from  a  female  by 
a  red  breaCl,  as  in  the  cafe  of  this  bird,  to  ihin  or  paint  the 


feathers,  fo  thr.t  the  deceit  is  not  cafily  difcovcred,  withot;t 
clofe  infpeition.  This  fpecies  of  linnet  is  /requent  on  oup- 
r..a-coalls,  and  is  often  taken  in  flight  time  near  London.  It 
io  a  familiar  bird,  and  becomes  cheerful  in  five  minutes  after 
it  is  cau '!;)•,». 

^.  Ti\<- llnnr'm  rubra  minor,  or  lefl'er  red-headed  linnet,  or 
Icller  redpole  ;  the  FringUlaliiinrla  of  Linnxus.  This  is  the 
lealt  of  all  the  linnets,  and  on  the  back  is  of  the  fame  colour 
with  tlie  common  linnet  ;  the  back  part  of  its  head  is  red, 
and  alio  i-s  breall,  but  the  lower  part  of  its  belly  is  whitilh. 
In  this  fpcoies,  the  female,  as  well  as  the  male,  has  a  red' 
head,  that  of  the  male  being  ornamented  with  a  rich  fliining 
fpot  of  a  purplifli-red,  and  that  of  the  female  of  a  faffrou 
colour  ;  and  both  have  their  beaks  much  fl-.arper,  and  their 
feet  and  legs  blacker  than  in  the  larger  kind.  This  is  a  gro-, 
garious  bird,  whereas  the  larger  fpecies  commonly  flics  lingle. 
This  feems  to  be  the  fpecies  known  about  London  by  the 
name  of  Hone  redpole. 

4.  The  lad  fpecies  is  the  I'maria  tr.oniana,  or  Fr'mgiUa  mon- 
t'mm,  or  mountain  linnet.  This  is  the  largell  of  all  the  lin- 
nets,  according  to  Willughby's  defcription,  though  Mr. . 
Pennant  fays  that  it  is  in  f:ze  rather  inferior  to  the  connnon 
linnet.  Its  beak  is  very  fmall ;  its  head  and  back  are  of  the 
fame  colour  with  thole  of  the  common  linnet,  and  the  feathers- 
of  its  breaft  and  belly  are  black,  edged  with  white  ;  tha 
rump  of  the  male  is  of  a  fine  and  beautiful  red,  and  thus 
dillinguiflies  it  from  the  female.  This  fpecies  is  common  in 
Derbyfliire,  but  feems  not  fo  frequent  in  other  places.  How- 
ever, it  is  taken  in  the  flight  feafon  near  London  with  the  lin- 
nets, and  called  a  tu-:te.  It  breeds,  according  to  Mr.  Pen- 
nant, only  in  the  northern  parts  of  our  ifland.  Ray  and 
Pennant. 

It  is  remarkable  of  the  linnet,  that  when  it  builds  in 
hedges,  and  when  in  furze-bulhes  on  heaths,  in  both  which 
places  the  nefts  are  very  common,  they  are  made  of  different 
materials.  When  they  build  in  hedges,  they  ivfe  the  flcnder 
filaments  of  the  roots  of  trees,  and  the  down  of  feathers 
and  thitUes  ;  but  when  they  build  in  heaths,  they  ufc  mnfs, 
principally,  for  the  outer  part,  finifning  it  within  with  fuch- 
things  a?  the  place  will  afford,  chiefly  with  wool  and  hair. 
Thefe  birds  will  have  young  ones  three  or  four  times  a  year, 
efpecially  if  they  are  taken  away  before  they  are  able  to 
leave  the  nefts.  They  lay  five  whitifh  eggs,  ipotted  like  thofe 
of  the  gold-finch. 

When  they  are  intended  to  be  taught  to  whillle  tunes,  or 
to  imitate  the  notes  of  any  other  bird,  they  are  to  be  taken 
from  the  old  ones  when  they  are  not  more  than  four  days 
old  ;  for  at  this  time  they  have  no  idea  of  the  notes  of  the 
old  ones,  and  will  readily  be  taught  to  modulate  their,  voice 
like  any  thing  that  is  molt  familiar  to  their  ears,  and  « lUiin 
the  compafs  of  their  throats.  The  honourable  Mr.  Barnng- 
ton  ohferves,  that  in  order  to  be  certain  that  a  neltling  will 
not  have  the  call  of  its  fpecies,  it  fliould  be  taken  fron.  the 
nell;  when  only  a  day  or  two  oid  ;  though  a  bird  of  this  age 
requires  great  trouble  in  breeding,  and  the  chance  is  greatly 
againft  its  being  reared.  There  requires  mere  care  in  the 
feeding  them  v/hen  they  are  take",  thus  young,  than  when 
they  are  left  in  the  ncil  till  nearly  fledged,  bui;  they  will 
be  reared  very  well  upon  a  food  half  bread  and  half  rape- 
feed,  boiled  and  bruifed  :  this  mult  be  given  them  feveral 
times  a  day.  It  muil  be  made  frcfll  every  day,  and  given 
them  fufficiently  moift,  but  not  in  the  extreme.  If  it  be  in 
the  leall  four,  it  gripes  and  kills  them  ;  and  if  too  ftift',  it  is 
as  mifchievo'is,  by  binding  them  up. 

They  mull  be  hung  up  as  fjoii  as  taken  from  the  neff, 
under  the  bird  whofe  note  they  are  intended  to  learn  ;  or  if 
they  are  to  Ije  taught  to  whillle  tunes,  it  mull  be  done  by 

b  i-lVUlir 


L  r  N" 


L  I  N 


ffiving  them  leffbns  at  the  time  of  feeding  ;  for  they  will  pro- 
fit  more  while  young  in  a  few  days,  than  in  a  long  time  after- 
wards, and  will  take  in  the  whole  method  of  tlieir  notes  be- 
fore they  are  able  to  crack  hard  feeds.  Some  have  attempted 
to  teach  them  to  fpeak,  m  the  manner  of  the  parrot,  or  othtr 
birds,  and  they  will  arrive  at  fome  fort  of  perfcclion  in  it 
with  great  pains. 

Mr.  Birrington  mentions  a  linnet,  which  being  taken 
from  its  nell  when  only  two  or  three  days  old,  almoil  articu- 
lated the  words  prMy  boy,  as  well  as  fome  other  fhort  fentences. 
See  Song  of  Binh. 

LINNICK,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Roer,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  tlie 
dillricl  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  feated  en  the  Ruhr  ;  live  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Juliers.  The  place  contains  2086,  and  the 
canton   13,589  inhabitants.     N.  lat.  50°  57'.     E.  long.  6" 

i-i  • 
'LINOCARPUM.in  Bdany,  fo  called  by  Micheli,  Nov. 

Gen.  22.  t.  21,  from  the  refemblance  of  its  fruit  to  that  of 

L'nium,  Flax.    See  Radiola  and  Li-\l.m. 

L.IN0C1ERA,  a  name  given  by  Dr.  Swartz,  in  honour 
of  Geoffrey  Linocier,  a  French  phyfician,  who  flourifhed 
at  the  clofe  of  the  fixteenth  and  beginning  of  the  feven- 
teenth  centuries.  Fie  pubhflied  at  Paris  in  1584  an  ac- 
count of  the  officinal  aroraatics  of  the  Eaft  and  Welt  Indies. 
This  book  is  accompanied  by  wooden  cuts.  Linocier  alio 
wrote  upon  the  natural  hiftory  of  beads,  birds,  fi{hes,  and 
ferpents  :  but  on  thefe  fifejecls  he  borrowed  largely  from 
Gefner  and  other  authors.  The  prefent  genus  was  adopted 
by  Schreber,  from  Swartz,  who  lirit  called  it  Thouinia, 
in  his  Prodrcmus.  Dr.  Smith  however  fiiggefts  that  Llno- 
cJera  may  probably  not  be  a  dillinft  genus  from  Chionan- 
thus,  merely  becaufe  tney  differ  in  the  number  cf  cells  of 
the  fruit :  the  former  having  two  cells,  the  latter  only  one. 
liut  in  fome  genera  of  this  natural  order,  the  number  of 
cells  in  the  ripe  fruit  has  been  difcovered  conllantly  to  be 
fewer  than  in  the  young  germen.  In  Oka,  in  particular, 
this  was  found  to  he  regularly  thi?  cafe  by  the  late  M.  Brouf- 
fonet,  though  we  know  not  that  it  had  been  before  fiifpefted. 
— Swarcz  Ind.  Occ.  v.  i.  49.  Schreb.  7S4.  WiUd.  Sp.  PI. 
V.  I.  154.  (Thouinia;  Swartz  Prod.  14.) — Clafs  and  order, 
Diandria  Alonogynii.  Nat.  Qfd.  S^biari^,  Linn.  Jafmiiuw, 
JufT. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cat.  Perianth  inferior,  very  fmall,  four-toothed, 
obtufe,  permanent.  Cor.  Petals  four,  equal,  linear,  chan- 
nelled, creft,  fpreading  at  the  top,  confiderably  longer 
than  the  calyx.  &Mn.  Filaments  two^  very  (liort  and 
broadilli  ;  anthers  linear,  two  furrowed,  the  length  of  the 
corolla,  erect,  each  adhering  ihghtly  to  ore  fide  of  two  of 
the  petals..  Pi/l.  Germen  luperior,  ovate,  quadrangular; 
llyle  (hort  ;  itigma  oblong,  cloven.  Peric.  Berry,  or 
rather  Drupa,  ovate,  acuminate,  of  two  cells.  Ssei/s  foli- 
tary,  oblong. 

EC  Ch.  Calyx  four-toothed.  Corolla  of  four  petals,  the 
two  oppolite  o;  es  connected  at  their  bafe  by  the  anthers. 
Fruit  of  two  cells  and  two  feeds. 

L.  ligujlrlna  is  the  only  fpecies  defcnbed  by  Swartz. 
It  is  a  native  of  dry  open  places  in  the  Weft  Indies, 
cfpecially  Jamaica  and  St.  Domingo,  flowering  in  June  and 
July. 

LINONASME,  the  name  of  a  melancholy  and  folemn 
air  of  the  ancient  Greeks,  on  the  death  of  Linus. 

LINOS  is  fnppofed  to  imply  the  fame  air.  RoulTeau, 
however,  calls  it  a  kind  of  rutHc  fong  among  the  ancient 
Greeks  ;  thty  had  like  wife  a  funeral  long  of  the  fame  name, 
which  anfivered  to  what  the  Romans  called  Nisnia.     Some 


fay  that  the  Linos  was  invented  in  Egypt  ;  while  others 
afcribe  its  invention  to  Linus,  the  Eubocan. 

LiNOSA,  in  Geography,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, not  far  from  the  coall  of  Tunis,  near  the  ifland  of 
Lampedofa. 

LINOTA,  in  Ornithology.  See  Linnet,  aad  Fringilla 
L'lno'.a. 

LINOZOSTIS,  \n  Botany,  a  name  given  by  the  ancient 
Greek  writers  to  two  plants  very  different  from  one  another  ; 
the  one  is  the  mercurialis,  orEngliili  mercury,  a  plant  com- 
mon in  uncultivated  places,  and  eaten  by  many  boiled  iri  man- 
Tier  of  afparagus  ;  the  other  the  epillnum,  or  dodder,  growing 
upon  the  plants  of  flax. 

Theophraftus,  Diofcorides,  and  the  ancient  Greeks,  ufe 
the  word  in  the  firll  fenfe,  and  the  modern  Greeks  in  the 
latter. 

The  Latin  authors  call  this  Unozojlis,  or  epllinum,  fome- 
times  angina  lim,  ^nA  podagra  lini,  looking  on  it  as  a  dift-afe 
which  choaks  the  plant  it  grows  on,  and  caufcs  gouty  tumours 
on  the  llalk?.     See  Dodder. 

LINQUES,  in  Geography,  a  country  of  Celebes,  lying 
between  the  two  ilates  of  Binano  and  Bankale,  not  far  from 
the  bay  of  Tourattea  ;  which  fee. 

LINSCHOTTEN,  a  town  of  Holland ;  eight  miles- 
W.  of  Utrecht. 

LINSDORF,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  Ko- 
nigingratz  ;  32  miles  E.S.E.  of  Geveriberg. 

LIN3E,  a  town  of  Pruflia,  in  Oberlar.d  ;  15  miles  S.E.  - 
of  Marienwerder. 

LINSEED,  or  Line-seed,  a  fort  of  grain,  being  the  feeds 
of  the  common Jlax,  (which  lee,)  which  enters  the  com- 
pofition  of  feveral  medicines,  and  yields,  by  exprelTion, 
an  oil,  that  has  moft  of  the  qualities  of  nut  oil,  and  is  ac- 
cording generally  ufed,  in  lieu  thereof,  in  paintings  and  for  " 
burning. 

Thofe  who  manufafture  it  in  large  quantities  have  mills 
turned  by  horfes  or  water,  for  the  more  expeditious  dilpatcli' 
of  their  work.     See  Oil. 

Linseed,  in  the  Materia  Mediea.  Thefe  feeds  have  aa 
unftuous  mucilaginous  fweetidi  taile,  without  any  remark- 
able fmell.  The  oil  which  they  yield  in  esprefTion,  when 
carefully  drawn  without  the  application  of  heat,  has  no  par- 
ticular tafle  or  flavour  :  and  in  fome  properties  differs  con- 
fiderably from  moll  other  oils  of  this  kind  ;  as  congealing  ill. 
water,  not  forming  a  folid  ioap  with  fixed  alkaline  falts,- 
acting  more  powerfully  as  a  menftruum  on  fulphurous  bodies,  . 
than  any  other  exprefi'ed  oil  that  has  been  tried. 

The  feeds,  boiled  in  water,  yield  a  large  proportion  of  a-  • 
ftrong  flavourlcfs  mucilage  ;  but  to  rcdtitied  fpirit  they  give 
out  little  or  nothing.  Thefe  feeds  have  been  fometimes  ufed,  . 
in  a  feafon  of  fcarcity,  iiiflead  of  grain  ;  but  they  appear 
to  be  an  unwholefome  as  well  as  an  unpalatable  food.  They 
afford  little  nourifliment,  impair  the  ftomach,  and  produce 
great  flatulence,  as  Galen  long  ago  ohferved.  Tragus  relates, 
that  thofe  who  fed  upon  tiiem  in.  Zeal.ind,  had  the  bypo- 
chondres  in  a  (hort  time  dillended,  and  the  face  and  other 
parts  fwelled  ;  and  that  not  a  few  died  of  thele  complaints. 

Infufions  and  decoctions  of  thefe  feeds,  like  other  vege- 
table mucilages,  are  ufed  as  emollients  or  demulcents  in 
hoarfeneffcs,  coughs,  and  pleuritic  fymptoms,  which  fre- 
quently prevail  in  catarrhal  affections  ;  they  are  alfo  recom- 
mended in  nephritic  pains  and  ftranguries  ;  a  fpoonful  cf  the 
feeds  unbruil'ed  is  faid,  for  thefe  purpofes,  to  be  fufHcient 
for  a  quart  of  water.  The  feeds  are  alio  much  ufed  exter-  . 
nally  in  emollient  and  maturating  cataplafms.  The  feeds  - 
from  which  the  oil  has  been  expreffed,  boiled  in  milk,  and  ap» 
plied  warm,  ca  a  clotb,  to  heiT.ix,  are  much  recommended 

ia.* 


L  I  N 


L  I  N 


in  the  Satyr.  Silefiac.  Specim.  4.  Obf.  4.  The  cxpreired 
oil  is  an  officinal  preparation,  and  is  faid  to  be  of  a  more 
healing  and  ballamic  nature  than  the  other  oils  of  this  clafs  ; 
it  has  therefore  been  very  generally  employed  in  pulmonary 
complaints  ;  alfo  in  colics,  and  condipations  of  the  bowels. 
It  is  ufed  in  common  with  other  oils  as  a  vermifuge.  Lewis 
Mat.  Med.     Woodv.  Med.  Bot. 


long,  having  at  one  end  a  piece  of  iron  divided  into  two 
branches,  each  of  which  has  a  notch  to  hold  a  piece  of 
match,  and  a  fcrew  to  fallen  it  there  ;  the  other  end  being 
alfo  Ihod  with  iron,  and  pointed  to  ftick  into  the  ground,  or 
.in'the  deck  when  it  is  ufed  at  fea.  It  is  ufed  by  the  gunners 
in  firing  cannon.  It  is  frequently  ufed  in  fmall  veffels,  in 
an  engagement,  where  there  is  commonly  one  fixed  between 


Linseed   Cakes,  in  ^griculliire,  the  name  of  fuch  cakes    every  two  guns,  by  which  the  match  is  always  kept  dry  and 
36  remain  after  the  ex;)rcfilon  of  the  oil  from  flax  feed.     They     ready  for  tiring. 


are  at  prefent  m\ich  ufed  in  the  fattening  of  cattle,  (lieep, 
and  other  forts  of  live  ftock,  and  of  courfe  of  great  value 
and  importance  to  the  farmer.  The  price  however  has  been 
of  late  fo  high  as  to  greatly  lelFen  the  demand  for  this  article. 
See  Oil-cake. 

Linseed,  Infufwnof.     See  Infusion. 

LINSELLES,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North  ;  five  miles  N.  of  Lille. 

LINSENBAHRT,  or  as  he  is  called  in  his  works  in 
Latin,  Lentilius,  Rosinus,  in  Biography,  a  phyfician, 
was  bom  at  Waldenburg,  in  the  province  of  Hohenlohe, 
in  February  1657.  He  commenced  his  fludics  at  Heidel- 
berg at  the  age  of  fourteen,  and  thence  removed  to  Jena  in 
1673.  ^"'-  '"^  fcanty  means  of  fubfillence  compelled  him 
tlie  next  year  to  engage  as  a  teacher  in  the  vicinity  of  Leipfic, 
where  he  continued  till  1677.  He  then  travelled,  with  a 
view  to  improve  his  fituation,  through  feveral  of  the  princi- 
pal towns  in  the  north  of  Germany,  and  fettled  at  Mittan, 
in  Courland,  in  the  fame  capacity  of  teacher.  To  aid  this 
feeble  refource,   Linfenbahrt  began  likewife  to  praftife  me 


LINSTORP,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Medelpedia ;    16  miles  N.  of  Su:.dfwal. 

LINT,  in  Surgery,  is  the  icraping  of  fine  linen,  ufed  by 
furgeons  in  drefling  wounds.  It  is  made  into  various  forms, 
which  acquire  different  names,  according  to  the  difference 
of  their  figures. 

Lint  made  up  in  an  oval,  or  orbicular  form,  is  called  a 
philgil ;  if  in  a  cylindrical  form,  or  in  the  thape  of  a  dale 
olive-done,  it  is  called  a  tf'^/^ 

Thefe  different  fiirms  of  linf  are  required  for  many  pur- 
pofes  ;  as,  I.  To  flop  blood  in  frefh  wounds,  by  filling  them 
up  with  dry  lint  before  the  application  of  a  bandage  ;•  though 
if  fcraped  lint  be  not  at  iuuid,  a  piece  of  fine  linen  may  be 
torn  into  fmall  rags,  and  applied  in  the  fame  manner.  In 
very  large  hemorrhages  the  hut,  or  rags,  fliould  be  firft 
dipt  in  fome  ftyptic  liquor,  alcohol,  or  oil  of  tvirpentine,  or 
fprmkled  with  a  ilyptic  powder.  2.  To  agglutinate  and 
heal  wounds;  to  which  end  lint  is  very  ferviceable,  if  fpread 
witii  fome  digeftive  ointment,  or  balfam,  or  dipt  in  fome 
vulnerary  liquor.     _v  I"  drying  up  wounds  and  ulcers,  and 


dicine,  in  which  his   fuccefs  was  fuch,  that  the  marquis  of    forwarding  the  formation  of  a  cicatrix.     4.  In  keeping  the 


Anfpach  appointed  him  phyfician  to  the  town  of  Creillheim, 
in  Franconia  ;  whitiier  he  repaired  in  1680,  after  having 
been  admitted  a  licentiate  in  medicine  at  Altdorf.  He  after- 
wards fettled  at  Stutgard,  and  was  patronifed  by  the  mar- 
quis of  Dourlach  ;  aud,  when  that  prince  was  driven  by 
tnc  war  to  take  refuge  at  Bafie,  he  was  nominated  honorary 
phyfician  to  the  duke  of  Wirtemberg,  and  became  his  firll 
phyfician  in  17  1 1.  He  accompan'ed  the  fon  of  this  prince 
in  his  travels,  during  three  years  ;  and  after  his  return,  in 
1716,  remained  in  the  tranquil  exercile  of  his  profeffion  un- 
til his  death,  in  FebruHry  1733.  Linfenbahrt  was  ardent 
in  his  attention  to  the  qualiiies  and  operations  of  di-ugs  during 
his  whole  life,  regarding  that  fpecies  of  knowledge  as  the 
mod  important  to   the  phyfician,  and  being  fomewhat   too 


lips  of  wounds  at  a  proper  dillance,  that  they  may  not 
hallily  unite,  before  the  bottom  is  well  digeiled  and  healed. 
5.  They  are  highly  neceffary  to  prelerve  wounds  from  the 
injuries  of  the  air.  Small  portions  of  lint  tied  round  with 
thread  are  chiefly  ufed  in  drefling  wounds  and  ulcers  of  the 
deeper  kind.  They  are  always  applied  to  the  bottom  of 
fuch  wounds,  the  remaining  cavity  being  filled  up  with  otiier 
portions  of  lint.  By  this  njeans,  the  immediate  removal  of 
the  dreffings  is  not  only  provided  for,  but  the  poffihility  of 
leaving  any  part  of  them  in  the  bottom  of  the  wound  is  pre- 
vented. 

In  very  large  wounds,  and  efpecially  in  amputations  of 
the  limbs,  which  operations  are  frequently  required  in  the 
army  and  navy,  at  times  when  lint  is  very  fcarce,  it  will  be 


negligent  of  the  (Uidy  of  anatomy,  and  of  the  writings  of     very  fufficient  to  drefs  the  bare  bone  and  face  of  the  wound 


the  ancients.  He  was  the  firll  who  recommended  the  ufe  of 
arfenic  internally,  for  the  cure  of  intermittent  fevers,  in 
which  its  efficacy  has  been  eftublifhed  by  recent  obfervers,  and 
efpecially  by  Dr.  Fowler,  of  York.  He  was  a  decided 
enemy  to  blood-letting,  which  he  ftrenuoufly  endeavoured 
to  difcard  from  the  praftice  of  medicine  ;  and  particularly 
condemned  the  cullom,  then  prevalent  among  the  Germans, 
of  letting  blood  at  the  equinoctial  periods,  againll  which  he 
publifhed  a  treatife  in  his  mother-tongue,  at  Ulm,  in  1692. 
He  was  hkewife  author  of  the  following  works.  "  Tabula 
Confultatoria  Medica  "  Ulm,  1696.  "  Mifcellanea  Medico- 
PraAica  tripartita,"  ibiden',  1694.  "  De  Hydrophobic 
«aufa  et  cnra,  Diflertatio,"  ibid.  1770  "  Eteodromus 
Medico-Practicus  anni  1709,"  Stutgard,  1711.  "  Jatrnm- 
nemata  Theoretico-Practica,"  ibid.  171 2.  Eloy  Did. 
Hill,  de  la  Med. 

LINSPINS,  or  Linchpins,  are  fmall  pins  of  iron, 
which  keep  the  wheel  of  a  cannon,  or  wajigon,  on  the  axle- 
tree  ;  for  when  the  end  of  the  axle-:ree  is  put  through 
the  nave,  the  linfpin  is  put  in  to  keep  the  wheel  trom  falling 
off, 

LINSTOCK,  a  (hort  ftaff  of  wood,  about  three  feet 


with  fcraped  lint,  filling  up  the  cavity  with  tow,  and  cover- 
ing all  with  a  large  comprefs. 

Surgeons  of  former  ages  formed  compreffes  of  fponge, 
feathers,  wool,  or  cotton,  linen  being  fcarce  ;  but  lint  is 
far  preferable  to  all  thefe,  and  is  at  prefent  univerfally  ufed. 

LINTCIN,  in  Geography,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  fe- 
cond  rank,  in  Chan-tong,  on  the  grand  canal,  much  fre- 
quented by  veffels  as  a  magazine  for  all  forts  of  merchan- 
uize.     N.  hit.  36    56'.      E  long.  115   31'. 

LIN  I'EL,  in  jlrchitetliire,  the  piece  of  timber  which 
lies  horizontally  over  door-pofts  and  window-jambs;  as  well 
tu  bear  the  thicknefs  of  the  wall  over  it,  as  to  bind  the  fides 
of  the  walls  together. 

LINTELI^,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
county  of  Verden  ;  four  miles  N.E.  of  Verden. 

LINTERNUM,  or   Liteknlm,  in  Am'unt  Geography. 

See  LiTEKNUM. 

LINTHAL,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in 
the  canton  cf  Claris  ;   12  miles  S.W.  of  Claris. 

LIN-TIN,  a  town  of  China,  of  the  fccond  rank,  on  a 
fma'i  ifiand  in  tlie  province  oi  Quang-tong ;  15  miles  N.E. 
of  Macao. 

LINTNER, 


L  I  N 


L  I  N 


LINTNER,  in  Biography,  an  excellent  performer  on  the 
German  flute  at  Berlin,  in  1772,  a  difciple  of  the  late 
Frederic  If    king  of  Prufiia's  flute-mafter,  Qiraiitz. 

LINTON,  in  Geography,  a  fmall  market  town  in  the  hun- 
dred of  Chilford.  Cambridgefhire,  England,  is  fituated  ten 
miles  from  Cambridge,  and  forty-fix  from  London.  The 
toivn  confifts  of  fevcral  irregular  llreets,  the  chief  of  which 
is  about  half  a  mile  in  length  ;  the  houfes  are  principally  low 
and  covered  with  thntch  ;  for/ie  however  are  of  brick,  and 
neatly  built.  The  church  is  a  fpacious  (Irudlure,  and  built 
with  Hints,  intermixed  with  ftone  and  plafter.  It  confills  of 
two  aiOes,  a  nave,  a  chancel,  and  a  large  tower.  It  contains 
feveral  monuments  and  fepulchral  memorials,  among  which 
is  a  handfome  mural  monument  by  Wilton,  to  the  memory 
of  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Bacon,  and  her  brother  Peter  Sand- 
ley,  efq.  A  Sunday  fchool  was  recently  ellabliflied  in  this 
town  by  the  exertions  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Filher,  the  vicar  ;  it 
now  affords  tuition  to  upwards  of  an  hundred  children.  A 
market,  principally  for  corn,  is  held  on  Thurfdays ;  it  was 
originally  on  Tuefdays,  and  was  granted  in  the  year  1 245, 
with  an  annual  fair  for  three  days.  The  fair  has  been  dif- 
continued,  but  two  others  have  been  eftabliflied  ;  one  for 
(heep,  and  one  principally  for  hiring  harveft  men.  In  the 
reign  of  Edward  III.  there  was  an  alien  priory  at  Linton, 
fubordinate  to  the  abbev  of  St.  Jacutus  de  Infula  in  Brit- 
tany ;  being  feized  for  the  king  in  the  reign  of  Henry  V., 
it  was  given  by  his  fucceflbr  to  the  matter  and  fellows  of 
Pembroke  hall,  Cambridge.  At  Barham  alfo,  in  this  parifh, 
was  a  priory  of  Crutched  Friars,  fo  early  as  the  year  1292  ; 
the  fcite  was  granted  by  Henry  VIII.  to  Philip  Panlh,  efq. 
and  afterwards  to  John  Millecent,  efq.  who  was  before  pof- 
felTed  of  the  manor.  In  the  Millecents  the  priory  and  manor 
continued  till  the  year  1 740,  when  John  Milliccnt,  efq.  the 
laft  of  the  family,  died  ;  his  widow,  afterwards  married  to 
the  Rev.  C.  Lonldale,  left  her  ellates  to  the  matter  and  fel- 
lows of  Pembroke  hall.  Barham  hall,  Mrs.  Lonfdale's 
feat,  appears  to  have  been  formed  out  of  the  conventual 
buildings  :  the  hall,  chapel,  and  cloifters,  ftill  remain  :  it  was 
appropriated,  by  Mrs.  Lonfdale's  will,  as  a  country  feat  for 
the  mailer  of  Pembroke  hall  for  the  time  being.  In  the 
population  return  to  parliament  in  the  year  1801,  the  parifh 
of  Linton  was  ftated  to  contain  183  houfes,  and  1157  in- 
habitants. Lyfons'  Magna  Britannia,  vol.  ii.  Beauties  of 
England  and  Wales,  vol.  ii. 

LINTZ,  a  town  and  citadel  of  Germany,  furrounded 
with  an  old  wall,  and  fituated  on  the  E.  fide  of  the  Rhine, 
containing  about  600  houfes  ;  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bonn. 
N.  lat.  50-  54'.  E.  Icng.  7  14'. — Alfo,  a  well-built  and 
populous  town  of  Auttria,  fcated  on  the  Danube;  confift- 
ing  of  a  (ingle  ftreet,  with  fome  annexed  fuburbs,  in  which 
is  the  fovereign's  citadel,  fituated  on  an  eminence,  com- 
manding a  fine  profpeft.  The  trade  of  the  town  is  confi- 
derable,  and  it  has  fairs  that  poffefs  privileges  under  proper 
regulations,  at  Eatter  and  St.  Bartholomew's  ;  30  miles 
S.E.  of  Paffau.     N.  lat.  48^  iS'.      E.  long.  14"  15  . 

LINTZENEGG,  a  town  of  Auftria  ;  10  miles  S.  of 
Zwetl. 

LINUFAR,  in  Botany,  a  name  ufed  by  fome  of  the 
writers  of  the  middle  ages,  to  exprefs  the  water-lily.  The 
Arabians  gave  this  genus  of  plants  the  name  of  n'llufar,  and 
this  word  linufar  is  only  formed  of  that,  by  tranl'polmg  fome 
of  tlie  letters. 

LINUM,  in  Botany,  the  Xmi  of  Diofcorides,  Theo- 
phrailus,  and  other  ancient  Greek  authors,  appears  to  be 
derived  from  Xwji,-,  to  hold,  the  fibres  of  this  plant  being  fo 
remarkable  for  their  tenacity,  that  its  herbage  has  always 
been  in  the  greatell  eftimation  for  the  manufacture  of  Imen 


cloth,  whilft  its  feeds  by  prefTure  afi"ord  a  valuable  oiU 
(See  Fla.X.)  — Linn.  Gen.  j/,3.  Schrcb.  206.  Willd. 
Sp.  PI.  V.  I.  iyj3.  Mart.  Mill  Dift.  v.  3.  Sm.  Fl. 
Brit.  342.  Prod.  Fl.  Grace,  v.  I.  214.  Ait.  Hort.  Kcw. 
ed.  2.  V.  2.  184.  Tournef.  t.  176.  Jiiff.  303.  Lamarck 
Illuttr.  t.  2ig.  Gsrtn.  t.  112. — Clafa  and  order,  Pentan- 
dria  Pftita^ynia.  N.it.  Ord.  Gruinales,  Linn.  Caryophyl- 
lacex,  Jufi. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  of  five  leaves,  lanceo- 
late, erect,  fmali,  permanent.  Cor.  funnel-fliaped  ;  petals 
five,  oblong,  gradually  broader  towards  the  upper  part, 
obtufe,  much  fpreading,  large.  Stam.  Filaments  five,  awl- 
(haped,  ereCt,  the  leng:h  of  the  caiy.x  ;  (alfo  five  rudi- 
ments alternating  with  -heir.)  anthers  fimple,  arrow-fliaped. 
Pifl.  Germen  fuperior,  ovate  ;  ftyk-s  five,  thiead-fiiaped, 
ereft,  as  long  as  the  ftamens  ;  ttigmas  fimj.le,  reflexcd. 
Perk.  Capfule  globofe,  bluntly  five-lided,  of  ten  cells  and 
ten  valves.  Seeds  folitary,  ovate  or  flattifli,  acuminated, 
fmooth. 

Eff.  Ch.  Calyx  five-leaved.  Petals  five.  Capfule  fupe- 
rior,  witii  ten  valves  and  ten  cells.      Seeds  folitary. 

In  the  14th  edition  of  Linnasus's  Syjlema  Vegclabilium  we 
meet  with  twenty-two  fpecies  oi  Litium.  Willdcnow  has 
twenty-nine,  belides  which,  four,  not  mentioned  by  him, 
occur  in  the  Hortits  Kcwenfis,  and  one  in  the  Prodromus 
Florte  Gncc<s.  But  from  the  litt  is  to  be  deduSed  L.  Ra- 
dio/a- which  is  the  Radiola  millcgrana  of  Dr.  Smith's  Flora 
Britannka,  202. — The  genus  is  divided  into  two  fedlions,- 
the  firtt  having  alternate,  the  fecond  oppofite^  leaves.  — Es- 
amples  of  the  firft  fedlion  are 

"L.  ufitatiffimum -  Common  Flax.   Linn.  Sp.  PI,  397.   Engl. 

Bot.   t.  133-7,     Curt.   Lond.  fafc.  5.  t.  22 Calyx-leaves 

ovate,  acute,  three-nerved.  Petals  crenate.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate, alternate.  Stem  moftly  folitary.—  Not  uifrequent- 
in  fields  throughout  the  more  temperate  parts  of  Europe,  in 
confequence  probably  of  its  being  a  plant  of  fuch  general 
cultivation,  flowering  in  July.  Root  annual,  fibrous,  fmall. 
Stem  erett,  round,  fmooth,  leafy.  Leaves  entire,  three- 
nerved,  fmooth.  Floivers  on  ftalks,  erett,  of  a  Iky-b'ue 
colour.  Seeds  elliptical,  very  finning.  For  the  ufes  and 
management  of  this  valuable  plant,  we  need  not  repeat  what 
is  already  given  under  the  article  Fl.\x. 

L.  trigymm  Three-ftyled  golden  Flax.  Sm.  Exot.  Bot. 
t.   17.     iur.   Hort.    Kew.    ed.    2.    n.    3.       Curt.    Mag. 

t.    1 100 Leaves     alternate,    elliptical,    ferratcd,     acute. 

Styles  tlxree.  Capfule  of  fix  cells. — A  native  of  the  Eaft 
Indies,  where  it  was  gathered  by  colonel  Hardwicke  on  the 
fides  of  mountains  flowering  in  December.  Tl;e  natives 
call  it  Gul  Afiorfte,  from  its  fine  golden  hue,  Ga/fignifying 
a  flower,  and  /fjborfee  a  coin  of  the  fame  metal  current  in 
India,  of  the  value  of  2/.  tterling.  — i'/.-w  flirubby.  Branches 
round  and  leaty.  Leaves  fmootli,  dark  green,  jointed,  on  a 
ihort  footltalk.  Flowers  large  and  handfome,  nearly  ino- 
dorous. 

L.  hirj'ulum.  Hairy  Flax.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  39S.  Willd- 
n.  4.  .lacq.  Aiulr.  t.  31.— Calyx  hirfute,  acuminate. 
Flowers  fefi~i!e,  alternate.  Leaves  on  the  branches  oppo-- 
file. — A  native  of  riuttriaaud  Hungary,  flowering  in  June 
and  July.  i?oo/ perennial,  woody.  Stems  from  a  foot  and 
a  half  to  two  feet  in  height,  branching  towards  the  top. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate,  hairy  at  tlieir  edges  and  on  the.* 
backs,  fomctinies  nearly  fmooth.  Floiuers  blue  ;  the  petr.ls  . 
fo  clofcly  united  at  the  bafe  as  to  refemble  a  moiiopetalous, 
funnel-fliaped  flower.  Linmus  remarks  that  this  is  very 
cloiely  allied  to  L.  iiodijlorum. 

L.  hyptrkifelium      Mallow-flowered  Flax,      Curt.  Mag. 

t.  104S, 


L  I  N 


XI  N 


t.  1048, approaches  very  nearly  to  L.  hirftitum.     Its  flowers 
however  are  larger,  and  of  a  reddidi  or  purplifli  tinge. 

L.  arbon-um.  Tree  Flax.  I.inn.  Sp.  Pi.  400.  Curt. 
Mag.  t.  234. — Leaves  wedge-ftiaped.  Stems  arborefcent. 
^A.  native  of  the  Levant,  from  whence  it  was  Tent  to  Eng- 
land by  Dr.  Sibthorp  in  the  year  17S8.  It  fluvvcrs  fifom 
May  to  Auguft.  This  beautiful  fpecics  is  an  arboreous 
ftirub,  rifinpj  to  the  height  of  feveral  feet.  Sirms  rather 
{lender,  leafy.  Leaves  on  (hort  footllalks,  the  upper  ones 
nightly  embracing  the  flem,  of  a  glaucous  colour. 

Tlie  two  following  fpecies  come  under  the  other  feftion  of 
this  genus,  from  having  oppofite  leaves. 

L.  caihcirikum  Purging  Plax.  Mill-mountain.  I^inn. 
Sp.  PI.  401.  Engh  Bot.  t.  382.  Curt.  Lo:id.  fafc.  3. 
t.  19.  Fi.  Dan.  t.  Syi. — Leaves  oppofite,  obovato-lan- 
ceolate.  Stem  forked.  Petals  pointed. — Not  uncommon 
in  elevated,  dry  pallures  in  all  parts  of  Great  Britain,  bear- 
ing flowers  from  June  to  Auguft.. —  Root  annual,  fmall. 
Stuns  leafy,  ereft,  many-flowered.  Leaves  obtufe,  entire. 
Floivers  fmall,  white,  pendulous  before  they  expand. — Dr. 
Smith  obferves,  in  the  Flora  Britannka,  that  L.  calkarticum 
is  very  nearly  allied  to  Geranium,  for  that  its  ftamens  are 
fometimes  monadclphous.  The  whole  herb  is  fmooth,  bit- 
ter,  and  has  long  been  celebrated  for  its  purgative  qualities. 
L.guaelri/olium.  Four-!eaved  Flax.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  4C2. 
Curt,  Mag.  t.  .|3  [. — Leaves  four  in  a  whorl. — A  native  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  flowering  in  May  and  June. 
'  Root  l\\\ck  and  woody,  i'/ems  numerous,  about  fix  inches 
in  hti'^ht,  forked,  (lender,  upright.  Leaves  four  in  a 
whorl.     Floivers  yellow. 

This  is  the  original  guaJrifolittm  of  Linnxus,  that  of  Ray 
having  blue  flowers. 

LiNUM,  in  Gardenwg,  comprehends  plants  of  the  herba- 
ceous, annual,  and  perennial  flirubby  kinds,  of  which  the 
fpecies  are  the  common  flax  (L.  ulitatiffimum)  ;  the  peren- 
nial flax  (L.  perenne)  ;  the  flirubby  flax  (L.  fuffruticofum'i  ; 
the  tree  flax  (L.  arboreum)  ;  and  the  African  flax  (L.  Afri- 
canum.) 

In  the  fecond  fort  there  is  a  variety  which  is  procumbent, 
■with  fmaller  flowers. 

Method  0/ Cultun.  — AW  thefe  plants  may  be  increafcJ  by 
feeds,  layers,  and  cuttings. 

But  the  two  firil  fort's  are  bell  raifed  by  fowing  the  feeds 
•i;i  the  early  fpring  months,  as  March,  or  the  following 
month,  the' former  in  fields  or  plantation-grounds,  where 
■the  foil  is  frefli,  good,  and  well  reduced  into  order,  by  fre- 
.quent  digging  over,  or  ploughing  and  harrowing,  in  narrow 
drills,  or  broudcaft,  and  raked  or  harrowed  in  with  a  light 
harrow  ;  the  plants  being  afterwards  kept  perfedlly  clean 
from  weeds  by  repeated  hoemgs. 

About  the  end  of  Auguft,  when  the  plants  have  attained 
their  full  growth,  and  bejin  to  turn  yellow  at  bottom,  and 
brown  at  lop,  and  their  feeds  to  ripen,  it  is  proper  time  to 
.pull  them  ;  though,  if  it  were  not  fnr  the  fake  of  the  feed, 
they  might  be  pulled  a  little  before  the  feeds  ripen,  by  which 
the  flax  is  generally  belter  coloured  and  finer  ;  but  if  fuf- 
fercd  to  ftand  till  the  feeds  are  fully  ripe,  it  is  commonly 
ttronger,  fomcwhat  coarfer,  and  more  in  quantity.  It 
fhould  be  pulled  up  by  handfuls,  roots  and  all,  fliaking  off 
all  the  mould  ;  then  either  fpreading  them  on  the  ground  by 
handfuls,  or  binding  them  in  fmall  bunches,  and  felling 
them  upright  againft  one  another,  for  ten  days  or  a  fortnight, 
till  they  are  perfectly  dry,  and  tl«  feed  fully  hardened,  then 
houled,  and  the  feed  thralhed  out,  cleaned,  and  placed  in  a 
dry  airy  fituation,  being  afterwards  put  up  for  ufe.  The 
ilax,  after  being  rippled  and  forted,  fliould  be  carried  to 
a  pond  of  nearly  ftagnant  water,  being  placed  in  it  v.ith  the 


bundles  croITing  each  other  in  different  dircflions,  fo  as  to 
keep  tiic  whole  in  a  clofe  compaft  ftate,  being  kept  juft  be- 
low the  fnrface  of  the  water,  by  proper  weights  applied 
upon  it.  It  fliould  remain  in  this  ftcep  till  the  flems  become 
brittle  and  the  bark  readily  fejiarates,  wlun  it  muft  be  taken 
out  and  ipread  thinly  on  a  flior'  pafture,  being  occafionally 
turned  until  it  becomes  perfectly  bleached  and  drv,  wiien  it 
is  in  a  proper  ftate  for  the  purpofe  of  beir.g  converted  into 
flax  by  the  buckler. 

With  regard  to  the  latter,  or  perennial  fort,  it  fliould  be 
fown  in  a  bed  or  border  of  good  earth,  in  flialluw  drills  at 
the  diftancc  of  fix  inches  ;  and  when  the  plants  are  two  or 
three  inches  in  height,  they  fliould  be  thinned  to  the  fame 
diftances,  and  in  autumn  be  planted  out  in  the  places  where 
they  are  to  grow.  But  it  is  probably  a  better  practice  to 
fow  them  at  once  in  the  places  where  tliey  are  to  grow,  thin- 
ning them  out  properly  afterwards. 

The  three  other  for.s  may  be  beft  incrcafed  by  planting 
{;uttings  of  the  branches  in  pots  of  light  frefti  earth,  plunging 
them  in  the  tan  hot-bed,  or  by  layers  laid  down  in  the  later 
fummer  montlis.  When  the  plants  in  cither  mode  have 
ftricken  good  root,  they  may  be  removed  into  feparate  pot.s, 
and  be  managed  as  other  tender  exotic  plants,  that  require 
the  proteftion  of  the  green-houfe.  And  ihrv  may  likewife 
be  raifed  from  feeds  when  they  can  be  procured,  which 
fliould  be  fown  in  pots,  and  placed  in  a  hot-bed  in  the  fpring 
feafon. 

The  firft.  fort  may  be  faid  to  be  one  of  the  mnft  valuable 
plants  in  the  whole  vegetable  kingdom  :  as  from  the  hark  of 
its  ftalks  is  manntaftured  flax  or  lint,  for  making  all  forts  of 
linen  cloth  ;  from  the  cloth,  when  worn  to  rags,  is  made 
paper  ;  and  from  the  feeds  of  the  plant  linfeed  oil  is  ex. 
prefled,  which  is  much  ufed  by  painters,  and  in  other  arts  4 
and  the  refufe,  after  cxpreffion,  forms  the  pil-cakes  To  va- 
luable in  the  fattening  of  cattle,  fheep,  and  other  forts  of 
live  ftock. 

A  few  plants  of  this,  and  the  fecond  fort,  may  be  intro- 
duccd  in  the  clumps  and  borders  of  the  [Lafnre. ground  ; 
and  the  three  other  forts  afford  variety  in  green-houfe  coU 
leftions  among  other  potted  plants. 

LlNL'M  Carpafmm,  CarpafianJIax;  or  Uiieii,  a  term  often 
occurring  in  the  old  writers,  and  ufed  by  different  authors 
in  very  different  fenfes. 

The  firft  ufe  we  find  made  of  the  word,  is  for  the  cx- 
preffing  a  kind  of  flax  which  was  finer  and  finaller,  as  well 
as  brighter  and  more,  gloffy,  than  any  other.  Pliny  ufes  the 
word  in  this  fenfe,  and  tells  us,  that  fnch  flax  was  princi- 
pally brought  from  Spain  ;  and  that  both  it,  and  the  linen 
made  of  it,  were,  in  his  tiine,  called  by  the  name  cavpafian  : 
from  this  it  became  a  cuftom  to  call  all  very  fine  flax,  or 
fine  linen,  carpafian  linen,  and  the  word  fignified  no  more 
than  delicate,  or  fine. 

The  modern  Greeks  ufe  the  word  in  this  ftnfe,  and 
Suidas  expreffes  the  fineft  linen  veils  by  the  term  carpafian. 
The  author  of  the  Periplus  Maris  Erythrxi,  who  was  con- 
temporary with  PHny,  calls  the  flax,  of  which  the  Indian 
linens  were  made,  carpafos  ;  but  none  of  ihe  older  Greeks 
have  the  word.  This  author  is  not,  however,  to  be  ap- 
pealed to  for  afcertaining  the  purity  of  the  language  of  the 
ancients  ;  for  it  is  plain  that  he  has  taken  in  many  words 
which  are  not  good  Greek,  nor  ever  were  ufed  by  any 
author  of  credit,  but  are  ihe  mere  technical  terms  of  the 
tradefmen  and  merchants  of  that  time. 

Paufanias  ufes  the  woi  d  carpafium  linum  in  a  very  different 
fenfe  from  all  thefe  ;  for  with  him  it  is  made  to  exprefs  the 
flax  made  of  the  ftone  aflieftos,  and  the  linen  made  of  thi-;, 
which  was  thrown  into  ihe  fire  to  Dc  cleaned.     Solinus  ufes 

the 


L  1  N 


L  I  N 


tlae  word  alfo  in  the  fame  fenfe :  he  fays,  that  in  Caryftos 
lliere  was  found  that  kind  of  flax  which  remained  unhurt  in 
the  fire;  and  Hieronymus  Mercurialis  thinks  that  the  far- 
li:lfvj  of  tlie  ancient  Romans  was  a  word  properly  uled  only 
to  I'pjnify  the  carpali.vn  flax  of  Paufaiiias,  which  was  not  to 
be  deltroyed  by  the  iire,  and  was  the  true  linum  ir.combujiihite, 
or  threads  of  the  aibeitos  ftone,  or  hnen  made  of  that  ma- 
terial. Thi?,  however,  is  not  the  fcrrle  of  the  word  in  la!i-r 
"limes,  for  we  find  it  evidently  ufed  tor  all  linen  manutaCtures 
of  whatever  kind. 

Linum,  Carj(/lium,  in  Natural  HiJIory,  a  name  given  by 
Paufanias  to  the  alheitos.  It  was  found  plentituily  in- tlji* 
author's  time,  near  Caryftos,  a  town  in  the  Negropont,  and 
thence  obtained  its  name. 

LiN'UM  Cctharticunit  Purging  Jljs;  in  Meiiiclne,  makes  a 
common  purge  among  the  country  people.  It  is  almoll  as 
rough  as  that  of  gral'iola. 

It  is  a  fpecics  of  wild  flax,  diftingeiHicd  by  the  name  of 
meadow  flax,  with  fmal!  flowers  which  appear  in  July,  and 
commonly  called  mountain-flax,  growing  without  culture  on 
chalky  hills  and  dry  pafture  grounds  in  m:iny  parts  of  Eng- 
Lnd,  and  is  taken  in  infufion  in  ale. 

This  herb  is  faid  to  be  an  efTeftusl  and  fafe  cathartic  ;  ;m 
infufion  of  a  handful  of  the  frefh  leaves  in  wVey  or  white 
■wine,  or  a  drachm  of  the  leaves  in  fubftance  with  a  little  cream 
of  tartar  and  anifeeds,  is  direQed  for  a  dofe.  Linnsus 
recommends  an  infufion  of  two  drachms  of  the  dry  leaves  as 
a  mild  laxative. 

It  is  greatly  recommended  by  fome  in  dropfies,  and  to 
prevent  its  griping  they  mix  aniie  or  fome  other  of  the  car- 
minative feeds  with  it.  It  is  given  in  mod  chronic  cafes, 
where  people's  conftitutions  are  ftrong  enough  to  bear  it, 
and  often  with  great  fuccefs. 

Linum  Fi-Bum,  or  wcomluflihile,  cloth  made  of  a  fc  ffile, 
{lony  fubllance,  of  a  whitifh  colour,  and  woolly  texture, 
feparable  into  threads,  or  filaments,  which  will  endure  the 
fire  without  confuming.     See  Ami.wthu.s  and  AsBf;.STUs. 

As  to  the  art  of  managing  this  mineral,  and  of  fpiiining 
and  weaving  it,  &c.  the  accounts  we  have  are  various. 

Marco  Polo,  the  Venetian,  gives  us  the  manufafture  of 
the  linum,  found  in  the  province  of  Chinchinthelas,  in  Tar- 
tary,  from  one  Curfica,  a  Turk,  fuperintendant  -of  the 
mines  of  that  country,  as  follows.  The  lanuginous  mineral, 
being  firll  dried  in  the  lun,  is  then  pounded  in  a  brafs  mor- 
tar, and  the  earthy  part  feparated  from  the  woolly,  which 
is  afterwards  well  feparated  from  filth  ;  being  thus  purged, 
ic  is  fpun  into  thread,  like  other  wool,  and  afterwards  woven 
into  cloth,  which,  if  foul  or  fpotted,  they  cleanfe,  he  fays,  by 
throwing  it  into  the  fire  for  an  hour's  time,  whence  it  comes 
out  unhurt,  as  white  as  fnow  :  which  very  method,  accord- 
ing to  the  account  given  us  by  Strabo,  feems  to  have  been 
ufed,  in  ordering  the  Cretan  amianthus  ;  with  this  addition, 
that  after  it  was  pounded,  and  the  earthy  part  feparated 
from  the  woolly,  he  fays  it  was  combed  ;  and  fo  does 
Agricola. 

Signior  Ciampani,  after  defcribing  four  fiirts  of  the 
linum,  whereof  he  had  fpecrmens  in  his  mufeum  ;  the  firil 
fent  him  from  Corfu,  the  fecond  from  Sefiri  di  Poiiente, 
the  third  coarfer  and  darker  than  the  reft,  and  the  fourth 
from  the  Pyreneans ;  and  rifter  obferving,  that  though  be 
kept  it  three  weeks  in  a  glafs-houfe  fire,  yet  he  found  it  un- 
altered, though  it  could  not  preferve  a  (tick  wrapped  in  it, 
from  the  fire  ;  he  proceeds  to  fhew  the  man-ner  of  fpinning, 
and  makmg  it  into  cloth,  which  he  eftefted  thus  : — He 
firft.  laid  the  ftone  in  water,  if  warm  the  better,  for  fome 
time  to  foak  ;  then  opened  and  divided  it  with  his  hands, 
that  the  earthy  part«  might  fall  out  of  it,  which  are  wlntifti 

Vol  XXI. 


like  clmlk,  and  ferve  to  bind  the  thready  parts  together. 

This  makes  the  water  thick  and  milky.  That  operation  be 
repeated  fix  or  feven  times,  with  frcth  water,  opening  and 
fqueezing  it  again  and  again,  till  all  the  heterogeneous 
parts  were  wafhed  out,  and  then  the  flax-like  parts  were  col- 
letted,  and  laid  in  a  fieve  to  dry.  As  to  the  fpinning,  he 
firft  fliews  a  method  difcovered  to  him,  which  is  thr.s :  — 
Lay  the  linum,  cleanfed  as  before,  between  two  card.% 
fuch  as  they  card  wool  with,  where  let  it  be  gently  carded, 
and  then  clapped  in  between  the  cards,  fo  that  fume  of  it 
may  hang  out  of  the  fides ;  then  lay  the  cards  fall  on  a 
table,  or  bench  ;  take  a  fmall  reel,  made  with  a  little  hook 
at  the  end,  and  a  part  to  turn  it  by,  fo  that  it  may  be  eafily 
turned  round  ;  this  reel  mufl  be  wound  over  with  white 
thread  ;  then,  having  a  fmall  veflel  of  oil  ready,  with  which 
the  fore  finger  and  thumb  are  conllantly  to  be  kept  wet, 
both  to  preferve  the  flcin  from  the  corrofive  quality  of  the 
ftone,  and  to  render  the  filaments  thereof  more  foft  and 
pliant,  by  continuing  to  twift  about  the  thread  on  the  reel 
in  the  afbeftos  hanging  out  of  the  cards,  fome  of  the  latter 
will  be  worked  up  together  in  it ;  and,  by  little  and  little, 
the  thread  may,  with  care,  be  v.'oven  into  a  coarfe  fort 
of  cloth  ;  and,  by  putting  it  into  the  fire,  the  thread 
and  oil  will  be  burnt  away,  and  the  incombullible  cloth 
remain. 

But  finding  this  way,  of  uniting  the  ftone  with  the 
thread,  very  tedious  ;  inltead  of  the  thread,  he  put  fome 
flax  on  a  diftaff,  and,  by  taking  three  or  four  filaments  of 
the  albetlos,  and  mixing  them  with  the  flax,  he  found  they 
might  be  eaUly  twilled  together,  and  the  thread  thtis  made 
much  more  durable  and  ftrong  ;  fo  that  there  is  no  need 
of  carding,  which  rather  breaks  the  filaments,  than  does 
any  good  :  only  open  and  feparate  the  filaments,  after 
wafliuig,  on  a  table,  and  take  them  up  with  the  flax,  which 
is  fufficieat. 

As  to  the  making  of  paper,  he  fays,  in  the  walhing  of 
the  ftone  there  will  remain  feveral  fliort  pieces  in, the  bottom 
of  the  water,  of  which  paper  may  be  made  in  the  comm.oa 
method.  He  concludes  with  the  beft  way  of  prcferving 
the  cloth,  or  any  thing  made  of  the  linen,  which,  by  rea- 
fon  of  its  exceffive  drynefs,  is  very  apt  to  break,  and  twift  ; 
and  It  confifts  in  keeping  it  always  well  oiled,  which  is  the 
only  prefcrvative.  When  the  cloth  is  put  in  the  fire,  the 
oil  burns  off,  and  the  cloth  comes  out  white  and  purified. 

Linum,  in  ylncicnt  Geography,  a  country  of  Afia  Minor, 
in  the  province  of  Hellefpont,  between  Parium  and  Priape. 
—  Alfo.  a  promontory  of  Illyria,  in  Chaonia. 

LINUS,  in  Biography,  fuppofed  to  be  the  firft  biHioji 
of  Rome,  was  born  at  Voltt  rra,  in  Tufcany.  According 
to  Iren:eus  he  received  his  hilhopric  from  the  hands  of  the 
apoftles  Peter  and  Paul,  which  he  is  fuppofed  to  have  re- 
tained twelve  years.  He  is  mentioned  by  St.  Paul  in  the 
fecond  epiftle  of  Timothy,  and  is  faid,  by  fome  writers,  to 
have  been  the  fon  of  Cla?idia,  who  is  mtnticned  at  the 
fame  time.  Nothing  more  is  known  of  him  which  can 
be  relied  on,  though  it  has  been  faid  that  he  teftified  to  the 
truth  of  his  principles  by  fuffering  martyrdom  ;  and  tw(» 
letters  in  the  fecond  volume  of  the  liiblicth.  Patr.  have  been 
alcribed  to  him,  but  there  i«  no  goed  authority  for  tLele 
facts.     See  I^ardner,  vol.  ii.  edit.  17SS. 

Linus.  This  perfonage  and  Orpheus  feem  to  have 
been  the  moft  ancient  poets  and  m.ufici;tns  of  Greece;  but 
to  determine  whether  Linus  was  the  mafter  of  Orpheus,  or 
Orpheus  of  Linus,  would  be  as  vain  to  attempt,  as  difficult 
to  accomplifli.  All  that  can  be  done  at  this  diftance  of 
time,  is  to  compare  the  opinions  of  rtacicnt  writers  upon 
the  fulijecl,  and  to  incline  to  the  molt  nurserous  and  r?- 

R  fridzble 


I,  I  N 


L  I  N 


IpcCtaWe  evidence:  and  in  purfuing  this  meihod,  it  appears 
that  tlie  majority  are  in  favour  of  the  fuperior  antiquity  of 
I.inus.  No  teilimouy  places  hiui  in  a  more  remote  period, 
or  does  more  honour  to  liis  memory,  than  that  of  Hero- 
dotus; who  tells  us  (Eutcrp.)  "that  among  other  memorable 
cu'.loms,  the  Egyptians  ling  the  fong  of  Linus,  hke  that 
which  is  fung  by  the  Phccnicians,  Cyprians,  and  other  na- 
tions, who  vary  the  name  according  to  the  different  lan- 
guages they  fpcak.  But  the  perfon  they  honour  in  this 
iong,  is  evidently  the  fame  that  the  Grecians  celebrate  :  and 
as  I  confefs  mv  furpri/.c  at  many  thnigs  I  found  among  the 
Egyptians,  fo  I  more  particularly  wonder  whence  they  had 
this  knowledge  of  Linus,  becaufe  they  feem  to  have  cele- 
brated him  from  time  immemorial.  The  Egyptians  call 
him  by  the  name  of  Muncros,  and  fay  he  was  the  only  fon 
of  the  fu'ft  of  their  kings,  but  dying  an  untimely  death,  in 
the  flower  of  his  age,  he  is  lamented  by  the  Egyptians  iu 
this  mourning  fong,  which  is  the  only  conipofition  of  the 
kind  ufed  in  Egypt." 

According  to  archbi(hop  Uftier,  Linus  flourifhed  about 
1280  years  before  Chrill,  and  he  is  mentioned  by  Eufobius 
(Prj;p.  Evang.)  among  the  poets  who  wrote  before  the  time 
of  Mofes.  Diodorus  Siculus,  who  is  very  diffufe  in  his  ac- 
count of  Linus  (lib.  iii.  cap.  85.)  tells  us  from  Dionyfius 
of  Mitylene  the  hiftorian,  who  was  contemporary  with 
Cicero,  that  Linus  was  the  firft  among  the  Greeks  who  in- 
vented verfe  and  mufic,  as  Cadmus  firll  taught  them  the  ufe 
'  of  letters.  The  fame  writer  likewife  attributes  to  him  art 
account  of  the  exploits  of  the  firft  Bacchus,  and  a  treatife 
upon  Greek  mythology,  written  in  Pelafgian  charafters, 
which  were  alfo  thofe  ufed  by  Orpheus,  and  by  Pronapides, 
the  preceptor  of  Homer.  Diodorus  fays,  hkewife,  that 
he  added  the  ftring  hchanos  to  the  Mercurian  lyre,  and 
gives  to  him  the  invention  of  rhythm  and  melody,  wliich 
Suidas,  who  regards  him  as  the  moft  ancient  of  lyric  poets, 
confirms.  He  is  faid  by  many  ancient  writers  to  have  had 
feveral  difciples  of  great  renown,  among  whom  were  Her- 
cules, Thamyris,  and,  according  to  fome,  Orpheus. 

Hercules,  fays  Diodorus,  in  learnmg  of  Linus  to  play 
upon  the  lyre,  being  extremely  dull  and  obftinate,  pro- 
voked his  mafter  to  Itrike  him,  which  fo  enraged  the  young 
hero,  that  inftantly  feizing  the  lyre  of  the  mufician,  he  beat 
out  his  brains  with  his  own  inilrument.  Heroes  are  gene- 
rally impatient  of  controul,  and  not  often  gifted  with  a  talte 
for  refined  pleafures  ;  hence,  relying  merely  on  corporal 
force,  their  mental  faculties,  feeble  perhaps  by  nature,  are 
fcldom  fartified  by  education. 

With  refpeft  to  the  dirges,  which  Plutarch,  from  Hera- 
clides  of  Pontus,  mentions  as  written  by  Linus,  we  find  no 
account  of  them  in  any  other  ancient  author.  It  appears, 
however,  that  his  death  has  given  birth  to  many  fongs  of 
that  kind,  which  have  been  compofed  in  honour  of  his 
memory.  A  feftival  was  likewife  inllituted  by  the  name  of 
l.'mla,  for  the  celebration  of  his  virtues ;  and  fo  numerous 
were  his  inventions,  and  various  the  periods  and  places  in 
which  different  authors  fix  them,  that  fome  have  tried  to 
reconcile  thefe  jarring  accounts,  by  fnppoiing  that  there 
were  three  feveral  illuftrious  perlbnages  of  that  name ;  a 
fuppofition  which  we  (hall  not  pretend  eitlier  to  affirm  or 
deny. 

"  The  Thebans,  fay«  Paufanias  (in  Biotic,)  afTure  us,  that 
J>inus  was  buried  in  their  city  ;  and  that  Philip,  the  ion  of 
Amyntas,  after  the  battle  of  Cheronaea,  which  was  fatal  to 
the  Greeks,  excited  by  a  dream,  removed  his  bones  into 
Macedon,  whence,  by  counfel  received  in  another  dream, 
he  fent  them  back  to  Thebes  ;  but  time  has  fo  defaced  his 
tomb,  that  it  is  bo  longer  difcoverable,'^ 


Homer  (lib.  xviii.  ver.  569.)  has  paid  a  tribute  to  the 
memory  of  Linus,  in  his  defcription  of  the  fhield  of 
Achilles. 

"  To  thefe  a  youth  awakes  the  warbling  firings, 
Whofe  tender  lay  the  fate  of  Linus  lings  ; 
In  meafur'd  dance  behind  him  move  the  train. 
Tune  foft  the  voice,  and  anfwer  to  the  ftrain.'' 

Pope,  in  his  note  on  this  paflage,  fays,  from  Paufanias, 
that  "  before  the  yearly  facrifice  to  the  mufes  on  mount 
Helicon,  the  obfequies  of  Linus  were  performed,  who  had 
a  llatue  and  altar  eredted  to  him  in  that  place.  Homer 
alludes  to  that  cuflom  in  this  paflage,  and  was  doubtles  fond 
of  paying  thisrefpeft  to  the  old  father  of  poetry." 

LlO,  in  Geography,  a  lake  of  Thibet,  about  30  miles  in 
circumference.     N.  lat.  31^  22'.     E.  long.  86'  34'. 

LIOI-KIA-LANC-TSA,  a  town  of  Thibet,  Too 
miles  S.S.E.  of  LafTa.     N.  lat.  28   8'.     E.  long.  92°  44'. 

LIOIPOU,  a  lake  of  Thibet,  about  30  miles  in  cir- 
cumference.    N.  lat.  34-  27'.    E.  long.  90"  34. 

LION,  Leo,  in  the  Linnaean  fyllem  of  Zoology,  is  a 
fpccies  of  quadrupeds  belonging  to  the  fells  or  cat  kind, 
with  a  long  tail  and  pale-red  or  tawny  body.     See  Fells. 

The  lion  is  an  inhabitant  of  all  parts  of  Africa,  and  the 
hot  parts  of  Afia,  fuch  as  India  and  Perfia,  and  fame  fewr 
are  found  in  the  defarts  between  Bagdat  and  BafTorah,  on 
the  banks  of  the  Euphrates  ;  but  they  mofl  abound  in  the 
torrid  zone,  where  the  fize  is  the  largeft,  and  their  rage 
moft  tremendous,  being  inflamed  by  the  influence  of  a  burn- 
ing fun  and  a  very  dry  feil.  It  is  obferved,  that,  though 
they  reign  abfolute  mailers  over  every  beaft,  their  rage  di- 
minilhes  and  their  timidity  increafes  as  they  approach  the 
habitation  of  the  human  race.  They  have  been  alfo  known 
to  fpare  the  weaker  animals,  and  many  inftances  are  related 
by  A.  Gellius,  jElian,  and  Pliny,  ,&c.  of  their  gratitude. 
Lions  are  capable  of  being  tamed  ;  and  the  monarch  of 
Perfia  is  faid,  on  days  of  audience,  to  have  two  large  lions 
chained  on  each  fide  of  the  paffage  to  the  room  of  ftate, 
led  there  by  keepers  in  chains  of  gold.  The  lion  preys  on 
all  kinds  of  animals  ;  having  roufed  them  into  view  by  his 
roar,  he  ilarts  on  his  prey,  ftriking  it  with  his  talons,  and 
tearing  it  to  pieces.  He  alfo  invades  the  folds,  leaping  over 
the  fences  with  his  prey,  and  his  ftrength  is  fo  great,  that 
he  can  carry  off  a  middling  ox  with  the  utmoft  eafe.  He 
fometimes  feizes  his  prey  by  furprize,  and  mankind  falls  a 
viftim  to  his  hunger,  more  through  neceffity,  as  it  is  faid, 
than  choice.  The  Arabs  have  a  notion  of  his  fparing  the 
tender  fex,  but  Dr.  Shaw  informs  us  in  his  Travels,  p.  244, 
that  the  lion  obferves  no  diftinftion  in  thefe  days.  The 
fleih  is  often  eaten  in  Barbary,  and  is  faid  to  referable  veal 
in  taile.      Pennant's  Brit.  Zool.  p.  165,  &c. 

LlON-Moniey.     See  SiMl.v  Oedipus. 

Lion,  Seal.     See  PilocA  Leonina. 

L.JOyi-Puceion,  in  Natural  Htftory,  the  name  given  by  Mr. 
Reaumur  to  a  genus  of  worms  which  deftroy  the  pucerons 
in  the  fame  manner  that  the  formica  leo  does  the  ants. 

Thefe  little  iiifcfts  are  a  prey  alfo  to  a  fort  of  worm 
hatched  from  the  egg  of  a  two-winged  fly.  This  has  no 
legs,  and  is  of  feveral  colours.     See  V t.v.- P uceron . 

Though  thefe  lion-pucerons  be  all  hexapodes,  yet  they 
are  of  different  origin  ;  fome  being  produced  from  the  eggs 
of  a  four-winged  fly,  others  from  thofe  ot  a  beetle.  As  the 
formica  leo  has  two  horns,  the  extremities  of  which  fcrve 
him  by  way  of  mouths,  our  lion-puccron  has  the  fame  kind 
alio  ;  but  as  the  former  of  thefe  infetfs  can  only  move  back- 
wards, and  is  forced  to  make  fnares  for  his  prey,  not  being 
able  to  bunt  it,  this  creature  runs  very  nimbly  in  the  com- 

5  J»oa 


L  I  O 


L  I  O 


mon  way,  and  feizes  its  prey,  without  having  recourfe  to 
fuch  ilratagems. 

The  body  of  the  lion-puceron  is  longer  than  that  of  the 
formica  leo,  and  is  flat ;  the  breaft  is  the  thickeft  and 
broadeft  part  of  it,  and  from  this  it  gradually  tapers  off  to  a 
point  at  the  tail ;  it  has  two  legs  fixed  to  the  breaft,  the 
other  four  to  the  anterior  rings  of  the  body  ;  and  when  it 
moves,  the  pofterior  end  of  the  body  ferves  it  in  the  place 
of  a  feventh  leg,  for  it  always  bends  ic  downward,  and  draws 
it  along  the  furface  it  walks  upon.  The  back  of  this  crea- 
ture is  not  fmooth  or  gloffy,  bat  is  every  where  rough,  and 
full,  of  wrinkles,  -and  feems  as  if  every  ring  of  it  was  com- 
pofed  of  feveral  other  fmaller  rings. 

This  is  the  general  defcription  of  the  creature,  treating 
of  h  in  the  general  way,  thefe  characters  fiiiting  all  the  kinds 
of  it.  There  are  others,  however,  by  which  the  u  holt  clafa 
may  be  divided  into  three  principal  kinds. 

Thefe  are  much  more  voracious  dtvourers  of  the  pucerons, 
than  the  worms  which  feed  on  them.  A  (mail  puceroii, 
feized  by  one  of  them,  is  eaten  in  an  inftant,  and  the  very 
largeft  is  not  the  work  of  half  a  minute  for  them. 

Thefe  creatures  are  very  fmali  when  tirft  produced  from 
the  egg,  and  yet  they  immediately  begin  to  feed.  They  are 
fo  ravenous  of  food  alio,  that  whenever  they  can  they  catch 
and  eat  one  another.  But  as  the  pucerons,  among  which 
they  hve,  are  eafier  to  be  caught,  they  ufually  efcape  one 
another's  fury  pretty  well ;  unlefs  where  there  is  a  fcarcity 
of  the  pucerons,  or  when  they  offend  one  another. 

It  is  eafy  to  conceive  that  a  creature,  which  feeds  fo  v:ry 
faft,  mull  foon  arrive  at  its  full  growth  ;  and  this  is  the  cafe 
wth  thefe  animals,  for  within  five  or  fix  days  of  their  being 
hatched  from  tlie  egg,  they  are  ready  for  their  final  tranl- 
formation,  or  the  putting  on  the  form  of  the  animals  to 
whofe  eggs  they  owed  their  origui.  In  order  to  this,  the 
creature  leaves  the  place  where  he  has  hitherto  fed,  and  feeks 
the  folds  of  a  leaf,  or  fome  other  fuch  convenient  receptacle, 
where  it  fpins  a  web  of  very  fine  filk,  every  way  furrounding 
its  body  wiih  it,  and  under  this  cover  pafTes  the  ftale  of  a. 
nymph  or  chryfalis.  The  filk  of  this  web  is  not  only  very 
ftrong,  but  the  threads  are  very  clofely  laid  together,  fa 
that  it  is  much  firmer  than  the  webs  of  any  of  the  caterpillar 
kind.  It  is  of  a  roundifh  figure,  and  is  fomewhat  fmaller 
than  a  pea. 

This  round  figure  is  owing  to  the  form  into  which  they 
roll  up  their  body,  which  ferves  as  a  mould  for  it  ;  and  the 
orifice,  out  of  which  the  filky  matter  is  produced,  is  at  the 
extremity  of  the  polterior  part  of  the  boc'y.  The  creature 
continues  in  this  (late  about  three  weeks,  if  it  be  in  the  be- 
ginning of  fummer  that  it  goes  into  it ;  but  if  toward  autumn, 
it  remains  in  it  all  the  following  winter  ;  and  is  afterwards, 
in  fpring,  feen  to  come  out  in  the  form  of  a  very  beautiful 
fly,  of  a  remarkable  large  fize,  in  proportion  to  the  creature 
it  is  produced  from,  and  the  web  out  of  which  it  comes.  It 
is  a  very  long-bodied  one,  and  much  refembles  the  libella  or 
dragon-fly,  only  that  its  wings  are  larger  in  proportion  to 
Its  body  :  thefe  wings  are  of  a  moll  delicately  fine  ilruClurc, 
the  fined  gawfe  being  coarfe  and  thick  in  comparifon  to 
them,  Tiicfe,  when  the  creature  is  at  reft,  are  placed  in  an 
angle  over  the  body,  and  form  a  fort  of  canopy  or  tent  for 
it ;  but  they  are  fo  perfectly  tranfparent,  that  the  body  is 
eafily  feen  through  tliem.  The  body  and  breaft  are  all 
green,  and  that  of  a  very  beautiful  tinge  ;  but  the  moft  re- 
ni^rkable  beauty  of  this  creature  is  its  eyes  :  thefe  are  large 
and  prominent,  and  are  of  a  fine  gold  colour,  and  of  greater 
luftre  than  the  moft  highly  polilhed  metal. 

The  eggs  of  this  fly  are  a  very  Angular  objeft,  and  cannot 
.  have  efcaped  the  eye  oi  any  perfon  who  is  converfant  among 


the  infeSs  which  live  on  trees ;  though  oF  the  many  who 
have  feen  them,  perhaps  few  or  none  ever  found  what  they 
really  were.  It  is  common  to  fee  oh  the  leaves  and  pedicles 
of  the  leaves  of  the  plum-tree,  and  feveral  other  trees,  as 
alfo  on  their  young  branches,  a  number  of  long  and  {lender 
filaments,  running  out  to  about  an  inch  in  length,  and  being 
of  the  thicknefs  of  a  hair :  ten  or  twelve  of  thefe  are  ufually 
feen  placed  near  one  another,  and  a  vaft  number  of  thefe 
cli'fters  are  often  found  on  the  fame  tree.  The  end  of  each, 
of  thefe  filaments  is  terminated  by  a  fort  of  fwelling  or  tu- 
bercle of  the  ftiape  of  an  egg.  People  who  have  obferved 
thefe,  have  generally  fuppoled  them  to  be  of  vegetable  ori- 
gin, and  that  they  were  a  fort  of  paralitica!  plants,  growing 
out  of  others,  as  the  midetoe,  mofles,  &.c.  from  the  oak 
and  other  trees.  They  very  much  refemble  in  figure  thoie 
fwecies  of  mouldinefs,  which  Malpighi  and  others  have 
figured  under  the  fhape  of  little  muflirooms,  only  they  are 
much  larger  than  thofe  little  plants,  and  bear  the  heat  of 
the  fun  and  other  accident.:  uninjured,  which  would  deftroy 
the  tender  plants  of  that  kind.  There  is  a  time,  when  thefe^ 
egg -like  balls,  which  terminate  every  one  of  thefe  filaments 
are  found  open  at  their  ends,  and  m  this  ftate  they  very  muc!a. 
refemble  flowers,  and  they  are  in  this  ftate  figui-ed  by  fonit 
authoi"s  under  the  name  of  flowers  of  a  finffular  kind,  founii 
on  the  leaves  of  the  willow.  All  this,  however,  is  wliolly  er- 
roneous, and  the  purfuing  the  hiftory  of  our  lion-pucerone 
fliews  their  true  origin  to  be  from  the  fly  of  that  creature. 
What  thele  authors  took  for  flowers  of  the  willow  were  only 
the  eggs  of  this  fly,  out  of  which  the  young  animals  hai 
been  hatched,  and  had  made  their  efcape.  The  leaves  a:  J 
branched,  on  which  thefe  eggs  are  found,  are  ufually  feen 
covered  over  with  the  pucerons  ;  and  the  creature  providifij' 
a  place  where  her  young  ihall  find  nourilhment  as  foon  a» 
hatched,  places  her  eggs  in  the  niidll  of  thefe  harmlefs  and 
defencelels  animals,  fixing  each  on  a  llender  pedicle,  yet  fuf- 
ficiently  ftrong  to  bear  its  weight.  If  thefe  eggs  be  nicely 
examined,  a  worm  may  be  difcovered  in  them  while  jet 
whole  ;  but  the  moft  certain  way  of  judging  of  the -a  is,  to 
put  feveral  of  them  into  a  box,  in  which  cafe  every  one  of 
them  is  found  at  a  proper  time  to  hatch,  and  to  give  an  in- 
fect ;  which,  when  viewed  by  the  niicrolcope,  appears 
plainly  to  be  a  hon-puceron  in  all  its  parts,  and  requiring 
only  increafe  in  fize,  without  any  change  of  (hape,  to  be 
one  of  thofe  we  have  already  dcfcribed,  as  feeding  fo  vo- 
racioufly  on  the  pucerons.  Reaumur's  Hift.  Inf.  yd),  vi. 
p.  I4i. 

Lio.v,  yfni,  in  Zoology.     See  Formicv.  Leo. 

Liox's  Foat,  Candiii,  in  Botany.     See  CatanANCHE. 

Lion's  Leaf.     See  Leontice. 

Lion's  Tail.     See  Leonurus. 

Lion's  Cove,  in  Geography,  a  fmall  bay  in  the  ftraits  of 
Magellan,  furrounded  by  rocks.  The  water  is  deep,  the 
ground  is  good,  and  water  may  be  obtained,  but  no  wood. 
The  only  refreftiments  which  this  bay  afiords  are  limpets, 
mufcles,  rock  fiih,  and  celery.     S.  lat.  jj-  26.    W.  long. 

74    -5'- 

Lion  Mountain,  a  mountain  of  Africa,  near  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  deriving  its  name  trom  a  fuppoled  rcleinblance 
to  the  lion.  It  confilts  of  the  Lion's  head,  which  is  a  bare 
rock  2160  feet  high  ;  and  the  Lion's  tail  or  rump,  which  is 
alfo  rocky,  but  covered  with  a  flight  ftratum  uf  earth,  1143 
feet  high.  This  earth  yields  an  inferior  kind  of  grafs,  10 
which  every  one's  cattle  has  accefs.  Upon  both  thefe  i.im- 
mits  are  erected  enfign  ftafl^s,  upoa  which  fignal  flags  are 
hoilled  as  foon  as  any  (hips  are  perceived  at  fca.  Thefe 
fignals,  whilft  the  Cape  remained  in  poiTeiTion  of  the  Dutch, 
were  changed  every  mouth  ;  and  advices  were  fer.t  two  years 
R  2  bcfcre 


L  I  O 


L  I  P 


before  lo   Hulland   and  the  India  Ctttlements  ;  and  fe-uiftd  tlie  lips  are  rrcqucnlly  excited  and  kept  up  by  a  diford 

letters,  containing  llie  detail  of  them,  ^re  given  to  the  com-  ilate  oF  the  a'odoniinal  vifcera,  and  many  iiiilances  at  firll 

inanders  of  vefTcls,  who  are  to  touch  at  the  Cape  ;  which  taken  for  cancers,  have  in  the  end  yielded  to  different  reme- 

Ictters  are  opened  when  they  arrive   within   fight   of  the  dies.     Thus,  a  painful  induration  in  the  lip,  which  was  fup- 

mountains,  that  they  may  afcertain  whetlier  or  not  the  place  pofcd  to  be  an  occult  eanccr,  is  recorded  to  have  been  cured 

be  in  the  hands  of  theit  countrymen,  and  accordingly  avoid  by   the   employment   of   emetic   and    purgative    medicines, 

it  or  proceed  to  an  anchorage  in  the  bay.     A  cannon  is  alfo  elpccially  the  helleborus  niger.      (Jourdain,  Maladies  de  la 

Jired  on  Lion's  head,  fo  often  as  to  correfpond  to  the  num-  Bouclie,  toni.  ii.   p,  172.1      Richter  and    other   continental 

her  of  fhips  that  appear,  in  order  to  give  notice  to  Cape  lurgeons  confider  it  as  afcertained,  beyond  doubt,  that  many 

Town  ;  and  this  notice  is  facilitated  by  the  reverberation  bad  ulcers  of  the  lips  are  connedled    .villi  gaftrie  dilcales, 

which  the  found  makes  againll  the  lleep  lides  of  the  Table  by  which  we  are  to  underlland  diforders  of  the  vifcera  fub- 

niountain.  fcrvient   to   digellion,    as   the  ftomach,  liver,   bov\'cls,  &c. 

L.I»N   ii'ylii^ers,  I.c,  a  town  of  France,  in   the  depart-  We  are  informed  of  a  malignant-looking  lore  of  the  lower 

metrt  of  the  Maine  and  Loire,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  lip,  which  proceeded  from  the  projection  of  an  unnaturally 


in  the  dillrio^l  of  Segre ;  to  miles  N.N.VV.  of  Angers. 
The  place  contains  1728,  and  the  canton  gjyS  inhabitants, 
on  a  territorv  of  2474  kiliometres,  in  12  communes. 

LIONARDO  DA  Vinci,  in  Bkgraphy.  See  Da 
Vixci. 

LIONCELES,  in  Herahhs,  a  term  for  lions  when  there 
are  more  llian  tfto  of  them  borne  in  any  coat  of  arms,  and 
:io  ordinary  between  them. 


long  iucil'or  tooth  of  the  upper  jaw,  and  which  healed  ot" 
itfelf  as  foon  as  the  irritating  tooth  was  cxtrafted.  (Jour- 
dain, 1.  c.  p.  ig6.)  Scorbutic  lores  upon  the  lips  have 
fometimcs  been  niiflaken  for  cancers,  and  at  length  yielded 
to  anti-icoibutic  medicines.  (Metygcr  Adverlaria,  vol.  ii. ) 
Even  fores  wliich  iiave  been  occalioncd  on  the  lips  by  chil- 
blains, have  fonietimes  been  erroneoufly  regarded  :<3  cancers. 
Many  ulcers  on  the  lips  which  at  firll  are  quite  of  an  harin- 


LIONINE,  or  Lionade,   in  the  hiHory  of  the   Cotns  lefs  nature,  are  rendered  malignant  bv  the  llimulating   and 

rurrent  in  Ireland,  a  name  given  to  certain  coins,  imported  caullic   applications   made  ufe   of,   alinoft  every  unheaitliy 

privately  from  France  and  other  places.     There  were,  be-  fore   in  this  lituntion  attrafting  a  fuf])icion  of  carcinoma, 

iide   thefe,  many  others  of  tlie  fame   fort,   imprefled  with  and  leading  the  lially  praftitioner  to  dreis  it  with  irritating 

eagles,  roles,  and  the  like,  and  called  by  names  fignitying  and  efcharotic   fubdances.       But  the   cafes    which,    of   all 

thofe  jmprefiions.     They  were  a  very  bafe  and  poor  fort  of  others,  are  the  moll  liable  to  be  tnillakcn  for  cancers  of  the 

money;  the  penny  lionade,  or  lwn':ne,  not  coming  up  to  the  lip,  are  venereal  ulcer.";.     Thefe  are  faid  to  have  been  fome- 

vaKie  of  the  halfpenny  of  the  coin  of  the  kingdom.      They  times  cut  out  by  indifcriminating  furgcons,  who,  in  (lead  of 

were  difcountenanced  in  the  year  1300;  and  good  money  feeing  the  wound  heal  favourably,  have  had  the  double  mor- 


being  ftruck  there,  it  was  made  death,  -and  confifcation  of 
goods,  to  import  any  of  them,  and  the  run  of  them  was  thus 
itopped. 

Lions,  in  Ciogniphy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Eure,  and  chief  plaee  of  a  canton,  in  the  dillridt 
of  Lcs  Andelys  ;  nine  miles  N.  of  Grand  Andelys.  The 
place  contains  1828,  and  the  canton  9905  inhabitants,  on  a 
territory  of  12 J  kiJionietres,  in  1  ^  communes 


tification  of  witnefTing  the  return  of  more  cxtenlivc  fypln- 
liiic  ulceration  in  the  part,  and  on  the  adminillration  of 
mercury,  having  their  blundering  conduft  dctefled  by  the 
offended  patient,  and  expofed  to  the  obloquy  of  the  world. 
Whoever  meditates  on  the  foregoing  iacls,  mult  be  con- 
vinced of  the  impropriety  of  making  halty  and  polilive  de- 
cilions,  concerning  the  nature  of  ulcers  on  the  lips.  B.id 
i!l-lookiniJ-  fores    are,   indeed,  formed  with    particular  frc- 


LIOSK,    a    town    of  Lithuania,    in    the    palatinate    of  quency  on   thefe  parts  of  the  face;  but   molt  of   them  are 

Troki  ;   20  miles  W.  of  Grodno.  not  cf  fo  malignant  and  incurable  a  characfer,  as -to  merit 

I^IO TARD,  .loHN'  Stki'Hf.m,  in  Biography,  a   painter  the  appellation  of  cancer.     Many  of  them,  as  we  have  al- 

in  enamel,  crayons,  and  miniature,  who  was  born  at  Geneva  ready  listed,  are  exafperated  by  wrong  modes  of  treatment, 

in  1702.      He  went  to  Paria  to  (ludy  in   1725,  and  thence  and  the  lips:,  in  confequence  of  their  inceflTant  motion,  arc 

iiccompanicd   the  marquis  de  Ptnheux  to  Rome,  wh.ere  the  unquellionably  a  difadvantagcous  place  for  cicatrization  in 

earls  of  Sandwich  and  Belborough  engaged  him  to  accom-  general. 

pany  them  to  Condantinople.     There  he  became  acquainted  The  dlfeafes  lo  which  cuftom  has  affigned  the  name  of 

with  fir  Everard  Fawkener,  our  ambaffador,  who  perftiadcd  cancer  of  the  lip,  may  begin  in  different  ways,  and  afTume 

him  to  come  to  England.  various  appearances.     They  often  commence  in  the  form  of 

He  attempted  to  make  himfelf  confpfcuous  by  adopting  a  warty  excrelcencc,  which,  after  attaining  a  certain  fize, 

the  habits  and  manners  of  the  Levant,  and  acquired  by  that  breaks  out  into  ulceration.     They  frequently  come  on   in 

and  his  talents,   which  were  far  from  contemptible,    (parii-  the  fliape  of  a  pliagedeiiic  ulcer;  while,  in  other  initances, 

fiilarly  in  enamel,)   a  confiderable  degree  of  encouragement  they  begin  as  a  bard  lump,  which  at  lall  falls  ii.to  the  ulce- 

umong  the  nobility  and  gentry  of  this  country.      But  his  rated  flate.      In   fonie  cafes  much  pain  is  expericiiced  ;  in 

pictures  want  grace  and  talle  ;  he  v/as  too  clcife  a  copyiH  of  others,  the  degree  of  fuffering  is  inconliderable.     The  occa- 

what  he  faw,  and  did  not  make  his  pictures  pleafmg  enough  fional  caufcs  are  fubjeft  to  equal  variety.     Sometimes  the 

to  hold  his  practice  when  llofalba  became  his  competitor  cv.'^eafe  appears  to  come  on  of  irfelf.     In  other  examples, 

in  crayons.  its  origin  is  referred  to  a  fm=)ll  pirrple,  chap,  or  excoriation 

J..IP,  or  Lips,  in  .'Inatomy.     See  Dr.ci.UTiTlox.  of  the  lip.      We  arc  told  of  a  cafe,  where  a  cancerous  ulcer 

Lip,   Ca!u:er  cf,  in  Surgery.      Such   cafes  as   ufually  go  cf  the  tongue  and  one  fide  of  the  mouth  occurred,  in  confe- 

under  the  denomination  ot  cancers  cf  the  lip,  are  attended  qiicnce  of  inadvertently  drinking  foine  liquor,  with  which  an 

with  confiderable  variety,  both  in  regard  to  the  manner  ui  i^kerated  cancer   of  the  breafl  had  been  wafned.      Gooch, 

v.liith  they  begin,  and  the  appearances  which  they  put  on  Chirurgical  Works,  vol.  ii;  p,  127. 


in  their  progrcfs.  It  i%  often  exceedingly  difficult  to  pro- 
nounce, with  certainty,  whether  particular  ulcers  of  the  lips 
ought  to  be  called  cancers  or  not.      For,  if  we  can  trull  to 


The  lower  lip  is  that  which  is  commonly  aiTefled,  tire 
upper  one  being  attacked  only  in  a  fmail  proportion  of  the 
cifes   which  prcfent  themfelves  in  praifice.      It   is  alfo  ai 


■the  reports  of  furgrcal  authors,  very  inveterate  fores  upon     Icged,  "hat  the  dife;ife  is  much  more  frequent  ia  the  mala 

than 


L  I  F, 


tl\an  the  female  fex.  (Richerand,  Nsfographle  Cliirr.rgi- 
cale,  torn.  iii.  p.  255,  edit.  2  )  One  important  fad,  iu  which 
all  the  belt  informed  I'urgeons  afrree,  is,  that  cancers  of  the 
lips  and  face  in  general  are  far  lefs  mahgnant  than  carcinoma 
of  the  bread,  or  at  leall,  admit  of  being  effeftLially  extir- 
pated with  the  knife  or  cauftic  witli  more  exterilive  fiiccels. 
The  prudent  furgeon,  before  removing  a  cancerous  breaft, 
feels  himfelf  obliged  to  explain  the  poffibihty  of  a  return  of 
the  ditlemper ;  but  when  the  lip  is  the  part  affefted,  and 
care  is  taken  to  remove  every  particle  of  the  difcafe,  he  may 
be  much  bolder  in  his  promifes. 

The  medicines  uiually  tried  in  other  cafes  of  carcinoma, 
mav  be  exhibited  in  thofe  of  cancerous  lips.  (See  Cancer.) 
The  internal  employment  of  arfenic  has  in  particular  been 
much  praif^d.  On  the  whole,  however,  we  have  httle  con- 
fidence in  any  thing  but  extirpation,  and  it  is  only  in  doubt- 
ful cafes,  that  delaying  the  operation  to  try  the  effeft  of 
medicines  or  apphciitions  can  be  very  juftiiiable.  Wafting 
time  till  the  difeafe  affefts  the  lymphatic  glands  under  the  jaiv, 
or  fpreads  fo  extenfively,  that  the  wound  after  the  opera- 
tion cannot  be  united,  is  ferious  mifconduft  in  the  furgeon, 
for  the  ill  conlequences  to  the  patien'.  are  irremediable.  In 
the  firll  cafe,  the  diftemper  under  the  jaw  moflly  cannot  be 
taken  away  ;  in  the  fecond,  if  the  lower  lip  be  affefted,  as 
is  commonly  the  cafe,  great  deiormity,  imperfect  fpeech, 
and  (what  is  more  terrible)  a  contmual  Havering  mull  for 
ever  remain  ;  or  at  moft,  admit  of  only  flight  palliation  by 
artificial  contrivances. 

There  are  now  only  two  modes  of  extirpating  cancers  of 
the  lip  ;  one  with  caultic,  the  other  with  a  knife. 

In  thefe  cafes,  cauftic  has  been  very  extenfively  employed, 
and  fuccefs  may  be  expcfted  from  the  method,  when  the 
whole  of  the  diieafe  admits  of  being  at  once  deftroyed  by  a 
fiO'^le  application.  But  when  the  cauftic  mull  be  repeatedly 
ufed,  it  not  only  proves  in  many  inftances  ineffeftual,  but 
often  aggravates  the  difeafe.  Nearly  all  the  varieties  of 
cauftic  have  been  employed  by  different  practitioners.  The 
great  thing  is  to  have  one  that  is  exceedingly  active,  and  the 
kali  puruin  with  quick-lime  is  as  good  as  any.  We  have 
read  of  a  cafe  vfhich  was  cured  by  means  of  a  burning 
glafs,  though  we  do  not  perceive  any  advantage  that  this 
plan  can  have  over  the  employment  of  cauftic.  Comte, 
Hiltoire  de  I'Acad.  Pvoyale  de  Mcdeeine,  ann.  1776. 

Let  it  not  be  inferred  from  the  foregoing  oblervations, 
that  we  are  advocates  for  the  ufe  of  cauftic,  as  we  frankly 
own,  that  although  it  was  our  duty  to  mention  the  practice, 
we  Ihould  be  alhamed  of  adopting  it.  In  every  cafe  where 
cauftic  can  be  employed,  the  knife  can  always  be  ufed  with 
advantage.  It  does  its  office  more  quickly,  and  with  lefs 
pain,  at  the  fame  time  that  it  accomplidies  the  removal  of 
the  difeafe,  and  furrounding  fubftance  with  greater  certainty 
and  exactnefs.  But  the  grand  recommendation  is,  that  the 
wound  made  with  a  cutting  inftrument  is  fuch  as  can  be 
evenly  united  by  the  hrft  intention. 

Notwilhftanding  tlie  teftimony  of  the  beft  fiirgical  writers, 
in  fupport  of  the  very  frequent  fuccefs  attending  the  extir- 
pation of  cancers  of  the  hp,  one  modern  autlior  is  advcrfe 
to  making  fuch  attempt  at  all,  ei'her  v.ith  cauftic  or  uith 
the  knife.  (Juurdain,  Mai.  de  la  Bouche.)  This  doftrine, 
we  confcfs,  furprifes  us  a  good  deal,  as  being  fo  repugnant 
to  the  fentiments  which  we  have  derived,  not  merely  from 
the  moft  accurate  books,  but  from  the  ebfervaticn  of  nu- 
merous cure?.  If  M.  Jourdain  has,  in  his  own  individual 
praftice,  met  with  many  inftances  of  a  return  of  the  difeafe 
after  the  operation,  we  cannot  help  fufpedling,  that  his  mode 
of  extirpation  muft.  have  been  faulty  and  incomplete. 

Although  it  is  an  important  maxim  in  the  operation,  to 


make  tlie  wound  of  fa:h  a  fhape  as  will  admit  c£  an  even 
union,  it  is  a  ftill  more  important  point  to  remove  every 
particle  of  the  difeafe.  The  majority  of  rclapfes  are  ur- 
qucftionably  imputable  to  the  neglect  of  this  material  ob- 
ject, and  not  t«  the  incurablenefs  of  the  complaint.  It  is 
always  better  to  remove  too  much  rather  than  too  little, 
for  the  lips  are  fo  very  yielding,  that,  in  numerous  cafes, 
nearly  the  whole  lip  has  been  cut  away,  and  yet  the  wound 
has  been  united  without  deformity.  At  the  tin.e  that  vvf 
are  writing  this  article  (namely  Auguft  181 1,)  there  is  la 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hofpital  a  cafe,  where  the  greater  part 
of  the  lower  lip  was  removed  by  Mr.  Vincent  on  account  of 
a  cancer  ;  but,  notwithftanding  this  great  lofs  of  fubftance, 
the  edges  of  the  wound  were  eafily  brought  into  contact. 

The  operator  ought  not  only  to  take  away  all  that  is 
manifeftly  fwollen,  ulcerated,  or  indurated  ;  he  fhould  be 
careful  likewife  not  to  leave  any  parts  which  are  at  all  dif- 
coloured.  In  ftiort,  it  is  fnfeft  to  make  the  incifions  at  fome 
little  dillance  from,  the  perceptible  boundaries  of  the  diftem- 
per.  The  extent  of  tlie  difeafe  upon  the  infide  of  tjie  iip 
will  always  demand  careful  examination. 

When  the  whole  lip  is  thorouglily  cancerous,  tlie  prafti- 
tioner  is  under  the  ncccftity  of  cutting  every  particle  of  it 
away,  in  which  circumftance  the  wound  will  not  admit  of 
union,  but  muft  heal  by  granulations.  On  the  contrary, 
when  the  extent  of  the  difeafe  is  more  moderate,  the  opera- 
tor fliould  always  make  the  wound  in  the  maoner  of  that 
practifed  for  the  cure  of  the  hare -lip,  fo  that  it  n/.iy  be 
united  by  means  of  the  twifted  future.  (See  Hare-lip.) 
As  the  lips  are  very  tenfile,  this  method  is  generally  practi- 
cable ;  and  it  is  well  known,  that  the  twifted  future  may  be 
fuccefsfully  employed,  though  two-thirds  of  tlie  lip  have 
been  cut  away. 

The  fooner  the  operation  is  undertaken,  the  greater  is  tlie 
chance  of  fuccefs.  Cafes  only  become  irremediable  through 
delay,  or  an  ineffectual  ufe  of  cauftic  or  the  knife.  The 
more  extenlive  the  malady  is,  the  more  difficult  it  is  to  cure. 
The  cafe  indeed  is  paft  relief,  when  the  diftemper  has  fpread 
to  the  bones,  the  gums,  the  glands  beneath  tlie  jaw,  or  anr 
other  parts  which  cannot  be  removed.  The  furgeon,  how- 
ever, muft  relinquifh  no  cafe  where  there  is  a  poilibility  of 
making  an  effectual  removal  of  the  morbid  parts. 

The  mere  magnitude  of  a  cancerous  tumour  is  not  pro- 
hibitory of  the  operation.  In  one  cafe,  excifion  was  per- 
formed moft  fuccefsfully,  notwithftanding  the  excrefcence 
was  fo  large  as  to  hang  down  on  the  breaft.  (Le  Drsn, 
Obferv.  torn.  i.  p.  78.)  In  another  example,  the  operation 
had  the  happiell  confcqucnces,  although  the  infide  of  the 
lip  and  cheek  felt  as  rough  as  if  it  had  been  fmeared  all  over 
with  faiid.  (Richtcr's  Anfangfgr.  &c.  Band  2,  p.  356.  1 
Richerand  upbraids  with  timidity,  furgeons  who  are  ftopped 
by  the  extent  of  the  malady,  and  he  contends,  that  extirpa- 
tion ftiould  be  undertaken,  even  though  it  be  rccelTary  to 
feparatc  the  fott  parts  from  the  lower  jawbone,  provided 
the  glands  under  the  chin  are  free  from  diieafe.  He  intjrms 
us,  that  Chopart,  after  removing  in  one  cafe  the  whole  ot 
the  lip,  and  a  portion  of  the  cheek,  was  obliged  to  cover 
the  denudtd  jaw  with  the  integument;,  of  the  neck.  Not- 
withftanding fuch  lofs  of  fubftance,  the  wound  healed  ;  the 
opening  of  the  mouth  remained  for  a  time  contracted  ;  bv.t 
it  fervcs  (fays  this  author)  for  the  admiflion  of  aliment, 
and  gradually  becomes  larger,  the  power  of  better  pronu.n- 
ciation  alfo  returning.  Nofographie  Chirurgicale,  torn.  iii. 
p.  2C2,  edit.  2. 

Whenever  the  cafe  is  fuch,  that  an  attempt  to  unite  the 
wound  can  be  praCtifed,  the  furgeon  muft  take  away  a  tri- 
angular portion  of  the  dileafed  lip,  fo  that  the  iaciConmay 

ff^rr.U!- 


L  I  P 

rcremble  the  letter  V,  and  its  edges  be  eafily  brought  toge- 
ther  with  the  tvviftod  future,  as  in  the  operation  for  the 
liarc-hp. 

The  union  of  wounds  of  the  lower  lip  is  an  exceedingly 
importaiit  objeft,  fincc,  bcfides  the  deformity,  a  more  ferious 
grievance  arifcs  from  the  feparation,  namely,  the  continual 
involuntary  difcliarge  of  the  faliva,  which  is  naturally  con- 
fined within  the  mouth  by  the  lower  lip.  Nothing  can  be 
more  annoying  than  fuch  an  infirmity,  and  by  impairing 
digelliou,  it  alfo  proves  extremely  hurtful  to  the  health. 
A  patient  whofc  lower  lip  is  fo  extenlively  difcafed,  that 
extirpation  cannot  be  effeftcd,  without  inducmg  this  afflic- 
tion, is  in  a  truly  pitiable  ftate. 

That- the  health  fuffers  greatly  from  the  inceffant  lofs  of 
the  faliva,  is  a  fad  confirmed  by  numerous  cafes.  A  wo- 
man had  a  cut  throuu'h  her  lower  lip,  and  the  wound,  being 
neglefled,  fuppuratcd,  and  its  margins  healed.  The  con- 
fequence  was  tliat  the  faliva  conftantly  efcaped  from  her 
mouth,  and  from  being  a  healthy-looking  woman  before  the 
accident,  flic  became  rapidly  emaciated,  afflifted  with  fto- 
mach  complaints  and  difficulty  of  digelliou.  Tronchin, 
being  confulted,  faw  that  her  iiidifpofition  proceeded  from 
the  lofs  of  a  nutritious  fluid.  He  advifed  uniting  the  divi- 
fion  by  the  operation  for  the  hare-lip.  This  was  actually 
done  by  Ferrand.  The  lofs  of  the  faliva  was  prevented, 
and  the  patient  foon  regained  her  heahh  and  good  looks 
again. 

It  would  feem  that  children  can  bear  the  lofs  of  a  large 
quantity  of  the  faliva  better  than  adults.  A  little  girl, 
fix  years  old,  was  brought  into  the  hofpital  of  St.  Louis, 
affliifted  with  a  gangrenous  carbuncle,  that  had  not  only 
fpread  to  the  whole  lower  lip,  and  foft  parts  about  the 
chin,  but  alfo  to  the  body  of  the  jaw.  The  floughing 
having  flopped,  the  dead  parts  were  detached,  the  body  of 
the  lower  jaw-bone  feparated  from  the  rami  at  the  places 
of  anatomical  divifion.  In  this  cafe,  the  circumftance  par- 
ticularly worthy  of  notice  is,  that  although  the  faliva  was 
inceflantly  running  out  of  the  mouth,  fo  as  to  wet  all  the 
girl's  clothes,  flie  enjoyed,  during  the  fix  months  fhe  was 
in  the  hofpital,  a  good  appetite,  and  had  every  appearance 
cf  being  well  nouriflied.  See  Richerand's  Nofographie 
Chirurg.  torn.  iii.  p.  255,  edit.  2. 
Lip,   Hare,  \ 

Lip,  Preternatural  F'tjfure  of,  j 
Lip,  Wounds  of.  In  thefe  cafes  the  chief  indication  is 
to  place  the  edges  of  the  divifion  in  exact  and  even  contadt, 
in  order  that  they  may  unite  by  the  firll  intention.  The 
twilled  future  will  generally  be  found  the  moll  advantageous 
for  this  purpofe.  It  is  to  be  applied  in  the  manner 
explained  in  the  article  Hare-lip,  in  conjundtion  with 
narrow  ftrip;  of  adhefive  plaftcr,  and  a  bandage  that  will 
prefs  forward  the  integuments  of  the  face.  Whether  one 
or  two  pins  ought  to  be  tiled  mud  depend  upon  the  length 
of  the  divifion.  When  the  wound  is  lacerated,  or  contuled, 
it  often  cannot  be  hindered  from  fuppurating,  and  union  by 
the  iirll  ivtention  is  prevented.  However,  in  fuch  in'.lanccs, 
a  pin  may  frequently  be  employed  with  bL.-nefit,  as  a  partial 
adhefioii  may  take  place,  though  the  agglutination  is  not 
<reneral.  And  even  when  thefe  wounds  ftippurate,  main- 
taining the  edges  near  each  other  with  llrips  of  adhefive 
plaller  wll  materially  leflen  the  breadth  of  the  fear,  and 
expedite  the  cure.  Sometimes  it  may  be  proper  to  poultice 
a  contufed  or  lacerated  injury  of  the  lip,  where  there  is  no 
immediate  profpecl  of  adhelion,  and  the  part  has  a  flougiiy 
afpect  ;  but  this  plan  fliould  only  be  continued  till  the 
wound  putB  on  a  cleaner  appearance  and  begins  to  granu- 


See  Hare-lip. 


L  I  P 

late  ;  the  proper  method  being  now  to  applv  adhefive  plaf* 
ters,  and  a  pledget  ot  any  common  unirrit.iting  ointment. 

Lip  of  a  Horfe,  in  the  Mniie^e,  is  the  Ikin  that  covers 
the  fides  of  the  mouth,  and  ftirrounds  his  jaws.  A  horfe  is 
faid  to  arm  or  guard  himlelf  with  his  lips,  when  his  lips  arc 
fo  thick  that  they  cover  their  bars,  and  keep  ofl  the  pref- 
fure  of  the  curb. 

LIPA,  of  Xiiro:,  fat,  a  word  ufed  frequently  by  Hippo- 
crates to  exprels  any  thing  fat  or  oily.  He  call.s  certain 
ilools,  which  have  a  fatty  appearance,  by  this  name.  Thefe 
are  erteemed  a  fign  of  great  colliquation.  He  alfo  applies 
it  to  a  iort  of  fatty  fubllatice,  often  feen  fwimrriiig  on  the 
furface  of  the  urine  like  a  fpider's  web  :  this  the  fame  great 
author  gives  as  a  lign  of  a  confumption. 

LlPA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  palati- 
nate of  Novogrodek  ;     j2   miles   W.N.  W.    of  Sluck 

Alfo,  a  town  of  Croatia,  on   the   river   Dobra  ;   10  milef 
S.W.  of  Carlftadt. 

LII'ARjEUS  L.\pi.s,  in  the  Natural  Il'flory  of  ihi  An- 
cients, the  name  of  a  itone  ulnally  tound  in  L>ipari,  one  of 
the  jEolian  illands,  and  brought  thence  in  the  tune  of  the 
Greeks  among  the  pumices,  of  which  liiat  place  always 
afforded  them  a  large  quantity. 

It  was  a  fmall  ftone,  about  the  bignefs  of  a  filbert,  of  an 
irregular  and  unct  rtain  fliape,  and  porous  and  friable  conlli- 
tution,  like  that  of  the  pumices,  but  more  eafily  falling  to 
pieces  on  rubbing  between  the  fingers  than  even  the  loftelt 
of  them  ;  the  colour  was  a  dulky  grey,  and  the  whole  exter- 
nal furface  plainly  fliewed  that  it  had  fullered  changes  by  the 
means  of  fire.  The  ftone  at  prcfent,  however,  is  fo  littk 
regarded,  that  the.  writers  on  fuch  fubjefls  have  even  forgot 
to  name  it.  They  are  fometimes  brought  to  us,  to  this  day, 
among  the  pumices  from  the  burning  mountains,  but  are  not 
regarded. 

LIPARI,  in  Geography,  a  volcanic  ifland.  or  rather  a 
group  of  Inch  iflands,  in  the  Mediterranean,  about  twenty- 
four  miles  from  the  N.  coad  of  Sicily.  They  were  formerly 
called  jEolian  JJlands,  which  fee  ;  and  now  Ifole  di  Lipari, 
from  the  name  of  the  chief  of  them.  Thefe  iflands  were 
anciently  known  to  be  volcanic,  and  called  Volcanian,  but  it 
is  in  modern  times  that  their  volcanization  has  been  coufi- 
dered  as  an  objeft  of  interelling  refearch  to  philolophers, 
among  whom  M.  de  Luc,  fir  W.  Hamilton,  Dolomieu,  and 
Spallanzani  have  dillinguiflied  themfelves.  Thefe  iflands  are 
commonly  reckoned  ten  in  number,  though  fome  by  omitting 
and  others  by  comprehending  fome  barren  rocks,  have  diini- 
niflied  or  increafed  their  number.  The  largeft  is  Lipsri, 
being  19I  Italian  miles  in  circuit.  Accordingly  this  ifland, 
from  its  extent,  the  city  wkieh  renders  it  illuftrious,  the  num- 
ber of  its  inhabitants,  its  agriculture  and  commerce,  claims 
pre-eminence  above  all  the  others  by  which  it  is  furrounded. 
Nor  is  it  Icfs  important  in  the  eftimation  of  tlie  naturalill 
from  the  quantity,  variety,  and  unufual  beauty  of  the  vol- 
canic products  which  it  contains.  It  is  well  known,  by  the 
tellimony  of  Diodorus  CI-  5-)'  '^'^'  ^^^  ''"^  ^olian  ifles  were 
fiibjeil  to  great  eruptions  of  fire,  and  that  their  craters  and 
mouths  were  vifible  in  his  time.  As  to  Lipari,  however, 
very  few  memorials  have  been  preferved  of  its  ancient  con- 
flagratiwns.  Of  the  antiquity  of  the  ifland,  and  of  its  ex- 
illence  before  the  Trojan  war  we  are  certain,  fince  we  learn 
from  Homer,  that,  after  the  taking  of  Troy,  Ulyffes  landed 
there,  and  was  treated  with  the  utmoll  urbanity  and  courtefy 
by  king  ./Kolns,  during  the  whole  month  of  his  continuance 
there  (Odylf  1.  10. )  ;  and  though  we  allow  to  the  poet  the 
ufual  licence  of  poetry,  it  is  ftill  moil  certain  that  he  could 
not  have  named  this  ifland,  and  the  city  it  contained,  unlefs 
they  exilled  at  the  time  when  he  wrote  his  poem,  above 

3000 


L  I  P  A  K  r. 


3000  years  ago.     But  if  we  confult  other  ancient  and  ere-     fwcUed  fo  mucli,  that  tliO-y  rofe  fcveral  tinies  above  tlie  edges 


dible  writers,  we  fhall  find  that  before  jEohis,  Liparus 
reigned  in  this  iflanJ,  and  that  from  him  it  took  its  name, 
being  before  called  "  Melogonis,"  or,  according  to  others, 
"  Meligimis."  The  antiquity  of  this  ifland  may  alfo  be 
inferred  from  the  manner  of  its  produdlion  by  fubler- 
raneous  eruptions,  in  which  the  decompofilion  of  volcanized 
matters  is  neceflary,  which  requires  a  conllderable  interval  of 
time.  If,  therefore,  Lipari  had  inhabitants  and  cities,  and 
was  a  cultivated  country  before  the  dellruition  of  Troy,  it  is 
evident  that  it  mull  have  exilted  many  ages  prior  to  that  event. 
But  from  the  time  when  mention  is  made  in  hillory  of  this 
ifland   to  the  prefent  day,  it   is  pretty  certain  that  no  true 


of  the  crucible,  and  flowed  over  its  ildcs.  The  tivo  kinds 
of  pumice,  though  both  derive  their  origin  from  the  fame 
feldfpar,  which  is  the  bafe  both  of  the  lava  and  the  glafs, 
afford  different  refults  in  the  fame  fire  ;  fince  their  volume, 
inifead  of  being  augmented,  is  diminiftied,  only  retaining  it* 
former  colour. 

Tiie  haven  of  Lipari  forms  a  curve  in  the  fhore,  which 
to  the  louth  bejiins  at  the  foot  of  the  Monte  Capifullo, 
and  ends  to  the  north-ea(l  at  the  bottom  af  the  Monte  della 
Rofa.  After  having  examined  that  part  of  the  fhore 
wliicii  is  contiguous  to  the  harbour,  lying  under  the  caftle, 
and  on  the  right  fide  of  Monte  Capifullo,  our  author  made 


eruption  or  current  of  lava  has  taken  place  in  it  ;  for  if  this  the  circuit  of  the  remainder  of  that  curve   to  the   bafe  of 

liad  been  the  cafe,  fome  memorial  would  have  been   pre-  Monte  della    Rofa.      The  objefts  that  here  attracted  his 

ferved  of  it  as  well  as  of  thofe  of  Stromboli  and  Vulcano.  notice    were    firil    a    tufa,     which  the  induftry  of  the  in- 

The  ftoves  and  the  warm  baths  of  Lipari  are  the  only  places)  habitants  had  converted  into  a  foil  fuitable   to   fmall  vine- 

jn  the  whole  ifland  where  any  figns  remain  of  unextinguiflied  yards,  and    next  a  mafs   of  crags   and   precipices,    partly 

volcanos.     Spallanzani  made  a  circuit  of  this  ifland  for  the  fallen  into  the  fea,  and   partly  threatening   to  fall  ;  among 

purpofe  of  firft  examining  its  fhores,  and  he  then  afcended  which,    befides    fcorije    of   an  iron    colour,    he   met   with 


its  mountains  in  its  interior  parts.  In  examining  its  (hores 
he  beiran  with  the  city  of  Lipari,  which  extends  along  the 
fhores  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre ;  and  in  his  refearches 
in  the  harbour  itfelf,  under  the  caftle  of  the  city,  he  found 
that  it  is  erected  on  an  immenfe  rock  of  lava,  that  riles  per- 
pendicularly from  the  watcr,'and  is  entirely  dcftitute  ot  all 
vegetation,  except  a  few  ftalks  of  the  Indian  fig  (C'aClus 
opuntia,  Linn.)  which  grew  in  its  filTures.  This  lava  has 
for  its  bafe  feldfpar,  is  of  a  fine  compaft  grain,  of  a  fcaly 
fracture,  dry  to  the  touch,  and  gives  fparks,  like  flint,  with 


beautiful  volcanic  breccias  of  lava  of  a  petrofiliceous  bafe, 
containing  fmall  particles  of  glafs  and  pumice.  At  the  foot 
of  the  Monte  della  Rofa,  where  the  harbour  of  Lipari 
ends,  our  author  perceived  on  the  fhore  a  (tone,  which,  froin 
its  fingularity,  drew  his  attention.  It  formed  a  rock  rihng 
in  part  above  the  fea,  and  in  part  concealed  by  the  water. 
It  was  at  firft  taken  for  a  iafper  :  its  ground  was  of  a  red- 
blood  colour  ;  it  gave  fparks  ffrongly  with  fteel,  was  of  a 
rather  fine  grain,  and  had  alnioft  the  hardnefs  of  quartz. 
On  a  more  attentive  examination   this  ftone   was  perceived 


ileel.     The  colour  is  cinereous,  approaching  in  many  jilaces  not  to  be  fimple  like  the  jafper,  but  of  a  compound  forma- 

to  that  of  lead.     This  lava  is  joined  to  large  maffes  of  glafs,  tion,  containing  in   it  reddifh  fcales   of  feldfpar  and  fhorls, 

which  form  a  whole  with  it,  without  any  feparations  or  divi-  which  gave  it  the    character    of    that   kind    of  porphyry 

fions  in    the  middle.      It  is  therefore  the  fame  lava,  cither  which  has  for  its  bafe  a  hard   horn-ftone.     This   fubllance 

retaining   its  own   nature  or   tranfmuted  into  glafs.     This  our  author,  after  careful  invelligation,  cannot  exclude  from 

glafs,  like  the  lava,  gives  fparks  with  fteel ;  but  the  lava  is  the  number  of  true  and  real  lavas,  though  he  cannot  affirrr» 

opaque,  whereas  the  glafs,  in  the  angles  and  thinner  edges,  that  its  rednefs  is  an  effeft  of  calcination,  as  is  the  cafe  m 


has  a  confiderable  degree  of  tranfparency.  The  ancient  ex 
iftence  of  fire  in  this  place  is  evinced  by  another  circum- 
fiance,  w'a;.  that  the  vitreous  fubftances  already  noticed  are 
frequently  accompanied  by  pumice,  which  are,  in  faft,  only 
an  imperfedl  glafs.  In  viewing  the  fteep  mafles  of  glafs  and 
lava,  which  rife  perpendicularly  from  the  fea,  like  a  wall, 
they  are  fecn  to  be  interfperfed  with  different  ftrata  of  pu- 
mice, which  is  of  two  kinds  ;  the  one  heavy  and  compadl, 
the  other  light  and  porous,  and  both  of  a  cinereous  colour. 
The  firft  fort  is  of  the  fame  nature  with  the  lava  of  the 
rock ;  but  the  other  kind  is  rather  fcaly  than  filamentous, 
and  its  fcales  have  a  degree  more  of  vitrification  than  the 
other.  This  pumice  is  ufually  a  continuation  of  the  other, 
and,  according  to  our  author,  derives  its  origin  from  the 
greater  degree  of  heat  which  it  has  fuftained.  Upon  atten- 
tively examining  this  mixture  of  lava,  glafs,  and  pumice 
which  forms  the  body  of  the  rock,  it  appeared  evident  that 
there  muft  have  been  feveral  currents  that  had  flowed  down 
the  fides,  and,  perhaps,  from  the  fummit,of  the  contiguous 
mountain  Delia  Guardia,  into  the  fea  ;  fince  the  diredlion  of 
their  defcent  is  found  on  that  fide,  and  even  the  filaments  of 
the  pumices  point  towards  that  mountain.  The  lava,  glafs, 
and  pumice  exhibited  neither  feldfpars,  ftiorls,  nor  any  other 
extraneous  body,  either,  as  our  author  conceives,  becaufe 
they  have''hielted  by  the  fire,  or,  perhaps,  becaufe  they  never 
exilled  in  them.  The  lava  and  glafs  of  the  rock,  when  ex- 
pofed  to  the  furnace  in  fcparate  crucibles,  fnfed  into  a  light- 
grey  glafs  ;  the  globules  which  before  appeared  in  them 
melting  at   the   fame  time ;  during  liquefadion  thefe  fub- 


other  lavas,  fince  of  this  it  does  not  exhibit  the  flighteft 
indication.  The  reafons  ot  faft  on  which  Spallanzani 
grounds  his  opinion,  that  this  porphyritic  rock  has  pafled 
into  the  iLite  of  lava,  are  two  ;  the  great  number  of  minute 
cells  it  contains  in  many  parts  of  it,  and  the  direction  of 
thofe  cells.  Hence  he  concludes,  that  this  ftone  is  rot  only 
a  true  porphyritic  lava,  but  that  it  once  flowed  from  the 
mountain  to  the  fea,  and  in  its  motion  the  naturally  cir- 
cular  figure  of  its  pores  or  cells  was  ch.inged  into  an  oval. 
The  fame  appearance  has  always  been  oblerved,  on  a  fmaller 
fcale,  in  re-mehed  lavas,  and  glafles.  All  the  fpecies  of  this 
kind  of  lava  are  not,  however,  of  a  blood-red  colour ; 
fome  of  them  are  of  n  duller  red,  though  the  component 
principles  of  both  are  eirentially  the  fame.  This  lava,  when 
fufed  in  the  furnace,  doubled  its  volume,  and  its  upper 
part  affumed  a  vitreous  convexity,  which  was  fmooth, 
fhining,  femi-tranfparent,  and  of  a  greenifh  tinfture  ;  but 
internally  it  was  a  very  black  vitreous  fcoria,  extremely  po- 
rous, and  fufficiently  hard  to  give  fparks  with  fteel. 

In  purfuing  his  tour  our  auth.or  found  that  Lipari,  hke 
the  other  jIIoIkui  illes,  is  at  its  bafe  more  or  lefs  corroded 
by  the  fea,  which  is  frequently  in  a  llate  of  violent  agitation  i 
the  lower  excavations  caufe  the  parts  above  them  to  give 
way,  and,  in  a  feries  of  years,  great  maffes  fall  into  the  fea. 
To  this  the  nature  of  the  lava,  wl.-ich  is  full  of  cracks  and 
filTures,  conlidcrably  contributes  ;  not  to  mentioa  the  in- 
fluence of  the  humidity  of  the  atmofphcre,  and  other  de- 
itruftive  elements.  Large  heaps  ot  thefe  fragments  accu- 
mulate on   the  fhore,  and  make  room  for  others,  and  thus 


ftances,  which  filled  only  one  t^uarter  part  of  the  crucible,    a  gradual  diminution  ot  the  iilaod  takes  place.     Beyond  the 

Wbour 


L  I  P  A  R  I. 


tiarSmir  ?nd  the  por,>liyritic  rock,  our  atitlior  found  the  fea  to  the  fifTurcs  of  the  glafTes,  there  is  no  veftigc  of  a  fingle 

forming  a  kind  of  bav  withiu  tlie  land,  round   which  a  few  living  vegetable  over  tlie  whole  Monte  della  Caftajnia  ;  and 

cottages  arc  built,  alFordiiig  flicker  to  a  fmall  number  of  in-  on  Campo   Bianco  they  are   extremely  rare.      Rcyond  the 

habitants,  who  fub fill  by  the  profits  of  a  vineyard  that  ill  pumices,  the  lavas  again  appear,  begiiuiing  from  the  "  Punta 

repays  their  labour.     The  name  of  this  place  is  Car>neto  ;  del  Segno  Nero,"  and  extending  in  a  chain  of  feveral  miles. 


s^nd  above  it  is  a  current  of  lava,  of  an  argillaceous  bafe, 
fmiilar  to  that  of  the  Arlio  in  li'chia.  At  the  dillanceof 
three  miles  from  the  haven  of  Lipari  is  Campo  Bianco  (the 
White  iieldj,  fo  called,   becaufe   it  is  a  lofty  and  extenfive 

For  the 
we  refer   to 


mountain,  compofcd  entirely  of  white    pumices. 
nature,  production,  and   properties  of  PumjVf,  we 


■gno  Mcro,  ana  extenduig 
wliich  on  the  fide  of  the  fea  defcends  in  precipices  and 
craggy  declivities:  and  procccdimr  further,  the  fea  makes 
an  incurvature  and  forms  a  fmall  bay,  called  the  Valle  di 
Mnria,  on  tlie  fides  of  which  rife  high  and  fteqi  rocks  of 
lava,  half  demolidicd,  and  among  the  lava  enamels  and  pu- 
roicec.     In   examining   the  interior    of   the  ifland,   Monte 


that  article.     The  mountain,   wiiich  is  a  prodigious  mafs  of  Kan  Angclo,  fituated  to   the  north  of  the  city   of  Lipari, 

pumice,  riles  almoll  perpendicularly  from  the  fea,  and,  feen  is  the  higheft  mouniain,  on  the  fummit  of  which  is  a  cir- 

at  a  diftancc,  appears   to  be  about   a  quarter  ot  a  mile  in  cular  plain,  furrounded  by  eminences  flielving  towards  the 

hci'-^ht,  and  above  half  a  mile  in  breadth.     No   plants  grow  infide,  wliich  M.  Dolomieu  imagined  to  be  the  remains  of  an 

upon  it,  except  a  few  without  fruits,  like  thole  on  the  tops  ancient   crater,  and    which   he    fuppofes  to  have  been  the 

of  the  Alps.      Its  fides  are  ilreaked  with  numerous  furrows,  firft  that  was  formed  in  the  ifland,  about    a  mile  above    the 

widenine  and  deepening  as  they  ajiproaeh   the   bottom,  and  fea,  through    which   the   volcano   burft   forth,    and    which 

formed    by  the    rains,  which   ealily  corrode   and   excavate  ierved  as  a  bafe  and  fupport  for   the   other   mountains  that 

a  fuhliance  fo  loft  and  yielding  as  pumice.     The  fea  at  the  were  thrown  up  afterwards.      Soon  afterwards  rofe  its  com- 

Lottom  lias  likewife  occalioned  great  devaftations,  by  means  panion,  the  Monte  della  Guardia,  which  looks  towards  the 

of  which  is  laid  open   to   view   a  large  vein  of  horizontal  louth,  and  little  inferior  to  the  other  in  height.     Tliefe  two 

lava    on  which  the  laft  wave  dies   away   when   the   fea  be-  mountains  formed  two  iflands   in   the  fea,  which,  enlarging 

comes  calm.     The   formation  of  this   lava  was,    therefore,  each  its   refpedive  bafe,  united   into    one.     To  thefe  two 

prior  to  the  vail  accumulation  of  pumices  which  rell  upon  mountains  fubfequent  eruptions  made   new  additions,   until 

it.     This  mafs  of  pumice  is    an   agcrregation  of  numerous  at  length  the  whole  ifland  of  Lipari   was   produced,    which, 

beds    or  llrata,    of    pumices,    fucceflively   placed   on   each  from  the  erofions  of  the  rain    and    fea,    is    now   certainly 

other,  diilinguilliable  by  their  colour  ami  by  their  projedion  Icls  than  it  once  was. 

from  the  mountain.      Some  of  thefe  pumices  are  lo  compatt         Lipari,  if  we  except  fome  few  fiat  places  and   praiElica-* 

that  the  fmallell  pore  cannot  be  dileemed,  nor  do  they  ex-  j^j^.  declivities,  v.liich  the  inhabitants  have  rendered   culti- 

hibit  the   leall  trace  of  a  filamentous  nature.     V.  ith  a  lens  vable  by  great  labour,  is  a  ruinous  pile  of  horrid  precipices, 

they    appear    to   be    an    irregular    accumulation    ol    fmall  rugged  cliffs,  and  enormous  maffes  ;   and  there  is  no  fum- 

flakes   of  ice.     Others  are  full  of  pores  and  vacuities   of  a  p^jj^  f,or   projefting   part    of  a  m'-UHitaia,  which    does  not 

larger  fize,  ufually  round  ;  and  their  texture  is   formed   by  exhibit  manifeft  indications  of  its  future  fall  and  deflrudion. 

filaments,  and  ftreaks,  generally  parallel  to  each  other,  and  1^1,^  materials  of  which  thefe  ruins  are  formed  are  pumices, 

of  a  ftiinin*  filvcry  whitcKcfs.      Of  thefe  pumjces^  there  are  enamels,  and  glaffes,  fimilar  to  thofe  which  we  have  already 


three  kinds,  which  the  people  of  Lipari  dig  for  fale.'  One 
kind  is  employed  in  poliiliing  different  fubdanccs,  and  the 
other  two  kinds  arc  ufed  in  the  conftruftion  of  arched  vaults, 
and  the  corners  of  buildings.  There  are  other  kinds  which 
merit  the  attention  of  the  natural  hiflorian.  In  examining 
tlicfe  pumices  our  author  obtained  the  following  refults  : 

I'umice  of  tlie 

rncl<  ot"  tlio 
caHIp  of  Lipari. 


ill  Species 
of  Campo 

Bia:iru. 


Silex 

AUimine 

Magnefia 

Lime 

Iron 


60.3 

6 

6 


2d 

Species. 

80 

6 

3 

4-7 

4.8 


aa 

Spciies. 
80 
4 


4 
5-3 


4ih 
Species. 

6 1 
32.7 
6 
5.8 

3 


63 
2+ 
5.6 

2 


mentioned. 

The  celebrated  ftovcs  of  Lipari  have  exercifed  the  curio- 
fity  of  travellers.  Thefe  lie  four  miles  W.  of  the  city, 
and  fomcwhat  beyond  the  funinit  of  a  mountain,  which, 
next  to  thofe  of  San  Angelo  and  della  Guardia,  is  one  of  the 
higheft  in  the  ifland.  The  road  from  the  city  to  the  ftovcs 
is  formed  by  a  deep  excavation,  chiefly  the  work  of  rain- 
waters, in  an  immenfe  mafs  of  tufa.  Our  author  conceives 
that  the  volcanic  tufas  have  been  formed  by  flimy  eruptions  ; 
without  denying,  however,  that  aflies,  fand,  and  other  fub- 
tile  matter*  ejedled  by  volcanoes,  and  penetrated  either  by 
the  rain-waters,  or  thofe  of  the  fea,  where  they  covered  the 
bafes  of  the  burning  mountains,  have  been  confolidatcd  into 
fome  tufas. 


The  tufa  of  Lipari,  to  which  we  now  refer. 

Beyond   Campo   Dia,nco    and   its   adjacent   hills,  rifcs  a    has  every  appearance  of  having  bien  an  earthy  current  in 

5untain  of  another  kind,  called  the  Monte  della  Caftagna,     our  author's  opinion.     It  begins  at  about   100  paces  from 

;   part  of  it   dcfcending  to  the   fea,  is  about     the  city,  and  continues,  without  interruption,  to  beyond  the 

xtent,  and  above  four  miles  in  circumference,     fummit  of  the  Monte  della  Stufa,  or  Mountain  of  the  Stoves. 

in,  according  to  Uolomieu  and  our  author,  is     (See  Tula.)     The  floves,  terminating  a  defcent  of  about 

200  feet  in  length,  form  a  group  of  four  or  five  caves,  more 
like  to  the  dens  of  bears  than  the  habitations  of  men,  and 
exhibiting  much  lefs  art  than  the  tidifices  formed  by  the 
Monte'della  Caftagna,  though  apparently  ifolatcd,  are  in  beaver.  Every  cave  has  an  opening  at  the  bottom,  through 
reality  a  conneded  groun,  taken  in  its  whole  extent,  having  which  the  warm  and  tumid  vapours  enter,  and  another  m  the 
a  circuit  of  ei'rht  miles ';  nor  is  the  extent  of  its  vitrilica-  top,  through  which  they  pafs  out.  On  one  of  tbefe  ftovcs 
tionslefs,  it  in" thefe  we  include  hkewife  the  puraiccs,  which  the  thermometer  flood  at  only  .}«}  ;  but  the  vapour  pof- 
are  in  faft  only  a  lefs  perfect  glafs.  The  fterility  of  thcl'c  feffes  fomewhat  of  a  fuft'ocating  nature.  The  lloves  now 
mountains  is  a  confcquence  of  their  vitreous  nature,  which,  retain  little  more  than  their  name,  and  whatever  may  have 
in  the  courfe  of  fo  many  ages,  has  not  been  decompufed  been  their  fuppofcd  virtue  in  the  cure  of  dilorders,  they  are 
;'ile  a  ven-etable  earlh ;  if  w e  except  .a  few  lichcas  attached  now  nearly  dcfcrled.  Under  the  lloves,  and  the  adjacent 
*  6  ground, 


mountain 

■which,  in  the 

one  mile  in  ex 

This  mountain,  according 

entirely  compofed  of  enamels  and  glallcs.     For  the  defcrip- 

tion  of  thefe   in  their  number  and  variety,  -ive  mull   refer 

the  reader  to  the  work  before  us.     Campo   Bianco   and  the 


L  I  P 


L  I  P 


ground,  there  is  reafon  to  believe,  that  fomo  remains  of  ful- 
phureous  conflagrations  ftiU  continue. 

Lipari,  we  have  already  obferved,  is  the  largcft,  and  it  is 
a]fo  the  mod  populous  of  thofe  called  the  iEoliau  iflcs  ;  the 
number  of  its  inhabitants  amounting  to  between  nine  and 
ten  thoufand,  moll  of  whom  refide  in  the  city  of  the  fame 
name.  If  the  illand  be  divided  into  four  parts,  aboiit  2^ 
will  be  found  to  be  cultivated,  and  the  remainder  overgrown 
with  wood,  and  barr3n.  Thefe  barren  trafts,  however,  are 
gradually  converted  into  fruitful  fields,  from  a  kind  of 
ceceffity  arifing  from  the  continually  incrcafing  population 
of  the  ifland.  Lipari  produces  cotton,  pulfe,  and  ohves, 
in  fmall  quantities.  The  corn  is  fcarcely  fufficient  for  the 
fupply  ijf  the  city.  The  principal  of  the  ufeful  productions 
of  this  ifland  are  the  grapes,  of  which  there  are  feveral 
kinds.  The  firft  furnifhes  the  common  wine  that  is  drank 
in  the  ifland,  and  of  which  they  export  aimually  two  or 
three  thoufand  barrels.  The  paflole  and  paiTolina,  as  they 
are  called  in  the  ifland,  are  two  other  kinds  of  grapes  that 
are  dried.  The  lad  is  that  fort  which  is  ufually  called  the 
Corinthian  grape.  Of  this  they  commonly  fell  10,000  bar- 
rels annually;  and  of  the  other  about  12,000.  From  a 
fourth  kind  of  grape  is  made  the  famous  Malniley  of  Lipari ; 
which  is  a  wine  of  a  clear  amber  colour,  generous  and  fweet. 
The  grape  producing  this  wine  is  fcarce,  and  does  not 
furnifli  more  than  2OCO  barrels  annually,  which  are  fold  for 
foreign  markets,  as  well  as  the  paffole  and  patTolina.  The 
▼intage  is  in  the  month  of  September,  which  is  a  fcafon  of 
relaxation  and  feftivity  to  the  Liparefe.  Another  plant  of 
domeftic  ufe  to  the  Liparefe,  if  it  does  not  form  a  branch  of 
foreign  commerce,  is  the  Indian  fig  (Cailus  opuntia, 
Linn.)  Nothing  can  be  more  wretched  than  the  filliery  of 
Lipari.  In  June  and  July  they  fifh  for  coral  ;  but  owing 
10  a  want  of  ikill,  this  fishery  is  very  unproductive.  At 
Lipari  large  and  fmail  cattle  are  very  fcarce  ;  and  the  few 
oxen  and  cows  which  are  flaughtered  there  are  brought 
from  Sicily,  and  are  very  lean.  Of  wild  quadrupeds,  the 
country  only  produces  rabbits,  which  make  their  burrows 
in  the  mountainous  parts,  where  the  volcanic  matters,  prin- 
cipally of  the  tufaceous  kind,  permit  them  to  dig  with  their 
feet.  The  birds  ftationary  here  are  but  few,  iiiz.  the  par- 
tridge, green-f.nch,  fparrow,  gold-finch,  horn-owl,  and  raven. 
Of  migrating  water-fowls,  here  are  different  kinds  of  fea- 
gulls  and  the  cormorant.  The  birds  of  paffage  are  the 
turtle-dove  and  the  quail,  which  come  for  a  few  days  in 
April  ^nd  September.  Several  kinds  of  fwallows  are 
common. 

Foreign  commerce  has  begun  to  be  introduced  into  the 
iiland  by  the  mariners;  they  every  year  buy,  at  the  fair  of 
-Sinigaglio,  linen,  muflins,  veils,  and  other  commodities  of 
•hat  kind ;  and  fell  them  at  MefTina,  Catania,  Palermo, 
ind  other  parts  of  Sicily.  The  trade  is  very  advantageous 
to  the  country,  and  rnany  have  acquired  confiderable  wealth ; 
though  it  injures  the  fiihery  and  raifes  the  price  of  fifh. 
Strabo,  Diodorus,  and  Diofcorides  fay,  that  the  fulphate 
of  alumine  (alum)  was  procured  in  great  abundance  at 
Lipari  ;  but  none  of  this  fait  is  now  extrafted  in  the  ifland. 
The  political  adminiflration  of  Lipari  is  compofed  of  a 
^:riminal judge,  a  fifcal,  a  governor,  who  has  the  chief  autho- 
rity both  in  military  and  civil  affairs,  and  who  is  commonly 
an  old  invalid  ;  and  a  civil  judge.  The  bifhop,  fevcnteen 
canons  of  the  firfl  order,  and  fourteen  of  the  fecond,  and 
from  120  to  130  priefts,  form  the  eccleliaflical  eflablifli- 
ment.  The  Lipa'-efe  are,  in  general,  of  a  prompt  and 
lively  wit,  ready  to  learn,  of  acute  penetration,  and  very 
.defirous  of  obta.ning  knowledge.  A  beggar  is  fcarcely 
ever  found  in  thi;  ifiand  ;  for  the  poorefl  pcrfons  have  fome 
Vol..   XXI. 


fmall  piece  of  ground  which  they  cultivate,  and  by  the  pro- 
duce of  wliich  they  live.  The  natives  are  rather  of  a  large 
(iZQ,  robuft,  and  comely.  The  heat  of  the  fun,  however, 
injures  their  fine  complexions,  producing  tanned  fkins  and 
fwarthy  countenances.  The  Liparefe,  in  general,  value 
themfelves  upon  being  good  mariners,  both  in  theory  and 
praftice.     Spallanzani's  Travels  in  the  Two  Sicilies.  &c. 

Lipari,  an  ancient  city  of  the  above  ifland,  forming  an 
amphitheatre  a'ong  the  fhore,  with  a  chain  of  mounrains 
behind  it,  not  of  an  extenfive  circuit,  and  confifling  rather 
of  narrow  alleys  than  ftreets.  The  caflie  is  furrounded  with 
a  wall,  on  which  are  erefted  a  few  cann  in,  and  is  defended 
by  a  fmall  garrifon.  The  houfes  are  iLdifferent  buildings  ; 
but  three  edifices  are  diftinguilhable  fror.;  the  reft  ;  vii.  the 
palace  of  the  billiop,  the  houfe  of  tht-  governor,  and  the 
cathedral  church.  The  latter  contain?  very  coftly  facred 
utenfils,  a  great  quantity  of  plate,  and  a  number  of  filver 
images,  among  which  is  the  ftatue  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
their  patron  faint.  The  value  of  this  treafure  is  faid  to 
amount  to  go,ooo  Neapolitan  fcudi  ;  the  fcudi  being  worth 
about  4f.  ^J.     N.  lat.  38    3;'.     E.  long,  ij'-  12'. 

LIPARIA,  in  Botany,  io  named  by  Linnseus,  in  his 
fecond  Mantijfa,  m  allulion  either  to  the  fmooth  or  fleek 
habit  of  L.  j'phxrica,  from  which  his  idea  and  character 
of  the  genus  was  taken,  or  to  its  rich  and  fplendid  ap- 
pearance, for  the  Greek  word  Xtrrx^t,;  will  juftify  either  ex- 
planation.   Profeflbr  Marty n  gives  the  former;  we  prefer  the 

latter Linn.  Mant.    Ij6.      Schrcb.  499.     Willd.  Sp.   PL 

V.  3.  II 14.  Mart.  Mill.  Dick.  v.  3.  Thunb.  Prodr.  123. 
Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  i.  v.  3.  48.  Juff.  3^3. — Clafs  and 
Older,  Diadelphia  Decandrla.  Nat.  Ord.  PapUionaccay  Linn. 
Legumlnofie,  JufF. 

Otn.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  of  one  leaf,  inferior,  very  ob- 
tufe  at  the  bafe,  divided  half  way  down  into  five  acute  feg- 
raeiits,  the  lowermoll  of  which  is  very  long,  elliptical,  and 
refembling  a  petal.  Cor.  papilionaceous,  without  any  fpurs 
or  elongations  to  the  keel  or  wings.  Standard  oblong, 
folded,  flraight,  reflexed  at  the  fides.  Wings  oblong, 
ftraight,  narrower  at  the  bafe,  two-lobed  at  their  inferior 
margin.  Keel  lanceolate,  flightly  afcending,  divided  deeply 
at  the  bafe.  Stam.  Filaments  in  two  diitinft  fets ;  one 
fimple  ;  the  other  in  nine  divifions,  which  are  thread-fliaped, 
three  of  them  fhorter  than  the  reft  ;  anthers  ovate.  PiJI. 
Germen  feflile,  very  fliort  ;  ftyle  thread-fhaped,  of  a  mode- 
rate length  ;  ftigma  fimple.  'Perk.  Legume  ovate.  Seeds 
few. 

EfT.  Ch.  Calyx  in  five  fegments,  the  lower  one  elongated. 
Wings  of  the  corolla  two-lobed  at  the  lower  fide.  Three 
of  the  united  ftamens  fliorter  than  the  reft.     Legume  ovate. 

This  fplendid  genus  of  lhrub«,  from  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  is  in  every  refpeft  clofely  allied  to  Borbonla,  next  to 
which  it  ought  to  ftand  in  the  Linnxan  fyftem,  though 
Murray,  who  has  been  heedlefsly  followed  by  others, 
widely  feparated  them.  Liparta  differs  from  Borbonia  in 
being  truly  diadelphous.  How  far  the  other  charaders 
indicated  in  their  defcriptions  hold  good,  we  have  not  fuffi- 
cient acquaintance  with  all  the  fpecies  of  either  genus  to 
determine,  but  there  is  no  difference  with  regard  to  habit 
or  appearance.  Two  fpecies  are  defcribed  by  Linnius, 
Mant.  268,  269,  and  four  more  indicated  with  doubt,  amongll 
which  is  Spartium  capenfe,  [Crolalaria  oppofita,  Linn.  Suppl. 
322.)  The  refl  ftand  as  Liparia  in  Syft.  Veg.  ed.  14. 
665,  making  five  in  all,  to  which  eight  are  added  by  Thun- 
berg,  and  the  whole  thirteen  are  admitted  by  Willdenow. 
The  habit  of  the  genus  is  rigid,  with  numerous,  fcattered, 
fharp,  ufually  elliptical,  rarely  linear  leaves,  which  are  either 
fmooth,  hairy,  or  filky.  Flowers,  as  far  as  we  know,  of  a 
S  line 


L  1  P 


L  I  P 


fine  rich  yellow,  in  terminal  heada  or  umbels.     Examples 
are 

1^.  fphtrka.  Litin.  Mant.  268.  Andr.  Repof.  t.  568. 
Curt.  Mag.  t.  1241. — Flowers  inimcrous,  in  brafteated 
drooping  heads.  Leaves  ellip'ic-lanccolate,  ribbed,  fmooth. 
— According  to  Andrews  this  was  raifed  by  Mr.  Milne, 
gardener  at  Fonthill,  Wilts.  We  received  it  from  Mr. 
Anderfon,  curator  of  the  fplendid  collcftion  of  James  Vere, 
efq.  at  Kenfington  Gore.  The  Jhrub  is  live  or  fix  feet 
high,  clothed  with  numerous,  fpreading  or  recurved,  glau- 
cous leaves,  above  an  inch  long,  entire,  and  ftrongly  ribbed. 
The  large  drooping  round  heads  of  golden  Jlowcrs,  are  fin- 
gularly  magnificent,  accompanied  by  numerous  reddifh 
braHeeu,  differing  from  the  leaves  cliiefly  in  colour  and 
fituation.  The  whole  plant  unavoidably  turns  as  black  as 
ink  in  drying.      It  bloffoms  in  May. 

L.  gramimfolla.  Linn.  Mant.  268. — Flowers  capitate. 
Calyx  hairy.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  fmooth. — Grows  in 
a  fandy  foil  at  the  Cape.  We  have  feen  it  in  a  dry  Hate 
only,  nor  is  any  figure  extant.  The  very  narrow  haves,  an 
inch  or  inch  and  u  half  long,  and  about  a  hue  wide,  are 
peculiar,  as  well  as  the  hairy  heads  aijlowers,  much  fmaller 
than  thofe  of  the  foregoing.  The  branches  are  angular  and 
fmooth. 

LIPARIS,  a  name  given  by  fomc  authors  to  the  pin- 
guicitla,  butter-wort,  or  Yorkfliire  fanicle. 

LiPARIS,  in  Ichthyology,  a  fpecies  of  Cyclopterus  ;  which 
fee. 

LiPARis  Nojlras,  the  name  of  a  fmall  fifh,  common  on 
the  coafts  of  Yorklhire,  and  fome  other  parts  of  England, 
and  called  in  Englifh  the  fnail,  and  limax  marinus  by  fome 
authors.  It  is  about  five  fingers  long  ;  on  its  back  and  fides  it 
is  of  a  briglit  brown,  and  on  the  belly  of  a  fine  white  :  thefe 
are  its  colours,  when  frefh  taken,  for  when  it  has  been  kept 
ten  or  twelve  hours,  the  whole  furface  of  the  body,  except 
the  fins,  becomes  of  a  paler  and  bright  brown.  The  head 
is  thick,  and  not  flat,  but  rounded  ;  it  has  no  teeth,  but  its 
jaws  are  both  rough  like  files. 

The  whole  fifli,  head  as  well  as  body,  is  very  foft  and 
unftuous,  and  eafily  melts  into  a  fort  of  oily  liquor.  It 
is  caught  principally  at  the  mouths  of  great  rivers  where 
they  open  into  the  fea. 

LiPAROCELE,  from  \'T-,:,  fat,  and  y.v.\r,  a  tumour, 
in  Surgery,  any  kind  of  tumour  compofed  of  fat. 

LIPAVINA,  m  Geography,  a  town  of  Croatia;  12 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Creutz. 

LIPCZANI,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Braclaw  ;  60  miles  W.S.W.  of  Braclaw.  ^  Alfo,  a  town  of 
Moravia,  on  the  Pruth  ;   24  miles  S.S.E.  of  Choczim. 

LIPENIUS,  Martin,  in  Biography,  a  German  Lu- 
tberan  divine,  known  only  by  his  works,  which  are  "  On 
the  Navigation  of  Solomon's  Ships  to  Ophir,"  1661  ;  "  A 
Treatife  on  Chriilmas-Boxes  or  New-Year's  Gifts :"  but 
his  moft  important  work  is  entitled  "  Bibliotheca  Realis," 
in  6  vols,  folio  ;  confifting  of  a  view  of  all  the  fubjefts  into 
which  the  different  fciences  ars  branched,  with  a  catalogue 
of  the  names  and  works  of  the  various  authors  who  have 
treated  concerning  them.     Moreri. 

LIPES,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Peru,  and  capital  of 
a  jurifdiftion,  under  the  N-iceroy  of  Buenos  Ayres  ;  150 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Potofi.  S.  lat.  21^40'.  W.  long.  68 ' 
16'. 

LIPETSK,  a  town  of  RulTia,  in  the  government  of 
Tambov,  on  the  Voronez  ;  40  miles  W.N.W.  of  Tambov. 
N.  lat.  53'.     E.  long.  40'  24'. 

LIPETZ,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  Konigin- 
jratz ;  9  miles  S.  of  Neu  Biezow, 


LIPINSKOI,  a  town  of  Rulfia,  in  the  government  of 
Novgorod  ;   16  miles  S.E.  of  Novgorod. 

LIPNISKI,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Wilna  ;  20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lida. 

LIPNITZ,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  Czaflau  ; 
6  miles  W.  of  Teutfch-Brod. 

LIPNO,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Warfaw ;  12  miles  N. 
of  Dobrzyii. 

LIPODERMUS,  or  Leipodermos,  (from  Xhtu,  to 
leave,  and  iipua,  the  Jim,)  in  Surgery,  wanting  the  prepuce. 

LIPORANO,  m  Geography,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the 
province  of  Otranto  ;  3  miles  S.  of  Tarento. 

LIPOTHYMIA,  or  LipopSYCHlA,  in  Medicine,  from 
^!lTw,  deficio,  and  Si/juoj,  animus,  or  vLi/j^r;,  anitna,  fignifies  a 
fudden  faintnefs,  or  temporary  deficiency  of  the  nervous 
power,  and  of  all  the  funftions  depending  upon  it.  It  is 
called  alfo  deliquium  animi,  fwooning,  fyncopc,  &c.  See 
Syncopk. 

LIPOWE,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Lithuania  ;  25  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Braclaw. 

LIPOWIEC,  a  town  of  Auftrian  Poland,  on  the  Vif- 
tula,  to  which  belongs  a  caftle  on  a  rock,  ufed  as  a  prifon 
for  ecclefiaftical  offenders  ;   20  miles  W.  of  Cracow. 

LIPPA,  a  town  of  Hungary,  on  the  Maros ;  22  miles 
N.  of  Temefwar. 

LIPPE-Shaumbrrg,  AVilliam,  Count,  in  Biography, 
fon  of  Albert  Wolfgang,  ceunt  Lippe  and  Shaumberg, 
by  a  daughter  of  count  Oynhaufen,  was  born  in  1724 
at  London,  but  was  fent,  in  1735,  to  Geneva,  to  complete 
his  education.  Here  he  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  the 
ftudy  of  mathematics,  as  connected  with  the  military  art. 
In  1740  he  returned  with  his  brother,  ar.d  in  the  following 
year  they  were  both  fent  to  the  univerfity  of  Leyden,  from 
which  they  removed  in  a  ftlort  time  to  MontpcUier,  in  France. 
At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  repaired  to  England,  and  obtained 
an  enfign's  commiflion  in  the  firft  regiment  of  guards.  On 
the  death  of  his  elded  brother  he  returned  to  Buekebourg, 
the  family  refidcnce,  in  Germany,  and  foon  after  accompanied 
his  father,  a  lieutenant-general  in  the  Dutch  fervice,  during 
the  campaign  in  the  Netherlands,  and  was  prefent  as  a  vo- 
lunteer at  the  battle  of  Dettingen,  where  he  was  diftin- 
guilhed  as  well  for  his  good  conduft  as  for  his  bravery.  In 
the  year  1745  he  joined  the  Auftrian  army  in  Italy,  and  was 
promoted,  in  confequence  of  his  fervices,  to  be  a  colonel  in 
the  Auftrian  army,  but  he  declined  adling  under  the  commif- 
fion.  In  1746  he  travelled  over  a  confiderable  part  of  the 
continent,  and  from  thence  he  came  to  England,  where  he 
remained  till  he  fucceeded  to  his  paternal  eftates  in  1748, 
when  he  repaired  to  Berlin,  to  furrendcr  into  the  hands  of 
his  Pruflian  majefty  the  order  of  the  Black  Eagle,  which 
had  been  conferred  on  his  father.  Here  he  formed  an  ac- 
quaintance with  many  perfons  of  diftinguifhed  literary  merit, 
and  he  was  elefted  a  member  of  the  .Academy  of  Sciences. 
After  this  he  was  diftinguiftied  as  a  military  man  in  the  Pruf- 
fian  army,  raifed  a  regiment  of  grenadiers  from  among  his 
own  fubiefts,  and  was  honoured  by  Frederic  with  the  order 
of  the  Black  Eagle.  In  1754  he  etlabliftied  a  foundery  at 
Buekebourg,  where  he  had  all  the  cannon  call  which  he  af- 
terwards employed  in  the  feven  yeari'  war  againft  the 
French.  In  1756  he  entered  into  a  treaty  with  Great 
Britain,  by  which  he  engaged  to  alTift  liis  Britannic  majefty 
in  the  defence  of  his  German  dominions  againft  the  arms  of 
the  French,  and  to  furnifti  for  that  purpofe  a  regiment  of 
infantry  of  a  t>lioufand  men,  a  corps  of  artillery,  and  another 
of  carbineers  and  chaffeurs.  He  was  prefent  at  the  battle 
of  Minden,  and  in  many  other  pofts  of  much  danger.  In 
1 7 j8  he  was  ordered  to  withdraw  his  forces  from  the  allied 

army. 


L  I  P 


L  I  P 


army,  and  join  the  Auftrians  againft  the  king  of  PruiTia  ; 
he  refufed,  though  at  the  rifle  of  being  put  under  the  ban  of 
the  empire,  and  continued  faithful  to  the  engagements  which 
he  had  entered  into  with  England.  In  1759  the  count 
obtained  the  command  of  the  whole  artillery  of  the  allied 
army  ;  took  a  confiderable  (liare  in  the  battle  of  Toden- 
haufen,  and  the  furcefs  of  the  day  was  in  a  great  meafure 
owing  to  the  artillery  of  which  he  had  the  command.  He 
was  in  the  fame  year  fuccefsfuUy  engaged  in  the  fieges  of 
Marpurg  and  Munller.  On  his  return  home,  in  1760,  he 
formed  an  anificial  ifland  in  the  Steinheederlake,  which  is  a 
mile  in  length,  and  half  a  mile  broad,  and  being  furrounded 
by  moraffes,  is  without  the  reach  of  cannon.  Here  he  con- 
ftrufted  a  fortrefs,  which  was  confidered  as  impregnable,  and 
it  contains,  befides  the  ufual  apartments,  a  chapel,  and  a 
library  furnifhed  with  the  beft  books  on  engineering,  a  col- 
leftion  of  models,  another  of  natural  curiofities,  and  lodg- 
ings for  the  officers,  with  a  fchool  for  engineers,  and  an 
obfervatory.  In  1761,  when  the  war  broke  out  between 
Spain  and  Portugal,  count  Lippe  was  appointed  by  his  Bri- 
tannic majefty  as  commander-in-chief  of  the  Britifh  troops 
fent  to  the  affiilance  of  the  latter.  He  was  afterwards 
entrufted  with  the  command  of  botli  armies,  and  m  1762 
proceeded,  by  way  of  England,  to  Portugal.  Soon  after  his 
arrival,  the  king  ordered  the  fum  of  forty  thoufand  crufa- 
does  to  be  paid  him  for  his  ellablifhment,  but  he  immediately 
dillributed  one-half  of  the  money  among  the  foldiers,  and 
fent  back  the  remainder,  except  what  was  fufficient  to  pay 
for  his  uniform  of  field-manhal,  to  the  king  His  majelty 
even  offered  him  a  pension  of  3000/.  but  this  the  count  de- 
cHned,  and  nothing  could  induce  him  to  accept  of  that  re- 
muneration of  his  fervices  to  which  he  was  unqueilionably 
entitled.  By  his  exertions  principally,  Portugal  was  pro- 
tefted  from  the  danger  threatened  to  it  by  her  powerful  and 
ambitious  neighbour.  The  king  of  Portugal,  Jofeph  I.  who 
knew  how  to  appreciate  count  Lippe's  talents,  employed  him 
in  a  civil  as  well  as  military  capacity,  and,  in  confequence  of 
his  advice,  introi!uced  many  improvements  into  the  political 
adminiftration  of  the  kingdom,  and  particularly  into  the 
financial  department.  His  principal  objeft  was  to  eiliablifh 
the  army  on  a  refpeCtable  footing,  and  to  infpire  the  foldiery 
with  a  more  delicate  fenfe  of  honour.  The  war  which  he 
carried  on  with  Spain  was  merely  a  defenfive  one,  but  he  ef- 
fected more  by  it  than  he  could  by  one  of  a  contrary  defcrip- 
tion,  as  he  was  enabled  to  throw  to  many  obftacles  in  the 
way  of  the  enemy,  that  their  plans  were  rendered  entirely 
fruitlefs.  In  1763,  before  he  left  PortUi^al,  he  eilabliihed 
a  fchool  of  artdlery,  and  conilrutlcd  on  the  Spaniih  fron- 
tier  a  very  ftrong  fortrefs,  which,  in  commemoration  of  his 
name,  was  called  Fort  Lippe.  At  the  general  peace  the 
count  returned  to  Germany,  carrying  with  him  abundance 
of  prefents  from  the  kings  of  Portugal  and  England,  in  tef- 
timony  of  their  efteem  and  approbation.  He  now  employed 
much  of  his  time  in  the  tludy  of  the  military  art,  and  in 
bringing  his  theories  to  the  teft  of  praftice.  As  the  refult 
of  his  experience  and  obfervations,he  wrote  a  treatiie  on  the 
art  of  defenfive  war,  in  fix  imall  volumes,  which  is  faid  to 
poffefs  much  merit,  but  of  which  he  had  only  ten  copies 
printed.  In  1767  he  rcvifited  Porttigal  by  the  king's  invita- 
tion, ^nd  completed  the  reform  which  he  had  begun  in  the 
Portuguefe  army.  In  the  following  fpring  he  returned  to 
Germany,  and  loon  after  was  honoured  with  a  vifit  from 
Frederic  II.  of  PrulTia.  The  remainder  of  his  Ufe  he  em- 
plf^yed  in  promoting  the  profperity  of  his  dates,  and  the 
happinefs  of  his  fubjefts.  He  died  in  1777,  in  the  fifty- 
fourth  year  of  his  age.  SubUme  thoughts  and  heroic  fenti- 
ments  had   been  as  familiar  and  natural  to  his  mind  as  they 


were  to  the  nobleft  charafters  of  Greece  and  Rome.  The 
animation  of  his  features  announced  the  elevation,  fagacity, 
penetration,  kindnefs,  virtue,  and  ferenity  of  his  foul.  In 
his  retirement  he  amufed  himfelf  with  the  arts  and  fciences, 
but  his  favourite  ftudies  were  philofophy  and  ancient  hiftory. 
He  pofTefTed  an  extenfive  knowledge  in  every  department  of 
literature,  and  by  his  travels  in  foreign  countries  he  had  be- 
come familiarly  acquainted  with  the  French,  Englidi,  Ita- 
lian and  Portuguefe  languages :  he  was  an  excellent  draftf- 
man,  a  great  connoiffeur  in  paintings  ;  and  excelled  fo  much 
io  mufic,  that  he  was  able  to  direct  the  concerts  which  were 
given  in  the  evening  at  his  rcfidence.      Gen.  Biog. 

Lippe,  in  Geography,  a  county  of  Germany,  W.  of  the 
biihopric  of  Paderborn,  divided  into  fevcral  branches, 
which  derive  their  names  from  the  different  towns  and  parts  of 
the  principality  belonging  to  each.  The  country,  gener  Jiy 
mountainous,  contains  fome  good  arable  land.  Its  chief 
towns  are  Detmold  and  Lemgow,  and  the  principal  rivers 
are  the  Emmer  and  the  Werra.  It  now  forms  a  part  of  the 
kingdom  of  Weftphalia.  —  Alfo,  a  tows  of  Weilphalia, 
called  L'lppjladt,  on  a  river  of  the  fame  name  ;  14  miles 
W.  of  Paderborn.      N.  Jl   39'.   E.  long  8°  24'. 

LIPPEHNE,  a  town  of  the  New  Mark  of  Branden- 
burg;   26  miles   N.  of  Cuftrin.     N.  lat.  53^4'.     E.  long. 

'5^  3'- 

LIPPI  Fra.  Filippo,  in  Biography.  Concerning  the 
exaft  date  when  the  birth  of  this  very  excellent  hiilorical 
painter  took  place,  authors  differ  extremely.  The  moft 
probable  account  fixes  it  about  the  beginning  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  as  he  was  a  fcliolar  ef,  and  of  courfe  nearly  con- 
temporary with,  Maffaccio.  At  the  age  of  fixteen,  being 
entered  a  noviciate  in  the  convent  of  Carmelites  at  Florence, 
where  he  was  born,  he  had  there  an  opportunity  of  feeing 
that  extraordinary  artift  at  work  upon  the  aftoniiliing  fref- 
coes  with  which  he  adorned  the  ch  pel  of  Brancacci,  in  the 
church  there  ;  and  became  eager  to  embrace  the  art  he  faw 
capable  of  fo  much  effect  in  affording  gratification,  inftruc- 
tion,and  intercft  to  the  mind. 

Such  was  his  fucccfs,  and  fo  did  he  enter  into  the  princi- 
ples and  manner  of  his  great  malter,  that  after  the  death  of 
the  latter,  it  was  faid,  by  common  confent,  that  the  foul  of 
Maffaccio  (till  abode  with  Fra.  Filippo. 

He  forfook  the  habit  of  his  convent,  and  devoted  himfelf 
entirely  to  painting  ;  but  his  ftudies  were  for  a  time  dif- 
turbed  by  his  being  unfortunately  taken,  while  out  on  a 
party  of  p'eafure,  by  fome  Moors,  and  carried  prifoner  to 
Barbary  ;  where  he  remained  in  llavery  18  months.  He 
obtained  his  liberty  by  his  talents.  He  drew  the  portrait  of 
his  mailer  upon  a  wall  with  fo  much  fpirit  and  accuracy  in  re- 
femblance,  that  he,  being  flruck  with  the  ingenuity  of  his 
ilave,  and  generoufly  feeling  compunftion  in  confining  a  man 
of  fuch  ufeful  talents,  gave  him  his  freedom  as  a  reward. 

On  his  return  home  he  painted  fome  works  for  Alprlionfo, 
king  of  Calabria.  He  employed  himfelf  alfo  in  Padua  ;  but  it 
was  in  his  native  city  of  Florence,  that  his  principal  works 
were  performed.  He  was  employed  by  Cofrao  di  Medici; 
who  prelentcd  his  pictures  to  his  friends ;  and  one  to  pope 
Eugcnius  IV.  He  was  alfo  employed  to  adorn  the  palaces  of 
the  republic,  the  churches,  and  many  of  the  houfes  of  the 
principal  citizens  ;  among  whom  his  talents  were  held  ia 
high  ellimation. 

The  holy  mode  of  life  into  which  he  was  condu<5ted  in 
early  years,  and  the  fine  endowments  of  mind  which  he  en- 
joyed by  nature,  did  not  teach  him  the  folly  of  vice  ;  and 
he  met  in  this  world  with  a  fevere  puiiilhment,  jultly  due 
to  a  guilty  amour  he  indulged  in  at  Spolcto  ;  where  he  was 
employed  at  the  cathedral  to  paint  the  chapel  of  the  Bleffed 
S  3  Virgin. 


L  1  P 


L  I  P 


Virgin.  There,  in  his  fixty-fcvcnth  year,  he  was  poifoned 
by  the  relations  ot  the  lady  whole  favours  he  was  iuppofcd 
to  enjoy.  Lorenzo  di  Mi'dici  eroded  a  marble  tomb  in  the 
cathedral  to  his  memory,  which  Aiigelo  Politiano  adorned 
with  a  Latin  cpitapli. 

Ln'i'i  FiLirro,  fou  of  the  former,  was  renowned  for  ex- 
cellent imitations  of  architeftural  ornaments,  ile  died  in 
150J,  at  the  age  of  45. 

Lii'Pl  LonKNZO,  alio  a  Florentine  painter,  born  in  1606. 
He  was  hkewife  a  great  mullciaM  and  a  poet.  In  the  latter 
charafter  he  pubhfhed  "  II  Malmantile  racquiftato."  He 
died  in  1664. 

LIPPIA,  in  Botany,  was  fo  named  by  Houftoun,  in  ho- 
nour of  A\igullinc  Lippi,  a  French  botanifl,  as  we  learn 
from  Linnxus's  Critica  BoUnica,  p.  93.  He  is  alfo  men- 
tioned by  Bothmer,  in  his  diifertation  di  plant'is  in  ciiltonnn  mc- 
mor'iam  nominaUs,  as  having  travelled  into  Egypt,  ai.d  as 
having  died  in  Abvffini.i.  —  Reliq.  Houit.  6.  Linn.  Gen. 
32:.  Schreb.  399.  'WiUd.  Sp.  PI.  V.  3.  356.  Mart.  Mill. 
Diet.  V.  3.  Micl^aux  Boreal.  A  mer.  v.  2.  15.  Jacq.  Amer. 
176.  Juir.  109.  Lamarck  Ihillr.  t.  539.  Gaertn.  t.  56.— 
Clafs  and  order,  Didyr.jinia  Gymnofjy.'rmia .  Nat.  Ord.  Stel- 
late,  Linn.      Vitkes,  JuiT. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  of  two  diftant,  acu- 
minated, keel-fliaped,  erecfl,  permanent  leaves.  Cor.  of  one 
petal,  unequal ;  limb  divided  into  four  fegments,  the  upper 
and  lower  ones  larger,  the  upper  one  erect.  Stam.  Fila- 
ments four,  (horter  than  the  corolla,  two  of  them  ihorter 
than  the  reft  ;  anthers  fimple.  Pifl.  Germen  fuperior,  ovate, 
compreffed  or  flattifh  ;  ftyle  thread-fhaped,  Handing  between 
the  ilamens,  and  of  equal  length  ;  itigma  oblique.  •Perk. 
none,  except  the  permanent  calyx  in  which  the  feeds  are 
enveloped.  Seeds  two,  adhering  together,  ovate,  fomewhat 
bony,  convex  on  one  fide,  ratlier  fmooth,  flat  on  the  other 
fide,  or  fomewhat  concave,  wliitiih. 

EfT.    Ch.   Calyx  four-toothed,  two-valved   when  mature. 

Corolla  funnel-fhaped,  four-cleft.     Seeds  enveloped  in  the 

calyx. 

1.  L.  amerkana.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  SR3.  Reliq.  Houft.  t.  12. 
— Heads  of  flowers  forming  a  pyramid.  Leaves  ovate, 
ferrated. — Found  by  Dr.  Houlloun  at  Vera  Cruz,  and 
cultivated  by  Mr.  Miller  before  1733- -This  is  a_/f'r!/i  which 
rifes  to  a  confidcrable  height.  Stems  round,  comprefied  at 
their  joints.  Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate,  rugged.  Flowers 
forming  little  oblong  heads,  about  the  free  of  a  large 
pea. 

2.  L.  henufphtrka.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  S83.  Jafq.  Amcr. 
t.  179.  f.  100. — Heads  of  flowers  hemifpherical.  Leaves 
oblong,  entire. — A  native  of  South  America. — -Stems  eight 
or  ten  feet  high.  Branches  woody,  bending  down  uniefs 
fupported.  Leaves  oppofile,  two  or  three  inches  long, 
fmooth.  Flo'Ujers  fmall  and  white.  The  whole  fhrub  is 
odorous  and  aromatic. 

3.  la.  hirfuta.  Linn.  Suppl.  288.  Willd.  n.  2.  (L.  um- 
bellata;  Willd.  n.  4.     Cavan.  Ic.  7^.1.  174.) — Heads  of 

■  flowers  ovate.  Leaves  oblong,  broad,  ferrated,  downy  be- 
neath.— A  native  of  Mexico  and  other  parts  of  America. — 
Stem  four-fided,  rough  with  white  hairs.  Leaves  oppofite, 
long,  hair)'  above,  downy  and  hoary  beneath.  Floiuers 
fmall. 

From  examining  the  Linnsean  fpecimcn  of  L.  hirfuta,  lent 
originally  by  ETcallon,  a  pupil  of  Mutis,  we  are  enabled  to 
tlate  that  L.  umbellata  of  Willdenow  and  Cavanilles  is  not 
a  diftinft  fpecles.  The  flowers  of  that  are  faid  to  be  of  a 
deep  yellow,  and  v/e  find  thofe  of  hirfuta  tinged  with  the 
£ame  colour,  in  a  dried  (ialo.     As  the  younger  Linnxus  faw 


it  in  no  other  condition,  he  appears  to  have  gueffed  thctn  to 
be  white,  but  crroneoufly. 

4.  L.  cymofa.  Willd.  n.  5.  Swartz.  Prod.  93.  Ind. 
Occ.  V,  2.  1066.  (SpirtEK  congener,  fpinofa,  &c.  Sloan. 
Jam.  V.  2.  30.  t.  174.  f.  3  and  4.) — Flowers  in  cymes. 
I^earcs  ovate,  acute,  nearly  entire. — A  native  of  woody 
favannahs,  in  the  fouthern  parts  of  Jamaica,  flowering  in 
May. — Stems  feveral  from  three  to  fix  feet  iiigli,  about  the 
fize  of  a  goofe-quill.  Leaves  almoft  round,  yellowilh-grcen, 
fmooth,  fceiited  like  thofe  of  Penny-Royal.  Floivers  many 
together,  of  the  colour  and  fomewhat  refembling  thofe  of 
Spiraa  Theophrnjli. 

L.  ovala.  Linn.  Syft.  Veg.  ed.  14.  574.  Mant.  89,  is 
properly  referred  by  I'Heritier  and  Willdenow  to  Sclago. — 
Michaux  places  Verbena  Nodiflora  of  Linnxus  in  Lippia, 
though  with  doubt,  and  adds  another  fpecies,  L.  lanceolata, 
which  we  prefume  is  nearly  allied  to  y  notliflora 

LIPPIE,  a  corn  meafure  in  Scotland  ;  four  lippies  being 
equal  to  one  peck. 

LIPPITUDO,  (from  %«x,  blear-eyed.)  The  fignifica- 
tion  of  this  term,  iii  Surgery,  is  rather  indeterminate.  Celfus 
attaches  the  fame  meaning  to  it  as  ophthalmy.  Lippitude, 
or  blearednefs,  according  to  Wifeman,  is  a  Hate  of  the  eyes, 
in  which  they  are  dimmed  with  rheum.  We  believe  that,  at 
prefent,  furgeons  generally  underftand  by  lippitudu  a  chro- 
nic inflammation  of  the  ciliary  glands,  and  of  the  edges  and 
iiifide  of  the  eye-lids,  attended  with  a  fecretion  of  vifcid 
matter,  by  which  the  eye-lids  are  glued  together  during 
flecp,  and  cannot  be  opened  in  the  morning  without  trouble, 
pain,  and  a  copious  emiilion  of  tears.  The  cale  is  frequently 
accompanied  by  more  or  lefs  inflammation  of  the  conjunftiva, 
and  always  by  a  weak  impaired  fight.  In  bad  calcs,  the 
margins  of  the  eye-lids  are  lludded  with  little  ulcerations  ; 
the  eye-laflies  fall  off;  and  either  an  entropium  or  an  eftro- 
piiim  taking  place,  the  difeafe  is  rendered  more  complicated. 
One  of  the  bell  remedies  for  lippitudo  is  the  unguentum 
hydrargyri  nitrati,  a  fmall  quantity  of  which  is  to  be  applied 
once  or  twice  every  day  to  the  edges  and  inner  furfacts  of 
the  eye-lids.  Care  is  to  be  taken  that  thele  parts  Hre  well 
fmeared  with  the  ointment,  which  Ih.ould  be  melted  in  a 
fpoon,  and  apphed  by  means  of  a  camel-hair  pencil.  Se- 
veral other  ointments  will  anfwer  the  purpofe,  particularly 
fuch  as  contain  hydrargyrus  nitratus  ruber,  tutty,  Arme- 
nian bole,  &c.;  but  that  above  recommended  will  always 
anfwer  when  others  will,  and  very  often  fuccccds  when  they 
will  not.  The  eflFefl;  of  the  ointment  may  frequently  be  ad- 
vantageoufly  promoted,  by  wafhing  the  eye  feveral  times  a 
day  with  a  collyrium,  compofed  of  rofe-water  ^viij  and  zin- 
cum  vitriolatum,  from  gr.  x  to  gr.  xx,  according  to  the 
fenfibility  of  the  organ. 

Writers  on  furgery  mention  cafes  of  difeafe  of  the  ciliary 
glands,  which  are  faid  to  depend  upon  icrofula,  a  fcorbutic 
habit,  and  the  venereal  difeafe.  We  cannot  vouch  for  the 
accuracy  of  this  ilatement,  but  we  think  it  certain  that  nu- 
merous inftances  are  kept  up  by  conilitutional  caufes,  which 
prevent  the  eflScacy  of  local  applications  and  fimple  me- 
thods, and  often  create  a  necefilty  for  relorting  to  intei- 
nal  as  well  as  external  treatment.  In  the  examples  alluded 
to,  it  wasjulUy  remarked  by  Mr.  Warner,  that  the  ordinary 
means  will  fail  uniefs  affilled  by  proper  regimen  in  diet,  and 
alteratives  of  different  kinds,  fuch  as  calomel,  Plummer's 
pills,  extraftum  cicutK,  alkaline  abforbents,  decodtions  of 
the  woods  prepared  in  lime-water,  or  common  water,  bark, 
vinum  antimoniale,  &c.  Coftivenefs  is  at  all  times  to  be  pre- 
vented. Warner  alfo  approves  of  applying,  in  certain  cafes, 
blillers  to  the  head,  neck,  or  betwixt  the  ihoulders.  He 
thought   that   they  aited  not  only   as  ilimulants  and   eva- 

cu?.nts. 


L  1  P 

tcants,  but  as  alteratives,  by  the  cantharides  being  freely 
abforbed  into  the  circulation.  He  was  likewife  an  advocate 
for  JfTues.  See  Defcript.of  the  Human  Eye,  and  its  prin- 
cipal Difeafes,  by  J.  Warner,  F  R.S   p,  13. 

LIPPOMAN,  Lewis,  in  Biography,  a  learned  Italian  pre- 
late, defcended  from  a  noble  Venetian  family,  flourifhed  in 
the  fixteenth  century,  bnt  the  time  of  his  birth  is  not  known. 
Being  intended  for  the  church,  he  purfiied  his  ftudies  with  fo 
much  diligence  and  fuccefs ,  that  he  was  confidcred  one  of  the 
ableft  divines  of  his  time  :  he  was  likewife  diftingniflied  for  his 
capacity  for  bufinefs.  He  acquired  confiderable  reputation 
by  his  attendance  at  the  council  of  Trent,  and  was  fixed  en 
by  pope  .Iiilius  HI.  as  one  of  the  three  prelidents  of  that 
council.  He  went  as  nuncio  into  Germany,  and  was  after- 
wards fent  in  the  fame  high  capacity  into  Poland,  by  pope 
Paul  IV.  who  made  him  his  fecretary.  In  Poland  he  was 
the  unrelenting  pcrfecutor  of  the  Jews  and  Proteftants  ;  and 
by  his  zeal  in  defence  of  his  own  religion,  he  obtained,  fuccef- 
fively,  the  bifhoprics  of  Verona,  Modena,  and  Bergamo. 
As  a  writer  he  pubhfhed  "  Catenas''  of  the  Greek  and  Latin 
fathers,  upon  "  Gencfis,"  "  Exodus,"  and  the  "  Firft 
Ten  Pfalms."  He  made  alfo  a  new  colleftion  of  "  The 
Lives  of  the  Saints,''  in  eight  vols,  folio.  He  died  in  1559, 
and  is  mentioned  by  De  Thou  as  one  equally  illullrious  for 
the  purity  of  his  principles,  and  the  innocence  of  his  hfe. 
Moreri. 

LIPPSPRING,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Weftphalia, 
in  the  bifhopric  of  Paderborn,  at  the  fource  of  the  Lippe  ; 
rcadered  famous  by  Charlemagne's  obliging  the  Saxons  to 
embrace  Chriilianity  in  thi^  place,  and  holding  in  it  three 
councils;  four  miles  N.  of  Paderborn. 

LIPRAZZO,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata  ;  17  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Maufredonia. 

LIPS,  Laiiia,  in  Anatomy,  the  edge,  or  exterior  part, 
of  the  mouth  ;  or  that  mulculous  extremity  which  {huts 
and  covers  the  mouth,  both  above  and  below.  See  Deglu- 
tition and  Lip. 

Lips  are  alfo  ufed  to  fignify  the  two  edges  of  a  wound. 

Lips,  in  Geography,  a  town  and  caftle  of  Hungary  ; 
four  miles  N.  of  Neulol. 

LIPSE,  or  LlPsiUB,  Ji'STCS,  in  B'lography,  a  very  emi- 
nent philologill  and  critic,  was  born  at  a  village,  near  Bruffels, 
in  the  year  1547.  He  (hev\-ed  an  early  difpofition  for  the 
purfuits  of  literature,  which  was  cultivated  at  the  .Tefuits' 
tchool  in  Cologne,  whither  he  was  fent  when  he  was  about 
12  years  of  age.  From  thence  he  went  to  Louvain,  and 
engaged  in  the  lludy  of  the  civil  law,  ftill  retaining  a  ftrong 
predileftion  for  the  belles  lettres.  His  tirft  work  was  en- 
titled "  Variarum  Lettionum  Libri  Tres,"  which  he  de- 
dicated to  the  cardinal  Granvelle,  who  patronized  him,  and 
received  him  into  his  houie  at  Rome,  where  he  arrived  when 
he  was  twenty  years  of  age.  He  fpent  two  years  with  the 
cardinal  in  the  quality  of  Latin  fecretary,  and  employed 
every  leil'ure  hour  in  collating  MSS.  in  the  Vatican  and 
other  libraries,  and  cultivating  an  acquaintance  with  the 
eminent  fcholars  then  refiding  in  the  metropolis.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Louvain  he  paffed  fome  time  in  youthful  gaieties, 
but  becoming  fenfible  of  the  danger  of  diffipated  habit;, 
lie  rcfolved  to  quit  the  fcene,  and  vifit  Vienna.  In  1572 
he  accepted  the  profefforlhip  of  hillory  at  Jena,  though  a 
Lutheran  univcrfity :  he  quitted  Jena  in  two  years  and 
went  to  Cologne,  where  he  wrote  his  "  Antiquae  Ledliones," 
conlilling  chiefly  of  emendations  of  Plautus  ;  and  at  the 
lame  period  began  his  notes  upon  Tacitus.  After  this  he 
went  to  Louvain,  and  was  created  a  doctor  of  laws  :  from 
thence  he  proceeded  to  Leyden,  accepted  the  profeifonhip 
of  hiftory,  aad  exchanged  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  for 


L  I  (^ 

that  of  Calvinifm.  Here  he  fpent  thirteen  of  the  moil  valu- 
able years  of  bis  life,  and  obtained  much  reputation  by  the 
works  which  hepubhfhed  Thefe  were  upon  various  topics, 
critical,  hiftorical,  and  philofophical :  but  his  commentaries 
upon  Tacitus  were  particularly  efteemed  by  the  learned. 
In  two  of  his  v.-orks,  -viz.  "  Politicorum  Libri  VI."  and 
"  De  una  Religione,"  he  openly  maintained  the  maxims  that 
no  flate  ought  to  permit  a  plurality  of  religions,  but  ought 
to  excrcife  the  utmoft  feverity  againft  all  thofc  who  dillunt 
from  the  church.  Such  fentiments,  carried  to  the  extent  in 
which  he  carried  them,  gave  great  offence  to  the  government 
of  this  country,  and  he  was  glad  to  withdraw  into  Flanders 
for  fafety.  There  he  abjured  the  Proteftants,  and  joined 
the  Catholics,  with  whom  he  lived  the  remainder  of  his  hfe. 
He  fettled  again  at  Louvain,  and  taught  the  belles  lettres 
v/ith  great  fuccefs  :  he  received  liberal  propofals  from  vari- 
ous fovereigns  and  other  perfons  of  diftinAion  to  relide 
under  their  protection,  but  preferred  to  continue  at  Lou- 
vain, where  he  pubiiflied  feveral  works,  fome  of  which  were 
not  only  of  inferior  merit,  but  difplaycd  the  weaknefs  of  a 
very  fuperftitious  mind  ;  he  did  not  fcruple  to  give  an  ac- 
count of  the  wonders  and  miracles  performed  at  the  fhrine? 
of  two  images  of  the  Virgin  Mary  :  in  this  he  adopted 
every  puerile  and  abfurd  tale  that  he  found  current  among 
the  vulgar.  Lipfuis  died  at  Louvain  in  1606,  in  his  fifty- 
ninth  year.  His  works  have  been  collected  in  fix  volumes 
folio,  divided,  according  to  their  fubjects,  into  facred  hillory, 
Roman  and  foreign  hillory,  political  and  moral  difcuflions, 
&c.  He  was  a  very  able  Latin  fcholar,  and  wrote  com- 
mentaries upon  Plautus,  Tacitus,  Valerius  Maximus,  Vcl- 
leius  Paterculus,  and  Seneca.     Moreri.  Bayle. 

LIPSK,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  Novogrodek  ;   2S  miles  W.S.W.  of  Sluck Alfo, 

a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of  Sandomirz  ;  30  miles 
N.  of  Sandomirz. 

LIPSO,  an  ifland  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  about 
eight  miles  in  circumference  ;  fix  miles  S.S.E.  of  Patmos. 
N.  lat.  _;7"  24'.     E.  long.  26-  23'. 

LIPTOTES,  in  Rhetoric,  a  figure,  wherein,  by  deny- 
ing the  contrary  of  what  we  intend,  more  is  fignified  than 
we  would  feem  to  exprefs.  Thus  in  the  following  verfe  of 
Virgil.  ^ 

"  Quid  proJeil,  quod  me  ipfe  animo  non  fpernis,  Amynta." 

See  VofTuis,  Rhet.  lib.  iv.  p.  183. 

LIPYRIA,  in  Ancient  Medicine,  >.uz-jfia,  a  term  applied  ' 
to  thofe  varieties  of  continued  fever,  in  which  a  burnin«- 
heat  was  felt  in  the  vifcera,  while  the  extremities  and  ex- 
ternal parts  were  cold.  It  was  afcribcd  by  Galen  and  Ae- 
tius  to  an  eryfipelatous  inflammation  of  fome  of  the  abdo- 
minal or  thoracic  vifcera.  See  Galen,  Comment.  2.  in 
Prog.  &  Com.  ad  Aph.  48.  lib.  iv. — Act.  Tetrab.  2  lib.  ii. 
cap.  89. — Alfo  Foefii  CEconom.   Hippocrates. 

LIOUAMEN  Pyriticum,  in  Natural  Hi/lory,  a  nam.e 
given  by  fome  authors  to  the  liquid  matter  remaining  in 
the  pans  in  which  the  common  vhriol  is  made  ;  after  which 
no  more  of  that  fait  will  fhoot.  It  is  otherwife  called  li- 
quamen  of  vitriol. 

LIOUAMUMIA,  a  term  invented  by  fome  of  the  dif- 
penfatory  writers,  to  lignify  human  fat. 

LIQUEFACTION,  an  operation,  by  which  a  folid 
body  is  reduced  into  a  liquid  ;  or  the  aftion  of  fire  or  heat 
on  fat,  and  other  fufible  bodies,  which  puts  their  parts  into 
a  mutual  intcfline  motion. 

The  liquefaftion  of  wax,  &c.  is  performed  by  a  moderate 
heat,  that  of  fal  tartari,  by  the  mere  moifture  of  the  air. 

All   falts  liquefy  ;  fand,  mixed  with  alkalis,  becomes  li- 
1 2  quefied 


L  I  Q^ 

quefied  by  a  reverberatory  fire,  in  the  making  of  glafs. 
In  fpeaking  of  metals,  inltead  of  liqucfaftion,  we  ordinarily 
ufe  the  word  fiifwn. 

LIQUET.     See  Non  Liquet. 

LIQUID,  a  body  which  has  the  property  of  fluidity; 
and,  befides  that,  a  peculiar  quality  of  wetting  other  bodies 
immerged  in  it,  arifing  from  lome  configuration  of  its  par- 
ticles, which  difpofes  them  to  adhere  to  the  furfaces  of 
bodies  contiguous  to  them.  See  Fluid  and  Liquidity. 
Liquids,  Denfity  of.  See  Density. 
Liquid  a/«m,  amber,  confeBs,  laudanum,  meafures,  Jlorax, 
fuhhur.     See  the  refpeiftive  fubftantives. 

Liquid,  among  Grammarians,  is  a  name  applied  to  certain 
confonants  oppofed  to  mutes. 

L,  m,  n,  and  r,  are  liquids.  See  L,  M,  N,  &c. 
LIQUIDAMBAR,  in  Botany,  from  liquUum,  fluid, 
and  ambar,  a  fragrant  fubllance,  generally  taken  for  amber- 
grife  ;  alludmg  to  the  aromatic  liquid  gum  which  dilhls 
from  this  tree.  Linn.  Gen.  499.  Schreb.  649.  WiUd.  Sp. 
PI.  V.  4.  475  Mart.  Mill.  Did.  V.  3.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew. 
ed.  I.  V.  3.  36c.  JufT.  410.  Lamarck  lUullr.  t.  783. 
Gasrtn.  t.  90.  Michaux  Boreal-Amer  v.  2.  202. — Clafs  and 
order,  Menoecta  Polyandria.  Nat.  Ord.  ^mentaceit,  Linn. 
JufT. 

Gen.  Ch.  Male  flowers  numerous,  in  a  long,  conical, 
loofe  catkin.  Cat.  a  common  involucrum  of  four  ovate, 
concave,  deciduous  leaves,  the  alternate  ones  Imaller.  Cor. 
none.  Stam.  Filaments  numerous,  very  fhort,  in  a  mafs 
which  is  convex  on  one  fide,  flat  on  the  other  ;  anthers  ereft, 
of  two  lobes  and  two  cells,  with  four  furrows. 

Female  flowers  coUedted  into  a  globe,  at  the  bafe  of  the 
male  catkin.  Cal.  an  involucrum,  as  in  the  male,  but  dou- 
ble, the  proper  perianths  being  feveral  within  it,  connefted 
together,  bell-fliaped,  angular,  warty.  Cor.  none.  Pift. 
Germens  two,  fuperior,  united  to  the  perianth  and  to  each 
other  ;  ilyle  to  each  folitary,  long,  avvl-fliaped  ;  itigma  re- 
curved, downy.  Peric.  Capfules  two,  coriaceous,  beaked, 
of  one  cell,  opening  at  the  inner  edge.  Seeds  feveral,  ob- 
long, comprefled,  (hining,  with  a  membranous  point. 

Efl^.  Ch.  Male,  Catkin  with  a  four-leaved  involucrum. 
Corolla  none.     Stamens  numerous. 

Female,  Catkin  globofe,  with  a  four-leaved  involucrum. 
Perianth  of  one  leaf,  pitcher-fhaped,  two-flowered.  Corolla 
none.  Styles  two.  Capfules  two,  furrounded  by  the  pe- 
rianth at  their  bafe,  each  of  one  cell,  with  many  feeds. 

I.  L.. Jlyraci/lua.  Maple-leaved  Liquid-amber,  or  Sweet 
Gum.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1418.  Duhamel  Arb  v.  i,  366.  n.  I. 
t.  139.  Sm.  Inf.  of  Georgia,  t  48.  Ehrh.  PI.  Off.  129  — 
Leaves  palmate,  ferrated,  acute  ;  veins  hairy  at  the  bale  of 
their  ramifications — Native  of  fwampy  ground  in  mod  parts 
of  North  America,  near  rivulets.  It  is  a  tall,  ftraight,  and 
handfome  tree,  with  a  round  head  of  alternate,  ftalked,  ele- 
gant and  fliining  leaves,  palmate  like  fome  kinds  of  maple, 
fmaller  than  thofe  of  the  Plane.  Flowers  terminal  ;  the 
male  a  ftalked,  hairy,  branched,  conical  catkin,  or  rather 
perhaps  a  clufter  of  globofe  flowers,  nearly  a  finger's 
length  ;  female  a  globular  head,  on  a  long  fimple  brafteated 
ftalk,  fpringing  from  the  bafe  of  the  former.  Fruit  fmaller 
than  that  of  the  Plane,  befet  in  every  direftion  v>ith  the  long 
prominent  points  of  the  capfules.  This  tree  is  hardy  in  our 
gardens,  and  very  ornamental,  changing  in  autumn  to  various 
rich  hues  of  red  and  orange,  but  does  not  bloifom  in  Europe, 
at  leaft  not  till  it  is  very  old.  The  gum,  which  exudes  from 
any  wounds  in  the  trunk,  in  the  warmer  parts  of  its  native 
climate,  is  feldom  produced  here.  We  have  once  collefted 
it  from  a  tree  in  Kew  garden.  Its  fcent  is  very  fragrant  and 
agreeable,  like  Benzoin  or  Storax. 


L  I  Q^ 

2.  L.  imberbis.  Oriental  Liquid-amber.  (L.  orientalis  ; 
Mill.  Diet.  ed.  8.  n.  2  Platanus  orientalis  ;  Pocock's 
Travels,  v.  2.  t.  89  Willd.)  -  Leaves  palmate,  bluntly  cre- 
nate,  or  wavy,  ob'ufe  ;  veins  naked. — Native  of  the  Le- 
vant. Seeds  were  fent  to  France  by  Peyfonel,  and  fome 
were  forwarded  to  Miller,  who  raifed  plants  from  them  at 
Chelfea.  Whether  any  of  thefe  trees  exift  in  England  at 
prcfent  we  know  not.  Some  were  to  be  feen  at  Paris  25 
years  ago,  and  probably  ftill  remain.  This  fpecies  differs 
from  the  former  in  having  fmaller  leaves,  whofe  lobes,  as 
well  as  their  notches,  are  all  blunt,  their  margins  wavy,  not 
ferrated,  and  their  veins  nearly  or  quite  deftitute  of  all  pu- 
befcence  at  their  origin. 

For  L.  afplcnifoUum  of  Linnxus,  a  name  which  he  after- 
wards  changed,  much    for  the   worle,   to  peregrinum,    fee 

COMPTONIA. 

LiQUiDAMBAR,  in  Gardening,  comprifes  plants  of  the 
hardy  deciduous  tree  kind,  of  which  the  fpecies  culti- 
vated are  the  maple-leaved  liquidambar,  or  fwect  gum 
(L.  ftyraciflua  ;)  and  the  oriental  liquidambar  (L.  im- 
berbis. ) 

Mdbod  of  Culture. — Thefe  two  plants  are  increafed  by 
feeds  and  layers.  In  the  former  mode  the  feed  fliould  be 
fown  as  fuon  as  it  is  procured  from  abroad,  in  fpring,  in  a 
bed  of  light  earth,  half  an  inch  deep,  when  the  plants  will 
rife  fome  the  fame  year  and  others  not  until  the  fpring  follow- 
ing, moderate  waterings  being  occafionally  given,  keeping 
them  clean  from  weeds  all  fummer,  and  protefling  them 
from  fevere  frail  the  firll  two  winters.  When  the  plants 
are  two  years  old,  plant  them  out  in  fpring,  in  nurfery 
rows,  two  feet  afunder,  to  remain  three  or  four  years,  or 
till  wanted  for  planting  in  the  flirubbery,  and  other  places. 
But  fome  fow  the  feeds  in  pots,  or  boxes,  in  order  to  move 
them  to  different  fituations  as  the  feafoii  requires ;  and 
when  the  plants  do  not  come  up  the  fame  year,  the  pots 
may  be  plunged  in  a  hot-bed  in  the  following  fpring,  to 
forward  their  rifing. 

In  the  latter,  or  layer  method,  the  layers  (hould  be  made 
from  the  young  (hoots  of  the  preceding  fummer,  by  flit- 
laying,  when  molt  of  them  will  be  rooted  in  the  following 
autumn,  though,  in  a  dry  poor  foil,  they  are  fomctimes 
two  years  before  they  are  fufficiently  rooted  for  being  re- 
moved to  plant  out. 

Thefe  trees  have  great  merit  for  ornamenting  fhrubbery 
plantations,  in  affemblage  with  others  of  fimilar  growths, 
being  handfome,  ftraight-growing  trees,  with  fine  heads,  as 
well  as  adapted  for  planting  detached  as  fingle  objefts, 
in  fpacious  fliort  grafs  openings,  in  which  they  appear  very 
ornamental,  perfuming  the  air  all  round  in  the  fummer 
months.  They  lucceed  in  any  common  foil  and  fituation, 
and  endure  the  fevereft  cold  without  injury.  They  are 
ufuallv  kept  in  the  nurferics  for  fa'e. 

LIQUIDATE  an  Aaion.     See  AcTiO!;. 

LIQUIDATION,  the  aft  of  reducing  and  afcertaining 
either  fome  dubious  difputable  fum,  or  the  refpeftive  pre- 
tenfions  which  two  perfons  may  have  to  the  fame  fum. 

Liquidation,  the  termination  or  winding  up  of  accounts, 
fueh  as  paying  or  receiving  debts,  &c. 

LIQUIDITY,  in  Chemijhy,  one  of  the  three  ftates  of 
bodies  between  the  iolid  and  the  aeriform  ftate.  The  liquid 
and  elaftic  ffates  of  bodies  have  the  common  denomination 
of  fluids,  hence  the  word  fluid  cannot  be  ufed  to  exprefs 
either  of  thefe  llates  particularly.  Before  the  improvements 
in  modern  chemiftry,  the  fame  explanation  was  applied  to 
account  for  the  properties  of  a  liquid  and  an  elattic  fluid, 
under  the  general  appellation  of  fluid ;  although  bodies  in 
eacii  of  thefe  forms  are  differently  conilituteJ. 

Sir 


LIQJJIDITY. 


Sir  Ifaac  Newton  and  the  philofophers  of  his  time  fiip- 
pofed,  that  fluidity  was  occafioned  by  the  fpherical  form  of 
the  particles  of  the  bodies  by  which  they  were  fuppofed  to 
move  with  facility  in  all  direftions.  Since,  however,  the 
conftitiition  of  bodies  in  different  Itates  is  better  under- 
ilood,  fuch  an  hypothefis  is  not  neceflary.  Haiiy  has  ren- 
dered it  very  probable,  that  the  particles  of  bodies  are  of 
the  form  of  their  primitive  cryftals,  which  are  flat-fided 
folids  of  the  fame  regular  form. 

When  we  recoUetl  that  the  particles  of  bodies,  in  the 
moft  folid  ftate  in  which  we  find  them,  are  far  from  touching 
each  other,  their  fpherical  figure  would  not  avail  in  giving 
them  fluid  properties,  when  they  are  changed  into  that  form 
by  the  agency  of  heat. 

Since  bodies  are  found  to  expand  by  heat,  and  contraft 
when  the  heat  is  withdrawn,  it  feems  obvious,  that  the 
particles  of  bodies  are  afted  upon  by  two  forces ;  the  one 
attraftion,  refiding  in  the  particles  of  the  bodies  ;  and  the 
other,  the  repuliion  of  the  particles  of  caloric  for  each  ;  and 
which  being  combined  with  the  attraftive  particles,  give 
them  the  tendency  to  recede  from  each  other,  at  the  fame 
time  that  the  attraction  is  not  altered. 

The  eqnihbrium,  between  the  two  forces,  is  kept  up  by 
the  different  diftances  of  the  particles,  on  which  the  relative 
volumes  belonging  to  different  temperatures  depend.  If 
we  gradually  raife  a  rod  of  tin,  or  any  other  metal,  from 
the  common  temperature  to  its  fufmg  point,  we  firft  ob- 
ferve  its  progrefSve  expanfion,  by  which  we  are  to  infer, 
that  the  coheiive  force  is  diminifliing  in  fome  ratio  of  the 
expanfion.  When  it  has 'arrived  at  a  certain  temperature, 
the  pillar  of  metal  will  lofe  its  form,  and  if  it  were  not 
confined  by  the  fides,  it  would  become  extended  into  a  flieet 
of  a  thicknefs  proportionate  to  its  degree  of  fluidity.  In 
Other  words,  when  the  cohefion  of  the  particles  is  fo  dimi- 
niflied,  as  to  be  exceeded  by  the  atlion  of  gravity  upon  the 
particles  individually,  the  folid  will  affume  the  liquid  form. 
This  hypothesis  perfetlly  explains  all  the  phenomena  at- 
tendant on  the  liquefadion  of  thofe  bodies  which  are  not 
fufceptible  of  cryllallization,  fuch  as  wax,  refin,  tallow, 
and  feveral  other  fubftances.  Such  bodies,  we  obferve,  firft 
begin  to  foften  by  the  partial  lofs  of  cohefion,  and  gra- 
dually become  more  and  more  liquid,  till  tlie  degree  nf  the 
heat  fliall  occafion  their  deconipofition,  or  give  them  the 
elaftic  form. 

Thefe  bodies,  as  we  (hould  expeft,  increafe  in  volume  to 
the  point  of  extreme  liquidity,  and  the  fohd  mafs  is  of  much 
greater  fpecific  gravity  than  the  liquid. 

The  clafs  of  bodies  that  ■  are  fufceptible  of  the  cryf- 
talline  form,  which  takes  place  at  the  point  of  liquidity, 
appears  to  depend  upon  fome  other  caufe  than  the  mere 
prefence  of  caloric,  and  on  that  account  will  prefent  many 
anomalies  to  the  above  theory.  Thefe  anomalies,  however, 
are  alone  obvious  at  the  point  when  cryftallization  is  taking 
place.  In  fome  of  thefe  bodies,  fuch  as  water,  we  do  not 
obferve  any  medium  between  perfeA  folidity  and  almoft  per- 
feft  liquidity. 

The  folids  are  in  general  of  lefs  fpecific  gravity  th^n  the 
liquids,  and  confequently  float  upon  them.  And  it  is  ob- 
ferved,  that  the  point  of  maximum  denfity  is  at  a  higher 
temperature  than  the  point  of  congelation.  The  greateft 
denfity  of  water  is,  according  to  the  enquiries  of  Dalton, 
at  ^6  ,  the  point  of  congelation  being  at  32°.  If,  however, 
a  mafs  of  water  be  cooled,  while  the  veflel  holding  it  be 
kept  at  reR,  it  may  be  reduced  as  low  as  18  ,  and  even  16  , 
without  congelation,  contrafting  in  volume  all  the  time. 
When,  however,  the  veflel  is  agitated  by  giving  a  tremulous 
Jnotion  to  the  table,  the  whole  becomes  inftantly  folid,  with 


a  certain  degree  of  expanfion,  and  the  temperature  rifes  tc 
32^  at  the  fame  moment  of  time.  It  would  therefore  feem, 
that  the  contraction  and  expanfion  by  the  prefence  or  ab-- 
fence  of  caloric  would  be  perfeftly  confonant  with  the  chapge 
of  temperature,  were  it  not  for  the  interference  of  this  myf- 
terious  law  of  cryftallization. 

'I'he  circijmftances  under  which  the  congelation  of  cryf- 
talhnc  bodies  takes  place,  clearly  fliews  that  fomething  more 
is  wanting  than  the  mere  abftraftion  of  caloric.  Salts  are 
found  to  cryftallize  by  ftanding  for  a  certain  time,  although 
the  temperature  and  quantity  of  water  remain  the  fame.  It 
would  therefore  appear,  that  the  integrant  particles  re- 
quire time  to  arrange  themfelves  ;  and  that  the  falted  form, 
as  well  as  their  regular  form,  is  dependent  on  their  arrange- 
ment :  or  that  attraftion  of  aggregation  is  the  greateft 
when  the  integrant  particles  are  placed  in  one  particular 
direftion.  And  it  appears,  fince  the  ftrongeft  aggregation 
exifts  when  the  cryftals  are  beft  formed,  that  the  attraftion 
caufing  folidity  is  the  greateft  when  the  homologous  fides  of 
the  particles  are  parallel  to  one  another,  taking  it  for  granted, 
that  the  particles  are  of  the  form  of  the  primitive  cryftal. 

The  idea  of  a  polarity  in  the  particles  of  bodies  is  not 
new  ;  and,  from  many  recent  fadls,  does  not  appear  very 
gratuitous.  Bodies  which  are  magnetic  or  eleftrical, 
appear  to  be  capable  of  arranging  themfelves  in  fuch  order, 
that  their  poles  fliall  be  reverfed  to  each  other,  from  the 
attraftions  of  oppofite  poles.  We  have  already  a  ftriking 
inftance  of  this  eleftrical  polarity  in  cryftals  of  the  tour- 
nuilin.  And  from  fome  late  experiments  by  Malus,  it  ap- 
pears that  even  the  particles  of  light  are  pofleffed  of 
polarity,  confirming  what  Newton  had  before  conjectured. 

When  we  apply  heat  to  a  folid  cryftalline  body,  fuch  as 
a  piece  of  ice,  caloric  does  not  effeft  its  hquefaftion  by  re- 
moving its  particles  to  a  greater  diftance,  becaufe  the  ice  is 
not  fo  denfe  as  the  water  ;  confequently,  the  particles  are 
nearer  in  the  liquid  than  in  the  folid  form.  It  would  ap- 
pear, in  this  inftance,  that  the  caloric  had  the  power  of  lef- 
fening,  and  perhaps  deftroying  altogether,  the  polarity  of 
the  particles,  an  effeft  which  is  not  more  unlikely  than  that 
of  a  certain  temperature  deftroying  the  polarity  of  a  magnet. 
When,  however,  the  caloric  is  removed,  the  polarity  may 
return,  but  this  alone  is  not  fufficient  to  render  the  water 
lolid.  A  certain  time,  with  a  certain  degree  of  agitation, 
is  neceffary  to  allow  the  particles  to  affume  their  moft 
favourable  pofition  for  conftituting  the  greateft  aggregation, 
and  their  greateft  Regularity.  We  alfo  fliould  infer,  that 
during  this  change,  in  which  much  force  is  exerted,  the 
particles  occupy  more  fpace,  by  which  the  expanfion  is 
occafioned.  Similar  effefts  take  place  in  the  congelation 
of  moft  of  the  metals  ;  and  it  will,  doubtlefs,  be  found,  that 
the  folids  of"  all  bodies  will  be  of  lefs  fpecific  gravity  than 
their  reipeftive  liquids,  in  proportijn  to  the  fufceptibility  of 
cryftallization,  or,  if  we  may  be  allowed  the  expreffion,  as 
the  polar  force  of  their  panicles. 

The  particles  of  thofe  bodies  which  are  not  fufceptible 
of  cr)'ftallization  may  have  little  or  no  polarity,  and  hence 
may  owe  their  fohdification  to  the  mere  abfcnce  of  caloric. 
Their  tranfition  from  the  folid  to  the  liquid  form  will  be 
gradual  and  flow,  and  their  hardnefs  will  be  iuverfely  as  the 
caloric  they  contain.  This  is  not  the  cafe  with  cryftalline 
bodies ;  their  tranfition  from  the  liquid  to  the  folid  form 
is  governed  by  feveral  circumftances,  and  their  hardnefs  is 
not  immediately  in  the  inverfe  ratio  of  their  caloric,  but 
more  dependent  upon  their  polar  arrangement.  In  all  pro- 
bability, if  it  were  not  tor  this  latter  caufe,  the  point  of 
congelation  would  be  much  lower  in  the  thermometrical 
fcale.  What  we  termed  confufed  cryftallization,  may  be 
9  a  ftate 


L  I  Q^ 

a  ftate  of  lolidity  in  which  the  poles  of  the  particles  arc 
deranged. 

The  want  of  fluidity  in  liquids  may  .depend  upon  two 
caufes.  In  the  liquids  which  <irc  homogeneous,  the  fluidity 
will  be  more  or  lefs  perfedt,  according  to  the  temperature 
by  which  the  attraction  of  cohcfion  becomes  greater  ov  lefs. 
In  fluids  which  are  liable  to  change  in  their  properties  by 
cxpofure  to  the  air,  the  want  of  fluidity  ariles  from  a'fub- 
ilancc  being  formed  which  is  lefs  fluid.  This  is  the  cafe 
with  oils,  botii  the  fixed  and  volatile  :  fuch  fluids  are  faid 
to  be  tenacious.  That  the  particles  of  liquids  have  ftill  con- 
fiderable  attraiflion  for  each  other,  is  apparent  from  a  fluid 
affuming  the  form  of  drops.  The  drops  wilt  be  more  or 
lets  fpherical  according  to  the  fluidity,  and  tlic  fizc  of  the 
globules  will  be  inverfcly  as  tke  dcnfity  of  the  fluid.  Hence 
we  fee  the  drops  of  fulphuric  acid  fmallcr  than  tliofe  ot 
water,  and  the  di-ops  of  mercury  fl;ill  fmaller. 

That  the  attraftion  of  the  particles  of  liquids  becomes  lefs 
according  to  temperature,  is  obvious  from  the  law  of  their 
e.xpanfion.  It  is  found  that  the  increments  of  expanfiou 
arc  greater  than  the  increments  of  heat.  Mr.  Dalton  is 
of  opinion,  that  the  expanfion  of  liquids  is  as  the  fquare  of 
the  temperature,  and  has  propofcd  a  new  divihon  of  the 
thcrmometrical  fcale  agreeably  to  this  law.  The  fame  law 
that  obtain^  in  liquids  which  are  fufceptible  of  cryftal- 
lization,  will  not  probably  hold  good  in  bther  fluids,  in 
which  there  does  not  appear  to  be  any  quick,  tranhtion  from 
folidity  to  hquidity.  In  order  that  the  expanfiou  may  be  in 
the  duplicate  ratio  of  the  temperature,  it  would  be  neceflfary 
that  the  aitraftion  fliould  diminifli  in  an  equal  degree  with 
the  incieafe  of  caloric.  If  the  caloric,  at  the  different 
points  of  ti.tie,  be  i,  2,  3,  &c.  the  attratlions  at  the  cor- 
refpop.ding  points  (hould  be  i,  i,  {,  Sac.  fo  that  being  in- 
verted and  multiplifd  into  the  increments  of  heat,  they  will 
make  the  increments  of  expanfion  a  feries  of  fquares.  The 
fame  law,  according  to  Dalton,  does  not  obtain  in  the  ex- 
panflons  of  folids  and  elaitic  fluids.  A  feries  of  experiments, 
which  would  fettle  finally  the  relations  between  the  incre- 
ments of  expanfion  and  temperature,  in  different  bodies, 
would  be  of  great  importance. 

LIQUOR.  See  Drink,  Fujib,  &c. 
Liquor  Amnii,  in  Mldtuifery,  a  clear  pellucid  fluid,  or 
lymph,  contained  in  the  amnios,  or  inner  membrane  of  the 
bag  invefting  the  foetus  while  in  the  uterus.  The  quantity 
varies  very  much  in  different  women,  or  in  the  fame  woman 
in  different  pregnancies.  In  fome  women,  when  at  their 
full  term  of  gcftation,  there  is  not  more  of  this  fluid  than 
three  or  four  ounces,  more  commonly  there  are  eight,  ten, 
or  twelve  ounces ;  and  in  fome  rare  cafes,  in  women  of  n 
leucophiegrtiatic  difpofitionjmanifefted  by  oedeniatous  fwell- 
ings  of  the  legs,  thighs,  and  labia  pudendae,  two  or  three 
pints  have  been  found  Its  ufe  appears  to  be  to  prevent 
the  fridlion  of,  the  child  againll  the  amnios,  or  of  the  limbs 
of  the  child  againlt  each  other,  or  againfl;  its  body,  which 
might  occafion  an  ^brafion  of  the  cuticle,  and  an  unnatural 
coalefcence  of  the  parts.  Its  purpofes,  therefore,  are  the 
fame  as  thofe  of  the  fluid  found  in  the  pericardium,  and 
in  all  the  cavities  of  the  body  in  which  any  of  the  vifcera 
are  contained.  It  was  thought  to  ferve  the  further  purpofe 
of  affording  aliment  to  the  foetus  ;  but  as  children  born 
without  heads  are  found  to  be  in  other  refpecls  as  perfeft, 
as  lively,  ftrong,  and  plump  as  thofe  with  heads,  it  is 
evidently  not  neceffary,  at  lead  for  that  purpofe.  See 
Conception,  and  Embryo. 

Liquors,  Fermented.     See  Fermentxd  Liquors. 
Liquor,  Tejl,  among  dealers  in  brandy.     See  Spirit,  and 
"Jz^T-liquors. 


L  I  (^ 

Liquor  yllum'm'u  Compofitus,  in  the  Materia  Medica.  See 
Aqua  Alununh  Compofila. 

hlCiVOR  AmmonU,  ov  Aqua  Ammonlce  Pure,  P.  L.  1787. 
See  Ammoniacal  Preparations. 

Liquor  Ammsnin  Acetatis,  Aqua  Ammonite  Acdata,  P,  L. 
1787,  is  prepared  by  addi.ig  four  pints  of  the  acetic  acid  to 
two  ounces  of  carbonate  of  ammonia,  until  bubbles  of  gas 
no  longer  arife,  and  then  mixing.  If  the  acid  predominate, 
the  folution  is  more  grateful  to  the  tafte,  and  if  the  acid  be 
corre£tly  prepared,  the  proportions  above  ilated  will  be 
fufliicient ;  but  where  the  ftrength  of  the  acid  cannot  be  de- 
pended upon,  it  will  be  rit^ht  to  regulate  ihcm  by  the  ceffation 
ol  eflervefcenco  rather  than  by  quantity. 

Lkjuor //mmo«i<f  Carbonalis,  Aqua  Ammonij:,  P.  L.  17B7. 
Spirilus  Salts  Ammoniaci,  P.  L  1745,  '''  formed  by  diffolving 
eight  ounces  >  t  carbonate  of  ammonia  in  a  pint  of  dillilled 
water,  and  filtering  the  folution  through  paper.  See  A.M- 
MONIACAJ.  Preparations. 

Liquor  Arjenicalis,  or  Arfenical  Solution  of  Fowler,  l^c. 
See  .'\r.senic. 

Liquor  Calcis.     See  LiME-wu/fr. 

LiQUOU  Cupri  Ammoniati,  Aqua  Sapphirina,  P.  L.  1745. 
See  Copper. 

Liquor  Ferri  Alkalini.  See  Iron,  in  the  Materia 
Medica. 

Liquor  of  Flints.     See  Flints. 

Liquor  Hydrargyri  Oxymuriatis  is  prepared  by  diffolving 
eight  gra  ns  of  the  oxymuriate  of  mercury  in  fifteen  fluid- 
ounces  of  diftiUed  water,  and  then  adding  a  fluid-ounce  of 
reftified  fpirit.  This  folution  is  directed  for  the  purpofe  of 
facilitating  the  adminillration  of  divifions  of  the  grain  of 
this  aftive  medicine.  Each  fluidrachra  contains  y^th  of  a 
grain  of  the  fait.  The  fpirit,  though  it  aifills,  is  not  abfo- 
lutely  neceffary  to  the  folution  of  this  quantity,  but  it  pre- 
ferves  it  afterwards,  and  prevents  the  vegetAtion  of  mucor, 
to  which  all  faline  folutions  are  liable. 

Liquor  Mineralis  Anodynus,  the  same  given  by  Hoffman 
to  a  liquor  of  his  own  invention,  famous  at  this  time  in  Ger- 
many, and  fuppofed  by  Burggrave  to  be  made  in  this 
manner :  take  oil  of  vitriol  and  Indian  nitre,  of  each  four 
ounces  ;  diftil  the  fpirit  gradually  from  this  by  a  retort  ; 
pour  two  ounces  of  this  fpirit  cautioufly  and  fucceffivcly  into 
fifteen  ounces  of  fpirit  of  wine  highly  rec-tified  ;  diftil  this,  and 
there  comes  over  a  very  fragrant  Ipirit.  This  is  to  be  again 
diftiUed,  to  render  it  perfedly  pure,  adding  firll  to  it  a  fmall 
quantity  of  oil  of  cloves,  and  u  quantity  of  water,  equal  to 
that  of  the  fpirit  ;  after  this,  as  foon  as  the  watery  vapours 
begin  to  arife,  the  whole  procefs  is  to  be  flopped,  and  the 
fpirit  kept  alone  in  a  bottle  well  flopped.  This  has  great 
virtues  as  an  anodyne,  diaphoretic,  antifeptic,  a:;d  car- 
minative. It  is  not  certain  that  it  is  exaftly  the  fame  with 
Hoffman's,  that  author  having  never  publiftied  his  manner  of 
making  it ;  but  it  appears  the  fame  to  the  fmell  and  tafte, 
and  has  the  fame  virtues. 

M.  Macquer  fays,  that  it  is  a  mixture  of  very  reftiiied 
fpirit  of  wine,  of  ether,  and  of  a  Httle  of  the  fweet  oil  of 
vitriol ;  and  that  it  is  made  by  mixing  an  ounce  of  the  fpirit 
of  wine,  which  rifes  firft  in  the  dillillation  of  ether,  with  as 
much  of  the  liquor  which  rifes  next,  and  which  contains  the 
ether,  and  afterwards  by  diffolving  in  this  mixture  twelve 
drops  of  the  oil  which  rifes  after  the  ether  has  paffed.  This 
liquor  has  precifely  the  fame  virtues  with  the  ether  which 
phyficians  now  fubftitute  for  it.     See  Ether. 

Liquor,  Boyle's  fuming.  See  Solphuhet  of  Ammonia, 
and  Ammonia. 

Liquor  Plumbi  Acetatis,  and  LiQUOR  Plumbi  Acetatis 
Dilutus.     See  Lead,  E.vtra{t  of.  % 

LiQUOr. 


L  I  Q_ 

Liquor  Poiaffx.     See  Lixivium  Saponarlum. 

Liquor  Potiijfi  SubcarboniUu.     See  Lixivium  Tartan. 

Liquor,  or  Smoaiing  Spirit  of  Libaniius,  or  Smoaiing 
Miiriat  of  Tin,  is  a  marine  acid,  cr  fuper-oxydated  muriat  of 
tin,  very  concentrated,  fmoaking,  and  impregnated  with 
much  tin.     (See   Tik.)     It  is  made  by   well  mixing  an 


L  I  Q^ 

beft  on  a  deep,  loofe,  rich  mould  ;  and  if  it  is  freffi  land  that 
has  not  for  many  years  borne  corn,  the  proiit  will  be  the 
greater,  as  the  crop  will  be  larger,  and  the  roots  of  a  finer 
quality.  A  rich  fandy  foil,  provided  it  is  deep,  will  do 
well  for  this  plant ;  and  it  muft  always  be  remembered,  that 
too  much  moillure  is  its  greatcft  enemy  :   let  no  one,  there- 


amalgam  of  four  parts  of  tin,  and  live  parts  of  mercury  with  fore,  attempt  to  plant  it  on  a  damp  clay,  lell  the  whole  crop 

an  equal  weight  of  corrofive  fublimate,  by  triturating  the  be  cankered. 

whole  together  in  a  glafs  mortar,  or  it   may  be  prepared         Soils  intended   for  liquorice  nio\ild  be  trenched  two  or 

by  melting,  in  an  iron  ladle,  5  oz.  of  pure  tin,  adding  to  it  three  fpades  deep,  if  the  depth  of  them  will  admit  :  then 

five  drachms  of  mercury,  itirrmg  them  together,  and  pouring  having  the  fets  ready,  proceed  to  plant  them  byline  and 


out  the  amalgam  into  a  marble  mortar  ;  and  then  putting 
20  oz.  of  conofive  mercurial  muriat  in  fine  powder,  and 
mixing  the  whole  thoroughly.  This  mixture  is  to  be  put 
into  a  glafs  retort,  which  is  to  be  placed  in  a  reverberatory 
furnace.  To  the  retort  is  to  be  luted,  with  fat  lute,  a 
receiver,  with  a  fmall  hole  in  it,  in  the  fame  manner  as  is 
done  for  the  dillillation  of  concentrated  mineral  acids  ;  the 
diftillatioh  is  begun  with  a  graduated  and  well  managed  fire  ; 
with  an  Argand  lamp,  or  a  fand-bath.  A  very  fmoaking 
liquor  pafles  into  the  receiver,  and  towards  the  end  of  tlie 
dillillation  a  very  thick  and  cvtn  concrete  matter.  When 
the  operation  is  ilnilhed,  the  liquor  in   the  receiver   is    to 


dibble,  planting  the  fets  a  foot  diftant  in  each  row  ;  putting 
them  perpendicular  into  the  ground,  with  the  tops  about  an 
inch  under  tlie  furface,  and  let  the  rows  be  a  foot  and  a  half 
afunder ;  though  fome  fcarccly  allow  more  than  twelve 
inches  between  row  and  row.  A  crop  of  onions  is  alfo 
fometimes  fown  on  the  fame  ground  the  firft  year ;  whiih, 
as  the  roots  of  the  onions  are  flender,  and  the  ftems  fpread 
but  little  at  top,  may  be  done  witho'it  any  detriment  to  the 
liquorice  or  the  onions,  as  the  former  feldom  rifes  above  ten 
or  twelve  inches  high  the  firll  I'ummer.  Tk'?  ground  muft 
be  kept  clean  from  weeds,  during  the  fum.T.cr  fcafon,  by 
hoeing  ;  and  if  there  is  a  crop  of  onions,  ihe  fmall  hoe  Ihould 


be  poured  quickly  into  a  cryllal  glafs  bottle,  with  a  glafs  be  employed,  cutting  them  out  to  four  or  five  inches  dif- 
ftoppcr.  When  this  bottle  is  opened,  a  white,  copious,  tancc,  and  clearing  away  all  fuch  as  grow  immediately  clofe 
thick,  and  poignant  fume  iffues,  which  remains  long  in  the     to  the  liquorice  plants  ;  and  when  they  are  gathered,  give 


air  without  difappearing.  (Macquer's  Chem.  Dift.)  Prouft 
gives,  as  the  beft  proportions,  8  oz.  of  powder  of  tin  (pro- 
bably fuch  as  is  made  by  melting  the  metal  and  fliaking  it 
iti  a  box),  and  24  oz.  of  corrofive  fublimate,  which  afford 
g  oz.  of  the  fmoaking  liquor.     See  Ether. 

Liquors,  Slygian.     See  Stygian  Liquors. 

Liquor.';,  Ckartng  of.     See  Clarification. 


the  ground  a  thorough  hoeing  with  a  large  hoe,  to  loofea 
the  furface,  and  deilroy  all  weeds  effectually.  In  autumn, 
cut  down  the  decayed  ilalks  of  the  liquorice,  and  nothiaci- 
more  is  neceffary  till  fpiing.  But  in  February  or  March,  a 
flight  digging  ihould  be  given  between  the  rows;  ard, 
during  ipring  and  fummer,  all  weeds  be  kept  down  by 
broad-hoeing  ;  and  in  autumn,  when  the  ftalks  are  in  a  de- 


LIQUORICE,  in  Botany,  Gardening,  and  the  Materia  caying  ftate,  they  muft  be  again  cut  down  to  the  furface  of 

Medial.     See  Glvcyrrhiza.  the  earth,  as  has  been  juft  oblerved.     The  fame  manacrcment 

Liquorice,  in  jlgriculture,  a  plant  of  the  long  tap-rooted  muft  be  repeated  every  fucceeding  year;  but  after  the  firit 

kind,  often  cultivated  for  medicinal  and  other  ufes  in  the  or  fecond  year,  the  ftalks  of  the  liquorice  will  ihoot  ftrongly, 

field.     It  grows  to  about  four  or  five  feet  in  height ;  its  and  foon  cover  the  ground,  fo  as  to  retard  the  growth  of. 

ftalks  are  hard  and  woody  ;  its  leaves  fmall  and  roundidi,  weeds  in  a   great  degree.      Likewife  every  autumn,  about 

Handing  together  on  the  two  fides  of  a  rib,  and  making  OAober,  when  the  ftalks   begin    to  decay,  and  they  have 

what  botanifts  call  a  winged  leaf.     There  are  two  fpecies  of  been  cut  down  to  the  ground,  as  has  been  advifed  before, 

this  plant  in  cultivation,  the  fmooth  padded  and  the  prickly  they  fliould  be  wholly  cleared  away.     It  is  remarked,  that 

podded ;  but  they  differ  little,  except  in  the  feed-pods  of  the  land  cannot  be  made  too  fine,  or  dug  too  deep  for  liquorice  ; 

latter  being  armed  witli  prickles.      It  is  remarked  that  both  that  it  fhould  be  at  leaft  moved  vvitii  the  fpade  to  the  depth 

thefe  fpecies  are  very  hardy  perennials,  bat  that  the  firft  is  of  two  feet  and  a  half;  and  if  a  little  deeper,  fo  much  the 

the  fort  commonly  cultivated  for  ufe,  its  roots  being  fuller  better.     And  that  if  the  land  on  which  the  Uquonce  fets  are 

of  juice,  and  iweete.-  than  the  other.  to  be  planted  is  frefh,  ricli,  and  in  good  heart,  it  needs  no 

It  is  chiefly  grown  for  the  root,  which  is  perennial ;  but  manure  for  the  firft  crop  ;  but  that  if  it  has  been  for  fonic 

the  ftalks  rife  in  fpring,  and  decay  in  autumn.  years  in  tillage,  the  planter  will  do  well  to  give  it,  in  the 

It  is  a  plant  which  deliglits  in  a  deep  light  foil,  in  which  fummer  time,  a  good  drefilng  of  very  rotten  dung,  lime, 

its  roots  may  run  down  three  or  four  feet  deep,  and  attain  and  coal-a(hes,  or  foot,  mi.\ed  together,   fome  months  be- 

a  large  fize,  efpecially  when  permitted  to  ftand  three  or  four  fore,  into  a  compoft  :  the  quiintity  mtilt   be  regulated  by 

years.     From  the  main  root  fmaller  ones  generally  run  off  the  ftate  of  the  land,  always  remembering  that  this  plant 

horizontally;  and  from  thefe  horizontal  roots,  that  run  near  requires  a   great  deal   of  nouriftiment,  and  is   a  great  im- 

the  furface,  cuttings  for  fets  or  young  plants  are  taken  fur  poveriftier  of  the  foil,  though  it  extracts  much  of  its  nourifli- 

propagation,  which  are  generally  procured  at  the  time  when  raent  or  food  from  a  confiderable  depth, 
the  liquorice  is  taken  up  for  ule,  which  is  in  about  three         Cut  in  another  mode,  after  the  ground  has  been  properly 

years  after  planting :  but  cuttings  for  planting  may  occa-  prepared,  apd  reduced   to  a   very  fine  tilth,  and  laid  level, 

fionally  be  taken  off  before  that  period,  if  wanted.     At  the  fome  fets  are   to  be  procured.     Thefe  are  directed  to  be 

time  of  planting,  the  cuttings  fhould  be  divided  into  lengths  planted   in    roKs,    with    dibbles    armed    with   iron    points, 

of  fix  or  eight  inches,  each  having  one  or  more  good  buds  or  Some  prefer  rows  at  two  feet  afunder,  patting  the  fets  fif. 

eyes,  being  put  into  the  ground  at  any  time,  in  open  weather,  teen  inches  from  each  other,  and  three  rows  are  planted  on 

from  October  till  March  ;  but  from  the  middle  of  February  a  fix-feet  bed  ;  they  are  allowed  two  feet  more  of  interval 

till  the  middle  of  March  is  the  beft  feafon  for  this  work  :  betwixt  bed  and  bed.     And  in  putting  in  fets  with  a  dibble, 

and  an  open  fituation  is  always  the  moft  proper  for  a  planta-  the  upper  end  of  each  fet  is  left  juft  level  with  the  furface  of 

tion  of  this  kind.  the  ground  :  and  when  the  whole  fpot  of  ground  is  pbnted. 

It  has  been  longr  fince  obfcrved,  that  tkis  plant  thrives  labourers  dig  up  the  intervals  one  fuit  deep,  and  fpread  the 

vot.  XXI.  '^  ''  "^  rj,    ^      ^        y    ^^^^ 


L  I  Q^ 

earth  on  the  beds  ;  wliich  raifcs  them  about  two  inches  above 
the  heads  of  the  fets,  which,  by  lowering  the  intervals, 
ferves  in  wet  feafons  to  drain  the  beds.  It  is  generally  con- 
trived to  get  this  work  done  by  the  lad  week  in  September  ; 
but  in  favourable  years,  the  middle  of  Oftober  is  not  too 
late.  If  the  weather  proves  mild,  no  further  trouble  is 
taken  with  them  during  the  winter ;  but  if  it  is  likely  to 
freeze  hard,  the  beds  are  covered  with  peas-haulm,  or  long 
dung,  or  fome  fuch  matters,  to  forward  the  growth  of  the 
roots  in  the  fpring,  and  proteft  them  during  the  winter  from 
the  frofts.  Early  in  the  fpring,  on  the  firft  appearance  of 
the  weeds,  the  lifpiorice  is  allowed  a  thorough  hoeing ;  and 
this  is  feveral  times  repeated  in  the  dry  weather  of  the  fum- 
mer.  The  winter  following,  they  are  again  covered  with 
long  dung^  and  in  the  fprnig,  before  the  roots  begin  to 
ihoot,  the  fpaces  betwixt  the  rows  on  the  beds  are  looiened 
with  a  fpade,  and  the  intervals  dug:  immediately  after 
which,  the  land  has  a  flight  drefling  of  coal-foot  given, 
which  is  fown  by  hand  :  this  (hould  be  thick  enough  to  make 
the  land  look  black,  which,  by  the  firft  rains  walhing  it  in, 
greatly  pufhes  and  invigorates  the  plants.  The  fecond  and 
third  fummers,  it  is  only  neceflary  to  keep  the  crop  clear  of 
weeds. 

About  the  third  year  after  planting,  the  roots  of  the 
liquorice  will  be  in  a  ilate  to  take  up  ;  and  the  proper  feafon 
for  this  is  any  time  from  the  beginning  of  November  till 
February,  as  they  (liould  neither  be  taken  up  before  the 
ftalks  are  fully  decayed,  nor  deferred  till  late  in  the  fpring  ; 
othervvife  the  roots  will  be  apt  to  flirink  and  diminifli  in 
weight. 

Manner  of  taking  k/.— The  mode  of  taking  up  the  li- 
quorice roots  is  by  trenching  the  ground,  beginning  at  one 
end,  and  opening  a  trench  clofe  to  the  firft  row  three  fpades 
deep,  or  to  the  depth  of  the  roots  ;  at  which  work,  three 
or  four  fpadcfmen  are  generally  employed  at  each  trench  : 
one  goes  on  with  the  top  fpit,  a  fecond  with  the  next  fpit, 
another  with  a  third  fpit,  and  the  fourth  fpadefman  com- 
monly gets  to  the  bottom  of  the  roots,  having  a  mattock  to 
affift  him  occafionally  in  clearing  them  ;  and,  as  he  takes 
them  up,  throws  them  on  the  top  of  the  ground.  In  this 
way  they  proceed  from  row  to  row,  till  the  whole  plantation 
is  taken  up.  The  fmall  f;de-roots  are  then  trimmed  off', 
and  the  beft  of  them  divided  into  lengths  proper  for  frefti 
fets,  and  the  main  roots  tied  in  bundles  for  the  purpofe  of 
fale.  It  is  of  much  confequence  to  fell  them  as  foon  as  pof- 
fible  after  they  are  taken  up,  as  they  are  apt  to  lofe  much 
of  their  weight  by  keeping. 

After  a  crop  of  this  root  has  been  taken  up,  if  it  was 
planted  on  frefti  land,  the  fame  ground  is  generally  prepared 
to  yield  another  crop  ;  and  this  takes  up  nearly  a  year.  In 
doing  which,  it  has  given  it,  during  the  winter,  a  thorough 
good  drefling  of  well-rotted  dung,  mixed  with  lime  :  of  this 
large  quantities  are  laid  on,  ftill  having  regard  to  the  condi- 
tion of  the  foil,  and  ploughing  it  well  in  the  enfuing  fummer. 
In  fuch  loofe  foils  as  are  proper  for  this  plant,  there  is  no 
occafion  to  dig  the  land  for  this  crop  a  fecond  time,  the 
taking  up  the  roots  having  ftirred  it  to  a  fufficient  depth  : 
this,  with  three  or  four  fummer  ploughings,  is  as  much  as 
is  TiecefTary.  In  other  refpefts,  it  is  managed  the  fame  as 
for  the  preceding  crop. 

But  if  the  land  wliich  has  borne  a  crop  of  liquorice  root 
was  not  frefli  when  it  was  planted,  but  had  been  fome  time 
in  tillage,  it  is  fcarcely  ever  chofen  to  plant  again  with  the 
fame  crop,  without  allowing  feveral  years  to  elapfe. 

ylfter-Cuhure. — In  whatever  way  this  crop  is  cultivated, 
it  fhould  be  kept  perfedly  clean  by  effeftual  hoeing  in  May 
and  June  ;  and  for  this  reafon  it  is  better  not  to  fow  onions, 

10 


L  1  R 

or  ;Miy  other  fmall  plants,'  upon  the  land  with  this  fort  of 
plants.  In  the  liquorice  huft^andry,  the  land  ftiould  likcwife 
be  very  highly  manured,  and  be  kept  well  water-furrowed 
for  the  fpring  mouths. 

In  order  to  difcover  how  much  liquorice-root  is  wafted 
by  being  kept  in  dry  places,  a  choice  was  made  of  a  piece  of 
fingle  root  thirteen  inches  long,  and  full  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  diameter  throughout,  which  weighed  five  ounces  ;  and 
nine  fmall  roots,  thirteen  inches  long  each,  and  from  one- 
fourth  to  one-eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  which  weighed 
alfo  five  ounces.  All  thefe  were  put  into  a  drawer  in  a  dry 
room,  the  beginning  of  February,  and  were  weighed  the 
beginning  of  Auguft  following ;  when  the  largeft  fingle 
i-oot  weighed  two  ounces  and  three  quarters,  and  the  nine 
fmall  roots  alfo  weighed  full  two  ounces  and  three  quarters  : 
fo  that  in  fix  months  thefe  roots  loll  almoft  half  their  weight. 
They  were  green  and  juicy  when  put  into  the  drawer,  and 
were  now  pretty  dry  and  hard  ;  but  not  quite  fo  dry  and 
hard  as  fome  of  the  fame  liquorice  that  had  lain  all  that  time 
in  tlie  open  room.  But  liquorice  may  be  kept  in  moift  fand, 
or  laid  in  the  earth  as  long,  with  very  little  wafte  or  lois  of 
weight. 

As  liquorice  is  an  upright  growing  plant,  and  not  apt  to 
lodge,  and  its  roots  dcfccnding  deep,  it  is  very  proper  for 
the  horle-hoeing  culture  ;  in  wliich  it  will  probably  arrive  to 
greater  perfeftion  than  in  the  ufual  method  of  cultivating  it, 
as  defcribed  above. 

However  in  Yorkfliire,  where  liquorice  is  cultivated  in 
rich  fandy  foils,  its  roots  fometimes  penetrate  to  the  depth 
of  three  or  four  feet,  fometimes  more  ;  but  the  digging  of 
the  ground  all  over  to  that  depth,  when  it  is  taken  up,  is 
very  expenlive.  Asa  faving  in  this  refpect,  the  planters,  in 
digging  up  the  ground,  lay  it  in  a  proper  form,  and  re- 
plant it,  making  one  digging  fcrve  for  both  purpofes,  which 
is  a  good  method  ;  but  tlicy  fet  the  plants  much  too  clofe  : 
whereas,  if  they  planted  them  in  rows,  at  about  four  feet 
diftance,  and  horie-hoed  it,  the  weeds  might  be  deftroyed, 
and  the  land  greatly  improved,  efpecially  if  trench-hoed ; 
and  the  produce  would  probably  be  very  great,  after  fo  full 
a  preparation  of  the  land.  And  in  addition  to  this,  it  may 
be  obferved,  that  this  method  of  cultivation  is  much  cheaper 
than  by  hand-work,  which  is  the  ufual  method. 
Liquorice  Vetch.  See  Astragalu.s. 
Liquorice  Vetch,  Knohbed-rooted.  See  Glycine. 
LiQUOKiCE,  Wild.     See  Annus. 

LIR.A,  or  Lire,  a  money  of  account  in  Italy,  and  alfo  a 
filver  coin,  particularly  at  Milan  and  Venice. 

LIRELLA,  the  diminutive  of  lira,  a  ridge  or  furrow,  is 
ufed  by  Acharius  for  the  peculiar  fruftificat'on,  or  recepta- 
cle, of  the  genus  Opegrapha  (See  Liciienes.)  Its  colour  is 
generally  very  black,  though  fometimes  hoary  with  a  fort  of 
cfflorelcence  ;  its  form  oblong,  fefiile  or  immerfed,  fimplc, 
aggregate  or  branched.  The  diHv  is  ufually  narrow  and 
linear,  occafionally  fomewhat  dilated  ;  tli.-  margins  parallel, 
various  in  thicknefs  and  elevation,  lu  Englilh  this  recep- 
tacle is  termed  a  cleft. 

LIRIA,  or  LlikIA,  in  Ancient  Geography,  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  the  province  of  Valencia  ;  iS  miles  S.  ot  Segorbe. 
This  is  a  very  ancient  town,  wliich  is  f?.id  to  have  exilted 
before  the  arrival  of  the  Phecnicians  in  Spain.  Under  the 
Carthaginians  it  bore  the  name  of  Edcra,  and  under  the 
Romans  of  Edeta  and  of  Laurona,  when  it  was  the  capital 
of  the  country  of  the  Edetani.  There  arc  fome  Roman 
monuments  remaining.  The  tov.n  was  almoil  deftroyed 
during  the  wars  of  Sertorius  and  Pompey  ;  but  being  after- 
wards  rebuilt,  it  was  taken  by  the  Goths  from  the  Romans, 
from  the  Goths  by  the  Moors,  and  from  them,  in  1252,  by 

James 


L  I  R 


L  I  R 


James    the  Conqueror,    king  of    Aragon,   who  fomewhat 
changed  its  politioii. 

It  is  lituated  between  two  little  hills  :  it  has  a  parifli 
church,  two  chapels  of  eafe,  two  convents  of  Trinitarian 
and  Francifcan  monks,  and  a  population  of  about  fix  or  feven 
thoufand  perfons.  This  town  has  tlie  title  of  duchy.  King 
Philip  V.  gave  it  to  marfhal  Berwick,  and  his  dcfcendants 
ilill  poffefs  it. 

LIRIODENDRUM,  in  Botany,  from  Aifio;,  or  ?.Fif»o>, 
a/i/y,  and  ht^pt,  a  tree  ;  the  Tulip-tree.  Linn.  Gen.  278. 
Schreb.  373.  WiUd.  Sp.  PL  v.  2.  1254.  Mart.  Mill.  Did. 
V.  3.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  3.  329.  JufT.  281.  Lamarck 
Illuftr.  4.gi.  Michaux  Boreal-Amer.  v.  i.  326.  Gxrtn. 
t.  178. — Clafs  and  order,  Polyandria  Polygynta.  Nat.  Ord. 
Coadunaia,  Linn.      Magnolia,  JufT. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  of  three  oblong,  obtufe, 
concave,  fpreading,  equal,  petal-like,  deciduous  leaves.  Cor. 
bell-lhaped,  regular,  of  fix  oblong,  obtule,  equal  petals, 
concave  at  the  bafe.  Stam.  Filaments  numerous,  inferted 
into  a  conical  receptacle,  (horter  than  the  corolla,  linear  ; 
anthers  terminal,  longer  than  the  filaments,  but  dill  fliorter 
than  the  corolla,  linear,  ereft,  of  two  cells,  burfting  longi- 
tudinally- at  the  outer  fide.  P'l/l.  Germens  numerous,  dif- 
pofed  in  the  form  of  a  cone  ;  ftyles  none  ;  ftigmas  all  crowded 
together,  obtufe.  Peric.  Cafes  numerous,  imbricated  in  the 
form  of  a  cone,  lanceolate,  compreffed,  leaf-hke,  triangular 
and  tumid  at  the  bafe,  each  of  one  cell,  not  buriling.  Seeds 
two,  ovate. 

EfT.  Ch.  Calyx   of  three  leaves.      Petals   fix.     Anthers 


burfting  outwardly, 
the  form  of  a  cone. 
I.   L.  tulipifera. 
755.  Curt.  Mag.  t. 


Seed-cafes   lanceolate,  imbricated  in 


American  Tulip-tree.  Linn.  Sp.  PL 
273.  Sm.  Inf.  of  Georgia,  t.  102.  (L. 
foUis  angulatis  truacatis  ;  Trew  Ehret,  t.  10.) — Leaves 
lobed,  abrupt. — Native  of  hills  in  molt  parts  of  North 
America,  where  it  is  vulgarly  called  the  Poplar.  This  fine 
tree  was  cultivated  by  bifhop  Compton,  at  Fulham,  in  1688, 
and  is  now  not  unfrequent  in  England,  though  feldom 
flowering  till  an  advanced  age.  We  have  however  known  it 
bloom  when  about  16  years  old.  The  firft  which  produced 
bloffbms  in  this  country,  is  faid  to  have  been  at  the  earl  of 
Peterborough's,  at  Parfon's  green,  near  Fulham.  There 
were  feveral,  early  celebrated  for  their  fize  aud  beauty,  at 
Waltham  Abbey,  one  of  which  remained  lately,  and  per- 
haps ftill  flourifhes. 


June  and  July,  Itanding  folitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branchct 
The  young  bark  of  this  tree  is  very  aromatic. 

2.  L.  Urtifera.  Indian  Tulip-tree.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  755. 
(Sampacca  montana  ;  Rumph.  Amboin.  v.  2.  204. 
t.  69.) — Leaves  lanceolate.  —  Native  of  lofty  mountains  in 
Amboyna.  Linnsiis  adopted  this  fpccies  entirely  from 
Rumphius,  led,  as  it  feems,  by  his  delineation  of  the  fruit, 
which  indeed  fomewhat  refembles  that  of  a  Liriodendrum. 
There  is  much  in  hjs  defcription,  as  well  as  figure,  that  ac- 
cords witii  Alagnolia pumila,  Andr.  Rcpof.  t.  226.  Curt. 
Mag.  t.  977,  a  plant  cultivated  in  various  parts  of  the  Eaft 
Indies,  as  well  as  in  China,  but  whofe  native  countrv-,  like  the 
ftrufture  of  its  fruit,  is  really  unknown.  M.  Correa  de  Serra, 
whofe  botanical  acutenefs  is  fo  well  known,  has  pointed  out 
to  us  what  he  conceives  to  be  a  certain  criterion  to  diftin- 
guilh  a  Liriodendron  from  a  Magnolia,  the  cells  of  the  anthers 
opening  at  the  inner  fide  in  the  latter,  at  the  outer  fide  in 
the  former,  which  difference  is  confirmed  by  the  total  differ- 
ence in  their  fruit.  By  this  rule  the pumila  is  a  Magnolia; 
but  refpefting  the  fuppofed  Liriodendrum  liliifera,  nothing 
can  be  gueffed,  except  from  its  habit.  We  fufpect  more- 
over that  the  pumila,  when  its  fruit  is  known,  may  exhi- 
bit charafters  m  that  part,  fufficient  to  feparate  it  from 
both  thefe  genera  ;  as  may  alfo  be  the  cafe  with  M.  fufcata. 
Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  v.  3.  331.  .-\ndr.  Repof.  t.  229.  Curt. 
Mag.  t.  1008,  whofe  anthers  hkewife  burll  inwardly. 

What  the  L.  liliifera  of  Loureiro,  Cochinch.  346,  mav  be, 
is  very  doubtful.  He  defcribes  the  anthers  as  opening  by  a 
terminal  pore. — Here  then  may  be  another  diftintf  o-enus. 
The  flowers  are  faid  to  be  large,  pale  and  fcentlefs.  Seeds 
imbricated  in  the  form  of  a  cone.  He  defcnbes  two  more, 
which  Willdenow  has  adopted  from  the  German  edition  of 
his  book,  as  we  guefs  from  the  mifquotation  of  pages.  Thefe 
are  named  i,L.  Figo,  which  has  a  fingled-leaved  fpathace- 
ous  calyx,  and  a  pale  flower,  dotted  with  red  ;  and  2,  L. 
Coco,  which  has  a  three-leaved  calyx,  and  large,  very  white, 
fweet  flower.  Both  are  cultivated  at  Macao  and  Canton. 
The  defcription  of  their  fruits  is  hke  that  of  the  genus  be- 
fore us,  but  we  much  doubt  their  belonging  really  to  it. 
Nothing,  in  fliort,  requires  more  inveSigation  than  the 
genera  of  this  tribe,  becaufe  fcientific  botanitls  had  very  httle 
opportunity  of  feeing  their  whole  fruftification.  We  would 
recommend  the  confideration  of  their  anthers  and  feed-veflels. 
The  calyx  is  perhaps  of  lefs  importance,  except  for  fpecific 
diftinftions. 


Liriodendrum,  in  Gardening,  comprifes  a  plant  of  the 
Botanifts  indicate  two  varieties  in  North  America,  one  of    hardy  deciduous  ornamental  kind,  of  which  the  fpecies  culti- 


which  is  figured  in  Plukenet's  Phytographia,  t.  68.  f.  3,  and 
appears  to  differ  from  the  common  kind,  reprefented  in  the 
•plates  we  have  quoted  above,  in  having  four  flight  lobes,  in- 
ftead  of  two  great  ones,  at  each  fide  of  the  leaf.  We  have 
indeed  obferved  the  leaves  to  have  occafionally  divided  fide- 
lobes,  in  our  gardens  ;  but  as  there  are  faid  to  be  differences 
alfo  in  the  colour  and  quality  of  the  wood,  it  is  much  to  be 
fulpefted  that  thefe  make  in  fact  two  fpecies.  In  fome  trees 
the  wood  is  faid  to  be  yellow,  foft  and  brittle ;  in  others 
white,  heavy,  tough  and  hard  ;  but  no  one  has  obferved 
whether  each  particular  variety  has  either  form  of  leaf  ap- 
propriated to  it,  which  would  fettle  the  queftion.  The  re- 
markable fhape  of  the  leaves  of  the  Tuhp-tree,  cannot  fail 
to  iirike  the  moil  carelels  obferver.  They  feem  as  if 
cut  off  with  fciflars  at  the  end.  The  elliptical  obtufe  deci- 
iuoasjiipulat,  which  curioufly  enfold  the  young  leaves,  are 
alfo  remarkable.  The  f.otvers,  though  not  glaring  nor 
fcented,  are  Angularly  beautiful,  refembling  a  fmall  tulip, 
variegated  with  green,  yellow,  and  orange.     They  appear  in 


vated  is  the  common  tuhptree,  L.  tulipifera. 

Method  of  Culture. — Plants  of  this  kind  may  be  railed  by 
fowiiig  the  feeds,  imported  annually  from  America  by  the 
feed-dealers,  in  fpring,  either  in  the  full  ground,  in  beds 
of  rich  light  earth,  in  a  warm  fituation,  placing  the  feed 
lengthwife,  and  covering  it  nearly  an  inch  deep ;  or  in  pots  or 
boxes,  plunging  tliem  in  a  gentle  hot-bed.  When  the 
young  plants  appear  they  fliould  be  well  fcreened  from  the 
fun,  and  have  free  air.  They  ufually  come  up  tlie  fame  fea- 
fon  ;  when  in  the  former  method  water  fliould  be  given  them 
in  dry  weather ;  and  if  tlie  bed  be  arched  over  with  hoops, 
to  have  occafional  fliade  from  the  mid-day  fun  in  fcorching 
weather,  it  will  be  beneficial  to  the  germination  of  the  feeds 
and  growth  of  the  young  plants  ;  continuing  the  waterings 
with  care  occafionally  during  the  fummer  ;  and  in  winter, 
flieltering  them  with  mats  in  froily  weather  to  preferve  their 
tops,  which  are  fometi'.nes  a  little  tender  the  firft  year,  and 
apt  to  fuffer  in  this  way. 

When  ihe  plants  are  two  years  old,  they  fhould  be  fet  out 
T2  in 


L  T  R 

in  fpring  in  nurfery  rows,  two  feet  diftant,  and  a  foot  afmider 
in  the  rows;  to  remain  a  ftw  years,  till  from  three  to  fix 
or  eie;ht  feet  high,  when  they  may  be  planted  where  they  are 
to  remain. 

But  they  are  raifed  bcfl  in  the  open  ground,  where  the 
beds  are  prepared  of  good  mellow  rich  earth,  blended  with 
old  rotten  cow-dung,  fiftinjr  over  the  feeds  tine  turf-mould, 
mixed  with  fine  fea  or  pit-fand.  And  tlu-y  fucceed  bell 
afterwards  in  a  light  foil,  not  too  dry.  They  fliould  have 
their  roots  and  branches  as  little  pruned  as  poflible. 

This  is  aplant  that  grows  fo  large  as  to  become  a  tree  o 
the  firft  magnitude  in  its  native  fituation,  and  it  is  gene- 
rally known  by  the  title  of  poplar :  of  late  there  have 
been  great  numbers  raifed  from  feeds  in  this  country,  fo 
that  they  are  become  common  in  the  nurfeiies,  and  there 
are  many  of  the  trees  in  difierent  pans  which  annually  pro- 
duce flowers. 

At  Allerton-hall,  the  feat  of  William  Rofcoc,  efq.  there 
is  a  very  large  tree  of  tliii  kind  which  flowers  well. 

Tkefe  trees  are  highly  ornamental  in  large  plantations, 
among  others  of  fimilar  growth,  and  have  a  fine  effeft  when 
planted  out  fingly  in  large  openings,  kept  in  {hort  grafs,  in 
plcafure  grounds,  or  other  fituations,  when  they  flower  in  any 
full  manner. 

LIRIOPE,  in  Bo/any,  a  genus  dedicated  by  Loureiro  to 
the  mother  of  Narciffus  ;  a  plant  of  the  fame  natural  family 
having  been  deftiiied  to  commemorate  her  fon.  The  blue 
colour  of  the  prefent  flower  is  thought  alfo,  by  this  author, 
to  accord  with  the  epithet  Cjirula  Lir'iope  ;  fee  Ovid's  Me- 
tamorphofii,  lib.  j?.  342. — I.onreir.  Cothmch.  v.  i.  200. — 
Clafs  and  order,  Hexandiia  Monogytna.  Nat.  Ord.  Spatha- 
les,    Linn. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Sheath  ovate,  incurved,  Cngle-flowered, 
fmall,  permanent,  of  one  leaf.  Cor.  inferior,  bcll-fhaped, 
fpreading,  divided  into  fix  deep,  obibng,  reflexcd,  flelhy, 
equal  fegments.  Stam.  Filaments  fix,  awl-rtiaped,  ereft,  equal, 
fhorter  than  the  corolla,  infertcd  into  the  receptacle  ;  an- 
ihcrs  oblong,  ereft.  Pifl.  Germen  fuperior,  roundilli;  ftyle 
thick,  furrowed,  reflexcd,  as  long  as  the  ft^amens  ;  IHgma 
Ample.  Peric.  Berry  ovate,  fmooth,  flelhy,  fingle-feeded. 
Seed  ovate. 

Eff.  Ch.  Corolla  in  fix  deep  fegments,  inferior.  Sheath 
evate.     Berry  fingle-feeded. 

1.  L.  fpkata.  Loureir.  Taic  lien  of  the  Cochinchinefe, 
Mac  Ian  of  the  Chirefe. — Found  commonly  both  in  rtide 
and  cultivated  ground  of  thofe  countries.  Roots  peren- 
nial, oblone,  fohd,  brown  bulbs,  connefted  by  creeping 
radicles.  Stem  none.  Leaves  numerous,  crowded  together, 
fword-fhaped,  ftiff,  fmooth,  nearly  ereft,  a  foot  long. 
Flomicr-Jlaik  naked,  round,  flender,  llraight,  about  as  long 
as  the  leaves.  Flowers  fpiked,  rather  fmall,  of  a  pale  blue 
colour,  without  fmell. 

The  herb  before  us  is  faid  to  have  a  cooling  quality,  and 
a  decoflioji  of  its  leaves  is  thiniglit  to  llrengthen  the  hair. 
We  know  not  what  to  make  of  Loureiro's  defcription  as  to 
referring  it  to  any  known  plant. 

LIRIS,  in  Ancient  Geography,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  an- 
ciently bounded  the  territory  of  Latium  towards  the  fouth. 
This  river,  called  alfo  Clanis  and  Giants,  and  now  Garigllano, 
defoenJs  from  the  country  of  the  Marfi  towards  the  Apen- 
nines, or  by  the  lake  Fecinus,  receives  many  dreams  in  its 
flow  progrefs  fouthward,  and  at  length  lofes  itfelf  in  the 
bay  of  Cajeta  or  Gaeta.  Towards  its  mouth,  and  at  fome 
diftance  from  a  grove  confecrated  to  the  nymph  Marica,  the 
river  formed  extenfive  marflie.s.  Pliny  obferves  that  the 
waters  were  there  hot,  whence  SilJus  Italicus  gives  to  the 


L  I  S 

Liris  the  epithet  fulplmrcous.  It  is  related,  that  in  the  year  of 
Rome  660,  MariuF,  purfued  by  the  faction  of  Sylla,  con- 
cealed himfelf  in  thefe  marflies,  with  his  body  under  water 
and  his  head  covered  by  rofes.  The  fame  place  ferved  alfo 
as  an  afyhim  to  Varus,  one  of  the  perfons  j)rofcribed  by  tlie 
triumvirate  of  Oftavius,  Antony,  and  Lepidus. 

LIRIUM,  \u  Botany,  Xufiv,  of  the  Greeks,  is  fyiioni- 
mous  with  Lilium,  but  Van  Royen,  in  his  Flor,e  Leydenfu 
Prodromus,  retains  it  as  the  name  of  that  genus,  becaufe  he 
ufes  L'dia  for  the  appellation  of  the  natural  order  ;  and  for 
this  meafure  he  is  fomewhere  commended  by  Linnxus,  under 
whofe  infpeftion  the  book  was  written.  Lirium  is  liowever 
become  entirely  obfolete. 

LIS,  in  Geography,  a  lake  of  Ruffia,  in  the  (government 
of  Tobol(l<,  in  the  midfl.  of  an  extenfive  morafs.  N.  lat. 
0;'  j'.  E.  long.  99"'  14'. — Alfo,  a  river  of  the  fame  name, 
which  runs  into  the  Enifei.  N.  lat.  62°  20'.  E.  long.  90* 
14'. 

Lis,  Fleur  de.  See  Yl.OVi'Ef^-de-Luce.  This  flower  was 
not  only  borne  in  the  ancient  arms  of  France,  but  adopted 
by  our  kings  till  the  late  union  with  Ireland.  Theeleftoral 
cap,  as  emblematic  of  Hanover,  ai^d  the  fliamrock  for  Ire- 
land, have  been  fubilituted  for  it. 

Ll.s,  or  Lt,  an  itinerary  meafyre  of  China,  equal  to  1897'; 
Enghfli  feet :  fo  that  \<)i\  lis  meafure  a  mean  degree  of  the 
meridian  nearly  ;  but  European  mifhonaries  in  China  have 
divided  the  degree  into  200  lis,  each  h  making  1826  Eng- 
lifli  feet. 

LISARA,  m  Geography,  a  town    of  European  Turkey, 
in  the   province  of  Albania  ;  52  miles  S  S  E.  of  Albafano. 
LISBON,  Olisipona  or    Olifbcna,    the   metropolis    of 
Portugal  and  royal  refidence,  fituated  in  the  province  of  Ef- 
tramadura,  and  forining  a  kind  of  crefcent  or  amphitheatre, 
on  the  right   bank  of  the  Tajo  or  Tagus,  on  leveral  hills. 
The  Portuguefe    compuie   the  length  of  the  city   at    two 
leagues ;  and  the  dillance  from  Bclem  to  the  eallern  extremity 
is  Hated  by  Link  to  be  a  full  German  mile,  or  about  4^  Eng- 
lifh   miles.     The  breadth  of  the  town  is  very  various,  often 
but  fmall,  and  fometimes  quite  inconfiderable,  not  exceeding 
one   ilreet,  but  never  much  more    than  half  a   league.      It 
formerly  contained  feveral  magnilicent  churches,  jo  colleges 
and  convents,  two  elegant  palaces,  a  caftle  commanding  the 
town,  and  feveral  handiome  fquares.     It  was  furrounded  by 
a  lingle  wall,  on  which  were  77  antique  towers  of  no  great 
ftrength.     On  the  river  fide  it  had  26  gates,  and  on  the  land 
fide  17.     The  llreets   were  narrow  and  dirty,  and  fome  o£ 
them  very  tteep.     The  houfesof  the  citizens  v.-ere  generally 
very  mean,  but  thofe  of  the   nobility  and  gentry  were  built 
with  ftone,  and  exhibited  an  elegant  appearance.      Such  was 
the  flatc  of  this  city   before  it  was  almoll  totally  deilroyed 
by  the  earthquake,  which   happened  Nov.  j,  A.  D.  175;. 
Since   this  cataflrophe  it  has   been  built  on  a  regular  plan. 
The  population  is  not  eafily  afcertained.     According  to  the 
decennial  cenfus  in  the  year  1790,  the  40  parilTies  of  Liftion 
contained  38,102  fire-places  or  hearths  ;  thefe  include  the  liib- 
burbs  of  junqueira  and  Alcantara,  but  not  the   villages   of 
Belcm  and  Campo-Grande,  though   thefe,  particularly   the 
firft,  are  coi^ncftcd  with  the  town,  being  within  the  boundary 
of  Lifljon.      Including  Belem,  a  market  town   Mhu:h  com- 
pletely joins  Junqueira,  the   population   may  be  ellimated, 
accordiniT  to  Link,  at  above  300,000,  exclufive  of  the  mili- 
tary.     Lifljon  is  quite  open  on  all  fides,  having  neither  walls 
nor  G;ates,  nor  even  any  fortifications,  except  a  fmall  caftle  in 
the  middle  of  the  town,  and  a  number  of  batteries  or  fmall 
forts  on  the  river.     The  ground  on  which  the  city  ftands  is 
very  hilly,  and,  according  to  the  Portuguefe  writers,  is  fitu- 
ated) 


LISBON. 

ated,  like  ancient  Rome,  on  feven  liills,  but  it  may  be  more     there  is   not  one  particularly  diftinguifhed,  and  a   eonflant 
properly  regarded  as  (landing  on  thr<.c  hills.     The  firft  be.t;ins    noife  of  little  bells   and  bad' chimes  renders  them  ftill  more 
at  the  bridge  of  Alcantara,  formincr  the  proper  vveftern  limit     impleafant.     The  patriarchal  church  is  famous  for  the  royal 
ofthe  to .vn,  and  extending  to  St.  Beiiedict's  ftreet.   This  hill     fepulchrcs    which  it  contains.     This  was  conftructed  in  the 
is  the  highell,  and  much  celebrated  for  the  falubrily  ot  its  air.     year  1706  by  pope  Clement  XL,  who  granted  to  it  achap- 
At  the  weftern  extremity  it  is  but  little  cultivated,  but  farther     ter.     The  patriarch   has   been  generally  a  cardinal,  and    its 
to   the  eailward   up  to  its  fummit,  forming  in  that  diredtion     revenue  is  computed  at  114,000/.      Lifbon  was  erefted  into 
a  plain,  on  which  Itands  the  new  monadery.      In  many  parts     a  biihopric   in    the  yth  century,  and   when  it  was   retaken 
it  is  fo  ileep,  that  it  is  laborious  to  walk   along  the  ftreets,     from    the  Moors  by  Don  Alphonfo,  the   bifhopric    was  re- 
and  even   the  lower   (Ireet,  which  runs  along  the  river,  has     efhibliilied  by  pope  Eugenius  III.;  and  in  the  year  i30oi» 
confiderable  declivities,  and  is  much  incommoded  by  torrents     vvas  ere<£led  into  an  archbiihopric.  The  cathedral  is  a  Gothic 
occalioned  by  heavy  falls  of  rain.    Jn  this  part  many  hand-    editice,  dedicated  to  St.  Vincent,   who  is   faid  to  have  fuf- 
fome  houfes  are  erecled,  intermixed  with  thofe  of  a  meaner    fered  martyrdom  on  the   cape   which  bears  the  name,  and  it 
fort,  in    Itreets  that  are  irregular,  ill  paved,  and  often  nar-    is  richly  ornamented.     The   royal  palace,  which   fronts  the 
row.      Among  thefe  fcattered   houfes  are  g;ardens  and  even     Tagiis,    is  a  large   and    magnificent  edifice,  and   contains  a 
corn-fieUs.      On  this  hill  the  late  queen  built  a  church  and    library  colledled  at  a  vaft  expence  by  John  V.   There  are  fome 
convent,   to  which  (he  was   much  attached.     The  church  is     other  public   buildings,  which  are  conllrufted  in  a  maTni- 
handfome,  but  conitruded   in   a  bad  tnde,   and  overloaded     ficent  (lyle.      Along  the  river  to  the  E.  of  Li(bon   there  is 
with  ornaments.      Not  far  from  this  church  is  the  Protellant    a  fuccefHon  of  fmall  houfes  and  villages.     To  tlie  W.  Belem 
burial  ground,   which  is  planted   wi;h  cypre(res  and  Judas     fo  nearly  joins  Li(bon,  that  their  refpfftive   boundaries  are 
trees  (cercis  liiiquailrum).     Beyond  the  libufes  is  a  pleafant     not  eafily  diftinguilhed  :   and  the  fuburb  of  Alcantara  is  only- 
plain,  called  Campo  de  Ourique,  feparated  from  the  neigh-    feparated  by  a  bridge  over  a  fmall  brook  which  here  falls  into 
bouring  hills   by    deep  va'lies,  and  ufed  as   a  promenade  by     the  Tagus.     This  fuburb   is   only  feparated  by  an  artificial 
the  lower  and  middling  clalfes.     The  fecond  hill  is  a  conti-    boundary  from  that  of  Junqueira,  as   the  latter  is  from  Be- 
nuationof  the  (irll,  from  which  it  is  feparated  by  a  valley  of    lem,    which  is   a    confiderable   market-town,  where    many 
no  great  depth  ;  it'  extends  from  St.  JBunedicl-ilreet  to  the     perfons    of  property   and  tradefpeople  of  the  higher  clalfes^ 
valley  in  which  are  three  new   (Ireets  built  by  Pombal.     At     have  houfes.      Formerly  the  royal   family  relided  here,  but 
the   foot  of  the  cattern  lide  of  this  hill   the  earthquake  did     the  caRle  being   buruf:  they  removed  to   Quelus.    (See  Be- 
great  damage,  of  which  traces  remain,  and  thus  made  way     LE.M.)  Befides  the  church  of  the  monaftery  of  Hieronymites, 
for  the  erection  of  feveral  handfome  houfes.     On  this  eaftern     which  is  in  a  Gothic  but  grand  (lyle,  there  are  in  Belem  two 
declivity  is  the  opera-houfe.     Above  the  public  promenade     new    built   and    very   handfome  churches.      Near  to  one  of 
this  hill  rifestoa  conllderable  height,  and  is  very   Ileep  to-     thefe   are   the    botanic    garden   and    mufeum,  and  a   royal 
wards    the   next   valley.     This  eminence  affords  a  very  fine    garden  with  a  menagerie  and  feveral  aviaries.      Beyond  Be. 
view;  in  the  valley  beneath  appears  the  bell  part  of  the  town  ;     lem  is  a  park  of  confiderable  fize  belonging  to  the  prince, 
to  the  left  are  olive -gardens  interfperfed  wilh   many  houfes,     in  which  are  olive-trees  and  broom  ;  and  the'chace  on  th^N. 
monalleries,  and  churches  ;  oppolite  is  the  high  (leep  hill  on     of  the  river  is  appropriated  to  the  prince,  but  that  on  the  S. 
which  the  caille  (lands ;  to  the  left  the  Tagus  covered  with     is   for    the  ufe  of  the   public.      To  the  N.W.   appear  the- 
(hips.      This  hill  is  fucceeded  by  .an  even  valley  of  confider-     mountains  of  Cintra,  which  lie  N.E.   and  S.AV.     The  Ta- 
able  length  and  breadth,  which  forms  the  broadeft  part  of    gus  walhes  the  foundations  of  the  houfes  throu'i-liout  Li(bon  - 
the  town,  which  was  entirely  rebuilt  after  the  earthquake  of    being  towards  the  eallern   part    about  two  or  three  leagues 
1755.     On    the  bank  of  the   river    is    a   handfome   fquare,     broad;  to  the  W.   it   becomes  naiTower,  and    as   far  as  its 
formerly  the  terrace  or  parade  of  the  royal  palace,  6io  feet     mouth  it  is  only  about  a  league  broad.     The  river  is  often 
by  ,-50.     The  quay,    and  the  groups    of  people  where  the     covered   with  (liips,  and  large  men  of  war  may  he  oppoijte 
fli'ips  and  boats,are  landing  and  taking  in  their  cargoes,  excite    to   the    towm.     The  fcene   is   interefting  ;  and  the  market- 
attention.      The  eall  fide  is  formed  by  a   large  building  with     town   called   Almada,  with    its  church  on   the    fummit  of 
an  arcade,  terminating  in  a  pavilion,  wliich  is  ufed  as  an  ex-    the  hiil,  and  the  Englidi  hofpUal  at  the  foot  of  it,  enlivens 
change.      Oppofite  to  it  is  a  fimilar  building  without  a  pavi-    the  piclure.     The  fide  of  Lilbon  towards  the  country  confills 
■  lion.      In  the  centre  of  this  fquare,  the  avenues  of  which  are    entirely   of  hills,    from   which    are     feen   only  the  highelt 
unfinidied,  is  an  equedrian  llatue  of  Don  Jofeph  in  bronze,     edifices  of  tiietown,  and  the  traveller  arrives  fuddenly  in  the 
on  a  pededal  of  (lone  adorned  with  various  fymbols.      The     city  before   he  k  aware  of  it.      The  adjacent  country,  par- 
three   principal    llreets    rebuilt   fince   the   earthquake,    are     ticularly   on  the  N.  and  E.  fides,  to  a  confiderable  dillance, 
formed  by  large  buildings  of  confiderable  elevation  and  good    is  covered  with  large  gardens  furrounded  with  hio-h   walls, 
appearance.     The  line  that  divides   Eall  and  Wed  Lilbon,     Thefe  gardens  are  called  in  Portuguel'e  "  quintas,"  and  they 
which  is  an  ecclefiadical  diilindion  (the  former  belonging  to    generally  contain  plantations  of  orancre  and  olive-trees,  and 
the  bidiop  of  Lilbon  and  the  latter  to  the  patriarchate)  pades    fometimes    corn-fields    and   even    vineyards.      Beyond    the 
through  thi^  part  of  the  town.     Near  this  fpot  is  the  great     wedern  part  of  Lirtjon  the  country  prefents  naked  and  Vocky 
palacc  of  the  Ir.quifition.      Another  fmall  fquare  not  far  dif-    hills;   but  fome  of   thefe  are  luxuriantly  fertile.     The  hills, 
tant  is  ul'ed  as  a  promenade,  and  forms  a  garden,  with  feveral    indeed,  form  the  meadows  of  Li(bon.     The  foil  round  tha 
avenues  of  various  kinds  of  trees   and  hedges.      Behind  this     city  confills  of  lime-llone  and  bal'alt.     Clofe  to  the  N.  fide 
garden  are  the  p'ay-hoafe  and  the  fquare  uled  for  bull-fights  :     of  the  town  is  the   famous  aqueduct,  conltruifted  of  a  kind 
and  at  a  fmall  diltance  are  marketplaces.     The    third   hill    of  white  marble,  and  completed  in  1738.      It  ferves  to  con- 
begins  with  an  eminence,  on  which  is   the  cadle  of  Lilbon,    vey  water  from  feveral  fprings  fituated  at  a  didance  of  three 
from  which  it  continues,  with  fome  interruption  of  plains,  to     leagues,  near  the  village  of  Bellas,  being  in  tome  parts  con- 
the  eadern  extremity  of  tlie  town.   The  caltle  is  a  fmall  fort,     dueled  under  ground.      Near  the  town  it  paffes  over  a  deep 
Tills  part  of  the  town  confills  of  narrow,  irregular,  iil-paved     valley,  and  reds  on  feveral  bold  arches,  the  targell  of  which, 
ftreets,  in  which  occur  a  few   neat  houfes.     The  buildings     is  2jo  feet    10  inches    French   high,    and    107   feet  eight 
are  conllruded  oj»  bad  models  ;  and  even  amoag^he  churches    inches   brcxtd.      Its  poiated  arche*  feem  ckiDged,    when 

viewed 


LISBON. 

viewed   from  beneath  it,  into  majcftic  vaults  tliat  re-echo     quently  artifan;.     The  place  ufed  for  bull-fights  is  a  large 
every  found.  The  whole  length  of  the  aqucduft  is  2400  feet,     quadrangular  edifice,   furrounded  with  wooden  baluftrades 


In  the  middle  is  a  covered  arch-way  of  fevcn  or  eight  feet, 
where  the  water  flows  on  each  fide  through  a  tunnel  of  ftone. 
Without  this  arched  way  and  on  each  fide  is  a  path,  where 
two  perfons  can  walk  abreail,  with  a  parapet.  The  water 
enters  the  town  at  a  place  called  da  Amoreira,  when  it  di- 
vides into  feveral  other  aquediifts,  and  fupplies  the  foun- 
tains, which,  though  formed  in  a  bad  tafte,  are  ornamental. 
Here  the  gallegos  draw  water  in  fmall  barrels,  and  cry  it 
about  the  itreets.     The  water  is   very  good,  containing  a 


and  benches.  In  fummer  there  are  bull-fights  almoll  every 
Sunday,  and  from  twelve  to  fifteen  beads  are  killed  in  an 
afternoon  :  in  winter  this  amufement  entirely  ceafes.  As 
to  the  religion  of  the  city.  Link  fays,  that  people  go  to 
mafs  becaufe  they  have  no  oiher  walk,  and  that  they  love 
the  ceremonies  of  religion  as  a  paftimc,  and  follow  pro- 
ceihons  as  they  would  go  to  an  opera.  Lifbon  is  by  no 
means  deftitute  of  literary  inllitutions.  The  firll  and  mod 
important  is  the  Academy  of  Sciences.     (See  Academy.) 


portion   of  oxygenated  calcareous  earth  ;  its  fources  being  The  Geographical  Academy,  principally  pertaining  to  the 

in  lime-ftone  hills.     The  trees  that  grow  on  the  N.  fide  of  geography  of  Portugal,  was  inftituted  in  January,   1799. 

Lifbon  are  chiefly  olive  and  orange  trees.     The  latter  are  Lifbon  has  alfo  public  libraries  ;  and  it  has  alfo  fome  mu- 

propagated  by  feed  and  afterwards  grafted.     In  December  feums,  and  public  hofpitals. 

and  January  the  oranges  begin  to  turn  red,  and  at  the  end  The   harbour   of  Lifbon  is  fpacions  and  deep,   and  by 

of  January  and  in  February,  before  they  are  ripe  and  fweet,  the  Phoenicians,  who   firil  traded  hither,  was  denominated 

they  are    gathered  for  exportation.     Toward  the  end  of  "  Olifippo,"  i.  e.  the  Agreeable  bay,  whence,  as  lome  have 


March  and  in  April  they  are  very  good,  but  delicate  per- 
fons will  not  eat  them  till  the  beginning  of  May  ;  at  which 
time  they  begin  to  be  perfettly  fweet  and  well-flavoin-ed. 
One  tree  frequently  bears  1500  oranges,  and  fometimes 
2000,  and  rarely  2500.  The  climate  of  Lifison  is  reck- 
oned very  falubrious.  A  heat  equal  to  96'  Fahr.  is  not  un- 
common in  Pc.rtugal.     The  medial  heat  is  generally  about 


faid,  was  formed  the  appellation  of  Lifbon.  Others  have 
fabuloufly  afcribed  the  foundation  of  this  city  to  UlyfTes, 
and  hence  derived  its  ancient  name  UlyfTippo.  The  entrance 
of  this  port  is  difficult  and  dangerous,  and  requires  the 
afTiftance  of  a  pilot.  The  trade  of  Lifbon  is  extenfive  ;  and 
many  foreign  merchants.  Catholic  and  Proteftant,  refide  here, 
as   it  is   the  grand  mart  of  all   commodities  brought  from 


60  .  From  Midfummer-day  to  the  rniddle  of  September  Brazil  and  other  colonies  belonging  to  the  Portnguefe. 
■    ""  "~  "       ■  N.  lat.  38   42'58".     W.  long.  9  4' 40". 

Operas  at  the  court  of  Lifbon,  before  the  earthquake  in 
1755,  ufed  to  be  the  mod  fplendid  and  bed  performed  in 
Europe.     See  Perez,  Gizziello,  and  Gu.^dagni. 

Lifbon  and  the  whole  of  Portugal  keep  accounts  in  rees, 
or  reas,  1000  of  which  make  a  milree.  The  crufado  of 
exchange,  or  old  crufado,  is  400  rees,  and  the  new  crufado 
480  rees  ;  the  tedoon  100  ;  the  vintin,  or  vintim,  20  rees. 
Hence  it  appears  that  the  milree  is  =  2^  old  crufados  =; 
2^',  new  ditto  =  10  tedoons  =  50  vintins. 

The  coins  of  Portugal  are  gold  pieces,  coined  before 
1722,  which  are  now  20 per  cent,  higher  than  their  original 
value ;   fo  that   the  old  dobras,  coined  at  20,000  rees,  are 


rain  is  very  uncommon  ;  in  November  and  December  heavy 
rains  with  frequent  dorms  occur.  Days  of  perpetual  filent 
rain  are  very  rare  ;  for  in  general  it  comes  down  in  tor- 
rents. In  January  cold  clear  weather  often  prevails,  but 
becomes  milder  in  February,  which  is  generally  a  very  plea- 
fant  month.  The  days  of  fair  weather  amount  to  200  in 
the  year,  and  thofe  of  fettled  rain  feldom  exceed  80.  In 
this  city  grates  for  fire  are  almod  unknown.  Ventilation 
and  coolnefs  are  chiefly  confnlted  ;  and  in  winter  a  warm 
cloak  fupplies  the  want  of  a  fire.  In  the  vicinity  of  Lifbon 
the  harvell  is  in  May,  and  the  corn  is  thrafhed  as  it  is  with 
us  ;  but  in  fome  parts  it  is  trodden  out  by  horfes  or  oxen, 
for  which  purpofe  a  floor  is  made  in  the  fields.     The  Por- 


tnguefe hve  chiefly  on   meat  and  fifh,  but  are   not  fond  of  worth  24,000  ;  the  Lifbonnines,  or  moidores,  coined  at  4000 

vegetables.      In    Lifbon  the  bread  is  generally  bad.      It  is  rees,  are  worth  4800,  and  the  halves  and  quarters  are  in  pro- 

ufually  made  of  wheat  flour,  fometimes  of  maize,  and  never  portion  ;  but   there   are   few   of  thefe  coins  in  circulation, 

of  rye.     Potatoes   are    not  cultivated,   but   imported  from  The  gold  coins,  ftruck  fince  1722,  are  the  dobra  =z  12,800 

England  and  Ireland.     Both  the  rich  and  poor  confume  rees,   the  meia   dobra   or  Joanefe  =   6400  rees,    the  half 

great  quantities  of  bacalhao,  of  which  the  Englifh  export  Joanefe  =    3200  rees,  the  dezefeis  tedoon    =:    1600,  the 

thither  to  the  value  of  a  million   and  a  quarter  of  dollars,  quartinho  =  1200,  the  oito  telloon  =  800,  the  old  crufado 


The  Sardinha,  or  pilchard,  is  alfo  the  food  and  comfort  of 
the  poor.  The  fruits  mod  common  are  oranges  and  grapes. 
In  the  vicinity  of  Lifbon  is  a  frnall  vineyard,  that  of  Car- 
cavella,  or  Carcavelos,  yielding  a  peculiar  grape,  which  gives 
name  to  the  Lifbon  wine  or  to  Carcavella  ;  a  wine  that  is  faid 
to  be  generally  fabricated  in  London.  The  badncfs  of  the 
police  llrikes  every  foreigner  on  entering  Lifbon.  The 
filth  is  luffered  to  lie  in  heaps  in  the  ftreets,  unlefs  it  fliould 
be  wafhcd  away  by  the  rains.  The  dreets  are  rendered  dill 
more  inconvenient  by  want  of  light ;  a  hod  of  dogs,  without 
maders,  and  preying  on  the  pubhc,  wander  about  like  hungry 
wolves ;  and,  dill  worfe  than  thefe,  an  army  of  banditti. 
The  fociety  of  Lillion  is  dull  and  melancholy,  efpecially 
when  compared  with  that  of  large  Spanifh  cities.  The  in- 
habitants neither  walk  nor  ride  for  mere  amufement ;  there 
is  little  luxury,  nor  are  there  any  fine  equipages.  Many 
fervants  are  kept  by  the  iiigher  families,  but  they  are  poorly 
clad  and  ill  fed.  One  of  the  principal  amufements  of  the 
rich  is  the  Italian  opera,  which  is  fupported  by  private  indi- 
viduals. The  play-houfe  is  little  vifited  by  perfons  of- con- 
dition ;  here  no  women,  perform  ;  and  the  players  are  fre- 


=;  400  (now  fcarce),  and  the  new  crufado  ;;:  480  rees. 
The  filver  coins  are  the  new  crufado  =  480  rees,  halves, 
quarters,  and  eighths,  or  pieces  of  240,  120,  and  60  rees, 
the  tedoons  of  100,  and  halves  of  ^o,  and  vintins  of  20  rees. 
The  copper  pieces  are  of  10,  5,  3,  and  l^  rees. 

The  gold  piece  of  6400  rees  is  worth  3jj.  Mel.  derling. 
The  old  crufado  is  worth  2/.  ^d ,  and  the  milree,  value  in 
gold,  is  worth  6']\d.  derling.  The  new  lilver  cruiado  is 
worth  about  is.  ()d.  ilerhng,  and  the  milree,  valued  in  filver, 
is  worth  68^(7.  derling.     Gold  is  to  filver  as  16  to  i. 

The  commercial  weights  are  the  quintal  =  4  arrobas, 
the  arroba  =  .i2lb.,  the  pound  or  arrate  =  2  marks,  or 
16  ounces,  the  ounce  =  8  outavas  ;  13^  quintals  =:  a  ton. 
The  pound  of  Lifbon  is  =  9552  Dutch  afes,  or  70845- 
grains  Englifh  troy  weight  ;  fo  that  Sjlb.  of  Lifbon  z=; 
S4lb.  avoirdupoife  weight.  <• 

The  meafure  for  corn,  fait,  and  other  dry  commodities, 
called  moyo,  is  =:  i  j  fanegas  ;  the  fanega  =:  4  alquieres 
=  8  meyos  =  16  quartos  =32  outavas  =  64  mequias. 
The  alquiera  meafures  675  French  or  817  Englifh  cubic 
inches;  fotlratzi  alquieres  are  nearly  =;  i  Englifh  quarter. 


L  I  S 


L  I  S 


or  JO  alquieres  =  19  Englidi  bulhels.  For  liquid  meafure, 
the  tonelada  of  Lifton  is  =  2  pipas,  the  pipa  =  26  al- 
mudes  =  312  canadas  =  1248  quartillos.  The  baril  is  = 
rS  almudes.  The  ftandard  gauge,  at  the  cullom-houfe  of 
London,  of  a  pipe  of  Lifbon  is  140  gallons  =  51  almudes, 
and  the  almude  is  4i  Engllfh  gallons  nearly.  The  long  mea- 
fures  of  Lifbon  are  the  vara  =  5  palmos,  and  the  covado 
=  ;  ;  the  palmo  =  8  inches  of  Lifbon,  or  8^  Engli(h  inches  ; 
the" covado  is  =  264  Englilh  inches  ;  the  Lifbon  foot  is  3^ 
half  a  covado,  or  13^  Enghfli  inches  ;  and  9  feet  of  Lifbon 
=  10  Englifli  feet.  In  the  freight  of  fhips,  4  cherts  of 
fugar,  4  pipes  of  oil,  40oolb.  of  tobacco,  and  3ooolb.  of 
fumac,  are  reckoned  for  i  lafl.     Kelly's  Un.  Cambift.     See 

E.XCHANSE. 

Lisbon,  a  town  of  America,  in  New  London  county, 
Connefticut,  lately  a  part  of  Norwich  ;  containing  two 
parifli  churches,  and  1 168  inhabitants. 

LISBURN,  a  poft  and  borough  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Antrim,  and  province  of  Ulfter,  now  the  fecond 
in  the  county  for  fize  and  population  ;  but  in  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth  only  a  fmall  village,  called  Lifnegarvey.  It  lies 
about  feven  miles  S  of  Belfaft,  on  the  river  Lagan,  which 
feparates  it  from  the  county  of  Down.  In  the  reign  of 
James  I.  fir  Fulk  Conway  obtained  a  grant  of  it,  and 
fettled  fome  Englifh  and  Wellh  famiHes  there.  In  1 64 1  a 
viftory  was  obtained  by  fir  George  Rawdon  over  the  rebels 
under  fir  Phelim  O'Neil  and  others,  little  more  than  a  month 
after  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebeUion.  In  1662  the  church 
of  Lifburn  was  erected  into  a  cathedral  for  the  united  dio- 
cefes  of  Down  and  Connor,  and  the  inhabitants  had  the 
privilege  granted  of  fending  two  burgeffes  to  parliament, 
although  not  a  corporate  body.  Thefe  privileges  were  given 
on  account  of  their  loyalty  to  Charles  I.  and  II.  In  1699 
a  patent  was  granted  to  fome  French  refugees  for  eltablifhing 
a  manufafture  of  linen  in  the  town,  to  which  circumllance 
it  chiefly  owes  its  profperity.  The  virtuous  conduft  and 
civilized  manners  of  thefe  good  people  were  of  great  ad- 
vantage to  it,  and  their  fkill  and  induftry  fet  an  example  to 
thofe  who  were  concerned  in  the  fame  bufinefs  as  they  were, 
which  foon  had  the  efFeft  of  raifing  the  quality  of  their 
manufacture  to  a  degree  of  excellence  unknown  till  then  ; 
and  the  linens  and  cambricks  made  in  the  neighbourhood 
and  fold  in  Lifburn  market,  have  until  this  day  kept  up 
their  fuperior  character.  Though  the  vicinity  of  Lifburn 
to  Belfaft  prevents  it  from  bemg  a  place  of  much  trade, 
there  is  a  great  deal  of  bufincls  done  in  it,  in  various  ways. 
On  market-days  it  is  much  frequented  from  the  quantity  of 
linen  and  other  things  brought  to  it,  and  it  is  well  known 
as  the  firft  place  to  meet  w'lh  oats  ot  the  bell  quality  for 
feed.  A  few  years  ago  a  fine  fpire  of  cut  ilone  was  built 
to  the  church  ;  and  lately  a  fteeple  and  cupola  on  the  mar- 
ket-houfe.  The  houfes  of  worfhip  are,  a  fpacious  church, 
a  Prefbyterian  meeting-houfe,  a  Quaker's  meetmg-houfe,  a 
handfome  Catholic  chapel,  and  a  Methodilt  chapel.  There 
are  alfo  fome  good  charitable  iuftitutions.  The  number  of 
houfes  is  800,  which  at  6A  gives  a  population  of  5312.  It 
is  faid  by  Carlifle  to  be  noted  for  the  neatnefs  of  its  build- 
ings and  the  urbanity  of  its  inhabitants.  It  fends  one  mem- 
ber to  parliament,  and  is  73  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Dubhu. 
Dubourdieu's  Statiftical  Account  of  Antrim. 

Li.SBUUN,  CaJ^e,  a  cape  on  the  W.  coaft  of  North  Ame- 
rica. N.  lat.  69"  6'.  W.  long.  165  . — Alfo,  a  cape  on  the 
ifland  of  Spiritu  Santo,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides.  S.  lat. 
IJ   40' 45".      E.  long.  166"  57'. 

LISCA-BIANCA,  one  of  the  fmaller  Lipari  iflands, 
near  Bafiluzzo.  This  ifland,  as  well  as  Bottero  and  Dat- 
tolo,  in  its  vicinity,  is  rather  a  rock,  abounding  in  crulls  of 


fulphate  of  alumine,  and  for  the  moft  part  formed  of  lava* 
whitened,  and  fo  decompofed  that  they  are  eafily  reducible 
to  powder. 

LISCHITZ,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  Czaf- 
lau  ;  8  miles  N.  of  Czaflau. 

LISCIANO,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  province  of 
Otranto  ;  8  miles  S.E.  of  Taretito. 

LISIANTHUS,  in  BrAany,  from  Ai,-,  fmooth,  and  y.-Ao:, 
ajlower,  in  contradiftinCtion,  as  one  would  fuppofe,  to  cer- 
tain other  flowers,  nearly  allied  in  many  refpedts  to  this,  but 
remarkable  for  fome  fort  of  fringe  or  hairinefs,  as  Menyanthes. 
Yet  Browne,  who  gave  the  name,  does  not  advert  to  this 
idea  ;  and  by  a  flip  of  the  pen  he  quotes  Burmann  as  being 
the  firft  author  of  it,  m  his  Thefaurus  Zeylanicus,  14J.  t.  67  ; 
whereas  the  plant  there  exhibited  is  called  Lyfimachia,  and  is 
Chironia  trinervia  of  Linnaeus!  —  Browne  Jam.  157.  Linn. 
Mant.  6.  Suppl.  135.  Schreb.  in.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  i.  826. 
Mart.  Mill.  Di£t.  v.  3.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  i.  318.  JufT. 
142.  Lamarck  lUuftr.  t.  107 — Ciafs  and  order,  Pentandrta 
Monogyma.   Nat.  Ord.  Rotaceii,  Linn.   Genliana,  JufT. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  divided,  more  or  lefs 
deeply,  into  five,  lanceolate  or  roundifti,  ereft,  permanent 
fcgments,  membranous  at  the  edge.  Cor.  of  one  petal, 
fuunel-lhaped ;  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  fwelling  up- 
wards, contrafted  juft  above  the  bafe  within  the  calyx  ; 
lin.b  in  five  deep,  lanceolate  or  roundilh,  recurved  fegments, 
much  Ihorter  than  the  tube.  Slam.  Filaments  five,  thread- 
fhaped,  fmooth,  inferted  into  the  tube,  juft  above  its  con- 
traftion,  generally  fhorter  than  the  limb  ;  anthers  ovate, 
two-lpbed,  incumbent.  Fi/l.  Germen  fuperior,  ovate-ob- 
long, pointed  ;  ftyle  thread-ihaped,  the  length  of  the  flamens, 
permanent,  finaUy  twifted  ;  ftigma  compreffed,  of  two  pa- 
rallel plates.  Perk.  Capfule  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  of  two 
incomplete  cells  and  two  valves,  the  partitions  formed  of  the 
inflexed  margins  of  the  valves.     Seeds  numerous,  minute. 

Eft".  Ch.  Corolla  funncl-fhaped,  inflated  ;  its  fegments 
recurved.  Stigma  of  two  plates.  Capfule  oblong,  imper- 
feftly  two-celled  ;  partitions  from  the  inflexed  margins  of 
the  valves.     Seeds  numerous. 

Fifteen  fpecies  of  this  elegant  genus,  little  known  in  Eng- 
land, are  collected  by  Willdenow,  of  which  glaber  and 
frig'idus  are  one  and  the  fame.  Whether  the  reft  all  truly 
conftitute  one  genus,  may  perhaps  be  doubted.  The  cari- 
nated  calyx,  fuppofed  an  effential  mark,  in  thole  of  Browne, 
is  not  faund  in  thofe  of  Aublot,  the  fegments  of  whofe 
calyx  moreover  are  rounded,  and  their  corolla  fomewhat 
irregular  and  curved.  Thefe  more  accord  with  L.  glaher  of 
Linnaeus,  and  very  corredtly  with  his  cheknoides  found  in  the 
fame  neighbourhood. 

The  following  examples  will  eiwble  the  reader  to  judge  of 
the  habit  and  leading  charaftersK)f  thefe  different  fets  of 
fpecies. 

L.  longifolius.  Linn.  Mant.  43.  Browne  Jam.  t  57.  t.  9. 
f.    I. — Calyx   taper-pointed,     keeled.       Leaves    lanceolate, 

acute.     Branches  round,  fomewhat  downy Native  of  the 

mountains  of  Jamaica,  in  a  dry  fandy  foil.  It  forms  a 
humble  y7jra^,  with  round,  oppofitc,  more  or  lefs  downy, 
level-topped,  leafy  branches.  Leaves  oppofite,  on  fhort 
footftalks  connefted  by  a  very  fhort,  annular,  iutrafolia- 
ceous  Jlipula  ;  their  form  is  variable,  ovate-oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  entire  ;  the  lurface  fmooth,  or  finely  downy. 
Fhtuers  (m  fliort,  terminal,  downy  llalks,  fohtary,  or  two 
or  three  together,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  of  a 
pale  delicate  yclknv,  very  elegant.  Their  ca/yx  and  corolla 
are  very  fharply  pointed  ;  the  former  ftrongly  keeled  or 
winged,  as  in  many  plants,  of  the  Gentian  family  ;  the 
Jligma  fhort  and  almoft  capitate^  yet  of  two  parallel  lobes. 

This 


L  I  S 


L  I  S 


Tliis  fpecies  is  iV.id  to  bloffom  in  the  ftove  at  Kcvt  in  June 
and  July.  Little  or  no  bitternefs  is  perceptible  in  the  drii-d 
Ipecimen. 

L.  cordifollus.  Linn.  Mant.  43.  Browne  t.  9.  f.  2,  is 
probably  but  a  mere  vafiety,  having  (horter,  and  pcrfeiStly 
■heart-fliaped  leaves,  which,  in  our  fpecimcn  from  Brownt, 
are  ratlier  more  downy,  as  well  as  the  branches. 

L.  latifolius.  Suartz.  Ind.  Occ.  v.  I.  34S.  never  feen  by 
us,  is  not  by  his  account  very  clearly  dillingniilied  from 
thefe  ;  for  lotigifolhts  certainly  has,  by  no  means,  "  very  long 
ttower-ftalks,  widely  fpreading  at  their  diviiions,"  whicli  he 
attributes  to  it,  but  rather  ftalks  "  fimply  thrce-.''orked, 
fcarcely  longer  than  the  leaves,"  fuch  as  he  defcribes  in  his 
latifolius. 

lu.  glaucifoUus.  Jacq.  Coll.  v.  i.  64.  Ic.  Rar.  t.  33. — Ca- 
lyx taper-pointed,  as  long  as  the  tube.  Leaves  elliptic- 
oblong,  feffile,  glaucous,  fmooth.  Stem  round. — This 
feems  to  agree  fufficiently  in  genus  with  the  above,  though 
its  calyx  appears  not  to  be  keeled.  The  root  is  perennial. 
Stem!  herbaceous,  annual,  (lender,  nearly  hmple.  Flowers 
purplilh-bl'.ie,  on  very  long  limple  ftalks.  ItbloCTomed  witii 
.lacqiiin  in  the  Hove,  from  July  to  September,  but  he  knew 
not  its  native  country. 

L.  alatiis.  Aubl.  Guian.  v.  i.  204.  t.  80. — Leaves  elhptic- 
oblong,  tapering  at  each  end,  fmooth.  Stem  fquare,  winged. 
Segments  of  the  calyx  rounded.  Corolla  declining. — Ga- 
thered by  Aublet  in  cultivated  as  well  as  wafte  ground  in 
Guiana  and  Cayenne.  One  of  his  fpecimens  before  us  has 
the  habit  of  a  Clielone.  Its  calyx  is  blunt  and  rounded. 
Corolla  declining,  as  well  as  \.\k  fiamens  and Jlyle,  and  fome- 
what  irregular.  The  plant  is  faid  to  be  bitter,  and  its  qua- 
lities deobitruent. 

L.  cheknoliles.  Linn.  Siippl.  134. — Leaves  oblong,  flightly 
confluent  at  the  bafe,  fmooth.  Stem  round,  without  wings. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  racemofe.  Calyx  rounded. — Sent 
to  Linnxns  from  Surinam,  and  marke(i  No.  141.  in  the 
Plantit  Surinamenfes.  It  is  fo  like  a  Chelotie  or  Pcntjlemon, 
that  LinniEus  actually  took  it  for  fuch.  His  fon  afterwards 
referred  it  to  Lifiantlnis,  miftaking  it  for  the  above  fpecies 
of  Aublet,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  roundy/cm,  deltitute 
of  wings  ;  more  elongated  and  racemofe  flowering-branches  ; 
and  nearly  ftraight  regular  coro/Za. 

1^.  glalter.  Linn.  Suppl.  134.  Sm.  Ic.  ex  Herb.  Linn. 
t.  29.  (L.  frigidus  ;  Svvartz.  Ind.  Occ.  v.  i.  352.) — Smooth. 
Leaves  ovate,  llalked,  acute.  Flowers  fomevvhat  corym- 
bofe.  Stem  fquare  below. — Native  of  South  America  and 
Jamaica.  A  large  and  handfome  herbaceous  plant,  with 
yeWow Jloiuers ,  whofe  corolla  is  regular  and  dilated.  The 
iegments  of  the  calyx  are  indeed  more  rounded  and  obtufe 
in  the  Jamaica  fpecimens  than  in  thofe  of  Mutis,  but  we 
cannot  think  that  difference  effential,  every  other  part  being 
fo  alike  in  both.  The  lower  portion  of  the Jlem  is  wanting 
in  Miitis's  fpecimen,  which  cauled  that  part  to  be  defcnbed 
as  round,  the  branches  being  fo,  as  well  as  in  Swartz's. 

L.  exfertus.  Swart/..  Ind.  Occ.  v.  i.  346.  -Leaves  ovato- 
lanceolate,  on  longifli  Italks.  Calyx  taper-pointed.  Sta- 
mens and  llyle  much  longer  than  the  corolla. — Native  of 
the  cloud-capped  fuinmits  ot  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Ja- 
maica. Szvart-z.  It  is  iaid  to  have  been  alive  at  Kew,  but 
not  to  have  flowered.  Tliey/f/n  is  flirubby.  Leaves  nume- 
rous, elliptic-lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end,  fmooth,  on 
(lender  footllalks  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long.  Flowers 
rather  fmall,  in  three-forked  compound  panicles ;  remark- 
able for  the  very  long,  (lender,  projecling  orijans  of  frufti- 
ficatioii.  If  this  fpecies  be  carefully  conlidered,  it  will 
perhaps  be  found  to  conciliate,  in  fome  meaiure,  the  dif- 
ferences bctweeu  the  difcordant  ones  above  defcnbed.     Its 


lalyx  agrees  mod  with  the  former,  thougli  neither  kecli-d 
nor  winged  ;  its  corolla  with  the  latter  ;  its  habit  is  akin  t9 
both  ;  its  /Lmimt  peculiar  to  itielf. 

LISICZNIK,  ill  Geography,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Podo- 
lia  ;   28  miles  W.  of  Kaminiec. 

LISIEUX,  a  town  of  France,  and  prinrina!  place  of  a 
dillrid,  in  the  department  of  the  Calvados,  and  before  the 
revolution,  the  fee  of  a  birtiop.  The  place  contains  10,192, 
and  the  canton  28,293  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  260 
kiliometres,  in  30  coliiuiunes.  N.  lat.  49'^  8'  50''.  E.long. 
o    13'  32". 

LISIGNANO,  a  town  of  Iftria  ;  14  miles  E.  S.E.  of 
Pola. 

LISKE.^  RD,  a  borough  and  market-town  in  the  hun- 
dred of  Weil  and  county  of  Cornwall,  England,  is  lituatcd 
partly  on  rocky  hills  asd  partly  in  a  bottom  ;  and  through 
this  Inequality  of  the  ground,  the  flreets  have  the  appeiir- 
ance  of  being  difpofed  with  ftudied  irregularity.  The  bafe- 
ment  itories  of  the  houlcs  are  confcqncntly  diverfdied  ;  the 
foundations  of  fome  buildings  being  on  a  level  with  the 
chimnies  of  others.  The  church  confifts  of  three  ipacions 
aifles,  and  has  a  tower  built  moiUy  of  granite  ;  the  foutli 
fide  of  the  church  is  ornamented  with  pinnacles  and  battle- 
ments, alio  of  granite  ;  but  the  greater  part  of  the  iirufture 
is  compofed  of  flatc-llone,  which  likewiFe  conltitutes  the 
foundation  of  the  town.  The  town-hall  is  fupported  on 
granite  columns,  in  the  fpace  between  which  a  confiderable 
market  is  held  on  Saturdays.  Here  are  fix  annual  fairs. 
On  an  eminence  north  of  the  town  are  the  mouldering  found- 
ations of  a  callle,  but  every  trace  of  its  fliape  ai.d  archi- 
tefture  is  nearly  obliterated  :  near  it  is  a  large  lield,  ftill 
called  CalUe-park  ;  but  no  fragments  appear  of  the  "  Chapel 
of  our  Lady,"  mentioned  by  Browne  Willis  to  have  flood 
therein.  There  is,  however,  a  houfe  ftanding  at  the  boltom 
of  the  town,  which,  from  its  windows,  gateway,  and  (cidp- 
tured  ornaments,  feeras  to  have  been  connefted  with  fome 
religious  eflablilhnicnt.  Liflieard  was  conllituted  a  free  bo- 
rough by  Richard,  brother  to  Henry  III.  by  charter  dated 
June  ^,  1240.  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  the  year  1580,  granted 
a  charter  of  incorporation,  by  which  the  civil  government 
was  veiled  in  a  mayor,  recorder,  eight  capital  bnrgeifes,  and 
fifteen  affiilants,  who,  with  the  other  freemen  of  the  borough, 
elcdl  two  members  of  parliament.  Lilkeard  is  16  miles 
dillant  from  Plymouth,  and  237  from  London  :  in  the  year 
1800  the  parifli  was  returned  to  parliament  as  containing  507 
houies,  and  2708  inhabitants. 

In  the  parifh  of  St.  Cleer  (to  the  north  of  Liflveard)  are 
various  Druidical  and  other  antiquities ;  particularly  the 
Hurler?,  which  conlilled,  whei\  perfeft,  of  three  contiguous 
circles  of  upright  Hones  from  three  to  five  feet  in  height  ; 
the  Cheefc-Wring,  a  natural  pile  of  rude  rocks,  rifuig  to  the 
height  of  thirty-two  feet  ;  the  Other  Half-ltone,  which  ap- 
pears to  have  been  the  (haft  of  a  crofs  which  originally  flood 
upright.  To  tliefe  may  be  added,  a  cromlech  of  great 
magnitude,  called  Trevethey-flone.  St.  Cleer's  well,  of  whicli 
fome  remains  are  ftill  extant,  was  in  the' times  of  ignor- 
ance and  fuperftition  eiieemed  a  bath  of  fovereign  virtue. 
South  of  Lillteard  is  St.  Keyne's  well,  which  is  claffed  by 
Carew  among  the  natural  wonders  of  Cornwall.  Of  this 
faint,  and  of  the  well,  many  poetical  and  legendary  tales 
are  extant.  The  fprin<r  is  arched  over,  and  on  the  mould 
which  covers  this  arch  five  large  trees  are  growing.  Beauties 
of  England  and  Wales,  vol.  ii. 

LISLAU,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  Boleflaw  ; 
fix  miles  S.  of  Benatak. 

LISLE,  Claude  de,  in  Biograp/.y,  a  celebrated  French 
writer  in  hiftorv,  was  born  at  Lorrain  in  the  year  1644. 

He 


LISLE. 

He  was  received  a  member  of  the  Jefuits'  college  at  Pont-  Lisle,  Joseph  Nicholas  de,  young-er  brother  of  the 
a-MoufTon,  took  his  degrees  in  law,  and  was  admitted  an  preceding,  was  born  at  Paris  in  i6S8.  Havi.ig  received  a 
advocate.  Conceiving,  in  a  very  (hort  time,  a  great  diflike  good  education  in  ih.'  elements  of  learning,  he  attended  Ice. 
to  the  la«-,  he  devoted  himfelf  to  the  lludy  of  iiiftory  and  tures  in  the  Mazarine  college.  The  total  eclipfe  of  the  fiia 
geography.  For  the  fake  of  the  fuperior  advantages  to  be  which  occurred  in  March  1706,  led  him  to  purfiie  withavi- 
obtained  in  the  metropolis,  he  removed  to  Paris,  and  applied  dity  mathtnialical  learning,  particularly  in  its  application  to 
himfelf  to  the  inftruftions  of  the  mod  diftinguilhed  pro-  allronomy,  and  he  foon  exhibited  a  furprifing  genius  for  ir- 
felTors.  Having  obtained  a  large  fund  of  knowledge  on 
the  fubjec\.s  referred  to,  he  commenced  private  ledurcr,  and 
acquired  fuch  a  high  reputation  in  his  profeffion,  that  he 
could  boart  of  having  been  mailer  to  the  principal  nobility 
at  the  French  court.  M.  de  Lide  died  at  Paris  in  1720, 
in  the  feventy-fixth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  author  of 
"  An  Hill»,rical  Account  of  the  Kiugdoni  of  Siam  ;"  "A 
Genealogical  and  Hilloncal  Atlas,  on  engraved  Plates;" 
"  .^»n  Abridgment  of  Univerfal  Hillory,  from  the  Creation 
of  the  World  to  1714,"  in  7  vols.  izmo.  ;  and  feveral  other 


vention,  combination,  and  calculation.  In  1709,  he  obtained 
leave  to  occupy  the  cupola  of  tiie  Luxembourg  palace  for 
an  obfervatoiy  ;  he  was  now  enabled  to  make  a  wooden 
quadrant,  which  he  divided  with  great  tare,  and  which  he 
found  to  anfwer  his  purpofe  in  his  early  obfervations.  Short- 
ly after  this,  his  father's  numerous  family  made  it  neceflkry 
for  him  to  endeavour  to  procure  for  hinifelf  tl^e  means  of 
fupport ;  and  in  doir;g  this  he  found  himfelf  obliged  to  ren- 
der his  allronomical  (Icill  fubfervicnt  to  the  reveries  of  judi- 
cial allrology,  tor  which    he  was  not   only   remunerated  bv 

works,  one  of  which  was  "  An  Introduction  to  Geographv,     pecuniary  prefents  from  the  regent,  marfiial  de  Noailies,  and 

with  a  Treatife  on  the  Sphere  ;"  pubhfhed  in  1740,  in  the     other  great   men,  but   had   the    grant  of  a  penfion  of  60a 

name  of  his  eldell  fon.     Moreri.  livres.     This  was  in  the  year  17I5,  when  he  was  deeply  en- 

Li.sLE,  William  de,  a  learned  French  geographer,  fon    gaged  in  calcuhting  the  tables  of  the  moon  according  to  the 

of  the  preceding,  was  born  at   Paris  in  1675.     He  difco-     theory  of  fir  Ifaac    Newton.     He    had,  previoufly   to  ihii, 

vered  at  a  very  early  age  a  genius  for  geographical  lludies,    been  eledled  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  which 

and  defigned  maps  before  he  was  nine')'ear5  of  age.      In  the     gave  new  energy  to  his  exertions,  and  the  memoirs  of  that 

ye?r   1696   he  pubhihed  a  map  of  the  world,  maps  of  the 

four  quarters,  as  they  are  called,  viz.  Europe,  Afia,  Afi'ica, 

and  Am.erica,  a  map  of  Italy,  one  of  Ancient  Africa,  ar.d 

two  globes,  a  celedial  and  terrcllrial  or.e.  Thefe  perform- 
ances were  not  only  well  received,  but  etUiblifhed  the  author's 

fame.     In  1702  he  was  elefted  a  member  of  the  Academy 

of  Sciences,  and  in  171S  he  was  appointed  firll  geographer, 

with  a   penfion.     He  was  about  the  lame  time  appointed 

geographical  tutor    to   the   young   king,    Lewis  XV.,  for 

whofe  ufe  he  drew  up  feveral  works,  among  wliich  was  a 

general  map  of  the  world,  and  another  of  the  retreat  of  ihe 

ten  thoufand.     He  alfo  gave  the  world  "  A  Treatife  on  the 

Courfe  of  all  the  known  Rivers."     The  reputation  of  M.  de 

Lide  was  now  fo  great,  tliat   all   authors  of  refpeilability 


body  were  in  a  (liort  time  enriched  with  his  valuable  reflections 
and  dilTertations.  He  made  many  obfervations  on  the  foots 
in  thi  fu!T,  and  was  led  to  form  from  them  a  theory  to  de. 
terniine  the  fun's  rotation  on  his  axis.  In  1720  he  delivered 
a  propolal  to  the  Academy  for  afcertaining  in  France  the 
figure  ot  the  earth,  and  fome  years  afterwards  his  defigns 
relative  to  that  object  were  carried  into  execution.  la 
17:4.  M.  de  Lille  paid  a  vifit  to  England,  obtained  the  no- 
tice and  triendlhip  of  Newton  and  Haiiey,  and  was  admitted 
a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  In  1726,  by  the  invita- 
tion of  Catharine,  emprefs  of  Ruffia,  he  went  to  Peterf- 
burg,  to  fill  the  pod  of  alhonom.er  royal  in  the  Imperial 
Academy  of  Sciences.  In  this  fituation  he  occupied  the 
houfe  of   the    obfervatory  built  by   Peter  the   Great,    in 


■who  wrote  on  hidory  or   fubjefts  connecfted  witli  it,  were  which  he  fpent  nearly  twenty-one  years,  in  inceffant  labours 

dejlrous  of  embellifl'.ing  them  with  his  maps  ;  and  many,  fo-  for  the  improvement   of  ailronomy  and    geography.     The 

vereign  princes  endeavoured  to  tempt  him  to  enter  into  their  firll  feries  of  his  obfervations  were  employed  in  afcertaininff 

fervice.      The  emperor,  Peter  the  Great,  paid  him  a  vilit  the  longitude  end  latitude  of  Peterfburg,  and  the  refractions 

with  the  view  of  obtaining  from   him  a   knowledge  of  the  in  that  northern  region.     After  this  he  devoted  feveral  years 

extent  and  fituation  of  his  own  dominions.     He  died  in  the  to  an  alTiduous  obfervaticn  of  the  meridional  height  of  all  the 

fifty-tirft  year  of  his  age,  while  he  was  engaged  in  many  planets,  and  of  the  fixed  liars  of  the  three  firft  magnitudes, 

ufetul  and  important  works.     Moreri.  and  pubhihed  memoirs  illuflrative  of  the  hiftory  of  allrono- 

LlsLE,  Lewis  DE,  brother  of  the   preceding,  celebrated  my,  in  two  vols.  4to.   In  the  year  i  740,  a  tranfit  of  Mercury- 

for  his   knowledge  in  allronomy,  rendered  foir.e  important  was  expefted,  which,  as  it  would  not  be  vifible  m  Europe, 

fervice  to  the  interelts  of  fcience,  by  the  hazardous  journies  he  was  determined  to  travel  into  Afia  to  obferve.     His  firll 


and  voyspes  which  he  undertook  to  promote  them.  In  the 
year  1726  he  went  to  Ruffia  with  his  brother  Jofeph,  who 
had  been  appointed  allronomer  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
at  Peterlburg.  Lewis,  at  this  time,  made  e.'vcurfions  be- 
yond the  utmoll  boundaries  of  the  immenfe  Ruffian  empire. 
He  took  ieveral  journies  to   the  coails  of  the  Icy   fea,  to 


obfervations  in  the  climate  of  Siberia,  were  on  the  iiitenfe- 
nefs  of  the  cold,  which  was  greater  than  had  ever  been 
pointed  out  by  a  thermometer,  or  tlian  it  was  conceived  pof- 
fible  for  human  nature  to  futlain.  He  publilhed  a  memoir 
on  this  fubjeft  in  the  volume  of  the  TranfaCtions  of  the 
French  Academy  for  1749.     When  the  time  for  obferving 


Lapland,  and  the   government  of  Archangel,  to  determine  the  tranfit  arrived,  the    cloudinefs  of   the    weather  totallv 

the  fituation  of  the  pnncipal  places  by  allronomical  obferva-  frullrated  the  defign  of  his  journey.      His  time  and  labour 

tions.     He   afterwards  traverfed    a  great   part  of  Siberia,  were   not  however  wholly  loll,  as   he  employed  hinifclf  ia 

with  M.  MuUer  and  M.  Gmelin,  profeffors  of  the  academy  making  geographical  and  phyhcal  obfervations,  and  111  draw- 

at  Peterlburg.   In  1 741  he  proceeded  alone  to  Kamtfchatka,  ing  up  a  delcription  of  the   couutrv,  wliich  defcnutioir  is  ic- 

and  went  from  thence  to  Cape  Beering,  to  examine  the  un-  ferted    in    the  eighteenth    volume  of  tjuerlou's  Hidory  of 

known   northern    coalts  of  America,  and    the  feas  between  Travels,   &c.     Another  fruit  of    his  expedition    inta'thj 

them  and  the  --Vtlantic  continent.      He  died  in  the  iame  year.  Ruffian    dominions,  was  an  atlas   ot"  the  country,  fiid  puh- 

On  account  of  his  great  merit  he  obtained  a  feat  in  the  Aca-  lilhed  in  the  Ruffian  language,  and  afterwards  in  the, LjIiV. 

demy  of  Sciences,  and   was   author  of  fome  papers  in   the  Connected  with  his  meteorological  obfervations,  he  condriiit- 

•' Memoirs"  of  that  learned  body,  and  of  the  Academy  of  ed  a  thermometer,  which  »vas  differently  graduated  from  thofe 

Sciences  at  Peterlburg.     Moreri.  then  in  ufe  :  the  de2rces  began  at  the  heat  of  boiling  watsr, 

Vol,  XXL  U                                c      ^j 


L  I  S 


L  I  S 


ami  thence  incrcaled  to    150,  wliich  was  the  freezing  point. 
In    the   ycnr  1747,  after   much  ill  treatment  on   the  part  of 
the  Ruflian  government,  he  obtained  his  dilmifl'ion,  lett  Pe- 
tcrlhurg  in  the  month  of  May,  and  arrived  in  Paris  in  .Sep- 
tember of  tlie  fame  year.     On  his  return  he  was  appointed 
profeilbr  of  the  mathematics   at  the  college  royal,  in  which 
fittiation  he  lived  to  render  the  greated  fervicc  to  the  interell-! 
cf  fcicnee,  by  training  up  pnpils   worthy  of  fncli  a  mafter, 
iimnn<T  whom  was  the  celebrated  M.  de  la  Lande.     fie  now 
fitted  up  and  furniflied  an  obfervatory,  in  which  he  continued 
his  labours,  without   interruption,  tor  feveral  years.     In  the 
year  174H,  his  pupil  M.  Moniiier  took  a  voyage  to  Scotland 
to  obferve  an  annular  cclipfe  of  the   fun,  which  furnilhed  an 
opportunity  for  meafuring  the  diameter  of  the  moon   at  the 
time  when  it  thould  be  entirely  vihble  on  tlie  fun's  difl<.    On 
this  fubjeft  De  I.ille  publifhcd  a  large  advertifement,  which 
was  reckoned  a  complete  treatiie  on   annular  echples.      He 
afterwards  entered  more  fully  on   the   confideration  of  the 
theory  of  eclipfes,  and  he   communicated  a  part  of  his   re- 
fearches  on  the  fubjedtothe  Academy  in  1749.    He  was  lo 
expert  in  calculations,  that  he    made  many   tounded  on  the 
obfervations    of  Greenwich,    Berlin,  Scotland,  and  Sweden. 
He  publifhed   "  New  Charts  of  the  Difcoveries  of  Admiral 
de  Fonte,  orFuente,  made  in  1640,  and  thofe  of  other  navi- 
gators, Spanilh,  Portuguefe,  Englilh,  Dutch,  French  and 
KaJiiaf)    i"  ^''^  Northern   feas,  with  explications."     This 
•work  was  prefented  to  the  public  in   1750  and    l75^     In 
the  latter  of  thefe  years   he  publiftied  a  curious  map  of  the 
world,  in  which  he  reprefented,  for  the  benefit  of  allrono- 
mers  impatiently    waiting  for   the  tranlit  of  Mercury  over 
the  fun,  the  effcft  of  the  parallaxes  of  Mercury  in  different 
countries,  in  order  to  point  out  the  proper  places  for  making 
fuch  obfervations  on  the  tranfit,  as  fliould,  ft-om  the  difference 
of  their    refult,  furnifh  a    method   of  determining  the  dif- 
tance  of  the  fun,  in  a  manner  fimilar  to  that  apphed  by  Hal- 
ley   to  the   tranfit    of  Venus.     Another   work  of  this  la- 
borious  and   indefatigable    philofophcr,    publifhed    in    the 
Tranfaftions  of  the  Academy,  was  on  the  comet  of  1758, 
■which  had  been  firft  difcovercd  by  a  peafant  in   the   neigh- 
bourhood of  Drcfden,  and  which  was  vifible  feveral  months  ; 
but  he  was  principally  attentive  to  the  one  predifted  by  Dr. 
Halley,  forty  years  before,  as   to  make    its    appearance  in 
1759,  and  which  was  firft  feen  in  January  of  that  year.   He 
gave  an  account  of  his  obfervations  on  that  comet   in  the 
firft  volume  of  the  "  Mercure,"   for   July  1759.      He  was 
afterwards  afiiduoufly  engaged  on  the  fubjeft  of  the  tranfit 
of  Venus,  which  was   expelled  in    1761,  in   order  that  he 
might  correft  the  error  of  Halley,  and  thus  prevent  perfons 
from  undertaking  long  voyages  for  the  fake  of  obferving  it, 
■whofe  labours  would  have  proved  ufelefs  with  refpeft  to  the 
objeft  in  view. 

M.  de  Lifle  had,  fome  years  previoufly  to  this,  been  ap- 
pointed aftronomical  geographer  to  the  marine,  an  office 
■which  had  been'  eftablifhed  many  years,  with  the  exprefs 
■view  of  having  a  depot,  in  which  might  be  prefervcd  all  the 
defigns,  pla.!S,  charts,  &c.  of  the  (Joafts  of  France,  and  of 
the  colonies  and  eftabhfhmcnts  in  different  parts  of  the 
world,  with  the  memoirs  relating  to  them  :  to  M  de  JLifle's 
office  was  attached  tlie  bufinefs  of  collefting  and  arranging 
the  plans  and  journals  of  naval  captains,  and  to  extraft  from 
them  whatever  might  be  found  beneficial  to  the  king's  fervice 
in  this  department.  His  majelly  now  purchafed,  with  a 
penfion  for  life,  all  M.  de  Lifle's  rich  aftronomical  and  geo- 
graphical colleflions,  which  were  added  to  the  MSS.  in  the 
depot.  In  the  year  1758,  our  author  felt  fome  fymptoms  of 
decline,  and  withdrew  as  much  as  he  could  from  pub- 
lic life,  leaving  the  care  gf  his  oblervationj  to  M.  Meffier, 


aad  obtaining  from  the  minifter  the  appointment  of  M.  deli 
Lande  for  his  coailjutor  at  tlic  college  royal.  He  went  to 
refide  at  the  abbey  of  St.  Genevieve,  where  he  fpent  much 
of  his  time  in  devotional  exercifes,  and  devoted  the  greateft. 
part  of  his  income  to  afts  of  benevolence  and  charity.  In 
his  retirement  he  cherifhed  his  tafle  for  aftronomy  and  geo- 
graphy, correfponded  with  men  of  fcience,  read  new  works, 
and  even  ("elected  fome  of  his  own  in  M.S.  with  a  view  to  publi- 
cation. He  died  on  the  nth  of  July  1768,  being  in  the 
Sill  year  of  his  age.  As  a  man  of  fcience  his  merits  are 
very  great,  and  in  private  life  he  was  diftiiiguiflied  by  unaf- 
fected piety,  pure  nior.als,  undeviating  integrity,  and  raoft 
amiable  manners.     Gen.  Biog. 

Ll.StK     Ui:     1.A     DREVEllKltK,      Lf.W  IS-Fr.\XCIS     DE,      a 

French  dramatic  writer,  was  defcended  from  a  noble  family, 
and  born  in  the  province  of  Dauphine.  His  friends  intend- 
ed him  for  the  bar,  but  his  own  inclinations  were  decidedly 
againft  the  profeffion  of  the  law,  and  as  his  father  could  not 
fupport  him  in  the  ftyle  which  his  diflipated  turn  required, 
he  was  relolvcd  to  maintain  himfelf  by  his  talents,  and  began 
to  write  for  the  ItaUan  theatre.  In  1721  he  prefented  for 
public  exhibition  his  comedy  of"  Arlcquin  Sauvaj^e,"  which 
was  fuccefsful,  and  which  is  even  now  occafionally  brought 
before  the  public.  His  "  Timnn  le  Mifantlirope"  acquired 
a  much  larger  (hare  of  popularity  :  he  publifhed  and  brought 
on  the  ftage  many  other  pieces,  chiefly  of  the  comic  call  : 
and  he  compofed  a  tragedy  entitled  "  Danaus,"  and  a  poein 
entitled  "  Effai  fur  1' Amour  Propre  ;"  which,  with  feveral 
other  pieces,  were  colle£iedin  a  fingle  volume.  He  died  in 
1756,  and  has  been  defcribed  as  a  haughty,  taciturn,  and 
thoughtful  charafter. 

Lisle,  in  Geography,.     See  LiLLE. 

Lisle,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the  Dor- 
dogne  ;  9  miles  N.W.  of  Perigueux. — Alfo,  a  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  the  Yonne  ;  24  miles  S.E.  of 
Auxerre. 

Li.sle,  a  poft-town  of  America,  in  Tioga  county,  Ne^w 
York  ;  through  which  paffes  a  branch  of  the  Chenengo, 
uniting  with  the  Chenengo  in  the  S.E.  corner  of  the  town- 
fliip.      It  contains  660  inhabitants. 

LiSLENA,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of  Up- 
land ;    16  miles  S.S.W.  of  Upfal. 

I^ISMORE,  an  ifiand  of  the  Hebrides,  in  the  county  of 
Argyle,  Scotland.  It  is  fituated  at  the  month  of  the  great 
arm  of  the  fea  called  Locli-Linnhe,  and  extends  about  ten 
miles  in  length  and  two  in  breadth.  The  whole  of  this 
illand  lies  on  a  Ifratum  of  excellent  lime-ftone,  unfirtunately 
rendered  of  little  value  to  the  inhabitants  by  the  deficiency 
of  fuel  to  burn  it.  Mr.  Pennant  fays  the  derivation  of  its 
name  is  from  I.iofmor,  or  the  great  garden.  According  to 
tradition,  however,  it  was  not  a  garden,  but  a  decr-forell, 
and  as  a  proof  of  this,  multit-.ides  of  (lags'  horns  of  un- 
common fi-/.es  are  frequently  dug  up  in  the  moffy  parts  of  it. 
At  prefent  there  is  very  little  wood,  but  the  foil  being  fer- 
tile, the  leffer  vegetables  fhoot  up  with  uncommon  vigour. 
The  chief  produtlions  of  the  ground  are  beans  and  oats. 
The  former  are  moftly  applied  to  the  purpofes  of  diftillation; 
and  the  latter  go  to  the  dilcharge  of  rents,  fo  that  the  in- 
habitants are  obliged  to  import  large  quantities  of  meal  for 
their  fubfiftence.  There  are  a  conliderable  number  of  cattle 
reared  in  this  ifiand,  but  they  are  generally  of  very  fmall 
llature.  The  author  already  mentioned  thinks  they  mirll 
have  greatly  degenerated  from  their  original  growth,  for  he 
informs  us  that  he  faw  the  IkuU  of  an  ox  dug  up  here,  which 
was  of  much  larger  dimenfions  than  any  now  living  ui  Great 
Britain.  About  a  hundred  head  of  the  largeft  are  exported 
annually.  The  horfes  bred  here  are  extremely  fhort-hved. 
2  They 


L  I  S 

Tlif  y  are  harnefled  when  only  two  or  three  yearj  old,  which 
pradlice  will  no  doubt  affift  in  (hortening  the  period  of  their 
exifteiice.  Neither  foxes,  hares  nor  rats  can  be  found  in  the 
idand  ;  otters  and  mice  however  are  abundant.  It  contains 
three  fmall  lakes,  two  of  which  are  famed  for  excellent  trout, 
and  the  third  for  eels. 

Lifmore  was  formerly  the  feat  of  the  bifhop  of  Argyle, 
who  was  thence  ilyled  Epifcopus  Lifmorenfis.  Mr.  Pen- 
nant fays  there  are  no  remains  either  of  the  cathedral  or  the 
bilhop's  palace.  In  the  Beauties  of  Scotland,  however,  it 
is  alTerted,  that  velliges  of  both  arc  ftill  to  be  fcen.  The 
chancel  of  the  former  is  there  ftated  to  be  ufed  as  the  parilh 
church,  and  the  walls  of  the  latter  arc  faid  to  be  pretty  en- 
tire, and  dillant  about  four  miles  from  the  cathedral.  Several 
fortified  camps  can  yet  be  difcovered  in  ditFerent  parts  of  the 
idand.  A  Danifh  fort,  furroundcd  by  a  deep  fofle,  is  like- 
wife  in  tolerable  condition.  The  walls  are  noiv  1 7  feet  high, 
having  a  gallery  within,  and  round  the  area  a  Itone  feat,  which 
Mr.  Pennant  fuppofes  might  have  been  intended  as  a  general 
retting  place  for  the  chieftains  and  their  loldiers.  The 
church,  fays  tl^e  fame  author,  in  conformity  with  his  alTer- 
tion  that  there  are  no  remains  of  the  cathedral,  "  is  a  mean 
modern  building."  In  the  church-yard  feveral  old  monu- 
ments are  Hill  Handing,  one  of  which  is  very  remarkable,  as 
confilling  of  nothing  more  than  a  thick  log  of  wood.  Its 
antiquity  muft  be  very  great,  as  there  is  no  word  in  the 
Erfe  language  to  denote  this  kind  of  monument.  On  a  rock 
are  cut  the  radii  of  a  dial,  but  the  index  is  deftroyed.  A 
fmall  bafin  is  excavated  in  another  rock,  which  was  probably 
ufed  by  the  Druids  in  fome  part  of  their  religious  cere- 
Bionies. 

There  is  no  fpecial  return  of  the  number  of  inhabitants 
in  this  ifland,  but  they  are  reckoned  to  exceed  1 100  fouls. 
Pennant's  Tour  in  Scotland.      Beauties  of  Scotland. 

LiSMOiiE,  a  poll-town  of  Ireland,  on  the  river  Black- 
vater,  and  in  the  county  of  Waterford.  The  bridge  over 
the  river  is  a  tine  erection  of  the  duke  of  Devonlhire's. 
The  fpan  of  the  principal  arch  is  190  feet.  There  are  ex- 
cellent falmon  weirs  at  this  place,  which  return  a  confiderable 
profit.  The  appearance  of  Lifmore  from  the  bridge  is  aw- 
fully fubhme  and  interefting.  The  catlle  is  feated  upon  a 
rock,  which  rifes  in  perpendicular  (helves  from  the  river  to  a 
tremendous  height.  The  rude  rocks  are  richly  crowned 
with  trees,  whofe  verdant  boughs  in  fome  parts  embrace  the 
placid  ftreams,  and  in  others  afcend  to  Ihelter  the  ruined 
towers,  and  {hade  the  antique  windows  of  the  fort.  This 
venerable  and  extesfive  caltle,  the  property  of  the  duke  of 
Devonfhire,  was  built  by  king  John,  in  1  iSj,  on  the  ruins  of 
the  abbey  of  St.  Carthagh.  It  afterwards  became  the 
epifcopal  refidence,  till  Myler  Megrette,  bifiiop  of  the  fee, 
conveyed  it  to  fir  W.  Raleigh.  From  fir  Walter  it  was 
purchafed,  with  the  retl  of  his  property  in  Ireland,  by 
Richard  Boyle,  afterwards  the  firtl  earl  of  Cork,  and  his 
youngell  fon,  the  celebrated  and  defervedly  efteemed  phitofo- 
pher  Robert  Boyle,  was  born  in  it.  It  has  iince  become  the 
property  of  the  duke  of  Devonfhire,  who  is  defcended  by 
tke  female  line  from  the  eldeft  branch  of  the  Boyle  family. 
In  the  town  of  Lifmore  are  a  neat  court-houfe,  in  which 
the  feffions  are  held,  a  fmall  prifon,  and  a  very  refpeclable 
inn.  The  church,  which  ferves  both  as  a  parilh  church  and 
as  the  cathedral  of  the  bilhopric,  is  old,  and  was  lately  in 
indifferent  repair ;  it  is  however,  according  to  Dr.  Beaufort, 
ipacious  and  handfome,  and  will  probably  be  thoroughly  re- 
paired. The  dean  of  Lifmore  has  z  peculiar  junfdic^ion 
over  this,  and  two  adjoining  parilhes.  It  has  been  already 
mentioiii'd  that  St.  Carthagh  founded  an  abbey  here.  This 
was  in  the  fe.venth  century,  and  the  abbey  wa«  erected  int« 


L  I  S 

a  bifhopric  in  ^33.  A  number  of  monks  repairing  hither, 
feveral  churches  and  cells  were  built,  and  thefe  being  ufually 
the  feat  of  any  learning  that  exilled  during  the  middle  ages, 
a  fchool  was  foon  inititutcd,  which,  for  a  long  period,  be- 
came the  great  refort  both  of  natives  and  foreigners.  In 
1536,  this  fee  was  united  to  that  of  Waterford,  under  which 
an  account  of  it  will  be  given.  Before  the  union,  Lifmore 
returned  two  members  to  the  houfe  of  commons,  but  this 
privilege  has  ceafed.  It  is  loi  Irifli  miles  S.W.  by  S.  from 
Dublin,  and  26  N.E.  from  Cork.  Beaufort,  Robertfon, 
&c. 

LISNAKEA,  apoft-townof  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Fermanagh  ;  70  miles  N.E.  from  Dublin. 

LISS,  a  town  of  Holland  ;  eight  miles  N.  of  Leyden. 

LISS.\,  a  town  of  Sileiia,  in  the  principality  of  Brellaw, 
on  the  Weiftritz  ;  feven  miles  W.N.W.  of  Breflaw.  N.  lat. 
51"  7'.     E.  long.  16'  50'. 

Li-i-S-A,  anciently  /fa,  (which  fee,)  an  idand  of  the 
Adriatic,  near  the  coall  of  Dalmatia,  once  famous  for  the 
commerce,  wealth,  and  power  of  its  inhabitants,  is  a  moun- 
tainous and  thinlv  inhabited  ifland,  30  miles  in  circuit.  In 
many  parts  the  foil  is  good,  but  not  fufficiently  cultivated. 
In  its  aiKient  ilate  it  was  in  alliance  with  Rome,  and  carried 
on  war  againft  the  kings  of  Illyrium  ;  but  with  the  decline 
of  the  Roman  empire,  it  funk  into  a  fucceffive  dependence 
on  Narenta,  Lelina,  and  Venice.  Its  mountains  contain 
marble,  and  are  interfected  by  fertile  valiies.  It  produces 
wine,  fruits,  and  excellent  honey.  But  its  principal  fource 
of  wealth  is  its  fidiery,  particularly  that  of  fardines.  The 
ruins  of  its  capital  of  the  fame  name  appear  above  the  har- 
bour, near  a  village  of  the  fame  name.  It  has  alfo  a  well- 
built  populous  town,  called  "  Comifa,"  near  the  fea,  on 
the  E.  fide  of  the  illand,  where  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
cityof  Meo.     N.  lat.  43  '  25'.     E.  long.  16^  1 8'. 

Lis>A,  or  Lecino,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Warfaw  ; 
raifed  from  the  condition  of  a  village  to  that  of  a  town,  by 
the  influx  of  Proteftants  driven  by  perfecution  from  Silefia^ 
Bohemia,  Moravia,  and  Aullria.  The  inhabitants  carry  on 
a  good  trade.  In  this  town  are  a  Lutheran  and  alfo  a  Cal- 
vinitl  church,  and  a  feminary  ;  44  miles  S.S.W.  of  Pofen. 
N.  lat.  51°  jy'.     E.  long.  16    35'. 

L1S.SA,  or  Thymus  Lv/fa,  in  Ichthyology,  a  name  by  which 
fome  authors  have  called  the  fidi  more  ulually  called ^i^;,  ft 
large  fea-fidi  of  the  tunny  kind. 

LISSABATTA,  in  Geography,  a  town  on  the  N.  coaft 
of  the  ifland  of  Ccram,  inhabited  by  an  ad'emblage  of  dif- 
ferent people,  which  have  been  troublefome  to  the  Dutch. 
S.  lat.   1    55'.      E.  long.  128   44'. 

LISSANTHE,  in  Botany,  fo  named  by  Mr.  R.  Brown, 
from  \iu7'j-,  Jmooth,  and  x-.hr,  aJ{o'j.>cr,  bccaule  of  the  naked 
and  beardlefs  limb  of  the  corolla  ;  that  part  being  denfely 
coTered  with  hairs  in  Leucopogon,  and  more  or  lefs  fringed 
or  tufted  in  feveral  other  genera,  of  the  fame  natural  order, 
found^n  New  Holland.  Brown  Prodr.  Nov.  Holl.  v.  i.  540. 
Clafs  and  order,  PentiinJria  Menogjnia.  Nat.  Ord.  Efa- 
crideit.  Brown. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  of  five  equal,  concave, 
permanent  leaves,  fometimes  accompanied  by  two  rather 
fmaller  ones  at  the  bafc.  Ccr.  of  o-ne  petal,  funnel-diaped  ; 
tube  nearly  cylindrical,  generally  hairy  within  ;  hmb  in  five 
lanceolate,  equal,  fpreading,  beardlcis  fegments.  Neftary 
a  iive-lobed  gland,  at  the  bafe  of  the  germen.  Siaw.  Fila- 
ments five,  Ihort,  within  the  tube  ;  anthers  roundith,  of  two 
cells,  burfting  lengthwife.  Pi//.  Germen  fuperior,  globular, 
with  five  dight  angles  ;  llyW  pentagonal,  rigid,  (horter  than 
the  tu',e  ;  lUgma  obtufe.  Pcrie.  i)rupa  fucculetit.  A'ui 
hardj  of  five  cells. 

U2  EC 


L  I  S 


L  I  S 


F.lT.  Cli.  G;ilj-x  ;>f  five  or  feven  loaves.  Corolla  fiinncl- 
fiuped  ;  its  limb  boardlcfs.  Stamens  infcrtej  into  the  tube, 
very  iliort.     Dnipa  kicculcnt.     Nut  hard,  of  five  cells. 

Mr.  Brown  defines  lix  fpccies  of  ihis  genus,  leparated  by 
him  from  the  Sly/i/.r/ia  of  preceding  jjiitanills,  whicii  are 
difpofcd  in  tliree  leitions.  Tliey  are  fmall,  rigid,  upright 
Ihriibs  ;  u ith  fcattercd  leaves,  furrowed  beneath  ;  and  ratiier 
fmall  white  Jlowers. 

St  ft.  I.  Calyx  of  only  five  haves.  Cltijiers  axillary,  of 
fervjloivers,  the'ir partial Jlalksf uriii/heil  luilh  a  pair  ofhraSlcas 
at  the  lafe.     Tube  of  the  corr.lla  hairy  within. 

1.  L.fapiiii.  "  Clilllerr.  of  two  or  three  flowers,  re- 
curved. Leaves  obloiig-iincar,  (harp-pointed,  rcvolute  ; 
■whiteand  ftriated  beneath."  Br. — Gathered  by  Mr.  Brown 
rear  Port  .lackfon.  New  South  Wales. — By  the  name,  we 
prefume  the  fruit  is  eatable. 

2.  L..ful/ulata.  "  CUiiters  of  four  or  five  flower';,  crefV. 
I.eavcs  linear-awlfliapcd.  Branches  fmooth.  Fruit  with 
ten  furrows."  —  Gathered  by  Mr.  Brown  in  the  fame 
country.     The  leaves  are  about  half  an  inch  long. 

3.  L,.flrivofa.  (Styphelia  ftrigofa  ;  Sm.  New  Hull.  48.) 
Clufters  colledted  towards  the  ends  of  the  branches,  eretf, 
of  few  flowers.     Leaves  linear-awlfliaped.     Branches  downy. 

Drnpa  with  five  flight  angles Sent  from  Port  Jackfoii  by 

Dr.  White  in  1793.  Found  there  alfo,  as  well  as  in  Van 
Diemen's  land,  by  Mr.  Brown.  The  flem  is  (lirubby,  rigid, 
finely  downy,  with  numerous,  fhort,  crowded,  Icaty,  lateral 
branches.  Leaves  fcattered,  fometimes  impcrfeftly  whorled, 
nearly  feflile,  about  half  an  inch  long,  rigiil,  pungent,  re- 
volute  ;  fmooth,  even  and  convex  above  ;  ribbed  beneath. 
Chifltrs  axillary  and  terminal,  generally  crowded  about  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  fliort,  eredi,  of  very  few  flowers, 
their  ftalk  downy,  with  feveral  pale,  concave,  fringed 
lra3eas.  Calyx-leaves  like  the  bracteas.  Tube  of  the  co- 
rclla  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  limb  acute,  one-third  the 
length  of  the  tube.  /Inthers  nfing  juft  above  the  mouth,  ac- 
companied by  a  few  ereA  hairs  from  the  infide  of  the  tube. 
Germen  and  lower  part  of  the  flyle  clothed  with  tine,  fliort, 
hoary  down. 

Seft.  2.   Calyx  of  fevcn  leaves.     Corolla  f^ort,  its   tube  ami 
Tnouth  without  hairs.      Spiles  axillary,  cf  few  fluiDers, 
'  4.  L.  montaua.     "Leaves    oblong-linear,  obtufe, '  point- 
kfs  ;  glaucous  beneath." — Gathered  by  Mr.  Brown  at  Van 
Diemen's  land. 

Seft.  3.  Calyx  of  feven  leaves.  Corolla  elongated,  its  moulh 
bfet  with  dtjlexecl  hairs  within  the  tube.  Flowers  axillary,  fo- 
litary. 

5.  L.  daphnoides.  (Styphelia  daphnoides  ;  Sm.  New 
Holl.  48.) — Leaves  elliptic-lanceelate,  llightly  concave, 
wqth  a  blunt  callous  point;  iheir  edges  naked,  roughilTi. 
S^t  from  Port  Jackfon  by  Dr.  White,  in  1792.  Mr. 
B|"Own  found  it  both  in  the  tropical  part  of  New  Holland, 
and  in  Van  Diemen's  land.  The  flcm  is  much  branched, 
leafy,  and  finely  downy.  Leaves  fcattered,  from  ^;h  to 
i;hs  of  an  inch  long,  very  various  in  breadth,  more  or  lefs 
elliptical,  fmooth,  flightly  concave,  entire  ;  minutely  rough- 
i.Ti  at  the  edges  ;  furniflied  with  numerous  branching  ribs  be- 
neath. Flowers  numerous,  axillary,  folitary,  on  fliort  hairy 
ftalks.  Calyx-leaves  all  nearly  of  equal  fize  and  appearance, 
ovate,  pointed,  fmooth,  finely  fringed,  two  of  them  external. 
Corolla  much  like  that  of  L.firigofa,  but  with  rather  longer 
and  narrower  fegments,  whofe  uy  per  fide  appears,  as  far  as 
we  can  judge  from  the  dried  plant,  to  be  finely  downy  from 
their  bafe  to  the  middle.  Mr.  Brown  however,  wlio  faw  it 
alive,  defcribes  this  part  as  entirely  fmooth.  The  afpeft  of 
this  pretty  fpecies  is  much  like  that  of  fome  of  the  f.-naller 
kinds  of  Daphne. 


6.  L.  ciliata,  "  Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  flat,  with  a 
pellucid  point  ;  their  edges  finely  I'errated  and  fringed. 
Limb  of  the  corolla  roughifli." — Gathered  by  Mr.  Brown 
in  Van  Diemen's  land.  We  have  feen  no  fpeeimens  of  this 
fpecies,  nor  of  any  others,  except  the  third  and  fifth,  Ror  do 
we  know  of  any  of  them  bein^  introduced  into  the  gardens 
or  tins  country. 

LISSER,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Perfia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Ghilan  ;  60  miles  N.W.  of  Reflid. 

LISSOUEN,  a  town  of  Pruflia,  in  Natangen  ;  15  miles 
S.  cf  iVlarggrabowa. 

J.ISSU.S,  in  Ancient  Geography,  a  town  of  Illyria,  in 
Dalmatia,  between  the  mouth  or  the  Drin  and  the  frontier 
of  Macedonia.  Ptolemy.  Phny  calls  it  "  Lin"iim  Oppi- 
dum,"  and  adds  that  it  was  a  colony  of  Roman  citizens, 
100  miles  from  Epidanrus,  where  Macedonia  commenced. 

LLST,  in  the  Mamificlures,  denotes  the  border  of  a  fluff", 
or  that  whicli  bounds  its  width  on  each  fide. 

Du-Cange  derives  the  word  from  liciie,  which,  in  the  age 
of  corrupt  Latin,  was  iifcd  for  the  inclofures  of  fields  and 
cities,  as  being  anciently  made  with  cords  interlaced  ;  or 
from  ///?<?,  quia  campum  clavdchant  injlar  liflarum panni ;  as  in- 
clofing  the  ground  after  the  manner  that  a  liil  dues  a  piece 
of  c!cth. 

All  cloths,  and  fluffs  of  filk,  wool,  or  cotton,  have 
lifts.  Liils  contribute  to  the  goodnefs  of  the  ttufP,  and  far- 
ther ferve  to  flicw  their  quality  ;  which  has  given  occation 
to  feveral  regulations  relating  to  their  matter,  colour,  work, 
&c. 

List  is  alfo  ufed  to  fignify  the  inclofed  field,  or  ground, 
wherein  the  ancient  knights  held  their  jufls  and  combats.  It 
was  fo  called  as  being  hemmed  round  with  pales,  barriers,  or 
flakes,  as  with  a  hit. 

Some  of  thefe  were  double,  one  for  each  cavalier  ;  which 
kept  them  apart,  fo  th;t  they  could  not  come  nearer  each 
other  than  a  ipear's  length.     See  Tournament,  and  Duel. 

Ll.ST,  Liflel,  or  Liflello,  in  Archiled.ure,  called  alfo  cinc- 
ture, fillet,  fquare,  and  rcgkt,  is  a  little  fqiiare  moulding, 
ferving  to  crown  or  accompany  larger  mouldings  j  and,  on 
occafion,  to  feparate  the  flutings  of  columns. 

Llst,  in  the  Sea  Language,  the  fame  with  Liifl. 

Li.sT,  Civil.     See  Civil  if},  and  Revenue. 

LISTENING,  according  to  Rohault,  cc-nfifts  in  ex- 
tending or  bracing  the  tympanum  oi  the  ear,  and  putting  it 
into  fuch  a  condition,  as  that  it  fliall  be  the  more  affected 
by  any  tremulous  motion  of  the  external  air.      See  Eah. 

Listening,  in  the  Manege,  as  when  we  fay  a  horfe  goes 
a  lillcning  pace.     See  Ecoute. 

J^JhTKSiSG  Trumpet.      See  TRUMPET. 

LISTER,  M.M'.ilN,  in  Biography,  a  phyfician  and  na'u- 
ralift,  was  born  about  1638.  He  was  of  a  Yorklhire  fa- 
mily, (fettled  in  Buckiiighamflilre,')  winch  produced  a  con- 
fiderable  number  of  medical  praftitioners  of  reputation  ; 
among  whom  was  fir  Matthew  Eiller,  phyfician  to  Charles  I., 
and  prefident  of  the  College  of  Phyficians.  Martin  was  edu- 
cated under  the  direftion  of  his  uncle,  fir  Matthew,  and 
fcnt  to  St.  .John's  college,  Cambridge,  v.'here  he  took  his 
firft  degree  in  arts  in  1658.  In  i66o  he  was  made  fellow 
of  his  college  by  royal  mandate.  Having  made  choice  of 
the  profcffion  of  medicine,  lie  purfued  his  fludies  with  zeal, 
and  travelled  to  the  continent  for  the  purpofe  cf  farther  im- 
provement. On  his  return  in  1670,  he  fettled  at  York, 
where  he  praftifed  his  profeflion  for  many  years  with  ccmfi- 
<lerable  reputation.  At  the  fame  tim.e  he  applied  all  the  lei- 
fure,  which  his  avocations  allowed  him,  to  the  invelliga- 
tlon  of  the  natural  hiftory  and  antiquities  of  the  mrth  of 
England }  and  having  communicated  feveral  papers  on  thefe 
3  fubjefti 


L  I  S 


L  I  T 


fabjecb  to  the  Royal  Society,  he  was  cleftcd  a  fellow  of 
that  body.  He  contributed  many  coins,  altars,  and  other 
antiquities,  together  with  a  great  number  of  valuable  natu- 
ral ciiriofities,  to  the  Afhmolean  niufeum  at  Oxford.  His 
various  productions  having  made  him  well  known  to  the 
learned  in  the  kingdom,  upon  the  fohcitatii  n  of  his  friends 
he  removed  to  London  in  the  year  i6{!4.  Ke  was  at  tliat 
time  created  dotlor  of  pliyllc  by  diploma  at  Oxford,  upon 
the  particular  recommendation  of  the  chancellor  ;  and  was 
foon  afterwards  elefled  a  fellow  of  the  College  of  Phyficians. 
In  169S  he  accompanied  the  earl  of  Portland  in  his  embafly 
from  king  Wilham  to  the  court  of  France  ;  when,  having 
obtained  introductions  to  the  mod  eminent  men  of  fcience  at 
Paris,  he  viewed  all  the  curiofities  of  that  capital.  On  his 
return  he  publifhed  an  account  of  this  journey,  which  con- 
tained fome  things  of  a  tritlaig  nature,  and  gave  occalion  to 
a  bnrlefque  imitation,  entitled  "  A  Jourr,ey  to  London," 
by  Dr.  WiUiam  Kmg.  At  that  time,  indeed,  when  the 
ftudy  of  natural  hillory  was  little  attended  to,  a  man  who 
had  written  on  (nails  and  fpidcrs,  and  bcllowed  his  attention 
on  the  minutelt  parts  of  natural  ki-.owledge,  was  particularly 
liable  to  incur  the  ridicule  of  wits.  In  confequence  ot  the 
illnefs  of  Dr.  Hannes,  in  1709,  Dr.  Lillcr  was  made  fecond 
phyfician  in  ordinary  to  queen  Anne  ;  an  appointment  which 
he  did  not  hold  long  ;  for  he  died  in  February  1711-12. 

The  medical  writings  of  this  piiyfician  are  not  void  of  va- 
luable oblervations,  deduced  from  his  own  experience  ;  but 
they  are  marked  by  a  propenhty  to  hypothefis,  and  too 
ftrong  an  attachment  to  ancient  doftrines.  Thefe  are  two 
works  on  Englifh  medicinal  waters,  entitled  "  De  Fontibus 
Medicatis  Anglix,  Exercitatio  nova  et  prior,"  1682,  "al- 
tera," 1684:  "  Excrcitationes  fee  Medicinales,  de  quibuf- 
dam  morbis  chronicis,"  1694,  which  was  republilhed,  with 
additions,  in  1697.  The  dileafes  here  treated  of  are  dropfy, 
for  which  he  recommends  the  ufe  of  draftic  purgatives  ;  dia- 
betes, hydrophobia,  fyphihs,  for  which  he  admits  that 
mercury  is  a  fpcciiic,  but  avers  that  the  mercury  itfelf  re- 
quires an  antidote,  which  is  found  in  the  guaiacuni  ;  fcurvy, 
gout,  Hone,  and  fmall-pox,  for  which  iaft  he  extols  the  re- 
medial efFefts  of  the  alexiplurmic  medicines,  and  condemns 
the  cooling  practice  introduced  by  the  fagacious  Sydenham. 
In  general,  indeed,  he  is  a  keen  controvcrilaliil,  and  indulges 
in  fevere  remarks  upon  fome  of  his  contemporaries,  efpe- 
cially  Sydenham.  In  his  "^iffertatio  de  Humonbus," 
1709,  which  is  full  of  hvpothefes,  he  is  not  lefs  fevere  in  his 
treatment  of  Drake  and  Ruyfch. 

The  reputation  of  Liller  is  principally  founded  on  his  rc- 
fearches  in  natural  hillory  and  comparative  anatomy.  He 
publiflied  nearly  forty  papers  in  the  Philofophical  Tranfac- 
tions,  Nos.  2)  to  jSj  inclufive,  in  addition  to  the  following 
works.  "  Hilloris  Anmialium  Anglis  Tractatus  tres  : 
unus  de  Araneis  :  alter  de  Cochleis,  turn  terrcftribus,  turn 
fluviatilibus  :  tertius  de  Cochleis  marinis,"  167S,  4to. 
"  Exercitatio  Anatomica  de  Cochleis  maxime  terreltribus  et 
Limacibas,"  1694.  8vo.  "  Exercitatio  Anatomica  altera 
de  Buccinis  fluviatilibus  et  niarini.-,,"  1695,  Svo.  "  Exerci- 
tatio Anatomica  tertia  C(.nchvIiorum  bivalvium,"  1696, 
4to.  In  all  thefe  works  Dr.  Liiler  has  difplayed  great  ac- 
curacy of  obfervation,  and  ind.faigable  induilry,  in  de- 
tecting the  moll  minute  and  curious  partif  ulars  of  the  eco- 
nomy of  thefe  creatures.  He  alfo  edited  a  correft  and  better 
arranged  copy  of  Goedart's  Treatife  on  Iiiteits,  in  16S5  ; 
and  an  edition  of  SanSorius's  "  Medicina  Statioa,"  with  a 
commentary,  in  1701.  His  "Journey  to  Paris,"  notwith- 
llanding  the  efforts  of  ridicule,  was  well  received,  and  con- 
tains a  variety  of  curious  matter.  Gen.  Biog.  Hulchin- 
foc,  Biog.  Med-     Eloy  Did.  Hiit. 


LISTERLANTD,  in  Geography,  .1  cape  on  the  S.  Coa& 

of  Norv.ay  ;    20  nulos  N.W.  of  LinJefnefs. 

LISTING,  or  Ini,i.sti.\c;,  in  Military  Lan^un^e,  de- 
notes liic  retaining  and  enrolling  foldiers,  as  volunteers,  for 
tile  national  fervice.  When  any  per  Ton  is  iiilided  as  a  fol- 
dier,  he  (liall  within  four  days,  but  not  fooner  than  twenty- 
four  hours,  be  taken  before  the  next  julticc  of  peace,  or 
chief  magiilrate  of  a  town  corporate,  not  being  an  officer 
in  the  army  ;  and  before  him  fliall  be  at  lit)e)-ty  to  declare 
his  dilFeiit  to  fuch  inlilUng  ;  and  on  fuch  declaration,  and 
returning  the  in'.i'.ling  money,  and  paying  ics  for  the 
charges  ex[>er.ded  on  him,  he  Ihall  be  forthwith  difcharged, 
ill  pretence  of  luch  magillrate.  But  if  he  (liall  refufe  or, 
negleft  in  twenty-four  hours  to  return  and  pay  fuch  money, 
he  Ihall  be  deemed  to  be  inlifted,  as  if  he  had  given  his  &{- 
fent  before  the  magiftrate.  If  he  declare  that  h^e  volun- 
tarily inlilted  himfelf,  the  magiftrate  fhall  certify  under  his 
hand,  that  fuch  perfon  is  duly  inhfted,  fetting  forth  the 
place  of  his  birth,  age,  and  calling,  if  known ;  and  that  ' 
the  third  and  fourtli  articles  of  the  fecond  fefiion,  and  the 
firll  article  of  the  iixth  feftion  of  the  articles  of  war  againft 
mutiny  and  defertion  were  read  to  him,  and  that  he  has 
taken  the  oaths  mentioned  in  the  faid  articles  of  war  ;  -vnz, 
the  oath  of  fidelity  and  the  oaths  in  the  fcheduLs  marked  A, 
and  B  ;  except  in  the  cafe  of  recruits  inhfted  either  in  his 
Biajefty's  fervice  or  m  the  Eail  India  company's  forces  under 
39  Geo.  III.  c.  109,  in  which  cafe  each  recruit  flial!,  in- 
Head  of  the  faid  oath  of  fidelity,  and  that  contained  in  the 
fchedule  A  or  B,  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  diiected  by 
the  39th  of  the  king,  and  contained  in  Ichedule  E,  and 
the  juitice  or  maglllrate  Ihall  certify  luch  inliftmtnt  and 
fwearing  according  to  the  fchedule  F  ;  and  if  any  ptrfon 
fo  certitied  as  duly  inlifted  ftiall  refufe  to  take  the  laid  oath 
of  fidelity  before  inch  maglllrate,  &;c.  the  officer,  from 
whom  he  hath  received  luch  money,  may  detain  and  confine 
him  till  he  (hall  take  it ;  and  every  military  officer  that  iball 
herein  offend,  (hall  be  calhiered  and  dilplaced  from  their 
office,  and  difabled  from  holding  any  mihtary  poll,  and 
forfeit  jo/.     See  Foreign  yt/n'itf. 

LIS  rOWHILL,  or  LisTOWELL,  in  Geo^nrp/iy,  a  poft- 
town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Kerry,  fjtuated  on  thjji 
river  Feale.  The  caiUe,  on  the  fummit  of  a  lleep  precipice 
above  the  river,  was  the  lad  ftrong  hold  which  held  out 
againft  queen  Elizabeth  in  1600.  It  is  131  miles  S.W, 
by  AV.  from  Dublin,  and  13  N.E.  from  Tralee. 

LISTVENNISCHNA,  a  town  of  Ruffia,  in  the 
government  of  Irkut(k,  on  the  Argun,  on  tlic  confines  o£ 
China.      N.  lat.  51    44'.     E.  long.  121    20'. 

LIT,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Jamlland  ;  10  miles  N.  of 
Ofterfand. 

LITA,  in  Botany,  fo  named  by  Sclireber,  from  >.i'of, 
/tmph,  nahcd,  or  dcjVuute,  becaufe  the  plant  confifts  chiefly 
of  flowers,  with  a  very  trifling  Hem,  and  no  leaves,  but  a 
few  fmall  fcales.  Schreb.  795.  Willd.  Sp.  PI  v.  1.  107 1. 
Mart.  Mill.  Diet,  V.  3.  (Voyria;  Aubl.  Guian.  v.  i.  2Cti. 
Vohiria;  Jufl.  141.  Lamarck  Illuftr.  t.  IC9. — Chifs  and 
order,  Pentcuulr'ia  Monogyaia.  Nat.  Ord.  R</tcue£x  Linn. 
Gcntinnj:,  Jufi. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  of  one  leaf,  inferior,  tubular, 
ereft,  coloured,  five-cleft,  acute,  permanent.  Cor.  of  One 
petal,  falver  (haped  ;  tube  cylindrical,  very  long,  dlla'ed  al 
the  top  and  bottom  ;  limb  in  five  equal,  ovate,  ipreadlng, 
deep  fegments.  Siani.  Filaments  (carcely  any  i  anthers  five,.  " 
roundifli,  two-lobed,  nearly  feOUe,  in  the  throat  of  the  tube. 
Pi/i.  Gcrmen  fuperior,  ovate-obiong  ;  llyle  thread-ihaped» 
the  length  of  the  tube  ;  ftigma  capitate,  abrupt.  I'tria. 
Capfule  oblong,  of  oue  cell  and  twa  valves.     .SVcv/r  ver^ 

auir.cr>;ut» 


L  I  T 


L  I  T 


numereus,  minute,  chaffy,  attached  to  the  inflexed  margins 
o/  the  v;ilvcs. 

Eff.  Ch.  Corolla  falver-lhapod.  Anthers  feffile,  within 
the  tube.  Stigma  abrupt,  undivided.  Capfule  of  one  cell 
and  two  valves. 

I.  L.  rnfea.  Willd.  n.  i.  (Voyria  rofea;  Aubl.  Guian. 
V.  I.  309.  t.  83.  f.  I.) — Flowers  in  pairs.  Segments  ot  the 
corolla  acute.  Root  tuberous. — Gathered  by  Aublet  in 
the  forclls  of  Guiana,  where  the  natives  call  it  Foyr'ui,  and 
eat  the  roafted  root,  which  is  tuberous,  rcfembling  a  potatoe 
in  (hape  and  flavour,  and  throws  out  various  fprcading 
fibres.  The  Jlein  is  fohtary,  feveral  inches  long,  chiefly 
concealed  under  the  ground,  fquare,  knotty,  fmooth,  hear- 
ing feveral,  oppolite  or  ternate,  little,  acute,  flefhy  fcales, 
inllead  of  leaves,  in  the  manner  of  a  Laihrea,  and  dividing 
at  the  top,  where  it  rifes  above  the  furface,  into  feveral 
branches  about  an  inch  long,  with  more  frequent  knots,  and 
rather  larger  fcales.  Each  branch  bears  two  large  and 
handfome,  rofe -coloured   flotvers,  whofe    tube    is    near    two 


inches  long,  fwelling  at  the  top  as  well  as  at  the  bafe,  but     for. 


X.ITAKY,  in  II  modern  fcnfe,  denotes  a  form  of  prayer, 
fung  or  faid  in  churches  ;  confiding  of  feveral  periods,  or 
articles ;  at  the  end  of  each  of  which  is  an  invocation  in 
the  fame  terms. 

Before  the  lall  review  «f  the  common  prayer,  the  litany 
was  a  diftinft  fervice  by  itfelf,  and  ufed  lome  time  after  the 
morning  prayer  was  over.  At  prelent  it  is  made  one  office 
with  the  morning  fervice,  being  ordered  to  be  read  after  the 
third  collect  for  grace,  inllead  of  the  intercefliolial  prayers 
in  the  daily  fervice. 

It  has  been  obferved,  that  none  but  thofe  who  arc  avowed 
Trinitarians  can  confcientioudy  join  in  this  pari  of  the 
church  fervice  ;  it  has  been  alfo  obferved,  that  in  the  peti- 
tion to  be  delivered  from  "  all  deadly  fin,"  there  fecms  to  be 
an  intimation  of  the  popilh  doctrine  of  venial  and  mortal  or 
deadly  fin,  and  that  the  petition  in  the  mafs-book,  from 
which  a  great  part  of  the  litany  is  taken,  for  deliverance  from 
"  fudden  death,"  is  more  guardedly  expreiied,  "  a  fubita  et 
improvifa  morte,"  i.  e.  from  death  fudden  and  unprovided 


contracted  again  at  the  orifice.  The  linii  is  about  half  an 
inch  in  diameter,  fpreading  like  a  ilar,  with  (harp  points. 
Ca/yx  fhort,  bell-fliaped.  Sometimes  the  Jloivers  are 
folitary. 

2.  L.  cdTiilea.  Willd.  n.  2.'  (V'oyria  casrulea  ;  Aubl. 
Guian.  v.  1.  211.  t.  S3,  f.  2.) — Flowers  in  pairs.  Segments 
of  the  corolla  rounded,  ohtufe.  Root  tuberous. — Native 
of  palm  foreils  in  Guiana,  where  it  blofToms  in  May.  This 
differs  from  the  preceding  in  having  blue  fonvers,  whofe 
limb  is  larger,  with  round  or  obovate  blunt  fegments,  and 
a  more  dilated  orifice  ;  as  well  as  a  more  deeply  cut  calyx. 
Aublet  fays  the  flowers  are  occafionally  fix. cleft,  with  fix 
ftamens. 

3.  L.  hilea.  (Gentiana  aphylla  ;  .Tacq.  Amer.  87.  t.  60. 
f.  3.      Helleborine   aphyllos,  flore   luteo  ;   Plum.   Cat.  9?) 

Stems  limple,  fingle-flowered.     Segments  of  the  corolla 

acute.      Root   fibrous,  fafciculated.     Gathered  by  Jacquin, 


LITAO,  in  Geography,  a  town  on  the  N  W.  coaft  of 
the  ifland  of  Timor.      S.  lat.  q    2'.      E.  long.  124^  42'. 

LITCHFIELD.     See  LirnriEi.D. 

LiTPHKiKi.ii,  a  townlhip  of  America,  in  Lincoln  county, 
Maine,  4,  miles  from  Hallowell  ;  containing  1044  inhabit- 
ants.— Alio,  a  townfhip  in  Hilllhorough  county.  New 
Hamplhire,  Ctuated  on  the  E.  fide  of  Merrimack  river, 
about  J4  miles  W.  of  Portfmouth  :  fettled  in  1749  and 
containing,  in  1800,  372  inhabitants. — Alfo,  a  popuU)US 
and  hilly  county  of  Connecticut,  bounded  N.  by  MafTachu- 
fetts,  S.  by  New  Haven  and  Fairfield  counties,  E.  by 
Hartford,  and  W.  by  New  York.  It  is  dinded  into  20 
townihips,  containing  41,214  inhabitants.  Although  the 
face  of  the  country  is  generally  mountainous,  the  foil  is 
fertile,  yielding  large  crops  of  wheat  and  Indian  corn,  and 
affording  fine  paiture.  The  inhabitants  are  almoil  univer- 
fally  farmers,  and  wholly  detached  from  maritime  commerce. 


flowering  in  May  as  well  as  December,  in  the  extenfive  — Alfo,  the  chief  and  poft-town  of  the  above  county, 
damp  mountainous  foreils  of  Martinico.  It  is  a  fmall  and  feated  on  an  elevated  plain,  expofed  to  the  cold  winds  of 
tender  plant,  evidently  akin,  as  Aublet  remarks,  to  his  two  winter,  but  enjoying  a  large  portion  of  the  refrefliing 
fcecies  above  defcribed  ;  though  the  root  confifts  only  of  breezes  of  fummer.  Its  fituation  is  handiome,  and  it  con- 
thick  entangled  fibres.  Stems  four  inches  high,  of  a  (hining  tains  about  60  or  70  compaft  dwelling  houfes,  a  court- 
ftraw-colour,  jointed,  fingle-flowered,  bearing  feveral  pairs  houfe,  a  meeting-houfe,  and  4285  inhabitants;  32  miles 
of  minute,  oppofite,  acute   fcales.     Flotvers  an  inch  long,  W.  of  Hartford.     N.  lat.  41'  46'.     W.  Iong^73' 37'.    On 


flcnder,  yellowifh,  inodorous,  with  a  fmall,  acute,  ilellated 
"border.     TVitvc JUgma  is  defcribed  as  fimple,  capitate,  and 
^btufe,  as  it  ought  by  analogy  to  be,  though  in  the  figure 
reprefented  cloven. 

LITAD A,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  the  ifland  of  Nogro- 
ponte,  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago  ;  48  miles  N.W.  of  Ne- 
groponte. 

LITANY,  an  old  churcli  term,  applied  to  the  pro- 
ceflions,  prayers,  and  fupplications  ufed   for  appeafing  the 


feveral  fmall  (Ireams,  fome  of  which  fall  into  Great  Pond,  a 
beautilul  Iheet  of  water,  are  three  iron-works,  an  oil-mill, 
and  a  number  of  faw  and  grill-mills. — Alfo,  a  townfhip  in 
Herkemer  county,  New  York,  taken  from  German  Flats, 
incorporated  in  1796,  and  containing  1976  inhabitants. 
Morfe. 

LIT-CHI,  or  Licrii,  in  Botany,  .Sonnerat  Voy.  v.  2. 
230.  t.  129,  a  valuable  Chinefe  truit,  which,  after  being 
dried  in  an   oven,  becomes   an   objeft  of  commerce.     It  is 


wrath  of  God,  averting   his  judgments,  or  procuring  his    globofe,  the  fize  of  a  fmall  walnut,  confilling  of  a  thick 

tuberculated  coat,  enclofing  a  large  hard  feed,  enveloped  in 
a  quantity  of  pleafantly  acid  pulp.     See  Euphouia,  Scy- 

TALI.\,    and  DlMOCARPCS. 

LI-TCHUEN,    in    Geography,  a   town    of  Corea ;   l^ 
miles  N.W.  of  Long-kouang. 

LITE,  the  name  of  a  plafler  much  commended  by  the 


mercies. 

The  word  comes  from  the  Greek  Xiravsia,  fupplicat'ton  ; 
ef  Xiravtwi',  /  befeeeh.  Pezron  would  go  farther,  and  derive 
the  >.iTo/ixi,  or  Aio-e-ofixi,  of  the  Greeks,  from  the  Celtic  lit, 
Jeqfl,  fokmnity. 

Ercclefiaftical   authors,  and   the    Roman   order,    by  the 


word  litany  ufually  mean  the  people  who  compofe  the  pro-  ancients:  it  confilled  of  verdigris,  wax,  and  refin.     What- 

ceflion,  and  affitt.  at  it ;  and  Du-Cange  obferves,  that  the  ever  virtues  this  plafler  poffelfed,  might  be  probably  found 

word  anciently  fignified*ror<^on.  in  the  melilot  plafler  of  the   (hops  in   general,  till  the  late 

Simon   of  Thcffalonica   mentions,    that,    in    the  ancient  reformation  made  by  the  London  Pharmacopeia,  the  colour 

litanies,  the  people  went  out  of  the  church,  to  denote  the  being  generally  given  by  our  wholefale  dealers  with  verdigris, 

fall   of  Adam ;  and   returned  into   it    again,  to  ihew  the  not  with  the  juice  of   the   herb   from   which   it  took  its 

«eturn  01  a  pious  loul  to  God  by  repentance.  name. 

LITERS 


L  I  T 


I.  I  T 


LITERjE  Commun'ICATORI.-f,,  in  Church  Hi/lory,  lotteri 
granted  by  the  bilhops  to  penitents,  when  the  timt-  of  tlicir 
penance  was  nnifhed,  by  which  they  were  again  received 
into  the  communion  of  the  faithful. 

LITERAL  Algebra.     See  Algebra. 

Literal  Characier.   '  See  Character. 

LiTERALis  Caku'us.     See  Calculus. 

LITERARY  Property,  is  that  property  wliich  an 
author,  or  his  afllgnee,  mav  be  luppofed  to  have  in  his  own 
literary  compofitions  ;  fo  that  no  other  perfon  without  his 
leave  may  publilli  or  make  profit  of  the  copies.  Tlie 
Roman  law  adjudged,  that  if  one  man  wrote  any  thing  on 
the  paper  or  parchment  of  anatlier,  the  writing  iliould  be- 
long to  the  owner  of  the  blank  materials  (.lull.  2.  i.  33.)  ; 
meaning  thereby  the  mechanical  operation  of  writing,  for 
which  It  directed,  the  fcribe  to  receive  a  fatisfaftion  ;  for, 
in  works  of  genius  and  invention,  as  in  painting  on  another 
man's  canvas,  the  fame  law  gave  the  canvas  to  the  painter. 
As  to  any  other  property  in  the  works  ot  the  underllanding, 
the  law  is  filcnt ;  though  the  fale  of  literary  copies,  for  the 
purpofes  of  recital  or  multiplication,  is  certainly  as  ancient 
as  the  times  of  Terence  (Prolog,  in  Eunuch.  :o.).  Martial 
(Epigr.  i.  67.  iv.  72.  xiii.  3.  xiv.  194.),  and  Statius  (Juv. 
vii.  8j.)  Neither  with  us  in  England  hath  there  been,  till 
fome  few  years  ago,  any  final  determination  upon  the  right 
of  authors  at  the  common  law.  In  cafe  of  a  bargain  for  a 
fmgle  impreffion,  or  a  lale  or  gift  of  the  copy-right,  the 
reverfion  is  plainly  contmued  in  the  original  proprietor,  or 
the  whole  property  is  transferred  to  another.  It  has  been  a 
queftion  much  agitated  in  our  iuperior  courts  of  judica- 
ture, and  at  length  determined  by  the  houfe  of  lords  againll 
authors  and  their  alTigns,  whether  the  copy-right  of  a  book 
belongs  to  the  author  by  common  law.  But,  exclufive  of 
fuch  copy-right  as  may  fubiill  by  the  rules  of  the  common 
law,  the  ilatute  S  Ann.  cap.  19,  amended  by  ftatute  i,  Geo. 
III.  c.  53,  has  protected,  bv  additional  penalties,  the  pro- 
perty ot  authors  and  their  afligns  for  the  term  of  fourteen 
years,  and  hath  directed,  that  if,  at  the  end  of  that  term 
the  author  himfelf  be  living,  the  right  (hall  then  return  to 
him  for  another  term  of  the  fame  duration  ;  and  this  is  the 
fole  right  now  velted  in  the  proprietors  of  copies.  By  the 
ftatute  ij  Geo.  Ill  c.  J3,  iome  additional  privileges  in  this 
refpeft  are  granted  to  the  univerfities,  and  certain  other 
learned  focieiies.  A  fimilar  privilege  is  extended  to  the  in- 
ventors of  prints  and  engravings,  for  the  term  of  twenty- 
eight  years,  by  S  Geo.  II.  cap.  13.  and  7  Gee.  III.  cap.  38. 
befides  an  action  for  damages,  with  double  colls,  by  Ilatute 
J7  Geo.  III.  c.  y".  All  which  parliamentary  protections 
appear  to  have  been  fnggellcd  by  the  exception  in  the  ftatute 
of  monopolies,  ;i  Jac.  I.  c.  3,  which  allows  a  royal  patent 
of  privilege  to  be  granted  for  fourteen  years  to  any  inventor 
of  a  new  manufacture,  for  the  fole  working  or  making  of 
the  fame  ;  by  virtue  whereof  it  is  held,  that  a  temporary 
property  tlierein  becomes  veiled  in  the  king's  patentee. 
I  Vern.  62. 

LiTEiiARY  Critleifm.      See  Critici.sm. 

LITERATI,  Letrados,  lettered,  an  epithet  given  to 
fuch  perfons,  among  the  Chinefe,  as  are  able  to  read  and 
write  their  language. 

The  literati  alone  are  capable  of  hei,ig  made  mandiiriiis. 

Tiie  literati  form  the  moll  diftinguillied  part  of  the 
Chinefe  nation.  Since  the  dynafty  of  Han,  i  e.  for  more 
than  2000  years,  they  have  conftantly  held  the  chief  rank 
in  the  empire  ;  and  it  is  always  from  among  them  that 
mafters  are  chofen  for  the  education  of  youth  ;  minifters, 
for  the  adminiftration  of  public  affairs  ;  and  magiftrates. 
Tor  judging  the  people  :  in  a  word,  the  fiterati  arc,  in  fomc 


mcjifure,  the  foul  of  the  Chinefe  nation,  fmce  it  is  from 
them  that  it  receives  its  moral  cxillence,  and  its  civil  and 
political  being.  The  literati  muft  therefore  be  very  nume- 
rous in  a  Hate,  where  they  enjoy  every  diltinction  attached 
to  pre-eminence,  and  where  every  thing  favours  their  increale. 
Since  learning  is  the  only  means  that  conduct  to  honours,  it 
is  nccciTary  that  tliofe  who  alpire  to  them  Ihould  cultivate 
letters  ;  and  they  mull  malcc  it  appear,  that  they  have  cul- 
tivated them  with  fuccefs,  before  they  can  obtain  any  civil 
employment.  To  guard  againil  impolition,  government  has 
fixed  for  every  city  of  the  firll,  fccoiid,  and  tliird  clafs  the 
number  of  literati  who  can  be  legally  promoted  every  year 
to  the  firft  degree  of  literature,  which  is  that  of  "  fieou- 
tfai,''  and  which  anfwers  to  bachelor  of  arts  in  our  univer- 
fities. Every  "  ficou-llai"  is  accounted  noble,  and  is 
never  enrolled  among  the  taxables.  Of  thefe  there  are 
reckoned  to  be  in  Chin.:  24,701  individuals,  who  are  an- 
nually introduced  to  the  firll  degree  of  literati  ;  ar.d  the 
number  of  thofe  admitted  before  may  be  fuppol'cd  to  le  at 
leall  20  times  as  great.  According  to  this  elliinate  there 
are  always  in  China  494,020  liter.iti,  who  liave  taken  de- 
grees, and  who  are,  coufequently,  not  included  among  the 
taxables.     See  Mandarins. 

Literati  is  alio  the  name  of  a  particular  feet,  either  in 
religion,  pliilofophy,  or   politics;  confiding   principally  of ' 
thelearned  men  of  that  country  :  among  wlium  it  is  called 
Juki  JO,  i.  e.  learned. 

It  had  its  rife  in  the  year  of  Chrift  1400,  when  the  em- 
peror, to  awaken  the  native  affection  of  the  people  for 
knowledge,  wriich  had  been  quite  banifhed  by  the  preceding 
civil  wars  among  them,  and  to  llir  up  emulation  among  tlis 
mandarins,  chofe  out  forty-two  of  the  ablelt  among  their 
doctors,  to  whom  he  gave  a  commilhon  to  compofc  a  body 
of  doctrine,  agreeable  to  that  of  the  ancients,  which  was 
then  become  the  rule,  or  ilandard,  of  the  learned.  The 
delegates  applied  themfelves  to  the  bufinefs  with  very  great 
attention  ;  but  fome  fancied  them  rather  to  have  wrelted  the 
doctrine  of  the  ancients,  to  make  it  confitl  with  their"s,  than 
to  have  built  up  their's  on  the  model  of  the  ancients. 

They  fpeak  of  the  Deity,  as  if  it  were  no  more  than 
mere  nature,  or  the  natural  power  or  virtue,  that  produces, 
difpofe.s,  and  preferves  the  feveral  parts  ot  the  uni\erfe.  It 
is,  fay  they,  a  pure,  perfect  principle,  without  beginning 
or  end ;  it  is  the  fource  of  all  tilings,  the  ctience  of  every 
being,  and  that  whicli  determines  it  to  be  what  it  is.  They 
make  God  the  I'oul  of  the  world  :  they  lay  he  is  ditfufed 
throughout  all  matter,  and  produces  all  tlie  changes  that 
happen  there.  In  (hort,  it  is  not  caly  to  determine,  whe- 
ther thev  refolve  God  into  nature,  or  litt  up  nature  into 
God  ;  for  they  alcrlbc  to  it  many  of  thole  things  which  we 
attribute  to  God. 

This  doctrine,  iu  lieu  of  tlie  idolatry  that  prevailed  be- 
fore, introdueet!  a  refined  kind  of  atheifm.  The  work, 
being  compoied  by  fo  many  [jerlons  of  learning  and  parts, 
and  approved  by  the  emperor  liimlelf,  was  received  with  in- 
finite applaufe  by  all  the  people.  Many  were  plealed  with 
it,  becaufe  it  teemed  to  fubvert  all  religion;  others  approved 
it,  becaufe  the  bttle  religion  that  is  left  them,  could  not 
give  them  miicii  trouble.  And  thus  was  formed  the  left  of 
the  Literati  ;  which  confifts  of  the  maintainers  and  adherents 
to  this  doctrine. 

The  court,  the  mandarins,  and  the  perfons  of  fortune 
and  quahty,  <xc.  are  generally  retainers  to  it  ;  but  a  great 
part  of  the  common  people  llill  hold  to  their  worlhip  of 
idols. 

The  literati  freely  tolerate  the  Mahometans,  becaufe  they 
adore,    with  them,    the  king   of   heaven,    and  authvr  of 

caiure  ; 


L  I  T 


L  I  T 


nature;  but  they  bear  a  porfeft  averfion  to  all  forts  of 
idolaters  among  tliem  :  niul  it  was  once  rcfolved  to  extirpate 
them.  But  the  dil'order  this  would  have  occaf'ioned  in  the 
empire  prevented  it  :  tliey  now  content  themfi-lves  with  con- 
demning them  in  ;i.Tncral,  as  liercfies  ;  wliich  tlicy  do  fo- 
lemnlv  every  year  at  I'ekin. 

LITERNUM,  or  LiNTEHNUM,  in  ylndent  Geogrjphy,  a 
town  of  Italy,  in  Campaijia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  C'anis, 
and  near  the  hike  called  by  Statius  "  Linterna  Pahis."  It 
was  a  Roman  colony,  improved  and  enlarged  by  Aufruftus. 
The  ruins  of  it,  confilling  of  fome  heaps  of  ilones,  may  be 
traced  on  the'  edge  of  a  large  -pond  in  a  dreary  Hat  fliore, 
between  the  mouth  ot  the  Viiltm-nus  and  the  promontory  of 
Mifcnum.  Hither  Scipio  Afncanus  withdrew  from  the  accu- 
fatious  of  his  enemies,  and  here  he  fpent  his  days  in  retire- 
ment. Tradition  fays,  that  his  alhes  were  depofited  in  this 
place. 

LITHAGOGI,  of  AiOo,-,  y?owc,  and  aya:.,  I  irinj;  azvny, 
an  epithet  given  by  fome  medical  writers  to  fuch  medicines 
as  work  by  urine,  and  are  fnppofcd  to  have  the  virtue  of 
expelling  the  (tone. 

LITHAGROSTIS,  in  Botany,  from  >.Ao;,  aJJonc,  and 
Byfif'f,  S''"/''  ''  "3me  faulty  in  itfelf,  as  compofed  of  that 
of  another  eltiblifhed  geiuis,  and  quite  unneceflary.  Gxrt- 
iier  contrived  it  for  the  Coix  of  Linnxus,  .Tuffieu,  and  others, 
becaufe  the  xoi^  of  Theophraftus  feems  to  be  a  fort  of  palm. 
But  there  is  no  end  of  lueh  critical  alterations,  efpecially 
when  tliev  arc  not  founded  on  any  thing  like  certainty. 

LITHANTfiRAX,  oi' \Aor,  Jo„i;  and  a.O^a?,  coal,  in 
Naturitl  Hijlory,  is  ufed  as  the  name  of  the  common  pit 
coal.      See  CoAt,. 

LITHARGE,  compofed  of  ^l&o--,  a  Jlone,  and  xifv/o;, 
Jllvcr,  a  metallir.'-  lubftance,  formed  of  the  fpume  of  lead  ; 
or,  it  is  a  calx  of  lead  in  an  imperfetl  ilate  of  vitnfication. 
When  fiU-er  is  refined  by  cupellation  with  lead,  this  latter 
metal,  which  is  purilied,  and  which  caufes  the  fcoritication 
of  the  imperfett  metals  alloyed  with  the  filver,  is  transformed 
into  a  matter  compofed  of  fmall  femi-tranfparent  Ihining 
jilates,  refenPibling  mica,  which  is  litharge.  See  yjlloys  of 
Lead. 

This  preparation  of  lead  is  of  great  ufe  in  roafting  the 
ftubborn  ores  of  gold,  filver,  and  copper  ;  for  it  melts  all 
kinds  of  ilones  and  earth  into  glafs,  fooner  than  the  metals  ; 
and  by  this  means  the  metal,  which  is  heavier,  will  fall 
through  the  glats,  which  is  a  thin  and  light  fubftance,  and 
will  be  collected  under  it  into  a  regulus,  with  only  a  few 
duity  fcorix  adhering  to  it.  But  if  it  be  copper  that  is 
thus  leparated,  a  imall  portion  of  it  is  always  deftroyed  ; 
and  if  gold  or  filver,  a  like  fmall  portion  is  always  lodged 
and  detained  in  the  fcorice. 

But  as  the  litharge  penetrates  through  all  forts  of  veffels, 
and  while  melting  riles  into  a  fcum,  that  often  runs  over 
their  edges,  the  affayers  never  life  it  alone,  but  always  mix 
with  it  fuch  fi.bllances  as  may  give  it  a  claniminefE,  fuch  as 
flints,  fands,  clay,  or  the  like:  they  mix  two  parts  of  litharge 
with  one  part  of  any  of  tliefe  fubllances,  and  add  fome 
nitre,  or  common  fait,  that  the  whole  may  run  the  more 
eafily.  They  ftuit  up  the  vefil-ls,  which  mud  be  made  very 
thick  and  folid,  with  a  fmall  cover  or  lid,  cut  clofe,  and 
placing  this  i  i  a  wind-furnace,  they  keep  it  in  fufion  a  quar- 
ter of  an  hour,  looking  at  times  li.to  the  afli-hole,  to  fee  if 
the  glals  have  not  efcaped  through  tiie  vefTel,  and  run  down 
thither.  Very  often  it  is  found  fweating  through  the  fides 
of  the  vefTel,  like  water,  and  falling  in  drops  into  the  aih- 
hole  ;  and  in  this  cafe,  there  is  no  way  to  preferve  the  re- 
inainder,  but  to  take  the  veflel  out  of  the  fire. 

When  the  whole  is  cool,  the  velTel  mull  be  broke,  and  at 


the  bottom  there  will  be  found  a  fmall  quantity  of  a  regulu» 
of  lead,  revived  by  means  of  the  fait  ;  ia  the  middle,  th'^ 
glafs  of  lead,  wliich  mult  be  kept  for  ufe  ;  and  at  the  top 
a  faline  crull,  which  is  to  lie  thrown  away. 

Litharge  is  more  or  kfs  white  or  red,  according  to  the 
metals  with  wliich  the  filver  was  alloyed.  Accordingly  the 
white  is  called  litharge  of  filver,  and  the  red  has  been  im- 
proix>rly  ca'led  litharge  of  gold. 

Litharge  may  be  eafily  revived  into  lead  ;  accordingly, 
much  of  that  which  is  produced  by  refining  in  great  is  re- 
duced,  by  being  melted  upon  burning  coals.  The  part 
which  is  leafl  altered  by  mixture  with  other  metals  is  thus 
reduced,  and  thus  good  and  faleable  lead  is  obtained.  I'lic 
reft  of  the  litharge  of  tbelc  refineries  is  lold  and  ufed  for 
various  purpofes. 

The  potters  ufe  much  of  it  to  give  a  beautiful  glofs  to 
their  wares  ;  it  is  alio  employed  in  the  tompofiiion  of  lome 
glafles,  tor  it  is  very  fufibic,  and  alhlls  the  fiillou  of  other 
fubtlances  ;  and  it  is  alio  uied  by  painters,  dyers,  flcinners, 
and  glaziers.  When  mixed  with  wine,  it  gives  it  a  bright 
fprightly  colour,  but  renders  it  extremely  unwholeforae.  In 
general,  it  has  the  fame  properties  with  the  other  calces  of 
lead.  The  litharge  commonly  lold  is  obtained  from  refine- 
ries, and  the  quantity  thus  procured  is  more  than  iuiBcieiit 
for  the  demand.  It  is  employed  for  the  preparation  of 
fome  plaflers  and  oilier  external  remedies.     See  Lk.vd. 

LiTIlAUGE,   Pliijhr  of.      See  Lmi'LA-strum  comniUBf. 

LlTHAiUJE,   V'tmgar  of.     SeeVl^KdMi  of  L.'ad. 

LITHAY,  or  Ln.w,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  tlie- 
duchy  ot  CarnloLi,  on  the  Save;  i)  miles  E.  of  Laybach. 
N.  lat.  46    ^'.   E.  long.  T  J  ■. 

LITHIASIS,  (from  Aim;,  a  Jlone,)  m  Surgery,  the  dn- 
order  in  which  calculous  concretions  are  formed  in  tlie  urinary 
organs,  and  more  efpecially  in  the  bladder,  occafioning  a 
variety  of  fymptoms  dependent  upon  their  fliape,  fize,  and 
fituation.  For  further  details  upon  this  lubjec't,  fee  Li- 
thotomy and  Stone. 

LITHIC,  or  Uitic  Acid.     See  Ukinaky  Calculus. 

LITHIDIA,  a  name  which,  in  Hill's  Hiftory  of  Foffils, 
is  given  to  an  afiemblage  of  flones  of  the  iiliceous  clafs,  be- 
longing to  the  quartz  and  flint  tribes. 

LITHOPjOLIA,  AiGoJo/ia,  in  yltuiquiiy,  a  feltival  ce- 
lebrated by  the  Iriczenians,  in  memory  ot  Lamia  and  Auxe- 
fia,  two  virgins,  that  coming  from  Crete  to  Tra;2ene,  in  a 
time  of  tumult  and  fedinon,  became  a  facrifice  to  the  fury 
of  the  people,  by  whom  they  were  Honed  to  death. 

LiTiiOBOLiA,  or  Lapidatkn,  was  alfo  a  common  punilh- 
ment  inflicted  by  the  primitive  Greeks  upon  fuch  as  were 
taken  in  adultery. 

LITHOCOLLA,  or  Litiioc-ollti.m,  formed  of  thr 
Greek  >.iH'i  ,  Jlone,  and  kOAcc,  glue,  a  cement  ufed  by  the 
lapidaries  to  fallen  their  precious  flones,  in  order  for  cutting- 
them. 

It  is  compofed  of  refin  and  brick-dull.  For  diamonds, 
they  ufe  melted  lead,  putting  them  into  it  before  it  he  quite 
cold  :  for  other  cements,  they  mix  marblc-dufl  with  flrong 
glue  ;  and,  to  fallen  their  fparks,  add  the  white  of  an  egg, 
and  pitch       See  C.>;mknt. 

LITHODiEMON,  or  Lapls  Ddmonum,  a  name  given 
by  fome  authors  to  ji-t. 

LITHODENDRON,  a  name  by  which,  according  to 
Diolcorides,  many  of  the  ancients  expiefs  the  common  red 
coral. 

LITHOGENESIA,  a  term  ufed  by  fome  authors  to 
exprefs  the  formation  and  original  of  Hones. 

LITHOLABON,  a  name  given  by   fome  chirurgical 

■writers 


L  I  T 


I,  I  T 


•writers  to  an  inC.rament  ufed  in  the  operation  of  litliotomy  ;         UTIIONTR IPTICON  TctPii,  the  name  of  a  famou» 

it  is  a  forceps  intended  for  taking  hold  of  the  Hone.  diuretic   medicine,    invented    by   Tulpius,    and   jjiven    with 

LITHOLOGY,  the  fyftematical  arrangement  of  Hones;     great  fucccfsin  cafes  of  tlie  Hone,  but  requiring  great  judg- 

vvhich  fee.  ~ "^        ' 

LITHOMANTIA,  \i9ojMVTiia,  in  JnUquily,  a  fpecies 
of  divination  performed  with  ftones  Sometimes  the  (lone 
called  fldcr'tlcs  was  ufed  :  this  tiiey  wallicd  in  fpring-water 
in  the  night  by  candle-light  ;  the  perfon  that  confulted  it, 
was  to  be  purified  from  all  manner  of  pollution,  and  to  have 
his  face  covered  :  this  done,  he  repeated  divers  prayers,  and 
placed  certain  charafters  in  an  appointed  order  ;  and  then 
thtf  ftono  moved  of  itfelf,  and  in  a  foh,  gentle  murmur  (or 
as  fomc  fay)  in  a  voice  hke  that  of  a  child,  returned  an 
ar.fw^r.  By  a  ftone  of  this  nature,  Helena  is  reported,  to 
have  foretold  the  deftruiSion  of  Troy. 

LITHOMAKGE,  StoVw.-ir^,  Wern.  Argik  nthomcir-e, 
Hn'iy.     Ste  nmiifg,  or  Sjqfjum,   Swed. 

Thii  fubftance,  which  is  related  to  the  fmedtic  kinds  of 
clay  and  to  Iteatite,  occurs  fri^hle  and  compatl. 

r.    Friable  llthomarge.    Zernlblirhcs  j2;lr!n:ari,   Wern. 
Its  colour  is  fnow-white,  oflener  yellovviih,  and  fometimcs 
reddifii-white. 

It  is  found  mafllvc,  dilTeminated,  and  in  crufts,  con.'^'fting 
of  fine,  dull,  fometirrtes  feebly  glimmering  fcaly  particles, 
which  arc  either  coherent  or  loofe. 

It  is  light,  rather  greafy  to  the  touch,  but  adheres  to  the 
tongue.      Streak  fliining. 

It  occurs  in  Saxony,  on  the  Hartz,  &c.  generally  in  fmall 
Tnaffes,  particularlv  in  metalliferous  veins. 

A  variety  from  the  Hartz,  where  it  occurs  in  grey 
wacke,  (hews  phofphorefcfnce  by  friftion. 

2.  Compa3  or  induraled  Ihliomarge.    Fe;,esjii-inm(irk,  Wern. 
Irs  colours,  befides  thole  of  the  friuhle  lithumart^e,  are 
pearl-grey,     lavender     and    purplilh-blue,    yellovvifh-grey, 
fcveral    (hades  of  ochre  yellow,  and  alfo   flefli-red  ;  feveral 
of  thefe  colours  frequently  occurruig  together  as  clouded, 
veined,  Itriped,  and  fpotted  delineations. 
It  is  found  malTive. 
Irternally  it  is  dull.     Streak  (liiniug. 


mept  and  caution  in  the  adminiftering  of  it. 

The  preparation  is  this :  take  a  drachm  of  cantharidea 
without  their  wings,  and  a  drachm  of  lefTer  cardamoTi* 
without  their  hu(l<s,  powder  them  fine,  and  pour  upon  tL<-m 
an  ounce  of  reftified  fpirit  of  v.ine,  and  half  an  ounce  of 
fpirit  of  nitre  ;  fct  them  to  infufe,  without  heat,  for  hve  or 
fix  d,i)s,  ftirring  them  from  time  to  time.  The  phial  miiit 
not  be  (lopped  riofe  ;  becaufe,  if  it  be,  the  contin'ial  fef- 
mentaiion  will  burl!  it.  The  dofe  is  from  fe^urteen  to  (iftetn, 
or  twenty  drops,  in  a  glal's  of  wine  and  water.  It  is  to  be 
taken  iii  a  morning,  an  hour  after  eatin;;  a  mefs  of  broth, 
and  may  be  repeated  for  three  o:  four  days. 

It  is  rcira-kable,  that  this  mixture  never  ceafes  fermenting 
for  many  \  eirs  ;  but  if  it  be  too  fall  corked,  will  break  tlie 
glafs ;  if  it  be  (lightly  (lopped,  it  only  throws  out  the  cork 
with  an  explofion.  Mem.  de  I'xlcad.  Par.  1709.  p.  35S. 
edit.  Par. 


LITHONTRIPTICS,  or  as  it  is  perhaps  more  cor- 
reftly  writitn,  Lithontiiuvptics,  in  Medicine,  from  tiie 
Greek  Ai5o.-,  a  Jlotie,  and  ?jtJ7rTa,  I  break,  fucli  medicines  33 
were  fuppofed  to  poffefs  the  property  of  difTolving  the  ftoiie 
in  the  bladder  and  kidnies.     See  Stone. 

Various  fiinple  and  compound  drugs  were  believed  to  be 
capable   of  didolving  the  calculous  concretions  of  the  uri- 
nary  palTages,  in  ancient  times.     Thefe  medicines,  however, 
had  been  but  too  generally  found,  by  modern  practitioners, 
to  be  dellitute  of  any  adlive  power  of  this  fort,  when,  in 
the  former  part  of  the  lall  century,  a  new  folvent  for  the 
Hone  was  announced  by  a  lady,  with  fo  much  evidence  in 
favour  of  its  efficacy,  that  the  Englilh  parliament  granted 
her  a  large  pecuniary  reward  for  divulging  the  fecret,  and 
medical  prat'titioners  reforted  to  it  with  cagcrncfs,  and  in- 
velligated  its  properties  with  great  care,  and  in  many  in- 
(lances  had  the  fatisfaftion  to  obferve  a  temporary,  removal 
of  the  dillre(Ihig  fymptonis  fuccced  to  its  ufe.      It  appeared, 
FraAure'  large    and    flat    conchoidal,    palTing   into   even     I'owever,  ultimately,   that  the   folvent  power  of  Mrs.  Sle- 
J  fine  earthy  ;  fragments  indeterminately  angular,  blunt-     phens's  medicine  wa-s  a  gratuitous  fuppofition  ;  for  en  ex- 
amining, after  death,  the  bodies  of  the  perfons  in  thofe  very 
inflances,  on  the  fuccefs  of  which  the  reward  was  given,  it 
■was  difcovered  that  the  ilones  had  all  the  time  remained  in 
the  bladders  of  the  patients,  though  they  were  fuppofed  to 
have   been   voided  by  the  gradual  lolution  of  them  effected 
by  the  medicines. 

The  principal  inllance  of  a  fuppofed  cure  which  was 
brought  forward,  was  that  of  Mr.  Gardiner.  This  man  was 
examined  in  December  1748,  by  able  furgeons,  and  found 
to  have  a  (lone  in  his  bladder  ;  after  this  he  took  Mrs. 
Stephens's  medicines  for  eight  months  without  intcrmiilion  ; 
and  at  the  end  of  th.it  time  he  decl.nred  himfelf  free  frcim  all 
his  ufual  complaints  ;  and  on  fcarching  him  no  llcue  was 
perceived  in  the  bladder.  Mr.  Gardiner  died  about  three 
years  afterwards,  ard  his  body  was  opened.  When  the 
At  Zoblitz,  in  Saxony,  it  bladder  was  examined,  there  were  found  in  it  fix  preter- 
natural apertures  of  dilferent  fixes,  the  largcfl  of  which  was 
capable  of  admitting  the  end  of  a  finger.  Thefe  pa(rages 
led  to  morbidly  formed  facs  in  the  internal  coat  of  the  blad- 
der, which  (liielded  the  calculi  from  the  touch  of  the  fur- 
geon's  founding  Haft'.  In  a  word,  though  the  fubjedl  was 
taken  up  by  Dr.  Hartley  and  others,  and  the  medicine  be- 


and 
edged 

It  is  very  foft  and  mild,  and  eafily  frangible  ;  greafy  to 
the   touch,    but   llrongly  adheiing   to  tlie    tongue.      It    is 

The  variegated  bluifh  and  purpli(h  eanh,  vulgarly  called 
lyunder-crde  in  German,  or  Terra  miracidufa  Saxoiiicci,  is 
one  of  the  bell  known  and  finell  variety  of  lithomarge.  It 
ia  found  ac  Planitz,  near  Zwickau,  in  Saxony,  in  beds  of  coal. 
A  fine  (lefii-red  variety  occurs  at  Rochlitz  in  Saxony,  in 
difintegrated  porphyry.  Lithomarge  is  alfo  met  with  in 
fevei-al  other  parts  of  Saxony,  and  on  the  Hartz,  in  Bohe- 
mia, Moravia,  Bavaria,  and  Siberia. 

Compatl  hthomarge  is  partly  found  in  veins,  fuch  ss  tin 
(lone  veins,  partly,  as  that  of  Planitz,  on  beds  of  coal  ;  alfo 
(the  yellow  variety)  in  the  cryllalline  gei-des  of  the  Topaze 

rock,  in  bafalt  and  amygdaloid        '     ~ 

occurs  in  ferpeiitine. 

Tills  fubHance,  of  which  we  are  (lill  without  a  good  che- 
mical analyfis,  appears  Co  pals  into  Iteatile,  meer-fchaum, 
and  a!fo  into  variegated  clay. 

It  has  been  frequently  confounded  by  authors  with  por- 


celain earth,  fullers'  earth,  bole, 

The  variety  of  lithomarge  occurring  in  ferpentine,  is  ufed  licved  by  fome  to  podefs  all  the  powers  which  had  been 

for  poliOiing  this  latter  (tone.      It  was  alio  formerly   em-  afcribed   to  it ;  it  was  not  only  found,  in  feveral  inftaiiccs, 

ployed  in  medicine,  particularly  the  variegated  variety,  which  that   the  calculi   Hill  remained  in  the  bladder  after  death; 

was  dignified  with  the  appellation  oi  tfrra  niiraMlojli.  but  the  dillrcfilng  fyniptoms  were  faund  to  recur,  or  even 

Vol.  XXI.  X                                           io 


L  I  T 


L  I  T 


to  refifl  the  influence  of  the  medicine,  in  a  great  many 
others. 

Mrs.  Stephens's  medicine  confiftcd  principally  of  foap, 
and  }\mc,  prepared  from  fhcUs ;  /.  c  of  lime,  a  lixcd  alkali, 
and  a  little  oil.  From  theoretical  notions,  the  celebrated 
Dr.  Mead  pronounced  that  a  medicine  containing  fiich 
cauftic  materials  as  I'me,  mull  injure  the  bladder  by  its  cor- 
rofi-vc  powers,  and  therefore  condemned  the  internnl  admi- 
niftration  of  it.  Yet  he  did  not  know  whether  the  lime 
could  aftually  reach  the  bladder  through  the  r.iediiim  of  the 
•circulation  with  its  caiillic  powers  unchanged  ;  a  circum- 
ilance  wiiich  the  inveftigations  of  modern  cliemiftry  render 
improbable.  And  as  for  the  fubftitute,  foap-lees,  which 
had  been  propofed  for  the  lime,  he  thought  it  fcarcely  lefs 
fife  than  the  former.  Dr.  Whytt,  of  Edinburgh,  after  con- 
fidering  the  inconveniences  of  this  celebrated  fpecific,  re- 
folved  to  omit  the  foap,  and  to  try  what  virtues  lime-water 
might  have  in  diflblving  calculus;  and  he  made  many  experi- 
ments on  the  qualities  of  the  varieties  of  l!i>^.':-water,  made 
with  the  lime  from  lime-done,  and  that  from  oyfter  fliells, 
upon  fragments  of  urinary  calculi  immerfed  in  it.  He  con- 
cluded by  recommendincr  the  copious  potation  of  hme-water 
from  fliells,  and  adduced  feveral  inliances  of  the  beneficial 
efFeSa  of  this  remedy. 

Now  the  truth  appears  to  be,  according  to  the  refult  of 
more  accurate  obfervation,  that  all  the  alkaline  and  abforb- 
ent  medicines,  pota(h,  foda,  lime,  magnefia,  &c.  and  efpe- 
cially  the  alkalies,  are  capable  of  affording  very  material 
telief  to  the  diftrefiing  feehngs,  connected  with  the  prefence 
of  calculi  in  the  urinary  paflages  ;  that  they  operate  as  pre- 
ventives of  a  farther  increafe  of  the  bulk  and  quantity  of 
tbefe  concretions  ;  but  that  they  do  not  reach  the  urinary 
organs  (after  having  paffed  the  organs  of  the  digettion, 
been  taken  up  by  the  lafteals,  and  mixed  and  circulated  with 
the  blood)  unchanged  in  their  chemical  quahties,  or  in  a 
furfieient  quantity  to  produce  any  diminution  of  the  calculi 
already  exiding  there. 

They  fecm  to  pofTefs  this  preventive  power,  however,  by 
their  operation  in  the  firft  paflages.  It  is  now  known,  that 
the  ordinai-y  calculus  of  the  bladder  and  kidnies  confilts  of 
a  peculiar  animal  acid,  which  lias  been  called  the  urk  ox  Mnc 
acid,  from  its  abundant  exiftence  in  the  urine  and  its  calculi. 
Now,  although  this  acid  is  not  formed  in  the  chyle,  or  any 
of  the  fluids  in  the  firlf  paflages ;  yet  its  rudiments  appear 
to  exill;  there  ;  and  experience  has  determined,  that  what- 
ever diminifties  the  formation  of  acidity  in  the  organs  of 
digeftion,  diminiflies  alio  the  quantity  of  the  urk  acid  which 
fhews  itfelf  in  the  urine,  and  'vice  ■verfd.  But  it  is  the  pecu- 
liar property  of  the  alkalies  and  abforbent  earths,  to  neutra- 
lize acidity  of  every  defcription  ;  and  the  alkalies  are  poflefled 
of  this  property  in  a  greater  degree  than  the  earths.  Whence 
we  may  readily  perceive  how  the  ufe  of  thefe  medicines,  by 
neutralizing  the  acids,  which  are  produced  by  a  morbid  or 
imperfeft  digeftion  of  the  food,  and  preventing  the  forma- 
tion of  that  matter,  which  concretes  in  the  urine  into  cal- 
f:tili,  fliould  give  material  relief  to  the  patient.  It  is  not, 
however,  very  eafy  to  underitand  how  the  prevention  of  this 
Kirmation  fliould  give  fo  much  relief,  while  the  original  con- 
cretion remains  in  the  .bladder,  undiminiflied  in  weight  and 
fize.  Whether  its  furface  becomes  more  uniformly  fniooth 
and  lefs  irritating,  therefore,  to  the  internal  coat  of  the  blad- 
der, under  the  ufe  of  thefe  medicines,  it  would  be  very  diffi- 
cult to  afcertain,  fince  we  have  no  opportunity  of  comparing 
its  previous  condition. 

It  is  farther  to  be  obferved,  however,  that  there  is  one 
variety  of  calculus  found  in  the  urinary  paflages,  for  wliich 
tlie  alkalies  and  ablerbents  are  iucapable  of  affording  any 


relief;  as,  from  its  chemical  compofition,  it  is  altogether 
infoluble  in  thefe  fubftances,  even  when  direflly  immerfed 
in  them.  It  is  a  triple  fait  formed  by  combination  with  the 
phofphoric  acid,  and  is,  therefore,  only  to  be  diflblved  or 
decompoted  by  an  agent  of  a  direftiy  oppofite  quality  to 
that  of  the  alkalies;  namely,  by  a  mineral  acid,  which  unites 
with  the  earthy  and  alkaline  bafe.  See  Nephralc.ja  and 
Stone. 

Dr.  Hartley  has  publiflicd,  in  the  London  Gazette,  the 
following  receipt  for  making  a  lithontriptic  eledtuary.  Take 
five  pounds  of  Alicant  foap,  fliavcd,  and  one  pound  of 
oyfter-fliell-lime  :  put  them  into  a  tin  veflel,  and  pour  upon 
them  five  quarts  of  water ;  make  tiie  water  boil,  till  the 
foap  be  perfe6\ly  diflblved  in  it,  and  then  ftrain  all  into  a 
glazed  earthen  veflel.  Expofe  the  mafs  to  the  air,  ftining 
it  every  day  till  it  becomes  both  mild  to  the  talte,  and  of  a 
proper  confiftence  to  be  formed  into  pills,  or  long  pellets, 
without  flicking  to  the  lingers.  This  may  be  expefled  to 
happen  in  two  or  three  months.  If  it  becomes  fufficiently 
mild  before  it  has  acquired  a  due  confiftence,  it  may  be 
brought  to  this,  by  being  heated  over  the  fire,  in  a  tin  veflel : 
if  it  acquires  a  too  hard  confiftence,  before  it  is  fufficiently 
mild,  it  niuil  be  foftened  with  water.  This  is  what  the 
dodlor  calls  the  lithontriptic  mafs  or  eleAiiary  ;  which  he  or- 
ders to  be  made  in  a  tin  veflel,  becaufc  a  brals  or  copper  one 
would  make  it  emetic. 

He  gives  another  more  expeditious  way  of  making  it, 
which  is  this :  pour  two  g:illons  of  water  upon  a  pound  of 
oyfter-fhell-lime  ;  llir  it  two  or  three  times,  and  when  it  has 
fallen  to  the  bottom,  pour  off  the  clear  part  of  the  water. 
Repeat  this  fifteen  or  twenty  times,  or  till  the  clear  water, 
which  is  poured  off,  be  almoft  taftelefs ;  leaving  about  five 
pints  of  water  upon  the  lime,  after  the  laft  ablution.  Then 
pour  this  mixture  of  water  and  dulcified  hme  upon  five 
pounds  of  Alicant  foap,  fliaved  ;  and  proceed  as  diredted  in 
the  firft  receipt.  The  mafs,  prepared  in  this  manner,  will 
be  fit  for  ufe  in  a  few  days,  or  even  immediately  ;  but  then 
the  doflor  prefers  the  foregoing  receipt,  where  time  can  be 
allowed  for  it. 

If  the  mafs  of  foap,  and  oyfter-fliell-lime,  dulcified  in 
either  of  the  above-mentioned  ways,  be  made  of  the  con- 
fiftence of  an  elealuary,  it  is  then  called  the  lithontriptic  elec- 
tuary ;  which  for  cure  is  more  convenient  than  the  mafs,  for 
thofe  who  defire  to  take  the  medicine  diflblved  in  a  hquid 
vehicle,  as  m.ilk,  water  fweetened  with  honey  or  fugar, 
water  flavoured  with  brandy  or  rum,  and  fmall  beer. 

Where  a  perfon  is  fuppofed  to  have  a  large  ftone  in  the 
kidnies  or  bladder,  he  ought  to  take  every  day  as  much  of 
the  mafs  or  eledluary  as  contains  two  ounces  of  the  foap, 
unlefs  his  pain  and  provocation  to  make  water  be  violent ; 
in  which  cafe  it  will  be  proper  to  begin  with  about  half  this 
quantity,  and  to  increafe  it  as  he  can  bear.  The  medicine 
ought  alfo  in  this  cafe  to  be  dulcified  in  an  extraordinary 
degree.  _  ,  • 

By  this  medicine,  the  doftor  thinks  the  generation  of 
gravel,  and  gravel-ftones,  may  be  entirely  prevented.  See 
Stoxe. 

It  is  likewife  recommended  in  diforders  of  the  ftamach 
and  bowels,  arifing  from,  or  attended  with,  acidities' there  ; 
and  in  gouty  habits.  The  patient'  may,  in  many  of  thefe 
cafes,  begin  whh  fuch  a  quantity  every  day  as  contains  an 
ounce  of  foap,  and  afterwards  increafe  or  lelfen  this  quantityj 
as  he  finds  occalion. 

LITHOPHAGI,  o{  ?d5o;,Jlotie,  and  Caf^:,  to  eat,  a  name 
given  to  thofe  who  are  capable  of  eating  and  digefting  ftones  : 
inftanees  of  which  are  given  by  Boyle,  Exp.  Phil.  p.  : 

eff. 


L  I  T 


L  I  T 


ffr.  iii.   p.  S6.    Bulwer,  Artificial  Cliangeling,  p.  307.  and 
Paiilian,  DA.  Phvfiqiie,  art.  Dlgijlion. 

LITHOPHAGUS,  or  Stone-eater,  in  i^alural  Hif- 
tory.  Under  this  name  Defbois  dcfcribes  a  fmall  worm, 
which  deftroys  and  feeds  upon  ftones.  It  is  covewd  by  a 
fmall,  very  tender^  and  brittle  (liell,  of  afh-grey  and  grecnifh 
colour.  Tliis  fhell  is  pierced  at  bo'h  cxtren-.ities  :  the  worm 
evacuates  its  excrements  through  one  oF  the  apertures,  while 
the  other  fervcs  for  an  outlet  to  the  head  and  legs.  Tlie 
animal  itfelf  is  blacki(h  ;  its  body  is  compofed  of  rings  with 
fix  feet,  three  at  each  fid-  ;  each  foot  with  two  joints. 
Traces  of  this  worrw  are,  according  to  the  fame  author, 
fometimes  feen  in  the  layers  of  frhii'his.  Its  progreflive  mo- 
tion is  effetted  bv  its  head,  with  wh  ch  it  works  its  way, 
while  the  remainder  of  it>  body  refts  on  its  feet.  It  has  four 
jaws,  which  ferve  the  purpofes  of  teeth  ;  and  from  its  mouth 
ilTues  a  thread,  of  which  it  conftrufls  its  fliell.  It  is  fnr- 
nifhed  wi  h  ten  fmall  black  eye<,  ffve  on  each  iide,  and  dif- 
pofed  in  a  curved  Hne  like;i  crefcent.  This  worm  undergoes 
a  metainorphofis  in  its  (liell,  but  it  is  not  yet  known  what 
new  form  it  adopts.  Defljois  adds,  that  more  than  forty 
worms  have  been  feen  to  iflTue  from  out  the  chryfalis :  their 
heads  were  black,  the  feet  very  diilinft,  and  the,  body  partly 
of  a  yellow  and  partly  of  a  red  colour,  iatreille  conjec- 
tures this  to  be  the  larva  of  an  infjft  belonging  to  the  tinea 
tribe. 

LITHOPHIL/^.,  ill  Botany,  fo  called  by  Dr.'  Swartz, 
being  derived  from  y.Am  *i>.o-,  a  lo-ver  of  roch,  or  Jlones,  for 
it  is  an  inhabitant  of  barren,  ftony  places.  Swartz.  Prod.  14. 
Ind.  Ooc.  V.  1.47  Schrcb.  784.  Willd.  Sp.  PL  v.  i. 
154.  Mart.  Mill.  Dift.  V.  J.  -Clafs  ana  order,  DiarJiia 
Monogynla.  Nat.  Ord.  Caryophylle'i,  Linn.  Caryolhylhh 
affir.e,  JnfT.  * 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  of  three  lanceolate,  acute 
leaves.  Cor.  Petals  three,  ovate-lanceolate,  ere£l,  meeting 
together,  the  length  of  the  ca'.yx-leaves.  Neftary  of  two 
oppofite  leaves,  fmallcr  than  the  corolla,  carinated,  acute, 
ereft,  comprefTed.  Stam-  Filaments  two,  awl-(haped,  ereCl, 
from  the  bafe  of  the  germen,  as  long  as  the  neftary  ;  anthers 
roundifli.  Pi^.  Germen  fuperior,  roundifh  ;  ftyle  erect, 
equal  in  length  to  the  ftamens ;  itigma  oblufe,  emarginate. 
Peric.  two-celled  ?     Seeds  unknown. 

EflT.  Ch.  Calyx  of  three  leaves.  Corolla  of  three  petals. 
Nectary  of  two  leaves. 

I.  L.  mufcoides.  Swartz.  Ind.  Occ.  v.  r.  48.  t.  I. — A 
native  of  rocks  in  the  defert  ifland  of  Navaza,  in  the  Weftern 
ocean.  — i?oo/  very  firmly  attached  to  the  rocks.  Stems  nu- 
merous, branched,  very  Hiort,  thickjlh.  Branches  fct  with 
withered,  whitifh  fcales.  Leaves  fmall,  a'mtitt  felTile,  nar- 
rower and  embracing  the  ftem  at  their  bafe,  linear,  obtufe, 
<:hannelled,  fpreadirg.  Florvers  crowded  tog;e:her,  whitilTi, 
on  axillary  and  terminal  llalks ;  each  flower  the  fize  of  a 
fmall  pin's  head.  The  whole  plant  is  extremely  minute, 
fcarcely  half  an  inch  high,  and  the  parts  of  fructification  are 
fo  fntall  as  to  require  a  maguifyuig  glafs  for  examination. 
Tiiis  is  the  only  foecies  known. 

LITHOPHOSPHORUS,  the  ftony  fubftances  de- 
fcribed  under  thi.s  name,  in  the -works  of  ancient  mineralo- 
gifts,  belong  partly  to  a  variety  of  fulphate  of  barytes  (Bo- 
ronian  ftone),  partly  to  fome  varieties  of  flnor  fpar  ;  the 
name  being  derived  from  the  property  they  poffefs  of  giving 
out  lijrht  when  fcratchcd,  or  thrown  on  burning  coals. 

LITKOPHYTA,  in  the  Linnean  fyilem  of  Natural 
Htjlory,  the  fourth  order  of  vermes  or  worms  ;  being  com- 
pofite  animal?,  affixed  to,  and  fabricating  a  fixed  calcareous 
tafe,  called  coral:  this  order  contains  59  fpecics  under  four 


genera ;  viz.  the  lulipora,  or  red  tubular  coral,  madreporat 
or  brain-ftones,  millepora,  and  ccUipora.     See  G.ikgoma. 

One  of  the  mull  remarkable  fpecie-i  of  the  fmall  lithophyta 
we  have  any  where  an  account  of,  is  that  defcribed  by  Mr. 
Lcwenhoeck,  thoutjh  wi'hout  any  ptfi-ticular  name,  in  the 
Philofophicai  Tranfaftions,   N~286.  p.  1430. 

LITHOPTP.RIS,  Stgne-Feun,  in  Natural  Hifloiy, 
a  name  gi  en  by  Mr.  Lhuyd  to  fonje  of  the  foffile  plants  of 
the  fern  kind 

LITHOSPERMUM,  in  Botany,  from  ?.%{,  a  J! one, 
and  trT=?r/.K,  the  feed,  alluding  to  tlie  marble-like  hardnefs 
and  polifit  of  that  part.  Linn.  Gen.  74.  Sebreb.  91;. 
Wild.  Sp.  PL  v.  1.  75-1.  Mart.  Mill.  Didt.  v  3.  Sm. 
Fl.  Brit.  213.  Ait.  Hort.  Kcw.  ed  2.  v.  1.  2S6.  Juff, 
130.  Tourn.  t.  5J.  Lamarck  Illudr.  t.  91.  Gxrtn. 
t.  67.  -  Clafs  and  order,  Pen.'andria  Monogynla.  Nat.  Ord. 
ylfpcrifolir,   Linn.     Borraginsa-,  Jufi. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  oblong,  erefl,  in  five 
deep,  a\\l-fliaped,  acute,  keeled,  permanent  fcgments.  Cor. 
of  one  petal,  funnel-fnaped,  as  long  as  tiie  calyx  ;  tube  cy- 
lindrical ;  limb'  obtufe,  ercft,  cloven  half  way  down  into  five 
fegments ;  throat  pervious.  Stam.  Filaments  five,  very 
fliort ;  anthers  oblong,  in  the  mouth  oP  the  corolla.  Pifi. 
Germens  four ;  ilyle  central  between  them,  thread-fnaped, 
the  length  of  the  tube  ;  (ligma  obtufe,  cloven.  Peric.  none,. 
except  the  calyx  become  fpreading,  and  lodging  the  feeds, 
which  it  exceeds  in  length,  in  its  cavity.  Seeds  four,  ovate, 
pointed,  hard  and  fmooth. 

Obf  L.  difpermum  has  an  inflated  calyx,  and  but  two 
feeds,  each,  as  in  the  others,  of  a  fingle  ctll. 

EfT.  Ch.  Corolla  funnel-ftiaped,  its  mouth  pervious  and 
naked.     Calyx  in  five  deep  fegments. 

The  genera  of  the  order  of  Ajperifolite  have  been  thought 
bv  fome  to  have  been  diftinguiflied  with  too  great  minutcncfs 
by  Linnxus.  The  character  of  the  prefent  chiefly  differs 
from  Pulmaxaria  in  the  deep  divifions  of  its  calyx  ;  which 
part,  neverthelefs,  in  fome  fpecies  of  the  latter,  is  very 
nearly  as  much  divided,  \yilldenow  has  fixteen  fpecies  of 
Lkhofpermum,  of  which  three  are  Britifli,  officinale,  arven/e, 
and  purpuro-ceruleiim.  The  flowers  are  generally  blue  or 
whitilli,  rarely  yellow  ;  the  habit  herbaceous,  rarely  in  fome 
degree  Ihrubljy,  very  hairy  or  brillly  ;  root  often  annual  ;■ 
leaixs  fimple,  undivided,  entire,  alternate,  almoll  univerfally 
fellile.     The  following  examples  may  iuffice. 

L.  officinale.  Common  Gromwell,  Grey  Mill,  or  Grey 
Millet.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  189.  Engl.  Bot.  t.  134. — Seeds 
even.  Corolla  fcarce  longer  than  the  calyx.  Leaves  lance- 
olate, veiny,  rather  acute. — Native  of  wafte  ground,  where 
the  foil  is  dry,  gravelly,  or  chalky,  in  various  pai-ts  of 
Europe,  being  perennial,  and  flowering  in  May.  The- 
whole  hi-rb  is  of  a  dull  duflcy  green,  hairy,  about  two  feet 
high  ;  the  leaves  paler  beneath,  the  fiioil  and  copious  hairs 
of  their  upper  furface  each  fpringing  from  a  minute  white  - 
polifhed  tubercle.  Flozcers  fmall,  pale  buff-coloured,  in 
leafy  fpikes,  which  are  at  firll  recurved,  then  eredt.  The 
feeds,  two  of  which  only  are  ufiially  perfedted  in  each  calyx, 
are  remarkable  for  their  poliflied  pearly  whitenefs,  though 
fometimes  tinged  with  broun.  Their  ilony  hardncfs  has 
given  occafion  to  a  report  of  their  cflervefcing  with  vinegar, 
as  if  really  calcareous,  but  this  appears  to  be  without  founda- 
tion ;  as  well  as  their  fuppofed  utility  in  calculous  com- 
plaints, which  foems  to  have  arifen  from  the  fair.e  circum- 
ilance  ;  juft  asfpottcd  or  biiltery  vegetables  were  preiumed 
good  for  the  lungs. 

L.  arvenfs.    Corn  Gromwell,  or  Baftard  -Alkanet.    Linn; 

Sp.   PI.  J 90.     Engl.   Bot.  t.  123.     Fl.  Dan.  t.  4:0. — 

X  2  beeds 


L  I  T 


L  I  T 


Seeds  nigpfed.  Corolla  fcarce  longer  than  tlie  calyx. 
Lttavcs  obtufe,  without  lateral  veins. — Native  of  fields  and 
walle  places,  in  a  dry  fandy  foil,  throughout  Europe.  The 
rcot  is  annual,  its  bark  affording  a  fine  red  llain,  like  Al- 
kanet,  vi-ith  which  the  country  girls,  in  the  north  of  Swe- 
den, arc  accufed  by  I^innasus  of  llaining  their  cheeks.  The 
_/?fm  is  bu(hy,  fpreading,  hardly  a  foot  high.  Corolla  \v\i\te. 
SeeJs  brown,  rugofe. 

L.  piirpuro-cicruhitm.  Creeping  Purple  Gromwell.  Linn. 
Sp.  PI.  190.  Engl.  Dot.  t,  117.  Jacq.  Aullr.  t.  14. — 
Seeds  even.  Corolla  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  acute,  without  lateral  veins. — Native  of  bulhy 
•walle  ground,  in  the  more  temperate  climes  of  Europe, 
cfpecially  where  the  foil  is  calcareous,  flowering  in  May. 
With  us  it  is  elleemed  a  rare  plant.  The  root  is  perennial, 
black  and  creeping.  Stems  herbaceous,  fcarcely  branched, 
■  while  barren  procumbent  and  rooting,  othcrwife  crett, 
rour^d,  leafv,  about  a  foot  high,  terminating  in  a  forked  leafy 
duller,  of  feveral  handfon-.e  purple^o-tccrT,  with  a  pale  reddilh 
tube.  The  fads  are  often  abortive.  There  are  five  blunt 
hairy  fwellings  round  the  orifice  of  the  tube,  which,  though 
ihey  do  not  clofe  that  part,  render  the  generic  charafler 
fomevvhat  ambiguous.  Such  however  are  found  in  all  the 
Britifh  fpecies,  and  in  fome,  though  not  all,  of  the  e.\otic 
ones. 

L..  fruticofum.  Shrubby  Gromwell.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  190. 
(Anchufa  lignofior  monfpelienfium,  flore  vlolaceo  ;  Barrel. 
Ic.  t.  1168.)— Stem  fhrubby,  erect.  Leaves  hnear,  hifpid. 
Segments  of  the  corolla  flightly  pointed  ;  tube  hairy. — This 
beautiful  plant  occurs  on  rocky  e.-ipofed  hills  and  cliffs  in  the 
louth  of  France,  Italy,  and  the  Levant.  Its  fhrubby  bufhy 
(km,  and  copious  rofemary-hke  leaves,  diftinguifh  the  fpecies. 
'The  jloivers  are  of  a  mofl  vivid  blue. 

L.  h'ijyiJuhm.  BrilUy  Woody  Gromwell.  Sm.  Prodr. 
n.  Grsc.  Sibth.  V.  1.  114.  Fl.  GrKC.  iued.  t.  162  — 
Stem  flirubby,  dilfufe.  Leaves  clliptic-oblong,  cbtufe, 
hifpid.  Branches  hoary.  — Gathered  by  the  late  Prolcffor 
Sibthorp,  on  rocks  in  the  ille  of  Rhodes  Its  jlrjtucrs  are 
nearly  as  beautiful  as  the  laV.,  but  their  fegments  arc  more 
rounded,  and  the  throat  more  inflated,  that  part  being,  in 
both  thefe,  deftirtite  of  any  marginal  fwellings  or  appen- 
dages.    The  prefent  is  110^  mentioned  by  Willdenow. 

"L.  trientak.  Yellow  Perennial  Gromwell.  Linn.  Syft. 
Veg.  ed.  14.  1S5.  Willd.  n.  9.  Curt.  Mag.  t.  J15. 
(.■Anchufa  orientalis  ;  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  191.)  — Seeds  rough 
with  fliarp  points.  Spikes  long,  leafy.  Leaves  oblong, 
wavy.— ^Native  of  the  Levant ;  hardy  and  perennial  in  our 
gardens,  floivering  in  May  and  June,  and  diilinguiflied  by 
Us  full-yellow  corolla,  whofe  fegments  are  rounded,  and 
orifice  without  fwellings.  The  floral  leaves  are  fometimcs 
iieart-fhaped,  fometimcs  ovate  or  lanceolate  ;  thofe  of  the 
llcm  oblong  or  lanceolate,  wavy  at  the  edges  ;  all  hairy. 

Several  peculiarly  briftly  fpecies  of  this  genus  were  found 
and  defcribed  by  ForflciiU,  which  have  been  adopted  by  Vahl 
and  Willdenow. 

LlTHOSPERMUM  Offic'ttink,  feu  Milium  Soils,  Common 
GrcnittieU,  in  the  Materia  Medica,  is  found  in  various  parts 
of  England,  on  a  dry  gravelly  foil,  and  flowers  in  May  and 
June.  "  According  to  Haller,  this  plant  poffelfes  narcotic 
powers;  but  its  feeds  only  have  been  medicinally  employed. 
Thefe  feeds  have  long  excited  the  attention  of  naturalifls,  on 
account  of  their  exqiiihtely  polifhed  furface,  and  llony 
hardnefs.  The  internal  fubltance  is  foftcr,  and  feems  to  con- 
fift  of  a  farinaceous,  fvveet,  and  oily  matter,  which  becomes 
lancid  on  being  long  kept.  The  llony  appearance  of  theie 
feeds    formerly   fuggefted    their   efficacy  in   calculous   and 


gravelly  diforders,  to  perfons  whofe  ju<igmcnt  w.ia  influenced 
by  fuperllitious  and  abiurd  conceits.  But  though  modoru 
writers  do  not  allow  the  lithontriptic  charafter  of  the  fem. 
milii  folis,  yet  they  generally  afcribe  to  them  a  diuretic 
quality,  a  power  of  cleanfiiig  the  urinary  palfages,  and  of 
obviating  iirangury,  efpecialfy  when  emplovcd  in  the  form 
of  an  emulfion  ;  but  Woodville  obferves,  that  the  free  ufe 
of  any  bland  diluent  would  probably  aiilwer  thefe  purpofes 
equally  well.  The  abforbcnt  virtue  alcnbed  to  theie  feeds 
is  wholly  groundlels,  being  irreconciltable  to  the  priiicipk* 
ofchemillry.      Woodv.  Med.  Bo'. 

LITHOSTROTA,  among  the  Ancients,  pavements 
made  up  of  Imall  pieces  of  cut  marble  of  diHercnt  kinds  and 
colour.     See  TE.s.srii-ATED. 

LITHOSTROTION,  in  Natural  Hi/lory,  the  name  of 
a  fpecies  of  foflile  coral,  compofed  of  a  great  number  of  lonir 
and  flendor  columns,  fometimes  round,  fonictimes  angular, 
jointed  nicely  to  one  another,  and  of  a  Harry  or  radia'^ed 
furface  at  their  tops.  Thefe  are  found  in  confiderable 
quantities  in  the  northern  and  wcftcrn  parts  of  this  kingdom, 
fometimes  in  fingle,  fometimes  in  complex  fpecim.ens. 

LITHOTOME,  from  XiSo-  and  rrfiva,  a  name  that  lias 
beer,  given  to  a  variety  of  cutting  inftruments,  which  have 
been  employed  for  making  an  opening  into  the  bladder,  in 
order  to  extraft  the  flone.  The  mofl  celebrated  of  all  is  the 
lithotome,  cache  of  Frere  Cume,  of  whofe  inltrument  and 
methods  of  operating  v,e  fliall  have  to  fpeak  in  the  following 
article. 

LITHOTOMY,  from  >.i?o;,  a  Jlone,  and  tsuh-,  ta  cut^ 
figr.ifies,  in  Sur^try,  the  operation  by  which  a  Hone  is  ex- 
tratled  from  the  bladder. 

Surgical  writers  inform  us,  that  urinary  calculi  admit  of 
being  extradled  from  three  different  fituations,  viz.  from 
the  kidney,  the  urethra,  and  the  bladder.  The  queflion,. 
whether  a  Hone  ought  ever  to  be  cut  out  of  the  kidney,  vvil 
have  due  confideration  given  to  it  under  the  head  Nepiiko- 
TOMV  ;  and  the  removal  of  calculi  from  the  urethra  will  be 
treated  tjf  in  the  article  Uretiir.\.  Our  prefent  obferva- 
tions  will  be  confined  to  the  Hone  in  the  bladder,  a  fubjec^ 
of  infinite  importance,  whtlher  we  contemplate  the  feverity 
or  frequency  of  the  afRi>!:lion  ;  its  incurableiiefs  by  medi- 
cines, or  the  perils  and  difficulties  of  the  operation  for  its 
relief;  the  numerous  modes  of  cutting  for  the  Hone,  or  the 
nice  judgment  requifite  i:ot  only  iii  the  choice  of  a  method, 
but  alfo  in  the  leleftion  of  inllruments ;  the  anatomical 
knowledge  which  the  operator  ought  to  pofTefs  ;  or,  finally, 
that  happy,  though  rare,  combination  of  gentlenefs,  dex- 
terity, and  relolution,  fo  effential  in  conintuting  a  diilin- 
guiflicd  and  furcelsful  lithotomift.  We  have  heard  of  a 
Pott,  who  would  finifh  the  operation  by  four  or  five  move- 
ments, and  fill  every  fpedlator  with  admiration  of  his  fuperior 
flcill.  True  Hcili,  however,  rather  confiHs  in  doing  a  thing 
as  fafely  as  pofiible,  than  with  the  utmoH  qiiicknefs.  Now, 
if  it  be  certain  that  litho-tomy  is  more  likely  to  be  followed 
by  the  patient's  recovery,  when  no  manual  roughnefs  is  ex- 
ercifed,  rapid  operating  muH  be  condemned  by  the  judicious 
and  difcerning,  however  calc^dated  it  may  be  to  excite  the 
applaufe  and  admiratian  of  the  inexperienced  Hudent.  Pott, 
we  are  informed,  was  remarkably  fuccefsful  in  his  operations 
for  the  Hone ;  but,  it  mull  be  afl;ed,  did  he  not  lofe  fome 
of  his  patients  ?  If  he  did, — great  as  his  fucccfs  .iiight  be, 
we  are  juHified  in  thinking  that  it  wonld  have  been  Hill 
greater,  had  it  been  his  cultcci  to  aim  at  gent'enefs  mere 
than  expedition.  The  example  of  Pott,  therefore,  is  not 
to  be  imitated  in  this  refpeft  ;  and  that  lie  even  afled  in  rp- 

poCtion 


LITHOTOMU 


prfition  to  Ill's  own  principles  is  fuily  proved  by  the  fol- 
lowing pafTage  :  "  I  cannot  omit  this  opportunity  of  adding 
a  fow  words  on  a  lubject,  wliich  appears  to  me  highly  dc- 
fcrving  of  fome  notice,  as  its  influence  may  be  very  cxtciifive, 
and  very  prejudicial :  it  is  the  falfe  idea  which  the  by-ilanders 
at  an  operation  genera'ly  have  of  chirurgic  tlexterily ;  to 
which  word  thry  annex  no  other  idea  tlian  that  of  quickncfs. 
Tiiis  has  produced  a  moll  abfurd  cuilom  of  mcafuring  the 
motion  of  a  furgeon's  hand,  as  iockeys  do  that  of  the  feet 
of  a  horfe,  i);;;.  by  a  llop-watch  ;  a  practice  which,  though 
it  may  have  been  encouraged  by  operators  themfelves,  mull 
Live  been  productive  of  moll  mifchievous  confequences. 
7'«//  et  telsrlier  are  both  very  proper  charactcriftics  of  a  good 
chirurgic  operatiwi :  but  lute  Hands,  as  it  fliould  do,  in  the 
fir;l  place;  as  the  patient,  who  fuffers  the  fmalletl  injury 
from  the  hurry  of  liis  operator,  has  no  recompence  from  the 
reputation  which  the  latter  obtains  from  the  by-llanders. 
In  moft  of  the  capital  operations,  unforcfeen  circumlla'.ices 
w  ill  fometimes  occur,  and  muft  be  attended  to  ;  and  he  who, 
without  giving  unnecefTary  pain  from  delay,  finilhes  v/hat 
he  has  to  do  in  the  moft  perfedl  manner,  and  the  moll  likely 
to  conduce  to  his  patient's  fafety,  is  the  bell  operator." 
(Pref.  to  Obf.  on  Fill.  Lachrymalis. )  We  fhould  not  have 
premifcd  thefe  remarks,  had  we  not  often  feen  furgeons 
guilty  of  unwarrantable  hurry  and  roughnefs  in  the  per- 
formance of  lithotomy  ;  and  did  we  not  believe  that  the  in- 
flammation of  the  bladder  and  peritoneum,  of  which  patients 
urually.  die  after  the  operation,  may,  in  numerous  inftances, 
be  imputed  to  fuch  a  caufe. 

The  Hones,  which  are  met  with  in  tlie  human  bladder,  are 
not  all  originally  formed  in  this  vifcus :  many  defcend 
through  the  ureters  from  the  kidnies ;  but  yet  it  is  not  to 
be  denied,  that  moll  of  them  are  firfl  produced  in  the  bladder 
itfelf,  by  a  fpontaneous  concretion  of  particular  falts  con- 
tained in  the  urine.  It  may  be  inquired,  Is  the  exigence 
ef  a  centre,  round  which  the  calculous  materials  are  de- 
pclited  and  arranged,  abfolutcly  neceflary  to  the  formation 
of  fuch  concretions  ?  It  is  well  known,  that  whenever  an 
extraneous  fubilance  lodges  in  the  bladder,  it  becomes  the 
nucleus  of  a  Hone;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  the  centre  of 
many  calculi  prefents  no  particular  appearance,  nor  any 
mark  from  which  we  can  infer  that  they  had  any  central 
fubllance,  upon  which  they  increafed  to  their  prefent  fize. 
Puffibly,  fays  Richerand,  a  clot  of  blood,  or  a  piece  of 
thickened  mucus,  may  ferve  as  their  bafe,  and  yet,  after  a 
time,  difappear.  However  this  may  be,  urinary  calculi 
offer  numerous  differences  in  refpedt  to  their  fize,  (hape, 
number,  denlity.  compofition,  and  the  manner  of  their  being 
contained  in  the  bladder.     Nofogr.  Chir.   torn.  iii. 

In  fome  cafes,  the  bladder  only  contains  one  (lone  ;  in 
others,  it  includes  feveral.  In  this  iall  circumilance,  the 
calculi  are  always  fmaller ;  their  diminifhed  fize  being  in 
proportion  to  the  greatnefs  of  their  number.  It  has  been 
ellimated  that,  on  the  average,  about  three-fourths  of  cal- 
culous patients  have  only  one  Hone  in  their  bladder.  Our 
Own  individual  experience  would  make  the  proportion  much 
highe^>  perhaps  five  or  fix  out  of  every  feven.  Sometimes 
the  bladder  contains  two  calculi ;  but  a  larger  number  may 
occur  from  three  to  fixty,  or  more.  Their  fize  varies  from 
that  of  a  bean  to  that  of  a  cocoa  nut.  The  mufeums  of  the 
Ecole  de  Medecine  at  Paris,  arid  that  of  profeflor  Fourcroy, 
exhibit  fpecimens  of  calculi,  which  filled  the  whole  cavity 
cf  the  bladder.  In  the  Philofophical  Tranfaftions  for  1 809, 
.fjr  James  Earle  has  defcribed  an  enormous  Hone,  which 
could  not  be  extra£ied  from  the  bladder;  the  attempt 
having  been  made  in  vain  by  Mr.  Cline.  Indeed  the  cal- 
culus   filled  almofl  the  whole  of  tlie  pelvis^  and  could  not 


be  taken :  out  of  the  dead  fubjcft  witliout  corrSdcrable  diffi. 
culty.  The  weight  of  this  immenfe  Hone  was  forty-four 
ounces ;  its  form  elliptical,  with  a  long  axis  of  fixteen,  and 
a  lliorter  one  of  fourteen  inches. '  This,  however,  was  an 
extraordinary  cafe  ;  and  the  average  fize  of  calculi,  met  with 
in  the  bladder,  is  from  the  bulk  of  a  pigeon's  to  that  of  a 
hen's  egg. 

The  varieties  of  fhape  are  innumerable  :  moft  of  the 
(lones,  however,  v.hich  are  found  in  the  bladder,  are  oval, 
and  more  or  lefs  flattened.  Their  furface  is  fometimes  fmooth 
and  rounded  ;  very  often  it  is  irregular  and  rough.  Stones, 
fludded  «'ith  afpcrities,  are  frequently  termed  mulberry  cal- 
culi, and  that  thefe  mull  produce  confiderable  irritation  of 
the  bladder,  and  a  vail  deal  of  pain,  is  a  fact  which  re- 
quires no  comment.  We  faw  a  (lone  extradled  a  few  weeks 
ago,  the  outer  furface  cf  which  was  quite  fir^ooth  and  of  a- 
light  colour  ;  but  on  breaking  a  portion  of  it  away,  the 
inner  part  of  the  calculus  prefented  a  granulated  and  dark 
brown  appearance.  The  generahty  of  flcncs  taken  from 
the  human  bladder  are  hard  and  refiPdng  ;  but  fome  are 
exceedingly  friable,  giving  way  to  the  flighteft  prefTure,  and 
breaking  into  fmall  pieces,  or  even  into  a  fort  of  gritty 
matter. 

The  chemical  compofition  of  urinary  calcuU  is  far  from 
being  always  the  fame.  The  lea'-ned  invefligations  of 
WoUallon,  Pearfon,  Fourcroy,  and  Vauquehn,  have  difco- 
vered,  that  the  materials  may  confill  of  uric  acid,  urate  of 
ammonia,  phofphate  of  lime,  ammor.iaco-magnefian  phof- 
phate,  oxalate  of  hme,  filex,  and  a  peculiar  modification  of 
animal  matter.  The  bafis  of  thefe  concretions  was  afcer- 
tained  by  Scheele  to  be  the  uric  acid.  Other  fpecies  were 
afterwards  detefted.  Dr.  Wollafton,  whofe  difiertation  wrs 
pubhfhed  in  the  Philofophical  TranfaCtions  two  years  be- 
fore the  memoir  cf  Fourcroy  and  Vauquelin  was  read  to 
the  French  National  Iiillitute,  anticipated  nearly  everr 
thing  which  the  French  chemills  announced  as  their  own 
difcoveries  ;  and  it  is  very  remarkable  (as  profeflor  ^furra7 
has  noticed),  that  although  the  experiments  of  Pearfon, 
publilhed  in  the  Philofophical  Tranfaclions  the  year  after 
Wollafton's,  are  referred  to  in  that  memoir,  not  the 
llightell  mention  is  made  of  the  difcoveries  of  this  latter 
gentleman  !  As  our  department  is  furgical,  and  not  chemi- 
cal, we  fliall  quit  this  fubjeCl  with  briefly  flating,  that 
Dr.  Wollafton  has  arranged  urinary  calcuh  into  four  fpecies. 
I  ft.  The  uric  acid  concretion,  zdlv.  The  fufible  calculus, 
or  phofphate  of  ammonia  and  magnefia.  3dly.  The  mul- 
berry calculus,  or  oxalate  and  phofphate  of  lime.  4tlily.  The 
bone  earth  calculus,  or  that  compofed  of  the  phofphate  of 
lime. 

It  will  be  with  regret,  that   we  fhall  prefently   have  to 
ftate^tlie  little  pr^-dlical  advantage  hitherto  derived  from  the, 
knowledge  of  the  chemical  compofition  of  urinarv  calculi. 

Thefe  concretions  are  ufually  quite  free  and  unconneclcd, 
fo  that  the  particular  lltuation,  which  they  occupy  in  the 
cavity  of  the  bladder,  is  fubjcft  to  change,  being  deter- 
mined entirely  by  their  own  weight,  or  the  contractions  of 
the  organ  containing  them.  In  fome  inllanccs,  however, 
they  are  adherent  to  the  parietes  of  the  bladder,  and  con- 
tinue fixed  in  one  place.  Such  adhefion  may  happen  in 
three  manners,  i.  The  ftone  may  have  been  formed  in  a 
cul-de-lac  appendage,  confilling  of  aprotrufion  of  the  lining 
of  the  bladder  between  the  fibres  01  its  mufcular  coal  ; 
or,  after  being  originally  lodged  in  the  common  cavitv  of 
the  bladder,  it  may  have  been  torced  into  a  pouch  of  this 
kind  by  fubfequeut  contractions  of  this  vifcus.  2.  The 
ftone  mav  be  lodged  in  that  portion  of  the  ureter  wliich 
runs  obliquely  between  the  coats  of  the  bladder.    3.  Laftly, 

the 


LITHOTOMY. 


ihe  irregular  furface  of  a  calculus  may  be,  as  it  were,  im- 
planted in  the  fun;^ous  granulatiaus,  which  occnfionally' 
avife  from  the  infidc  of  the  bladder,  and,  in  this  circum- 
ftance,  the  ftoiie  can  only  be  exirafted  by  tearing  its  con- 
nedlion. 

The  calculi,  which  lie  in  a  fort  of  cul-de-fac  protrufion 
of  the  lining  of  the  bladder,  are  often  named  enc^ed.  We 
believe  that  a  Hone,  thus  ciicumllanced,  is  not  hkely  to 
caufe  fevere  pain  ;  the  containing  pouch  becomes  habituated 
to  its  prefence  ;  and  the  fenfible  inlide  of  the  bladder  is  not 
expofed  to  any  irritation  or  inj"ry  from  it.  We  conceive 
it  poffible  for  fome  of  the  alleged  diffolutions  of  Hones 
to  have^bcen  cafes,  in  which  the  extraneous  body  became 
thus. protruded,  between  the  fafciculi  of  niufcular  fibres, 
into  a  cyrt;  formed  of  the  inner  membrane  of  the  bladder. 
A  ftone  encyled  in  this  manner  would,  in  all  probability, 
neither  require  extraftion,  nor  admit  of  it. 

Blundering  and  baffled  operators  are   generally  eager  to 
lay  hold  of  any  excule  for  their  mifconduct,   or  ill  fucccfs. 
The  adhcfion  of  the  ftone   has  been   frequently  employed 
as  a  defence  againft  ccnfure,   when  the  attempts   to  extrai^t: 
the  foreign  body  have  failed.     Encyfted  calculi,  generally, 
■cannot  be  touched  with  a  found,   and  both  on  this  account, 
and  becaufe  the  fymptoms  are  far  more  lenient   than  thofe 
■of  a   ftone  in   the  bladder,  fuch  cafes  do  not  demand  the 
performance  of  lithotomy.     A  ftene  in  the  lower  part   of 
the  ureter  could  not  be  touched  with  the  found,   and  would 
be  attended  wi'h  efTefts  different  from   thofe  of  a  calculus 
in  the  cavity  of  the  bladder.     Now,  thefe   are  the  only  ex- 
amples where  the  extraftion  of  the  Hone  would  be  imprac- 
ticable on  the  ground  of  adhcfion,  and   they   are  certainly 
inllances  in  which   an   inteUigent  furgeon  would  never  be- 
gin the  attempt.      But  we  alTert  with  confidence,  that  when 
a  calculus  is  fairly  lodged  iu  the  cavity  of   the    bladder, 
no  adhefion  can  be  a  juft  excufe,  or  reafon,  for  its  not  being 
extraded.     We  inuft  be  convinced,  with  that  eminent   fur- 
geon Le  Dran,  that  an  animated  body,  which  fubfills  by  a 
circuLition   of  fluids,  and   another   body,    which   owes  its 
bulk  en'irely  to  an  appofition  of  matter,  can  never  become 
one  and  the  lame  by  any  kind  of  adherence,  let  it  be  ever 
fo  ftrong.      Le  Diaa  made  no  doubt,  that  there  were  fuch 
things  as  adherent  ilones,  becaufe  he  had   feen  inllances  of 
them,    but    thefe    adhefions    ought    not  to   have  hindered 
the  (lone  from   b'-ing   extracted,  provided  it  could  be  laid 
hold  of  with  the  forceps.     In    1730,    this   furgeon   cut  a 
•lady,  ar.d  extratted  a  (tone,  that  weighed  feven  ounces  and 
a  hall.     One   fide  of  it  was  uneven,  and  in   a  manner  en- 
tirely ii'.crulted  upon  that  part  of  the  bladder  which  is  con- 
nedled  with  the  reilum,     Tliis  incruftation  was  occafioned 
ty  the   inequalities  of  the  Cone,   which  had  produced  an 
excoriation   ot  that  part  of  the  ■  bladder  upon   which  they 
prefied.arid,  in  conlequence  thereof,    a  num.ber  of  flefhy 
or  fungous  excrefcentes  arofe  from  the  excoriated  furface, 
and  had  lodged  therafelves  in  the  cavities  of  the  ftone.     The 
adhefion  was  broken  with  hardly  any  pain.      Le  Dran,  at 
fubfequent  periods,    extradled  from   three  patients    ftoncs, 
which  adhered  in    the   fame    manner.      In   171 5,   he   was 
prefent  at  an  operation,  performed  by  M.  Marechal,  when 
a  ftone  was  extrafted,  which  was  (liaped  like  a  cilaballi,  or 
gourd,    ai:d  brought  out  with  it  a  fungus,    that  encircled 
the  ftone  at  its   naiTOweft   part.     As  this   fungous  excref- 
cence  paffed  round,  and  covered  the   middle  of  the  ftone, 
no  new  ftrata  could  be  formed  in  that  part,  but  were  made 
zt  the  two  extremities,  which  was  the  reafon  of  its  boi:  g  fo 
fliaped  ;   and  the  fungus  fixed  it  fo  completely  in  the  blad- 
der, that  it  could  riOt  poRibly  change  its  fituation.       Tiaite 
(des  Operations  de  Chii-uigie. 


Of  all  animals,  man  is  faid  to  be  the  moll  fubjefl  to  uri- 
nary calculi.  The  human  urine  contains  a  particular  acid, 
fo  little  foluble,  and  fo  difpofed  to  produce  concretions, 
that,  frequent  as  the  diforder  is,  it  is  rather  a  matter  of  fur- 
prife,  that  it  is  not  even  more  common.  In  warm  countries, 
like  Spain  and  Africa,  as  well  as  in  nations  much  to  the 
north,  fuch  as  Sweden,  the  difeafe  is  exceedingly  rare.  In 
temperate  climates,  it  prevails  the  moil  in  cold  damp  coun- 
tries, like  England  and  Holland  ;  and,  accordii;^  to  Ri- 
cherand,  it  occurs  in  fome  of  the  provinces  of  France 
much  more  than  in  others,  patients  with  the  ftone  being 
more  numerous  in  the  northern,  than  the  fouthern  depart- 
ments of  that  empire. 

Children  and  old  people  arc  more  frequently  afHidled 
than  adults,  and  women  are  lefs  expofed  to  the  diforder  than 
men. 

Symptoms  of  a  Jlone  h  the  bhiihler. — A  ftone  in  the  blad- 
der occafions  pain,  and  derangement  of  the  excretion  of  the 
urine ;  and  when  a  futpicion  of  the  difeafe  is  excited  by 
thefe  ambiguous  fymptoms,  it  can  only  be  confirmed  by 
introducing  an  inftrument,  called  a  found,  into  the  bladder. 
The  pain  produced  by  the  prefence  of  a  calculus  in  l!'C 
bladder,  has  the  particularity  of  always  affefling,  in  a  very 
remarkable  manner,  the  extremity  of  the  penis.  The  glans 
becomes  the  feat  of  an  itching  fenfation,  which  daily  in- 
crcafes  in  violence  ;  and  patients,  efpecially  children,  often 
get  i;to  the  habit  of  pulling  forwards  the  prepuce,  in  or- 
der to  obtain  relief.  Hence,  this  part  is  frequently  elon- 
gated in  an  extraordinary  degree.  This  fympathetic  fort 
of  pain  is  more  acute  the  larger  the  ftone  is,  and  the  greater 
the  irregularity  of  its  furface.  When  the  bladder  is  full  of 
urine,  the  pain  is  not  infupportable  ;  but  juft  at  the  period 
when  the  difcharge  of  that  fluid  is  finiflied,  the  fuffering 
becomes  intolerable,  becaufe,  at  this  inftant,  the  bladder 
contrafts,  and  embraces  the  foreign  body  with  confiderable 
force.  All  rough  exercifes  augment  the  pain  ;  but  walk- 
ing over  an  uneven  country,  riding  on  horfeback,  and  the 
jolting  df  a  carriage  particularly,  have  fuch  an  effeft.  When 
the  patient  is  fubjefted  to  thefe  exercifes,  he  not  unfre- 
quently  difcharges  a  few  drops  of  blood  from  the  urethra. 

The  defire  to  make  water  comes  on  very  often,  and  the 
urine,  as  it  flows,  is  attended  with  a  fenfation  of  heat, 
which  changes  into  a  burning  kind  of  pain  at  the  extremity 
of  the  penis.  The  ftreaci  of  water  is  fometimes  inter, 
rupted  all  on  a  fudden.  The  patient  vainly  endeavours  to 
continue  the  evacuation  ;  he  applies  his  hand  to  the  peri- 
neum ;  he  moves  about,  lies  down,  or,  in  fome  way  01' 
another,  alters  his  p'ofture,  and  the  urine  then  begins  to 
run  again.  The  moveablcnefs  of  the  ftone  makes  it  every 
now  and  then  fall  againft  the  orifice  of  the  neck  of  the 
bladder,  and  thus  prevent,  for  a  time,  the  exit  of  the  urine. 

The  inceflant  irritation,  produced  by  the  prefence  of  the 
calculus,  extends  to  the  reftum  ;  the  patient  is  continually 
tcazed  with  an  inclination  to  go  to  ftool,  and  the  efforts, 
which  his  imaginary  want  caufes  hrlh  to  make,  bring  on,  ii-- 
many  inflances,  hemorrhoidal  csmplaints,  or  even  a  prolapfus 
ani. 

In  the  courfe  of  time,  the  pain  becomes  more  acute  and 
unremitting.  The  ftone  increafes  in  fize,  and,  by  continu- 
ally preffing  upon  the  inferior  part  of  the  bladder,  makes 
the  patient  experience  a  moft  painful  fenfe  of  weight  about- 
the  reftum.  The  evacuation  of  the  urine  is  attended  with 
more  and  more  difficulty.  The  parietes  of  the  bladder 
inflame,  and  are  rendered  thicker;  its  inner  furface  u!ce» 
rates  ;  the  urine  becomes  blended  with  matter  and  blood  ; 
a  How  fort  of  fever  occurs ;  and  the  patient,  after  lingering 
a  great  while  in  roifery  and  pain,  fall-s  a  vi£lim  to  the 
A  diforder. 


LITHOTOMY. 


diforJcr.  Ofl  opening  the  body  after  death,  the  bladder  is 
found  contracted,  and  its  coats  tliickened,  indurated,  and 
more  injefted  with  blood,  than  in  the  healthy  (late. 

The  fatal  termination,  to  which  thcfe  cafes  tend,  when 
unreheved,  is  fubjeft  to  confiderable  variety.  Some  pa- 
tients have  been  known  to  live  with  a  Itone  in  their  bladder 
ten,  twenty,  and  even  thirty  years,  without  the  pain  being 
fo  fevere  as  to  incline  them  to  fubmit  to  litliotomy.  Iliche- 
rand  moreover  affuies  us,  that  calculi,  of  very  large  fize,  and 
irregular  furfaces,  have  fometimes  given  rife  to  no  fymp- 
toms,  by  which  their  prefence  could  be  fufpedled.  This 
author  tells  us,  that,  as  he  was  once  pracUfmg  operations 
on  the  dead  fubjecl  in  the  HApital  de  la  Charite,  he  extradled 
an  enormous  mulberry  calculus  from  the  bladder  of  a  pa- 
tient who  had  died  of  fome  other  difeafe,  and  who,  while 
living,  had  betrayed  no  complaints,  indicating  that  he  was 
afflifted  with  the  ftone.  This  calculus,  which  was  compofed 
of  the  oxalate  of  lime,  was  exceedingly  heavy,  and  by  its 
weight,  darknefs  of  colour,  and  the  manner  in  which  its 
furface  was  ftudded  with  obtufe  points,  bore  a  great  re- 
femblance  to  a  fcoria  of  iron.  It  is  preferved  in  Four- 
croy's  mufeum,  where  it  was  depofited  by  Bbyer. 

The  fymptoms  of  a  ftone  in  the  bladder  are  fo  fallacious 
and  equivocal,  that  every  prudent  furgeon  avoids  deliver- 
ing a  pofitive  opinion,  before  he  has  founded  the  patient. 
Certain  complaints  mjy  make  him  fufpeCl  the  nature  of  the 
cafe;  but  he  muft  never  prefume  to  be  certain,  uijtil  he 
has  aftu:Jly  touched  and  felt  the  ftone,  by  means  of  a  me- 
tallic inftrument,  paiTed  through  the  urethra  into  the  bladder. 
I  The  general  fymptoms  of  a  Hone  in  the  bladder  are  liot 
peculiar  to  this  diforder  ;  they  belong  to  feveral  other  af- 
fections, for  which  the  praftiiioner  may  be  confulted.  An 
enlarged  proftate  gland  produces  many  effedls,  like  thofe  of 
a  ftone  in  the  bladder.  There  is  this  difference,  however, 
riding  in  a  carriage,  or  on  horleback,  does  not  increafe  the 
grievances  when  the  proftate  is  afteCted  ;  but  it  does  fo,  in 
an  intolerable  degree,  in  cafes  of  ftone.  It  alfo  generally 
happens,  that  the  fits  of  ftone  come  on  at  intervals,  whereas 
the  pain  from  a  difeafed  proftate  is  neither  lo  unequal,  nor 
fo  acute. 

At  this  prefent  time,  (September  iSli,)  there  is  a  man 
in  St.  Bartholomew's  hofpital  whofuffers  many  of  the  com- 
plaints'ufually  attending  a  ftone  in  the  bladder  ;  he  has  been 
founded,  but  no  calculus  can  be  difcovered  :  and  it  is  now 
afcertained  that  his  fymptoms  are  dependent  upon  a  contrac- 
tion iituated  fome  diftance  up  the  reclum.  The  ftrifture  is 
fo  confiderable,  that  the  feces  can  only  pafsin  a  liquid  form, 
and  the  introduiSlion  of  bougies  above  a  fmall  fize  is  quite 
obftnicled. 

Who  would  fuppofe  that  fymptoms,  exaftly  fimilar  to 
thofe  of  a  ftone  in  the  bladder,  could  proceed  trom  the  ve- 
nerea! difeafe,  and  be  cured  by  mercurial  treatment  ?  Yet, 
iuch  a  fact  have  we  recorded  by  Richerand,  now  an  eminent 
furgeon  at  Paris.  See  Nofographie  Chirurgicale,  tom.  iii. 
p.  506,  edit.  2. 

Nothing,  therefore,  except  founding  the  patient,  will  give 
the  furgeon  certain  information  of  the  prefence  of  a  calcu- 
lus in  the  bladder.  The  fymptoms  which  prevail  may  ex- 
cite ftrong  lulpicions  of  the  nature  of  the  cafe  ;  but  liuce 
they  may  proceed  from  fo  many  other  different  caufes,  they 
are  not  alone  a  fufficient  warrant  for  venturing  on  the  pei-- 
formance  of  lithotomy.  When  the  furgeon  undertakes  this 
important  operation,  lie  muft  know,  with  certainty  that  there 
is  a  ftone  in  the  bladder,  and  fuch  pofitive  knowledge  can 
only  be  acquired  by  aclually  feeling  and  hearing  the  fteel  in- 
flrument,  called  a  found,  ftrikc  againft  the  fojcign  body.  Nay, 


further,  as  the  ftone  may  be  in  the  bladder  to  day,  but  be  pro- 
truded to  morrow  on  the  outfide  of  the  mufcular  coat  of  this 
organ,  fo  as  to  become  as  it  were  cncyftcd  and  incapahle  of 
cxtradlion,  "  it  is  an  invariable  maxim  among  all  prudent  fur- 
geons  never  to  begin  the  operation  of  lithotomy  unlt-fs  they  can 
clearly  and  diftindly  perceive  the  (lone  with  the  found,  or  at 
leaft  with  the  ftaif  at  'lie  time  when  the  patient  isbrouglit  forth 
to  be  operated  upon."  If  the  calculus  cannot  be  plainly  felt  at 
this  period,  the  operation  is  net  juftifiable.  The  im:.ortance 
of  this  precept  cannot  be  too  highly  appreciated  by  evVry 
practitioner  who  va'ues  eitiier  hi-;  patient's  welfare  or  his 
own  reputation  ;  for  were  a  different  line  of  condu£t  pur. 
fued,  an  opening  might  be  made  into  the  bladder,  no  ftone 
be  found,  and,  unfortunately,  the  patient  lofe  his  life  from  the 
operation,  which,  however  well  executed,  is  never  free  from 
a  ferious  degree  of  danger. 

The  method  of  founding  will  be  defcribed  in  a  future  vo- 
lume of  this  Cyclop;Edia.      See  SouNDiNG. 

The  ftone  in  the  bladder  is  a  diforder  that  is  to  be  regard- 
ed as  more  grievous  the  longer  it  has  exilled,  and  the  older 
and  more  debilitated  the  patient  is.  The  cafe  is  particularly 
afflitiing  when  the  fevere  pain  in  the  kiddies  renders  it  not 
unlikely  that  there  may  be  at  the  faiiie  time  other  calculi  iu 
the  fub fiance  of  thefe  organs. 

A  ftone  is  feldom  known  to  be  .in  the  bladder  until  it  is 
too  large  to  pafs  out  through  the  urethra.  Should  a  very 
fmall  one  be  deteCled,  we  are  recommended  to  try  the  effect 
of  introducing  a  large  found  or  bougie,  making  the  patient 
drink  abundantly  of  fome  diuretic  liquor,  and  deliring  him 
firft  to  retain  his  urine,  and  then  expel  it  as  forcibly  as  pofli- 
ble,  at  the  fame  time  that  the  found  or  bougie  is  withdrawn. 
In  tins  manner,  it  is  conceived,  the  ftream  of  the  urine 
might  fometimes  carry  the  calculus  outward.  Default  had 
it  in  contemplation'to  adapt  the  port-crayon  pincers,  invented 
for  the  urethra  by  Mr.  Hunter,  to  a  common  catheter,  for 
the  purpofe  of  taking  fmall  calculi  out  of  the  bladder.  This 
projeft,  however,  would  be  attended  with  much  difficulty, 
and  the  fides  of  the  bladder  would  be  liable  to  laceration  in 
confequence  of  becoming  pinched.  lailruments  made  on  this 
principle,  however,  are  fometimes  fuccefsfuUy  employed  for 
taking  fmall  ftones  out  of  the  urethra. 

DiJf'Julwn  of  Jloiies  in  the  bladder. — The  poflibility  of  dif- 
folving  ftones  in  the  bladder  was  a  thing  believed  for  a  very 
long  fpace  of  time,  and  even  ^t  the  prefent  day  is  a  fcheme 
not  altogether  abandoned.  The  diflolution  has  been  at- 
tempted both  by  internal  medicines,  and  by  certain  fluids  in- 
jected into  the  bladder. 

The  knowledge  of  the  compofition  of  urinary  calculi  at 
once  apprifes  us  that,  as  they  confift  of  very  different  mate- 
rials in  different  cafes,  the  fahie  folvent  cannot  be  applicable  * 
to  all  of  them. 

It  is  obferved  by  Murray,  one  of  the  learned  profeffors- 
of  chemiftry  at  Edinburgh,  that  long  experience  has  fuffi- 
ciently  cftabliftied  the  advantage  derived  in  calculous  affec- 
tions from  the  ufe  of  alkaline  remedies  ;  and  as  the  calculi, 
compofed  of  uric  acid,  are  thofe  which  appear  to  be  muft 
abundant,  it  is  fuppofed  to  be  from  the  chemical  action  they 
e.-iert  upon  it  that  the  benefit  is  derived.  Where  tiie  pure- 
alkali  is  ufed,  a  r>jal  folvent  power  may  be  exerted ;  and  it 
has  been  proved  that  the  alkah  is  fecreted  by  the  kidnies,  fo 
as  to  render  the  urine  fenfibly  alkaline,  and  ever.^apable  of 
afting  on  the  calculus  out  of  the  body.  Yet  the  folvent 
power  is  very  incon'iderable,  and  the  remedy  at  the  fame 
time  proves  fo  irritating,  when  taken  to  any  confiderable  ex- 
tent, that  the  folution  of  a  calculus,  even  of  fmali  fiza,  cao^ 
perhaps  be  Ccarcely  expelled..  The  pain  and  irritation  which 

atteaii 


LITHOTOMY. 


,  Mtcnd  the  difeafe,  however,  are  confideiMbly  alleviated  by 
>licir  habitual  ufe,  and  this  even  when  the  alkali  is  faturated, 
or  fnper-faturated  with  carbonic  acid,  a  circiimftance  with 
regard  to  which  there  appears  fome  difficulty  in  giving  an 
explanation,  fince  the  alkalies  in  this  Hate  have  becniluppofed 
not  to  aft  on  the  \n-ic  acid.  But,  from  the  experiments  of 
Dr.  E;ran'(Philof.  Magaz.  vol.  23  awl  24),  this  appears  to 
he  a  millake  ;  though  the  relief  obtained  from  the  ufe  of 
thei'e  may  alfo  be  in  part  derived  from  the  faturation  of  the 
other  acid,  whether  phofphoric  or  acetic,  which  is  iikewife 
fecreted  ;  the  urine  is  tlius  rendered  Icfs  irritating,  and  the 
tendency  to  a  dcpoiition  of  uric  acid  diminilhcd,  all  acids 
Iiallenins;  the  precipitation  of  this  acid  from  the  urine.  It  has 
accordingly  been  found,  that  under  the  ufe  of  alkaline  reme- 
dies, th»  fediment  of  uric  acid  from  the  urme,  fo  often 
abundant  in  cafes  of  calculus,  rapidly  dimituflies.  The  in- 
creafe  of  the  concretion  is  thus  prevented,  and  the  principal 
caufe  of  irritation  removed. 

So  far,  therefore,  profefTor  Murray  acknowledges  that  the 
alkalies  may  aft  as  palliatives  ;  but  he  contends,  that  it  mull 
be  very  doubtful  if  they  can  be  given  to  fuch  an  extent  as  to 
exert  an  aftual  folvcnt  power.  Befides,  there  is  an  effeft 
which  may  attend  their  continued  ufe,  efpecially  in  large 
dofes.  It  has  been  remarked  by  Mr.  Brande,  that  the 
phofphates  of  lime  and  magnefia  are  held  in  folution  in  urine, 
chiefly  by  its  escefs  of  acid;  if  this  be  faturated,  therefore, 
by  the  ufe  of  an  alkali,  although  the  depofit  of  uric 
ncid  may  be  checked,  that  of  the  phofphates  will  be  favour- 
ed, and  it  appears  that  it  is  principally  from  a  depofition  of 
tliefe  that  a  calculus  in  the  blander  increafes  in  fize.  Some 
cafes,  adduced  by  Mr.  Home,  appear  to  fupport  this  con- 
clufion. 

Lime,  under  the  form  of  lime-water,  has  been  employed 
as  a  folvent.  The  experiments  of  Dr.  Egan  have  ihewn,  that 
lime-water  afts  with  more  energy  than  an  alkaline  folution 
of  fimilar  llrength  in  deftroying  the  aggregation  of  urinary 
concretions,  and  Murray  found  the  fame  thing.  The  lime 
probably  operates  more  upon  the  albumen  or  animal  matter, 
which  appears  to  ferve  as  the  cement  or  connecting  fubllance, 
than  upon  the  uric  acid  ;  and  Murray  thinks  that  in  cndea- 
vouriuT  to  difcovtr  folvents  for  tliefe  concretions,  our  views 
ought  perhaps  rather  to  be  direfted  to  this  operation  than 
to  tlie  effeft  on  the  faline  matter.  If,  fays  he,  lime, 
when  received  into  the  llomach  under  the  form  of  lime- 
water,  can  be  fecreted  by  the  kidnies,  as  the  alkalies  unquef- 
tionably  are,  it  would  appear  to  be  fuperior  to  them  as  a 
folvent.  But  when  we  confider  the  fparing  folubility 
of  lime ,  and  the  fmall  quantity  of  it  therefore  that  can  be 
•  brought   to  the  kidnies,  the  poflibility   of  its  fecretion  may 

^e  doubted.  Mr.  Brande  has  even  fuppofed  that,  v.-ere  it 
fecreted,  it  would  rather  prove  hurtful,  by  forming  an  infohi- 
ble  compound  with  the  phofphoric  or  carbonic  acids,  which 
are  always  contained  in  the  unue.  Murray  owns  this  to  be 
pofTible  ;  but  he  argues  that  if  the  concretion  of  thefe  fub- 
itances  into  a  calculus  is  owing  principally  to  the  aftion  of 
the  animal  matter,  fince  this  mull  be  prevented,  any  depolit 
would  be  difcharged,  and  perhaps  the  aggregation  of  an  ex- 
iting concretion  be  destroyed.  Under  this  view,  Murray 
thinks  that  the  proper  praftice  would  be  the  exhibition  of 
alkali  and  lime  together,  the  former  neutralizing  the  excefs 
of  acid  in  the  urine,  and  allowing  the  latter  to  exert  its 
power  ;  and  it  deferves  to  be  remarked,  that  the  celebrated 
.Stephens's  remedies  are  a  combination  of  this  kind.  Cal- 
culi, compofed  of  oxalate  of  lime,  phofphate  of  lime,  or 
phofphate  of  magnelia  and  ammonia,  not  being  foluble  by 
.alkalies,  the  objedt  has  been  attempted  by  the  attion  of  weak 


acids,  like  that  of  lemons.  It  is  quctlionable,  however, 
whether  any  acid  can  be  given  fo  as  to  communicate  to  the 
urine  a  folvent  power.  Befides,  though  an  acid  were  to 
remove  the  phofphale.s,  or  at  leafl  prevent  their  depoiition, 
it  might  promote  the  formation  of  uric  acid  concretions. 
If,  however,  the  lime-water  and  alkalies,  by  operating  on  the 
animal  matter  of  calculi,  tend  to  deltroy  their  aggregation, 
thele  remedies  may  prove  foiv.ewhat  uicful  in  all  the  varieties 
of  ftone.  See  Murray's  Syftem  of  Chemittrv,  vol.  iv. 
p.  6ji,  et  fcq. 

Setting  afide  all  chcmiqal  reafoning,  we  are  forry  to  be 
obliged  to  coafcfs  that  praftice  does  not  judify  any  ftrong 
hopes  of  the  fufficient  efficacy  of  internal  medicines  to  dif- 
folve  ftones  in  the  bladder.  But  though  lithontriptics  are 
not  equal  to  this  effeft,  they  certainly  aifuage  the  feverity  of 
the  fymptoms,  which  is  a  benclk  of  intiniie  importance  to 
the  afflided. 

Ivledicines  conveyed  into  the  ftomach  having  failed  to  dlf- 
fi'lve  urinary  calculi,  various  pradlitioners  have  placed  confi- 
derable  expeftation  in  the  plan  of  introducing  a  folvent  injec- 
tion through  a  f  atheter  directly  into  the  bladder.  It  will  be 
feen,  from  the  article  Catheter  in  this  work,  that  the  an- 
cients knew  how  to  introduce  fluids  into  the  bladder  many- 
centuries  before  Mr.  J.  Foot  publifhed  upon  the  "  Veficpe 
Lotura.''  Foiircroy  and  Vauquelin  afcertained,  that  a  ley 
of  potaffa  or  foda,  not  too  ftrong  to  be  fwallowed,  foftens 
and  diffolves  fmall  calculi,  compofed  of  the  uric  acid  and 
urate  of  ammonia,  when  they  are  left  in  the  liquid  a  few 
days.  They  have  proved  that  ?j  beverage,  merely  acidulated 
with  nitric  or  muriatic  acid,  difiblves  with  Ifill  greater 
quicknefs  calculi  formed  of  the  phofphate  of  lime,  and  of 
the  ammoniacomagncfian  phofphate.  Tliey  have  made  out 
tint  calculi  compoicd  of  the  oxalate  of  lime,  which  are  the 
moll  difficult  of  folution,  may  be  foftened  ard  ulmoil  quite 
diffolved  in  nitric  acid,  greatly  diluted,  pro^ided  they  are 
kept  in  the  mixture  a  fufficient  time.  We  know  then  liquids 
that  will  diflblve  calculi  of  various  compafitions  ;  but  much 
difficulty  occurs  in  employing  them  effeftually  in  praftice. 
For  although  we  can  eafily  injeft  them  into  the  cavity  of  the 
bladder,  tlus  organ  is  fo  extremely  tender  and  irritable,  that  it 
cannot  bear  the  contaft  of  any  fluid,  except  that  which  it  is 
dcilincd  by  nature  to  contain,  and  the  aftion  of  fuch  hquids 
upon  it  as  would  be  neceflary  to  diffolve  a  itone  in  its  cavity 
would  not  fail  to  produce  fuiferings  which  no  man  could  en- 
dure, and  the  moft  dangerous  and  fatal  effefts  on  the  bladder 
itfelf.  Another  ohjeftion  to  this  experiment  is  the  ignorance 
iiv  which  the  praftitioner  is  with  regard  to  the  chemical  com- 
pofition  of  calculi  before  their  extrattion,  and  of  courfe 
tlieimpoffibility  of  knowing  what  folvent  ought  to  beinjeft- 
ed.  Upon  this  reafon,  however,  it  is  unneceirary  to  lay 
much  llrcfs  ;  for  were  the  previous  more  weighty  objeftiou 
done  away,  the  latter  difficulty  might  perhaps  be  ob- 
viated. 

Defirable,  therefore,  as  an  effeftual  lithontriptic  is,  as  it 
would  be  the  means  of  freeing  the  alflifted  from  the  terrible 
fufferings  occafioned  by  a  ftone  in  the  bladder,  and  of  re- 
moving all  occafion  for  a  painful  and  hazardous  operation, 
it  is  a  melancholy  truth  that,  notwithftanding  every  expefta- 
tion, arifing  either'from  chemical  reafoning,  from  quackifh 
boafting-S,  or  from  the  palliation  and  temporary  relief  really  J 
obtained,  we  have  no  prafticable  means  of  difiblving  a  ftone  \ 
in  the  living  bladder.  Until  this  grand  difcovery  is  made, 
lithotomy  will  ever  be  an  iudifpenlabie  operation,  and  the 
views  of  enlightened  iurgeons  fhould  Hill  be  direfted  to  ren- 
der it  as  free  as  poffible  from  pain  and  dangerous  confe- 
qiieuccs.  6 

V>  e 


LITHOTOMY. 


We  ftiall  now  endeavour  to  give  an  impartial  defcription 
of  the  priixipal  methods  of  cutting  for  the  ftonc,  beginning 
with  fuch  dJ  are  mo.1  ancient,  and  concluding  with  thofo 
vhich  have  been  very  recently  fnggetled. 

Of  the  Apparatus  minor,  Methodus  Celfana  ;  or  cuiUng  on 
the  grip:. — The  operation  which  v.e  are  about  to  explain  is 
by  far  the  oldeil  fpecics  of  lithotomy,  its  antiqnity  extending 
back  to  time  immemorial.  Ahhoiigh  we  are  indebted  to  the 
immortal  Cclfiis  for  tlie  firll  defcription  of  it,  he  vvai  in  all 
probability  not  the  original  inventor.  We  learn  from  hiftory, 
that  Hippocrates  made  his  pupils  take  an  oath  that  they 
would  never  attempt  to  cut  for  the  Hone  ;  and,  according  to 
Florus,  the  Latin  hiflorian,  the  fon  of  Alexander,  king  of 
Syria,  periilied,  when  about  ten  years  of  age,  in  confequence 
of  this  operation,  wliich  had  been  villainoufly  undertaken, 
though  there  was  no  Hone  in  the  bladder.  It  is  plain  then, 
that,  long  before  the  time  cf  Celfus,  the  ancients  were  ac- 
quainted with  fome  mode  of  lithotomy,  which  we  may  infer 
was  what  is  now  called  the  apparatus  minor.  This  lad  ap- 
pellation, deduced  from  the  fmall  number  of  inllruments  re- 
quired, was  not  employed  till  the  commencement  of  the  fix- 
teenth  century,  the  period  w  hen  another  method,  named  the 
apparatus  major,  had  its  rife.  The  phrafe  of  "  cutting  on 
the  gripe,"  came  into  ufe  in  confequence  of  the  furgeon 
having  to  cut  upon  the  (lone,  while  he  grafped  it,  with  his 
fingers  introduced  within  the  rectum. 

The  manner  of  doing  the  operation  is  this.  You  iirft  in- 
troduce the  fore  finger  ai^d  middle  finder  of  the  left  hand, 
dipped  in  oil,  up  the  anus,  and  prc-fling  foftly  with  your 
right  hand  above  the  os  pubis,  endeavour  to  bring  the  ttone 
towards  the  neck  of  the  bladder  ;  then  making  an  incifion  en 
the  left  fide  of  the  perineum,  above  the  anus,  dircftly  upon 
the  (lone,  you  turn  it  out  through  the  wound,  either  with 
your  fingers  or  a  fcoop.  Sharp  on  the  Operations, 
chap.  1 8. 

M  iny  objeftions  have  been  urged  againil  this  method  by 
furgical  authors. 

1.  In  the  firil  place  it  is  not  applicable  to  adults,  as,  in 
fuch  patients,  it  would  ft-ldom  be  found  poffible  to  fix  the 
flonc  by  the  fingers  introduced  within  the  reclum.  Celfus 
confined  the  operation  to  fubjefts  betwem  the  ages  of  nine 
and  fourteen,  which  is  rather  extraordinary,  as  it  is  more  cafy 
of  perlormaiice  the  younger  the  child  is,  though  certainly  it 
hardly  admits  of  being  done  at  all  after  the  patient  is  more 
than  fourteen. 

2.  The  fame  parts  are  not  always  cut,  as  this  depends  very 
much  upon  the  degree  of  force  with  which  the  ftone  is 
made  to  projeft  in  the  perineum,  and  the  leaft  incliration  to 
one  fide  or  the  other  mull  alfo  make  a  confiderable  difference. 
When  the  incifion  is  favourably  executed,  the  parts  cut  are 
nearly  the  fame  as  thofe  divided  in  the  modern  and  mod  ap- 
proved mode  of  operating.  But  as  the  operator  always  cuts 
dircftly  on  the  projecting  Hone,  the  parts  expofed  to  the 
knife  muil  vary  in  different  cafes  for  the  reafons  already  al- 
leged ;  and  the  records  of  furgery  prove,  that  in  perform.- 
ing  the  apparatus  minor,  ti.e  urethra  may  be  quite  detached 
from  the  proftate,  or  the  velicula  feminalis  and  vas  deferens 
be  injured. 

3.  The  neck  of  the  bladder  mufl  fuffer  very  much  from 
rough  ftones,  when  confiderable  force  is  exerted  in  prelTing 
them  towards  the  perineum.  That  this  is  not  mere  con- 
jechirc,  is  confirmed  by  the  obfervatioas  of  Celfus,  from 
whofe  account  it  plainly  appears  that,  in  his  time,  many 
aftually  died  from  the  violence  done  to  the  bladder,  in  en- 
deavouring to  bring  the  ilone  forwards,  though  the  operators 
failed  in  their  attempt,  and  the  patients  were  not  cut.  Fa- 
bricius  Fildanus  was  well  acquainted  with  all  the  uncertainty 

Vol.  XXI.  ' 


of  cutting  on  the  gripe,  and  he  endeavoured  to  improve  the 
method  Ly  introducing  a  flafi"  through  the  urethra  into  the 
bladder,  fo  that  the  operator  might  avail  himfelf  of  the 
guidance  of  this  indrumcnl  in  making  the  requifitc  opening 
for  the  cxtradion  of  the  ftone.  Fabricius  brought  the  ftone 
into  the  neck  of  the  bladder  with  his  fingers,  which  were 
paffed  up  the  rectum,  juft  as  Celfus  dcfcribes,  and  then, 
fiuidod  by  the  ftaff,  made  fuch  a  divifion  of  the  proftate  and 
reck  of  the  bladder,  as  fuificed  for  the  paffage  of  the  cal- 
culus outward.  The  extraftion  was  accomplifhed  with  a 
fort  of  hook. 

The  apparatus  minor,  done  in  this  manner,  is  by  no  means 
an  ineligible  operation  for  young  male  children,  v.henthe 
furgeon  can  eafily  grafp  the  ftone  with  his  fingers,  fro;n 
within  the  reftum.  We  do  rot  mean  to  fay  it  is  rafh  to 
make  an  incifion  into  the  bladder  with  a  common  fcalpcl, 
guided  by  a  itafi",  even  though  tlie  ftone  cannot  be  fixed 
with  the  fingers,  only  the  operation  wou'd  then  not  be  that 
of  "cutting  on  the  gripe,"  to  which,  at  prefent,  our  re- 
marks are  limited.  We  agree  entirely  with  Mr.  John  Bell,, 
who,  in  commending  the  improved  Celfian  method,  as 
praftifcd  by  Fabricius,  takes  occafion  to  rem.ark,  that  you 
cut  upon  the  ftone,  and  of  courfe  m.ake,  with  perfcft  fecu- 
rity,  an  incifion  cxadly  proportioned  to  its  fi/.e.  There  is 
no  difficult  nor  dangerous  difi'eflion  ;  no  gorget,  nor  other 
dangerous  inftrument,  thruft  into  the  bladder,  with  the  rifle 
of  Its  palTing  between  that  and  the  retlum  ;  you  are  per- 
forming, exprefsly,  the  lateral  incifion  of  Raw  and  Che- 
felden  in  the  molt  finiple  and  favourable  way.  John  Bell's 
Principles  of  Surgery,  vol.  ii. 

Of  the  Apparatus  major,  or  SeS'io  Alariana. — This  me- 
thod of  cutting  for  the  ftone  was  named  Apparatus  major, 
from  the  great  number  of  iaftruments  ufed  in  the  operation  ; 
and  Sedio  Mariana  from  one  M,irianus,  who  publifhtd  the 
firft  defcription  of  it.  Johannis  de  Romanis,  a  furgeon  at 
Cremona,  was  the  inventor  about  the  year  1523,  or  15251 
though  the  exadt  period  is  very  uncertain.  Marianus  was 
the  ftholar  of  Romanis,  and  having  learned  his  niafter's  art. 
of  operating,  printed  an  account  of  it  in  Latin.  The  date 
of  this  treatife  fecir.s  rather  undetei  mined,  Douchis  irakin<T 
It  1522,  Sharp  1524,  and  Sabatier  a  period  fubiequent  to 
1540. 

Lxperience  has  repeatedly  proved,  that,  in  co  fequenee 
of  the  ftiortnefs  and  dilatable  nature  of  the  female  urethra, 
calculi  of  crnfiderakle  fize  m.ay  be  extivfled  fro:ii  women 
without  employing  any  cuttii^g  inftrumeiits  at  all.  Tlie  paf- 
f  ;ge  may  be  gradually  dilated,  fo  as  to  allow  the  forceps  to 
be  introduced  into  the  bladdtr,  and  the  ft  ne  taken  hold  of, 
and  extiaiSed.  The  adapt;ition  of  this  plan  to  male  pa- 
tients was  the  principal  objci^  of  the  Marian  operation.  , 
With  this  view,  an  incifion  w  as  made  into  the  urethra  at  the 
bulb.  That  part  of  the  can-.l  which  was  Gtuated  between 
the  wound  and  the  i^eck  of  the  bladder,  being  (hort  and 
fomewhat  ftraight,  was  thought  to  bear  a  refem.blance  to  the 
female  urethra.  Ir:flruments  were  therefore  paffed  into  the 
opening,  for  the  purpofe  of  dilating  fuch  portion  of  the 
urethra,  fufjicicntly  to  let  the  forceps  be  introduced,  and 
th;  ftone  extratfed.  It  was  never  recollected  that  the  male 
urethra,  where  it  is  furrounded  by  the  proftate  gland,  could 
not  rightly  be  compared  with  the  m.eatub  urinarius  of  the  fe- 
male,  fince  it  was  totally  incapable  of  being  dilated  in  a  de- 
gree at  all  adequate  to  the  objects  in  view.  Hence  m.oll 
dreadful  injury  was  done  to  the  parts,  which,  inftead  of 
yielding,  were  torn  and  conlufed  in  a  manner  fhocking  to  re- 
late. 

.   There   were   various  mode.;  of  executing  this  barbarous 

operation ;  the  following  partic-jlars,  we  prefumc,  wal  at 

^  oacft 


LITHOTOMY. 


once  fatisfy  the  curiofity  of  the  profeffional  reader,  and 
make  liini  for  ever  abhor  a  method  that  is  fo  repugnant  to 
the  principles  of  good  furgery,  and  the  diftates  of  humanity 
and  common  fenfe. 

The  patient  was  bound  in  the  pofition  ufually  adopted  in 
the  more  modern  mctliods  of  cutting  for  the  ftone.  After 
an  opening  had  been  made  into  the  urethra,  clofe  behind  the 
bulb,  much  in  the  fame  way  as  is  praftifed  in  the  performance 
of  tiic  hiteral  operation,  the  furgeon  uled  to  introduce  into 
the  bladd:T,  along  the  groove  of  the  itaff,  an  inllrument  re- 
fembhiip;  a  (Irong  iron  probe,  and  called  a  male  conduttor. 
The  (lair  was  then  taken  out  of  the  urethra,  and  the  fe- 
male, or  grooved  couduftor,  guided  along  the  male  one  into 
the  bladder.  By  means  of  thefe  two  implements,  endea- 
vours were  next  made  to  dilate  the  undivided  portion  of  the 
urethra,  and  the  neck  of  the  bladder,  fufficiently  to  enable 
the  operator  to  introduce  the  forceps.  After  much  time 
fpent  in  ilretching  the  parts,  the  forceps  were  palled  into 
the  cavity  of  the  bladder,  and  the  ftone  was  drawn  out, 
though,  in  general,  not  without  confiderable  force  and  vio- 
lence. Sometimes  the  dilatation  was  attempted  with  a  blunt 
gorget  ;  fometimes  by  expandnig  the  blades  of  the  forceps. 
Many  operators  ufed  different  inlfrumcuts  for  the  pi:rpofe, 
called  dilators.-  Franco,  Toilet,  the  Collots,  and  Alghili, 
employed  ihem. 

When  we  refleft  that,  in.  this  method,  the  proflatic  por- 
tion of  the  urethra  was  left  undivided,  a  part  which  is  very 
incapable  of  much  dilatation,  we  mud  know  that  the  open- 
ing through  which  the  forceps  was  introduced,  and  the  ilone 
taken  out,  was  not  formed  by  the  claflic  yielding  of  the 
parts  ;  but  by  an  adlual  laceratioii  of  them,  attended  with 
an  immenfe  deal  of  contufion  and  violence.  In  what  a  de- 
gree luch  mifchief  muft  have  taken  place  in  cafes  where  the 
ftone  was  of  large  fixe,  is  eafdy  conceivable.  We  cannot 
wonder,  therefore,  at  the  fevere,  aiid  frequently  fatal,  con- 
fequences  of  fo  barbarous  an  operation.  The  patients  very 
often  perilhed  of  inflammation  of  the  bladder  and  abdominal 
vifcera.  An  extenfive  effufion  of  blood  in  the  fcrotum, 
ahfceffes  and  fiftula;  in  perineo,  incontinence  of  urine,  and 
jmpotency,  were  alfo  common  confequences.  With  thefe 
fafts  before  us,  we  muft  feel  furprife  that  the  operation  of 
Marianas  ftiould  have  been  pradtifed  for  the  fpace  of  two 
hundred  years,  by  fon^.e  of  the  moft  diftinguilhcd  furgtons 
in  E".rope,  as  Pare,  Le  Dran,  Lc  Cat,  Mery,  Morand, 
Ma'-cohal,   Raw,  &c. 

The  foregoing  account  will  ferve  to  convey  a  general  no- 
tion of  the  apparatus  major,  fo  faniwus  a  fubjeCl  in  the 
hittory  of  lithotomy  ;  hut  fuch  readers  as  wi(h  to  be  ac- 
quainted with  all  the  different  modes  in  which  it  was 
praftifed  by  the  clj  furgeo^.s,  ought  to  confult  De  la  Mcde- 
cine  Operatoire,  par  Sabatier,  torn.  ii.  ;  and  the  Principles 
of  Surgery,  by  Mr.  John  Bell,  vol.  ii.  Very  clear  and 
more  concifc  dcfcriptions  of  the  apparatus  major  may  be 
found  in  Sharp's  Trcatife  on  the  Operations,  or  in  Ber- 
trandi'sTraite  des  Operations. 

Apparatus  altus. — Thi.^  is  the  technical  name  given  lo  the 
method  in  which  the  ftone  is  extracted  from  the  bladder, 
through  an  incifion  praftifed  in  the  fundus  of  this  organ 
from  above  the  pubes.  The  inventor  of  this  mode  of  cut- 
ting for  the  ftone  was  Pierre  Franco,  a  fm-geon  at  Tour- 
rieres,  in  Provence.  He  was  led  to  attempt  the  operation, 
from  having  under  his  care  a  child  with  a  calculus,  that 
could  not  be  brought  towards  the  perineum  on  account  of 
its  magnitude.  Although  the  Httle  patient  fuffered  much 
in  ii'p.jiition  aft»rwards,  the  wound  healed,  and  a  pcrfeftrc- 
'covery  foUo-.ved.  The  profperous  event  of  this  cafe,  it 
fecms,  was  not  enough  to  convince  FraucOj  that  wounds  of 


the  bladder  were  lefs  perilous  than  lie  apprehended  them  tr,- 
he,  and  at   the  lame  time  that  he  details  the  particulars  oi' 
the   plan   he   purlued,  he   cautions   us  not  to  imitate  him. 
See  Traite  des  Hernies,  Lyon,   1561. 

Doubtlefs,  the  advice  delivered  by  Franco  intimidated 
his  contemporaric's  ;  for  we  lind  no  notice  taken  of  the 
apparatus  altus  again  till  1597,  when  this  plan  of  ope- 
rating was  recoinmendtd  by  Roffetti,  a  well-informed  and 
judicious  phylician,  in  a  work  entitled  "  Partus  C:clariu3.'' 
This  author  reprelents  it  as  the  belt  and  fatell  mode  of  cut- 
ting for  the  ftone  ;  but  though  he  had  clear  ideas  of  the 
poffibility  of  the  method,  his  obfcrvations  are  not  fupported 
by  any  adtual  experience  of  his  own.  Afterwards,  the 
operation  was  at  firft  reprobated,  and  then  adopted  by  Fa- 
bricius  Hildanus,  in  cafes  where  the  ilone  was  of  confider- 
able fize.  It  was  commended  by  Riolan  in  his  remarks  upon 
the  anatomy  of  Vefliiigius ;  and  Simon  Pietre,  a  phylician 
at  Paris,  wrote  a  memoir  in  favour  of  the  operation  in  the 
year  1635.  Since  this  period,  the  apparatus  altus  is  men- 
tioned by  numerous  writers,  though  few  furgcons  ventured 
to  perform  it.  However,  it  is  faid  to  have  been  practifed 
by  Bonnet,  an  old  furgeon  of  the  Hotel-Dieu.  At  length 
the  faculty  of  Paris  recommended  the  parliament  to  autho- 
rife  fom'e  additional  experiments- in  regard  to  the  apparatus 
altus,  and  Francis  Collet  was  appointed  to  make  the  requi- 
fite  trials  of  the  operation.  The  refult  was,  that,  in  his 
opinion,  the  method  was  attended  with  great  danger,  and, 
confequently,  the  prattice  in  France  was  prohibited. 

The  apparatus  altus,  however,  was  not  every  where  aban- 
doned. Proby,  a  furgeon  at  Dublin,  praflifed  it  for  the 
purpofe  of  extrafting  from  the  bladder  of  a  young  woman 
a  long  pin,  covered  with  a  ftony  incruftation,  which  he  was 
unable  to  get  out  through  the  urethra.  (See  Phil.  Tranf, 
for  1700,)  Groenvelt,  a  Dutchman,  who,  in  1716,.,  ptib- 
lifhed  a  treatife  on  lithotomy  in  Englifti,  lays,  that  he  was 
under  the  neceffity  of  removing  a  ilone  from  the  blad- 
der by  cutting  above  the  os  pubis.  At  length,  in  171S, 
Dr.  Douglas  wrote  a  dilTertation  in  praife  of  this  method  of 
operating,  which  was  foon  afterwards  put  to  the  tell  of  ex- 
periment by  his  brother,  the  furgeon,  who  was  imitated  by 
feveral  Englifli  and  German  praftitioners.  In  confequence 
of  thefe  proceedings,  the  operation  was  again  revived  in 
France,  and  it  was  prailifed  at  St.  Germain-en-Laye  by 
Berryer,  a  furgeon  of  that  town,  and  by  S.  F.  Morand,  at 
the  Hotel  des  Invalides.  The  latter  attempt  proved  un- 
fiiccefsful.  An  account  of  both  thefe  cafes  was  pu:  I  !hcd 
by  Morand  in  1727.  Tlie  t>peration  v/as  afterwardi  much 
on  the  decline  in  France,  and  probably  would  have  been 
tota'ly  given  up,  had  not  a  nev.'  method  of  ['erforming  it 
been  propofed  by  Frere  Come.  See  Nouvclle  Melhode 
d'extraire  la  Pierre  de  la  Vcflle  Urinaire  par  deffus  le 
Pubis,  a  Paris,   1779. 

In  the  apparatus  altus,  the  defign  of  the  furgeon  is  to 
make  an  opening  into  the  anterior  part  of  the  bladder  above 
the  OS  pubis.  The  patient  is  to  be  placed  upon  a  table,  or 
bed  -of  fuitable  height,  with  his  legs  reaching  over  the 
edge  and  relling  upon  a  ftool.  Two  affillants  are  to  keep 
the  patient's  body  and  arms  fteady,  while  two  ethers  take 
hold  of  his  thighs.  The  patient's  trunk  (liould  be  fome- 
what  bent  forwards,  in  order  to  relax  the  abdon.inal  mufcles  j 
but  it  is  highly  neceffary  for  the  pelvis  to  be  rather  more 
raifed  than  the  cheft,  fo  that  the  inteftines  may  not  gravitate 
towards  the  bladder,  and  by  deprefiing  this  vifcus,  make  it 
more  difficult  to  be  got  at.  Befidcs,  raifing  the  pelvis  above 
the  level  of  the  thorax  prevents  the  ftone  from  falling  to- 
■wards  the  neck  of  the  bladder,  from  which  fituation  the  ex« 
traftion  would  be  lefs  eafy. 

The 


LITHOTOMY, 


The  operation  has  "been  execHted  in  Tei-eral  ways. 
Tlie  moll  ancient  mode  was  tliat  of  cutting  direclly  upon 
the  ftone,  wliich  was  puihed  upwards  and  forwards,  towards 
the  lower  and-front  part  of  the  abdomen,  by  two  fingers  in- 
troduced into  the  rectum.  Franco  operated  in  this  manner, 
and  he  was  imitated  by  Bonnet,  Heifler,  &c.  While  an  al- 
fitlant  puilies  the  (lone  uprvard,  the  furgeon  is  to  make  an  inci- 
fion  through  the  (kin  juft  above  the  os  pubis,  and  through  the 
lower  portion  of  the  linea  alba :  he  is  then  to  puntture  the 
bladder,  enlarge  the  opening  from  above  downwards  with 
a  probe-pointed  crooked  biftoury,  and,  lallly,  take  out  the 
ttone  with  a  pair  of  forceps. 

RotTctti  was  the  inventor  of  a  particular  method.  In 
the  apparatus  altus,  it  is  an  objctt  of  tlie  grcateft  confc- 
quence  to  make  an  opening  into  the  hLidder  without  wound- 
ing the  peritoneum.  Hence  Rod'etti  adopted  the  plan 
of  dillending  the  bladder  with  warm  water,  which  was  in- 
jefted  through  a  catheter  placed  in  the  urethra,  and  thus 
made  the  vifcus  rife  to  a  convenient  height  above  the  pubes. 
The  fluid  was  injefted  in  the  moli  flow  and  gradual  manner, 
in  order  that  it  miglit  give  as  little  pain  and  uneafinefs  as 
pcflible.  The  quantity  iutroduced  was,  in  general,  from 
eight  to  fixteen  ounces.  Some  authors  objecl  to  an  injec- 
tion, and  recommend  the  patient  to  retain  his  water  till  the 
requifite  diltention  of  the  bladder  has  taken  place.  When 
ihis  receptacle  had  been  lilled,  the  catheter  was  withdrawn, 
and  the  fluid  kept  from  efcaping  by  an  affiftant,  who  com- 
preffed  the  urethra.  The  integuments  and  linea  alba  were 
then  cut,  as  in  Franco's  method.  A  punCture  was  next  made 
in  the  bladder  with  a  biiloury,  having  its  edge  turned  towards 
the  pubes;  and  the  furgeon  with  his  left  index  finger,  which 
was  direiJtly  paffcd  into  the  opening,  kept  the  bladder  from 
defcending,  while  he  finifhed  the  incifion  of  that  vifcus, 
by  cutting  from  above  downwards  below  the  os  pubis.  The 
bladder  was  ilill  kept  up  with  the  index  finger,  until  the 
ftone  was  extrarted  with  the  forceps.  In  order  to  be  fure 
of  having  the  bladder  diilended,  and  to  be  able  to  introduce 
more  injection  if  neceffary,  Mr.  Middleton  ufed  to  keep  the 
catheter  in  the  urethra  till  the  incifions  were  completed.  On 
the  other  hand,  Douglas  was  in  the  habit  of  cutting  down 
to  the  bladder  betore  he  introduced  the  catheter. 

The  apparatus  altus  has  been  objefted  to  as  unadapted  to 
perfons  who  are  either  inclined  to  be  fat,  or  wliofe  bladders 
are  not  capacious.  Unfortunately,  in  the  generality  of 
itone-patients,  the  bladder  is  much  contrafted.  Tlie  iutro- 
duClion  of  the  injection  has  likewife  been  found  a  painful 
and  uncertain  proceeding  ;  for,  very  often,  a  fufRcient  quan- 
tity could  not  be  got  into  the  bladder,  fo  that  in  operating 
there  was  fome  rific  of  wounding  the  peritoneum.  The 
method  has  alio  been  accufed  of  frequently  giving  rife  to  an 
■extravafatir-n  of  urine,  and'  floughing  and  abfcelTes  in  the 
pelvis,  in  confequence  of  the  greater  facility  with  which  that 
fluid  efcapes  through  the  wound  of  the  bladder  than  through 
the  urethra.  Thefe  unpleaiant  events  have  been  faid  to  take 
place  the  mere  eafily,  as  when  the  bladder  contrafts,  it 
defcer.ds  behind  the  os  pubis,  and  the  wound  in  it  no  longer 
continues  oppofite  to  that  in  the  linea  alba  and  integuments. 
Keeping  a  catheter  in  the  bladder,  or  the  patient  in  an  hori- 
zontal podurc,  has  not,  it  is  faid,  availed  in  preventing  the 
frequency  or  fatality  of  fuch  mifchief. 

However,  Frere  Come's  method  of  performing  the  ap- 
paratus altus,  which  we  (hall  hereafter  notice,  if  repreiented 
by  the  French  furgeons  as  being  free  from  theprc ceding  incon- 
veniences. When  the  account  of  this  form  of  the  apparatus 
altus  has  been  read,  we  entertain  little  doubt  that  the  ope- 
ration will  appear,  to  all  good  judges,  to  have  merit.  Frere 
Cume  is  faid  to  have  cut  nearly  a  hundred  patients,  in  the 


manner  alluded  to,  with  alrr.ofl  uninterrupted  fuccefs.  The 
plan  has  the  advantage  of  enabling  a  furgeon  to  cxtraft 
larger  Hones  than  can  be  taken  out  of  the  bladder  by  any 
other  method,  as  the  incifion  may  be  enlarged  in  proportion 
to  their  fize,  and  the  bladder  is  here  more  yielding  than  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  proflate  gland.  Nor  is  the  paflage  of  a 
large  ftone  here  reliited  by  any  bony  obftacles,  as  in  other 
modes  of  operating.  See  Sabatiers  Mcdccine  Opcratoirc, 
tom.  ii.  p  5  [. 

It  muil  be  confelTed,  that  fome  difficulty  might  arife  in 
cafe  the  ftone  were  to  break,  as  the  fragments  could  not  be 
fo  eafily  taken  out  as  in  other  methods.  We  are  to  re- 
member, however,  that  this  accident  is  lefs  likely  to  happen, 
bccaufe  the  parts  through  which  the  cidculus  has  to  pafs 
are  all  foft  and  yielding.  Were  it  to  take  place,  the  larger 
pieces  of  the  calculus  might  be  extrafted  by  means  of 
proper  forceps,  and  the  Imaller  ones  would  be  carried  out 
with  the  urine  through  the  tube  in  the  perineum. 

This  method,  againll  which  the  records  of  furgery  appear 
to  adduce  no  ferious  objeclions,  founded  on  as  pofitive  expe- 
rience, has  been  entirely  abandoned.  Want  of  fimplicity  is 
alleged  againll  it  ;  but  we  think  without  much  reafon,  for 
the  operation,  as  will  be  feen  frum  the  defcription,  is  not 
difficult  ;  nor  is  the  number  of  inftruments  immoderate. 
If,  what  Richter  mentions  be  true,  that  Frere  Come  cut 
nearly  a  hundred  patients  in  this  way  with  almoft  invariable 
luccefs,  the  jullification  of  further  trials  cannot  be  doubted. 
The  method,  as  modified  by  13efchamps,  who,  inftead  of 
cutting  the  perineum,  perforated  the  bladder  from  the  rettum, 
has  received  the  high  fanction  of  Dr.  Thomfon  of  Edin- 
burgh.     See  Edinburgh  Surg.  Journ.  N^  13. 

Latsrul  operation. —  Since  the  ill  eonfequences  of  the  ap- 
paratus major  were  chiefly  owing  to  the  difiention,  contufion, 
and  lacer.ition  wjhich  the  membranous  and  proftatic  portions 
of  the  urethra,  and  tlie  neck  of  the  bladder  itfelf  fuffered, 
the  idea  ot  preventing  luch  mifchief,  by  cutting  thefe  parts 
to  a  fufiicient  extent,  feemed  almoft  a  certain  and  natural 
effeiit  of  any  reflection  beftowed  on  the  fubjecl.  The 
making  of  fuch  an  incifion  conftitutes  all  the  particularity  of 
the  lateral  operation  ;  but  as  the  lower  fide  of  the  urethra 
cannot  be  divided  far  enough  without  the  reftum  being 
wounded,  the  cut  is  directed  fideways,  from  which  circum- 
ftance  the  name  of  the  method  is  derived. 

The  lateral  operation  being  that  which,  under  various  mo- 
difications, has  now  taken  the  place  of  every  other  method 
of  cutting  for  the  (lone,  it  feenis  proper  to  give  fome  ac- 
count of  its  origin  and  progreflive  improvement,  and  of  the 
different  modes  of  executing  it,  with  gorgets  and  a  variety 
oi,  lithotomes  and  knives. 

In  September,  1697,  a  fort  of  monk,  named  Frere 
Jacques  de  Beaulieu,  went  to  Paris,  taking  with  him  nume- 
rous certitlcates  of  the  many  cures  which  he  had  accom- 
pliftied  in  fundry  places,  and  announcing  his  defire  to  teach 
the  furgeons  of  that  city  a  new  method  of  cutting  for  the 
ftone.  He  paid  his  refpeds  to  Marechal,  then  principal 
furgeon  to  La  Cliarite,  and  requefted  leave  to  operate  upon 
fome  of  t!ie  patients  in  that  hofpital.  Marechal,  however, 
did  not  think  proper  to  trull  the  living  to  a  man,  of  whofe 
qualifications  he  was  entirely  ignorant,  and  ail  that  Frere 
Jacques  could  get  granted,  was  permiffion  to  exhibit  his 
mode  of  operating  upon  a  dead  body.  The  relult  was, 
that  his  plan  was  not  confidered  advantageous,  and,  diflTatis- 
fied  with  the  reception  he  had  experienced,  he  quitted  Paris 
in  Oilober,  and  repaired  to  Fcntalnbleau,  the  feat  of  the 
court.  Here  he  cut  for  the  ftone  a  lad,  who,  in  three 
weeks  after  the  operation,  was  feen  walking  quite  well  about 
the  ilreets. 

Y  i  Frere 


LITHOTOMY. 


Frere  Jacques  put  his  patientsunder  no  preparatory  treat- 
ment before  the  operation  ;  he  placed  them  on  the  edge  of 
a  table,  with  a  pillow  under  their  heads,  and  with  their  legs 
and  thighs  bent  and  feparated  from  each  other,  in  fnch  a 
way,  that  their  heels  approached  their  buttocks.  He  did 
•not  bind  his  patient,  in  this  pollure  ;  but  made  lome  llrong 
.  alTiflants  ho'd  them.  Then,  having  introduced  into  the 
bladder  a  round,  iolid,  ungrcovcd  ftaif,  he  took  a  long  nar- 
row  knife,  and  made  an  oblique  incifion  in  the  perineum, 
along  the  internal  part  of  the  tubcrofity  and  ramus  of  the 
jfchinni,  cutting  from  below  upwards.  In  this  way,  he 
cut  all  tlie  parts  which  prefented  tli.-mfelves,  without  taking 
out  tiie  ftafT.  He  now  introduced  his  finger  into  the  wound, 
in  order  to  afcertain  the  fuuation  of  llie  itone,  and  enlarged 
the  in'.ernal  opening  with  an  inllrument  much  like  a  fcratch- 
ing  knife,  but  which  only  had  one  cutting  edge.  On  this 
inllrument,  which  he  called  his  conductor,  he  pafied  the 
forceps  into  the  bladder.  The  folld  ftaff  was  then  with- 
drawn from  the  urethra,  and  the  calculus  extrafted.  Laltly, 
fome  linen  dipped  in  a  mixture  of  oil  and  wine  was  applied 
to  the  wound,  and  the  operator  took  final  leave  of  his  pa- 
tients,  te'ling  them,  that  the  operation  was  done,  and  that 
God  would  complete  the  cure. 

Frere  Jacques'  fuccefs  at  Fontainbleau  changed  the  pub- 
lic opinion  fo  much  in  his  favour,  that  it  was  determined  to 
let  him  o;"-rate,  in  the  enfuing  fpring,  on  the  patients  in 
the  Hoiel  D'.eu  and  La  Chaiite.  He  was  direfted,  how- 
ever, to  make  fome  previous  triaU  of  his  method  upon  the 
dead  fubjed  in  the  prefence  of  Meiy,  who  was  ordered  to 
■furiiifli  a  report  on  the  matter.  Mery's  firft  declaration 
was  qu'te  favourable  to  Frere  Jacques,  as  it  ftated,  that  the 
neck  and  b  idy  of  the  bladder  were  cut  inftead  of  being 
dilated,  as  they  were  in  the  ordinary  method  at  that  time  ; 
that  as  tlie  ftcne  was  extracted  at  the  wideft  part  of  the 
arch  of  the  pubes,  the  fympt.ims  were  likely  to  be  milder  ; 
and,  among  other  circumilances,  that  the  internal  parts  were 
lefs  ex])ofed  to  be  torn  and  bruifed.  Mery  thought  Frere 
Jacques'  inltruments  not  fo  eligible  as  thofe  in  previous 
ufe,  and  pariicularly  objeftcd  to  the  ftafF,  which,  having  no 
groove,  fei-ved  as  a  very  indifferent  guide  to  the  knife. 

Under  Mery's  infpeftion,  Frere  Jacques  made  further 
trials  of  the  new  method  on  dead  bodies,  and  a  fecond  re- 
port, dra.vn  up  by  the  former,  wa^  much  lefs  propitious 
than  that  which  had  been  previouily  delivered.  Bat  nei- 
ther this  cirjumftance,  a^or  fome  untor'.unate  operations 
which  Frere  Jacques  had  lately  performed  at  Verfailles  and 
Paris,  led  to  a  rejeiiion  of  the  ne^v  plan  ;  for  forty-two 
ftone  patients,  in  the  Ho  el  Dieu,  and  eighteen  in  La 
Charite,  were  now  put  under  his  care.  Nothing  could 
furpafs  the  general  eagernefs  to  fee  him  operate.  There 
was  not  a  phvfician,  iiur  a  furgeon,  who  was  not  proud  of 
being  his  atfiilant.  In  ihort,  fo  vail  was  the  concourfe 
of  fpeclators,  or  rather, 'of  thofe  who  willied  to  be  fueh, 
that  guards  were  found  neceffary  to  preferve  order.  Of 
the  above  fixty  patients,  twenty-three  died.  Only  thirteen 
were  perfetily  cured,  and  even  in  fome  of  thefe  the  wound 
is  faid  to  have  afterwards  brok:-n  out  again.  The  other 
trtentv-four  remained  in  the  hofpitals  ;  fnme  with  an  incon- 
tiriense  of  urine  ;  others  with  fiftulie;  and  all  in  a  reduced 
ftate,  from  «hich  they  are  laid  to  have, never  recovered. 
On  exa.-nining  the  bodies  of  the deceafsd,  it  appeared  that, 
in  fome  inilanoes,  the  fundns  of  the  bladder  was  wounded, 
while  ii  others,  the  neck  of  this  vifcus  was  entirely  fepa- 
rated from  the  urethra  i  that,  in  women,  the  vagina  was 
conft^ntly  pierced  in  two  oppofite  places  ;  that,  in  both 
fexes,  the  reituni  was  frequently  opened  ;  and  that,  in  all 
cafes,  the  parts  were  terribly  liacked,  in  conl'equence  of  no 


guide    for  the  knife,   and  no  conductor  having  been  em-» 
ployed. 

The  ill  fuccefs  of  Frere  Jacques'  operations  did  not  pro- 
duce fimilar  fcntiments  in  every  mind.  Felis  and  Fagon, 
in  France,  thought  that  his  method  had  merit,  and  that, 
when  improved  in  particular  points,  which  they  fuggeftcd, 
it  might  be  made  far  fuperior  to  any  other  mode  of  cutting 
for  the  ilone.  Frere  Jacques  profited  fo  much  by  their 
advxe,  that,  in  1 699,  he  operated  on  about  fixty  perfans, 
moil  of  whom  got  quite  well.  He  fpent  the  enfuing  winter 
at  Verfailles,  as  an  inmate  with  Fagon;  and  there  repeat- 
edly praCtifcd  lithotomy  on  the  dead  fubjeft.  Duvcimey 
diffected  the  bodies,  and  though  he  found  Frere  Jacques' 
method  far  preferable  to  the  apparatus  major,  which  was 
then  the  only  other  plan  in  ule,  he  was  of  opinion  with 
Mery,  "  that  the  ftaft  would  be  .better  with  a  groove,  as 
its  round  and  foHd  form  was  ill  fuited  for  the  guidance  of 
the  knife."  Frere  Jacques,  ever  ready  to  receive  inftruc- 
tion,  loft  no  time  in  adopting  the  improvement.  He  had 
new  ilaffs  conlbudled,  and  continued  to  employ  them  the 
reft;  of  his  life. 

In  the  fpring  of  1 70 1,  this  celebrated  lithotomifl  cut 
thirty-eight  patients  for  the  ilone  at  Verfailles.  Thefe  all 
recovered.  Fagon,  who  was  afflidled  with  the  difordcr, 
could  not  refolve  to  put  himielf  under  the  care  of  the  new- 
operator  ;  but  was  operated  upon  and  cured  by  Marcchal. 
Frere  Jacques,  fomewhat  piqued  at  this  circumitance,  quit- 
ted Verfailles,  with  the  intention  of  never  returning  thither; 
but,  in  1702,  he  was  induced  to  re-vifit  the  place  at  the  in- 
ftance  of  the  Marfhal  de  Lorges,  who  was  afRitled  with  the 
ftone,  and  under  whofe  roof  were  lodged  twenty-two  poor 
patients  with  calculi.  Thefe  were  all  operated  upon  with 
fuccefs  ;  but  the  Marflial,  whofe  bladder  contained  fun)j;ous 
excrefcences,  and  leven  Imall  flones,  the  extraclion  of  which 
was  tedious,  died  the  day  after  fuhmitting  to  the  opera- 
tion. In  confequence  of  this  accident,  Frere  Jacques  de- 
termined to  go  into  Holland.  Here  his  fuccefs  mull  have 
been  very  confiderable  ;  for  he  was  thrice  engraved  ;  and 
at  Bruffels,  whither  he  was  fent  by  the  magiftrates  of  Am- 
fterdam,  a  medal  was  llruck  in  honour  of  him,  with  this 
infcriplion  :  Pro  feyuatls  civiliis.  The  motto  of  one  of  the 
engravings  is  the  toUosving  pafiage  from  Cicero  :  JEari, 
quia  non  omnes  canvakfcunt,  jion  iddrco  ars  nulla  medicina  cjl. 
This  alludes  to  the  many  hoilile  criticifras  which  had  been 
iflued  againft  him. 

In  1712,  Fi ere  Jacques,  being  fixty  years  of  age,  re- 
turned to  Befangon,  his  native  place,  where  he  foon  after- 
wards died. 

While  he  was  at  Amfterdam,  his  mode  of  operating  had 
been  obferved  by  the  famous  Raw,  who  at  once  perceived, 
that  the  method  was  infinitely  preferable  to  the  apparatus 
major,  and  who,  after  fome  trials  on  the  dead  fnbjed^,  put 
it  in  practice  on  the  living.-  Raw's  fuccefs  exceeded  every 
thing  heard  of  before  :  befidcs  extracting  the  Ilone  with  the 
utmoil  eafe,  he  cured  all  his  patients  wi'hout  oxce:  tion. 
His  reputation  fpread  every  wiiere.  Surgeons  flocked  from 
all  parts  to  Amllerdam,  in  order  to  fee  him  operate  and 
receive  his  inftruftions.  He  cared  not  how  many  fp--ftators 
he  had  ;  but  no  one  could  prevail  on  him  to  divn'ge  the 
particulars  of  his  plan.  To  every  folicitation  on  this  point, 
his  ufual  reply  was,  "  Celfum  legitote,"  which  feems  to  hint, 
that  he  was  in  the  habit  of  cutting  the  fame  parts  as  were 
divided  in  the  ancient  operation  of  the  apparatus  vninor. 
It  is  afferted,  that  he  cut  for  t'ne  Hone  1540  patients,  and 
(what  is  almo (I  incredible)  they  are  all  Hated  to  have  re- 
covered, fo  that  there  was  never  any  opportunity  of  dilfedf- 
jng  the  bodies  of  any  of  his  patients. 

It 


LITHOTOMY. 


It  ^ns  for  a  lon^  while  prefumcd,  that  Raw  made  an 
opcninjr  into  the  bladder,  without  touching  the  neck  of 
this  vifcus,  or  cuttinir  the  proftate  gland.  This,  at  Icaft, 
was  the  feiitiment  of  Albiiius  the  father  ;  hut,  in  latter 
times,  the  general  conclufion  has  been,  that  Raw  mud  have 
divided  theie  parts. 

After  Raw's  death  in  1719,  experiments  were  made,  in 
order  to  afcertain  his  mode  of  performing  lithotomy.  Anaong 
others  engaged  in  this  objcft  was  Chefclden,  who,  when 
the  bladder  was  diftended  with  an  injedion,  fitccceded  in 
making  an  onenirfg  into  this  vifcus,  without  injuring  its 
neck,  ilaring  tried  this  plan,  however,  on  Ibme  of  his  pa- 
tients, he  foon  found,  that  it  «'a'i  very  liable  to  be  followed 
by  a  fatal  extravafation  of  urine  in  the  pelvis,  and,  confe- 
quently,  he  renounced  it  for  ever.  His  experiments  were 
ftili  carried  on,  and  at  length  he  was  convi:iced,  that  in 
operating  with  the  indruments,  and  in  the  manner  of  Raw, 
as  dcfcribed  by  A'biius,  it  was  impoffiblc  to  make  an 
opening  into  the  bladder,  without  cutting  the  membranous 
part  of  the  urethra,  and  the  proftate  gland.  Chefelden 
■ow  flopped  his  inveftigations,  and  direfted  all  his  abilities 
to  the  eafy  accomplifhment  of  fuch  an  operation.  The 
knife,  commonlv  empiayed  on  o'.her  occafions,  feemed  to 
Chefelden  much  more  convenient  than  the  pointed  lithotome 
ufed  by  the  Dutch  furgeons.  luilead  of  the  male  and  fe- 
male conduttor  in  ufe  with  Raw,  Chefelden  preferred  a 
blunt  gorget  for  guiding  the  forceps  into  the  blidder ; 
but  iie  altered  the  handle,  which,  inltead  of  reprefenting  a 
{brt  of  croC-:,  was  now  oval,  and  made  to  incline  to  the 
lef^. 

Having  abandoned  the  method  imputed  to  Raw  by  Al- 
binu'',  Cl'.efelden  tried  a  fecond  plan,  which  was  as  follows  : 
the  patient  being  placed  in  the  pofture  ufually  chofen  for 
lithotomy  by  modern  cperalors,  a  grooved  ftaff  was  intro- 
duced into  the  bladder.  The  handle  of  this  inftrument  was 
inclined  towards  the  right  groin,  and  firmly  held  by  an  af- 
fiilant  with  one  hand,  while,  with  the  other,  the  fcrotum 
was  f.:pported.  The  fl-cin  of  the  perineum  having  been 
made  tenfe  with  the  opera'or's  left  thumb,  a  free  oblique 
jncifion  was  made  with  a  convex  edged  fcalpel,  much  in  the 
fame  way  as  is  commonly  done  at  the  prefent  d.iy.  The 
fat  was  next  deeply  cut  through.  Th-  left  index  finger  was 
then  introduced  into  the  upper  angle  of  the  wound,  and  the 
groove  of  the  fluff  being  felt  throUi;h  the  parietes  of  the 
ure'hra,  a  cut  was  made  into  this  canal  The  afliTant  that 
h.».d  the  care  of  the  Itaff,  was  now  directed  to  draw  its  con- 
cavity upward  as- clofely  as  polTible  under  the  arch  of  the 
pubes,  away  from  the  refturr^  All  that  remained  10  be 
done,  was  to  divide  the  membranous  part  of  the  urethra  and 
the  neck  of  the  bladder.  This  was  executed  by  pulliing 
the  point  of  the  knife  along  the  groove  of  the  flaff,  under 
the  guidance  of  the  left  index  finger,  which,  in  this  flep 
of  the  operation,  was  kept  on  the  back  of  the  fcalpel. 
Having  reached  the  prollate  gland,  the  incifion  was  com- 
pleted by  the  knife  being  moved  downwards  and  outwards, 
with  its  edge  turned  towards  the  tuberolity  of  theifchium. 

The  left  index  linger,  remaining  in  the  wound,  ferved  to 
guide  the  beak  of  the  blunt  gorget  into  the  groove  of  the 
ftaff.  The  operator  now  took* hold  of  the  h.indle  of  this 
lall  inftrument,  and,  after  bringing  it  downwards  and 
forwards,  condufted  the  gorget  into  the  bladder.  The 
ftaff  was  withdrawn,  the  forceps  introduced  along  tiie  con- 
■cavity  of  the  gorget,  and  the  flone  extratled.  Such  was 
Chefelden's  fecond  method.  It  was  this  operation  which 
Morand  gave  an  account  of  to  the  French  furgeons,  after 
teing  it  performed  during  his  vifit  to  England  at  the  ex- 
pence  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  j    and  it  is  par- 


ticularly worthy  of  notice,  tiiat  foreign  furgical  writers 
feem  unaware,  that  Chefelden  afterwards  gave  the  preference 
to  a  third  plan  of  operating,  which  has  been  defcribed  by 
Douglas  in  his  fecond  Hiflory  of  the  Lateral  Operation,, 
pubhfhcd  1 73 1. 

We  are  not  very  well  acquainted  with  the  reafons  which 
led  Chefelden  to  abandon  his  fecond  method.  He  had, 
however,  candidly  confelTed  to  Morand,  that  in  pufhing  the 
knife  backwards  along  the  groove  of  the  flaff,  he  had  in 
two  inflances  wounded  the  reftum.  Befides,  it  is  con-- 
jeftured,  that  the  incifion  of  the  proftate  gland  was  often 
too  fmall  for  the  free  tranfmilTion  of  the  flone. 

Chefelden's  third,  and  what  he  confidered  as  liis  befl  me- 
thod of  cutting  for  the  flone,  did  not  differ  in  point  cf 
principle  from  his  fecond  plan.  The  fame  parts  were  cut, 
namely,  the  membranous  part  of  the  urethra,  and  the  pr<;f- 
tate  gland.  The  change  confided  in  a  different  mode  of 
executing  the  incifion,  "  which  was  now  performed  by 
moving  the  knife  from  behind  forwards,"  inflead  of  froms 
before  backwards,  as  in  the  fecond  method. 

The  following  is  the  defcripticn  of  Chefelden's  laft  and 
moll  improved  plan,  as  given  to  us  by  Douglas.  "  In  per- 
forming the  lateral  operation,  he  makes  the  firfl,  or  outward 
incifion,  from  above  downwards  ;  beginning  on  the  left  fide 
of  the  raphe,  or  feam,  betwixt  the  fcrotum  and  the  verge  of' 
the  anus,  ahnoft  as  high  as  where  the  fl<in  of  the  perineum 
begins  to  dilate  and  form  the  bag  that  contains  the  teflicles, 
and  from  thence  he  continues  the  wound  obliquely  out- 
wards, as  low  down  as  the  middle  of  the  margin  of  the- 
anus,  at  about  half  an  inch  diflant  from  it  near  the  (kin, 
and,  confequently,  beyond  the  great  protuberasce  of  the 
03  ifchium. 

"The  firfl  or  upper  part  of  this  incifion  is  cut  fuperHcial; 
after  that,  •  he  plunges  his  knife  much  deeper  by  the  fide 
of  the  reftum,  and  fmilhos  it  by  drawing  his  knife  obliquely 
towards  himfelf.'  Thefe  three  motions  may  always  be  ob- 
ferved  iu  his  external  incifion  ;  but  the.-  la(l  is  performed 
pretty  much  at  random  ;  his  knife  firll  enters  the  groove  of 
the  '  rollrated  or  ftraight  part  of  the  catheter,  through  the 
fide  of  the  bladder,  immediately  above  the  proilate  ;'  and 
afterwards,  the  point  of  it  continuing  to  run  in  the  fame 
groove,  in  a  direction  downwards  and  forwards,  or  towards 
himfelf,  he  divides  that  part  of  the  fphiniter  of  the  bladder 
that  lies  upon  the  gland  ;  and  then  he  cuts  the  outfide  of 
one-half  of  it  obliquely,  according  to  the  direction  of  the 
whole  length  of  the  urethra  that  runs  within  it,  and  finithes 
his  internal  incifion  by  dividing  the  muftular  portion  c£  the 
urethra  on  the  convex  part  of  the  llafi." 

The  fecond  and  third  of  Chefelden's  methods,. then,  refem- 
bied  each  other  in  the  parts  cut  ;  but  the  firfl  ar,d  third 
"were  effentially  different,  notwithltanding  the  knife  was  in 
each  of  them  plunged  at  once  into  the  body  of  the  bladder 
behind  the  prollate  gland.  Chefelden,  in  his  firfl  operation, 
only  imitated  Frere  Jacques  and  Raw,  and  paffed  his  kuite 
into  the  bladder  betwixt  the  veficulse  femiiiales  and  tuber 
ifchii.  He  flopped  at  the  back  part  of  the  proftate  gland.  . 
All  his  incifion  lay  behind  this  gland.  "  He  cut  the  body 
of  the  bladder  only."  But,  in  his  lall  operation,  he  cut  no 
part  of  the  body  of  the  bladder ;  "  he  introduced  his  knife 
c'ofe  behind  the  prollate  gland,  and  in  drawing  it  towards 
him,  he  of  courfe  cut  only  the  neck  of  the  bladder  where 
it  is  furrounded  by  that  gland."  Ji^iin  Bell's  Prinaples, 
vol.  li.  p.  153. 

In  operating  after  the  manner  afcribed  to  Raw,  Chefelden 
loft  four  patients  out  of  ten  ;  bar  in  purfuing  his  own  im- 
proved method,  his  lucccls  wa^  mod  brilliant,  for,  of  rifty- 
two  patients  whom  he  fucceffyvely  cut  for  the  ftone,  all  were 

faved-j 


LITHOTOMY. 


favcd  exceptiiiff  two  ;  and  it  is  well  known,  that  out  of  two 
hundred  and  thirteen  perlons,  of  all  ages,  conftitutions,  &c. 
on  whom  lie  operated,  only  twenty  died.  What  lithotomill 
of  the  prefent  day  can  boaft  of  cqnal  fuccefs  ?  We  have 
feen  lithotomy  performed  rather  frequently  with  cntting 
gorgets  of  different  dcfcriptions,  in  the  manner  that  has 
been  of  late  years  moll  prevalent.  Out  of  every  feven  or 
eight  operations,  at  lealt  one  has  had  a  fatal  termination. 
We  make  this  ftatement  with  fome  degree  of  confidence,  as 
.we  know  it  might  be  confirmed  by  the  mod  refpcftab'e  and 
impartial  evidence.  To  what  then  are  we  to  refer  the  few 
failures  which  Chcftlden  experienced,  and  the  vaft  number 
.of  deaths  confeqiient  to  the  prefent  common  plan  of  cutting 
for  the  Hone.  The  reply,  in  our  opinion,  is  obvious.  Che- 
feldcn  made  an  ample  and  direft  incifion  into  the  bladder 
with  a  fli.jrp  knife,  the  inllrument,  of  all  others,  the  betl  cal- 
culated for  effecting  a  clean  fmooth  divifion  of  the  parts, 
without  a:iy.kceratiin,  contufion,  or  other  additional  injury. 
The  moderns  often  niiike  their  external  incifion  too  fmall, 
and  too  high  up,  while  the  internal  cut,  which  is  executed 
•with  a  g«'rget,  is  almolt  always  too  diminutive  for  the  eafy 
padage  of  any  calculi  above  a  very  moderate  fize.  The 
difficulty  of  extraction  mull  evidently  be  increafed  by  tiie 
external  wound  being  confiderably  higher  up,  than  the  in- 
ternal divifion  of  the  proilate  ghnd  and  neck  of  the  bladder, 
iince  the  paffage  through  wliicii  the  Hone  muff  be  drawn 
out,  betides  being  too  Imall,  does  not  lead  dlredlly  into  the 
.cavity,  of  the  bladder.  Chefelden,  in  ufing  the  knife,  had 
cccation  to  exert  no  force  nor  roughnefs.  The  moderns, 
whofe  ijorgets  are  fotnetimcs  very  badly  conilrucled,  are 
often  under  the  neceffity  of  pulhmg  fuch  inffruments  moft 
forcibly,  ere  the  epening  into  the  bladder  can  be  made. 
The  violence  and  injury  which  the  parts"  mull  thus  fuffer,  in 
addition  to  their  fimple  divifion,  require  from  us  no  comment. 
Chefelden,  having  the  advantage  of  a  free  and  direft  opening 
into  the  bladder,  never  bruifed  and  injured  the  interior  of 
this  vifcus  by  tedious  fearches  after  the  ftone  with  the  for- 
ceps ;  nor  when  he  had  gralped  the  foreign  body,  did  he 
ever  bruife  and  lacerate  the  parts  in  drawing  it  out.  His 
conftant  plan,  on  firft  introducing  the  forceps,  was  ;o  fcarch 
«wi//y  for  the  Hone  luilh  their  blades  Jimt.  When  he  had  got 
Hold  of  the  ffone,  he  ufed  to  extratlit  "  with  a  very  »Tow 
motion,  in  order  to  let  the  parts  yield  as  much  as  poflible." 
On  the  contrary,  the  moderns,  generally  having  too  fmall  an 
.opening,  are  often  obliged  to  introduce  and  withdraw  the 
.forceps  twenty  or  thirty  times  before  they  can  accomplilh 
the  extraction  of  ilie  ilone.  Defirous  of  Ihortcning  the 
bufincfs,  they  are  guilty  of  manu  d  roughnefs  and  violence; 
xind  not  only  the  bladder,  but  the  parts  through  which  the 
ilone  has  to  pals,  are  dreadfully  bruifed  and  injured.  Some 
operations  which  v/e  have  vvitncffed  have  been  fo  lone,  and 
executed  with  fuch  awkwardnefs  and  want  of  gentlenefs, 
that  we  cannot  help  fufpefting,  that  the  bladder  mud 
■actually  have  been  in  a  Hate  of  intlammation  betore  the 
■poor  patients  were  removed  from  the  operating  table. 

Chefelden  undoubtedly  was  one  of  the  moff  expert  and 
fuccefsfal  lithotomiits  that  ever  lived  in  any  counry,  and 
his  mode  of  operating,  which  is  fully  explained  to  us,  ought, 
in  our  opinion,  never  to  have  been  abandoned  for  the  em- 
.ployment  of  cutting  gorgets. 

Of  the  hejl  -way  nf  e.xecuiing  the  lateral  operation  with  cut- 
ting gorgets. — We  fuppofe  it  muff  iiave  been  ignorance  of 
anatomy,  joined  with  timidity  and  want  of  judgment,  that 
could  induce  furgeons  to  give  up  fo  excellent  a  plan  of 
.operating  as  that  which  was  invented  and  pnictifed  by  Che- 
felden  ;  for,  admitting  that  it  is  fomewhat  ealier  to  make 
.the  lateral  incifion   with  a  cutting  gorget,  there  is  yet  a 


more  intereffing  and  weighty  matter  for  confideration, 
namely,  whether  the  recoveries  after  the  latter  operation  are, 
upon  the  whole,  as  numerous  as  thofe  which  followed  Che- 
feldeii's  method.  Thij  emnient  furgeon,  as  we  have  already 
■noticed,  cut  for  the  ffone  fiftytwo  patients  in  fnccefiion, 
of  whom  only  two  died.  No  furgeon  of  the  prefent  day, 
in  the  habit  of  i>fing  a  cutting  gorget,  can  boall  of  fuccefs 
at  all  equal  to  this.  Our  obfervation  tends  to'thc  conclu- 
fion,  that  about  one  out  of  every  feven  or  eight  patients 
cut  for  the  ftone,  with  fome  kind  of  fharp  gorget,'  falls  a 
victim  to  the  operation.  According  to  our  lentiments,  a 
furgeon  fiionld  not  regulate  his  conduft  fo  much  by  the 
facility,  as  the  fuccefs  of  any  plan;  and  a  little  more  trouble 
and  difficulty  ought  to  be  no  objections,  where  they  ferve 
to  give  the  patient  a  greater  chance  of  prefervation.  We 
know  that  a  man  cannot  imitate  Chefelden,  without  having 
a  requifite  knowledge  of  the  anatomy  of  the  parts  in  the 
perineum,  and  about  the  neck  of  the  bladder.  We  can 
conceive  at  the  fame  time,  that  a  perfon  might  learn  to 
operate  mechanically  with  a  gorget,  and  yet  be  totally  un- 
acquainttd  with  the  ffruclure  and  fituation  of  the  parts  in- 
terelted  in  the  operation.  It  is  this  removal  of  all  occafion 
for  lludy  and  application,  that  has  had  more  effec't,  than  any 
thing  elfe,  in  keeping  up  the  prefent  fyilem  cf  doing  the 
office  of  the  knife,  with  that  very  obje6iionable  inllrument  a 
cutting  gorget. 

The  patient  is  to  be  placed  at  the  edge  of  a  firm  table, 
and  the  ffaff  is  to  be  introduced  into  the  bladder. 

Then  two  garters,  each  about  two  yards  long,  are  to  be 
doubled,  and  put,  by  means  of  a  noofe,  round  the  patient's 
wrills.  The  patient  is  now  to  be  defircd  to  take  hold  of 
the  outfide  of  his  feet  with  his  hands,  in  fuch  a  manner, 
that  the  fingers  are  applied  to  the  foles,  and  the  palms  to 
the  inlleps.  The  two  ends  of  the  ligature  are  then  to  be 
carried  round  the  ankle,  next  over  the  back  of  the  hand, 
and  under  the  foot.  Laftly,  they  are  to  be  tied.  In  this 
manner,  each  hand  and  foot  may  be  fecurely  conneftcd  toge- 
ther, and  the  patient  is  fixed  in  the  pofition  the  bell  fuited 
for  the  operation. 

The  ftaff,  the  firll  inftrument  with  which  the  furgeon  has 
any  concern,  is  in  faCt'nothingmore  than  a  direftor,  adapted 
in  ffiape  to  the  courfe  of  the  urethra,  and  furniffied  with  a 
groove  for  guiding  a  cutting  inllrument  into  the  bladder. 
(See  Surgical  Plites  )  It  is  Ihaped  very  much  like  a  found, 
or  catheter.  However,  it  is  generally  fomewhat  longer  and 
more  curved,  and  while  the  handle  of  a  found  is  as  imooth 
and  highly  poH.lied  as  poffible,  that  of  a  ilaff  ought  to  have 
a  rough  iurface,  in  order  that  it  may  be  held  with  greater 
tteadinefs  and  firmnefs.  Two  advantages  arife  from  having 
the  ftaff  fufficiently  curved  ;  viz.  its  convexity  is  more 
plainly  dlltinguiihable  in  the  perineum  ;  and  on  depreffing 
the  handle  of  the  inftrument,  that  jiart  cf  the  groove  which 
is  at  the  neck  and  within  the  cavity  of  the  bladder,  may  be 
more  readily  made  to  affunie  a  direction  correlponding  to 
the  axis  of  this  viicus.  The  utility  of  the  length  of  the 
inftrument  is  very  obvious,  as  the  operator  is  thereby  lels 
li;ible  to  fuppofe  the  extremity  of  the  ilaff  to  be  within  the 
bladder,  when  it  is  not  fo  ;  and  it  is  plain,  that  the  groove 
fliould  always  extend  beyond  the  bc-ik  of  the  gorget,  even 
when  the  latter  inftrument  has  been  pulhed  as  far  as  the 
operator  judges  requilite. 

An  affiftant  is  to  hold  the  ftaff,  making  its  convexity  pro- 
minent in  the  perineum,  by  preffing  the  whole  inllrument 
downwards,  and  inclining  its  handle  towards  the  patient's 
abdomen.  The  perfon  who  has  charge  of  the  Ih-.ft',  ihouid 
alfo  turn  the  groove  a  little  towards  the  left  fide  of  the  peri- 

I  neum, 


LITHOTOMY. 


neum,  and  raife  the  fcrotum  with  his  left  hand,  in  order  to 
cxpofc  the  peiineiim  completely  to  the  furgeon's  view. 

The  next  confideration  is  the  manner  of  making  the  ex- 
ternal iiicifion,      A  moll  common  error  is  that  of  beginninjr 
the  cut  too  high  up.      Nearly  all  the  old  furgeons  commit 
this  fault,  by  commencing  the  incifion  over  the  bulb  of  the 
urethra,     'i'his  pradice  is  above  all  things  difadvantageous, 
efpecially  when   the   operator   makes   the   outward  wound 
rather  too  fmall.      Suppofe,  for  inllaiice,  that  the  furgeon 
begins  the  incifion  as  high  as  the  bii  b  of  the  urethra,  and 
does  not   carry  it  fufRciently  far  downwards  ;  and  that  he 
next  divides  the  prollate  gland  and  neck  of  the  biaddpr  wi'h 
the  gorget.     Now,  on  attempting  ro  take  out  the  flonc,  the 
external  part  of  the  wound  is  too  high,  in  regard  to  the  in- 
ternal portion  ;  and  the  paffage,  through  which  the  (lone  is 
to  be  extracted,  .not  being  ftraight  and  direct,  as  much  im- 
pediment to  the  cxtraftion  is  thereby  occafioncd  as  from  *he 
circumftance  of  the  wound  being  too  fmall.      We  are  de- 
cidedly of  opinion,  that   "  a  free  and  direCl  opening  for  the 
palTage  of  the  ilone  ought  always  to  be  made  in  the  opera- 
tion of  lithotomy  ;"  and  ;hat  tlie  fatal  termiisation  of  nume- 
rous cafes  is  entirely  owing  to  the  wound  not  being  fuffi- 
cieiitly   ample   and  diredl:        The  laceration    of   the   parts, 
■which  mud  happen   under   fuch  circum.llances,    is  too  fre- 
quently   produdlive   of  peritoneal   inflammation,    the    mod 
alarming   confeq\ience   of   the   operation.       Nothing   has   a 
greater  tendency  to  render  the  wound  indirect,  than  making 
the   incifion   through   the   fl<in   too   high   up ;    or,  in  other 
words,  fo  high  as  to  inte-cfl;  the  bulb  of  the  urethra. 

On  the  contrary,  the  wound  (hould  commence  over  the 
membranous  part  of  the  urethra,  at  the  place  where  the 
operator  means  to  make  his  firft  cut  into  the  groove  of  the 
flafF;  and  the  incifion  is  to  extend  about  three  inches  ob- 
licjuely  downwards,  to  the  left  of  the  raphe  of  the  perineum. 
The  point  to  which  it  ought  to  be  direfted,  is  the  centre 
of  a  line  drawn  from  the  anus  to  the  tuberofity  of  the 
ifchium. 


Mr.   Serjeant  Hawkins  has  made  his  name  exceedingly 
famous,  by  his  having  been  the  inventor  of  cutting  gorgets. 
We  have  already  related  how  the  ancient  furgeons  fomctime* 
employed  blunt  gorgets  for  dilating  the  parts,  in  the  per- 
formance of  the  apparatus  major.     A  reference  to  the  fiir- 
gii:al  plates  of  this  work  will  more  readily  convey  an  idea  of 
what  a  gorget  is,  than   any  verbal  defcription.     There  we 
have  given  reprefentations  of  the  blunt  gorget,  as  well  as  of 
(harp  gorgets,  devifed  by  Hawkins,  Cline,  and  Abernethy. 
The  gorget  of  Mr.  Cline  appears  to  us  the  moft  eligible,  as 
it  will  make  the  freeft  opening  into  the  bladder,  and  cut  in 
the  nioft  dcfirable  direction.      lis  edge,  being  quite  flraight, 
may  be  readily  g'-ound  very  (harp,  and  is   bell  fuited  for 
making  an  even  clean  in -ifion.      By  cutting  laterally,  inllead 
of  more  or  lefs  obliquely  upwards,  a  larger  incifion  may  be 
fafeiy  made  with  it  than  with  molt  other  gorgets,  which, 
having  their  edges  turned  upwards,  cut  in  a  direction  where 
the  rami  of  the  ofia  ifchium  converge,  and  leave  lEfufficient 
room  for  the  eafy  paflage  of  a  lar^^e  (lone ;  and  where  alfo 
the  trunk  of  the  pudendal  artery  is  liable  to  be  injured,  in 
making  a  wound  even  of  moderate  extent.     We  are  firmly 
perfuaded  of  the  truth  of  Ponteau's  opinion,  that  the  (lone 
ought  alwavs  to  be  extracted  where  the  arch  of  the  pubcs  is 
widell       Cline's  gorget,  befides  having  the  material  advan- 
tages  of  making  the  freed  opening,  and  cutting  in  the  mod 
defirable  direction,  a'fo  pofTeffes  the  excellence  of  being  di- 
verted of  that  very  ufelefs  and  objectionable  part,  the  blunt 
prominence  on  the  left  hand  of  the  beak,  fometinies  termed 
the   fhoulder  of  the  gorget.     This  (hould  always  be  filed 
away,  as  it  can  only  ferve  to  render  the  introdudtiou  of  the 
infirument  more  difficult. 

We  (hould  like  Mr.  Abernethy's  gorget  very  well,  if  its 
edge  were  foniewhat  more  extenfive,  and  had  a  more  hori- 
zontal direction.  But  the  fird  improvement  would  be  im- 
proper without^ the  lall ;  fmce  a  freer  cut  fo  much  upwards 
mud  endanger  the  pudendal  arter^'. 

Every  furgeon,  before  undertaking  lithotomy,  (hould  be 


The  requifite  divilion  of  the  integuments  being  made,  the  careful  that  the  beak  of  the  gorget  and  the  groove  of  the 

next  object   is  to  divide  the  tranfverfalrs  perinaei  mufclcs,  daff  fit  each  other  v.'ith  precilion.     The  embarralTment  and 

and  to  make  an  opening  into  the  membranous  part  of  the  rid^  of  doing  mifchief,  into  which  the  operator  would  fall, 

urethra,  fo  as  to  be  able  to  feel  didincily  with  the  finger  the  could  he  not  make  the  beak  Aide  along  tlie  groove,  mud  be 

groove  and  edges  of  the  (b.fF.  plain  to  every  underdanding. 

The   operator  has    now  to  accomplifh  a  very  important  Having  divided  the  urethra  a  confiderable  way  towards 


objedl,  and  one  that  is  for  the  mod  part  fadly  neglecftcd 
we  allude  to  cutting  the  left  fide  of  the  urethra  with  the 
knife,  as  far  as  poffible  along  the  groove  of  the  daft"  to- 
wards the  bladder.  In  doing  this,  the  point  of  the  fcalpel 
(hou'd  be  pla  ed  in  the  groove  of  the  daff,  and  the  edge  be 
turned  to  the  left,  v-hile  t!ie  operator's  left  fore-finger,  ap- 
phed  to  the  back  of  the  blade,  ferves  to  guide  its  courfe 
with  greater  deadinefs  and  fecurity.  When  this  part  of  the 
operation  is  carefully  done,  very  little  remains  to  be  effected 
by  the  gcrget. 

Were  the  furgeon,  with  too  much  boldnefs,  to  lay  open 
the  lower  part  of  the  urethra  onward  to  the  bladder,  he 
■would  inevitably  wound  the  rectum  ;  "  becaufe,''  as  an 
excellent  writer  has  obferved,   "  the  incision  being  carried 


the  neck  of  the  bladder,  m  the  manner  explained  above,  the 
operator  is  to  place  the  beak  of  the  gorget  in  the  groove  of 
the  dafF;  and,  being  Aire  that  this  is  accompliflied,  he  is  to 
rife  from  his  chair,  and  take  hold  if  the  handle  of  the  dalT 
with  his  left  hand,  while  with  his  right  he  hods  the  gorget 
with  its  beak  carefully  mainiained  in  the  groove  of  the  llafF, 
along,  which  it  is  to  glide  ino  the  bladder.  But,'  before 
piifhing  the  gorget  onward,  a  moll  important  thing  is  to  be 
obierved:  this  is  "  to  bring  forward  the  handle  of  the  ftnfF, 
fo  as  to  elevate  the  extremity  of  the  indrument  in  the  blad- 
der ;  by  uhich  meats,  the  gorget  can  be  introduced  along 
the  groove  of  the  ilaff,  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  of  the 
above  vifcus.  In  fa6t,  the  gorget  (hould  always  be  intro- 
dueed   nea-ly  in  a  direction  corrcfponding  to  a  line  drawn 


on  from  the  urethra,  it   will  necelFarily  lead  to  that  part  of  rrom  the  os  coccygis  to  ihe  umbilicus."      Bv  following  this 

the  neck  of  the  bladder  that  lies  upon,  and  is  contiguous  to,  plan,  the  gorget  can  hardly  ever  v.ound  the  reCtum,  or  in- 

the   redtum."      (Jiharp    in    Critical   Inquiry,    &c.    p.  212.  (innate  itfclf  into  the  cell'.' ar  fubdance  between  this  intedine 

edit.  4  )      But   when  the  urethra  is  divided  in  the  manner  and  the  bladder.      It  is  evic"  'nt,  ho^tever,  that  there  can  be 

above   recommended,   with  the  ed^e  of  the  fcalpel  turned  no  fafety,  if  the  beak  of  liie  gorget  rtiould  happen  to  (lip 

fidoways,  no  ri(k  of  cutting  the  intedine  is  encountered.  out  of  the  groove,  which  isdeiigued  to  guide  it. 

The  next  important   dep  is  to  f'.ivide  the  prodate  gland  Immediately  the  gorget  has  been  introduced,  the  ftafF  is 

and  neck  of  the  bladder;  for  wlic     purpole,  the  gorget,  to  be  \\ithdrawn,  and  a  fuitable  pair  of  forceps  is  to  be 

that  difgracef'J  indrument,  which  we  Ihould  like  to  lee  ex-  paffed,    along  the  upper    fuiface  of     he  gorget,"  into  the 

pelled  from  furgery,  is  deiigned.  bladder,  for  the  purpofe  of  feizing  and  extrafting  the  done. 

Wliilc 


XITHOTOMY. 


Wlulc  the  operator  is  pafTinsr  the  forceps  nlong  the  gorget, 
the  latter  inllrumcnt  muft  be  kept'quite  niotior.lefs,  lell  its 
fl\arp  edge  diould  do  mifchicf ;  and  as  foon  RS  the  forceps  is 
ill  the  bladder,  the  cutting  gorget  is  alfo  to  be  taken  away. 
Delineations  of  the  fovceps,  ufed  in  lilhotomv,  will  be 


forceps,  the  furgcon  niould  introduce  his  finger,  in  order  to 
feel  whether  any  fragments  lliil  reniain  bihind.  If  they 
fliould  do  fo,  his  bell  plan,  provided  they  are  very  fmall,  is 
to  injecl  lukewarm  WHter,  with  moderate  force,  thron^h  the 
wound  into  the  bladder,  for  the  purpole  of  wafliing  them 
found  in  the  furgical  plates  of  this  work.  We  fhall  only  out.  A  fort  of  fcoop,  ufiially  contained  in  every  cafe  of 
obferve,  refpeAing  this  inftrument,  that  the  operator  fhould  inllrnments  for  lithotomy,  may  fometimcs  be  ufcf\;l  in  ex- 
'be  provided  with  at  lead  three  or  four  pairs  of  different  fizes  ;  trading  pieces  of  broken  calculi.  See  the  furgical  plate?. 
and  that  they  are  commonly  made  of  too  thick  and  clumfy  Tie  operator  outjht  always  to  examire  a  flone  as  foon  a$ 
a  conftruftion,  whereby  they  of  themfelves  almoll  occupy  it  is  cxtraded  ;  if  its  whole  furface  be  rough,  it  is  a  pre- 
the  whole  of  the  paflage  through  which  the  Hone  is  to  be  fumptlvc  fign  that  there  is  no  other  calculus  prefcnt  ;  if  its 
drawn.  outfide  (hould  be  fmcjoth  on  one  fide  and  rough  on  the  other. 

Our  defcriotion  has  now  advanced  to  that  point  of  the  it  is  not  improbable  that  there  are  other  (lones.  But  in 
operation,  when  the  (lafF  and  gorget  have  been  withdrawn,  every  inflance,  the  furgeon  fliould  introduce  his  fore-linger, 
leaving  the  forceps  introduced.  The  next  objeft  is  to  get  in  order  to  obtai.i  decifive  information  en  this  point ;  for  it 
hold  of  the  ftone  with  the  forceps.     In  doing  this,  the  fur-     would  be  unpardonable  to  put   the  patient    to    bed  while 


geon  will  do  %veU  to  remember  the  judicious  mode  parfued 

by  Chefelden,  as  detailed  in  our  account  of  this  gentleman's 

■improvements.     He  fliould  not  unmeaningly  expand  the  in- 

Itrument,  as  foon  as  it  is  in  the  bladder ;  neither  flionld  he 


another  Rone  remains  in  his  bladder. 

Sometimes  Hones  cannot  be  grafped  with  the  forceps,  un- 
lefs  raiftrd  by  the  index  and  middle  finger  of  the  left  hand, 
introduced  into  the  reftum.     Firll  Lines  of  the  Practice  of 


awKwardly  tlirull  it  about  at  random,  without  any  deter-  Surgery,  p.  J32 — Jjy.  edit.  ii. 
minate  fclieme.     The  moll  advifable  method  at  firft  is  not         Of  the   oLjcaions  to   cutt'wg  gorgets. — Mr.   John    Bell   of 
to  open  the   forceps,  but  ufe  the  inilrunient  as  a  kind  of  Edinburgh,  in  his  Principles  ot   Surgery,  vol.  ii.  has  freely 
probe,  for  afcertainlng  the  exaft  fituation  of  the  ftone.      If  delivered  his  fentiments  on  the  daggers  iiid  difadvantages  of 
this  body  fliould  be  lodged  at  the  lower  part  of  the  bladder,  the  cutting  gorget,  and  as  we  think  there  is  much  reafon  and 
juft  behind  the  neck  of  this  vifcus,  as  is  moftly  the  cafe,  and  truth  in  what  he  has  faid,  his  obfervatiois  appear  to  us  well 
be  diftintily  felt  below  tlie  blades  of  the  forceps,  the  operator  worthy  of  the  mofl  ferious  coiifideration.      They   tend  to 
is  to  open  the  inllrument  immediately  over  the  (tone,  and,  fliew  that  there  i.s  no  method  of  performing  lithotomy  fo  ex- 
after  depreffing  the  blades  a  little,  is  to  fliut  them,  fo  as  to  cellent  as  that  with  only  a  llaff  and  a  fcalpej,  and  that  if  fur- 
grafp  it.     Great  care,  however,  ntuil  be  taken  not  to  fhut  geons  would  take  the  trouble  to  quahfy  themk4vt-s  tor  this 
the  inllrument  in  any  other  than  a  gentle  manner,  as  breaking  laft  mode   of  operating,  a  thing  by  no  means   diflicult,  all 
the  Hone  is  an  exceedingly  unpleafant  and  troublefomc  oc-  cutting  gorgets  might  be  for  ever  laid  aiide,  to  the  great  be- 
currence.      Chefelden,    we   are   informed,    ufed,    when   the  nefit   of  mankind,    and   the   real   improvement   of   lurgery. 
flone  was  found  foft,  to  interpofe  his   finger  between  the  Mr.  John  Bell  reminds  us  that  "  thf  i;oigc/J!ips .'  and  all  the 
blades  of  the  forceps,  in  order  to  keep  them  from  making  furgeons  of  Europe  confefs  it  !   it  flips   in  the  hands  of  the 
too  much  prefTure.     Certainly  it  is  far  more  fcientific  to  ufe  moil  fliilful  furgeons,  and  no  one  can   be  rtfponfible  for  the 
the  forceps  at  fir.1,  merely  to  afccrtain  the  pofition  of  the  coPifequences  of  a    thrull   fo    defperate,  and   requiring    fo 
ftone;    for,  when   this  is   known,  the   operator  can  much  much  force.      It  fl^ps  fo  frequently,  and  is  avowciily  fo  liltle 
more  eafily  grafp  the  extraneous  body  in  a  fl<iiful  manr.cr,  under  the  controul  of  the  opera'.or,  that  1.0  man  ventures  to 
than  if  he  were  to  open  the  blades  of  the  inftrunient  im-     blame  his  brother  for  a  misfortune  which  rrray  happen  in  his 
mediately,  without  knowing  where  they  ought  next  to  be     own  hand.     So  imperfedl  is  the  inftrument,  aiul  fo  dangerous 
placed,  or  when  fliut.     No  man  can  doubt,  tiiat  the  injury     this  plunge,  that  to  prevent  the  gorget  being  driven  through 
•which   the  bladder  frequently   fuffers,  from  reiterated  and     the  fundus  of  the  bladder,  is  a  poiiit  of  fo  much  iinportaiici: 
awkward  movements  of  the  forceps,  has  a  conliderable  fliare     as  to  occupy,  to  this  day,  the  genius  of  inventors,  who  have 
in  giving  rife  to  fuch  inflammation  of  the  vifcus,  as  often     thought  to  guard  the  edge  by  a  double,  or  flipping  gorget  ! 
fpreads  to  the  peritoneum  and  bowels,  and  occafions  death.        and  fo  far  is  the  incifion,  after  it  is  fafely  made,  from  being 
When  the  ftone  is  found  to  be  fn  large,  that  it  cannot  be     adequate  to  the  extraciion  of  the  ftone,  that  the  fize  and 
■extracted  without  violence  and  laceration,  the  furgeon  may     form    of  the    gorget,    and  efpeeially   the   expanfion  of  its 
either  break  the  ftone  with  a  ftrong  pair  of  forceps,  con-     blade,  and  the  broadnefs  of  its  cutting  edge,  varies  every 


ftruCtcd  with  teeth  for  that  purpole  ;  or  by  means  of  Mr. 
H.  Earle's  inftrument ;  or  elfe  he  may  enlarge  the  wound 
with  a  common  fcalpel,  or  a  probe-pointed  biltoury,  intro- 
duced under  the  guidance  of  the  fore-iinger  ul  the  left 
band. 


day.  The  inftrument  was  once  conica',  but  is  now  cylin- 
drical ;  it  was  once  narrow,  but  is  now  broad  ;  it  was  once 
double,  with  the  beak  in  the  centre  ;  it  is  now  fingle,  witii 
the  be.ik  on  one  fidq  ;  when  firft  fliarpcned  by  fir  Cifar 
Hawkins,  it  was  round,  becaufe  it  had  been  im.mediately 


To  the  employment  of  the  knife,  in  this  circumftance,  we  before  a  mere  dilator  ;  it  is  now  flat,  and  entirely  refcmbles 
have  to  exurefs  our  decided  preference.  Breakino;  the  ftone  a  knife. 
in  the  bladder  fhould  always  be  avoided,  if  pofliblc  ;  as  it 
creates  fuch  a  chance  of  calculous  fragments  being  le  t  be- 
hind, and  obliges  the  furgeon  to  diflurb  and  hurl  the  bladder 
too  much  by  the  repeated  introduftions  of  the  forceps. 
We  wifti  it,  however,  to  be  well  underftood,  that  when  the 


"  It  is  not  without  reluctance,  (proceeds  Mr.  John  Bell,) 
that  I  rank  this  among  the  inventions,  where  mechaniim  is 
fubllituted  for  fl;;ll.  If  this  form  of  inftrument  were  iound 
fafe  in  pr.iclice,  I  fhould  be  as  little  apt  as  any  man  to  be 
infeftcd  by  fpeculative  fears  ;  but  it  is  a  murderous  weapon  ! 


ftone  is  excefiively  large,  and  cannot  be  brought  through  as  When  the  dafti  is  made  with,  the  gorget,  ei!hc?r  It  is  at  once 

free  an  opening  as  can  be  prudently  made,  without  the  em-  fucccfsful,  or,  if  wrong,  is  irretrievably  fo  ;  for  thoiigii  in 

ployment  of  unwarrantable   force,    it  is  the   duty  of  the  operating  w  ith  the  knife,  you  can  make  a  fecond  ii  cifion, 

operator  to  try  to  break  it.  in  operating  with  the  gorget,  if  you   fail  in  the  firft,  you 

When  this  has  been  done,  and  as  many  of  the  broken  can  make  no  fecond  plunge.     The  belt  opeiators  in   this 

pieces  have  been  taken  out  as  can  be  ilifcovercd  with  the  country,  among  whom  I  have  no  doubt  I  may  reckon  Mr. 

8  Earle, 


LITHOTOMY. 


Earle,  acknowledge  the  dangers  of  this  operation  in  the 
fulled  and  mod  uiiqualiflLxl  terms  :  '  I  have  more  than  once 
known  a  gorget,  though  pafled  in  the  right  direftion, 
piilhed  on  fo  far,  and  with  fuch  violence,  as  to  go  through 
the  oppofite  fide  of  the  bladder."  (Earle  on  the  Stone, 
p  _^?.)  I  have  myfelf,  (fays  Mr.  John  Bell,)  feen  it  driven, 
God  knows  where,  deep  out  of  fight,  up  to  the  hilt,  with- 
out one  drop  of  urine  iffuing,  without  the  operator  ever 
reaching  the  rtone.  Obferve  but  the  force  witli  which  the 
operator  drives  in  the  gorget  ;  mark  the  tti-uggle  with 
which  he  difengages  the  beak  of  the  gorget  from  the  groove 
of  the  ftaff ;  hearken  to  the  audible  clack  with  which  the 
beak  of  the  gorgef  fiioots  off  from  the  groove  of  the  Itaff ; 
and  if  this  moment  of  violence  do  not  confpire  with  the  out- 
cries of  the  unhappy  patient  to  perfuade  you  of  the  dangers 
of  this  ope/ation,  you  can  have  but  little  pretenfion  to  either 
feeling  or  knowledge.  Such  is  the  rude  violence  with 
which  the  gorget  is  driven  inwards,  tliat  Bromfield,  even 
when  operating  with  a  bluiit  gorget,  a  mere  dilutur  burft 
through  the  bladder  and  peritoneum  ;  his  gorget  went  almoll 
beyond  his  reach  into  the  abdomen,  while  the  bowels  of  the 
boy  fell  down  into  his  hands. 

"  But,  (lays  Mr.  J.  Bell,)  there  is  one  paramount  ob- 
jection, independent  of  the  many  dangers  which  atrend  this 
pu(h  of  the  gorget  ;  '  the  inftrumcnt,  guide  it  how  you 
will,  makes  an  inciilon  inadequate  to  the  ealy  cxtiaCtion  of 
the  (lone  !'  I  have  often  compared  the  incifions  I  have 
made  with  the  knife  and  with  the  gorget,  upon  the  dead 
body.  I  have  obferved  alfo,  in  the  time  of  operating,  how 
difficultly  the  opening  of  the  proftate  admits  even  the  for- 
ceps, how  impoffible  that  fuch  an  imperfedf  incifion  flionld 
eafily  allow  the  e.xtrattion  of  the  ftone.  In  all  cafes  of  par- 
ticular difficulty,  where,  ufing  the  privilege  of  an  afiiitant, 
I  have  introduced  my  finger,  I  have  felt  diftindtly  the 
ftridure  of  the  gland,  the  greater  part  of  it  being  left  en- 
tire. The  incifion  in  the  gland  otten  admits  the  forceps  fo 
difficultly^  that  I  am  well  affured  the  gland  itfelf  has  fome- 
times,  by  the  mere  pulhing  of  the  forceps  againll  this  firm 
and  narrow  opening,  been  entirely  fepavated  from  the  urethra  ! 
and  after  the  forceps  are  pulhed  fuccefsfully  through  this 
narrow  opening,  and  the  ftone  caught  betwi.xt  their  blades, 
all  that  remains  of  the  gland  is  inevitably  lacerated  with 
much  danger  and  pain.  But  I  would  more  willingly  quote 
any  authority  than  that  ef  my  own  difl'ettions,  or  experience. 
Camper,  who  has  ftudied  this  fubjeci,  fays  "  incredibile  ell, 
quam  parva  plaga  ab  omnibus  etiam  dexterrimis  infligatur  ; 
nunquam  forcipem  robuRam  exciperet  nifi  dilataretur. 
Kawkenfius  folo  conduftore,  cujus  margo  dexter  in  aciem 
affurgit,  idem  praeftat  ;  oimies  plagain  dilatant,  ut  calculum  ex- 
trahant  ;  dUacerdur  igitur  fempL-r  vejics  ojlium  et  projhita." 
P.  14. 

"  But,  (continues  Mr.  J.  Bell,)  higher  and  better  autho- 
rity remains  behind.  Deafe  was,  if  I  judged  rightly  of  his 
talents,  a  ilern  and  rude  furgeon,  but  perfect  in  all  the 
theory  and  praftice  of  his  art  ;  he  was  not  very  explicit  in 
his  communications  with  me,  but  from  the  manner  and  the 
movement  of  his  hand,  in  demonftrating  to  me,  rather  than 
from  what  he  faid,  I  conclude  that  he  cut  after  the  manner 
of  Raw,  making  the  nicifion  with  the  right  hand,  while  he 
held  the  llafF  with  his  left.  "  In  all  the  trials,  (fays  Deafe,) 
that  I  have  made  with  the  gorget  on  the  dead  fubjedl,  I 
have  never  found  the  opening  into  the  bladder  fufficiently 
large  for  the  extratlion  of  a  Itone  of  a  middling  iize,  with- 
out a  confiderable  laceration  of  the  parts.  I  have  frequently 
taken  the  largell  fized  gorget,  and  could  not  find,  that  in 
the  idult  fubjeft,  I  ever  entu-ely  divided  the  prollate  gland, 
if  It  was  any  way  large  j  and  in  the  operations  that  were 

Vol.  XXr. 


performed  here  on  tlie  living  fubjeft,  the  extraftion  \va« 
painfully  tedious,  and  effected  with  great  difficulty,  and  in 
fome  cafes  not  at  all."  See  John  Bells  Principles  of  Sur- 
gery, vol  ii.  p.  173—176. 

We  coincide  entirely  with  Mr.  J.  BcU  refpccling  the  dan- 
gers and  difadvantages  of  the  cutting  gorj^et,  and  could  ad- 
duce feveral  cafes  where  operators  have  committed,  with  this 
inltrument,  the  moll  fatal  blunders.  It  is  alfo  our  con- 
vitlion  that  many  deaths,  after  the  operation,  are  owing  to 
the  confequenccs  of  the  opcnuig  being,  in  general,  too 
fmall,  fo  that  the  forceps  are  fometimes  introduced  and  with- 
drawn twenty  times  before  the  ftone  can  be  cxtrafted,  and 
when  this  is  aceompliflied,  it  is  with  immeufe  violence  and  la- 
ceration. The  moil  perfect  lithotomy  appears  to  us  only  to 
ad.r.it  of  being  done  with  a  fcalpel  and  a  llaff  ;  and  the  more 
we  reflett  on  the  fubjeft,  the  more  we  are  convinced  of  the 
excellency  of  Chefelden's  praftice. 

0/  fome  particular  methods  and  bijlruments. — The  fi.bjecl  of 
lithotomy  is  almoft  an  endlefs  one,  and  many  ftieets  of  this 
work  would  be  taken  up  by  a  full  explanation  of  all  the 
various  methods.  Such  readers  as  wifh  for  lo  minute  and 
lo::g  an  account,  are  particularly  referred  to  Sabatier's  Me- 
decine  Operatoire,  torn.  ii.  and  to  Mr.  John  Bell's  Principles 
of  Surgery,  vol.  ii.  May  it  be  fufficient  m  this  publication 
to  make  mention  of  fome  of  the  moll  intereiling  of  thefe  nu- 
merous propoials.  111  doing  which,  we  fhall  avail  ourfelves  of 
fome  remarks  contained  m  an  inllrudlive  paper  inferted  in  the 
Edinb.  Med.  and  Surg.  Journal,  vol.  iv.  by  Mr.  Allan 
Burns,  lefturer  on  anatomy  and  furgery,  Glafgow. 

Frere  Come's  method  •with  the  lithotonie  cache. — John  de 
Saint  Come,  of  the  order  of  Feuillans  at  Paris,  was  the 
inventor  of  a  knife,  concealed  in  a  iheath,  out  of  which 
the  blade  fprings,  on  touching  a  kind  of  lever  at  the  fide  of 
the  handle  of  the  inllrument.  The  diftance  to  which  the 
blade  Harts  out,  may  be  regulated  by  the  furgeon  before  the 
operation,  according  to  the  extent  of  the  wound  that  he 
may  be  defirous  of  making.  The  patient  being  placed  as  in 
the  lateral  operation  with  the  gorget,  and  a  ilaff  introduced, 
the  furgeon,  with  a  fcalpel,  is  to  begin  the  firft  incifion  on 
the  left  fide  of  the  rapht;  of  the  perineum,  about  ten  lines  in 
front  of  the  anus.  This  cut  is  to  be  continued  obliquely 
downwards  and  outwards,  as  far  as  the  centre  of  a  line  ex- 
tending from  the  anus  to  the  infide  of  the  tuberofity  of  the 
ifchium.  The  external  incifion  is  to  divide  the  integuments 
of  the  left  fide  of  the  perineum,  the  accelerator  urin^e,  the 
erector  penis,  the  tranfverfus,  and  the  front  fibres  of  the  le- 
vator ani.  Thefe  parts  having  been  cut,  the  index  finger  of 
the  left  hand  is  to  be  introduced  into  the  left  angle  of  the 
wound,  with  its  radial  fide  downwards.  The  right  edge  of 
the  groove  of  the  ftaff  is  to  be  placed  between  the  nail  and  Ikin 
at  the  end  of  the  finger.  Tiie  point  of  the  fcalpel  is  to  be 
condudted  into  the  groove  of  the  ilaff  along  the  nail,  which 
faces  the  left.  The  index  finger  is  now  to  be  turned,  in  order 
that  its  extremity  may  prel's  upon  the  point  of  the  knife, 
which  all  along  is  to  be  held  with  the  right  hand,  like  a 
writing  pen.  The  urethra  is  thus  to  be  flit  open  to  the  ex- 
tent  of  five  or  fix  lines.  The  nail  of  the  left  index  finger  is 
next  to  be  placed  in  the  groove  of  the  ftalf,  and  is  to  ferve  as 
a  means  of  guiding  the  end  of  the  lithotome  iiito  that  groove. 
As  foon  as  the  latter  objed  has  been  accomplilhcd,  the  linger 
is  to  bo  withdrawn  ;  the  furgeon,  with  his  lett  hand,  is  to 
take  hold  of  the  handle  of  theftaff  ;  and  by  one  fimultaneous 
movement,  he  is  to  raife  the  two  ends  of  the  inllruraents  to- 
gether towards  the  fymphvfis  of  the  pubes,  by  which  means 
the  litho»ome  will  be  eafily  conduded  into  the  bladder.  The 
entrance  of  the  lithotome  into  the  cavity  of  this  vifcus  will 
be  Indicated  bvcclTation  of  n-fi  (lance,  and  the  freer  iffae  of 

Z  the 


LITHOTOMY. 


t!ie  urine.  The  end  of  this  inftrumcnt,  being  in  conta6\  with 
the  ciil-de-fac  extremity  of  the  groove  of  the  Itaff,  mull  be 
difcugaged  by  a  flight  lateral  movement.  The  llaff  is  now 
to  be  withdrawn.  The  operator,  with  his  left  thumb  and 
index  finger,  is  then  to  talce  hold  of  the  lithotome,  about 
the  place  wliereiits  flie ath  and  handle  meet.  He  is  to  conduft 
the  iiidrumcnt  under  the  fymplufis  pubis,  turning  the  edge 
downwards  and  towards  the  left  lide  ot  the  perineum,  in  the 
direction  of  the  external  incifion.  On  prelfing -j  lever,  the 
blade  of  the  lithotome  quits  the  flieath,  when  the  inllrument 
is  to  be  drawn  out  horizontally.  Thus  the  prodate  and  neck 
of  the  bladder  are  divided.  The  forceps  are  then  introduced, 
and  the  ooeraticn  finidied  in  the  orduiary  way. 

Tlie  lithotome  cache  of  Frere  Come  is  yet  employed  at 
the  Wedminfter  hofpital,  and  has  been  lately  tried  by  Mr. 
A.  Cooper.  It  is  Hill  more  commonly  ufed  in  Frar.ce. 
The  'objections,  however,  which  ha%'e  thrown  difcredit  upon 
it,  are,  that  from  its  mechanifm,  and  the  ilrudure  of  tiie 
parts  about  the  pelvis,  it  is  likely  to  wound  the  pudendal 
artery  ;  that  the  bladder,  if  coUapfed,  may  be  injured  in 
more  than  one  place  ;  and  .that  if  the  knife  be  directed  down- 
wards too  obliquely,  the  reftuin  is  apt  to  be  cut. 

Apparatus  alius  as  modified  by  Frire  Come  and  Def- 
thamps. — Abfolute  neceffity  led  to  the  introduction  of  the 
high  operation  by  Franco  in  1561  ;  and  the  fame  caule  oc- 
cafioned  its  revival,  in  1658,  by  Frere  Come.  The  opera- 
tion, as  performed  by  Franco,  was  defective :  a  high  inci- 
fion was  alone  made  into  the  bladder;  this  vifcus  was  opened 
above  the  pubes,  below  the  point  where  the  peritoneum  is 
refle£ted  over  the  abdominal  mufcles  :  the  Itone  was  eafily 
extracted  ;  but  as  there  was  no  dependent  opening  from  the 
bladder,  the  urine  was  apt  to  infinnate  it'.elf  into  the  cellular 
membrane  about  the  pubes,  to  irritate  and  iBilame  the  parts, 
and  to  produce  either  gangrene  or  fuppuration,  and  the 
formation  of  finufes.  Thefe  difadvantages  led  to  th^  difufe 
of  the  apparatus  altus,  till  revived  and  new-modelled  by 
Frere  Come,  who  propofed  to  open  the  bladder  in  perineo, 
and  then,  through  an  opening  made  juil  above  the  pubes, 
he  introduced  a  fcalpel  with  a  button  point,  with  which  he 
flit  up,  for  an  inch  or  two,  the  linea  alba ;  the  knob  on  the 
end  of  the  knife  pufhing  afide  the  peritoneum.  After  this, 
he  introduced,  by  the  aperture  in  perineo,  a  flaff,  with 
which  he  made  the  bladder  project  through  the  opening  be- 
tween the  recti  mulcles.  This  done,  he  cut  into  the  front 
of  the  bladder,  and  either  with  his  finger  and  thumb,  or 
with  a  pair  of  forceps,  he  took  out  the  Itone.  In  this  way 
he  extracted  from  the  bladder  a  calculus,  that  weighed 
twenty-four  ounces.  On  this  method  Mr.  Allan  Burns  re- 
mark-, that  it  might  with  propriety  be  adopted,  were  it  not 
for  the  danger  attendant  on  tne  double  incifion  into  the 
bladder,  and  the  protraction  of  the  operation  by  the  difiec- 
tion  about  the  penneum.  Indeed,  as  modified  by  Def- 
champs,  who,  in  place  of  the  mmdture  in  perineo,  per- 
forates the  bladder  from  the  reftum,  it  has  met  with  the  ap- 
probation of  Mr.  Thomfon  of  Edinburgh,  who  confiders 
this,  on  particular  occafions,  to  be  the  moll  advifable  me- 
thod of  operating.  Mr.  A.  Burns  thinks,  however,  that 
if  the  bladder  be  thickened  and  indurated,  it  will  be  impoi- 
lible  to  raile  it  with  the  cannula  above  the  pubes.  Hence, 
this  plan  is  only  adniiffible,  wlieri  we  have  reafon  to  fuppofe 
that  the  Hone  is  too  large  to  be  removed  by  the  pcri:;eum, 
and  that  the  bladder  is  healthy.  Flere  the  punCture  from 
the  rectum  ishmple,  attended  with  no  increafc  of  the  danger, 
allows  the  bladder  to  be  elevated  with  the  cannula,  and  fe- 
cures  a  dependent  outlet  for  the  urine.  Thus  we  avoid  the 
r.eceflity  of  any  difeharge  by  the  wound  above  the  pubes  ; 
lye  run  no  riji:  of  the  urine  mfmuatiiig  itfelf  into-  the  cellular 

3 


membrane,  no  inflammation  is  excited,  no  finu-fes  are  formed} 
conKiiuentiy,  the  perlon  ought  fpeedily  to  recover.  lidin. 
Med.  and  Surg.  .lo.rn.   vol.  iv. 

Invenllon  of  Jlajfs,  from  '■juhicli  the  gorget  eannot  fTip The 

danger  »f  the  gorget  (lipping  out  of  the  groove  of  the  flaJ 
has  been  already  iufficienlly  commented  on.  L.e  Cat,  in 
1747,  and  fir  C.  Blicke,  more  lately,  endeavoured  to  ob- 
viate Inch  rilk,  by  propoling  to  ufe  ilafi's  with  contra6ted 
grooves.  Tlie  beak  of  the  gorget  is  locked  and  fixed  in  the 
groove  of  the  llaff,  till  it  has  arrived  near  the  end  of  this 
latter  inilrument,  where  the  groove  luis  a  wider  coiillruction 
Notwithllanding  the  plaulibility  of  this  contrivance,  there 
are  reafons  which  have  deterred  practitioners  from  employing 
it.  Few  furgeons  have  been  inchned  to  truft  to  the  fort  of 
gorget  that  muit  be  ufed  ;  the  point  of  contact  of  the  beak 
and  body  of  the  inilrument  being  neceffarily  fo  fmall,  that 
on  the  flightell  deviation  from  the  direct  line,  in  pufhing 
fuch  a  gorget  into  the  bladder,  the  beak  brertks  off,  the 
gorget  feparates  from  the  flair,  and  the  feminal  vefl'els  and 
rectum  are  expofed  to  injury.  Befides,  another  objeCtioa 
n,  that  the  gorget  is  frequently  flopped  in  the  groove 
of  this  kind  of  fluff,  at  the  moll  critical  period  of  the 
operation. 

Methods  of  Le  Dmn,  Deafe,  and  Mu}r. — Le  Dran,  iir 
1741,  publiihed  his  Operations  of  Surgery.  In  this  work, 
the  author  defcribes  an  operation,  the  introduction  of  which 
has  been  claimed  by  leveral  lince  his  time.  The  principle  of 
the  plan  alluded  to  was  to  reduce  the  male  into  the  date  of 
the  female  urethra. 

The  late  Mr.  Deafe  of  Dublin,  and  Mr.  Muir  cf  Glaf- 
gow,  reflecting  that  the  great  caufe  of  the  gorget  flipping 
from  the  daft  depends  upon  the  former  being  pulhed  along 
a  curved  furface ;  and  obferving,  that  fuch  an  accident  fel- 
dom  or  never  happens  ou  females  ;  have  propofed,  like  Le 
Dran,  to  make  the  male  urethra  relemblc  the  female.  To 
accomphfh  this,  they  introduce,  as  ufual,  a  curved  grooved 
flaff  into  the  urethra,  and  make  the  common  incifion  in 
perineo  :  they  then  open  the  membranous  part  of  tha 
urethra  ;  but,  inltead  of  nov/  introducing  the  gorget,  they: 
conduit  along  the  groove  a  female  flaff,  and  immediately 
withdraw  the  curved  one.  With  the  left  hand  they  take 
hold  of  the  handle  of  the  ftraight  italT,  and  withthe  right 
introduce  the  gorget. 

Double  Jlciffs. — It  is  faid  that  feme  operators  have  ex- 
perienced confiderable  diiT-culty  iu  finding  the  groove  of  the 
flaft  in  the  perineum.  To  facilitate  this  bufinefs  is  the  prin- 
cipal defign  of  the  double  daft",  an  inilrument  which  is  novi^ 
quite  laid  afide.  In  fact,  the  trouble  of  cutting  into  the 
flaff  is  not  great  enough,  to  render  any  invention  of  this 
fort  at  all  important. 

The  fird  inilrument  for  this  purpofe  we  find  defcribed  by 
Defchamps,  as  the  invention  of  Jarda,  a  furgeon  at  Mont- 
pelher.  According  to  Mr.  A.  Burns,  it  refembles  Earle's 
double  daft";  but  is  more  complex.  It  confifts  of  a  curved 
flaff,  intended  to  be  introduced  along  the  urethra  into  the 
bladder,  and  having  connected  to  its  handle,  by  means  of  a 
hinge,  another  ftafl,  fhorter  than  the  former,  and  fharp  at 
its  end.  When  Jarda  had  applied  the  fliort  ftatf  to  tlie  pe- 
rineum, he  puflied  its  point  through  the  fl;in,  behind  the 
bulb  of  the  urethra,  into  the  groove  of  the  long  llaff  already 
paffed  through  this  canal.  This  fupplementary  flaff,  in 
both  Jarda  and  Earle's  indrtvment,  is  intended  to  conduft 
the  knife  into  the  groove  of  the  ftafi.  But  Jarda  aimed  at 
more :  he  wiflied  to  fecure  the  rectum  from  injury,  by  in- 
troducing into  the  anus  a  limb  of  the  inilrument,  which  he 
expected  would  pulh  the  gut  afide.     By  machinery,  he  alfo 

coiitriveit 


LITHOTOMY. 


cor:trived  to  fupport  the  fcrotum.     Edinb.  Med.  and  Surg. 
Journal,  vol.  iv. 

Mr.  Allan  .  Burns'  method.  —  The  plan  introduced  by 
Chefesden,  and  revived  by  Mr.  John  Bell,  is  that  whicii  Mr. 
A.  Burns  would  afTume  as  the  bafis  ef  the  operation  ;  but 
with  it  he  propofes  to  blend  Mr.  Deafe's  mode. 

"  For  more  than  twelve  months,"   fays  Mr;  Burns,  "  I 
liave  been  in  the  habit  of  (hewing  fuch  an  operation,  which 
is  as  fiir.ple  in  its  performance  as  the  one  in  general  ufe,  is 
attended  with  lefs  danfrer  to  the  patient,  permits  of  an  inci- 
fion  varying  in  fize  according  to  the  wifli  of  the  operator, 
and  completely  prevents   injury  of  the  reclum    or   pudic 
artery.     To  perform  this  operation,  I  introduce  into  the 
nrethra  a  common  curved  ftaff,  then  make  the  ufual  incifion 
into  the  perineum,  divide  fully  and  freely  the  levator  ani,  fo 
as  to  expofe  the  whole  extent  of  the  membranous  part  of  the 
urethra,  the  complete  extent  of  the  prcllate  gland,  apd  a 
portion  of  the  fide  of  the  neck  of  the  bladder.     When  this 
part  of  the  operation  is  finiflied,  I   open  the  membranous 
part  of  the  urethra,  and  introduce,  through  the  flit,  a  ftraight 
or  female  ftaff,  with  which  1  feel  the  ftone,  and  then  with- 
draw the  curved  ftaff.     Next  I  feel  beyond  the  proftate  for 
the  inftrument,  and  then  perforate  the  coats  of  the  bladder 
with  a  curved  knife,  the  point  of  which  is  to  be  inferted  in 
the  groove  of  the  ftaff.     This  done,  I  grafp  the  handle  of 
the  ltaf7  firmly  in  my  left  hand,  and  with  the  right  lay  ho'd 
of  the  handle  of  the  knife.     Having  afcertained  that  the  two 
inttruments  are  in  fair  contatt,  I  re!t  the  one  hand  upon  the 
other,  preffing  them  together,   and  then,  by  a  fteady  ex- 
trad^ion,   I  pull  out  the  knife  and  ftaff  together,  which  is 
preferable  to  drawing  the  knife  along  the  ftaff:  it  prevents 
the  rifle  of  the  one  Qipping  from  the  other  ;  it  guards  the 
bulb  of  the  urethra,  and  every  other  part  from  injury ;   for, 
between  them  and  the  cutting  inftrument  the  ilaff  is  inter- 
poled.     In   the  introduction   of  the  knife,    however,  fome 
caution  is  neceffary,  and  a  clear  knowledge  of  the  relative 
fituation  of  the  parts  in  the  pelvis  is  requifuc  ;  but  this  in- 
formation is  equally  neceftary  in  operating  with  tke  gorget. 
When  introducing  the  knife,  the  fide  of  the  blade  niuft  be 
laid  flat  along  the  fore-iinger  of  the  ri^ht  hand,  which  is  to 
project  a  little  beyond  the  point.      In  this  ftate,  the  finger 
and  knife  are  to  be  entered  into  the  wound,  oppofite  the 
tuber  ifchii ;  but,  in  proportion  as  they  pafs   along,  they 
are  to  be  inclined  forward,  till  at  laft,  with  the  point  of  the 
finjer,  the  ftaff  be  felt  throuah  the  coats  of  the  bladder,  a 
little  beyond  the  proftate,  and  rather  higher  than  the  orifice 
of  the  urethra.      Here  the  knife  is,  with  the  finger,  to  be 
pu filed  tiirough  the  bladder;  and  when  the  point  is  fairly 
fixed  in  the  groove  of  the  ftaff,  the  operation  is  to  be  finifhcd 
by  the  fteady  extraction  of  both  intlriiments.      In  operating 
with  the  gorget,  it  is  neceffary  that  the  bladder  be  more  or 
lefs  diftended  ;  a  circuiiiflance,  in  fome  cafes,  with  difficulty 
accomplilhed,    from    th?    irritability    of    this    vifcus.       In 
operating  with  the   knife,  the  parts  can  be  as  fafely  cut 
when  the  bladder  is  empty  as  when  fiUl  ;  indeed,  perhaps, 
with  greater  fafety :  for,  when  not  dilated,  the  llioulder  of 
this  vifcus  can  more  eakly  bo  pufned  in,  fo  as  to  permit  the 
finger  to  reach  the  ftaff".      Some  have  imagined,  that  the  in- 
troduiSion  of  the  point  of  the  knife  into  the  cavity  of  the 
bladder  mnft  be  dangerous,  inafmuch  as  we  are  liable  to 
wound  the  tides,  in   fearching  for  the  groove  of  the  ftaff. 
This  objection  is  the  refult  of  an  inaccurate  knowledge  of 
the  ftate  of  the  parts :   for,  in  faft,  we  never  grope  in  the 
bladder  with  the  point  of  the  knife  ;  but,  with  the  finger, 
pufii  in  the  fide  of  this  vilcus  into  clofe  contact  with  the  ItafF, 
into  the  groove  of  which  the  knife  enters,  as  foon  as  it  has 
paffed  through  the  coats  of  the  bladder.     Others  again  have 


objefted  to  this  mode  of  operating,  on  the  idea  of  its  beiii? 
more  tedious  in  performance  than  with  the  gorget.  This  ia 
alfo  founded  on  a  miftaken  notion.  True  it  is,  indeed,  that 
were  a  furgeon,  who  has  been  much  in  the  habit  of  operating'- 
with  the  gorget,  to  exchant>e  it  for  the  knife,  he  would  un*^ 
doubtedly  be  longer  of  performing  the  operation  in  the  latter 
way :  but  the  fame  does  not  hold  good  refpecting  thofe 
who  lia^;e  never  before  operated  in  either  mode.  From  all 
that  I  have  feen,  I  would  fay,  that  the  one  operation  may 
be  as  expedi'ioufly  performed  as  the  other:  but  even  ad- 
mitting that  the  operation  with  the  knife  uniformly  required 
a  little  longer  time,  ftiU  I  think  that,  if  fafer,  it  ought  to 
have  the  preference."  Edinb.  Med.  and  Surg.  Journal, 
vol.  iv.  p.  Q^ — 67, 

The  inftruments,  ufed  by  Mr.  Burns,  are  reprefented  in 
the  furgical  plates  of  this  Cyclopedia. 

We  (liall  merely  fay,  that  we  think  that  the  above  plan 
of  operating  is  much  better  then  the  common  mode  of  cut- 
ting for  the  ftone  with  a  gorget  ;  nor  can  it  be  found  fault 
with  on  the  ground  of  difficulty.  Notwithftanding  its 
merit,  however,  few  feem  difpofed  to  give  it  a  fair  trial ; 
but  coiitinue  the  employment  of  that  dangerous  and  infuf- 
ficient  inftrument,  the  gorget,  as  much  as  ever. 

Oflithciomy,  as  performed  ivtlh  common  Jcalpds,  and  fome 
other  kinds  of  knh-es. — The  fa6t  of  Ciiefelden  having  cut  for 
the  ftone  fifty-two  patients  in  fucceflion,  of  whom  all  re- 
covered, excepting  two,  is  an  invincible  argument  in  favour 
of  his  method  of  operating.  It  may  be  expected,  that  v.e 
ftiould  defcrihe  the  mode  of  executing  the  operation  with 
a  fcalpel ;  but  after  the  full  account  which  we  have  deli- 
vered of  Chefelden's  plan,  this  duty  in  reality  becomes  fu- 
perfluous.  The  few  judicious  furgeons  of  the  prelent  day, 
V.I10  have  given  the  preference  to  the  common  fcalpel,  have 
all  operated  either  after  Chefelden's  fecond  or  thud  man- 
ner. The  laft  has  been  chofen  by  Mr.  .lohn  Bell,  and  is 
that  which  was  crowned  with  luch  matchlefs  fuccefs  in  the 
practice  of  its  inventor.  The  lateral  operation,  as  thus 
executed  by  Chefelden,  was  truly  once  the  price  of  EngUlli 
furgery,  to  ufe  an  exprefGon  of  that  able  pnieflor.  Dr.  J. 
Thomfou  of  Edinburgh.  Other  operators  have  preferred 
operating  after  the  manner  of  Chefelden's  fecond  irethod, 
v'fz.  by  cutting  from  the  urethra  towards  the  bladder. 

Mr.  Cliarles  Bell  has  propofed  the  employment  of  a  ftaff, 
the  groove  of  which,  towards  the  extremity  of  the  inftru- 
ment, runs  along  its  right  fide  or  edge.  Operative  Sur- 
gery, vol.  i. 

It  would  be  a  tedious  and  endlefs  bufinefs  to  defcribe  all 
the  various  knives  which  different  furgeons  have  fuefefted 
for  lithotomy.  The  late  Mr.  Hunter  had  a  particular  one. 
Mr.  Aftley  Cooper  has  ufed  a  knife,  much  refcmbhntr  a 
common  diffedting  fcalpel,  but  having  a  beak,  by  wiuch 
it  may  be  guided  along  the  groove  of  the  ftaff.  AVc  hear 
that  this  diftinguiflied  furgeon  is  now  trying  Frere  Come's 
lithotome  cache.  A  much  approved  knife  for  lithotomy 
was  fome  time  fince  invented  by  Mr.  Gibibn,  and  another 
by  Mr.  T.  Bhzard.  Engravings  of  all  thefe  will  be  found 
in  the  furgical  plates  of  tiiis  work.  Our  objection  to  thefe 
beaked  knives  is,  that  they  are  in  reality  gorgets. 

Of  lithotomy  on  Women. — Women  fuffcr  much  lefs  from  the 
ft^one  than  men,  and  far  lefs  frequently  ftand  in  need  of 
this  operation.  It  is  not,  however,  that  their  urine  will 
not  fo  eafily  produce  the  concretions,  which  are  termed 
urinary  calculi.  The  reafon  is  altogether  owing  to  the 
fhortnefs,  largenefs,  and  very  dilatable  n:\ture  of  the  fe- 
male urethra  ;  circumflances,  which  in  general  render  the 
expulfion  of  the  ftone  with  the  urine  almoft  a  matter  of 
certaini,y.  The  records  of  furgery  prefent  us  with  numerous 
Z  3  inflances. 


LITHOTOMY. 


inftances,  where  calculi  of  vaft  fr/e  have  been  fpontaneo'.'.fly 
voided  through  the  meatus  urinarius,  cither  fuddciily  with- 
out pain,  or  after  more  or  lefs  time  and  fufFerinT'.  Heifter 
mentions  feveral  well  authenticated  examples  of  this  kind. 
Middleton  has  alfo  related  a  cafe,  where  a  Itoiie,  weighin:^ 
four  ounces,  was  expelled  in  a  Ht  of  coughing,  after  lodg- 
ing in  the  paflTage  a  week.  CoUot  fpt-aks  of  another  in- 
ftance,  where  a  ftone,  about  as  large  as  a  goofe's  egg,  after 
>  lying  in  the  meatus  urinarius  feven  or  eight  days,  and  cauling 
a  retention  of  urine,  was  voided  in  a  paroxyfm  of  pain.  A 
remarkable  cafe  is  related  by  Dr.  Moiineux  in  the  early 
part  of  the  Philofophical  TranfaAions  :  a  woman  voided  a 
tlone,  "  the  circumference  of  which  meafured,  the  longed 
way,  7x^  inches,  and  round  about,  where  it  was  thickell, 
51  inches,  its  weiglit  near  2|  ounces  troy." 

Sometimes,  after  the  pafTage  of  large  calculi,  the  patient 
has  been  afflicted  with  an  incontinence  of  urine  ;  but  this 
grievance,  in  general,  lalls  only  a  Ihort  time. 

The  naturally  large  iize,  and  dilatable  nature  of  the  female 
urethra,  have  fuggeTled  the  plan  of  endeavouring  to  expand 
this  paffage  by  various  means,  fo  that  a  ftone  in  the  bladder 
may  be  taken  out  with  a  pair  of  forceps,  without  ufing  any 
cutting  inllrument  at  all.  This  method  was  propofed  by 
Douglas  nearly  a  century  ago,  who  not  only  recommended 
fponge  for  the  purpofe,  but  alfo  dried  gentian  root,  as 
being  more  gradual  in  its  expanfion,  and  better  adapted  to 
the  objeft. 

Mr.  Bromfield  has  given  the  cafe  of  a  young  girl,  where 
he  effefted  the  dilatation  by  introducing  into  the  meatus  uri- 
narius the  appendicula  csci  of  a  fmall  animal  in  a  collapfed 
ftate,  and  then  filling  it  with  war.ti  water,  by  means  of  a 
fyringe.  The  piece  of  gut,  thus  diifended,  was  drawn  out, 
in  proportion  as  the  cervix  veficse  opened,  and  in  a  few 
hours  the  dilatation  was  fo  far  accompliflied,  that  the  cal- 
culus had  room  to  pafs  out.  See  Chirurgical  Obf.  and 
Cafes,  vol.  ii.  p.  276. 

Mr.  Thomas  lately  met  with  a  cafe,  where,  after  dilating 
the  meatus  urinarius  with  fponge  tent,  he  fucceeded  in  ex- 
ti"afting  an  ear-picker,  which  lay  acrofs  the  neck  of  the 
bladder.  The  palTage  was  fo  much  enlarged,  that  the  left 
fore-finger  was  moll  eafily  introduced,  and,  (fays  this  gentle- 
man,) "  I  beiieve,  had  the  cafe  required  it,  both  thumb  and 
finger  would  have  pafled  into  the  bladder  without  the  fmalleil 
difficulty.'' 

After  adverting  to  this  cafe,  and  other  fafts  proving  the 
eafe  with  which  the  female  urethra  can  be  dilated,  Mr. 
Thomas  remarks ;  "  If  thefe  relations  can  be  credited,  and 
there  is  no  reafon  why  they  fhould  not,  I  can  hardly  con- 
ceive any  cafe,  in  a  young  and  healthy  female  fubjeft,  and 
where  the  bladder  is  free  from  difeafe,  wliere  a  very  large 
ftone  may  not  be  extracted,  without  the  ufe  of  any  other 
inftrument  than  the  forceps,  the  urethra  having  firll  been 
fufficiently  dilated  by  means  of  the  fponge  tents.  For  this 
purpofe,  the  blades  of  the  forceps  need  not  be  fo  thick  and 
ftrong  as  thofe  commonly  employed."  See  Medico-Chirur- 
gical  Tranfaftions,  vol.  i.  p.  123 — 129. 

Some  furgeons  have  extrafted  rtones  from  the  female 
bladder  as  follows  :  the  patient  being  placed  in  the  pofition 
commonly  adopted  in  the  lateral  operation,  a  ftraight  ilaff, 
with  a  blunt  end,  is  introduced  into  the  bladder  through  the 
meatus  urinarius.  The  furgeon  then  paffes  along  the  groove 
of  the  inftrument  the  beak  of  a  blunt  gorget,  which,  be- 
coming wider  towards  the  handle,  eiTefts  a  part  of  the  ne- 
cetTary  dilatation.  The  (lafF  being  withdrawn,  and  the 
handle  of  the  gorget  taken  hold  of  with  the  left  hand,  the 
right  fore-finger,  viith  the  nail  turned  downwards,  is  now 
introduced  (lowly  along  the  concavity  of  the   iuilrument. 


When  the  urethra  and  neck  of  the  bl  idder  have  thus  been 
fufficiently  dilated,  the  finder  is  withdrawn,  and  a  fmall 
pair  of  forceps  paffcd  into  the  bladder.  The  gorget  is 
now  removed,  and  the  flone  taken  hold  of  arid  extracted. 
See  Sabatier'.s  Med.  Opcratoirc,  torn.  ii.  p.  10^. 

Notwithilanding  thefe  favourable  accounts  of  the  prac- 
tice cf  dilating  the  female  urethra,  fur  the  purpoie  of 
removing  calculi  from  the  bladder,  the  genen.lity  of  fur- 
geons prefer  an  incifion.  It  is  certain,  that  fonie  patienls 
have  found  the  method  inlufferably  painful  ai'.d  tedious. 
But  the  Urongcft  objedion  to  the  praftice  has  arifen  from 
the  incontinence  of  urine,  which  occafionally  follows  any 
great  diftcnfion  of  the  urethra  and  neck  cf  the  bladder. 
Mr.  Thomas  believes,  however,  that  this  unpleafani  fymp- 
torn  is  quite  as  often  a  confequence  of  the  opcraticn  of 
lithotomy,  as  now  ufually  performed.  Medico-Chirurgical 
Tr-2iif  vol.  i.  p.  127. 

Lithotomy  on  females  is  much  more  eafy  of  execution, 
and  lefs  dangerous,  than  the  fame  operatiuB  on  the  male 
fex.  It  mav  be  done  in  various  ways  ;  but  the  furgeons  of 
the  prefent  time  conllantly  follow  the  mode  of  making  the 
requifite  opening;  by  dividing  the  urethra  and  neck  of  the 
bladder.  A  ftraight  ftaff,  or  direftor,  is  introduced  through 
the  meatus  urinarius  ;  the  groove  is  turned  obliquely  down- 
wards and  outwards,  in  a  direftion  parallel  to  the  ramus  of 
the  left  OS  pubis ;  and  a  gorget  or  knife,  is  thus  condufted 
into  the  bladder,  and  makes  the  neceliary  incifion.  Some 
operators  prefer  the  lithotome  cache,  which,  after  being  in- 
troduced, is  opened  as  far  as  is  deemed  proper,  and  then 
drawn  out  with  its  edge  turned  obhquely  outwards  and 
downwards. 

The  French  furgeons  Louis  and  Flurant  were  the  inven- 
tors of  particular  biftouries  for  dividing  both  fides  of  the 
female  urethra  at  once  ;  the  inftrument  of  the  former  cf- 
fefted  this  purpofe,  in  pafling  from  without  inwards  ;  that 
of  the  latter  in  pafllng  from  within  outwards.  Flurant's 
biftoury  bears  fome  refemblance  in  principle  to  Frere  Come's 
lithotome  cache,  or  to  the  cutting  forceps  w'ith  which 
Franco  ufed  to  divide  the  neck  of  the  bladder.  The  reafon 
afligned  for  thefe  biftouries  is,  that  they  will  ferve  to  make 
a  freer  opening  for  the  paftage  of  large  ftones,  than  can  be 
fafely  made  by  cutting  only  in  one  direction.  At  prefent, 
however,  they  are  never  ufed.  Were  the  ftone  known  to 
be  very  large,  Sabatier  feems  to  prefer  the  apparatus 
altus. 

A  cafe  may  prefent  itfelf,  where  the  pofterior  part  of 
the  b'adder,  drawn  downwards  by  the  weight  of  the  ftone, 
might  difplace  a  portion  of  the  vagina,  and  make  it  pro- 
trude at  the  vulva,  in  the  form  of  a  fvveUing.  Here,  there 
would  be  no  doubt  of  the  propriety  of  cutting  into  the  tu- 
mour, and  taking  out  the  foreign  body  contained  in  it. 
Rouftet  performed  fuch  an  operation,  and  Fabricius  Kilda- 
nus,  in  a  cafe  where  the  ftone  had  partly  made  its  way  into 
the  vagina  by  ulceration,  enlarged  the  opening,  and  fuccefs- 
fully  extrafled  the  extraneous  body. 

M.  Mcrv  once  propofed  the  method  of  making  an  open- 
ing into  the  pofterior  part  of  the  bladder,  tlirough  the 
vagina,  after  introducing  a  common  curved  ftaff";  but  the 
apprehenfion  of  urinary  fiftuls  made  him  abandon  the 
projedl. 

The  exiftence  of  extraordinary  circumftances  may  always 
render  a  deviation  from  the  common  modes  of  operating  r.ot 
only  juftifiablc,  but  abfolutely  necen"ary.  Thus,  Tolet  net 
with  a  cafe,  where  a  woman  had  a  prolapfus  of  the  uterus, 
with  which  the  bladder  was  alfo  difplaced.  In  the  latier 
vifcus,  levcral  calculi  were  perceived.  An  incilion  wad 
made  into  it,  and  the  ftones  extratttd,  afier  which  opera- 
2  tloll 


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tion  the  difplaced  parts  were  reduced,  and  a  cure  fpeedily 
enfued.     Sabatiei's  Med.  Operatoire,  torn.  ii.  p.  107. 

Treatmeii!  after  the  operation. — Whatever  method  of  per- 
forming lithotomy  has  been  felefted,  the  great  danger  af- 
terwards is  tlie  accefs  of  inflammation  of  the  bladder, 
peritoneum,  and  parts  within  the  pelvis  and  abdomen  in 
general.  This  alarming  diforder  is  the  common  caufe  of  the 
numerous  deaths  which  follow  the  ordinary  modes  of  ope- 
rating. The  bell  method  of  preventing  it  is,  as  we  have 
repeatedly  explained,  to  make  a  free  and  ample  opening  for 
the  paflage  of  the  ftone,  and  to  avoid  all  manual  roughnefs 
and  violence  in  the  operation.  But  fuppofing  tendernefs 
and  tenfion  to  have  begun  about  the  hypogallric  region, 
attended  with  a  fmall  frequent  pulfe,  pain  over  the  abdo- 
men, ficknefs,  thirft,  &c.  not  a  moment  mult  be  loft  ;  as 
ncthing  v.-ill  fp.ve  the  patient  but  the  prompt  and  decifive 
employment  of  antiphlogiftic  nieafures. 

This  much  dreaded  and  fatal  diforder  is  particularly  to  be 
expected,  when  the  patient  is  of  a  full  fanguineous  habit, 
when  the  operation  has  been  lung  and  difficult,  when  much 
violence  has  been  ufed  in  drawing  out  the  i\one,  or  when  the 
bladder  has  been  bruifed  by  the  reiterated  introduftion  of 
the  forceps,  whether  for  the  purpofe  of  taking  out  one  cal- 
culus, or  feveral,  or  the  fragment  of  one  that  has  been 
broken.  The  perilous  inflammation  within  the  abdomen, 
however,  may  come  on,  even  when  the  operation  has  been 
executed  in^the  moft  expert  and  eafy  manner.  The  moft 
effectual  means  againil  the  complaint,  are  copious  vene- 
feCtion,  and  placing  the  patient  for  fome  hours  in  a  warm 
bath.  Thefe  meafures  (hould  be  taken  immediately  when 
the  complaint  is  indicated  by  the  leaft  pain  and  tenfion  about 
the  lower  part  of  the  abdomen.  But,  befides  bleeding  and 
the  warm  bath,  an  endeavour  fhould  be  made  to  prjcure 
ftools  by  giving  the  oleum  ricini.  When  the  patient  is 
removed  from  the  bath,  a  bhfter,  or  elfe  leeches  and  fomen- 
tations, may  be  applied  to  the  hypogallric  region. 

Were  we  to  judge  from  the  obfervations  derived  from  the 
praftice  which  it  has  fallen  to  our  lot  to  fee,  we  Ihould  fup- 
pofe,  that  the  danger  of  hemorrhage  after  lithotomy  has 
been  generally  exaggerated  ;  for  out  of  a  va'l  many  opera- 
tions which  we  have  been  fpedlators  of,  there  has  not  been 
one  death  from  lofs  of  blood.  But  as  wounding  the  pu- 
dendal artery  may  happen  more  frequently  with  fome  opera- 
tors, whom  we  have  had  no  opportunities  of  noticing,  we 
are  inclined  to  believe,  not  that  the  danger  is  unjuftly  mag- 
nified, but  that  the  particular  furgeons  whom  we  have 
feen  operate  have  generally  eluded  it. 

In  order  to  ftop  the  bleeding  from  the  trunk  of  the  pu- 
detidal  or  pudic  artery,  authors  advife  us  to  introduce  into 
the  wound  a  cannula  wrapt  round  with  lint,  for  the  purpofe 
of  making  prefTure  on  the  wounded  part  of  the  veflel. 
Boyer  is  faid  to  have  fupprefTed  the  hemorrhage  in  feveral 
inftances,  by  introducing  deeply  into  the  wound  a  large 
dolRl,  round  which  is  tied  a  ligature,  the  ends  of  which, 
being  feparated,  are  to  be  forcibly  tied  over  a  fecond  dofTil. 
The  conllriftion  tends  to  draw  outwards  the  firtl  doffil,  at 
the  fame  time  that  it  propels  inwards  that  which  is  more 
external.  Richerand,  Nofographic  Chir.  t.  iii.  p.  533, 
edit.  2.    . 

Secotidar)'  hemorrhages  fometimes  occur  in  old  debili- 
tated fubjecls  feveral  days  after  the  operation,  and  may 
prove  fatal.  They  require  the  fame  treatment  as  the  fore- 
going bleeding,  though,  notwithilanding  the  moll  Hcilful 
comprefiion,  the  blood  will  often  continne  to  ooze  from  day 
to  day,  till  the  patient  falls  a  victim. 

Were  a  patient  to  bleed  profufcly  from  a  wour.d  of  the 
pudendal  artery,  the  veflel  might  be  taken  up  and  tied  by  a 


good  furgeon,  which  would  be  a  much  fafer  method  than 
compreffion.  It  feems,  that  in  one  example,  Mr.  Abcrnetky 
tied  the  trunk  of  this  artery,  where  it  paflfes  along  the 
inner  furface  of  the  tuberofity  and  ram.us  of  the  ifchium. 
See  Medical  and  Phyfical  Journal,  vol.  ix.  p.  393. 

The  drcflir.gs  after  the  lateral  operation  are  fuperficial, 
and  kept  on  with  a  T  bandage.  As  feparating  the  thighs 
pulls  afunder  the  edges  of  the  wound  in  the  perineum,  it 
is  alfo  cultomary  to  confine  them  together,  when  the  patient 
is  put  to  bed  by  means  of  a  garter  applied  jjft  above  the 
knees. 

LITHOXOS.     See  Col.\ptice. 

LITHOXYLON,  in  Mineralogy,  Woodjlone,  Hohjlein  of 
Werner,  a  fpecies  of  filiceous  genus  in  the  arrangement  of 
Kirwan.  Its  colour  is  generally  blackifh,  or  blueilh-grey ; 
the  former  frequently  pafTma;  into  the  greyilh-black,  and  the 
latter  into  the  greyilh  white;  and  this  from  the  light  reddilh- 
grey,  into  the  blood  or  cochenille  red.  Seldom  ochre  yel- 
low or  mountain  green  ;  fometimes  rcddidi  or  yellowifh- 
brown.  Thefe  colours  commonly  appear  together  in  fpots, 
blotches,  or  ftripes,  in  the  fame  fpccimcn.  It  always  mani- 
fefts  its  priftine  Itate,  either  by  its  branchy  form,  or  its 
knots  or  roots.  Its  furface,  like  that  of  the  wood  from 
which  it  originates,  is  fometimes  rough,  fometimes  uneven, 
fometimes  coarfely  ftreaked  in  the  direction  of  its  length. 
Its  internal  lullre,  i  ;  its  trarfparency,  1.2.  Its  fracture 
conchoidal ;  fometimes  imperfedtly,  or  approaching  to  the 
fine  fplintery,  fometimes  llaty  ;  and  generally,  by  its  inter- 
laced fibrous  flrudture,  difcovers  its  origin  Its  fragments 
3.  Often  fplintery  ;  its  hardnefs,  10;  the  fpecific  gravity 
of  different  (pccimens  extended,  upon  Mr.  Kirwan 's  trials, 
from  2.045  '"  --^IS-  ^^  '*  commonly,  but  not  always,  the 
fubllance  of  petrified  wood.  It  often  withers  by  expofure 
to  the  atmolphere.  Its  tranfitions  are  into  quartz,  _calce- 
dony,  and,  as  fome  fay,  into  pitch  ilone  or  opal.  Kirwan's 
EI.  of  Min   vol  i. 

LITHOXYLUM,  in  Botany,  a  term  ufed  by  Linnseus 
to  exprefs  a  heterogeneous  fubilance  on  marine  productions, 
which  has  fruftifications  in  impreffod   points.     See  GoR- 

GOMA. 

LITHOZUGIA,  in  Natural  Hipry.  the  name  of  a 
genus  of  foffils,  of  the  clals  of  the  icriipi,  compofed  of  a 
cryftalluie  matter  a  little  deoafed,  and  containing  witiun 
them  various  extraneous  bodies,  as  pebbles,  &c. 

Dr  Woodward  has  ranked  this  genus  among  the  pebbles, 
becaufe  of  the  pebbles  they  contain  ;  which  is  by  no  means 
a  futticient  reafon  foi  confounding  two  fuch  different  ioffils; 
the  liihozugia  approachiiig  to  tlie  nature  of  flint. 

Mercatus  and  other  naturali'ls  have  called  the  lithozugia, 
oculati  lapiiles  ;  and  among  Englifli  lapidaries  they  are  known 
by  the  name  oi pudiling-ltcms  ;  which  fee.        ♦ 

LITHUANIA,  \n  Geography,  a  country  of  Europe  of 
coiiliderable  extent,  anciently  a  feparatc  duchy,  and  after- 
wards united  to  Poland.  Its  capital  was  Vilna  or  Wilna, 
but  its  principal  town  was  Grodno.  When  it  was  goveri;ed 
by  its  own  fovereigns  under  the  title  of  Great-Dukes,  a 
rivalry  fubfilled  between  this  duchy  a:^d  the  contiguous 
llatts  of  Ruffia  and  Poland,  which  was  the  occafion  of  fre- 
quent contells.  At  fo  early  a  period  as  the  nth  century, 
the  Lithuanians,  defcended  from  the  ancient  flock  of  the 
Slavonians  (fee  the  article  Lettes,)  are  enumerated  by 
Neller  in  his  chronicle,  under  the  appellative  Litva,  among 
the  nations  tributary  to  the  Ruffian  monarchy  ;  nor  could 
they  find  means  to  rensJer  themfelves  an  independent  nation, 
till  the  time  when  dangerous  intelline  divifions  fprang  up  in 
Ru.Tia,  under  the  fuccelfurs  of  Vladimir  the  Grwat,  v,ho 
died  in  the  year  1C15.     At  this  time  they  wers  freed  from 

the 


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L  I  T 


■the  'Riifrian  fiipremacy,  enlarged  their  borflers  at  the  ex- 
pence  of  their  former  nr.vHers,  and  at  length  grew  to  be 
•formidable  to  all  their  neighbours:.  In  the  year  1386,  the 
great  duke  Ladidaus  Jaghellon,  or  Ya<;hello,  having  ef- 
poiifed  the  Po'ifli  queen  Hndfvigc,  and  embraced  the  Chrif- 
■tian  religion,  was  raifed  to  the  Polifh  throne,  and  reigr.ed 
over  both  Poland  and  Lithuania.  In  confequence  of  the 
union  of  the  two  countri.'s,  the  conquered  RulTwn  provinces 
devolved  to  this  united  kingdom.  Ladifians  nianifefted  the 
reality  of  his  converfion,  by  endeavouring  to  propagate  the 
Chriliiandoftrinesamonjjhis  idolatrous  fubjefts  in  Lithuania; 
accordingly  he  cut  down  the  hallowed  groves,  dellroyed  the 
oracular  flirine.  cxtin«-n;fhed  the  facred  fire,  and  flew  the 
ferpents  that  were  wordiipped  as  gods  by  his  fuperftitious 
fubjefts.  A  belief  univerfally  prevailed  among  the  people, 
that  whoever  profanely  attempted  to  dellroy  thefe  objefts 
of  their  worlhip,  would  be  ftruck  with  inliantaneous  death  ; 
but  the  falfity  of  this  tradition  was  evinced  bv  the  impunity 
of  thofe  who  were  concerned  in  the  fuppoied  facrilege.  The 
Lithuanians  flocked  in  fuch  crowds  to  be  converted,  that 
the  priefts  could  only  confer  feparate  baptifm  oh  pcrfons  of 
diftinftion ;  but  diftributcd  the  multitude  in  ranks,  and 
■fprinkling  them  with  water,  gave  one  Chriftian  name  to 
each  rank  without  dillinftion  of  fex.  I^adiflaus,  having 
thus  introduced  the  Chriftian  religion  into  Lithuania,  nomi- 
nated his  brother  Cafimir  Skirgello  governor  of  the  duchy, 
and  returned  to  Poland  ;  but  a  civil  war  being-  excited  by 
the  ambition  of  Alexander,  furnamed  Vitoldus,  and  by  the 
difcontents  of  the  people,  ftill  attached  to  their  Pagan  rites, 
Lithuania  was  for  fome  time  a  fccne  of  tumult  and  hoftili;y. 
At  length,  by  a  compromile  in  i  J92,  Vitoldus  was  appointed 
great  duke,  and  Ladifians  contented  hirrfelf  with  a  nominal 
fovcreignty.  In  1401  the  nobles  of  Litliuania  a(!';mbled  at 
Viln,i,  and  entered  into  an  offenfive  and  defenfive  alliance 
with  the  king  and  republic  of  Poland.  In  141,^,  it  was 
ftipidiiled  in  a  diet  of  Poles  and  Lithuanians,  held  in  the 
town  of  Hrodlo,  that,  upon  the  demife  of  Vitoldus,  the  Li- 
thuanians (hould  acknowledge  no  other  great  duke  but  the 
perfon  who  fliould  be  appointed  by  the  king,  and  with  the 
agreement  of  the  two  nations  ;  that  if  Ladiflaus  died  with- 
-out  ilTue,  the  Poles  fhould  elett  no  king  without  the  confent 
of  Vitoldus  and  the  Lithuanians,  and  that  a  diet,  compofed 
of  reprefentatives  from  both  nations,  (hould  meet  at  Lublin 
or  Panzow.  From  the  demife  of  Vitoldus,  who  expired  in 
J439,  in  the  80th  \ear  of  his  age,  the  great  dukes  were 
fometimes,  in  conformity  to  this  compaft,  nominated  by  the 
kings  of  Poland,  at  other  times  in  violation  of  it  by  the 
Lithuanians.  At  length  Sigifmund  I.  fortunately  united 
in  his  perfon  the  two  fovereignties,  and  was  fuccceded  in 
both  by  his  fon  Sigifmund  Augullus.  T'he  conne&ion  be- 
tween the  two  nations  whs,  however,  more  an  alliance  than 
an  union  ;  but  Sigifmund  Augufhis  having  no  children,  and 
being  the  only  furviving  male  heir  of  the  Jaghellon  family, 
planned  the  union  of  Poland  and  Lithuania,  lell:  upon  his 
deceafe  the  two  nations  (hould  again  be  governed  by  dif- 
ferent princes.  For  this  purpofe  a  general  diet  was  held  at 
Lublin  in  1569;  and  upon  the  ratiiication  of  the  union, 
Sigifmund  Augulfus  renounced  all  hereditary  right  to  Li- 
thuania. From  this  time  the  fame  perfon  was  uniformly 
eletted  king  of  Poland  and  great  duke  of  Lithuania,  and 
the  two  nations  were  incorporated  into  one  republic.  Since 
•this  period,  Lithuania  has  ihared  the  fortunes  of  Poland  ;  and 
with  the  gradual  extinction  of  it,  has  likewile  fallen  a  prey 
to  her  ftronger  and  more  powerful  neighbours.  At  the 
partition  of  the  year  1773,  Lithuania  furnifhed  the  whole 
share  which  Ruflia  at  that  time  obtained,  and  out  of  which 
the  prefeut  vice-royalties  of  Mohilcf  and  Polotik  are  formed. 


Tn  the  fubfeqnent  partition  of  the  year  T79J,  this  grani 
duchy  again  loll  1731  fquare  miles,  and  890,000  foiiU-, 
which  now  belong  to  the  vice-royalty  of  Miiiik  ;  and  in  the 
final  oartition  of  the  year  1795,  '■''^  ^^^  remains  of  Lithua- 
nia alfo  fell  to  the  Ruffian  empire,  of  which  at  prefect  the 
vice-rovahies  of  Viliia  and  Sloninilk  are  formed.  TheiJe 
provinces  of  the  Ruffian  empire  are  therefore  thofe  in  which 
I.,ithuanians  refide ;  but  the  number  of  people  of  which 
this  nation  confilts,  can  hardly  be  given  with  any  d<-gree  of 
accuracy,,  as  they  are  every  where  mingled  with  RuiTuuis 
and  Poles.  ' 

Lithuania  was  formerly  a  very  woody  country,  but  the 
greateft  part  of  it  was  uncultivated.  However,  under  the 
tranquil  reigns  of  Sigifmund  I.  and  his  fuccelTors,  the 
woods  were  cleared  in  a  great  degree,  and  agriculture  was 
encouraged.  Pot-a(hes  and  wood-afhes  are  made  here  in 
great  abundance,  and  the  country  produces  much  corn.  It 
alfo  yields  a  great  quantity  of  honey,  from  which  are  made 
the  liquors  called  Lippitz,  Maliinieck,  and  Mead.  Its  mea- 
dows and  paftures  are  fertile,  and  fupply  food  for  numerous 
flocks  and  herds.  The  wool  is  very  fine.  The  lakes  abound 
with  iifli  ;  and  the  forefts  are  the  haunts  of  bears,  wolves, 
wild  boars,  buffaloes,  deer,  and  large  flights  of  woodcocks- 
All  forts  of  provifions  are  cheap,  but  cafli  is  fo  fcarce,  that 
10  percent,  is  the  common  intereit  for  money.  The  com- 
mon people  are  generally  vafTals,  and  the  nobility  are  nu- 
merous, but  poor  ;  fome  of  the  principal  of  them  excepted, 
who  poffels  princely  revenues,  occupy  the  chief  polls  in  the 
country,  and  live  in  great  pomp  and  fplendour. 

Lithuania,  Litlle,  or  Prujj'uvi,  a  province  of  PrulTia, 
about  100  miles  in  length  and  half  as  much  in  breadth. 
This  country  was  anciently  over-run  with  thickets  and 
woods  ;  and  in  the  year  17 10,  it  was  almoll  depopulated  by 
a  pellilence.  In  172c,  Frederick  William,  at  a  great  ex- 
pence,  induced  many  Switzers,  French  Proteflants,  Pala- 
tines and  Franconians  to  fettle  here,  and  in  1732,  350,000 
dollars  were  diftributed  among  a  frefli  colony  of  12,500 
Saltzburgers.  Thefe  emigrants  changed  the  face  of  the 
almoft  defolated  country,  and  its  fertility  appeared  in  the 
multitude  and  variety  of  its  productions ;  fuch  as  corn, 
horned  cattle,  numerous  flocks  of  Iheep,  excellent  horle.':, 
butter,  cheefe,  &c.  It  afforded  hkewife  plenty  of  lifh  and 
game.  Several  manufadures  are  alio  efiablifhed  here,  for 
coarle  and  fine  cloth,  leather,  &c.  'I'he  ancient  inhabitants 
of  this  country  have  a  language  peculiar  to  themfelvcs,  into 
which  the  bible  and  fome  religious  books  have  been  lately 
tranflatcd.  The  colonills  of  this  country  are  engaged  in 
various  employments,  to  which  their  difpolition  and  habits 
incline  them  ;  and  with  refpeft  to  religion,  the  Switzers, 
French,  and  Franconians,  are  Ca'virrifls;  (o  that  there  are 
10  German  and  French  reformed  pariflics,  as  they  are  deno- 
minaled,  in  Little  Lithuania.  The  red  are  Lutherans,  in- 
termixed with  a  few  PapiRs.  The  princijial  towns  are 
Memel,  Tilfit,   Ragnit,  and  Ifterburg. 

LITIZ,  or  Lkdi'I'^,  a  to.vn,  or  rather  village,  of  Ame- 
rica, in  Lancaiier  county,  pennfylvania ;  lituated  in  .  tite 
townfliip  of  Warwick,  containing  about  50  lioufts,  and  an 
elegant  church  with  a  fteeple  and  bell,  fettled  m  1757,  ai;d 
inhabited  by  the  United  Brethren,  amounting,  in  17S7,  to 
up-.vards  of  302  ;  eight  miles  N.  of  Laneailer. 

LITMUS,  or  Lacmus,  in  the  Arts,  is  a  blue  pigment, 
or  violet  red  palle,  formed  from  archil,  which  fee.  It  is 
brought  from  Holland  at  a  cheap  rate  ;  but  nuy  be  pre- 
pared by  adding  quick-lime,  and  purified  urine,  or  fpirit  of 
urine  diltilled  from  lime,  to  the  archil  previouily  bruifed  by 
grinding.  The  mixture,  having  cooled,  and  the  fluid  Aif- 
fered  to  evaporate,  becomes  a  mais  of  the  coniiltence  of 

a  pall. . 


L  I  T 

8  parte,  which  is  laid  on  boards  to  dry,  in  fquare  lumps. 
The  following  is  given  as  the  exact  pcocels  for  preparing  it. 
(Nicholfon's  Journal,  4to.  vol.  ii.)     The  lichen  is  tirft  dried, 
clcaiifed,  and  piilvcrii'ed,  in  a  null  like  the  oil-mill.     The 
powder  is  then   thrown   into  a  trough,    with  one-half  its 
weight  of  pearl-a(h,  and  moiftened  with  a  little  human  urine, 
and  allowed  to  ferment.     This  fermentation  is  kept  up  for 
fome  time,  by  fucceflivc  additions  of  urine,  till  the  colour 
of  the  materials  chiuiges  firft  to  red,  then  fo  blue.     In  this 
ftate  it  is  mixed  with  a  third  its  vveight  of  very  good  potaih, 
and  fpread  upon  deep   wooden  trays  till  dry.     A  quantity 
of  chalk  is  added  at  lail,  apparently  for  the  mere  purpofe  of 
increaiing  the  weight.      It  is  only  ufed  in  miniature  paint- 
ings, and  cannot  be  well  depended  on,  becaufe  the  Icail  ap- 
proach of  acid  changes  it  initantly  from  blue  to  red.     This 
property  renders  the  colour  a  valuable  tint  to  the  chemift, 
in  deteftincj  the  prefence  of  uncombined  acids.     Dut  when 
reddened  by  an  acid,  the  blue  is  rcllored  by  an  alknli :  fo 
that  litmus  mav  thus  become  a  telt  both  of  acid  and  of  al- 
kah.     The  bell  litmus  is  very  apt  to  change  and  fly.     It  is- 
much  employed  for  the  purpofe  of  giving  a  glofs  or  iTniih 
to  the  more  deep  and  permanent  colours,  by  the  dyers  of 
filk,  iluffs,  and  ribbons.     Marble  foaked  with  litmus-liquor 
innbibes  it  in  fome  days,    and  becomes  beautifully   tinged 
with  a  colou.',  'w'luch  will  remain  for  a  conliderable  time  un- 
impairad.. 

LITOTES,  AiTOTj;-:,  in  Rheta-h.     See  Liptotes. 
LITOWISCH,   in   Geography,    a  town,  of  Poland,  in 
Volhynia  ;  56  miles  S.W.  of  Lucko. 

LITRA,  in  yhici.'/i!  Coinage.     See  LlBRA. 
LITRE,  or  Ciil/ic  D.'dmdre,  a  French  meafure  of  ca- 
pacity, equal  to  60.O2S0.0  Englifh  cubic  inches,  or  nearly 
2  J  wine  pints.     See  Measuue. 

LITRON,  a  rreafure  for  corn  and  dry  commodities,  in 
the  old  fvllem  of  France  ;  16  litrons  being  equal  to  a  boif- 
feau,  each  boiiTeau  being  =  7S0  Englilh  cubic  inches, 
and  1 1  boifieaux  =  4  Englifh  bufhels. 

LITROTOND,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Afiatic 
Turkey,  on  the  fouth-w^ell  coall  of  Natoha.  N.  lat.  36  51'. 
E.  long.  37"  35'. 

LITSCHAU,  a  town  of  Auftria;  70  miles  N.W.  of 
Vienna.     N.  lat.  49'  48'.   E.  long.  14'  jj'. 

LITTAU,  a  town  of  Moravia,  in  the  circle  of  Olmutz  ; 
S  miles  N.N.E.  of  Olmutz.  N.  lat.  49-  28'.  E.  long. 
]6   59'.  ^ 

LITTER,  Lectica,  a  kind  of  vehicle  borne  upon 
fhafts,  anciently  elteemed  the  molt  eafy  and  genteel  way  oF 
carriage. 

Du  Cange  derives  the  woi-d  from  the  barbarous  Latin, 
hder'ia,  jlraiu  or  bedding  for  beajfs.  Others  will  rather  have 
it  come  from  leSus,  bed,  there  Ijeing  ordinarily  a  quilt  and  a 
uillo-.v  to  a  litter ;  in  tiie  fame  manner  as  to  a  bed. 

Pliny  calls  the  htter  the  traveller's  chamber  ;  it  was  much 
in  ufe  among  the  the  Romans,  among  whom  it  was  borne  by 
flsives  kept  for  that  purpofe  ;  as  it  ftill  continues  to-be  in  the 
Eaft,  where  it  is  called  a  palanquin. 

The  Ronian  IrSica,  made  to  be  borne  by  four  men,  waS' 
called  itrraphorum  ;  that  borne  by  fix,  he.vaphorum  ;  and  that 
borne  by  eight,  oHophorum. 

The  invention  of  litters,  according  to  Cicero,  was  owing> 
(o  the  kings  of  Bithyni;i :  in  the  time  of  Tiberius  they  were 
beco.TiC  viory  frequent  at  Rome,  as  appears  from  Seneca;, 
and  even  (laves  themfelves  were  borne  in  them,  though  never 
by  more  than  two  perfons,  whereas  men  of  quality  had  fix, 
or  eight. 

LlTTf:il,  in  Agriculture,  a  name  applied  to  draw,  fern,  or 
srthcr  dry  fubftauccs,.  that  arc  placed  under  horfes,  cattle, 


L  I  T 

&c.  in  the  llables,  cow-houfes,  farm-yards,  or  other  places- 
for  the  purpofe  of  keeping  the  animals  clean,  and  the  pro- 
viding a  large  fupply  of  manure.  In  this  lalt  view,  all  forts 
of  dry  materials  ihould  be  carefully  coliefted,  and  ftacktd. 
up  for  winter  ufe.  And  it  is  of  vaft  importance,  in  different 
views,  to  have  it  properly  employed  in  foddering  the  cattle, 
as  well  as  in  littenng  them  down  in  the  Hall  and  yards  ;  as, 
without  proper  economy,  much  difadvantage  may  arife  to- 
the  farmer  in  the  way  of  converting  it  into  manure.  See. 
Soii.ixi;  and  Faum-vakd. 

Merely  as  litter,  wheat-draw  is  always  to  be  preferred  for 
horfes  ;  but  for  cattle  and  other  animals,  the  other  fort  of. 
ilraw,  fern,  &c.   may  anfwer  equally  well. 

LITTERMORE,  in  Geography,  an  iHand  on  the  coaft. 
of  the  county  of  Galway,  Ireland.  It  is  on  the  fouth-ealL 
of  Kilkerran  bay,  and  is  about  four  miles  long  by  two  wide. 
N.  lat.  53     17  .   W.  long.  9    40'. 

LIT  TLE  Algoxqui.v.s,  Indians  who  inhabit  near  the 
Three  Rivers,  and  can  raife  about  100  warriors.. 
Little  Bairam.     See  Baiha.m. 

Little  Britain,  a  poll-town  of  America,  in  Orange 
county.  New  York  ;  294  miles  from  Walliington. — Alfo,. 
a  townfliip  in  Lancaller  county,  Pennfylvania,  containing 
1365- inhabitants. — Alfo,  a  tovvniliip  in  Cheftcr  county,,  in. 
the  fame  ftate. 

Little  Capjlan.     See  Capstan; 

Little  Compton,  in  Geography,  a  townlhip  in  Newport 
county,  Rhode  ifland,  containing  1577  inhabitants,  and 
affording  greater  quantities  of  meat,  butter,  cheefe,  ve- 
getables, &c.  than  any  other  town  of  its  fize.  The  in^ 
habitants,  who  are  niduftrious,  manufadlure  lin^n  and  tow- 
cloth,  flannels,  &c.  of  an  excellent  quality,  and  in  con- 
fiderable  quantities  for  fale. 

Little  Creeh,    a  town  of  America,. in    Kent  county, 

Delaware,  containing   1908  inhabitants Alfo,  a  town  \\\. 

SufTex  county,  Delaware,  containing  2164  inhabitants. 

Little  Harbour.  See  PijjCat.vqua.— Alfo,  a  bay  in 
the  (Iraits  of  Magellan,  on  the  coall  of  Patagonia;  5miles 
N.W.  of  Bachelor's  river. 

Little  IJland,  or  Little  Salvador,   one  of  the   fmaller 
Bahama  iflands.     N.  lat. .23   46'.   \V.  long.  75^  26'. — Alfo, 
an  ifland  in  the  river  Lee,  in   Ireland,  about  three  miles  ia, 
circumference;  6  miles  E   of  Cork.      • 
Little  Alafs.     See  Mas:;.        • 

Little  River,  in  Geography,  a  beautiful  and  rapid  river 
of  America,  in  Georgia,  which,  at  its  confiuence  with  Sa- 
vannah river,  in  about  50  yards  wide. — Alfo,  a  river  whicH 
partly  feparates  North  and  South  Carolina. — Alfo,  a  planta- 
tion in  Keanebeck  county,  Maine. 

-  Little  SoJus,  a  harbour  of  lake  Ontario;    ij  miles  S. 
of  Ofwego. 

LITTLEBOROUGH,  a  town  on  the  well  ccaft  of  the 
ifland  of  Nevis  ;   2  miles  N.  of  Charlellown. 

LITTLETON,  Ar>A.\j,  in  Biography,  a  learned  philo- 
logiil,  was  born  in  1627  at  Hales-Owen,  in  Shropfliire,  of 
which  place  his  father  was  vicar.  He  was  educated  at 
Weflminiler,  under  Dr.  Bufljy  ;  and  in  1644  was  admitted- 
a  fl;udent  of  Chrill's  college,  Oxford.  He  was,  on  account 
of  his  principles,  ejefted  by  the  parliamentary  vifitors  in 
L64S,  and  was  under  the  neccfiity  of  obtaining  a.  living  as 
ufuer  at  different  fchools.  At  the  relloration,  he  was  ap- 
pointed fecond  mailer  of  AVefl.min(ier  fcliool,  king's  chap- 
lain, in  ordinary  ;  and  in  1674,  having  already  obtained  his ! 
d<iftor's  degree,  he  was  inducted  to  the  redlory  of  Chelfea.. 
This  preferment  was  followed  by  being  appointed  a  pre- 
bendary of  Wcilm.inilcr,  and  aftei-wards  fub-dean.  He. 
died  oatlie  30th  of  Juiie  1694,  Icaviag  behind  liimthe  ciia- 

rafter 


LIT 

rafter  of  an  amiable  man,  and  very  confiderable  fcliolar. 
He  was  converfant  in  the  Hebrew,  Chaldaic,  and  Arabic 
lang^iiages ;  and  was  converfant  with  the  higher  parts  of 
mathematics.  He  pubhihed  many  works  in  divinity  and 
philology,  but  is  chiefly  known  for  his  "  Latin  Diftionary," 
whicii  was  in  general  ufe  in  our  fchoolp  till  that  of  Ainfworth 
was  pubhlhed.  He  had  received  a  grant  of  king  Char'es  II. 
to  fucceed  Dr.  Bu(by,  as  head  mealier  of  Weilminilcr 
fchool ;  but  death  prevented  the  execution  of  the  king's  in- 
tention. 

Littleton,  Sir  Thomas,  an  Englifli  lawyer  and  jndp-e, 
who  flourifhed  in  the  fifteenth  century,  was  elded  fon  of 
Thomas  Weftcote,  cfq.  of  Devonfliire,  by  the  hcirefs  of 
Littleton,  of  Frankley  in  Worcellerfliire,  wliofe  name  he 
affumed.  He  was  reguhtrly  educated  for  the  law  ;  and,  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VL,  he  was  made  judge  of  the  niar- 
fhalfea  court  and  king's  ferjeant,  and  in  145'5  went  the 
northern  circuit  as  judge  of  the  aflife.  In  14O6  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  judges  of  the  common  pleas,  and,  a  {hort 
time  after,  was  created  a  knight  of  the  Bath.  He  died  in 
148 1,  leaving  three  fons,  from  whom  many  confiderable 
families  are  defcended.  He  was  author  of  a  valuable  work, 
entitled  "  Tenures  and  Titles  by  which  Eftates  were  an- 
ciently held  in  England."  It  was  written  in  French,  and 
a  tranilation  of  it,  with  a  comir.entary,  forms  the  firft  book 
of  Coke's  "  Inftitutes."  Sir  Thomas,  during  the  troubles 
and  confufions  of  the  times,  fo  comported  himfelf,  as  to 
enjoy  the  favour  of  both  the  contending  fovcreigns  ;  and,  at 
the  fame  time,  acquired  the  efteem  of  all,  for  his  great  Ikill 
in  the  laws  of  England. 

Littleton,  Edward,  dillinguifhed  for  lils  great  know- 
ledge in  tiie  common  law,  fon  of  fir  Edward,  a  WeKh  judge, 
was  born  in  1589,  and  purfued  his  college  exercifes  in  Chrilt 
church,  Oxford,  from  whence  he  removed  to  the  Inner 
Temple,  to  purfue  the  fludy  of  the  law.  He  was  an  adlive 
member  of  parliament  in  the  year  1628,  and,  together  with 
fir  Edward  Coke  and  fir  Dudley  Digges,  carried  up  the 
Petition  of  !vight  from  the  Commons  to  the  Lords.  He  was 
alfo  a  leading  manager  in  the  accufation  againil  the  duke  of 
Buckingham,  in  which  his  judicious  conduft  obtained  for 
him  the  good  opinion  of  the  prince  and  people.  He  fuc- 
ceeded  his  father  as  WeKh  judge,  and  was  cbofcn  recorder 
of  London.  In  1634  he  was  made  by  Charles  I.  iblicitor- 
general,  and  knighted;  in  1639  he  was  fworn  lord  chief 
juflice  of  the  common  picas;  and,  in  the  foliowing  year,  he 
was  advanced  to  be  lord  keeper  of  the  great  feal  of  England, 
and  called  to  the  honfe  of  peerc  by  the  title  of  lord  Littleton. 
He  afterwards  loft  the  favour  of  the  king,  though  it  is  be- 
lieved without  reafo'i,  which  he  could  never  after  regain. 
He  died  in  Auguft  164J,  at  Oxford,  where  he  was  buried 
on  the  north  fide  of  the  choir  in  the  cathedral  of  Chrift 
church,  and  had  a  funeral  oration  pronounced  over  him  by 
Dr.  Henry  Hrimmond.  He  publilhed  a  book  of  Reports 
of  Cafes  in  the  Courts  of  Common  Pleas  and  Exchequer, 
from  the  fecond  to  the  eighth  of  Charles  I.  ;  fome  fpeeches 
in  parfiament,  feveral  arguments  and  difcourfes.  Biog. 
Brit. 

Littleton,  in  Geography,  a  pnft-town  of  America,  in 
Middkfex  county,  Mafiachufetts,  28  miles  N.W.  of  Bof- 
ton  ;  containing  904  inhabitants. — Alfo,  a  poil-town  in 
Grafton  county,  New  Hamplhire,  incorporated  in  1784, 
and  containing  381  inhabitants. — Alfo,  a  townfhip,  now 
called  T.'aterford,  in  Caledonia  coimty,  Vermont,  on  the 
weft  fide  of  Connecticut  river,  containing  565  inhabitants. 

Littleton's  IJland,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the  Florida  ftream. 
N.  lat.  24   42'.  W.  long.  81    40'. 
LITT08.AL  Sheils,  among  writers  of  Natural  HiJ- 


L  I  T 

tory,  are  fuch  fea-  (hells  as  are  always  found  near  the  fliorcs, 
and  never  far  off  in  the  deep. 

Thofe  which  are  found  in  the  bottom  of  the  fea,  remote 
from  the  fliore,  are  called  pcLigian. 

LITTORELLA,  in  Bolnny,  the  diminutive  of ////«/,  a 
(hore,  this  plant  being  generally  found  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  lakes  or  pools.  Indeed  its  Enghdi  name,  Sliore-weed, 
is  alfo  cxprelfive  of  its  place  of  growth.  Linn.  Mant.  i6o. 
Schreb.  629.  VVilld.  Sp.  PI.  v.  4.  330.  Mart.  Mill.  Did. 
V.  3.  Sm.  Fl.  Brit.  ion.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  I.  v.  3. 
335.  JuflT.  90.  Lamarck  lUuftr.  t.  758 — Clafs  and  or- 
der, Momec'iaTetrandria.     Nat.  Ord.   Planlagiiies,  JufT. 

Gen.  Ch.  Male,  Cal.  Perianth  of  four  leaves,  ereft. 
Cor.  of  one  petal ;  tube  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  limb  four- 
cleft,  creft,  permanent.  Slam.  Filaments  four,  thread- 
ftiapcd,  very  long,  inferted  into  the  receptacle ;  anthers 
heart-fhaped. 

Female  on  the  fame  plant.  Cn!.  none.  Cor.  of  one 
petal,  conical,  permanent,  its  mouth  unequally  three-cleft. 
Pifi.  Germen  oblong ;  ftyie  thread-ftiaped,  very  long ; 
ftigma  acute.  Pcric.  none,  except  the  permanent  corolla. 
Seed  a  nut  of  one  cell. 

Eif.  Ch.  Male,  Calyx  four-leaved.  Corolla  of  one  petal, 
four-cleft.      Stamens  very  long. 

Female,  Calyx  none.  Corolla  of  one  petal,  unequally 
three-cleft.  Style  thread-like,  very  long.  Nut  of  one 
cell. 

I.  L.  lacnjlris.  Plantain  Shore-weed.  Linn.  Mant.  295. 
Sm.  Fl.  Brit.  ion.  Engl.  Bot.  t.  468.  (Plantago  uai- 
fiora;  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  167.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  170.) — A  native 
of  the  fhores  of  lakes  in  various  parts  of  Europe,  and  of 
marfliy  fandy  fpots  in  Great  Britain,  but  not  very  common. 
It  flowers  in  June.  Root  perennial,  fpindle-fliaped.  Htrb 
fmooth,  (lemlcfs.  Lta-ves  linear,  entire,  convex  underneatli. 
Ma!c  Jloiuers  on  ftalks,  folitary,  creft,  whilifh,  refembling 
thofe  of  Plantain :  female  ones  radical,  feffile,  having  an 
ereft,  prominent,  thn-ad-fhajied  ftyle. 

The  whole  habit  of  this  curious  genus  is  that  of  a  Plan- 
tago,  from  which  however  it  is  fnfficiently  diftinft  on  ac- 
count of  its  fruit  being  a  fingle  feed  or  nut.  It  was  ori- 
ginally feparated  from  that  genus,  by  Bergius,  in  the 
Stockholm  Tranfaftions  for  1768.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Williams 
of  Shropfhire  has  found  this  plant  occafionally  to  vary  with 
hairy  leaves. 

LITURGY,  denotes  all  the  ceremonies  in  general  be- 
longing to  divine  fervice. 

The  word  comes  from  the  Greek  ^.ciTHoyix,  fer-vice,  pullic 
m'mlfiry,  formed  of  Xsilo;,  pullic,  and  s^-'w,  'work," 

In  a  more  reitrained  fignification,  liturgy  is  ufed  among 
the  Romanills  to  fignify  the  mafs ;  and  among  u..  the  com- 
mon-prayer. 

All  who  have  written  on  liturgies  agree,  that  in  the  pri- 
mitive  days,  divine  lervice  was  extremely  fimple,  only 
clogged  with  very  few  ceremonies,  and  confifting  of  but  a 
fmall  number  of  prayers;  but,  by  degrees,  they  increafed 
the  number  of  external  ceremonies,  and  added  new  prayers, 
to  make  the  office  look  more  awful  and  venerable  to  the 
people.  At  length  thingo  were  carried  to  fuch  a  pitch,  that 
regulation  became  necefiary  ;  and  it  was  found  proper  to  put 
the  fervice,  and  the  manner  of  performing  u,  into  writing  ; 
and  this  was  what  they  called  a  hturgy. 

Liturgies  have  been  different  at  different  times,  and  in 
different  countries.  We  have  the  liturgy  of  St.  Chryfollom, 
that  of  St.  Peter,  of  St.  James,  the  liturgy  of  St.  Bafil, 
the  Armenian  liturgy,  the  liturgy  of  the  Maronites,  ef  the 
Cophtsc,    the  Roman  liturgy,    the    Galliijan  liturgy,    the 

EngliOi 


I-  I  T  U  R  G  Y, 


tnglifli  liuirs;)',    th?  Ambrofian  liturg)-,  the  Spaiiilli  and 
African  litiir^ijies,  &c. 

In  the  more  early  an^es  of  the  charch,  every  bifhop  had  a 
power  to  form  a  liturgy  for  his  own  diocefe  ;  arid  if  he  kept 
to  the  analogy  of  faith  and  doftrine,  all  circumllances  were 
left  to  his  own  difcretion.  Afterwards  the  practice  was  for 
toe  whole  province  to  follow  the  fervice  of  tlie  metropolitan 
chnrch,  which  alfo  became  the  general  rule  of  the  ciiurch  r 
ard  this  Lindwood  acknowledges  to  be  the  common  law  of 
the  church  ;  intimating,  that  the  ufe  of  fcveral  fervices  in 
the  fame  province,  which  was  the  cafe  in  England,  was  not 
to  be  warranted  but  by  long  cuftom.     Gibf.  2  jg, 

The  lituryy  of  the  church  of  England  was  compofed  in 
the  year  1547,  and  cllablifhed  in  the  2d  year  of  king  Ed- 
waid  VI.,  by  ilat.  2  &  3  Edw.  VI.  cap.  1. 

In  the  fifth  year  of  this  king  it  was  reviewed  ;  beca\ife 
fome  things  were  contained  in  that  liturgy,  which  Ihewed  a 
comphancc  with  tlie  fuper'Htion  of  thole  times,  and  fome 
exceptions  were  taken  againft  it  by  fome  learned  men  at 
h'lme,  and  by  Calvin  abroad.  Martin  Bucer  was  confulted, 
and  fome  alterations  were  made  in  it,  which  conlifted  in 
adding  the.  general  cor.felHon  and  abfolution,  and  the  com- 
munion to  begin  with  the  ten  commandments.  The  ufe  of' 
oil  in  confirmation,  and  extreme  unftion  were  left  out,  and 
alfo  prayers  for  fouls  departed,  and  what  tended  to  a  belief 
of  Chrift's  real  pretence  111  the  eucharift.  This  liturgy,  io 
rtformed,  was  eilablifhed  by  the  act  of  j  &  6  Edw.  VI. 
cap.  r.  However,  it  was  abohfhed  by  queen  Mary,  who 
enaclcd  that  the  fervice  (hould  (land  as  it  was  moll  commonly 
ufed  in  the  laft  year  of  the  reign  of  king  Henry  VIII.  The 
liturgy  of  5  5c  6  Edw.  VI.  was  re-ellablifhed  with  fome 
few  alterations  and  additions,  by  i  Eliz.  cap.  2.  All  the 
birnnps  prffcnt  dint;i:ted  both  in  this  and  the  former  afts  ; 
and,  therefore,  th?  cxprclllon  "  lords  fpiritual"  doth  not 
occur  in  either  of  them.  (Gibf.  268.)  Some  farther  al- 
terations were  introduced,  in  confequence  of  the  review  of 
the  Com.mon  Prayer  Book,  by  order  of  king  James,  in  the 
lira  year  of  his  reign  ;  particularly  in  the  office  of  private 
baptifm,  in  feveral  rubricks  and  other  palTages,  with  the  ad- 
dition of  five  or  fix  nevv-  prayers  and  ihankfgivings,  and  all 
that  part  cf  the  catechifm  which  contains  the  dottrine  of 
th'i  facraments.  The  book  of  Cemmon  Prayer,  fo  altered, 
remained  in  force  from  the  iirit  year  of  king  James  to  the 
fourteenth  of  Charles  II.  But  the  lall  review  of  the  liturgy 
was  in  the  year  l6(il,  and  the  laft  aft  of  uniformity  eu- 
juining  the  obfervande  of  it,  is  13  Sc  J4Car.  II.  cap.  4. 
(See  Co.\[MOX  Prayer. )  Many  applications  have  been  iince 
made  for  a  review,  but  hitherto  without  fuccefa.  See  Free 
and  Candid  Difquifitio:.s  relating  to  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, S:c.   8v.-).   L<jnd.  1749. 

We  fhdll  here  fubjoin  fome  pertinent  remarks  on  liturgies  by 
archdeacon  Paley,  together  with  fome  additional  reflections. 
Liturgies,  or  preconcerted  forms  of  public  devotion,  being  nei- 
ther eiijcined  in  fcripture,  nor  forbidden,  there  can  be  no  good 
reafon  tor  receiving  or  rejecting  tlieni,  but  that  of  expediency ; 
w  hich  expediency  i.s  to  be  deduced  from  a  coniparitouof  tliead- 
vanlages  and  difadvantages  altendingthis  mode  of  worlhip  with 
thofe  which  nfnally  accompany  extemporary  prayer.  The  ad- 
vantages  of  a  liturgy  are  thcfe  :  i.  That  it  prevents  ablurd, 
extravagant,  or  impious  addrefies  to  God,  which,  in  an 
order  ot  men  fo  numerous  as  the  facerdotal,  the  folly  and 
entbufiafm  of  many  mull  always  be  in  danger  of  producing, 
where  the  conduct  of  the  public  worlhip  is  entrulled,  with- 


not  likely  often  to  occ.ir ;  tJiat  a  miniftcr  who  is  capable  of 
addreffing   a  congregation  acceptably  and  ufefuily,  would 
not  be  in  danger  of  offending  iir  the  manner  here  fuppofed, 
when  he  conducted  their  fecial  devotion,  more  efpecially  a3 
he  would  conceive  it  to  be  his  duty  to  make  previous  pre- 
paration for  the  one  fervice  as  well  as  the  other  ;   that  the 
mode   of   performing   public   worHiip   muil  be   left  to  th? 
choice  and  approbation  of  thofe  who  concur  in  ft ;  that  ths 
occafional  perverlion    and    abufe  of   a  privilege  carnot  be 
juftly  pleaded  againft  the  ufe  of  it  j    and  that  if  the  evil 
were  greater  than  it  is,  there  is  no  method  of  avoiding  it, 
but   by    the  impoiition   cf  preconcerted    liturgies,    which 
tvould    encroach    on    liberty    in   the  province   cf  r'ehgion. 
Ellablilhed  liturgies,  it  might  be  faid,  are  not  eafily  accom- 
modated to  the  fentimentsof  the  worlliipper,  who  dilbelieves 
the  creed  on  which  they  are  founded  ;  and  tliey  muft  lead 
him  to  the  avowal  of  principles,  and  to  the  ufe  of  language, 
which  his  judgment  difapproves.     If  every  officiatiro-  mi- 
nifter  be    allowed  to   adopt   his  own  mode  of  conduCtin"^ 
focial  worltiip,  whether  it   be  by  extempore  prayer,  or  b^ 
forms,  for  each  of  which  he  has  made  previous  pkparation, 
he  is  not  likely  to  give  offence  to  thofe  who  ^oin  with  hi.r;. 

Our  author  further  obferves*   2.  Tiiat  a  liturgy  prevents 
the  confujion  of  extempore  prayer,  in  which  the  c'ongiegatiori 
being  ignorant  of  each  petition    before   they   hear  it,  and 
having    little    or    no   time    to   join    in  it    after  they    have 
heard  it,  are  confounded  by  their  attention  to  the  niinifter, 
and  to  their  own  devotion.     The  devotion  of  the  hearer  is 
neceffarily   fufpended,  until  a  pc  iiion  be   concluded  ;  and 
before  he  can  affent  to  it,  or  properly  adopt  it,  that  i«,  before 
he  can  addrefs  the  fame  requelt  to   God  for  himfelf,    and 
from  himfelf,  his  attention  is  called  off  to  keep  pace  witli 
what    fucceeds.     But    the    advocate    for    free  prayer  will 
naturally  enquire,  if  this  be  not  the  cafe,  in  a  greater  or  Icfs 
degree,  in  every  continued  fervice?      If  he  has  the  words 
before  him,   which   he   ufes  in  his  devotion    does  he  dwell 
on  a  fingle  fentence  as  foon  as  the  officiating  miniiter  uiters 
it  ?     Is  not  his  attention  drawn  on  to  fucceeding  parts  of 
the  prayer  that  is  pronounced,  as  foon  as  they  arc  delivered  ? 
But  in  neither  cafe  is  his  mind  kept  long  in  a  Hate  of  fuf- 
pence  ;  and  he  has  this  advantage,  that  whiill:  he  is  joining 
in  exercifes  of  devotion  with  the  minifter  of  his  choice,  he 
is  not  likely  to  hefitate   in   concurring  with  turn.      As  to 
the  novelty  with  which  he  expedts  to  be  gratified,  this  mav* 
probably  be  more  likely  to  excite  his  attention  and  impreis 
his   heart,  than  a  recurrence  of  fentimcnts  and  expreffions 
that  are    familiar    to    hir.',  and    v.  hich    long-continued   ufe 
will    prevent   from   intc'-eiling    and  fixing "^the    (perhaps) 
wandering  mind.     Johii  prayer,  it  is  further   faid  by    the 
learned  archdeacon,    which,    among  all    denominations    of 
Chriflians,  is  the  declared  defign  of  "  cominfr  together,"  i4 
prayer  in  which  all  jo-n  ;  and  not  that  which  one  alone  in 
the  conp-regation  conceives  and  delivers,  and  of  which  the  reft 
are  merely  hearers.     This  objettion,  fays  our  anther,  feem» 
fundamental,  and  holds  even  where  the  miniiler's  office  is 
dilcharged  with  every  polUble  advantage  and  accompUni- 
ment.      But  in  the  ufe  of  preconcerted  and  ell.iblifhed  litur- 
gies,  are  not  ail  befidcstlie  officiating  miniikr  hearers,  unlefs 
they  concur  in  thofe  refponfes,  w  hitii  have  been  obfervcd  in 
many  inllances  to  jiroduce  confi-fion,  and  to  render  devotion 
a  kind  of  mechanical  bufinefs  ?     The  advocate  for  extem- 
pore prayer  will  ailege,  that  he  is  not  lefs  capable  of  joining 
in  a  worlhip,  conducted  by  a  minidcr  who  ufes  words,  fnt 
■    '  m; 


out  rellraint  or  affutance,  to  the  difcretion  and  abihtics  of  gelled  at  the  moment,  than  in  that  whi^h  is  performed  by"a 

the  officiating  minilter.     On  the  other  hand,  the  advocate  recital  of  words  prcviouily   written  or  printed.     The  ob- 

for  free  prayer  might  allege,  that  the   cafes  to  which  the  jeAion    to  this   mode  of  public   worfhip,   founded  on    the 

ingenious  author  refers  are  uf  the  extreme  kind,   that  are  labouring  recolkftion,  and  emb.-.rralTcd  or  tumultuous  de- 

Vol.  XXI.  A  a                                  liver r 


LITURGY. 


Kvery  of  irany  extempore  fpeakers,  evinces  the  neceflity  of 
talents  for  tlie  difcharge  of  this  part  of  public  duty,  and  of 
previous  preparation,  but  does  not  prove  that  the  adopl^.ni 
of  a  liturgy  is  either  moll  expedient  or  moft  ufetul  when 
extempore  prayer  is  properly  performed  ;  and  it  is  prefunied, 
that  perfons  v^'ho  are  accullomed  to  cxereiles  of  devotion 
will  acquire  a  facility  in  tlie  performance  of  tlieni,  which 
will,  in  a  great  degree,  obviate  the  objeiftion  now  dated, 
and  prevent  the  pain  that  would  be  n;iven  to  the  ferious  part 
of  a  coiii;re'^ation,  or  the  profane  diveriion  which  might  he 
occal'ioned  by  the  levity  of  the  other  part. 

The  advantages  of  a  liturc;y,  our  author  candidly  allows, 
are  connected  with  two  principal  inconveniences  ;  Jirjh  that 
forms  of  pravcr  compofed  in  one  age  become  unlit  tor 
another  by  the  unavoidable  change  of  language,  circum- 
ftances  and  opinions  :  fecondly,  that  the  perpetual  repetition 
of  the  fame  form  of  words  produces  wearinefs  and  mattcn- 
tiveuefs  ia  the  congregati<jn.  Both  thefe  inconveniences, 
ho'.vever,  arc  in  their  nature  vincible.  Occafional  revilions 
of  a  liturgy  may  obviate  the  firll,  and  devotion  will  fupply 
a  remedy  for  the  fecond  ;  or,  as  our  author  thinks,  they  may 
both  fubfitl  in  a  con fidcrable  degree,  and  yet  be  outweighed 
by  the  objcflions  which  are'iufeparable  from  extemporary 
prayer.  Nevertheltfs,  this  is  a  conceflion,  which  will  not 
be  admitted  by  the  advocates  of  the  latter  mode  of  worthip  ; 
nor  adverting  to  pad  experience,  finee  tlie  year  1661,  will 
they  lay  much  ftrcfs  on  occalional  reviews  of  the  liturgy. 

Hovsr  far  the  Lord's  prayer  is  a  precedent,  as  well  as  a 
pattern,  for  forms  of  prayer,  is  a  queilion,  concerning  which 
writers,  who  have  directed  their  attention  to  this  lubjedl, 
are  not  agreed. 

Archdeacon  Paley  fpeclfies  the  following  properties  as  re- 
quifite  in  a  public  liturgy  ;  vin.  that  it  be  compendious  ; 
that  it  exprefs  juft  conceptions  of  the  divine  attributes  ; 
that  it  recite  fuch  wants  as  a  congregation  are  likely  to 
fee!,  and  no  other  ;  and  that  it  contain  as  few  controverted 
propofitions  as  poflible.  As  to  the  firll  property,  he  ob- 
ferves,  that  it  would  be  no  difficult  talk  to  eontracl  the 
liturgies  of  moil  churches  into  half  their  prefent  compafs  ; 
and  yet  retain  every  diftinct  petition,  as  well  as  the  fubllance 
CI  every  fentiment,  which  can  be  found  in  them.  Although 
cur  author  does  not  admit  the  propriety  of  (ludving  brevity 
too  much,  he  is  of  opinion,  that  the  too  great  length  of 
church  fervices  is  unfavourable  to  piety.  It  begets  in  many 
an  early  and  unconquerable  diilikc  to  the  public  worlhip  4f 
their  country  or  communion.  They  come  to  church  feldom  ; 
and  enter  the  doors  when  they  do  com.e  under  the  appreheii- 
fion  of  a  tedious  attendance,  v.'hich  they  prepare  for  at  firfl, 
cr  foon  after  relieve,  by  conipofing  theinfelves  to  a  drowfy 
forgetfulnefs  of  the  place  and  duty,  or  by  fending  abroad 
their  thoughts  in  ■  fearch  of  more  amufing  occupation. 
Although  there  may  be  fome  few  of  a  difpofuion  not  to  be 
wearied  with  religious  exercifes,  yet,  where  a  ritual  is  pro- 
lix, and  the  celebration  of  divine  fervice  long,  no  effetl  is  in 
general  to  be  looked  for,  but  that  indolence  will  find  in  it 
an  excufe,  and  piety  be  difconcerted  by  impa.nence.  It 
might  further  be  obferved,  that  the  extent  of  our  eltablifhcd 
liturgy  does  not  leave  time  fufhcient  for  pubhc  inilruction  ; 
that  the  attention  is  fatigued  before  this  part  of  our 
p'lbiic  fervice  commences ;  and  that  excefs  in  our  public 
difcourfes,  which  admit  of  variety,  is  more  exculable  than 
the  iame  fault  in  our  devotional  exercifes,  during  which  the 
attention  ought  to  be  kept  alive,  and  the  underftanding 
and  heart  properly  engaged.  Our  author  remarks,  that  the 
length  and  repetitions  complained  of  in  our  hturgy  are  not 
fo  much  the  fault  of  the  compilers,,  as  tlie  effeft  of  uniting 


into  ont  fervice,  what  was  originally,  but  with  very  littlf 
regard  to  the  convcniency  of  the  people,  dillrlbutcd  into  three. 
Accordingly  we  obferve,  with  the  autiiors  of  the  "  Free  and 
candid  Dilquilitions,"  that  the  Lin-d's  prayer  in  particular 
is  ei;joined  to  be  pulilicly  tiled  every  I^ord's  day  in  our  ordi- 
nary lervicc,  when  there  is  no  communion,  no  lefs  than  feven 
times,  ^i;».  five  times  in  the  morning  a:.d  twice  in  the  after- 
noon :  and  when  there  is  a  communion,  and  alio  atteriiooii 
icrmon  or  lecture,  then  nine  times  :  and  if  the  office  of  infant 
baptifm  (to  fay  nothing  of  that  of  adults),  and  the  other  of 
churching  of  women,  happen  to  come  iiv,  as  they  may  and 
do  fometinies,  botii  morning  and  afterncon,  then  thirteen 
times.  The  "  Gloria  Patri"  is  introduced  commonly,  and 
moil  ufually,  feven  or  eight  times  ;  not  unfrcquently  nine 
or  ten  ;  and  may  alfo  occur  eleven  times,  in  the  courfe  of 
our  morning  fervice  only,  Notwithllandiiig  that  dread  of  inno- 
vation, in  religion,  which,  lays  archdeacon  I'alcy,  feems  to  have 
become  ihc  panic  of  the  age,  few,  as  he  fuppofes,  would  be 
difpleafed  nith  fuch  omiflions,  abridgments,  or  change  in 
the  arrangement^  as  the  combination  of  ieparate  fervices 
iniift  necelTiirily  require,  even  luppoiing  each  to  have  been 
faultltfs  in  itfelf.  If,  together  with  theie  alterations,  the 
epilUes  and  gofpelf,  and  coUefts  which  precede  them,  were 
compofed  and  lelefted  v.ith  more  regard  to  unity  of  fubjeft 
and  dellgn  ;  and  the  pfalms  and  lelfons  either  left  to  the 
choice  of  the  miiiiller,  or  better  accommodated  to  the  ca- 
pacity of  the  audience,  and  the  edification  of  modern  life  ; 
the  church  of  England  would  be  in  pofTciTion  of  a  liturgy, 
in  which  thofe  who  alTent  to  her  doftrines  would  have  little 
to  blame,  and  the  difl'atisfied  mull  acknowledge  many  beau- 
ties. The  ftylc  throughout  is  excellent  ;  calm,  without 
coldnefs  ;  and,  though  every  where  fedate,  oftentimes  affeft- 
ing.  Tiie  paufes  in  the  fcrvic~e  are  dilpofed  at  proper  inter- 
vals ;  the  traniitions  from  one  office  of  devotion  to  another, 
from  confeffion  to  prayer,  from  prayer  to  thanklgiving, 
from  thankfgiving  to  "  hearing  of  the  word,"  arc  contrived, 
like  fcenes  in  the  drama,  to  fupply  the  mind  with  a  fuccef- 
fion  of  diverfihed  engagements.  As  much  variety  is  intro- 
duced alio  in  the  form  of  praying  as  this  kind  of  compoiitiau 
icems  capable  of  admitting. 

TheyiVoHi/ property  of  a  liturgy,  itiz.  that  it  fhould  ex- 
prefs  jull  conceptions  ef  the  divine  attributes,  is  an  article 
deferving  particular  care.  The  popular  notions  of  God  arc 
formed,  in  a  great  meafure,  from  the  accounts  which  the 
people  receive  of  his  nature  and  character  in  their  religious 
affemblies.  An  error  here  becomes  the  error  of  multitudes  : 
and  as  it  is  a  fubjt  A  in  which  almoft  every  opinion  leads  the 
way  to  lome  practical  confeqtience,  the  purity  or  deprava- 
tion of  public  manners  will  be  afFeclcd,  among  other  caufes,. 
by  the  truth  or  corruption  of  the  public  forms  of  worfhip. 
The  i'/>/V^  requilite  of  a  liturgy  is  that  it  recite  fuch  wants 
as  the  congregation  are  hkely  to  feel,  and  no  other.  It  were 
therefore  to  be  wiilied  that  every  part  of  a  liturgy  were  per- 
fonally  applicable  to  every  individual  in  the  congregation  ; 
and  that  nothing  were  introduced  to  interrupt  the  paffion, 
or  damp  a  flame  which  it  is  not  eafy  to  rekindle.  Upon 
this  principle,  \.\iejlatr-prajiers  incur  liturgy  ihould  be  fewer 
and  lliorter.  The Jliite-/lyle  hkevvife  leems  unfealonablv  in- 
troduced if.to  thefe  prayers,  as  ill  according  with  the  anni- 
hilation of  human  greatnefs,  of  which  every  act  that  carries 
tlie  mind  to  God  prefents'the  idea.  It  is  required,  fourthly, 
that  a  liturgy  contain  as  few  controverted  propohtio;iS  as 
poffible.  Why,  fays  our  author,  iliould  every  pofition 
which  a  church  maintains  be  woven  with  fo  much  induftry  into 
her  forms  of  public  worfliip  ?  Some  are  offended,  and  fnme 
are  excluded  ;  this  is  an  evil  in  itfelf,  at  lead  to  them  :  and 

J  what 


I 


L  I  T 


L  I  T 


vvTiat  advantage  or  fatisfaftion  can  be  derived  fc  the  rtfl  from 
the  reparation  of  their  brethren,  it  is  difficult  to  imagir;;  : 
unlefs  it  wvre  a  duty  to  pi;bli(h  our  fyftem  of  polemic  divi- 
nity, under  the  name  of  making  confelfion  of  our  faith  every 
time  we  worfliip  God  ;  or  a  fin,  to  agree  in  rehgious  exer- 
cifes  with  thofe  from  whora  we  differ  in  fome  religious  opi- 
nions :  indeed,  where  one  man  thinks  it  his  duty  conilantly 
to  worlhip  a  being  whom  another  cannot,  with  the  afTent  of 
his  confcience,  permit  himfelf  to  worfhip  at  all,  there  feems 
to  be  no  place  for  comprehenfion,  nor  any  expedient  left 
but  a  quiet  feceffion.  All  other  differences  may  be  compro- 
n-.ifed  by  filence.  If  fefts  and  fchifms  be  an  evil,  they  arc 
as  much  to  be  avsided  by  one  fide  as  th€  other.  If  feclaries 
arc  beamed  for  taking  unnecefTary  offence,  eftabhlhcd 
churche^lfcre  no  lefs  culpable  for  unneceffarily  giving  it  : 
they  art^ound  at  lead  to  produce  a  command,  or  a  reafon 
of  equivalent  utility,  fjr  fliuttiiig  out  any  from  their  commu- 
nion, by  mixing  with  divine  worfliip,  doctrines  which, 
whether  true  or  falfe,  are  unconncfted,  in  their  nature,  with 
devotion.  Paley's  Principles  of  Moral  and  Pohtical  Philo- 
fophy,  vol.  ii.  chap.  j.     See  Ph.vyer. 

Of  all  the  forms  which  Chrifiianity  has  taken  in  difFel-ent 
parts  of  the  world,  of  all  the  fects  which  refufe  communion 
with  regular  eftabiifhments,  mulic,  or  rather  chanting,  has 
been  the  language  of  devotion.  It  has  been  farcalbcally 
afked,  whence  this  impuUe  to  fr)'a/o«  J  originated  ;  was  it  from 
the  thundering  mufic  of  the  fingers  of  Jofliua  round  Jericho, 
the  fweet  llrains  of  the  harp  of  David,  the  pompous  and 
proud  clangor  and  vociferating  of  the  myriads  of  inuficians 
at  the  temple  of  Solomon,  or  the  pious  chant  of  the  canti- 
<;le  which  .Tefus  Chrill  and  his  apoliles  fung  at  the  firlt  infti- 
tutlon  of  prayer,  that  we  derive  our  choirs,  hymns,  pfalnis, 
and  fpiritnal  fongs,  which  in  every  communion  of  Chnllians 
conlhtute,  and  always  have  conitiluted,  a  confidcnible  part 
of  the  public  worfhip  regulated  by  liturgies  ?  We  have  no 
<]oubt  but  that  the  primitive  Chriftians,  when  their  religion 
was  founded  on  that  of  the  Jews,  (at  leafl  as  far  as  the  be- 
lief and  worlhip  of  one  God,)  in  oppofition  to  Paganifmand 
idolatry,  fung  the  Pfalms  of  David,  which  they  had  adopted, 
in  imitation  of  the  royal  pfalmift  and  his  nation. 

But  there  wa--  no  Pagan  tem.ple,  .or  facrilice  at  an  altar, 
without  mufic,  and  at  prefent,  even  the  favages  of  America 
iioDour  their  divinities  with  finging.  Indeed  fongs,  of 
which  the  fubJK-ft  and  poetry  correlpond  with  the  rites  and 
ceremonies  of  the  Pagans,  conflituted  all  their  liturgies,  to 
the  exaft  celebration  of  which  it  is  well  known  they  were 
fcrupuloudy  attached.  It  is  true  that  the  Chrillian.s  differ 
very  much  in  their  mufical  tafles.  The  Quakers  have  no  li- 
turgy ;  they  wait  till  the  fpirit  moves  them  to  fpeak,  and 
never  fing  ;  they  only  figh  and  groan.  Calvin  ilript  mufic 
of  harmony  and  meafure,  and  allowed  of  nothing  but  uni- 
fonous  and  fyllabic  finging  in  tke  conventicles,  without  the 
afiiftance  of  that  box  of  ivhiflks,  as  the  Scotch  reformers 
ufcd  to  llyle  the  organ.  The  modern  methodifts  like 
light,  airv,  and  familiar  mufic  fo  much  better  than  folemn 
flrains  of  f  up  plication,  that  they  admit  ballad  and  barrel- 
organ  tunes  out  of  the  ftreet  to  be  adapted  to  their  hymns. 
The  mufic  a  cappella..  in  the  cathedral  fervice  of  the  Roman 
Catholics  and  Proteilants  of  the  fixteenth  and  Icventcenth 
centuries,  feems  the  molt  folemn  and  revereod  fpccies  of  mu- 
fic with  which  to  addrefs  the  divinity  ;  at  Icall  it  is  the  moft 
grateful  to  cultivated  cars.  In  parifh  churches,  under  the 
guidance  of  a  powerful  organ,  or  a  judicious  chantor,  pfal- 
niody  in  parts,  provided  iome  refpedl  were  paid  to  accent, 
and  dillinction  were  madcbetween  long  and  fhort  fyllablcs,  as 
in  the  104th  pfalm  and  other  melodies  in  triple-time,  would 


ceafe  to  be  abfurd  and  ridiculous  to  lovers  of  mufic,  and 
rendered  a  gratification,  inilead  of  a  torture,  to  cultivated 
cars. 

LITViNTZOVA,  in  Giosraphy,  a  town  of  Ruflia,  in 

the  government  of  Irkutfic  ;  36  miles  S.  of  Ilimflc. 

LITUS,  in  the  Materia  Medico,  the  fame  ^i  linlmatt ; 

which  fee. 

LITUUS,  among  MeJaliJls,  the  ftaiT  or  wand  twifted 
round  at  the  top,  ufed  by  the  augurs,  made  in  the  form  of  a 
crozier,  and  the  badge  of  the  augurfhip. 

We  frequently  fee  it  on  medals,  along  with  other  pontifi- 
cal infiruments.  Aulus  Gelhus  fays,  it  was  bigger  in  the 
place  where  it  was  crooked  than  elfewhere.  In  fome  coins 
of  Nero  the  lituus  appears  at  his  bread.;  and  from  badly 
prefervcd  coins  has  been  taken  by  fome  mcdalhc  writers  for 
a  ferpent. 

LiTVL's,  in  Natural  HiJIory,  a  name  given  to  a  genus  of 
fhells  of  the  clafs  of  the  polythalamii,  or  thofe  which  confifl 
of  feveral  concamerations  or  chambers,  parted  from  one 
another  by  fiielly  diaphragms,  and  communicating  with  one 
another  by  means  of  a  fiphunculus,  which  runs  through  the 
whole  length  of  the  fhell.  To  this  general  character  of  the 
clafs,  it  is  to  be  added,  that  the  lituus  is  always  a  conic 
fhell,  running  in  a  fi;raight  line  from  the  mouth,  through  a 
great  part  of  the  length,  and  from  the  end  of  this  ftraight 
part  to  the  extremity,  twifling  into  the  Ihape  of  a  corna 
ammonis,  or  fpiral  fhell  of  that  kind. 

It  is  thus  named  from  its  refembling  the  inflrumeut  called 
lituus  among  the  ancients.  The  fiiony  matter  often  found 
caft  in  this  fhell,  and  refembling  all  its  lineaments,  is  called  by 
authors  litultis,  as  thofe  ftones  formed  in  the  peifien,  peftinites, 
and  thofe  in  the  echini  marini  echinitx.     See  Cokchology. 

LlTUU.s,  in  Rcrrian  /Intiquhy.  The  Romans  had  a 
crooked  military  mufical  inlirument  called  a  lituus,  in  the 
form  of  the  augural  ftafT,  whence  it  had  its  name.  It  was  a 
fpecies  of  clarion,  or  octave  trumpet,  made  of  metal,  ar.d 
extremely  loud  and  fitrill,  ufed  for  the  cavalry,  as  the  ftraight 
trumpet  was  for  the  foot.  Horace  diftinguillies  it  from  the 
tuba,  or  trumpet. 

"  Multos  caftra  juvant,  et  lituo  tuba: 

Permiftus fonitus,  Od.  i.  zi. 


as  Claudian  does  from  the  flute  : 

"  Tibia^ro  lituis,  et  pro  clangore  tubarum 
Molle  lyrae,  fuftumque  canant." 

On  our  mufic  plates  are  engraved  a  double  lituus  and  a 
ftraight  trumpet,  from  an  ancient  bas-relief  in  the  Vitalefchi 
palace  at  Rome,  reprefenting  a  facrifice  :  as  is  a  genuine  an- 
cient metalHne  lituus,  now  in  the  poffeflioH  of  the  right  ho- 
nourable fir  Jofeph  Banks,  K.B.  and  prefident  of  the  Ro)-al 
Society.  It  was  found  vvitli  many  other  antiquities,  both 
Roman  and  Anglo-Saxon,  in  clearing  the  bed  of  the  river 
Witham,  near  Tatterlhall,  in  Lincolnfhirc,  1761,  and  is 
periiaps  the  only  inlirument  of  the  kind  that  is  now  extant. 
It  is  a  long  narrow  tube,  with  a  fwtUing  curve  at  the  end. 
like  the  double  lituus,  but  refembling  ftill  more  an  in- 
lirument fculpturcd  on  the  bafe  of  Trajan's  pillar  at  Rome. 
It  is  neatly  made  of  very  thin  brafs,  with  three  joints  or 
pieces,  like  German  flutes,  and  has  been  well  gilt.  Its 
length  is  upwards  of  four  feet,  though  the  upper  end  has 
been  evidently  broken  off. 

Aninftrument  of  this  kind,  made  of  caft  brafs,  was  found 

in  digging  a  well,  near  Battle  in  Suflex,  and  was  then  filled 

■with  fmall  fliells.     We  have  an  engraving  of  it  in  Grofe's 

A  a  2  Mihtarv 


^    L  1  V 


L  1  V 


Military  Antiquities,  vol.  ii.     A  fimilar  trumpet  is  engraved 
in  Montfaiicoii's  Roman  Antiquities. 

This  inCi-umcnt  frequently  appears  on  ancient  medals  as  a 
fymbol  «f  wai ,  and-is  torraiuatctl  with  the  head  of  a  boar, 
and  fometimes  with  that  of  a  fnake,  as  on  an  ancient  family 
medal  of  Albinus,  (truck  during  the  time  of  the  republic, 
between  the  iirll  Punic  war  anJ  the  reign  of  Augull'JS. 
,  LITYERSA,  the  .fong  of  the  reapers,  in  the  /iiic'iml 
Mufic.  Theocritus,  Apollodorus,  Julius  Pollux,  Suldas, 
and  others,  mention  this  fon^,  and  call  it  Litycrfg,  from  Ly- 
tiurfas, .the  natural  Ion  of  Midas  ;  a  rude  and  ferocious 
prince,  wlio  oblij^ed  llrangers  to  work  with  Iiim  in  the 
ilelds  at  harvcll-timc,  and  thofe  who  were  too  feeble  and 
unable  to  Wv,rk,  he  put  to  death.  Hercules  killed  hijn -in 
the  life-time  of  his  fatlier.  ■'        ' 

Julias  Pollux  fays  that  this  fonrr  was  injurnful,  und  fung 
round  the  (hearers,  to  confole  Midas  for  the  death  of  his 
foil. 

LITZEND'OiRF,  in'Gcograplyy,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in 
the  hilhopric  of  Bamberg  ;  6  miles   E.N.E  of  Bamberg. 

LIVADIA,  aBrovinceof  European  Turkey,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Theffaly,  on  tde  E.  by  the  Archipelago,  on 
the  S.  by  the  gulf  of  Lepanto,  which  fcparates  it  from  the 
Morea,  and  the  gulf  of  Egina,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Medi- 
terranean ;  i8o  miles  long  from  N  AV.  to  S.E.,  and  about 
35'  miles  in  its  medial  breadth.  This  province  comprehends 
what  was  properly  called  Greece  (fee  G(t.T:ciA  Propria)  ; 
and  the  mountains,  fo  much  celebrated  by  the  ancients,  tn'c. 
Parnaffus,  Helicon,  and  Cythsron.  The  places  that  are 
now  moll  noted  in  ir  are  Lepanto,  Livadia,  and  Athens. 

LiVADiA  is  alfo  a  large,  populous,  commercial  town,  in 
the  p/ovince  of  the  fame  name,  fituated  near  the  gulf  of 
Lepanto,  and  b  lilt  round  a  mountain  terminating  in  a  peak, 
and  on  whicli  is  a  caflle  ;  28  miles  N.  of  Corinth.  N.  lat. 
38^37'.     E.  long.  23   54'. 

LIVADOSTA,  a  town  of  Livadia,  on  the  E.  extremi- 
ty of  the  gulf  of  Lepanto  ;   20  miles  S.E.  of  Livadia. 

LIVAROT,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
Calvados,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  diilrift  rf 
Lilieux  ;  8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lifieux.  The  place  con- 
tains 1210,  and  the- canton  1 1,279  inhabitants,  f'"  a  terri- 
tory of  195  kiliometces,  in  29  communes, 

LIUBIM,  a  town  of  RuiTia,  in  the  government  of  Ja- 
roflavl  ;  40  miles  N.  E.  of  Jaroflavl.  N.  lat.  58'  Jj'. 
E.  long.  40°  50'. 

LIUBITCH,  a  town  of  RufTia,  in  the  government  of 
Tcliernigov,  on  the  Dnieper;  20  miles  W.  of  Tchernigov. 
N.  lat.  51°  22'.     E.  long.  26"  44'. 

LIUDER,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of  Sma- 
land  ;  31  miles  W.  of  Calmar. 

LIVE  Caye.s,  in  Mining,  a  phrafe  ufed  by  many  people 
to  exprefs  fuch  taverns  in  the  earth  as  have  but  little  com- 
munication with  the  external  air,  and  are  found  to  abound 
with  mineral  produfticiis.  The  v.'oikers  in  the  lead-mines 
on  Min.lip-hiiis  dilHnguifh  the  numerous  caverns  in  tho'e 
places  into  the  Il-x  or  quid  caves,  and  the  dead  caves  ;  the 
Utter  are  fuch  as  adn.it  the  air  into  them  tvi'o  or  three  ways, 
and  are  barren  of  any  thing  valuable  ;  the  others  have  only 
one  palfage,  and  that  hut  narrow  and  winding,  and  generally 
lie  at  great  depths.  Thefe  abound  in  numerous  elegant  pro- 
du61ioas.  They  alinoft  always  contain  ore  in  fome  form  or 
other,  and  ufualy  abound  in  elegant  fpars.  Mr.  Beaumont 
mentions  one  of  thefe  in  the  Philofophical  Tranfailions, 
which  lay  at  thi'tyfive  fathom  perpendicular  depth, 
in  whii  h  there  was  found  a  fme  liver-coloured  earth,  of 
ihc  nature   of  boie  armenic,  v/hich'  in  many  places   Choot 


up  in  a  wonderful  manner  in  a  fort  of  fpires  of  the  height 
of  three  or  four  inches,  formed  with  ridges  and  furrow;;, 
and  ufually  covered  with  fp-ar  at  the  top  ;  fometimes  all 
the  way  down,  to  the  bed  of  earth.  Phil.  Tranf.  N^  129. 
Ltvii  Ever,  in  Bo!any.  See  Oupine. 
LlVf.  ill  Idlrmjs.     See  Violei  . 

Livii //fi^cr,  in  Rural  Econunn;,  fuch  as  are  conftituted 
of  living  materials,  fuch  as  white-thorn  plants,  &c.  See 
Fksci:. 

l^iw.-StocJ:,  ill  ylgricuhure,  is  a  term  wliich  (Ignifies  all 
tlial  fort  of  animal  Hock  which  is  raifed  or  kept  upon  a 
farm,  either  for  tlu-  purpofc  of  ufe  or  profit.  It  compre- 
hends all  forts  of  (lomellic  animals,  whether  thofe  of  the 
cattle,  liorfe,  and  fivine  kinds,  or  thofe  of  the  rabbit  and 
poultry  deicriptions.  In  one  of  the  reports  of  the  Hate  of 
agriculture,  drawn  up  for  the  board,  it  is  flated  flJRt  this  is 
a  fubjeft  wliich  "  is,  perhaps,  the  nioft  important  in  the 
whole  range  of  rural  economics.  The  poorell  and  mo(t 
backward  nations  contrive  to  raifc  bread  for  their  confump- 
tion,  equal  to  the  demand  ;  and  to  increafe  the  quantity 
with  the  increafe  of  their  mouths.  Their  wheat,  in  the  moll 
niik-rable  hufbandry,  is  nearly  equal,  and  much  of  it  fupe- 
rior,  to  that  of  our  highly  cultivated  fields  ;  and  we  feel  con- 
Jtantly  in  our  markets  the  cScR  of  their  competition  :  but 
with  all  that  concerns  live-ftock  tlie  cafe  is  abundantly  dif-. 
ferent  ;  it  is  by  great  exertions  only  that  a  people  can  be  welL 
fupplied,  and  for  want  of  fuch  exertions,  many  nations  are 
forced  to  content  themfelves  with  fuch  meat  as  others  would 
not  touch.  Look  at  a  fample  of  French  and  Swifs  wheat, 
no  difference  is  found  ;  but  examine  the  cows  of  SwifR-r- 
land  and  Lorraine,  what  a  difference  !  Compare  the  mares 
of  Flanders  with  the  ponies  of  Bretagne,  the  (heep  of 
England  and  of  Fr-ince  :  nay,  let  us  come  nearer  hom.e,  and 
reflect  on  the  wool  in  competition  ;  examine  the  fleeces  of 
Segovia  and  of  Italy,  in  the  fame  parallel  of  latitude."' 
And  it  is  added  liiat,  "  next  to  the  cultivation  of  wafte  lands 
(which  by  the  way  much  depends  on  the  weJl  ordering  of 
live-llock),  this,  it  is  conceived,  is  the  greatell  defidcratum 
in  the  agriculture  of   Britain.". 

And  it  has  been  remarked  by  the  author  of  "  Praftical 
Agriculture,''  that  there  is  fcarcely  any  brinch  cf  huibaudry 
that  is  of  more  confequence  to  the  farmer,  or  which,  of  late, 
has  been  more  attended  to  and  improved.  He  fuppofes,  in- 
deed,  that  it  might  calily  be  imagined  that,  as  the  means  of 
lupporting  doinellic  animals  became  more  perfe£lly  kiiowi;, 
and  more  extenfively  provided,  great  and  beneficial  changes 
would  take  place  in  the  nature,  form,  and  other  properties  of 
the  animals  that  were  to  be  kept  for  the  purpofes  of  the  far- 
mer, and  confequently  advantages  to  be  derived  both  in  the 
amelioration  of  the  land  and  ihe  improvement  of  tSe  live- 
llock,  which  it  fupportcd.  It  is  alfo  conceived,  that  the 
greatly  increafed  demand  for  this  fcit  of  (lock,  either  for 
the  purpofes  of  food  or  hibour,  may  have  likewife  had  much 
effect  in  promoting  and  forwarding  their  improvement  ;  but 
that,  thoutjh  much  has  lately  been  aeconiphflied  in  this  de- 
partment of  rural  economy,  much  llil!  vernams  to  Le  done, 
which  may  in  fome  meafure  be  cfFeiled  by  the  judicious  com- 
bination of  proper  improved  breeds  of  animals  of  different 
kinds,  with  the  various  improvements  in  the  cultivation  and 
management  of  herbage  or  other  forts  of  green  food  by 
which  they  are  to  be  fupported. 

Mr.  Middleton  hkewife  contends  that,  where  it  is  intend, 
ed  '"to  attempt  any  coufiJerable  improvement  in  the  ra'ure 
of  the  live-llock  of  alarm,  care  flionld  be  previo.iOy  taken 
that  there  is  a  fufScient  degree  of  (heller,  fhade,  and  warmth, 
as  well  as  a  high  degree  of  ferti'ity  of  the  land,  and  a  fuii- 

able 


L  I    Y 


L  I  tr 


aBIe  ft'ate  of  drainage,  as  it  is  only  by  the  richnsfs  and 
abiiTidance  of  food  that  fuch  changes  can  be  effefted  in  the 
rm!l  advivitageous  way,  or  the  ftock  be  bn:^g'ht  t(*  any  hi ^h 
djjjree  of  pcne£tion.''  The  ciixumllances  which  are  to  be 
;.ioie  particuhirly  confidored,  in  undertaking  improvL-ments 
in  the  nature  of  hvo-ftock,  cfpecially  in  wliat  relates  to  them- 
f<.lve"=,  arc  thofc  of  the  f.iape,  the  fiz;,  the  difpofition,  the 
hardmcfs,  the  arriving  quickly  at  maturity,  the  peculiar  na- 
ture of  the  flelh,  the  property  of  fattening  with  expedition, 
the  affording  milk  in  furacier.t  plenty,  the  quality  of  the 
hide,  the  fitnefs  for  performing  labour,  and  the  [)articular 
quality  or  nature  of  the  breed,  of  whatever  fort  of  animal 
it  may  be.  All  of  which  are  particuiar'y  confidercdin  eif- 
plaiiiing  the  nature  and  raeihods  of  management  that  are  the 
inoft  proper  to  be  adopted  in  breeding,  rearing,  and  bring- 
ing to  r.ei^edtion  diiTerent  forts  of  animals  of  the  domelUc 
kind  for  the  nfes  of  the  f.irmer.     See  Bueeding. 

In  refpcft  to  the  introduction  of  all  forts  of  live-dock 
upon  a  farm,  the  cultivator  (hould  conilantly  and  carefully 
confider  the  nature  and  extent  of  his  keep,  or  the  means 
■which  he  has  of  providing  them  with  proper  fupplies  of 
proper  kind  of  food,  as  on  this,  the  fize  and  other  proper- 
ties ef  the  animals  mull  in  a  great  meafurc  depend.  The 
idea  of  good  keep  is  conftantly  neceiTary  to  be  kept  in 
view,  as  without  it,  little  can  be  t-ilefted  in  this  part  of 
htiibandry.  It  h:is  been  forcibly  remarked  by  the  writer  of 
the  Staffordfhire  Agricultural  Report  ;  that  "  all  good 
Rock  muit  be  both  bred  with  attention  and  well  fed;  and 
that  it  is  neceffary,  that  thcfe  two  eiJentials  in  this  fpecics  of 
improvement  fliould  always  accompany  each  o:her;  for 
without  good  refourccs  for  keeping  it  would  be  in  vain  to 
attempt  fnpporting  a  capital  ftock,  and  with  fnch  refources, 
it  would  be  abfurd  not  to  aim  at  a  breed  fowewhat  de- 
cent in  quality."  Tins  fort  of  improvement  mull,  how- 
ever, be  much  regulated  by  the  ci.-cumllances  of  the  farmer, 
and  be  often  only  gradually  edecled  on  account  cf  the  want 
of  money  for  the  purjsofe  of  making  a  more  full  change  in 
the  ftock  of  the  farm. 

In  the  Agricultural  Report  for  Perth,  it  is  ftated, 
that,  "  there  is  one  circumftanee,  relative  to  the  introduc- 
tion of  all  new  breeds,  whieh  mnft  not  be  paiTed  over  in 
Glence,  becaufe  no  farmer  can  negleft  it  without  a  certain 
L)fs.  Every  kind  of  pailure  is  litted  to  raife  animals  to  a 
particular  lize.  When  bealls  of  a  larger  fize  are  brought  in, 
than  the  quality  of  the  food  is  ca'culated  to  fupport,  thefe 
animals,  whether  cows,  or  horfesj  or  (heep,  or  any  other 
kind,  will  degenerate  apace,  and  never  prove  ufeful,  until 
they  come  down  to  that  llaudard  or  fize  adapted  to  their 
fituation  and  fuited  to  their  food."  And  that,  "  on  the 
other  hand,  when  a  fnialler  breed  than  ordinary  is  brought 
in,  they  continue  to  increafe  in  bulk,  until  they  come  up  to 
the  pitch  which  is  fuited  to  their  nourifiiment.  But  there 
is.tkis  rem;;rkable  difference  betwixt  thefe  two  progrelBons, 
in  refpeS  to  profit,  that  i  i  the  retr  Jgrade  progrefs,  when 
animals  are  brought  from  rich  pafture^and  a  comfortable 
iltuation  to  the  reverfe,  thev  are  in  every  inftance  worfe 
than  the  indigenous  breed  ;  whereao  the  animals,  which  are 
brought  from  worfe  to  better,  continue  to  improve,  till 
they  arrive  at  that  perfeftion,  which  the  change  in  their 
fituatiim  is  calculjied  to  produce.  Tiicfe  caufes  may  not 
immediately  have  tlicir  full  eflecl ;  but  in  a  few  years  they 
certainly  and  evidently  will.  He  makes,  for  this  reafon,  a 
much  fafer  experiment,  who  brings  cattle  from  worfe  to 
better,  ihan  he  who  brings  them  from  better  to  worfe. 
Tliis  reafoniiiff  applies  to  all  plants,  as  well  as  animals. 
Highland  cattle  rife  to  a  great  fize,  not  only  by  the  keep- 
ing iu  South  Britain,  but  in  rich  pallures  at  ho.ne.''     And 


he  adds,  tliat  it  is  "  in  vain  to  attempt  to  improve  a  breed 
of  animals  beyond  the  circumflances  of  the  country  as  to 
climate  and  pailure  ;  while,  at  the  fame  time,  it  is  no  eafy 
matter  to  difcern,  without  proper  trials,  how  far  thefe  clr- 
cumtlances  can  fupport  a  better  llock.  Kere  is  great  room, 
he  fuppofes,  for  the  ingenious  to  cxercife  their  judgment 
in  improving  the  breeds  of  different  animals.  One  fpccies 
has  evidently  dcgejierated  in  this  country,  by  a  change  m 
their  fituation  to  the  worfe.  The  red  or  foreft-deer  i.-  but 
a  puny  animal  in  comparifon  of  thofe  of  former  times. 
This  will  be  apparent  to  any  perfon,  wlio  compares  the 
horns  of  a  deer  that  is  killed  at  prefent  to  thofe  of  the 
fame  fpecies,  which  arc  iu  different  places  dug  out  of  the 
moffes:.  The  caufe  is  obvious."  It  is  therefore  conceived, 
that  "  the  improvf^ment  of  the  foil  ought  to  go  hand  iu 
liand  with  the  in'roduftion  of  a  larger  breed  of  cattle  :  and 
a  large  breed  ought,  for  the  fame  reafon,  to  be  introduced, 
in  that  degree,  in  which  the  flyle  of  agriculture  is  im- 
proved.'' 

Ill  fupport  of  this,  Mr.  Middleton,  in  the  Agricultural 
Report  of  Middlefex  ttates,  that  "  the  richeft  grazing  land, 
and  the  moll  nourifhing  artificial  food,  will  certainlv  pay 
more  in  feeding  large  bu'locks,  (heep.  ar.d  fwine,  than  it 
would  do  in  feeding  the  fmaller  fizes  of  the  fame  fpecies," 
and  that  "  it  is  crpially  obvious  that  the  fmaller  breeds  will', 
anfwer  better  on  the  poor  pafture  than  the  large.'' 

Further,  the  particular  qualities  which  the  farmer  has  in 
contemplation,  islikewile  a  point  which  muft  be  attended  to 
in  fixing  upon  breeds  of  domellic  animals  for  particular 
farms.  Confidering  the  various  breeds  of  domellic  animals, 
as  the  machines  by  which  the  farmer  is  enabled  to  fend  his 
herbage  and  other  forts  of  food  to  market,  Mr.  Donaldfon 
thinks  he  ought,  by  the  lludy  of  every  proper  mean,  to 
advance  their  improvement,  in  refpeft  to  form  as  well  as  the 
difpofition  to  fatten,  that  the  produce  of  his  farm  maybe- 
difpofed  of  in  th-  mod  advanta.:eous  manner  ;  and  that  be- 
fides  the  benefit  he  would  derive  individually,  from  their 
being  thus  rendered  lefs  tedious  in  the  procefs  of  fattening, 
and  lefs  produitive  of  offal,  the  community  would  gain  vait 
advantage  in  .the  great  increafe  of  animal  food. 

As  foon  as  proper  forts  of  live-dock  have  been  introduced 
according  to  the  particular  circumftances  of  the  land,,  the 
farmtr  fliould  be  extremely  careful  in  the  management  of 
them,  whether  they  be  of  the  catt'e,  flieep,  or  other  kinds,  iac 
the  providing  them  vi'ith  due  and  full  fupplies  of  food,  - 
whether  in  the  changes  of  padui-e  during  the  fummer  fea- 
fon,  or  in  that  of  other  forts  in  the  winter;  fo  as  to  keep 
them  condantly  in  a  proper  thriving  condition  ;  in  affording 
them  fyitable  degrees  of  (helter  and  warmth,  and  in  having 
them  properly  littered  down,  when  confined  to  the  yards  or 
ilalls  ;  and  under  all  circumflances  well  fupplied  with  good 
water  ;  as  all  thefe  have  much  cffeCl  in  promoting  the  i.m- 
provement  of  the  ftock.  and,  of  courfe,  that  of  the  advantage 
ot  the  farm.'r  :  different  methods  are  purfucd  in  different 
didriils,  with  this  view,  in  animals  of  different  kinds,  which 
will  be  particularly  noticed  under  the  heads  to  which  they 
belong.     See  Cattle,  Sueep,  Horse,  Sivise,  &c. 

In  many  parti  of  the  ifland,  great  advances  have  been  . 
made  to  a  more  perfeft  flate  in  the  nature  of  different  forts  of, 
live-dock,  by  feletliiig  and  employing  the  bell  and  mod  per- 
feftly  formed  animals,  both  ma'e  and  female,  but  cfpecially 
the  former,  as  llock  to  breed  from  ;   and  in  the  midland,  as 
well  as  fome  other  counties,  vaft  advantage  has  been  gained  ' 
in  the  fame  view,  by  the  pradlice  of  the  large  and  more  opu- 
lent breeders  and  graziers  letting  their  fuperior  male   ftock 
of  different   kinds  of  animals  ;    and  it  would  probably  llill 
further  promote  this  material  objeft,  if  the  more  cxtenfive  ■ 

proprieters 


L  I  V 


I.  T  V 


•proprietors  of  lands  were  attentive  to  tli?  circuniftauce,  by 
-citiier  providing  fuch  male  (lock  thcmlelvc?,  or  enabling 
their  tenants  cfTeftually  to  do  it,  where  tlu-ir  fituations  ren- 
der it  inipofTible.  By  fome  well  concerted  plan  of  this  na- 
•tiire,  a  great  and  general  charge,  fo  as  to  render  the  differ- 
ent forts  of  domcltic  animals  much  more  perfeft  than  they 
are  at  prefoit,  as  well  as  better  adapted  to  their  fituatior.s, 
might  be  effected.  But  without  fome  fort  of  aid  of  this 
kind  it  does  not  feem  probable,  from  the  great  expence  at- 
tending the  biifinefs,  that  any  general  improvement  of  them 
can  take  place,  though  it  may  be  carried  to  a  confiderable 
extent  in  particular  cafes  and  circumilances. 

LI'VKNSK,  in  Geo^^r.npky,  a  town  of  Rnflia,  in  the  go- 
«vernment  of  \''oronez  ;  36  miles  W.S.W.  of  Vorojiez.  N. 
>lat.  jTS'.     E.  long.  38    14'. 

I>IVER,  in  Anatomy  and  Pkyfw'logy,  is  the  largeft  gland 
in  the  body,  and  performs  the  iecretion  of  the  bile.  That 
fluid  is  conveyed  from  the  liver  by  its  excretory  duc^, 
called  the  Iicpatic  ;  which  fometimes  tranfmits  it  to  the 
duodenum,  and  fomelimes,  through  a  fecond  tube  called 
the  cyllic  duft,  into  the  membranous  bag  connefted  to 
the  liver,  and  named  the  gallbladder.  The  anatomical 
(lefcription  of  thefe  organs,  and  the  explanation  of  their 
.funftioiis  are,  the  objedts  of  this  article. 

The  liver  is  a  fingle  organ,  like  the  others  of  the  organic 
'life,  not  fymmetrical  in  its  figure,  yet  tolerably  conftant  in 
its  peculiar  fliape  ;  occupying  the  upper  part  of  the  cavity 
of  the  abdomen,  whei-e  it  is  plar-d  obliqi'.ely  from  right 
to  left,  tiie  thickeft  portion  filling  up  the  right  hypochon- 
drium,  or  fpace  included  by  the  falfe  ribs  of  the  right 
iidc,  and  the  thinner  part  extending  acrofs  the  middle  of 
the  body  in  the  epigaftric  regio'i  to  the  left  hypochondrium. 
it  is  more  deeply  covered  by  the  ribs  in  the  male  than  in 
.the  female  fex.  In  general  it  is  fma'ler  in  proportion  as  the 
individual  is  more  healthy  -.  it  generally  becomes  enlarged  in 
.iize  when  difeafed. 

•  It  is  lituated  immediately  under  the  diaphragm,  of  which 
the  tendon  intervenes  between  it  and  the  pericardium  ;  and 
above  the  ftomach,  arch  of  the  colon,  duodenum,  little 
omentum,  gall  bladder,  and  right  kidney.  Behind,  it  lies 
againft  the  vertebral  column,  the  crura  of  the  diaphragm, 
the  oefophagus,  the  aorta  and  the  inferior  vena  cava  :  and  it 
is  bounded  in  front  by  the  cartilaginous  edge  of  the  cheif. 
The  right  falfe  ribs  are  on  its  right,  and  the  fpleen  on  its 
•ieft. 

The  preffure  of  the  fiirrounding  organs  juft  enumerated, 
the  connedlron  which  the  inferior  vena  cava  has  to  it,  but 
more  particularly  certain  folds  of  peritoneum,  called  its  li- 
gaments, retain  it  in  its  fituation,  leaving  it  however  a  con- 
Jiderable  power  of  changing  its  relative  pofitiwn.  Anato- 
mills  enumerate  four  or  five  ligaments,  all  of  which  conneft 
the  liver  to  the  furface  of  the  diaphragm  ;  but  they  feem  to 
be  merely  fo  many  parts  of  one  and  the  fame  prodnftion. 
From  the  middle  of  the  diaphragm,  beginning  at  the  apex 
-of  the  enfiform  cartilage,  and  extending  bjckwards  with  a 
■■little  obliquity  to  the  right,  and  from  the  aponeurolis  of 
,the  tranfverfus  abdominis,  almolt  as  low  as  the  navel,  a  fold 
<sf  peritoneum,  confuting  of  two  laminre,  a  right  and  left, 
paftes  to  the  convex  furface  of  the  liver,  and  is  attached 
to  it  from  the  fofla  umbilicalis  to  the  notch  that  receives 
the  vena  cava.  This,  which  is  called  the  ligamentum  la- 
tum, or  fufpenforiiim  liepatis,  is  narrow  below  and  in  front, 
grows  broader  in  the  middle,  where  it  arrives  at  the  dia- 
phra;;m,  and  then  becomes  again  very  narrow  behind  :  it 
pofTeifes  in  fad  a  falciform  fhape,  the  convex  margin  being 
turned  upwards,  the  co!icave  downwards,  and  the  apex 
backwards.     Tlie  frijiit  aad  lower  edge   of  the  hgament  is 


thick  and  roundci^,  and  contains  the  reinains  of  the  nmbi- 
lical  vein  of  the  firtus,  furrounded  by  more  or  lefs  fat  ; 
this  part,  which  is  implanted  in  the  front  no'.tli  of  the 
liver,  is  called  the  ligamentum  teres  hepatis.  The  two 
fides  of  the  ligament  confill  of  broad  and  fniooth  furfaccs  ; 
of  which  one  is  turned  forv^'ards  and  in  contsft  with  the 
parietcs  of  the  abdomen  below,  and  the  diaphragm  above  ; 
the  other,  turned  backwards,  lies  againll  the  liver  above  and 
the  abdominal  vil'cera  below.  Befides  the  iimbiliuil  vein, 
the  two  layers  of  this  ligament  include  feveral  lymphatic 
trunks  proceeding  from  the  liver  to  the  cheft.  Its  laminx 
are  continuous  on  one  fide  with  the  peritoneum  lining  the 
abdominal  cavity,  and  on  the  other  with  the  external  peri- 
toneal covering  of  the  liver.  Its  functions  feem  rather 
connefted  with  the  tranfmiihon  of  the  umbilical  ^vein,  than 
with  any  confinement  of  the  liver  to  a  particular  fituation  : 
for  all  the  broad  anterior  portion  is  fo  loofe,  that  it  does 
not  at  all  limit  the  motiois  of  the  organ  :  where  it  is  nar- 
rower, it  may  perform  this  office.  It  will  confine  the  liver 
principally  in  its  lateral  motions.  It  is  laid  to  have  been 
foraetimes  deficient  ;  but  the  obfervation  ajjpears  doubtful. 

The  two  laminx  compofiiig  the  broad  li..;aiKent  feparate 
from  each  other  towards  the  polKrior  part  of  the  organ, 
and,  as  they  proceed  towards  the  right  and  left  fides,  take 
the  names  of  right  and  left  or  lateral  ligaments  of  the  liver. 
Thefe  conneft  the  relpetlive  lobes  to  the  diaphragm  ;  they 
have  a  triangular  form  ;  one  fide  is  loofe,  one  connctVed  to 
the  liver,  and  the  third  to  the  diaphragm.  They  confilt, 
like  the  broad  ligament,  of  two  layers  of  peritoneum,  in- 
cluding a  fmall  quantity  of  cellular  fubllance,  and  fome 
lymphatic  veficls.  The  left  is  commonly  rather  larger  than 
the  right. 

The  coronary  ligament  of  the  liver  is  a  broad  adhcfion 
between  the  poiterior  part  of  the  organ  and  the  furface  of 
the  diaphragm  :  the  two  parts  are  united  by  a  clofe  cellular 
tifTue  through  a  furface  of  confiderable  extent.  The  bound- 
aries of  this  union  are  formed  by  a  very  fhort  reflexion  of 
peritoneum,  by  the  brv.-ad  ligament  in  front,  and  by  the 
lateral  ligaments  at  the  fides.  The  nature  of  the  connexion 
between  the  liver  and  dia]>iiragm,  will  be  beil  underftoo<l  by 
obferving  the  furface  of  the  former  after  it  has  been  removed 
from  its  fituation.  We  then  fee  the  two  laminse  of  the 
broad  ligament  ft-'/arating  from  each  other  behind,  and  de- 
p;.rtirig  towards  each  fide  to  form  the  lateral  ligaments, 
which  are  aljb  connedied  in  a  llraight  line  along  the  back 
edge  of  the  liver.  The  broad  fpace,  included  between  all 
thefe  parts,  and  forming  a  furface  of  adhefion  between  the 
liver  and  diaphragm,  is  the  coronary  ligament.  This  con- 
neftion  acts  very  powerfully  in  maintaining  the  organ  in  its 
proper  pofition,  and  preventing  it  from  moving  loofely  in 
the  abdomen. 

We  fliould  alfo  enumerate,  among  the  conncdlions  of  the 
liver,  a  portion  of  peritoneum  pafiing  from  it  to  the  right 
kidney  ;  and  the  little  omentum  which  joins  it  to  the  llo- 
mach.  (See  Epii'LOOx.)  It  mull  be  remembered,  that  the 
connexions  jull  enumerated  do  not  fupport  tiie  weight  of  the 
liver  in  the  living  fubjec^,  as  they  appear  to  do  after  death, 
when  t!ie  abdomen  has  been  laid  open.  In  that  cafe  the 
liver  finks  downwards  from  the  diaphragm,  becomes  fepa- 
ratcd  from  it  by  a  confiderable  interval,  and  is  fupported  iit 
a  great  meafure  by  the  broad  ligament.  During  life  the 
furrounding  oigans  maintain  the  liver  in  its  place,  and  thefe 
are  all  fupported  and  held  in  their  relpeftive  .fituations  by 
the  adtion  of  the  refpiratory  niulcles.  Hence  the  organ  is 
liable  to  changes  of  pofition  according  as  ihele  parts  are 
moved,  and  it  may  be  very  varioufly  atfefted  in  this  way,  at 
the«  are  fo  many  organs  m  contatt  with  iL     Whenever  \h« 

dia^whragm 


LIVER. 


diaphragm  defcend?,  tiic  liver  is  carried  downwards  ;  and  it  The  fupcrior  or  convex   fiirface,  is  convex,  and  adapted 

moves  ill  the  contrary  direclion  again  when  this  mufcle  pafles  every  where  to  the  hollow  of  the  diaphragm,  to  which  it  is 

towards  the  chell.      In  the  latter  Rate,  the  thin  edge  of  the  contiguous  throughout,  except  at  the  back  part,  in  the  fi- 

liver  is   completely  covered   by  the   margin   of  the  cheft  :  tuation  of  the  coronary  ligament,  where  it  adheres  firmly 

hence,  when  we   widi  to   p.refs   on   the  liver,  we  direft  the  to  the  organ.     The  convexity  is  much  greater  behind  and 

patient  to  infpire  ftrongly,  tliat  its  edge  may  be  thrull  below  towards  tlie  right,  than  in  front  and  on  ihe  left.      Its  par- 

the  ribs.     EfFufion  into  the  chell  drives  downwards  both  the  ticular  direftioii  is  fuch,  that  on  the  left  it  is  tUrned  upwards' 

diaphragm  and  liver:  dropfy,  pregnancy,  or  any  other  fwell-  and    rath;'r  forwards;   in   the   middle   upwards  and    rather 

ings  in  the  abdomen,  purti  them    up    towards    the  cheft.  more    forwards  ;    and   on   tlie    right,  backwards,   upwards 

When    the    ftomach    and   intcllines    are    empty,    the    liver  and  outwards.      It  is  divided  into  two  parts,  called  lobes, 

defcends  :   in  the  oppoiite  llate   of  thefe   parts  it  is  puHied  by  the  broad  ligament ;  the  right  divifion,   which   is  verv 

upwards  :   hence  the  defcent  of  the  diaphragm  is  performed  much  the  largeft,  forms  the  right  or  great  lobe  ;  and  the 

Icfs   eafiiy  after   a  full  meal.      In   any  erect  polture  of  the  left  the  left  or  fniall  lobe. 

trunk,  the  liver  defcends  about  two  finger's  breadths,  and  The  inferior  or  concave  furface  is  a  little  inclined  back- 
is  higher  in  about  the  fame  proportion  in  the  recumbent  pof-  wards,'  rather  lefs  extenfive  than  the  preceding,  and  (lightlv 
ture.  Wken  we  He  on  the  right  fide,  the  liver  is  fuoported  and  unequally  concave.  It  exhibits  eminences  and  de- 
in  the  concavity  of  the  correfponding  falfe  ribs,  and  prefles  prelTions,  arifing  apparently  from  the  relations  of  the  organ 
on  none  of  the  furrounding  organs ;  hence  we  commonly  to  the  furrouiiding  parts,  and  deep  notches  giving  paflage 
fleep  in  that  attitude.  In  lying  on  the  other  fide,  the  to  blood-vcflels,  which,  as  in  all  important  vifcera,  are 
weight  of  the  liver  comes  upon  the  ftomach,  which  pro-  formed  in  the  moft  concealed  iltuation  about  the  organ, 
duces  unpleafant  feelings  after  a  meal.  Be'ides  thefe  changes  The  following  are  t'.ie  objects  which  this  furface  prcfents 
of  pofition,  which  may  happen  generally  in  any  fubjects,  in  fucccflion  from  left  to  right.  In  their  figure  and  arrann-e- 
there  are  others  of  a  more  peculiar  and  individual  nature,  ment   they   are   fubject   to    fuch    numerous   varieties,    that 


ariling  from  different  uze  of  the  organ,  greater  or  lets  con- 
cavity of  the  diaphragm.  Sec.  However  the  pofition  may 
be  altered,  the  relations  to  furrounding  parts  are  the  fame. 

The  volume  of  the  organ  varies  according  to  age,  reji- 
men,  and  difeafe.  The  former  varieties  will  be  confidered  in 
fpeaking  of  its  developement.      In  general,  it  is  the  largell 


hardly  any  two  livers  agree  together  in  this  refpecl. 

1.  A  broad  fuperficial  deprefTion  correfponding  to  the 
fuperior  furface  of  the  llomach,  and  belonging  to  the  left 
lobe. 

2.  The  horizontal  fiftiire  or  longitudinal  groove  (foffa 
umbilicalis  or  longitudinalis,  or  iiniltra)   divides  all  the  in- 


and  heavieft  vifciis  in  the  abdomen.  It  has  been  obfervcd  ferior  furiace  from  before  backward?,  from  the  anterior  edge 
to  be  largeft  in  thofe  who  lead  an  iiiaftive  life,  and  who  in-  to  the  left  fide  of  the  palfage  of  the  inferior  vena  cava, 
dulge  in  the  pleafures  of  the  table :  the  ancient  epicures  and  thus  marks  the  feparation  of  the  right  and  left  lobes  on 
ufed  to  produce  an  inordinate  growth  of  the  liver  in  geefe  their  furface.  The  fides  are  fometimes  partially  united  bv 
by  particular  diet  and  management.  But  the  moft  remark-  a  fmall  portion  of  liver,  fo  as  to  form  a  canal.  Its  anterior 
able  variations  in  the  fize  of  the  liver  are  thofe  which  occur  part  lodges  the  umbilical  vein,  and  the  pofterior  narrower 
in  chronic  difeafes  :  fometimes  it  is  diminilhed  and  very  portion  (toffa  ductiim  venofi)  contains  the  canalis  venofus, 
manifertly  indurated  ;  much  more  frequently  it  is  enlarged,  which,  like  that  vein,  is  changed  in  the  adult  into  a  kind  of 
foxetimes  fo  much  as  to  weigh  ten  or  twelve  or  even  more     ligament. 

pounds.  When  it  increafes  in  this  way,  it  ufually  takes  up  3.  The  great  tranfverfe  fiffure  (foffa  tranfverfa,  or  vena 
a  proportionally  greater  room  in  the  abdomen.  Boyer,  portarum,)  is  placed  nearer  to  the  potlerior  than  to  the  an- 
however,  faw  it  weighing  eleven  pounds,  without  having  terior  edge,  and  runs  from  right  to  left  in  the  direttion  of 
paifed  beyond  the  edge  of  the  cheft  :  it  had  driven  the  dia-  the  great  diameter  of  the  inferior  furface,  of  which  it  occu- 
phragm  upwards,  alnioll  to  the  firft  rib,  and  had  reduced  pies  about  the  middle  third  portion.  It  interfefts  the  hori- 
the  right  lung  to  a  very  fmall  voUinie.  The  fubjeCt  was  ex-  zontal  filTure  at  right  angles.  Its  depth  is  confiderablc, 
ceedingly  fat.  (Traitc  d'Anatomie,  torn.  iv.  p.  393.)  The  particularly  in  the  middle,  and  it  is  never  covered  by  thofe 
ordinary  weight  of  the  liver  in  a  liealthy  adult  is  about  three  tranfverfe  bridge-like  portions,  which  have  been  mentioned^ 
pounds  :  Soemmerring  fays  it  may  vary  from  two  to  five  in  the  former  fifl'ure.  It  is  occupied  bv  tlie  trunk  and  firll' 
poHnds.  Its  fpecific  gravity  is  to  that  of  water  as  15203  divifion  of  the  vena  portarum,  by  the  primary  ramifications 
to  1 0000.  of  the  hepatic  artery,   and  by  the  biliary  tabes,  which  unite 

The   colour   is   a   brownifti-red,  often  inclining  towards     at  their  departure  from   the  liver  into  a  fingle  duft.     The 
yellow.      It  is  infltienced  very  confiderably  by  the  quantity     lymphatics  and  nerves  of  the  liver  are  fc'cn  alfo  in  this  fitua- 
of  blocd  in  the  veffels,  and  conlequently  is  different  in  dif-     tion.     Thefe  parts  are  aii  united,  by  a  tolerably  clofe  cellular 
■fcrent  modes  of  death.      The  organ   is  very  pale  in   death     tiflue. 

from  hemorrhage,  and  of  a  deep  colour  in  cales  where  its  4.  Two  eminences,  fometimes  called  porta:,  of  which 
venous  fyilein  is  much  dillended.  Its  deviations  from  the  one  is  placed  before  and  the  other  behind  the  middle  of  t!ie 
brovvn-red,  which  conlHtutes  the  proper  liver  colour,  are  great  trrinfvcrfe  fiffure.  The  former  (lobulus  quadratus  or 
generally  into  lighter  and  particularly  yellow,  tints.  The  anonyn-.us)  is  broad  and  llightly  elevated,  refembles  a  m'>re 
edges  and  i^.ferior  furface  are  often  quite  livid.  The  colour  or  lefs  regular  parallelogram,  and  varies  in  fize,  according 
on  tlie  whole  is  clearer  the  younger  the  individual.  as  the  gall-bladder  and  tranfverfe   fiflure,  which  bound  it. 

The  figure  of  the  liver  i>  fo  irregular,  that  it  is  not  eafy  are  more  or  lefs  approximated.  It  extends  even  to  the  front 
to  delcribe  it  with  clearnefs  :  we  may  ftate  generally  th;it  edge,  and  feparater,  the  anterior  half  of  the  horizontal  fiffure 
it  is  thick  towards  the  right  and  back  part,  thin  towards  from  the  gall-bladder.  The  other  eminence  has  been  called 
the  left  and  front,  flattened  from  above  downwards,  and  the  fmall  lobe  of  the  liver,  (lobulus  Spigehi  or  papillatus. ) 
elongated  rather  obhqucly  from  the  right  and  below,  to-  It  is  fometimes  triangular  and  fometimes  quadrilateral  in  its 
■wards  the  left  and  upwards.  We  dilUnguilh  in  it  a  fuperior  figure.  It  is  more  prominent  than  the  preceding,  and  placed  at 
and  inferior  furface,  an  anterior  and  a  poftcrior  edge,  a  right  the  pofterior  edge  of  the  hver,  under  the  trunk  of  the  vena 
and  a  left  extremity.  portarum.     It  is  fingle  in  this  fituation,  and  rells  on  the  \er- 

tebra-. 


LIVER. 


vbrx,  l)ct\vecn  the  vena  cava  ant!  afophagns  ;  thence  it 
afcends  towards  the  front  o'.i  the  iiifcrior  furfaccof  the  liver, 
and  is  immediately  divided  into  two  otiier  fmalf  eminence?. 
One  of  thefe  is  I'lipcrior  and  poftcrior  (l(;buhis  caudatus), 
connects  the  fmall  lobe  to  the  rell.  of  the  liver,  and  palTos 
obliquely  towards  the  right,  f.;parating  the  vena  portarum 
from  the  vena  cava.  It  then  becomes  broader,  and  forms  a 
(liort  fuperiicial  groove,  coatiKUOus  wiih  the  riglit  extremity 
of  the  trunfverfo  fiiTiire,  and  on  which  the  vena  portanmi 
reds  as  it  enters  that  lifl'i!re.  Tlie  other  eminence  is  more 
conliderable,  and  forms  a  kind  of  obtnfe  papilla  directed 
forwards  and  downwards :  this  is  the  part  properly  calLd 
lobiiliis  Spigelii.  Separated  from  the  reft  of  the  liver  in 
front  by  the  tranfvcrfo  lifiiire,  behind  by  the  vena  cava,  on 
the  left  by  tlie  horizontal  filTu-e,  ar.d  the  canalis  venofus 
contained  in  it,  on  the  ri^ht  by  the  vena  portarum  before  its 
entrance  into  th  •  tranfverfe  filT.re,  tjiis  eminence  appears  to 
be  coniie£led  to  the  org^n  only  by  the  kind  of  root  \:Ht 
defcribed,  and  which  palTes  uiidcr  the  Tight  lobes,  between 
the  vena  cava  and  vena  portarum.  But  behind  it  is  fartiitr 
connedled  by  a  fmall  elonga  ion,  formed  fometimes  by  the 
fubftance  of  the  liver,  fometimes  by  a  fold  ot  pcri'ont-um, 
which  ferves  to  complete  a  very  fhcrt  canal  traverfed  by  the 
vena  cava.  This  lobulus  Spigelii  is  placed  between  the  two 
orifices  of  the  llomacli:  it  correfponds  below  to  the  panerca", 
above  to  the  right  and  left  lobes ;  in  front  of  it  is  the  li'.tle 
om.entum. 

5.  In  the  right  lobe,  in  the  front  cf  the  right  cx'remity 
of  the  tranfverfe  fiffure,  and  on  the  right  of  the  lobulus 
quadratus,  appears  the  excavation  that  lodj^es  the  gall- 
bladder. Tiiis  is  of  an  oval  fignre,  fuperfjcial,  more  or 
lefs  dil'ant  from  the  longitudinal  liflure,  not  covered  by  pe- 
ritoneum, and  lined  only  by  the  proper  meirbrane  of  the 
liver,  and  by  cellular  tiliue,  which  connetls  it  (Irongly  to 
the  gall-bladder. 

6.  Two  Ihll  more  fuperiicial  excavations  are  found  q\iite 
to  the  Tig'ht.  Th"  aiit'.rior  correfponds  to  the  hepatic 
flexure  of  the  colon,  and  the  potteriwr  to  the  right  kidney 
and  renal -cap  file. 

The  aiTterior  or  thin  edge  of  the  liver  is  thin,  ai^d  inclined 
downwards.  In  the  natural  fituation  of  the  organ  it  corre- 
fponds nearly  to  the  level  of  the  balls  of  tlve  ehcft,  being 
fometimes  a  little  above,  but  feldom.  below  it.  Its  direction 
may  be  eafily  conceived  from  the  general  defcription  we 
have  given  of  the  organ.  It  is  turned  ahnoft  diredtiy  down- 
vards  on  the  right,  ar.d  becomes  more  direftly  anterior  to- 
wards  the  left.  A  notch  is  always  feen  in  it  towards  the 
left,  and  forms  the  commencement  of  the  horizontal  fiflure  : 
to  the  right  of  this  there  is  a  broader  fuperiicial  excavation 
accommodated  to  ihe  fundus  of  tho  gall-bladder. 

The  pollerior  or  thick  margin  is  inclined  upwards,  not 
fo  long  as  the  anterior,  very  thick  on  the  right,  and  grows 
gradually  thraner  towards  the  left.  Its  middle  is  clofely 
connefted  to  the  diaphragm  by  the  coronary  ligament  ;  and 
the  extremities  are  more  loofely  attached  to  the  fim.e  organ 
by  the  lateral' ligaments.  Two  excavations  may  be  oblerved 
on  this  edge  :  a  very  deep  and  narrow  one  at  the  poflerior 
edge  of  the  horizontal  liflure,  between  the  great  lobe  and 
the  lobulus  Spigelii,  for  the  pafiiigc  of  the  inferior  vena 
cava  ;  in  this  the  orifices  of  the  hepatic  veins  are  feen.  It 
is  very  (lightly  oblique  from  the  left  and  below  to  the  riglit 
and  upwards,  and  covers  about  three-fourths  of  the' cir- 
cumference of  the  vein,  fometimes  indeed  the  whole  of  it, 
forming  a  complete  canal  in  the  fubftance  of  the  liver.'  The 
fecond  hollow,  much  broader  and  more  fuperiicial,  formed  in 
the  left  lobe,  correfponds  to  the  vertebral  column,  the  aorta, 
a.id  oefophagus. 


The  right  cxtre.-.iity  of  the  liver  is  fitu.ited  much  lower 
than  the  left,  and  is  the  moft  bulky  part  of  the  organ.  The 
left  is  Very  thin,  extends  more  or  kfs  into  the  left  hypo- 
chondrium,  reaching  above  tlie  fpleen  in  iome  lubjects. 

Organifili'jii  of  //'■■  liver. — This  is  very  complicated  ;  bc- 
fides  its  peculiar  tiffue  or  parenchyma,  the  nature  of  whicii 
is  perhaps  more  oblcure  than  that  of  other  glands,  it  re- 
ceives a  larger  number  of  veffels.  The  greater  part  of  the 
blood,  brought  from  the  placenta  to  the  fa-tus  by  the  urn- 
bilical  vein,  circulates  throu.;h  this  organ;  in  the  adult 
we  find  only  fome  impervious  traces  of  this  vclfel.  A  pe- 
culiar venous  fyllem,  that  of  the  vena  portarum,  is  at  all 
ages  entirely  diftributed  in  the  liver.  To  thefe  two  orders 
©f  vefTels,  wh'ch  are  not  found  in  other  fituation?,  we  niuil 
add  the  ramifications  of  the  hepatic  anery  and  veins,  the 
nerves,  which  are  fmall  for  the  organ,  the  lymphatic  icdelf, 
the  excretory  tubes,  and  the  j/eculiar  til'ue  luciolcd  by  a 
double  membrane  ;  all  of  which  mull  be  lep.ira'.ely  con- 
fidcred. 

Of  the  umbilical  vfenous  fyflem,  which  is  fo  remarkable 
in  the  ioerus,  nothing  mote  can  he  difucrned  in  the  adult 
than  the  fibrcus  remains  cf 'he  umbilical  vein  and  tannlis  ve- 
ni  fus  in  the  hori-zoiitul  tffure  of  the  hver. 

The  general  arrangement  and  the  organifa'ion  of  the 
vena  portarum  are  defcribed  in  the  article  Heart,  under  the 
head  of  Abdoir.hwl f\Jl(m  of  black  blood.  We  h.'.ve  to  add  here 
only  a  few  details  belonging  to  their  defcri;  tion. 

1 .  A  numberof  veins  varying  from  three  or  four  to  feven  or 
eight,  cf  co!:fiderable  fizc,  come  out  of  the  fpleen,  and  run 
torinouily  in  the  fold  ef  peritoneum,  which  fixes  that  organ  ti> 
the  ftcm.acli.  After  a  Ihort  courfe,  in  which  they  receive 
branches  from  the  latter,  ihey  unite  near  the  pancieas  into 
a  (ing'e  trunk,  called  the  fplcnic  vein. 

2.  The  pancreas  produces  a  confiderable  number  of  fmall 
irregular  Vranches,  joining  indifferently  cither  of  the  prin- 
cipal trunks  of  the  vena  portarum,  but  more  particularly  the 
fplenic  vein. 

3.  Five  orders  cf  venous  branches  come  from  the  ftomach, 
and  end  either  in  the  trunk  or  in  ih.e  large  branches,  which 
make  up  the  vena  portarum.  i.  Several  go  from  the  great 
extremity  to  the  conftitucnt  branches,  or  to  the  trunk  of  the 
fplcnic  vein.  2.  The  pyloric  vein,  belonging  to  the  fmall 
curvature,  opens  into  the  trunk  of  the  vena  portarum. 
J  The  fuperior  gaftric  or  coronary  ftomachic  vein,  follow, 
ing  the  artery  ot  the  fame  name,  joins  the  fplenic  trur.k. 
4,  J.  The  right  and  left  inferior  gaftric  veins  run  along  the 
great  curvature,  and  join  relpectively  the  trunk  of  the  vena 
portarum,  and  the  Iplenic  vein. 

ii-.  The  duodenal  veii:s  join  either  the  right  inferior  gat- 
trie,  the  fuperior  melenteric,  or  vena  pcrlarum. 

5.  The  veins  of  the  fmall  inteftine  an.iilomofe,  like  the 
arteries,  and  form  a  moll  exterffive  net-woik  between  the 
two  lamina?  of  the  mefentery.  The  communications  becom.e 
fewer  and  the  trunks  larger,  in  proportion  as  they  are  m.ore 
dillant  from  the  inteftine  :  they  form  atlaft  i^  or  20  veins, 
which  join  fucceflively  the  large  trunk  of  the  fuperior 
mefenteric  vein  accompanying  the  artery  of  the  fame 
nam.e. 

6.  The  veins  of  tlie  ca:cum,  right  portion  of  the  colon, 
and  right  fide  of  the  arch,  loUow  the  courfe  of  the  arteries, 
and  end,  under  the  nan;es  of  ileo-caecal,  right  cohc,  a.od 
m.iddle  colic,  in  the  trunk  of  the  fuperior  mefenteric. 

7.  The  vcii.s,  which  return  the  blood  from  the  left  fide 
of  the  arch  of  the  colon,  from  the  defcending  colon,  the 
figmoid  flexure  andreflum,  form  as  many  principal  branches 
as  there  are  chief  divifions  of  the  inferior  mefenteric  artery  ; 
a  large  trunk,  accompanying  that  artery,  is  farmed  by  their 

%  uaioa. 


-    LIVER. 


\mion,  and  is  called  the  inferior  mefenteric  vein.  From 
the  redlunv,  of  which  the  veins  are  often  called  the  hemor- 
rhoidal, the  inferior  mefenteric  trunk  afcetids  parallel  to  the 
in'eftine,  goes  behind  the  tranfverfe  mefocolon,  and  termi- 
nates behind  the  pancreas,  at  a  right  angle,  in  the  fpicnic 
,*Ein.  This  vein  is  very  fmall  at  its  origin,  where  it  anaf- 
tomofes  with  thofe  of  the  hypogaftric  plexus  :  it  grows 
larger  as  it  afcends,  and  is  nearly  equal  in  diameter  to  the 
fiiperior  mefenteric  vein  at  its  termination. 

Thus   we  obferve,  that    there  are  two  principal  trunks 
forming  the  vena  portarum,  and  receiving  nearly  all  the  veins 
of  the  organs,  from  which  this  peculiar  venous  fyftem  de- 
rives its  origin  ;  thefe  are  the  fuperior  mefenteric  and  the 
fplenic  ;  fome    branches,   however,  direftly  join  the  trunk. 
The  fplenic,  formed  in  the  manner  already  fpecified,  is  not 
tortuous  like   the  artery,  runs  in  company  with,  but  below 
j',  along  the  upper  edge  of  the  pancreas,  in  an  horizontal 
direction    from  left  to  right.      In   front   of    the  vertebral 
column  it  ends,  at  nearly  a  right  angle,  in  the  vena  por- 
tarum.       In   this   ccurfe  it  receives   veins   from   the   great 
end  of  the  ftonach,  the  left  inferior  gailric  vein,  the  inferior 
mefenteric,  the  fuperior  gaftric,  and  feveral  pancreatic  veins. 
The  fuperior  mefenteric  vein,    in  the   greateil   part  of  its 
Courfe,  accompanies    the   artery   of   the  fame  name,  being 
placed  'to   the  right,  and  a  little  in  front  of  it.      It  arifes 
where  the  artery  ends,  that  is,  near  the  csecum  and  the  right 
fide  of  the  colon  ;  it  afcends,  following  the  fame  courfe  with 
the  artery,  between  the   two   layers  of  the   mcientery,  and 
becomes  larger  as  it  receives  new  branches.     At  the  pof- 
terior  edge  of  the  mefocolon   it   goes  behind  the  pancreas, 
and  joins  at   a   fomewhat  obtufe  angle  the  fplenic  vein,  to 
form  the  trunk  of  the  vena  portarum,  or  the  ventral  or  ab- 
dominal vena  p.,  as  it  is  fometimes  called,  to  diltinguifh  it 
from  that  end  which  ramifies  in  tlie  liver,  and  which  is  called 
the  hepatic  vena  p.     In  this  fituation  it  is  more  than  an  inch 
<3iftant  from  the  end  of  the  inferior  mefenteric  vein.      It  re- 
ceives, on  the  concave  fide  of  its  curve,  the  three  veins  from 
the  right  portion   of  the  large  inteftine  ;   on   the  convex  or 
left  Gd"  the  numerous  veins  of  the  fmall  inteftine.      Several 
duodenal  and  pancreatic  veins  join  it  where  it  paffes  between 
the  duodenum  and  pancreas. 

The  trunk  of  the  vena  portarum,  the  diameter  of  which 
is  much  lefs  than  the  united  diameters  of  the  two  preceding 
veins,  goes  obliquely  upwards  to  the  right,  and  a  little 
backwards,  and  palfes  through  a  fpace  of  about  four  or 
five  inches  in  the  adult,  from  the  vertebral  column  to  the 
great  tranfverfe  fiffure  of  the  liver.  At  firft  it  is  fituated 
behind  the  right  extremity  of  the  pancreas,  and  the  fecond 
portion  of  the  duodenum  ;  it  then  forms  a  part  of  the  faf- 
cicul'.is  of  biliary  veffels  contained  in  the  capfula  Gliffoni 
(fee  Epiploon),  where  the  biliary  dufts  and  the  hepatic 
artery  cover  it  in  front.  Like  the  lail  mentioned  parts,  it 
is  furrounded  by  numerous  nerves,  lymphatic  veflels  and 
glands  ;  and  thefe  organs  are  all  connected  by  a  tolerably 
denfe  atul  copious  cellular  tifTiie.  When  the  trunk  has  ar- 
rired  at  the  notch  of  the  liver,  it  is  bifurcated,  and  each 
branch  forms  with  it  nearly  a  right  angle ;  fo  that  the  two 
taken  together  reprefent  a  horizontal  canal  lying  in  the 
Rotch  of  the  liver,  connefted  ciofcly  on  each  fide  to  the 
correfpondirig  divifions  of  the  hepatic  artery,  and  having 
the  trunk  of  the  vena  portarum  opening  perpendicularly 
into  its  middle.  This  canal,  fometimes  called  by  auatomills 
the  fi;ius  of  the  vena  portarum,  does  not  immediately  touch 
the  fubilince  of  the  liver;  a  thick  layer  of  denfe  cellular 
tiffue  feparates  it,  and  is  continuous  with  the  general  ex- 
ternal covering  of  the  divifions  of  the  vein  in  the  organ. 
The  right  branch,  fhorter,  but  much  larger  than  the  left. 
Vol.  XXI. 


enters  the  great  lobe  by  the  corrcfponding  extremity  of  the 
tranfverfe  notch,  and  divides  into  an  uncertain  number  of 
branches.  The  other  pafies  horizontally  towards  the  left, 
as  far  as  the  notch  containing  the  umbilical  vein,  of  which 
the  remaining  fibrous  cord  is  firmly  attached  to  it,  and  fpliti 
into  branches  diftributed  through  the  left  lobe.  The  pri- 
mary and  fecondary  divilions  generally  piirfue  a  horizontal 
conrfe  ;  they  then  divide  into  an  infinite  number  of  ramifi- 
cations, the  dillribution  of  which  we  cannot  regularlv  follow, 
and  which  end  at  lalt  in  a  capillary  fy  Hem  extending  through- 
out the  fubllance  of  tlie  organ.  Each  of  the  ramifications, 
which  we  can  ealily  trace  in  the  liver,  is  accempani.d  by 
a  branch  of  the  hepatic  artery,  by  one  or  more  biliary 
dutts,  fome  nervous  filaments,  and  lymphatic  veflels.  Thele 
parts  are  connefted  and  furrounded  by  a  fine  byer  of  cel- 
lular tiffue,  which  adlicies  clofely  to  the  fubftance  of  ihc 
liver,  and  is  often  defcnbed  by  the  name  of  capfule  of 
Gliffon  ;  it  feems  to  infulate  the  parts  which  it  funounds, 
as  it  fepai'ates  them  from  the  proper  tiffue  of  the  liver.  It 
has  no  conneftion  with  the  peritoneum,  and  the  fnppofitions 
of  its  mufculariry  and  its  propelling  the  b  ood  by  that 
power  are  fupported  by  no  proofs  whatever.  Boyer  re- 
gards it  as  a  prolongation  of  the  proper  membrane  of  the 
liver,  which,  he  lays,  is  reflected  over  all  the  veflels  that 
enter  or  quit  the  organ.  As  the  parts  contained  in  thefe 
capfules  are  connefted  to  each  other  by  loofe  cellular  tilfue, 
which  enters  the  liver  with  them,  the  orifices  of  the  vena 
portarum,  on  a  feftion  of  the  organ,  have  a  loofe  plaited 
appearance,  diftinguirtiing  them  from  thofe  of  the  hepatic 
veins,  which,  as  they  are  intimately  connefted  to  the  proper 
tiliue  of  the  liver,  preferve  their  circular  area,  and  prefcnt 
a  much  cleaner  cut. 

The  hepatic  artery  is  a  branch  of  the  celiac  trunk,  and 
has  been  deicribed  in  the  article  Artery.  Its  branches 
enter  at  the  great  notch,  and  every  where  accompany  the 
ramifications  of  the  vena  portarum. 

The  defcription  of  the  hepatic  veins  is  given  in  the  article 
Vein*.  We  have  to  notice  here  only  the  circurallances  that 
delerve  attention,  concerning  their  dittribution  in  the  liver. 
They  return,  to  the  general  venous  fyftem,  the  blood  which 
is  brought  into  the  iivcr  both  by  the  hepatic  artery  and  the 
vena  portarum.  They  arife,  therefore,  out  of  the  capillary 
fyftem,  in  which  the  two  orders  of  veflels,  juft  named,  ter- 
minate. They  unite  fucceflively  into  larger  and  larger 
branches,  which  form  ultimately  three  principal  and  fome 
fmaller  trunks,  opening  into  the  inferior  vena  cava,  juft 
under  the  diaphragm.  This  proximity  to  the  heart  ac- 
counts for  their  being  fo  often  diftended  with  blood  in  the 
dead  body.  Befides  the  direftioii,  in  which  the  blood  paffes 
through  them,  the  hepatic  veins  are  diftinguiflied  by  two 
principal  circumftances.  Their  fides  are  rather  thinner  than 
thofe  of  the  vena  portarum  ;  and  they  have  n«  trace  of  the 
cellular  covering,  delcnhed  above,  as  belonging  to  tht 
ramifications  of  the  latter  vedei,  but  adhere  immediately 
to  the. tiffue  of  the  liver,  fo  as  to  prefent  a  perfeftly  cir 
cular  area  on  a  lectio.). 

The  nerves,  which  are  fmall  in  comparifan  to  the  bulk 
of  the  organ,  come  chiefly  from  the  plexvs  of  ca:liac  gan- 
glia ;  but  feveral  filaments  from  the  eigith  pair  join  thefe. 
See  Nervi  .■ 

The  ly-nphatic  vcfTels  of  the  liver  are  very  numerous,  in* 
fomuch  tiiat  no  other  organ  feems  to  be  move  ahund  ntly 
fuppHed  with  them.  They  are  diftingui(hed  into  two  orders, 
the  fuperficial  and  the  dcep.fea.ed.  The  former  cover  the 
whole  external  furiace,  and  are  eafily  diftinguilhed  hy  ihe 
contrail  of  their  colour,  with  that  of  the  tiffue  of  the  liver. 
The  latter,  arifing  in  the  fiibitaiice  of  tiie  organ,  foUow 
£b  the 


LIVER. 


tl.e  ramifiontions  oF  the  vena  portanim  ami  the  hepatic 
artery.  They  comnuinicate  frequently  together,  mul  end 
by  numerous  trunks  in  the  thoracic  duil,  after  pafling 
through  ditferent  gland?. 

Tlie  biliary  duAs  arife  in  all  parts  of  the  liver  by  capillary 
extremities,  which  are  too  minute  for  our  molt  delicate 
means  of  refearch.  Thev  unite  together,  in  the  manner  of 
veins,  into  larger  and  lartfer  trunks,  which  at  lall  end  in 
producing  two  or  three  principal  ones,  quitting  the  liver 
at  the  tranfverfe  notch,  and  then  united  into  a  hngle  tube, 
of  about  a  line  and  a  half  in  diameter,  called  the  hepatic 
duft. 

All  the  branches  of  the  hepatic  duft  in  the  liver,  accompany 
the  divifions  of  the  veiu  portarum,  and  are  inclofed  with 
them  in  tiic  cellular  covering  already  defcribed.  They  are 
^aiily  dillinguilhed,  on  a  fedtion,  by  the  yellow  tint  which 
they  acquire  from  the  tranfudation  of  the  bile,  and  the  ori- 
fices arc  then  called  pori  biharii.  Indeed,  we  may  eafily  dif- 
tinguifh,  on  a  cut  piece  of  liver,  all  the  veflels  belonging  to 
it.  The  yellow  colour  and  greater  thickiicls  mark  the 
tiliary  tubes  ;  tlie  coats  of  the  arteries  arc  not  quite  fo  thick, 
and  not  coloured  ;  the  branches  ot  the  vena  portarum  are 
next  in  order  of  thicknefs,  and  are  remarkable  for  their  cel- 
lular covering  ;   the  hepatic  veins  are  the  thinnefl. 

Whether  the  capillary  beginnings  of  the  biliarv  dndis 
come  from  the  acini  ot  the  liver,  and  concur  with  the  cnpil- 
lary  blood-vefTels  in  furmmg  thofe  acini,  is  a  point  which  we 
reallv  cannot  determine. 

Of  the  peculiar  tiffiie  or  parenchyma  nf  the  liver. — The  fiib- 
ftance  of  the  organ  is  next,  in  point  of  denlity,  to  that  of 
the  kidney ;  y«t  it  yields  with  tolerable  facility  to  the  pref- 
fure  of  the  finger. 

When  we  cut  into  itc  fubHance,  we  obferve  the  colour 
diftinguifted  from  that  of  the  exterior  by  a  flight  yellowilh 
tint.  It  is  porous  from  the  groat  number  of  vefiels  dillri- 
buted  through  it,  and  feveral  yellow  points  are  dillinguilhed, 
vhich  are  the  fniall  biliarv  tubes.  The  different  orders  of 
veflels  may  be  recognized  by  the  chara£ters  already  ex- 
f  I?'ined  ;  the  veins  contain  more  or  lels  blood,  which  may  be 
eafily  fqueezed  out.  The  cut  furface  is  fmooth,  and  made 
up  of  imall  points  alternately  of  a  reddith-browii  and  an 
cbfcure  yellow.  The  fubliance  of  the  organ  may  be  eaJily 
toi-n  ;  the  furface  is  then  unequal  and  granular,  compofed 
indeed  entirely  of  imall  granular  bodies  with  every  variety  of 
figure,  about  the  fize  of  millet  feeds,  of  an  obfcure  red  co- 
lour, and  foft  conliilence.  Thefe  are  the  acini  of  anat^imifts, 
and  are  united  together,  as  well  as  all  the  veflels  that  ramify 
in  the  organ,  by  a  fine  cellular  tiiTue.  Long  ccntroverlies 
have  exiited  concerning  their  nature  ;  but  we  have  nothmg 
to  add  on  this  fubjeit  to  what  we  have  Hated  in  the  article 
Gland. 

In  faft,  wc  are  entirely  ignorant  of  the  nature  of  thefe 
fmall  bodies,  which  compote  the  proper  tiffue  of  the  liver, 
and  we  know  no  more  concerning  its  jiiimite  organiiation 
than  about  tliat  of  other  parts.  We  fee  blood-vefftls  both 
cf  the  arterial  and  venous  kind,  a  ptx;uliar  order  of  veins  not 
found  in  other  organs,  lymphatics,  excretory  tubes,  nerves, 
fniall  foft  and  reddifh  granular  bodies,  cellular  .tifTue  to  con- 
nei£l  all  thefe  together,  and  common  coverings  to  infulate  the 
organ  ;  fuch  is  the  account  of  our  knowledge  concerning 
the  organifation  of  this  part.  Chemillry  does  not  difclofe 
to  us  any  thing  more  fatislaiSory  ;  we  know  that  it  is  the 
flowell  of  all  jjarenchymatous  organs  in  putrefat^ion,  after 
the  kidney;  that  it  lofes  much  of  its  weight,  and  acquires 
Something  of  a  fatty  nature  by  drying  ;  that  it  is  foftened 
fcy  <.43ullition  ;  diflbhed  in  fulphuric  acid,  which  it  tinges  of 
a  deep  violet  colour  ;  and  rendered  coriaceous  and  greyilh  in 


nitrous  acid.  But  thefe  fads  do  not  much  illuftrate  its  or- 
ganiiation. We  find,  lallly,  that  difeafe  produces  in  its 
llruAure  changes  as  numerous  as  they  are  diillcult  of  expla- 
nation. 

The  liver  is  covered  by  two  membranes,  a  ferousand  a  cel- 
lular one,   which  are  very  difierently  arranged. 

The  external  is  formed  of  peritoneum,  and  covers  the 
wJiole  furface,  except  tlie  pofterior  edge,  in  the  fituation  rf 
the  coronary  ligament,  the  excavation  fi)r  the  inferior  vena 
cava,  tliat  for  the  gall-bladder,  and  the  two  fifTures  of  the 
inferior  furface.  It  relembies  the  peritoneum  in  genc?ral  ; 
is  fmooth  and  polidicd  on  the  external  furface,  and  connedted 
very  clolely  by  the  internal  to  tlie  proper  membrane  of  the 
liver,  except  in  the  lituations  already  fpecified. 

'J'he  other  membrane,  called  by  ijoemmerring  membrana 
celluiofa  hepatis,  lias  been  moll  minntely  defcribed  by  the 
French  anatomill.-,  who  aflign  the  difcovery  of  it  to  M. 
Laennec.  Boyer  defcribes  it  as  covering  the  external  fur- 
face of  the  organ,  and  moreover  reflcded  over  the  veflels  that 
enter  it.  Its  internal  furface  corrcfponds  to  the  tifiueofthe 
liver,  to  which  it  adheres  very  clofely.  It  fends  flieaths  over 
the  veflels  ;  the  mofl  confpicuous  of  thefe  is  the  capfula- 
Gliifoni.  already  defcribed;  but  the  hepatic  veflels  have  one 
clofely  connected  to  them  and  to  the  furrounding  fubliance 
of  the  liver,  and  the  umbilical  vein  in  the  fcctus  is  furnlflica 
with  a  fimilar  covering.  This  proper  membrane  of  the  liver 
is  thin,  tranfparent,  and  of  a  {lightly  yellow  tint.  It  is 
flronger  than  the  peritoneum;  hardly  admits  of  extcnfion, 
and  exhibits  nothing  fibrous  in  its  texture.  It  may  be  bell 
fliewn  in  the  lituations  where  it  is  not  covered  by  peritoneum  : 
by  maicing  an  incifion,  and  introducing  the  handle  of  a 
fcaJpel,  it  may  be  eafily  feparated  from  the  fubliance  of  the 
orgaiu 

If  the  hepatic  artery  be  injccled,  in  a  healthy  liver,  with 
any  fluid  kind  of  injeftion,  as  fize  coloured  with  vermilion, 
iio  point  can  be  diicerned  in  the  whole  organ,  more  particu- 
larly if  the  microfcope  be  employed,  in  which  branches  of 
this  veflel  are  not  vifible-  The  fame  obfervation  may  be 
made  concerning  the  vena  portarum,  the  hepatic  veins,  and 
the  hepatic  dudt.  If  the  injeclion  be  pufhed  farther,  it  will 
pafsout  of  one  of  thefe  veflels  into  the  others;  that  is,  it  will 
pafs  from  the  hepatic  artery  into  the  vein  of  the  fame  name, 
into  the  vena  portarum,  and  into  the  biliary  duft  ;  or,  -vice 
■Dcr/a,  from  either  of  thefe  into  the  artery,  &c.  Injeftions 
do  not  pafs  from  the  artery  into  the  abforbents,  unlcfs  when 
there  has  been  an  eifufion  into  the  fubliance  of  the  organ. 
It  is  faid  that  the  abforbents  have  been  filled  with  liquors 
throw'n  into  the  vena  portarum  ;  and  that  the  fame  circum- 
ftance  readily  takes  place  where  mercury  is  introduced  into 
the  hepatic  duft. 

Thefe  fafts  concur  with  the  refult  of  the  mofl  careful  in- 
fpeclion,  aided  even  by  the  microfcope,  in  proving  that  there 
IS  an  uninterrupted  palfage  from  one  order  ot  veflels  into  the 
other,  and  nothing  of  a  cellular  or  veficular  nature  inter- 
pofed  between  them. 

Of  the  appai-atus  conntdeJ  'with  the  excretion  of  the  lik The 

tube,  which  we  have  already  defcribed,  as  being  formed  by 
the  union  of  all  the  excretory  canals  in  the  liver,  under  the 
name  of  the  hepatic  duft,  paflTes  from  the  gTcat  notch  of  the 
liver  towards  the  left,  being  at  the  fame  time  inclined  {lightly 
downwards  and  forwards,  and  is  continued  to  the  duodenum, 
in  which  it  opens.  It  runs  between  the  two  laminae  of  the 
httle  omentum,  furrounded  by  fat  and  cellular  tiffue,  which 
is  generally  dyed  of  a  yellow  colour  by  the  tranfudation  of 
the  bile.  It  hes  on  the  anterior  edge  of  this  omentum,  in 
front  and  rather  to  the  right  of  the  veua  portarum,  with 
wluch  it  is  eitenHveiy  in  coutaft,  and  to  the  riglu  of  the 
5  hepatic 


LIVER. 


Iiepatic  arter\'.     Its   fize  is  about  that  of  a  large  writing 
quill,  its  figure  cylindrical,  and  its  length  from  four  to  fix 
inches.     At  about  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  from  tlie 
liver,  we  obferve  in  it  the  fimple  round  opening  of  the  cyftic 
fludl.      From  this  part  to  its  termination   it  generally  goes 
by   the   name   of  ductus  communis  choledochus  ;    but   the 
dilbnction  is  quite  an  artificial  one.    •  When  it  arrives  tit-ar  the 
duodenum,  it  becomes  covered  by  the  pancreas,  which  ad- 
heres clofcly  to  it,  and  advances  along  the  poiterior  and  in- 
ferior portion  of  the   fecomi  flexure  of  the  duodenum.     It 
penetrates  the  niufcular  coat  and  that  intcilinc,  and  receives 
tiie  termination  of  the  pancreatic  dutl.      Having  pafTed  ob- 
liquely  between   the   raufcnlar   and   mucous   coats,  for  tlie 
fpace  of  an  inch  nearly,  it  penetrates  the  latter,   and  opens 
into  the  inteftine  by  a  Imall  orifice  on  OTie  of  its  folds.     1"he 
mucous   coat  of  the  latter,  and  the  internal  furface  of  the 
duel,  are  here  contirmous.    When  we  examine  the  opening  of 
the  canal,  we  fee  a  fmall  eminence,  nearly  of  the   fi/.e   of  a 
pea,  rounded,    rather  oblong,  and  divided  in  the  middle  ; 
thrt^e  is  no   valve,  nor  anv  mufcular  fibres  arranged  like   a 
fphinfter.     The  oblique  courfe  of  the  canal  between  tlie  in- 
teilinal  coats  prevents  the  paffage  of  the  contents  of  the  in- 
teftine into  the  du£t,  even  when  the  inteftine  is  the  nioft  fully 
diftended.     The   du6t  is   comprefTed  whenever  the  gut   is 
filled,  and  more  powerfully  in  proportion  as  the  diftention  is 
greater.      If  the   duodenum  be  inflated,  and   the  duCl  cut 
through,  no  air  efcapes.      Ordinarily,  too,  we  cann»t  doubt 
that  the  particular  fenfibihty  of  the  canal  enables  it  to  j-ejeft 
matters  tliat  arc  extraneous  to  it. 

Sometimes  this  duct  does  not  receive  the  pancreatic.  Ob- 
fervations  are  recorded,  in  which  it  is  faid  to  have  opened 
into  the  ftomach,  and  clofe  to  the  pylorus  ;  but  their  cor- 
rcctnefs  is  doubtful. 

The  cyftic  duft,  of  which  we  has'e  mentioned  the  opening 
into  the  Iiepatic,  is  a  fliort  canal,  leading  ft-om  the  latter  tube 
into  the  gall-bladder,  and  conveying  into  that  receptacle  a 
portion  of  the  bile,  before  it  goes  tO  the  duodenum. 

The  gall-blaHd^r.  — This  bag  does  not  exill  in  leveral  genera 
of  the  mammalia  ;  it  has  fometimes,  but  very  rarely,  been 
deficient  in  the  human  fubjecl,  without  caufing  any  fenfible 
derangement  of  funftions.  Sometimes  alfo  there  have  been 
two  gall-bladders. 

It  is  placed  obhquely,  under  the  front  of  the  great  lobe  of 
the  hver,  in  the  excavation  already  defcribed,  above  the 
colon  and  duodenum,  to  tke  right  of  the  horizontal  filfure 
and  the  lobulus  quadratus,  and  in  front  of  the  right  end  of 
the  trasfverfe  notch.  Its  moft  ufual  figure  is  pyriform  ; 
fometimes  it  is  rather  oval,  or  cylindrical.  We  remark  in 
it  an  external  and  an  internal  furface,  an  anterior  extremity 
called  the  fundus,  a  pofterior  named  the  neck,  and  a  middle 
portion  or  body.  The  fundus,  or  large  extremity  of  the  gall- 
bladder, is  direfted  forwards,  a  Httle  to  the  right  and  down- 
wards, and  the  fmall  end  backwards,  to  the  left  and  up- 
wards. But  the  direction  varies  confiderably  according  to 
the  attitude  of  the  body.  In  the  lupine  potture  the  fundus 
is  higher  than  the  neck  ;  the  contrary  is  the  cafe  in  lying  on 
the  right  fide. 

The  external  furface  of  the  gall-bladder  correfponds  above 
to  the  excavation  in  the  right  lobe  of  the  liver  ;  this  part  has 
been  called  the  hepatic  furface.  Here  it  is  not  covered  by 
peritoneum,  but  adheres  immediately  to  the  proper  mem- 
brane  of  tlie  liver,  by  means  of  a  copious  cellular  fubftance, 
containing  numerous  blood-veflels.  Sometimes  it  has  been 
connected  to  the  liver  by  a  fmall  kind  of  mcfentery,  and 
covered  univerfally  by  peritoneum.  The  inferior  part  is 
imooth,  covered  by  peritoneum,  and  contiguous  to  the  colon 


and  firft  ^rtioti  of  the  duodenum  ;  it  is  called  the  loofe  or 
abdominal  furface. 

The  anterior  extremity,  or  fundus,  turned  forwards,  down- 
wards and  to  the  right  Grounded,  fmooth,  and  covered 
partially  or  entirely  by  peritoneum.  It  correfponds  to  an 
excavation  in  the  anterior  edge  of  the  liver,  and  protrudes 
more  or  lefs  beyond  this  according  to  the  quantity  of  bile  it 
contains.  When  it  is  empty,  its  fundus  does  not  extend  be- 
yond this  edge  ;  but,  in  the  diftended  ftate,  it  projects  from 
the  liver,  and  is  applied  againft  the  abdominal  parietes,' below 
tlie  middle  of  the  cartilage  of  the  fecond  falfe  rib. 

The  neck,  or  pofterior  extremity,  which  is  directed  rather 
upwards  and  to  the  left,  is  bent  upon  itfelf,  the  convexity 
of  the  curve  lookiiig  upwards,  and  the"  concavity  down, 
wards.  It  is  terminated  by  the  cyftic  duct,  which,  after  a 
courfe  of  about  an  inch  and  a  half,  unites  with  the  hepatic 
diict  at  a  very  acute  angle.  The  internal  furface  of  the  gall- 
bladder prefents  a  deep  yellow  or  greenifti  tint,  according  to 
tlie  colour  of  the  bile  ;  indeed,  all  tliis  excretory  apparatus  is 
tinged  after  death  in  tlie  fame  manner,  but  not  fo  deeply  as 
the  furface  of  the  gall-bladder.  Tiiis  effect  takes  place  verv 
quickly  after  death  :  when  the  coats  of  the  parts,  that  imme- 
diately contain  the  bile,  are  coloured,  tlie  continuance  of  the 
tranludation  affefts  all  the  neighbouring  organs  to  a  greater 
or  lefs  dt^gree.  This  internal  furface  of  the  gall-bladder  is 
extremely  irregular  ;  it  is  univerfally  covered  with  rifiufj 
lines,  decuflating  each  other,  and  intercepting  fmall  areola;  of 
various  figures.  Thefe  are  again  covered  by  other  more  mi- 
nute hues,  which  divide  the  furface  into  ve.ry  fmall  fpaces. 
Similar  rifing  lines,  but  more  elevated,  are  found  towards 
the  neck  ot  the  gall-bladder,  and  throughout  the  cyftic 
duft.  The  whole  lurface  of  thefe  parts,  in  confequence  of 
this  ftrufture,  exhibits  a  very  beautiful  rugous  and  cellular 
appearance.  Befides  thefe  ruga;  of  the  internal  coat,  the 
neck  of  the  gall-bladder  exhibits  four  or  five  tranfverfe  femi-  ■ 
lunar  folds,  projecting  into  the  cavity,  and  formed  by  du- 
plicatures  of  the  mucous  coat. 

The  capacity  of  the  gall-bladder  may  be  eftimated  at  about 
one  ounce. 

The  cyftic  dn£t  is  a  contradted  continuation  of  the  neck 
of  the  gall-bladder,  about  equal  to  a  large  crow-quill  in  dia- 
meter. It  forms  at  its  commencement  a  remarkable  turn,  of 
which  the  convexity  is  towards  the  livei*  and  the  concavity 
dow^nward.  From  the  gall-bladder  it  firft  afcends,  then 
makes  this  turn,  and  afterwards  paftes  downwards,  between 
the  laminx  of  the  little  omentum,  parallel  and  clofe  to  the 
hepatic  duct.  After  a  courfe  of  about  an  inch  and  a  half  it 
opens  into  that  duiftat  a  very  acute  angle.  The  cyftic  duct 
has  an  irregular  knotted  appearance  on  its  external  furface, 
which  arifes  from  numerous  femilunar  folds,  analoo-ous  to 
thofe  at  the  neck  of  the  gall-bladder,  projecting  into  its  ca- 
vity, and  very  much  narrowing  its  dimenfions. 

Two  coats,  a  ferous  and  a  mucous,  compofe  the  gall- 
bladder. The  former,  derived  from  the  peritoneum.,  gives 
only  a  partial  covering  to  the  organ.  This  membrane  is 
raifed  from  the  hver,  at  the  circumference  of  ilie  Jeprefiioa 
lodging  the  gall-bladder,  and  covers  this  vifcus  cvjry  where, 
except  at  its  adhefion  to  the  furface  of  the  hver.  It  is  con- 
tinuous below  with  the  fuperior  layer  of  the  little  omentum. 
Tlie  peritoneal  coat  is  connected  to  the  mucous  by  a  tolera- 
bly thick  and  uniform  layer  of  cellular  liffue,  the  cellular 
coat  of  forae  writers.  Some  firm  and  rather  fnining  threads, 
moftly  of  a  longitudinal  direttion,  are  oblerved  in  this  tiffue, 
and  liave  been  often  con'.idered  of  a  mufcular  nature.  The 
blood-veffels  and  abforbcnts  form  a  net-work  in  this  cellular 
fubftance,  which  fometimes  contains  a  little  fat.  The  inter. 
Bb   2  r.a!, 


LIVER. 


nal,  mucous,  or  villous  coat,  as  It  is  fipqviently  called,  is 
eoniieaed  below  and  at  the  fides  to  the  peritoneal  covering  ; 
above  to  the  proper  membrane  of  the  liver.  The  inner  fur- 
face  prefents  the  rugx  already  noticed.  It  is  of  confiderable 
thicknefs,  and  has  a  kind  of  fporgy  texture.  During  life 
it  is  white  ;  the  tint  of  the  bile  never  bemg  communicated 
until  after  death.  Several  anatomiils  have  defcribed  mucous 
elands  and  follicles  in  this  membrane  ;  but  tlicy  cannot  be 
fitisfadorily  afcertained.  Soemmtrring,  however,  dcfcnbes 
glands  near  the  neck  as  large  as  millet  feeds.  On  account  of 
the  folds  and  rugsc  of  the  internal  fiirfacc,  its  extent  is  much 
increafed  when  the  cellulir  fubdance  is  removed  from  the 
cutfide.  Afterafuccefsfulinjeftion  of  thehlood-vefl'els,  this 
coat  appears  to  confift  entirely  of  a  vafcular  net-work. 

The  artery  of  the  gall-bladder  is  a  branch  of  the  hepatic  ; 
the  veins  join  the  vena  portarum.  The  lymphatics,  v,fliich 
are  numerous  and  large,  join  tliofe  of  the  inferior  furface 
of  the  hver.     The  nerves  come  from  the  hepatic  plexus. 

Anatomiils  formerly  admitted  the  exillence  of  velTels 
palling  direftly  from  the  liver  into  the  gall-bladder,  under 
the  name  of  hepatico-cyllic  di.Cts.  Such  vcffels  exill  in 
birds,  but  they  certainly  do  not  belong  to  the  human  fub- 
jecl  ;  the  only  conneftion  between  the  liver  and  gall-bladder 
being  through  the  medium  of  the  hepatic  and  cyllic 
dudts. 

The  organifation  of  the  hepatic  and  cyflic  duels  is  elTen- 
tially  the  fame.  They  have  two  coats,  an  external  fibrous 
one,  and  a  mucous  or  internal  lining.  The  former  is  thick, 
denfe,  and  llrong,  and  compofed  apparently  of  whitifh  lon- 
gitudinal fibres,  vvhich  have  nothing  mufcular  in  their  ap- 
pearance, and  the  nature  of  which  is  not  well  underilood. 
The  mucous  coat  is  thin  and  foft,  and  prefents  in  fome  parts 
the  fame  areolated  texture  as  on  the  internal  furface  of  the 
gall-bladder  :  the  whole  of  the  cyllic  duCl  has  this  peculiar 
arrangement,  and  its  internal  membrane  forms  the  tranfverfe 
folds  already  mentioned.  The  hepatic  duel,  from  the  liver 
to  near  the  point  at  which  it  enters  the  intelline,  is  frnooth  : 
it  has  fome  longitudinal  folds  about  its  middle,  and  is  reti- 
culated near  the  duodenum. 

Thefe  dufts  poffefs  very  great  extenfibility :  they  are  fomc- 
times  dilated,  by  the  pafTage  of  calculi,  to  the  fize  of  a 
thumb.  They,  as  well  as  the  gall-bladder,  acl  on  their 
contents  by  the  infenfible  organic  contraclility,  or  tonic 
power.  They  are  never  feen  to  contrail  fenfibly  in  any  ob- 
fervations  of  living  animals,  nor  do  the  ftimuli,  which  excite 
contraflions  in  the  mufcles,  produce  the  fame  effect  on 
them.  Probably  the  paffage  of  the  food  over  the  orifice  of 
the  dud  in  the  duodenum  is  the  exciting  caufe  of  their  aftioils. 
Although  they  are  not  fenfible  in  the  natural  ftate,  difeafe 
developes  this  property  in  them  to  a  remarkable  degree. 
No  pain  is  more  acute  than  that  produced  by  calculi  in  thefe 
dufts. 

Divelsprmcnt  of  the  Fiver. — This  organ  is  difcerned  in  the 
embryo  before  any  of  the  other  vifcera ;  and  it  is  propor- 
tionaUy  larger  in  the  early  months  of  conception,  than  at  any 
fjture  time.  Wrifberg  faw  it  in  a  foetus  of  ten  weeks  fo 
lari-e,  that  it  occupied  nearly  the  whole  abdomen.  Walter 
fays  that  it  can  be  feen  at  twenty-two  days.  At  thefe  periods 
it  appears  to  be  net  much  lefs  than  half  the  weight  of  the 
body.  This  great  bu!k  of  the  organ  does  not  lad  tlirough  the 
whole  of  gelliition  ;  after  the  fourth  month,  it  does  not 
proceed  fo  rapidly  in  its  growth,  although  it  maintains  a 
remarkable  predominance  over  the  other  viicera  till  the  time 
ef  birth.  As  a  general  obfervation  we  may  affert,  that  it  is 
larger  in  proportion  as  the  animal  is  nearer  to  the  time  ef  its 
6rit  formation. 


During  fetal  fxidenee,  the  blood  of  the  umbilical  vein 
circulates  through  the  liver,  on  Us  way  to  the  heart  :  but 
the  whole  of  this  blood  is  fent  to  the  left  lobe.  (See  the 
defcription  of  the  umbilical  veiFels  in  the  article  Embryo, 
and  the  article  CiKCUl.A  riox.)  Hence  that  lobe  is  quite  as 
large,  if  not  larger,  than  the  right.  From  this  great  bulk 
of  the  organ,  as  well  as  from  the  breadth  of  the  bafis  of  the 
chell,  and  the  fmall  concavity  of  the  diaphragm,  the  rel.itiona 
of  the  liver  to  the  furrountling  parts  are  very  didi-rcnt  from 
what  we  obferve  in  the  adult.  It  not  only  fills  both  hypo- 
chondria and  the  epigallric  region,  but  deiccnds  below  thet 
ribs,  as  far  as  the  umbilicus,  and  fills  halt  the  abdomen; 
It  is  placed  at  this  time  more  perpendicularly  in  the  body,  fo 
that  the  convex  and  concave  furlaccs,  which  are  fupcriorand 
inferior  in  the  adult,  are  nearly  anterior  and  pofterior  in  the 
fcEtus.  The  anterior  furface  is  extenfively  in  contiift  wit!« 
the  abdominal  parietes  :  the  pofterior  covers  the  llomach, 
fpleen,  and  even  omentum.  Its  tidue  at  this  time  is  foft  and 
fpongy,  and  contains  a  large  quantity  of  blood  :  the  latter 
circumltanee  gives  to  the  organ  a  darker  colour  than  it  has 
in  the  adult. 

We  are  entirely  ignorant  of  the  funfiions  performed  by 
the  liver  during  fetal  exillence,  of  the  relation  between  its  fize 
and  any  of  the  procefics  of  the  animal  economy,  and  whether 
any  changes  are  produced  in  the  blood  as  it  paiies  through 
the  organ. 

The  excretory  part  of  the  hepatic  fyftcm  is  not  propor- 
tioned in  its  developement  to  the  fize  of  the  liver  in  the 
fostus  :  for  the  latter  circumllance  is  conneftcd  with  the 
circulation,  and  not  with  the  biHary  fccretion.  The  inter- 
nal furface  of  the  gall-bladder  is  at  fird  Imooth,  and  dees 
not  exhibit  the  areolated  (IruClure  until  the  latter  months  of 
gellation.  According  to  ilifierent  authors  this  bag  contains 
no  bile,  but  merely  a  reddifh  mucus,  until  the  4th,  j'h,  or 
6th  month  :  its  fundus  is  coir;pletely  concealed  beluid  the 
edge  of  the  liver.  At  the  time  of  birth  it  is  always  i'M  of 
bile  ;  but  the  fluid  is  ftill  reddifh  and  mucou-s  and  peffefles 
but  little  tafte. 

The  fudden  revolution  that  oceurs  in  the  circulating  fyf- 
tem  at  birth,  produces  a  remarkable  change  in  the  liver.  The 
interception  of  the  blood,  which  was  conveyed  to  the  organ 
by  the  umbilical  vein,  is  followed  by  a  very  marked  reduftion 
in  its  fize  affefting  particularly  the  left  lobe.  The  tiifue  of 
the  organ  is  rendered  more  denfe,  and  its  colour  acquires  a 
brighter  red  tint,  or  becomes  pale.  After  a  certain  time 
the  organ  participates  in  the  progrefs  of  the  other  parts  of  the 
body.  Tlie  excretory  apparatus  undergoes  no  remarkable 
change  :  it  is  not  fo  readily  tinged  with  bile,  as  at  a  more  ad- 
vanced age,  probably  from  fome  change  in  ihe  nature  and  pro- 
perties of  that  fluid.  In  the  old  fubjtft  the  organ  fometimes 
is  reduced  in  fize,  and  frequently  becomes  more  ioft.  On  the 
whole,  however,  after  the  changes  confequent  on  birth  have 
been  completely  efieiled,  and  the  liver  has  acquired  its  per- 
manent relation  to  the  other  organs,  very  little  change  takes 
place  in  it. 

Thefecret'ionandcourfeofthebile. — That  this  fluid  is  fe- 
parated  in  the  liver,  and  conveyed  from  that  organ  by  the 
hepatic  du<El,  are  points  fo  clear,  that  they  do  not  require  aiiy 
exprefs  proof.  From  which  order  of  veflels  in  the  liver  this 
fecretion  takes  place,  is  a  queftion  not  fo  cafily  anfwered. 
Phyfiologilts  have  generally  afcribed  this  office  to  the  vena 
portarum,  and  have  confidered  the  hepatic  artery  to  be  the  nu- 
trient vefiel  cf  the  organ,  as  the  bronchial  arteries  are  of  the 
lungs.  They  give  the  following  reafons  for  this  opinion. 
J.  The  excretory  duft  is  larger  than  tlie  artery,  a  circum- 
ltanee wliich  does  net  occur  in  any  other  gland  :  its  fize  how* 

ever 


LIVE  R. 


wer  is  fuitatle  to  that  of  the  vena  portariim.  2.  The  ngree- 
Itient  of  the  properties  of  the  bile,  particularly  its  thick  oily 
ratnre,  acrid  tafte,  and  dark  colour,  with  the  fiippolcd  pe- 
culiar nature  of  the  blood  returned  by  the  vena  portarum. 
This  blood,  it  is  faid,  is  brought  from  very  waitn  andmoilt 
parts,  loaded  with  fatty  matter  from  the  omenta  mefen- 
tery,  &c.  and  with  alkaline  and  acrimonious  particles  from 
the  intelllnes,  particularly  the  large  ones.  Its  fuppoied 
ftagnation  in  the  cells  of  the  fpleen  has  been  conceived  to 
impart  to  it  fome  further  peculiar  propei-ties,  favourable  to 
the  formation  of  the  bile.  3.  Experiments  on  living  animals, 
in  which  the  fecretion  has  been  (lopped  by  tying  the  vena 
portarum,  and  not  interrupted  by  tying  the  hepatic  artery. 
4.  The  peculiar  diftribution  of  the  v<rin,  after  the  manner 
of  an  artery,  in  the  liver,  combined  with  the  particular  qua- 
lities of  tlie  blood  circulating  in  it.  5'.  The  artery  is  larger 
in  lize  in  the  foetus,  in  proportion  to  the  greater  bulk  of  the 
organ,  although  the  fecretion  of  bile  is  very  fmall  in  quan- 
tity at  a  time  when  digeition  has  not  begun. 

As  a  proof  that  bile  may  be  fccreted  from  arterial  blood 
a  faft  may  be  adduced,  that  occurred  to  Mr.  Abernethy, 
and  is  recorded  in  the  Philofophical  Tranfaclions.  In  a  well- 
formed  and  nourifiied  cbild,  whofe  gall-blae-Ider  contained 
bile,  the  vena  portar-.im  terminated  in  the  interior  vena  cava 
near  the  renal  veins. 

There  are  feverat  other  confiderations  tending  to  weaken 
our  confidence  in  the  received  opinion.  Much  reliance  can- 
not be  placed  on  the  relative  diameters  of  the  artery  and 
du£l  :  if  the  latter  be  too  large  for  the  fornrer,  it  mull  be 
regai-ded  as  too  fmall  in  proportion  to  the  vena  portarum. 
According  to  Bichat  there  is  the  fame  relation  between  them 
as  between  the  renal  artery  and  ureter. 

We  know  of  no  comparative  analyfis   of  the  blood,  con- 
tained i;i  the  vena  portarum  and  the  hepatic  artery,  that  war- 
rants us  in  afcribing  to  the  former  qualities  particularly  fuited 
to  the  fecretion  of  bile.     Certaiily  we  do  not  fee  in  it  thole 
properties  which  are  faid  to  charadlerife  it :  we  do  not  dif- 
cover  oily  particles  in  it,  and  we  beHeve  the   fuppofition   of 
its  imbibing  any  thing  from  the  excrement  to  be  perfeflly 
gratuitous.     Indeed  Haller  exprefsly  acknowledges  that  the 
properties,  which  the  blood  of  the  vena  portarum  mt/Jl  necef- 
farily  acquire  in  its  circulation,  cannot  be  difcovered  by  che- 
mical analyfis,    Why  is  venous  blood  fo  particularly  fuited  to 
the  fecretion  of  an  oily  fluid?  are  not  fat,  the  medulla  of  bones, 
and  cerumen  formed  from  materials  conveyed  in  the  arteries  ? 
That   any  thing  acquired  by  the  blood  in  the  fp'een  cannot 
be  eiTential,  is  proved  by  the  faft,  that  extirpation  of  that 
organ  does  not  injure  the  hepatic  fuiitlions.      We  do  r.ot  un- 
dariland  clearly  how  the  retarded  motion  of  the  blood  in  this 
vein  (if  in  reality  it  be  retarded)  affids  the  formation  t)f  bile  ? 
Huw  happens  it  that  flownefs  of  motion  is  more  favourable 
to  this  than  to  any  other  fecretion  ?  We  cannot  reafonably  ap- 
ply inferences  drawn  from  what  takes  place  in  an  animal  after 
fuch  a  ferious  injury  as  the  ligature  of  the  vena  portarum  or 
hepatic  artery,  to  the  natural  functions  of  the  organ.      How 
long  did  the  animals  live  after  thefe  experiments  ?  and  in  what 
way  were  the  fafts  of  the  fecretion  or  non-fecretion  of  the  bile 
afcertained  ?    "  Thefe   different  reflcftions,"    fays  Bichat, 
"  may  convince  us,  that  our  proofs  ai-e  not  as  yet  fufficient  to 
decide  whether  the  bile  U  fecreted  from  arterial  or  from  the 
abdominal  fyllem  of  venous  blood.  I  do  not  attribute  the  ftmc- 
tioa  to  one  rather  than  to  the  other  :  but  merely  endeavour 
to  Pnew  that  a,  frelh  examination  of  the  queflion  js  neceffary, 
and  to  prove  by  this  example  that  the  moil  generally  received 
phyiiological  opinions,  fuch  as  feem  to  be  placed  beyond  all 
doubt  by  the  concurring  affent  of  the  moit  celebrated  men, 
often  rell  on  very  uncertain  foundations.     We  arc  yet  far 


from  the  time  when  this  fcienc;  rtiall  confift  only  of  a  feries 
of  fatls  rigoroufly  deduced  one  from  the  other."  Anatoinie 
Generale,  torn.  i.  p.  457. 

The  great  fize  of  the  liver,  the  number  and  magnitude  of 
the  parts  which  compofe  its  complicated  vafcular  machi- 
nery, its  enormous  magnitude  in  the  early  i\aj,es  of  fetal 
exiftence,  and  its  efpecial  connexion  with  the  circulating 
organs  at  that  period,  all  lead  us  to  conclude  that  it  an- 
fwers  fome  other  purpofe  in  the  economy  befides  the  fecretion 
of  the  bile.  This  probability,  and  the  reafons  on  which  it 
is  grounded,  are  fo  well  Hated  by  Bichat,  in  his  Anatomie 
Generale,  that  we  fhall  avail  ouri'elves  of  his  labours  on  this 
point. 

"  From  fervingas  the  point  of  termination  for  the  abdo- 
minal fyllem  of  black  blood,  as  the  lungs  do  for  the  general 
fyllem  of  the  fame  defcription,  the  liver  derives  a  degree  of 
importance,  whicii  does  not  belong  to  any  other  fecretory 
organ.  The  difprnportion  between  the  lize  ef  the  organ 
and  the  quantity  of  fluid  it  fecretes,  has  led  fome  authors 
to  fulpett  that  the  organ  mull  have  a  further  office :  and 
this  fulpicion  feems  to  be  almoll  a  certainty.  Compare  its 
excretory  tubes  and  refcrvoir  to  the  analogous  parts  in  the 
kidnies,  the  falivary  glands,  the  p-.mcreas :  you  will  find 
them  inferior  to  the  firll,  and  hardly  fuperior  in  fize  to  the 
others.  Yet  the  mafs  of  the  liver  at  leall  equals  ail  the 
other  glgnds  in  the  body  put  together.  This  great  fize  of 
the  organ  contrails  remarkably  with  the  fmall  quantity  of 
its  fecretion  :  calculate  how  much  is  confuraed  in  colouring 
the  feces,  open  the  intellines  to  fee  how  much  they  contain 
at  different  times,  and  you  will  be  convinced  that  the  quantity 
of  the  bile  is  much  lefs  than  that  of  the  urine,  not  to  mention 
the  other  fecreted  fluids,  fuch  as  the  faliva,  pancreatic  liquor, 
femen,  mucous  fluids,  &c. 

"  We  are  altogether  ignorant  what  the  other  ufe  of  the  bile 
may    be.      Probably   it    is  connected    with    the    abdominal    . 
fyllem  of  black  blood.      The  following  confiderations  prove 
that  it   mull  be  a  very  important  one.     The  organ  exifts  in 
almoll  all  claffes  of  animals,  even  where  fome  other  important 
vifcera  are  very  imperfeft.     Many  of  the  paffions  affed  it  ; 
fome  of  them  have  an  exclufive  eifeft  on  it.      It  performs  in 
difeafe  as  prominent  a  part  as  any  of  the  important  vifcera 
of  the  economy.      In  hypochondria,  melancholia,  &c.  its  in- 
fluence is  very  confiderable.  We  know  hov>-  eafily  its  funftions 
are  diSurbed.      If  it  be  unconneiled   with  many  affedlions 
called  bilious,  and  which  have  thfir  feat  in  the  ilomach,  it  is 
certainly  effentially  concerned  in  the  greater  part.     The  yel- 
lowifii  tint  of  the  face  in  many  of  thefe  affections  mull  be 
produced  by  the  fame  caufe,   which,  in  a  higher  degree, 
produces  jaundice.     The  affeftions  of  this  organ,  obferved 
after  death,  are  more  numerous  than  thofe  of  any  Smilar  part- 
It  is  a  matter  of  common  obfervation,  that  this  organ  has  a 
great    influence   on     the    temperament.      Its    predominance 
communicates  to    the  external  habit  of  the  body,    to    the 
funftions,  to  the  paffions,  even  to  the  charafler,  a  peculiar 
tint,  which  was  obferved  by  the  ancients,  and  the  reality  of 
which  has  been  confirmed  by  modern  obfervatior.      Nothing 
like  this  can  be  obferved  of  tlic  other  glands.     AVith  the 
heart  and  brain  this  is  the  part  firll  formed  :  its  develope* 
ment  precedes  that  of  all  other  organs,  and  is  incomparably 
fuperior  to  that  of  other  glands.     It  has  been  latterly  fup- 
poied that  the  liver  aflills  the  lungs  in  removing  from  the 
blood  hydrogen  and  carbon.     I   know  not  on  what  proofs 
this  affertion  may  reft  :   but  the  colour  of  the  fluid  is  cer- 
tainly not  affefted  by  its  palTage  through  the  liver  :  neither 
is  it  altered  in  confidence,  nor  in  any  way  that  can  be  recog- 
nized by  the  touch." 

CiAtrJe  of  tie  I'lh — There  are  two  kinds  of  this  fluid, 

dzfferinsr 


LIVER. 


differing  confidi-rably  in  their  properties,  aiid  dHlinpuifhed 
by  tlie  names  ol"  hepatic  and  cyllic.  The  former,  which  is 
containi-d  in  the  hepatic  duft,  and  in  tlic  branches  of  that 
tube  dillributed  through  the  liver,  approaches  in  fluidity  to 
water,  is  of  a  bright  orange  colour,  and  not  bitter  :  fo  far, 
indeed,  is  it  from  containing  any  qualities  ofienfive  to  the 
tafle,  that  the  livers  of  animals,  which  mull  always  contain 
nuich  of  it,  are  commonly  employed  tor  food.  The  latter, 
or  bile  of  the  gall  bladder,  is  a  thick  ropy  fluid,  of  a  deep 
orange  brown,  or  even  green  tint,  and  moll  intenfely  bitter. 
Both  thefe  kinds  are  fecreted  in  the  liver,  and  originally 
are  not  different.  The  gall-bladder  receives  what  it  con- 
tains through  the  cyllic  duft,  and  produces  in  it  the  changes 
jull  delcribud  while  it  remains  in  this  rclervoir.  A  copious 
mucous  fecretion  takes  place  from  its  lining,  and  the  aqueous 
parts  of  the  bile  are  removed  by  the  numerous  and  large 
abforbents  of  the  receptacle.  The  cyllic  bile  is,  therefore, 
nothing  more  than  hepatic  bile  in  a  concentrated  rtate.  It 
is  eafy  to  prove  that  the  gall-bladdtr  can  receive  bile  only 
through  the  cviHc  duct  :  we  have  already  obfcrved,  that 
the  liepatico-cyllic  duCls  are  imaginary  ;  we  may  add,  that 
if  the  bladder  be  removed  with  its  contents,  the  cyftic  duel 
tied,  and  ijreiiure  then  applied  to  the  part  in  every  direftion, 
not  a  panicle  of  the  fluid  efcapes.  If  the  /:yllic  duft  be 
obllrutted  by  a  calculus,  or  obliterated  by  dil'eafe,  no  bile 
is  contained  in  the  gall-bladder,  which,  on  the  contrary,  is 
filled  with  a  colourlefs  mucus,  if  we  evacuate  the  receptacle 
in  a  living  animal,  and  tie  its  duft,  it  will  be  found  under 
the  fame  circumllances  ;  and  the  cyllic  duct,  from  its  open- 
ing into  the  hepatic  to  the  ligature,  will  be  dillended. 

The  gall-bladder,  from  the  view  of  its  funttions,  does  not 
feem  to  be  a  very  important  organ  in  the  economy.  Several 
animals,  among  the  mammalia,  do  not  poffefs  it,  as  the  horfe, 
ftag,  elephant.  No  ill  effects  have  been  obferved,  where 
the  cyllic  dn£l  has  been  obliterated  ;  nor  where  there  has 
been  a  natural  deficiency  of  the  organ. 

That  the  fluid  fecreted  in  the  liver  flows  in  part  direftly  into 
the  intelline,  would  be  naturally  inferred  from  obferving  the 
fize  and  favourable  direftion  of  the  hepatic  dutl  for  this  courfe, 
and  the  comparatively  unfavourable  direction,  tortuous  courfe, 
and  fmall  diameter  of  the  paffagc  leading  into  the  gall-bladdeiv 
Thefe  circumllances,  indeed,  would  lead  us  to  expeil  that  the 
bile  would  enter  the  gall-bladder  in  very  fparing  quantity.  If 
an  animal  be  opened,  when  the  inteilinal  functions  are  not 
going  on,  the  hepatic  duft,  and  the  duftus  choledochus,  con- 
tain hepatic  bile  ;  the  furface  of  the  duodenum  and  jejunum 
is  tinged  with  the  fame  kind  of  fluid  ;  and  the  gall-bladder 
is  dillended  with  cyllic  bile,  of  which  the  properties  are  the 
more  llrongly  I'larked  in  proportion  to  the  length  of  the 
previous  abllinence.  While  the  ftomach  is  e.xerrtng  its 
action  on  the  food,  the  fame  appearances  are  exhibited. 
When  the  aliment  has  paffed  into  the  duodenum,  the  ductus 
choledochus  contains  dark-coloured  cyllic  bile,  and  the  gall- 
bladder is  lefs  full.  At  the  end  of  digcilion,  and  a  little 
after,  the  hepatic  and  common  duels,  and  the  gall-bladder, 
all  contain  a  light -coloured  bile  ;  which  is  obferved  alfo  in 
the  duoderuim.  The  gall-bladder  is  flaccid.  Thefe  obfer- 
vations  arc  deduced  from  experiments  made  by  Bichat,  and 
recorded  in  his  Anatomic  Generale,  p.  459.  •'  They  were 
repeated,"'  fays  he,  "  a  great  number  of  times,  and  fliew 
clearly,  that  the  fecretion  goes  on  to  a  certain  amount  at  all 
times,  but  that  this  quantity  is  increafed  during  digeilion. 
The  bile  furnidied  when  the  action  of  the  intelline  is  not 
going  on,  is  divided  between  the  intelline,  which  is  always 
coloured  by  it,  and  die  gall-bladder,  which  retains  it  with- 
out pouring  out  any  through  the  cyllic  dudl  :  while  it  is 
thus  retained,  it  acquires  its  acrid  charailer,  deep  tint,  and 


the  properties  which  feem  to  be  required  for  the  pnrpofes  of 
the  digeilion  that  is  to  enfue.  When  the  food,  after  under- 
going  the  aAion  of  the  ilomach,  enters  the  duodenum,  all 
the  hepatic  bile  flows  into  the  intelline,  and  even  in  greater 
quantity  than  before.  The  gall-bladder  at  the  fame  time 
pours  out  its  contents.  When  the  aiftion  of  the  intelline  is 
concluded,  the  quantity  of  fluid  fecreted  by  the  Irver  is  dimi- 
nifhed,  and  it  flows  partly  into  the  duodenum,  and  partly 
into  the  gall-bladder,  whereit  is  then  feen  in  fmall  quantity, 
and  of  a  bright  colour,  becnufe  there  has  not  yet  been  fuf- 
ficicnt  time  for  it  to  be  colleiled  more  abundantly,  nor  to 
acquire  a  deeper  colour."  liichat  is  of  opinion  that  the 
Ilomach  always  contains  a  certain  quantity  of  bile.  "  In 
its  empty  ilate,"  fays  he,  "  we  always  find  in  it  more  or 
lefs  mucous  fluid,  fometimes  mixed  with  fmall  globules  of 
hydrogen  gas,  and  almoll  alwavs  tinged  of  a  yellowilh  colour 
by  bile,  which  has  entered  through  the  pylorus.  Haller  fay.-i, 
that  this  reflux  does  not  always  take  place;  but  it  is  con- 
llant,  according  to  Morgagni.  I  have  opened  no  dog  where 
it  could  not  he  manifellty  difcerncd  in  the  empty  ftomacli, 
particularly  when  it  had  been  long  empty.  The  bodies  of 
perfons,  who  die  of  difeafe,  are  not  ht  for  deciding  this 
quelliou,  as  the  diieafe  may  alter  the  courfe,  nature,  and 
colour  of  the  bile.  When  the  ftomach  was  full,  I  could 
not  fometimes  afcertaiii  the  prefence  of  bile  :  in  other  in- 
llances  I  obferved  a  yi-ilowifli  fluid  between  the  alimentary 
mafs  and  the  coats  of  the  ftomach.  The  bile  entering  the 
ftomach  has  always  appeared  to  me,  from  its  colour,  to  be 
hepatic  ;  I  have  never  feen  that  dark  fluid  which  is  con- 
tained in  tlie  gall-bladder,  and  which  is  vomited  in  fome 
difeafes.  This  accords  with  the  obfervation  made  above, 
that  hepatic  bile  only  enters  the  duodenum  during  ab- 
ftinencc.  It  is  evident  that  the  paffage  of  the  food  from 
the  ftomach,  at  the  commencement  of  inteftinal  digeftion, 
at  which  time  cyllic  bile  certainly  flows  into  the  duodenum, 
muft  prevenc  that  bile  from  going  through  the  pylorus." 

We  have  mentioned,  in  the  article  Dige.stios,  the  effcfts 
produced  on  the  contents  of  the  intelline  by  the  admixture 
of  the  biliary  fluid.  On  this  fubjeft,  indeed,  the  amount 
of  our  knowledge  is  very  trifling  :  that  the  prefence  of  the 
fluid  is  effcntial  to  the  right  performance  of  the  inteftinal 
fundlions,  and  that  the  colour  of  the  fjcces  is  derived  from 
its  admixture,  are  obvious  fatts,  and  they  include  nearly  all 
that  is  hitherto  proved. 

The  chemical  compofition  of  the  fluid  is  confidercd  under 
the  article  Bile. 

The  fympathies  of  the  liver,  with  other  organs,  are  very 
numerous  and  important  ;  and  render  its  phyfiology  very 
interelling  to  the  phylician.  It  is  connected  primarily  or 
fecondarily,  as  caule  or  effecl,  with  various  diforders  of  the 
head,  cheft,  and  abdomen. 

LlVEU,  Chromatic  difeafes  of  the,  in  Medicine. — Having 
already  treated  of  the  acute  inflammatory  affections  of  the 
liver  (fee  Hkpatitls),  and  of  the  various  obftruclions  to 
the  exit  of  the  Wle  into  the  intelline.^,  which  give  rife  to 
Jaundice  (fee  that  article)  ;  it  remains  for  us  to  defcribe, 
in  this  place,  the  other  morbid  changes  to  which  this  organ 
is  liable,  and  which  are  of  a  (low  or  ihronic  kind.  Thefe 
are,  principally,  the  flow  inflammation  cf  the  liver,  or 
chronic  hepatitis,  as  it  has  been  called  ;  induration,  or  a 
fcirrhous  ftate  ot  the  organ  ;  foftnefs  of  it ;  enlargement,  or 
diminution  of  its  bulk  ;  the  formation  of  tubercles  in  it  ; 
adhelions  of  it  to  the  contiguous  parts,  &c.  The  formation 
of  thofe  veficular  cyfts,  which  are  denominated  hydatids,  in 
the  liver,  has  been  already  difcuffed  under  ilie  general  head. 
Sec  Hydatids. 

'i'he  chronic  inflammatioQ  of  the  liver  is  a  difeafe,  which 

is 


LIVER. 


is  more  common  in  this  country  than  the  -acute  ;  and  is 
often  if)  inlidious  in  its  pro^refs,  and  accompanied  by  fo 
few  fymptoms  of  ferious  indiipofition,  as  to  have  advanced 
to  a  complete  fiippuration,  before'its  exillence  was  fufpected. 
In  fome  meafure,  indeed,  a  fimilar  oblervation  applies  to  all 
'the  chronic  derangements  of  the  fubilance  of  the  liver, 
•which  often  excite  no  alarm,  by  the  fymptoms  which  might 
be  expected  to  accompany  them,  until  they  are  fully  formed. 
The  (ligkt  indifpofition  that  occurs  is  attributed  to  indigef- 
tion,  flatulence,  or  fome  other  affedlion  of  the  ilomach  ;  the 
pain  of  which  the  patient  occafionally  complains  is  fallcly 
referred  to  that  organ  ;  and  its  continuance  is  fo  (hort,  and 
the  degree  of  it  frequently  fo  inconfiderable,  as  to  demand 
'bat  a  flight  attention.  The  relief  obtained  by  erudation 
and  the  difcharge  of  air  aifo  tends  to  confirm  the  opinion, 
that  the  feat  of  the  difeafe  is  in  the  ftoraach  :  but  this  relief 
may  be  explained  on  the  principle  of  removing  tlie  diftention 
of  the  ftomach,  and  fo  taking'  off  the  preffure  of  this  organ 
from  the  liver. 

Where  this  flow  inflammation  and  gradual  obftru£tion  is 
going  on  in  the  liver,  the  patient  is  lubjeft  to  occafional 
pain  in  the  right  hypochondrium,  extending  to  the  fcapuls, 
or  to  the  top  of  the  flioulder,  a  quick  pulfe,  an  increale  of 
heat,  alternating  with  chilly  ferifations,  difficult  breathing 
on  quick  motion,  fome  difficultv  of  lying  on  the  left  lide, 
flatulence,  indigeftion,  acidity,  ooftivenefs ;  and,  together  with 
a  gradual  diminution  of  ilrength  and  flelh,  he  has  a  pale  or 
•fallow  complexioTi.  The  complexion,  indeed,  of  a  perfon  af- 
fetted  with  chronic  oliftruction  in  the  liver,  although  often 
not  wearing  the  appearance  of  jaundice,  yet  has  frequently 
a. peculiar  ialiownefs,  or  a  dirty-greenifh  hue,  which  Dr. 
Darwin,  frcna  its  refemblance  to  the  colour  of  a  full-grown 
filk-worm,  has  aptly  enough  denominated  bombycineus.  The 
extent  and  duration  of  pains.  Dr.  Saunders  obferves,  ariling 
from  difeafe  of  the  liver,  are  fo  various,  as  frequently  to 
deceive  both  the  phyfician  and  patient ;  they  extend  to  the 
fhoulder,  fcapuloe,  mufcles  of  the  neck,  along  the  arm,  even 
to  the  joints  of  the  wrilt.  Every  change  of  pofture  either 
relieves  an  old  pain,  or  induces  a  new  one,  as  does  the  mere 
bending  of  the  body  in  any  direction,  or  even  extending  the 
arms.  The  paics  are  greater  in  a  fupine,  than  in  an  ereft 
pofture. 

Thefe  fymptoms,  af:d  fome  others  which  make  their  ap- 
pearance in  the  more  advanced  ftages,  are  fufBcient  to  point 
out  the  exillence  of  chronic  difeafe  in  the  liver  :  but  it  is  to 
be  regretted,  that  they  are  not  pectihar  to  chronic  inflam- 
mation of  the  organ  ;  and  that  the  varieties  of  hepatic 
obftruction  are  not  diftinguiihed  from  each  o.her  by  any 
particular  combinations  of  fymptoms ;  for  it  muft  be  ob- 
vious, that  the  fame  remedies  cannot  be  adminiftered  with 
advantage  in  difeafes,  which  are  effentially  fo  different  in 
their  nature,  as  thofe  which  we  are  about  to  defcribe. 

The  term  fchirrus,  when  applied  to  the  hver,  has  been 
employed  in  two  acceptations,  or  at  leail  to  denote  two 
different  ftages  of  a  difeafe,  if  not  two  different  difeafes  : 
aamely,  an  induration  of  the  fobftance  of  the  liver  generally, 
and  the  formation  of  tlie  common  tubercle  in  it ;  the  former 
of  which  is',  in  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Baillie,  the  firft  ftep  to- 
wards the  latter.  When  an  indurated  liver  is  examined  by 
diffeaion,  no  peculiar  alteration  of  llrudure  is  obferved ; 
only  the  fubftancc  of  the  gland  is  found  uniformly  of  a 
inore  compaft  and  folid  confidence,  or  lefs  foft  and  porous, 
it  is  fomewhat  diminifhedin  bulk,  and  the  lower  edge  is 
bent  a  little  inwards ;  the  colour,  too,  is  fomewhat  paler,  ia 
confequetice  of  a  diminirned  fecretion  of  the  bile,  or  of  a 
lefs  free  admiffion  of  blood  into  the  fubftance  of  the. organ. 
UpoB  the  furface  of  fuch  a  liver,    Dr.  Baillie  remarks. 


"  there  is  not  uncommonly  a  thready  appearance  of  mem- 
brane, difpofed  lomewhat  in  a  radiated  form.  This,  I  be- 
lieve to  be  the  firft  flep  in  the  progrijfs  towards  the  forma- 
tion of  the  common  tuberculated  liver.  I  have  fometimes 
feen  fmall  tubercles  formed  upon  a  part  of  the  furface  of 
fuch  a  liver,  which  were  exactly  of  the  comm.on  fort,  &c. 
This  hardened  llate  of  the  liver  is  fometimes  accompanied 
with  a  beginning  afcites,  and  fometimes  is  without  it.'' 
Loc.  cit. 

Dr.  Saunders  obferves,  that  in  thefe  cafes  of  induration  of 
the  Hver,  there  is,  together  with  a  diminution  of  bulk,  alfo 
fome  degree  of  lofs  of  weight.  This,  however,  he  believes, 
occurs  only  in  the  latter  ftages  of  the  difeafe,  ivhen  it  is 
ufiially  feen  by  the  anatomift.  For,  confidering  that  the 
dilcafe  is  commonly  the  refult  of  one  of  the  two  following 
caufes,  Mz.  a'longrefidence  in  a  hot  chmate,  or  the  immo- 
derate ufe  of  fpirituous  liquors,  both  of  which  tend  to  pro- 
duce an  over-excitement  of  the  circulation,  and  a  hurried 
fecretion,  he  deems  it  moit  probable,  nay  he  is  perfuaded, 
that  in  the  more  early  fla'jes  of  fchirrofity,  the  liver  is 
not  only  not  fenfibly  diminilhed  in  bulk,  but  that  there  is 
at  that  period  an  increafeboth  of  bulk  and  weight,  which  is 
followed  by  a  gradual  diminution  of  both.  *'  To  produce 
an  increafed  fecretion  of  bile,''  he  argues,  "  it  is  plain  tliat 
there  muft  be  an  increafed  aSion  of  the  brandies  of  the 
vena  portarum,  and  an  acceleration  of  fluids  through  thofe 
branches  ;  hence  a  condition  of  veffels  is  induced,  approach- 
ing in  fome  refpeds  to  that  of  inflammation;  with  this 
dilterence,  that-  it  is  an  inflammation  in  which  the  vein,  or 
fecreting  veflel,  i«  more  concerned,  than  the  artery  or  nu- 
trient veffeL  The  effect  of  this  action,  efpecially  when 
protraited  for  a  confiderable  time,  muft  neceffarily  be  that 
of  inducing  ah  alteration  in  the  ilrufture  of  the  part  ;  an 
alteration  fimilar  to  what  obtains  in  other  organs,  labouring 
under  indolent  and  chronic  iuflammatioii.  'I'his  change  of 
ftrufture,  from  its  (Jolidity  and  compactnefs,  feems  to  de- 
pend on  the  effulion  of  the  coagulable  lymph  into  the 
pareuchymatous  fubftance  of  the  liver  ;  with  this  peculi- 
arity, that  while  it  is,  in  active  inflaminations,  depofited  by 
arteries,  it  is,  in  the  chronic  kind,  effufed  by  tlie  veins,  &c." 
This  effufion,  however,  he  adds,  impedes  the  fecretion  of 
bile  ;  and,  where  a  part  has  loll  the  power  of  performing 
its  functions,  the  abforbcnts  often  become  active,  and  re- 
move it ;  whence  the  diminution  of  weight  as  the  difeafe 
advances.  ( Saunders's  Treatife  on  Structure  and  Dif.  of 
the  Liver,  ijdedit.  p.  282,  etfeq.)  At  all  events,  the  view 
of  the  dileafe,  which  alcribes  the  cfFuilon  of  the  interiiici;d 
matter,  and  the  cor.fequent  induration,  to  a  previo\!s  ex- 
citement of  the  veffels  and  hurried  fecretion,  accord  both 
with  the  general  laws  of  the  animal  economy,  and  with  the 
known  ordinary'  caufes  of  tliis  difeafe. 

With  refpect  to  the  other  modification  of  fchirrous  liver, 
which  is  one  of  the  moft  common  of  its  difeaies,  we  can- 
not do  better  than  repeat  Dr.  Baillie's  accurate  defciip- 
tion.  "This  difeafe,''  he  fays,  "  is  hardly  ever  met  With 
in  a  very  young  perfon,  but  frequently  takes  place  in  per- 
fons  of  middle  or  advanced  age  ;  it  is  likewife  more  cocunon 
in  men  than  in  women-  This  feems  to  depend  upon  the 
habit  of  drinking  being  nior-e  common  in  the  one  fes  than 
in  the  other;  for  this  difeafe  is  moil  frequently  found  ia 
hard  drinkers,  although  we  cannot  fee  any  neceffary  con- 
nection between  that  mode  of  life  and  this  particular  difeaf?" 
in  tlie  liver.  It  happens,  however,  very  commonly,  that  we 
can  fee  little  connection  between  caufe  and  effect  in  changes 
which  are  going  on  in  every  other  part  of  tlie  body. 

•"  The  tubercles,  which  are  formed  in  this  dileafe,  oc- 
cupy  generally  the  whole  mafs  cf  the  liver,  replaced  very. 

ccsr 


LIVER. 


near  each  other,  and  are  of  a  rounded  diape.  They  frive 
an  appearance  every  where  of  irivgularity  to  its  fiirface. 
When  cut  into,  they  are  found  to  conlill  of  a  brownifh 
or  ycllowidi-whitc  folid  matter,  lliey  are  fometimcs  of  a 
very  fmall  fize,  fo  as  not  to  be  larger  than  the  heads  of 
large  pins  ;  but  moll  frequently  they  are  as  large  as  fmall 
hazel  nuts,  and  many  of  them  are  fometimcs  larger.  When 
the  liver  is  tinis  tuberculatcd,  it  feels  much  harder  to  the 
touch  than  natural,  and  not  uncommonly  its  lower  edge  is 
bent  a  little  forwards.  Its  fize,  however,  is  generally  not 
larger  tlian  in  a  healthy  Hate,  and  I  tliink  it  is  often  fmaller. 
If  a  feftion  of  the  lis-er  be  made  in  this  ftafe,  its  veflels 
fetm  to  have  a  fmaller  diameter  tlian  they  have  naturally. 
It  very  frequently  happens  that  in  this  ftate  the  liver  is  of 
a  yellow  colour,  arifing  from  the  bile  accumulated  in  its 
fubftance  ;  and  there  is  alfo  water  in  the  cavity  of  the  ab- 
domen, which  is  yellow,  from  the  mixture  of  bile.  The 
gall-bladder  is  generally  much  contracted,  and  of  a  white 
colour,  from  its  being  empty.  The  bile,  from  the  prcffure 
of  the  hard  liver  upon  tlie  pari  biliarii,  docs  not  reach  the 
tiuclut  hepat'ictis,  and  therefore  cannot  pafs  into  the  gall- 
bladder. The  colour  of  the  fl<in  in  fuch  cafes  is  jaun- 
diced, and  it  remains  permanently  fo,  as  it  depends  on  a 
ftate  of  liver  not  liable  to  change.  This  is  the  common 
appearance  of  what  is  generally  called  a  fchirroi^s  liver  : 
but  it  bears  only  a  remote  refemblance  to  fchirnis,  as  it 
fhe\Ts  itfeif  in  other  parts  of  the  body.  I  (hould  therefore 
be  difpofed  to  confidcr  it  as  a  peculiar  difeafe  afiefting  this 
'vifciis."     Morbid  Anat.  chap.  ix. 

This  account  of  the  ftate  of  the  indurated  and  tubercu- 
latcd liver  renders  it  unneceffary  to  explain,  at  any  length, 
th(  origin  of  the  dropfy,  jaundice,  &c.  which  accompany 
thefe  difeafes,  when  inveterate.  It  muft  be  obvious  to  thofe 
who  underlland  the  ttrufture  of  the  parts,  that  if  fome 
bile  is  fecreted  in  the  liver,  but,  from  the  compreffed  ftate 
of  the  dufts,  it  cannot  pafs  into  the  inteftines,  it  will  be 
abforbed  into  the  circulating  blood,  and  produce  jaundice. 
(See  jAtiyniCE. )  And  dropfy  will  enfiie,  in  confequence 
of  the  impermeability  of  many  of  (lie  blood-veffels  of  the 
liver,  which  arc  comprefled  by  the  fnrrounding  tubercles  ; 
whence,  as  in  all  cafes  of  fuch  ohllruftion  to  the  circu- 
lation, the  thinner  parts  of  the  blood  will  exude  from  the 
exhalant  extremities  of  the  over-dilteiided  vefTels  behind. 
(See  a R0vs\,  eaufis  of.)  From  the  fame  obftruClion,  and 
■the  over-dillention  of  the  venous  fyllem,  thefe  velfels  are 
liable  to  give  way;  whence  hemorrhagies,  or  difcharges  of 
dark  blood,  are  liable  to  occur,  under  fuch  morbid  tlates  of 
the  liver,  from  the  ilomach,  inteftines,  nole,  and  other  in- 
ternal paflages;  but  efpecially  from  the  two  former,  fince 
the  blood  which  circulates  through  them,  as  we  1  as  through 
the  fpker.,  pancreas,  and  omentum,  muft  pafs  through  the 
liver  to  reach  the  heart ;  the  circulation,  tl>erefore,  muft  be 
particularly  impeded  in  the  organs  juft  mentioned,  when  that 
of  the  liver  is  ob!lru£led  ;  and  the  blood  will  force  its  way 
through  other  palTages,  if  the  veftels  are  not  ftrong  enough 
to  refift  any  extraordinary  difteiiding  force. 

The  liver  is  liable  to  be  aifeftcd  with  other  varieties  of 
tubercle,  of  a  larger  fize  than  thole  above  defcribed  :  Dr. 
Baillie  has  ir.entioned  three  varieties  of  thefe,  which  he 
calls  the  large  white  tubercle,  foft  brown  tubercle,  and 
fcrofulous  tubercle.  The  tiril  of  thefe,  which  is  by  no 
means  fo  frequently  met  with  as  the  common  tubercle,  re- 
/embles  more  nearly  the  ordinary  appearance  of  fchirrus 
in.  other  parts  of  the  body.  Thefe  tubercles  are  hard 
whitilh  maffes,  of  a  jjlobular  form,  and  firm  opaque  fub- 
iftance,  often  as  large  as  a  chefmit,  and  fometimcs  much 
ilarger,  or  on  the  other  hand,  eonfiderably  fmaller.    ".They 


are  to  be  found  near  the  furface  of  the  liver,"  Dr.  Baillie 
obferves,  "  in  greater  number,  than  near  the' middle  of  ita 
fubftance  :  two  or  three  frequently  lie  contiguous  to  each 
other,  with  a  confidcrable  portion  of  the  liver,  in  a  healthy 
ftate,  interpofed  between  them  and  a  cluftcr  of  fimilar  tu- 
bercles. The  liver  in  this  difeale  is  frequently  a  good  deal 
enlarged  beyond  ita  natural  fize."  Dr.  Baillie  adds,  that 
"  thefe  tubercles  appear  to  be  tlrft  formed  round  the  blood- 
veflels  of  the  liver,  as  is  feen  in  making  fedions  of  a  liver 
in  this  ftate.  While  the  liver  is  under  fuch  circumllances 
of  difeafe,  there  is  fometimcs  water  in  the  cavity  of  the  ab- 
domen, and  fometimcs  none  ;  the  liver  is  fometimcs  tinged 
ill  its  colour,  from  the  accumulation  of  bile,  and  fometiines 
the  colour  of  its  fubftance,  between  the  tubercles,  is  per- 
fettly  natural.''  (Loc.  cit.)  The  two  other  fpecies  of  tu- 
bercle are  very  rare  ;  the  one  conlifts  of  a  fmootli,  loft, 
brownilh  matter,  the  nature  of  which  is  not  thoroughly 
known  ;  the  other  bears  a  itrong  refcrablance  to  the  tubercle 
of  the  lungs.     See  Cox.sumi'tion. 

There  arc  no  peculiar  fymptoms,  by  which  the  exiftence 
of  thefe  diiierent  tubercles  can  be  difcriminated  in  the  living 
body.  When  the  parietes  of  the  abdomen  are  thin,  and 
there  is  little  dropfy,  and  efpecially  when  the  liver  is  en- 
larged, the  tubercles  can  fomttimes  be  diftincitly  felt  by  the 
fingers,  upon  an  attentive  examination,  along  the  lower 
edge  of  the  vifcus.  Dr.  Baillie  corrocUy  ftatcs,  th,it  the 
large  white  tubercle  is  not  fo  often  attended  with  jaundice 
and  afcites  as  the  common  tubercle.  We  witneffed  the  ex- 
emphfication  of  thefe  obfervations,  in  a  ftriking  inftance, 
fome  years  ago  ;  in  which  a'  woman,  addidled  to  Ipirit- 
drinking,  had  been  afFetted  with  the  large  tubercle  of  tlje 
liver  for  feveral  years,  but  had  complained  only  of  lo(s  of 
appetite,  and  occalional  ficknels  ani^i  pains  in  the  fide,  had 
been  pregnant  and  brought  forth  twins,  and  never  had  any 
appearance  of  dropfy  to  the  lall,  nor  of  a  jaundiced  com- 
plexion, until  within  eight  days  of  her  death.  Yet  in  this 
perfon,  the  liver  was  not  only  found  about  three  times  its 
natural  bulk,  (filling  half  the  cavity  of  the  belly,  and  being 
diftinftly  felt,  before  death,  extending  down  the  uml/ilicus, 
and  thence  to  the  fpine  of  the  pelvis,)  but  appeared,  on 
making^  a  fection,  to  confift.  of  a  mere  mafs  of  tubercles, 
with  fome  loofe  intcrfticial  matter,  but  without  any  fem- 
blance  of  the  natural  fubllance  of  the  vifcus.  The  firftion 
prefented  an  appearance  not  unlike  the  pudding-ftone  of 
mineralogifts.  It  would  feem  that,  from  the  laxity  of  the 
intervening  fubftance  between  the  tubercles,  the  circulation 
through  the  branches  of  the  -vena  porU  was  not  materially 
impeded  ;  and  hence  no  dropfical  eifufion  took  place  from 
the  vcO'lIs  of  the  peritoneal  vifcera.  The  patient  was  con- 
fined to  bed  only  eight  days,  and  was  apparently  cut  off^  by 
an  inccflant  agonifing  pain  in  the  dileafed  organ,  which  firlt 
induced  delirium,  and  afterwards  wore  out  the  powers  of 
life. 

The  liver  is  not  unufually  found  fofter  and  much  more 
flaccid  in  its  fiibftance  than  natural,  without  any  other  ap- 
pearance of  difeafe.  It  feels,  in  fuch  inftances,  nearly  as 
foft  as  the  fpleen,  and  is  commonly  of  a  leaden  colour. 
This  ftate  of  liver  is  feldom,  if  ever,  found  in  young  per- 
fons  ;  moft  commonly  in  perfons  advanced  in  life.  Some 
other  rare  morbid  changes  have  alfo  been  feen  in  the  liver ; 
fuch  as  the  convcrfiun  ot  part  of  its  coats  into  cartilage,  and 
the  formation  of  cartilaginous  cyfts  in  its  fubftance,  con- 
taining an  earthy  matter  of  a  foft  fmooth  quality,  and 
browniih-whiie  colour. 

It. is  not  unufual,  or.  diffcftion,  to  fee  adbefions  formed 

between  the  liver  and  the  contiguous  parts,  wiiich  are  the 

coafecfuence  of  a  previous  inflammatiou  in.  the  membrane 

4  covering 


LIVER. 


covering  tlic  liver.  Thefe  adhefions  are  formed  from  the 
coagulable  lymph  of  the  blood,  which  undergoes  a  gradual 
procels  of  elongation  from  the  motion  of  the  parts,  lo  as  to 
produce  little  inconvenience,  and  in  fome  circumilances  of 
difeale  much  advantage.  They  confift  very  commonly  of  a 
thin  tranfparei't  membrane,  which  joins  the  furface  of  the 
liver  to  the  neighbouring  parts.  This  juntlion  may  either 
be  general  over  one  extended  furface  of  the  liver,  or  it  may 
coniill  of  a  number  of  procelTes  of  adhefion  :  the  adhefion  is 
fometimes  by  a  membrane  of  confiderable  length  ;  and  fome- 
times  it  is  very  clofe,  the  furface  of  the  liver  being  immedi- 
ately applied  to  the  neighbouring  parts.  Thele  adhefions 
are  moil  coiunionly  found  on  the  anterior  furface  of  the  liver, 
by  which  it  is  joined  to  the  periionaum  lining  the  mufcles  at 
the  upper  part  of  the  cavity  of  the  abdomen.     When  an 

.abfcefs  is  formed  in  the  fubftance  of  the  liver,  and  points  ex- 
ternally, thefe  adhefions  are  of  great  ufe  in  preventing  the 
pus  from  efcaping  into  the  general  cavity  of  the  abdomen. 
Adhefions  are  alio  frequently  found  connecting  the  polferior 
furface  of  the  liver  to  the  ftomach  and  the  duodenum  :  and 
thefe  may  alfo  be  ufeful  in  abfceffes  of  the  liver,  near  its 
pofterior  furface,  by  preventing  the  matter  from  pafling 
into  the  general  cavity  of  the  abdomen,  and  conduiSing  it 
either  into  the  llomach,  or  the  upper  part  of  the  mtetlinal 
canal.     See  Hepatitis. 

Profeffor  Portal  of  Paris,  an  able  and  fedulous  cultivator 
of  morbid   anatomy   and   medicine,   has  pointed   out  fome 

.difficulties  in  forming  an  accurate  diagnoiis,  between  difeafes 
of  the  liver  and  of  lome  of  the  neighbouring  organs,  elpe- 
cially  of  the  lungs.  On  the  one  hand,  he  obferves,  that 
obllructions  and  congeftions  in  the  right  lobe  of  the  lungs, 

"and  the  right  cavity  of  the  cheft,  fometimes  occafion  fuch 
an  alteration  in  the  iitnation  of  the  liver,  by  prefTing  down 
the  diaphragm,  as  to  produce  a  fulpicion  of  difeafe  m  it,  by 
occafioning  the  appearance  of  a  tumour  in  the  right  hypo- 
chofidrium.  He  relates  a  cafe  of  this  fort,  in  which  he  was 
deceived,  by  this  apparent  tumour,  in  a  patient  who  died  of 
pulmonary  confumption,  where  little  or  no  expettoration 
took  place  :  and  he  cautions  praditioners  not  to  be  milled 
by  fuch  an  appearance,  which  is  common  in  all  congeftions 
of  the  cheft.  He  affirms,  too,  that  a  degree  cf  jaundice  is 
occafionally  produced,  where  the  bile  has  free  paifage  into 
the  intellines,  but  is  there  detained,  in  confequence  of  me- 
chanical impediments,  as  I'olvuliis,  ftrangulated  hern'ui,  ac- 
cumulations of  hardened  fxces,  &c.  when  it  is  taken  up  by 
the  lacteals,  and  enters  the  blood-vcifels.  On  the  other 
hand,  he  remarks,  if  we  fometimes  attribute  difeafes  to  the 
liver,  which  have  their  ft-at  ellevvhere,  there  are  other  ma- 
ladies, actually  feated  in  the  liver,  which  are  frequently 
afcribed  to  other  organs.  Thus  the  contiguous  vifcera, 
fuch  a*  the  right  kidney,  the  diaphragm,  the  lungs,  the 
ftomach,  and  the  colon,  are  fometimes  fuppofed  to  be  af- 
fefted  with  difeafe,  which  is  feated  exclufively  in  the  liver. 
Many  examples  of  this  are  to  be  found  in  the  writings  of 
Morgagni  and  Lieutaud.  Mr.  Portal  relates  two  cafes  of 
fevere  and  continued  vomiting,  connected  with  difeafed  liver, 
the  firft  of  which  proved  fatal ;  and  the  other  was  cured,  in 
confequence  of  the  leflbn  taught  by  the  previous  diffection. 
An  enlargement  of  the  liver  was  felt  externally,  with  great 
tendernefs  m  the  epigaftrium.  See  Mem.  de  I'Acad.  des 
Sciences,  Ann.  1777  ;  or  Mem.  fur  plufieurs  Maladies,  par 
Ant.  Portal,  torn,  i    p.  228. 

Where  there  is  eviden(;e  of  the  exiftence  of  a  confiderable 
degree  of  difeafe  in  the  liver,  the  progiioific  mull  be  always 
Ainfavourable,  on  the  whole :  for,  in  the  tirll  place,  it  is 
extremely  difficult  to  afcertain  the  exact  ftate  of  the  organ  ; 
and,  fecoiidly,  if  we  actually  knew  it,  the  moil  judicious 
Vol.  XXI, 


application  of  the  mod  powerful  remedies  would  be  unequal 
fometimes  to  remove  the  difeafe.  The  moft  favourable 
fymptoms  are,  an  improvement  in  the  complexion,  the 
ftrer.gth  remaining  unimpaired  by  the  adtion  of  the  medi- 
cines, and  a  return  of  appetite.  Dr.  Pembcrton  thinko 
that  if  the  patient  decidedly  gains  bulk  in  the  folids  of  the 
body,  you  may  fafely  pronounce  that  he  will  recover.  The 
molt  unfavourable  fymptoms  are,  the  colour  of  the  f]<in  re- 
maining the  fame,  or  becoming  more  fallow,  tlie  general 
ftrength  being  much  diminilhcd,  the  abdomen  beginning  to 
fwell,  and  the  patient  lofing  bulk  in  the  upper  extremities, 
while  the  lower  become  more  enlarged.  Pemberton  on  Dif. 
of  the  Abdom.  Vilccra,  p.  4^. 

\Vhen  the  liver  is  fo  far  difeafed  as  to  have  become 
fchirrous,  tubercular,  or  in  any  other  way  much  altered  in 
its  ftrucl.ure,  it  mult  be  obvious  that  medicine  cannot  effeft 
any  effential  change.  The  treatment,  therefore,  which  i;; 
to  be  recommended  mull  be  confidered  as  applying  to  that 
flage  of  difeale,  which  precedes  any  extenfive  organic  al- 
teration. It  is  not  improbable,  as  Dr.  Saunders  fuggefts, 
that  the  original  mifchief  is  commonly  in  the  ftomach  and 
bowels,  and  that  the  liver  becomes  difeafed  by  fyrapathy : 
for  dyfpeptic  complaints  generally  precede  the  chronic  af- 
fections of  the  liver  ;  and  they  are  induced  by  intemperance 
in  eating  or  drinking,  but  particularly  by  the  abufe  of  vinous 
and  fpirituous  liquors,  by  long  falling,  by  a  fedentary  mode 
of  life,  by  grief  and  anxiety  of  mind,  &c.  (See  D'is- 
I'KP.siA.)  Whatever  weakens  the  digeftive  powers  of  the 
ftomach,  Dr.  Saunders  maintains,  ultimately  weakens  alio 
the  power  of  the  liver,  and  diniinifhes  the  fecretion  of  bile. 
(Saunders  on  the  Liver,  p.  192.  J  And  again,  he  confiders 
the  diminilhed  fecretion  of  bile,  or  its  diminifhed  protrufion 
into  the  duoJenum-,  (which  he  afcribes  to  an  hypothetical 
conftrittiou  of  the  bile -ducts,)  as  reciprocally  acling  upon 
the  ftomach,  and  weakening  its  tone.  One  proof  of  the 
exiftence  of  the  fuppofed  fpafmodic  conftriction  of  the  ori- 
fice of  the  common  dudt  he  deduces  from  an  obfe.rvation, 
that,  in  a  lit  of  fick  head-ache,  if  bile  is  brought  into  the 
ftomach,  and  thence  ejedted,  by  the  violent  ftraining  to 
vomit,  the  termination  of  the  fit  is  much  more  fpeedy  and 
complete  than  when  this  does  not  happen. 

When  the  diminilhed  or  altered  fecretion  of  the  bile,  then, 
is  preceded  by  affeftions  of  the  ftomach,  fuch  as  lois  of  ap- 
petite, indigertion,  and  flatulent  eruttations,  the  diet  of  the 
patient  fhould  be  attentively  regulated,  the  art  of  cookery 
itiould  be  rendered  merely  fubfervient  to  digeftion,  and  the 
preparation  of  healthy  chyle ;  and  the  general  regimen 
fliould  be  fuch  as  has  been  already  recommended  in  diforders 
of  the  digeftive  organs.  (See  iNDiGivnoN.)  The  quan- 
tity of  food  taken  at  one  time  Ihould  be  moderate,  and 
water  fhould  be  the  only  liquid  drunk  with  the  meals,  as 
more  efFeflually  promoting  digeftion  than  fermented  bquors 
of  any  kind.  AH  raw  or  unboiled  vegetables  fhould  be 
avoided  ;  but  ripe  fruits  may  be  jnoderately  taken,  and  al- 
molt  all  boiled  vegetables  admittov.  Animal  food  fhould 
be  well  boiled,  or  moderately  roalled,  and  taken  with  its 
own  gravy.  Pye-cruft,  every  thing  fried,  butter  rendered 
rancid  by  being  melted,  &c.  fhould  be  cautiouily  avoided. 
The  patient  fhould  ufe  regular  and  moderate  exercife. 

It  is  of  the  higheft  importance,  in  order  to  keep  up  a  due 
fecretion  of  the  bile,  to  adminiller  a  fucccffion  of  gently 
purgative  medicines.  Upon  this  principle,  the  benefits 
ariftng  from  the  waters  of  Cheltenham  (which  cannot  be  too 
highly  recommended  in  thefe  complaints)  are  obvioufly  to 
be  explained.  Ne'vcrthelefs,  fo  far  as  the  mere  operation  of 
thefe  waters  is  concerned,  no  good  reafon  can  be  afllgnjd 
for  any  fuperior  efficacy  to  be  expected  from  them  rtilu-r 
■  Cc  tlu=n 


LIVE  R. 


ffian  from  the  adminiftration  of  an  equally  aflive  dole  of 
the  fulpiiate  of  magncfia,  or  other  faline  laxatives,  dilFolvcd 
in  a  proper  quantity  of  water.  Three  dr^ms  of  this  fait  in 
half  a  pint  of  fluid,  as  in  the  Scidlitz  water  prepared  by 
N.  Paul  and  Co.,  may  be  taken  every  morninjr,  or  every 
other  morning,  accoidiiig  to  the  llrcni^th  and  Hate  of  bowels 
of  the  patient.  The  regularity,  temperance,  and  cxcrcife, 
and  likewife  the  abfence  of  the  anxieties  of  bufinefs,  which 
contribute  materially  to  alTift  the  beneficial  influence  of  thofe 
■waters,  when  drunk  at  tlie  fprings,  flnonld,  however,  be 
conjoined  with  the  employment  of  thefe  fubllitutes  at 
home. 

In  the  chronic  derangements  of  the  liver,  producing  a  di- 
jniiiirtied  fccretion  of  bile,  and  particularly  when  fuch  affec- 
tions have  avifen  from  inflammation,  niercury  has  been  found 
one  of  the  moll  effeftual  remedies.  It  is  only,  however,  in 
the  chrnnic  ftate  of  inflammation  that  this  remedy  is  ad- 
miniftcred  with  advantage.  But  tlie  facccfs  of  it,  in  thefe 
cafes,  has  led  perhaps  to  an  empirical  practice,  of  exhibiting 
it  without  fufijcient  difcrimination  between  inflammations  of 
a  more  indolent,  and  thofe  of  a  more  active  nature,  on  the 
one  hand,  and  between  inflammation  and  the  tuberculated 
Hate,  &c.  on  the  other.  But,  as  Dr.  Saunders  remarks,  to 
exhibit  a  medicine  without  due  difcrimination,  is  to  abufe  it, 
and  at  length  to  bring  it  into  contempt  and  negleifl.  And 
this  fate  may  perhaps  await  the  ufe  of  mercury  in  complaints 
of  the  liver,  if,  by  a  blind  empirical  adminiftration  of  it,  it 
be  incautioufly  employed  in  the  aflivt  pei'iods  of  inflammation, 
when,  from  its  ftimulant  properties,  it  appears  better  calcu- 
lated to  accelerate  than  to  retard  the  fuppurative  procefs. 
But  upon  this  point  we  have  enlarged,  when  treating  of  the 
cure  of  Hepatitis;  and  (hall  now  only  repeat,  that  it  is 
in  the  chronic  ftate  of  inflammation  alone,  that  the  exhibi- 
tion of  mercury  can  be  reforted  to  with  benefit  ;  for  it  now 
afts  as  a  fpur  upon  the  vafcular  fyfl;em  of  the  liver,  and, 
by  its  moderately  ftimulating  efiefts,  occafions  at  length  a 
(degree  of  aftion,  by  which  the  bile  is  properly  elaborated, 
and  health  gradually  refl;ored. 

That  a  great  variety  of  complaints,  both  loeal  and  gene- 
ral, which  have  been  comprehended  under  the  terms  nervous, 
hypochondriacal,  bilious  difeafcs,  &c.  originate  from  dimi- 
Tiifhed  fccretion  of  bile,  which,  under  fuch  diminution  in 
quantity,  is  alfo  hable  to  be  vitiated  in  quahty,  prailitioners 
are  again  coming  to  admit.  By  obfervmg  phyficians  of  all 
times,  indeed,  this  general  faft  had  been  noticed  ;  and  upon 
it,  a  principal  part  of  the  ancient  humoral  pathology,  which 
afcribed  thofe  difeafcs  to  tlie  prevalence  of  tilt:  and  t/aci  htle, 
was  founded.  We  cannot  now,  with  all  the  additional  lights 
afforded  by  a  better  cultivation  of  anatomy,  phyfiology,  and 
the  collateral  fciences,  lay  down  a  perfeft  theory  of  the  fub- 
ieft.  A  learned  and  ingenious  phyfician  to  Guy's  Hofpi- 
tal  has  long  invelligated  the  point,  and  has  long  been  pledged 
to  lay  the  refult  of  his  praftical  inquiries  before  the  public. 
They  have  not,  however,  yet  appeared.  But  from  the 
pubUcation  of  a  fmall  pamphlet,  as  the  precurfor  of  his 
volume,  it  would  appear  that  he  has  fatisfied  himfelf,  both 
with  refpedl;  to  certain  means  of  praftical  difcrimination,  and 
as  to  the  mode  of  operation  of  the  mercurial  remedies.  It 
would  feem,  from  this  pamphlet,  that  the  author  confiders 
mofl:  of  thefe  difeafes  as  dependent  on  a  conftrifted  or 
obftrufted  fl;ate  of  the  hepatic  dufts,  and  mercury,  admi- 
tiiftered  in  fmall  dofes,  and  in  its  milder  forms,  as  poflefring 
the  property  of  "  emulging''  the  duft?,  efpecially  when  ir- 
ritation  about  the  parts  is  foothed  by  opiates :  in  other  words, 
that  thefe  mercurials  are,  in  the  llrift  fenfe  ot  the  word, 
'tholago^ues.  After  having  dcfcribed  the  cafe  of  a  dthcate 
female,  affected  wjth   great  irreguiarity  of  bowels,  termi- 


nating in  dvfentevy,  and  accompanied  with  paVncfs,  languor, 
dejedtion  of  fpirits,  lofs  of  appetite, quick  fmall  pu!fe,  &c. 
which  had  been  rather  augmented  than  relieved,  by  repeated 
dofes  of  calomel  and  rluilwrb,  alternated  with  opiates,  and 
which  yielded  to  fmall  dofes  of  the  fnhila  hydrargyrL  pre- 
ceded by  an  opiate,  and  followed  by  a  dofc  of  cailor-oil  ;— 
he  thus  ftates  his  view  of  the  difeafe,  and  of  the  mctiiis  opt- 
rnnrll  of  thefe  remedies.  "  The  deprefled  aftion  of  the  braia 
which  anxiety  occafions,  produced  a  correfponding  defcft  of 
aftion  in  the  liver  ;  whence  the  intefljncs,  from  not  being  fup- 
plied  with  bile  in  fufficicnt  quantity,  or  healthy  in  quality, 
became  irritated  by  the  food  paflTing  through  them  in  an  un^ 
digefled  ftate.  The  purgatives,  aftringents  and  opiates, 
which  were  firft  employed,  gave  temporary  rchcf,  but  left 
\.\vi  fource  of  the  diforder  as  it  was  ;  whilft  thccahmiel,  sitt- 
ing merely  as  a  fimple  evacuant,  carried  off  nothing  but  ths 
exifting  contents  of  the  inteftines,  and  ftill  farther  weakened 
tiieir  tone.  But,  by  allaying  intcftinal  irritation  by  opium, 
then  relaxing  the  liepatie  dufts  by  the  ^/7.  hytirargyn,  ?nd 
laftly,  emulging  them  by  the  aid  of  a  mild  cathartic,  tile 
order  of  nature  was  rcftorcd,  and  that  harmony  of  ftinftion 
between  thefe  parts,  which  is  ntceflary  to  healtii,  complete- 
ly eftablifticd."  (See  An  Examin.^tion  of  the  J'rejudices 
commonly  entertained  againft  Mercun',  &c.  by  .lames 
Curry,  M.I).,  &c.  2d  edit.  p.  20,  note.  Lord.  iSlC.) 
This  explanation  of  the  alleviation  of  the  difeafe  is  fuffi- 
ciently  plaufible  ;  it  is,  however,  but  an  hypothefis  ;  for  tlie 
previous  conJlriBion,  the  fubfequent  relaxation,  and  the  ulti- 
mate cmKi^/nj-  of  the  biliary  dufts,  are  incapable  of  demon-, 
ftration  ;  neither  is  the  firft  afl'umcd  circumftance  adequate 
to  explain  the  altered  quality  of  the  bile,  nor  the  two  latter 
its  changes  to  the  healthy  ftfte.  It  is  fufficient,  however,  if 
it  be  piaftically  afcertained,  that  this  mode  of  mercurials, 
preceded  or  combined  with  anodynes,  and  followed  by  gentle 
cathartics,  is  an  efficient  mode  of  treatment  in  thefe  cafes  of 
diminiflied  or  vitiated  fecretion  of  bile. 

In  thofe  cafes  of  difeafed  liver,  which  have  been  fome- 
times  denominated  fchirrous,  when,  either  from  previous 
acute  inflammation,  or  from  frequent  accelerated  fccretion 
of  bile,  during  along  refidence  in  a  warm  climate,  the  vcf- 
fels  of  the  liver  have  poured  out,  into  tlie  parenchjmatous 
fubftance,  fo  much  coagulable  lympli,  as  to  render  it  firm  and 
indurated, — then  it  is  often  neceflary  to  pufli  the  ufc  of  mer- 
cury farther,  fo  as  to  produce  a  gentle  falivation,  which, 
when  kept  up  for  a  length  of  time,  often  effefts  a  cure,  by 
promoting  abforption.  In  the  exhibition  of  mercury  for 
this  purpofe,  a  preference  has  been  given  to  its  introduilion 
by  friftion  on  the  ll<iu,  through  the  cutaneous  abforbents  ; 
and  the  part  oh  which  the  mercurial  ointm.ent  has  been 
rubbed  is  the  right  hypochonilnum,  from  a  notion  of  its  cS- 
cacy  being  greater  when  applied  to  the  vicinity  of  the 
difeafed  organ.  But  it  is  pretty  obvious,  that,  except  in 
fo  far  as  friftion  mav  ferve  the  purpofe  of  gentle  cxcrcife  to 
the  part,  and  thus  aifTift  in  emulging  the  biliary  dufts,  there 
is  no  material  advantage  derived  from  this ;  and  that  it  is  of 
little  importance  what  part  is  made  choice  of,  provided  the 
effefts  produced  on  the'  general  fyftem  be  equally  itrcng. 
The  knowledge  derived  from  anatomy  rcfpefting  the  ftruc- 
ture,  origin,  and  direftion  of  the  abforbent  veffels,  fiiffi- 
ciently  proves  that,  whether  ufed  internally,  or  intrwduced 
by  external  friftion,  none  of  the  mercury  can  be  made  to 
pafs  through  the  liver  in  its  way  into  the  conftitutlon  :  it 
cannot,  therefore,  aft  on  the  liver,  but  by  being  firft  intro- 
duced into  the  blood-veffels.  Such  parts  of  the  body  as  have 
the  fineit  cuticle,  as  in  the  infide  of  the  thighs,  between  the 
fingers,  in  the  groin,  &c.  which  afford  the  befl  ahforbing 
furface,  ftiould  be  chofen  for  the  purpofe  of  the  friftion. 

Go 


LI  V 


L  I  V 


"On  the  other  hand,  the  tuberculated  ftate  of  the  liver  is 
■perhaps  always  beyond  the  power  of  mercury  to  alleviate, 
and  often  it  would  feem  even  aggravated  by  its  exhibition. 
Medicine  may  contribute  greatly  to  relieve  diftrcfling  fymp- 
toms,  in  fiich  caies,  but  cannot  be  expefted  to  change  the 
jnorbid  (Iructure.  Flatulence,  pains  in  the  fides,  ilomach, 
and  belly,  indigcftion,  Sec.  may  be  greatly  diminiflied  by 
laxatives,  abforbents,  gentle  tonics,  and  occalional  autifpal- 
modics  ;  ar.d  the  digeltion  may  be  favoured  by  the  choice  of 
light  diet,  taken  in  moderate  quantities.  But  it  cannot  be 
expeflcd  that  the  fyllcm  fhall  be  put  under  the  iiimulus  of 
a  mercurial  courfc  with  impunity,  much  lefa  with  advantage 
under  fuch  circumllanccs. 

LiVEU,  Infarakns  of  the.     See  Hepatitis  Infarala. 

Liver,  in  Antlquhy,  was  mucii  ufed  in  divination.  See 
Hepatoscopia. 

Liver  of  Antimony,  in  Cbcmtflry,  refults  fi-om  the  deto- 
nation of  antimony  with  an  equal  weight  of  nitre.  Thefe 
two  matters  reduced  into  powder  are  to  be  mixed  together, 
and  put  into  a  large  crucible.  The  cnafs  is  then  to  be  kin- 
dled, and  the  detonation  to  be  made.  When  it  has  detonated 
it  is  to  be  kept  in  fulion,  and  then  cooled.  When  the 
crucible  is  broken,  at  tiie  bottom  two  diiltndl  matters  are 
found,  which  may  be  feparated  from  each  other  by  the  llroke 
of  a  hammer.  The  upper  matter  is  afaline  fcoria,  nearly  of 
the  fame  nature  as  the  fcoria  of  the  regulUs  of  antimony. 
This  is  a  true  antimonial  liver  of  fulphur,  mixed  with  a  cer- 
tain quantity  of  vitriolated  tartar.  The  lower  matter  is  hea- 
vier. It  is  opaque,  compaft,  red,  and  brittle.  This  is  the 
liver  of  ancimony.  Its  colour  and  appearances  have  been 
fuppofed  fimilarto  thofe  of  the  livers  of  animals,  whence  its 
name.  It  is  principally  coiupofed  of  the  metallic  part  of 
antimony,  half  deprived  of  its  fulphur,  and  dephlogifticated 
by  nitre.  This  fubftance  is  of  no  ufe  in  chemiftry,  nor  in 
medicine,  fince  the  kermes  mineral  and  emetic  tartar  have 
been  introduced.  Macquer's  Chem.  Dift.  See  Anti- 
410  NY. 

Liver  of  Arfen'ic,  is  a  combination  of  white  arfenic  with 
iiquid  fixed  vegetable  alkali,  or  by  the  humid  way.  Tiie 
operation  for  making  liver  of  arfcEiic  is  eafy  and  fimple  : 
to  ftrong  and  concentrated  liquid  fixed  alkali,  previoufly 
heated,  fijie  powder  of  white  arfenic  muflbe  added,  till  the 
alkali  is  laturated,  or  has  loft  its  alkaline  properties.  While 
the  alkali  diflblves  the  arfenic,  it  acquires  a  brownifh  colour, 
"and  a  fingularly  difagreeable  fmell ;  and  the  mixture  gradually 
thickens  into  a  gluey  confidence.  Chem.  Diet.  See 
Arsenic. 

Liver  of  Su/jiLurh  the  combination  of  fulphur  with  al- 
kaline matters  :  and  this  combination  may  be  made  either  in 
the  dry  or  humid  way.  In  the  dry  way,  or  by  ful'ion,  a 
mixture  of  equal  parts  of  fixed  alkali  and  fulphur  is  put 
into  a  crucible,  and  quickly  fufed.  The  melted  mafs  is  then 
poured  on  a  greafed  llone,  and  then  tlie  hvt-r  of  fulphur 
congeals  and  acquires  a  brown  colour.  If  it  be  required  to 
be  kept  dry,  it  mull  be  foon  broken  to  pieces,  and  put, 
while  it  is  hot,  in  a  bottle  well  corked,  becaufe  it  readily 
imbibes  moifture  from  the  air.  In  the  huniid  way,  which 
is  lefs  common,  concentrated  liquid  fixed  alkali,  and  fine 
powder  of  fulphur,  are  to  be  boiled  together,  till  the  alkali 
has  diffolved  as  much  as  it  can  :  the  liquor  is  then  to  be  fil- 
trated and  evaporated. 

Liver  of  fulphur  is  an  important  combination  in  che- 
millry,  becaufe  it  is  in  general  a  very  powerful  folvent  of  me- 
tallic matters  ;  to  all  uiuch,  excepting  zinc,  it  attaches',  par- 
ticularly in  fufion.  It  fecms  to  dilfolve  gold  more  effectually 
than  other  metals.  It  dilfolves  alfo  vegetable  coals  even  by 
the  bumid  way  :  and  the  folution  is  of  a  green  colour.  Par- 


ticular kinds  of  livers  of  fulphur  may  be  formed  by  the 
combination  of  volatile  alkali,  of  quick-lime,  or  of  abforb-. 
ent  earths,  all  which  attack  fulphur  more  or  lefs.  Chem. 
Did.     See  Sulphur. 

M.  Navier  has  lately  difcovered,  that  the  liver  of  fulphur, 
and  particularly  of  liver  of  fulphur  of  Mars,  hath  the  mod 
falutary  eflefls  as  an  antiilote  againfl  arfenic,  eoirofive 
fublimate,  verdigris,  and  lead.  Nav.  Contre  Poifons  de 
I'Arfenic,  &c.  1777-     See  Lead. 

hiVEn-Jlone     See  Lapis  ffepatkus. 

L.1V Ell-wort,  in  Botany.     See  LiCHEN". 

L.iVER-'U'ort,  Noble,  Hepat'tca,  a  fpecies  of  the  anemone, 

LIVERMORE,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  America,  in 
Cumberland  county,  Maine,  htuated  on  both  fides  of  Aii- 
drofcoggin  river;  19  miles  N.W.  of  Hallowell,  and  contain- 
ing S63  inhabitants. 

LIVERNON,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
the  Lot,  and  chief  place  of  a  cairton,  in  the  dillrift  of 
Figeac  ;  eight  miles  W.N.W.  of  Figeac.  The  place  con- 
tains  713,  and  the  canton  7786  inhabitants,  on  a  territory 
of  285  kiliometres,  in  17  communes. 

LIVERPOOL,  a  market  town,  borough,  and  fea-port, 
in  the  county  palatine  of  Lancii Her,  England.  It  is  placecf 
on  the  eaftern  bank  of  the  river  Merley,  which  flows  into 
the  Irifli  fea,  not  far  north  of 'Liverpool.  The  population 
of  this  town,  according  to  the  parliamentary  returns  of 
1800,  amounted  to  77,653  perfons,  who  occupied  11,44^ 
houfes. 

The  etymology  of  the  word  Liverpool  is  much  involved 
in  obfcurity,  tiiough  many  ingenious  antiquaries  have  en- 
deavoured to  afcertain  it.  The  moft  general  opinion  is, 
that  it  owes  its  origin  to  a  fpecies  of  bird  called  the  lever, 
great  flocks  of  which  are  faid  to  have  frequented  a  pool  in 
this  neighbourhood,  during  their  wanderings  from  their  na- 
tive climes.  Accordingly  a  bird  has,  from  time  immemorial, 
been  the  impreflion  on  the  corporation  fcal.  The  early 
hillory  of  this  town  is  equally  as  unknown  as  the  derivation 
of  its  name.  Fortunately,  however,  the  deficiency  of  rcr 
cords  concerning  it  cannot  be  felt  as  a  great  lofs,  as  there 
feems  little  reafon  to  fuppofe  it  was  of  any  importance, 
either  commercially  or  politically,  previous  to  the  com. 
mejiccment  of  the  iafl  century  ;  hence  it  ;nay  be  called  3 
modern  town. 

"  Yet  fcarce  an  hundred  annual  rounds  have  run. 
Since  firft  the  fabric  of  this  power  begun  ; 
His  noble  waves  inglorious,  Merfey  roll'd. 
Nor  felt  his  waves  by  labouring  art  control'tL 
Along  his  fides  a  few  fmall  cots  were  fpread. 
His  finny  brood  their  humble  tenants  fed." 

MountPlcafant,  a  poem  by  Rofcoe. 

To  the  aftive,  pcrfevcring,  and  hberal  conduft  of  tlie 
author  of  thefe  liiie.s,  I..iverpool  is  materially  indebted  for 
its  prefent  increafe  of  buildings,  commerce,  &c.  and  it 
would  have  reflefled  credit  on  the  free  burgefles  of  the 
town,  had  they  continued  to  eleft  him  their  member. 

In  the  Conqueror's  furvev,  it  is  llated,  that  all  the  land 
between  the  rivers  Ribble  and  Mcrfcy  belonged  to  Roger 
de  Poitliers  ;  but  there  is  no  mention  either  cf  a  town  or 
village.  Hence  it  may  be  veafonably  fuppofed  none  extfted 
at  this  time.  A  caftlo,  however,  i.'!  noticed  by  Camden,  as 
having  been  built  ihorlly  after  the  conqueft,  the  command 
of  whicli  was  bellowed  on  Vivian  de  Molyneaux,  a  French- 
man, in  vvhofe  family  it  continued  till  the  ^oth  year  of  the 
reign  of  queen  Eli'zabeth. 

Neither  hiilory  nor  tradition  determine  any  thing  certain, 

citliKr  conceraing  its  founder  or  the  period  of  its  ereftion. 

C  c  a  The 


LIVERPOOL. 


The  tower,  which  forms  part  of  a  prifon  in  Watir-flreet,  is 
the  only  buildinj^  of  antiquity  v.-hic!i  Livt-riJO'il  can  now 
bualt  of  poHffling.  The  original  foinidcr  of  this  tower 
we  arc  as  ignorant  of  as  wc  are  of  the  founder  of  the  caftle. 
Seacombc,  in  his  Meiiioirs  of  tiic  Stanley /aniily,  is  the  fivft 
author  who  mentions  it.  He  tells  us,  that  it  was  the  pro- 
perty of  lir  Thomas  Latham,  in  the  reign  of  Edwaid  III., 
whole  daughter  and  heircfs  married  fir  John  Stanley ;  but 
fays  nothing  of  its  erection.  The  croVs  which  formerly 
flood  at  the  corner  of  Pinfold  lane,  oppofite  thq  Flalhes, 
has  been  long  demohflied.  This  tradition  reports  to  have 
been  placed  there  in  commemoration  of  St.  Patrick,  who, 
it  is  faid,  rellvd  m  this  neighbourhood  on  his  way  from  Eng- 
land to  Ireland. 

Th?  firll  charter  in  favour  of  Liverpool,  according  to 
Enfield,  who  publillied  a  hillory  of  Liverpool,  was  executed 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  L,  but  the  accuracy  of  this  ftatcment 
is  extremely  doubtful.  It  is  certain,  however,  that  in  the 
charter  granted  by  king  .John  in  120^,  v<"i'"ly  a  century 
afterwards,  this  town  is  called  a  borough  by  prefcription, 
Henry  III.  confirmed  the  privileges  of  the  corporation  in 
the  year  1227.  From  this  period  to  1555,  we  are  totally 
in  the  dar'k  as  to  its  hiltory  or  condition  ;  nor  is  there  any 
thing  worth  remarking  for  the  16  years  following,  when 
the  inhabitants  fent  a  memorial  to  queen  F.lizabeth,  praying 
relief  from  a  fubfidy  which  her  minillers  had  impofed  upon 
them.  In  this  petition  they  ftyle  themlelves  "  her  ma- 
jefty's  poor  decayed  town  of  Liverpool."  How  the  town 
became  lo  "  decayed,"  it  is  now  difficult  to  comprehend, 
as,  from  the  records  feveral  years  previous,  it  does  not  feem 
to  have  been  any  better  than  a  fifhing  hamlet,  containing 
about  13S  houfeholders  and  cottagers,  and  poflefiing  12 
barks,  navigated  by  75  men.  Camden,  however,  who 
wrote  in  1586,  confidered  it  in  his  time  as  more  famous  for 
its  beauty  and  populonlnefs  than  for  its  antiquities.  To 
reconcile  thefe  oppollte  ilatements,  it  is  only  neceffary  to 
admit,  that  a  very  trifling  village  may  arrive  at  confidcrable 
opulence  in  the  fliort  period  of  2[  years;  and  wlio  will  deny 
the  poflibility  of  fuch  an  event  at  the  prefent  day  ?  From 
Camden's  time  nothing  is  recorded  of  Liverpool  deferving  of 
notice  till  the  year  1644;  when  the  town  and  its  caftle 
■were  pofTeired  by  the  parliamentary  troops,  under  colonel 
Moore.  It  was  fortified  and  feeured  on  the  land  fide  by  a 
high  mud  wall,  and  a  ditch  twelve  yards  wide  and  three  deep. 
Batteries  were  erefted  at  different  points,  and  the  ends  of 
the  ftrects  were  defended  by  artillery.  The  garrifon  was 
numerous,  and  being  well  ftored  with  provillons,  made  a 
molt  vigorous  defence  for  the  fpace  of  a  month.  At  Ia(t, 
however,  the  king's  army,  under  the  ordtrs  of  prince  Ru- 
pert, fucceeded  in  taking  the  town,  when  the  callle  fur- 
rendered  without  further  refiUance.  Some  traces  of  this 
iieg:  can  yet  be  difeovered  at  different  points.  When  the 
foundation  of  the  prefent  iidirmary  v\'as  funk,  the  marks  of 
trenches  weredillinftly  vifible,  and  many  articles  of  modern 
warfare  were  found  within  their  fcope.  A  few  years  ago, 
as  fome  workmen  were  removing  the  earth  in  a  field  where 
Glouceilcr-llreet  now  ftands,  they  laid  open  the  foundation 
of  a  battery,  and  difeovered  military  utenfils  of  different 
kinds.  From  the  time  of  the  fiege  till  1680,  we  have  a 
tolerable  account  of  the  progrefs  of  the  town  in  extent  and 
population.  After  this  period,  iiovvever,  we  are  again  left 
in  obfcurity,  and  receive  no  authentic  information  on  that 
head  till  the  year  1765,  when  we  find  a  plan  of  the  town 
made  i)y  Mr.  Jolm  Lyes.  About  this  time,  fays  Enfield, 
Liverpool  contained  about  4200  houfes,  and  2j,coo  inha- 
bitants. It  had,  in  the  interval  laft-meutioned,  been  con- 
ftituted  a  diftintt  parifli  from  that  of  Walton,  to  wliich  its 


churdi  had  formerly  been  enly  a  dependent  chapel.  This 
event  took  place  in  i6g8,  when  the  inhabitants  were  like- 
wife  authorifed  to  build  a  fecond  church.  Thus  emanci- 
pated from  parochial  fubfervicncy,  Liverpool  began  to  dif- 
play  its  energies.  In  the  fliort  ipace  of  little  more  than 
half  a  century,  this  town,  aided  by  a  few  favourable  cir- 
cumllances,  has  rifen  to  great  commercial  importance,/ and 
may  be  confidered  to  be  next  to  the  metropolis  itlelf  She 
firll  rivalled,  and  latterly  furjjafied,  Briflol,  which  had  long 
been  confidered  as  the  weilern  emporium  of  trade. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  progrelTive  increafe  of 
the  dock  duties  for  feveral  years,  and  ferves  to  difplay  the 
vail  and  rapid  increafe  of  the  commerce  of  the  town.  It 
fliews  the  number  of  veflels  that  have  been  affefled  in  each 
year,  with  the  aggregate  fum  paid  to  the  dock  companies. 

7'eari.  Ships.  £.       s.     d. 


1760 

I24J 

2'33° 

6 

7 

J  76  J 

1930 

MSi 

8 

4 

1770 

2-7.? 

4,142 

'7 

2 

1775 

2291 

5'ZH 

4 

9 

1780 

2261 

3-52^ 

7 

9 

178J 

.^42') 

8,411 

5 

3 

1790 

4223 

10,037 

b 

2 

1795 

394« 

19,368 

16 

4 

1800 

4746 

5'3..?37 

•3 

(i 

1802 

4781 

28,192 

9 

10 

1805 

4618 

33'3^'4 

'3 

I 

1807 

579' 

62,831 

5 

10 

1809 

6023 

97,580 

19 

3 

The  boundaries  of  I.,iverpool  extend  confiderably  beyond 
the  town  in  different  direftions.  Thefe  are  marked  out  by 
flones  called  by  the  inhabitarrs  meer-flones,  and  the  ground 
contained  within  them  is  denominated  the  liberties.  The 
extent  of  the  liberties  from  eafl  to  well,  is  fomewhat  more 
than  a  mile  and  two  furlongs,  and  from  north  to  foutli  con- 
fiderably above  two  miles.  This  town  exhibits,  in  general, 
the  appearance  of  opulence  and  refinement.  The  flreets 
are  well  paved,  and  during  winter  tolerably  furniflied  with 
lamps.  Of  late  years  it  has  received  many  great  alterations 
and  improvements,  which  ilill  continue  to  proceed  notwith- 
flanding  the  preflure  of  the  times.  In  the  year  1790,  i*. 
confided  of  8865  houfes,  but  their  number  now  is  little 
fhort  of  13,000. 

Liverpool  poU'efTes  fifteen  churches  belonging  to  the  e(la- 
blifhment,  fome  of  which  are  worthy  the  particular  atten- 
tion of  the  ilranger.  Near  the  old  church,  which  is  dedi- 
cated to  our  Lady  and  St.  Nicholas,  there  formerly  flood  an 
image  of  the  hitter,  to  which  the  failors  were  accullomed  to 
make  offerings  on  going  to  fea.  This  church  has  been 
lately  rebuilt.  The  tower  of  St.  Peter's,  which  was  eredled 
in  1704,  is  a  well-proportioned  oClagon,  each  fide  of  the 
angles  having  a  candleltick  and  gilt  vafe  rtprefenting  a  flame. 
This  and  St.  Nicholas  are  the  parifli  churches,  and  have  two 
reftors  over  them.  The  church  of  St.  George,  built  on 
the  feite  of  the  ancient  caftle  already  mentioned,  is  a  fine  edi- 
fice of  the  Doric  order,  crowned  vi'xih  an  attic  wall,  and 
adorned  with  a  variety  of  vafes.  On  each  fide  is  a  terrace 
with  recefles  underneath.  The  interior  is  handfomely  fitted 
up,  the  fronts  of  the  galleries  being  mahogany.  This  is 
the  mayor's  chapel,  where  he  attends  every  Sunday,  and 
where  pews  arc  appropriated  for  the  gentlemen,  including 
flrangers,  who  choofe  to  accompany  him.  St.  Thomas's 
church  is  of  the  Ionic  order,  and  has  a  handfome  appearance. 
It  was  confecratcd  in  1750.  St.  Paul's  church  was  eredled 
by  the  town  in  1769.  At  the  weft  end  is  a  portico  with  a 
pediment,  having  i«  the  centre,  on  an  octagonal  bafe,  a  dome 
5  with 


LIVERPOOL. 


with  a  lanthorn,  ball,  and  crofs.  The  interior  is  fupported 
by  eight  Ionic  pillars.  The  altar  is  plain  and  neat.  The 
church  dedicated  to  St.  Ann,  on  the  road  to  Everton,  is  a 
neat  building  of  brick  and  ilone.  It  was  ere^ed  at  the 
joint  expence  of  two  private  gentlemen.  It  has  a  tower  de- 
corated with  pinnacL's.  St.  John's  church  is  a  new  building 
of  ilone,  with  a  tower.  6t  Mary's  and  the  other  churches 
hive  nothing  connected  with  their  ftruAures  or  appearances 
doferving  of  particular  notice  ;  rfiough  all  of  them  are  en- 
titled to  be  called  neat.  Bciides  the  places  of  worfhip  be- 
longing to  the  eft ablilhment,  there  are  a  great  number  of 
diflenting  meeting  houfes,  or  chapels,  for  various  defcriptions 
of  religionifts. 

The  public  edifices  conneSed  with  the  trade  and  com- 
merce of  the  town  are,  the  exchange  buildings,  town-hall 
and  manfion  houle,  cullo.ii-houfe,  corn  exchange,  tobacco 
vi'arehoufe,  and  other  warehoufes.  Qf  thefe  the  Liverpool 
exchange  is  the  moll  fpacious  in  plan,  and  ornamental 
in  its  ex-prior  anhitefture.  It  has  been  erected  by  a  fub- 
fcription  of  80,000/  raifed  by  803  transferable  (hares.  The 
buildmgs  occupy  three  fides  of  a  quadrangle,  having  the 
town-hall  on  the  fouth  fide.  The  whole  furrounds  an  area 
of  194  feet  by  180.  It  has  been  built  by  John  Forfter, 
efq.  (architect,  engineer,  and  dock  mafter.to  the  corpo- 
ration) from  defigns  by  James  Wyatt,  efq.  architect  ; 
and  is  appropriated  to  a  public  exchange  rooms,  coffee 
rooms,  and  various  offices.  The  town-hall,  formerly  called 
the  exchange,  is  a  large  infulated  pile  of  buildin,r,  the 
greater  part  of  which  was  erected  in  1750,  from  the  de- 
ligns  of  Wood  of  Bath.  The  whole  of  its  interior  was  burnt 
in  1 79  J-  It  was  foon  repaired,  and  appropriated  to  the  ufe 
of  the  mayor,  for  offices  belonging  to  the  corporation, 
feflions  rooms,  &c. 

The  infirmary  is  another  excellent  building  of  brick  orna- 
mented with  ftone.  This  ellabliihment  not  only  extends  to 
all  proper  objects  within  Liverpool,  but  to  every  perfon 
whom  Ucknefs  or  bodily  misfortune  may  lead  to  apply,  pro- 
vided they  are  recommended  by.a  fubfcriber.  The  feamen's 
hofpital  forms  a  portion  of  the  buildings  of  this  infirmary, 
being  attached  to  it  by  a  handfome  colonnade.  The  blue- 
coa;  hofpital  is  placed  in  an  airy  fituation  adjoining  to  St. 
Peter's  church-yard.  It  is  a  large  handfome  building  of 
brick  ornamented  with  ftone.  The  number  of  perfons  who 
annually  receive  the  benefits  of  th^  charity  are  about  280. 
The  expence  of  this  mftitution  is  defrayed  chiefly  by  Lene- 
fedtions. 

The  poor-houfe  is  a  handfome  edifice,  90  feet  long  and 
24  broad,  built  in  a  plain  ftyle,  and  in  a  manner  very  fuitable 
t  to  its  ufe.  On  the  eall  fide  of  this  ftrudture  is  a  handfome 
fto.ne  bLiitding,  called  the  "  recovery  ward,''  where  perfons 
infetted  with  fevers,  and  coming  under  the  cognizance  of 
phyficians  and  fargeons  of  the  difpenfary,  are  received.  A 
variety  of  alms-houfes  range  out  on  both  fides  of  the  poor- 
fcoufe.  In  Church-ftreet  is  the  difpenfary,  which  is  a  very 
good  brick  building,  with  a  large  circular  portico,  and 
having  in  front  a  imall  bas-relief  of  the  good  Samaritan. 
This  inftitution  is  conducted  by  a  prefident,  two  auditors, 
feven  phyficians,  three  furgeons,  and  one  apothecary,  who 
officiates  as  fecretary.  Two  phyficians  and  a  furgeon  at- 
tend every  day  at  certain  hours.  About  10,000  perfons  are 
faid  to  receive  medicine  and  advice  here  annually.  The 
Luiiatic-afylum  is  contiguous  to  the  infirmary,  but,  like 
moft  other  inftitutions  of  the  kind,  cannot  be  called  a  com- 
plete charity,  as  patients  are  not  admitted  free  of  expence. 
At  the  entrance  into  the  town,  on  the  road  leading  from 
Prefect,  ftands  the  fchool  of  indullry  for  the  indigent  blind. 
The  original  projeAor  was  Mr.  John  Chriftie,  who  was  him- 


felf  unfortunately  deprived  of  his  fight  at  the  age  of  if. 
In  this  fchool  pupils  are  taught  various  trad-  :,  which  enable 
many  of  them  to  make  a  comfortable  pro.vifion  for  hfe. 
Befides  thefe  charitable  inftitutions  there  are  a  number  of 
others,  under  different  names,  intended  for  the  relief  of  dif- 
ferent defcriptions  of  perfons,  wiiich  the  limits  of  an  article 
like  this  will  not  permit  us  to  mention  particularly. 

Liverpool  abounds,  as  may  be  fuppofed  from  its  great 
tr^de,  with  rooms  appropriated  for  pubhc  correfpondence, 
and  the  tranfatting  of  bufinefs.  The  Atheneum,  which 
comprifes  a  news-room,  a  hbrary,  &c.  is  fituated  on  the 
fouth  fide  of  Church-ftreet,  and  is  a  handfome  building  of 
ftone.  The  fubfcribers  to  this  inftitution,  about  450  in 
number,  are  fupplied  with  the  London  and  provincial  newf- 
papers,  the  fhipping  and  trade  lifts,  and  various  periodical 
publications.  Every  fubfcriber  is  allowed  the  privilege  of 
introducing  his  friend,  provided  he  be  a  non-refident  of  the 
town.  There  alfo  feveral  more  inftitutions  of  a  fimilar  kind 
in  different  parts  of  the  town.  Of  thefe,  the  Lyceum  is 
the  firft  and  moil  worthy  of  attention.  It  is  fituated  at  the 
bottom  of  Bold-llreet,  and  is  another  remarkable  inftance  of 
the  munificence  and  public  fpirit  cf  Liverpool.  An  acade- 
my, for  the  encouragement  of  the  fine  arts,  has  reccnlly 
been  eftabliftied  in  this  town.  The  places  of  public  amufe- 
ment  are  now  httle  inferior  to  thofe  in  the  metrepolis.  The 
theatre  is  a  fpacious  and  commodious  building,  and  but  Uttle 
inferior  to  that  of  Covent-garden  in  the  extent  of  its  ftage. 
It  generally  opens  at  the  time  the  London  houfes  fhut, 
when  many  of  the  firft  performers  refort  to  it.  In  Bold- 
ftreet  ftands  the  Mufic-hall,  which  was  opened  in  1785.  It 
is  a  large  building,  hnifhed  with  great  elegance.  The  new 
prifon,  according  to  the  Howardian  plan  for  folitary  con- 
finement, is  on  a  very  estenfive  fcale,  and  has  every  poffible 
convenience. 

Liverpool  abounds  in  docks  lor  the  fafety  and  repair  cf 
its  numerous  fhipping.     The  firft  dock  was  conllrudled  here 
in   1 7 10.     Its  fcitp  was  the  pool,  from  which  the  town  de- 
rived the  latter  portion  of  its  name.     This  bafon  of  water 
is  called  the  old  dock,  and  is  principally  the  receptacle  of 
Weft  India  and  African  ftiips,  being  contiguous  to  the  ware- 
houfes of  the  merchants  engaged  in  thofe  branches  of  com- 
merce.    The  King's  dock  is  290  yards  in  length,  and  9a 
wide.     On  the  caft  fide  of  this  dock    ftands   the  tobacco 
warehoufe,    where  that  article  is  lodged  by  the  cuftom-houfe 
officers  till  the  duties  are  paid.     It  was  erected  by  the  cor- 
poration, and  is  rented  by  government    at   5C0/.  fa-  anr.um. 
St.  George's  dock  was  the  third  made  in  Liverpool.     It  is 
about  2)0  yards  long,   and   100   broad;    and  is  tfteemed 
commodious.   The  largeft,  laft  conftrutted,  and  beft  finillied 
however   of    the  Liverpool  docks,  is   the   Queen's   dock, 
which  is  fituated  at  the  bottom  of  Parliamcnt-ftreet.     Salt- 
houfe  dock,  which  is  the  fecond  oldeft  of  the  whole,  com- 
prifes an  area  of  21,928  fquare  yards;  and  has  a  length  of 
quay  of  640  yards.     Befides  thefe   there  are   five  graving 
docks,  and  three   dry  docks,  independent  of  a  imall  one, 
which  belongs  to  the  earl  of  Bridgewater,  for  the  ufe  of  the 
canal  flats.    Some  of  thefe  docks  communicate,  fo  that  (hips 
can  pafs  from  one  to  the  other,  and  into  the  graving  docks, 
without  being  obhged  to  go  into    the  river.     All  the  wet 
docks  are  likewife  connected  by  large  tunnels,  for  the  pur- 
pofe  of   one  dock  cleanfing  or  walhing  another.     WT.en 
large  fhips  loaded  arrive  at  neap  tides  they  are  compelled 
to  remain  in  the  river  till  the  flow  of  the  fpring  tides,  as  the 
dock  gates  have  not  depth  of  water  fufficient  to  admit  them- 
This  circumftance  is  certainly  a  great  inconvenience,  but  it 
is  amply  compenfated  by  the  capacioufnefs  and   excellent 
arrangement  of  the  docks  themfelves. 

The 


L  I  V 

Tlie  cuftom-lioufe  is  fituateJ  at  tlie  cad  end  of  the  old 
dock.  It  is  built  of  bnck,  in  rather  a  neat  llyle.  A  fmall 
flight  of  ftrps  leads  to  a  piazza,  over  which  is  the  long  room, 
and  behind  it  are  extcnfive  wareli'uifes.  At  the  fouth  end 
of  the  town  is  St.  James's  walk,  from  which  the  fpeclator 
has  a  fine  view  of  the  town,  th-  harbtnir,  the  river,  the 
fea,  and  the  WeKh  mountain';.  B.hmd 'his  lies  an  excel- 
lent quarry,  the  entrance  of  which  is  by  a  fubtcrrancous 
paflage,  fupported  by  arches.  B  lotlc-fprings,  about  fo\ir 
miles  diilant  from  Liverpool,  fnrply  I'.e  town  with  water, 
which  is  conveyed  by  means  of  pipeb. 

The  principal  manufadliires  are  thofe  of  china  and  earthen 
■ware,  the  feveral  branches  of  the  watch  making,  and  exten- 
five  fait,  iron,  and  copperas  works.  It  is  computed  that 
about  3000  Ihipwrifchts  are  conftantly  employed  in  the  dif- 
ferent dock-yards  of  this  town.  The  river,  which  is  here 
about  1 200  yards  broad,  abounds  with  falmon,  cod,  floun- 
ders, and  turbot.  Ships  of  any  burden  may  come  up  to 
this  town  with  perfeft  f.fety,  even  at  the  lowed  tides.  The 
accommodations  for  fea  bathing  have,  of  late  years,  received 
vail  improvements,  and  arc  nut  perhaps  inferior  to  any  in 
•the  kingdom. 

Liverpool  undoubtedly  owes  all  her  opulence  and  gran- 
deur to  the  fpirit  and  entcrprife  of  her  merchants.  She 
exhibits,  to  the  eye  of  the  datefman  and  philofopher,  a  dif- 
tinguilhed  indance  of  the  rapid  progrefs  of  commercial 
greatnefs.  A  century  ago,  a  few  coading  veflels  ard  petty 
traders  formed  the  whole  of  her  wealth.  For  the  fird  fifty 
years  her  advance  was  comparatively  flow.  After  this  pe- 
riod, however,  the  increafe  of  trade  which  die  every  year 
acquires,  is  truly  adouilhing.  She  Ihares  a  portion  of  the 
commerce  of  almod  every  country  in  the  world.  Of  late 
years,  Liverpool  has  confiderably  dccreared,in  common  with 
.that  of  all  the  other  towns  in  the  kingdom.  What  effedl 
the  abolition  of  the  flave-trade  may  ultimately  have  upon 
Liverpool,  it  is  not  poflible  to  prognodicate.  For  the 
prcfent,  however,  the  mercantile' houfes,  formerly  engaged 
in  that  traffic,  mud  undoubtedly  fuffer  confiderable  dif- 
ficulties before  they  can  turn  their  capital  and  attention  to 
fome  objeft  more  honourable  tlian  the  purchafe  and  fale  of 
human  beings. 

Independent  of  the  advantages  Liverpool  pofieffes  for 
•foreign  commerce,  it  has  communication  with  all  the  in- 
terior counties  by  canals.  Tliefe  again,  being  joined  by 
others  at  different  points,  extend  themfelves  to  the  Severn, 
■to  the  Humber,  and  to  the  Thames ;  thus  connefting  the 
four  principal  trading  ports  in  England.  To  the  bene- 
ficial effefts  of  jhefe  canals  Liverpool  has  to  attribute 
•much  of  her  prefent  greatnefs. 

,The  markets  of  Liverpool  are  well  fupplied  with  every 
necedary  of  life,  and  every  article  of  luxury.  About  3000 
•cattle  and  flicep  are  brought  into  the  town  weekly.  The 
market  days  are  Wednefdays  and  Saturd.iys.  Liverpool 
fends  two  members  to  parliament.  The  number  of  eletlors 
amounts  to  above  one  thoufand.  The  corporation  confifts 
of  a  mayor,  two  bailiffs,  and  a  common-council.  The 
mayor  and  bailiffs  are  aflided  by  a  recorder,  a  town  clerk, 
and  other  neccffary  officers.  The  revenues  of  the  town  are 
very  great  Enfield's  Hidory,  &:c.  of  Liverpool,  folio.  A 
General  and  Defcriptive  Hidory  of  Liverpool,  by  W^lace, 
Svo.  1797.  The  Pifture  of  Liverpool,  i2mo.  1805.  Beau- 
ties of  England,  vol.  ix. 

Liverpool,  a  town  on,thc  S.  fide  of  the  bay  of  F'undy, 
4n  Queen's  county.  Nova  Scotia,  fettled  from  New  Eng- 
land. Between  this  town  and  Annapolis  lies  a  confiderable 
iake,  called  RofligBoL     It  is  32  miles  N.E.  of  Shclburne, 

a 


L  I  V 

and  58  N.^.^.  of  Halifax,  and  was  formerly  called  "  Port 
Rofliguole." 

LIVERY,  properly  fignifies  a  colour,  to  which  a  perfoii 
has  fome  particular  fancy,  and  by  which  he  clioofes  to  dif- 
tiaguifli  himfelf,  or  his  retainers,  from  others. 

Liveries  are  ufaally  taken  from  fancy,  or  continued  in  fa- 
milies by  fucceffion.  The  ancient  cavaliers,  at  tlicir  tourna- 
ments, dillinj;uinied  themfelves  by  wearing  the  liveries  of 
their  niidredes  :  thus  people  of  quality  make  their  do- 
medic*  wear  their  livery. 

Father  Menedrier,  in  his  Treatifc  of  Caroufals,  has  given 
a  very  ample  account  of  the  inixturcs  of  colours  iu  liveries. 
Dion  tells  us,  that  CEnair.aus  was  the  fird  who  invented 
green  and  blue  colours  for  the  troops  which,  in  the  Circus, 
were  to  rcprelent  land  and  fea-fights. 

The  Romifti  church  has  alfo  her  feveral  colours  and  li- 
veries ;  white,  for  confeffors  and  virgins,  and  in  times  of 
rejoicing;  black,  for  the  dead;  red,  for  the  apodlcs  and 
martyrs  ;  blue  or  violet,  for  penitents  ;  and  green,  in  times 
of  hope-  ' 

Formerly,  great  men  gave  liveries  to  fevcra',  who  wore 
not  of  their  family  or  fervants,  to  engagc^them  in  their 
quarrels  for  that  year;  but  this  was  prohibited  by  the  da- 
tutes  I  Rich.  11,  i  Hen.  IV.  cap.  27.  z  &  7  Hen.  IV. 
8  Hen.  VI.  cap.  4.  8  Ed.  IV,  cap.  3.  and  no  man,  of 
whatever  condition,  was  allowed  to  give  any  livery,  but  to 
his  domedic  officers,  and  council  learned  in  the  law.  How- 
ever, mod  of  the  above  datutes  are  repealed  by  3  Car.  I. 
cap.  4. 

Livery,  in  Latv,  alfo  denotes  the  delivery  of  pofftTfion 
to  thofe  tenants  which  held  of  the  king  in  capite,  or  by 
knights'  fervice.     See  Possession. 

LiVEUY  is  alfo  ufed  for  the  writ,  which  lies  for  an  heir 
to  obtain  the  poffefllon  or  feifiii  of  his  lands  at  the  king's 
hands.  By  12  Car.  II.,  cap.  24,  all  wa?dfliips, liveries,  Sic. 
are  taken  away.     See  Coukt  of  Warih. 

Livery  of  JVifm,  is  a  delivery  of  poffeffion  of  land  or  tc- 
nemejits,  cr  things  corporeal,  to  him  who  hath  right,  or 
probability  of  rii;ht,  to  them. 

Livery  of  feifin  is  a  ceremony  ufed  in  the  common  law, 
on  conveyance  of  landi,  tenements,  Sec.  where  an  cdate  in 
fee-funple,  fee-tail,  or  other  freehold,  fliall  pafs  ;  and  is  a 
tedimonial  of  the  willing  departing  of  him  v\!io  makes  tlie 
livery,  from  the  thing  whereof  the  livery  is  made,  as  well 
as  of  a  willing  acceptance  by  the  other  party,  of  all  that 
whereof  the  firft  has  divefted  himfelf.  (See  FuEEiiom. )  On 
the  creation  ef  a  freehold  remainder,  at  one  and  the  fame 
time  with  a  particular  eftate  for  years,  at  the  common  lav? 
livery  mud  be  made  to  the  paiticiilar  tenant.  (See  Estate 
and  Rem.mndeu.)  But  if  fuch  a  remainder  be  created  af- 
terwards, expcftant  on  a  leafe  for  years  now  in  being,  the' 
livery  mud  not  be  made  to  the  leffee  for  years,  for  then  it 
operates  nothing  ;  "  Nam  quod  femel  meum  ed,  ampliiis 
meum  effe  non  poted  ;"  but  it  mud  be  made  to  the  remainder- 
man himfeli,  by  confent  of  the  leffee  for  years  :  for  without 
his  confent  no  livery  of  the  poffefllon  can  be  given  (Co, 
Litt.  48.)  ;  partly  becaufc  fuch  forcible  livery  w-ould  be  an 
ejettment  of  the  tenant  from  his  term,  and  partly  for  the  rea- 
fons  afligned  for  introducing  the  doftrinc  of  attornments. 

Livery  of  feifin  is  either  in   deed  or  in  laiu. 

Th?  ufual  manner  of  livery  of  feifin  in  deed  is  thus  per- 
formed. If  it  be  jn  the  open  field,  where  is  no  houfe  nor 
building,  and  if  the  edate  pals  by  deed,  the  feoffor,  leffor,  or 
his  attorney,  openly  reads  it,  or  declares  the  effedl  of  it  ;  and 
after  that  is  fcaled,  the  feoffor  takes  it  in  his  iiand,  with  a 
clod  of  earth,  or  a  twig  or  bough,  which  he  delivers  to  the 
Lodct,  in   the  name  of  poffellion,  or  ieifin,  according  to 

the 


L  I  V 

the  purport  of  the  deed.  If  there  be  a  hotife  or  building 
on  the  land,  the  ceremony  is  to  be  done  at  the  door  of  •:, 
none  beipg  then  left  within  ;  and  the  ring  or  latch  of  the 
door  is  delivered  to  the  feoffee,  who  enters  alone,  (Tints  the 
door,  and  prcfently-  opens  it  again.  If  it  be  a  houfe  without 
knd  or  ground,  the  livery  is  made,  and  poffeffiou  given,  by 
delivery  of  t!ie  ring  or  latch  of  the  door  and  deed  only  ; 
and  where  it  is  without  deed  either  of  lands  or  tenements, 
there  the  party  declares  by  word  of  mouth,  before  witnefles, 
the  ettate  he  parts  with  ;  and  then  delivers  feifin,  or  poflef- 
iion,  as  aforefaid  :  in  which  cafe  the  land  pafles  as  well  aS  by 
deed,  by  virtue  of  the  livery  of  feifiH.  Co.  Litt.  48.  Well 
Symb.  2 J  I. 

If  the  conveyance  or  feoffment  be  of  divers  lands,  fcat- 
tered  in  one  and  the  fame  county,  livery  of  feifin  of  any 
parcel  in  the  name  of  the  reft,  fuflicetii  for  all  (Litt.  j  414-)  ; 
but  if  they  be  in  feveral  counties,  there  mull  be  as  many 
liveries  as  there  are  counties.  If  the  lan4s  be  out  on  leafe, 
though  all  lie  in  the  fame  county,  there  muil  be  as  many 
liveries  as  there  are  tenants.  (Dyer  18.)  In  all  thefc  cafes 
it  is  prudent  to  endorfe  the  livery  of  feifm  on  the  back  of 
the  deed,  fpecifying  tlie  manner,  time,  and  place  of  making 
it,  together  with  the  names  of  the  witnefTes.  Livery  in  laiu 
is  where  the  fame  is  not  made  on  the  land,  but  only  hi  fight 
of  it  ;  the  feoffor  faying  to  the  feoffee,  "  I  give  you  yonder 
land,  enter  and  take  pofreffion."  However,  this  livery  in 
law  cannot  be  given  or  received  by  attorney,  but  only  by 
the  parties  themfelves.      Co.  Litt.  48.  52. 

Anciently,  there  were  a  pair  of  gloves,  a  ring,  knife, 
an  ear  of  wheat,  S:c.  dehvcred  in  fign  of  livery  and  feifin. 

LIVERYMEN  vf  London,  are  a  number  of  perfons 
chofen  out  of  the  freemen  of  each  company.  (See  Compaky.) 
Out  of  this  body  the  common-council,  (herifTs,  aldermen, 
and  other  officers  for  the  government  of  the  city  are 
elefled  ;-  and  they  only  have  the  privilege  of  giving  their 
votes  in  common-hail  for  members  of  parliament,  &c.  from 
•  which  the  rell  of  the  citizens  are  excluded.  If  any  one  of 
the  company  refufe  to  become  a  livei  vman,  he  may  be  fined, 
and  an  aclion  of  debt  will  lie  for  the  fum. 

LlVERYiMEN,  in  N'litiiral  Hi/lory,  a  name  given  by  authors 
to  a  fort  of  caterpillars,  remarkable  for  their  variety  of 
colours.  Thefe  are  of  that  clafs  of  caterpillars  whi'^h  live 
in  communities,  and  build  themfelves  nefts  to  defend  them 
from  the  injuries  of  the  weather.  They  may  be  ranked 
among  the  procefiionary  kinds,  always  following  one  another 
with  great  order  in  their  marches  ;  but  what  is  moll  furprif- 
ing,  is  to  fee  them  ftraggle  very  far  from  their  nells,  and  this 
often,  by  feveral  repeated  windings  and  turnings,  witliout 
lofing  their  way.  Their  art,  in  doing  this,  deferves  notice, 
acd  IS  the  fame  by  which  Thefeus  got,  out  of  the  labyrinth  of 
Crete.     PhiL  Tranf.  N"  470.  p.  459. 

LIVIA  DuusiLLA,  in  Biography,  a  celebrated  Roman 
ledy,  daughter  of  Li\-iu5  Drufus  Calidianus,  who  joined  the 
party  of  Brutus  and  CafTuis,  and  killed  himfelf  after  the 
battle  of  Philippi.  She  married  Tiberius  Clandius  Nero,  by 
whom  fhe  had  two  fons,  Drufus  and  the  emperor  Tiberius. 
The  attachment  of  herhiifband  to  tiie  caule  of  Antony  was 
the  beginning  of  her  greatrefs.  Odavianus,  afterwards  the 
emperor  Auguflus,  law  her  as  fhe  fled  from  the  danger  which 
threatened  her  hufband,  and  refolved  to  marry  her,  thsiigh 
fhe  was  then  pregnant.  He  accordingly  divorced  his  wife 
Scribonia,  and  with  the  approbation  of  the  augurs  he  cele- 
brated his  nuptials  with  Livia.  She  from  tliis  moment  en- 
joyed the  entire  confidence  of  the  emperor,  and  was  in  fa  A  the 
partner  of  his  whole  reign,  enjoyi;  g  a  large  faare  of  his 
power  and  imperial  dignity.  She  gained  a  complete  afcend- 
■  ancy  over  the  mind  of  Auguflus  b)  a  conltant  obedisnce  to 


,L  I  V 

his  will :  by  nerer  expreffing  a  defire  to  dive  into  liis  fecrets, 
and  by  affecling  ignorance  of  his  amours.  Her  cluldren  by 
Druius  were  adopted  as  his  own  by  the  complying  emperor; 
and  that  (he  might  make  the  fucccifion  of  her  fon.  Tiberius, 
Drufus  bemg  dead,  more  eafy  and  undifputed,  Livia  has 
been  acciifed  of  fecretly  involving,  in  one  common  ruin,  th? 
heirs  and  nearell  relations  of  A^ugnftus.  There  are  fadls 
adduced  which  feem  to  render  the  fufpicions  of  her  bafenef* 
and  cruelty  wholly  without  fojndation.  She  has  been 
charged  with  adminiileriiig  poifan  to  her  hufband,  which  is 
rendered  exceedingly  improbable  by  the  account  we  have  of 
his  lallillnefs,  and  by  the  tendernefs  he  exprefl'ed  for  her  in 
the  laft  words  he  uttered.  By  his  will  fhe  was  inllituted  co- 
heirefs  with  Tiberius,  adopted  as  a  daughter,  and  directed 
to  affume  the  name  of  Julia  Augulla.  On  his  deification 
file  became  the  prieilefs  of  the  new  god.  Tiberius,  whofe 
elevation  had  been  the  objeft  of  her  policy,  difappointed  her 
expectation  of  fharing  with  him  ihe  imperial  power.  He 
took  pains  indeed  to  fubjetl  her  to  various  mortifications  ; 
and  at  length  there  was  an  open  rupture  between  them.  She 
died  in  the  yesr  29. 

Tiberius  negleded  her  funeral,  and  would  not  permit  public 
or  private  honours  to  be  paid  to  her  memory.  Tacitus  has 
drawn  her  characfter,  faying,  that  "  in  ilriitnefs  of  conduift. 
file  was  not  inferior  to  the  Ro'i.an  matrons  of  old,  though 
her  demeanour  was  freer  than  they  would  have  approved  ; 
that  fhe  was  an  imperious  mother,  a  compliant  wife,  and  a 
match  for  her  hufband  in  art,  and  he'r  fon.  in  dilarau- 
lation." 

Livia,  in  Ornithology,  a  name  given  by  fome  authors  to  a 
particular  fpecics  of  pigeon  called />f/<.-fl^  by  the  Greeks.    It  . 
IS  very  like  the  common  pigeon  in  ihape,  but  is  fomewhat 
fmaller,  its  legs  are  red,  and  its  beak  white,  except  that  it . 
is  a  little  purplifli  about  the  nolirils. 

It  is  all  over  grey,  but  that  the  endof  its  tail-feathers  are 
bljck,  and  there  is  a  purphfh  and  greenifli  variegation  about 
the  fides  and  fhoulders.  And  its  wing-feathers  have  fome 
white  variegations,  as  has  alfo  the  lower  part  of  the  neck. 
It  is  fuppof';-d  by  Mr.  Ray,  and  lome  others,  to  be  the  fame 
with  the  falforolla  of  the  Italians,  or  coJumba  ruptcoJa.     See 

COLUAfBA. 

I.IVINEIUS,  John,  in  Biography,  a  learned  Flemift . 
divine,  was  born  at  Denderniond  abo;:t  the  year  i '4c..  Be>- 
ing  intended  for  the  dluirch,  he  purfued  his  academical  fludics 
at  Cologne,  entered  into  holy  orders,  and  .waS'  in  a  fliorl 
time  prefented  to  a  rich  benefice  at  Liege.  .  He  was  after- 
wards promoted  to  a  canonry.  and  appointed  prece-.tor  in 
the  cathedral  church  of  that  city.  .  He  engaged  in  the  fu- 
perintLiidance  cf  the  edition  of  .P-'antin's  Greek  bible,  and 
tranflated  into  Latin  ion-.e  of  the  works  of  the  Greek 
fathers,  and  was  about  giving  to  the  public  all  the  works  of 
St  Gregory  of  Nyfleii,  wlien  he  was  cut  off  by  death  in 
15:99.  He  publifhed  "  Emeiidationes  et  Noti  in  XII. 
Panegyricos  Veteres,"  and  other  learned  works  :  and  left 
behind  him  in  MS.  tranJlatious  of  the  tragedies  of  Euripides, 
and  of  the  works  of  Athcnacus.      Gen.Biog. 

J^IVINETHAL,    m     Geography.       See     Levaxtixe 

yr    II  ^     i    ^ 

y  alley. 

LIVINGSTON,  a  cou;;ty  of  Keii'ueky,  in  America,  . 

boundc-d  N.  by  the  Ohio,  W.  by  the  MiflLilippi,  and.S.  by 

Teneffee ;   70.   miles  long    and   60  broad.     Tiie    principal 

rivers  are  the  Cumberland   and  Tenefl'ee.      It  contains  2787  ■ 

inhabitant;-,   of  whom  444  are  Haves.      Alfo,  a  large  town- 

fhip  in  Columbia  county.  New  York,  extending    from  the 

E   bank  of  Hudfon  river  to  the  Maifachufctts    line.    S.  of 

Hudfon  adjoining.     It  conuins  7405  inhabitants,  of  whom 

213  are  ilavcs... 

LIVIS.  - 


L  I  V 

I.IVISTONA,  in  Botany,  named  by  Mr.  Brown,  in 
memory  of  the  right  honourable  Patrick  Murray,  lord  Livi- 
ftone,  the  friend  of  fir  Andrew  Balfour,  who,  when  the  Edin- 
burgh botanic  garden  was  tirll  eilablilhed,  greatly  enriched  it 
from  his  own  private  colleftion,  where  he  had  above  a  thou- 
fand  fpecies  in  cultivation.  This  nobleman  travelled  over 
France  in  fearch  of  plants,  where  he  died  of  a  fever,  about  the 
niddlo  of  the  feventeenth  century.  Brown  Prodr.  Nov. 
Holl.  V.  I.  267.  -  Clafs  and  order,  Hcxandna  Mono^ynia. 
Nat.  Ord.  Pnlmi. 

Ed".  Ch.  Calyx  deeply  three-cleft.  Corolla  deeply  thrce- 
cleft.  Filaments  feparate,  dilated  at  their  bafe.  Germens 
three,  cohering.  Styles  three,  united  into  one.  Stigma 
imdivided.  lierry  folitary,  of  one  cell.  Seed  folitary  ; 
albumen  with  a  ventral  cavity  ;  embryo  at  the  back. 

A  genus  of  Palms,  whofe  leaves  are  palmate,  or  fome- 
what  pinnate,  their  fegmcnts  cloven  at  #he  extremities.  It 
(hould  ftand  between  Corypha  and  Chamnrops.  Latan'ia 
chlnrnfis  of  .lacquin's  Fra^menta,  p.  16.  t.  1 1.  i.  I,  is  thought 
by  Mr.  Brown  to  belong  to  this  genus.  'rw9  fpecies  of  it 
were    found  by  him  in  the  fropical  part  of  N'ew  Holland. 

t.  Ij.'tnennls.  Segments  of  the  leaves  with  intermediate 
threads.  Footllaiks  without  thorns.  Stem  from  14  to  30 
feet  high. 

2.  L.  hiimilis.  Segments  of  the  leaves  with  intermedi- 
ate threads.  Footllaiks  thorny.  Stem  from  four  to  fix 
feet  high. 

LIVIUS  AxDRONKUs,  in  Biography,  is  regarded  as 
the  moft  ancient  of  the  Roman  poets.  He  was  the  firft  who 
attempted  to  compofe  r.  drama  in  verfe,  which  he  himfelf 
fung  and  acfted,  while  a  player  on  the  flute  accompanied  him 
in  unifon  to  keep  him  in  tune.  He  was  encored  and  obliged 
to  repeat  his  pieces  fo  often,  that  he  loft  his  voice  ;  and  be- 
ing unable  to  fing  or  declaim  any  longer,  he  was  allowed  to 
have  a  Have  to  fmg,  while  he  only  aCted  the  part  behind  him. 
Hence  came  the  cuftom  of  dividing  the  declamation  or 
melody  of  the  piece,  with  which  the  Roman  people  were 
Extremely  delighted.  This  poet  flourifhcd  240  B.  C.  Livy 
and  Prieltley. 

I.,IUNG,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Weft 
Gothland  ;  eight  miles  S.  of  Uddevalla.  — Alfo,  a  town  of 
Sweden,  in  Eaft  Gothland  ;  eight  miles  N.N.W.  of  Lin- 
kioping. 

LIUNGBY,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of  Sko- 
nen  ;    16  miles  E.  of   Helfnigborg. 

LIVNI,  a  town  of  Rufiia,  in  the  government  of  Orel, 
on  the  Sofva  ;  84  miles  E.  of  Orel.  N.  lat.  53"  58'.  E. 
long.  38    22'. 

LIV  OE,  a  fmall  ifland  of  Denmark,  in  Lymfiord  gulf; 
having  upon  it  a  village.     N.  lat.  56^  53'.    E.  long.  9   6'. 

LIVC)NIA,  the  name  of  an  ancient  province  of  Ruffia, 
which,  including  EJlhonia  (which  fee),  lies  in  N.  lat.  5S  , 
ami  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  gulf  of  Finland,  on  the 
E.  by  Novogorod,  on  the  S.  by  Poland,  and  on  the  W.  by 
the  Baltic  ;  being  190  miles  from  N.  to  S.,  and  iSo  trom 
W.  to  E  ,  and  containing  72^,300  inhabitants.  This  pro- 
vince abounds  in  lakes,  forells,  marfhes,  and  rivers  ;  but 
many  dillricts  are  exceedingly  fertile,  yielding  great  quanti- 
ties of  rye  and  other  grain,  flax,  hemp,  and  iinfeed,  which 
are  exported  to  Sweden,  Germany,  and  other  countries  ;  fo 
that  Livonia  has  been  called  the  granary  of  the  north.  It  has 
feveral  pood  harbours  conveniently  fituated  for  trade.  Peipus 
•lake,  about  15  leagues  long,  and  ten  broad,  has  a  commu- 
nication with  the  gulf  of  Finland  by  the  river  Narva.  This 
country,  formerly  claimed  by  feveral  neighbouring  princes, 
frequently  changed  mafters.  Livonia,  or  Lettland,  as  it  was 
called,  together  with  Efthonia,  Courland,  and  Semigallia, 


L  I  V 

being  provinces  on  the  Baltic,  belonged  in  tlie  earliell  times 
to  the  Riiilian  (late,  and  had  even  a  fliare  in  the  founding  ol 
it.      (See  Lkttks.)      But  Livonia  had  then  no  fettled  con- 
ftitution,  nor  was  it  bound   to  the  parent  ftate  by  any  firm 
political  tie.     To  the  reft  of  Europe  it  remained  generally 
unknown,  till  in   the  year    iijS  it   was  difcovered  by  fome 
merchants  of  Bremen,  in    their  fearch  of  new  branches  of 
commerce  towards  the  north.     Thefe  mariners  landed  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Duna,  opened  a  trade   with  the  inhabitants, 
returned  thither  feveral  times,  and  at  length  proceeded,  with 
till?  confent  of  the  natives,  along  the  (horea  of  the  Duna,  or 
Dwina,  many  miles  up  the  country.     About  eighteen  years 
after  the  difcovery,  an  AuguHine  monk,  named  Meinhard, 
fettled  in  Livonia,  profelyted  the  Livonians  to  Cliriftianity, 
and  became  their  bifliop,  upon  which  many  Germans,  at  va- 
rious   times,    weie    induced    to    repair    thither  alfo.     The 
time  of  the  arrival  of  Meinhard  is  not  precifely  aicertained. 
Some    pretend  that   it  was  in    11 70,  others  in  11S6.     The 
fuccefs  of  the  monk  was  promoted   by  the  fervice  which  he 
rendered  to  his  own  countrymen,  in  repuliing    the  Lithua- 
nians, who  had  made  an  incurfion   upon   them.      He  Hated 
to  them  the  necefTity  of  conllrutling  a  ttrong  fortrefs,  and 
he  aided  them  in  aceomplifliing  this  objtft,  on  condition  of 
their  being  bapti/.ed.     But  they  were  reludant  in  complying 
with  this  condition,  and  many  of  them  relapfed  to  P.iganifm. 
Ml  inhard  was    difappointed    in   his  benevolent  efforts,  and 
prevented  by  force  from  returning  with  his  clergy  to    Ger- 
many, hcj  died    among   them,  more  of  grief  than  of  age. 
After    his    death,    Berthold,  abbot   of    the    monallery    of 
Loc.kum,  in  Hanover,  was   eletled  bifho^,  and   arriving  in 
Livonia,  though  not  without  reludlance,  in  the  year  1197, 
he  recommended  himfelf  by  giving  them  frequent  entertain- 
ments :   but  the  ardour  of  their  attachment  foon  abated,  and 
he  was  conftrained  by  ill  ufage  to  leave  the  country.    Heap- 
plied  to  Gothland  and  to  Lower  Saxony  for  fuccour ;  and 
the  pope  afiiftcd  liim  by  caufing  a  crufade  to  be   preached 
againft  the  heathens  of  Livonia.     In  1 198  he  returned  hither« 
with  an  army  of  foldiers.    The  Livonians  prepared  to  fight, 
took  the  field  to  relift  the  invaders.   A  truce  was  concluded, 
which  was  foon  broken  on  the  part  of  the  heathens,  by  the 
affafTination    of  feveral    Germans.      Berthold    declared  war, 
and  in  a  bloody  battle  which  enfued,  fell  by  the  fvvord.  The 
heathens,  however,  were   at  length  routed,  and  when  their 
corn-fields  were  laid  walle  by  the  Chriftians,  they  lued  for 
peace,  and  flocked  in  numbers  to  be  baptized.      Upon  this 
the  Germans  returned  home  ;  but  they  were  no  fooner  cm- 
barked,  than  the  Livonians  bathed  in  the   Dwina,  in  order, 
as  they   faid,  to  wafh  away  their  baptifm  and  Cliriftianity  to- 
gether.      They  alfo  plundered  thofe  that  remained,  and  put 
upwards  of  100  to    death.     The   Livonians   alfo   refolved, 
that    all  priefts  «ho  ftiould  be  found  in  the   country  after- 
Eafter  1199,  fhouldbe  flain.     A  fimilarfate  alfo  awaited  the 
merchants.     Thefe    ranfomed  their    lives,    but    the    clergy 
were  forced  to  fly   to  Lower   Saxony.     The  monk  Mein- 
hard, and  the  abbot  Berthold,  were  lucceeded  by  Albrecht, 
who,  being  eleftcd  bifhop,  arrived  in  Livonia  with  twenty- 
three   ftiips.     The  Livonians  became  Chriftians  for  fear   of 
ftarving.     Albrecht  employed  vaiiant  men,  from  whom  the 
bifliopric  might  expeft  continual   protedlion  ;  and  with  this 
view  he  gave  ample   fiefs  to  fome   courageous  nobles.     He 
eftabliflied  alfo  a  ftanding  army,  and  deviled   other  methods 
for  eftablilhing  Cliriftianity   in   the    country.      In    I20l    he 
built  the  city  of  Riga,  and  transferred  hither  the  cathedral 
chapter,  where   he   alfo    built  a  monaftery.     In    the  mean 
while   the  clergy  difperfcd  tliemfelves  thiough  the  country, 
in  order  to  teach  and  to  baptize.      In  procefs  of  time  other 
means  were  ufed  to  accamplilh  the  converfion  of  the  Livo- 
nians. 


L  I  V 


L  I  V 


tiians.  In  tlic  year  1 105  Andrew,  archbifhop  of  Limdcii, 
vifited  Ri^a,  and  bavint;  acquired  the  reputation  of  a  learned 
<iivine  by  his  Itudies  in  Italy,  France,  and  England,  gave 
leftures  of  theolojjy  to  the  clergy  of  that  city  ;  and  by  his 
advice  the  vicar  of  the  bifhop  of  Riga  fcnt  priefts  among  the 
Liivonians,  divided  the  country  into  dillinift  parifhes,  and 
caufed  them  not  merely  to  be  baptifed,  bnt  to  beprevioudy 
inftrufted.  Churches  were  a!fo  erefted.  From  Livonia 
Chriftianity  was  diffufed,  againit  much  oppofition,  among 
the  Elthonians.  In  the  year  1522,  the  reformation  found 
its  way  into  Liefland,  by  a  preacher,  who,  having  been 
driven  out  of  Pomerania,  fled  to  Riga.  The  doClrine  of 
Luther  was  eagerly  embraced  ;  and  the  Popifli  ritual,  after- 
wards patronized  on  the  part  of  Poland,  had,  on  the  whole,  no 
influence  to  its  detriment.  By  the  tenth  article  of  the  treaty 
of  Ny  (ladt,  the  Greek  religion  is  fecured  in  the  free  exercife  of 
its  rites.  In  Riga  there  is  a  church  for  the  ufe  of  the  Cal- 
vixifts,  and  the  Catholics  ai-e  allowed  the  exercife  of  their 
■worfhip.  In  Liefland  it  may  be  julUy  faid  that  every  man 
may  follow  his  own  perfuafion  in  matters  of  religion  without 
the  leaft  moleftation.  Here  alfo  count  Zinzendorf  has  found 
many  friends  to  his  church  inftitution. 

Saon  after  the  converfion  of  the  Livonians,  the  bifliop,  in 
the  year  1  201,  founded  the  order  of  the  Sword-brethren,  af- 
terwards called  Knights-Templars,  and  granted  them  the 
third  part  of  the  country  with  all  rights  of  fovereignty,  for 
conquering  and  preferving  Livonia.  Thefe  knights  were 
all  Germans,  who  profelyted  the  natives  to  Chriftianity  with 
great  fuccefs,  though  not  without  bloodflied,  and  made  them 
their  vafTals.  They  afterwards  united  themfelves  with  the 
Teutonic  order  in  Pruffia,  to  whom  Valslimar  III.,  king  of 
Denmark,  in  1386,  fold  Efthonia  for  the  fum  of  18,000 
marks  of  llandard  gold.  In  the  year  ij2i  the  Livonian 
heermeifter  Plettenberg  again  feparatcd  from  the  Teutonic 
order,  and  was  admitted  by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  among 
the  princes  of  the  German  empire.  The  attempts  made  by 
Czar  Ivan  Vaffillievitch  II,  to  reconquer  thefe  provinces 
which  had  been  torn  from  the  Ruffian  empire,  and  the  weak- 
nefs  of  the  order,  which  felt  itfelf  not  in  a  capacity  to  reiift 
fo  po'.vertul  an  enemy,  at  length,  in  1561,  effected  the  com- 
plete reparation  of  the  Livonian  Hate.  Efthonia  put  itfelf 
under  the  protettionof  Sweden,  Livonia  united  with  Poland, 
and  Courland  was  a  peculiar  dukedom  under  Polifli  fupre- 
macy,  which  the  iall  heermeifter  Gotthard  Kettler  held  as 
a  fief  of  that  crown.  From  this  era  Livonia  became  the 
unhappy  object  of  contention,  for  which  Sweden,  Ruflia, 
and  Poland,  for  an  entire  century,  were  continually  exhauft- 
ing  themfelves  in  bloody  wars.  Sweden  at  laft  obtained  the 
dominion,  and  at 'the  peace  of  Oliva  in  1660  added  this 
province  to  the  pofTeflion  of  Etlhonia.  Both  countries  finally, 
after  a  war  of  20  years,  came  to  the  Rnflians  by  the  treaty 
of  Nylladt  in  17^1  ;  and  form  at  prefent  the  viceroyalties 
of  Riga  and  Revel.  Thefe  two  governments  are  fuppofed 
to  contain  24,000  geographical  fqnare  miles.  This  country 
formerly  contained  a  conGderable  number  of  towns  and  vil- 
Uges,  but  by  wars  and  inteftine  commotions,  moll  of  theni 
•were  dcttroyed.     See  Riga  and  Revel. 

The  tra£t  of  country  called  Polifh  Livonia,  which,  under 
the  government  of  the  Teutonic  order,  formed  likewife  a 
part  of  the  Livonian  ftate,  reverted  in  the  year  1561,  with 
the  whole  province  of  that  name,  to  Poland.  At  the  peace 
cf  Ohva,  by  which  Livonia  came  under  the  fovereignty  of 
Sweden,  this  fole  diftrift  however  remained  to  the  Pohfli 
ftate,  retaining  from  that  time  its  name  in  contradiftinttion 
to  Swedifh  Livonia.  On  the  partition  in  177?,  this  country, 
which  had  liitherto  conltituted  its  particular  voivodefliip,  was 
annexed  to  RuiTia,  and  now  comprehends  the  two  circles  of 
■  Vol.  XXI. 


Dunabnrjj    and    Refitza,  in    the    viceroyalty  of    Polatfiv. 
Tooke's  View  of  the  Rufiian  Empire,  vol.  i. 

LIVONICA  TiiKH.A,  in  the  Maicna  Mcd'ica,  a  kiiid  of 
fine  bole  ufed  in  the  fliops  of  Germany  and  Italy,  of  which 
there  are  two  fpecies,  the  yellow  and  the  red.  (See  BoLE.) 
The  dillinguidung  charafters  of  which  are  thefe. 

The ycUo'df  lA-vonian  carib  is  a  pure  and  perfectly  fine  bole, 
of  a  fliattery  friable  texture,  confiderably  heavy,  and  of  a 
dull  dulky  yellow,  which  has  ufually  iome  faint  blufli  of 
rednefs  in  it.  It  is  of  a  fmooth  furface,  and  does  not  ftain 
the  hands ;  it  adheres  firmly  to  the  tongue,  and  melts  freely 
in  the  mouth,  leaving  no  grittinefs  between  the  teeth,  and 
ferments  not  at  all  with  acid  menftrua.  In  a  moderate  fire 
it  acquires  fome  additional  hardnefs,  and  a  darker  colour. 
It  has  been  efteemed  a  fndorific  and  an  aftringent. 

The  red Lh'onlan  earth  is  an  impure  bole  of  a  loofe  texture, 
and  a  dull  red.  It  is  of  a  fmooth  furface,  breaks  eafily  be- 
tween the  fingers,  and  flightly  ftains  the  hands.  It  melts 
freely  in  the  mouth,  has  a  very  ftrong  aftringent  talte,  but 
leaves  a  grittinefs  between  the  teeth,  and  is  alkaline.  It  ac- 
quires a  conlidcrable  hardnefs  in  the  fire,  and  becomes  of  a. 
paler  colour  with  a  Itrong  caft  of  yellowilh-brown. 

Thefe  earths  are  both  dug  out  of  the  fame  pit,  in  the 
place  from  whence  they  have  their  name,  and  in  fome  other 
parts  of  the  world.  They  are  generally  brought  to  us  made 
up  in  little  cakes,  and  fealed  with  the  imprefCon  of  a  church, 
and  an  efcutcheon  with  two  crofskeys,  and  recommended  in 
diarrhccas,  dyfenteries,   &c. 

LIVORNINA,  an  old  coin  of  Leghorn,  equal  in  value 
to  4J.  ^id.  fterling. 

LIVORNO,  in  Geography.     See  Leghorn. 

l.IUR,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Weft  Gothland;  33  miles 
N-E.  of  Gotheborg. 

LIVRE,  a  French  money  of  account,  in  the  old  fyf- 
tem,  confining  of  twenty  fols ;  each  fol  containing  twelve 
deniers  and  four  liards. 

The  origin  of  the  word  is  derived  hence,  that  ancientlj 
the  Roman  libra,  or  pound,  was  the  ftandard  by  which  the 
French  money  was  regulated  ;  twenty  fols  being  made  equal 
to  the  libra.  By  degrees  the  libra  became  a  term  of  ac- 
count ;  fo  that  any  com  juft  worth  twenty  fols  was  a  livre, 
or  libra;  and  fince  the  time  of  Charlemagne,  all  contraft* 
have  been  made  on  the  foot  of  this  imaginary  coin ; 
though  the  fols  have  frequently  changed  their  weight  and 
alloy. 

The  livre  is  of  two  kinds,  Tourrois  and  Parl/is. 

LiviiE  'Tourriuis,  as  above,  contains  twenty  lols  Tournoi', 
and  each  fol  twelve  deniers  Tournois. 

Livre  Parijis,  is  twenty  fols  Parifis,  each  fol  Parifis 
worth  twelve  deniers  Parifis,  or  fifteen  deniers  Tournois ;  fo 
that  a  livre  Parifis  is  equivalent  to  twenty-five  fols  Tournois  ; 
the  word  Parifis  being  ufed  in  oppofition  to  Tournois,  on 
account  of  the  rate  of  money,  which  was  one-fourth  higher 
at  Paris  than  at  Tonrs. 

The  franc  and  livre  were  formerly  fynonimous  ;  but  in 
the  coinage  of  179),  the  franc  was  made  too  heavy,  and  its 
value  was  accordingly  raifed  i  j  per  cent.  :  thus,  So  franci 
=  81  hvres.  In  1796,  it  was  ordered  that  the  piece  of 
five  francs  fliould  pafs  for  five  livrcs  one  fol  three  deniers 
Tournois,  from  which  the  proportion  ot  the  franc  to  the 
livre  of  100  to  10 1  x  is  determined  ;  but  the  accuracy  of  thig 
proportion  has  been  queftioned  by  writers  of  the  firft  autho- 
rity, who  have  calculated  it  to  be  as  100  to  loii.  Sep 
Coi.vs,  Exci!.\NGE,  and  Money. 

For  an  account  of  the  coin  and  money  of  account,  both 
under  the  old  and  new  fyftem  of  1795,  fee  Monfy. 

There  have  fince  been  pieces  of  gold  Uruck  ul  twenty  foI» 
-.  D  d  value  ; 


L  I  V 

▼aliie;  and  under  Henry  HI.  in  ijyj,  pieces  of  filver  of 
like  value  :  both  the  one  and  the  other  were  called  francs  ; 
and  thus  the  imai;iiiary  coin  became  real.  It  appears  that 
the  Romans  had  alfo  a  kind  of  money,  which  tliey  called 
libra,  or  Itbclla  ;  which  was  the  tenth  part  of  their  denarius  ; 
fo  called,  becaiifc  equivalent  to  an  as,  w  hich  at  firft  weighed 
a  libra  or  po'jnd  of  copper.  Scaliger  adds, .that  they  iifed 
libra  as  a  term  of  account,  not  as  a  coin  :  "  Libra  erat  col- 
leflio  nummorum,  non  nummus." 

I.IVRE  Ouvcrl,  Fr.  Ill  MiJ:c.  To  fine:  or  play  a  lii-re  oaverl, 
is  equivalent  to  playing  or  luigmg  a:/ight,  at  the  opening  of  a 
book.  All  mulicians  pique  themlelves  on  being  able  to 
perform  a  mufical  compofition  at  fight,  without  previous 
Itudy  or  praftice  ;  but  RonfiVau  very  jul\ly  obferves,  that 
there  are  few  who,  in  this  kind  of  execution,  feize  tlic  true 
fpirit  of  the  autiior,  and  who,  though  they  hit  tlie  right 
notes,  do  not  millake  the  cxpreffion. 

LIUSD.VL,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Helfingland  ;  32  miles  W.M.W.  of  Hudwickf- 
wal. 

LIUSNABRUCK,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province 
•f  Helfingland  ;  J  miles  S.  of  Soderhamn. 

LIUSNAN,  a  river  of  Sweden,  which  rifcs  in  the 
mountains  of  Hariedalen,  and  diicharges  i'.felf  into  the  gulf 
of  Bothnia;  8  miies  S.  of  Soderhamn.  N.  lat.  61  15'.  E. 
long.  17". 

LIUSTARNO,  an  ifland  of  Sweden,  in  the  Baltic. 
N.  lat    99   jo'.   E.  long.  18   _:;o'. 

LIUSTORP,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Medelpadia ;  15 
miles  N.  of  Sundfwall. 

LIUSUDBORG,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Nericia ;  40 
miles  N.  of  Orcbro. 

LIUTPRAND,  in  Biography,  an  hillorical  writer  of 
the  tenth  century,  faid  by  fome  authors  to  have  been  a 
Spaniard,  by  others  an  Italian.  His  father  was  in  the  con- 
fidence of  Hugo,  king  of  Italy  ;  and  the  fon,  while  very 
young,  was  placed  in  the  court  of  Berenger  II.,  who  ob- 
tained the  kingdom  by  difpofrefling  Hugo,  and  was  fent  by 
him  ambaffiidor  to  the  Greek  emperor,  Conflantine  Porphy- 
rogcnitus,  on  account  of  his  intimate  acquaintance  with  the 
Greek  language.  Lofing  the  favour  of  his  own  mailer,  he 
was  obliged,  in  958,  to  go  an  exile  to  Germany,  where  he 
compofed  the  hillory  of  his  own  times,  which  is  extant. 
The  fall  of  Berenger,  who  was  ilript  of  his  dominions,  in 
061,  by  Otho  I.,  rcflored  Liutprand  to  his  country;  and 
he  was  foon  after  confecrated  bilhop  of  Cremona.  In 
quality  of  this  office,  he  attended  an  afiVmbly  of  bilhops  at 
Rome  in  96J,  in  oppofition  to  the  pope,  John  XII.  He 
was  again  lent  an.bafT-  dor  to  the  court  cf  Conllantinople,  in 
the  name  of  Otho,  to  f^jlicit  the  daughttr  of  the  Greek  em- 
peror f  >r  the  fon  of  0:ho  :  he  was  unfuccefsful ;  and  being 
much  hurt  at  the  reception  lie  met  wi;h,  he  fatiri/.ed  the 
pride  and  ignorance  of  the  court  in  an  account  of  his  cm- 
balTy,  an  exed  to  his  hiflory.  The  time  of  his  death  has 
not  been  afcertained  ;  but  his  figaature  occurs  in  a  fynod 
held  at  Ravenna  in  970,  under  the  title  of  Liuzio,  bi(hop 
of  Cremona.  This  hiilorical  work  of  Liutprand  confifts  of 
fix  books,  of  i\  hich  fome  of  the  latter  chapters  arc  fuppofed 
to  have  been  written  by  another  hand.  It  has  patTed 
througli  feveral  editions :  the  laft  is  that  of  Muratori,  in  his 
«•  Sciintorrs  Rernm  Ital  " 

LIUrZIN,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Rudia,  in  the  go-   . 
Ternment  of   Puljtik  ;  60  n.ilos  N.N.VV.  of  Polotdc.     N. 
lat,  56    25'.   E.  long.  27-  34'. 

;1.IVY,  Tnus  Livius,  in  Biography,  an  eminent  Ro- 
min  Iiiftorian,  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  a  -'.live  of  Padua. 
He  came  to  Rome  iii  the  reign  of  Aiiguflus,  and  was  ad- 

8 


L  I  X 

mitted  to  the  familiarity  of  feveral  perfons  of  rank,  and  of 
the  emperor  himfelf.  He  made  himfelf  known  by  fome 
piiilofophical  dialogues ;  but  his  literary  reputation  was 
principally  built  upon  his  Roman  hiftor)-,  which  enjoys  a 
perpetual  celebrity  :  no  work  of  the  kind  was  ever  reeeiv'.d 
with  greater  :ipplaiife.  Few  particulars  of  his  life  are 
known  ;  yet  his  fame  was  fo  univcrfaliy  fpread,  even  in  his 
life  time,  that  a  perfon  traverfed  Spain,  Gaul,  and  Italy, 
merely  to  fee  the  man  whofe  writings  had  given  hiin  fuch 
pleafurc  and  fallsfaition  in  the  peruial.  Livy  died  at 
Padua  irj  his  67th  year,  and,  according  to  fome,  on  that 
fame  day  Rome  was  alfo  deprived  of  another  of  its  brightcll 
ornaments  by  the  death  of  Ovid.  I^ivy  wrote  a  letter,  ad- 
dreffed  to  his  fon,  on  the  merit  of  authors,  which  is  greatly 
commended  by  Quintilian,  who  expatiates  with  great 
v.'armth  and  ardour  on  the  judgment  and  candour  of  the 
writer.  His  Roman  hillory  was  comprehended  in  140 
book?,  of  which  only  35  are  extant.  It  began  with  tlie 
foundation  of  Rome,  and  was  continued  till  the  death  of 
Drufus  in  Germany.  The  merit  of  this  hiflory  is  well- 
knoH'n,  and  the  high  rank  which  l.ivy  holds  among  hif- 
torians  will  never  be  difputcd.  His  llyle  is  clear  and  intcl- 
ligible,  laboured  without  affeftation,  difiulive  without  tcdi- 
oulnefs,  and  argumentative  without  pedantry.  His  defcrip- 
tion.s  are  fingularly  lively  and  pifturefque  ;  and  there  are- 
few  fpecimens  of  oratory  fiiperior  to  that  of  many  of  the 
fpeeches  with  which  his  narratives  are  copionlly  intcrfperfed. 
Of  the  editions  of  Livy,  thofe  moll  elleemed  are  tiiat  of 
Gronovius  cum  Notis  variorum,  3  vols.  Svo.  Lugd.  B» 
1679;  of  Le  Clerc,  Amft.  10  vols- ;  of  Crevier,  6  vols.  ; 
of  Drakenborch,  Amll.  7  vols.  Livy's  works  have  been 
divided  by  fome  moderns  into  14  decades,  earfi  confilling 
ot  10  books.  The  iirft  decade  comprehends  the  liiflory  of 
460  years.  The  fecond  decade  is  loll,  and  the  tliird  in- 
cludes the  hillory  of  the  fecond  Punic  war,  or  a  fpace  of 
about  18  years.  In  the  fourth  decade,  Livy  treats  of  the 
wars  with  Macedonia  and  Antiochus,  which  contain  2^ 
years.  For  the  firft  five  books  of  tlie  fifth  decade  we  are 
indebted  to  the  refearches  of  the  moderns.'  They  were 
found  at  Worms,  in  tlie  year  1451.  Thefc  are  the  remains 
of  Livy's  hillory.  Freinfliemius,  with  great  induftry  and 
attention,  has  made  an  epitome  of  the  Roman  hillory,  which, 
is  now  incorporated  with  the  remaining  books  of  Livy. 

LIW,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Warfaw  ; 
40  miles  E.  of  Warlaw. 

LIXEME,  a  town  of  Pruffia,  in  Cberland;  5  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Saalfeldt. 

LIXIVIOUS,  Lixivi.M.,  or  Ll.tlvlak,  in  Cbemljlry, 
is  underltood  of  falts  extraded  trom  burnt  vegetables  by 
lotion. 

Lixivious  falts  are  the  fixed  falts  of  plants,  &c.  extraiJled 
by  calcining  the  plants,  or  reducing  them  to  tlhes,  and  after- 
wards making  a  lixivium  of  thofe  afties  witii  water. 

Mr.  Boyle  obferves,  that  the  differejicc  betv.-ccn  lixivious 
and  urinous  falts  confills  in  this,  that  the  former  change 
the  dilTnlution  of  fublimate  in  common  water  into  a  yel- 
low colour,  which  the  latter  do  not.  See  Alkali  ai.d 
Salt. 

LIXIVIUM,  Lev,  or  Lees,  a  liquor  made  by  the  in- 
fufion  of  wood-alhes  ;  or,  it  denotes  any  alkaline  fclulion, 
made  by  lixiviating  peail,  or  wood,  or  other  allies. 

What  is  left  after  ihe  evaporation  of  fuch  a  liquor  is  called 
a  lixivious  fait ;  fuch  as  all  thofe  are  which  are  made  by  in- 
cineration. 

Lixiviums  are  of  ufe,  not  only  in  medicine,  but  alfo  \n 
bleaching,  fiigar-work«,  See.  See  raE.\ciiiNc;,  Sugab, 
awl  Pot-ashes. 

Lixivium 


L  I  X 

Lixivium  Mm-th,  in  Med-dne,  a  form  of  medicine  intro- 
duced into  pradice  in  the  London  Difponfatory.  The 
manner  of  preparing  it  is  to  fet  the  matter  remaining  in  the  re- 
tort after  tlie  fubliming  of  the  £ores  martis,  in  a  damp  place, 
where  by  means  of  the  moiiiure  of  the  air  it  will  run  into  a 
liquor.     See  Flokes  Martiaks,  and  Irox. 

Lixivium  Saponaiivm,  Soap-lees,  Aqua  lal'i  purl,  P.  L. 
T7S7;  Liquor  pot  njfie,  P.  L.  1 809 ;  a  liquor  that  has  been 
iT!ucli  ufed  in  medicine  in  cafes  of  the  ilone  (fee  LlTllON- 
TRli'Tic)  ;  and  when  intended  for  this  ufe,  it  is  to  be  made 
fomething  kfs  ftrong  than  for  the  foap-boilers'  ufe,  and 
fhould  be  prepared  in  the  following  manner.  Take  Ruflia 
pot-afh,  and  qnick-lime,  of  each  an  equal  quantity  ;  though 
pure  alkaline  fait  requires  commonly  about  twice  its  weiglit 
of  qiiick-'.ime  to  render  it  completely  cauftic,  which  is  known 
by  the  ley  making  no  effervefcence  with  acids  :  throw  water 
on  them  in  fmall  quantities  till  the  lime  is  Piaked  ;  then  throw 
on  more  water,  and  ftir  the  whole  tocjether,  luffering  it  to 
ftand  for  a  day  or  two,  that  the  fait  of  the  afhes  may  be  dif- 
foived ;  after  fome  time  pour  the  liquor,  filtered  through 
paper,  if  needful,  into  another  veflcl.  A  true  itandard 
wine-pint  of  this  liquor  meafurcd  with  the  greateft  exa6\nefs, 
onght  to  weigh  jult  fixteen  ounces  troy.  If  it  be  found 
on  trial  to  be  heavier  than  this,  for  every  drachm  it  exceeds 
that  weight,  an  ounce  and  a  half  of  water  is  to  be  added 
to  each  pint :  but  if  it  be  hghter  than  this,  it  muft  be  either 
boiled  to  this  ftandard,  or  elfe  poured  upon  treih  lime  and 
aihes.  - 

The  makers  of  foft  foap  with  us  prepare  their  lees  fo 
much  llronner  than  this,  that  to  be  reduced  to  this  ftand- 
ard, it  requires  to  be  diluted  with  an  equal  quantity  of  fair 
water. 

Quick-lime  has  the  property  of  increaftng  confiderably  the 
caulticity  of  all  fixed  alkalies,  by  abforbing  their  fixable  air 
or  gas.     See  Lime. 

This  caullic  ley,  evaporated  to  drynefs,  furnifhes  an  alka- 
line fait  exceedingly  acrid,  which  being  melted  in  a  crucible 
becomes  what  is  called  common  csujlh  ;  becaufe  when  it  is 
applied  to  the  f!<in,  it  rriakes  an  efchar,  pierces  it,  and  leaves 
an  ulcer,  the  fuppuration  of  which,  when  continued,  is 
call.'d  an  l^:ie.  Caultic  alkali  has  not  only  much  greater 
diHolving  power,  but  it  isalfo  much  more  deliquelcent,  and 
attracts  much  more  powerfully  the  ir.oifture  of  the  air,  than 
ordinary  alkali.  This  inconvenience  is  avoided  by  boiling 
down  the  foap  ley  only  to  one-fourth  part,  and  then,  while 
the  liquor  continues  boiling,  fprinkling  in,  by  little  and 
little,  io  much  powdered  quick-lime  as  will  abforb  it,  fo  as 
to  form  a  kind  of  pafte. 

The  liquor  potajfs,  or  folution  of  potafs,  of  the  laft  Lon- 
don Pharmacopeia,  is  prepared  by  diffolving  a  pound  of 
fubcarboiiate  of  potafs,  i.  e.  the  kali  praeparatum,  P.  1,. 
1787,  or  fal  abfinthii,  fal  tartari  of  P.  L.  1745,  '"  '■^^'" 
pints  of  boiling  diltiiled  water  ;  then  adding  three  quarts  of 
the  water  to  a  pound  of  lime  nevvly  prepared  :  mix  the 
liquors  while  ihey  are  hot,  ftir  them  together,  then  fet  by 
the  mixture  in  a  covered  veffel,  and,  after  it  has  cooled, 
ftrain  the  folution  through  a  cotton  bag.  If  any  diluted 
acid,  dropped  into  the  folution,  occafion  the  extrication  of 
bubbles  of  gas,  more  lime  muft  be  added,  and  the  mixture 
llraincd  again.  This  folution  is  more  denfe  than  water, 
and,  when  (haken,  appears  like  oil. 

LrxiviuM  Tartari,  the  name  given  in  the  London  Dif- 
penfatory  of  174J  to  the  liquor  called  by  moll  authors,  as 
in  P.  Ij.  1720,  oil  of  tartar  per  deliquium  ;  in  P.  L.  17S7. 
aqua  kali  praparati ;  and  in  P.  L.  1809,  liquor  potajpe  ful- 
carbonatis.  This  is  made  of  tartar,  which  is  to  be  calcined 
to  a  whitenefs,  and  then  fet  in  a  damp  place,  where  it  will 


L  I  Z 

liquify  by  the  moiflure  of  the  air.  The  liquor  thus  pra- 
cured  is  more  pure  than  if  the  calcined  tartar  were  diftblved 
diredlly  in  water. 

In  the  lall  P.  L.  it  is  direfted  to  be  prepared  by  dif- 
folving a  pound  of  fubcarbonate  of  potafs  m  twelve  fluid 
ounces  of  dillilled  water,  and  then  ftraining  the  folution 
through  paper.  I'his  folution  will,  in  the  ordinary  ftatd.ot 
the  fubcarbonate,  amount  to  nearly  18  ounces  in  bulk. 

LIXURI,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  the  ifland  of  Cepha- 
lonia  ;    1 2,  miles  \V .  of  Cephalonia. 

LIZARD,  in  AJlronomy.     See  Lacbrta. 

Lizard,  in  Natural  Hijlory.  Having,  in  various  parts  of 
our  work,  referred  to  the  article  Lacekta,  of  w4iich,  in  its 
proper  place,  we  were  difappointed,  we  Ihall  now,  it  bei;:g 
the  firft  opportunity  aft'orded  us  after  the  omilTion,  give  an 
account  of  the  ivhole  genus,  including  a  great  variety  of 
animals,  which,  although  they  poii'efs  many  charafters  in 
common,  yet  exhibit  confiderr.ble  diflerences  in  their  eco- 
nomy and  habits,  and  alio  in  their  ftrufture  and  erternjl 
form. 

For  the  anatomical  defcription  of  this  genus,  we  refer  to 
the  article  Reptiles. 

The  genus  lacerta  has  by  fome  naturaliils  been  regarded 
as  a  drllintl  order,  and  as  fuch  has  been  divided  into  feveral 
genera  ;  but  following  the  Linnxan  arrangement,'  we  (hall 
confiderthe  fubject  under  the  divifionsor  fections  into  which 
Linnaeus  feparated  the  genus. 

Dr.  Shaw  has  thus  enumerated  them  : 

1.  Crocodiles,  furnilhed  with  ftrong  Icales. 

2.  Guanas,  and  other  lizards,  either  with  ferrated  or  ca- 
rlnated  backs  and  tails. 

^.  Cordyles,  with  denticulated,  and  fometimes  fpiny 
fcales,  either  on  the  body  or  tail,  or  both. 

4.  Lizards  proper,  fmooth,  and  the  greater  number 
furnidied  with  broad  fquare  fcalcs,  or  plates  on  the  ab- 
domen. 

J.  Chameleons,  with  granulated  Hcin,  large  head,  long 
milDIe  tongue,  and  cylindric  tail. 

6.  Geckos,  with  granulated  or  tuberisulated  ilcin,  and  lo- 
bated  feet,  with  the  toes  lamellated  beneath. 

7.  Scinks,  with  fmooth,  fi(h-like  fcales. 

8.  Salamanders,  newts,  or  efts,  with  foft  llcins,  fome  of 
which  are  water-hzards. 

9.  Snake-hzards,  with  extremely  long  bodies,  \'ery  fhort 
legs,  and  minute  feet. 

This  is  an  active  tribe,  and,  with  the  exception  cf  tiie 
aquatic  animals,  feeds  o'n  inleCts  :  the  crocodiles  have  both 
jaws  moveable,  and  the  largell  mwutls  ot  all  animals  :  their 
body  is  covered  with  ca!k)fities  :  the  chameleons  have  a  pi-e- 
lienfile  tail ;  fit  on  trees  ;  walk  flov.-ly  and  irregularly  ;  have 
no  teeth  ;  eyes  large,  fixed  in  a  wrinkled  focket  ;  tongue 
very  long,  worm-lhaped,  with  which  they  dra%v  in  flies  ; 
head  angular,  covered  with  very  thin  lucid  tubercles  or 
fcales. 

The  foregoing  divifions,  it  is  admitted,  neither  are  nor  can 
be  perfeftly  prccife,  fince  fpecies  occur  which  may,  with 
nearly  equal  propriety,  be  referred  to  either  of  the  neighboir- 
ing  feftions :  on  this  account  naturaliils  have  not  been 
agreed  as  to  the  exaft  number  of  fpecies  in  each  lei^ion,  nor 
even  as  to  the  number  of  fedlions  tiicmfeivcs.  Dr.  Shaw,  a> 
we  have  feen  above, has  feparated  the  genus  into  nine  fcftions  ; 
he  has  been  followed  by  many  other  leipedtable  writert,  but 
in  the  laft  edition  of  Gmclin,  as  given  by  Dr.  Turton,  the 
genus  is  divided  into  eleven  fcCtiuns,  which  (Uail  be  given 
in  their  order. 

Section  A.  Tail  two-edged,  divided  into  fegments; 
tongue  verj-  ftioru 

D  d  i  Species. 


LIZARD. 


Species. 

Crocodu.IS,  or  Crocodile  of  the  Nile  ;    has  a   mailed  ' 
iead  ;  nape  carinate,  tail  above  with  two  lateral  crclls. 

This  animal,  as  its  name  imports,  is  chiefly  found  in  the 
river  Nile,  or  on  its  banks.  It  fometimts  arrives  at  a  very- 
great  lize  :  the  common  lize  of  a  full  grown  crocodile  is  from 
iS  to  25  feetlonir,  though  fome  have  been  ftin  that  meafiire 
full  forty  feel  in  length.  The  colour  of  the  upper  part  is  a 
blackilli-brown,  but  beneath  it  is  of  a  yellowi(h-\vhlte.  The 
upper  parts  of  the  legs  and  lides  arc  varied  with  deep  yellow, 
and  in  fome  parts  tinged  with  green.  The  opening  of  the 
mouth  is  of  valt  extent,  and  both  jaws  are  furnilhcd  with 
numerous  iharp-pbinted  teeth  ;  thole  in  the  middle  part  of 
t!ie  jaw  being  largeft,  and  refcmbling  the  canine  teeth  of  vi- 
viparous aiunials.  The  external  openings  of  the  ears  are 
placed  on  the  top  of  the  head,  above  the  eyes,  and  tlie  eyes 
themfelves  arc  furnifhcd  with  a  nid'titating  membrane,  fimi- 
lar  to  that  of  birds.  The  legs  are  ihort,  Itrong,  and  mufcu- 
lar.  The  tail  is  long,  compreffcd  on  the  fides,  and  furniflied 
above  with  an  upright  procefs,  formed  by  the  gradual  ap- 
proach of  two  elevated  crelh,  which  proceed  from  the  lower 
part  of  the  back.  The  upper  part  of  the  body  of  the  cro- 
codile is  covered  with  a  llrong  armour,  which  in  its  ftruc- 
ture  exhibits  the  appearance  of  the  moll  curious  carved 
work,  and  is  indeed  a  fine  piece  of  mechanifm.  The  croco- 
dile depofits  its  eggs  in  the  fand  or  mud  on  the  banks  of  the 
rivers  which  it  inhabits,  and  as  foon  as  the  young  are  hatched, 
they  proceed  to  the  water.  The  crocodile  is  a  native  of 
Afia  and  Africa,  but  it  ftems  more  common  in  the  latter  than 
in  the  former  country.  It  inhabits  only  large  rivers,  and 
iivcs  chielly  an  fi(h,  but  being  extremely  voracious,  it  feizes 
any  other  animal  that  comes  witliin  its  reach.  The  crocodile 
has  long  been  regarded  as  one  of  the  moft  for'hiidable  ani- 
mals of  tliC  countries  in  which  it  is  found,  but  fnme  late  tra- 
vellers fecm  to  have  entertained  a  lefs  formidable  opinion  of 
them.  M.  Denon,  fpeaking  of  the  French  army  in  Egypt, 
fays  that  the  foldiers  and  himfelf  bathed  daily  in  the  Nile, 
and  vet  they  were  never  once  attacked  by  them,  nor  did  they 
ever  meet  wit^i  a  fingle  crocodile  at  a  diilance  from  die  water. 
Hence  he  inferred  that  they  find,  in  the  river  a  lufficient 
quantity  of  ealily  procurable  food,  which  they  digell  (lowly, 
being,  like  the  lizard  and  ferpent,  cold  blooded,  and  of  an 
inaftive  Itomach.  "  Bcfides,"  fays  llie  traveller,  «  having 
in  the  Egyptian  part  of  the  Nile  no  enemies  but  each  other 
and  man,  they  would  be  truly  formidable,  if,  covered  as 
they  are  with  an  almolt  impenetrable  defenfive  armour,  they 
■were  fl-:ilful  and  alert  in  making  ufe  of  thofe  means  which 
nature  has  given  them  for  attack.''  He  farther  adds,  that 
they  faw  three  crocodiles,  one  of  which  was  nearly  twenty, 
five  feet  in  L-ngth  ;  they  were  all  afleep,  fo  that  they  could 
approach  tbem  within  about  twenty  yards,  and  had  an  op- 
portunity of  diftinguifhiiig  them  very  accurately.  He  fays, 
that  in  that  poiitioii  they  refembled  difmountcd  cannon  :  he 
fired  on  one,  the  ball  ilruck  him  and  rebounded  from  his 
fcales.  He  ir<ade  a  leap  of  ten  feet,^  and  dived  into  the 
river. 

In  the  large  rivers  of  Africa,  and  in  certain  parts  of  thofe 
ri\-ers,  they  may  be  feen  in  vail  (lioals  fwimniii)g  together, 
where  they  exhibit  the  appcarai>ce  of  floating  timber.  A 
variety  of  the  common  crocodile  has  been  found  in  the 
river  Senegal,  it  has  a  longer  fnout,  and  is  ahriall  entirely 
black.  It  IS  very  fwift,  voracious,  and  of  amazing  flrength  ; 
it  roars  fiideourty;  devours  every  vhing  that  comes  in  its 
■way ;  fwallows  llones  to  prevent  hunger,  and  cannot  be 
killed  bf  a  muflcct  ball  unlefs  ftruck  on  the  belly  :  it  feidoin 
moves  but  la  a  Ilralght  line,  and   may   accordingly  be 


avoided  :  the  female  lavs  her  eggs   in   the  fand,  which  are 
not  much  largiT  than  thofe  of  a  goofe. 

G.VNtJLTicA,  or  Gangetic  crocodile.  This  animal  has 
long,  roundilh,  or  fub-cyhndric  jaws ;  its  tail  611  the  upper 
fide  has  two  crells  running  into  one. 

Tliis  fpccies  is  found  in  the  Ganges,  where  it  is  nearly 
equal  in  fize  to  the  common  crocodile.  In  this  the  llruclure 
of  the  fnout  is  very  remarkable,  it  being  nearly  three  times 
as  long  as  the  head.  The  eyes  are  extremely  prominent, 
and  it  is  faid  they  are  fo  condruflcd,  that  they  may  be 
railed  above  the  water,  when  the  refl  of  the  body  is  under 
the  furface,  by  which  the  animal  is  enabled  to  fee  its  prey 
either  on  the  furface  of  the  water,  or  on  the  banks  of  rivers. 
In  the  general  form  and  colour  of  the  body  and  limbs,  this 
fpccies  refembles  the  common  crocodile.  In  the  Biitilh 
Mufxum  is  a  fpecimen  of  this  creature,  meafuring  eighteen 
feet  in  length. 

Ai,LiG.\TOU.  The  head  of  this  animal  is  flat,  imbricate^. 
nape  naked  ;  tail  above  witli  two  rough  lateral  lines. 

It  inhabits  the  middle  parts  of  America,  is  lefs  than  a 
crocodile,  but  refembles  it  in  habits  and  voracity.  The 
larged  in  fize,  and  the  greatell  numbers  of  alligators,  inhabit 
the  torrid  zone,  neverthelefs  the  contim-nt  ten  degrees  more 
north  abounds  with  them,  particularly  as  far  as  the  river 
Neus  in  North  Carolina.  In  the  latitude  33  ,  which  anfwcrs 
to  the  northernmoll  parts  of  Africa,  where  they  arehkewile 
found,  they  frequent  not  only  fait  rivers  near  the  fea,  but 
llreams  of  frdh  water  in  the  upper  parts  of  the  country, 
and  in  lakes  of  fait  and  fiefti  waters,  011  the  banks  of  which 
they  he  lurking  among  the  reeds  to  furprifc  cattle  and  other 
animals.  They  are  found  in  Jamaica,  and  many  parts  of 
the  continent,  full  20  feet  in  length.  But  we  are  told  they 
cannot  be  more  formidable  in  their  afpeil  tlinn  terrible  in 
their  nature,  fparing  neither  man  nor  bead  which  com« 
within  their  reach,  pulling  them  under  water  and  drownnvj 
tliem,  in  order  that  they  may  with  greater  facility,  and 
without  a  llrnggle  or  refillance,  devour  them..  They  fubfill 
chiefly  on  filh,  but  as  Providence,  for  the  prefervation,  or 
to  prevent  the  extinction  of  defencelefs  creatures,  has  ia 
niauy  inftances  reilraiiied  the  devouring  appetites  of  vora» 
cious  animals,  by  fome  certain  impediments  ;  fo  th'.s  deilruc- 
tive  montler  can  proceed  only  in  a  ftraight  forward  direc- 
tion, and  is  confequently  dii'abled  from  turning  with  th;-.t 
agility  requilite  to  catch  his  prey  by  purfuit  ;  therefore  a!. 
h'gators  do  it  by  furprife  in  the  water,  as  well  as  by  land  :; 
they  have  the  power  of  deceiving  and  decoying  their  prcy^, 
by  a  fagacity  peculiar  to  themfelves,  as  well  as  by  the  OHter 
form  and  colour  of  their  body,  which  on  bnd  refembles  a 
log  or  tree,,  and  in  the  water  lies  (ioating^  on  the  furface,  and 
has  the  like  -ippearauce,  by  which,  aud  their  fileiit  artifice, 
filh,  fowl,  and  turtle,,  are  lured  into  their  grai'p,  and  fud- 
denly  catched  and  devoured..  Carnivorous  aniuials  get  their 
food  with  more  difEculty,  and  lefs  certainty  than  thofe 
which  fubfiil  on  vegetable  fubili-.nces,  and  are  frequently 
obliged  to  fail  long,  which  a  flow  dig-edion  enables  them  to 
endure.  Reptiles  pai-ticularly,  by  fwallov  iug  whole  what 
ibey  eat,  can.  live  long  witluiut  food.  Alligators  fwallow 
dones  and  wood,  to  dillend  tlie  lloniach  and  prevent  its  con- 
traclion  by  emptinefs.  They  lay  a  great  number  of  eggs 
£X  one  time  on  fandy  banks  of  rivers  and  laj-.es,  which  are 
hatched  by  the  heat  of  the  fun,  without  any  care  of  the 
parent.  The  young,  as. foon  as  they  are  difeogaged  from  the 
(hell,,  run  to  the  water  by  a  natural  inftind.  and  fliift  for 
themfelves,  and  while  young  they  fervc  as  a  prey  not  onl/ 
to  ravenous  filh  of  other  tribes,  but  to  their  own  fpecies. 
In  South.  Carolina  they  are  numerous,  but  Ur.aller  than  thole 
towards  the  equator,  but  they  attack,  men  and  cattle,  ani 

1  airft 


LIZARD. 


are  great  t'evourers  of  tlie  race  of  fwine.  In  Carolina  they 
lie  torpid  during  the  winter  in  caverns  and  hollows  in  the 
banks  of  the  rivers,  and  at  their  coming  out  in  the  ipring 
make  a  hideous  bellowing  noife.  According  to  Catefby,  in 
his  hillory  of  Carolina,  fome  parts  of  alligators  are  reckoned 
very  delicious  food  by  the  Indians.  They  depofit  their 
eggs  at  two  or  three  different  periods,  and  more  than  twenty 
ot  them  at  each  laying.  They  have  been  obferved  to  raife 
a  Imall  hillock  near  the  banks  of  the  river,  and  after  hollow- 
ing it  out  in  the  middle,  to  collect  a  quantity  of  leaves  and 
other  vegetable  mattei-s,  in  whicli  they  depofit  their  eggs. 
Both  the  alligator  and  crocodile  are  fuppofed  to  be  long 
lived  animals.  It  has  been  thought  the  crocodile,  or  fome 
of  the  fpecies,  was  the  leviathan  mentioned  in  the  book  of 
Job,  chiefly,  perhaps,  becaufe  thedefcription  of  this  monfter 
does  not  tulHcientij-  correfpond  with  the  general  ftriiclure 
of  the  whale  ;  neverthelefs,  the  leviathan  there  mentioned 
uill  correfpond  full  as  little  with  any  of  the  fpecies  of  the 
crocodile  now  known  as  with  the  whale,  antl  it  is  more  pro- 
bable, that,  hke  the  mammoth,  the  leviathan  of  the  fcrip- 
tures  is  not  now  to  be  found  on  the  face  of  the  earth. 

Section  B. — The.  animals  of  this  feftion  have  the  body 
covered  with  carinate  fcales. 

Species. 

Caudiverbera,  or  flat-tailed  lizard,  is  found  in  Peru'and 
Chili,  and  is  about  twelve  or  fifteen  inches  long.  The  tail 
1$  depreffed,  flat,  wing-cleft  j  feet  palmate.  The  body  is 
inclining  to  blue  ;  fcales  very  minute  ;  head  convex,  oblong  ; 
eyes  very  large,  yellow  ;  noftrils  wide,  with  a  fiefny  edge  ; 
mouth  large,  teeth  minute,  hooked  in  a  double  feries ; 
tongue  thick,  broad,  red  ;  chin  with  a  dilatable  pouch  ; 
creil  running  down  the  back  from  the  front  to  the  tip  of  the 
tail,  undulate  at  the  edge  ;  feel  five-toed,  with  a  cartilage 
ijiltead  of  nails. 

Dr.ic.ena,  or  large  long-tailed  lizard,  with  a  fmooth 
body,  and  tail  denticulated  along  the  upper  part.  The 
body  is  of  a  deep  chefnut-colour  ;  the  fcales  are  very  minute  ; 
the  legs  teflellate,  with  fafFron  and  white.  It  inhabits 
America,  and  has  been  named  the  large  American  cordylus, 
and  has  fometimes  been  confounded  with  the  caudiverbera 
jull  noticed. 

It  is  a  native  of  feveral  parts  of  South  America,  and  of 
£ome  of  the  I-ndian  ifiands,  and  is  regarded,  in  fome  countries 
in  which  it  is  found,  as  a  great  delicacy.  The  head  is 
fmall,  and  rather  elegantly  formed,  the  fnoni  taperintf  in 
fuch  a  manner  aj  to  bear  a  relemblance  to  that  of  an  Italian 
grey-hound  ;  the  teeth  are  fmall  and  numerous,  and  the 
tongue  forked  ;  the  proportions  <rf  the  neck  and  limbs  are 
elegant,  thovigh  ftrong  ;  and  the  body  is  moderately  thick; 
the  tail  is  of  great  length.  The  whole  anini;d  is  fmooth, 
or  deftitute  of  prominences  on  the  (kin,  which  is  coVered 
witli  fmall,  ovate,  and,  in  fome  parts,  (lightly  fubquadrate 
fcales,  largell  on  the  outfide  of  the  limbs,  the  back,  and 
tJie  abdomen  ;  along  the  upper  edge  of  the  tail  runs  a  con. 
tinued  feries  of  fnort  triangular  denticulations  ;  the  feet 
are  moderately  ftrong,.  and.  the  toes  are  armed  with  {harp 
crooked  claws. 

Dr.  ShavA  mentions  a  variety,  of  which  there  was  a 
fpecimen  in  the  Leverian  Mufjeum,  which  differs  in  being 
of  a  pale  bi-own  colour,  variegated  on  the  body  and  tail  by 
feveral  deep-brown  tranfveri'e  bands,  among  which,  as  alfo 
on  the  abdomen  and  limbs,  are  interfperfed  many  fmaller 
variegations,  and  fpots  of  a  llmilar  colour. 

BlMACULATA,  or  Pennfylvanian  hzard,  has  a  tail  carinate, 
;*)Oihed,  twice,  as  long  as  the  body,  all  the  toes,  gf  which.. 


there  are  five  on  each  foot,  are  lobate.  The  colour  of  if*' 
body  is  greenilh-blue,  moflly  fpotted  with  black  ;  thp 
(liouiders  \vith  two  large  fpots.  It  is  found  in  the  woods  of 
St.  Euftatius  and  Pennfylvania,  and  lives  in  holes,  gutters, 
and  hollow  trees;  makes  a  hiffing  noife,  and  dcpofits  it,8- 
eggs  in  the  earth. 

Monitor,  or  monitor  lizard,  is  one  of  the  largcft  of  the 
hzard  tribe;  it  meafures  fometimes  from  four  to  five  feet. 
Its  colour  is  black  ;  tail  very  long,  coraprelTed,  carinateA; 
body  marked  with  tranfvcrfe  rows  of  v.hite,  ocellated. 

This  is  a  very  beautiful  animal.  The  head  is  fmall  ;  the 
fnout  gradually  tapers  ;  the  limbs  are  (lender  ;  and  the  tail, 
which  is  laterally  comprelfed,  gradua'ly  decreafes  towards 
the  extremity.  As  a  whole,  the  form  is  (lender  and  elegant ; 
though  the  colours  are  fimple,  they  are  fo  difpofed  as  to  pro- 
duce an  agreeable  effeft.  It  is  a  native  of  South  America, ^ 
inhabiting  woody  and  mar(hy  places.  If  credit  may  be 
given  to  reports  of  authors,  who  pretend  to  have  (tudied  its 
habits  and  characters  with  much  accuracy,  its  difpofition 
is  as  gentle  as  its  appearance  is  beautiful.  It  has  even  <rained 
the  title  of  monitor  falvaguarda,  &c.  from  its  pretended  at- 
tachir.ent  to  the  human  race  :  it  has  been  co:>tidently  af-- 
firmed,  that  it  warns  mankind  of  the  approach  of  the  alli- 
gator by  a  lotid  and  (hrill  whiftle. 

_  There  is  a  variety  of  this  animal  mentioned  by  V^Tiite,  in 
his  "  Journal  of  a  Voyage  to  New  South  Wales ;"  but  in 
Gmelin's  edition  of  the  "  Syltema  Naturs,''  it  is  given  as 
^a  diftinfi  fpecies,  under  the  name  of 

Varia,  or  variegated  lizard.     Though  there  is  a  o-reaf 
refemblance  between   this  and  the  monitor  ;    yet  there  are 
certain  points  of  difference  in  its  colour,  and  variegations 
that  will  juftify  its  introdudtion  as  a  feparate  fpecies.     The 
tail  is  long,  carinate  ;  body  blackHh,  tranfverfely  variegated  ■ 
with  yellow  fpots  and  marks. 

It  is  found  in  New  Holland.     The  markings  on  the  body, 
inftead  of  the  genera!  ocellated  pattern  of  the  preceding,., 
confift  of  rounded,  or  (lightly  fubangukr  fpots  and  variega- 
tions :  the  limbs,  as  in  the  monitor  lieard,  .are  marked  w'ith  > 
numerous  hands  and  fpots,  and  the  tail  is  banded  ;  thedaws 
are  very  large  and  ftrong. 

BicAKiNATA,  orbicarinated  lizard,  has  a  tail  of  moderate 
length  ;  four  rows  of  ftrong  carinated  fcales  on  the  back. 
The  head  is  fmall ;  the  mouth  very  wide  in  proportion,  and 
the  fnout  fome  what  (harp.  It  is  of  a  reddifh-brown  colour, 
tinged  in  fome  parts  with  various  (hades  of  green. 

In  its  general  habit,  this  fpecies  bears  a  refemblance  to  e. 
fmall  crocodile,  on  account  of  the  hard  tuberculated  and  ■ 
cannated  fcales,  on  the  upper  parts  of  the  body,  two  rov«s 
of  v/hich  are  more  prominent  than  the  reft,  and  extend  from 
the  upper  part  of  the  back  to  the  tail^  where  they  coalefce  - 
and  form  a  ferrated  creft  to  the  extremity.  It  is  a  native 
of  South  America,  where  it  is  fometimes  uled  a»  food,  and 
its  eggs  are  highly  efteemt-d.  It^  haunts  are  woody  and 
marftiy  regions  :  it  is  fond  of  water  ;  and  one  kept  fome  -time 
by  M.  de  la  Borde,  often  continued  in  it  for  feveral- hours 
together,  hiding; itfelf  when  difturbed  or-  affrighted,  .but  it 
feemed  delighted  in  coming  out  and  baflung  in  the.  direift 
and  ftrong  rays  of  the  fun» 

A  lizard,  known  under  the  name  of  igr.ariica,  a  native  of 
Brazil,  is  regarded  as  a  variety  of  tfie  fpecies  julldefcribed, 
differing  only  in  colour,  which  is  darker,  and  the  claws, 
which  are  Ihorter,  but,  like  it,  there  is  fame  refemblance 
between  it  and  the  crocodile  :  it  readily  climbs  trees. 

CoRDYi,us,  or  Cordyle  lizard,  has  a  fmooth  body,  diort 
tail  that  is  verticillated  with  denticulated  fcales.  This  fpecies 
is  fometimes  blue,  and  fometimes  of  a  livid-brown,  and  the 

total- 


LIZARD. 


\oii\  length  is  not  above  ten  or  eleven  ir.cTii^s.  The  fcales 
which  cover  the  body  are  of  an  oblong  fortn,  and  the  tail 
is  verticillated  with  rowe  of  Urge  fcales. 

Seftion  C.  Back  and  tail,  or  the  v.'hole  body,  covered 
with  denticulate  or  Iharp-pointed  fcales. 

Species. 

PKi.LU>rA,  or  Pelluma  li/ard,  has  a  long  tail,  and  verti- 
-ciliated  with  rhomboidal  fcales.  It  is  about  two  feet  in  its 
total  length,  and  i,?  diilingiiidied  on  the  upper  parts  of  its 
Tjody  by  a  beautiful  variety  of  green,  yellow,  blue,  and  black 
colours.  The  under  parts  of  tiic  body  are  of  a  gloffy  ycl- 
lowilh-grcen  :  it  is  a  native  of  Chili,  and  lives  under  ground; 
•t!ie  inhabitants  of  that  country  make  its  ficin  into  pouches. 
Its  feet  are  five-toed,  and  its  claws  very  ftrong. 

Steli.io,  or  rough  lizard,  has  a  verticillated  tail,  with 
•denticulated  fcales ;  the  body  and  head  are  muricated. 

This  fpecies,  as  its  Enghfli  nanle  implies,  is  remarkable 
for  the  unufually  rough  appearance  of  its  whole  upper  fur- 
face  ;  both  body,  linibs,  and  tail  being  covered  with  pointed 
fcales,  projefting  here  and  there  to  a  confidcrablc  diftance 
beyond  the  furface.  The  general  colour  of  the  animal  is  a 
pale  blueini-brown,  with  a  few  deeper  and  lighter  tranfverfe 
variegations.  It  is  not  above  eight  or  nine  inches  in  length. 
It  is  a  native  of  many  parts  of  Africa.  Dr.  Shaw,  in 
fpeaking  of  tliis  fpecies,  fays,  "  it  may  be  obfer\Td  that  the 
lizard,  which  was  probably  termed  Slel/io  by  the  ancients, 
from  its  being  marked  with  fpots  refembling  ilar?,  feems  at 
prcfent  unknown.  It  is,  however,  obfervable,  that  in 
one  of  Seba's  plates  a  fpecies  occurs,  which  is  attually 
marked  witli  well-defined  or  regular  ilar-fhaped  fpots.'' 
5on-.e  naturalifts  confider  the  lizards  called  geckos  as  the 
true_/?fffionfj. 

Mauritanica,  or  Moorifh  lizard,  is  charaAerized  by  a 
fubverticiMate  tail,  muricate,  fliort,  fmooth  at  the  tip,  body 
.above  muriciite,  toes  unarmed,  lamellate  beneath. 

This  is  cnc  variety  :  the  fecond  is  dillinguiflicd  by  a  verti- 
cillate  tail ;  and  the  third  by  having  a  prickly  body.  It  is 
found  in  Mauritania,  and  in  fome  parts  of  India.  The 
body  is  lurid,  the  upper  part  has  protuberances,  the  lower 
is  fmooth  ;  fcales  are  very  minute  ;  tail  (ho.-ter  than  the 
body,  from  the  bafe  to  the  middle  rough,  with  fix  rows  of 
fpines,  thence  to  the  tip  fmooth. 

AzuREA,  Azure  lizard.  Tail  vcrticillate,  (hort  with  mu- 
(Cronate  fcales. 

This  is  the  ehganl'ijfima  of  Seba.  The  colour,  in  its 
natural  ftate,  feems  to  be  an  elegant  pale  blue,  fafciated  on 
the  body  and  tail  with  fcveral  tranfverfe,  and  alternate  bands 
cither  of  black  or  very  deep  blue  ;  but  this  is  faid  to  be 
moft  confpicuous  in  the  fmaller  fpeciniens  or  varieties.  It 
is  fometimes  only  a  few  inches  long.  The  larger  variety  has 
a  deep  chefnut  band  on  the  (boulders.  The  fmaller  variety 
is  a  native  of  fome  parts  of  Africa;  the  larger  of  South 
America. 

Angulata,  or  Angulated  lizard,  has  a  long  and 
hexagonal  tail,  and  is  furnifhed  with  carinated  and  mucro- 
nated  fcales.  This  is  a  fmall  fpecies,  having  a  tail  lono-er 
than  the  body.  The  colour  is  of  a  duflcy  brown  Beneath 
the  throat  there  are  two  rounded  f^a'es.  The  tail  is  longer 
than  the  body,  and  ftrongly  marked  with  longitudinal  ridges. 
It  is  a  native  of  America. 

Orbicularis,  or  Orbicular  lizard,  has  a  brown  body  ; 
the  tail  is  (hort,  fcales  muricated.  Both  body  and  tail  are 
round.  The  colour  is  of  a  duflcy  brown,  variegated  with 
idiiferent  fhades  ;  the  body  is  large,  and  in  fome  refpecls  it 


refemblos  a  toad.  It  is  a  rare  fpecies,  and  is  a  nr.tlvc  o-' 
South  America,  particularly  in  New  Spain. 

Ba.sili8Cus;  Bafi)ilk  lizard.  Tail  round;  dorf.d  fin  ra- 
diate ;  hind-head  crefted.  The  bafilid;  is  about  tightccii 
inches  long,  of  a  pale  a(h-brown  colour,  with  fome  darker 
variegations  about  the  u])per  part  of  the  body.  In  the 
young  animal,  the  dorfal  or  caudal  proccfs,  and  the  pointed 
occi;  ital  creft,  are  lefs  dillinct. 

The  badlidc  is  chiefly  a  native  of  South  America.  It 
refides  principally  among  trees,  and  its  food  is  infcfts.  It 
is  aflive,  and  by  means  of  its  dorfal  cref.  or  fin,  it  is  ensblcd 
to  fprjng  from  tree  to  tree.  It  can  fi\im  with  great  eafe. 
It  has  a  very  formidable  appearance,  but  is  quite  harmlcfs. 
In  the  poetical  dcfcriptions  of  the  ancit  nts,  it  was  coniiJered 
to  be  tiie  moll  malignant  of  all  poifor.<  ns  ai.iinals,  e\en  its 
look  was  regarded  as  fatal.  The  terrific  glance  rf  the 
bafiliik  in  the  African  deferts,  according  to  I.ucan,  obliged 
the  reil  of  the  poifonous  tribe  to  keep  at  a  d'lancc. 

PiiixciPALis  ;  Smooth-crefted  lizard.  T],:  tail  of  the 
fpecies  is  fubcarinale  ;  crell  on  the  throat  very  entire,  back 
fmooth.  It  IS  of  H  (lender  form,  and  fmall,  rar"]j  exceed- 
ing eight  or  nine  incies  in  length,  including  botti  body  and 
tall.  The  colour  is  bkie,  the  head  fmall,  and  the  fnout 
taper.     It  is  a  native  of  ^;outh  America. 

Platura  ;  Broad-mailed  lizard.  Colour  grey  brown, 
paler  beneatii  ;  body  rough  ;  tail  deprelTed.  lanceolatcd,  and 
fpiny  on  the  margin.  This  fptcies  is  from  four  to  fix  inclics 
long  ;  it  is  diftinguiflied  by  the  lir.gular  form  of  its  tail. 
The  feet  are  pentadaclylous ;  the  toes  (lender,  and  the 
claws  curved.      It  is  found  in  New  Holland. 

Seilion  D.  Back  ciliatc,  toothed  or  creded ;  head  co- 
vered with  callolilies. 

Species. 

Iguana  ;  Common  or  great  American  Guana.  This 
fpecies  has  a  long  round  tail;  back  ferrated ;  the  tLrii;it 
crelt  denticulated.  This,  of  all  the  lizard  tribe,  is  of  the 
moft  peculiar  form,  and  grows  to  a  conliderable  fize.  It  is 
fometimes  three,  four,  or  five  feet  long.  The  general  co- 
lour is  green,  fhadcd  with  brown.  The  back  is  ftrongly 
ferrated,  which,  as  well  as  the  denticulations  of  the  pouch 
at  the  throat,  gives  it  a  formidable  appearance. 

Ii  is  a  native  of  the  Wcfl  Indies,  and  fome  parts  of  the 
continent  of  America.  It  frequents  rocky  and  woody 
places,  and  feeds  chiefly  on  infcfts  and  vegetables.  It  is 
eafily  tamed,  and  follows  the  human  race  like  a  dog  ;  it  is 
caught  by  a  noofe  thrown  over  its  head ;  the  flefli  is 
reckoned  a  great  delicacy  :  the  general  colour  is  green,  but 
varioufiy  tinged  in  various  animals :  it  has  tiie  power  of  in- 
flating the  throat  pouch  to  a  very  large  fize. 

According  to  Catefby  the  animals  of  this  fpecies  are 
of  various  f.zes,  from  two  to  five  feet  in  length  ;  their 
mouths  are  furnifiied  with  exceedingly  fmall  teeth,  but  their 
jaw  is  armed  witli  a  long  beak,  witli  which  they  bite  with 
great  flrengtli.  Tiiey  inhabit  warm  countries  onlv,  and 
are  rarely  met  with  any  where  north  or  fouih  of  the 
tropics.  Many  of  llie  Bahama  iflands  abound  with  tlicm, 
where  tliev  nelUe  in  hollow  trees  and  rocks.  Guanas  make 
a  conliderable  part  of  th(5  fuhfillence  of  the  inhabitants  of 
the  Bahama  iflaiids,  for  wliich  purpofe  tliey  vilit  many  re- 
mote iflands  in  their  floops  to  catcli  them,  wliich  they  io 
by  dogs  trained  for  tlie  purpofe.  Guanas  feed  on  vege.- 
tables  and  fruit,  particularly  on  a  kind  of  fungus  growing 
at  the  roots  of  trees,  and  on  the  fruits  of  the  anona^. 
Their  flcfii  is  eafy  of  digeftisn,  but  is  thought  not  to  agree 
with  conttitutions  'labouring    under   a   particular    difeafe. 

Though 


LIZARD. 


Though  gi:r,n:is  are  not  amphibious,  they  are  faid  to  keep     to  defend   itfelf,    but    feems,  in    fome    meafure,    ftupificdj 
under  water  above  an  hour.     When  they  fwim  they  make    Like  other  fpecies  of  this  numerous  tnbe,  it   depofits  it. 


no  ufe  of  their  feet,  but  clap  them  clofe  to  their  body,  and 
guide  themfelvcs  with  their  tails.  They  are  fo  impatient  of 
cold,  that  they  rarely  appear  out  of  their  hole|  except  when 
the  fun  fhines  llroiigly. 

The  h->rn:d  guana  is  a  variety  of  the  iguana,  and  is  nearly 
the  fame  in  lize  and  general  proportions  ;  the  back  is  fer- 
rated,  and  the  form  of  the  fcaics  is  the  fame.  It  wants, 
however,  the  throat  pouch,  and  there  are  in  front  of  the 
bead,  between  the  eyes  and  noftrils,  large  fcaly  tubercles, 
behind  which  there  is  a  bony  conical  procefs,  which  is  co- 
vered with  a  fingle  fcale.  It  is  a  native  of  St.  Domingo, 
■where  it  is  common. 

C.VLOTES  ;  Galeot  lir.ard.  Tail  long  and  round  ;  back 
de-stated  on  the  fore  part,  and  the  head  on  the  hind  part. 

The  animals  of  this  fpecies  feldom  exceed  a  foot  and  a 
half  in  length,  from  the  tip  of  the  nofe  to  the  e.^ctremity  of 


eggs  in  the  fand,  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers  which  it  fre- 
quents. The  eggs,  while  in  the  body  of  the  animal,  are 
difpofcd  in  two  long  groups  or  clufiers,  and  are  of  a  yel-' 
lov/  colour;  but  wiien  excluded,  they  are  white  and 
oblong. 

This  lizard  appears  in  fome  degree  to  form  a  connedV- 
ing  link  between  the  guana  and  the^bafilifc.  The  male  and 
female  differ  confiderably  in  lize  and  in  the  diftribution  of 
their  colours  ;  the  female  being  of  a  more  obfcure  tinge 
than  the  male,  and  having  but  little  appearance  of  the 
creft  or  procefs  on  the  tail.  It  has  been  differed,  and  a 
fmall  triangular  heart  found  within  it  :  an  oblong  liver, 
with  a  round  gall-bladder;  fmall  reddi(h  lunga,  fliglitly 
tinged  with  lead-colour  ;  a  narrow,  whitifli  ftomach,  coated, 
or  enveloped  in  fat,  and  large  inteftines,  in  which  were 
difcovered  the  berries  and  feeds  of  certain  aquatic  ihrubs, 
the  tail,  but  in  other  refpefts  the  calotes  refembles  the  com-  together  with  fome  fmall  femi-tranfparent  pebbles,  and  a 
mon  guana.  It  wants  the  pouch,  and  in  its  place  there  is  kind  of  worms  not  unhke  millepedes.  There  was  a  fine 
only  a  flight  enlargement  of  the  throat :  the  colour  is  com-  fpecimen  of  this  fpecies  in  the  Mufeum  of  the  late  Mr, 
monly  of  an  elegant  bright  blue,  variegated  with  broud,  ir-    John  Hunter. 

regular,  white,  tranfvc-rfe  bands  on  each  fide  of  the  body  and  Agama  ;  American  galeot.  Tail  long,  round;  the  upper 
tail.  The  limbs  are  flender,  and  tliis  is  particularly  the  caft;  part  of  the  neck,  and  the  back  of  the  head,  are  aculeated  • 
with  the  toes.  It  is  a  native  of  the  warmer  regions  of  fcales  of  the  hind  head  reverfed.  This  fpecies  refembles 
Africa,  Afia,  and  many  of  the  Indian  iflands.  It  is  very  in  fome  refpefts,  the  calotes :  but  it  wants  the  ftrontJ-  ferra- 
common  in  Ceylon.  It  is  faid  to  be  found  in  Spain,  where  tures  on  the  back,  inftead  of  which  it  has  onlv  a  fmall 
it  wander?  about  the  tops  of  houfes  in  fearch  of  fpiders.  denticulated    carina.     The  head  is   proportionally  larger. 

There  is  a  variety,  of  which  the  body  above  is  livid,  and  and  on  the  back  part  it  is  furnilhed  with  -  fharp-pointed. 
beneath  green  :  and  a  fecond,  the  neck  of  which  is  covered  fcales,  fome  of  which  are  reverfed  at  the  extremities.  The 
with  broad  obtufe  prickles.  colour  is  browniih,  and  varioufly  clouded.     In   the  male,, 

SuPERCiLiosA  ;  Fringed  lizard.  Tail  carinated  ;  back  the  creft.  on  the  back  is  compofed  of  longer  fpines,  and 
and  eye-brows  ciliated,  with  upright  lanceolated  fcales.  It  extends  to  the  lower  part.  It  is  found  in  different  parts  of 
inhabits  South  America  and  India.  South  America  and  in  the  Weft  Indian  iflands. 

The  general  appearance  of  this  fpecies  bears  fome  refem-  There  is  a  variety  of  this  fpecies  named  the  muricated 
blance  to  the  guana,  and  ftill  more  to  the  variety  defcribed  lizard.  The  tail  is  long,  round  ;  body  greyifh  ;  fcales  ca- 
as  the  horned  guana,  in  having;  the  appearance  of  a  pair  of  rinatcd  and  (harp  pointed.  This  lizard  meafures  a  foot 
fharp-pointed  horn-hke  procefl'es  above  and  beyond  each  eye ;  or  more  in  length.  The  want  of  the  reverfe  fcales  on  the 
between  thefe  are  placed  fome  aculeated  fcales.  back  part  of  the  head  conftitutes  the  principal  diiTerence 

ScuTATA  ;    Shielded  lizard.     Tail  fub-compreffed,   mo-    between  this  and  the  calotes.     It  is  found  in  New  South 

'  Wales. 

Umbra  ;  Clouded  lizard.  Tail  round,  long  ;  nape  fub- 
crelled  ;  hind-head  callous  ;  back  (Iriated.  Tliis  is  found  in. 
the  fouthern  parts  of  America  :.  the  body  is  clouded  ;  fcales 
keeled,  and  daggered  at  the  tip,  head  more  obtufe  ani 
round  than  others  of  its  tribe  :  the  callus  on  the  hind  part 
of  the  head  is  large  and  naked  :  under  the  throat  is  a  deep 
fold. 

Marmohea  ;   Marbled  lizard.     Tail  round,  long  ;  throat 


derately  long  ;  dorfal  future  toothed  ;  hind-head  with  two 
fharp  fcales.  It  inhabits  Atia.  This  fpecies  is  di.tinguilhed 
from  the  fringed  lizard  by  having  a  pr6portionably  larger 
head,  and  a  row  of  fcales  more  elevated  than  the  rell,  paff- 
ing  over  each  eye  ;  and  from  thefe  a  ridge  is  continued  to- 
wards the  back,  in  form  of  a  denticulated  creft  to  the 
beginning  of  the  tail.  The  body  is  covered  with  fmall 
acuminated  fcales;  the  limbs  and  tail  with  larger  ones.  This 
is  a  native  of  Ceylon 


Amboinexsis  ;    the  Amboina  lizard.     Tail  compreffed,     fubcrefted,  dentate  on  the  fore-part ;    back  fmooth.     It 


long,  with  a  radiate  fin  ;  dorfal  future  toothed.  This  fpe- 
cies, which  fometimes  grows  to  the  length  of  three  feet,  is 
diftinguiflied  by  the  Angularity  of  its  appearance,  and  the 
beauty  of  its  colours.  Tiie  head  and  neck  are  green,  and 
variegated  with  white  tranfverfe  unduLuions.  The  back 
and  tail  are  brown,  with  a  (hade  of  purple.  The  fides 
and  belly  are  greyilh,  or  pale  brown,  the  head  is  tubercu- 
lated  above,  and  covered  with  roundilh  fcales  ;  the  mouth 
is  wide,  and  the  teeth  are  Iharp  and  numerous. 

It  is  a  native  of  the  Eift  Indies,  but  is  found  mufl  fre- 
quently in  the  ifland  of  Amboina,  frequenting  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  rivers  and  other  frelh  waters.      It  is  often  feen 


found  in  America,  and  alfo  in  Spain.  Its  body  is  com- 
prefl'ed  ;  tail  ftreaked,  and  the  claws  are  black  above. 

Cristata  ;  Crefted  lizard.  Tail  lanced,  (hort,  pinnate  j. 
backcrefttd;  body  porous,  naked.  It  is  of  a  reddifli-brown 
with  lead-colour  fpots  ;  creft  reaching  from  the  head  to  the 
tail ;  the  head  is  very  thick,  obtufe ;.  fnqut  broad ;  feet 
cleft  ;  four  toes  on  the  front  feet  and  five  on  the  hinder 
ones  ;  tail  bordered  on  each  fide  with  a  membrane. 

Section  E,  Body  naked  ;  feet  unarmed;  fore-feet  four>- 
toed. 


on  the  bunks  of  rifing  grounds,  and   on   low   fhrubs  which 


Species. 

American.*.        Tail  lanceolate,    middle-fized  r    back 

grow,  near  the  water.  Whin.-ver  it  is  difhirbedby  the  ap-  fringed  ;  belly  fpotted  with  yellow;  it  is  only  about  four 
proach  of  men  or  oiher  animals,  it  plunges  into  the  neareft  or  five  inches  long,  and  is  found  in  Amenca.  The  fore- 
water  and  conceals  itfelf  beneath  the  rocks,  or  ftones  under  part  of  the  head  is  rounded  ;  fnout  broad  ;  body  dufky 
the  banks.    It  may  be  eafily  uken,  as  il  does  not  attempt  blueifli,  beneath  yellow  fjpotted  with  black,  lides  pale  ochre  y 


LIZARD. 


legs  without  blucifli,   witliin  ycUow  ;   a   fringe  extending 
from  the  head  to  the  tip  of  the  tail. 

Pai.ustris  ;  Waned  ncwl.  Body  blackifli  ;  fides 
fpeckled  with  white  ;  belly  orange,  with  irregular  black 
foots.  This  iprcics  is  fmall,  and  bears  a  confiderable  refem- 
blance  to  the  falamar.der.  It  is  from  (Ive  to  fix  inches  in 
length.  The  tail  is  flat,  with  thin  (harp  edges,  and  tcrnii- 
nating  in  a  point ;  on  each  fide  of  it  in  the  male  there  is  a  iil- 
verv  white  broad  band,  accompanied  with  a  bluciih  tinge. 
This  tlripe  and  the  dorfalcrelt  are  fometimes  w  anting  in  the 
female. 

It  is  found  in  many  parts  of  Europe,  but  is  rarely  fccn  in 
.Britain.  It  frequents  llagnant  waters  in  cool  and  ihndy 
places,  and  lives  entirely  on  infers.  It  is  faid  to  be  entirely 
-harmlefs  with  regard  to  larger  animals,  but  that  a  fluid  is 
exuded  from  its  Ikin  which  ieems  to  aft  as  a  poifon  on  fmall 
animals. 

Lacustkis  ;  'Fenny  newt.  Of  this  fpecies  there  are 
feveral  varieties,  i.  Black-;  tail  lanceolate,  middle-fized. 
2.  Much  larger  ;  fpotted  with  black.  3.  Variegated  white 
and  yellow,  and  fpotted  with  black.  4.  Tuberculate  ;  chin 
fpeckled  ;  belly  fpotted  ;  tip  of  the  tail  red.  5.  Tuber- 
culate ;  belly  faffron  colour.  6  Head  round  ;  black 
'fpotted  with  pale  yellow.  7.  Black  with  whitifh  bands. 
6.  Black  ;  beneath  dotted  with  white.  This  fpecies,  which 
is  found  in  many  parts  of  the  world,  is  very  deftrudlive  of 

fifii.  .  .•  . 

Aquatic.a  ;  "Water-newt.  Tail  roundifh,  middle-flzed  ; 
there  are  likewife  varieties  ;  brown  or  yellowidi  ;  and  one 
'with  a  dorfal  line  dotted  with  white  and  black  ;  the  fu-(l  is 
found  in  many  parts  of  Europe  ;  the  fecond  inhabits  France  ; 
.and  the  third  in  Germany. 

It  lives  in  pools,  ditches,  and  ftagnant  waters,  and  is  killed 
in  three  minutes  if  fait  be  fprinklcd  upon  it.  The  body  is 
fpougy,  blackiih  dotted  with  black  ;  chin  rough  ;  back  fub- 
crefted  ;  tail  fmooth,  fpeckled  with  a  longitudinal  white 
"ilripeon  each  fide. 

The  general  length  of  this  fpecies  is  from  three  to  four 
-inches.  The  male  is  readily  diftinguifhed  from  the  female  by 
a  confpicuous  dorfal  creil,  which  js  more  elevated,  and  more 
regularly  finuated  than  that  of  the  paluftris.  The  broad 
creil  is  very  tranfparent,  and  when  examined  by  a  magnify- 
ing-glafs  {h«ws  the  ramifications  of  the  bloodveflels  and  the 
'circulation  of  the  blood.  In  the  female  the  dorfal  creft  is 
nearly  wanting.  The  fi)re.foet  are  tetradaftylous  ;  but  the 
4iind-feet  Irave  five  toes,  and  in  all,  the  claws  are  wanting  ; 
but  vnth  regard  to  colour,  the  breadth  of  the  tail,  and  that 
of  the  toes,  water-newts  difli^er  at  different  feafonsof  the  year, 
in  different  Hates  of  the  weather,  and  lomctimes  a  confiderable 
\ariation  is  obfcrved  even  in  the  courfe  of  the  fame  day. 

This  fpecies  is  very  common  in  ftagnant  waters.  It 
breeds  early  in  the  fpring,  and  depofits  fmall  oblong  firings 
cr  chillers  of  fpawn.  The  ova  are  of  a  kidney  fliape,  and 
the  larva;  are  ready  formed,  and  may  be  fecn  aftive  and 
fportiijg  before  they  leave  the  gluten.  They  extricate  them- 
(elves  in  about  ten  days,  and  when  they  are  firfl:  excluded, 
the  branchial  fins  are  diftinftly  fcen,  and  foon  after  their 
fore-legs  appear.  In  a  fortnight  the  hind-legs  are  viftblc, 
^nd  in  about  four  or  five  montiis  the  branchial  fins  become 
obliterated,  and  the  animal  afiumcs  a  perfect  fo(;m.  In  the 
larva  (late,  the  animal  has  the  appearance  of  a  fmall  fifii.  It 
calls  its  Ikin,  v.-hich  may  be  found  floating  on  the  waters 
V.hich  it  frequents,  and  is  fometimes  fo  perfeft  as  to  repre- 
fcnt  the  whole  fcjrm  of  the  complete  animal.  The  repro- 
^iiftive  power  of  this  fptcies  of  lizard  has  been  noticed  as  a 
Tery  Uriking  circumflance  in  natural  hiilory.  They  have 
iscen   kaoivji   to  have   their  legs,  tails,   and  even  their  eyes 


reftored  after  they  have  been  deftroyed.  It  has  alfo  bceii 
afcert^ined  that  water-newts  have  been  completely  eucloted 
ill  a  mals  of  folid  ice,  in  which  they  have  remained  feveral 
weeks,  and  yet  upon  a  thaw  the  little  animals  have  been 
reftored  to  thi^r  former  health  and  vigour.  We  may  mention 
in  conneftion  with  this  a  fpecies  defcribcd  by  Dr.  Shaw,  de- 
nominated the 

Lf.vkrian  Water  newt  ;  of  which  there  was  a  good  fpc- 
cimen  in  the  Levcrian  mufeum.  The  total  length  of  this  is 
17,  inches,  and  its  tail  is  about  fix  or  feven  inches  of  it. 
The  head  is  flattened,  the  mouth  moderately  wide,  and  the 
upper  jaw  is  furniflied  in  front  with  two  concentric  rows  of 
numerous,  (mall,  briilly  teeth.  The  under  jaw  has  only  a 
fingle  r  w.  The  eyes  are  fmall,  round,  fituated  on  each 
fide  of  the  front  of  the  head,  fo  that  they  are  remote  from 
each  other.  The  colour  is  pale  brown,  marked  with  darker 
variegations.  The  legs  are  about  an  inch  in  length,  and 
they  are  all  furniflied,  along  their  whole  length  behind  with 
a  dilated  fliin  or  creil.  The  tail  is  like  that  of  a  common 
water-newt,  but  ihorter  and  not  fo  deeply  finned. 

.SAL.\MASnR.\  ;  Salam.andcr.  The  Ipecific  character  of 
this  aftimal  is,  colour  black,  fpotted  with  golden  yellow  ; 
tail  round,  and  of  moderate  length.  Of  this  fpecies  there 
are,  befides  the  one  defcribed,  fome  entirely  black  ;  fome 
brown  ;  fome  white  ;  and  fome  fmall,  brown  ;  with  a  tail  in 
fome  degree  i  omprcfled.  The  falamander,  fo  long  the  fub- 
jeft  of  popular  error,  and  of  which  fo  many  idle  tales  have 
been  recited  by  the  more  ancient  naturalills,  is  an  inhabitant 
of  many  parts  of  Germany,  Italy,  Fr;ince,  Sec.  but  lias  not 
been  difcovcred  in  England.  It  deligiits  in  moill  and  ihady 
places,  and  during  winter  conceals  itfelf  in  reccfles  under 
ground,  in  the  cavities  of  old  walls,  or  about  the  roots  of 
old  trees.  It  is  eafily  diftinguifliable  by  its  fine  colours  ; 
being  of  a  deep  fliining  black,  variegated  with  large,  irre- 
gular patches  of  bright  orange-yellow  ;  which  on  each  lide 
the  back  are  commonly  fo  dilpofed,  as  to  form  a  pair  of  in- 
terrupted longitudinal  ilripes  ;  on  each  fide  of  the  back  of 
the  head  is  fituated  a  pair  of  large  tubercles,  which  are  in 
reality  the  parotid  glands,  that  are  protuberant  not  only  in 
this  and  other  fpecies  of  the  Lacerta  genus,  but  in  a  remark- 
able manner  in  the  Ranaor  frog  tribe.     See  Rana. 

Thefe  parts,  as  well  as  the  back  and  fides  of  the  body,  are 
befet  in  the  falamander  with  feveral  large  open  pores, 
through  v\hi(-li  a  peculiar  fluid  is  exuded,  ferving  to  lubricate 
the  fl<in,  and  which,  on  any  fudden  irritation,  is  fecreted  in 
a  more  fudden  and  copious  manner  under  the  form  of  a  white 
gluten  of  a  flightly  actimcnious  nature  ;  and  from  the  readi- 
nefswith  which  the  animal,  when  dilturbed,  appears  to  eva- 
cuate it,  has  arifen  the  long  continued  popular  error  of  the 
falamanders  being  enabled  to  live  uninjured  in  tiie  fire,  which 
it  has  been  fuppofed  capable  of  extinguiflung  by  its  natural 
coldncfs  and  moifture  ;  the  real  fadt  is  this,  that  like  the 
other  cold  and  glutinous  animals,  as  fiiails,  frogs,  &c.  it  is 
not  quite  fo  inilantaneoufly  dellroycd  by  the  force  of  fire  as 
an  animal  of  a  drier  nature  would  be.  The  general  length  of 
the  falamander  is  about  feven  inches,  though  it  fometimes 
arrives  at  a  much  larger  fize.  It  lives  principally  on  infefts, 
fmall  fnails,  5:c.  ;  its  tongue  is  not  by  any  means  formed  to 
catcii  thefe  in  a  fudden  manner,  being  fltort,  broad,  and  in 
fome  degree  confined,  fo  as  not  to  be  darted  out  with  cele. 
rity.  it  is  capable  of  living  in  water  as  well  as  on  the  land, 
and  is  found  occafionally  in  ilagnant  pools.  Its  pace  is  flow, 
and  its  habits  torpid.  'J'he  falamander  is  viviparous,  and  ihe 
young  are  produced  perfectly  formed,  in  the  lame  way  as  the 
viper.  It  is  faid  to  retire  into  the  water  to  depofit  its  young, 
the  number  of  which  at  one  birth  amounts  to  30  or  40  ; 
when  they  are  firlt  excluded,  they  are  iurnilhed  witli  bran- 
chial 


LIZARD. 


filial  fins  on  each  fide  tlie  neck  ;  tliefe  are  but  temporary  or- 
gans, and  are  afterwards  obliterated  like  thofe  of  the  tad- 
pole. 

It  has  been  thought  that  the  falamander  was  a  venomous 
animal,  and  that  its  poilon  is  of  fo  malignant  a  nature,  as 
fcarcely  to  admit  of  any  remedy.  Later  obfervati'ns  and 
-experiments  have  afcertained  that  it  is  perfetliy  innocent,  and 
although  the  fluid  fecreted  from  the  (Icin  may  be  noxious  to 
fmaller  animalr.,  it  is  incapable  of  inflitUng  either  wound  or 
poifon  on  any  laro;e  animal. 

Stkujiosa  ;  Strumous  lizard.  Tail  round,  long  ;  breaft 
gibbous,  projeftmg  forward.  This  is  of  a  fmall  ii/.e,  has  no 
lerratures,  but  is  furni(hed  with  a  large  flat  crell  at  the 
throat,  of  a  pale  red  colour  ;  the  other  parts  of  the  animal 
are  of  a  pale  blueifh-grev,  with  fome  flight  fliades  of  a  more 
dufliy  hue.  The  limbs  are  flender.  It  is  a  native  of  South 
America. 

ViTTATA  ;  Forked  lizard.  The  tail  of  this  fpecies  is 
round,  long  ;  body  brown  with  a  white  dorfal  fillet,  forked 
over  tlie  bead.  It  inhabits  India  ;  it  does  not  exceed  fix  or 
fevea  inches  in  length  ;  the  head  is  large  in  proportion  to 
the  body,  the  toes  are  lamellated  beneath  ;  terminated  by 
curved  claws.  The  upper  furface  is  covered  with  extremely 
fnnall  tubercles,  which  are  fo  minute  as  fcarcely  to  be  per- 
ceptible. 

Turcica  ;  the  Turkiih  lixard.  Tail  fubverticillate, 
middle-fized  ;  body  grey,  and  a  litt'e  warty.  It  inhabits 
the  Eall.  Its  body  is  dufted  with  brown  fpots,  unequal, 
and  as  if  fprinkled  with  fcarcely  viiible  warts  ;  the  tail  is 
about  the  length  of  the  body.. 

R.\PICAUDA  ;  Turnip-tailed  lizard.  Tail  turbinate  ;  cars 
xroncave.  This  fpecies  is  found  in  feveral  of  the  American 
iflands  ;  the  body  is  white,  fpotted  with  brown  ;  warts 
fmall,  thickly  fprinkled  ;  claws  hollowed  in  the  middle  un- 
dern;ath. 

Gecko  ;  Common  Gecko  lizard.  Tail  round,  middle- 
iized  ;  toes  a  little  clawed  ;  ears  concave.  This  animal  is 
faid  to  have  received  its  name  from  the  peculiar  found  of  its 
voice,  which  bears  a  refemblance  to  that  word  when  uttered 
in  a  (hrill  tone.  It  is  twelve  or  fourteen  inches  long,  and  is 
accordingly  ranked  among  the  middle-fized  animals  of  the 
lizard  tribe  ;  but  it  is  thicker  and  ftronger  than  the  greater 
part  of  lizards.  Its  head  is  flattifli,  fomewhat  triangular,  and 
large,  with  a  covering  of  minute  fcales ;  its  mouth  is  wide, 
eyes  large,  teeth  fmall,  and  its  tongue  is  broad  and  flat. 
The  ufual  colour  of  the  gecko  "is  brown,  with  forte  irre- 
gular dulky  or  blueilh  variugations,  but  this  colour  becomes 
more  brilliant  in  warmer  regions. 

It  inhabits  India,  Arabia,  Egypt,  and  the  warmer  parts  of 
Europe  ;  it  frequents  houfes  in  iummer,  but  is  feldom  feen 
in  the  winter  ;  makes  a  noife  like  a  weafel  ;  is  tame,  and 
when  frighted  will  run  into  houfes  for  Ihelter  ;  it  emits  a 
poilonous  fluid  from  the  lamella  beneath  its  feet,  which,  if 
fmeared  over  fruit,  or  other  articles  of  food  it  has  run  over, 
caufes  a  violent  colic  in  thofe  who  happen  to  eat  them  ;  it 
frequently  ftands  in  an  erett  pofture  on  its  hind-feet  ;  from 
the  peculiar  llrucf  ure  of  its  feet  the  animal  is  enabled  to  at- 
tach itfelf  to  the  fmoolhefh  furfaces. 

There  is  a  variety  of  this  fpecies  denominated  Tolai, 
defcribed  by  the  Jef.iit  miffionaries  lent  by  Lewis  XIV.  to 
Siam  ;  of  which  the  body  is  covered  above  by  a  granulated 
ikin,  varied  with  red  and  blue  undulations  ;  the  belly  is  of  an 
aih  .colour,  and  interfperfed  with  red  fpots  ;  the  head  is  large 
and  triangular.  It  is  a  native  of  Siam,  and  is  regarded  as  a 
poifonous  animal.  Bontius,  in  his  Hitlory  of  Java,  appears 
todefcribe  one  of  a  iimilar  kind,  under  the  name  of  the  In- 
4lian    lalamander.     It  is  called  Gecko,  on   account  of  its 

Vol.  XXI. 


flirill  cry.  It  is  about  a  foot  long,  and  its  colour  is  fea- 
green,  fpotted  with  red,  the  head  is  large  and  toad-like  ; 
the  eyes  are  large  and  extremely  protuberant.  It  is  faid 
that  the  Javanefe  hold  up  the  animal  by  the  tail  to  make  it 
difcharge  faliva  from  the  mouth,  whith  they  coUedt  and 
preferve  for  the  purpofe  of  poifoning  their  arrows. 

Geitje.  Tail  lanceolate,  middle-fized  ;  fore-feet  with 
four  toes  ;  this  fpecies  is  found  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
It  is  called  by  f  ime  naturaliils  Sparmanmana,  on  account  of 
its  having  been  firfl;  defcribed  by  Sparmann.  Its  col.ur  on 
the  upper  parts  is  a  variegation  of  darker  and  lighter 
fliadcs,  and  on  the  under  parts  it  is  whitifli.  It  is  looked 
on  as  a  poifonous  animal,  and  is  fuppofed  to  fecrete  from  its 
pores  a  fluid  which  produces  tumours  and  even  gangrenes, 
that  are  fometimes  cured  by  the  application  of  citron  juice, 
but  which,  if  long  neglefted,  are  very  produAive  of  dan- 
gerous fymptoms. 

Section  G.  The  animals  in  this  divifion  have  feet  with 
five  toes  ;  fome  of  which  are  connected  ;  the  tail  is  round, 
Ihort,  incurved. 

Species. 
Chameleon.    Three  varieties  are  mentioned  in  the  Syf- 
tema  Naturs,  of  which  the  fpecific  charafter  of  the  firil  it, 
body  cinereous  ;  head  flat  ;  of  the  fecond  the  body  is  white  ;  • 
and  of  the  third  the  head  is  very  large. 

The  chama:leon  inhabits  India  and  New  Spain  ;  it  lives 
chiefly  in  trees  :  from  the  anatomical  dcfcription,  the  lungs 
are  large,  and  capable  of  being  inflated  to  an  enormous  fize 
by  the  animal  ;  the  eyes  are  fo  moveable  that  the  creature 
can  look  in  different  direftions  at  the  fame  time  ;  the  pupil 
has  a  golden  glare,  and  frequently  changes  its  colour. 

Few  animals  have  been  fo  much  celebrated  as  the  chamas- 
leon,  which,  it  was  long  believed,  has  the  povs-er  of  changing 
its  colour  at  pleafure,  and  of  alfimilating  it  to  that  of  any 
particular  objefl  or  fituation.  This,  however,  is  not  the  real 
(tate  of  the  cafe  ;  the  change  of  colour  which  the  animal  ex- 
hibits varies  in  degree  according  to  the  circumftances  of 
health,  temperature  of  the  weather,  and  other  caufes,  and 
confiftis  chiefly  in  an  alteration  of  fliades  from  the  natural 
greenifli  or  blueilh-grey  of  the  Ikin  into  pale  yellowifli,  with 
irregular  fpots  of  dull  red.  Another  erroneous  aflertion 
vvith  regard  to  the  chamxleon  was,  that  it  could  fubfift  on 
air.  This  arofe  from  the  long  abilinence  wliich  it  is  known 
capable  of  enduring. 

The  length  of  the  chamasleon  is  about  ten  inches,  but  in- 
cluding the  tail,  it  is  nearly  double  th.nt  length.  The  ilin 
on  every  part  of  the  animal  is  granulated.  There  are  five 
toes  on  each  foot,  two  and  three  of  which  are  united  by  a 
common  flvin  as  far  as  the  claws.  The  ilrufture  of  the 
tongue  is  peculiar  ;  it  is  very  long,  ^nd  furniflied  with  a  di- 
lated fomewhat  tubular  tip,  by  which  means  it  is  enabled 
eafily  to  feizc  infefts,  by  darting  it  out  and  fecuring  them 
on  the  tip.  It  is  found  in  many  parts  of  the  world,  and 
particularly  in  India  and  Africa  ;  and  has  been  feen  in  the 
warmer  parts  of  Spain  and  Portugal.  For  a  fartlier  account' 
of  this  animal,  fee  Cham/ELEon. 

Africana  ;  or  African  lizard.  Black  ;  head  carinate  ; 
it  inhabits  the  northern  parts  of  Africa  and  Spain  ;  in  its 
habits  it  refembles  the  chamasieon  ;  the  protuberant  parts 
are  all  white. 

PuMiLLA  ;  Dwarf  lizard.  Sides  blueidi,  with  two  yel- 
lowifli li^es  ;  it  is  found  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  In 
this  fpecies  the  head  is  fomewhat  flatter  than  that  of  the 
Africana,  but  ftill  elevated  in  the  middle,  and  edged  ou 
each  fide  with  a  denticulated  margin.  The  Atricar.a  and 
the  Pumilla  have  been  regarded,  by  fume  naturalills,  as 
varieties  of  the  fame  fpecies. 

E  e  Seftion  H. 


I.  I  Z  A  R  D. 


Seirti-)!!  H.     The  animals  of  tliis  divifioi  liavc  tUcir  coIlSr 
jlouble  ;  anj  Iqnare  abdominal  Icalcs. 

Species. 
Amf.iva;  the  blue  lizard.     Tail  verticillate,  long;  ab- 
dominal Icales  thirty  ;  collar  beneath  with  a  double  wrnikle. 
It  inhabits  America,  but  occurs  in  Africa  and  Afia.     The 
abdominal  fcalc3  are  in  eight  rows. 

TlLiGUEUTA.  Tail  verticillate;  twice  as  long  as  the 
body,  abdominal  fcales  eighty.  It  is  about  fevcn  or  eight 
inches  long,  and  is  found  during  the  whole  year  in  the  fields 
and  meadows  of  Sardinia. 

AeiLis;  Scaly  or  green  lizard.     Tail  long,  verticillate, 
with  (harp   fcales  ;  collar   is  fcaly    beneath.     This   elegant 
fpecies,  which  is  found  in  all  the   warmer  parts   of  Europe, 
~  \aries  in  length   from  fifteen  inches  to  two  feet.      It  is  the 
mod   beautiful  of   all  the   European  laccrts,  exhibiting  a 
rich  and  varied  mixture  of  darker  and  lighter  green,  inter- 
fperfed  with  fpecks  and  marks  of  yellow,  brown,  blackifh, 
and  even  fometimes  red.     The  head  is  commonly  of  a  more 
\iniform  green  than  the   reft  of  the  body  ;  the  under  part  of 
the  animal,  both   on  the  body  and  limbs,  is  of  a  pale  bUie- 
grecn  call  ;  the  head  is  covered  with  large  angular  fcales  ; 
the    reft   of  the   upper   parts  with  very   fmall  ovate  ones  ; 
the  tail,  which  is  commonly  longer  than  the  body,  is  marked 
with  numerous  rings  of  oblong-fquare  fcales,   {lightly  bifid 
at  their  extremities  ;  beneath   the  throat  is  a  kind   of  col- 
lar, f9rmed  by  a  row  of  fcales   of  much   larger   fi/.e    than 
the  reft  :   the  abdomen  is  covered,  down   its    whole   length, 
with  fix  rows  of  broad  tranfverfe  plates,  and  the  under  fur- 
face  of  the  limbs  is  alfo  covered  with  fimilar  fcales  ;  along 
the  infide  of  the  thighs  runs  a  row  of  papillae  or   tubercles, 
vhich,  in   this  and  other  fpecies, 


about  thirteen  in  number,  w 

probably  affift  the  animal  in  climbing  or  clinging  to  the  ftcms     lines  on  each  fide  the  body  ;  it  is  a  i 

and  branches  of  vegetables  ;  the  tongue  is  moderately  long,     finger's  length  ;  it  is  brown  above, 

and  formed  to  enable  the  animal   to   retain  and   fwallow  its    "      ' 

prey,  which  confifts  chiefly  of  iHfefts,  fmall  worms,  &c. 

This  fpecies  is  a  native  of  all  the  warmer  parts  of  Eu- 
rope. It  is  found  in  gardens,  about  and  in  crevices  of  warm 
•walls,  buildings,  &c.  It  is,  as  its  name  imports,  a  very  ac- 
tive animal,  and  purfues  its  prey,  which  confills  of  infcAs, 

with  great  celerity.     When  it  is  caught  it  may  be  tamed, 

and  it  foon  becomes  famihar. 

It  appears  to  run  into  numerous   varieties  both  as  to -fize 

and  colour  ;  but  in  them  all  the  particular  chara6teriftics  of 

the  fpecies  are  eafily   afcertained.     Befides  the  one  already 

defcribed,  we  have  in  the  Syft.  Nat.  the  follo-.ving  varieties 


with  confluent  white  bands  mixed  with  round  fpots.  It  in- 
habits fouthern  countries.  The  body  is  covered  above  and 
beneatli  with  truncate  fcales  in  eight  rows,  forming  lateral 
and  longitudinal  ftreaks,  belly  fiat;  tail  with  about  50  whorls, 
half  as  long  again  as  the  body  ;  legs  fliort,  diftant,  but  well 
formed  for  running.      Sec  Ei'T. 

Vki.ox  ;  Swift  li/ard.  Tail  verticillate,  longifh  ;  collar 
beneath  Icaly,  body  above  cinereous,  varied  with  five  longi- 
tudinal paler  ftreaks  and  brown  dots  ;  fides  fpatted  with 
black,  dotted  with  blueilh. 

This  fpeci-'S  is  found  in  Siberia,  particularly  in  the  fultry 
dcfert  places  about  the  Like  of  Inderikien  ;  it  wanders  among 
the  rocks,  and  is  exceedingly  fwift  ;  it  refemblcs  the  fcaly 
or  green  lizard,  but  is  much  llenderer  and  Icfs  ;  hind-legs 
marked  with  round  patches. 

CnUENTA  ;  Red-tailed  lizard.  Tail  verticillate,  above  ci- 
nereous,  beneath  fcarlct  with  awhitifh  tip  ;  fold  of  the  neck 
beneath  tranfverfe.  This  fpecies  is  found  about  the  fait 
lakes  in  fouthern  Siberia  ;  refemblcs  the  vclox  in  (hape,  but 
is  three  times  as  fmall,  and  has  a  fiiarper  head.  The  body  is 
brown,  with  feven  white  ftreaks  on  the  neck,  of  which  four 
reach  the  tail,  beneath  is  white  ;  limbs  varied  with  round 
milky  fpots  ;  thighs  without  the  line  of  callous  dots. 

Ahguta  ;  the  argute  lizard.  The  fpccific  charafter  is 
this ;  tail  flnort,  verticillated  ;  thick  at  the  bafe  and  filiform 
at  the  lip  ;  collar  marked  with  obfcnrc  fcales.  There  is  a 
reinarkable  double  plate  under  the  neck. 

The  ipecies  is  fimilar  in  fome  refpefts  to  the  green  lizard, 
but  is  fhorter  and  more  ventricofe,  and  has  a  Iharper  fnout. 
It  is  a  native  of  the  fouth  of  Siberia,  and  is  found  in  the 
dry  funny  places  of  Irtifti,  and  on  the  fandy  plains 
beyond. 

AnilKA.     Tail   long  and   verticillated,  and    two  yellow 

it  is  a  fmall  fpecies,  of  about  a 

and  beneath  yellowidi  ; 

Its     back  covered  with  carinated  fcales,  and  bounded  on  each  fide 

by  a  yellow  line,  feparating  the  abdomen    from  the   upper 

parts.      It  is  a  native  of  Algiers. 

T11.IGUGU  ;  Sardinian  lizard.  Tail  round,  conic,  middle^- 
fized ;  toes  five  marginate  claws. 

It  inhabits  Sardinia,  and  is  eight  inches  long.  The  body 
is  thick,  brown  above,  variegated  with  numerous  black  dots, 
beneath  vvhitifli ;  legs  very  ftiort,  the  hinder  ones  longer;  tail 
tliree  inclies  and  a  half  long. 

Uralessks  ;  Ural  lizard.  Tail  round,  longifli  ;  neck 
beneath  folding  ;  feet  all-toed;  back  hvid-alh,  wrinkled, 
and  fubvvarted. 


One  in  which   the  loweft  fcales  of  the  collar   arc 


loofe. 


I. 

2.  That  in  which  the  Ikin  is  very  thin  and  of  a  brown 
colour,  j.  Body  with  eye-like  fpots.  4.  Brown;  on  each 
fide  a  feries  of  indift.tift  fpots.  5,  Sides  brown  ;  back 
tawny.  6.  Blueilli  ;  each  fide  a  triple  row  of  ocellate  fpots. 
7.  Green  fpeckled  w^ith  brown  ;  collar  tawny.  8.  Blue  ; 
head  white  ;  back  longitudinally  ftriate  ;  hind-legs  fpolted. 
9.   Blue  ;  the  fides  fpeckled  with  white. 

The  8th,  found  in  .America,  is  defcribed  as  innocent,  ac- 
tive, elegant,  living  in  dry  meadows,  walls,  and  rocks  Some 
of  the  animals  of  this  fpecies  have  been  ufed  ;.s  a  medicine, 
and  ha'.e  been  fuppofed  to  poffefs  peculiar  virtues  in  leprous 
and  other  fimilar  cafes. 

Seps  ;  the  eft.  Tail  verticillate,  long  ;  lateral  future 
reflected,  fcales  fquare. 

This  IS  a  fmall  fpecies,  and  is  eafily  known  from  the  thin 
lengthened  form  of  the  body,  at.d  its  long  (lender  tail. 
There  are  three  varieties,  the  firft  anfwers  to  the  fpeclfic 
chara^er  given  ;  the  feci':d.s  var  egared  with  chefnut ;  head 
varied  wuh  black  had  white  }  the  third  is  bUck-blue,  marbled 


It    inhabits     the 
fwift. 


country   about    Ural, 
The   head  is   roundilh 


is   four  inches 
;   body    whitifh 


long  ;  very 
beneath. 

BuLLAKis  ;  Bladder  lizard.  Tail  rcund,  h  ng  ;  chin 
pouched. 

This  fpecies  is  about  fix  inches  long,  of  a  (hining  grafs- 
green  colour.  When  it  is  approached,  the  throat  fwills 
into  a  globular  form,  and  the  protruded  (l<in  becomes  of  a 
bright  colour.  This  has  been  thought  to  be  a  threatening 
afped,  but  probably  without  any  foundation.  It  is  a  native 
of  Jamaica,  where  it  is  common  about  hedges  and  trees. 
The  green  Carolina  lizard  is  fuppofed  to  be  a  variety  of  this 
fpecies,  as  it  is  an  exadt  rtfemblance  in  every  refpctt,  except 
in  the  appearance  of  the  pouch.  In  dry  hot  weather  it  ap» 
pears  of  a  bright  green  colour  ;  but  in  cold  weather  it 
changes  to  a  brown.  It  is  very  common  in  and  about  the 
houfes  of  Carolina. 

AtiuiTA  ;  Eared  hzard.  Tail  rcun'l,  mlddle-fizcd,  with 
callous  dots  on  each  fide  ;  the  throat  fold  tranfverle,  almoft 
double  j  angles  of  the  mouth  each  fide  dilated  into  a  femi- 

^  orbicular. 


LIZARD. 


orbicular,  foft,'rougli,  dentate  creft.  This  fpecies  is  found 
among  the  fandy  hillocks  of  foutiicrn  Siberia,and  gravel-pits 
in  the  defert  of  Coniani,  it  is  fomething  larger  than  the  gecko ; 
the  upper  part  waved  with  cinereous  and  yellowifh,  and 
thickly  fpeckled  with  brown  ;  underneath  it  is  whitifh  ;  tip 
of  the  tail  and  blotch    on  the  chell  black. 

Tegl'IXIN.  Tail  round,  long  ;  lateral  future  folded  ; 
neck  beneath  wiih  a  triple  fold  Inhabits  India  and  South 
America.      Back  and  tail  verticillate  with 'crowded  ftreaks. 

Helioscopa  ;  Star-gazing  lizard.  Tail  imbricate,  taper- 
ing  ;  neck  with  a  tranfvcrfe  fold  beneath  ;  head  covered  with 
callofities.  This  fpecies  inhabits  in  vaft  numbers  the  burn- 
ing fand-hillocks  of  fouthern  Siberia  ;  moves  very  quick, 
but  in  a  lefs  ferpentine  direftion  than  the  fcaly  lizard  ;  holds 
its  head  very  eredl  with  its  eyes  turned  upwards,  and  is 
about  two  ir.ches  long.  The  colour  of  the  upper  parts  of 
the  body  15  grey,  with  brown  and  blueilh  fpots,  and  linear 
ftreaks.  The  neck  is  often  marked  above  with  a  red  fpot. 
The  tip  of  the  tail  is  red  beneath. 

Plica  ;  Plica  lizard.  The  hinder  part  of  the  head  is 
callous;  eye-brows  excoriated  above  ;  neck  plaited  beneath, 
and  warted  at  the  fides ;  tail  long  and  round.  This  is  a 
fmall  fpecies,  about  two  or  three  inches  in  length.  It  is 
entirely  covered  with  conical  fcales  ;  there  is  a  double  plate 
beneath  the  throat.  It  is  a  native  of  South  America  and 
India. 

Section  I.     Body  lir.cate  or  banded,  fcaly  ;  tongue  bifid. 

Species. 

Sexliseata  ;  Six-lined  lizard.  Tail  verticillate,  long  ; 
back  with  lix  white  lines.  It  inhabits  Carolina.  The  hack 
is  hoarv,  with  three  narrow  white  hnes  and  three  black  ; 
under  the  neck  are  two  wrinkles  ;  thighs  with  a  row  of 
callous  dots  behind. 

QlJiJMjoELixEAiA  ;  Five-lined  lizard.  This  alfo  is  an 
inhabitant  of  Carohna.  The  head  is  marked  with  fix  yellow 
lines,  and  two  between  the  eyes  ;  back  is  blackilh,  with  lines 
reaching  to  the  middle  of  the  tail ;  the  tail  half  as  long 
S^ain  as  the  body  ;  the  belly  is  ftreaked  imbricately. 

NiLOTiCA  ;  or  the  lizard  of  the  Nile.  Tail  long,  the 
outer  fide  triangular ;  body  fmooth ;  back  with  four  lines 
of  fcales.     It  13  found  in  Egypt. 

Interpunctata  ;  Afiatic  lizard.  Tail  roand,  long ; 
back  with  yellow  lines,  interfperfed  with  black  dots.  In- 
habits different  parts  of  Afia.  Body  included  between  two 
lines  and  dillinft  from  the  fides.  In  the  area  are  fix  longi- 
tudinal rows  of  brown  dots,  and  as  many  on  each  iide  ;  legs 
and  tail  dot'ed  in  the  lame  manner. 

Lemkiscata  ;  Eight-lined  lizard.  Tail  round,  long  ; 
back  with  eight  whitifii  lines.  It  inhabits  Guinea.  The 
thighs  are  dotted  with  white. 

Fasciata  ;  Blue-tailed  lizard.  Tail  round,  long,  blue  ; 
back  with  five  yellowifh  lines.     Inhabits  Carolina. 

Vulgaris  ;  Brown  lizard,  or  common  Newt.  Tail 
round,  middle-fized  ;  feet  clawed  ;  fore -feet  four-toed  ;  back 
with  a  double  brown  line. 

It  inhabits  Europe,  and  is  about  three  inches  long.  It 
is  found  in  gardens,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  dunghills,  &c. 
Like  the  Aug  and  toad  it  makes  its  way  into  cellars.  It 
is  altogether  a  land  fpecies,  and  it  feems  to  be  vivi- 
parous. 

Japoxica;  Japonefe  lizard.  Tail  round,  long;  feet 
clawed;  fore-feet  four-toed;  backhanded.  Body  beneath 
yellow  ;  the  upper  part  is  livid,  with  a  dentate  broad  yellow 
band  from  the  hind-head  to  the  tip  of  the  tail  ;  eyes  fmall  ; 
eye-brows  large,  rough  ;  claws  black  ;  tail  a  little  compreffed 
at  the  tip.     It  is  found  in  the  Japan  iflands. 


Deserti  ;  Ural  lizard.  Tail  round,  longiffi ;  feet  five- 
toed  ;  body  above  black,  with  fix  wiiite  longitudinal  linea. 
It  is  found  in  the  defert  of  Ural,  and  is  fomewlsat  more 
than  two  inches  long.  The  body  beneath  is  white  ;  lir.es 
of  the  back  confiding  of  oblong  fpots,  and  between  each 
outer  line,  and  the  next,  are  five  white  dots. 

Qu-\DKILINEATA  ;  Four-lined  lizard.  Tail  round,  long  ; 
feet  fomewhat  claw-ed  ;  hind-feet  four-toed  ;  body  with  four 
yellow  lines.     It  inhabits  North  America. 

PuN'CTATA  ;  Dotted  lizard.  Tail  round,  middle-fized; 
feet  unarmed ;  fore-feet  four-toed  ;  back  longitudinally 
dotted  with  white.  It  is  found  in  Carolina.  The  body  ij 
bro>'.-n,  with  a  double  row  of  white  fpots  on  the  back,  and 
a  fingle  one  on  the  tail. 

SpaxATOR  ;  Spitting  lizard.  Tail  round,  middle-fized, 
with  a  longitudinal  row  of  fcales  beneath  ;  feet  unarmed, 
five -toed  ;  body  cinereous,  with  white  bands  above,  before 
nnd  behind  it  is  edged  with  liver  colour.  It  is  found  in 
South  America,  in  houfes  and  amonjf  old  buildings  ;  when 
irritated,  it  difcharges  a  black  acrid  m.atter,  the  effefts  of 
which  on  the  huoian  body  may  be  cured  by  camphor  or 
fpirits  of  wine.  The  whole  animal,  except  the  very  tips 
of  the  jaws,  and  the  lower  furface  of  the  tail,  is  covered 
with  minute  truncate  fcales  ;  the  tongue  is  round,  a  little 
notched  at  the  tip  ;  tail  near  the  end,  and  lego  fpotted  with 
browa. 

Seftion  K.  The  belly  of  the  animals  of  this  divifion  is 
covered  with  imbricate  fcales  ;  the  tongue  is  entire. 

Species.        , 

Sepiformi.s.  Tail  fiiort  ;  body  grecnifh-black  ;  head 
armed  ;  back  flat  ;  hind-thighs  on  the  hinder  part  covered 
with  callous  dots. 

SciNCU.s  ;  Scink.  Tail  round,  middle-fized,  comprefied 
at  the  tip  ;  toes  unarmed,  marginate.  This  fpecies  is  thus 
charafterized  by  Dr.  Shaw.  "  Yellowifh-brown  lizard,  with 
tranfverfe  brown  bands  on  the  upper  part,  fhort  tail  with 
comprefied  tip,  and  upper  jaw  longer  than  the  lower." 

"  The  fcink,"  fays  the  writer  jull  quoted,  "  is  one  of 
the  middle-fized  or  fmaller  lizards,  and  is  a  native  of  many 
of  the  eafiern  parts  of  the  world.  It  abounds  in  Lybia, 
Syria,  Egypt,  and  Arabia,  frequen'ing  moderately  dry  and 
fandy  foils,  and  growing  to  the  length  of  fix  or  feven  inches, 
or  even  fometimes  more.  The  head  of  the  fcink  is  large, 
the  body  thick  and  round,  and  the  tail  confiderably  fliorter 
than  the  body." 

It  is  of  a  pale  yellowifh-brown  colour,  with  a  few  broad, 
dufl<y,  tranfverfe  undulations  or  zones,  and  is  uniformly 
covered  with  moderately  large  or  fifn-like  fcales,  lying  ex- 
tremely  clufe  and  fmooth,  lo  that  the  furface  has  a  glofly 
or  oily  appearance.  It  is  an  animal  of  liarmlcfs  manners, 
and  like  moll  lizards  derives  its  fubiillence  from  various  in- 
fefts,  which  wander  about  the  regions  that  it  inhabits. 
It  was  once  in  high  eftimation  as  an  article  in  the  Materia 
Medica. 

Mr.  Bruce,  in  his  Travels,  has  defcribed  the  fcink  under  the 
name  of  El  Adda,  which,  he  fays,  is  very  common  in  the  pro- 
vince  of  Atbara  in  AbyfTinia.  vSee  E!  AnnA.)  It  burrowe 
in  the  fand  fo  quickly,  that  it  is  out  of  fight  inttantly,  and 
appears  rather  to  have  found  a  hole  than  made  one,  yet  it 
comes  out  in  the  heat  of  t!ie  day  to  bafic  in  the  fun  ;  and  it 
not  very  much  frightened,  will  take  refuge  behind  Hones, 
or  in  the  withered,  ragged  roots  of  the  abfinthium,  dried  i,T 
the  lun  to  nearly  its  own  colour.  It  has  long  legs,  but 
makes  no  ufe  of  them  to  (land  upright ;  it  creeps  with  its 
belly  almoll  clofe  to  the  ground  ;  us  motions  are,  however, 
very  rapid.  Mr.  Bruce  informs  us,  that  lizards  in  general 
F.  e  2  »re 


LIZARD. 


are  pccviliarly  n'-imerous  in  the  eaftcrn  regions.     The  defert  gant  fpecimen.     The  dialcides  is  an  animal  of  a  very  l\arm- 

parts  of  Syria  bordering  on  Arabia  Dcfcrta  abound  with  lels  nature,  frequenting  moill  ftiady  places,  moving  rather  ' 

them  to   fiich   a  degree,  as  to  render  it  imponible  to  count  flowly,  and  feeding  on  infects,  finall  worms,  &c.      It  is  a 

.  them.     «'  I   am  pofitive,"  fays  the  traveller,  "  that  I  can  viviparous  fpccies,  and  is  faid  to   produce  a  great   many 

fay,  without  exaggeration,  that  the  number  I  faw  one  day  young.     The  ferpents  to  which  it  bears  the  nearell  alliance, 

in   the    great    court   of  the    temple  of  the  fun  at  Balbec,  in  point  of  form,  are  thofc  of  the  genus  angiiis,  and  parti- 


amounted  to  many  tlioufands  ;  the  ground,  the  walls,  and 
ttoucs  of  the  ruuied  buildings  were  covered  with  them,  and 
the  various  colours  of  which  they  con  filled  made  a  very  ex- 
traordinary appearance,  glittering  under  the  fun,  in  which 
they  lay  flecping  and  baflcing. 

SciN'CdiDHS  i  Scincoid  lizard.  Tail  round,  middlc- 
fized  ;  legs  fhort ;  toes  very  fliort. 

This  fpccies  is  a  variety  of  the  occtdua  of  Dr.  Shaw,  to 
which  he  gives  the  name  of  the  galliwafp.  It  is  nearly  two 
feet  long,  according  to  him  ;  but  Gmclin  makes  it  about 
eighteen  inches  only.  It  is  a  native  of  New  Holland.  The 
body  is  a  pale  yellowifh-brown,  witli  a  long  patch  of  deep 
brown  or  black'.fli  each  fide  the  neck  ;  fides  tinged  with  the 
fame  colour  j  tail  deeper  than  the  fides  ;  teeth  fomewhat  ob 


cularly  the  A.  fragilis,  or  common  ilow-worni 

The  "  Chalcide,"  defcribed  by  the  count  dc  Cepede,  ap- 
pears to  be  extremely  allied  to  the  one  jull  mentioned  ;  but, 
inftead  of  having  imbricated  Icales,  it  ia  marked  into  a  con- 
tinual fcries  of  annuli  throughout  its  whole  length. 

Seui'ENs;  Serpent  hzard.  Head,  body,  and  tail,  a  con- 
tinued cylinder  ;  legs  very  minute,  remote,  five-toed,  and 
clawed.  It  inhabits  Java  ;  is  about  four  or  five  inches  long. 
Its  fliape  is  very  much  like  that  of  a  ferpent,  but  more  co- 
nical ;  the  upper  part  of  the  body  is  decorated  with  from 
fourteen  to  twenty  brown,  longitudinal  llripes ;  beneath  it 
is  filvery.     It  has  an  auditory  canal. 

AxGUINA  ;  Snake  lizard.  I'ail  verticillate,  ftifliOi  at  the 
extremity  ;  body  ilriate  ;  feet  without  toes,  fubulate.     The 


tufe,  fiiort.     The  tongue  in  this,  as  in  other  fcinks,  is  (hort,    animals  of  this  fpecies  are  about  fourteen  inches  long,  of 


fiat,  rounded  and  entire  ;  not  forked,  as  in  moll  lizards. 

The  occidua  or  gaUiwafp  itfelf  is  a  native  of  the  American 
iflands,  and  is  particularly  common  in  Jamaica,  where  it 
frequents  woody  and  marlhy  dillrifts.  Its  colour  is  ufually 
a  palifli  brown,  clouded  with  fomewhat  irregular  bands  of  a 
deeper  call ;  but  it  is  faid  occafionally  to  change  its  colour 
into  a  lively  golden  yellow.  It  was  formerly  thought  to  be 
the  molt  venomous  reptile  in  the  ifland  of  Jamaica,  and  it  was 
faid  that  no  creature  could  recover  from  its  bite  ;  but  this  is 
now  regarded  as  a  popular  error. 

Oci:i.L.\TA  ;  Ocellate  lizard.  Tail  roundifh,  (liort  ;  body 
beneath  white,  above  greenifli-grey,  with  roundifh  ocellate 
fpots,  brown  on  the  margin,  redlangular  and  white  on  the 
difl<.  It  is  found  in  Egypt,  is  very  beautiful,  and  about  a 
fpan  long. 

GuTTAXA  ;  Spotted  fcink.  Tail  round,  long,  the  tip 
and  four  tranfverfc  fpots  black  ;  body  above  hoary,  dotted 
with  white,  beneath  whitiih. 

.It  is  a  very  fmall  fpecies,  not  much  exceeding  three  inches 
in  length.  It  inhabits  the  deferts  of  Ural.  The  body  is 
fmooth  above  ;  the  feet  are  five-toed,  with  claws. 

Seftion  L.  The  animals  of  this  divifion  crawl  on  the 
belly;  refembhng  both  the  lizard  and  ferpent. 

Species. 

C^IALCIDES.  Tail  round,  long;  feet  five-toed  ;  legs  very 
fliort.  Inhabits  fouther:i  Europe  and  Africa.  It  is  found 
of  different  fizes,  from  the  length  of  a  few  inches  to  that  of    fized  goofe-quill.     This  lizard  was  defcribed  by  Linmus 


which  the  body  itfelf  is  only  four.  The  head  is  rather 
fmall ;  the  nofe  taper  ;  the  legs  very  fhort,  placed  near  the 
head  and  vent,  and  apparently  terminating  in  one  undivided 
toe  or  proccfs  ;  the  whole  animal  appears  covered  with  ovate 
fcales,  and  is  brown  above,  alh-colourcd  on  the  fides,  and 
yellowifh  beneath  ;  the  upper  furface  is  marked  throughout 
its  whole  length  by  feveral  dark  lines  or  flripes.  It  is  a  na- 
tive of  the  Cape  of  Guod  Hope,  where  it  is  found  in  great 
plenty  in  the  water,  and  about  the  rocks  in  the  Table 
bay. 

Lu.MBUlcoiDE.s  ;  Lumbriciform  lizard  Body  fubequal, 
round,  ferruginous,  telfellate  with  fquare  ftreaks  ;  beneath 
paler;  there  are  no  hind-feet,  but  the  others  are  fhort  and 
four-toed.  This  is  the  la  canncUe  of  the  count  de  Cepede, 
who  firll  defcribed  it  in  his  Hiftory  of  Oviparous  Quadru- 
peds. Its  length  is  about  eight  inches,  of  whieh  the  tail  is 
only  one  inch.  Along  the  whole  body,  from  head  to  tail 
on  each  fide,  runs  a  continued  fulcus  or  channel,  feparatin^ 
the  upper  and  lower  furfaces ;  legs  only  two,  extremely  fliort, 
placed  near  the  head,  and  divided  into  fire  minute  toes  with 
claws.  Colour  of  the  living  animal  fufpected  to  be  green  ; 
paler  beneath.      It  inhabits  Mexico. 

BlPivS;  Biped  lizard.  Body  fubequal,  round,  pale,  im- 
bricate ;  each  fcale  with  a  brown  dot.  There  are  no  fore- 
feet ;  hind-feet  with  two  toes.  This  is  a  very  Imall  fpecies, 
faid  to  be  found  in  South  America  and  in  India.  Its  length 
is  fix  inches  ;  the  diameter  no  larger  than  that  of  a  good. 


a  foot,  or  even  more.  The  head  is  covered  in  front  with 
large  fcales,  and  is  terminated  by  a  (lightly  tapering,  but 
not  pointed,  fnout  ;  the  eyes  are  fmall,  and  the  openings  of 
the  ears  very  diftindl.  There  is  no  neck,  the  diameter  con- 
tinuing nearly  equal  from  the  head  to  the  beginning  of  the 
tail,  which  is  often  longer  than  the  body,  and  gradually 
tapers  to  a  fmall  point.  The  colour  of  this  animal  is  pale 
ferruginous,  or  chefnut  brown  ;  hence  its  name,  with  fome 
naturahils,  is  the-"  Ferruginous  lizard." 

In  the  living  animal,  the  colour  is  generally  faid  to  have 


in  the  Mufasum  Adolphi  Frederici,  as  a  fpccies  of  fnake, 
under  the  title  of  "  Anguis  bipes." 

Apt'.-,  ;  Cylindrical  hzard.  Head,  body,  and  tail,  a  con- 
tinued imbricate  cylinder  ;  it  has  no  fore-feet,  and  fcarcely 
any  that  can  be  fo  called  behind.  Tiiis  fpecies  is  a  lliU 
nearer  approach  to  the  fnake  tribe  than  even  the  chalcides. 
It  is  a  native  of  Greece,  the  foutliern  parts  of  Siberia,  and" 
probably  of  many  other  parts  of  Europe  and  Alia.  It  is 
fometimes  full  three  feet  long,  and  fo  perfectly  rcfembles. 
the  general  form  of  a  large  fnake,  that  it  requires  very  clofe 


a  kind  of  metallic  or  bralfy  call,  which  probably  gave  rife    infpudlion  to  find  that  it  belongs  to  the  race  of  lizards.      It 


to   the   fpecific  appellation    "  Chalcides,"    and    "  Chali 
dica." 

"  This  fingidar  lizard,"  fays  Dr.  Shaw,  «'  is  defcribed 
by  Linnius  as  having  feet  furnifhed  with  five  toes  ;  but 
whatever  may  have  been  the  cafe  with  the  individual  fpeci- 
pien  which  he  examined,  it  feems  pretty  certain  that  the 
general  number  is  tliree.     In  tlie  Britilh  Mufueum  is  an  cle- 


inhabits  the  trralfy  meadows  of  the  deferts  of  fouthcrn  Si- 
beria, and  near  the  rivers  Sarpa,  Cuma,  and  Tert-k. 
Though  in  general  appearance  it  refembles  a  Inake,  in  its 
internal  itruCture  it  is  formed  like  a  lizard. 

Two  fpecimens  of  this  ifeard  were  brought  from  Greece 
by  Dr.  John  Sibthorp,  profelfor  of  botany  in  the  univerfity 
of  Oxford. 

Having, 


L  I  Z 

Having,  in  the  foregoing  account,  follo\(-ed  the  Linnsan 
fyftcm,  with  fuch  occalional  additions  and  illuftrations  as 
occurred  from  other  writers  of  diftin^iiifhed  reputation  ;  we 
fliall  conclude  with  noticing  fome  fpecies  which  later  na- 
turahils  have  added  to  this  genus,  and  which  have  been  de- 
fcribed,  and  moft  of  them  figured,  in  the  intereiling  works 
of  Dr.  Shaw.      Of  thefe  the  tirll  is  the 

AcANTHUiiA.  Tne  fpecific  character  of  this  is  as  fol- 
lows :   Throat  plaited  beneath  ;  the  body  covered  with  mi- 


L  L  A 


water-newts :  the  head,  fkin,  and  general  form  of  the  body; 
refembling  thofe  of  the  chama:leon  ;  the  tail,  that  of  the 
water  newts ;   while  the  feet  refemble  thofe  of  the  gecko. 

The  colour  of  this  animal  is  not  conftant  or  permanent  as 
in  mod  of  the  lizard  tribe ;  but  variable,  as  in  the  chami- 
leon,  prcfenting  fucccfTiveiy  fhadcs  of  n  d,  yellow,  green 
and  blue.  This  variation  of  colour  is  confined  to  the  upper 
furface  of  the  animal;  the  lowir  always  continuing  of  a 
bright  yellow.  Thefe  feveral  changes  have  been  obfcrved 
nute  fcales  ;  the  tail  long,  and  verticiilated  with  carinated     in  the  living  animal  in  its  native  country,  Mddagafcar,  where 


triple-fpined  fcales.  A  fpecimen  of  this  animal  is  preferved 
in  the  Bntilh  Mufsum.  Its  length  is  a  foot  and  a  half;  the 
head  refembles  that  of  the  ameiva  and  teguixin,  is  covered 
with  rather  fmall  fubhexagonal  fcales,  and  is  very  diltinftly 
marked  off,  as  it  were,  from  the  body ;  beneath  the  throat 
is  a  confpicuous  tranlverfe  plait;  the  whole  (Icin  about  the 
neck,  throat,  and  beginning  of  the  fides,    is  very   lax,  fo 


it  is  rather  common,  and  where,  though  harmlefs,  it  is  held 
in  great  abhorrence  by  the  natives,  who  believe  that  it  darts 
on  their  breaft,  and  adheres  with  fuch  force  by  its  fringed. 
membrane,  that  it  cannot  be  feparated  from  the  ikin  with- 
out being  cut  off.  Its  refidence  is  on  the  branches  of  trees, 
where  it  lives  on  infecfs,  holding  itfelf  fecure  by  coiling  its 
tail  half  round  the  twig  on  which  it  fits.      It  chiefly  appears 


that  it  is  thought  in  the  living  animal   the  flvin  beneath  the     in  rainy  weather,  when  it  moves  with  great  agility,  often- 
throat  may  have  a  kind  of  pouch  appearance,  though  en-     fpringmg  from  bough  to  bough. 


tirely  without  any  middle  carina  on  that  part ;  the  feet  are 
all  pentadaclylous,  and  the  toes  rather  long.  The  colour  of 
this  fpecies  on  the  upper  part  is  glaucous,  variegated  with 
a  few  fmail  and  fomewhat  indiftinft  clouds  and  marblings 
of  a  whitilh  caft  ;  the  tail  and  under  parts  are  of  a  pale  or 
yellowifh-white  colour.  Dr.  Shaw  fays,  this  fpecies  is 
much  allied  to  the  quetzpaleo  of  Seba,  which  is  generally 
fuppofed  to  reprefent  the  azurea  of  Linnxus. 

Loi'HUiiA.  Body  covered  by  diffimilar  fcales  ;  the  back 
ferrated  ;  the  tail  is  long  and  carinated.  This  is  a  verv 
large  fpecies,  refembling  the  teguixin  in  fize,  colour,  and 
fome  other  refpe(3s,  but  is  coated  with  fcales  of  diflimilar 
fize  on  different  parts.  Specimens  are  found  in  the  Britifli 
Mufseum,  and  in  that  of  Dr.  William  Hunter 

Ervtuhocepiiala.  Blackifh-green,  with  tranfverfe 
Hack  undulations ;  abdomen  longitudinally  banded  with 
black,  white,  and  blue  ;  the  breaft  black,  and  the  top  of 
the  head  red.  This,  which  is  reckoned  a  middle-fized 
fpecies,  is  a  native  of  the  ifland  of  Sc.  Chriftopher,  and  is 
d^ribed  by  the  count  de  Cepede.  Colour  deep  or  dark 
green  above,  mixed  with  brown  ;  back  marked  by  feveral 
trafffverfe  black  undulations  ;  top  of  the  head  and  part  of 
the  fides  of  the  neck  red  ;  throat  white  ;  breaft  black  ;  belly 
variegated  with  longitudinal  black,  blue,  and  whitilh  bands, 
and  covered  with  fcales  or  plates.  The  head  is  covered  with 
larger  fcales  than  the  other  parts ;  beneath  the  thighs  is  a 
row  of  tubercles. 

Texiolata.  Lizard  with  long  round  tail,  and  body 
marked  above  with  black  and  white  ftripes ;  beneath  it  is 
white.  This  fpecies,  allied  to  the  fafciata,  is  covered  en- 
tirely with  fcales ;  colour  chefnut  brown  above ;  pale  or 
whitiih  beneath  ;  on  the  back  fix  narrow  white  linear  ftripes, 
the  intermediate  fpaces  of  the  central  and  lowermoft  ftnpes 
being  black;  the  tail  is  long  and  narrow;  limbs  ftriped 
longitudinally  with  black.  It  is  llcnder,  five-toed,  and  a 
nat.ve  of  New  Holland. 

Sinensis.  Tail  flat,  all  the  toes  unguiculated,  and  the 
face  perforated  by  feveral  pores.  This  fpecies,  which  is 
ouitted  ill  the  Syft.  Nat.,  was  firft  defcribed  by  Olbeck, 
who  obferved  it  in  China,  where  it  is  frequently  feen 
in  houfes,  running  about  the  walls,  and  climbing  with  ex- 
treme readinefs  on  the  fmootheft  furfaces,  preying  chiefly 
on  the  fmaller  kind  of  blattse. 

Fi.MBRi.vT.^.  Body  with  a  membranaceous  fimbriated 
border  on  each  fide  of  the  body,  tail  flat,  and  lamella;  of  the 
feet  divided  by  a  furrow.  This  fpecies  was  firft  defcribed 
by  the  count  de  Cepede,  who  informs  us  that  it  appears  in 
feme  degree  to  conivett  the  chamsleon,  the  gecko,  and  the 


Lizard,  Devil.  See  Maboujas. 
Liz.arh,  Fly-catching.  See  GonEMOucu. 
Liz.ARD  Ifland,  in  Geography,  one  of  the  iflands  called' 
"  Direftion  iflands,"  in  the  South  Pacific  ocean,  about  240: 
miles  in  circumference,  and  in  general  rocky  and  barren. 
Captain  Cook  gave  it  the  name  on  account  of  the  number  of 
lizards,  fome  of  which  were  very  large,  which  he  found- 
upon  it  ;  20  miles  N.E.  of  Cape  Flattery. — Alfo,  one  of 
the  fmaller  Bahama  iflands. 

Llz.tKD  Point,  or  The  Lizard,  a  promontory  on  the  fouth; 
coaft  of  Cornwall,  and  the  moft  fouthern  point  of  land  in. 
England,  at  the  north  entrance  of  the  Engliih  channel.     N 
lat.  49  '  ^q'.  W.  long,  y'  12'. 

Lizard,  in  Naval  Rigging,  an  iron  thimble  fpliced  int©' 
the  main  bow-lines,  and  pointed  over  to  hook  a  tackle  to. 
LiZARn'.s  Tail,  in  Botany.     See  Saurukus. 
LIZENED  Corn,   in  ylgriculture,  a  term  provinciallj- 
ufcd  for  fhrunk  or  lank  corn. 

LIZIERE,  the  fame  with  berme,  fortland,  or  rclais. 
When  this  fpace  is  covered  with  a  parapet,  it  is  called  a- 
fauffe-braye,  or  low  wall. 

LIZOU-TCHECU,  in  Geography,  a  ci'r  of  China,  of 
the  firft  clais,  in  the  province  of  Quang-fi,  on  the  river 
Long.     N.  lat.  24.- 12'.  E.  long.  ic8  47'. 

LIZY-suR-OuRCQ,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Seine  and  Marne,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,, 
in  the  diftritt  of  Meaux. '  The  place  contains  rioo,  and. 
the  canton  11,885  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  24c  kilio- 
metres,  in  28  commnnes. 

LLALA,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  audience  of  Lima;, 
100  miles  N.  of  Lima: 

LLAMA,  or  Glama,  in  Zaolegy:     See  Camelus. 
LLANBADARN  Vawr,  in  Geography,  a  market  town- 
and  parifli  in  the  hundred  of  Genecin  Glyn,  Carditjanlhire, 
Wales.     This  place  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  anciently  called: 
Mauritania,  and  to  have  changed  its  name  in  the  ilxth  cen- 
tury,  in  memory  of  St.  Patcrnus,  who  built   a  monaftery 
here,   which    was    afterwards  conftituted  an  epifcopal   fee. 
This  dignity  it  retained  till  the  inhabitants,  quan-elling  with 
the  bifhop,  murdered  him,  when  it  was  united  to  the  fee  of 
St,  David's.     The  government  of  the  town  is  \-efted  in  a     " 
portreve.      It  has  a  fmall  harbour  ;  but  the  little  trade  it 
formerly    poffeflTed   has   of  late   years   been  transferred    to 
Aberyftwilh.     The  market  for  meat  is  now  likewife  held  at 
the  fame  place,  fo  that  this  town  is  much  declined.     The 
ancient  church,  built  in  the  form  of  a  crofs,  and  furmounted 
by  a  maflive   fquare  tower,  is   a  large  edifice,   in   an  eaily 
llyle  of  architefture.     It  is  remarkable  as  the  feat  of  one 


L  L  A 


L  L  A 


of  the  oVkfl  biftioprics  in  Wales.     The  interior  contains  a  and  Elvvy.     The  original  cliurcii  being  deftroyed  at  tlie  time 

few   modern  monuments,  one  of  which  was  raifed  to  the  of  the  conqueft,  or  at  lead   its,  oldell  part,  the  pn-fcnt  wa« 

memory  of   Lewis  Morris,    the  celebrated   author  of  the  erefted  in  the  year  1120,  by  bifliop  Urban.     Its  lituation 

"  Celtic  Rem:iins."     In  the  church-yard  is  an  ancient  crofs,  is  truly  monaftic,  in  a  bottom  furrounded  by  riling  ground.' 

fmely  decorated  with  fret-worlc.     The  parifh  is  very  exten-  According  to  Grofe,   it  meafurcs  in  length,   from    eaft  to 

live,  and  contains  a  number  of  hamlets,  of  which  Aberyft-  wcl\,  263^  feet.     The  breadth  of  the  body  is  Oj  fett,  and 

with  is  the  largeft  and  mod  populous.     The  wafte  lands,  or  the  height  from  the  floor  to  the  centre  of  the  roof  1 19  feet, 

commons,  may  be  about  Scoo  acres.     Several  old  Britidi  The    weft   front   is   a   beautiful  relic  of  the   Norman  and 


forts  and  tumuli  can  eafily  be  traced  in  different  parts  of  it. 
In  a  vale,  called  Dyfryn  caftell,  is  a  circle  of  ftones,  which 
tradition  informs  us  was  a  Druidical  temple  and  co\irt  ot 
judicature.  This  town  and  parifli  were  entirely  laid  wafte 
by  the  Danes  in  the  year  9S8.     The  town  was  foon  rebuilt  ; 


pointed  ftyles  of  architefture  united.  At  the  corners  of 
this  front  formerly  rofe  two  magnificent  towers,  one  of 
which  is  now  nearly  deftroyed.  That  on  the  north-wcil, 
ftill  remaining  entire,  is  embellidit-d  with  a  jirofulion  of 
fculpture.     The  entrance  on  this  fide  is  under  a  iemi-circular 


but   in   little  more  than  thirty  years  after  again   fu3"ered  a  arch,    over   which    are    three  windows,   witii   lancut-fliaped 

liniilar  fate,    being   burnt  to  the   ground   by   Gruffydd  al  arches.     The   interior    contains   feveral   monuments  ot  the 

Llywelliu,   during    his  contcft   for  the  fovereignty   of  this  bidiops  ;  alfo,  one  in  honour  of  the  lady  Godiva,  the  cele- 

diftridt  with  Howel  ap  Edwin.     The  houfes  in  this  pariih,  brated  patroiic-fs  of  the  men  of  Coventry.     A  full  defcription 

according  to  the  parliamentary  returns  of   1800,  amounted  of  this  church,  with  views  and  details,  will  be  found  in  N'  I. 

to  249   in   number,    and  the  inhabitants  to   122S.      For  an  of  Cooper's  Architeftural    Reliques.      Nothing  can  exceed 

ample  and  interefting  account  of  this  parifh  and  the  county,  the  abfurd  and  fantaftical  appearance  of  this  edifice,   when 

the  reader  is  referred   to  a   volume  recently   publilhcd  by  viewed  as  a  whole.      Beneath  the  towers  has  been  ingrafted  an 

S.  R.  Meyrick,  entitled  '•  The  Hiftory  and  Antiquities  of  Italian  fuir.mer-houfe,  with  a  Venetian  window,  alfo  pilallers 

the  County  of  Cardigan,"  4to.  1808.  and  flower-pot  jars  upon  the  parapet.     Theecclefiaftical  efta- 

'LL\^BED¥.R,LL.\yii'r.TEn, or LliitibtihpcMl-Stef'kri,  9.  blifliment  of  this  fee  conlills  of  a  bifliop,  as  dean,  an  arch- 

rnarket-town  and  pariflt  in  the  hundred  ot  Modwin,andcounty  deacon,  a  fub-dcan,  a  chancellor,  precentor,  and  nine  pre- 

of  Cardigan,  South  Wales.     Ills  a  corporation,  governed  by  bendanes.     The  choral-fervice  has  long  been  difcoiitiiuied  ; 

a  ponreve,  baililf,  and  town-clerk,  and  joins  with  Cardigan,  and  the  cathedral  ufed  as  the  parifli  church.     A  cliapttr- 

Aberyllwith,  and  Afpar,  in  returning  one  member  to  par-,  houfe,  in  the  kitchen,  and  an  office  for  the  proftor  general. 


liament.  Tiie  addition  of  Pont-Stephen  to  the  name  of 
this  place  is  fuppoled  to  have  arifen  from  the  circumftance 
of  king  Stephen  having  thrown  a  bridge  over  one  ot  the 
principal  trenches  of  a  camp  in  this  vicinity.  The  market 
is  held  here  on  Tuefday.  The  principal  traffic  ccnfills  in 
liorfes,  cattle,  and  hogs,  vaft  numbers  being  bought  for  the 
Englifli  markets.  The  foundations  of  a  noble  caftle,  which 
anciently  flood  in  this  neighbourhood,  can  llill  be  ditcovercd 
at   a  very  fliort  di'.'.ance  from  the  town.     The  old  familv 


have  been  erefted  in  the  church-yard,  where  the  officers 
meet  once  a-year  at  Peter's-tide,  for  the  auditing  of  ac- 
counts, &c.  Two  vicars  are  appointed  by  the  chapter  to 
ferve  LlandafT  and  Whitechuroli  alternately.  Tlie  petty 
fefiions  for  the  hundred  of  Kibbor  are  holden  at  Llandafl". 
The  biflii>p  has  no  palace  here,  nor  are  there  any  eflabliflied 
houfes  ^r  other  members  of  the  church.  The  dioccie  con- 
tains about  three-fourths  of  the  county  of  Glamorgan, 
and  all  Monmouthlhire,   but  feven  pariflies.     A  gatc-wav 


manfiou  of  the  Lluvds  forms  a  very  curious  and  piclurefque  and  a  ruined  tower,  which  formerly  contained  the  great  bell 
object.  It  is  furmounted  by  four  lofty  turrets,  which,  called  Peter,  now  at  Exeter,  are  the  only  remains  of  the 
peeping  through  a  thick  planted  inclofure,  have  a  ftriking  bifliop's  palace.  The  names  of  the  prelates  of  this  fee  have 
appearance  The  parvflt  is  fmall,  and  the  foil  remarkably  been  preferved  by  hillorians  from  the  period  of  its  ereeti*n, 
tinproduftive,  though  much  improved  of  late  years,  by  the  though  with  much  uncertainty  as  to  the  dates  of  their  con- 
free  ufe  of  lime.     The  houfes,  according  to  the  parliamentary  fecrations    and   deatlis,  till  the  clofc  of  the  ninth  century. 


returns  of  1800,  amount  to  161  in  number.  The  inhabitants 
were  eftimated  at  669.  Meyrick's  Hiftory,  &c.  of  Cardi- 
ganfliire,  410.  1808. 

LLANDAFF,  i.  e.  the  church  upon  the  Taff,  a  city  in 
the  hundred  of  Kibbor,  and  county  of  Glamorgan,  South 
AVales.  It  is  watered  by  the  river  Tafi^,  which  falls  into  the 
Severn,  about  four  miles  below  the  town.  The  name  of 
this  place  is  fuppofed  to  be  a  corruption  of  the  word  Llan- 
ar-daff,  fignifying  the  church  on  the  Taff,  the  walls  of  the 
C'.thedralburym ^'-ground  being  clofe  upon  its  banks.  Llan- 
dafF,  though  a  very  ancient  city  in  appearance,  is  only  a  ftrag- 
gling  village,  placed  on  an  ealy  emi:.ence.  The  parilh  in- 
cludes the  hamlets  of  Canton,  Elay,  Fair^ater,  Gabalfa, 
and  Llandaif.  The  parlfii  comprehends  2399  acres  of 
land.      It   has  no    market  ;    but    has   the   advaiaage    of  a 


Llandaff,  according  to  the  parliamentary  returns  of  180 1, 
contains  191  houfes,  and  860  inhabitants.  Two  fairs  are 
held  here  annually,  one  on  the  9th  of  February,  and  another 
on  Whit-Suuday.  Brown  Willis  has  publiflied  an  hiftory 
and  defcription  of  Llandaff  cathedral  m  i  vol.  8vo.  See 
Mdlkin's  Account  of  South  Wales,  2  vols.  8vo.  and 
Donovan's  Tour  through  South  Wales,  &c.  2  vols.  8vo. 
Hoare's  Edition  of  Giraldus  Cambreiifis,  2  vols.  4to. 
1809. 

LLANDEILO  Vawr,  a  market-town  and  parifli  in  the 
hundred  of  Penfedd,  and  county  of  Caermarthen,  South 
Wales.  The  town  is  fltuated  on  the  declivity  of  a  lull,  at 
the  bottom  of  which  flows  the  river  Towy,  or  Tywi,  giving 
name  to  one  of  the  moft  delightful  vales  in  the  county. 
The  town  itfclf  has  very  little  to  recommend  it,  the  ftieets 


tolerably     good    harbour,     which    oper.s    into    the    Briftol  being  extremely  narrow,  fteep,  and  irregular.     The  church 

■  channel.  ■  This  place  is  now  chiefly  fupportcd  by  Cardiff,  is  an  ancient   low  building,  and  confifts  of  two  aifles.     The 

which  is  two  miles  W  N.W.      It  deferves  notice  principally  pillars  which  fupport  the  roof  do  not  exceed  five   tcet  in 

on  account  of  Us  catii  dr.d-ehurch,  which  is  faid  to^have  height.     A  market,  held  here  every  Saturday,  is  well  fup- 

been  firft  founded  here  fuon  after  the  introduclian  of  Clirif-  plied  with  provifions.     Llandeilo  is  15  miles  E.  by  N.  trom 

tia^iity  into  Brita.ii.  ;.  t.  A.  D-  1S6.      It  was  not,  however,  Caermarthen,  and   202  W.  by  N.  trom  London.     No   let's 

till  the  be^tonin^  of  the  fixth  century,  that  Llandaff  whs  railed  than  right  fairs  are  held  annually  in  this  town,  and  another 

to  the  digni'-v  of  abilhop's  fee,  by  Myric,  kingof  the  Silures,  at  Fair- Fach,  about  one  mile  diftant.     The  parifli  compre- 

who  endowed  it  with  all  the  lands  between  the  rivers  Taff  hends  an  area  of  about  ,16  miles  from  north  to  fouth,  by  eight 

nules 


L  L  A 


L  L  A 


miles  from  eaft  to  weft;  About  one-tenth  part  of  this 
land  IS  uncultivated.  On  an  eminence  about  one  mile  diflant 
from  the  town,  to  the  S.W.  ftands  the  pifturefque  ruins  of 
Dinevor,  or  Dinas-fawr  caftle,  which  commands  fome  of 
the  fined  and  moft  romantic  views  of  the  fcenery  of  Newton- 
park,  and  the  extenfive  vale  of  Tywi.  This  caftle  was  built  by- 
Rhys  ap  Theodor.",  in  the  reign  of  William  the  Conqueror. 
It  feems  to  have  been  originally  of  a  circular  form,  and 
ftrongly  fortified  by  a  double  moat  and  rampart.  This 
caftle  was  for  iome  time  the  royal  refidence  of  the  princes 
of  South  Wales.  South  from  it  are  the  ruins  of  Cappel 
yr  Ywn,  ilanduig  between  two  round  towers.  It  was  for- 
merly a  chapel  or  eafe  to  the  mother-church.  At  fome  diftance 
to  the  weltward  is  Grongar-hiil,  which  has  been  immor- 
talized by  the  mufe  of  Dyer.  At  a  ftiort  diftance,  on  a 
rugged  hill,  ftand  the  mouldering  fragments  of  Drullvvyn- 
catt'e.  About  four  miles  S.E.  of  the  town  are  the  pic-, 
turefque  ruin.-:  of  Craig-Cencn-caftell,  i.  e.  the  caftle  on  tlie 
rock  by  the  Cenen.  ['he  lituation  is  ilngularlv  romantic, 
being  feated  on  an  infulated  rock,  which  was  inacceffible  on 
all  fides  but  one.  It  is  fup:,ofed  to  have  been  erected  by 
Gcronw,  lord  of  Is-Cenen,  who  was  one  of  the  knights  of 
king  .Arthur's  round  table.  The  well  in  this  caftle  is  con- 
fidered  a  fingular  curiofity.  The  farm-honfe,  called  Cwrt 
Bryn  y  Beirdd,  which  lies  about  a  mile  to  the  fouth  of  fhis 
caftle,  was  formerly  a  celebrated  b.irdi(h  refidence.  Here 
the  river  Llychwr  takes  its  rife,  iifaing  with  a  copious 
ftream  immediately  from  the  fohd  rock.  Clofe  to  this 
fpring  is  a  cavern,  in  fome  places  fo  narrow,  as  hardly  to 
permit  a  perfon  to  pafs  through,  but  in  other  parts  extremely 
fpacious,  and  exhibiting  a  variety  of  beautiful  petrifadfions. 
At  L,lan-de-Faen,  which  lies  to  the  fouth-weft,  at  the 
diftance  of  four  n.iles,  is  a  well  formerly  confidered  as  very 
efficacious  in  paralytic  and  fcorbutic  affeftions.  Befides 
this,  there  are  other  chalybeate  fprings  in  different  parts  of 
the  panlh  ;  but  none  puifefs  any  peculiar  medicinal  proper- 
ties. Near  Llandeilo-vaivr  are  Talieris-park,  the  feat  of  lord 
Robert  Seymour ;  and  Ed  winsford,  the  feat  of  J.  H.  WiUiams, 
efq.  The  nver  Tywi,  which,  pafling  the  town,  meanders 
along  the  vale,  abounds  with  excellent  falmo.i-trout  and  eel. 
According  to  the  hutory  of  Wales,  by  Carradoc  of  Llan- 
carvan,  the  laft  decilive  battle  between  the  forces  of 
Edward  I.  and  I.,leweliin.  prince  of  Wales,  was  fought  in 
this  neighbourhood.  The  victory  remained  witi.  the  Eng- 
li(h,  and  put  a  final  period  to  the  independence  of  Wales. 
The  inhabitants  of  Llandeilo,  according  to  the  parliamentary 
returns  for  1801,  are  eftimated  at  647,  and  the  houfes  at 
141.  Wyndham,  Skrnie,  Muikin,  Barber,  and  fir  Richard 
Hoare,  in  Giraldus  Cambrenfis,  have  given  accounts  of  this 
town  and  its  neighbourhood  in  their  refpecf ive  Tours. 

LLANDOVERY,  or  Ll.\n  i.m  Ddvfiu,  a  market- 
town  and  parifti  of  Llan-Dingad,  and  hundred  of  Penfedd, 
Caermarthenfhire,  South  Wales.  The  town  is  fituated  on 
the  river  Brane,  near  its  junition  with  the  Towey,  and  con- 
fifts  of  live  ftreets,  containing,  according  to  Mr.  Carl.De,- 
about  800  inhabitants.  The  buildings  of  this  to^n  have  a 
low  and  mean  appearance.  On  a  mount  near  tne  centre  of 
the  town,  and  furround.d  by  a  deep  trench,  are  the  ruins  of 
a  fmai!  caftle,  built  by  Richard  de  Powers,  and  it  is  remark- 
able for  the  birth  and  refidence  of  the  celebra-eu  Rees  Prlt- 
chard,  (Rhys  Prytherch,  well  known  throughout  Wales  as 
author  of  the  "  Vicar's  Book,"  a  cqlleftion  of  >trry  fimple 
poetry.  This  caftle  was  befieged  in  11 16  by  Gruffydd  ap 
Rhys,  who  burnt  the  outer  ward,  and  put  a  great  part  of  :he 
garnfon  to  the  fvvord  ;  but  his  own  troops,  in  efftdtmg  tins 
object,  fuftained  fo  confidcrable  a  lofs,  that  he  was  compelled 
to  raife  the  fiege.  The  fciteof  this  caftle  is  very  remarkable, 
being  aa  iclulaicd  lock  of  loioe  ekvatioD,  tut^ly  unceo- 


nefled  with  any  adjacent  riling  ground.  A  handfome  ftone 
bridge  is  here  thrown  acrofs  the  river  Brane.  The  church 
ftands  on  an  eminence  at  one  end  of  the  town.  It  docs  not 
poffefs  any  thing  worthy  of  being  particularly  noticed. 
The  market  is  held  on  Friday  every  week,  and,  confidcring 
the  extent  of  the  place,  is  one  of  the  largeft  and  bell  fupplied 
in  Wales. 

Llandovery  is  undoubtedly  a  town  of  confiderable  anti". 
quity  :  it  rofe  upon  the  ruins  of  a  Roman  Ration,  which  was 
at  or  near  Llan-Fair-ar-y-Erynn,  about  half  a  mile  diftant. 
That  thcfe  celebrated  conquerors  had  a  fixed  refidence  there, 
is  fufHciently  clear  from  the  number  of  Ron'an  bricks, 
earthen  pots,  coins,  and  other  remains  of  antiquity,  which  have 
been  difcovered  on  that  fpot.  This  town  was  formerly  a 
contributary  borough  to  Caermarthen,  but  the  privilege  has 
been  loft  for  a  conliderable  ptriod.  It  ftill,  however,  re- 
tains its  charter,  by  virtue  of  which  a  baihfF  is  annually 
eleifed,  as  are  likewife  a  recorder,  a  town-clerk,  aldermen,, 
and  ferjeants  at  mace  ;  but  their  offices  at  prcfent  feem  to 
be  little  more  than  nominal.  The  county  magiftrates  hold 
here  the  petty  fclFions  for  the  upper  divifion  of  the  hundred 
of  Penfedd.  It  pofFefTes  no  lefs  than  five  benefit  focieties, 
three  for  men  and  two  for  women,  which  are  faid  to  be  ex- 
tremely advantageous  to  the  fubfcribers. 

The  neighbourhood  of  Llandovery  is  diftinguifhed  by  a 
moft  enchanting  difplay  of  the  more  placid  defcription  of 
mountain  fcenery.  The  pafs  of  Cwm-Dwr,  which  winds 
round  the  Black  mountain  to  the  eaft,  is  peculiarly  fine. 
On  a  part  of  this  mountain  the  decayed  town  of  Trecaftle  is 
fituated  ;  but  it  contains  nothing  worthy  of  attention,  ex- 
cept the  remains  of  a  caftle  erefted  by  Bernard  de  New- 
march,  in  the  reign  of  William  Rufus.  On  the  fummit  of 
the  Gaer  hill  is  a  Roman  encampment,  part  of  the  fortifica- 
tions of  which  are  ftill  tolerably  entire  ;  and  on  Pen  y  Craig 
an  oval  one,  with  three  foffes  and  two  Valiums,  fuppoied  to 
be  of  Bntifli  conftruftion.  A  monumental  ftone,  about  fix 
feet  high,  called  Maen  y  Morynnion,  is  placed  on  an  old 
Roman  cauieway  which  joins  the  road  to  Brecknock.  It 
feems  to  have  been  richly  fculptured.  The  words  "  Con- 
jux  ejus"  are  the  only  ones  of  the  infcription  that  can  now 
be  diftinguiftied.  Carlifle's  Typographical  Dictionary  of 
Wales,  4to.  181 1.  Skrine,  Malkin,  and  Evans's  Tours 
in  South  Wales. 

LLANDRINDOD,  or  TiuNiTY-CiiURCir,  a  village 
of  South  Wales,  in  Radnorftiire,  near  which  are  medicinal 
fprings,  much  frequented  ;  8  miles  W.  of  New  Radnor. 

LLAN-ELLY,  a  market-town  and  parifh  in  the  hun- 
dred of  Carnwyllion,  in  Caermarthenftiire,  South  Wales^ 
coiitains,  according  to  the  parhamentary  returns  in  iSci, 
501  houfes,  and  2972  inhabitants.  The  market-days  are 
Thurfday  and  Saturday.  The  buildings  of  the  town  are  ir- 
regularly fituated  upon  a  creek  near  the  fea-ftiore-  At  the 
mouth  of  this  creek  is  a  fmall  iiland,  formed  by  the  river 
Bury,  where  a  monaftery,  founded  by  St.  Firo,  formerly 
ftpod.  The  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Elliw,  is  an  old  ftruc- 
ture,  remarkable  for  its  high,  fquare,  embattled  tov.-er. 
The  inhabitants  of  this  place  are  chietly  miners  and  failors. 
The  coal  wrought  in  the  vicinity  is  reckoned  remarkably 
fine.  The  harbour  is  tolerably  large,  and  is  the  coatrouling 
port  both  for  Caernarvon  and  Kidwelly.  Two  fairs  are 
held  here  annually  ;  one  on  Afcenfion  day,  and  the  other  en 
the  3Cth  of  September.  The  parith  contains  about  ij-jOCO 
acres  of  land,  of  which  nearly  3000  lie  uninclofed  and  with- 
out cultivation.  The  hamlets  are  Beruich,  Glynn,  Hen 
Coed,  Wellftowe,  and  the  Borough  hamlet.  At  Berwich 
and  at  Ddewi  the  ruins  of  two  chapels  c.vi  ftill  he  diftin- 
guifhed.    The  chapei  of  St.  John  has  beeu  lately  repaired 

by 


L  L  A 


L  L  A 


by  lubicription,  and  is  at  prefcnt  iifed  as  a  meeting-lioufe  by 
the  Methodifls.  Perribree-hill,  a  feu-  miles  dillant  from  the 
town,  commands  one  of  the  tincll  and  molt  extenfive  marine 
views  to  he  found  in  anv  part  of  Great  Britain. 

LLA'NES,  a  fmall  [c;i-port  town  of  Spain,  in  Afturias, 
near  the  North  coaft  ;   ,4  miles  N.E.  of  Oviedo. 

LLAN-GADOG-\  AWR,  a  market-town  and  parilh 
in  the  hundred  of  Pcnfedd,  and  countj'  of,  Caermarthen, 
South  Wales.  The  town,  which  ftands  between  the  rivers 
Brane  and  Sawdde,  is  tolerably  well  built,  but  was  formerly 
ni'.jch  more  cxtenfive  than  at  prefent.  It  lies  about  6  miles 
S.SW.  of  Llandovery,  and  190  W.  by  N.  from  London. 
A.  fmuU  mannfai':ture  of  coarie  woollens  and  ftockings  15 
carried  on  here,  principally  to  fupply  the  confumption  of 
the  town.  The  market-day  is  Thurfday  ;  and  the  fairs  are 
held  on  the  12th  of  March,'  the  laft  Thurfday  of  May,  gth 
of  July,  the  firft  Thurfday  after  the  nth  of  September, 
and  the  fccond  Thurfday  after  the  i  ith  of  December.  The 
■ancient  caftle,  mentioned  by  many  tourifts,  has  been  for 
many  years  entirely  demolifhed.  A  collegiate  church  is  faid 
to  have  been  founded  here,  A.D.  1285.  by  Thomas  Beck, 
bifhop  of  St.  David's,  in  honour  of  St.  Maurice  and  his 
companion,  and  St.  Thomas  the  MarVyr.  This  diftinclion 
I'eems  to  have  been  enjoyed  but  a  very  fiiort  time,  if  it  ever 
actually  took  place.  The  prefcnt  church  is  dedicated  to 
St.  CadojT,  and  the  living  is  a  vicarage'in  the  2;ift  of  the 
biihop  mentioned  above.  Bledri,  the  fon  of  Cedifor,  the 
great  lord  of  Gwydigada  and  Elfed,  who  died  in  1 1 19,  was 
buried  here.  The  parilh  contains  three  hamlets ;  the  hamlet 
of  Dyffryn  Caead^  Rhych,  the  hamlet  of  Gwyiife,  and  the 
hamlet  above  the  Sawdde.  The  population,  according  to 
the  parliamentary  report  of  1801,  amounted  to  1S21 
perfons. 

LLANGOLLEN,  a  market-town  and  pariib,  fituated 
in  the  hundred  of  Chirk,  and  county  of  Denbigh,  North 
Wales.  The  houfes  of  the  town  have  a  mean  appearance. 
According  to  the  parliamentary  returns  for  j8oi  they 
amounted  tq  281,  and  the  inhabitants  to  1287.  The 
church  is  nowife  remarkable,  excepting  for  the  length  of 
the  name  of  its  patron  faint,  /'.  e.  St.  Collen  ap  Gvvynnawg 
ap  Clydawg  ap  Cowdra  ap  Caradog  Fruchfras  ap  Lleyn 
Merim  ap  Eynion  Yrth  ap  Cunedda  Wledig.  The  market 
is  held  here  on  Saturday  every  week,  and  there  are  four 
fairs  annually.  The  ruins  of  Caftell  Dinas  Bran  nearly  cover 
the  fummit  of  a  vail  conoid  hill,  which  begins  its  afcent 
near  the  foot  of  the  bridge  oppofiJe  to  the  town.  This  is 
one  of  the  primitive  Welfh  calllea,  but  the  name  of  its 
founder  is  unknown.  The  form  of  it  is  oblong,  extending 
about  300  yards  in  breadth,  and  ijo  in  length.  .  On  one 
fide  of  the  hill,  which  is  lefs  deep  than  the  others,  deep 
trenches  are  cut  thrcugh  the  folid  rock.  The  materials 
compofing  this  building  are  the  common  coarfe  Hone  of  the 
country,  interfperfed  with  a  few  free-Hone  mouldings.  In 
the  reign  of  Henry  III,  this  callle  ferved  as  an  afylum  to 
the  traitor  GryfFydd  ap  Madog,  who,  bafely  taking  part 
vith  the  enemies  of  his  country,  was  compelled  to  fecure 
himfelf  in  this  aerial  fallnefs.  It  afterwards  became  the 
refidence  of  Mufamvay  Vechan,  the  beautiful  and  accom- 
plifhed  mittrefs  of  Hoel  ap  Eynion,  one  of  the  mod  illuf- 
trious  o£^  the  Weldi  bards.  It  is  remarkable  that  this 
caflle  (lands  at  lead'  600  yards  above  the  level  of  the  fea  : 
the  two  fprings  within  its  walls  are  never  deficient  in  water. 
On  the  north-fide  of  the  hill  may  be  feen  a  vail  rock,  called 
Craig  Eglwyfeg,  or  the  Eagle's  Rock  ;  the  llrata  of  which 
are  fo  placed  upon  one  another  as  to  form  a  feries  of  fteps 
parallel  with  the  horizon,  known  to  naturalills  by  the  name 
Xii  Saxa  fedilia.  The  bridge  at  the  bottom  of  the  hill  is 
^Bc  of  the  moft  beautiful  and  romantic  in  Wales,  and  is  ge- 


nerally reckoned  among  the  wonders  of  the  principality. 
The  foundation  is  on  the  ledge  of  a  rock.  It  conlifts  of  four 
arches,  the  centre  one  of  which  is  50  feet  in  di:imeter.  Tra- 
dition informs  us  it  was  the  work  of  Trevin,  bifhop  of  St. 
Afaph,  in  the  year  1400.  About  two  miles  from  the  bridge 
ftandii  the  abbey  of  deValle  Crucis,one  of  the  fined  fjiecimens 
of  architetlnral  antiquity  in  Wales-  The  V-edern  window 
has  been  adorned  with  a  variety  of  fculptnral  oniaments, 
but  moft  of  them  are  entirely  defaced  Concerning  the 
etymology  of  the  name  of  this  abbey  hiftorians  are  not 
agreed  ;•  fome  deriving  it  from  the  buildings  being  in  the 
form  of  a  crofs,  and  others  from  the  circumdancc  of  its 
monks  having  made  a  prefent  of  a  part  of  the  true  crofs  to 
Edward  I.  At  the  dillance  of  a  quarter  of  a  mile  hence, 
is  the  remainder  of  a  round  column,  called  the  pillar  of 
Ehfeg,  which  is  perhaps  one  of  the  mod  ancient  Britifh 
pillars  now  exiding.  It  was  entire  till  the  time  of  the  great 
rebellion,  when  it  was  thrown  down  and  broken  by  fome 
ignorant  fanatics,  on  account  of  its  refemblance,  in  figure, 
to  a  crofs.  This  pillar  has,  no  doubt,  been  credted  to  per- 
petuate the  memory  of  fome  celebrated  chief.  It  dood  on 
a  great  tumulus,  and,  when  complete,  nieafnred  12  feet  iii 
height.  The  inlcription  was  copied  by  Mr.  Edward  Llwyd, 
but  it  is  now  entirely  illegible.  From  the  fhape  of  the 
letters  in  the  copy  taken  by  that  great  antiquary,  it  is  con- 
cluded to  haviibccn  written  fome  time  in  the  fixth  century.. 
The  tumulus  was  opened  fome  years  back,  when  fome  bones 
were  diicovercd  placed  between  flat  dones. 

The  beauties  of  the  vale  of  Llangollen  are  celebrated 
both  in  profe  and  verfe.  It  is  watered  by  the  river  Deva, 
and  lias  a  canal  from  the  Pont  y  Cryfylltau  aquednft  run- 
ning throughout  its  whole  length  to  the  Oernant  flate-quar- 
ries.  The  low  price  of  labour,  and  the  great  j)leiity  of  pro- 
vifions  and  fuel,  have  lately  induced  feveral  adventurers  in 
the  cotton  manufacture  to  ellablifli  fome  extenfive  works 
in  this  neighbourhood.  The  great  mail-road  from  London 
to  Holyhead  pades  through  both  the  vale  and  town.  The 
parilh  is  very  extenfive,  and  is  divided  into  three  portions, 
called  Traian  y  Glynn,  Traian  Llangollen,  and  Traian 
Trevor  ;  each  of  which  contains  fevcral  hamlets.  We  might 
have  mentioned  the  romantic  refidence  of  two  ladies,  who 
have  for  many  years  lived  together  in  the  vicinity  of  this 
town.  It  is  well  known  by  all  tourills.  Pennant,  Skrine, 
Bingley,  Wyndham,  Evans,  Warner,  and  Hutton  have 
given  accounts  of  Llangollen,  and  of  the  principal  places 
in  its  vicinity,  in  their  refpeclive  tours  in  Wales. 

LLANNERCH  Y  MEDD,  a  market-town,  fituafed 
chiefly  in  the  parilh  of  Amlwch,  in  the  h'lndred  of  Twr 
Celyn,  and  county  of  Ano;lefea,  North  Wales.  A  market 
is  held  here  on  Wednefdays,  and  the  fairs  on  'he  5th  of 
February,  25th  of  April,  6ih  of  May,  and  Thurfday  after 
Trinity.  This  town  owes  its  fupport  prineipally  to  the 
circumdance  of  its  being  dationed  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
the  Parys  mountain.  The  petty  feflions  are  held  here. 
Aikin's  Tour  in  North  Wales. 

LLANOS,  Los,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  tl;e  province  of 
Mechoacaii  ;    100  miles  N.N.E.  of  Mechoacan. 

Lla-NOS  De  yllmerin,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of 
Grenada,  on  the  coall  of  the  Mediterranean ;  20  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Almeria. 

LEAN  RHAIADAR,  in  Mochnant,  a  parifli  con-' 
fitting  of  17  townlhips,  fituatcd  partly  in  the  hundred  of 
Chirk,  and  county  of  Denbigh,  and  partly  in  the  hundred 
of  Llan-FyUin,  in  Montgomeryfliire,  North  Wales.  It  lies 
in  a  deep  hollow,  furrounded  by  lofty  mountains.  The 
petty  leffions  for  the  divifion  of  Cynllaeth  and  Mochnant 
are  held  in  the  village  which  gives  name  to  the  paridi'. 
William  Morgan,  D.  D.  an  eminent  divine,  and  the  perfon 

who 


L  L  A 


L  L  A 


■vho  firft  tranflated  the  bible  into  Welfh,  was  vicar  htre, 
till  tranflated  to  the  fee  of  Llandaff,  by  queen  Elizabeth  in 
the  year  i  ^qj;.  The  buildings  of  the  village  are  ancient 
and  irregular.  The  redlory  is  a  finccure  in  the  patronage 
of  the  bilhop  of  St.  Afaph.  According  to  the  parliamen- 
tary returns  for  1801,  the  whole  parith  contained  a  popula- 
tion of  1 869  perfons. 

LLANRWST,  a  raarket-town  and   parifli,   fituated  in 
the  wellern  extremity  of  the  hiuidred  of  LTv/ch  Dulas,  and 
county  of  Denbigh,  North  Wales.     The  town  is   watered 
by  the  river  Conwy,  over  which,  at  this   place,  is  a  noble 
bridge  of  three  arches,  built  by  the  celebrated  Inigo  Jones 
in  the  year  j6^6.     Tlie  market  is   on  Tuefdays,  and  there 
are  four  fairs  during   the  vear.      Here  are   held  the   petty 
feffions  for  the  Uiindred.     Mr.  Burke  calls   this  "  the   moft 
charmin!T  fpot  in  Wales.''     In  the  town  is  a  good  market- 
hall,  and  a  richly  endowed  free-fchool.     A    fmall   trade  is 
carried  on  in  harp-making,  and  it  is  the  centre  of  all  the 
bufinefs  of    the    populous  vale  in  which  it   (lands.      The 
church  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  built  in    570,   and  is  dedi- 
cated to  St.  Grwft,  who  was  a  bifliop  of  London  about  the 
year  360.     In  this   church   is   fome  curious  carved   work, 
faid  to  have  been  brought  from  the  neighbouring  abbey  of 
Maenan.      Adjoining  to  it  ftands  a  chapel,  ereited  by  fir 
Richard  Wynne,   after  a   defign   by  the   architeft   already 
meij.ioned.      Here  are  a  few   monuments  in   honour  of  the 
Wynne  family,  which  deferve  the  attention   of  the  curious. 
They  are  braflea.  each   containing,   befides   the  infcription, 
a  portraiture  of  the  perfon  to  whofe  memory  they  were  en- 
graved.    An  ancient    monument   of  Howel   Coytmor  has 
been  lately  removed  from  the  church  to   this   place.     Near 
it  is  a  large  ftone  cofSn,  liippofed  to  be  that  of  prince  Lle- 
welyn  ap  Jerwerth,    who   was  denominated  Llewelyn  the 
Great.     The  high  road  from  Shroplhire  to  Holyhead  pafles 
through  the  town.     In  the  neighbourhood  Hands   Gwydw- 
houfe,  an    ancient  manfion,  confifting  of  an   extenfive  pile 
of  buildings,  of  irregular  appearance,  but  fufficient  to  de- 
iiote  the  great  opulence   and   fplendour  of  its   former  pof- 
feflbrs.     Immediately  behind    the    honle    the    ground  rifes 
rapidly  to  the  foot  of  the  perpendicular  clitts  which  form 
the  weftern  boundary  of  the  valley.     All  this  fpace  is   now 
covered  with    fine   plantations   of  different  kinds  of  trees. 
Half  way  up  the  rock,  on  an  irregular  plain  of  nearly  five 
acres  in  extent,  are  the  remains  of  a  terrace,  and  a  handfome 
domeltic  chapel,  in  the  pointed  ftyle  of  architedure.    Abeut 
a  mile  from  the  town,  at  the  hamlet  of  Mayne,  is  a  ipring 
in  high  repute  for  its  medicinal  virtues.      Five  miles  to  the 
fouth-eaft   lies  tire  ancient    nunnery   of  Gwythwin,  where 
St.  Winefrid  is  faid  to  have  been  buried.     The  box  which 
contained    the    relics    of    this   faint  is   Hill  pointed  out    to 
ftrangcrs,  but  her  chapel  on  the  fouth-fide   is   totally  de- 
nioliQied.     The  church-yard  contains  four   upright  ftones, 
one  of  which  is  in  the  fiiape  of  a  prifm,  and  bears  an  in- 
fcription   now  illegible.      North   of   Llanrwft,   at   the  dif- 
tance  of  three  miles,  the  abbey  of  Maenan  formerly  (food. 
Its  fcite  is  now  occupied  by  a  large  old    houfe,  built  out 
of  the  ruins.     The  refident  population  of  this  parilh,  ac- 
cording to   the  parliamentary   returns  of  iBoi,  amounted 
to  2549  pe-fons.      Seey  the  Tours,  of  Pennant,  Wyndham, 
Aikm,  Bingley,  Skrine,  Warner,  Evans,  and  Hutton  :   all 
of  whom  vifited  this  part  of  Wales. 

LLANSTEPHAN,  a  village  in  the  hundred  of  Derllys, 
and  county  of  Caermarthen,  South  Wales,"  is  feated  beneath 
a  hill,  in  a  woody  vale  ;  whence  the  fituation  is  peculiarly 
pifturefque  and  interefting.  Here  is  a  well,  called  St.  An- 
thony's,  which  formerly  was  in  hiffli  ellimatioa  for  its  raedi> 
Vol..  XXI. 


cinal  virtues ;  but  it  has  not  been  much  refortcd  to  of  life 
years.  Here  was  formerly  a  callle,  which  is  now  in  ruins. 
It  is  fituated  on  an  eminence,  on  the  weftern  fide  of  the  en- 
trance of  the  navigable  river  Tywi,  or  Towey.  Its  broken 
walls  enclofe  a  large  area  ;  and  furnifhed  with  feveral  encir- 
cling earthen  ramparts,  appear  to  have  poffeffed  confider- 
able  ftrength.  This  caftle  is  faid  to  have  been  built  by  the 
fnns  of  Uchtred,  prince  of  Merionethfhire,  A.  D.  iijS. 
There  is  a  handfome  modern  honfc  on  the  hill  on  which  the 
caitle  ftands.  The  parifli  of  Llanllephan,  which  include! 
the  hamlets  of  Alifton,  Laques,  and  Llau  y  Bre,  contained, 
according  to  the  return  to  parliament  in  1801,  a  population 
of  974  perfon5,  inhabiting  205  houfes.  Carhfle's  Topo- 
graphical Diftionary  of  Wales,  4to.  181 1. 

LLANTRISSANT,  a  borough  and  market-town  in 
the  hundred  of  Miflcin,  and  county  of  Glamorgan,  South 
Wales,  is  fituated  near  the  fummit  of  a  cleft  in  one  of  the 
high  hills  which  abound  in  the  vale  of  Glamorgan.  The 
only  accefs  to  it  is  by  a  fteep  circuitous  road.  One  narrow 
irregular  ftreet,  compofcd  of  poor  habitations,  makes  up 
nearly  the  whole  of  this  place.  The  church  is  a  large  Nor- 
man flrufture.  The  cemetery  affords  a  very  extenfive 
profpeft.  Here  vfas  an  ancient  Norman  caftle,  of  which 
but  little  now  remains,  except  the  fragment  of  a  circular 
tower  ;  the  veIHgcs  of  the  outworks  being  nearly  concealed 
by  (hrubs.  Within  the  precinils  of  the  caftle  are  the  town- 
hall  and  market-houfe,  new  buildings  erefted  by  the  late 
earl  of  Bute.  The  borough  is  governed  by  a  portreve,  and 
unites  with  Cardiff,  Swanfea,  &c.  in  fending  one  member 
to  parliament.  LlantriiTant  is  dillant  from  Llandaff  10  miles, 
and  from  London  170:  a  weekly  market  is  held  on  Friday, 
and  three  fairs  annually.  In  the  year  1801,  the  parifli  wa» 
returned  as  containing  ^y6  houfes,  inhabited  by  1 7 15  perfons. 
Barber's  Tour  in  South  Wales,  8vo. 

LLANVYLLING,  a  market-town  in  the  hundred  to 
which  it  gives  name,  in  the  county  of  Montgomery,  North 
Wales,  is  fituated  in  a  pleafant  valley,  near  the  river  Cane, 
Tj  miles  from  Montgomery,  and  186  irom  London.  The 
town  is  neat,  and  many  of  the  houfes  are  well  built.  It 
was  firft  incorporated  by  Llewellyn  ap  GryfFydd,  lord  of 
Mecham  and  Mochnant,  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  ;  and  i» 
governed  by  two  bailiffs,  chofen  annually,  who  arejul^.ices  of 
the  peace  during  the  time  of  office.  Many  Roman  coina 
have  been  found  here.  Four  fairs  are  held  annually,  and  a 
weekly  market  on  Tuefday.  According  tu  the  population 
report  of  the  year  1801,  Llanvylling  coTitained  444  houfes, 
and  1394  inhabitants.  Pennant's  Tour  in  Wales,  and 
Skrine's  Tour. 

LLANWRTYD  Wells,  a  medicinal  fpring  of  South 
Wales,  in  the  countv  of  Brecon  ;   12  miles  W.  of  Builth. 

LLANYDLOES,  a  market-town  in  the  hundred  of  the 
fame  name,  and  county  of  Montgomery,  North  Wales,  is 
pleafantly  fituated  near  the  bank  of  the  river  Severn,  1^ 
miles  from  Newtovvn»and  180  from  London.  Several  of  the 
ftreets  are  fpacious,  but  the  buildings  are  irregular,  and 
chiefly  of  lath  and  plafter.  The  church  is  a  neat  edifice, 
being  fupported  by  fix  arches,  the  pillars  of  which  hav« 
capitals  of  palm-leaves,  and  are  faid  to  have  been  brought 
from  Cwmber  Abbey.  About  the  town  arc  feveral  very  ex- 
tenfive  flieep-walks  ;  and  a  number  of  perfons  are  conlhintly 
employed  in  the  neighbouring  flate  quarries.  The  parifh 
confifts  of  the  townfliips  of  Brithdir,  .Cil-Machen,  Glyun- 
Hafren-Is-Coed,  Manleodd,  Morfodiou,  TrefSn,  and 
Yflrad  Dunod.  The  petty  feffions  for  the  hundred  are  holden 
here.  Llanydloes  was  formerly  a  contributory  borough 
t«  Montgomery,  but  was  dijfrauchifed  with  Pool  and  Llan- 
F  f  Fyliin. 


L  L  O 


I.  L  O 


ryllin.  The  town  however  has  ftill  the  nominal  appendage* 
of  a  mayor,  and  his  fubordiiiatc  oiriccrr.  A  coiiliderablc 
mariufaftory  of  flannels  is  carried  on  here.  Pennant,  Evans, 
Bingley,  and  Skrine  dcfcribe  this  place  and  its  neighbourhood 
in  their  refpective  tours  in  North  Wales. 

LL  ATA,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  diocefe  of  Lima  ;  90 
Hiiles  from  Lima. 

LLAUGHARNE,  LlAUGHARM,  I.lacknrn,or  Laush- 
arne,  a  market-town,  fea-port,  and  parifh,  in  the  hundred 
of  Derlis,  Caermarthenfliirc,  Wales.  The  town  is  fituatcd 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Coran,  and  is  one  of  the  mod  fe- 
queftered  towns  in  the  principality.  The  church  is  a  large 
handfome  building,  in  very  excellent  condition.  Towards 
the  foutii  end  of  the  town,  and  clofe  upon  the  bay  of  Caer- 
marthen,  ftand  the  ruins  of  an  old  caitlo,  which  is  faid  to 
have  been  ercftcd,  or  at  lead  re-built,  by  Guido  de  Brian,  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  111.  The  remains  of  the  gateway,  which 
is  covered  with  a  profufion  of  ivy,  and  various  other  parts  of 
it,  are  dill  in  good  prefervation  The  corporation  of  Llaugh- 
arne  conCfts  of  a  portreve,  a  recorder,  an  indefmite  number 
of  aldermen,  two  common  attornie.s,  four  conllablef,  and 
76  burgedes.  The  market  is  held  on  Friday,  and  there  are 
two  fairs  annually,  but  thefe  are  very  inconftderable.  This 
vas  the  birth-place  of  a  celebrated  political  writer  and  di- 
vine, Dr.  Jofiah  Tuckrr,  who  died  in  I  799. 

At  a  diort  didance  from  the  town  are  the  vediges  of  a 
ruin,  now  called  Roches  cadle.  This  building,  according 
to  tradition,  was  formerly  a  monallery,  but  when  it  was 
built,  or  by  what  order  of  monks,  is  wholly  unknown. 
The  parifti  church  is  faid  anciently  to  have  doodon  the  farm 
named  Crafeland,  i.  c.  Chrid's  land,  but  no  traces  of  fuch 
a  building  can  now  be  difcovercd.  In  the  year  1801,  this 
town  contained  1484  inhabitants. 

LLECH,  the  Weldi  name  for  a  kind  of  monumental 
ftone  found  in  that  country.     See  Pillar. 

LLENDILAFAYA,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province 
cf  Adnria  ;  8  miles  S.W.  of  Orviedo. 

LLERENA,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of  Edra- 
madura,  belonging  to  the  knights  of  the  order  of  St.  .Tago, 
by  whom  it  was  founded  ;  53  miles  E  of  Cordova.  N.  lat. 
38^  7'.  W.  long.  5"  59'. — Alfo,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the 
province  of  Zacatecas  ;  80  miles  N.N.W.  of  Zacatecas. 
N.  lat.  23"  48'.     W.  long.  104°  46'. 

LLIRIA.     See  Liria. 

LLIVI A,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  in  the  Pyrenees, 
near  the  fource  of  the  Segre,  anciently  called  "  Julia  Li- 
byca ;"  6  miles  N.E.  of  Puycerda. 

LLOBREGAT,  a  river  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  which 
runs  into  the  Mediterranean,  about  9  miles  W.  from  Bar- 
celona. 

LLOMSA,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Warfaw,  on  the 
Narew  ;  70  miles  N.N.E.  of  Warfaw. 

LLORENTE  don  Berxaudo,  in  Biography,  a  Spanidi 
painter,  who  was  in  favour  at  the  court  of  Philip  V.,  and 
employed  to  paint  the  infant  Don  Felipe.  From  the  pro- 
fpcft  of  preferment  this  circumdanco  held  forth  to  him,  he 
was  diverted  by  a  decided  turn  for  folitude ;  which  made 
hira  fly  the  court,  and  in  the  feqiiel  obtained  for  him  the 
name  of  Pintor  de  las  Paftoras,  the  painter  of  diepherdedes, 
from  the  nuinber  of  madonnas  which  he  painted,  arrayed 
in  their  garb,  and  furrounded  by  flocks.  He  died  in  1 757, 
at  the  age  of  72. 

LLORET,  in  Geogmphy,  a  town  of  Spain,  on  the  S.E. 
coaft  of  Catalonia  ;  co  miles  N,E.  of  Mataro.  N.  lat.  43° 
42'.     E-  long.  4''  42'. 


LLOWITSCH,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Warfaw  ;  24 
miles  N.W,  of  Rava. 

LLOYD,  Wii.i.ia.m,  in  Biography,  an  Englifli  prelate, 
was  born  at  Tilehurd,  in  Berklhire,  in  1637.     His  father, 
rcftor  of  his  native  place,  took  great  pains  in  the  education 
of  his  Ion,  who  repaid  hi-s  attention  by  :;  mod  rapid  progrefs 
in  the  learned  languages.     He  was  not  quite  twelve  years 
of  age  when   he  was  entered   a   dudent  of  Oriel-college, 
Oxford,  whence  he  removed,  in  1640,  to  a  fcholardiip  in 
•Tefus-coUcge.     He  was  ordained  in    1656,  and,   after  the 
redoration,  he  obtained,  in  a  very  Ihort  time,  confiderable 
preferment  in  the  church,  till  at  length,  in  1680,  he  was 
promoted  to  the  fee  of  St,  Afaph.     fii  16S4,  he  publidicd 
his  "  Hidory  of  the  Government  of  the  Church,  as  it  was 
in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  when  they  fird  received  the 
Chridian   Religion."     In    1688,  bid-.op  Lloyd  was  one  of 
the   fix  bidiops    who,    together  with  avchbiiliop  Sancroft, 
were  committed  to  the  Tower  for  prefenting  a  petition  ta 
king  James  II.,   againd  that  prince's   declaration  for   fuf- 
pending  the  laws  in  favour  of  the  Papids,  which  the  clergy 
were  enjoined  to  read  in  the  churches.     Their  triumphant 
acquittal  is  well  known  to  our  readers.     About  the  clofe  of 
the  lame  year,  being  known  to  concur  very  zialoufly  in  the 
revolution,  he  was  made  almoner  to  king  William  HI.,  and, 
in  1692,  was  tranflated  to  the  fee  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry. 
In  1699,  he  publidied  "  A  Chronological  Account  of  the 
Life  of  Pythagoras,  and  of  other  famous  Men,  his  Contem- 
poraries :   with  an  Epidle  to  the   Rev.  Dr.  Bcntley,   &c." 
In   1699,  he  was  trandated  to  the  bidiopric  of  \Vorceder, 
Having,  fome  time  after  this,  been  charged  with  an  improper 
interference  in   the  county  eleftion,  he  was  difmiffed  from 
the  office  of  almoner.     He  died  at  Hartlubury-cadlc  in  the 
year  17 17,  when  he  had  attained  to  the  nincty-drd  year  of 
his  age.     According  to  bilhop  Burnet,  Dr.  Lloyd  "  was  a 
great  critic  in  the  Greek  and  Latin  authors,  but  chiefly  in 
the  fcriptures.     He  was   an  exatt  hidorian,  and  the  mod 
pundtual  in   matters  of  chronology.     As  much,   however, 
as  he  was  fet  on  learning,  he  had  never  ncglefted  his  padoral 
care.      He  was  a  holy,  humble,  and  patient  man,  ever  ready 
to  do  good  when  he  faw  a   proper  opportunity  ;  even  his 
love  of  iludy    did  not   divert   him    from  that."     He   was 
author  of  a  great  nninber  of  publications,  the  titles  of  which 
are  given  in  tlie  Biographia  Britannica :  and  he  left  feveral 
pieces  behind  him  in  an   inilininicd  date  ;  among  thefe  was 
"  A   Sydem  of  Chronology,"  out  of  which  his  chaplain, 
Mr.    Benjamin    Mardial,    was    faid  to   have  compofed   his 
Chronological   Tables.     He   was  fuppofed  to  have  had  a 
principal  fharc  in  the  "  Series  Chronologica  Olympiadum, 
Idhmiadum,   Nemeadum,    &c."    publiflied   by    his    fon   at 
0.\ford  in  1700.     He  engaged  bldiop  Burnet  to  undertake 
his   "  Hidory  of  the  Reformation,"   furniflied  him  with  a 
curious  collection  of  fafts  and  obfervations  :  and  he  affided 
Dr.   Wilkins   in    compofing    his    "  EfTay   towards   a  real 
Charafter,  and  a  philofophical  Language."     Biog.  Brit. 

Lloyd,  Robert,  fon  of  Dr.  Peirfon  Lloyd,  was  one 
of  the  uflicrs  of  Wedminder-fchool.  We  have  already,  under 
the  article  Churchill,  refered  to  this  unfortunate  young 
man,  who  is  known  chiefly  as  an  author,  by  a  poem,  entitled 
"  The  Aftor,"  which  not  only  exhibited  proofs  of  great 
judgment  in  the  fubjeft  he  was  treating  of,  but  had  alfo 
the  merit  of  fmooth  verCiication  and  drength  of  poetry. 
He  was  fome  time  at  the  univcrfity  of  Cambridge,  where  he 
took  the  degreeof  M.  A.  After  he  quitted  his  place  as  udier 
at  Wedminder-fchool,  he  relied  entirely  on  his  pen  for  fub- 
fideiice  :  being  of  a  thoughtlefs  and  very  extravagant  difpo- 
fition,  he  got  deeply  into  debt,  and  was  in  confequence  thrown 

intu 


L  L  Y 


L  O  A 


into  th?  Fleet  prifon,  where  he  depended  almoft  wholly  on 
the  bounty  of  his  triend  Churchill,  whofe  kindnefs  to  him  con- 
tinued undiminithcd  during  all  his  neceffities.  On  the  death 
of  his  benefaftor,  Mr.  Lloyd  funk  into  a  ftate  of  defpon- 
dency,  which  put  an  end  to  his  exiitence  in  1764.  Mr. 
Wilkes  fays,  that  "  Lloyd  was  mild  and  affable  in  private 
life,  of  gentle  manners,  and  very  engaging  converfation. 
He  was  an  excellent  fcholar,  and  an  eafy  natural  poet.  His 
peculiar  excellence  was  the  dreffinjy  up  an  old  thought  in  a 
hew,  neat,  and  trim  manner.  He  was  contented  to  fcamper 
round  the  foot  of  Parnafius  on  his  little  Welfh  poney, 
which  feems  never  to  have  tired.  He  left  the  fury  of  the 
winged  fteed,  and  the  darinrr  heights  of  the  facred.  moun- 
tain, to  the  fublime  genius  of  his  friend  Churchill."  His 
works  were  publifhed  in  2  vols.  8vo.  in  1774. 

Lloyd,  Nicholas,  an  Englifh  divine,  who  was  reftor  of 
St.  Mary  Newington,  Surrey,  where  he  died  in  1680,  at  the 
age  of  49.  He  compiled  an  hiflorical,  geographical,  and 
poetical  diftionary,  which  was  printed  at  O.^ford  in  1670, 
in  folio,  and  again  in  1695,  in  410. 

Lloyd's  Lake,  in  Geography,  a  bay  on  the  S.  coaft  of 
Eaft  Florida.     N.  lat.  25'  1 8'.     W.  long.  So'  50'. 

LLUCH  M.iYER,  a  town  of  the  iiland  of  Majorca, 
fituated  in  the  middle  of  a  large  plain,  at  the  end  of  which 
is  a  mountain  Handing  by  itlelf,  called  La  Rcnda.  This 
town  was  built  in  the  reign  of  James  IL  in  the  year  1300  : 
the  popalation  amounts  to  about  3500  perfons.  The 
jlreets  and  houfes  are  very  regularly  built ;  it  has  one  pariJh 
church,  confecrated  to  the  archangel  St.  Michael. 

LLULLA  and  Chiloas,  a  jurifdiftion  of  the  diocefe  of 
Truxillo,  in  South  America,  lying  S.  of  Chachapayas,  and 
E.  of  the  Cordillera  of  the  Andes  ;  low,  warm,  and  moift,  and 
covered  with  woods,  fo  that  a  great  part  of  it  is  uninhabited. 
It  borders  on  the  river  of  Moyabamba,  which,  commencing 
its  courfe  from  thefe  fouthern  provinces  of  Peru,  forms  the 
rirer  of  the  Amazons.  The  principal  commodity  of  this 
country  is  tobacco,  which,  with  a  particular  kind  of  almonds 
called  "  Andes,"  and  a  few  other  fruits  natural  to  its  climate, 
form  the  commerce  carried  on  by  this  province  with  the 
others. 

LLYN  Sav.A.db.\N',  or  Savathan  Pool,  a  lake  of  South 
Wales,  in  Brecknocklhire  ;  4  miles  E.  of  Brecknock.  This 
lake  is  larger  than  any  in  Wales,  except  that  of  Bala, 
being  two  miles  in  length,  and,  in  fome  places,  one  mile 
broad.  The  river  Lunwy  paffes  through  this  lake,  and 
finds  its  way  to  the  Wye,  in  a  direftion  nearly  due  north. 
It  is  obferved  not  to  mix  its  waters  with  thofe  of  the  lake 
in  its  paflage  ;  and  the  feparation  is  underitood  to  be  fo 
complete,  that  unlefs  immediately  after  heavy  Itorms,  the 
fi(h  of  the  river  are  not  found  in  the  lake,  nor  thsfe  of  the 
lake  in  the  river.  The  depth  of  Llynlavaddan  is  faid  to 
be  about  thirteen  fathoms.  The  ancient  tradition  of  a  city 
being  drowned,  fo  univerfally  apphed  to  fuch  bodies  of 
water,  is  too  trivial  to  deferve  further  notice. 

LLYWARCH  apLlyweiIyx,  m  Biography,  zn  ancient 
WeKh  bard,  who  fiouriflied  from  about  1 160  to  1220. 
Many  of  his  pieces  are  in  the  Welfh  Archaiology,  and  con- 
tain feveral  hiilorical  notices  of  value. 

LLYWELYN  ap  Gkuffydd,  the  lad  fovereign  of 
Wales,  who  reigned  from  A.D.  T254,  to  1282.  He  was  a 
brave  prince,  and  relided  the  ambition  of  Edward  I.  king  of 
England  a  long  time,  but  he  at  laft  fell,  and  with  him  the 
independence  of  the  Wclfli  as  a  diitinct  nation. 

Llywelyn'  SlON,  an  eminent  poet  of  Glamorgan,  who 
collected  the  fyftem  of  Bardifm,  which  is  preferved.  He 
prefided  at  feveral  meetings  of  the  bards,  and  died  in  the 
jfcar  1616. 


Llywelyx,  Thomas,  a  Wellh  nonconformift  divine  of 
the  Baptift  denomination,  was  a  native  of  Monmouthfhire, 
and  died  in  1796.  He  publiihed  a  hiilory  of  the  different 
editions  of  the  Welfh  bible. 

LO,  St.  m  Geography,  dilown  of  France,  and  principal  place 
of  a  diftricl;,  in  the  department  of  the  Channel,  of  which  it  is 
the  capital,  feated  on  the  Vore,  furrounded  with  walls,  and 
defended  by  a  citadel,  which  has  fome  manufactures  of 
cloth,  ferges,  and  leather.  The  place  contains  6987,  and 
the  canton  11,707  inhabitants, 'on  a  territory  of  90  kilio- 
metres,  in  ii  communes.     N.  lat.  49''  7'.     W.  long,  i'^  iV 

LOACH,  in  Ichthyology,  the  Eiiglifh  name  of  a  filh, 
called  alfo  the  groundling,  and  by  the  Germans  ihe/morls  or 
fmorling.  It  is  a  fpecies  of  the  Cobitis.  See  CoBiTis 
Barbatula. 

LOAD,  or  LoDg,  in  Mining.     See  LoDE. 

Load  is  alfo  ufed  for  nine  dilhes  of  ore,  each  difh  being 
about  half  a  hundred  weight. 

Load,  Majler,  among  Miners.     See  Mi-STER-load. 

L0.4.D,  Training  a.     See  Tr.^inisg. 

Load  Water-line,  in  a  Ship,  is  the  deepeil  line  of  float- 
ation, or  when  all  her  cargo  is  taken  in. 

LOADING.     See  Cakgo  and  L.vding. 

LOADMANAGE,  in  Maritime  Jfairs:  the  hire  i« 
fometimes  fo  called,  which  the  pilot  of  a  fhip  receives 
of  3.  mailer,  for  conducting  a  fhip  up  the  river,  or  into 
port. 

LOADSTONE.     See  Magnet. 

Loadstone,  /YoaZ/Bf,  an  inftrument  invented  and  fo  called 
by  Mr.  Boyle,  which  he  ufed  to  difcover  whether  guineas 
or  other  coins  were  counterfeit,  by  putting  the  inilrument, 
with  the  piece  of  coin  to  be  tried  and  faftened  to  the  bottom 
of  it,  into  a  tall  glafs  or  other  vefTel  of  water :  marks 
being  fo  made  on  the  flender  metalline  pipe,  which  forms  the 
upper  part  of  the  inftrument,  that  the  hollow  ball  which 
made  the  lower  part  of  it,  would  link  much  lower,  at  leafl 
two  inches,  if  the  coin  be  true  gold  than  if  it  be  not :  and 
according  as  the  water  reaches  to  one  or  other  of  the  afore- 
faid  marks,  an  eftimate  may  be  made,  whether  the  piece  of 
coin,  if  counterfeit,  be  made  of  tin,  brafs,  copper,  filver, 
or  lead.  The  inftrument  might  be  applied  to  any  coins, 
either  of  gold  or  filver,  provided  that  they  were  of  any 
confiderable  bulk.  Birch's  Hiil.  of  the  Royal  Society, 
vol.  iii.  p.  115. 

LOAM,  derived  from  the  German  word  hime,  and 
anciently  fignifying  a  vifcid  earth,  in  Natural  Hi/lory,  a 
clafs  of  compound  or  mixed  earths,  compofed  of  diffimilar 
particles,  hard,  ftifT,  denfe,  harfh,  and  rough  to  the  touch, 
not  eafily  dutlile  while  moift,  readily  diffufible  in  water, 
and  ufually  compofed  of  fand  and  a  tough  vifcid  clay. 

Hill  comprehends  under  this  clafs  two  genera,  i.  The 
thrauJlomiShes ;  and,  2.  The  glifchromiShes.  The  firft  are 
compofed  of  fand  and  a  lefs  viicid  clay,  and  are  of  a  friable 
or  crumbly  nature  ;  the  fecond  are  compofed  of  fand  and 
a  more  vifcid  clay,  and  are  of  a  more  tough  and  vifcid 
texture. 

Da  Cofta  diftinguiflies  them  by  their  colour  into  black  and 
white,  which  are  not  afted  upon  by  acids ;  yellow  loams, 
fom.e  of  which  are  not  ac\cd  upon  liy  acids  ;  and  other  al- 
kaline, brown  loams,  fome  ?.fted  upo.'^  by  acids,  to  which 
clafs  belongs  the  Windfor  loam,  fo  well  known  and  fo  much 
ufed  for  making  bricks,  building  furnaces,  lutes,  &c.  and 
others  alkaline;  and  the  green  loams  not  afted  upon  by 
acids. 

According  to   Woodward,  loam  confifts  of  clay,  mixed 

with  Hne   fand,  or  of  clay  with  a  fuperabuudance  of  fand  } 

and  Mr.  Bergm.an,  having  analyfed  i'ome  lonm  found  in  the 

F  f  2>  neighbour- 


L  O  A 


L  O  A 


neighbourhood  of  London,  and  confidcred  -is  very  excellent, 
found  it  to  confill  of  87  per  cent,  of  a  rcddifh-grey  fand,  as 
fine  as  meal,  and  13  of  argil.  Suppofing,  therefore,  clay 
to  confift,  as  it  molt  frequently  does,  of  '^o  per  cent,  of  argil, 
and  70  of  fine  fand,  we  fhall  find,  fays  Kirwan,  that  loam 
of  the  boll  kind  contains  an  cxccfs.of  fand  amounting  to 
ij  per  cent.  ;  if  the  excefs  of  fand  he  greater,  it  will  form 
what  is  called  z.  fandy  loam;  if  fmaller,  clayey  ham.  Mr. 
Bergman  found  nothing  calcareous  in  the  loam  ;  when  it 
contains  any,  it  fo  far  inclines  to  the  nature  of  marie,  and 
this  marhiceous  loam  may  be  either  fanily  or  clayey,  accord- 
ing as  the  proportion  above  indicated  is  exceeded  on  eitlier 
fide.  But  loams  mod  frequently  contain  alfo  a  portion  of 
calx  of  iron,  and  this  calx  is  more  or  lefs  oxygenated  ;  a 
circumllance  which  produces  a  couliderable  variety  in  the 
colour,  and  probably  alfo  in  the  vegetative  powers  of  this 
earth  :  if  its  proportion  be  coijiiderable,  viz.  4  or  5  per 
cent,  tl'.ey  often  contain  alio  fomc  proportion  of  vitriolic 
acid.  The  colour  of  loam  frequently  proceeds  from  that  of 
the  calces  of  iron  contained  in  it,  but  mor?  frequently  from 
its  fandy  part.  Gravel,  which  is  a  coarfer  fort  of  fand,  ei- 
ther of  a  calcareous  or  iiliceous  nature,  is  often  mixed  with 
loams,  and  alfo  pebbles,  whence  new  diltinftions  arife  of 
importance  to  agriculture.  Kirwan's  Elem.  of  Mineralogy, 
Tol.  i.     See  Mould  and  Soil. 

Loam  is  alfo  ufed  for  a  fort  of  mortar  made  of  this  earth, 
by  tempering  it  with  water,  flraiv,  S:c. 

LOAMY  Soil,  in  Agriculture,  that  fort  of  foil  into 
which  loam  enters  in  a  couliderable  proportion.  Thefe  foils 
are  diftinguiihed  by  many  different  names  and  colours.  See 
Soil. 

LOAN-Banks,  or  Lending-houfts,  eflabli/hments  which 
may  be  traced  to  an  ancient  origin,  formed  and  fupported  by 
humane  perfons,  with  a  view  of  lending  money  to  the  poor 
for  a  certain  period,  on  pledges,  without  intercft.  Thus,  we 
are  told,  the  emperor  Augullus  converted  into  a  fund  the 
furplus  of  the  money  which  arofe  to  the  ftatc  from  the  con- 
fifcated  property  of  criminals,  and  lent  funis  from  it,  with- 
out intercft,  to  thofe  who  could  pledge  value  equal  to  double 
the  amount.  (Suet.  Vit.  Augulli,  cap.  41.)  Tiberius  alfo 
advanced  a  large  capital,  from  which  thofe  were  fupplied 
with  money  for  three  years,  who  cou'd  give  fecurity  in  lands 
equivalent  to  twice  the  value.  (Suet.  Vit.  Tiberii,  c.  48. 
Tacit.  Annal.  vi.  17.  Dio  Cafiitis  c.  viii.  21.)  Alex- 
ander Sevcrus  reduced  the  intereft  of  money  by  lending 
money  at  a  low  rate,  and  advancing  fun.s  to  the  poor  with- 
out intereft  to  purchafe  lands,  and  agreeing  to  re;eive  pay- 
ment from  the  produce  of  them.  {JE\.  Lamprid.  Vit.  Alex. 
Severi,  cap.  21.)  Thefe  examples  of  the  ancients  were  fol- 
lowed  in  modera  Italy.  In  order  to  GoUeft  money,  the 
popes  conferred  upon  thofe  who  would  contribute  towards 
that  objeft  many  fictitious  advantages,  which  at  any  rate  coft 
them  nothing.  At  firft,  money  was  lent  to  the  poor  for  a 
certain  time  without  intereft,  provided  they  could  depofit 
pledges  of  proper  value.  At  length  the  po. tiffs  refolved  to 
allow  the  lending-houfes  to  receive  intercft,  not  for  the  whole 
capitals  which  they  lent,  but  only  for  a  part,  merely  that 
tlicy  might  raife  as  much  money  as  might  be  fufHcient  to  de- 
fray their  expences.  In  procefs  of  time,  it  was  tlio'jght 
proper,  for  the  purpofe  of  their  having  fufficient  ftock  in 
liand,  to  give  to  thofe  who  Ihould  advance  tlum  money  a 
moderate  intereft,  which  was  prudently  concealed  by  blending 
it  with  the  unavoidable  expences  of  the  ellabliilimen't.  The 
lendmg-houfes,  therefore,  gave  and  received  iiitercft.  But 
in  order  to  avoid  the  odious  name,  the  intereft  that  was  re- 
ceived was  faid  to  be  "  pro  indemnitate  ;"  and  this  is  the 
cxprefiion  made  ut  of  in  the  papal  bull.    The  pope  declared 


the  holy  mountains  of  piety,  as  they  were  called,  to  bo 
legal;  and  threatened  thofe  with  his  vengeance  ulio  dand 
to  entertain  any  farther  doj^ibts  on  the  fuhjiift.  All  the 
cities  now  haftened  to  cftablilh  IcndiHg-houfes  ;  and  their 
example  was  at  length  fcllov/ed  in  other  countries.  The 
origin  of  lending-houfes,  in  the  ftrift  fenfe  of  the  term,  ii 
referred  to  the  time  of  pope  Pius  II.  or  Paul  II.,  who 
filled  the  papal  chair  from  1464  to  147 1.  The  greater  part 
of  the  lending-houfes  in  Italy  was  ellablifhcd  in  the  fifteenii* 
and  following  centuries  by  certain  Minorites.  Notv\'i!!i- 
ftanding  the  manifeft  advantages  with  wliicli  lending-houfe_s 
were  altendedfand  though  many  of  them  had  been  fanc\ioned 
by  the  infallible  court  of  Rome,  many,  bi:t  chiefly  Domi- 
nicans, exclaimed  againft  thefe  inftitutions,  which  they  did 
not  c'lU  monies  pirfatis,  but  Impielatis,  As  this  difpu'e  ws» 
revived  with  much  warmth  in  the  beginning  of  the  i6Lh 
century,  it  was  at  length  terminated  by  pope  LeoX.,  who, 
in  the  council  of  the  Lateran,  declared  by  a  partic.ilar  bull, 
that  lending-houfes  were  legal  and  uleful  ;  that  all  doubts  to 
the  contrary  were  finful  ;  and  that  thofe  who  diould  write 
agsiull  them  would  be  in  a  ftate  of  cxcommuniiaLion.  The 
council  of  Trent  alfo,  by  a  decree,  aeknowledgcd  their  le- 
gality, and  confirmed  them.  See  Mounts  of  Piety.  See 
alfo  LoMBAKDS  and  Ba.nk. 

LOANDA,  in  Geography,  an  ifland  in  tiie  Atlantic,  near 
the  coaft  of  Angola,  about  12  miles  long,  and  one  wide,  fe- 
paratcd  from  the  continent  by  a  narrow  channel,  which 
forms  a  good  harbour.  The  foil  does  not  produce  grain  ; 
but  fruits,  fuch  as  oranges,  figs,  &c.  are  plentiful.  It  con- 
tains feven  or  eight  villages,  and  on  the  coail  are  found  fhcll- 
fifh,  called  "  ziinbi,"  ufed  for  money  by  the  natives,  hke 
cowries  in  India.     S.  lat.  8    50'. 

LoANDA,  or  St.  Paul  tie  Loaiida,  a  fea  port  town  of 
Africa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Angola,  the  fee  of  a  bifliop,  and 
capital  of  a  fertile  province  called  Loanda,  in  poffefTion  of 
the  Portuguefe ;  containing  feveral  churches  and  convents, 
and  about  5000  inhabltantf,  of  whom  1000  are  v.hitcs,  and 
the  reft  blacks  or  mulattoes.  The  ccur.try  abounds  in  cat- 
tle and  flieep  ;  Indian  corn,  millet,  manioc,  and  fruits. 
S.  lat.  8' 53'.      E.  long.  13°  22'. 

LOANGHILLY,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Loango  ;  the 
ufual  burying  place  of  the  emperor  ;  io  miles  S.  of 
Loaiijio. 

LOA  NGO,  a  country  or  kingdom  of  Africa,  fituated 
on  the  W.  coaft  towards  the  Atlantic,  and  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Benin,  on  the  E.  by  Anziko,  and  on  the  S.  by 
Congo.  Its  climate  is  hotter,  but  not  lefs  health/  and  plea- 
fant  than  that  of  Congo  and  Angola,  nor  is  its  foil  lefs  fer- 
tile. The  inhabitants,  inftead  of  cultivating  the  land,  con- 
tent themfelvcs  with  bread  and  fifh,  and  fuch  frbiits,  greens, 
and  pulfe,  as  the  loil  naturally  produces.  Cocoas,  oranges, 
and  lemons  are  not  much  cultivated  ;  but  fugar-cancs,  caflia, 
and  tobacco,  as  well  as  the  palm,  banana,  cotton  and  pi- 
mento trees,  grow  here  plentifully.  They  have  alfo  a  great 
variety  of  roots,  herbs,  fruits,  grain,  and  other  vegetables, 
of  which  they  make  bread,  and  which  they  ufe  for  food. 
They  have  few  quadrupeds  for  domeftic  ufe  except  goats 
and  hogs,  but  poultry  and  various  forts  of  game  are  abun- 
dant :  among  the  wild  bcalls  they  have  the  zebra,  and  a 
great  number  of  elephants,  whofe  teeth  they  exchange  with 
the  Europeans  for  iron.  The  natives,  who  are  called 
Bramas,  are  tall,  ftout,  and  well  formed,  and  though  for- 
merly cannibals,  are  of  late  much  improved  in  their  manners. 
They  pra6tife  circunicifion,  are  addiiScd  to  trade  among 
themfelvcs,  and  are  friendly  and  hofpitable  in  tlieir  mutual  in- 
tercourfe.  They  are  fond  of  females  and  jealous  of  tbeir 
wives.     Their  Jrcfs  confifts  tliiefly  of  cloth  inanufa\itured 

by 


L  O  A 


LOB 


by  themfelvei ;  and  they  are  fond  of  ornaments  about  tlieir 
necks,  legs,  and  wrifts,  which  they  form  of  beads  of  coral, 
ivory,  (lielb  of  a  beautiful   hue,  chains  of  copper,  tin,  or 
iron,  obtained  from  Europe.     Polygamy  is  allowed  among 
them  ;  their  rich  men  having  12  or  more  wives,  and  the  poor 
not  fewer  tlian  three.     Of  a  Supreme  Beinjj,  their  notions  are 
very  imperfetl  and  confufed.     Their  worlhip  is  addrefled  to 
demons,  domellic  and  rural ;  and  to  thefe  they  afcribe  great 
intl:jence.      To  their  monarchs  they  attribute  a  kind  of  fuper- 
natural  and  unlimited  power.     The  foreign  commerce- of  the 
country  confifts  cliiefly  in  flaves  ;  and  they  likewife  fell  con- 
fiderable  quantities   of  ivory,  tin,   lead,  iron,  and  copper. 
The  kingdom  of  Loango,  feparated  from  Congo,  of  which 
it   was  formerly  a  part,  is   divided  into  four  principal  pro- 
vinces,   viz.    Lovangiri,    Louango-Mongo,    Kilongo,   and 
Piri.     The  firll   is  fertile  and   well  inhabited  ;  the  fecond, 
lying  N.E.  of  the  former,  is  fpacious  and  produftive,  par- 
ticularly ©f  palm-trees,  the   oil  of  wliich  they  extract  in 
great  quantities ;  and  the  inhabitants  employ  themfelves  in 
working  a  variety  of  linen  and  cloth  ;  the  third  is.a  maritime 
province,  and  is  the  largeft  and  the  moll  populous  of  the 
four  ;  its  plains  are  extenlive  and  fertile,  and  they  are  Ihel- 
tered  at  a  di'.tance  by  ridges  of  higli  mountains  ;  the  trade 
of  the  inhabitants,  who  are  rude  and  unpoliflied,  confifts  in 
elephants'  teeth  ;  the  lafl  province,  north  of  Kilongo  and 
Louango-Mongo,  is  low  and  flat,  but  abounds  with  variety  of 
fruits  and  other  trees,  and  is  well  peopled  and  cultivated ; 
the  inhabitants  are  peaceable  and  ftrangers  to  war.     They 
have  plenty  of  cattle,  and  of  wild  and  tame  fowl,  and  take 
great  pleafure  in  hunting.     Their  food  is  fupplied  by  the 
game  they  take,  and  the  milk  of  their  cattle.     In  all  thefe 
provinces  there  are  many  towns  and  villages. 

LoAXGO,  a  city  of  Africa,  and  capital  of  the  above-men- 
tioned country,  Ctuatedona  river,  which  forms  a  bay  at  its 
mouth,  about  fix  miles  from  the  coaft  of  the  Atlantic.  The 
natives  call  it  "  Borai,"  or  "  B  jori."  It  is  very  fpacious 
and  airy,  as  the  houfes  are  not  contiguous  to  one  another. 
The  ftreets  are  wide  and  clean,  and  lined  with  palm-trees, 
bananas,  and  bacavas,  which  (belter  the  houfes  both  before 
and  behind.  The  palace  adjoins  to  a  fquare  in  the  centre  of 
the  city,  and  of  itfelf  forms  another  fquare,  one  and  a  half 
mile  in  compafs,  furrounded  with  a  palifado  of  llately  palm- 
trees.  Befides  the  public  buildings  of  which  it  confills,  it 
is  occupied  by  the  houfes  of  the  king's  women^,  ten  in  num- 
ber, and  each  capab'e  of  accommodating  feven  or  eight  of 
them.  At  a  fmall  diftance  is  a  market  place,  whicU  fup- 
plics  purchafers  every  day  with  meal,  poultry,  fifh,  wine, 
corn  and  oil,  as  well  as  palm-cloth  ;  and  ia  the  market- 
place is  a  famous  temple  and  mokiffo,  or  idol,  called  "  Me- 
kifTo  a  Loango,"  which  has  been  held  in  great  veneration 
both  by  the  kings  and  their  fubjecls.  The  houfes  are  of  at> 
cblong  Ihape,  flat  in  the  middle  part  of  the  roof,  and  each 
houfe  is  fenced  round  with  a  hedge  of  palm-twigs,  canes, 
or  bulru(hes. 

The  bay  of  Loango,  though  upon  the  whole  good,  is  in- 
commoded by  a  bank  on  the  N.  fide  of  its  entrance,  running 
half  a  league  along  the  coaft,  and  having  not  more  than  two 
and  a  half  fathoms  of  water.  The  numerous  and  large 
rivers  that  flow  from  the  continent,  occafion  fuch  rapid  and 
flrcng  currents  towards  the  north  during  almoft  the  whole 
year,  that  it  is  very,  difficult  to  veather  them,  and  gain  a 
fouthern  courfe.  The  only  months  in  which  they  may  be 
ftemmed  with  fafety  are  January,  February,  March,  and 
April  ;  during  the  other  months  of  the  year  the  currents 
flow  fo  Ilrong,  that  even  coafters  mull  keep  at  Icaft  10  or 
1.2  leagues  off  the  land.     S.  lat.  4°  40'.     E.  long.  lO"  25'. 


LoAKGO,  a  river  of  Africa,  which  run*  into  the  Atlantic, 
S.  lat.  10   30'. 

LOANO,  or  LovANO,  a  town  of  Genoa,  near  the  fea  ; 
fix  miles  S.S.W.  of  Finale. 

LOANS,  GovEKNME.vT.     See  Stocks. 

LOAR,  or  LoARKE,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Aragon  ;   i^  miles  S.  of  Jaca. 

LOARDEGA,  a  town  of  Hindooftan,  in  Bihar  ;  43 
miles  S.  of  Palamow. 

LOBARIA,  in  Natural  Htfirjry,  a  genus  of  the  Vermel 
mollufca  clafs  and  order :  Body  Jobatc,  cunvcx  above,  fliit 
below.  There  is  only  one  fpecies,  vlx,.  quadriloba,  cha- 
racterized as  having  a  tail  with  four  lobes.  It  is  found  in 
the  northern  feas. 

LOBATUM  Folium,  in  Botany,  a  leaf  the  outline  of 
whofe  fegments  is  curved.     See  Le.-\f. 

LOB  AU,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Pruffia,  in  the  territory 
of  Culm  ;  44  miles  E.  of  Culm. 

LoBAU,  or  Liele,  one  of  the  moft  ancient  towns  in  the 
province  of  Upper  Lufatia,  containing  two  churches,  three 
chapels,  an  hofpital,  and  a  Latin  fchool,  and  trading  chiefly 
in  linen  and  thread  ;  10  miles  S.W.  of  Gorlitz.  N.  lat.  ji' 
7'.      E.long.  14-46'. 

LOBB,  TuEorHiLUS,  in  Biography,  a  phyfician  of  con- 
fiderable  reputation  about  the  middle  of  the  lail  century, 
pradlifed  his  profefTion  in  London,  and  left  feveral  works  on 
medical  topics.  He  died  on  the  19th  of  May,  1763,  in 
the  eighty-fifth  year  of  his  age.  The  following  are  the 
titles  of  his  publications.  "  Treatife  of  the  Small-pox," 
London,  173 1,  1748,  8vo.  ;  which  was  tranflated  int« 
French  in  1749.  "  Rational  Method  of  curing  Fevers,  deS- 
duced  from  the  Strufture  of  the  Human  Body,"  ibid.  1734, 
8vo.  :  in  this  work  he  adopted  the  doftrines  of  Boerhaave, 
•'Medical  Praftice  in  caring  Fevers,"  ibid.  1 735,  8vo. 
"  A  Practical  Treatife  on  painful  Dillempers,  with  lome 
effeftual  Methods  of  curing  them,"  ibid.  1739.  "  A  Trea- 
tife on  Solvents  of  the  Stone,  and  on  curing  the  Stone  and 
the  Gout  by  Aliments,"  ibid.  1739.  This  work  patTed 
through  feveral  editions,  and  was  tranflated  into  Latin  and 
French.  The  author  confidered  the  matter  of  urinary  cal- 
culi and  of  gout  as  of  an  alkaline  nature,  and  vegetable  acids 
as  the  remedy.  "  Letters  concerning  the  plague  and  other 
contagious  Diftempers,"  ibid.  1 745.  "  A  Compendium 
of  the  Practice  of  Phyfic,"  ibid.  1747.  Befides  tliefe 
works,  he  was  the  author  of  feveral  papers  printed  in  the 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  and  of  one  or  more  tracts  oa  reli- 
gious fubjecls  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life.  Eloy  Dift. 
Hill.     Gent.  Mag. 

LOBBY,  m  Jirchiiedure,  is  a  fmall  bailor  waiting-room  : 
it  is  alfo  an  entrance  into  a  principal  apartment,  where  there 
is  a  ctmfiderable  fpace  between  that  and  a  portico  or  veiU- 
bule,  and  the  length  or  dimenfions  will  not  allow  it  to  be 
confidered  as  a  veitibule  or  an  anti-room.  See  AxTlcH.-lM- 
BER. 

Lobby,  in  a  Ship,  an  apartment  clofe  before  the  captain's 
cabin. 

Lobby,  in  Agriculture,  a  fort  of  narrow  confined  place, 
formed  either  by  hedges  and  trees,  or  other  kinds  of  fencing, 
near  to  the  farm-yard,  for  the  purpofe  of  confining  live- 
flock.  It  is  obferved  by  Mr.  Marfiiall,  in  his  Minutes  of 
Agriculture  in  the  Midland  Counties,  tliat  "  every  farmery 
ought  to  have  a  lobby  and  a  croft  appending  to  it,  ferving  as 
a  double  fence  ;  thereby  preventing  itotk  from  running  over, 
^poaching,  and  injuring  the  fartn  ;  the  latter  for  calves,  a 
faddle  horfe,  and  invalids.  He  found  the  conveniency  of  a 
lobby  in   Surrey,  and  the  want  of  od«  in  Norfglk,  and  ia 

tbis 


LOB 


LOB 


this  didric^  ;  he  can  forefee  the  ufe  of  that  which  he  is 
forming,  with  a  fcrccn  of  planting  ;  cinbofoniing  tlie  entire 
farmery,  in  fuch  a  manner  as  to  llieltcr  it  tfl'cttually  from 
th,;  north  and  eatl  winds." 

LOBE,  or  LoBUS,  m  Jnatomy,  an  epithet  apphcd  to 
the  more  or  lefs  feparate  parts,  of  which  the  glands  of  the 
body  are  compofed.  Tlius  we  have  lobes  of  the  brain,  lungs, 
Lver,  &c. 

Lobe  is  alfo  ufed  for  the  tip  of  the  ear  ;  which  is  more 
■fat  and  flediy  than  any  other  part  thereof. 

Du  Laurent  fays,  that  the  word  lolx,  in  this  lad  fcnfe, 
comes  from  the  Greek,  Xi?<r.,  to  Jbame,  or  be  ii/]jamed; 
this  part  of  the  ear  being  faid  to  blu(h  when  the  perfon  is 
athamed. 

LouE  is  dlfo  ufed  in  fpeaking  of  fruits  and  grains. 
Thus  the  bean  canlilU  of  two  equal  parts,  called  lobes, 
which  compofe  the  body  thereof,  and  are  encompallcd  with 
-the  other  Ikin.  And  all  other  grains,  even  the  fniallcll,  are 
divided,  like  the  bean,  into  the  two  lobes,  or  equal  parts  ;  as 
Dr.  Grew  has  fliewn  in  his  Anatomy  of  Pbnts.  See  Louus. 
LOBEDA,  in  Gcogrttphy,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
.principality  of  Eifenach  ;  three  miles  S.S.E.  of  Jena. 

LOBEDIUN,  a  town  of  Rufiia,  in  the  government  of 
Tambov t  100  miles  W.N.W.  of  Tambov.  N.  lat.  ^t,"" 
28'.     E.long.  38'  50'. 

LOBEGUN,  a  town  of  Wcftphalia,  in  the  duchy  of 
Magdeburg  ;  25  miles  N.  of  Leipfic. 

LOBEIRA,  VAsro,  m  Biographv,  z\\\.\\or  oi  "  Amadis 
of  Gaul,"    was  born   at   Porta  about  the  middle  of  the 
fourteenth  century.     He  was   knighted  upon   the   field  of 
battle  at  Aljubar'rota   by  king  Joam  I.  in  the  year   1386, 
ani  died  at  Elvas,  where  he  pofTefred  a  good  eftate.     Ac- 
cording to  Mr.  Southey  nothing  more  has  been  coUeftcd  by 
the    Portuguefe   biographers    of  Lobeira.       It   has   been 
queftioned  whether  he   was  the  author  of  the  Amadis  de 
Gaul,  and  whether  that  poem  was  not  written  in  France 
rather  than  in  Portugal;  to  which   the  translator  replies, 
«'  Some  weight   muft   be  allowed  to  the  authority  of  the 
Portuguefe  writers,  who  have  all,  w-ith  the  exception  of 
Cardoza,  attributed  it  to  Lobeira  as  an  original  produftion." 
*'  The  romance,"  he  farther  adds,  "is  not  older  than  Lo- 
beira's  age  ;   for  it  refers   to   the  Englifli   claim   upon   the 
4Crown    of    France,    and    reprefents   Windfor  as    the    mod 
fplendid  court,  and  the  king  of  England  as  the  moll  power- 
ful  king  m   Chriftendom.     It  was   written    in  a   country 
remote  from  England  ;  for  Windfor  is  called  an  ifiand,  and 
the   adventurers  who  crofs  from  France   make  Brillol  their 
port.     Many  other  fuch  inftanccs  of  geographical  ignorance 
could  be  mentioned  ;  miltakes  which  might  eafily  be  made 
by  a  Portuguefe,  but  not  by  a  Frenchman.      It  was  written 
in  Portugal,  for  many  of  the  names  are  Portuguefe.     Bet- 
ter  proofs    of  time  and  place  cannot  be   required."     Of 
the  poem  Mr.  S.  fays,  it  may  be  fafely  affirmed  that  it  con- 
tains nothing  which,  in  the  age  in   which  it  was  written, 
would  be   regarded   as  impoiiible,  fcarcely  any  thing   that 
would  be  thought  exaggerated.     The  aSions  of  Amadis, 
and  the  importance  of  a  iingle  chief,  would  not  appear  in- 
credible to  a  people  who  had  then  living  among  them  their 
own  hero,   Nuno  Alvares   Pcreira,    whofe  military  exploits 
were  as  extraordinary,  and  as  important  to  his  owh  ciiarafter. 
To  a  nation  wlio  kntw  this  man,  and  knew  alfo  that  it  was 
chiefly  owing  to  his  courage  that  they  exifted  as  a  feparate 
people,  the  cii.u-after  of  Amadis  would  not  appear  exag- 
gerated.    Amadis  has  been  confidered  as  the  model  of  a  per- 
tet\  knight.     "  Truly,"   fays  fir  Phihp  Sidney,  "  I   have 
fcnowa  men,  that  even  with  reading  Amadis  de  Gaul,  which, 


God  knows,  wanteth  much  of  a  perfeft  poefic,  have  found 
their  hearts  movcil  to  the  exercife  of  courtefy,  liberality,  and 
efpecially  courage." 

LOBEL,  or  l'Obel,  Matthias  de,  a  botanift  nearly 
contemporary  with  Clufins,  whofe  wooden  cuts,  for  the 
molt  part,  re-appeared  in  his  works,  was  not,  as  fome 
have  thought,  an  Englifliman,  but  born,  in  1538,  at  Lille 
in  Flanders,  where  his  father  prattifed  in  the  law.  He 
acquired  in  his  youth  an  ardent  love  of  plants,  and  had 
good  opportunities  of  gratifying  his  tafte,  and  advancing 
his  knowledge,  at  Montpellier,  where  he  ftudied  phyfic 
under  the  learned  Rondelct,  or  Rondeletius.  During  his  re- 
fidence  there,  he  found  opportunities  of  making  fome  bota- 
nical cxcurfions  over  the  fouth  of  France.  At  Narbonne  he 
became  acquainted  with  Pena,  afterwards  his  fellow  labourer 
in  the  Jldvcrfaria,  the  firft  edition  of  which  was  publiflied, 
in  fmall  folio,  at  London,  in  1570,  and  dedicated  to  queen 
Elizabeth.  The  few  cuts  difperied  through  this  volwme  are 
mollly  original,  but  inferior  in  flyle  and  accuracy,  as  well  as 
in  fize,  to  thofe  of  Clufuis,  Before  the  publication  of  the 
Advsrfaria,  our  author  had  extended  his  travels  to  Switzer- 
land, the  Tyrol,  fome  parts  of  Germany  and  Italy  ;  had  fet- 
tled as  a  phyfician  at  Antwerp,  afterwards  at  Delft  ;  and 
had  been  appointed  phyliciaii  to  the  illuftrious  William 
prince  of  Orange,  and  to  the  itates  of  Holland.  Dr.  Pulte- 
ney  has  not  been  able  to  afcertain  the  time  of  Lobcl's  re- 
moval to  England,  but  juttly  concludes  it  to  have  been  be« 
fore  1750;  indeed,  moll  probably,  lome  years  earlier,  as  he 
mentions  in  this  edition  of  the  Adverfaria,  p.  Q2,  having 
long  ago  received  from  Dr.  Turner  leeds  of  the  Sea  Kale, 
Cramle  marhima,  of  which  he  there  exhibits  an  indifferent 
cut,  mentioning  it  as  a  plant  whofe  flowery  tops  might  be 
eaten,  though  much  inferior  to  the  cultivated  kinds  of  the 
fame  tribe.  It  appears  by  this,  that  the  young  fprouts, 
now  known  to  be  fo  excellent  for  the  table,  had  not  then 
been  tried. 

The  aim  of  the  authors  of  the  Adverfana  was  to  invefti- 
gate  the  botany  and  maler'ia  mul'ica  of  the  ancients,  and  ef- 
pecially of  Diofcorides.  They  therefore  frequently  criticife 
Matthiohis,  the  moft  celebrated  commentator  of  the  Greek 
writer,  for  it  is  fcarcely  poflible  for  different  people  to  pur- 
fue  this  intricate  and  obfcure  path  long  without  difagree- 
ment.  Indeed  half  a  fcore  commentators  on  the  plants  of 
Diofcorides  might  all  exercife  their  ingenuity,  in  mod  cafes, 
with  equal  flcill,  without  any  body  being  able  to  decide 
which  of  them  was  ncared  the  truth.  The  Ad'vcrjar'ia  was 
reprinted  at  Antwerp  in  1576,  the  dedication  being,  of 
courfe,  there  fupprcfFcd.  New  title-pages  had  been  printed 
to  help  the  fale  of  the  original,  in  1571  and  1572.  Some 
copies  of  the  Antwerp  impreflion  appear  to  have  been  made 
up  into  a  new  edition  at  London  in  1603',  an  ample  Pharma- 
copeia, the  foundation  of  which  was  from  Rondeletius,  being 
prefixed,  and  an  appendix  to  the  Adverjaria  fubjoined. 
This  volume  is  dedicated  to  Edward  lord  Zouch,  whom 
Lobel  had  attended,  on  his  embaffy  to  Denmark,  in  1592, 
and  he  calls  himfelf,  in  the  title,  botanill  to  king  James  I. 
Dr.  Pulteney  obferves,  after  Haller,  that  this  work  exhibits 
fome  traces  of  a  natural  dillribution  of  plants,  infomuch  at 
lead  as  they  are  thrown  together  into  a  number  of  tribes  or 
orders,  according  to  their  habits  or  flowers  ;  but  this  is  done 
without  any  remarks,  and  with  fo  little  precifion,  that  it 
can  only  be  faid  tl;e  method  of  Lobel  is  better  than  that  of 
Dodonxus,  in  which  there  is  no  confident  principle  at  alk 
His  work  is  much  more  valuable  for  the  various  remarks 
which  it  contains,  and  for  the  accounts  of  new  plants,  dif- 
covercd  by  himfelf  in  England  or  elfewhere.  On  the  fubjetl 
4  «f 


LOB 


LOB 


af  Britifh  natives  indeed,  Ray  accufes  Iiim  of  having  made 
feveral  miftakes,  from  having  trufted  too  much  to  his  me- 
mory. 

The  Stirp'i'im  B'ljlor'ia  of  this  author,  a  vohime  in  fmall 
foUo  fimilar  to  his  Adiierfatia,  was  pubhfhed  at  Antwerp  in 
1576.  This  is  much  lefs  copious  in  matter,  the  pages  being- 
moftly  occupied  with  wooden  cuts,  which  are  thofe  of 
Cluiius,  borrowed  for  the  prefent  occafion  by  the  printer, 
Plantin.  An  impreffion  of  thefe  cuts,  of  an  oblong  (hape, 
was  ftruck  off,  with  names  only,  in  ijSi,  and  another  in 
1591.  JLinnxus  poiTefled  both.  This  publication  is  in  very 
general  ufe,  and  well  known  by  the  title  of  Lobel's  hones. 
It  is,  when  c'omplete,  accompanied  by  an  index  in  feven 
languages. 

Lobel  feems  to  have  had  a  very  large  work  in  contemola- 
tion,  which  he  intended  to  call  Surphim  lUujlraUoncs.  This 
he  did  not  live  to  complete.  A  fragn^ent  of  it  was  pub- 
Kfhed  in" quarto,  without  plates,  by  Dr.  W.  How,  in  1655', 
making  170  pages,  befides  a  cauftic  preface  of  the  author, 
aimed  chiefly  at  Gerarde,  whom  he  doubtlefs  comprehends 
among  the  ^^fordldi  pharmacar'si,"  charged  with  robbing  the 
moll  experienced  phyficians  of  their  honours.  The  body  of 
the  work  is  interfperfed  with  notes  of  Dr.  How's  againft 
Parkinfon,  who  is  faid  to  have  made  diihoneft  ufe,  in  his 
Thiatrum  Botanicmn,  of  fome  papers  of  Lobel,  that  fell  into 
his  hands.  It  mull  be  allowed  that  fuch  authors  are  juftly 
cenfured  for  tranflating  and  interweaving  defcriptions,' re- 
marks, and  places  of  growth,  from  foreign  works,  which 
apply  to  the  plants  of  other  countries.  This  fault  is  not 
diiiimilar  from  what  we  have  cenfured  in  a  more  mpdern 
writer  ;  fee  Lightfoot,  and  the  botanical  article  Flora. 
But  the  (lyle  of  Lobel's  preface  is  properly  reprobated  by 
Dr.  Pulteney,  who  blames  him  for  this  grofa  abufe  of  Ge- 
rarde after  his  death,  though  he  had  formerly  on  every  oc- 
cafion extolled  him.  The  botanical  contents  of  this  frag- 
ment are,  however,  very  honourable  to  Lobel,  for  the  num. 
ber  of  new  pUnts  therein  mentioned. 

Our  author  laboured  to  an  advanced  age  in  the  purfuit 
of  liis  favourite  iludy,  and  procured  from  '.'.is  correl  pendents 
abroad,  many  new  plants  for  the  gardens  of  his  friends. 
Ke  had  the  fuperintendance  of  a  garden  at  Hackney,  culti- 
vated at  the  expence  of  lord  Zouch  ;  and  appears  to  have 
reiided,  in  the  decline  of  life,  at  Highgate,  where  he  had  a 
daughter,  married  to  a  Mr.  James  Coel.  His  wife  is  re- 
corded as  having  aflilled  him  in  his  botanical  refearcLes. 
Hedied  ini6i6,  aged  78.  Lobel's  works.  Haller's  Bibl. 
Bot.     Pulteney's  Sketches. 

Lobel,  a  ilroUing,  blind,  fiddling,  Bohemian  Jew,  the 
flrfl  mailer,  on  the  violin,  of  the  celebrated  Benda,  firll  violin 
to  Frederic  II.  king  of  Pruffia,  during  the  whole  reign  of 
that  mulical  prince.  See  Ben'da,  and  Buniey's  German 
Tour,  vol.  ii. 

LOBELIA,  in  Botany,  fo  called  in  honour  of  Matthias 
de  Lobel  ;  fee  that  article.  The  plant  to  which  Plumier 
eriginally  applied  the  nanje,  is  now  the  Sciziiola  of  Linnasus. 
When  the  latter,  at  the  fiiggeftion  of  Jacquiii,  difcovered 
that  he  and  other  botaniils  had  confounded,  under  this  ori- 
ginal  Lobelia,  a  vail  number  of  fpecies  generic-ally  diftinfl 
from  it,  but  which  were  then  become  much  better  known 
than  itfelf  by  the  name  in  qucftion,  he  judged  it  much  lefs 
inconvenient  to  keep  this  name  for  them,  and  to  give  the 
genus  of  Plumier  a  new  one.  It  is  hoped  the  fame  meafure 
would  be  adopted,  fliould  any  botanill  afcertain  the  original 
■  Magnolia  of  Plumier,  to  be  really  diftinft  in  generic  cha- 
racters from  all  the  other  fpecies  lo  called,  of  which  there  is 
faid  to  be  fome  fufpicion. —  Linn.  Gen.  456.  Schreb.  596. 
Willd.  Sp.  PI.  V.  I.  937.     Mart.  Mill.  Diet.  v.  3.     Sm. 


FI.  Brit.  242.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  r.  356. 
JufT.  165.  Lamarck  Illuftr.  t.  724.  (Rapuntium  ;  Tcum. 
t.  51.  Gxrtn.  t.  30.) — ^Clafs  and  order,  Penlnndria  Mono- 
gynia.  (Syngenefia  Monogamia  ;  Linn.)  Nat.  Ord.  Cam- 
paiiaceis,  Linn.   Juff. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  of  one  leaf,  fiirrounding  the 
germen,  in  five  deep,  nearly  equal,  withering  fegments  ; 
the  two  fnperior  ones  mod  directed  upwards.  Cor.  of  one 
petal,  irregular,  (lightly  ringent  ;  tube  cyhndrical,  longer 
than  the  calyx,  divided  lengthwife  at  the  upper  fide  ;  limb 
in  five  deep  lanceolate  fegments,  of  which  the  two  upper- 
mod  are  fmalleil,  mod  refiexed,  and  moft  deeply  feparated, 
condituting  the  uppej-  lip  ;  the  three  lowermod  more  ipread- 
ing,  and  generally  larged.  Stam.  Filaments  five,  awl- 
fliaped,  the  length  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  united  up- 
wards ;  anthers  united  into  an  oblong,  fomewhat  oblique 
and  curved,  cylinder,  feparating  into  five  parts  at  the  bafe. 
Pyi.  Germen  more  than  half  inferior,  pointed  ;  ftyle  cylin.^ 
drical,  the  length  of  the  daniens  ;  lligma  obtufe,  hifpid. 
Peric.  Capfule  ovate,  or  roundilh,  of  two  or  three,  cells, 
and  two  or  three  valves,  burding  at  the  top,  encompaded  by  1 
the  calyx  ;  the  partitions  contrary  to  the  valves.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, minute,  fmooth.      Receptacle comc-s\. 

E!T.  Ch.  Calyx  in  five  fegments,  crowning  the  germen.- 
CoroUa  of  one  petal,  irregular.  Anthers  cohering,  in- 
curved.    Capfule  half  inferior,  of  two  or  three  cells. 

So  much  uncertainty  attends  the  charaiters  of  fome 
plants  which  have  been  referred  to  Lobelia,  that  we  can 
hardly  guefs  with  any  degree  of  correCtnels  at  the  number" 
of  fpecies.  The  14th  edition  of  the  Svflema  Vegetabillum 
exhibits  the  latell  view  that  Linnasus  or  his  Ion  took  of  the 
genus,  and  there  42  fpecies  are  enumerated,  of  which  how- 
ever the  21  ft,  Itsvigata,  and  2 ylh,  /uririameiijis,  are  one  and 
the  Came,  and  iffW/a,  No.  40,  which  is  partifoHa  (not  parvi- 
Jlora)  of  Bergius,  is  Lightfootta  oxycoccoides  ;  fee  Light- 
FOOTIA.  Three  others,  Phyteuma,  bulhofa,  and  'uolubil'is,  go 
along  with  Cyphia,  cardatnines,  and  incifa,  of  Thunberg's 
Prod.  159,  to  form  the  genus  Cyphi.v,  Berg.  Cap.  173. 
Willd.  Sp.  PI.  V.  I.  9,2.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  1.  362, 
of  which  we  have  fpoken  in  its  place,  and  which  perhaps, 
when  vie  confider  its  having  five  dirtincl  petals,  with  linear 
and  draight,  as  well  as  feparate,  anthers,  may  be  allowed 
to  conditute  a  tolerably  good,  though  not  a  very  natural, 
genus.  Willdenow,  retaining  this  genus,  has  diU  48  I^obclite,- 
difpofed  in  three,  not  very  correCl,  fettions,  of  each  of 
which  we  diall  mention  a  few  examples.  Two  fpecies  only 
are  natives  of  Britain. 

Seel.  I.     Leaves  entire. 

L.  Dortmamia.  Water  Lobelia.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1318.- 
EnL'l.  Bot.  t.  140.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  39.  (Dortmanna  lacullris, 
floribus  fparfis  perdulis  ;  Rudb.  Aft.  Upf.  for  1720.  97. 
f.  2.  Gladiolus  lacudris  ;  Ger.  em.  105.) — Leaves  linear, 
entire,  of  two  parallel  cells  Stem  nearly  naked. — Found 
in  the  clear  fhallow  parts  of  lakes,  in  the  colder  parts-  of 
Europe,  growing  in  the  pure  gravelly  bottom,  and  raifing 
the  flowering  part  of  its  ilem  only  above  the  furface.  The 
rorit  \s  perennial,  compofed  of  numerous,  long,  white, 
fimple  fibres,  i/^ri  imooih,  milky  when  wounded.  Radical 
leaves  numerous,  entirely  immcrfed,  linear,  recurved,  nearly 
cylindrical,  though  flattilh  on  the  upper  fide,  obtufe,  two 
or  three  inches  long,  very  remarkable  for  confiding  inter- 
nally  of  two  cavities,  feparated  by  a  longitudinal  partition. 
Stem  folitary,  ereft,  round,  hollow,  almod  leaflefs,  bearing 
a  loofe  cliider  of  pendulous  hluefo'wers  in  July  and  -S  uguft, 
often  overflowed  by  fudden  floods.  Clvfius  received  this 
plant  from  a  Mr.  Dortmann,  and  has  reprefented  it  in  his 
Cura  Pof.eriorcs,  40  ;  but  the  cut,  reprinted  in  Jchnfon"s 

tdiiioa 


LOBELIA. 


edition  of  Gerarcle,  is  juHly  crlticir.-c!   by  Rndbeck  ;  for 
the  gernien  is  reprefentcd  fuperior,  the  ftamciis  totally  crro- 
reoufly,  and  the  corolla  by  no  means  wvll. 
Se£t.   2.     Sl^m  ereB.     Leaves  cut  or  f:rrakd. 
L.  Tupa.     Willow-leaved  Lobelia.    Linn.  Sp.  PI.  l.^lS. 
(Rapuntium  fpicatum,  fo"liis  acutis,  vulgo  Tupa;    Fcuill.  ■ 
It.  V.  2.  7^9.  t.  2Q.) — Leaves  decurrent,   lanceolate,   finely 
ferratcd.    "Clufter  ipiked.    Stem  hollow.     Fcuillec  gathered 
this  plant  on  the   mountains  of  Chili,  in  37  degrees  fouth 
latitude  ;   (not  65,  as  in  Bot.  Mag.  132;.)     He  fpeaks  of 
it  as  one  of  the   molt  aftive  of  poifons,  the  fmell   of  the 
flowers  caufing  fevere  vomitings,  and  theiv.ilk  of  the  plant, 
if  by  any  accident  it  touches  the  eyes,  occafioning  blindnefs. 
The  root  is  a   foot  and  a  half  long,  apparently  perennial. 
^tem  as  tall  as  a   man,  hollow,  five-fided,  terminating  in  a 
fpike  of  large,  blood-red,  ftalked   flowers,  with  a  hnceo- 
late  braclea  at   the  bafe  of  each  partial  ftalk.     Leaves  de- 
current  for  the  fpace  of  z\  inches,  the  rell  of  their  length, 
about  fevcn  inches,  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute,   finely  ferrated, 
minutely  downy  ;  reticulated  with  veins  beneath.    Feuillce 
defcribes  the  ferralures,  but  does  not  figure  them. 

L.  gigantea.  Gigantic  Lobelia.  Sims  in  Curt.  Mag. 
t.  1325.  (L.  Tupa  ;  Dryand.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2. 
•*'•  '•  357-)  — Leaves  feffile,  lanceolate,  finely  ferratcd. 
Flowers  axillary,  folitary,  ilalked.     Stem    Ibrubby,    folid. 

Our  fpecimen  of  this  plant  was  gathered  by  Mr  Menzies 

near  Valparayfo  in  Chili,  in  latitude  33A  fouth,  whence 
Dr.  Brandt  is  faid  alio  to  have  brought  feeds  to  Mcffrs.  Lee 
and  Kennedy,  in  whole  confervatory  the  fhrubbv  Jlcm  is  i  j 
or  16  feet  high,  folid,  and  round.  Leaves  feffile,  lanceo- 
late, more  or  lefs  ferrated,  fcarcely  reticulated  beneath. 
Flowers  dull  orange,  on  fimple,  folitary,  axillary  ftalks, 
much  (liorter  than  the  leaves.  Thefe  characters  have,  in 
our, opinion,  jullified  Dr.  Smis  in  making  it  dillinft  from 
the  laft,  to  which  it  i'eems  moreover  inferior  in  virulence. 

L.  njfvrgens.  Purple  Jamaica  Lobelia.  Linn.  Sp.  PI. 
1321.  ,,ndr.  Repof.  t.  553.-  Leaves  elliptic -lanceolate, 
taperinjf  at  both  ends,  fiiarply  toothed,  fomewhat  decurrent. 
Clutter  compound,  terminal,  downy — Native  of  .lamaica. 
It  flowers  in  the  latter  part  of  fummer  in  our  (loves,  making 
a  handfome  appearance,  though  its  purplifh  colour  is  lols 
ftriking  than  the  fcarlet  of  the  following. 

L.  cardinalis.  Scarlet  Lobelia.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1 3 20. 
Curt.  Mag.  t.  330. —  Leaves  broadly-lanceolate,  ferrated. 
Spike  terminal  ;  the  flowers  turned  one  way.  — Native  of 
North  America.  Hardy  in  our  gardens,  in  a  ttrong  moid 
foil,  flowering  in  Augull  and  September.  The  root  is  pe- 
rennial, temj  three  feet  high,  leafy.  Flowers  of  a  moill 
rich  and  vivid  fcarlet. 

L.  urens.  Acrid  Lobelia.  Linn  Sp.  PI.  1321.  Curt. 
Ijond.  fafc.  6.  t.  63.  Engl.  Bot.  t.  953 — Stem  nearly  crcft. 
Lower  leaves  obovate,  finely  toothed  ;  upper  lanceolate, 
ferrated.  Flowers  racemofc, — Native  of  France,  Spain, 
and  fome  few  parts  of  Devonfliire,  on  gravelly  bufhy  com- 
mons. This  is  perennial,  fl-iwering  in  Auguft  and  Septem- 
ber. Its  habit  is  (lender,  delicate,  and  fmooth.  Stem  18  to 
24  inches  high,  milky.  Leaves  icattered.  Flowers  fmall, 
blue,  numerous,  in  long  weak  clutters.  Segments  of  the 
talyx  bniile-fiiaped,  rough,  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the 
flower. 

Seft.  3.  Stem  mofi'y  decumbent,  heaves  fomewhat  cut. 
L.  Laurentia.  Italian  Annual  Lobeha.  Linn.  Sp  PI. 
1321.  (Laurentia  annua  minima,  flore  cacruleo  ;  Mich. 
Gen.  18.  t.  14.) — Stem  prottrate.  branched.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate-oval, crenate.  Stalks  folitary,  axillary,  fingle-flow- 
ered,  very  long. —Native  of  Italy.  A  little  delicate  annual 
fpeciej,  fcnt  to  Kew  in  *778,  by  M.  Tki^in.    It  t)lof- 


fomed  in  the  green-houfc  ki  July,     The  fowert   are  blue, 
very  minute. 

Lfetacca.  Briflle-ttalked  Lobelia.  Sm.  Prodr.  Fl.  Gric. 
Sibth.  V  7.  145.  Fl.  Grxc.  ined.  t.  221.  (L.  tenella  ; 
Bivon.  Cent.  I.  53.  t.  2.) — Radical  leaves  fpatulate,  wavy  ; 
thofe  of  the  ftem  brill le-flispcd.  Stems  perfedlly  fimple, 
fingle-flowered,  ercft. — Native  of  boggy  places  in  Crete, 
Cyprus,  and  Sicily.  Root  annual.  Leaves  fpatulate,  on 
long  (lender  radical  ftalks,  obtufe,  wavy,  fmooth,  fomewhat 
like  thofe  of  a  daify.  The  little  (lender  Jlems  bear  two 
fmall  brittle-like  leaves,  and  one  elegant  blue  flower.  The 
ftems  appear  to  be  ereft,  but  on  account  of  the  ciofe  afiinity 
of  the  prefent  fpecies  to  L.  Latireiitia,  they  cannot  be  c'.if- 
ioined.  They  are  indeed  confounded  by  Willdenow,  a;:d 
by  Boccone  ki  his  t.  27,  where  both  are  well  drawn,  a» 
one  fpecies.  Our  felacca  is  Rapuntium  creticum  minimum, 
bellidis  folio,  flore  maculato  ;  Tourn.  Cor.  9. 

L.  Ititea.  Yellow  Lobelia.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1322.  Curt. 
Mag.  t.  1 3 19. — Stems  afccnding.  Leaves  lanceolate,  fer- 
rated. Flowers  reverfed,  in  fliort  fpikes. — Native  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  It  flowers  here  in  the  groen-houfe, 
and  is  remarkable  for  its  golden  _,^5Wi-;-x, '  whofe  pofition.  as 
Dr.  Siins  oblervcs,  is  reverfed,  their  tube  very  (hort,  and  the 
polture  of  their  two  fmaller  fegments,  arched  over  the 
(lamens,  very  peculiar. 

Numerous  new  fpecies  ef  Lobelia  are  to  be  added  to 
Willdenow's  lift,  from  the  difcoveries  in  New  Holland. 
Thefe  are  ufually  of  a  fmooth  delicate  habit.  See  Labillar- 
diere,  t.  71 — 74,  and  Brown's  Prodromus,  v.  i.  ^62.  The 
latter  defines  20  fpecies  from  that  cosntry,  none  of  them  in 
Willdenow. 

LoBEJLi.v,  in  Gardening,  comprehends  plants  of  the 
herbaceous  and  under-flirnbby  perennial  kind,  of  which  the 
fpecies  ufually  cultivated  are  the  fcarlet  lobelia,  or  cardi- 
nal's flower  (L.  cardinalis  ;)  the  blue  lobelia,  or  car- 
dinal's flower  (L.  (iphilitica  ;)  the  long-flowered  lobelia 
(L.  longiflora;)  the  pine-leaved  lobelia  (L.  pinifolia ;) 
and  the  bladder-podded  lobelia  (L.  inflata.) 

Method  of  Culture. — The  firft  and  fecond  kinds  may  be 
increafed  by  feed,  cuttings  of  their  ftalks,  and  parting  the 
roots.  The  feeds  fliould  be  fown  in  autumn,  or  early  in 
fpring,  in  a  warm  border,  or  in  pots  or  boxes,  fo  as  to  be 
moved  to  different  fituatioos  in  different  feafons,  to  have 
fhelter  from  froft,  and  (bade  from  the  mid-day  fun  in  fum- 
mer. Thofe  fown  in  autumn  generally  come  up  more  freely 
the  following  fpring  than  thofe  which  are  fown  in  that  fea- 
fon.  They  fliould  havp  (belter  in  hard  ("rolls,  either  under 
a  frame  or  awning  of  mats,  but'  be  fi:lly  expofed  in  railj 
weather,  giving  occafional  waterings  in  the  fpring  and  funi- 
mer.  When  the  plants  have  attained  two  or  three  inches 
growth,  they  (hould  he  pricked  out  in  feparate  fmall  pots  of 
rich  earth,  giving  water,  and  placing  them  in  the  (hadt  till 
frefh  rooted,  repeating  the  waterings  occafionally  in  hot 
dry  weather,  and  (hifting  them  into  larger  pots  as  they  may 
require  ;  in  winter  moving  them  into  a  frame  to  have  occa- 
fional fiieltcr  from  inclement  weather  ;  and  in  the  fpring 
following  fome  of  them  luay  be  turned  out  into  the  full  ground 
about  March,  when  they  vvill  flower  the  enfuing  fummer. 
Some  (Iiould  alfo  be  retained  in  pots  to  be  moved  under  (bel- 
ter in  winter,  as  a  refcrve  in  cale  thofe  in  tlie  open  air  (hould 
be  killed  by  the  frort. 

And  as  the  plants  generally  flower  in  the  greateft  per- 
fcftion  the  firft  and  fccond  year  of  their  blowing,  it  is  proper 
to  raife  a  new  fupply  of  them  every  year  or  two  in  order 
to  have  them  flower  in  the  utmoft  perfection  eveity  year. 

Where  the  fecond  mode  is  in  ufe,  the  cuttings  of  the  young 
ftalks  (hould  be  divided  into  lengths  of  five  or  fix  inches, 

and 


I.  O  B 

from  beconiing  impervious.     See  Hcifler's  Surgery,  vol.  ii- 
p.  5. 

I.OBINEAU,  Ouy-Alf,xis,  in  Biography,  was  born 
at  Rennes  in  1666,  entered  iimong  the  Bcne'didines  of  St. 
Maur  in  liis  feventeeiuh  year,  and  devoted  his.  life  and  ta- 


LOB 

•and  be  planted  in  an  eafterly  border,  two  parts  deep,  being 
covered  down  with  hand-glafles,  and  watered  occafionallv. 
They  moftly  emit  root«,  and  form  young  plants  in  a  month 
-or  fix  weeks,  wlien  the  glalTes  (liould  be  taken  away,  and 
the  plants  managed  as  the  others. 

And  theC.' hardy  forts  fometimes  afford  ofF-fets  from  their  lents  to  ftudy.  He  died  in  the  year  172T.  His  principal 
fides  at  bottom,  which  may  be  feparated  in  autumn,  and  works  are  "  L'Hilloire  de  Bretagne,"  two  vols;  folio  to 
potted  for  young  plants,  being  managed  as  the  feedlings.         ■which  he  gave  the  finilhing  hand,  "it  haviiig  been   compofcd 

Each  of  the  three  laft  forts  may  alfo  be  raifed  by  feeds     by  Father  le  Gallois  :  "  L'Hiiloire  de  Deux  Conqueles 
procured  from  abroad,   which  (bould   be   fowu  in  pots  of    d'Efpagne  par  les  Maurcs,"   which  is  a  tranflation  from  the 
liglit  fandy  earth  in  the  autumn,  and  plunged  in  the   bark- 
bed  ;  and  when  the  pLmts  are  three  inches  high,  planted  in 
feparate  pots,  being  replunged  in  the  bark-bed,  giving  water 
and  occafional  fhade  till  they  are  frefli  rooted.     They  mull 


remain  coiiftantly  in  the  hot-houfe,  and  have  frequent  mo- 
derate waterings  given  them. 

The  firfl:  two  forts  have  a  line  appearance  in  the  borders 
and  clumps  of  pleafure-grounds,  where  they  will  fuccecd 
v>hen  protected  in  winter  from  froils  and  other  injuries. 

And  all  the  tender  forts  afford  a  fine  variety  in  hot-houfc 
colleftions. 

Lobelia  Slphilitica,  Blue  Loleiia,  or  Cardinal  Floiuer,  in 
the  Mtitt^ria  Medica,  is  a  native  of  Virginia,  and  flowers  frum 
Auguft  till  October.  Every  part  of  the  plant  abounds 
with  a  milky  juice,  and  has  a  rank  fmell.  The  root,  which 
is  the  part  prefcribed  for  medicinal  ufe,  in  taite  refembles 
tobacco,  and  is  apt  to  excite  vomiting.  It  derived  the 
appellation  oi  fiphiUtica  from  its  efficacy  in  the  cure  of  fy- 
philis,  according  to  the  experience  of  the   North  American 


Spaiiifn,  and  is  probably  little  more  than  a  romance.  «'  Hif-' 
toire  de  Paris,"  5  vols,  folio  :  this  work  was  begun  and 
much  advanced  by  father  Felibien,  and  put  into  the  hands 
of  Lobineau  to  finiib.  "  L'Kiflone  ces  Saints  de  Bre- 
tagnc."  He  tranflatcd  the  '<  Stratagems  of  Polyasnus" 
from  tlie  Greek,  and  made  verfions  of  fome  of  Arifto- 
phaups'  comedies.     Moreri. 

LOiJITH,  in  Geography,  a  tov/n  of  the  duchy  of 
Cloves  ;   5  miles  N.W.  of  Emmerick. 

LOBKOWITZ,  PitlxcE,  in  Biography,  deferves  well 
to  be  remembered  among  iiluflrious  dilettanti  in  mufic.  He 
was  in  England  at  the  f\ime  time  as  the  myftcnous  count 
St.  Germaine,  from  1746  to  1748;  and  from  congenial 
taftes  in  mufic,  tliey  were  feldom  afunder.  This  prince,  who 
was  uncle  to  the  charming  and  accomplidied  madame  Tliune 
at  Vienna,  was  no  lefs  remarkable  for  his  mufical  talents, 
than  the  beauty  and  dignity  of  his  perfon.  We  have  feen 
and  heard  at  Vienna  many  of  his  mufical  compofitions, 
chiefly  for  the  German  flute,  which,  from  their  corrednefs. 


Indians,  who  coniidered  it  as  a  fpecific  in  that  difeafe,  and  would  not  have  difgraced  an  eminent   profeflbr.     The  ter- 
who  long  kept  it  a  fecret.      But  tlie  fecret  was  purchafed  mination  of  this  gallant   prince's-  career    was  melancholy  • 
by  fir  William  Johnfon,   and  has  been  fince  publilhed  by  after  difUnguifiiing  himfelf  in  the  army,  as  well  as  by  his 
different   authors.       The  method  of  employing  this  medi-  accomplifliments  and  good  tafte  in  the  fine  arts,  he  loll  his  fa- 
cine  is  flated  as  follows  :  a  decodtion  is  made  of  a  handful  of  culties  ;  and  was  feized  with  a  dark  and  gloomy  defpondencv 
the  roots  in  three  meafures  of  water.  Of  this  half  a  meafure  in  v/hich  he  lingered  during  the  remainder  of  his  miferable 
is  taken  in  the  morning  falling,  and  repeated  in  the  evening  ; 
and  the  dofe  is  gradually  increafed  till  its  purgative  effedts 
become  too  violent,  when  the  decoftion  is  to  be  intermitted 


ill 


exutence. 


for  a  day  or  two,  and  then  renewed  till  a  perfeft  cure  is 
effected.  During  the  ufe  of  this  medicine,  a  proper  regimen 
is  to  be  enjoined,  and  the  ulcers  are  alfo  to  be  frequently 
wafiied  with  the  decoftion,  or  if  deep  and  foul,  to  be  fprin- 
kled  with  the  powder  of  the  inner  bark  of  the  New  Jerfey 
tea-tree  (Ceanothus  Americanus.)  Although  the  plant 
thus  ufed  is  faid  to  cure  the  difeafe  in  a  very  fhort  time, 
yet  the  antifyphilitic  powers  of  the  lobelia  have  not  been 
confirmed  by  any  intlanees  of  European  pradlice.  Woodv. 
Med.  Bot. 

LOBENSTEIN,  m  Geography,  a  town  of  Saxony,  and 
chief  place  of  a  lordfliip,  on  the  Lemnitz,  in  the  county  of 
Rcuflen  ;  26  miles  N.  of  Bayreuth.  N.  lat.  50^  21'.  E. 
long.  II '  50'. 

LOBER.^,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Aragon  ;  20  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Jaca. 

LOBES,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  Bqleflaw  ; 
9  miles  W.N.W.  of  .lung-Buntzel. — Alfo,  one  of  the 
fmaller  Canary  ifiands,  between  Lancerotta  and  Fortaven- 
tura.     N.  lat.  28  ■  50'.    W.  long.  13 -40'. 


LoBKOWiTz,  BoLESLAs  DE  Hassenstein,  .5aro«  de,  a  Bo- 
hemian nableman  and  man  of  letters.  After  travelling  into 
various  countiies,  and  bearing  arms  with  reputation,  he 
embraced  the  ecclefiailical  ftate,  and  was  employed  in  pub- 
lic affairs.  He  died  in  15 10.  His  poems  were  firfl  printed 
at  Prague  in  1563,  and  again  in  1570.     Moreri. 

LOBLOLLO  Bay,  in  Geography,  a  bay  of  the  ifland 
of  Antigua,  on  the  W.  coaft. 

LOBLOLLY-B.\Y,  in  Botany.     See  Gordos'ia. 

Loblolly,  a  fea-faring  diili,  otherwife  called  burgoo. 

LOBLOSOW,  ill  Geography,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  J 
RufTia  ;   36  miles  S.E.  of  Halicz. 

LOBO,  Jerome,  in  Biography,  a  Jefuit  mifTionary,  born 
at  Lifbon  in  1593,  entered  among  the  Jefuits  in  his  Six- 
teenth year,  and  in  1622  he  went  out  as  one  of  their  mif- 
fionarics  to  the  Eall  Indies.  After  pafTing  fome  tim.e  at 
Goa,  he  failed  to  the  coail  of  Africa,  and  penetrated  into 
AbyfiTinia,  where  he  refided  fome  years,  fubjeft  to  much 
danger  and  many  hardfiiips  and  fufferings  :  on  his  return 
he  was  fiiipwrecked  and  narrowly  efcaped  deilrudtion.  He 
promoted  the  interell  of  the  Abyllinian  mifuon  at  Madrid 
and  Rome,  and,  notwithftandiiig  the  calamities  to  which  he 


Red 


L0BE.S  of  the  Ear,  Boring  of.    To  bore  or  perforate  the  had  been  fubjedted,  he  took  a  fecond  voyage  to  the  Indies, 

lobes   of   the  ears,    you  mult  firll  of    all  mark  the  place  Pie  returned  to  Lifbon  in    l6j8,  and   was  made   reflor  of 

with   a   fpot  of  ink.     About  the  middle  is   generally  the  the  college  of  Coimbra,  where  he  died  in  167S,  at  the  ai-e 

bell  fituation  for  the  aperture.      The  lobe  of   the   ear  is  of  84.    "He    was   author  of  "An  Hillorical   Account  of 

to  be  extended  with  the  left  fore-finger  and   thumb,   and  Abylfinia,''  containing  mush  curious  and   valuable  informa- 

the  perforation  made  exactly  where  the  dot  is,  with  a  large  tion.      It  was  tranOated  from  the  Portugucfe  langua.-re  into 

■common  fewing  needle.     The  ring   being  now  introduced,  the  French  by  the  Abbe  le  Grand,   with  additionsf  which 

and  gently  moved  about  a  few  times  every  day  until  the  tranilation  was  abridged  by  Dr.  Samuel  Johnfon.  Moreri. 

margin  of  the  pmiAure  is  healed,  will  hinder  the  Uttk  hole  Louo,  RoDKiyuEZ-FKANcis,  a  Portugnefepoet,  wasborn 

Vol.  XXL  G  g       _                                 at 


LOG 


LOG 


at  EftramaJura.  He  was  author  of  a  comedy  called  "  Eu- 
phrofyne,'"  vvliich  is  a  great  fiivoiirite  among  his  countrymen. 
He  vv.is  iikewife  the  author  of  a  folio  volume  of  poems 
printed  in  1721.     Morcri. 

LoBO,  in  Geography,  a  town  on  the  S.  coaR  of  the  ifland 
of  Lui;on.'N.  lat.  13    40'.     E.  long,  lii     10'. 

LOBON,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  iiroviiioe  of  Edrama- 
dura  ;    l  3  miles  W.  of  Merida, 

LOBOS,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the  Atlantic,  near  the  coaft 
of  Africa.  N.  lat.  21'  20'. — Alfo,  a  fniall  ifland  at  the 
mouth  of  La  Plata  river;  15  miles  S.W.  of  Cape  St. 
Mariji.  N.  lat.  35  .—Alfo,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the  gulf  of 
Me.^ico,  on  the  coaft  of  Gnafteca.  N.  lat.  22'  28  .—Alfo, 
iflandi  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  near  the  coaft  of  Peru,  fur- 
rounded  with  rocks  j  about  twelve  miles  from  each  other, 
in  S.  lat.  6  25'  and  f>  ■^^'-  They  are  alfo  called  "  Sea- 
Wolves,"  or  "  Seals'  iflands." — Alfo,  a  duller  of  fmall 
iflands  in  the  South  Pacific  ocean,  near  the  coaft  of  Chili. 
S.  lat.  52    20'. 

LoBOs  Key.  or  Sail  K.-y,  a  fmall  ifland  among  the  Btihamas. 
N.lat.  22   45'.     W.  long.  7744'. 

LOBRES,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of  Gre- 
nada;  7  mflcs  N.  of  Motril. 

LOBS,  in  Mining,  arc  fteps  that  afcend  or  dcfcend 
within  the  mines,  as  itairs  up  to  and  down  from  a  chamber. 

LOBSKOI,  Pei.as.skoi,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Ruf- 
fia,  in  the  government  of  Olonetz,  near  the  lake  Sig  ;  52 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Povenetz. 

LOBSTADT,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  the  circle  of 
Leipzig  ;   10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Leipzig. 

LOBSTER,  in  Zoology,  a  fpecies  of  the  fquilla,  accord- 
ing  to  fome  writers  ;  but  in  the  Linnxan  fyftem  a  fpecies  of 
the  cancer.      See.  C.\NCKr  Giimmanu. 

LOBULUS,  in  Anatomy,  a  diminutive  from  lobus,  is 
a  fmall  lobe,  and  denotes  more  minute  divifions  of  glandular 
bodies,  than  thofe  which  form  lobes  :  as,  for  example,  the 
lobuli  of  the  lungs.  Lobulus  auris  is  tliat  part  of  the  exter- 
nal ear  which  is  pierced  for  ear-rings.  (See  Eau  and 
Lobes.)  Lobulus  Spigelii  is  a  fmall  portion  of  the  liver. 
See  Liver. 

Lobulus,  in  Botany,  a  httle  lobe,  a  term  fuggefted  by 
Dr.  Smith,  for  what  has  ufually,  but  '^rroneoufly,  been 
called  the  auricle,  in  fome  fpecies  of  Jungermannia  ;  fee  that 
article. 

LOBURG,  in  Geography,  a  town  in  the  duchy  of  Mag- 
deburg ;   2  2  miles  E.  of  Magdeburg. 

LOBUS,  in  Botany,  a  lobe,  a  principal  divifion  of  a 
leaf,  the  margins  of  which  are  in  fome  deg'ee  rounded. 
The  term  is  alfo  ufcd  for  the  divifions  of  the  petals,  or  any 
other  fuitable  part.  A  capfnle  is  fometimes  faid  to  be  lobed, 
ttiere  being  fcarcely  any  other  way  of  defcribing,  in  Engli.^, 
a  tricoccous  or  tetracoccous  truit. 

LOCAGN.ANO,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  the  ifland  of 
Corfica  ;   1 2  miles  N.  of  Bailia. 

LOC.^L,  fomething  fuppofed  to  be  tied  or  annexed  to 
fome  particular  place. 

Thus,  in  Law,  a  thing  is  faid  to  be  local,  i.  e.  annexed 
or  fixed  to  the  freehold.  An  adtion  of  trefpafs  for  battery, 
&c.  is  tranlitory,  not  local ;  that  is,  it  is  not  neceflary,  that 
the  place  where  battery  was  committed  fliould  be  fet  down 
as  material  in  the  declaration  ;  or  if  it  be  fet  down,  the 
defendant  cannot  traverfe  it,  by  faying,  he  did  not  commit 
the  battery  in  the  place  mentioned  in  the  declaration,  and  fo 
avoid  the  adion. 

Local,  Chofe.     See  Chose. 

Local  Colour,  a  technical  term  in  the  art  of  Painling, 
■wherein,   however,  it  has  two  meanings.     The  one  is  the 


aAual  colour  of  an  objefl  intended  for  imitation  ;  the 
other  alludes  to  that  colour  iii  conjundtion  with  the  fituatiou 
the  objedt  which  polfelfes  it  fills  in  a  pifture  ;  wherein  it 
muft  be  more  or  lefs  fubjcdl  to  fliadows,  and  the  regulations 
of  aerial  perfpedive :  which  latter  diminiflies  the  force  ot 
colours  according  to  thtir  diftance  from  the  eye,  by  the  in- 
tervention of  that  of  the  atmofphere. 

It  is  a  dilficult  but  a  neceflary  part  of  the  art  to  maintain 
local  colours  in  objefts  and  yet  throw  them  into  fliade,  and 
Hill  mtire  to  fupport  it  in  the  gradations  from  light  to  dark. 
A  degree  of  cool  colour  intervenes  in  nature,  the  admixture 
of  which  in  the  fubftances  ufed  ni  painting  too  often  dellroys 
the  local  or  real  colour,  fo  that  painters  have  often  had  rc- 
courfe  to  their  fliadow-tolour  alone,  and  by  mixing  that  will) 
the  pofitive  colour,  trull  to  its  cfl"tft  for  harmony,  and  omit 
the  greater  delicacies  of  nature.  But  Titian,  Vandyke, 
Correggio,  and  fir.!.  Reynolds,  ventured  to  attempt  the  full 
fupport  of  the  colour  of  the  body,  and  fuccecded,  particu- 
larly the  two  latter,  whom  the  artift  will  do  well  to  lludy  on 
this  head. 

LocAi.  Ciijloms,  are  thofe  pccuhar  to  fome  lordfliip,  or 
other  diltrict,  and  not  agreeable  to  the  general  cuftoms  of 
tlie  country.      See  Cus'i'OM. 

Local,  or  Artificial  Memory.     See  Mkmouy. 

Local  Motion.     See  Motion. 

Local  Problem,  in  Mathematics,  is  fuch  an  one  as  is  ca- 
pable of  an  i  ifinite  number  of  different  folutions  ;  becaufe 
the  point  that  is  to  folve  it,  may  be  indifterently  taken 
within  a  certain  extent ;  e.  gr.  any  where  in  fuch  a  line 
within  fuch  a  plane  figure,  &c.  which  is  called  a  geometrical 
locus. 

A  local  problem  may  be  either  ftmple,  as  when  the  point 
fought  is  in  a  right  line  ;  plane,  as  wlien  the  point  fought  is 
in  the  circimifcrcnee  of  a  circle  ;  folid,  as  when  the  point 
required  is  in  the  circumference  of  a  conic  feclion  ;  crjiir- 
folld,  as  when  the  point  is  in  the  perimeter  of  a  line  of  a 
higher  himl,  as  the  geometers  call  it. 

Lof.'iL  'irejpafs,  in  Laiu.      See  TresPAS.s. 

LOCANA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  tlie  de- 
partment of  the  Dora,  on  the  Oreo,  in  a  valley,  called  lb-.' 
"  Valley  of  Locana  ;"   21  miles  S.  of  Aofta. 

LOCARNO,  one  of  the  Italian  bailiiages  of  Switzer- 
land, ceded  to  the  Swifs  cantons  by  Maximilian  Sforza, 
duke  of  Milan,  in  the  year  i  j  12,  and  governed  by  a  baih.iF 
whofe  office  continues  two  years;  about  i^  miles  in  length 
and  about  12  in  breadth.  It  is  fituated  on  the  N.W.  coall 
of  tlie  lake  Maggiorc,  is  fertile  in  grain  and  fruits,  and 
contains  49  oarifhcs,  and  _^o,ooo  inhabitants.  By  the  peace 
of  Luneville  it  was  ceded  to  the  Cifalpine  republic,  now  the 
kingdom  of  Italy. 

Loc.VRSO,  the  ca])ital  of  the  bailliage  of  the  fame  name, 
a  fmall,  open,  well-built,  market  town,  agreeaMy  (itualcd 
in  a  fertile  plain,  near  the  N.W.  border  of  Locarno,  or 
Maggiore  lake,  and  containing  about  1530  inhabitants. 
Part  of  the  town  is  built  on  piazzas  in  form  of  a  creicent 
with  two  wings ;  in  front  is  a  low  of  trees  and  the  public 
walk ;  the  old  part  of  the  town  is  dirty,  and  the  ftreets 
narrow.  It  contains  three  convents,  and  a  fmall  Francifcan 
monallery,  perched  on  a  rock  overhanging  the  valley,  and 
commanding  a  fuperb  view  of  the  lake  and  its  magnificent 
boundaries.  The  canopy  in  the  church  of  the  Capuchins 
dcferves  mention  on  account  of  its  beautiful  execution  ;  it  is 
of  ftraw-work,  and  ahnoll  rivals  velvet  and  gold  fringe. 
Locarno  was  once  fituated  on  the  lake,  and  had  a  port 
capable  of  receiving  large  barks :  at  prefent  it  Hands  at  ih^- 
diftance  of  a  quarter  of  a  mile ;  a  circuni(lance  which  is 
owing  to  the  accumulation  of  fand  brought  down  by  the 

J  to.Tcat 


LOG 


LOG 


torrent  Maggia.  Tlie  environs  of  the  town  abound  in  wine, 
fruit,  and  paftures.  It  is  now  annexed  to  and  included  in 
the  department  of  Verbano.     N.  lat.   45'  59'.     E.   long. 

8'  a'- 

Locarno,  Lah,  or  Lugo  Magg'iore.     See  Lake. 

LOCATE,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  department  of  the 
Olona  ;  6  miles  S.  of  Milan. 

LOCATELLI,  Pietko,  in  Biography,  a  native  of 
Berganio,  and  one  of  the  greateft  performers  on  the  violin 
in  Europe,  during  the  early  part  of  the  lad  century  ;  but 
no  iefs  remarkable  for  caprice  in  his  compolitions,  than  for 
execution  and  a  full  tone  in  his  performance.  He  publirticd 
twelve  grand  concertos  for  vioHns,  and  much  muiic  for 
other  inftruments,  at  Amfterdam,  where  he  refided  from 
'1744  to  1764.  .Few  could  play  his  concertos  but  himfelf ; 
Tct  there  was  "  more  method  in  his  madnefs,"  than  in  that 
of  Vivaldi ;  fometimes  a  folidity  and  good  talle,  particularly 
in  his  flow  movements,  not  inferior  to  the  adagios  of  Tartini. 
In  1772,  we  were  very  much  furprifcd  to  find  the  blind  or- 
ganift  and  CariUoneur  Potholt  at  Amfterdam  pofTefled  of  a 
tafte  fo  delicate  and  modem  in  a  place  where  little  other 
mufic  was  encouraged  or  liftened  to  than  "  the  jingling  of 
bells  and  of  ducats,'  till  that  excellent  performer  told  us 
that  Locatelli,  the  famous  player  on  the  violin,  who  had 
lived  many  years  in  that  city,  and  died  in  1764,  ufed  to  give 
him  inftruAions,  and  to  encourage  his  mufical  ftudies  by 
allowing  him  the  advantage  of  being  always  a  hearer  at  his 
public  concerts  as  well  as  private  performances.  This,  in 
feme  meafure,  helped  us  to  account  for  his  taile  asd  fancy  ; 
for  Locatelli  was  [.oflelTed  of  a  great  deal  of  both ;  and 
though  he  delighted  in  capricious  diflicultics,  which  his 
hand  could  as  ealily  execute  as  his  head  conceive  ;  yet  he  had 
a  fund  of  knowledge  in  the  principles  of  harmony,  that 
rendered  fuch  wild  flights  agreeable,  as,  in  Iefs  flvilful  hands, 
would  have  been  infupportable.  Foreigners  who  travelled 
through  Holland,  and  were  curious  to  hear  Locatelli  perform, 
were  previoully  apprifed,  that  the  remuneration  expedted 
was  fixed  at  two  golden  ducats  for  himfelf,  and  a  lilver 
ducat  to  the  perfon  who  accompanied  him. 

LOCATION,  in  the  Cixil  Law,  an  aft  by  which  any 
thing  is  let  out,  on  rent. 

The  fecond  title  of  the  nineteenth  book  of  the  Digeft  is 
on  the  fubjeA  of  location  and  conduclion.  Location  and 
conduclion  are  relative  terms,  and  are  ufed  as  well  for  the 
action  of  him  that  lets,  as  for  that  of  him  who  takes  on 
that  letting. 

Location,  Tac'il,  is,  when  the  perfon  who  takes,  conti- 
nues on  the  premiies  beyond  the  term  of  his  leafe  ;  which 
by  the  civil  law  he  is  allowed  to  do,  at  leaft  for  the  fpace 
of  a  year,  on  the  fame  terms. 

LOCCO,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo 
Citra,  on  the  Pefcara  ;    10  miles  N.  of  Sulmona. 

LOCH,  m  the  Materia  Mtdka,  a  name  given  by  Avi- 
cenna  and  others  to  the  gum  lac.  They  call  it  alfo  ieiicm 
and  ienicm,  and  are  too  apt  to  confound  it  with  the  can- 
canum,  fandarach,  and  other  gums,  with  which  they  made 
their  feveral  forts  of  varnnh. 

Loch,  or  Loho<:h,  in  Pharmacy,  a  compofition  of  a  mid- 
dle confluence  between  a  fyrup  and  a  foft  eieftuary  ;  chiefly 
ufed  for  difeafes  of  the  lungs. 

The  word  is  originally  Arabic  ;  but  continues  ftiU  in 
ufe  amor.g  the  apothecaries. 

The  Latins  call  klinaut,  and  the  Greeks  v^.Xu'jjLa,  becaufe 
the  .T.anner  of  taking  it  is  by  licking. 

Loch,  in  Geography,  a  name  given  in  Scotland  to  a  lake 
and  alfo  to  a  bay.  , 

I^ocii  vllarich,  a  lake  in  the  county  of  Perth;   10  miles 


S.  of  George's  town : — L.  yllfarng,  a  lake  in  the  county 
of  Invernefi  ;  14  miles  N.W.  of  Fort  Auguilus  : — L.  jlna- 
cat,  a  lake  in  the  county  of  Perth  ;  1 1  miles  S.E.  of 
George's  town  : — L.  Anjlronmun,  a  lake  in  the  county  cf 
Perth;  four  miles  N.W.  of  George's  town  : — L.  Archiig,  a 
lake  in  the  county  of  Invcrnefs,  10  miles  long  and  one  broad  ; 
1 2  miles  N.  of  Fort  William :  —  L.  Aven,  a  lake  in  the 
S.W.  part  of  Bamffshire  ;  21  miles  S.  of  Inveraven  : — L. 
A'-j^e,  a  lake  in  the  county  of  Argyle,  30  miles  long,  and 
from  a  mile  to  two  wide,  fiiaded  with  many  fmall  woi)dy  iflcs, 
one  of  which  bears  the  ruins  of  a  monafttry,  and  another  thofc 
of  an  ancient  fortrefs,  the  refidence  of  the  Campbells  of  Loch- 
awe,  afterwards  dukes  of  Argyle  : — L.  Baa,  a  lake  on  the 
iflaiid  of  Mull,  communicating  with  loch  Naganl  to  the  N.  : 

—  \..  Barncra,  a  lake  or  inlet  of  the  fea,  on  the  N.,W.  coaft 
of  the  ifland  of  Lewis;  11  miles  W.  of  Stornaway: — L. 
Broom,  a  bay  on  the  W.  coail  of  Scotland,  feven  miles 
lonj^  and  two  broad,  commupicating  with  L.  More,  lu 
mouth  being  in  N.  lat.  57' 56'.  W.  long.  5"  13': — Little 
1^.  Broom,  a  bay  on  theVV.  coail  of  Scotland,  eight  miles 
long  and  one  broad  ;  eight  miles  S.E  of  Udrigil  Head,  N. 
lat.  57  52'.  W.  long.  5  16  : — L.  Broom,  a  town  of  Scot- 
land,  in  the  county  of  Rofs,  at  the  S.  end  of  L.  Broom  lake; 
25  miles  W.N.W.  of  Dingwall  :_L.  Cajlle  Semple,  a  lake 
in  the  county  of  Renfrew  ;  fix  miles  S.W.  of  Paifley  :  —  L. 
Catherine,  a  lake  in  the  S.W.  part  of  the  county  of  Perth, 
about  fix  miles  in  length;  2a  miles  W. S.W.  of  Crieff:  — 
L..  Dalreaeh,  a  lake  in  the  county  of  Ayr  ;  10  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Ayr : — L.  Dainb,  a  lake  in  the  county  of  Perth  ;  feven 
miles  S.  of  George's  town  : — L.  Dee,  a  lake  in  the  county 
of  Kircudbright  ;  i  2  miles  N.W.  of  New  Galloway  : — L. 
Derculoch,  a  lake  of  Perth  ;  feven  miles  S.  of  Blair  Athol  : 

—  L.  Dirantadlin,  a  lake  in  the  counties  of  Argyle  and 
Perth  ;  feven  miles  N.W.  of  George's  town  : — L.  Doine,  a 
lake  of  Perth  ;  20  miles  W. S.W.  of  Criefi": — L.  Druinard, 
a  lake  on  the  N.W.  fide  of  the  ifiand  of  Hay  :— L.  DrumeHy, 
a  lake  of  Perth;  feven  miles  N.W.  of  Couptr: — L.  Dun- 
telchah,  a  lake  in  the  county  of  Invernefs  ;  20  miles  N.E.  of 
Fort  Auguftus  : — L.  Eil,  a  lake  of  Invernefs,  eight  miles 
long  and  one  broad,  near  Fort  Wilham  : — L.  Enoch,  a  lake 
in  the  county  of  Kircudbright ;  14  miles  N.W.  of  New 
Galloway  : — L.  Ericht,  a  lake  in  the  county  of  Invernefs, 
1 2  miles  long  and  half  a  mile  wide;  four  miles  N.  of  George's 
town:  —  L.  ErriboU,  a  capacious  and  fafe  bay  on  the  N. 
coafl  of  Scotland ;  three  miles  W.  of  Whitenhead,  its 
mouth  being  in  N.  lat.  58'  32'.  W.  long.  4' 29': — L. 
Erfey,  a  lake  in  Arran  ifland  ;  five  miles  N.W.  of  Brodick  : 
— L.  EJpin,  a  lake  of  Perth;  18  miles  S.  of  George's 
town  : — L.  Eti-ve,  a  bay  on  the  W.  coafl:  of  Scotland,  20 
miles  long  and  about  one  broad  ;  15  miles  N.  of  Inverary, 
N.  lat.  36  26'.  W.  long.  5'-  5' : — L.  Fain't/h,  a  lake  in  the 
N.W.  part  of  the  county  of  Rofs  ;  16  miles  W.  of  Ding- 
wall: — L.  Fine,  a  bay  in  the  county  of  Argyle,  34  miles 
long,  and  from  one  to  four  and  fix  broad,  extending  from 
about  fix  miles  N.E.  of  Inverary  to  the  river  Clyde  ;  its 
mouth  being  in  N.  lat.  ^^  50'.  W.  long,  j-  8':  — L.  Fin- 
trakin,  a  lake  in  the  county  of  Dumfries ;  feven  miles  N.W. 
of  Lochmaben  :  — L.  FiHy,  a  lake  in  the  county  of  Fife; 
three  miles  N.N.E.  of  Dumfernilir.e : — L.  Frcnchy,  a  lake 
of  Perth;  nine  miles  N.  of  Crieff: — L.  Garry,  a  lake  of 
Perth  ;  nine  miles  N.E.  of  George's  town  :  -  L.  Gar-vie,  a 
lake  in  the  county  of  Rofs;  10  miles  W.  of  Dingwall: 
— L  Goyle,  a  lake  which  bra!:ches  off  to  the  N.W.  from 
loch  Long,  N.  lat.  56  8'.  W.  long.  5=:-L.  Heck,  a 
lake  in  the  county  of  Argyle,  between  loch  Long  and 
loch  Fine: — L.  Inver,  a  lake  in  the  county  of  Kircud- 
bright ;  five  miles  N.  of  New  Galloway  : — L.  Kaimocr,  a 

G  g  2  lake 


LOG  n. 


^ 


lake  at  tlic  union  of  the  Ken  and  Dcci  five  miles  long  and 
half  a  mile  wide  : — L.  Kingsmoor,  a  lake  in  the  county  of 
Selkirk  ;  1 1  miles  S.S.W.  of  Selkirk  :  — L.  La^^^an,  a  lake 
of  Invernefs,  ei^ht  miles  long  and  half  a  mile  wide  ;  lo 
miles  S.E.  of  Fort  Auguftus:— L,  Laiverdon,  a  lake  in 
the  county  of  Kincardine;  nine  miles  N.N.E.  of  Stone- 
haven : — L  Leadmore,  a  lake  in  the  county  of  Rofs  ;  24 
miles  W.N.  W.  of  Dornoch  :  -L.  Lie,  a  lake  in  the  county 
of  Angus;  II  milts  N  N.W.  of  Brechin  :  —  L.  Leven,  a 
bay  on  the  E.  coaft  of  Scotland,  in  Invernefs,  10  miles 
long  and  half  a  mile  wide;  nine  miles  S  of  F-.Tt  William, 
its  mouth  being  in  N.  lat.  56' 40'.  W.  long.  5°  20' : — 
Alfo,  a  lake  of  the  fame  name,  lituated  in  the  county  of 
Kinrofs.  Though  inferior  to  loch  Lomond,  not  only  in 
extent  but  in  beauty  of  fcenery,  fliU  it  mull  be  allowed  to 
prcfeiit  to  the  eye  a  noble  expanfe  of  water,  intcrfperfed 
with  .a  variety  of  fruitful  and  plfafaiit  iflands.  This  lake 
varies  in  fize  confiierably  at  different  feafons.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  call  by  the  Lomond-hills,  on  the  fouth  by  the  hill  of 
Balneanie,  and  on  the  weft  by  the  plain  of  Kinrofs.  The 
trou^  of  loch  Leven  are  of  a  large  fize,  and  bear  a  ftrong 
refemblance,  both  in  tafte  and  appearance,  to  the  falmon. 
They  are  regularly  brought  to  the  Edinburgh  markets, 
where  they  find  a  ready  fale,  being  confidered  extremely  de- 
licate. The  red  colour  of  their  flefh  undoubtedly  arlfes 
from  their  feeding  chiefly  on  a  fmall  fhell  fifh  of  a  very 
deep  tinge,  which  abounds  in  the  bottom  of  the  loch.  A 
variety  of  other  fi(h  are  likewife  caught  here.  Eels  are  par- 
ticularly plentiful.  Thcfe,  in  the  month  of  September,  gene- 
rally migrate  towards  the  fea  in  great  numbers  by  the  chan- 
nel of  the  Leven  river,  which  takes  its  rife  from  the  lake. 
It  is  remarkable  that  they  never  proceed  in  their  migration 
except  during  tiie  night. 

Loch  Leven  defervcs  particular  attention  on  account  of 
the  many  dillin^uifhed  remains  of  antiquity  which  either 
adorn  its  idands  or  its  banks.  The  ri'ins  of  the  caftle  of 
loch  Leven  are  placed  upon  an  ifland  nearly  in  the  centre  of 
the  loeh.  Its  original  toundatinn  is  unknown,  for  though 
tradition  fays  it  was  built  by  Congal,  fon  of  Dongart,  king 
of  the  Pifts,  yet  very  little  credit  can  be  given  to  this  ac- 
count. The  firll  notice  taken  of  it  in  hillory  occurs  in  the  year 
1334,  when  it  wasbefieged  by  lir  Jol\n  de  Sterling,  an  Englifh 
officer,  commanding  a  party  of  Scots  who  had  joined  the 
Englifh  army.  But  what  principally  renders  this  caftle 
famous  in  Scottifh  hiftory,  is  the  confinement  here  of  the 
unfortunate  queen  Mary,  by  the  confederate  lords  to  whom 
fhe  furrendered  herfelf  prifoncr,  after  having  parted  with 
Bothwell  at  Carberry.  Being  placed  in  the  cultody  of  the 
wife  of  Douglas  of  loch  Leven,  a  woman  of  rude  manners, 
and  an  inveterate  enemy  to  the  queen,  fhe  fuffcred  all  the 
miferies  of  a  rigorous  captivity.  In  this  callle  fhe  remained 
for  feveral  months  almoll  forgotten,  till  the  haughty  con- 
duft  of  the  regent  having  ellranged  the  minds  of  many  of 
the  confederates,  they  rcfolved  to  rcfcue  her  and  themfelvcs 
from  his  tyranny  and  opprefTion.  With  this  view  feveral 
attempts  were  made  to  cfieft  her  releafe,  but  all  of  them 
v/ere  rendered  abortive  by  the  vigilance  of  her  keeper. 
Love,  however,  at  la(t  prevailed  over  every  obftacle,  Mary, 
confcicus  of  poffeffing  thofe  bewitching  charms  which  fcl- 
ylom  fail  in  fecuring  a  deep  interefl  in  the  breaft  of  ambitious 
youth,  refolved  to  employ  them  in  captivating  the  heart  of 
George  Douglas,  her  keeper's  brother.  She  treated  him 
with  the  niotl  marked  diflindion,  and  even  allowed  him  to 
entertain  the  moll  daring  h.  pes.  The  temptation  was  too 
great  to  be  refilled.  Having  engaged  fome  accomplices, 
they  contrived  to  fecure  the  keys  one  evening,  when  the 
family  were  at  their  devotions;  and  openiog  the  gates,  al- 


lowed the  queen  and  her  lover  io  cfcape  by  a  boat  wliich 
lay  ready  to  receive  them.  As  foon  as  they  reached  the  fhore 
the  queen  was  met  with  the  utmoft  joy  by  lord  Seaton  and 
fir  James  Hamilton,  with  whom  file  immediately  fled  to  Nid- 
dric,  in  Eaft  Lothian. 

On  another,  and  the  largeft  ifland  in  the  lake,  the  priory 
founded  by  Brudo,  the  lall  but  one  of  the  Pi£lifli  kings, 
formerly  ftood.  Its  ruins  are  flill  vilible.  Portm.eak-mo- 
naflcry  was  fituated  on  the  eaftern  bank  of  the  loch  ;  only  a 
few  fragments  of  it  remain.  To  the  eaft  are  the  ruins  of 
the  ancient  tower  cr  cafllc  of  Arnot,  which  was  pofTefTed 
by  a  family  of  that  name  for  upwards  of  600  years.  For- 
fyth's  Beauties  of  Scotland  : — L.  Leys,  a  lake  in  the  county 
of  Kincardine;  11  miles  N.W.  of  Stonehaven  : — L.  Leehy,  a 
lake  of  Invernef?,  between  Fort  Wil'iam  and  Fort  Augullus, 
10  miles  long,  and  more  than  one  wide,  communicating  with 
loch  Eil,  loch  Linnhe,  and  loch  Arclieig  : — L.  Lomond,  a  lake 
in  the  county  of  Argyle,  17  miles  long,  and  from  one  to  four 
wide,  wi'..h  feveral  fmall  illands  on  the  broadeft  part,  which 
are  fuppofed  to  form  part  of  the  Grampian  chain,  that  termi- 
nates here  on  the  W.  communicating  with  the  Clyde,  by  a 
river  which  joins  the  Clyde  at  Dun.barton  ;  24  miles  W.  of 
Stirling ;  its  S.  extremity  being  in  N.  lat.  56^  3'.  W.  long. 
4 '  30'.  .  At  the  time  of  the  earthquake  in  Lilhon  in  fhe 
year  1755,  ''"^  waters  of  this  lake  were  agitated  in  a  fin- 
gnlar  manner  (fee  Lomond): — I^.  Loyal,  a  lake  in  the 
county  of  Sutherland,  five  miles  long  ;  two  miles  S.  of 
Tongue  : — L.  Luichart,  a  lake  in  the  county  of  Rofs  ;  1 1 
miles  W.  of  Dingwall : — L.  Lydoch,  2l  lake  of  Perth  ;  five 
miles  W.  of  Geor^ge's  town  : — L.  Lyon,  a  lake  of  Perth;  10 
miles  S.W.  of  George's  town  : — L.  Maddy,  a  lake  of  Inver- 
n'Ts  ;  five  miles  long,  and  half  a  mile  wide;  17  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Fort  AugLiftus:— L.  Mahaale,  a  lake  of  Perth  ; 
five  miles  N.W.  of  Dumblane  : — L.  Montciih,  a  lake  in  the 
vicinity  of  L.  Lomond,  about  five  miles  in  circumference, 
with  two  woody  ifles,  one  prefenting  the  ruins  of  a  mo- 
naftery,  the  other  thofe  of  a  callle  of  die  old  carls  of  Mon- 
teith  :— L.  Merh,  a  lake  of  Perth  ;  feven  miles  N.  of 
Blair  Athol  : — L.  Michly,  a  lake  of  Invernefs  ;.  13  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Fort  Augultus:— L.  Milford,  or  Melfoil,  a  fafe' 
road  or  harbour,  on  the  W.  coaft  of  Sc<!tland,  much  fre- 
quented by  herrings.  N.  lat.  56^  16'.  W.  long.  ^'  32'  :  — 
L.  Moan,  a  lake  in  the  N.W.  part  of  the  county  of  Kir- 
cudbright  ;  18  miles  N.W.  of  New  Galloway  : — 1^.  Mo- 
chrum,  a  lake  in  the  county  of  Wigton  ;  feven  miles  W.  of" 
Wigton  : — L.  Monar,  a  lake  in  the  county  of  Rofs ;  fix 
miles  long  and  half  a  mile  wide  : — L.  Moorn,  a  lake  in  the 
N.W.  part  of  the  county  of  Rofs  ;  nine  miles  N  of  Ding- 
wall :—L.  May,  a  lake  of  Invernefs,  near  a  town  of  the 
fame  name;  nine  miles  S.E.  of  Invernefs: — L.  Naver,  a 
lake  in  the  N.  part  of  Scotland,  12  miles  in  circumference  ; 
28  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Dornech  :  — L.  Nel/,  a  lake  of  Ar- 
gyle ;  17  miles  N.W.  of  Inverary  :  —  L.  Nefs,  a  lake  of 
Invernefs  ;  22  miles  long  and  one  broad,  between  Fort  Au- 
guftus and  the  Frith  of  Murray,  into  which  its  waters  are 
difcharged.  This  lake  was  aiTedted  at  the  time  of  the 
earthquake  at  Lift)on  :  on  account  of  its  great  depth,  from 
60  to-  135  fathoms,  it  never  freezes  : — L.  Oicb,  a  lake  of 
Invernefs  ;  four  miles  lopg,  and  a  quarter  of  a  mile  wide, 
communicating  with  loch  Nefs ;  four  miles  S.W.  of  Fort 
Auguftus: — L.  Oochan,  a  lake  of  Invernefs;  nine  miles 
W.iSl.W.  of  George's  town  : — I^.  Orr,  a  lake  in  the  county 
of  Fife;  fix  miles  N  E.  of  Dumfermline  : — L.  Orent,  a 
lake  in  the  county  of  Caithnefs  ;  fix  miles  S.  of  Thurfo:  — 
L.  Paatoch,  a  lake  of  Invernefs;  12  miles  N.  of  George's 
town:— L.  Qiikli,  a  lake  of  Invernefs;  16  miks  N.  of 
Fort  William  :— L.  Rannoch,  a  lake  of  Perth  j  about  eight 
8  lLile» 


LOG 

miles  long,  E.  of  George's  town: — L.  Ru'.lon,  a  lake  in 
Kircudbright  ;  four  miles  S.E.  of  Dumfries : — L.  Win,  a 
lake  in  the  N.  part  of  the  county  of  Sutherland  ;  12  milts 
long  and  l^  wide;  13  miles  W.N.  W.  of  Dornoch  : — L. 
Siene,  a  lake  in  the  county  of  Aberdeen  ;  five  m:Ies  S.  of 
Kintore : — L  Silnch,  a  lake  of  Perth  ;  fix  miles  N.W.  of 
Dunkeld  : — L.  Tay,  a  lake  of  Perth,  which  is  a  grand  and 
beautiful  expanfe  of  water,  of  fuch  length  as  rather  to 
refemble  a  noble  river,  abounding  with  filh,  and  terminat- 
ing in  an  ifland,  on  which  are  feen  the  ruins  of  a  priory  ; 
having  in  its  eallern  extremity  the  capital  manfion  and  plan- 
tations of  the  earl  of  Braidalben  ;  24  miles  N.W.  of  Perth: 
— L.  ToUk,  a  lake  in  Argyle  ;  1 1  miles  N.N.E.  of  Glenor- 
chy: — L.Troi^,  a  lake  of  Invernefs  ;  14  miles  E.  of  Fort 
Wilham  : — 'L.  Turns!,  a  lake  of  Perth;  five  miles  S.  of 
Blair  Athol  : — L.  Turret,  a  lake  of  Perth  ;  five  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Crieff  :  —  L.  Vaci,  a  lake  of  Perth  ;  three  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Blair  Athol  :—L.  VaRc.in,  a  lake  of  Perth  ;  fix 
miles  E.  of  Blair  Atho!:— L.  Voil,  a  lake  of  Perth  ;  17 
miles  W.  of  Crieff:  —  L.  Vrlne,  a  lake  in  the  county  of 
Rofs  ;  fix  miles  long,  and  half  a  mile  wide ;  25  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Dingwall :— L.  Vrotachan,  a  lake  in  the  S.W. 
part  of  Aberdeenthire  ;  feven  miles  S.  of  Caftleton  of  Brae- 
mar  : — L  UJp^,  a  lake  of  Rofs  ;  two  miles  W.  of  Dingwall : 
— L.  IVatSen,  a  lake  in  Caithnefs ;  fe'.-cn  miles  W.  of  Wick  : 
— X..  Tehen,  a  lake  on  the  W.  coall  of  Scotland,  on  the 
N.  fide  »f  Loch  Terridoii. 

LOCHABER,  a  diftria  of  Scotland,  in  the  county  of 
Invernefs;  about  40  miles  long  and  2 J  broad,  of  which  the 
ciiief  plat;e  is  Fort  Wiiliam.  This  is  one  cf  the  moft 
dreary-,  mountainous,  a.d  barren  diliricTts  in  Scotland,  thinly 
inhabited,  with  the  houfes  wretched.  The  chief  produce  is 
black  cattle,  with  very  large  flocks  of  flieep.  Here  prince 
Charies  eredted  his  ilandard  in  174,,  upon  his  landing  from 
France,  with  feven  officers,  and  arms  for  2000  m.en. 

LOG  HE,  or  .Jca-LocnE,  a  name  ufed  in  fome  parts  of 
England  for  the  muJlAa,  called  in  other  places,  particu- 
larly in  Cornwall,  the  'wh'tjlle-fijb.     See  Gadus  Mujltla. 

LOCHEM,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Holland,  in  the 
department  of  Guelderland,  on  the  Borkel ;  10  m.iles  E.  of 
Zutphen. 

LOCHER  Moss,  a  morafs  of  Scotland,  in  the  county 
of  Dumfries  ;  10  miles  long  and  three  broad,  which  muft 
have  been  formerly  a  forell,  on  account  of  the  oak  trees 
that  are  dug  up  in  it ;  and  as  canoes  and  anchors  have  been 
alfo  found  here,  it  mult  have  been  once  covered  with  fea. 

EOCHES,  a  town  of  France,  and  principal  place  of  a 
diftrift,  in  the  department  of  the  Indre  and  Loire;  21  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Tours.  The  place  contains  4342,  and  the  can- 
ton 14,701  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  385  kiliometres, 
ia  1 3- communes.  The  callle,  feated  on  a  rock  in  this  town, 
was  formerly  an  important  fortification.  It  had  four  ranges 
of  fubterraneous  pafiages,  running  over  one  another,  in  the 
uppjrmoll  of  which,  Louis  Sforza,  duke  of  Milan,  \Vas 
imprifoned  for  10  years,  and  where  he  died.  Its  large 
tower  contains  two  cages  or  moveable  rooms,  with  ifrong 
oak  gates,  covered  with  iron  ;  and  in  one  of  thefe  cardinal 
Salve,  bilhop  of  Angers,  was  confined  by  Lewis  XII.  At 
a  convent  near  the  town,  an  edift  was  paffed  in  I576,  in 
favour  of  the  Proteltants  ;  but  it  was  toon  after  violated 
by  the  queen  regent,  Catherine  de  Medicis.  N.  lat.  47^  7'. 
E.  long,  o''  34'. 

LOCHI-A,  in  Mid'zvifery,  a  difcharge  of  blood  from  the 
Hterus  of  women,  occurring  after  the  expulfion  of  the  pla- 
centa, and  continuing  four,  five,  or  m.ore  days.  See  La- 
sour,  Natural. 

LOCHIAL  Fevers,  a  term  ufed  by  medical  writers 


LOG 

to  exprefs  fuch  fevers  as  arife  from  fupprefllons  or  imminu- 
tions  of  the  lochial  difcharges  in  lying-in  women,  or  from 


Annandale,  Scotland.  It  is  luppofed  to  have  derived  its 
name  from  the  number  of  fmall  loclis  in  its  vicinity.  This 
borough,  according  to  tradition,  received  its  original  char- 
ter from  king  Robert  Bruce,  whofe  paternal  eftate  was  the 
lordlhip  of  Annandale.  It  is  certain  at  leaft,  that  this  mo- 
narch bellowed  upon  it  a  confiderable  portion  of  lands  from 
his  own  property.  The  oldell  charter  extant  is  a  writ  of 
novoclamus,  by  James  VI.,  dated  i6;h  July,  1612  ;  which 
alFigns  as  a  reafon  for  the  renewal,  the  deifruftion  of  the 
town  and  its  records  by  the  Englifh,  during  fome  of  their 
inroads.  Lochmaben  has  undoubtedly  been  formerly  of 
more  im.portance  than  at  prefent.  The  borough-roods  and  ' 
town  conimouty  are  very  extenfive,  and  for  the  moft  part  • 
fenced  off  at  a  very  trifling  annual  rent.  The  government 
of  the  town  is  veiled  in  a  provolt,  three  bailies,  a  dean  of 
guild,  a  treafurer,  and  nine  common-council-men.  Coarfe 
linen  is  the  fl;aple  production  of  this  place  ;  60,000  yards  - 
being  annually  niauufaftured  here  and  in  the  neighbourhood 
for  the  Englith  market.  The  coal  ufed  for  fuel  is  brought 
chiefly  from  Cumberland.  Annan,  Dumfries,  Kirkcud- 
bright, Sanquhar,  and- this-town,  join  in  fendin^r  one  mem- 
ber to  parliament. . 

The  parifh  of  Lochmaben  extends  about  ten  miles  along  ,- 
the  banks  of  the  Annan,  which  poiTeffes  a  very  valuable 
falmon  fifhery,  almoft  contiguous  to  tiie  town.  Several 
fmaller  ilreams  flow  into  this  river,  all  of  which  are  abun-  - 
dantly  fupplied  with  trout.  In  the  largeft  of  the  lochs, 
which  prefent  a  truly  beautiful  Iheet  of  water,  a  great 
variety  of  fifli  are  caught.  The  filTiermen  affert,  that  there 
are  15  or  1 6  different  kinds  fit  for  the  table.  Among  thefe 
is  one  Lalled  the  vendife,  or  vendace,  fome  fay  from  Vendois 
in  France,  as  being  brought  thence  by  one  of  the  Jamefes. 
This  ftory,  however,  does  not  feem  very  probable,  as  it  is  ■ 
found  by  experience,  that  this  fifli  dies  the  inftant  it  is 
touched.  Befides,  it  has  in  vain  been  attempted  to  tranfport 
it  to  other  Icchs  in  the  neighbourhood.  The  vendife  is  about 
the  fize  of  a  herring,  and  refembles  it  both  in  external  ap- 
pearance and  anatomical  ftrufture.  In  taile  and  flavour  it 
is  extremely  delicate,  fo  that  it  is  reckoned  among  the  mott 
delicious  fifli  that  fwims.  It  lies  generally  in  the  deepelt 
parts  of  the  loch,   and  is  caught  with  the  net. 

Upon  a  peninfula  which  Ihetches  out  into  this  loch  ftands 
a  caftle,  originally  built  by  Robert  de  Bruce,  the  firil  of 
that  name  who  iwayed  the  Scoitifh  fceptre.     It  was  a  place 
of  great  llrength  previous  to  th^-  introdudion  of  fire-arms,  and  . 
could  fliU  be  made  fo,  if  its  fortifications  were  raifed  anew 
according  to  the  principles  of  modern  warfare.      The  ori-  - 
ginal  buildings  of  the  calUe  fcem  to  have  occupied  about  an  . 
acre  of  ground. .    The  walls  were  twelve  feet  in  diameter.  ~ 
Three  ditches   funound   the  whole  at   different  dillances. 
The  area  contained  within  tlie  outermofl:  wall  may  be  about 
13   acres.      The  inner  one  patfes  through  a  part   of  the 
calUe,  within  which  there  was  a  place  for  the  fecurity  of  T 
the   boats,    either   from  the   effeils  of   the  weather   or  an 
enemy.     While  Scotland  was  a  dillintl  kingdom  from  Eng- 
land,   this  fort   was   the  frontier   garrifon   againft  Carlifle. 
The  narquis  of  Annandale,  among  his  other  titles,  affumes 
that  of  conllable,  or  hereditary  keeper  of  the  eaiUe  of  Loch- 
maben.     To    this   office    was  attached   a   falary  of   ^co/; 
Scotch,  along  with  the  fifhings  of  the  lochs.     For  the  main- 
tenance  of  the  troops  compofing  the  garrifon,  the  govern- 
ment  had  likewife  what  was  called  a  laird-a-mart,  or  lardincr 

mart 


LOG 


LOG 


mart  cow,  which  was  one  of  the  bed  fat  cows  from  every 
parifli  in  Annandale.  Very  little  of  the  callle  now  remains, 
it  having  been  completely  pillaged  of  its  materials  for  the 
conllruction  and  ornament  of  many  of  the  houfes  in  the 
neighbourhood. 

Between  tliig  callle  and  the  Kirk-lochs,  clofe  to  the  town, 
are  the  veftiges  of  anotlicr  fort  of  more  ancient  date.  Tra- 
dition reports  tliat  the  (lones  were  removed  to  afTilt:  in  build- 
ing another  calUe,  probably  that  in  the  loch.  The  fituation 
of  this  cattle  is  fine,  and  commands  a  beautiful  profpeft 
over  an  extenlive  plain.  It  was  originally  the  refidence  of 
the  Bruce  family,  before  they  afccnded  the  throne  of  Scot- 
land.     It  ii  faid'that  king  Robert  I.  was  born  here. 

Contiguous  to  the  caille  ftrft  mentioned,  on  the  banks  of 
the  Annan,  lies  a  large  tract  of  fertile  land,  called  the  Four- 
towns,  as  comprehending  four  populous  villages.  Thefe 
lands  were  originally  granted  by  one  of  the  Scottifii  mo- 
narchs  to  his  houfliold  fervants,  and  the  pi-operty  of  each 
beino-  very  fmall,  bare  pofTeffion  was  declared  a  fufficient 
title.  When  any  part  of  this  property  is  transferred,  it  is 
only  necefiary  to  mark  the  tranfaClion  in  the  books  of  the 
lord  of  the  barony.  In  meafuring  the  lands  of  this  diftridl, 
an  ell,  called  the  barony  ell,  is  made  ufe  of,  which  contains 
42  inches,  whereas  the  common  cU  of  the  country  is  only 
38  inches. 

Lochmaben  and  its  vicinity  derive  no  fmall  degree  of 
celebrity,  as  the  fcene  of  fome  of  the  heroic  aftions  of  the 
renowned  fir  William  Wallace.  According  to  the  popula- 
tion report  of  I  So  I,  this  parilh  contained  499  houfes,  and 
2053  inhabitants. 

LOCHNEV,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of 
.Smaland  ;  60  miles  N.  cf  Calmar. 

LOCHSTETT,  a  town  of  Pruflia,  in  the  province  of 
Smaland,  near  which  are  tlie  ruins  of  a  caflle,  in  which  was 
a  dungeon,'  that  ferved  for  a  prifon  ;  four  miles  N.  of 
Pillau. 

LOCHVITZE,  a  town  of  Ruffia,  in  the  government  of 
Tchernigov,  on  the  Sufa  ;  96  miles  S.E.  of  Tchernigov. 
T^.  lat.  50-  20'.   E.long.  28°  14'. 

LOCIS  COM.MUNIBUS.       See  COMMUNIBUS. 

LOCK,  M.4TTHEW,  in  Biography,  organift  and  com- 
pofer  to  his  majelly  Charles  II.,'  was  a  native  of  Exeter, 
and  a  chorifter  in  the  cathedral  of  that  city,  while  William 
Wake  was  organitt  there.  He  had  afterwards  inllrudtions 
in  mufic  from  Edward  Gibbons,  and  had  fo  much  dillin- 
guifhed  himfelf  as  'a  profeiTor  of  abilities,  that  we  are  told 
in  the  continuation  of  fir  Richard  Baker's  chronicle,  he 
was  appointed  to  compofe  the  mulic  for  the  public  entry 
.of  the  king  at  the  relioralion,  and  captain  Kenry  Cook 
for  his  coronation. 

But  he  feems  firfl  to  have  appeared  as  an  author  in  i(''^7, 
during  the  interregnum,  by  the  publication  of  his  "  little 
confort  of  three  parts  for  viols  or  viohns,  confiiling  of 
pavans,  ayres,  corants,  farabands,  in  two  feveral  varieties, 
the  firit  twenty  of  which  are  for  two  trebles  and  a  bafe." 

Sorr.e  of  his  compofitions  appear  in  the  fecond  part  of 
.John  Playford's  continuation  of  Hihon's  "  Catch  that  catch 
can,"  ia  1667.  Of  which  publication,  the  fecond  part 
.contains  "Dialogues,  Glees,  Ayres,  and  Ballads,  of  two, 
three,  and  four  voices,"  among  which  we  find  the  moil 
pleating  of  Lock's  compofitions  ;  "  Never  trouble  thyfelf 
about  times  or  their  turnings,"  a  glee  for  three  voices. 

Lock  was  the  firll  who  attempted  dramatic  mufic  for  the 
Etiglilli  ftage,  if  we  except  the  mafques  that  were  performed 
at  court,  and  at  the  houfes  of  the  nobility,  in  the  time  of 
Charles  I.,  and  during  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  Whefi  mufi- 
cal  dramas  were  firil  attempted,  wWch  Dryden  calls  heroic 


plays  and  dramatic  operas,  Lock  was  employed  to  fet  moft 
of  them  ;  "  Circe,"  written  by  fir  William  Davcnant's  for. 
Dr.  Davenant,  was  fet  by  Banniller  ;  but  the  femi-operai,  as 
they  were  called,  the  Teinpeft,  Macbeth,  and  Pfyche,  Iraiif- 
latcd  from  the  French  of  Molicrc  by  Shadwel',  were  fet  lo 
mufic  by  Lock.     The  Tcmpeft  and  Pfyche  were  performed 
in  1673,  with  mufic,  dancing,  and  fplendid  fccnes,  but  not 
printed  till  167J,  when  it  was  publiflied  with  the  following 
title  :  "  The  Eiiglifli  Opera ;  or  the  vocal  Mufic  in  Pfyche, 
with  the  inilrum'.ntal  therein  intermixed.     To  which  is  ad- 
joined  the  inftrumental  Mufic  in   the  Temped.     By  Mat- 
thew Lock,  compolcr  in  ordinary  to  his  Majelly,  and  Or- 
ganift to   the  Queen."     This  publication   is  dedicated  to 
James   duke  of  Monmouth.     There  is  a  preface  of  fonie 
length  by   the  compolcr,  Matthew  Lock,  which,  like  his 
mufic,  is  rough   and  nervous,  exadlly   correfponding  with 
the  idea  which  is  generated  of  his  private  charafler,  by  the 
perufal  of  his  controverfy  with  Salmon,  and  the  fight  of  his 
pifture  in  the  mufic-fchool  at  Oxford.     It  is  written   with 
that  natural  petidance  which  probably  gave  birth  to  moft  of 
the  quarrels  in  which  he  was  involved.     He  begins  with  a 
complaint   of  the  tendency   of  his  brother  muficians  "  to 
peck  and  carp  at  other  men's  conceptions,  how  mean  foever 
may  be  their  own.     And  expecting  to  fall  under  the  la(h  of 
fome  foft-headed  or  hard-heaited  compofer,"  he  lets  about 
removing  "  the  few  blocks  at  which  they  may  take  occafion 
to  Ibmble,"  with  a  degree  of  indignation  that  implies  an 
irafcible  fpirit  under  no  great  governance.     The   firft  ob- 
jetlion    which   he   thinks  hkely  to  be  made,  is  to  the  word 
opera,  to  which  he  aslwers,  that  it  is  a  word  borrowed  from 
the  Italian,  who  by  it  dillinguifhed  this  kind  of  drama  from 
their   comedies,  which,  after  a  plan  is  laid,  is  fpoken  ex- 
tempore ;  whereas  this  is   not  only   defigned,  but   written 
with  art  and  induttry  ;  and  afterwards  fet  to  fuitable  mufic. 
In  which  idea  he  has  produced  the  following  compofitions, 
which,  for  the  moll  part,  are  "  in  their  nafure  foft,   eafy, 
and,  as  far  as  his  abilities  could  reach,   agreeable  to  the 
defign  of  the  poet.      For  in  them  there  is  ballad  to  fingle 
air,  counterpoint,  recitative,  fugue,  canon,   and   chromatic 
mufic,   which   variety,  without  vanity  be  it  faid,  was  never 
in  court  or  theatre,  till  now  prefented,  in  this  nation."     He 
confelTes,  however^  that  fomething  had  been  attempted  be- 
fore in  this  way  of  compofition,  but  more  by  himfelf  than 
any  other.     And  adds,  "that  the  author'of  the  drama  pru- 
dently confidering,  that  though  Italy  was  and  is  the  great 
academy  of  the  world  for  mufic  and  this  fpccies  of  enter- 
tainment, yet  as  this  piece  was  to  be  performed  in  England, 
which  is  entitled  to  no  fuch  praife,  he  mixed  it  with  inter- 
locutor, as  more  proper  to  our  genius." 

He  concludes  his  peevidi  preface  by  confefiing,  that  "  the 
inflrumental  mufic  before  and  between  the  acts,  and  the 
entries  in  the  a<fls  of  Pfyche,  were  omitted  by  the  eonfent  of 
the  author,  Signor  Gio.  Baptiila  Draghi ;  and  that  the 
tunes  of  the  entries  and  dances  in  the  Tenipcll  (the  dances 
being  changed)   were  omitted  for  the  fame  reafon." 

Here  we  have  a  fhort  hiftory  of  thefe  early  attempts  at 
dramatic  mufic  on  our  ftage,  in  which,  as  in  the  moft  fuc- 
cefsful  reprefentations  of  this  kind  in  later  times,  the  chief 
part  of  the  dialogue  was  fpoken,  and  recitative,  or  mufical 
declamation,  which  leems  to  be  the  true  criterion  and  cha- 
radlcrirtic  of  Italian  operas,  but  leldoni  ufcd,  unlefs  merely 
to  introduce  fome  particular  airs  a:id  chorufes  :  as  in  the 
modern  Comus,  the  air,  "  On  ev'ry  hill,  in  ev'ry  dale,"  is 
preceded  by  the  fhort  recitative  "Jiow  gentle  was  my 
Damon's  air.'' 

Upon  examining  this  mufic,  it  appears  to  have  been  very 
much  compofcd  on  Lulli's  model.     The  melody  is  neither 

recitative 


LOCK. 

itative  nor  air,  but  partaking  of  bolli,  with  a  change  of    the  Romifh  communion  afterwards,  and  became  organift  t« 
*■  *"  '  --  '  '^  '^        '      -  '  '  '  queen  Catherine   of  Portugal,  the  confort  of  Charles  II. 

and  died  a  Papift  in  1G77. 

Lock,  a  well-known  inftrument  for  fecuring  doors  and 
preventing  them  from  being  opened,  except  by  means  of 
thekey  adapted  to  it.  A  common  lock  confills  of  a  ftrong 
bolt,  which  mufl:  be  fitted  in  a  proper  box  or  cafe  affixed 
to  the  door,  and  inclofing  it  on  all  fides,  to  defend  it  from 
violence,  that  it  cannot  be  withdrawn,  except  by  the  appli- 
cation of  the  key,  which  fliould  cuter  the  lock'by  a  fmall 
key-hole,  and  be  furrounded  by  numerous  wardi,  that  occa- 
age  caft  which  is  admirably  fuited  fion  the  paflage  the  key  paifes  through,  in  turning  round  to 
that  are  fiippofed  to  perform  it.         move  the   bolt,   to  be  very  crooked  and  intricate,  and  thus 

'     "  preventing  the  introduclion  of  any   inftrument  or  falfe  key 

to  withdraw  the  bolt.  The  third  part  of  the  lock  is  the 
tumbler,  which  is  a  catch  or  click  holding  the  bolt  from 
being  withdrawn,  except  the  tumbler  is  firll  removed  by  the 
key,  which  is  done  at  the  fame  time  it  (hoots  the  bolt.  This 
common  lock  cannot  be  made  perfectly  fecure  from  being 
degrees.  No  other  inllruments  are  mentioned  in  the  fcore  of  picked  or  opened  without  the  right  key,  from  the  circum- 
his  opera  of  Pfyche,  than  wolins  for  the  ritornels  ;  and  yet,  llance  that  the  wards,  though  they  may  be  varioufly  difpofed, 
fo  flow  was  the  progrefs  of  that  inftrument  during  the  laft  fo  as  to  require  a  very  crooked  key,  muft  be  always  left  fixed 
century,  that  in  a  general  catalogue  of  mufic  in  1701,  fcarce  in  the  lock,  and  their  figure  may  be  taken  by  introducino- 
any  compofitions  appear  to  have  been  printed  for  its  ufe.  a  fmall  falfe  key,  covered  with  wax   or  other  plaftic   fub- 

This  mufician  was  of  fo  irafcible  a  difpofiticn,  that  he     ftance,  and  receiving  the  imprellion  of  the  wards,  from  which 


meafure  as  frequent  as  in  any  old  French  opera  which  we 
ever  faw. 

Lock  had  genius  and  abilities  in  harmony  fufficient  to 
have  furpafted  his  model,  or  to  have  caft  his  movements  in  a 
mould  of  his  OA-n  making  ;  but  fuch  was  the  paffion  of 
Charles  II.  and  confequently  of  his  court  at  this  time,  for 
every  thing  French,  that  in  all  probability  I,ock  was  in- 
ftructed  to  imitate  Cambert  and  Lulli.  His  mufic  for  the 
witches  in  Macbeth,  which,  when  produced  in  1674,  was 
as  fmooth  and  airy  as  any  of  the  time,  has  now  obtained, 
by  age,  that  wild  and  fava 
to  the  infernal  cha  rafters 

In  the  third  introduftorv  mufic  to  the  Tempeft,  which  is 
called  a  curtain  tum,  probably  from  the  curtain  being  firfl 
drawn  up  during  the  performance  of  this  fpecies  of  overture, 
he  has,  for  the  firll  time  that  is  come  to  our  knowledge, 
introduced  the  ufe  of  crefcendo  (louder  by  degrees,)  with 
diminuendo,  and  knliindo,  under  the  words  foft  and  Jlow  by 


feems  never  to  have  been  without  a  quarrel  or  two  on  his 
hands.  For  his  furious  attack  on  Salmon,  for  propofing  to 
reduce  all  the  clefs  in  mufic  to  one,  (fee  Salmon  and 
Clef,)  he  had  a  quarrel  with  the  gentlemen  of  the  Chapel 
Royal,  early  in  Charles  II. 's  reign.  Being  compofer  in 
ordinary  to  the  king,  he  produced  for  the  Chapel  Royal  a 


information  a  falfe  or  (Iveleton  key  may  be  made,  that  will 
enter  the  lock  and  withdraw  the  boh  ;  or,  if  it  will  only  raile 
up  the  tumbler,  the  bolt  may  fometimes  be  forced  back  by 
other  means.  Another  reafon  of  the  infufficiency  of  the 
common  lock  is,  that  the  variations  capable  of  beino-  made 
in  the  arrangement  of  the  wards  are  not  fufficient   to  pro- 


morning  fervice,  in  which  he  fet  the  prayer  after  each  of  duce  the  required   number  of  locks  without  having  great 

the   ten  commandments,    to   different  mufic   from   that   to  numbers  exaSly  alike,   and  their  keys  capable  of  openino- 

which  the   fingers   had   been  long  accuftomed,  which  was  each  other  reciprocally  ;  from  wMch  circumftance  thev  be- 

deemed  an  unpardonable  innovation,  and  on  the  firft  day  of  come  but  an  imperfeft   fecurity,  as  any  ill-difpofed  perfon 

April  1666,  at  the  performance  of  it  before  the  king,  there  may,  by  furnifhing  himfelf  with  a  great  variety  of  old  keys, 

was  a  dillurbance  and  an  obilruction  for  fome  time  to  the  *■"    -  "^ '    '  ■  1      ,1  .     .  ... 

performance.     To  convince  the  public  that  it  was  not  from 
the  meannefs  or  inaccuracy  of  the  compofition,  that   this 


impediment  to  its  performance  happened.  Lock  thouglit 
it  neceifary  to  print  the  whole  fervice  ;  and  it  came  abroad, 
in  fcore,  on  a  fingle  (heet,  with  a  long  and  laboured  vindi- 


be  enabled  to  open  almoll  any  common  lock;  particularly 
if  thefe  keys  are  filed  away  to  flcelctons,  that  is,  leavin"-  as 
little  as  poffible  of  the  folid  part  of  the  key,  which  \\'\\\ 
then  have  a  greater  chance  of  palling  in  between  the  intri- 
cate wards. 

To  produce  a  lock  which  would  be  free  from  tiiefe  objec- 


cation,    by    way    of   preface,     under    the   following    title  ;     tions  has  been  the  ttudy  of  many  ingenious  mechanics,  whofe 


Modern  church- mufick  pre-accufed,  cenfured  and  ob 
ftructed  in  its  performance  before  his  majefty." 

Lock  was  long  fufpefted  of  being  a  Roman  Catholic, 
and  it  is  probable  that  this  new  fervice,  by  leaning  a  little 
more  towards  the  mafs,  than  the  fervice  of  the  Proteftant 
cathedral,  may  have  given  offence  to  fome  zealous  members 
of  the  church  of  England. 

The  public  were  indebted  to  Lock  for  the  firft  rules  that 
were  ever  publilhed  in  England,  for  a  bajfo  cor.tinuo,  or  tho- 
rough-bafe ;  thefe  rules  he  gave  to  the  world,  in  a  book 
entitled  "  Melothefia,"   London,  oblong  4to.  1673.     ^^  '^ 


various  locks  have  difl^erent  properties  and  advantages.  We 
have  devoted  Plate  XXI.  M'lJ'ceUany,  to  the  explanation  of 
two  capital  locks,  one  by  Mr.  Thomas  Rowntree,  which  is 
an  improvement  upon  the  common  tumbler-lock,  and  an- 
other by  Mr.  Jofeph  Bramah,  which  is  on  an  entirely  dif- 
ferent principle. 

Mr.  Rowntree's  lock  is  reprefcnted  \njlgs.  5,  6,  7,  and  8  ; 
in  thefe  the  following  parts  are  tiiofe  of  the  common  lock  : 
A  A  is  the  plate  which  inclofes  the  whole  mechanifm,  and 
faftens  it  to  the  door  ;  B  B,  fg.  6,  is  the  bolt,  which  is 
guided   in  its  motion  by   fiiduig  under  two  bridges  C,  D, 


dedicated   to  Roger  I'Ellrdnge,  efq.   afterwards  fir  Roger  fcrewed  to  the  main  plate  ;  E,  E,  are  four  pillars  which  fup 

PEilrar.'ge,  an  ingenious  man,  a  good  mufician,  and  an  en-  port  a  plate  to  cover  the  works ;  this  plate  has  the  key^iole 

"^  Tors.      It  contains,  befides   the   tho-  in  it ;  F,  Sec.  are  the  circular  wards  funounding  the  centre  pin  j 

lefTons  for  the  harpfichord  and  organ  and  a, Jig.  6,  is  the  key  which,  in  turning  round,  acts  in  a 


I 

courager  of  its   profefR 
roigh-bafe  rules,  fome 

by  Lock  himfelf,  and  others.  He  was  au'hor  likewife  of 
feveral  fongs  printed  in  "  The  Trcafury  of  Mufic,"  "  The 
Theatre  of  Mufic,"  and  other  collciitlons  of  fongs.  In  the 
latter  of  thefe  is  a  dialogue.  "When  death  fliall  part  us  from 
thefe  kids,"  which,  with  Dr.  Blow's  "  Go,  perjured  man," 
was  ranked  among  the  beft  vocal  compofitions  of  the  time. 

It  is  prcfumed,  that  when  he  was  appointed  compofer  in 
ordinary  to  tho  king,  he  was  profcflionally  a  inem!)er  of  the 
church  of  England  j  but  it  is  certain  that  he  went  over  to 


notch  r  in  the  bolt,  and  (hoots  it  forv.-ards  or  backwards  ; 
G  is  the  tumbler  :  it  is  a  plate  fituatcd  beneath  the  bolt  and 
moving  on  a  centre  pin  at  d.  See  ^\{ofg.  8,  which  is  a  fepa- 
rate  view  of  the  tumbler  ;  it  has  a  catch  e  projeding  upwards 
from  it,  which  enters  the  notches_/"or  ^r,  jig.  6,  in  the  bolt, 
and  thus  firmly  retains  the  bolt  ;  the  foru^er  when  it  is 
locked,  and  the  latter  when  it  is  drawn  back.  H  is  a  fpriug 
which  preffes  the  tumbler  forwards  ;  the  key  a,  in  turn- 
ing  round,  ads  lirft  againil  Uie  part  c  c  of  the  tumbler,  and 

raifes 


LOCK. 


raifes  it  fo  as  to  remove  the  catch  e  from  tlie  notclies/or^, 
and  then  the  key  enters  the  notch  /■  in  the  bolt,  and  moves  it. 
In  this,  which  is  the  common  lock,  it  will  be  feen  there  is  no 
feenrity,  except  what  arifes  from  the  intricacy  of  the  wards 
F  furrounding  the  key  ;  for  a  f.ilfe  key,  or  any  other  inllru- 
ment  which  is  of  the  fame  length  as  n,  will,  if  it  can  pufs  the 
wards,  raife  the  tumbler  and   draw  back  the  bolt.     Mr. 
Rowntree  has,  by  applying  an  ingenious  contrivance  to  this 
lock,  rendered  it  fo  fccnre^  that  it  will  be  nearly  impofTible 
to  pick  or  open   it  with  any  other  than  the  true  key.     To 
the  tumbler  he  has  added  a  piece  of  metal  h,Jigs.  7  and  8, 
called  its_^;;,   fixed  to   its  lower  fide.     When  the  tumbler 
is  locked  in  the  notches  /,  j,   of  the  bolt,  the  fin  apj)lics 
itfelf  to  a  cluftcr  of  fmiill  wheels  \,  Jigs-  5  and  8,  all  littcd 
on  one  centre   pin  beneath  the  tumbler ;  the  edges  of  thefe 
wheels  ftop  the  fin  h,  and  prevent  the  tumbler  being  raifed  ; 
but  each  wheel  has  a  notch  i,fg.  8,  cut  in  its  circumference, 
and  when  they  are  all  placed,  fo  that  every  notch  is  t'jrned 
to  the  fide  oppofite  the  fin  of  the  tumbler,  and  forming  one 
notch  through  the  whole  clufi;er  of  wheels,  then  the  fin  is 
at  liberty  to  enter  this  notch,  allowing  the  tumbler  to  rife  : 
'but  when  the  tumbler  is  down,  and  the  plain  edges  of  all  or 
■any  of  the  wheels  are  prefented  to  the  En,  the  tumblor  can- 
rot  be  raifed  ur.lefs  the  wheels  are   firft   put  into  the  right 
pofition  above-mentioned  :   this  is  done  by  a  number  of  le- 
vers Yi-ifys.  y  and  7,  all  centred  on  one  pin  at  i.      At  the  op- 
pofite end  each  has  a  tooth  m,  entering  a  notch  in  the  wheel 


XXII.  'Mifccl'any,  in  which  A  reprefents  the  bolt,  fitted  ta 
Aide  on  the  metal  plate  BBC,  by  palling  through  a  hole  in  the 
fide  C,  which  is  turned  up,  as  fiiewn  \nfg.  3  :  the  other  end 
of  the  bolt  is  guided  by  paifing  under  proper  grooves  in  the 
lower  fide  of  the  circular  box  D  D,  which  is  fcrewed  to  the 
plate  B  to  confine  the  bolt  down.     It  contains  the  whole  mc- 
chanilm  of  the  lock,  confilfing  of  an  interior  cylinder  or  bar- 
rel E  E,  (hew  n  in  the  feftion^/fj .  3 ,  with  its  appendagt s  in  per- 
fpeftive  wjlg.  4.    This  barrel  is  fitted  to  turn  round  within  the 
box  DD,  the  upper  end  au  being  received  into  a  cavity  exactly 
fitting  it,  and  them.iddlccncompancd  by  a  circular  ringof  llccl 
plate  i  i,  fcrewed  into  the  box  as  fiiewn  mjig.  3,  and  one-half 
ihewn  at  b,Jig.  4.    The  ring  enters  a  circular  groove  formed 
round  the  barrel,  and  thus  confines  it  from  having  any  other 
motion  than   a  rotation  on  its  axis,  and  this  only  by  the  aid 
'  of  the  key  R,  as  will  be  explained.    The  barrel  has  a  hole 
through  its  centre,  which  is   clofed  at  bottom  by  a  circular 
plate   F,  fcrewed  to  it,  and  fupporting  the  central  pin  Cr, 
which  occupies  the  centre  of  the   hole  through  the  barrel  : 
this  centre  pin  guides  the  key  in  entering  tli;  lock.     When 
the  barrel  E  E  is  turned  round  by  the  key,  it  flioots  the  bolt 
A,  by  an  ingenious  contrivance,  explained  'in  Jig  2,  an  aper- 
ture being  cut  through  the  plute  B  B  C  to  exinbit  it.    The 
plate  F,  on  the  lower  end  of  the  barrel  E,  has  a  pin  f  pro- 
jecting from  it :  this  pin  enters  a  curved  opening,    at    a 
fmall  diftance  from  the  centre,  and  therefore  defcribcs  a  cir. 
cle  when  llie  barrel  is  turned  round,  cut  through  the  bolt  A, 


belonging  to  it,  fo  that  when  any  lever  is  preffed  outwards  as  is  fliewn  by  the  dark  curve  F  in  Jig.  2.  In  the  pofiti  m 
it  turns  its  wheel  round.  The  levers  are  preflcd  towards  the  there  fnewn  the  belt  is  withdrawn,  and  the  pin_/',  reding 
key  by  a  fpring  n  applied  to  each,  and  in  this  ftate  they  reft  againll  the  folid  part  of  the  groove,  prevents  the  barrel  hvhg 
againft  a  pin  0  fixed  in  the  plate.     The  wheels  are  now  dif-     turned    round   any  farther  in  the   direction   from   F  to  / : 

'  '  '  ■  but  by  the  application  of  the  key,  the  barrel  may  be  turned 
in  the  other  dircftion  from y  to  F,  in  which  ccurfe  it  pafics 
round  in  a  circular  part  of  tlie  groove,  and  therefore  produces 
no  motion  of  the  bolt  A,  until  the  piny"  Ilrikes  the  llraight 


arranged  completely,  every  one  prefenting  its  plain  edge  to 
the  fin,  but  every  one  requiring  a  different  degree  of  motion 

to  bring  the  notch  round  to  the  proper  pofition.  When  the 
'key  is  introduced  and  turned  round,  it  firil  operates  upon 
the   curved  part  p  q,fg-  5.   pf  the  levers  K,  and  railing 

them,  turns  all  the  circles  I  at  once  into  the  proper  pofition. 

The  key,  in  turning  farther  round,  operates  on  the  part  c  c. 


part  o-  of  the  groove,  and  afts  againll  it  to  throw  the  bolt 
forwards:  and  when  the  barrel lu\s  made  a  complete  circuit, 
and   the  piny  is  again  come  to  the  fame  pofition  it  w«.3  at 


Ji".  6,  of  the  tumbler,  now  at  liberty  to  move,  and  by  raifing  firil,  the  bolt  is  fliot  out  as  at  f.g.  i,  and  the  pin  is  relling 

it  releafes  the  bolt,  and  in   turning  ftill  further  round,  it  in  the  hollow  h,  which  prevents  it  moving  any  farther  in  the 

feizes  the   notch  r  of  the  bolt,   as  inyfr.  6,  and  (hoots  it.  fame  direftion.  When  the  barrel  is  turned  back  again,  the  pin 

"The  key  is  cut  into  fteps  of  different  lengths,  as  fhewn  at  /afts  againll  the  notch  i  and  the  curved  part  /■  of  the  groove, 

•vv,  vnjig.  R.:  each  ftep  operates  on  its  refpedlive  lever  K  and  withdraws  the  bolt  into  the  pofition  of  Jig.  2  :  now  the 

in  a  different  degree,  and  turns  its  circle  I  the  proper  quan-  pin  J,  either  when  the    bolt  is  fiiot  out  or  in,  is  in  a  right 

titv.     The  notch  at  j  afts  upon  the  tumbler,  and  the  plain  line  with  the   centre  of  the  barrel  E,  to   which  it  is  fixed, 

part  t  moves  the  bolt.     In  this  lock  there  is  no  poffibility  of  and  the  direftion  of  the  bolt's  motion.    By  this  means,  no 

picking  It,  for  if  all  the  levers  except  one  were  raifed  the  force  whatever  applied  to  drive  back  the  bolt  can  luve  the 

proper  quantity,  that  one  would  detain  the  tumbler  aseffec-  leall  tendency  to  turn  the  barrel  round,  and  flrain  the  me- 

tually  as  the  whole  number;  and  a  falfe  key,  befides  having  chanilm  which  prevents  its  motion,  unlefs  the  parts  are  firft  put 

the  wards  as  R,  mull  have  all  the  notches  v,  v,  of  tlie  exatt  into  a  particular  arrangement,  by  the  application  of  t!ie  key. 

depth,  neither  greater  nor  lefs,  or  it  will  not  open  the  lock,  The  interior  meclianifm  mull  be  explained  hj  Jig.  4,  in  which 

even  if  one  alone  is  incorrcft.     If  the  key  is  lofl,  when  a  /,  m,  n,  reprefent  fmall    fteel  fiidere,  which  are  fitted  into 

new  one  is  made,  the  maker  takes  out  the  levers  K  and  cir-  proper  grooves  or  flits,  made  in  the  fubilance  of  the  barrel 

cles  I,  and  arranging  them  in  anew  order,  one  upon  the  other,  E.    Of  thefe  there  are  fix  in  number,  arranged  round  the 

making  the  new  key   to  fit  the  new  arrangement,  and  then  barrel,  and  projecling  a  little  from  its  exterior  furface  in  the 

the  old   kev  wiU  not  open  the  lock  ;  though  none  of  the  fmall  part.    Thefe  Aiders  are  received  in  notches  _)•,  z,  in  the 

parts  are  altered,  but  only  their  arrangement.     The  fame  fixed  Ileal  ring  b  I,  before  defcribed  ;  and  thus  effeilually 

may  be  done  if  it  be  fufpecled  that  an  imprefTion  has  been  detain  the  barrel  at  fix  points  from  being  turned  round,  cx- 

frandently  taken  from  the  key  to  make  a  falfe  one  by.  cept  it  is  firil  unlocked  by  the  key  R   being  introduced  at 

The  locks  invented  by  Mr.  .Tofeph  Bramah  difpiay  great  the  key-hole  H,  and  the  Aiders  preffed  down  by  it,  fo  as  to 

ingenuity,  and  dem.and  a  particular  defcription,  having  been  in  bring  the  notches  (of  which  each  A:der  has   one,  as  at  r 

very  general  ufe  for  many  years  pall,  and  greatly  admired.  He  Jig.  ^■)  all  oppofite  the  fteel  plate  ^  i,  and  then  the  barrel 

obtained  a  patent  for  his  invention  in  17^*4,  andettabhAied  a  may  be  turned  round.    When  the  key  is  abfent,  the  flidcrj 

manufadlory  of  them, in  which  he  employed  a  number  of  inge-  are  raifed  up  by  a  brafs  ring  v  Aiding  on  the  central  pin  G, 

nious  tools  and  enfines  for  the  fabrication  of  the  different  and  lifted  up  by  a  fpiral  fpring  co.    The  key  has  fix  notches 

parts.  One  of  Mr.  Bramah's  fimplell  forms  of  a  lock  for  a  cut  in   the  end  of  it,  as  Aiewn  at  S,  which  is  an  end  view  : 

drawer,  or  for  a  door,  is  reprefcntcd  \nf^s,  1,  2,  3,  4,  Fiale  each  notch  in  the  key  includes  cue  of  the  fix  Aiders  /,  m,  n, 

and 


LOG 


LOG 


and  the  key,  beinfr  forced  down  into  the  key-hole  H,  de-     by  prefling  down   any  one  Aider  of  the  depth  at  which  the 
preffes  all  the  Aiders   at  once,  until  the  projefting  leaf  /  of    notch  in  it  will  be  oppofite  the  fteel  rinjr.     Another  great  ad- 
vantage of  thefe  locks  is,  that  from  the  circumrtance  before 


the  key  ilops  upon  the  bottom  of  the  recefs  .r,  cut  in   tbe 
upper  edge  of  the  barrel.   In  this  polition  the  Aiders  are  de- 
prefied,  fo    that   the  notch   r  made    in   each    Aider   comes 
exaclly  oppofite  the  fteel  ring  bb,  and  the  barrel  is  a{  liberty 
to  turn  round  all  the  Aiders,  being  by  this  means  removed, 
or  at  leaft  relieved,  from   the   fteel  ring,  which,  as  before 
mentioned,  embraces  a  groove  cut   round  the   barrel,  but 
which  cannot  turn  round  therein  unlefs  the  Aiders   are   alfo 
moved  by  the  key,  that  the  notches  cut   in  them   coincide 
with  the  groove  cut  round  the  barrel,  and  then   it  can  turn 
freeiv  round..  The  key,  having  thus  reheved  the  barrel  by  be- 
ing thruft  in  as  far  as  it  can  go,  obtains  a  hold  of  the  barrel  to 
turn  it  round,  by  the  leaf  /  entering   the  recefs  x,   which  it 
exaclly  fills   up,  fo  as  to    form   a  continuation   of  the  cir- 
cular top  of   the  barrel :   but  as  foon  as   the  key  is   turned 
round  with  the  barrel  a  fmall  quantity,  its  leaf  is  caue^ht  be- 
neath  the   circular   cavity  in   the   top  of  the   box  D,  and 
thus    the  key  is  prevented  from   being    thrown   out   by  the 
fpiral  fpring  ■o',  until  it  has  been  turned   quite  round,  and 
locked  or  unlocked  the  bolt :  then  the  leaf  of  the  key  coming 
oppofite  the  enlargement  c,  Jig.  i,  of  the  key-hole  H,  the 
fpring  throws  the  key  out  and  raifes  all  the  Aiders,  that  they 
may  interlock  with  the  fteel  plate  b  b,  and  prevent  the  barrel 
from  turning,  unlefs  the  key  is  again  put  in,   (its  leaf  being 
oppoiite  the  aperture  a  of  the  key-hole, )   and  being  thruft 
forwards  as  far  as  it  will  go,  the  barrel  will  turn  round  very 
eafily  ;  and  when  it  has  made  a  complete  circuit,  the  lock  is 
opened,  and  the  key  thrown  out  of  the  key-hole  by  the 

The  fecurity  of  this  ingenious  lock  from  being  picked,  or 
opened  by  a  falfe  key,  depends  upon  a  circumPcance  not 
yet  mentioned,  which  i?,  that  the  notches  in  the  fix  Aiders  are 
io  made,  that  every  one  requires  to  be  depreffed  a  different 
quantity  to  bring  them  all  at  once  oppofite  the  fteel  ring,  in 
which  pofition  alone  the  barrel  can  be  moved.  For  this  reafon 
the  fix  notches  in  the  key  are  all  of  different  depths,  corre- 
fpondent  to  the  pofitions  of  the  notches  in  their  refpeftive 
fliders  ;  and  unleis  each  notch  in  the  key  is  of  the  proper 
depth,  the  lock  cannot  be  opened,  for  any  one  being  too 
deep,  that  Aider  will  not  be  preffed  low  enough  to  relieve 
the  barrel,  and  will  hold  it  fall,  though  all  the  others  may 
be  correct  :  on  the  other  hand,  any  notch  not  being  of  fuffi- 
cient  depth,  the  Aider  it  acts  upon  will  be  preffed  too  far, 
and  in  this  cafe  the  notch  in  it,  having  paffed  by  the  fteel  ring, 
■will  lock  the  barrel  as  effectually  as  though  it  was  not  far 
enough.  Thus  this  lock  admits  of  an  immenfe  number  of  com- 
binations ;  I  ft,  in  the  number  of  the  Aiders  ;  2dly ,  the  depths 
of  the  different  notches  in  the  key  ;  and  3dly,  the  arrange- 
ment of  thefe  Aiders.  The  combination  of  thefe  three  changes 
admits  fuch  an  immenfe  number  of  varieties  of  locks,  that  it 
never  need  happen  that  two  locks  fhould  be  made  to  open  by 
the  fame  key  Any  of  Mr.  Bramah's  locks  may  be  arranged 
fo  as  to  require  a  new  and  different  key  in  cafe  the  original 
fiiould  be  loft  or  llolen  :  for  this  purpofe  the  lock  mull  be 
opened,  and  the  Aiders  taken  out  and  changed  into  different 
grooves  :  a  new  kfey  muft  now  be  made,  with  the  grooves  of 
the  fame  depth  of  the  original  key,  but  arranged  in  a  dif- 
ferent order,  correfponding  with  the  new  arrangement  of 
t!ie  Aiders.     The  old  key  will  not  now  open  the  lock. 

To  pick  a  lock  of  this  kind  is  perhaps  impoffible ;  becaufe, 
though  the  Aiders  are  expofed  to  the  examination  of  any  per- 
fon,  yet  no  information  can  be  obtained  of  the  depth  of  each 
of  the  Aiders  required  to  be  depreffed  ;  for,  unlefs  they 
are  all  together  preffed  down,  the   barrel   cannot  be  turned 


explained,  of  the  bolt  having  no  adlion  to  turn  the  barrel, 
though  the  barrel  has  a  great  power  to  fhoot  the  boll,  a 
ftrong  lock  may  have  but  a  very  fmall  key.  Forinftance,  the 
bolt  of  the  lo^-k,  in  the  plate  which  is  drawn  its  fiiij  fizc, 
is  of  great  ftrength,  while  the  key  R  is  fo  fmall,  that  it 
may  always  be  carried  fufpended  to  the  watch  chain,  and 
then  it  will  not  be  in  danger  of  being  loft  or  miflaid,  as  one 
may  happen  to  lofe  a  key,  and  give  oppcrtiinity  for  ill 
difpoied  perfons  to  make  a  falfe  key  from  it,  unknown  to 
the  owner. 


ill  the  leaft,  and  without  turning  it,  no  guefs  can  be  made 
Vol.  XXI. 


A  lock  invented  by  Mr.  Stanfoury,  an  American  gentle- 
man, has  great  merit.  To  explain  it,  we  muft  fuppofe  that  a 
flat  circular  plate  is  fitted  to  turn  round  upon  the  centre  pin 
for  the  key,  and  that  this  plate,  when  turned  round,  fiioots 
the  bolt,  which  may  be  done  by  various  means.  The  lock- 
ing part  confifts  of  four,  fix,  or  more  fmall  fteel  pins, 
which  are  received  in  holes  made  very  near  each  other, 
through  both  the  circular  turning  plate,  and  the  fixed  plate 
beneath  it.  By  thefe  pins  the  circular  plate  is  held  fall 
from  turning.  The  key  has  the  fame  number  of  pins, 
and  arranged  in  the  fame  pofition  and  diftance  as  the 
pins  in  the  plate.  The  key  being  introduced,  it  is  preffed 
forwards  againft  the  circular  plate,  and  turned  round  till  the 
pins  in  it  come  over  the  pins  in  the  circular  plate,  and  the 
preffure  of  the  hand  forces  the  pins  out  of  the  circular  plate, 
the  pins  in  the  key  occupying  the  place  of  them.  The 
plate  is  now  relieved,  and  the  key  has  hold  of  the  plate  to 
turn  it  round  and  open  the  lock.  Each  pin  is  provir.L-d  with  a 
fpring  behind  the  fixed  plate  to  force  it  forwards.  The 
difficulty  of  making  a  falfe  key  to  this  lock  is  very  great  ; 
as  any  error  in  the  number,  fize,  pofition,  or  length  of  the 
pins,  will  prevent  it  from  opening  the  lock.  To  avoid 
the  danger  of  i.mpreffions  being  taken,  many  marks  are 
llamped  upon  the  circular  plate,  which  are  exactly  the  fame 
at  the  marks  of  the  real  pins :  thus  an  impreffion  taken  from 
it  would  only  miAead. 

Mr.  Sts.nfbury  has  alfo  made  an  ingenious  improvement 
upon  the  common  fpring  door-lock.  The  handle  which  opens 
the  fpring  catch  for  fattening  the  door,  inltead  of  requiring 
to  be  turned  round,  is  made  fo  that  it  withdraws  the  fpring 
catch,  by  pulhing  the  handle  on  one  fide  of  the  door  and 
pulling  it  on  the  other.  This  method  is  extremely  conve- 
nient ;  for  prefTing  the  handle  releafes  the  lock,  and  conti- 
nuing the  preffure  opens  the  door,  and  pulling  the  handle  on 
the  other  fide  has  the  fame  effect.  A  perfon  with  his  hands 
full  may  open  fuch  a  door  by  only  leaning  againft  the 
handle. 

Lock,  or  IVeir,  in  Inland  Namgalion,  the  general  name 
for  all  thofe  works  of  wood  and  Itone,  made  to  confine  and 
raife  the  water  of  a  river  :  the  banks  alfo  which  are  made  to 
divert  the  courfe  of  the  river,  are  called  by  thefe  names  in 
fome  places.  But  the  term  loch,  or  pound-lack,  is  more  parti- 
cularly appropriated  to  exprefs  a  contrivance,  confiftingof  two 
gates,  or  pairs  of  gates,  called  the  lock-gates,  and  a  cham- 
ber between,  in  which  the  water  may  be  made  to  coincide 
with  the  upper  or  lower  canal,  according  as  the  upper  or 
lower  gates  communicating  with  it  are  opened  ;  by  which 
means  boats  are  raifed  or  depreffed  from  one  level  or  reach  of 
a  canal  to  another.     See  Plats  V .  Canals. 

Lock  of  fCater,  is  the  meafure  equal  to  the  content  of 
the  chamber  of  the  locks,  by  which  the  confumption  of 
water  on  a  canal  is  cflimated. 

LocK-iaJ>er,  a  perfon  who    attends  the  locks  to  take 
H  h  -     care 


i:  o  c 


LOG 


cave  of  Uicm,  and  to  afTift  the  boatmen  in  paffing  through 
them. 

\jOV\i-paddks  are  the  fmall  fluiccs  that  ferve  to  fill  and 
empty  the  locks. 

LorK-/7/tare  the  angu'ar  pieces  of  timber,  {h,h,  Plate  V. 
Canals,  Jh'    c;6.)  at  the  bottom  of  the  lock,   agaiiiil   which 
the  gates  (hut. 
f  LoCK-TOiirj,  or  Pnifdle-nve'irs,  are  the  ovcr-falls  behind  the 

upper  gates,  (s,  s,  Plate  V.  Jig.  jj.)  by  which  the  waftc- 
water  of  the  upper  pound  is  let  down  through  the  paddle- 
holes  into  tlie  chamber  of  the  lock. 

I'o  Lock,  in  Fencing,  is  to  fcize  your  adverfary's  fword- 
arm,  by  twining  yoiu-  left  arm  round  it,  after  you  clofe  your 
parade,  fhell  to  flicll,  in  order  to  difarmhim. 

LOCKARTSBURG,  in  GVo^ra/Ajs  a  town  of  America, 
in  Luzerne  countv,  Pcnnfylvania,  lituated  on  an  ifthmuf, 
formed  by  the  confluence  of  the  Sufquehanna  and  Tioga 
rivers,  about  a  mile  above  their  junftion. 

I^OCKE,  Joiix,  in  Biography,  one  of  the  greateft  phiv 
lofophers  and  nioll  powerful  writers  that  ever  adorned  this 
country,  was  born  at  Wrington,  in  Somerfetfhire,  on  the 
29th  of  Auguft  T632.     His  father  was  a  gentleman  oi  ftridt 
probity  and  economy,  and  he  poHcfled  a  handfome  fortune. 
He  took  great  pains  in  the  education  of  his  fon  ;  and,  when 
he  was  of  a  proper  age,  fent  him  to  Wdhninftcr  fchool, 
where  lie  continued  till  the  year  1 6^1,  when  he  was  entered 
a  (Indent  of  Chrill-eliurch  college,  in  the  univerfity  of  Ox- 
ford.    Here  he    was   dlllinguilhed   above   all   his    contem- 
poraries, and  was  confidered  to  be  the  mofl  ingenious  young 
man  in  the  college.      It  appears,  however,  that  he  was  dil- 
guiled  with  the  method  of  Ihuly  prefcrib^d  to   him,  which 
was  after  the  manner  of  the  Peripatetics  ;  and  it  is  faid,  that 
the  books  which  firft  gave  him  a  relidi  for  the  ftudy  of  plii- 
Jofophy  were  thofe  written  by  Des  Cartes.     Having  taken 
his  degrees  in  arts  in   1655  and  1658,  Mr.  Locke  for  fome 
time  clofcly  applied  him(elf  to  the  ihidy  of  phyfic;   and  it  is 
certain  that,  for  a  (liort  time,  he  followed  it  as  a  profelTion. 
In  the  year  1664  he  accepted  an  offer  to  go  abroad,  as  fe- 
cretary  to  (ir  William  Swan,  envoy  from  Charles  II.  to  the 
eleftor  of  Brandenburgh ;  but  returning  to  England  again 
v.ithin   lefs  than  a  year,   he  refumed  his  ftudies  at  Oxford 
with  renewed  vigour,  applying  lumfclf  particularly  to  na- 
tural philofopny.      In  1660  he  was  accidentally  introduced 
to   the   acquaintance    of  lord   Aililey,    afterwards   carl   of 
Shaftelbary,  in  the  capacity  of  a  medical  practitioner,  during 
the  abfer.ce  of  tlie  phyfician  who  regularly  attended  his  lord- 
fhip.     When  the  noble  lord  left  Oxford  to  go  to   Sunning 
Hill,  he  made  Mr.  Locke  promife  him  a  yiCt  there,  which 
promife  he  performed  in  1667.      Having  fecured  him  as  an 
inmate,  lord  Adiley  fulTered  himfelf  to  be  governed  entirely 
by  his  advii.e,  and  became  fo  much  attached  to  him,  that  he 
■would   not  fuffer  him  to  praclife  medicine  out  of  his  own 
family,  except  in  the  cafe  of  fome  particular  friends ;  and 
perceiving  that  the  great  abilities  of   Mr.  Locke  were  cal- 
culated to  render  him  eminently  ferviceable  to  the  world  in 
other  departments  of  knowledge,  urged  him   to  apply  his 
{Tud'.es  to  tlate  affairs  and  political  fubjefts.     To  theic  Mr. 
Locke  was  naturally  inclined,  and  fiicceeded   fo  well,  that 
lord  A(hley  began  to  confuh  him  on  all  occafions.     He  was 
nov,;  introduced  to  the  fociety  of  fome  of  the  mod  eminent 
men  of  the  age,  who  were  all  delighted  with  li's  converfation. 
In   the  year  166S,  Mr.   Locke   accompanied   the  earl  and 
counte'^s  of  Northumberland  in  a  tour  to   France,  and  re- 
inamed  in  that  country  with  the  lady,  vvliile  his  lordfliip  fet 
off  to  Italy,  with  an  intention  of   vifiting    Rome.     This 
nobhman,  however,   died  on  his  iournc)',  and  Mr.  Locke 
accompanied  the  countefs  to  England,  and  again  took  up 


his  refidence  at  lord  Afhley's.     His  lordihip,  at  that  period 
chancellor  of  the  excheijuer,  having,   in  coiijimttion  with 
or\\CT  noble  lords,  obtained   a   grant  of  Carolina  in   North 
America,  employed  Mr.   Locke  to  draw  up  a  conilitution 
for  that  province.      In  executing  this  tall<,  he  had  formed 
articles  relative  to  religion  and  public  worHiip  on  thole  en- 
larged principles  of  toleration,  which  were  agreeable  to  his 
own  enlightened  views  upon  that  fubjed.     Thederjy,  how- 
ever, ]■  aluus  of  a  diminution  of  their  powers,  caufed  an  ad- 
ditional claufe  to  be  inferted,  iccuring  the  countenance  and 
fuj^pcrt  of  the  flate  only  to  the  excrcife  of  religion  according 
to  the  diicipline  of  the  eftabliOied   church.      Mr.  Locke, 
notwithllanding  kia  connection  with  lord  Alhlcy,  made  fre- 
quent vifits  to  Oxford,  though  he  was  at  the  fame  time  en- 
gaged to  infpeft  the  education  of  his  lorddiip's  elded  iou, 
an  office  which  he  executed  with  the  greateft  care,  and  to 
the  entire  fatisfaftion  of  his  employer.     To  Mr.  Locke, 
likewife,  was  conlided  the  important  charge  of  felefting  a 
wife  for  the  young  man.     This  was  a  taflc  of  great  difficulty, 
as   the  father  determined  he   fhould  only  marry  a  lady  of 
good  family,  of  an  agreeable  temper,  a   fine  perfun,  and, 
above  all,  of  goad  education  and  excellent  underllanding. 
Notwithdanding  the  difficulties  attending  fucli  a  commiffion, 
Mr.  Locke   undertook  it,  and  executed  it  to  the  perfect 
fa-tisfaftion  of  all  parties.     The  eldell  fon  by  this  marriage, 
afierwards  the  author  of  the  "  Charactiriliics,"  was  com- 
mitted to  the  care  of  Mr.  Locke  in  his  education,  and  gave 
evidence  to  the  world  of  the  mafter-hand  which  had  directed 
and  guided  his  genius.      In  1670  Mr.  Locke  began  to  form 
the  plan  of  his  "  Effiiy  on  Human   Underllanding  ;"  but 
he  was  too  much  engaged  by  his  patron  to  make  much  pro- 
grefs  in  the  work.     In  1672,  lord  Adiley  was  created  earl 
of  Shaftefbury,  and  appointed  to  the  high  dignity  of  lord 
high   chancellor   of   England.      His   lorddiip    immediately 
made  him  his  fecretary  of  the  prefentations  ;  but  he   held 
that  place  only  till  the  end  of  the  following  year,  when  the 
earl  was  obhged  to  reilgn  the  great  feal.     After  this,  lord 
Shafteiljury  was  prefident  of  the  board  of  trade,  and  Mr. 
I>ocke  was  appointed  fecretary  to  the  fame.     The  comniil- 
fion  being  diffolved  in   1674,  he  was  again  at  Icifure,  was 
admitted  to  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  phyfic,  and  began  10 
tura  his  attention   to  that  faculty,  as  the  means  of  future 
fupport.     He  was  at   this  time   in  the  higheft  eftimatioii 
with  feveral  perfons  of  eminence  in  the  medical  [irofeflion  : 
Dr.  Sydenham,  among  others,  fpeaking  of 'him,  favs,  "  If 
we  conliderhis  genius,  and  penetrating  and  exadl  judement, 
or  the  ftriftnefs  of  his  morals,  he  has  Icarcely  any  fuperior, 
and  few  equals  now  living."      In  1675,  Mr.  Locke  fought 
relief  from  a  pulmonary  complaint  by  travelling  to  the  fouth 
of  France,  where   he  became  acquaii.ted  with  the  earl  of 
Pembroke,  to  vi'hom'Iie  communicated  his  plan  of  writing 
the  "  Effay  on    Human  Underllanding."      He  afterwards 
fettled  at  Paris,  wliere  he  obtained  the  friendQiip  of  feveral 
men  of  letters.     In  1679  the  earl  of  Shafcelbury,  being  re- 
ffored  to  favour  at  court,  and  made  prefident  of  the  council, 
fent  to  requell  that  Mr.  Locke  would  return  home  without 
delay.     He  inllantly  compiled  ;  but  within  fix  months  that 
nobleman  was  again  difplaced,  for  refufing  his  concurrence 
with  the  deligns  of  the  court,  which  aimed  at  the  efiablifh- 
ment   of  popery  and  arbitrary  power;    and  in    1682,  he 
found  it  necefl'ary  to  retire  to  the  continent,  to  avoid  a  pro- 
feeution  for  high  treafon,  on  account  of  offences  charged 
upon  him,  probably  without  the  colour  of  reafon  or  truth. 
Mr.  Locke,  ,whofe  character  was  -above  all  fufpicion,  re- 
mained lleadily  attached  to  his  patron,  following  him  into 
Holland ;  and  upon  his  lordfnip's  death,  which  happened 
foon  afierv^ards,  he  did  iwt  tliink  it  fafe  to  return  to  his 

native 


LOCKE. 


native  country,   where  his   intimate   connection  with  lord 
Shafteftury  had  created  him  feme  j^pwerful  and  m'ahgnant 
enemies.     Their  inahce  purfued  him  to  the  utmod  extent  of 
their  means  ;  and  the  dean  of  Chrift-chtirch  had  orders  from 
the  king  to  ejeft  Mr.  Locke  from  his  iludent'c  place,  which 
was   accordingly    done.      On  the   acceffion    of  James   II., 
William  Penn,  the  quaker,  who  was  the  friend  of  Locke  in 
his  adveriity,  ufed  his  intcrefl  with  the  king  to  procure  a 
pardon  for  him  ;  and  would  have  obtained  it,  had  not  Mr. 
Locke  declined  the  acceptance  of  inch   an  offer,  declaring 
that  he  had  no  occailon   for  a  pardon,   having  never  been 
guilty   cf  any  crime.      In   1685,  when  the  uiike  of  Mon- 
mouth and  his  party  v/ere  making   preparations  in  Holland 
for  his  ra!h  and  unfortunate  enterprize,  the  Engli(h  envoy 
at  the  Hague  demanded  that   Mr.  Locke,  among  others, 
fhould  be  given  up,  on  fufpicion  of  his  being  a6tively  en- 
gaged in  the  undertaking.     This  fufpii  ion,  though  entirely 
gronndlefs,  obliged  him  to  lie  concealed  nearly  a  year ;  till 
it  was  rendered  perfeftly  evident,  even  to  his  enemies  and 
their  fpies,  that  he  had  ho  concern  vvhatever  in  the  bufmefs. 
To'.vai-ds  the  end  of  the  year   1686  he  appeared  again  in 
public,    and   foon    afterwards    was  the  principal   agent   in 
forming  a  literary  fociety  at   Amfterdam,  of  which  Lim- 
borch,  Le   Clerc,   and   other   learned  men   were   members, 
who  met  together  weekly  for  converfation  upon  fubjefts  of 
univerfal  learning.      In   the   following  year  he   finiftied  his 
great  work,  the  "  Effay  concerning  Human  Underltanding," 
which  had  been  the  principal  objeCl  of  his  attention  feveral 
years,  and  which  proves  how  well  he  fpent  the  period  of  his 
exile  from   England.     That  the  public  might  be  apprized 
of  the  outlines  of  his  plan,  he  himfelf  made  an  abridgment 
cf  it,  which  his  friend  Le  Clerc  tranflated  into  French,  and 
inferted  in  one  of  his  "  Bibliotheques."     This  abridgment 
%vas  fo  highly  approved  by  the  literati  of  that  period,  and 
by  thofe  who  were  fincerely  attached  to  truth  and  jnll  prin- 
ciples, that  they  took  every  opportunity  of  exprefling  the 
ftrongeft  defire  to  fee  the  complete  work  in  its  original  Hate. 
During  his  concealment,  he  wrote  his  "  Letter  concerning 
Toleration,"  which  was  iirft   publifhed  in   the   Latin  lan- 
guage at  Gouda,  in  l68g,  and  entitled  "  Epiftola  de  To- 
lerantia  ad  clariffimum  Virum  T.  A.  R.  P.  T.  O.  L.  A. 
«cripta  a  P.  A.  P.  O.  J.  L.  A."   The  former  of  thefe  fets 
of  letters  were  intended  to  fignify  Theologize  apud  Rcmon- 
itrantes  profefforem,  Tyrannidis  Oforem  Limburginm  Am- 
itelodamenfem  ;  and  the  latter,  Pacis  Amico,  Perfecutionis 
Olore,  Jijhanne  Locke,  Anglo.     This  letter  he  afterwards 
tranflated  into  Englifli,  and  publifhed  in  London  in  the  year 
1690.     It  was  fpeedily  tranflated  into  the  Dutch  and  French 
languages,  and  has  been  exceedingly  popular  with   liberal 
people  of  all  countries  from  that  period  to  the  prefent.      It 
has  been  frequently  reprinted  in  forms  adapted  for  general 
circulation,  and  has  been  dillributed  by  perlons  of  fortune  and 
rank,  among  whom  may  be  mentioned,  in  our  own  country, 
his  grace  the  late  duks  of  Grafton.     This  epiiUc,  thougb 
fo  highly  approved,  was  fcverely  attacked  by  a  clergyman 
of  Oxford,  who  wrote  three  pamphlets  agaiiift  it ;  two  of 
wHich   Mr.   Locke   anfwered,  defending  and  julHfying  his 
principles  with  invincible  ftrength  of  argument  r  and  though 
he  v.'as  in  a  declining  ftate  of  health,  when  bis  antagonilt, 
after  twelve  years'   filence,    publilhed   his    third  pamphlet 
againil  it,  yet  he  began  a  reply  to  him  in  a  "  Fourth  Letter 
concerning  Toleration."     Though  this  was  not  finifhed,  yet  _ 
the  fragment  has  been  publifhed  in  Defmaizeaux's  edition  of 
his  works. 

To  return,  however,  to  the  narrative  of  Mr.  Locke's 
life,  in  the  order  of  time.  The  revolution  of  168H  opened 
a  way  for  his  return  into  his  own  country,  whither  he  came 


in  the  fame  fleet  whicli  cenveyed  the  princefs  of  Orange ; 
and  upon  the  reftoration  of  public  liberty,  he  did  not  hefita!^ 
to  alTert  his  own  private  rights,  and  accordingly  put  in  his 
ckim  to  the  ftudenl's  place  in  the  college  of  Chrifl's-chnrch, 
of  which  he  had  been  unjullly  deprived.      For  the  fake  of 
peace,  he  was  advifed  to  defill  from  his  claim.     As  he  was 
confidered  to  be  a  iuflercr  for  the  principles  of  the  revolu- 
tion, he  might   have  obtained   fome  very  confiderabk-  poll 
under  government :  but  he  contented  himfelf  with  tiiat  of 
"  Conrimiffioner  of  Appeals,"  worth  about  200/.  per  annum. 
In  the  year  i68g,  Mr.  I>ocke  had  an  offer  to  go  abroad  in 
a  public  charaifer ;  but  he  declined  the  honour  and  advan- 
tages attached  to  fuch  a  fituation,  on  account  of  the  infirm 
flate  of  his  health  :  and  in  tlie  following  year  he  publifhed 
his  "  Effay,"  which  has  given  him  an  imm.ortal  reputation; 
and  which,  at  the  time,  though  it  had  many  enemies,  was 
flyled  "  one  of  the  noblell,  moll  ufeful,  and  molt  original 
books  the  world   ever  faw."      Thofe   who   difliked  every 
thing  like  innovation,  oppofcd  the  progrcfs  of  our   philo- 
fcpher's  princi[^es  as  laid  down   in  his  "  Effay."     It  was 
even  propofed,  at  a  meeting  of  the  heads  of  the  houfcs  of 
the   univerlity   of  Oxford,    to  cenfure  and  difcourage  the 
reading   of  it ;   and  after    long   and   warm   debates  amor^ 
themfelves,  it   was  agreed  that  each  individual,  at  the  head 
of  a  college,   fhould  endeavour  to  prevent  it  from  being  read 
by  the  If  udents  ;   a  fure  method  of  rendering  every  fpirited 
youug  man  anxious  to  perufe  it,  and  even  imbibe  its  prin- 
ciples.    The  old  and  the  prejudiced  were  afraid  of  the  light 
which  was  diffuiing  itl'elf  in  the  world,  but  they  could  not 
reflrain  its  effefts  :   the  attacks  of  Mr.  Locke's  various  op. 
ponents  did  but  increale  hib  reputation,  and  render  his  prin- 
ciples mere  generally  thidied  and  adopted.     Mr.  Locke's 
next  publication  was  his  "  Two  Trcatifes  on  Government ;" 
in  wliich  he  vindicated  the  principles  upon  which  "  the  Re- 
volution" was  founded,  and  completely  demolifhed  fir  Robert 
Filmer's   falfe  principles  ;  pointing  out,  at  the  fame  time, 
the   true   origin,    extent,    and   end   of    civjl    government. 
About  this  period,    the  public  coin  of  the  kingdom  was 
known  to  be  in  a  very  bad  and  depreciated  tiate,  having,  by 
being  clipped   and    fweated,  lofl  one-third  of   its    weight. 
The  magnitude    of  this  evil,    and  the  mifchiefs  which   it 
threatened,  called  for  the  attention  of  parliament  ;  and  Mr. 
Locke,  with  tlie  view  of  affilling  thofe  who  were  at  the 
head  of  affairs  to  form  a  right  underllanding  of  this  matter, 
and  to  excite  them  to  reftify  fuch  abufcs,  printed  a  tra6i, 
entitled    "  Some   Confiderations    of   the    Confequences    of 
lowering   the   Intcrell,  and  railing  the  Value  of  Money." 
He  had  warned  the  public  cf  their  danger,  and  faid,  "  the 
nation  was  in  greater  danger  from  a  fccret  unobferved  abufe, 
than  from  all  thofe  other  evils  of  which  perfons  were  gcte- 
rally  fo  appreheniive  ;  and  that  if  care  was  not  taken  to  rec* 
tify  the  coin,  that  irregularity  alone  would  prove  fatal  to  us, 
though  we  ihould  fucceed  in  every  thing  elfe."     Mr.  Locke 
pubhihed  other  trafts  on  the  fame   fiibjeft,  by  which  he 
convinced  the  world  that  he  was  as  able  to  rcafon  on  trade 
and  bufinefs  as  on  the  mofl  abflraft  quellions  of  fcicnce. 
He  was  accordingly  confultfd   by  the  minillry  relative  to  a 
new  coinage  of  filver.     With  the  carl  of  Pembroke,  then 
lord  keeper  of  the  privy  feal,  he  was  accu  Homed  to  hold 
weekly  conferences ;  and  he  was  in  habits  of  intimacy  and 
friendihip  with  the  earl  of  Peterborough,  at  whofe  houlc,  at 
Fulham,  he  always  met  with  a  holpitable  and  kind  recep- 
tion, when  the  delicacy  of  his  health  obliged  him  to  quit  the 
metropohs.     He  was  afterwards  obliged  to  leave   London 
entirely,  and  accepte.4  of  the  generous  offer  of  iir  Francii 
Mafliam,  at   Oates  in   Effex,  to   become  a  rcfidcnt  in  his 
huufe,  where  he  fpent  the  remainder  ot  his  lilt.     Here  he 
11  h  2  was 


LOCKE. 


was  received  on  liis  own  terms,  that  lie  might  hai^e  his  entire 
liberty,  and  look  upon   himfelf  a<   at  his  own  home  ;  and 
here  he  chiefiy  piirfncd  his  future  iludies,  being  ftldom  ab- 
font,  becanfe  the  air  of  I^ondon  grew  more  and  more  trouble- 
fome  to  him.     In    1695   he   publiflicd  his  "  Thoutrhts  on 
Education,"  whichihe  improved  in  fonie  fubfequent  editions  ; 
and    in    1695   he  was  appointed,  by  the  king,  one  of  the 
"  Commilfio'ers  of  Trade  and  Plantations,"  which  obliged 
him  to  be  more  frequently  in  London  than  he  had  been  for 
fome  time  pall.     In  the  fame  year  he  publiflied  his  excellent 
treatife,  entitled   "  Tlie    Reafonabieuefs  of -Chriflianity  as 
delivered  in  the  Scriptures;"  of  which  he  nfterwards  pub- 
lifhed  a  vindication,  in  anfwer  to  a  fcurrilons  attack  by  Dr. 
Edwards,    entitled    "  Socinianifm    unma{)<ed."       Scarcely 
was   Mr.  Locke  difeugaged  from  this   controverfy,  before 
he  wa^  drawn  into  another,  occafioned  by  the  publication  of 
Mr.  'Poland's  "  Chriilianity  not  mylierious,"  in  which  he 
endeavoured  to  prove  "  that  there  is  nothing  in  the  Cliriftian 
religion    not   only    contrary   to  reafon,     but   even    nothing 
above  it  ;"  and  in  explaining  his  notions,  he  made  ufe  of  fe- 
vcral  arguments  from  Mr.  Locke's  "  ElFay."     Abnut  the 
fame  time,  feveral  trcatifes  were  publiflied  by  fome  Unitarian 
tvritera,  maintaining  that  there  was  nothing  in  the  Chriftian  re- 
ligion but  what  was  rational  and  intelligible,  which  fentiment 
h.id  been  advanced  by  Mr  Locke.    The  ufe  which  was  made 
of  his  writings  in  thefe  inilanccs,  determined   Dr.  Slilling- 
fleet,  bifhop   of  Worcefter,   to  make   an   attack  upon   the 
author,  in  his  "  Defence  of  the   Dodrinc  of  the  Trinity," 
publilhed  in  1697.      Mr.  Locke  wrote  an  anfwer,    and    the 
controverfy  was  carried   on  ,till    the  death    of  the  biihop  : 
The  candid   of  every  party   admitted  that  Mr.  Locke  was 
too    powerful  for   the    learned   prelate,    and  M.  Le  Clerc, 
fpeaking  of  the  difcuflion,  fays,  "  Every  body  admired  the 
llrength  of  Mr.  Locke's  reafonings,  and  his  great  clearnefs 
and  i-xaanefs,  not  only  in  explaining  his  own  notions,  but  in 
confuting  thofe  of  his  adversary.      Nor  were  men  of  under- 
ftanding  lefs  ftirprifed,  that  fo  learned   a  man  as  the  billiop 
fhoidd  engage  in  a  controverfy,  in  which  he  had   all  the  dis- 
advantages poffible  :   for  he  was  by  no  means'ableto  maintain 
his  opinions  again  ft  Mr.  Locke,  whofe  reafonings  he  neither 
underftood,  nor  the  fnbjeCt  itfelf  abo\it  which  hedifputed." 
And  an  Irifh  prelate  writing  to  Mr.  Molyneux,  the  intimate 
friend  of  Mr.  Locke,  thus  expreff-s  himfelf  on  the  fubjeft  : 
"    I  am  wholly  of  your  opinion,  that  he  has  laid  the  great 
bifhop  on  his  back  ;  but  it  is  with  fo  much  gentlencfs,  as  if 
he  were  afraid  not  only  of  hurting  him,  but  even  of  fpoiling 
or  tumbling  his  clothes.      Indeed,  I  cannot  tell  which  I  moll 
admire  ;  the  great  civility  arfd  good  manners  in  his  book,  or 
the  forciblcnefs  and  clearnefs  of  his  reafoning.''  Never,  per- 
haps, was  a  controverfy  managed  with  fa  much  f]<ill  and  art 
on  one  fide,  nor  on   the   othL-r,  fo  unjulHy,  confufedly,  or 
fo  httle  to  the  credit  of  the  author.     The  trafls  on  this  con- 
troverfy were  the  laft  which  Mr.  Locke  committed  to  prefs : 
he  grew  infirm  more  from  difeafe  than  great  age,  and  lie  de- 
termined to  refign  his  office  of  "  Commifiloner  of  Trade, 
&c. ;"  but  he  acquainted  no  perfon  of  his  intention  till  he  had 
given  up  his  commiffion  into  the  king's  own  hand.     His  ma- 
jelly  preffed  him  to  continue  in  the  p'oft,  thoui^h  he  fhould  be 
unable  to  perform  its  duties  ;  but  Mr.  Locke  could  not  be 
induced   to  make  fuch    a  compromife,  and  he  infilled  upon 
furrendering  the  emoluments  of  a  place  that    he  felt  him- 
ftlf  incapable   of  filling.     From  this  time,  which   was  the 
year  1700,  he  lived  altogether  at  Oates  in  EfTex,  and  applied 
himfelf,  without  interruption,  entirely  to    the  ftudy  of  the 
holy  fcripturcs  ;  and  in  the  employment  he   found  fo   much 
pleafure,  that  he   rearetted   his  not  having  devoted  more  of 
Jbis  time  to  it  m  the  former  jpart  of  liis  life  ;  and  he  replied,  in 


anfwer   to  a   young  genlleman,  who  aflced   what  was  the' 
fliorteft  and  lurell  way  for  a  perfon  to  attain  a  true  knowledge 
of  the  Chrillian  religion  ?    "  Let  iiim  lludy  the  holy  fcrip- 
ture,  cfpecially   the  New  Tellament.      It  has   God  for  its 
author  ;  falvation  for  its  end  ;  and  trutli,  without  any   mix- 
ture of  error,  for    its  matter."      In  1703  he  fuflered  much 
from  an  allhmatic  diforder,  but  the  pangs  of  bodily  complaint 
were  alleviated  by  the  kind  attentions  of  lady  Mafliam,  who 
was  the  daughter  of  the  learned  Cudworth  :   flill  he  forefaw 
that  his  diflolution  was  not  far  diilant,  and  he  could  anticipate 
it  without  dread,  and  fpeak  of  it  with  perfect  calmnefs  and 
compofure.     Though  few  men  had  need  of  fo  little  prepara- 
tion for  the  important  change  as  Mr.  Locke,  yet  he  lelt  it 
right  to  receive  the  facrament  at  home,  in  company  with  fome 
friends,  being  unable  to  go  to  church.     When  the  ceremony 
wasfinifhed,hetoldthemini{lcr,  "that  he  was  in  perfecl  charity 
with  all  men,  and  in  a  fincere  communion  with  the  church  of 
Chrifl,  by  what  name  foever  it  might  be  dillinguifhed."     He 
lived  fome  months  after  this,  which  he  fpent  in  atls  of  piety  and 
devotion  :   when  he  was  meditating  on  the  wildom  and  good- 
nefs  of  the  Creator,  he  could  not  forbear  crying  out,  "  Oh 
the  depth  of  the  riches  of  the  goodnefs  and  knowledge  of 
God  :"  what  he  felt  himfelf  on  this  fubjecl  he  was  anxious 
toinfufe  into  the  hearts  of  others.   On  the  day  previoufly  to  his 
departure  he  faid,  •'  hehad  livedlong  ejiough,  and  v.  as  thank- 
ful that  lie  had  enjoved  a  happy  liie ;  but  that,  after  all,  he  looked 
upon  this  life  to  be  nothing  but  vanity,"  or,  as  he  expreffes 
a  fimilar  fentiment,  in  a  letter  which  he  left  behind  him  for  his 
friend  Mr.  Anthony  Collins,  one  that  "  alFords  no  folid  fa- 
tisfatlion  but  in  the  confcionfnefs  of  doing  well,  and  in  the 
hopes  of  another  life."     He  had  no  rell   that  night,  and 
begged  in   the  morning  to  be  carried  into  his  fludy,  where, 
being  placed  in   an  eafy  chair,  he  had  a  refrefhing  fleep  for 
a  confiderable  time.      He  then  requeflcd  his  valuable  friend, 
lady  Mafham,  to  read  aloud  fome  of  the  pfalnis,  to  which 
he  appeared  exceedingly  attentive,  till  feeling,  probably,  the 
approach  of  the  lall  meffenger,  he  begged  her  to  defill,  and 
in  a   few   minutes    expired,  on  the  aSth  of  October  1704, 
in  the  73d  year  of  his  age.     He  was  interred  in  tlie  church 
of  Oates,  where  there  is  a  monument  erefted  to  his  memory, 
with  a  Latin  infcription,  which   he   had  prepared   for   the 
purpofe. 

Such  was  the  end  of  as  illuftrious  a  philofopher  as  ever 
adorned  our  country:  celebrated  not  only  by  his  wifdoni,  but 
by  his  piety  and  virtue,  by  his  love  of  truth,  and  dihgence  in 
the  purfuit  of  it,  and  by  a  noble  ardour  in  defence  of  the  civil 
and  religious  riglits  of  mankind.  That  Mr,  Locke  poffeffed 
a  noble  and  lofty  mind,  fuperior  to  prejudice,  and  capable, 
by  its  native  energy,  of  exploring  the  truth,  even  in  the  re- 
gions of  the  intelleftual  world  bofoi-e  unknown  ;  that  his 
judgment  was  accurate  and  profound;  that  his  imagination 
was  vigorous  ;  and  that  he  was  well  furnilhed  with  the  orna- 
ments of  elegant  learning,  were  there  no  other  proofsj 
might  be  concluded  from  his  great  and  immortal  work, 
"  The  EfTay  concerning  Human  Underllanding."  Though 
we  cannot  agree  with  the  learned  author  of  the  "  Diverfions 
of  Pulley,"  "  that  Mr.  Locke  never  did  advance  a  fingle  ftep 
beyond  the  origin  of  Ideas  and  the  compoiltion  of  Terms  ;" 
yet  it  mufl  be  admitted,  that  this  was  the  main  objeft  of  his^ 
effay,  though  not  at  firll  perceived  by  Mr.  Locke  himfelf,  as 
he  acknowledges  :  but  he  adds,  "  when  I  began  to  examine 
the  extent  and  certainty  of  our  knowledge,  I  found  it  had 
fo  near  a  conncftion  with  words,  tliat  unlefs  their  force  and 
manner  of  iignification  were  full  well  oblcrved,  there  could 
be  very  little  faid  clearly  and  pertinently  concerning  know- 
ledge, which  being  converfant  about  truth,  had  conftantly 
to  do  with  propolltioiis.    And  though  it  terminated  in  things, 

3  F' 


LOG 

yet  it  was  for  the  moll  part  fo  much  by  the  intervention  of 
words,  that  they  feemed  fcarce  fcparatle  from  our  general 
knowledge."  And  again,  "  I  am  apt  to  imagine,  that 
were  the  imperfections  of  language,  as  the  inftrument  of 
knowledge,  more  thoroughly  weighed,  a  great  many  of  tlie 
controverfies  that  make  fuch  a  noife  in  the  world,  would  of 
themfelves  ceafe,  and  the  way  to  knowledge,  and  perhaps 
peace  too,  lie  a  great  deal  opener  than  it  does."  Hence  the 
author,  jnft  referred  to,  afTumes,  "  that  the  more  Mr. 
Locke  refledledand  fearched  into  the  human  underltanding, 
the  more  he  was  convinced  of  the  neceflity  of  an  attention 
to  language,  and  «f  the  infeparable  connexion  between 
words  and  knowledge.  He  fays,  moreover,  that  it  was  a 
lucky  miftake  which  Mr.  Locke  made  when  he  called  his 
book  "  An  Effay  on  the  Human  Underftanding.''  For  fome 
part  of  the  ineftimabie  benefit  of  that  book  has,  merely  on 
account  of  its  title,  reached  to  thoufands  more  than,  I  fear, 
it  would  have  done,  had  he  called  it  (what  it  is  merely)  A 
Grammatical  EiTay,  or  a  treatife  on  words,  or  on  language. 
The  human  mind,  or  the  human  underftanding,  appears  to  be 
a  grand  and  noble  theme,  and  all  men,  even  the  moft  infuf- 
ficient,  conceive  that  to  be  a  proper  objeft  for  their  contem- 
plation, while  enquiries  into  the  nature  of  language  are 
fuppofed  to  be  beneath  the  concern  of  their  exalted  under- 
ftanding.'' We  fliall  now  quote  Dr.  Enfield's  opinion  of  this 
great  work.  "Difcarding,"  fays  he,  "  all  fy  Hematic  theories, 
he  has,  from  actual  experience  and  obftrvation,  dehneatedthe 
features,  and  defcribed  the  operations  of  the  human  mind, 
with  a  degree  of  precifion  and  minutenefs  not  to  be  found 
in  Plato,  Ariftotle,  or  Des  Cartes.  After  clearing  the  way 
b)"  fetting  afide  the  whole  doftrine  of  innate  notions,  and 
principles  both  fpeculative  and  practical,  the  author  traces 
all  ideas  to  two  fources,  fenfation  and  refleftion  ;  treats  at 
large  of  the  nature  of  ideas,  fimple  and  complex  ;  of  the 
operation  of  the  human  underftanding  in  forming,  diltin- 
gniihing,  compounding,  andaffbciating  them  ;  of  the  manner 
in  which  words  are  app'ied  as  reprefentations  of  ideas  ;  of 
the  difficulties  and  obftruflions  m  tlie  learch  after  truth, 
which  arife  from  the  imperfection  of  thefefigns;  and  of  the 
nature,  reality,  kinds,  degrees,  cafual  hindrances,  and  ne- 
cefiary  limits  of  human  knowledge."  Mr.  Locke's  "  Two 
Treatifes  of  Government,"  will  render  his  memory  dear  to 
the  enlightened  friends  of  civil  and  religious  freedom  :  his 
letters  on  toleration,  and  his  commentaries  on  St.  Paul  s 
epiftles,  are  likewife  held  ia  high  eftimation. 

Mr.  Locke's  private  charafter  cannot  be  wholly  over- 
looked :  he  poffefled  a  great  knowledge  of  the  world,  and 
was  intimately  converfant  in  the  bufinefs  of  it.  He  was 
prudent  without  cunning,  and  he  engaged  men's  efteem  by 
his  probity.  Averfe  from  all  mean  compliances,  his  wifdom, 
his  experience,  and  his  gentle  manners,  gained  him  the  re- 
fpect  of  his  inferiors,  the  efteem  of  his  equals,  the  friend- 
ffiip  and  confidence  of  thofe  of  higher  quality.  He  was  re- 
markable for  the  eafe  and  politencfs  of  his  behaviour  ;  and 
thofe  who  only  knew  him  by  his  writings,  and  who  had 
tonceived  him  to  be  a  referved  man,  were  fiirprifed,  if  they 
happened  to  be  introduced  to  him,  to  find  him  extremely 
affable,  good-humoured,  and  complaifant.  Dr.  Ifaac  Watts 
defcribcs  him  as  having  a  foul  wide  as  the  fea  ;  calm  as  night, 
brif^ht  as  day.  And  the  fame  author  has  a  fine  ode  in  his 
iyric  poems,  written  on  occafion  of  Mr.  Locke's  dangerous 
illnefs,  fome  time  after  he  had  retired  to  ftud'y  the  fcviptures, 
»f  wiaich  we  (hall  quote  the  firft  ftanza. 

"  And  muft  the  man  of  wondrous  mind. 
Now  his  rich  thoughts  are  juft  refin'd, 
Forfake  our  longing  eyes  ? 


LOG 

Reafon  at  length  fubmits  to  wear 
The  wings  of  faith  ;  and  lo  1   they  rear 
Her  chariot  high,  and  nobly  bear 
Her  prophet  to  the  /Icies." 

Among  the  honours  paid  to  thememory  of  Mr.  Locke,  that 
of  queer.  Caroline,  coniort  of  George  IL  ought  not  to  be 
overlooked,  for  that  princefs,  having  erefted  a  pavilion  in  Rich- 
mond park,  devoted  to,  or  in  honour  of,  philofophy,  placed 
in  it  Mr.  Locke's  buft,  with  thofe  of  Bacon,  Newton,  and 
Clarke,  as  the  four  chief  of  the  Euglifti  phiiofophers.  He  left 
behind  him  feveral  MSS.,  from  which  his  executors,  fir  Peter 
King  and  Anthony  Collins,  cfq.  publilhed,  in  1705,  his 
paraphrafe  and  notes  upon  St.  Paul's  epiftle  to  the  Galatians, 
which  were  foon  followed  by  thofe  upon  the  Corinthians, 
Romans,  and  Ephefians,  with  an  efl'ay  prefixed,  "  For  the 
underftanding  of  St.  Paul's  epiftles,  by  confulting  St.  Paul 
himfelf"  In  the  following  year  the  pofthumous  works 
of  Mr.  Locke  were  publiftied,  comprifing  a  treatife  "  On 
the  Cond'ift  of  the  Underftanding,"  intended  as  a  fupplement 
to  the  "  Efl'ay:"  "  An  Examination  of  Malebranche's  Opi- 
nion of  feeing  all  Things  in  God."  In  1 70S,  fome  fami- 
liar letters  between  Mr.  Locke  and  feveral  of  his  friends 
were  publiflied.  All  the  works  of  this  great  man  have  been- 
collected,  and  frequently  reprinted  in  different  fizes ;  in 
three  vols,  folio,  in  four  volumes  quarto,  and  lately  in  ten 
volumes  Svo.  Biog.  Brit,  Life  prefixed  to  Mr.  Locke's 
woVks.      Enfield's  Hift.  of  Phil. 

Locke,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Pruffia,  in  Ermeland  ; 
1 1  miles  from  Heilft^erg.  ^ 

Locke,  a  military  town  of  America,  in  Milton  townftiip,. 
New  York,  in  Onondago  county;  13  miles  N.E.  of  the  S. 
end  of  Cayuga  lake. 

LOCKENITZ,  a  town  and  caftle  of  Brandenburg,  in 
the  Ucker  Mark  ;   16  miles  N.E,  of  Prentzlow. 

LOCKER,  in  a  S/jip,  a  kind  of  box  or  chell  made  aloncr 
the  fide  of  a  fhip,  to  put  or  ftow  any  thing  in. 

LocKEK,   Gowlans.     See  Hellebore,  and  Trollius. 

Locker.  Shot,  in  Sea  Language.     See  Gakl.-ixd. 

LOCKERBIE,  in  Geography,  a  market  town  fituated  in 
the  pmiih  ot  Dryfdale,  Dumfriesftiire,  Scotland.  It  is 
pleafantly  leared  on  the  river  Annan,  at  the  diftance  of  it. 
miles  from  the  county  town.  It  confifts  chie.ly  of  one  re- 
gular ftreet,  halt  a  mile  in  length  from  north  to  fouth,  and 
this  is  interfe^led,  at  right  angles,  by  another  itreet  of  infe- 
rior extent.  According  to  the  parliamentary  returns  of  1801, 
the  whole  parifh  contained  322  houfes  and  1607  inhabit- 
ants. The  buildings  in  the  town  are  chiefly  of  recent  date- 
The  parifti  church  ftands  on  an  eminence  at  the  head  of  the 
principal  ftreet.  Two  lakes  forriierly  almoll  encircled  the- 
town.  It  has  two  fairs  and  ten  markets  during  the  year,  at 
which  upwards  of  20,oco  lambs  are  annually  fold  ;  the 
greater  part  of  which  are  principally  fent  into  England. 
A  confiderable  quantity  of  linen  and  woollen  cloths  are 
likewife  purchafed  for  the  fame  part  of  the  kingdom. 

LOC Keren,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
the  Scheldt ,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  tVie  diftrift  of 
Termoude.  The  place  contains  v\,ci,^\,  and  the  canton 
15,693  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  70  kiliometreSj  in 
three  communes. 

LOC KH  ART,  a  town  of  North  Carolina,  in  AlberaErlo 
Sound;  3S  miles  E.S.E.  of  Hahfax.  N.  lat.  36^  2'.  W. 
long.  76    56'. 

LOCKIjorLAKi,  as  the  Same  orthography  ma  v  he  almoib 
indifTerentl/  pronounced,  is  a  name  of  Lakflimi,  the  confort. 
of  the  Hindoo  deity  'Vifhnu.     See  L.-\.KSH.Mr. 

LOCKING-up,  or  LocKiNG-d'owri,  denotes  the  opera» 
tion  of  gaffing  boats  up  or  down  through  locks. 

Locxixa 


LOG 


LOG 


LocKlS'G  of  JVheeh,  in  Rural  Economy,  Wk  means  of 
fiftening  tliem  fo  as  to  prevent  their  running  too  fwiftly 
upon  the  horfcs,  when  coming  down  fteep  hills.  This  13 
effcfted  in  various  ways  ;  as  by  chains,  (ledges,  friftion, 
l)ars,  &c.     See  Cart,  Wheel,  and  Waggon. 

LOCKMAN,  in  the  I(lc  of  Man,  the  oiTicer  who  exe- 
cutes the  orders  of  the  government,  much  like  our  under- 
flieriff. 

LOCKS,  in  the  TI/^OTf^f,  in  French  called  ^n/rj'ZJenx,  are 
pieces  of  leather  two  fingers  hroad,  turned  round,  and 
(luffed  on  the  infide,  to  prevent  their  hurting  the  pattern  of 
a  horfe,  round  whieli  they  are  clapped.  An  entrance  is  com- 
pofed  of  two  enlravons  joined  by  an  iron  chain,  feven  or 
eight  inches  long. 

I.,OCKSPri',  ^mowr:^  Miners,  is  the  firall  cut  or  trench, 
made  with  a  fpace  of  about  a  foot  wide,  to  mark  out  the 
iirll  lines  of  a  work. 

LOCKTEWACKT,  in  Gngm'-hy,  a  town  of  Swedifh 
Lapland,  on  a  lake ;  6j  miles  W.N.W.  of  I'itea. 

LOC  LE,  a  town,  or  rather  village,  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
principality  of  Neufchatel.  La  Chaux  de  Fond,  another 
large  handfome  village  lying  in  a  broad  valley  which  reaches  to 
Tranche  Comte,  is  connected  with  Locle  by  a  range  of  pleaf- 
ing  cottages,  llcirting  bothfides  of  the  road.  Both  thefe  vil- 
lages, together  with  the  diftrifts  belCTiging  to  them,  contain 
about  6000  inhabitants,  dillinguiilied  for  their  fltill  and  induf- 
try  in  the  mechanical  arts.  They  carry  on  an  extenfive  traf- 
fic in  lace,  (lockings,  cutlery,  and  other  articles  of  their 
own  manufafture  ;  but  particularly  excel  in  watch-making, 
and  every  branch  of  clock-work.  All  forts  of  workmen 
tiocefTary  for  the  completion  of  that  bulinefs,  fuch  as  painters, 
enameliers,  engravers,  and  gilders,  are  found  in  thefe  villages  ; 
where,  upon  an  average,  about  40,000  watches  are  annually 
made.  Several  inhabitants  of  thefe  villages  have  invented 
■tifeful  mathematical  and  a'.tronomical  inllruments.  The  fon 
of  Droz,  afterwards  a  rcfident  at  Paris,  exhibited  in  Eng- 
land feveral  automatical  figures  of  I'nrprifing  conflrudion: 
one  played  upon  the  harpfichord,  another  drew  landfcapes, 
and  a  third  copied  any  word  prefented  to  it,  or  wrote  down 
whatever  was  diftatcd  by  any  of  the  company. 

LOCM.'-iN,  a  mounJ:ain  of  Pcrfia,  in  the  province  of 
Khorafan  ;    1  j  miles  W.  of  Maruerrud. 

LOCMINE',  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
'Morbihan,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  diftridt  of 
Pontivy ;  10  miles  S.  of  Pontivy.  The  place  contains 
9429,  and  the  canton  11,233  inhabitanis,  on  a  territory  of 
•180  kihnmetresj  in  feven  communes. 

LOCO  RoTO.VDO,  a  toV/n  of  Naples,  in  the  province  of 
Eari ;    1 1  miles  S.S.E.  of  Monopoli. 

LOCONTAI,  a  town  of  Upper  Siam  ;  60  miles  N.  of 
Perfelon. 

LOCRI,  LoCRlANS,  m  Ancient  Geography, ■<iyeo-\^\e  who 
are  faid  to  have  deiived  their  name  from  an  ancient  iiero  called 
"  Locris,"  or '•  Locros,"  whofe  fon  Opus  founded  a  town 
under  his  own  name.  Thefe  people  formed  four  dillinCt 
diiiiions,  with  appropriate  furname^,  the  three  firit  of  which, 
•vl-z.  I^ocri  ozoU,  Locri  epicaem'uUi,  and  Locri  opunliani, 
were  fettled  in  Greece  :  the  fourth  divifion,  denominated 
cpizrphyrii,  inhabited  Magna  Grrecia,  near  the  promontory 
of  Zephyrium.  The  oxol'i  occupied  a  confidcrable  extent 
of  country  W.  of  the  Phocide,  along  the  gulf  of  Corinth. 
The  epicnemidii  derived  theirnamc  from  mount  Cnemis,  about 
v.-hich  tiiey  dwelt  ;  the  Maliac  gulf  being  on  tiie  E.,  mount 
Oeta  on  the  N.,  the  Phocide  on  the  W.,  and  the  Locri 
opuntiani  on  the  S.,  whofe  territory  was  of  fmall  extc::t. 
"TChe  epizephyrn  were  lituatcd  near  the  promontory  of  Zephy- 
tiamj  .find  were  dillributed  into  two  clafl'es,  diftingiiiflted  by 


their  name  and  their  frtuation.  One  divifion  embarked  on  the 
gulf  of  Corinth,  and  the  other  on  the  jligean  fea.  It  is 
therefore  poffible  that  a  colony  of  one  of  thefe  branches  might 
eftablifli  themfelves  in  this  part  of  Italy.  Their  town, 
"  Locri  Epizephyrii,"  was  fituatod  on  a  iiiU  near  tlie  above- 
mentioned  promontory.  Some  fay,  that  it  was  founded  at 
the  fame  time  with  Cyiicus,  under  the  reign  of  Tullua 
Kortilius,  but  Strabo  dates  its  origin  a  lif.'le  after  Crotona 
and  Syracufe,  about  the  year  757  before  our  era.  It  was 
very  flouriihing,  when  Dionyfius  the  younger,  having  been 
driven  from  Syracufe,  praftifed  there  all  lorts  of  violence. 
But  the  I.iOcrian5,  having  recovered  their  liberty,  expelled 
the  garrifon  and  took  ample  vengeaiee  of  the  tyrant. 
Epherus,  fayi.  Strabo,  reports,  that  Zalcucus  formed  the 
laws  of  the  Locrians  from  tliofe  of  Crete,  Sparta,  anJ 
Athens,  one  of  which  ellabhihed  a  confor.mity  of  punifh- 
raent  to  crimes,  whereas  before  they  were  arbitrary  and  de- 
pended upon  the  will  of  tlie  judge.  The  Locrians  had 
built  upon  the  coaft  a  temple  of  Proferpinc,  which  was 
piUaged  by  Pyrrhus  when  he  carried  his  arms  into  Italy. 
The  town  was  not  better  treated  by  the  Roman  garrifon, 
under  the  urdcrs  of  Fiaminius.  In  the  year  539  of  Rome 
the  Locrians,  having  devoted  themft-lvcs  to  the  Brutians 
and  Carthaginians,  by  this  conduft  iiicenfed  the  Roman  re- 
public ;  10  that  they  lent  troops  againil  them  and  took  their 
city  in  the  year  5'49.  A  lit  tie  after,  however,  vhey  recovered 
their  hberty.  The  fequel  of  the  hidory  of  the  Locrians  is 
not  known  ;  but  an  inllance  of  tlieir  valour  has  been  recorded 
which  deferves  to  be  mentioned.  In  a  war  between  them 
and  the  CrotGiiiates,  10,000  Locriiuis,  with  a  few  additional 
troop?,  defeated  1  30,000  of  the  enemy  near  the  river  Sagra  ; 
an  event  fo  marvellous,  that  it  became  proverbial  in  giving  at- 
teftation  to  a  tact  thought  incredible.  AKsCija  tiv  sti  i^a-, »»  ; 
i.  e.  it  is  more  true  than  the  battle  of  Sagra. 

LocKi,  or  Locres,  Motta  di  Buzzano,  a.  town  of  Italy, 
in  Brutium.  It  was  founded,  as  we  have  already  mentioned 
in  the  preceding  article,  by  a  colony  of  Greeks  called  Lo- 
crians. 

LOCRIAN,  m  Ancient  Mufc,  the  feventh  fpccies  of  the 
diapafon.      It  was  alfo  called  hyprnloriany  and  common. 

LOCULAMENTUM,  in  Botany,  denotes  a  cell  or  par- 
tition, in  a  feed-pod,  for  the  feed  ot  a  plant. 

In  fome  plants  we  only  find  one  loculamentum  in  a  pod  ; 
in  fome  otliers  two,  three,  or  more. 

LOCUS,  Place,  in  the  general  fenfe.     See  Place. 

Loci;.s,  among  Ancient  Muftcians,  was  ufed  to  (ignify 
the  interval  b-'tween  one  degree  of  acutenels  or  gravity  of 
found  and  another.  The  Greeks  uied  the  word  tcto,-  in  the 
f?.me  fenfe,  for  the  fpace  through  which  the  voice  moved. 
See  Motion. 

This  motion  the  Greeks  diflinguidied  into  two  kinds  ;  one 
continued,  Tj-nx't:,  the  other  disjunct,  Siy.ryiiJ.u.tix.-n.  Iiiftances 
of  the  firlt  kind  are  in  fpeaking  ;  of  the  iecond,  in  linging  ; 
and  this  they  called  melodic  ii.otion,  or  what  was  adapted 
to  finging.  Ptolemy  in  hkc  manner  divides  founds  of  un- 
equal pitch,  4.o?!y,-  Bvio-o'lovi.-,  into  continued  and  diferete,  and 
fays  the  firll  kind  are  improper,  and  the  fecond  proper,  for 
harmony. 

Ariftides  Quintilianus  intcrpofes  a  third  kind  of  motion 
between  the  two  here  mentioned,  fuch  as  that  of  a  perlbn  re- 
citing a  poem. 

Locus,  in  Rhetoric,  atopic,  or  head,  vvherce  arguments 
are  brought  to  prove  the  quellion  \a  hand.  Some  of  thefe 
are  cal.'ed/o^;  communes,  or  tonimon  topics,  as  being  comuion 
to  all  forts  of  argument  ;  tlius,  whether  a  tiling  be  poffible 
or  impoilible,  more  or  lefs  th-in  fomelhing  eife,   &c. 

Befides  thefe,  three  others  are  mentioned  by  rhetoricians, 

jii/lum, 


LOCUS. 


juflitm,  utile,  and  honejlum  ;  to  which  fome  add  jucundum  ; 
but  VolTius  will  have  this  lall  to  be  comprehended  under  utile. 
See  Topic. 

Locus  gtome'.r'icus  denotes  a  line,  by  which  a  local  or  in- 
determinate problem  is  folved.      See  LoCAI.  Problem. 

If  a  peint  vary  its  pofitioii,  according  to  fome  determinate 
law,  it  will  defcribe  a  line,  which  is  called  its  locus  :  or 
a  locus  is  a  line,  any  point  of  which  may  equally  folve 
an  indeterminate  problem. 

This,  if  a  right  line  fuffice  for  the  conftruftion  of  the 
equation,  is  called  locus  ad  return  ;  if  a  circle,  Iccus  ad 
clrculum ;  if  a  parabola,  locus  ad  parabolam ;  if  an  ellip- 
fis,  locus  ad  elitpjim ;  and  fo  of  the  reft  of  the  con-.c  fec- 
tions. 

The  loci  of  fuch  equations  as  are  right  lines,  or  circles, 
the  ancients  cAhdfilam  loci ;  and  of  thofe  that  are  parabolas, 
hyperbolas,  &c.  yo/;Wloci. 

Apollonius  of  Perga  wrote  two  books  on  plane  loci,  in 
which  the  objedl  was,  to  find  the  conditions  under  which  a 
point,  varying  in  its  pofition,  is  yet  limited  to  have  a  right 
line,  or  a  circle  given  in  pofition.  Thefe  books  are  loft, 
but  attempts  have  been  made  at  reftorations  by  Schooten, 
Fermat,  and  R.  Simfon  ;  the  treatife  "  De  Locis  Planis," 
of  the  latter  geometer,  publifhed  at  Glafgow,  1 749,  is  a 
very  excellent  performance,  in  all  refpefts  worthy  of  its 
celebrated  author.  Befides  the  above-mentioned  writers,  the 
doftrine  of  loci  has  been  treated  of  by  various  other  ma- 
thematicians, as  Craig,  Maclaurin,  Des  Cartes,  De  I'Ho- 
pital,  &c.  the  latter  of  whom  has  two  chapters  on  this 
fubjeft  in  his  Conic  Sedlions.  Lefiie  in  his  Geometry  his 
alfo  a  chapter  on  plane  loci,  which  contains  feveral  of  the 
moft  fin-.ple  and  interefting  propofitions  of  this  kind. 

Before  we  proceed  to  inveftigate  the  loci  of  the  higher 
orders,  it  will  be  proper  to  ftate  a  few  of  the  principal  pro- 
perties and  ufes  of  plane  or  geometrical  loci ;  in  doing 
which,  however,  we  muft  necefTarily  confine  ourfelves  to 
thofe  only  of  the  moft  general  defcription,  as  the  limits  of 
this  article  will  not  admit  of  a  minute  and  particular  invef- 
tigation. 

Prop.  I. 

If  a  ftraight  line,  drawn  through  a  given  point  to  a 
ftraight  line  given  in  pofition,  be  divided  in  a  given  ratio, 
the  locus  of  the  point  of  feftion  is  a  right  line  given  in 
pofition.      Plate 'X.ll.  Anahjis,  jig.  I. 

Let  the  point  A,  and  the  ftraight  line  B  D,  be  given  in 
pofition,  and  let  A  B,  limited  by  thefe,  be  cut  in  a  given 
ratio  at  C  ;  this  point  will  be  in  a  ftraight  line  given  in  po- 
fition. _, 

Anal-jfis. — From  A,  let  fall  the  perpendicular  A  D  upon 
B  U  ;  and  tln'ough  C  draw  C  E  parallel  to  B  D  ;  then 
AC:AB::AE:AD,  and,  confequently,  the  ratio  of 
A  E  to  A  D  is  given  ;  but  A  D  is  given  both  in  pofition 
and  magnitude,  and  hence  A  E  and  the  point  E  are  alfo 
given,  and  therefore  C  E,  which  is  perpendicular  to  A  D, 
IS  given  in  pofition. 

Comp-:fUton. — Let  fall  the  perpendicular  AD,  which  di- 
vides E  in  the  given  ratio,  and  eredt  the  perpendicular  C  E, 
fo  (hall  this  ftraight  line  be  the  locus  required.  For  C  E 
being  parallel  to  B  D,  A  C  :  A  B  :  :  A  E  :  A  D  ;  that  is, 
in  the  given  ratio. 

Prop.  II. 

If  a  ftraight  line,  drawn  through  a  given  point  to  the 
circumference  of  a  given  circle,  be  divided  in  a  given  ratio, 
the  locus  of  the  point  cf  feftion  will  aifo  be  the  circum- 
ference of  a  given  circle.     Fig.  2. 


Let  A  B,  terminating  in  a  ginpn  circumference,  be  cut  in 
a  given  ratio,  the  fegment  A  C  willlikewife  terminate  in  a 
given  circumference. 

Analyfs. — Join  A  with  D,  the  centre  of  the  given  circle  ; 
and  draw  C  E  parallel  to  B  D  ;  then  it  is  evident  that 
AC:AB::AE:AD;  whence  the  ratio  of  A  E  to 
A  D  being  sfiven,  A  E  and  the  point  E  are  given.  Again, 
fince  A  C  :  "A  B  :  :  C  E  :  B  D,  the  ratio  of  C  E  to  B  D 
is  given,  and  c.:nfequently  C  E  is  given  in  magnitude. 
Wherefore  the  one  extremity  E  being  given,  the  other  ex- 
tremity of  C  E  muft  trace  the  circumference  of  a  given 
circle. 

Compg/ilion. — Join  A  D,  and  divide  it  at  E  in  the  given 
ratio,  and  in  the  fame  ratio  make  D  B  to  the  radius  E  C, 
with  which  and  from  the  centre  E  defcribe  a  circle. 

For  draw  A  B  cutting  both  circumferences,  and  join  C  E 
and  B  D.  Becaufe  C  E  :  B  D  :  :  A  E  :  A  D,  alternately 
C  E  :  A  E  :  :  B  D  :  A  D  ;  wherefore  the  triangles  C  A  E 
and  BAD,  having  likewife  a  common  angle,  are  fim.ilar  ;  and 
confequently,  A  C  :  C  B  :  :  A  E  :  A  D,  that  is,  in  the  given 
ratio. 

Prop.  III. 

If  through  a   given   point  two  ftraight  lines  be  drawn  in 
a  given  ratio,  and  containing  a  given  angle  ;  ftioulJ  the  one 
terminate  in  a  given  circumference,  the  other  v.'ill  alfo  tcr- ■ 
miuate  in  a  given  circumference.     Fig.  3. 

Let  the  angle  CAB,  its  vertex  A,  and  the  ratio  of  its 
fides  be  given  ;  if  A  B  be  limited  by  a  given  circle,  the 
locus  of  C  will  alfo  be  a  given  circle. 

Analyfis. — Join  A  with  D,  the  centre  of  the  given  circle  ; 
draw  A  E  at  the  given  angle  with  A  D,  and  in  the  given 
ratio  ;  and  join  D  B  and  E  C.  Becaufe  the  point  A  and  ■ 
the  centre  D  are  given,  the  ftraight  line  A  D  is  given  ;  and 
fince  the  angle  DAE,  being  equal  to  B  A  C,  is  given  ; 
A  E  is  given  in  pofition.  But  A  D  being  to  A  E  in  the 
given  ratio,  A  E  muft  be  given  alfo  in  magnitude,  and  con- 
fequently the  point  E  is  given.  Again,  the  whole  angle 
B  A  C  being  equal  to  D  A  E,  the  part  B  A  D  is  equal  to 
C  A  E,  and  becaufe  A  B  :  A  C  :  :  A  D  :  A  E,  alternately 
AB:AD::AC:AE;  wherefore  the  triangles  A  D  B 
and  A  E  C  are  fimilar,  and  hence  A  B  :  B  D  :  :  A  C  : 
C  E,  or  alternately,  AB:AC::BD:CE;  confe- 
quently  the  fourth  term  C  E  is  given  in  magnitude  ;  and 
its  extremity  E  being  given,  the  other  muft  lie  in  a  given 
circumference. 

Cnmpofuion. — Having  drawn  A  E  at  the  given  angle  with 
A  D,  make  A  D  to  A  E  in  the  given  ratio  ;  and  in  the 
fame  ratio  let  D  B  be  made  to  E  C  ;  a  circle  defcribed  from 
the  centre  E  with  the  diftance  E  C  is  the  locus  required. 

For  A  D  :  A  E  :  :  D  B  :  E  C,  and  alternately,  AD: 
D  B  :  :  A  E  :  E  C.  But  the  angle  B  A  D  is  equal  to 
C  A  E  ;  becaufe  the  whole  B  A  C  is  equal  to  DAE; 
confequently  the  triangles  A  B  D  and  ACE  are  fimilar  ; 
and  A  B  :  A  D  :  :  A  C  :  A  E,  or  alttniately,  A  B  •, 
A  C  :  :  A  D  :  A  E  ;  that  is,  in  the  given  ratio. 

Prop.  IV. 

The  midd'e  point  of  a  given  ftraight  line,  which  is  placed 
between  the  fides  of  a  right  angle,  lies  in  the  circumference 
of  a  given  circle.     Fig.  4. 

Let  A  D  be  placed  in  the  right  angle  E  D  F,  touching 
E  D  and  D  B,  the  locus  of  its  bifedion  C  is  a  given  circle. 

Analyjis Join  D  C  ;  then  becaufe  the  bafe  of  the  tri- 
angle A  D  B  is  bifeited  in  C,  a  circle  defcribed  from  C  as  a 
centre,  and  with  the  radius  A  C,  or  C  B,  will  pafs  through 
the  point  D  J  for  the  angle  A  D  B  being  a  right  angle,  it 
6  Heceflarily 


LOCUS. 


recefTarily  falls  in'the  circumference  of  ihe  femicircle  AD  E  ; 
confequeiitly  A  C,  C  B  and  C  U,  are  all  equal  to  each  other. 
But  A  C,  being  half  of  A  B,  is  given,  therefore  D  C  is  alfo 
given,  whence  the  locus  of  the  point  of  bifeftion  C  is  a 
circle  dcfcribed  from  D  with  the  radius  D  C. 

Comp'i/ilian  — ^From  D,  witli  a  dillance  equal  to  half  the 
given  line,  dcfcribe  a  circle  ;  this  is  the  locus  required. 

For  draw  the  radius  D  C,  make  AC  =  DC,  and  produce 
A  C  to  B.  Becaufe  A  C  =  D  C,  the  anple  A  D  C  = 
D  A  C  ;  but  the  angles  D  A  C  and  D  B  C  are  together 
equal  to  a  right  angle,  and  therefere  equal  to  A  D  C  and 
B  D  C  ;  whence  the  angle  D  B  6  is  equal  to  the  angle 
B  D  C,  and,  confequently,  the  fide  D  C  is  equal  to  B  C. 
The  fegments  A  C,  B  C  are  thus  each  of  them  equal-  to 
i)  C,  and  hence  A  B  is  itfelf  double  D  C,  or  is  equal  to 
tlie  given  ftraight  line. 

Pkoi'.  V. 

If  from  two  given  points  there  he  inflefted  two  ftraiglit 
lines  in  a  given  unequal  ratio,  the  lo;u8  of  their  point  of 
concourfe  is  a  given  circle. 

Let  A  C  and  B  C,  drawn  from  the  points  A,  and  B, 
have  a  given  ratio,  but  not  that  of  equality  ;  then  will  C, 
the  point  of  concourfe,  lie  in  the  circumference  of  a  given 
circle.      Fi^.  5. 

yliiiilyjis. — Draw  C  D,  making  the  angle  BCD  equal  to 
B  A  C  ;  and  meeting  A  B  produced  in  D.  The  triangles 
J)  A  C  and  D  C  B,  having  the  angle  at  D  common,  and 
the  angles  at  A  and  C  equal,  are  evidently  fimilar  ;  and 
hence  A  D  :  A  C  :  :  C  D  :  C  B,  and  alternately,  A  D  : 
C  D  :  :  A  C  :  C  B,  that  is,  in  the  given  ratio  ;  but  A  D  : 
C  D  :  :  C  D  :  B  D,  and  confequently,  A  D  is  to  B  D  in 
the  duplicate  of  the  given  ratio  A  D  to  CD,  and  which  is 
therefore  likewife  given.  Confequently  B  D,  and  the  point 
D,  are  given  ;  and  B  D  being  thence  given,  its  extremity 
C  muft  lie  in  the  circumference  of  a  circle  defcribed  with 
that  radius. 

Compqft'ion. — Divide  A  B  in  the  given  ratio  in  E,  and  in 
the  fame  ratio  make  ED  to  B  D  ;  the  circle  defcribed 
from  the  centre  D,  and  with  the  radius  D  E,  is  the  locus 
required. 

For  fince  A  E  :  E  B  :  :  E  D  ;  B  D,  it  follows  that 
A  D  :  E  D  :  :  C  D  :  E  D,  or  as  C  D  :  B  D  ;  hence  the 
triangles  D  A  C  and  D  C  B,  thus  having  their  fides,  which 
contain  their  common  angle  D,  proportional,  are  fimilar  ; 
and  tiierefore  A  C  :  A  D  :  :  B  C  :  C  D,  or  alternately, 
A  C  :  B  C  :  :  AD  :  CD  or  D  E,  that  is,  in  the  given 
ratio. 

Prop.  VI. 

If  two  (Iraight  lines,  containing  a  given  rectangle,  be 
drawn  from  a  given  point  at  a  given  angle  :•  (hould  the  one 
terminate  in  a  itraight  line  given  in  pofition,  the  other  will 
terminate  in  the  circumference  of  a  given  circle.     Fig.  6. 

Let  the  point  A,  the  angle  B  A  C,  and  the  rcdlangle 
under  its  fides  B  A,  A  C,  be  given  ;  if  the  direction  B  D 
"be  given,  then  will  the  locus  of  C  be  a  given  circle. 

yinalyjis. — From  A  let  fall  the  perpendicular  A  D  upon 
B  D  ;  draw  A  E,  to  contain  with  A  D  an  angle  equal  to 
the  given  angle,  and  a  reftangle  equal  to  the  given  fpace, 
and  join  C  E. 

Since  A  D  is  evidently  given  in  pofition  and  magnittide, 
A  E  is  likeuife  given  in  pofition  and  magnitude  ;  and  the 
rectangle  A  D  x  A  E  being  equal  to  A  B  x  A  C,  there- 
fore  A  D  :  A  B  ::  A  C  :  A  E  ;  but  the  angle  D  A  E  is 
equal  to  BAC,  and  hence  D  A  B  is  equal  to  E  A  C. 
Wlierefore  the  triangles  A  B  D,  A  E  C,  having  each  an 


equal  angle,  and  the  fides  containing  it  proportional,  are 
fimilar  ;  and  confequently  the  angle  A  C  E  is  equal  to  the 
right  angle  A  D  B.  Whence  the  locus  C  is  a  circle,  having 
A  E  for  its  diameter. 

Compojition. — Having  let  fall  the  perpendicular.  A  D, 
draw  A  E,  making  the  angle  DAE  equal  to  the  given 
r.ngle,  and  the  reftan^les  D  A,  A  E,  equal  to  the  given 
fpace.  On  A  E  as  a  diameter  defcribe  a  circle  ;  this  is  the 
locus  required.  For  join  C  E,  and  the  triangles  DAE, 
E  A  C,  being  right-angled  at  D  and  C,  and  haviijg  the 
vertical  angles  at  A  equal,  are  evidently  fimilar  ;  and  confe- 
quently AD  :  AB  ::  AC:  AE;  and  hence  the  rec- 
tangle xAB  X  AC=::ADxAE,  that  is,  it  is  equal  to 
the  given  fp3ce. 

The  foregoing  propofition  we  have  drawn  with  little  va- 
riation from  the  chapter  on  loci  given  by  proit-fiiir  Lefiie 
in  his  Gi-ometry,  and  feveral  of  the  following  propofitions 
are  hkewife  derived  from  the  fame  fource. 

7.  If  a  ilraight  line  drawn  from  a  given  point  to  a  (Iraight 
line  given  in  pofition,  contain  a  given  redtangle,  the  locus 
of  Its  point  of  feiHion  will  be  a  given  circle. 

8.  If  two  Itraight  lines  in  a  given  ratio,  and  containing  a 
given  angle,  terminate  in  two  diverging  lines,  wliich  are 
given  in  pofition,  the  locus  of  their  vertex  will  likewife  be 
a  right  line  given  in  pofition. 

9.  If  from  two  points  there  be  drawn  two  {Iraight  lines, 
of  whofe  fquares  the  difference  is  given,  the  locus  of  their 
point  of  concourfe  will  be  a  right  line  given  in  pofition  : 
or,  which  is  the  fame,  if  the  bafe  of  a  triangle,  and  the 
difference  of  the  fquares  of  the  two  fides  be  given,  the 
vertex  of  the  triangle  will  fall  in  a  right  line  given  in 
pofition. 

10.  "If  the  bafe  and  vertical  an^le  of  a  triangle  be  given, 
the  locus  of  its  vertex  will  be  the  circumference  of  a  given 
circle. 

11.  If  the  difference  of  the  fides,  and  the  radius  of  the 
infcribed  circle  of  a  triangle  be  given,  the  locus  of  its  ver- 
tex is  a  right  line  given  in  pofition. 

12.  If  two  given  unequal  perpendiculars  be  drawn  to  a 
right  line  given  in  pofition,  and  their  oppofite  extremities 
be  joined,  the  locus  of  the  point  of  interfettion  will  be  a 
right  hnc  given  in  polition. 

13.  If  in  any  triangle  the  bafe  be  given,  and  tiie  fnm  of 
the  fquares  of  the  other  two  fides,  the  locus  of  the  vertex  is 
a  given  circumference. 

14.  If  from  given  points  there  be  drawn  (Iraight  lines, 
whole  fquares  are  together  equal  to  a  given  fpace,  their 
point  of  concourfe  will  terminate  in  the  circumlcrence  of  a 
given  circle. 

i^.  If  right  lines  be  drawn  from  a  given  point  to  cut  a 
given  circle,  and  from  the  points  of  intcrfeflion  there  be 
taken,  upon  thefe  lines,  on  either  fide,  lines  in  a  conftant 
given  ratio  to  tlie  diftance  between  the  refpeftive  points  of 
interfeftion  and  the  given  point  ;  the  locus  of  the  points,  fo 
determined,  will  be  a  circle. 

16.  If  two  circles  cut  each  other,  and  through  cither 
point  of  interfeflion  a  right  line  be  drawn,  cutting  both 
the  circles,  then,  if  a  right  line  be  always  taken  thereon 
from  one  of  thofe  points  in  a  given  ratio  to  the  part  inter- 
cepted  between  the  circles,  the  locus  of  the  points  fo  deter- 
mined will  be  a  circle. 

17.  If  the  circles  cut  each  other  as  above,  and  a  right 
line  be  drawn  through  either  interfeclion,  cutting  both  the 
circles,  then  if  a  right  line  be  always  taken  thereon  from 
one  of  thofe  points  in  a  given  ratio  to  the  part  between  the 
other  point  and  interfe£tion,  the  locus  of  the  point  fo  deter- 
mined will  be  a  circle. 

18.  If 


LOCUS. 


18.  If  triangles  be  infcribed  in  a  given  fegment  of  a 
circle,  and  from  the  vertex  on  either  fide  (produced  if  ne- 
celTary)  there  be  taken,  either  way,  a  right  line  always  in 
a  conflant  ratio  to  either  of  the  fides,  or  to  their  fum,  or 
difference,  the  loci  of  the  points  fo  defcribed  will  be 
circles. 

The  above  contain  many  of  the  moft  fimple  cafes  of 
geometrical  loci ;  and  we  will  now  (hew  the  application  of 
them  to  the  conilru£lion  of  certain  geometrical  problems. 

Of  the  Conflruaion  of  geometrltal  Prablimt. 

Pkob.   I. 

Having  given  the  bafe,  perpendicular,  and  vertical  angle 
of  a  plane  triangle  ;  it  is  required  to  conftruft  it.    Fig.  7. 

Analjfu — Suppofe  the  thinj;  done,  and  let  ABC  repre- 
fent  the  propofed  triangle,  of  which  the  bafe  A  B,  tlie  per- 
pendicular C  D,  and  vertical  angle  A  C  B,  are  given  ; 
then  it  is  obvious,  in  the  iirft  place,  that  the  locus  of  the 
vertex  will  be  the  right  line  C  F,  drawn  parallel  to  A  B, 
at  the  given  perpendicular  diftance.  Alfo,  fince  the  angle 
A  C  B  is  given,  the  locus  of  the  vertex  will  be  in  the  circum- 
ference of  the  circle  A  C  B,  defcribed  upon  A  B,  capable 
of  containing  the  given  angle  A  C  B  ;  and  confequentiy,  at 
either  point  where  the  line  and  circle  interfedl  each  other, 
■will  be  the  vertex  of  the  triangle  required. 

ConflruB'wn. — On  the  given  bafe  A  B  defcribe  a  circle 
that  (hall  contain  the  given  vertical  angle.  And  parallel  to 
A  B,  and  at  a  didance  equal  to  the  given  perpendicular, 
draw  the  nght  line  F  C  E  ;  join  A  C,  C  B,  fo  is  A  C  B 
the  triangle  required.  For,  the  point  C  being  in  the  feg- 
ment A  C  B,  the  angle  A  C  B  is  equal  to  the  given  ver- 
tical angle  ;  and  being  alfo  in  the  line  F  C  E,  the  perpen- 
dicular C  D  is  equal  to  the  given  perpendicular,  and  the 
bafe  A  B  is  equal  to  the  given  bafe. 

If  the  right  line  cut  the  circle  in  one  point,  it  will  alfo 
cut  it  in  two  points,  and  therefore  in  this  cafe  there  are  two 
triangles  which  anfwer  the  conditions  ef  the  problem  ;  but 
if  it  touches  the  circle  only,  then  there  is  but  one  fuch 
triangle  ;  and  if  the  line  F  C  E  falls  above  the  circle,  then 
the  problem  is  impoffible. 

Prob.  II. 

Having  given  the  perimeter  of  a  right-angled  triangle* 
and  the  perpendicular  let  fall  from  the  right  angle  to  the 
oppofile  fide,  to  conftruA  it.     Fig.  8. 

Anahfis. — Suppofe  the  thing  done,  and  let  A  C  B  be  the 
propofed  triangle  ;  produce  the  line  .'^  B  both  ways  to  D 
and  E,  making  A  D  =  A  C,  and  C  B  =  B  E  ;  then  will 
D  E  reprefent  the  perimeter  which  is  given  by  the  quef- 
tion  ;  join  D  E  and  C  E.  Then  becaufe  D  A  =  A  C, 
the  angle  A  D  C  =  D  C  A  ;  but  the  angle  C  A  B  is  equal 
to  the  two  angles  ADC  and  D  C  A,  or  it  is  equal  to 
double  the  angle  DC  A:  in  the  fame  manner  it  may  b<^  (hewn 
that  the  angle  A  B  C  is  equal  to  double  the  angle  B  C  E  ; 
but  the  angles  C  A  B  and  ABC  are  together  equal  to 
a  right  angle,  and  confequentiy,  fince  thefe  are  double  of 
the  angles  D  C  A  and  B  C  E,  it  follows,  that  the  fum  of 
the  latter  two  angles  is  given,  being  equal  to  half  a  right 
angle  ;  and  therefore  alfo  the  whole  angle  D  C  E  is  given, 
being  equal  to  a  right  angle  and  half  a  right  angle  ;  there- 
fore the  locus  of  the  point  C  is  in  the  circumference  of  a 
given  circle.  And  fince  the  perpendicu'ar  C  G  is  alfo 
given,  the  locus  of  the  point  C  is  the  right  line  C  F,  pa- 
rallel to  the  bafe  A  B,  whence  the  point  C  is  determined, 
being  found  in  the  interfeAien  of  the  right  line  C  F  and 
the  given  fegment  D  C  E. 

Vol.  XXI. 


ConJlruSioH.-— On  the  right  line  D  E,  equal  to  the  given 
perimeter,  defcribe  a  fegment  capable  of  containing  an  angle 
equal  to  a  right  angle  and  iialf  a  right  angle  ;  and  parallel 
to  D  E,  and  at  the  given  perpendicular  dillance,  draw  the 
right  line  F  C  cutting  the  fegment  in  C  and  C  :  join  D  C, 
C  E ;  and  from  C  draw  alfo  C  A,  A  B,  making  the 
angles  DC  A  and  BC  E  refpedtively  eqial  to  the  angles 
C  D  A  and  C  E  B,  fo  (hall  A  C  B  be  the  triangle  re- 
quired. 

For  fince  the  angle  D  CA  is  equal  to  the  angle  D  A  C, 
the  fide  D  A  is  equal  to  A  C,  and  for  the  (air.e  re^foa 
the  fide  C  B  is  equal  to  B  E,  and  therefore  the  three 
fides  of  the  triangle  ABC  are  equal  to  the  whole  D  E, 
or  to  the  given  perimeter  ;  alfo,  fince  the  angle  D  C  E  is 
equal  to  a  right  angle  and  half  a  right  angle,  the  angles 
C  D  A  and  C  E  B  are  together  equal  to  half  a  right  angle ; 
but  the  angle  C  A  B  is  double  the  angle  C  D  A,  and  the 
angle  C  B  A  is  double  the  angle  C  E  B,  and  confequentiy 
thefe  two  together  are  equal  to  a  right  angle  ;  therefore 
the  third  angle  of  the  triangle  A  C  B  is  a  right  angle. 
Hence,  fince  the  pei-pendicular  C  G  is  equal  to  the  given 
perpendicular,  by  conilruftion,  and  the  fum  of  the  thre« 
fides  A  B,  AC,  B  C,  equal  to  the  given  perimeter,  and 
the  angle  AC  B  equal  to  the  given  angle,  it  follow*  that 
the  triangle  A  B  C  is  that  which  was  to  be  conilrufted. 

This  conftruftion  ferves  equally  for  any  other  triangle, 
provided  the  vertical  angle  be  given  :  and  the  limits  of 
poffibility  are  the  fame  as  in  the  preceding  problem. 

We  will  add  one  other  example  from  Dr.  Pembertoii's 
paper  on  this  fubjeiS,  printed  in  vol.  liii.  of  the  Philofophical 
Tranfaftions,  and  will  then  proceed  to  the  conlideration  of 
loci  of  the  higher  orders. 

Prob.  III. 

Let  it  be  propofed  to  draw  a  triangle  given  in  fpecies,  fo 
that  two  of  its  angles  may  touch  a  right  line  given  in  po- 
fition,  and  the  third  angle  a  given  point. 

This  problem,  which  would  be  extremely  difficult  to  folTC 
algebraically,  admits  of  more  than  one  very  concife  geo- 
metrical folution  ;  and  as  they  will  occupy  but  little  fpace, 
it  is  prefumed  they  will  not  be  unacceptable  to  the  reader 
of  this  article. 

In  the  firll  place,  fuppofe  a  circle  (fg.  g.)  to  paf» 
through  the  three  points  A,  E,  D,  which  Ihall  interfeft  A  C 
in  G.  Then  E  G,  D  G,  being  joined,  the  angle  D  EG 
will  be  equal  to  the  given  angle  D  A  C,  both  infilling  on 
the  fame  arc  D  G  :  alfo  the  angle  E  D  G  is  the  cornple- 
ment  to  the  two  right  ones  of  the  given  angle  B  A  C  : 
thefe  angles  therefore  are  given,  and  the  whole  figure  ' 
E  F  G  D  given  in  fpecies.  Confequentiy  the  angle  E  G  F, 
and  its  equal  A  D  E  will  be  given,  together  with  the  fide 
D  E  of  the  triangle  in  pofition. 

Again,  fuppofe  a  circle  (fg.  lO. )  to  pafs  through  the 
three  points  A,  E,  F,  cutting  A  D  in  H,  and  E  H, 
F  H  joined.  Here  the  angle  E  F  H  will  be  equal  to  the 
given  angle  E  A  H  ;  and  the  angle  F  E  H  equal  to  the 
given  angle  F  A  H.  Therefore  the  whole  figure  E  H  F"  D 
15  given  in  fpecies ;  and  confequentiy  the  angle  A  D  E  at 
before. 

Laftly,  fuppofe  a  circle  (fg.  11.)  to  circumfcribe  the 
triangle,  and  interfeft  one  of  the  lines,  as  A  C  in  I.  Then 
D  I  being  drawn,  the  angle  D  I  F  will  be  equal  to  the  given 
angle  D  E  F  in  the  triangle;  confequentiy  D  I  is  inclined 
to  A  C  in  a  given  angle,  and  is  given  in  pofition,  as  alfo 
the  point  I  given  ;  whence  I  E  being  drawn,  the  angle 
FIE  will  be  the  complement  of  the  angle  E  D  F  in  the 
triangle  to  two  right  *bc9.     Therefore  I  E  is  given  in  po- 

I  i  Ution, 


LOCUS. 


fuion,  and  by  its  intorfcflion  with  the  line  A  B,  gives  the 
point  E,  with  the  pofition  of  D  E,  and  thence  the  whole 
triangle  as  before.  Here  it  may  be  obferved,  that  the 
anjjle  D  of  the  triangle  E  D  F,  given  in  fpecies  touching 
a  given  point  D,  and  another  of  its  angles  touching  A  C, 
the  line  A  E  here  found  is  the  locus  of  the  third  angle  E. 

Of  the  h'l^hir  Order  of  Lcc't. 

Loci  are  very  co:nmodi<)u(ly  divided  into  orders,  accord- 
ing to  the  dimeiifions  to  which  the  variable  quantity  rife<> 
in  the  formula  which  exprelTcs  the  equation  of  the  curve. 

Thus  it  will  be  a  locus  of  the  f.rfl  order,  if  the  equation 
he  X  ^  a  y  ;  a  locus  of  thefuond  or  quadrate  order,  it  ^'  = 
ax,  ot y  =^  a  —  x'.  Sec.  ;  a  locus  of  the  third  or  cubic 
order,  it  jr'  =  a  x,  or y   =^  a  x'  —  x  ,  &c. 

The  better  to  conceive  the  nature  pf  the  locus,  fuppofe 
two  unknown  and  variable  right  lines  A  P,  P  M  {f^s.  1 2  and 
1  ^ .)  makin^j  any  given  angle  A  P  M  witli  cacii  otiier  ;  the  one 
whereof,  as  A  P,  we  call  x,  having  a  fixed  origin  in  the  point 
A,  and  extending  itfelf  indefinitely  along  a  right  line  given  in 
pofition;  the  other  P  M,  which  we  call  j,  continually 
changing  its  pofnion,  but  always  parallel  to  jtfi-lf;  and 
moreover  an  equation  only  containing  thele  two  unknown 
quantities  x  and  \,  mixed  with  known  ones,  which  exprefTes 
the  relation  of  every  variable  quantity  A  P  (x)  to  its  cor- 
refpondent  variable  quantity  P  M  (y)  :  the  line  pafiing 
through  the  extremities  of  all  the  \-alues  of  y,  i.  e.  through 
all  the  points  M,  is  called  a  geometrical  locus,  in  general, 
and  the  locus  of  that  equation  in  particular. 

All  equations  whofe  loci  are  of  the  fijl  order,  may  be 
reduced  to  fume  one  of  the  four  following  formulas : 


I  .  y  = 


.y  :^  —-r   e 


3  -y  = ( 

a 


4  ■  y 


■ ',  where  the  unknown  quantity  j  is  fuppofod  always  to 

a 

be  freed  from  fniftions,  and  tlie  fracl-ion  that  multiplies  the 
other  unknown  quantity  x  to  be  reduced  to  this  expreffion 

—  ,  and  all  the  known  terms  to  this  c. 

a 

The  locus  of  the  firft  formula  being  already  determined- ; 
fince  it  is  evident,  that  it  is  a  right  line  whichcuts  the  axis  in 
A,  and  wh'ch  makes  with  it  an  angle,  fuch  that  the  two  un- 
known quantities  x,y,  may  be  always  to  one  another  in  the 
proportion  of  a   to  b  ;  to   find    that   of  tlie  fecond,  y  = 

—  -\-  c.    In  the  line  A  P  (jfj.  f4.)  take  A  B  =  <?,  and 
a 

draw  B  E  =  i,  A  D  =  #,  parallel  to  P  M.  On  the  fame 
fide  A  P,  draw  the  hue  A  E  of  an  indefinite  length  towards 
E,  and  the  indefinite  flraight  line  D  M  para'lel  to  A  E.  1 
fay  the  line  D  M  is  the  locus  of  the  aforefaid  equation  or 
formula  t  for  if  the  line  M  P  be  drawn  from  any  point  M 
thereof  parallel  to  Q  A,  the  triangles  A  B  E,  A  P  F,  will 
be  fimilar;  and    therefore  A  B  (<:)  :  B  E  (^)  :  :  A  P    (.v) 

:  PF  =  —  ;  and  coinequently  P  M   Cy)  =.P  F  (— } 

+  F  M  (<i). 

b: 


fide  A  P,  and  the  other  on  the  other  fide  ;  and  through  the 
points  A,  E,  draw  the  right  line  A  E  of  an  indefinite  lenglls 
tovvards  E,  and  throngh  the  point  D  the  llnel')  M  parallel 
to  A  E  :  I  fay,  the  indefinite  right  line  (r  M  ftiull  be  the 
locus  fought  ;  for   we  fliall   have    always  PM  (_v)  =  P  F 


(7)-^ 


FM 


hx 


Laflly,  to  find  the  locus  of  the  fourth  formula,  ^  =  c  — 
;  ill  A  P   ifg.  16.)  take  A  B  =  a,  and  draw  B  E  =  ^, 


AT>  ~  e,  parallel  to  P  M,  the  one  on  one  fide  A  P,  and 
the  o'heron  the  other  fide  ;  and  through  the  points  A,  E, 
draw  the  line  A  E  indefinitely  tovvards  E,  and  through  the 
point  1)  draw  the  line  1)  M  parallel  to  A  E.  I  fay  D  G 
fiiall  be  tlie  locus  fought  ;  for  if  the  line  M  P  be  drawn  from 
any  point  M  thereof,  parallel  to  A  Q,  then  we  fliaU   have 

akays  P  M  {y)  =  F  M  {e)  -  V  Y  (-~)- 

Hence  it  appears,  that  all  the  loci  of  tha  firfl  degree  ara 
ftraigh:  lines  ;  which  may  be  cafily  found,  becaufe  all  their 
equations  may  be  reduced  to  foine  one  of  the  foregoinjj 
formulae. 

All  loci  of  the  fecond  degree  are  conic  feftions,  'Ciz. 
either  the  parabola,  the  circle,  ellipfis,  or  hyperbola  ;  if  art 
equation  therefore  be  given,  whofe  locus  is  of  the  fecond 
degree,  and  it  be  required  to  draw  the  conic  fe£\ion,  which 
is  its  locus,  firft  draw  a  parabola,  ellipfis,  and  hyper- 
bola; fo  that  the  equations  exprcffing  the  n.ittires  there- 
of may  be  as  compound  as  polTible  ;  in  order  to  get  gc» 
ncral equations,  or  formulx,  by  examining  the  peculiar  pro- 
perties whereof  we  may  know  which  of  tliefe  formula;  the 
given  equation  ought  to  have  regard  t-o  ;  that  is,  which  of 
the  conic  fedHons  will' be  the  locus  of  the  propofed  equation. 
This  known,  compare  all  the  terms  of  the  pr<>i)ofed  equation 
with  the  terms  of  the  genoral  formula  of  that  conic  leClion, 
which  YOU  have  found  wiltlx'  the  locus  of  the  given  equation  ; 
by  which  means  you  will  know  how  to  draw  the  fedion-, 
which  is  the  locus  of  the  aquation. given. 

For  example  :.  let  A  P  (.v),  P  M  (_)■)»  be  unknown,. and 
variable  (Iraight  lines  (f.g.  17. ),  and  let  m,  >i,  p,  r,  s,  lie 
given  right  hnes  :  in  the  line  A  P  take  A  B  =  ni,  and  draw 
BE—  N,  AD.  =  r,  parallel  to  PM;  and  through  the 
point  A  draw  A  E  —  f,  and  through  the  point  1)  the  inde- 
finite right  line  D  G  parallel  to  A  E.  Ih  D  G  take 
D  C  =  J,  and  with  C  G.  as  a  diameter,  having  its  ordinates 
parallel  to  P  M,  and  the  line  C  H  =  f>,  as  the  parameter, 
defcribe  a  parabola  C  M,  and  it  will  be  the  locus  of  the  fol- 
lowing general  formula  :. 


I 


xy   + 


Zry  + M  +  r    z=  o. 


X.  +  pj. 


For  irfrom  any  point  M  there  he  drawn  the  right  line  M  P, 
making  any  angle  A  P  M  with  A  P';  the  triangles  A  B  E, 
A  P  I,  fiiall  be  fimilar  ;  therefore   A  B  (m)  :  A  E  (f ;  :  : 


^    ,    ,    ,    ,           r    ,.     u-  J  r                   '^  ■■'■  ,    A  P  (.0  :  A  F,  or  D  G  =  —  ;    and  A  B  (;,<)  :   B  E  (n) 

To  find  the  lociK  of  the  third  form,  ;(  = <-,  proceed    ■"  ■     '    '  „,  ^  ^' 


thus.     AffumQ   A  B  =  a   (fg.  15.)   and   draw  the  right 
Unes  B  E  =  £»  A  D  =  <)  gariUlel  to  P  M,  tke  one  on  orx 


:  :  A  P  (.r)  :  P  F  =  — .     And  confequently,  G  M  or  P  M 

-PF 


LOCUS. 


-PF-FG  =  y-   •-:-r,andCGorDG-DC  = 
m 

■ s.     But   from   the  nature  of  the  parabola  G  M'  = 

m 

C  G  X  C  H  ;  which  equation  will  become  that  of  the 
general  formuln,  by  putting  the  literal  values  of  thofe 
lines. 

Again  :  if  through  the  fixed  point  A  you  draw  the  inde- 
finite ripht  line  A  Q  {Jg.  1 8.)  paralL-1  to  P  M,  and 
take  A  B  =  m,  and  draw  B  E  r^  n,  parallel  to  A  P,  and 
through  the  determinate  points  A  E,  the  line  AE  =f; 
and  if  in  A  P  you  take  A  D  =  r,  and  draw  the  indefinite 
ftraight  Jine  D  G  parallel  to  A  E,  and  take  D  C  =  ^  ;  this 
being  done,  if  with  the  diameter  C  G,  whofe  ordinates  are 
parallel  to  A  P,  and  parameter  the  line  C  H  =/i,  you  de- 
fcribe  a  parabola  C  M  ;  this  parabola  ihall  be  the  locus  of 
this  fecond  equation,  or  formula  : 


-  ~  J-  K  +  — ,-  y 
m  m 


,    2  n  r  , 

—  2  r  X  -{ y  +  r    =  O. 

m 

^-fy   +ps. 
m 

For  if  the  line  ?•!  Q  be  drawn  from  any  point  M,  there- 
in, parallel  to  A  P  ;  .then  will  A  B  (m)  :  A  E  (f)  :  :  A  Q 

or  P  M  fy)  :  A  F  or  D  G  =  -^ .     And  A  B   (m)  :  B  E 

00  :  :  A  Q  (^)  :  Q  F  ii::  -■^.    And  therefore  G  M  or  Q  M 

-QF-FG=.v-^-r;    and   C  G  or    D  G  - 
m 


D  C  = 


12 

m 


I.     And    fo  by  the  common    property    of 


the  parabola,  you  will  have  the  foregoing  fecond  equation, 
or  formula.  So  likewife  may  be  found  general  equations, 
Or  formula,"  to  the  other  conic  fections. 

Now  if  it  be  required  to  draw  the  parabola,  which  we 
find  to  be  the  locus  of  this  propofed  equation  y  —  lay 

—  b  X  -T  c'  ^^  o  \  compare  every  term  of  the  tirft  formu- 
la  with  the  terms  of  the   equation,  becaufe  y'  in  both  is 

"without  fractions  ;  and  then  will  —  =  o,  becaufe  the  reft- 

m 

iangle  x  y  not  being  in  the  propofed  equation,  the  faid  reft- 
angle  may  be  efteemed  as  multiplied  by  o  ;  whence  o  =  o, 
and  m  =  ?  ;  becaufe  the  line  A  E  falling  in  A  B,  that  is,  in 
A  P  in  the  conftruction  of  the  formula,  the  points  Bj  E,  do 
coincide.     Therefore,  deftroying  all  the  terms  adfefted  with 

—  in  the  formula,  and   fubilitutiiig  m  for  e,  we  Ihall  get 

y'  —  zr  y  —  p  X  ^  r-  -ir  p  1  -  c. 

Again,  by  comparing  the  correfpondent  terms  —  2  r  y, 
and  —  2  a  y,  as  alfo  —  p  x,  and  —  b  x,  we  have  r  ^=  a, 
aiid^  =  .b  ;  and  comparing  the  terms  wherein  are  neither  of 
die   unknown    quantities   x,   y,    we  ^et  r^  +  p  s  :=   t' ; 

and  fubllituting  a  and  i  for  j-  and  p,  then  will  s  =  — ~r~~-» 


which  is  a  negative  expreffion,  when  a  is  greater  than  c,  as 
\s  here  fuppofed.     There  is  no  need  of  comparing  the  firll 
terms  y-  and  y',  becaufe  they  are  the  very  fame.      Now  the  . 
»<Jues  of  CT,  n,  r,  p,  s,  being  ihus  founds  the  fought  locus 


may  be  conftruftcd  by  means  of  the  coudruclion  of  th&  for. 
mula,  and  after  the  following  manner. 

Becaufe  B  E  («)  =  o  (_fi^.  19.)  the  points  B,  E,  do  coin- 
cide, and  the  hne  A  E  falls  in  A  P  ;  therefore  through  the 
fixed  point  A  draw  the  line  AD  r  z=  a  parallel  to  P  M,  and 
draw  D  G    parallel    to    A  P,  in  which   take  D  C  (/)  = 

1 ;  then  with  DC,  as  a  diameter,  whofe  ordinates 

are  right  lines  parallel  to  P  M,  and  parameter  the  line  C  H 
(/>)  =  b,  defcribe  a  parabola  :  I  fay,  this  will  be  the  locus 
of  the  given  equation,  as  is  eafily  proved.  If  in  a  gi>-'cu 
equation,  whofe  locus  is  a  parabola,  .v^  be  without  a  frac- 
tion ;  then  the  terms  of  the  fecond  formula  mull  be  com- 
pared with  thofe  of  the  given  equation. 

Thus  much  for  the  metiiod  of  condrufting  the  loci  of 
equations  which  are  conic  fedlions.  If,  now,  an  equation, 
whofe  locus  is  a  conic  fec^ion,  be  given,  and  the  particular 
fedion  whereof  it  is  the  Iccus,  be  required  : 

All  the  terms  of  the  given  equation  being  brought  over  to 
one  fide,  fo  that  the  other  be  equal  to  o,  there  will  be  two 
cafes. 

Caji  I .  When  the  retlangle  x  y  is  not  in  the  given  equa- 
tion. I.  If  either  y''  or  x"  be  in  the  fame  equation,  the 
locus  will  be  a  parabola.  2.  If  both  x'  and  y'  are  in  the 
equation  with  the  fame  figns,  the  locus  will  bean  ellipiis,  or 
a  circle.  3.  If  .r"  and  y'^  have  different  figns,  the  locus 
will  be  an  hyperbola,  or  the  oppofite  feftiuns  regarding  their 
diameters. 

Ca/e  2.  When  the  reftangle  j;  ji  is  in  the  given  equation. 
I.  If  neither  of  the  fquares  x'  or  y',  or  only  one  of  them, 
be  in  the  fame,  the  locus  of  it  will  be  an  hyperbola  between 
the  afymptotcs.  2.  U  y'  and  .v' be  therein,  having  differ- 
ent figns,  the  locus  will  be  an  hyperbola,  regarding  its  dia- 
meters. 3.  If  both  the  fquares  x'  and  y'  are  in  the  equa- 
tion, having  the  fame  figns,  then,  according  as  the  co-effi- 
cient  of  x^  is  greater,  equal  or  lefs  than  the  fquare  of  half 
the  co-efficient  of  x  y,  the  locus  fhall  be  an  ellipfe,  parabola, 
or  hyperbola.  And  in  any  cafe  the  locus  of  the  equation  h 
fome  conic  feclion. 

We  will  add  a  problem  or  two,  by  way  of  illuftratian, 
with  which  we  mull  conclude  this  article. 

Problem  I. 

If  A  B  be  the  axis  of  a  conic  feftion,  from  B  draw  B  D  t« 
meet  the  curve  in  D  ;  and  ereft  D  C  perpendicular  to  A  B, 
and  produce  it  from  C  till  C  P  is  in  a  given  ratio  to  B  D  ; 
the  locus  of  the  point  P  will  be  a  conic  feftion. 

I.  For  the  ellipfe  {Jig.  20.)  ;  put  the  axis  A  B  =  a,  and 
its  conjugate  Q  O  E  ^  i,  B  C  ^  .v,  and  tiie  ratio  B  D 
I  C  P  ;  :  d  :  a.  Then  by  the  known  property  of  the 
ellipfe. 


CD- 


^=(--- 


confequently,    B  D*  =   

a' 

a-  -  b' 

^ — ■  jr',    and,    therefore, 

a 

b^ax  +  {a^  -  b^)  x'       a^  - 


+  x'  = 


+ 


C  P^ 


E  D'   = 


•  (  '~_  i:  "  ~  *'  )>  wliich. 


I 

if  a  be  great-r  than  b,  is  an  equation  to  tlie  hyperbola,  the 
and 


axes  of  which  are  -„— 


b'  "■'"  d  ^  (a'  -  6')' 
And  if  b  be  greater  than  a,  the  equation  beciames 
I  1  2 


-cr 


LOG 


LOG 


a')  X*  __ 


which  is  an  equation  to  the  ellipfe  whofe  axes  are 
b'a  ,  ^ 


and  —. -yr- 

6-  -  a"  tJ  V  Ci' 


"1 


Again,  if  l>  =  a,  the  eU'pfe  becoires  a  circle,  and  the 

equation    for    the  value  of   C  P   becomes    C  P'  =  —jr> 

which  is  an   equation  to   the  parabola,  whofe  parameter  is 
Pa 

I.   For  the  hyperbola  (^ff.  21.)'  ^^'^  ^^^^  notation  re- 
maining, D  C  =    -   a  X  +  -  ;r''  by  the  property  of   tlie 

curve  J   confequently  C  P'  =  -7^  X  B  D' = 


7-  "  •*  +  —d 


b 


d^       la-  +  i    +  "  J 


irhich  expreffes  an  equation  to  an  hyperbola,  whofe  axes  are 

r  3na   — 7—. — ; — jr  • 

•'-  +  i'  d  ^/  [a'  +  *  ) 

3.  For  the  parabola  [Jig. 12.)  ;  put  the  parameter  =  p,  then 

C  D'  =  px,  and    B  D'  =/«•  +  x";  therefore  C  P'  =  -- 

{p  X  +  H^)  the  equation  to  an  hyperbola  whofe  axes  are  p 

and  —J. 
a 

PROB.    II. 

If  on  any  given  right  line,  A  B,  there  be  taken  any  va- 
riable diftance  A  L,  and  from  L,  in  the  fame  direftion,  any 
given  invariable  diftance  L  M  ;  and  if  with  the  centres  L  and 
B,  and  radii  L  A,  BM,  arcs  be  defcribed,  it  is  required  to 
determine  the  nature  of  the  curve,  which  is  the  locus  of  P,  the 
point  of  interfeftion. 

Let  A  B  =  a  (/^.  23)  ;  L  M  =  i  ;  B  M  =  B  P  =  (p, 
and  having  drawn  P  O  perpendicular  to  A  B,  put  B  O  ^=  *. 
Then  BL  =  «  +  i;LO  =  ?i+«-*;  LP=:AL 
-a-i-0i  and  becaufe  L  P^-  L  O'  r;:  B  P'  -  B  O', 
we  have  in  fymbols  (a  —  i  —  ip)"  —  (tp  +  b  —  x)'  = 
^'  —  X  ;  whence  a'  —  2  {a  —  x)  b  =  9'  +  2  (a  —  x)  $  ; 
and  adding  —  b'  +  b'  +  [a  —  x)'  to  one  fide,  and  its 
equal  (a  —  *)'  to  the  other  fide,  there  refults  a^  —  A*  4- 
(a  -b- x)'-  =  (a  ~x  +  q>y. 

Now  take  A  C  :=  L.  M  =:  3,  draw  C  D  perpendicular 
to  A  B,  and  make  A  D  =  A  B  =  a  ;  then  C  D"  =:;  ar 
-  b'-;  C  0'=  (a-  b  -  xy,znd  (O  A  +  B  P)^  =:  (a- 
M  4-  ?)'  whence  we  have  DO=AO+PB;orPB=: 
DO-AO. 

Hence  it  will  be  eafy  to  derive  aR  algebraical  equation  for 
the  rectangular  co-ordinates  of  the  curve  ;  for  we  have  only 
to  put  P  O  —  _y,  to  fubititute  ^/  (jr*  +  y )  for  J>,  and  to 
clear  the  equation  of  radicals.  The  equation  thus  found 
■will  {hew  the  curve  to   be  of  the   fourth   order  ;  but  the 


curve  and  its  principal  properties  may  be  more  readily  de- 
duced from  the  property  above  invcftigati  d  ;  w'l.  P  B  = 
D  O  —  A  O.  The  curve  will  confift  of  two  equal  and  fimi- 
lar  parts,  lying  on  different  fides  of  A  B,  it  will  be  a  fort 
of  oval,  encloling  the  point  B  on  every  fide. 

The  following  are  fome  of  the  fimpleft  cafes  of  the  higher 
order  of  loci. 

1.  The  bafe,  and  fum  of  the  fides  of  a  plane  triangle 
being  given,  the  locus  of  its  vertex  is  an  cllipf!. 

2.  The  bafe  and  difference  of  the  fides  of  a  plane  trian- 
gle being  given,  the  locus  is  an  hyperbola. 

3.  The  locus  of  that  point,  from  which,  if  perpendicu- 
lars be  drawn  to  tliree  right  lines  given  in  pofition,  and  fuch 
that  the  fum  of  their  fquaies  fliall  be  equal  to  a  given  fpace, 
is  an  ellipfe. 

And  the  fame  is  true,  whatever  be  the  number  of  lines 
given  in  pofition. 

4.  If  a  triangle  given  in  fpecies  have  two  of  its  angles 
upon  a  ilraight  line  given  by  pofition,  and  the  fide  adjacent 
to  thofe  angles  pafling  through  a  given  point,  the  locus  of 
the  angle,  oppofite  that  fide,  is  an  hyperbola. 

5.  Let  A,  B,  be  two  given  points  in  the  right  line  A  B, 
given  in  pofition;  let  C,  D,  be  two  given  points  with- 
out that  line  ;  and  alfo  let  C  V,  D  V,  be  drawn  meeting 
in  F  and  G,  fo  that  the  redangle  A  F  x  B  G  is  given, 
the  locus  of  the  point  will  in  all  cafes  be  a  conic  feSion. 

6.  Let  A  B  be  a  given  ftraight  line,  and  P  a  given  point 
without  it ;  let  C  P  D  be  drawn,  meetiugJA  B  in  C  ;  and 
let  C  P  be  to  P  D  as  A  C  to  C  B  ;  the  locus  of  the  point 
D  is  a  given  hyperbola. 

7.  When  the  bafe  of  a  triangle  is  given,  and  one  of  the 
angles  at  the  bafe  doubles  the  other,  the  locus  of  the  vertex 
is  an  hyperbola. 

8.  The  locus  of  the  angles  of  parallelograms,  formed  by 
drawing  tangents  at  the  vertices  of  any  two  conjugate  dii- 
meters    of  an  ellipfe,    is   alfo    an    ellipfe   cocentric   ncilh  the 

former. 

The  above  cafes,  and  feveral  other  curious  properties  of 
this  kind,  the  reader  will  find  inveftigated  in  Leybomrn's 
"  Mathematical  Repofitory." 

The  method  of  conflrufting  geometrical  loci,  by  reducing 
them  to  equations  a«  compound  as  poffible,  we  owe  to  Mr. 
Craig,  who  iirll  pubhibed  it  in  his  Treatife  of  the  Quadra- 
ture of  Curves,  1693.  It  is  explained  at  large  in  the  fe- 
venth  and  eighth  books,  of  the  Conic  Keftions  of  the  marquis 
de  I'Hofpital.  This  fubjed  is  particularly  illuftrated  in 
Maclaurin's  Algebra,  part  lii.  See  alfo  Des  Cartcs's  Geo- 
metry ;  Stirling's  lUuflratio  Linearum  Tertii  Ordinis ;  De 
Witt's  Elementa  Curvarum  :  Bartholomxus  Juhari,  in 
his  Aditus  ad  nova  Arcana  Geometrica  delegenda,  has 
fhewn  how  to  find  the  loci  of  equations  of  the  higher  order. 
See  alfo  the  other  writers  mentioned  in  the  preceding  part  of 
this  article. 

LOCUST,  LocusTA,  in  Entomology,  a  genus  of  infedSy 
referred  to  that  oi gryllus  ;  which  fee. 

Under  that  article  the  reader  will  find  a  particular  account 
of  the  devaftations  occafioned  by  fwarms  of  locufts  in  their 
marches,  and  he  will  perceive  the  propriety  of  the  frequent 
allufions  to  them  that  occur  in  the  facred  writings.  Dr, 
Shaw,  Niebuhr,  Ruffell,  and  many  other  travellers  into  the 
eaftern  countries,  reprefent  their  tafte  as  agreeable,  and  in- 
form us  that  they  are  frequent ly  uied  for  food.  Dr.  Shaw 
obferves,  that  when  they  are  fprinkied  with  fait  and  fried, 
they  are  not  unlike,  in  tafte,  to  our  frefh-water  cray-fifh. 
Ruflell  fays,  that  the  Arabs  fait  them,  and  eat  them  as  a 
delicacy.  We  learn  alfo  from  Niebuhr,  that  they  are  ga- 
thered by  the  Arabs  in  great  abuudaace,  dried,  acd  kept 

for 


L  O  D 

for  winter  provifion.     Hence   we   may  naturally   fuppofe, 
that  thefe  lociifts  were  the  food  of  John  the  Baptift. 

Locust,  Water,  Locujla  Aquatica-,  the  name  given  by 
authors  to  a  fpecies  of  water-infeft,  fomewhat  refembling 
the  locuft  kind  in  (hape.  It  is  about  three  inches  long,  its 
tail  an  inch  and  quarter,  and  its  legs  are  of  different  lengths, 
the  anterior  part  being  the  fhorteft  of  all ;  its  body  is  llen- 
der,  and  its  fore-legs  are  always  cairied  ftraight  forward,  fo 
as  to  reach  beyond  the  head  in  the  form  of  antennx  ;  thefe, 
as  well  as  the  other  legs,  end  each  in  two  claws ;  the  eyes 
are  fmall,  and  not  very  prominent,  and  the  upper  wings  are 
crullaceous ;  the  under  ones  membranaceous,  thin,  and 
trnnfparent ;  the  middle  joint  of  the  leg  is  fuch,  that  the 
creature  can  only  move  them  upwards,  not  downwards,  and 
there  runs  an  acute  tongue  or  probofcis  under  the  belly,  as 
is  the  cafe  in  the  water-fcorpion  and  notoneiSa.  See  Nepa 
Linearis. 

Locust,  in  Botany.  See  Cehatonia  Siliqua.  See  alfo 
GtEDiTsrA  and  Hymkn^a. 

LOCUSTA.     See  Valeriana. 

Loci;.sTA-/'u/f.v,  a  name  given  by  Swammerdam  to  a 
genus  of  infedts,  defcribed  fince  by  Mr.  Ray  under  the  name 
cicadula. 

LOCUSTS  is  ufed  by  botanifts  for  the  tender  ex- 
tremities of  the  branches  of  trees  ;  fuch  as,  according  to  the 
erroneous  fuppoQtion  of  feme,  John  the  Baptill  fed  on  in 
the  wildernefs. 

Some  alfo  ufed  locuftae  for  the  beards  and  pendulous  feeds 
of  oats,  and  of  the  gramina  paniculata  ;  to  which  the  name 
is  given  on  account  of  their  figure,  which  fomething  re- 
fembles  that  of  a  locuft. 

L0CU.3TELLA,  the  Grafs-hopper  Lari,  in  Ornitho- 
IoxVj  the  name  of  a  fmall  bird  of  tbe  lark  kind,  the  Alauda 
Trii'ialis  of  Linn£Eus  ;  which  fee. 

LOCUTIUS,  in  Mythology,  the  god  of  fpeech  among 
the  Romans,  called  by  Livy  Aius  Locutius ;  which  fee. 

LOCUTORIUM.  The  monks  and  other  rehgious  in 
monafteries,  after  they  had  dmed  in  their  common  hall,  had 
a  withdrawing  room,  where  they  met  and  talked  together 
among  themfclves,  which  room,  for  that  fociable  ufe  and 
converfation,  they  called  locutorium,  a  loquendo ;  as  we  call 
fuch  a  place  in  our  houfes  parlour,  from  the  Yrench  pjrier  ; 
and  they  had  another  room,  which  was  called  locutorium  forin- 
fecum,  where  they  might  talk  with  laymen. 

LODARL-\,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Hindooflan,  in 
Bahar  ;   24  miles  N.N.E.  of  Hajypour. 

LODDIGESL^,  in  Botany,  is  juftly  devoted  by  Dr. 
Sims  in  Curtis's  Magazine,  to  commemorate  the  merits  of 
a  moft  excellent  and  fcientific  cultivator  of  plants,  whofe 
liberality  is  equal  to  his  knowledge,  Mr.  Conrad  Loddiges 
of  Hackne)'.  Curt.  Mag.  v.  24  965.  Clafs  and  order, 
Diade/phia  Decandria.  Nat.  Ord.  Papilionaciit,  Linn.  Le- 
guminofa,  JufT. 

Eff.  Ch.  Standard  many  times  fmal'er  than  the  wings  or 
keel.  Filaments  all  in  one  fet,  with  a  dorfal  filTure.  Le- 
gume ftalked,  turgid. 

I.  1^.  oxalidifolla.  Oxalis-leaved  Loddigefia  Curt.  Mag. 
t.  965  • — The  only  known  fpecies,  a  native  cf  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  from  whence  its  feeds  were  fir'l  received  by 
George  Hibbert,  efq.  The  plant  is  tolerably  hardy  in  the 
confervatory,  readily  propas'ated  by  cuttings,  and  flowers 
freely  in  May  and  Ju;ie.  Mr.  Loddiges  himfelf  hi's  alfo 
railed  it,  many  years  ago,  from  Cape  feeds.  The  ^em  is 
ftirabby,  low,  much  branched.  Leaves  fcattered,  ftibced, 
ternate,  inverfely  heart-lhaped,  ra'her  glaucous,  fmootli, 
tipped  with  a  minute  point.  Slipulas  intrafohaceous,  fmall, 
frtaceous,  deciduous.     Clujlert  terrainai,  fomewhat .  umbel- 


L  O  D 

late,  cf  few  flowers.  BraSeas  fmall,  {lender,  almoft  capil- 
lary. Calyx  nearly  bell-fhaped,  obtufe  at  the  bafe,  coloured, 
fmooth,  its  three  lower  teeth  rather  the  longelh  Standard 
white,  not  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  H'ingt  and  keel 
about  thrice  as  long  as  the  Itandard,  white,  the  fore  part  of 
the  keel  violet.  Style  bent  upward  at  a  right  angle.  Stigma 
fimple.  Legume  itnlked,  ovate,  oblique,  pointed,  turgid, 
fmooth.      Seeds  about  four,  kidney-fhaped. 

LODDON,  in  Geography,  a  fmall  market-town  in  the 
hundred  to  which  it  gives  name,  in  the  county  of  Norfolk, 
England,  is  fituated  iii  miles  from  London,  on  the  banks 
of  a  fmall  ftream,  which,  rifing-  near  Howe  in  Clavering, 
falls  into  the  Yare  at  Hardley  Crofs.  The  church,  which 
is  a  handfome  ftone  ftrufture,  with  a  fine  tower,  was  eredled 
near  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century,  at  the  fole  expence  of 
fir  James  Hobart,  the  attorney-general  to  king  Henry  VH., 
and  afterwards  chief  juftice  of  the  common  pleas,  who  was 
a  great  benefattor  to  this  town  and  its  vicinity.  In  the 
church  are  feveral  memorials  of  the  Hobart  family.  •  In 
the  eaft  window  was  a  piece  of  ftained  glals,  now  removed, 
reprefcnting  fir  James  and  his  lady,  with  a  Hcetch  of  the 
church,  and  an  appropriate  infcription.  Loddon  was  re- 
turned, in  the  year  1800,  as  containing  166  houfes  and  799 
inhabitants.  A  market  is  held  on  Fridays,  and  two  fairs 
annually.  Blomfield's  Hillory,  &c.  of  Norfolk,  11  vols. 
8vo. 

LODE,  a  town  of  the  idand  of  Sardinia  ;  So  miles  N. 
of  Cagli.iri. 

Lode,  in  Inland  Navigation,  fignifies  a  cut  or  reach  of 
water. 

Lode,  in  Mining.  This  word  is  derived  from  the  Anglo- 
Saxon,  according  to  Dr.  Pryce,  and  is  ufed  by  the  Cornilh 
miners  to  defignate  any  regular  vein,  whether  metallic  or 
not.      More  commonly,  however,  it  means  a  metallic  vein. 

The  lodes  that  are  found  to  contain  tin  and  copper  ores, 
in  Cornwall  and  Devon,  have  their  general  direction  in  a  line 
running  nearly  eaft  and  weft  ;  their  dip  or  underlay  being 
more  commonly  to  the  north  ;  though  fome  which  ii:cHne  to 
the  fouth  have  been  very  produAive.  Veins  which  interfeft 
the  eaft  and  weft  lodes  are  called  crofs-lodes,  or  crofs-courfesy 
when  their  direftion  is  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the  others  ; 
and  counters,  more  generally,  when  their  direction  is  cblique. 

The  metalhc  eaft  and  weft  lodes  are  traverfed  or  dillurbed 
by  the  crofs-courfes,  and  thefe  interruptions  are  known  by 
the  name  of  heaves,  which  take  place  to  very  different  de- 
grees of  extent,  and  vary  much  in  the  circumftances  under 
which  they  are  found  ;  fo  that  miners  do  not  agree  upon  any 
certain  rules  for  determining  the  diftance  or  direftion  of  the 
heave  by  the  accompanying  appearances. 

Though  copper  and  tin  are  found  but  p.irtially  in  crofs- 
lodes,  yet  lead  has  been  raifcd  in  large  quantities  from  fome 
that  have  nearly  a  due  north  and  fouth  courle  ;  luch  as  the 
Beeralrtone  lead-mines  and  Wheal  Betfr  lead-raine  in  Devon. 
Eaft  and  weft  lodes  have  fometimes  a  mixture  of  lead  ores 
with  copper  ;  but  this  appears  to  be  deri%'ed  from  th°  inter- 
feCtion  of  a  crofs-courfe,  or  the  effeft  of  a  later  depoCt. 
Lodes  traverfe  all  kinds  of  rock  found  in  the  In  e  of  their 
direftion,  whether  vertically  or  horizontally.  Thofe  worked 
in  Cornwall  and  Devon  are  chiefly  in  killas  or  grauwacke 
flate  ;  but  they  are  fometimes  in  granite,  and  pais  not  un- 
frequentlv  from  the  former  into  the  latter. 

The  width  of  veins  varies  from  an  inch  or  two  to  fifteen 
or  twenty  feet )  the  latter  dime  nfion  being  rare,  as  tbe 
former  is  unprotitable  to  follow,  unlets  in  the  expeclation  of 
an  enlar£;enient.  The  more  common  width,  or,  as  the 
miners  call  it.  thejize  cf  lodes,  is  from  two  to  four  feet  ;  and 
if  fuch  a  vein  as  ihi»  be  fully  impregnated  with  ir.etal,  it  » 

■"rert- 


LODE. 


vfry  profitable  to  work,  and  is  called  a  fjood  emrfe  of  ore. 
Tlic  variations  of  width  take  place  not  only  in  dillinft  veins, 
but  in  one  and  the  fame  ;  wliich,  together  with  the  fluctua- 
tions in  the  nat\ire  of  their  contents,  render  their  produce  fo 
uncertain.  A  large  and  produclive  lode  often  dwindles  to 
a  mere  branch,  requiring  an  experienced  eye  to  dillinguifh  it 
from  the  rock  tiirough  which  it  pafies  ;  and  this  again  ex- 
pands to  a  confiderable  ii/.e,  filled  with  depofits  of  various 
kinds.  The  width  of  lodes  fecms  often  to  have  a  relation 
to  the  nature  of  the  rock  in  which  they  are  found  ;  and 
changes  in  the  latter  appear  generally  to  produce  changes  in 
the  former.  Thus,  a  vein  that  is  large  and  produftive  in 
foft  blue  kiihis,  will,  by  pafling  into  harder,  become  lefs  in 
fize,  and  barren  as  to  metallic  contents.  Aiiothcr  lode  may 
be  rich  in  hard  ground,  but  poor  and  unprodudlive  in  that 
which  is  of  a  fofter  kind  :  but  this  is  not  fo  frequent  as  the 
ibrmer  cafe.  The  depofits  of  metal  are  as  iiregular  in  the 
lodes  as  tlie  widths  of  them  ;  and  fo  much  fo,  as  to  render 
the  proilts  of  mining  proverbially  uncertain.  Ore  is  gene- 
rally found  to  occupy  certain  parts  of  the  veins  only,  dif- 
fering conftantly  in  extent,  whether  the  length  or  depth  on 
the  cocrfe  of  the  vein  be  coi^fidered,  or  the  portion  of  its 
width  which  is  filled  up  by  it.  No  lode  has  been  found  re- 
gularly impregnated  with  metal  to  any  great  extent  ;  and 
therefore,  when  ore  is  found,  it  is  in  what  the  miners  aptly 
call  bunches  or  Jhoots.  The  uiiproduillive  parts  of  veins, 
€ven  in  the  mull  profitable  mines,  generally  far  exceed  in 
extent  the  produdive  parts ;  but  that  mine  is  confidered  to 
he  rich,  which  has  either  frequent  or  extenfive  Ihonts  of  ore  : 
the  great  art  of  the  miner,  therefore,  confills  in  tracing 
and  working  the  valuable  accumulations  of  the  metals  with 
as  little  wafle  of  labour  and  expence  on  the  poorer  ground 
as  pcflible. 

Although  the  bunches  of  ore  have  no  regular  form  in  their 
vertical  or  horizontal  extent,  yet  the  tendency  to  a  certain 
direction  or  dip  in  the  lode  may  be  obferved  in  each  bunch 
or  flioot  of  ore.  Thefe  llioots  are  frequently  parallel  in  the 
fame  vein  ;  and  where  the  dip  or  underlay  of  the  lode  is  to 
the  north,  the  fhoots  of  ore  may  frequently  be  obferved  to 
dip  well  in  the  lode.  In  veins  underlaying  fouth,  the 
bunches  of  ore  frequently  have  their  dip  to  the  eaft  :  but 
this  is  not  to  be  taken  as  a  general  rule,  as  many  mines  af- 
ford exceptions  to  it ;  tlie  underlay  of  the  lode  and  the  dip 
.of  the  bunches  of  ore  being  reverftd. 

Tliefe  tendencies  or  inclinations  of  the  depofits  of  metal 
in  the  veins,  connected  with  the  fitnations,  dips,  and  bearings 
.of  the  veins  theinfelves,  feein  to  offer  grounds  for  argument 
en  the  difputed  quellion  of  the  mode  it)  which  the  metals 
were  dcpohtcd  ;  but  they  have  not  much,  we  believe,  at- 
tracted the  notice  ot  niineraiogifts. 

Lodes  continue  to  indefinite  lengths,  and  to  unknown 
depths.  It  is  very  difficult  to  determine  whether  the  end  of 
any  regular  vein  has  been  found  or  not ;  as  there  are  many 
inllances  of  their  having  become  fo  fmall  as  to  be  fcarcely 
vifible,  and  yet  afterwards,  on  purfuir.g  them,  to  have  rc- 
funied  their  ufual  fize.  When  a  lode  has  continued  fmall, 
.  either  in  length  or  .dtplh,  to  any  confiderable  extent,  it  is 
moreover  ufually  abandoned  as  unpromifing  ;  and  thus  com- 
,plete  evidence  as  to  this  queltion  is  net  obtained. 

Lodes  are  perfect  in  the  f'.irface  of  the  mountains,  as  well 
as  in  tlieir  greater  depths ;  and  may  be  traced  uniformly  by 
removing  the  foil  v.ith  wliich  the  rock  is  covered.  This  is 
done  conllantly  bv  the  miner  when  he  is  about  to  undertake 
operations  upon  a  newly  difcovered  vein.  Th.s  procefs  is 
called  cojlemin^,  or  Jhod.T,g.  The  width  of  a  lode  at  the 
furface  is  noceitain  indication  of  its  fize  in  depth:  as,  when 
large  at  the  .furfacc,  they  are   fomelimes  ftiuad  to  become 


fmall  ae  they  arc  purfued  downwards ;  and,  on  the  other 
hand,  veins  of  moderate  width  a!  graft  have  been  found,  at 
40  or  50  fathoms  deep,  of  gr*at  fize. 

The  dip  or  inchnation  of  lodes  is  feldom  uniform.  The 
common  underlay  is  from  one  to  four  feet  in  a  fatliom  of 
depth  ;  but  inllances  occur  of  a  much  greater  inclination. 
The  lodes  that  incline  much  from  the  perpendicular  are  not 
elleemed  fo  promifing  as  tiiofe  which  have  a  direction  more 
downright  ;  and  it  is  a  favourable  fymptom  wlicn  a  lode, 
from  an  oblique  direction,  is  found  to  turn  downwards.  On 
the  contrary,  where  bunches  of  ore  fall,  or  become  poor,  in 
finking  on  them,  it  may  often  be  obferved  that  the  vein  goes 
away  flat,  as  miners  exprefs  it.  Thus  it  will  be  underllood, 
that  not  only  are  the  dips  different  in.  feparate  lodes,  but 
that  the  fame  vein  frequently  varies  in  this  refpc£t.  Lodes 
have  been  obferved  to  change  their  underlay,  tliat  is,  from 
dipping  to  the  north,  to  become  perpendicular,  and  even 
turn  to  the  fouth.  This  is  not,  however,  a  matter  of  fre- 
quent occurrence. 

The  underlay  of  lodes  muft  be  afccitaincd,  when  it  is  in- 
tended to  fink  perpendicular  fliafts  to  meet  them  at  certain 
required  depths ;  and  from  this  is  determined  the  diltance  to 
be  fet  out  north  or  fouth  from  the  back  of  the  vein,  for  com- 
mencing fuch  fliafts. 

Shafts  are  of/^n  funk  upon  the  lodes,  and  of  courfe  thefe 
are  not  perpendicular,  but  have  ,the  fame  inclination  as  the 
veins. 

Levels  driven  from  the  fliafts,  are  carried  on  in  the  fub- 
ftance  of  the  lode,  follow  its  dircflion,  and  are  the  prin- 
cipal means  by  which  difcoveries  of  ore  are  made  and  pur- 
fued. 

The  principal  methods  by  which  lodes  are  difcovered  are 
the  two  following:  i.  By  removing  the  foil  covering  the 
furface  of  die  rock,  by  which  the  back  of  the  vein  is  laid 
bare,  and  expofcd  to  view.  This  may  happen  accidentally, 
in  the  formation  of  roads,  ditches,  and  fo  on  ;  or,  as  is  more 
ufual,  it  may  be  done  for  the  exprefs  purpofe  of  difcovery, 
in  confequcnce  of  indications  of  veins  being  near  at  hand, 
fuch  as  detached  fragments  being  found,  or  fprings  of  water 
impregnated  with  metal  being  obferved.  This  procefs  is 
condudted  by  finking  trenches,  or  pits,  deep  enough  to 
reach  the  furface  of  the  rock,  called  by  miners  the  fhelf; 
which  trenches  are  CdiWeA  Jhodlng  pits,  or  cnjieening  pits.  I'lie 
detached  fragments,  warned  from  the  backs  of  lodes,  are 
ufually  c-sWtA Jhcdes,  or fhodeflcnts. 

The  fecond  mode  01  difcoverirg  veins  is  by  levels,  or 
horizontal  cuts,  driven  under  ground,  which  in  their  pro- 
grefs  through  the  rock,  or,  as  the  miners  fay,  acrofs  the 
country,  interfeft  and  expofe  lodes  before  unknown.  Such 
levels  muft  have  a  direction  acrofs  the  ufual  courfe  of  tlte 
lodes,  and  are  either  condufted  for  the  exprefs  purpofe  of 
finding  new  vcini,  or  for  fome  other  ubjedt  ;  and  then  may 
occafionally  be  the  means  of  valuable  refults  of  this  fort. 

Many  rich  mines  have  been  opened,  in  confequence  of  a 
difcovery  made  by  carryir.g  on  an  adit,  or  by  driving  a  crofs 
level  from  a  fliaft,  or  from  one  lode  to  another  known  to  be 
parallel  to  it.  The  practice  of  driving  adits  for  the  pur- 
pofe  of  difcovery  is  more  frequent  than  it  ufed  to  be.  The 
Tavillock  canal  has  a  long  tunnel  driving  through  a  hill, 
deftined  principally  for  this  purpofe,  and  which  has  already 
been  attended  with  very  great  fucccfs. 

Lodes  feldom  contain  ore  near  tlie  furface  of  the  ground  : 
it  is,  therefore,  an  effential  quality  in  a  miner's  judgment 
to  decide  on  the  indications  prefenled  by  them,  and  to  de- 
termine the  amount  of  rifk  which  their  appearances  will  war- 
rant on  a  further  trial. 

There  arc  niceties  in  this  bufinefs  which  cannot  be  dc- 

IcrJbed, 


LODE. 


fcribcd,  tut  mud  be  fecn  and  Riidied  to  be  underftood,  and 
vith  which  (kilful  miners  are  converfant ;  but  the  mofl  ex- 
perienced is  liable  to  hive  his  prediiftions  falfified  by  the 
fluctuating  nature  of  thefe  hidden  receptacles  of  various 
matter. 

The  indications  mol  depended  on,  in  formina^  a  iudg- 
ment  of  the  value  of  a  lode,  are  derived  from  conlidcring  the 
fullottiusr  circuniilances : 

1.  The  nature  of  the  fubftances  contained  in  the  vein. 

2.  The  kind  of  rock  in  which  it  is  found. 

3.  The  width  zrA  regularity  of  the  vein,  confidering,  at 
_lhe  fame  time,  its  direftion  and  dip. 

4.  The  ftruclure  of  the  vein,  fuch  as  the  being  open  and 
pervious  to  water,  or,  on  the  contrary,  hard  a:id  dole. 

Thefe  fymptoms  may  be,  on  the  whole,  confidered  as  per- 
taining to  veins  containing  all  kinds  of  metals,  though  vary- 
ing in  fome  in  a  certain  degree  :  thus  a  hard  ctofe  lode  may 
be  favourable  for  tin,  though  not  fo  for  copper  or  lead. 

When  a  vein  is  found  exhibiting  all  or  moll  of  the  ap- 
pearances which  experience  has  determined  to  belong  to 
thofe  which  are  productive,  it  is  called  a  iiniilj  lode,  and  is 
generally  purfued  with  vigour,  and  at  an  expence  propor- 
tioned to  the  prevalence  and  continuance  of  the  favourable 
fymptoms. 

We  (hall  endeavour  to  confider  the  principal  indications, 
according  to  the  order  above  ilated,  and  point  out  the  lead- 
ing facts  to  be  obferved  in  this  important  branch  of  a  miner's 
bufinefs. 

I.   Of  the  nature  of  the  fuhjlances  nmained  in  the  vein. 

Thefe  fubftances  vary  according  to  the  depth  to  which 
the  lode  is  opened  ;  thofe  near  the  furface  being  generally 
different  from  the  contents  of  the  vein  deeper  under 
ground. 

The  iirft  thing  for  which  a  miner  looks  k  what  in  Cornwall 
is  called  goffan.  This  iubllaiice  does  not  appear  to  have  been 
very  accurately  defcribed,  but  is  apparently  a  decompofed 
mineral  of  an  iron-ochre  colour,  varying  from  yellow  to 
brown-red  and  chocolate-brown.  It  is  of  a  fpongy,  cel- 
lular texture,  of  little  fpecilic  gravity,  and  is  generally  foft 
and  friable.^  It  is  probably  the  refult  of  the  decompofition 
of  pyrites  or  mundic,  together  with  quartz,  and  contains  a 
cxmCderable  portion  of  iron,  and  not  unfrequently  a  mi.^ture 
of  tin  and  copper  ores.  When  thefe  latter  are  prefent  in 
the  combination,  it  is  a  mod  favourable  fymptom  ;  but  even 
without  them,  goflan  on  the  back  of  a  lode  warrants  a  trial 
to  a  certain  extent-  It  can  by  no  means  be  aflertcd,  that 
the  moll  proinifing  goflans  have  always  been-  followed  by 
ore,  on  a  further  purfuit ;  but  perhaps  tliere  is  hardly  an 
inftance  of  a  lode  rich  in  ore,  which  has  not  a  bunch  of 
kindly  gojjlm  iomewhere  on  the  back. 

The  next  tubitance,  proceeding  in  depth,  upon  which  re- 
lianos  may  be  placed,  is  muiulic,  including  in  this  name 
pyrites  of  all  kinds,  whether  arfenical  or  fulphuretted,  con- 
taining iron  or  copper.  Mundic  is  found  at  all  depths  and 
in  all  lituations  in  veins:  it  frequently  furrounds  bunches  of 
copper  ore,  and  is  therefore  a  favourable  fymptom,  as  they 
are  approached  ;,  and  indicates  their  decline,  when  palled 
through  on  the  otlier  fide.  It  fhould,.  however,  be  recol- 
ledled,, that  mundic  isvery  generally  found,  and  thcrcloie  it 
muft  not  be  depended  on  by  itfelf. 

The  earthy  Jubilances,  which  are  efteemed  favourable  to 
the  exillence  of  valuable  metallic  ores,  are  principally  quartz, 
going  under  the  general  name  of  fpar  ;  a  kind  of  clay  called 
floohan  ;  and,  what  is  not  very  abundant,  Jiuor,  diitinguillied 
by  the  appellation  of  candied  fpar. 

The  (iril  and  the  chief  ingredient  in  vems,  quartz,  is 
kindly,,  when  it  is  ia  a  loofe  friable  form,  often  cryftallized. 


and  cementing  detached  fragnients  of-  killas  atfd  the  other 
fubftances  before  eniim.erated.  It  is  unpromifing  when  io 
a  clofe  amorphous  form,  and  is  then  termed  a  Jbarp  hungry 
fpar.^ 

The  J!ooian,  or  clay,  generally  forms  a  brar.ch  or  vein  on 
one  of  the  walls  of  the  lode,  and  feems  to  be  the  divifion 
between  that  and  the  rock  containing:  it. 

The  decompofition  of  the  adjoining  ftrafa  fjems  to  have 
been  the  orig;n  of  this  f  ibftance,  which  is  called  by  fome 
foreign  writers  \\\e  faalhande. 

Belides  fluor,  on  which  miners  are  not  well  agreed  as  to 
Its  promifing  afpeiil,  and  which  is  not  often  found  in  quan- 
tity,  are  fome  other  minerals,  hkewife  of  not  very  frequent 
occurrence,  but  elleemed  favourable  ;  fuch  z&  prion,  a  kind 
of  decompofed  quartz,  and  peach  or  chlorite. 

Hitherto  we  have  faid  nothing  of  the  judgment  formed 
by  ores  found  in  a  lode  ;  it  depends  upon  the  following  cir- 
cumftances  : 

1.  The  fituation,  whether  fiiallow  or  deep. 

2.  The  mode  of  depofit,  whether  ilightly  fprinkled 
through  the  lode,  or  forming  (hoots  or  bunches  of  large  or 
fmall  extent. 

3.  The  quality  of  the  ore. 

Under  the  firlt  head,  moft  miners  agree  that,  as  to  cop- 
per lodes,  rich  bunches  of  ore  found  near  the  furface  are  not 
to  be  depended  on  as  (liewing  that  a  mine  will  be  very  pro- 
ductive ;  it  having  often  been  found  that  fuch  depofits  have 
been  followed  by  poverty  at  a  greater  depth.  Tin  and  lead 
are  found  nearer  the  furface  than  copper.  When  a  lode  is 
fpotted  with  fmall  quantities  of  ore,  and  the  other  fubilances- 
are  kindly,  fuch  as  the  goflan  and  fpar,  the  appearance  is 
promifing  ;  but  when  the  lode  is  hard,  and  in  other  refpeftj- 
unkindly,  then  fmall  things  of  ore  are  not  to  be  reckoned  on 
as  particularly  favourable.  After  a  certain  depth,  a  regular 
branch,  or,  as  it  is  called,  a  leader  of  ore  of  any  width,  oc- 
cupying part  of  a  good-fized  vein,  and  increaiing  or  even 
ftuctuating  in  fize  as  it  is  purfued,  is  on  jhe  whole  the  belt' 
fymptom,  particularly  if  connected  with  favourable  accom- 
panying fubftances. 

Under  the  head  of  quality  of  the  ore  as  an  indication  of 
future   profpenty  to  a  mine,  it  mull  be  remarked  that  no- 
thing requires  to  be  received  with  greater  caution  than  pro-- 
raifes  of  fuccefs  fuppofed  to  be  derived  from  the  richnefs  of 
individual  fpecimens.     We  are  fpeaking   now   more  parti- 
cularly   of  copper  lodes.      Few,    we  believe^   of  the   moll 
profitable  mines  produce  much  ore  of  the  richer  varieties,- 
which  indeed  is  feldom  found  to  occupy  veins  of  conllder- 
ab!e  width ;  on  the  contrary,  moil  of  the  beft  mines  are 
thofe  which  yield  ore  in  large  quantities,  but  poorer  in  me- 
tallic content.     This  obfervation  has  been  likewife  made  on-- 
the  filver  mines  of  South  America,  according  to  the  account 
of  Humboldt.     Copper  ores  are  found  in  a  greater  variety 
of  fpecies   near   the  furface  than  they  are   in  deptli ;    and 
therefore  tl\e   miner's  experience   only  will  ferve  to  difcri-- 
niinate  perfcftly  on  this  point  :   but  we  wilh  to  put  all  who 
arc  concerned  in  mining  on  their  guard  againll  a  fallacious- 
hope,  too  frequently  excited  by  the  alTay  of  a  Hone  of  ore, 
which  in  reality  often  predicts  the  very  reverfe  of  what  it  ji; 
Ilated  to  do  by  the  artful  or  ignorant. 

II.  The  iecond  indication  to  be  attended  to,  in  eflimating- 
tlie  profpecl  of  fuccefs  on  a  particular  vein,  has  been  Ilated 
to  be  The  kind  of  rot i  in  •which  it  ist  found. 

It  IS  unneceflary  here  to  go  into  a  voluminous  account  of 
rocks,  becaufe  the  great  mines  of  England,  as  well  as  of 
the  worid,  being  found  in  fuch  mountains  as  are  conjeftured- 
to  be  of  very  early  formation,  do  not  admit  the  varieties  iii. 
tliis  relpeifl,  which  fome,  who  are  asquainted  onlv  with 
J  other 


LODE. 


•tker  diftriAl,   «rV>ere  probably  »  later  formation  has  ex- 
hibited different  plienomeiia,  might  conjcHiire. 

Lead-mines,  jndotd,  exill  in  many  parts  of  England,  in 
various  rock,  and  under  various  ciicmnftances ;  but  no  ge- 
neral rules  of  minin;T  c;in  be  formed  from  det'ofits  of  a  metal, 
which  appears  to  have  taken  its  place  at  a  pi'riod  compara- 
tively late.  Such  rules  cnn  only  be  applicable  to  feparate 
diftrifts,  where  the  circumllances  attending  the  depofits  are 
fimilar. 

There  are  two  general  clalTea  of  rock  which  claim  the 
dillliiftion  of  metalliferous  above  all  others.  Thele  arc  the 
iiUai  of  the  Cornilh  miner,  or  grauwacke  or  tranfitioii  flate 
of  Werner  ;  and  granitic  rocks,  including  porphyry,  gneifs, 
and  other  varieties,  known  in  Cornwall  by  the  general  name 
of  groiuan. 

Of  thefe  the  great  m^ijority  of  mines  are  in  kilias,  or  graii- 
Avacke,  not  only  in  Cornwall  and  Devon,  but  in  Scotland, 
in  the  Hartz,  in  the  Saxon  Erzgebirge,  on  the  'Uiine,  in 
Bohemia,  Siielia,  Moravia,  Salzburg,  and  other  diftrifts  im- 
portant for  their  mineral  produces. 

Granitic  rocks  are  not  fo  metalliferous  as  the  ii.'/as,  but 
produc'five  veins  are  found  in  them  ;  and,  as  Dr.  Bcrger  has 
well  obferved  in  his  account  of  Devon  and  Cornwall,  in  the 
(irft  volume  of  the  Tranlaclions  of  the  Geological  Society, 
even  the  kilias  is  not  a  depot  of  metallic  veins  to  any  extent, 
hut  near  its  juniftion  with  the  granite:  and  this  oblervation 
had  been  made,  as  he  fays,  by  baron  Born  and  Fcrber  on 
the  mines  of  the  continenr. 

This  fail  of  moll  mines  being  in  one  prevai  ing  rock, 
would  leem  to  iimplify  the  exerciie  of  judgment  in  a  miner 
fpeculating  on  the  effecfl  of  the  rock  upon  the  contents  of  a 
lode.  But  though  kilias  is  fo  univerfal,  it  is  tar  from  being 
all  alike:  on  the  contrary,  it  confifts  of  many  varieties. 
Thefe  varieties  do  not  alternate  according  to  certain  rules, 
like  the  bed*  of  fecondarv  rocks  ;  but  exhibit  changes  in 
pofition  and  extent,  more  or  lefs  frequent,  and  moll  uncer- 
tain and  capricious; 

The  varieties  of  kilias,  \vhi(  li  are  efteemed  the  mod  kindly 
for  copper,  are  the  blue  and  the  white,  more  efpecially  if  of 
a  tender,  flaty  texture.  Tin  often  is  found  in  abundance  in 
harder  kilias,  more  irregular  in  its  llrufture,  and  of  a  darker 
colour,  indicating  the  prefence  of  iron.  Pratlice  alone  can 
enable  men  to  iudge  of  the  fliades  of  difference  in  thele  re- 
fpefls,  which  l«ng  experience  has  pointed  out  as  eflcnticil  to 
be  attended  to  :  and  even  then,  allowance  n^.uft  be  made  for 
exceptions  which  frequently  occur ;  rules  wliicli  feem  to 
hold  good,  when  applied  to  one  mine,  being  often  inap- 
plicable  to  another. 

111.  The  third  thing  to  be  confidered  is  7 he  iv'tdth  and 
regularity  of  the  vein,  and  its  direiiion  and  dip. 

Thefe  are  important  circumllances.  If  the  lode  be  fmall, 
it  cannot  be  expeded  that  abundant  depofits  of  metal  can  be 
found  ;  and  if  it  has  not  the  characters  belonging  to  a  re- 
gular filTure,  it  is  probable  that  the  m.iner  will  foon  be  dif- 
appoi.ited,  by  finding  it  dwindle  to  a  trifling  branch,  or 
fplit  into  feveral  infignificant  ramifications. 

Every  large  and  productive  li-diis  accompanied  by  other 
▼eins  running  parallel  to  it,  or   nearly  fo,  which  often  fall  , 
into  the  main  lode,  and  geaeraily  enrich  it  by  their  junc- 
tion. 

Thefe  muft  be  carefully  attended  to,  and  fought  after,  as 
the  changes  that  they  produce  are  often  molt  important, 
and  the  quantity  of  ore  which  they  yield  is  frequently  very 
great.  It  has  indeed  been  aderted,  that  there  is  hardly  a 
mine  working  on  a  finglc  vein  only,  which  has  been  profitable 
to  any  great  degree. 

The  diredlion  of  the  lode  (hould  be  carefully  afcertained  ; 


becaufe  certain  ores  are  only  found  in  ^elns  which  ha^e  their 
courfe  in  common  with  others  having  fimilar  depofits  in  the 
dillria. 

Thus  the  writer  of  the  prefent  article  has  obferved  that 
copper  and  tin,  in  Cornwall,  mud  only  be  expetted  in  lodes 
running  eall  and  wefl:  ;  while  lead  is  raifed  from  Inch  as 
have  a  direftion  at  right  angles  to  them,  or  from  north  to 
fouth. 

The  more  ufual  dip  or  underlay,  in  copper  mines  parti- 
cularly, is  to  the  north  ;  but  fome  lodes  that  underlay  to 
the  fouth  have  been  very  produdtive.  In  either  cafe,  it  is 
ro  favourable  fymptom  to  find  the  inclination  from  the  per- 
pcndicular  to  be  great  ;  and  it  may  be  faid  to  be  fo,  tf  it 
exceed  four  feet  in  the  fathom. 

When  a  lode  often  fplits  or  divides  into  two  or  more 
branches,  it  is  fnbjeft  to  fludluation  in  its  produce;  and 
thele  occurrences  are  important  to  be  noticed  with  atten- 
tion, as  they  afford  prognoftics  as  to  the  future  fuccefs  of 
working. 

IV.  The  fourth  and  lail  head,  under  which  we  have  ar- 
ran-ijed  the  appearances  of  produiliyc  lodes,  is  that  relating 
to  1  he  JlruBure  of  the  vein,  li'hclhcr  open  or  porout,  nnd  thui 
pervious  to  ivater  ;  or,  on  the  other  hunJ,  denje  and  clofe,  and 
conjt-quently  dry. 

All  miners  agree  in  this,  that  water  being  found  to  be 
abnnd.int  io  a  lode  is  an  omen  of  a  very  favourable  nature; 
and  it  is  often  confidently  alferted,  that  no  larg.e  returns  of 
ore  have  been  made  from  dry  veins.  As  far  as  tlie  ex- 
perience of  the  writer  of  this  article  goes,  it  ferves  to  confirm 
the  oblervation. 

Water,  indeed,  may  be  found  pafTing  freely  through  crofs- 
courfes,  and  other  veins,  from  which  metallic  depofits  are 
ablent ;  but  then  fuch  veins  will  be  found  to  have  all  the 
charafters  which  are  adduced  as  proofs  of  a  later  forma- 
tion, and  are  therefore  eafily  dillinguilhed  from  metallic 
veins. 

Large  lodes  acl  as  natural  underdrains,  and  are  channel* 
through  which  water  percolates  ;  fo  that  the  rock  lying.on 
either  fide  may  often  be  fimk  upon  with  but  httle  inter- 
ruption from  water- until  the  vein  is  cut  into,  and  then 
abundant  llivnms  flow  out,  and  would  put  an  end  to  fur- 
ther labour,  if  it  were  not  for  the  aid  of  proper  engines  to 
get  rid  of  it. 

The  quantity  of  water  will  of  courfe  be,  in  fome  degree, 
proportioned  to  the  extent  tif  the  wide  and  porous  parts  of 
the  lode  ;  and,  as  it  is  from  thefe  parts  only  that  much  ore 
can  be  expefted,  the  water  forms  in  the  firll  inftance  a 
pretty  good  prognollic. 

If,  in  driving  upon  the  courfe  of  a  fmall,  clofe,  and  un- 
produftive  lode,  a  llream  of  water  be  ftiddenly  met  with,  it 
indicates  the  approach  to  an  enlargement  in  the  vein,  and  is 
a  mofl  favourable  fymptom  ;  and  it  is,  in  point  of  fatt,  aU 
moil  always  obferved  before  a  good  courfe  of  ore  is  feen. 

1'he  mines  of  Devon  and  Cornwall  abound  with  water  in 
a  much  greater  degree  than  perhaps  any  others ;  and  a» 
evidence  of  this,  we  may  adduce  the  number  of  vaft  lleam- 
engiaes  and  overfhot  waier-wheels  employed  for  the  fole 
purpofe  of  draining  them.  We  believe,  likev.ife,  that  when 
the  quantities  of  ores  raifed  in  this  diftrift  be  compared 
with  thofe  of  any  other  which  yield  them  from  trve  veins, 
they  will  be  found  abundant  iu  the  fame  proportion. 

Under  the  head  of  the  internal  ftruilure  of  lodes,may  be 
noticed  the  cavities,  called  by  the  Germans  drufes,  and  by 
the  Cornifh  miners  voogs  :  thefe  are  obferved  moll  frequently 
in  large  veins,  and  in  iuch,  of  courfe,  aflift  in  the  jjaffage 
of  water,  and  may  be  claffed  in  the  fame  place  as  a  favour- 
able indication.     In  thefe  voogs  are  found  all  the  varieties 


L  O  D 


L  O  E 


of  cry  dais ;  and  tViils  tlie  prefence  of  tKeff  in  a  lode  is  like- 
•vnfe  confidered  promifing,  more  particularly  where  obferva- 
lions  are  made  on  a  vein  at  no  great  depth  :  for  as  the  mine 
becomes  deeper  the  lode  often  becomes  more  compaft,  and 
the  miner  calculates  upon  finding  foli J  courfes  of  ore. 

In  conneftion  with  this  part  of  the  fubjeft,  the  avails 
which  enclofe  the  vein  are  not  to  be  difregarded,  when  the 
lode  itfelf  is  confidered,  as  they  (hould  be  found  to  be  well 
determined,  fmooth,  and  regular.  The  rock  of  which  they 
are  formed  fhould  be  of  the  hard  fchift  called  by  miners 
tsj>.'l ;  and  if  penetrated  with  traces  of  ore,  it  may  be  con- 
fidered as  a  fymptom  of  large  depofits.  On  each  fide  of 
the  walls,  wliich  ufually  differ  fomewhat  from  the  ad- 
joinino- rock,  as  if  altered  by  the  prefence  of  the  vein,  the 
ftrata  may  generally  be.obferved  to  be  twilled  or  bent 
downwards,  in  a  flight  degree  towards  the  lode,  which  is 
in  general  confidered  to  be  more  the  cafe  near  large  veins 
than  rear  thofe  which  are  fmaller. 

Having  now  detailed  the  principal  charafleriftics  of  lodes, 
a?  important  to  the  praftical  miner,  defcribed  the  modes  of 
difcovering  them,  and  the  fymptoms  by  which  a  judgment 
is  formed  of  their  contents,  as  far  as  relates  to  working 
them  for  the  metals ;  we  leave  the  confideration  of  them,  in 
a  geological  point  of  view,  for  the  article  Vein.  The 
operations  of  working  upon  them  will  be  defcribed  under  the 
head  of  Mining,  and  under  that  of  Ore. 

Lode,  in  Rural  Economy,  a  provincial  terra  applied  to 
fignify  ford,  in  fome  dillrifts. 

LODER,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Bavaria  j  25  miles  S. 
of  Augfburg. 

LODESAN,  a  country  of  Italy,  in  the  JVIilanefe, 
bounded  north  and  weft  by  the  duchy  of  Milan,  call  by  the 
Cremafco  and  the  Cremones,  fouth  by  the  Piaccntia  and 
Pavefe  ;  and  now  forming  the  department  of  the  Adda.  It 
ii  populous  and  fertile,  though  fmall ;  and  particularly 
celebrated  for  its  checfe,  of  which,  it  is  faid,  the  inhabitants 
annually  export  to  the  amount  of  70,000/.  ;  the  number  of 
cows  kept  here  being  reckoned  at  30,000.  The  capital  is 
Lodi. 

LODESE',  or  Gamla  Lodese,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in 
"Weil  Gothlasd,  which  fuffered  fo  much  from  fire  in  the 
thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries,  that  the  inhabitants  re- 
moved to  New  Lodefe,  or  Nydolefe. 

LODESMAN,  or  Locman,  a  pilot  eftabliihed  for  con- 
«!u£ling  velTels  in  and  out  of  harbours,  or  up  and  down  navi- 
gable rivers.     See  Pilot. 

LODE'VE,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  and  prin- 
cipal place  of  a  diftriift,  in  the  department  of  Herault,  and, 
■hpfore  the  revolution,  the  fee  of  a  biihop  ;  24  miles  W.  of 
Montpelligr.  The  place  contains  7843,  and  the  canton 
i:;,959  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  307^  kiliometres,  in 
10  communes.     N.  lat.  43°  44'.   E.  long.  3-  24'. 

LODGMENT,  in  Military  ^Jliiri,  fometimes  denotes 
an  encampment  made  by  an  army. 

Lodgment  is  more  frequently  ufed  for  a  work  caft  up  by 
the  befiegerSi  during  their  approaches,  in  fome  dangerous 
poft,  which  they  have  gained,  and  where  it  is  abfolutely 
neceflary  to  fecure  themfelvesagainll  the  enemy's  fire  ;  as  in 
a  covert-way,  in  a  brench,  the  bottom  of  a  moat,  or  any 
other  part  gained  from  the  befieged. 

Lodgments  are  made  by  calling  up  earth,  or  by  gabions, 
or  palifade'5,  woolpacks,  fafcines,  mantelets,  or  any  thing 
capable  of  covering  foldiers  in  the  place  they  have  gained, 
and  are  determined  to  keep. 

LODI,  L.\,  in  Biography,  a  young  female  finger,  in  tlie 
fervice  of  the  eleflor  of  Bavaria,  at  Munich  in  1772,  and 
tiow,  if  fhe  lives,  an  old  one ;  fo  tliat  a  few  remarks  upon 
Vot.  XXI. 


her  flight  imperfeSions  can  do  her  neither  good  nor  harm» 
but  may  probably  ftimulate  a  wifli  of  purification  of  voice 
in  others.  We  thought  that,  in  general,  the  tone  of  the 
Lodi's  voice  was  clear  and  brilliant,  and  her  manner  of 
finging  and  afting  elegant  and  graceful ;  vet  thought,  if 
there  was  any  little  deleft  in  her  voice,  it  was  occSfioncd 
by  a  flight  obllruftion  in  the  throat,  partitillarly  in  fullaining 
low  notes.  Thefe  were  our  thoughts  the  firft  time  we  heard 
her.  The  fecond  time,  we  were  more  plcafed  with  her  per- 
formance tlian  the  firft  ;  yet  ftill  imagined  that  her  voice 
wanted  a  little  more  room  in  its  pafl^age.  The  third  time 
we  heard  her  in  her  beft  charafter,  in  the  performance  of 
which  (he  ftill  gave  us  more  pleafure  ;  but  yet  we  could  not 
get  rid  of  onr  former  remarks  on  the  conduft  of  her  voice 
in  fuftaining  certain  low  and  long  notes. 

Thefe  remarks,  m.ade  on  the  Lodi  J2  years  ago,  might, 
with  refpeft  to  voice,  be  fairly  apphed  to  Mrs.  Hindmarfc 
in  1804. 

LoDi,  in  Geography,  a  city  of  Italy,  formerly  the  chief 
town  of  Lodelan,  now  the  capital  of  the  department  of 
Adda,  built  by  the  emperor  Frederick  Barbaroffa,  on  an 
eminence,  in  a  plain  watered  by  the  river  Adda.  It  is  the 
fee  of  a  bid-.op,  and  contains,  befides  the  cathedral,  two 
collegiate  and  feven  pariih  churches,  and  26  convents.' 
This  is  a  place  of  little  trade,  its  chief  commodities  being 
cheefe  (fee  Lodes.^n)  and  a  brautiful  kind  of  earthen 
ware  refcmbling  china.  It  is  well  built,  and  furrounded 
with  walls,  about  three  miles  from  the  ancient  town  of 
the  fame  name,  called  alfo  "  Laus  Pompeii."  The  number 
of  inhabitants  is  eftimaled  at  about  I2,ooo.  On  the  nth 
of  May  1796,  the  town  was  taken  by  the  troops  ot  the 
French  republic,  under  the  command  of  Bonaparte,  Maflena, 
and  Angereau  ;  after  the  paflage  of  the  bridge  had  been  con- 
tefled  by  10,000  Auftrians,  and  30  pieces  of  artillery.  The 
Aullrians  loll  in  killed,  wounded,  and  prifoners,  between 
two  and  three  thoufand  men  ;  18  miles  S.E.  of  Milan.  N. 
lat.  45    21'.   E.  long.  9  30'.  * 

LODOMIRIA,  a  territory  of  Poland,  which,  together 
with  Galicia  (which  fee),  was  ceded  to  the  houfe  of  Auftria 
in  the  late  partition  of  Poland,  A.D.  1 772,  and  is  now  in- 
corporated under  this  appellation  with  the  Auftrian  do- 
minions. The  number  of  inhabitants  in  this  ceded  country 
amounted,  in  1776,  to  3,580,796.  Hoeck  computes 
Eartern  Galicia  and  Lodomiria  at  2,797,119,  and  Weftern 
Galicia  at  1,106,178,  The  mountainous  parts  of  Galicia 
and  Lodomiria  afford  fine  pailures ;  the  plains  are  moftly 
fandy,  but  abound  in  forefts,  and  are  fertile  in  corn.  The 
principal  articles  of  traffic  are  cattle,  hides,  wax,  and  honey  ; 
and  thefe  countries  contain  mines  of  copper,  lead,  iron,  and 
fah. 

LODRONE,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Trentin,  on  the 
borders  of  the  Breffan,  near  a  fmall  lake,  called  the  "  lake 
of  Idro;"   2,  miles  S.W.  of  Trent. 

LODOSA,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  on  the  Ebro  ; 
17  miles  E.  of  Eftella. 

LODYPOUR,  a  town  of  Hindooftan,  in  Bahar ;  iS 
miles  S.  of  Patna. 

LODZIEZE,  a  town  of  I^ithuania,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Trokl  ;  48  miles  N.N.W.  of  Grodno. 

IjOE,  a  town  of  Norway;  48  miles  N.E.  of  Dron- 
theini. 

I..OE,  in  Rural  Ecooomy,  a  term  ufed  to  fignify  a  little 
round  hill,  or  a  heap  of  Itones. 

LOEBEGUN,  or  I.ouociiiN,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of 
Magdeburg  ;  44  miles  S.  of  Magdeburg. 

LOEBOE,  or  LoEHOK,  a  kingdom  of  Celebes,  whicL 

was  the  moll  powerful  and  extanfive  of  all  the  dates  of  this 

K  k  iilandj 


L  O  E 


L  O  E 


idand,  before  thofe  of  Macafi'ar  and  Jjoh!  attained  their 
fubleqiicnt  c.'k-briiy.  It  Ilretclies  at  prcfcnt  from  Palopa, 
the  capital  of  the  country,  to  Larompo,  having  an  extent 
of  about  20  leaj^iies  along  the  vvpftern  Ihure  uf  the  bay  of 
Boni,  and  from  the  otlior.' fide  of  the  city,  owr  the  whole 
of  the  S.E.  part  of  Celebes,  between  Bnggviefs-bay  and 
the  li.  coail  of  tlie  ifland,  as  far  as  the  Alforefc  will  fuffer 
them  inland  ;  to  the  \V.  it  is  bounded  by  Wadjo,  and  to 
the  N.  bv  Taradja.  The  land  is  fertile  in  paddee  ;  it 
elds  likewil'e  good  iron,  and  much  gold 


yie 


is  found  in  tlie 
rivers.  The  firft  king  mentioned  in  the  records  of  the 
Dutch  company,  and  called  "  Grain  Ilaroo,"  was  fvib- 
dued  by  the  arms  of  the  company,  at  the  fame  time  with 
the  Macalfars  at  Bouton.  For  an  account  of  its  difTolute 
queen,  li-e  Tanete. 

LOEFUNGIA,  in  Botany,  named  by  Linnxus  in 
honour  of  his  friend  and  favourite  pupil  Peter  Loefling,  a 
Swede,  who  was  born  in  the  year  1729.  in  the  province  of 
Gailrikeland.  He  began  to  (ludy  medicine  at  the  age  of 
16.  Hnd  from  his  proficiency  in  the  fcience  of  Natural 
Hiftory  he  afterwards  obtained,  through  the  recommenda- 
tion of  Linnxus,  the  appointment  of  botaniH  to  the  king  of 
Spain,  in  wliich  capacity  he  explored  tlie  botanical  treafures 


of  South   America,    where   he   died  Feb.  22,    ] 


756.    Hi 


name  frequently  occurs  in  the  writings  of  his  preceptor, 
■who  publidted  at  Stockholm,  in  175S,  a  collection  of 
Loefling's  letters,  and  the  Latin  defcripticns  of  Spanifh  and 
American  plants  which  he  left  beliind  him,  with  a  biogra- 
phical preface  of  his  own,  in  Swedifh.  A  German  tranfla- 
tion  of  this  volume,  by  Kblpin,  appeared  at  Berlin  in  1766. 
The  inaugural  differtation  of  Loefling  on  "  the  buds  of 
trees"'  is  printed  in  the  Amoenitates  jicailsmicrv,  v.  2.  182. — 
Linn.  Gen.  24.  Schreb.  33.  WiUd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  i.  191. 
Mart.  Mill.  Did.  V.  3.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  I.  79. 
juff.  299.  Lamarck  lllullr.  t.  29.  Gfcrln.  t.  129. — Clafs 
and  order,  Trimulria  Monugyma.  Nat.  Ord.  Caryophylla, 
Linn.   Caryophyllejs,  JiifT. 

Gen.  Cb.  Gal.  Perianth  inferior,  of  five,  ereft,  lanceo- 
late leaves,  marked  on  each  lido  at  the  bafe  with  a  fmall 
tooth,  fhai-p-pointed,  permanent.  Cor.  Petals  five,  very 
fmall,  oblong-ovate,  clofed  together  in  the  form  of  a  globe. 
Stam.  Filaments  three,  the  length  of  the  corolla ;  anthers 
.•oundilh,  twin.  Pijl.  Germen  fupericr,  ovate,  triangular; 
flyle  ihrcad-fhaped,  a  little  dilated  upwards  ;  ftigma  rather 
obtufe.  Ptrlc.  Capfule  ovate,  nearly  triangular,  of  one 
cell  and  three  valves.      Seeds  numerous,  ovate-oblong. 

Eff.  Ch.  Calyx  of  five  leaves.  Corolla  of  five  petals, 
very  fmall.     Capfule  of  one  cell,  and  three  valves. 

1.  L.  hifpankum.  Spanirti  Locfliugia.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  50. 
Loefl.  It.  113.  t.  I.  f.  2.  Cavan.  Ic.  v.  1.  64.  t.  94^ — 
Leaves  awl-lhsped,  fharp-pointed.  Flowers  axillary,  feifile. 
— Found  on  open  hills  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Madrid, 
and  -ther  parts  of  Spain,  flowering  in  June. — Root  annual, 
zig-zag,  fmooth.  Stems  procumbent,  fometimes  a  little  af- 
cending,  jointed,  round,  {lightly  piibefcent,  vifcid,  about 
two  inches  long.  Lctves  in  pairs  at  tlw.-  joints  of  the  ftcms, 
fometimes  three  or  four  together.  Fkiuers  nearly  white. 
Linnxus  remarks,  that  this  fpecies  approaches  in  habit  to 
Scleranthus  or  Hermr.pa. 

2.  1-.  hidica.  Indian  Loeflingia.  Willd.  n.  2.  Retz.  Obf. 
fafc  4.  8.  (Pharnacenm  depreiTum  ;  Linn.  Mant.  562.) — 
Leaves  oblong.  Flowers  axillary,  cymofe.  --^A  native  of 
rice  fields  and  dried  pools  in  the  Eaft  Indies,  where  it 
abounds,  -according  to  Konig,  in  . ':  pril  and  May. — Root 
very  long  and  branching.  Stems  numerous,  prollrate,  about 
a  fpan  in  length,  pubefcent.  Leaves  two,  four  or  more 
together  at  the  joints,  almoit  feffile.     Stipuks  foUtary,  fciall, 


membranaceous.  Flowers  nearly  fi-flile,  cinereous,  with  a 
t^ifid  flyle.  I>innxus,  who  places  tliis  fptcies  in  Pharna- 
ceum,  fays  that  it  refembles  a  Molhigo,  and  that  it  puts  forth 
its  flowers  only  in  fine  weather.  Rel/.ius  and  WilldcnoMr 
properly  make  it  a  Loejl'.ngia,  of  which  author,,  the  former 
obferves,  that  /,.  indica  has  dark-green  and  keeled  calyx- 
leaves  with  a  broad  fcaly  margin.  The  corolla  is  purple, 
fmaller  than  the  calyx.  The  capfule  of  one  cell,  with  many 
feed.-. 

LOEILLET,  JoH.v,  in  Biography,  a  relation  of  John 
Baptill  Locillet  of  Ghent,  the  famous  mafter  on  the  com- 
mon finte,  and  voluminous  compofer  for  that  inftrumcnt. 
John  the  younger  was  a  celebrated  haiplichord  mafter,  and 
performer  in  the  opera  band  in  London,  while  Corbet  was 
the  leader. 

Having  a  large  room  in  the  houfe  whicli  he  occupied  in 
H.irt-ftreet,  Covent  Garden,  he  eitabliilied  a  weekly  concert 
there,  which  was  frequented  chiefly  by  gentlemen  perform- 
ers, who  rewarded  him  liberally  for  conducing  it.  Co- 
relli's  concertos  were  firft  performed  in  England  at  this 
concert,  where  Mr.  Needier,  at  the  head  of  dilettanti 
players  on  the  violin,  was  the  leader. 

Loeilkt  was  not  only  an  excellent  teacher  of  the  harpfi- 
chord,  but  a  good  compofer  for  that  iidlrument,  and  a  mi- 
nuet in  his  leflons,  in  the  key  of  A  minor,  which  was  in 
great  favour  with  the  ladici  of  that  time,  from  the  vidgar 
pronunciation  of  Loeillet's  name,  was  long  fuppcfcd  to  have 
been  compofrd  by  John  Baptift  Lully,  whofe  name  was 
prefixed  to  it  in  many  printed  b'joks,  nor  was  the  miftakc 
ever  publicly  cleared  up. 

Loeillet  died  about  the  year  1728,  after  accumulating,  by 
indullry  and  economy,  a  fortune  of  16,000/.  The  works 
which  he  publillied,  though  numerous,  are  now  only  to  be 
traced  in  WaKh's  old  catalogues. 

I^OENEN,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Holland  ;  10  miles 
S.W.  of  Naerden. 

LOESDilECHT,  a  town  of  Holland  ;  eight  miles  S. 
of  Naerden. 

LOESELIA,  in  Botany,  received  its  name  from  Lin- 
nasus,  in  honour  of  John  Loefel,  Profelfor  of  Medicine  at 
Kbnigfberg  in  PrufTia,  who  was  born  in  the  year  1607,  and 
died  in  1(^55.  By  the  direfiion  of  our  author's  will,  his 
fon  edited  a  catalogue  of  the  native  plants  of  PrufTia,  which 
is  by  no  means  a  defpicable  work.  It  abounds  with  feveral 
curious  notes,  and  contains  many  rare  plants  which  till  then 
were  unknown  as  natives  of  Pruflia.  He  had  alfo  prepared 
feveral  excellent  plates,  and  tliefe,  together  with  his  manu- 
fcripls,  partly  by  the  wifli  of  his  Ion  to  perpetuate  his 
father's  fa.me,  and  partly  by  royal  authority,  were  after- 
wards committed  to  the  clurge  of  his  fucceffor,  Profeflbr 
John  Gottfched,  who  compiled  from  them  the  Flora  Pruf- 
jica,  feu  Planta  in  Regno  Prujfis  fponte  nafcentes,  which  was 
publilhed  in  quarto  in  1703.  The  book  is  fcarce,  hut  is 
frequently  cited  for  the  plates. —  I,inn.  Gen.  317.  Royen. 
L.  Bat.  299.  Schreb.  41  j.  Wiild.  Sj).  PI.  v.  3.  323.  Mart. 
Mill.  Did.  v.  3.  Juir^i33:.  Lamarck'Illullr.  t.  ,27.  Gxrtn. 
t.  62.  (Royenia;  Hoult  MSS.)  —  Clafs  and  order,  Bi^lyna- 
mia  ylng'tofperuiia.   Nat.  Ord.   Con-volvuli,  Jufi. 

Gen.  Cli.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  of  one  leaf,  tubular, 
four-cleft,  acute,  Ihort,  pernianent.  Cor.  of  one  petal, 
unequal  ;  tube  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  limb  in  five,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  equal  fegmcnts,  all  detlexed  towards  the  lower 
fide.  Stam.  Filaments  four,  the  length  of  the  corolla,  two 
of  ihcm  (horter,  all  oppofite  to  the  fegmcnts  of  the  petal 
and  reflexed,  in  a  contrary  direftiou  to  the  corolla;  antjiers 
fimple.  Pyi.  Germen  fupcrior,  ovate  ;  llyle  fimple,  placed 
like  the  ftainensi  ftigma  thickifli.  Peric.  Capfule  ovate, 
5  o£ 


LOG 


LOG 


•f  three   cells.     SefJs  folitary   or  two  togetlier,    flightly 
angulated. 

Obf.  Girtner  remarks,  that  he  found  five  ftamens  in  all 
the  flowprs  of  this  genus  which  he  had  examined,  though 
one  of  them  was  conltai)tIy  (horter  than  the  reft.  Hence  it 
has  been  fuggolled  that  LoefeVia  fhould  be  referred  to  Pcn- 
tanlna. 

Efl".  Ch.  Calyx  four-cleft.  Corolla  with  its  fegmeiits  all 
leaning  one  way.  Stamens  oppofite  to  the  petal.  Capfule 
of  three  cells. 

I.  L.  ci/'uifa.  Fringed  Loefelia.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  875. 
G^ertn.  t.  62.  f.  3. — Found  by  Dr.  Houftoun  at  Vera 
Cruz  in  South  Arneric*. — Stem  ercft,  (lightly  quadrangular. 
Leaves  oppofite,  lanceolate-ovate,  (harply  ftrrated.  Fli'w- 
ers  yellow,  forming  a  head  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  ac- 
companied by  imbricated,  ovate,  fringed  hradeas. 

This  genus  is  fully  defcribed  by  Gxvtncr,  who  mod  pro- 
bably muft  have  made  his  description  from  the  fpecimen  fent 
bv  I>r.  Houftoun  to  Mr.  Miller's  collection,  now  in  the 
pofleffion  of  the  right  honourable  fir  .loleph  Banks.  -  Lin- 
m«s  had  it  not  in  his  own  herbarium,  but  appears  to  have 
feen  it  in  the  hands  of  Adrian  Van  Royen  during  his  ftay  at 
Leyden.  Hence  it  found  admidion  into  the  appendix  of 
the  tiril  edition  of  his  G<nera  Planiarum,  p.  34S. 

LOEVESTEIN,  or  Louvestein,  in  Geography,  a  for- 
tvels  of  Holland,  where  Grotius  was  confined,  and  whence 
he  was  dehvered  by  a  ftratagem  of  his  wife.  See  the  article 
GnoTius. 

LOEVI,  in  /Indent  Geography,  a  people  of  Italy,  whofe 
cantonment  lay  between  the  rivers  Seffilis  and  Ticinus,  now 
the  Sefia  and  Tefino. 

LOFANGER,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Weft 
Bothnia  ;  40  miles  N.N.E.  ot  Umea. 

LOFANGO,  one  of  the  fmaller  Friendly  iflands  ;  five 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Neeneeva. 

LOFEEREN,  a  clufter  of  fmall  iflands  in  the  North 
fea,  ne«r  the  coaft  of  Norway.     N.  lat.  6S'. 

LOFFALO,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the  gulf  of  Finland.  N. 
lat.  60'  2'.  E.  long.  46   3'. 

LOFFINGEN,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  lordfhip  ©f 
Furilenberg,  having  a  medicinal  bath  ;  fix  miles  W.  of 
Furftenberg. 

LOFFODEN  Islands,  a  clufter  of  iflands  off  the  Nor- 
wegian coaft,  in  N.  lat.  67^  to  68'.  Thefe  iflands  are  nu- 
merous and  extenfive,  and  noted  for  the  whirlpool  of  Malc- 
trom.  They  have  excellent  fifheries,  and  the  palturage 
fuffices  for  a  great  number  of  fheep. 

LOFSTA,  a  town   of  Sweden,  in  Smaland  ;   70  miles 

N.  of  Calmar Alfo,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province 

of  Upland,  in  which  are  a  hammer-mil!,  eight  forges,  and 
a  fmelting  furnace  ;  40  miles  N.  of  Upfal. 

LOFTUS  Heights,  the  barrier-port  in  the  S.W.  corner 
of  the  United  States,  on  the  E.  fide  of  the  Miffifippi,  in 
Adams  county,  Miffifippi  territory,  about  40  miles  below 
Natchez.  The  plan  of  the  works  here  conftrwrted  prelents 
the  handfomeil  military  object  in  the  United  States. 

LOFVESTA,  a  fea-port  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
vine-  of  Sch  jneii  ;   25  miles  S.  of  Chriftianftadt. 

LOG,  ic  the  Jeivi/b  y/ntlquities,  a  mcalure  which  held  a 
<juarter  of  a  cab,  and  confequently  five-fixths  of  a  pint. 
There  is  mention  of  a  log,  2  Kings,  vi.  25.  under  the  name 
of  a  fourth  part  of  a  cab.  But  in  Leviticus  the  word  log  is 
often  met  with,  and  fignifies  that  meafure  of  oil,  which 
lepers  were  to  offer  at  the  temple  after  they  were  cured  of 
any  difeafe. 

Dr.  Arbuthnot  fays,  that  the  log  was  a  meafure  of  li- 
quids,  the  feventy-fecond  part  of  the  bath  or  ephali,  and 


twelfth  part  of  the  hin,  according  to  all  the  accounts  of  the 

Jewifh  writers. 

Log,  a  fea-tcrm,  fignifying  a  fmall  piece  of  timber  of  a 
triangular,  feCforal,  or  quadrantal  figure,  on  board  a  [hip, 
generally  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick,  and  five  or  fix 
inches  from  the  angular  point  to  the  circumference.  It  ib 
balanced  by  a  thin  plate  of  lead,  nai'cd  upon  the  arch,  or 
circular  iidc,  fo  as  to  fwim  perpendicularly  in  the  water, 
with  about  two-thirds  immerfed  under  the  furface. 

L,aG-/ine,  a  little  cord,  or  line,  about  a  hundred  and  fifty 
fathoms  long,  fattened  to  the  log,  by  means  of  two  legs, 
one  of  which  paffes  through  a  hole  at  the  corner,  and  is 
knotted  on  the  oppofite  fide,  while  tiie  other  leg  is  attached 
to  the  arch  by  a  pin  fixed  into  another  hole,  fo  as  to  draw 
out  occafionally.  By  thefe  legs  the  log  is  hung  in  equilibrio; 
and  the  fine  thus  annexed  to  it  is  wound  round  a  reel  fixed 
for  that  purpofe  in  the  gallery  of  the  fhip. 

This  line,  from  the  diftance  of  about  ten,  twelve,  or 
fifteen  fathoms  off  the  log,  has  certain  knots  or  divifions, 
which  ought  to  be  at  lead  fifty  feet  from  each  other  ; 
though  it  was  the  common  praclice  at  fea,  not  to  have  theiu 
above  forty-two  feet  afunder. 

The  length  of-  each  knot  ought  to  be  the  fame  part  of  a 
fea-mile  as  half  a  minute  is  of  an  hour ;  and  admitting  the 
meal'urem'ent  of  Mr.  Norwood,  who  makes  a  degree  on  a 
great  circle  of  the  earth  to  contain  367,200  Englifh  feet, 
or  about  693  Engliih  (latute  miles  ;  and,  therefore,  -J^  of  it, 
or  a  nautical  mile,  will  be  61  23  feet;  ^i^'-h  of  6120,  or  51 
feet,  fhould  be  the  length  of  each  knot.  But  becaufe  it  is 
fafer  to  have  the  reckoning  rather  before  the  fhip  than  after 
it,  therefore  fifty  feet  may  be  taken  as  the  proper  length  of 
each  knot.  The  knots  are  fometimes  made  to  confilt  only 
of  forty-two  feet  each,  even  in  the  prefent  practice ;  and 
this  method  of  dividing  the  log-line  was  lounded  on  the 
fuppofition  that  fixcy  miles,  each  of  j'cxso  Englifh  feet, 
made  a  degree  ;  for  xi^th  of  ^000  is  4I7,  or,in  round  num- 
bers, 42  feet.  Mariners,  rather  than  quit  the  old  way, 
though  known  to  be  erroneous,  ufe  glaffes  for  half  minute 
ones,  that  run  but  24  or  25  feconds.  They  have  alfo  iifed  a 
line  of  45  feet  to  30  feconds,  or  a  gla/s  of  28  feconds  to  42 
feet.  When  this  is  the  cafe,  the  diftance  between  the  knots 
fhould  be  correfted  by  the  following  proportion  :  as  30  is 
to  50,  fo  is  the  number  of  feconds  of  tlie  glafs  to  ths  dif- 
tance between  the  knots  upon  the  line.  The  heat  or  moif- 
ture  of  the  weather  has  often  a  confiderable  effeft  upon  the 
glafs,  fo  as  to  make  it  run  flower  or  fifter ;  it  fhould,  there- 
fore, be  frequently  tried  by  the  pendulum  in  the  following 
manner.  On  a  round  nail  hang  a  firing  that  has  a  mufliet- 
ball  fixed  to  one  end,  carefully  meafuring  between  the  cen- 
tre of  the  ball  and  the  firing's  loop  over  the  peg  39T  inches, 
being  the  length  of  a  fecond  pendulum  ;  then  fwing  it,  and 
count  one  for  every  time  it  pafies  under  the  peg,  bsginning 
at  the  fecond  time  it  paffes,  and  the  number  of  fwings  made 
during  the  time  the  glals  is  running  out,  fhews  the  leconds 
it  contains.  The  line  alfo  is  liable  to  relax  and  flirink,  and 
fhould,  therefore,  be  occafionally  meafured. 

The  ufe  of  the  log  and  line  is,  to  keep  account,  and  make  • 
an  eltimate  of  the  fhip's  way,  or  diftance  run  ;  which  is 
done  by  obfervmg  the  length  of  line  unwound  in  half  a 
minute's  time,  told  by  a  half-minute  glafs  ;  for  fo  many 
knots  as  run  out  in  that  time,  fo  many  miles  the  fhip  fails  in 
an  hour.  Thus,  if  there  be  four  knots  veered  out  in  half  a 
minute,  the  fhip  is  computed  to  run  four  miles  an  hour. 

The  author  of  this  device  for  meafuring  the  fhip's  way  is 

not  known  ;  and  no  mewtion  of  it  occurs  till  the  year  l6o~, 

in  an  Eaft  India  voyage,  publiftied  by   Purchas  :    but  from 

that  lime  its  name  occurs  in  other  voyages  among  his  coi- 

K  k  3  lectiuus ; 


LOG 


LOG 


leAions:  and  henceforward  it  became  famous,  beiiij^  taken 
notice  of  both  by  our  own  authors,  and  by  foreigners;  as 
by  Guntcr  in  1623  ;  SncUius,  in  1624  ;  Metius,  in  i')3i  ; 
Oughtrcd,  in  16,^3;  llerigonc,  in  1634;  SaltonftaU,  in 
1636;  Norwood,  in  1637;  rournier,  in  1643;  and  a!- 
moll  by  all  the  fuccccding  writers  on  i.avigation  of  every 
conntr)'.     See  Marlm  Survevou. 

Log,  to  heave  the,  as  they  call  it,  they  throw  it  into  the 
water,  on  the  Ice-fule,  letting  it  run,  till  it  comes  without 
the  eddy  of  tlic  fhip's  wako  ;  then  one,  holding  a  half- 
minute  glafs,  turns  it  up  jull  as  thi;  firll  knot,  or  the  mark 
from  which  the  knots  begin  to  be  reckoned,  turns  off  the 
reel,  or  palFes  over  the  ftern.  As  foon  as  the  glafs  is  out, 
the  reel  is  Hopped,  and  the  knots  run  off  are  told,  and  their 
parts  ellimated. 

It  is  ufual  to  heave  the  log  once  every  hour  in  (liips  of 
war  and  Eaft  Indiaraen  ;  and  in  all  other  veffels,  once  in  two 
hours  ;  and  if  at  any  time  of  the  watch  the  wind  has  in- 
creafed  or  abated  at  the  intervals,  fo  as  to  afcft  the  ihip's 
velocity,  the  ofiicer  generally  makes  a  fuitable  allowance  for 
it  at  the  clofe  of  the  watch. 

The  log  is  a  very  precarious  way  of  computing,  and  mud 
always  be  correfted  by  experience  and  good  fenfe  ;  there 
being  a  great  deal  of  uncertainty  in  the  yawing  of  the 
(hip  going  with  the  wind  aft,  or  upon  the  quarter,  in  the 
heaving  of  it,  by  its  coming  home,  or  being  drawn  after  the 
(hip,  on  account  of  the  friction  of  the  reel,  and  lightnefs 
of  the  log,  in  the  courfe  of  the  current,  and  in  the  ftrength 
of  the  wind,  which  feldom  keeps  the  fame  tenor  for  two 
hours  together  ;  which  is  the  interval  between  the  times  of 
ufmg  the  log,  in  (hort  voyages,  though  in  longer  ones  they 
heave  it  every  hour.  Yet  is  this  a  much  more  exaiit  way  of 
computing  than  any  other  in  ufe  ;  much  preferable  cer- 
tainly to  that  of  the  Spaniards  and  Portuguefe,  whogueffed 
at  the  fliip's  way,  by  the  running  of  the  froth  or  water  by  the 
fhip's  fide  ;  or  to  that  of  the  Dutch,  who  ufed  to  heave  a  chip 
overboard,  and  to  number  the  paces  they  walk  on  the  deck, 
while  the  chip  fwims  between  any  two  marks,  or  bulk-heads 
on  the  fide. 

The  above-mentioned  errors,  and  particularly  the  log's 
being  fubjett  to  drive  with  the  motion  which  the  water  may 
have  at  its  furface,  whereas  the  experiment  requires  it  to  be 
fixed  in  the  place  where  it  is  when  the  mark  commencing  the 
knots  goes  off  the  reel,  have  been  confidered  by  writers, 
and  many  methods  have  been  propofed  to  remove,  or  at 
lead  to  leff  n  them.  The  late  M.  Bouguer  propofed  a 
method,  which  has  been  thought  deferving  of  particular  at- 
tention, in  the  Mem.  Acad.  Sc.  1747;  afterwards  in  his 
Treatife  on  Navigation,  publifhed  at  Paris  in  1753,  and  fince 
reprinted  in  1760,  by  the  Abbe  de  la  CaiUe.  For  this  pnr- 
pofe,  take  for  the  lo^  a  conical  piece  of  wood,  which  fix  to 
the  log4ine  paffed  through  or  along  its  axis,  at  about  forty, 
fifty,  or  fixty,  or  more  feet,  from  one  end  ;  and  to  this  end 
fix  the  diver,  which  is  a  body  formed  of  two  equal  fquare 
pieces  of  tin,  or  of  thin  iron  plate,  fixed  at  right  angles  to 
one  another  along  their  diagonals  ;  and  its  fize  fo  fitted  to 
that  of  the  cone,  that  the  whole  may  float.  A  cone  of  three 
inches  diameter  in  the  bafe,  and  of  fix  inches  in  the  flant 
height,  is  propofed  by  M.  Bouguer  to  fuit  a  diver  made 
of  plates  about  9 J  inches  fquare;  the  interfeftion  of  the 
diagonals  is  joined  to  the  log-line,  and  the  loop  and  peg 
fixed  as  in  the  common  log.  However,  it  has  been  found, 
that  no  kind  of  wood  ufed  in  Britifh  dock-yards,  when 
formed  into  a  cone  of  the  above  dimenfions,  will  float  a 
diver  made  of  ftout  tin  plates,  one  fide  of  the  fquare  being 
9J  inches.  Such  a  diver  weighing  1 3  lb.  av<«)irdupoife,  re- 
quired to  float  it,  a  cone  of  five  inches  diameter,  and  twelve 


inches  on  the  flant  fide,  fo  as  the  point  of  the  cone,  whish 
was  made  of  hght  lir,  fhonld  juft  appear  abave  the  water. 
Now  luppofing  one  fide  of  Inch  a  fquare  tin  diver  to  be 
about  ten  inches,  and  made  of  plates  only  two-tiiirds  of  the 
tiiicknefs  of  the  former,  fuch  a  dii»er  would  weigh,  with 
its  folder,  about  twenty  ounces,  and  can  be  floated  by  a 
light  fir  cone  of  four  inches  diameter  in  the  bafe,  and  ten 
inches  in  the  flant  height  or  length  ;  and  fnch  a  compound  - 
log  might,  perhaps,  be  found  on  trial  to  be-  affeiled  by  about 
as  much  again  a";  that  propofed  by  M.  Bouguer,  and  con- 
fequently  the  difference  between  the  numbers  given  by  the 
common  log  and  compound  log,  mutt  be  augmented  by  two- 
thirds  of  itii  If,  for  the  ncceffary  corrcAion,  as  below.  When 
the  compound  log  of  Bouguer,  above  delcribtd,  is  hove 
overboard,  the  diver  will  fink  too  deep  to  be  much  affeCted 
by  the  current  or  tnotion  of  the  water  at  the  furface  ;  and 
the  log  will  thereby 'teep  more  ileadily  in  the  place  whefe 
it  firii  fell ;  and  confequently,  the  knots  run  off  the  rtel 
will  fhew  more  accurately  the  (hip's  rate  of  failing.  A» 
the  common  log  is  affefted  by  the  whole  motion  of  the  cur- 
rent, fo  this  compound  log  will  feel  only  a  part  thereof, 
viz.  fuch  a  part  nearly  as  the  refiftancc  of  the  cone  is  of 
the  refiftance  of  the  diver  :  then  the  refiftances  of  the  above 
cone  and  diver  are  abaut  as  1  to  5  ;  and  confequently  this 
log  will  drive  but  one-tifth  part  of  what  the  common  log 
would  do  ;  and  fo  the  fliip's  true  run  will  be  affeftcd  by 
one-fifth  part  only  of  the  motion  cf  the  waters.  To  ob- 
tain the  true  rate  of  failing,  it  will  be  proper  to  heave  al- 
ternately hour  and  hour,  tlie  common  log,  and  this  com- 
pound log  ;  then  the  difference  of  their  knots  run  off, 
augmented  by  its  one-fourth  part,  is  the  correction  ;  which 
applied  to  the  knots  of  the  common  log,  will  give  the  fhip's 
true  rate  of  failing,  at  the  middle  time  between  the,  hours 
when  thefe  logs  were  hove.  The  corrcftton  is  additive, 
when  the  compound  log's  xun  is  the  greateft,  otherwifc 
it  is  fubtradtive.  To  find  the  courle  made  good  :  increafe 
the  obferved  angle  between  the  log-lines  by  one-fourth 
part  ;  and  this  gives  the  correction  to  be  applied  to  the  ap- 
parent courfe,  or  the  oppofite  of  that  fliewn  by  the  common 

log  ;  the  correiEtion  is  to  be  applied  to  the  <  j^r,    {■    of  the 

apparent  courfe,  when  the  bearing  of  the  common  log  is 

to  the  <    •   1  ,  f    °f  ^^^  compound   log.     Or   thus  ;    the 

lengths  run  oft  both  logs,  together  with  their  hearings, 
being  known  ;  in  a  card  or  compafs  apply  the  knots  run  off, 
taken  from  a  fcale  of  equal  parts  along  their  refpedive 
bearings,  from  the  centre  ;  join  the  ends,  and  in  this  line 
produced,  on  the  fide  next  the  compound  log's  length,  take 
one-fourth  of  the  interval  ;  then  a  line  drawn  from  the  end, 
thus  produced,  to  the  centre  of  the  card,  wifl  (hew  the  true 
courfe  and  diltance  made  good.  When  a  current,  fuch  as 
a  tide,  runs  to  any  depth,  the  velocity  of  that  current  may 
be  much  better  afcertained  by  the  compound  log  than  by  the 
common  one,  provided  the  diver  does  not  defeend  lower 
than  the  run  of  the  current  ;  for  as  thofe  fliips  which  are 
deepell  immcrged,  drive  fafteft  with  the  tide  ;  fo  the  diver, 
by  being  aited  on  below,  as  well  as  the  log  on  the  furface, 
their  joint  motion  will  give  the  total  effect  to  the  current's 
motion  better  than  what  could  be  derived  from  the  motiou 
at  the  furface  only.  Alfo  by  fuch  a  compound  log,  the 
depth  to  which  any  current  runs,  may  be  eafily  tried.  Ro- 
bertfon's  Nav.  book  ix.  (J  I. 

We  have  an   account  in  the  Voyage  to   the  North  Pole, 
p    97,  of  two    other  logs,   which    were  tried    by    captain 
Phipps  :  one  hivented  by  Mr.  Ruffel,  the  otiier  by  Foxon  ; 
both  conllruded  upon  this  principle,  that  a  fpiral,  in  pro- 
ceeding 


LOG 


LOG 


ccejlng  its  own  length  in  the  direiftion  of  its  axis  iKrongh 
a  reliliing  medium,  makes  one  revolution  round  the  axis  ; 
if,  therefore,  the  revolutions  of  the  fpiral  are  regiftered,  the 
number  of  times  it  has  gone  its  own  Ienj;th  through  the 
water  will  be  known.  Iii  both  thefe  the  motion  of  the  fpiral 
in  the  water  is  communicated  to  the  c'ock-work  within- 
board,  by  means  of  a  fn.all  line,  fattened  at  one  end  of  the 
fpiral,  which  tows  it  after  the  fhip,  and  at  the  other  to 
a  fpindle,  wiiicli  fets  the  clock-work  in  motion.  1'hat  in- 
vented bv  Mr.  RufTel  has  a  half  fpiral  of  two  threads, 
made  ot  copper,  and  a  fmall  dial  with  clock-work,  to  regif- 
ter  the  number  of  turns  of  the  fpiral.  The  other  log 
has  a  whole  fpiral  of  wood  with  one  thread,  and  a  larger 
piece  of  clock-work,  with  three  dials,  two  of  them  to  mark 
the  diftance,  and  the  other  divided  into  knots  and  fathoms, 
to  iTiew  the  rate  by  the  half-minute  glafs  for  the  conveni- 
ence of  comparing  it  with  the  log.  This  kind  of  lug  will 
have  the  advantage  of  every  o'her  in  fmooth  water  and  mo- 
derate weather;  and  it  will  be  ufeful  in  finding  the  trim  of 
the  fhip  when  alo:ie,  in  furveying  a  coaft  in  a  iingle  (hip,  or 
in  meafurinif  diilances  in  a  boat  between  headlands  and 
fhoals  ;  but  it  ij  iubjecl  to  other  inconveniences,  which  will 
not  render  it  a  pr  per  fubliitute  for  the  common  log.  See 
Phil.  Tranf.  vol.  xl-  :ii.  p   ^^2. 

l^oa-board  is  a  table  divided  into  four  or  five  columns, 
whereon  are  marked  the  reckonings  of  every  day  ;  from 
whence  they  are  entered  into  the  log-book  or  traverfe-book, 
whence  it  may  be  tranfcribed  into  the  journals,  and  how 
much  the  (hip  gains  in  hercourfe  be  eflimated  daily.  In  the 
firft  column  ot  the  log-board,  is  entered  the  hour  of  the 
day,  from  the  noon  of  one  dav  to  the  noon  of  the  next  ;  in 
the  fecond  and  third,  the  number  of  knots  and  fathoms  the 
fhip  IS  found  to  run  per  hour,  fet  againfl  the  hours  when 
the  log  was  hove  :  in  the  fourth,  the  courfes  which  the  (hip 
fleers :  and  in  the  fifth,  or  right-hand  column,  the  winds,  the 
alterations  of  the  fails,  the  bufinefs  doing  aboard,  obferva- 
tions  made  of  the  weather,  variations  of  the  compafs,  &c. 
See  JoL'RN.\L. 

LoG-iooi,  at  fea,  a  book  ru'ed  and  columned  like  the  log. 
board.  It  is  ufed  by  fome  to  enter  the  log-board's  account 
in  every  day  at  noon,  with  the  obfervations  then  made  ;  and 
from  hence  it  is  corrected  and  entered  into  the  journals. 
(See  .TocRNAL.)  The  intermediate  divifions  or  watches  of 
the  log-book,  containing  four  hours  each,  are  ufually  figned 
by  the  commanding  officer  in  fliips  of  war,  or  Eall  In- 
diamen. 

LOGAN,  in  Geography,  a  county  of  America,  in  the 
ftate  of  Keutucky,  contaming  4S70  inhabitants,  befides 
730  Haves. 

LOG.ANIA,  in  Botany,  fo  denominated  by  Mr.  R. 
Brovvn,  after  Mr.  James  Logan,  Prefident  of  the  Council, 
and  Chief  Juftice  of  the  Province  of  Pennfylvania,  author  of 
a  fmall  Latin  tratt  in  fupport  of  the  Linnian  doctrine  of  the 
generation  of  plants,  publilTied  at  Leydcn,  in  1739,  and 
republifhed,  we  believe  by  Dr.  Fothergill,  at  London,  in 
'747'  ^i'^  3"  Enghrti  tranflation.  Brown  Prodr.  Nov. 
Holl.  V.  I.  454.  (Euofma  ;  Andr.  Rcpof.  v,  8.  520.) — 
Clafs  and  order,  Paitai.dna  Monogynia.  Nat.  Ord.  Gen- 
hat!<t,  Jufi". 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  in  five  deep  equal  feg- 
ments,  pernianent.  Cor.  of  one  petal,  fomewhat  bell- 
(haped,  rather  hairy  in  the  throat  ;  limb  in  five  deep,  equal, 
roundifh  fegments.  Stam.  Filaments  five,  equal,  inlerted 
into  ibn-ie  part  of  the  tube,  (horter  than  the  hmb  ;  anthers 
fmall,  roundifh.  Pjji.  Germen  fuperior,  ov.v.e,  with  a 
groove  at  each  fide  1  ftyle  {hort,  thick,  permanent  ;  (ligma 
capitate,    fomewhat  ciub-lhaped.      iVjV.    Capfule  ovate, 


with  a  furrow  at  each  fide,  feparating  into  tro  parts,  *ach 
of  one  cell  and  two  valves,  with  a  longitudinal  triangular  re- 
ceptacle to  each  cell.  Setdt  numerous,  roundilh,  peltate, 
rough. 

Eif.  Ch.  Calyx  in  five  deep  ferments.  Corolla  fome- 
what bell-fhaped,  five-cleft,  hairy  in  the  throat.  Stamen* 
fhorter  tlian  the  limb.  Stigma  capitate.  Capfule  fuperior, 
with  two  furrows,  four  valves,  two  cells,  and  a  receptacle 
to  each.      Seeds  peltate. 

This  New-Holland  genus  confifts  of  either  (hrubs  or 
herbs,  with  oppofite  entire  leaves,  generally  attended  by 
ftipulas,  which  are  either  luiied  into  a  fmall  intrafoiiaceous 
fliealh.  Of  diftinft  ;  in  the  latter  cafe,  withiii  the  infertion 
of  the  leaves  or  at  their  fides  ;  fometimes  there  are  no  lli- 
pulas.  Flowers  either  terminal  or  axillary,  oppofite  in  co- 
rymbs or  cinders,  fometimes  folitary  Corolla  white,  fome- 
times veined.  Albumen  fl  -(hy.  Mr.  Brown  indicates  its- 
near  affinity  to  Geniojloma,  fee  that  article,  and  thence  ta 
the  order  of  Ap-x'ime,  and  to  Ujleria,  one  of  the  RubiaceA. 
He  defines  eleven  fp'ecies,  eight  of  which  are  flirubs,  witli 
an  obtufe  calyx,  and  the  llamens  within  tiie  tube  ;  the  rcil  are 
herbaceous,  or  but  (lightly  Ihrubby,  with  an  acute  calyx, 
and  fomewhat  prominent -ftamens.  Of  the  eight  firll -men- 
tioned fpecies,  five  have  the  llipulas  united  into  a  fheath  or 
ring  within  the  infertion  of  the  leaves.  Thefe  are  called  true 
Logimie.     A  fpecimen  of  them  is 

L.  latifoUa,  Brown  n.  2.  (Exacum  vaginale  ;  Labill. 
Nov.  Holl.  v.  I.  37.  t.  51.)— Leaves  obovate,  rather 
pointed  at  each  end.  Flowers  corym.bofe.  Young  branches 
fmooth.  Stem  ereift — Native  of  the  fouthern  part  of  Ne\T 
Holland.  The  Jlem  is  fhrubby,  about  a  yard  high,  with, 
upright,  fquare,  fmooth,  leafy  branches.  Leaves  oppofite, 
fcarcely  (talked,  coriaceous,  broadly  obovate,  above  two 
inches  long,  entire,  acute,  tapering  at  the  bafe,  and  unhed 
by  means  of  the  (hort,  tubular,  iutrafoliaceous  fiipultu 
Flo-ujers  numerous,  in  terirunal  and  axillary,  fmooth,  re- 
peatedly three-forked,  corymbofe  panicLs,  with  a  pair  of 
acute  braSeas  at  each  fubdivifion.  It  is  remarkable  that 
Labillardiere  fays  nothing  of  their  colour,  neither  does  he 
here,  or  perhaps  in  any  part  of  his  work,  feem  to  have  made 
any  notes  on  the  fpor,  but  merely  to  have  defcribed  the- 
dried  ipecimens  after  his  return. 

The  three  others  have  ei'her  fetaceous,  lateral,  diftindt 
ftipulas,  or  none  at  all.  Theie  anfwur  to  the  genus  Euofwt 
of  .Andrews. 

1j.  fiuribiinJa.  Brown  n.  6.  (Euofma  albiflora  ;•  Andr, 
Repol.  t.  520.) — Leaves  lanceolate,  tapcrii:"^  at  each  end,, 
fmooth.  Stipulas  lateral,  brilHe-lhaped.  Ciuilers  axillary, 
compound,  (horter   than   the  leaves;-   with  downy   flower- 

ftalks Sent  originally  by  Dr.  White,  from  Port  Jackfon, 

Mr.  Andrews  had  it  in  flower  from  the  fine  coUeSion  of  the 
Marquis  of  Blandford,  at  White  Knights,  where  it  was. 
trained  againft  a  fouth  wall  in  the  open  air,  and  in  April 
was  coveied  with  a  profufion  of  white  blofibms,  which  had 
the  fceut  of  hawthorn.  The  J}em  of  this  plant  was  about 
four  feet  high,  (iirubby.  Branches  wand-like,  oppofite, 
fquare,  fmootb,,  leafy,  reddilh.  Leave!  wiiiow-Iike,  ta- 
pering iniicli  at  each  end,  near  two  inches  long  ;  fmooth, 
(hii.ing  and  dark  green  above  ;  whitiili,  opaque  and  ob- 
fcurely  dotted  beneath.  Chjiers  compound,  axillary,  (horter 
than  the  leaves.  Flowers  iomewhat  like  hly  of  the  valley^ 
but  only  half  as  large.     Capjuks  rugoie. 

The  three  lail  fpecies  of  this  genus,  which  have,  as  before 
mentioned,  an  acute  calyx,  and  itamens  inferted  into  the 
throat  of  the  corolla,  have  received  from  Mr.  Erown  a  fort 
of  provifional  generic  nam.e,  Stcmandra,  expreffive  of  this 
lad  chdia^er  ;  fo  that  if  aoy  perfoa  choofcs  to  ieparate  then\ 

fieia 


LOG 


LOG 


from  Lagauia,  lie  may  rot  be  at  a  lofs  what  to  call  them. 
Thele  are 

L.  ferpyllijolia.  Br.  n.  9  — "  Somewhat  (lirubby.  Leaves 
ovate.  .Siipiilas  w'thin  the  footilalks,  fringed  like  the  calyx. 
Flowers  terminal,  fomewhat  corymbofo."  —  Gathered  by 
Mr.  Brown  in  the  foiith  part  of  New  Holland. 

L.piifiila.  Br.  n.  10.—"  Herbaceous.  Leaves  clliptT- 
cal.  Stip'.ilas  triangular,  within  the  footftalks.  Flowers 
axillary,  folitary." — Native  of  Port  Jackfon. 

L.   campmiu/atn.       Br.    n.    II "Herbaceous.      Leaves 

linear,  v.-ithuut  liipulas.  Flowers  terminal.  Flower-ftalks 
and  calyx  downy."  — From  the  fouth  part  of  New  FIol- 
land. 

LOG.ARITHMIC,  Atmo.si'iierical,  is  a  curve 
{Phue  XL  Anahfis,  Jig.  2.)  dcfcribed  in  the  following 
manner:  let  the  point  C  reprefent  the  centre  of  the  earth, 
C  A  the  earth's  femidiamctcr,  and  A  B  any  height  above 
the  furfacc  ;  at  A ,  place  a  right  line  A  D,  of  any  finite 
length,  at  right  angles  with  AC.  In,  the  right  line  AC, 
towards  C,  take  A  p  fuch,  tliat  C  A  may  be  to  A  ^  in  the 
proportion  of  C  B  to  B  A.  In  a  right  line  drawn  through 
,3,  at  right  angles  with  A  C,  lake  |3  E,  of  fuch  length,  as 
ito  be  to  A  D  in  the  proportion  of  the  denfuy  of  the  air  at 
B  to  the  denlity  at  A,  the  earth's  fnrface.  The  curve, 
which  the  point  E  always  touches,  is  a  logarithmic,  of 
which  A  C  is  the  afymptote  ;  and  is  called  by  Dr.  Horflcy 
the  atmofpherico'I  logarithmic. 

Imagine  this   curve  defcribed,  and  take  another  height 

C  A  X  A  ^ 

A  b,  and  take  Ate  =  ,  and  draw  €e  parallel  to 

/3E,  meeting  the  curve  in  e.  Then  foS  is  tlie  logarithm  of 
the  ration  of  f3  E  to  to  f,  or  of  the  denlity  at  B  to  the  denfity 
at  b.  But  if  the  greater  of  the  two  heights,  A  B  and 
A  b,  bear  but  a  very  fmall  proportion  to  the  femidiameter 
of  the  earth,  their  difference  B  b  will  be  very  nearly  equal 
topb. 

For,  becaufe  C  B  ;  B  A  =  C  A  ;  A/S  by  conltruftion. 
Therefore,  by  converfion,  CB  :  CA  =  CA  :  C;3. 

In  like  manner,  and  by  inverfion,  CA;  Cb  =  C?  :CA, 
by  equi-dillance  perturbatc,  CB  :  Cb  =  C?  :  C^, 

and  converting,  CB  :   Jib  =:  C^  :  f(3, 

by  permutation,  Bi  :   ,3^   =CB:Cb. 

But  when  A  B  is  infinitely  diminifhed,  C  B  =  C  A  ulti- 
iiialely.  Alfo  A  i  being  infinitely  diniinidicd,  C  ?  =  C  A 
ultimately.  Therefore  C  B  =  C  te  ultimately,  and  B  ^  = 
^  ?  ultimately.     Q.  E.  D. 

Now  A  B  and  A  b  will  always  be  fo  fmall,  with  refpeft 
to  C  A,  if  B  and  i  be  fuppofed  to  reprefent  any  acccffible 
places,  that  C  B,  C  S,  anu  B  b,  fiS,  may  always,  in  this 
iafe,  be  confidered  as  in  their  ultimate  proportion  of 
equality. 

It  is  ftill  therefore  to  be  admitted,  as  a  principle,  in  prac- 
tice, that  the  difference  of  elevation  of  any  two  places  is  as 
the  difference  of  the  tabular  logarithms  of  the  heights  of  the 
ijaickfilver  in  the  barometer  at  the  fame  time  at  both  places  ; 
that  is,  it  is  the  logarithm  of  the  ratio  of  thofe  heights  in 
fome  fyftem  of  logarithms.  And  the  heights  of  the  quick- 
lilver  being  given  by  obfenation,  the  difference  of  elevation 
will  be  known,  if  that  particular  fyllem.  can  be  determined  ; 
that  is,  if  the  7>wdulus  of  thi  fyfti-m,  or  the  length  of  the 
lubtangent  of  the  curve  D  Ef  of  that  fyftem,  can  be  afcer- 
tained,  in  fome  known  meafure,  as  Enghfh  fathoms,  or 
Paris  toifes. 

Theeaficft  method  of  doing  this,  that  theory  fuggefls,  is 
to  compare  barometers  at  two  ilations,  fuppofe  B  and  b, 
.each  of  a  kuown  elevation  A  B  and  A^  above  the  level  of 


the  fea.  For  the  logarithms  of  any  given  ratio,  in  different 
fyflems,  are  proportional  to  the  fubtangents ;  and  the  dif- 
ference of  elevation,  B  b,  diminifhed  in  the  proportion  of 
C  B,  (the  diitance  of  the  higher  ilation  from  the  earth's 
centre,)  to  C  ^,  (a  third  proportional  to  C  i,  the  dillance 
of  the  lower  ftation  from  the  earth's  centre,  and  C  A,  the 
earth's  femidiameter,)  is  tlie  logarithm  of  the  ratio  of  the 
denfity  at  B,  to  the  denfity  at  "h,  (that  is,  of  the  columns  of 
quickfilver  fuftained  in  the  barometer  at  B  and  b,)  in  the  at- 
inofpherical  fyllem.  Therefore,  as  the  difference  of  the 
tabular  logarithms  of  tliefe  columns,  to  the  fubtangent  of 
the  tabular  fyftem,  fo  (liould  Bi,  diminiflied  as  hath  been 
iaid,  (that  is,  fo  {liould  /So,)  be  to  tlie  lubtangent  of  the 
atmofpherical  logarithmic.  The  utmoll  height  to  which  we 
can  afccnd,  above  the  level  of  the  fea,  is  fo  fmall,  that  the 
reduttion  of  B  i  may,  even,  in  this  inveftigation,  always  be 
neglcfled.  For,  if  A  B  were  four  Englifli  miles,  which 
e.'^cecds  the  greateft  accclTible  heights,  even  of  the  Peruvian 
mountains,  and  A 1?  three,  (3t  would  be  fcarce  one  part  in 
500  lefs  than  Bi.  So  that,  by  comparing  barometers  at 
different  elevations,  within  a  mile  above  the  level  of  the  fea, 
the  lubtangent  of  the  atmofpherical  curve  might  be  deter- 
mined, as  it  Ihould  feem,  witliout  fenfible  error,  by  taking- 
fimply  the  difference  of  elevation,  without  reducfion,  for  the 
logarithm  of  the  ratio  of  the  obferved  height  of  the  quick- 
filver in  the  atmofpiierical  fyilem. 

The  fubtangent  is  different  in  length  at  different  times ; 
though  M.  de  Luc  has  (hewn,  that  it  is  conflant  in  a  given 
temperature  ;  fo  that  if  the  temperature  of  the  air  is  +  l6-J 
of  his  fcale,  the  difference  of  the  tabular  logarithms  of  the 
heights  of  the  quickfilver  in  the  barometer,  gives  the  dif- 
ference of  elevation  in  looodthsof  a  Paris  toife;  whence  the 
number,  which  is  the  modulus  of  Briggs's  fyftem,  exprcffes 
the  length  of  the  fubtangent  of  the  atmofpherical  curve, 
fuch  as  it  is  in  that  temperature,  in  looodths  of  a  Paris  toife, 
Phil.  Tranf.  vol.  hiv.  part  i.  p.  231,  &c. 

LoftAUiTiiMic,  or  Logistic  Curve,  is  a  curve  which 
obtained  its  name  from  its  properties  and  ufes  in  explaining 
and  conftrutling  logarithms  ;  becaufe  its  ordinates  are  in 
geometrical  progreffion,  while  the  correfponding  abfciffas 
are  in  arithmetical  progreffion  ;  fo  that  the  abfciffas  are 
the  logarithms  of  the  correfponding  ordinates.  Hence  the 
curve  may  be  conftrudled  in  the  following  manner.  Fig.  3. 
F late  XI.  Jnalyfis. 

Upon  any  right  line  as  an  axis,  take  the  equal  parts  A  B, 
B  C,  CD,  &c.  or  the  arithmetical  progreffion  A  B,  AC, 
AD,  &c.  and  at  the  points  A,  B,  C,  D,  &c.  ereft  the 
perpendicular  ordinates  A  P,  B  Q,  C  R,  D  S,  &c.  in  a 
geometrical  progreffion,  and  the  curve  line  drawn  through 
the  extremities  of  thefe  ordinates  P,  Q,  R,  S,  &c.  is  the 
logarithmic  or  logiftic  curve,  its  abfcift'as  A  B,  A  C,  A  D, 
being  as  the  logarithms  of  the  refpetlive  correfponding  or- 
dinates B  g,  C  R,  D  S,  S:c. 

Hence,  1?  any  abfciffa  A  N  =  .-<;,  its  ordinate  N  O  =  _y, 
A  P  =  I,  and  rt  =  a  certain  conftant  quantity,  or  the 
modulus  of  the  logarithms,  then  the  equation  of  the  curve 
is  .V  —  a  X  log.  y  =  log.  ji" ;    the   fluxion  of  which  being 

taken,  it  will  be  ;c  =  — ;  whence  the  following  proportion, 

y 


but  in  any  curve  v  :  .v  ;:  y  :  the  fubtangent  A  T,  and 
therefore  the  fubtangent  to  this  curve,  is  evtry  where  equal 
to  the  fame  conftast  quantity  a,  the  modulus  of  the  lo- 
garithms. 

'L'o'fiod  the  «rea  contained  hettuccn  any   t-wo  cidinates. — 
■'  Here 


LOG 


LOG 


Here  the  fluxion  of  the  area  A,  or  y  x,  is  y  x  —  =ay; 

which  coiTeAed  •rives  A  —  a  (AF  —  y)  =  a  (AP— NO) 
=  a  X  P  V  =  A  T  X  P  V.  That  is,  tlie  area  A  P  O  N, 
between  any  two  ordinatcs,  is  equal  to  the  rectangle  of  the 
conlla.':  fubtangent,  and  the  difference  of  the  ordinatcs. 
And  hence,  when  the  abfcifTa  is  infinite,  or  the  Idfl  ordinate 
equal  to  zero ;  then  the  iniinitcly  long  area  APZ  isequal 
to  A  T  X  A  P,  ur  double  the  triangle  A  P  T. 

Tojini  the  content  of  the  foliil  formed  by  the  revolution  of  the 
curve  about  its  avis  A  Z. — The   fluxion  of  the  folid  S  = 

fy''x—fy'x—=f>ayy,    where  />  =  3.14159,    &c.  ; 

y 

and  the  correft  fluent  is  S  =  i  p  a  x  (AP^  —  V  )  = 
:i/>  X  AT  X  (A  P'  —  N  O  ),  which  is  half  the  difference 
between  two  cylinders  of  the  common  altitude  tr,  or  A  T, 
and  the  radii  of  their  bafes  A  P,  NO.  And  hence,  fup- 
pofinj;  the  axis  infiinte  toivards  Z,  and  confequently  the 
ordii.ate  at  its  extremity  zero,  the  content  of  the  infinitely 
long  folid  will  be  equal  to  Ip  a  y  A  P^  =  i/i  x  A  T  x 
A  P  ,  or  Half  tiie  cylinder  on  the  fame  bafe  and  its  altitude 
A  T. 

This  curve  erroatly  facilitates  the  conception  of  loga- 
rithms, and  affords  a  very  obvious  proof  of  the  very  impor- 
tant propcrry  of  their  fluxions,  or  very  fmall  increments  ; 
namely,  that  the  fluxion  of  a  number,  is  to  the  fluxion  of  its 
logarithm  as  the  number  is  to  the  fubtangent.  As  alfo 
this  property,  that  if  their  numbers  be  taken  very  nearly 
equal,  fo  that  their  ratios  may  differ  but  a  little  from  a  ratio 
of  equality,  then- difference  will  be  very  nearly  proportional 
to  the  logarithm  of  the  ratio  of  thefe  numbers  to  each  other  ; 
which  follows  from  the  logarithmic  arcs  being  very  little  dif- 
ferent trom  their  chords  when  they  are  taken  vei-y  fmall. 
The  conilant  fubtangent  of  this  cui-\'e  is,  what  Cotes  calls, 
the  modulus  of  the  fyflem  of  logarithms.  This  curve  has 
been  treated  of  by  a  great  number  of  very  eminent  mathema- 
ticians, as  Huy  gens,  Le  Seur,  Keil,  Bevnouilli,  Emerfon,  &c. 
See  the  latter  author's Treatife  on  Curve  Lines,  page  19. 

LoGAKiTiTMic,  Hyperlolic.  See  Yi\PEHTiOLic  Logarithms. 

LtiGAUiTHMlc,  or  Loganihniical,  relating  to  logarithms. 
Thus  we  fay,  logarithmic.7r;/ATOf//o-,  curve,  lit:e,fca/e.fpiral. 

^LOGARITHMS,  formed  from  the  Greek  Xoyo?,  ratio, 
and  af,ifj.c:,  number ;  q.  d.  ratio  of  numbers ;  the  indices  of 
the  ratios  of  numberfi  one  to  another ;  or  a  feries  of  arti- 
ficial numbers  proceeding  in  arithmetical  proportion,  cor- 
reiponding  to  as  many  others  proceeding  in  geometrical 
proportion  ;  contrived  for  the  ealing  and  expediting  of  cal- 
culation. 

Logarithms  have  been  ufually  defined  niimcrorum  propor- 
tlonalium  xquidifferentes  comitts  ;  but  this  definition  Dr.  Hal- 
ley  and  Stifelius  think  deficient,  and  more  accurately  de- 
fine ti'.em,  the  indices  or  exponents  of  the  radios  of  numbers  ; 
ratio  being  confidered  as  a  quantity  fui  generis,  beginning 
from  the  ratio  01  equality,  or  i  to  I  =  o,  and  being  af- 
firmative when  the  ratio  is  increafmg,  and  negative  when  it 
is  decreafing.  But  a  more  limple  idea  of  thefe  numbers 
may  be  formed  from  the  following  definition,  iv's.  The  lo- 
garithm of  a  number  is  that  exponent  of  fome  other  num- 
ber, which  renders  the  power  of  the  latter  equal  to  the 
former :  thus  if  r'  =  a,  r'  =  b,  r'  —  c,  &c.  tlien  is  x  the 
logarithm  ui  a  ;  y  the  logarithm  of  i  ;  s  the  logarithm  of 
e,  &c.  Alfo  r  is  tlien  called  the  radix  of  the  fyfteni,  which 
may  be  allumed  at  pkafure  j  but  in  the  common  tables  the 
radix  is  always  10. 

We  will  conlider  ihefe  numbers  under,  each  of  the  two 


fatter  definitions.  According  to  the  firft  ;  if  nrity  be  made 
the  common  conftquent  of  all  ratios,  or  the  common  (land- 
ard  to  which  all  other  numbers  are  to  be  referred,  'hen 
every  logarithm  will  be  the  numeral  exponent  of  the  ratio 
of  its  natural  number  to  tmity.  E.gr.  the  ratio  of  8l  to  1 
contains  the  four  following  ratios,  viz.  that  of  81  to  27, 
17  to  9,    9  to  3,  and  3  to  1 ,  or  °  ' 


i  I 


2  7 


X 


T  » 


but  all  thefe  ratios  are  equal  to  one  another,  and 
fZ  =  ^  X  ^  X  J-  X  I  =  0' ;  confequently  the  logarithm' 
of  81,  is  four  times  as  great  as  that  of  3.  In  the  fame 
manner,  the  ratio  of  24  to  I,  or  \'^  =  .j-*-  x  '--  X  i  —  ^ 
X  I  X  f^ ;  and,  therefore,  the  logarilhm  of  24  is  equal  to 
the  fum  of  the  logarithms  of  2,  3,  and  4.  And,  univcr- 
fally,  the  magnitude  of  the  ratio  of  A  to  i,  is  to  the  mag- 
nitude (if  the  r.itio  of  B  to  i,  as  the  logarithm  of  A  to 
the  logarithm  of  B.  Hence  we  derive  a  method  of  mea- 
furing  all  ratios  whatever,  let  their  ccnlequents  be  what 
they  will  :  e.  g.  the  ratio  of  A  to  B,  is  the  excefs  of  the 
ratio  of  A  to  i,  above  the  ratio  of  B  to  i  ;  therefore  the  nu- 
meral exponent  of  the  ratio  of  A  to  B,  will  be  the  excefs  of 
the  numeral  exponent  of  the  ratio  of  A  to  I,  above  the  nu- 
meral exponent  of  the  ratio  of  B  to  1,  that  is,  the  excefs  of 
the  logarithm  of  A  above  the  logarilhm  of  B :  therefore  the 
magnitude  of  the  ratio  of  A  to  B  is  to  the  magnitude  of 
the  ratio  of  C  to  D  as  the  e.xcefs  of  the  logarithm  of  A 
above  the  logarithm  of  B,  which  is  the  meafure  of  the  for- 
mer ratio,  is  to  the  excefs  of  the  logarithm  of  C  above  that 
of  D,  which  is  the  meafure  of  the  latter  ratio  :  and  thus 
we  fee  that  logarithms  are  as  true  and  proper  meafurea  o£ 
ratios,  as  circular  arcs  are  of  angles  > 

The  nature  and  genius  of  logarithms  w.ll  be  eafily  con* 
ceived  from  what  follows  : — -A  feries  of  quantities  increailng 
or  decreafing  according  to  the  fame  ratio  is  called  a  geo- 
metricid  progrcjion  ;  e.  gr.  I.  2.  4.  8.  16  32,  &c.  A  feric3 
of  quantities  increafinj  or  decreafing,  according  to  the  fame 
difference,  is  called  an  arithmetical progrejfian  ;  e.  gr.  3.  6.  9. 
12.  15.  18.  21.  Now,  if  under  the  numbers  proceeding  in 
a  gedraetrical  ratio,  be  placed  as  many  of  thuf-  proceeding 
in  the  arithmetical  one,  thefe  laft  are  crdled  the  lo'ariLhnw 
of  the  firfl. 

Suppofe  e.gr.  two  progrefuons :. 
Geomet.       i.   2.  4.   8.   16.  32.  64.   1,28.  256.  5.12* 
Ariihinet.     o.   1.  2.  3.  4.     5.     6.       7.       8.       9. 
Logarithms. 
O  will  be  the  logarithm  of  the  firll  term  ;  vix.    I  ;   c,  of  the 
6th,  32  ;  7,    the  logarithm  of  the  8th,  ic8,  ^c. 

Thefe  indices  or  logarithms  may  be  adapted  to  any  geo- 
metric feries  ;  and,  therefore,  there  may  be  as  many  kinds  of. 
indices  or  logarithms,  as  there  can  be  taken  kinds  jaf  geo- 
metric feries  ;  but  the  logarithms  mod  co.-ivcnicnt  for  com- 
mon ufe,  are  thole  adapted  to  a  geometrical  feries  increafino- 
in  a  ten-fold  progreilioii,  as  in  the  fequel.  The  doctrine  and 
ufe  of  logarithms  may  be  conceived  from  the  following 
propofitions. 

1.  If  the  logarithm  of  unity  be  O,  the  kgarithm  of  the  futturrt: 
or  prrjduB  '■mH!  be  eqiid  to  the  fum  of  the  logarithm^  uf  ths 
fiitors. — For  as  unity  is  to  one  of  ti.e  fattors,  fa  is  the 
other  factor  to  the  product.  So  that  the  K)^arithm  of  the 
produtl  is  3  fourth  eqiiidiflerent  term  to  the  logariihjTi  of 
unity,  and  thofe  of  the  faftors  ;  but  the  logarithm  of  unity 
being  o,  the  fum  of  the  logarithms  of  the  f  iclors  mull  be 
the  logarithm  of  the  fadtum,  or  produft.  Q.  E.D.  Hence,. 
fincethefaAors  of  a  fqirare  are  equal  to  each  other,  i.e.  a 
fquare  is  the  factum  or  product  of  its  root  multiplied  into 
itfelf,  the  logarithm  of  the  f^uare  will  be  littubk  ihe  loga- 
rithm of  the  root. 

Id 


LOGARITHMS. 

In  the  fame  manner  it  appear?,  that  the  logaritlim  of  the  index  of  the  power  of  which  the  root  !•  to  he  found.     But 

«ube  is  triple  ;  of  the  biquadratc.   quadruple;  of  the   fifih  each  of  thcfe  rules  will  require  a  more  particular  illuftration, 

power,  quintuple  ;  of  the  fixth,  fextuple,  &c.  of  tha  loga-  which  will  be  found  in  the  fuhftquent  part  of  this  article, 
ritlim  of  the  root.  'fhe   properties  of  logarithms   hitherto    mentioned,    and 

Unity,  therefore,  is  to  the  exponent  of  the  power,  as  ths  their  various  ufcs,  are  taken  not.ce  of  by  Stiftlius  :  but  they 

logarithm  of  the  root  to  the  logarithm  of  the  power.  come  all  far  (hort  of  the  uff  of  logarithms  in  trigonometry. 

So  that  the  logarithm  of  the  power  is   had,   if  the  loga-  firll  difcovered  by  John    Napier,  haron  of  Merehiilon,  in 


rithnt  of  the  root  be  multiplied  by  its  exponent;  and  the 
logarithm  of  the  root  h  had,  if  the  logarithm  of  the  power  be 
divided  by  its  exponent. 

And  hence  we  derive  one  of  the  2reat  ufes  of  logarithms, 
which  is  to  expedite  and  faAlitate  the  bufmefs  of  multiplica- 
tion, involution  of  powers,  and  txtradlion  of  roots  ;  the 
former  of  which  is  here  performed  by  mere  addition,  and  the 
two  latter  by  multiplication  and  divifion.  Thus  ?,  the  fum 
of  the  logarithms  I  and  2,  is  the  logarithm  of  S,  the  pro- 
duft  of  2  and  4.  In  like  manner  7,  the  fum  of  the  loga- 
rithms 2  and  5,  is  the  logarithm  of  128,  the  produdl  of  4 
snd  ^2.  Again,  6,  the  logarithm  of  64,  which  is  the  tiiird 
power  of  4,  or  4",  is  equal  to  j  K  2.  And  8,  the  loga- 
rithm of  256,  which  is  the  fourth  power  of  4,  or  4-',  is  equal 
to  4  X  2.  Moreover,  ^,  the  log-irilhm  of  the  fquare  root 
S,  is  half  the  logarithm  6,  of  the  Square  64  ;  and  2,  the  lo 


Scotland,  and  iirll  publiflii-d  at  Edinburgh  in  1614,  in  his 
Mirilici  Logarithmorum  Canonis  Defcnptio.  This  work 
was  trandated  bv  Mr.  Edward  Wright,  and  publiilied  by  his 
for.,  with  the  aflillance  of  Mr.  Driggs,  in  the  year  1616  or 
1618.  The  method  of  conflnn^ting  the  table  was  rcferved 
by  the  ingenious  author,  till  the  fenie  of  the  learned  upon 
his  invention  (hould  be  known  ;  neverthelefs  Kepler,  in  hii 
Chilias  Logarithmorum  ad  totidem  Numeros  rotnndos, 
pubhihed  at  Marpurg  in  1724  ;  Speidell  in  his  New  Lo.-^a- 
rithms,  publifhed  in  i6ig,  and  republiflied  with  conlider- 
able  additions,  in  a  iixth  impredion  in  1624  ;  Benj.  Urhnius, 
in  his  Table  of  Logarithms,  printed  at  Cologne  in  1625, 
and  others,  at  home  and  abroad,  laboured  at  the  computation 
of  logarithms,  and  conllruAcd  Imall  tables,  conformable  to 
the  plan  of  lord  Najuer  But  of  all  thofe  who  aflided  in 
the    conftrudion    of    logarithmic     tables,    Briggs  is  moll 


garithm  of  the  cube  root  4,  is  one-third  the  logarithm  6  of  the     confpicuous  ;    it  was  he  who  fu-ll  fuggcllod  our  prefent  fyf- 

cube  64. 

2.  If  the  logarithm  of  unity  be  o,  ihe  logarithm  of  the  quo- 
tient 'will  be  equal  to  the  dijference  of  the  logarithms  of  the 
di-uifor  and  dividend.  —For  as  the  divifor  is  to  the  dividend, 
fo  is  unity  to  the  quotient  ;  therefore  the  logarithm  of  the 
quotient  is  a  fourth  equidiffeivnt  number  to  tlic  loganthinsof 
the  divifor,  the  dividend,  and  the  logarithm  of  unity.  The 
logarithm  of  unity,  therefore,  being  o,  the  difference  of  the 
logarithm  of  the  divifor,  and  that  of  the  dividend,  is  the  lo- 
garithm of  the  quotient.     Q.  E.  D. 

Hence  appears  another  great  advantage  of  log-irithnis  ; 
via.  their  expediting  the  bufmefs  of  divifion,  and  p  rforn- 
jng  it  by  a  bare  fubtraftion.  E.  gr.  2,  the  differt- iice  be- 
tween 7  and  J,  is  the  logarithm  of  the  quotient  4,  obtained 
by  dividing  128  by  32.  In  like  manner,  j,  the  difTcrcnce 
between  8  and  j,  is  the  logarithm  of  the  quotient  32,  ob- 
tained by  dividing  256  by  8. 

Thefe  properties  of  logarithms,  however,  are  more  obvious 
according  to  our  latter  definition.  For  in  that  cafe,  if 
r'  =  a,  and  r'  ^  b,  »  and  y  being  the  logarithms  of  a  and  b, 
we  have  immediately  from  the  firlt  principles  of  algebra, 


j^    =    f' 


=   ab 


r"  ~  r>     = 


r     '    = 


=  C/' 


Multiplication. 

Divifion. 

Involution. 
Evolution. 


From  which  formnlx  it  is  evident,  that  the  logarithm 
«f  the  product  of  a  multiplied  by  b  is  equal  to  the  fum 
•f  the  logarithms  of  a  and  b.  The  logarithm  of  the  quo- 
tient of  a  divided  by  b,  is  equal  to  the  difference  of  the 
logarithms  of  a  and  b.  The  logarithm  of  the  «th  power 
of  a  is  equal  to  n  times  the  logarithm  of  a.  And  the 
logarithm  of  the  nth  root  of  a,  is  equal  to  the  logarithm 
cf  a  divided  by  n.  Therefore,  univerlally,  to  multiply  two 
numbers  together,  we  mutl  take  the  fum  of  their  loga- 
rithms :  to  divide  one  number  by  another,  we  lubtract  the 
logarithm  of  the  latter  from  the  logarithm  of  the  former. 
To  involve  a  number  to  any  power,  we  muft  multiply  its 
logarithm  by  the  index  of  the  power.  And  to  extract  the 
joot  of  any  number,  we  mull  divide  its  logarithm  by  the 


tern,  and  laboured  more  than  any  one  in  the  computation  ot 
the  numbers  it  contains.  In  the  prefent  Hate  of  analylis 
many  comparatively  fliort  and  f  afy  methods  may  be  employed 
for  this  purpole,  that  were  unknown  to  the  early  writers  ; 
and  for  want  of  which  the  labour  attending  the  firlt  com. 
putation  was  exceedingly  great ;  fome  idea  of  which  may 
be  formed  from  the  following  illiillralion. 

To  find  the  logarithm  of  any  number,  according  to  Briggs' s 
method. —  I.  Becaufe,  I.  10.  1^0.  1000.  joooo,  &c.  conlli- 
tuie  a  geometrical  progreffion,  their  logarithms  maybe  taken 
at  pleafure  :  to  be  able,  then,  to  cxprcls  the  logarithms  of  the 
intermed.ate  numbers  by  decimal  fractions,  take  0.00000000, 
i.oooooooo,  2.00000000,  3.00000000,  4.00000000.  &c. 
2.  It  is  manifeft,  that  for  thofe  numbers  which  are  not  con- 
tained in  the  fcale  of  geometrical  progreffion,  the  juit  lo- 
gar;tlims  cannot  be  had :  yet  they  may  be  had  fo  near  the 
truth,  that,  as  to  matters  of  ufe,  they  fhall  be  altogether  as 
good  as  if  ilriftly  jull.  To  make  this  appear,  fuppofe 
the  I'garithm  of  the  number  9  were  required  ;  between 
1.0000000  and  10.0000000,  find  a  mean  proportional,  and 
belvecn  their  logarithms  0.00000000,  and  i.oooooooo  an 
equidiffereut  mean,  which  will  be  the  logarithm  thereof ; 
that  IS,  of  a  number  exceeding  three  by  liV-ViyVcJ  ^nd 
therefore  far  remote  from  nine.  Between  3  and  10,  there- 
fore, lind  another  mean  proportional,  which  may  come  fome- 
what  nearer  9  ;  and  between  10  and  this  mean  another  ilili  ; 
and  fo  on  between  the  numbers  next  greater  and  next  lef* 
than  9,  till  at  lall  you  arrive  at  9  \  o  o o ■:,  o  .  o  -  ;  which 
not  being  one  millionth  part  from  9,  its  logarithm  may, 
without  any  lenlibie  error,  be  taken  for  that  of  9  itfelf. 
Seeking  then  in  each  cafe  for  the  logarithms  of  the  mean 
proportionals,  yoH  will  at  laft  have  0.954251,  which  is  ex- 
ceedingly near  the  true  logarithm  of  9.  3,  If  in  like  man- 
ner you  lind  mean  proportionals  between  1.0000000  and 
3  1622777,  and  alhgn  the  proper  logarithms  to  each,  you 
will  at  length  have  the  logarithm  of  the  number  2,  and 
fo  of  the  rell. 

Such  was  the  method  employed  by  the  «arly  computors 
of  logarithms :  and  though  they  had  certain  means  of 
abridging  the  operations  in  particular  cafes,  yet  it  is  evi- 
dent  that  the  computation  of  them  was  not  effefted  with- 
out immenfe  labour  ;  a  particular  and  interefting  account  of 
which,  with  an  explanation  of  the  feveral  modifications  of 

tb« 


LOGARITHMS. 


tTie  above  method  made  ufe  of  by  different  authors,  may 
be  feen  in  the  introduftion  to  Dr.  Hutton's  Mathematical 
Tables.  It  is  luirieccflary  to  obferve,  that  thefe  computa- 
tions were  only  required  for  prime  numbers  ;  for  theie  being 
once  obtained,  the  logarithms  of  all  other  numbers  were 
found  by  firaple  addition.  At  prcfcnt,  we  have  only  fpokon 
of  logarithms  as  they  are  applicable  to  numerical  compu- 
tations. But  they  are  aifo  of  very  exteniive  ufe  in  the 
higher  geometry,  particularly  in  the  doftrine  of  fluxions, 
and  it  will  not  be  amifs,  before  we  quit  this  part  of  the  fub- 
jeft.  to  give  an  idea  of  the  way  in  which  they  have  been 
confidered  by  writers  on  the  latter  fcience.  Maclaurin,  in 
his  Treatife  of  Fluxions,  has  explained  the  nature  and  gc- 
iiefis  of  logarithms,  agreeably  to  the  notion  of  their  firll 
inventor,  lord  Napier,  delivered  in  his  Mirif.  Logar.  Canon. 
Defcript.  He  thei-e  fuppofes  logarithn-s,  and  the  quanti- 
ties to  which  they  correfpond,  to  be  generated  by  the  mo- 
tion of  a  point.  If  this  point  moves  over  equal  fpaces  in 
equal  times,  the  hne  defcinbed  by  it  increafes  equally. 

Again,  aline  decreafcs  proportionally  when  the  point  that 
moves  over  it  dofcribes  iucli  parts  in  equal  times  as  are  always 
in  th.e  fame  con  llant  ratio  to  the  lines  from  which  they  are 
fubducled,  or  to  the  diftances  of  that  point  at  the  beginning 
of  thofe  times,  from  a  given  term  in  the  line.  In  like  man- 
Jier,  a  line  may  increafe  proportionally,  if  in  equal  time 
the  moving  point  defcribes  fpaces  proportional  to  its  dif- 
tances from  a  certain  term,  at  the  beginning  of  each  time. 
Thus,  in  the  firll  cafe,  let  aChe  to  ao,  ceito  co,  tU'to  Jo, 
ef  tu 

a         e         d         e    f    g  a 


O  R 


/ 


eo,  fg  to  fo.  alivays  in  the  fame  ratio  of  Q  R  to  Q  S  ;  and 
fuppofe  that  the  pointy  fets  out  tromo,  defcribingar,  c  J.  de, 
ef,Jg,  in  equal  parts  of  the  time  ;  and  let  the  i'pace  defcribed 
by  p,  in  any  given  time,  be  always  in  the  fame  ratio  to  the 
d'.llance  of  p  from  o,  at  the  beginning  of  that  time,  then  will 
the  right  hneiz?  decreat;  proportionally  ;  and  the  lines  a  », 
$  0,  do,  e  0,  fo,  &c.  or  the  diftances  of  the  point  p  from  o, 
at  equal  fucceeding  intervals  of  time,  are  in  a  contuiued  geo- 
metrical  progreflion. 

In  like  manner,  the  line  oa  increafes  proportionally,  if  the 
point  p  in  equal  times  defcribes  fpaces  a  c,  c  d,  de,  ef,  fg, 
&c.  fo  that  3 r  is  to  (7  0,  c  d  to  c  o,  de  to  do,  &c.  in  a  con- 
ilant  ratio. 

C            D            E            F 
A — _B 


d 


f 


If  we  now  fuppofe  a  point  P  defcribing  the  line  A  B  with 
an  uniform  motion,  equal  to  that  with  which  p  fets  out  from 
«,  in  defcribing  the  line  a  o,  while  the  pointy  defcribes  a  line 
increafing  or  decreafmg  proportionally,  the  line  A  P  defcribed 
by  P  with  this  uniform  motion,  in  the  fame  time  that  a  a.  by 
increafing  or  decreafmg  proportionally,  becomes  equal  to 
op,  is  the  logarithm  of  op.  Thus  AC,  A  D,  A  E,  &c. 
are  the  logarithms  of  o  c,  o  d,  oe,  &c.  refpeftively  ;  and 
« a  is  the  quantity  whofe  logarithm  is  fuppofed  equal  to 
nothing. 

We  have  here  abftrafted  from  numbers,  that  the  doftrine 
Vol..  XXI. 


may  be  the  more  general  ;  but  it  is  plain,  that  if  A  C,  A  D, 
A  E,  &c.  be  fuppofed  i,  2,  3,  Sec.  in  arithmetic  progref- 
lion ;  DC,  0  d,  0  c,  &c.  will  be  in  geometric  progreflion  ; 
and  that  the  logarithm  of  9  a,  which  may  be  taken  for  unity, 
is  nothing. 

Lord  Napier,  in  his  firft  fcheme  of  logarithms,  fuppofes, 
that  while  op  increafes  or  decreafcs  proportionally,  the  uni- 
form  motion  of  the  point  P,  by  which  ih-.-  logarithm  of  op 
is  generated,  is  equal  to  the  velocity  of  p  dXa.;  that  is,  at 
the  term  of  time  when  the  logarithms  begin  to  be  generated. 
Hence  logarithms,  formed  after  this  model,  are  called  Napier's 
logarithms,  and  fometimcs  mitural  logarithms. 

When  the  ratio  is  given,  the  point />  defcribes  the  differ, 
ence  of  the  terms  of  the  ratio  in  the  fame  time.  When  a 
ratio  is. duplicate  of  another  ratio,  the  pointy  defcribes  the 
difference  of  the  terms  in  a  double  time.  When  a  ratio  is 
triplicate  of  another,  it  defcribes  t!ie  difference  of  the  terms 
in  a  triple  time ;  and  fo  on.  Alfo,  when  a  ratio  is  com- 
pounded of  two  or  more  i-atios,  the  point  p  defcribes  tlie 
difference  of  the  terms  of  that  ratio,  in  a  time  equal  to  the 
fum  of  the  times  in  which  it  defcribes  the  differences  of  thfe 
terms  of  the  fimple  ratios  of  which  it  is  compounded.  And 
what  is  here  faid  of  the  times  of  tiie  motion  of  p,  when  op 
increafes  proportionally,  is  to  be  applied  to  the  fpaces  de- 
fcribed by  P  in  tliofe  times,  with  its  uniform  motion. 

Hence  the  chief  properties  of  logarithms  are  deduced. 
They  are  the  meafures  of  ratios.  The  excefs  of  the  lo- 
garithm of  the  antecedent  above  the  logarithm  of  the  con- 
Icquent  meafures  the  ratio  of  thofe  terms.  The  meafure 
of  the  ratio  of  a  greater  quantity  to  a  leffer  is  pofitive,  as 
this  ratio  compounded  with  any  other  ratio  increafes  it. 
The  ratio  of  equality,  compounded  with  any  other  ratio, 
neither  increafes  nor  diminifhes  it ;  and  its  meafure  is  nothing. 
The  meafure  of  the  ratio  of  a  leffer  quantity  to  a  greater  is 
negative,  as  this  ratio  compounded  witii  any  other  ratio  di- 
miniflies  it.  The  ratio  of  any  quantity  A  to  unity,  com- 
pounded with  the  ratio  of  unity  to  A,  produces  the  ratio 
of  A  to  A,  or  the  ratio  of  equality  ;  and  the  meafures  of 
thofe  two  ratios  deftroy  each  other,  when  added  together: 
fo  that  when  the  one  is  conlidercd  as  pofitive,  the  other  is  to 
be  confidered  as  negative. 

When  op  incrcales  proportionally,  the  motion  of  ^  is  per- 
petually accelerated  ;  and,  on  the  contrary,  when  op  de- 
creaies  proportionally,  the  motion  of  p  is  perpetually  re- 
tarded. 

If  the  velocity  of  the  point  p  be  always  as  the  diffanc? 
op,  then  will  this  line  mcreafe  or  decreafe  in  the  manner 
fuppofed  by  lord  Napier  :  and  the  velocity  of  the  point 
p  being  the  fluxion  of  the  line  op,  will  always  vary  in  the 
fame  ratio  as  this  quantity  itfelf.  See  Maclaurin's  Flux, 
art.  151 — 160. 

The  fluxion  of  any  quantity  is  to  the  fluxion  of  its  lo- 
garithm,  as  the  quantity  itfelf  is  to  unity. 

Hence  the   fluxion    of    the    loafarithm  of  .v   will  be  - 

For  .r  :  I  : :  A-  :  —  =:  the  fluxion  of  the  logarithm  required. 

When  op  increafes  proportionally,  the  increments  gene- 
rated in  any  equal  times,  are  accurately  in  the  fame  ratio  as 
the  velocities  cf  p,  or  tlie  fluxions  of  op,  at  the  beginning, 
end,  x>-c  at  any  fimilar  terms  of  thofe  times. 

When  op  increafes,  or  decreafes  propwtionally,  the  flux- 
ions of  this  line,  in  all  the  higher  orders,  increafe  or  decreafe 
in  the  fame  proportion  as  the  line  itfelf  increafes  or  decreafcs ; 
fo  that  one  rule  ferves  for  comparing  together  thofe  of  any 
kind  at  different  terms  of  time ;  and  iu  this  cafe  we  never 
J..  1  arrive 


LOGARITHMS. 


arrive  at  any  conftant  or  invariable  fluxion.  If  the  log;\ritlims 
of  Uvo  quantities  be  always  to  each  other  in  any  invariable 
ratio,  the  fluxions  of  thofc  quantities  fhall  be  in  a  ratio  that  is 
compoundedof  a  ratio  of  the  quantities  themfelves,  and  of 
the  invariable  ratio  of  tliuir  logarithms. 

Let  o^be  greater  than  oa;  ail:  up  :  :  oa  -.op;  and  let  oa, 

0  q         a         d         e      f      g       h       k       p  x 

»d,  lie,  ef,  fg,  &c.  be  in  continued  proportion  :  then  by 
adding  together  ad,  ^  d  e,  ye/,  \fg,  &c.  we  approxi- 
mate continually  to  the  value  «f  A  P,  the  logarithm  of 
Ob.  And  we  approximate  continually  to  the  logarithm 
or  0  d,  by  fumming  up  the  differences  betwixt  a  d  and 
i  de,  3  ef,  and  ^fg,  \  g  h  and  ^  h  k,  &c.  See  Mackurin's 
Fluxions,  art.  171,  172.  From  what  has  been  faid,  it 
follows,  that  \i  ao  :  0  d  :  :  0  p  :  0  X,  then  the  logarithm 
of  ox  will  be  equal  to  the  fum  of  the  logarithms  ol  0 p 
and  0  d :  that  is,  to  the  fum  o{  a  d  +  ^d  e  +  j  f  /  +  \fg 
+  \gb+  yji,Sic.mdad+ide  +  ief+ifg  +  \gl, 


A    =   (r-  i)-iir~iy  +  i{r-iy  ~i,c. 
A'  =   (r  -  1)^  -  (r-  !)■  +  &c. 
A"  =   &c. 

where  A,  A',  A",  A"',  &c.  are  condant  but  unknown 
quantities.  And  now,  in  order  to  determine  the  law  by 
which  they  are  connetled  with  each  other,  let  x  be  increafed 
by    any  indeterminate  quantity  z ;    then   r'*'''  —    i   +  A 

(.r  +  z)  +A'  {x  +  z)-  +  A"  (x  +  z)' A'  "- 

(x  +  !!i)";or,  expanding  the  powers  of  *  +  z,  and  Hopping 
at  the  firll  two  terms,  we  have 

r'  +  '=  1  +  A{x  +  z) 

+  A'  (.r=  4-  2  .r  z  +  &c.) 

+  A"  {x^  +  3  X-  z  +  &c.) 

+  A"— Ma-"  +  «  *■'"'  ~  +  Sec.) 

+  A<"'  (.v''  +  '  +  («  +  i)  x"  +  &.C.) 


Again 


(i  +  A«  +  A':r'  -I-  A"«^  +  &c.)  X 
( I  +  A  s  f  A'  a''  +  A"  z'  +  &c.) 


•^  \h  i,  &c.  and  a  d  ■ 


■\dc^ 


h k,  &c.  which  fum  is  1  ad  -{■  ^  ef  -\-  \ g h,  &c 

Let  a  q  =:  ad  ;  then  the  logarithm  of  0 x  will  meafure 
the  ratio  of  odto  0  q.  But  od  andoy  have  half  their 
fum  equal  to  0  a,  and  half  their  difference  equal  to  a^,  which 
are  the  two  firll  terms  of  the  geometric  progrelfion  0  a,  a  il, 
de,  ef,  fg,  g  h,  hi,  &c.  Hence,  if  oiz  =  i,  and  a  d  = 
X,  de,  ef,  fg,  die.  will  be  rcipcdtively,  x\  x^,  x^,  &c.  and 
the  ratio  of  i  -f-  x  to  i  —  ,v  will  be  equal  to  that  of  0  d  to 
0  q.   But  the  logarithm  of  this  ratio  is  2  a  r/  +  §■  f /"  -|-  ig  ^ 

■+ ,  &c.  therefore  the  logarithm  of '-  =  2  x  *  +  J  .v' 


ef —  ~fg  -)-  ^glj  —  i    the  aftual  multiplication  of  which  gives 


+  T  •■''^  +  T  -^  ?  +  '^c.  agreeably  to  what  has  been  fliewn 
by  Dr.  Halley  and  others. 

Having  thus  given  an  idea  of  the  forms  under  which  lo- 
garithms were  confidered,  and  the  methods  by  which 
they  were  computed  by  fome  of  the  early  writers  on  this 
fubjeft,  it  will  be  proper  now  to  bellow  a  few  columns,  to 
explain  the  more  modern  way  of  invefligating  the  principles 
and  of  computing  thefe  very  ufeful  numbers ;  in  doing 
which,  however,  the  limits  of  our  article  will  neccflarily 
confme  our  obfervation  to  only  the  inoft  popular  and  ufeful 
formulae. 

We  have  already  defined  a  logarithm  to  be  the  index  of  a 
certain  number  called  the  radix,  which  beinir  raifed  to  the 
power  denoted  by  that  index  or  logarithm,  will  produce  the 
given  number.  If,  therefore,  r  =  N,  then  .v  is  the  loga- 
rithm of  N,  and  r  is  the  radix  of  the  fy  (lem.  Now,  lirft,  in  or- 
der to  find  an  analytical  expreffion  for  N  in  terms  of  .v  and  r  ; 
r'  mull  be  converted  into  a  ieries,  for  which  purpofe  it  may 
be  put  under  the  form 

r'   =  (I  +  (r -,))'=   1  +  ^.(^-1)    +    'LI^HA 


{>■  -    I)'  + 


■{■■<:-  l)  {x  -  a) 


{r  -  i)'  +  &c. 


=  I  +  X 


I  +  A  «  -t-  A'  .r*  +  A"  *'  +  &c. 
by  writing 


»■■  +  »=  I  .f  A  («  +  a)  +  A'  x'  +  A"x'  .  .  .  Af ' 

A\vs  +  A',  Ai-'-s  . 


&c. 


whence,  by  comparing  the  correfponding    terms  in  the  two 
expa.dions,    we  have 

2  A'  =  A'-,  or  A'  =^  ;  A"  =  A  A'  =  — ; 

A' 
and  therefore  A"  = 


in  the  fame  way     A 


I  .  3.3  ...(«  +  i) 

And  coufequentlv, 

A^  \} 

r  '  =  N  =  i    +   A  .V  H X-  ^ .r'  +    &c, 

1.3  1.2.^:; 

which  is  the  analytical  expreflion  for  any  number  in  terms 
of  the  radix  r  and  its  logarithm  x  ;  but  the  reverfe  of  this, 
by  which  the  logarithm  is  exprefled  in  terms  of  its  number 
and  radix,  is  the  formula  which  is  more  particularly  appli- 
cable in  the  prefenl  enquiry.  This  may  be  found  as 
follows. 

In  the  preceding  article  we  found 

r'  =:  N  =  I   +  A  .f  -I x^  +  —^_ •_  .-«5  +     &c. 


J    .    2  1.2.3 

here    A  =  (r  —  i )  —  -i  (r  —  1 )'  +  i  (r - 


where    A  =  (r  —  i )  -  i  (r  —  1 )'  +  i  (r  —  l)^  -  &c. ; 
and  if  now  we  maice 

B  =  (N- I)  -  HN- i)''  +  HN- I)'-  &c. 
we  fhall  have  on  the  fame  principles 


N'  ^  I  +  B  a  + 
But 


B^ 


A^  A"" 

M»  =  r"^  =:  1  +  A  .-c  z  + .v"  z'  H A-'  1:^  + 

1.2  '  •  -  •  3 

&x. ;   whence,  by  comparing  the   co-eiScients  of  a  in  bot" 

ferics,  we  have 

3  A., 


LOGARITHMS. 


A  r  =  B  ;    =  


A'*-'          .  B'  which  we  have  reprefented  by  M,     It  will,  however,  be 

.2.3        ■'  proper,  before  we  proceed  any   farther,  to  offer  a  few  re- 

=  B  •  whence  "'^'''^^  "P°"   ^^^^  abfolute  value  uf  this  feues,  according  ta 

'  any  given  radix.     Firlt  then,  iince 


1.2  1.2  1.2.3  ^ 
each  of  which  gives  the  fame  refult,  viz.  A  x 
we  obtain  immediately 

^  ^  B  _(N-  i)-x(N-  i)'  +  i(N-  i)^  -   kc.    log.  I  4- 
A 


i «"  +  : 


:  a'  +  &c. 


(r-  i)_i(r-  i)^+  i(r~  i)    -    &c. 
which  is  the  analytical  expreffion  for  the  logarithm  of  any 
number  N,  in  fiinftions  of  itfelf,  and  the  radix  of  the  fyllem ; 
that  is,  writing  a  inltead  of  N 

1       ^  ^  {a~i)-l(a-  lY  +i(a-iy-  &c. 
S-  (r  -  I)  _  i  (,-  _  ,)'  +  i  (r  -  I)'  -  &c. 


±a  -ia'  + 


&c. 


ii' 


&c. 


Or,Iog.i±.=  ^_^j_,^_^^_^ 

This,  however,  muft  only  be  confidered  as  a  fimple  alge- 
braical method  of  expreffing  a  logarithm  ;  but  it  does  not 
always  anf.ver  the  purpofes  of  calculation,  for  if  a  be  any 
number  greater  than  unity,  it  is  obvious  that  the  feries  in 
the  numerator  will  either  converge  very  flowly,  or  othervvife 
v.'ill  diverge,  and  the  fame  with  regard  to  the  denommator, 
fuppofing  r  to  be  equal  to  10,  as  it  is  in  the  common  fyllem  ; 
in  facl,  the  terms  of  the  feries  are  larger  the  more  remote 
they  are  from  the  beginning  ;  and  confequently  no  number 
of  them  can  exhibit,  either  exaftly  or  nearly,  the  true  fum. 
L.et  us,  therefore,  invelligate  the  method  of  fubmitting  thefe 
to  calculation  ;  in  order  to  which  we  will  repeat  agam  our 
laft  feries,  viz. 

,  +  a-ia^  ±^a^- ia-±Sic. 

and  here,  fmce  the  denominator  is  always  a  conllant  quan- 
tity when  the  radix  of  the  fyftem  is  given,  we  may  make 

M  =  (r  -  i)  -  W  -  ^y  +  i  {>■  -  ')'-    &c- 
which   renders  the  above  expreffion   ftill  more  fimple,  as  in 
that  cafe  it  becomes  barely 


log.  I  +  a  ■ 


S^ 


+ 


f  &c 


•} 


Or,  taking  a  negative, 


log. 


k^i-"- 


M 


Whence  again  by  fubtraftion, 


!«'-  &c.  X 


icr. 


Now  a  = 


if,  therefore,  we  fubKitntc  in  the 


foregoing  exprefTicn 


a  +  I 


inflead  of  a,  it  become* 


('•  -  I)  -  5  (»•  -  'J'  +  5  (»■  -  I}'  -  &c. 
the  denominator  and  numerator  of  this  fraction  are  to- 
tally independent  of  each  other,  and  therefore  r  may  be 
aflumed  at  ple;ifure,  and  the  value  of  tile  whole  denomina- 
tor computed  fur  any  particular  magnitude  afTigncd  to  thii 
letter  :  or  othcrwife,  the  whole  denominator  mav  be  taken 
equal  to  any  quantity,  and  the  value  of  /■  itfelf  determined 
by  computation.  The  latter  method,  at  firft  fight,  appears 
the  moll  eligil)li- ;  for  by  affumiug  the  whole  denominator 
equal  to  unity,  it  dilappears  entirely,  and  the  expreffion  be- 
comes 

log.  ( I  +  a)  =  a  _  i  a'  -I-  1  a'  -  J-  a<  -f.    &c. 

There  are,  however,  inconveniences  attending  this  fyftem, 
that  do  not  appear  upon  a  flight  view  of  the  fubject,  but 
which  are  notvvithftandii'g  very  evident  upon  a  farther  in- 
veftigation.  In  the  cafe  in  which  the  whole  denominator  is 
affumed  equal  to  unity,  the  value  of  r,  the  radix  of  tliis  par- 
ticular fyllem,  is  found  to  be  2,7182818284,  &c.  and  the 

fraftion  -    becomes  =:  i.    Thefe  conllitute   what  are  called 
M 

hyperbolic  logarithms,  and   which  are  treated   of    under  that 
article  in  the  prefent  work.      We  (hall,  therefore,  enter  no 
farther  upon  the  fubjeft  in  this  place,  than   is  neceffary  to 
Ihew  tlie  defeft  of  this  fyllem   for  general  purpofes,  when 
compared  with  that  now  in  common   ufc,  a  deleft  which  i* 
by   no   means    compenfated    by    the  trifling  advantage  at- 
tending their  computation.   In  the  common  fyllem  the  radix 
r  is  alTumed  equal  to  10,  the  fame  as  the  radix  of  our  fcale 
of  notation  ;  and  hence   arifes  a  moll  important  advantage, 
which  is,  that  the  logarithm  of  all  numbers  expreffed  by  the 
fame   digits,    vi'hether  integers,   decimals,  or  mixed  of  the 
two,  have  the  fame  decimal  part  ;  the  only  alteration  being 
in  the  index    or  charafteriftic   of  the   logarithm.     For  the 
radix  being  10,0,  1,  3,3,  &c.  willbelogarithms  of  1,10,  lO", 
&c.  that    is,    10"  =  I,   lo'  =:  10,   10   —   100,  &c.  ;    and 
therefore,  to  multiply  or  divide  a  number  by  any  power  of 
10,   we  have  only  to  add  or  lubtraft  the  number  expreffing 
that  power  from  the  integial  part  of  the  logarithm,  and  the 
decimal  part  will  ftill  remain  the  fame,  by  which  means  the 
tables  of  lo£rarithms  are  much   more   contrafted    than   they 
could  be  with  any  other  radix  ;  for  in  the  hyperbolic  fvffem, 
or  in  any  other,  which  has  not  its  radix  the  fame  as  that  of 
the  fcale  of  notation,  every  particular  number  would  require 
a  particular  logarithm  ;  and  this  circumilance  would  either 
fwell  the  tables   to    an   unmanageable  iize,  or  if  they  were 
kept     within    the    prefent    limits,    frequent    computations 
would  become  necedary  ;  fo  that  in  either  way  it  is  clear  that 
the  advantages   of  the  prefent    logarithms  much  more  than 
counterbalance  the  extra  trouble  in  computing  them.   This 


loo 


_  _r    ^   S('L——\    -L  '  (  ^. I  J3    .    !  (t H  js     in  fact  only  confifts  in  multiplying  the  hyperbolic  logarithm 

M        l^''  +  1^  Va  +1/  \a  +  1/      by  a  conllant  failor  ;  -vi-z.   the   reciprocal  of  the  foregoing 

conftant  denominator  reprefented  above  by  y*»  'he  value  of 


-f-    &c.  \  which  feries   muft  neceflarily  convergt,  becaufe 

the  d"nominator  of  each  of  the  fra£lions  is  greater  than  its 
numerator  ;  ftill,  however,  when  a  is  a  number  of  any  con- 
fiderable  magnitude,  the  decreafe  in  the  terms  will  be  fo 
flow  as  to  render  the  formula  ufelefs  for  the  purppfes  of  cal- 
lation. 

At  prefent  we  have  affumed  the    feries  which  conftitutes 
the  denominator  in  our  firll  expreffion  a  known  quantity, 


which,  when   r  =  10,   is    — v 


=  -43429448, 


2.30258^09,  &c. 

&c.  Hence  it  is  obvious,  that  different  fyftems  of  logarithm* 
are  connefted  together  by  conftant  niultiphers,  and  by 
means  of  which  a  logarithm  may  always  be  converted  ."tom 
one  fcale  to  atiolher.  Thus  the  liyperbohc  logarithm  of  a 
1..  1  2  number 


LOGARITHMS. 


Bumbcr  is  transFormed  to  the  common  logarithm,  by  multi-  itig  them  from  one  fcale  to  another  ;  we  will  now  add  on'' 

plying  the  former  by  .4342944  ;  and  the  latter  is  converted  example    by    way    of    illullration.       Let    it  tlu-refore    be 

into  the  former  by  multiplying  it  by  2.30258509.  propofed  to  find  the  common  logarithm  of  3.     In  this  caie 

Having  faid  thus  much  with  regard  to  advantages  of  dif-  our 
ferentfyltems  of  logarithms,  and  the  method  of  transform- 


M 

2 
becomes  log.  3  =  -   x 

the  computation  of  which  will  ftand  thus : 
I 


12  "^3.2' 


I 

I 
7. 2' 

9. 2' 

11.2" 
I 

13  •  3'^ 
I 

35.2'> 
I 

17.2" 


1.  Log.  a  = 

2.  Log.  a   = 

3.  Log.  a   = 
4 


Log.  -  = 
5.  Log.  ^  = 


I 

M 
I 

M 
2 

M 
1 

M 
I 

M  ' 
a 


.0416666666 
.00625 
.0011160714 
.000217013S 
.0000443892 
.0000093900 
.0000020345 
.0000004487 
:  {{a~   I)  - 


n.f 

ij 

I 

I 

1 

5.2- 

7.2' 

I 

19.2" 

I 

+  & 


-} 


ai.2" 
I 

whence 


ii 


.0000001002 


.0000000227 

.0000000050 
•549306H22 


(a  -  ly  +  i  {a  -  jy  - 

{{:-^)+^(:-f^> 

{(^')-'C-t-') 

7.  Log.  a  =  log.   (a  -  I)   +    j^   X     {J   +  7^ 

8.  Log.  a  =   log.   (a  -  j)    +   ^    X     1^3-^- 


^ZSSJ^'    °'  ^^'♦'^'^^^    ^    549306142^   = 
.4771212,  which  is  the  logarithm  of  3  required. 

This  feries,  we  have  already  obfcrved,  will  only  anfwerfor 
the  computation  of  the  logarithms  of  fmall  numbers,  in 
other  cafes  different  feries  mull  be  employed  according  to 
tiie  particular  number  under  confideration.  The  limits  of  this 
article  will  not  admit  of  an  inveftigation  of  the  feparate  cafes. 
But  for  the  fake  of  reference  it  will  be  uleful  to  fubjoin  a 
few  of  the  mod  ufeful  formulas,  for  which  purpofe  we  avail 
ourfelves  of  the  fcleftion  made  by  Mr.  Bonnycallle,  in  his 
valuable  treatife  of  Trigonometry. 


^°2T  =  M 


+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 


&c 

C-f^)'  -  - } 


J 


2  (a  -  I)' 


9.  Log. 


log.   (a  -  2)    4- 


2 
M 


+ 


+  ■ 


3  (a-  i;^ 
I 


1      3(«-i)'^5(«-i)' 
To  the  abore  may  be  added  the  following,  which  will  be  found  ufeful  on  many  occafions. 

10.  Log.  1  =  ^    X     |(«  -  a~')   -  i  {a   -  fl-')   +  i  (a-  a    ')  -    &C.J 


+     &c 


&c.| 


+     &c. 

+     &c, 


} 


11.  Log.   (a  +  2)  =  log.  a  .|-   -  X   {  J- 

12.  Log.   (a-^)   =log.a-   ijx{^+   xy+    i^  +   1^;    +     &c.j 
,3.  Log.  (.+  .)=  log.  a  ±  ^  X  {(^-^)   +  .1  (^y    +    i    (^y  -r  &c.  } 


J4.  Log.  it  = 


/« 


I)  -4(:;^'a-  ir+iCv/^-  0'- 


&c. 


} 


Thef* 


LOGARITHMS. 


Tiiefe  formuljE  might  have  been  extended  to  a  much 
greater  length,  bat  thofe  that  are  given  will  be  found  to  em- 
brace the  generality  of  cafes,  and  will  be  found  ufeful  on  va- 
rious occaiions. 

The  publications  on  the  fubjeft  of  logarithms  have  been  fo 
numerous,  that  we  can  only  find  room  to  mention  a  fmall 
portion  of  them,  but  as  it  is  ufeful  to  know  which  are  re- 
puted the  teft,  and  particulai'ly  the  beil  editions  of  the 
fame  authors,  we  (liall  fubjoin  the  following  enumeration, 
which  may  be  confidered  as  contaming  the  moft  refpeclable 
and  accurate  works  of  tlus  kind. 

I.  The  firlt  canon  of  logarithms  for  natural  numbers  from 
I  to  2o,coo,  and  from  90,000  to  100,000,  was  conftrucled 
and  publifhcd  in  1624,  by  Briggs,  with  the  approbation  of 
the  inventor  lord  Napier. 

I.  Briggs's  logarithms,  with  their  difference  to  10  places 
of  figures ;  as  alfo  the  logarithmic  fines,  tangents,  &c.  by 
George  Miller,  London  1 63 1. 

3.  "  Trigonometria,"  by  Richard  Norwood  163 1,  con- 
taining a  table  of  logarithms  from  1  to  io,coo,  befides  fines, 
tangents,  &c. 

4.  "  DireSorium  Generale  Uranometricum,"  by  Francis 
Bonaveniura  Cavalerius,  Bologna  1633.  This  work,  befide 
the  ufual  table  of  logarithms,  contains  feveral  new  and  ufe- 
ful tables  of  fines,  verfed  fines,  &c.  and  fome  other  original 
matter.  * 

5'.  In  1643  appeared  the  "  Trigonometria"  of  the  fame 
author,  which  may  alfo  be  confidered  an  interefting  work. 

6.  "  Tabulae  Logarithmic*"  by  Nathaniel  Rowe,  Lon- 
don 1633.  In  this  work  the  logarithms  are  given  to  eight 
places  of  figures,  for  every  nu.mber  from  I  to  ioc,ooo,  and 
logarithmic  fines,  tangents,  &c.  to  every  hundredth  part  of 
degrees  to  ten  places. 

7.  "  Trigonometria  Britannica"  by  John  Newton,  Lon- 
don, 16^8.  Here  the  logarithmic  tables  are  put  in  the  mott 
convenient  form,  being  nearly  the  fame  as  is  now  adopted 
by  authors  of  the  prefent  period. 

5.  Adrian  Viacq  alfo  pubhfhed  different  editions  of  loga- 
rithmic tables,  which  have  been  fince  republiftied  ;  thefe  are 
generally  confidered  very  accurate  and  ufeful  tables,  parti- 
cularly the  edition  of  1631.     , 

g.  Sherwins's  mathematical  tables,  publifhed  in  8vo.  Lon- 
den  1706,  form  the  moll  complete  colleftion  of  any  we  have 
yet  noticed  ;  containing,  befides  the  logarithms  of  all  numbers 
from  1  to  100,000,  the  fines,  tangents,  fecants,  and  verfed 
•fines,  both  natural  and  logarithmic,  to  every  minute  of  the 
quadrant.  The  firfl  edition  was  printed  in  1706,  but  the 
third,  publifhed  in  1742,  as  reviled  by  Gardiner,  is  coi.fi- 
dered  as  fuperior  to  any  other.  The  fifth,  and  lall,  edition 
publifhed  in  1 7 17,  is  fo  incorreft,  that  no  dependence  can 
be  placed  upon  it. 

The  third  edition  abovc-menti&ned,  which  is  called  Gar- 
diner's tables,  was  republifked  at  AvignoB,  ia  France,  in 


177c,  but  this  is  not  confidered  fo  accurate  as  the  original 
one  by  Gardiner  himfelf. 

10.  An  "  Antilogarithmic  Canon,"  for  readily  finding 
the  number  corrcfponding  to  any  logarithm,  was  begun  by 
the  algcbraift  Harriot,  and  completed  by  Warner,  the  editor 
of  the  former's  works,  but  it  was  never  publifned  for  want 
of  proper  encowragcment.  But  a  complete  canon  of  this 
kind  was  publifhed  by  James  Dodfon  1742,  in  which  the 
numbers  anfwering  to  each  logarithm  from  i  to  100,000,  are 
computed  to  1 1  places  of  figures. 

1 1 .  In  T  7S3  tvas  publifjied,  by  M.  Callet,  at  Pari?,  a  very 
neat  and  ufeful  colkaion  of  logarithmic  tables  ;  and  in  1795 
an  enlarged  edition  of  the  fame  work,  under  the  title  of 
"  Tables  Portative  de  Logarithms."  This  ii  an  elegant 
work,  beautifully  printed  and  fiercotyped,  at  the  celebrated 
Didot's  prefs  ;  it  is  more  correft  than  the  former  edition, 
though  it  contains  a  few  eiTors  not  noticed  in  the  fill  of  errata. 

12.  Dr.  Hutton's  "  Mathematical  Tables,"  containing 
the  common  hyperbohc  and  logiftic  logarithms,  alfo  fines, 
tangents,  fecants,  and  verfed  fines,  both  natural  and  loga- 
rithmic, together  with  feveral  other  tables  ufeful  in  mathe- 
matical calcularions.  To  which  is  prefixed  a  hiflory  of  the 
d-.fcoveries  and  writings  of  the  mofl  celebrated  author's  on  this 
fubjea.  This  work  was  firfi;  publifhed  in  1785,  fince 
which  time  it  has  pafled  through  feveral  editions,  which  £re 
all  very  correct. 

13.  Taylor's  tables  of  logarithmic  fines  and  tangents  to 
every  fecond  of  the  quadrant,  to  wluch  is  prefixed  a  table  of 
logarithms  from  i  to  100,000.  This  is  a  very  valuable 
work,  and  has  a  ufeful  introduction  compofed  by  the  late 
afironomer  royal  Dr.  Mafkelyjie. 

14.  Vega's  tables,  publifhed  in  Latin  and  German,  is  alio 
a  very  excellent  performance,  particularly  the  fecond  edition 
of  1797. 

15.  Another  very  accurate  and  extenfrve  colledion  of 
tables,  computed  for  the  decimal  divifisn  of  the  circle  by 
Borda,  and  revived  and  augmented  by  Delambre,  was  pub- 
lifhed in  Paris.  This  work  is  held  in  great  erteem  by  the 
French  ;  but  it  is  of  little  ufe  to  Englifh  mathematicians  on 
account  of  the  particular  divifion  ot  the  circle.  It  is,  how- 
ever, preceded  by  a  very  perfpicuous  and  fcientific  invelliga- 
tion  of  the  moft  ufeful  logarithmic  feries,  and  trigonometrical 
formuli ;  and  may  therefore  be  read  with  interell  by  the  o-e- 
neral  mathematician.  Befides  the  authors  above-mentioned, 
many  others  have  treated  on  the  fubjed  of  logarithms,  among 
the  principal  of  whom  are  Halley,  Leibnitz,  Mercator, 
Cotes,  Brook  Taylor,  Euler,  MacLaurin,  Wolfius,  Keill, 
and  Simpfon. 

As  we  have  frequent  occafion  to  refer  to  tables  of  loga- 
rithms in  the  courfe  of  this  work  ;  we  have  fubjoined  a  table 
of  logarithms  of  all  numbers  from  1  to  io,coo,  which  will, 
be  found  ufeful  ia  various  cafes  wlfien  other  tables  may  not 
be  at  biuid. 


LOGARITHMS. 


Table  of  Logarithms,  from  i  to  10,000. 


100 

0 

I 

2 

3 

4 

i 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Dili 

0000000 

0004341   0008677 

0013009 ! 0017337 

0021661  0025980 

0030295 

00346  :5 

0038912 

4324I 

101 

0043214 

CO47512  0051805 

0056094 

0060380 

0064660  ]  0068937 

0073210 

0077478 

0081742 

428c 

102 

0086002 

0090257  0094529 

0098756 

0103000 

0107239  i  0111474 

01 15704 

01 1993 1 

0124154  1423s 

'0.^ 

0128372 

0132537  0136797 

0141003 

0145205 

0149403  0153598 

0157788 

0161974 

0166155 

419!- 

104 

10  J 

O'70333!o'74)07'°i78677 

0182843 

0187.  05 

0191163  0195317 

0199467 

C203613 

0207755 

4156 
4"<, 

02 1 1893 

0216027 1 0220157 

0224284 

0228406 

0232525  0236639 

0240750 

0244857 

0248960 

106 

O2530f9 

025715410261245 

0265333 

0269416 

0273496  0277572 

0281644 

0285713 

0289777 

408t. 

" 

107 

0293S38 

0297895 10301948 

0305997 

0310043 

0314085  0318123 

0322157 

0326 1 88 

0330214 

4042 

108 

0334238 

O33S257  ,0342373 

0346285 

0350293 

0354297  0358298 

0362295 

036'. 289 

0370279 

4004I 

109 

110 

0374265 

0378248 10382226 

03S6202 

0390173 

0394141  0398106 

0402066 

0406023 

0409977  J396fc 

0413927 

0417873  JO421816 

0425755 

0429691 

0433623  0437551 

0441476 

0445398  044931 J  3932 

1 1 1 

04531^0 

O45714I  j 0461048 

0464952 

0468852 

0472749 

0476642 

0480532 

0484418  0488301  I3897 

I  12 

0492180 

0496056  I  0499929 

0503-98 

0507663 

0511525 

05153^4  0519239 

0523091  1052693913862 

"3 

0,-30784 

0534636 '0538464 

0542299 

0546 1 3 1 

0549959 

0553783  °5S1^^^5 

05614.3  0565237  1382S 

11  + 
"5 

0569049 

0572856 1 0576661 

0580462 

0584260 

0588055 

0591846  0595634 

0599419  0603200 

j3,795 

0606978 

0610753 

0614525 

0618293 

062205S 

0625820 1 0629578  0633334 

0637086 

0640834  3762 

116 

0644780 

0648322 

065206' 

0655797 

0659530 

0663259 

1 0666986 

0670709 

0674428 

067S45  3729 

117 

06S1859 

o6S^^6cj 

0689276  j  0692980 

0696681 

0700379 

0704073 

0707765 

0711453 

071513813693 

118 

0718820 

0722409 

0726175  0729847 

0733517 

0737184 

0740847 

0744507 

0748 1 64 

075181913^67 

119 
120 

0755470  0759118 

0762763  0766404 

0770043 

0773679 

0777312 

0780942 

0784568  j  0788192 

3636 

0791812 

0795430 

0799045  0802656 

0806265 

0809870 

0813473 

0817073 

0820669  0824263  3605 

121 

0827854 

08^1441 

0835026 

0838608 

0842187 

0845763 

0849336 

0852906 

0856473 

0860037  ,3576 

12i 

3863598 

0867,57 

0870712 

0874269 

0877814 

0881361 

0884905 

0888446 

089^984 

0895519 

3547 

'23 

0899051 

0902581 

0906107 1 C909631 

0913152 

0916670 

0920185 

0923697 

0927206 

0930713 

351S 

124 

0934217 

0937718 

0941216 

09447 1 1 

0948204 1  095 1694 

i 

0955180 

0958665 

0962146  0965624 

3490 

125 

0969100 

0971573 

0976043 

0979511 

0982975 

0986437 

0989896 

0993353 

0996806  1000257 

3462 

126 

1003705 

1C07151 

1 01 0594 

1014034 

1017471 

1020905 

1024337 

1027766 

1031193  1034616 

3-434 

127 

1038037 

1041456 

1044871 

1048284 

1051694 

1055102 

1058507 

1 06 1 909 

1065309  1068705 

3408 

128 

1072100 

1075491 

1078880 

1082267 

10S5650 

1089031 

1092410 

1095785 

109Q159  1102529 

3381 

129 

J  30 

1 105897 

1109262 

1112625 

1115985 

"  19343 

1122698 

1 1 26050 

1 1 29400 

1132747  "36092 

3355 

"39434 

"4-773 

1146110 

"49444 

1152776  1T56105 

"59432 

1 162756 

1 166077  1169396  3329 

J3I 

1172713 

1176027 

"79338 

1 182647 

1185954 

118925S 

1192559 

1195858 

1 199154  1202448  3304 

132 

1205739 

1209028 

1212315 

1215598 

1218S80 

1222159 

1225435 

122S709 

1231981  12352503279 

13:3 

12385 16 

1241781 

1245042 

1248301 

125.558 

1254813 

1258065 

1261314 

1264561  1267806  3255 

'34 

127104S 

1274288 

1277525 

1280760 

1283993 

1287223 

1 29045 1 

1293676 

1296899  '  1300119  (3230 

'35 

'303338  1 31^65 -^3 

1309767 

1312978 

1316187 

1 3 19393 

1322597  1325798 

1328998 

133 2195 

3206 

136 

'3353«9  i33f'58i 

1341771 

1344959 

1348144 

'351327 

13,-4507 

1357685 

1360861 

1364034 

3183 

'37 

1367266  1370375 

1373541 

1376705 

1379867 

1383027 

1386184 

1389339 

1392492 

1395643 

3160 

138 

1398791  T401937 

140-cCo 

1408222 

'411361 

141449S 

1417632 

1420765 

1423895 

1427022 

313: 

'39 

1430148 1 1433271 

1436S92 

'4395" 

1442628 

1445742 

1448S54  1451964 

1455072 

1458177 

3114 

140 

1461280  i  14643S1 

1467480 

1470577 

1473671 

1476763 

'479''53  1482941 

1486027  14S9110I 

3092 

141 

1492191 1 1495270 

49^347 

1501422 

1504494 

1507564 

1510633  15136.19 

1516762  7519824I3070J 

142 

1522883  ;  15:5941 

152R996 

1532049 

1535100 

153S149 

1541195  15-14240 

15472S2  1550322  3049I 

'43 

1553360  1556306 

'55943° 

1562462 

1565492 

1568519 

15715^4  1  1574568 

1577589 ■  1580608  _ 

3027 

144 

JJ83625 j  1586640 

1589653 

1592663 

1595672  1598678 

1 60 1 683 1 1604685 

1607686! 1610684 

3006 

14^ 

16 I 3680 

1616674  1619666 

1622656 

1625644 

1628630  1631614 

1634596 

1637575 

1640553 

2986 

146 

1643529 

1646502 

1649474 

1652443 

165541 1 

1658376 j 1661340 

1664301 

1667261 

1670218 

2965 

'47 

1673173 

1676127 

1679078 

1682027 

1684975 

1687920  j 1690864 

1693805 

1696744 

1609682 

2945 

14S 

I702617 

1 705 55 1  1708482 

1711412 

1714339 

1717265 1  1720 1S81  1723 1 10 

1726029 

1728947  J2926 

'49  i73'S63| 

1734776  1737688 

1740598 

1743506 

1746412 : 1749316'  1752218 

1755118 

1758016  2906 

LOGARITHMS. 


Table  of  Logarithms. 


N^ 


150 

'S3 


1 76091 3 
1789769 

1 8469 14 

"15411875207 


1763807 
1792645 
1821292 
1849752 
18-8026 


1766699  1769590 

1795518  17983^9 

1824147  1826999 

1853588  1855422 

1880844  '883659 


1772478 
1801259 
1829S50 
1858254 


' 775365 
1804126 
1832698 
1861084 


1778250 
1806992 

1835545 
186391 


1886473  I '889285  1892095 


1781133 
1809856 
1838390 


1784013 
1812718 
18,1.1234 


1866739  1869563 


1786892 
1815578 
1844075 
1872386 


1894903  1897710  1900514 


Diff. 


2887 
2867 
2848 
2830 
2812 


'55 

.56 

•57 
158 

159 


1903317 
1 93 1 246 
1958997 
1986571 

2013971 


160 
161 
162 
163 
,64 


2041200 
2068259 
2095150 
2121S76 
2 1 4843 S 


19061 18 
1934029 
1961762 
1989319 
2016702 


1908917 
1936810 
1964525 
1992^65 
20 1 943 1 


1911715 
1939590 
1967287 
1994809 
2022158 


1914510 
1942367 
1970047 
1997552 
2024883 


1917304 
1945143 

1972806 
20C0293 
2027607 


1920096 
194791S 
1975562 
2003032 
2030329 


2043913 

2070955 
2097830 
2 1 24540 
2151086 


165  2174839 

166  2201081 


167 
168 
i6g 


170 

!■'' 
1 172 

'73 

'74 


2227165 
2253093 
2278867 


2177471 
2203696 
2229764 
2255677 
2281436 


2046625 
2073650 
210050S 
2127202 
2153732 


2180100 
2206310 
2232363 
2258260 
2284004 


2049335 

2076344 

2103185 
2129862 
2156376 


2052044 
2079035 
2105860 
2132521 
2159018 


2182729 

2208922 

2234959 
2260841 

2286570 


2185355 
2211533 
2237555 
2263421 
2289134 


2054750 
2081725 
2108534 
2135178 
2161659 


2187980 
2214142 


2057455 
2084414 

211 1205 

2'37S33 
2164298 


1922886 
1950690 
1978317 
2005769 
2033049 


1925675 
1953461 
1981070 
2008505 
2035708 


2060159  2062860 


1928461  2794I 
1956229  2786 
1983821  2759 
201 1239 
2038485 


2087100 
2113876 
2140487 
2166936 


2190603 
2216750 


2240148  2242740 


2265999 
2291697 


2304489 
2329961 
2355284 
2380461 
2405492 


2307043 
2332500 
2357809 
2382971 
2407988 


2309596 
2335038 
236^331 

2385479 
2410482 


2312146J 2314696  23 1 7244 
2337574  234010S  2342641 
2362853  2365373  2367891 
2387986  2390491  2392995 
2412974  2415465  2417954 


2268576 
294258 


2319790 

2345173 
2370408 

2395497 
2420442 


2193225 
2219356 

2245331 
2271151 


0S97S5 
21 16544 

2'43i39 
2169572 


2195845 
2221960 
2247920 
2273724 


2065560 
2092468 
2119211 
2145790 


2741 

2724 


2706 
2690 
2674 
2657 


2172207  2641 


2296818  2299377 


2322335 

2347703 
2372923 
2397998 
2422929 


'75 
176 

'77 
178 

179 


180 
181 
182 

'83 
184 


2430380 
2455127 

2479733 

2504200 


2432861 

2457594 
2482186 

2506630 

2530956 


2552725 
2576786 

2600714 
2624511 

264S178 


2555 '37 
2579185 
260J099 
262"6883 
2650538 


2435341 
2460059 

'48463 7 
2509077 
2533380 


2557548 
2581582 
2605484 
2629255 
2652896 


2437819 
2462523 
2487087 

251 1513 
2535803 


2440296 
2464986 
2489536 

2513949 
2538224 


2559957  2562365 
2583978  25S6373 


2607867 
2631625 

2655253 


185 
186 
1S7 
188 
189 


190 
191 


2671717 
2695129 
271S416 

2741578 
2764618 


2674064. 
2697464 
2720738 
2743888 
2766915 


261c 248 

2633993 
2657609 


2442771  2445245 
2467447  2469907 
2491984  2494430 
2516382  I  2518815 
2540645  j  2543063 


2447718 
2472365 
2496874 


2324879 
2350232 

2375437 
2400498 
2425414 


2198464 
2224563 
2250507 
2276296 
2301934 


2327421 
2352759 
2377950 
2402996 
2427898 


2625 

2609 

2593 
2578 

2563 


2450189 
2474823 
2499318 


252124612523075 
2545481 12547897 


2452658 
2477278 
2501759 
2526103 
2550312 


2548 

2533 

25 1 S 
2504 
2489 


2676410  2678754  2681097 
2699797  2702129  I 2704A59 
2723058  2725378  j2727(S96 
2746196  2748503 ■ 2750809 
2769211  2771506  2773800 


2564772 
2588766 
2612629 
2636361 
2659964 


2567177 
2591 158 
2615008 
2638727 
2662317 


2569582 

2593549 
26173851 

2641092  I 
2664669  i 


2571984 
2595939 
2619762 

2643455 
2667C20 


2574386 
2598327 
2622137 
2645817 
2669369 


2*75 
2461 

2448 

243 
2421 


2407 

2393 
2381 

2368 
2355 


- 


2683439 
2706788 
2730013 

2753114 
2776092 


2685780 
27091 16 
2732328 
2755417 
2778383 


26881 19' 
2711443 

2734643 
2757719 

2780673 


2690457 
2713769 
2736956 
2760020 
27S2962 


2692794  2342 
2716093  '2329 
2739268  J2317 

276232012305 
2785250  2292 


.7S7536 


2810334 
192  2833012 
'93  I  2855573 
194  2878017 


195  I  2900346 
196 !  2922561 

197  I  2944662 

198  ,  2l/>f^6)2 
I99I298S53I 


2789821 
2812607 
2835274 
2857823 
2880255 


27921O1J 
28  I  4879 
28^753;- 
2860071 
2882492 


2794388 
2817,5. 

2S39793 
2S623IO 

2884728 


2796669 
2819419 
2842051 
2864565 
2886963 


2902573 
2924776 
2946866 
2968S45 
2990713 


290470'' 
2926000 
2940069 


2907022 
29292OJ 
295  I  27  I 


2971037  2975227 
2992893  299^073 


29^9246 

293'4'5 

2953471 

297:417 
2997252 


27989i;o 
28216^8 
2844307 
2866S10 
2889196 


291 146S 
2933626 
2955671 
2977605 
2999429 


2S01229  2803507 
2823955  2826221 
2846563  '  284S817 
2869054  2871296 


2891428  2893660  2895S90  2898118 


2913689 

,2935835 
2957860 
2979792 
3C01605 


2915908 
2938044 
2960067 
2981979 
3003781 


2801:784 
2828486 
2851070 
2S73538 


2918127 

2040251 
2962263 
2984164 

3005955 


2808059 
2S30750 
2S53322 
2S75778 


2920344 
2942457 
2964458 
2986348 
3008128 


2281 
2269 
2256 
2245 
2233 


2222 

2-,;II 
22Q0 
2188 


LOGARITHMS. 


TABtE  of  Logarithms. 


y 

0 

I 

2 

3 

4 

6 

8 

9 

Diff. 

200 

30 1 0300 

3012471 

3014641 

3016S09 

3018977 

3021 144 

3023309 

3025474 

3027637 1 3029799 

2167 

20I 

303 1 96 1 

30341 2 1 

3036280 

5038438 

3040595 

304275' 

3044905 

3047059 

3049212:3051363 

2156 

202 

3053514 

3055663 

3057812 

3059959 

3062105 

3064250 

3066394 

3068537 

3070680 ; 3072820 

2145 

"3 

3074960 

3077099 

3079237 

3081374 

30S3509 

3085644 

3087778 

3089910 

3092042 13094172 

2135 

204 

3090302  3098430 

3.00557 

3102684 

3104809 

3106933 

3109056 

311U7S  31133COJ3115420 

2124 

20^ 

3 1 17539  3 "9657 

3121774 

31238S9 

3126004 

3128T18 

3130231 

3132343  31344-54!  3 '36563 

2114 

206 

3138672 

3140780 

3142887 

3144992 

3147097 

3149201 

3151303 

3153405  315^50513157605 

21,04 

207 

3159703 

3161801 

31638^)8 

3165993 

3168088 

3170181 

3172273 

3174365  3176455:3178545 

2093 

208 

3180633 

3182721 

3184807 

3186893 

3188977 

3 1 9 1 06 1 

3193143 

3195224  3197305 13199384 

2084 

209 

3201463 

3203540 

3205617 

3207692 

3209767 

3211S40 

3213913 

3215984  321805513220124 

2d73 

210 

3222193 

3424261 

3226327 

322S393 

3230457 

3232521  3234584 

323664513238706:3240766 

2064 

21 1 

3 24 2 8 25 

3244882 

3246939 

3248995 

3251050 

3253104 

3255157 

32572C9 

3259260) 32613 10 

2054 

212 

32'''335') 

3265407 

3267454 

3269500 

3271545 

3273589 

3275633 

3277675 

3279716! 3281757 

2C44 

213 

32^379''' 

3285834 

3287872 

3289909 

3291944 

3293979 

3296012 

3298045 

3300077  3302108 

2032 

214 

3304'38  33o6»67 

33°8J95 

3310222 

33^2248 

3314273 

3316297 

3318320 

3320343  3322364 

2025 

2'5 

33243S5 

3326404 

3328423 

3330440 

3332457 

3334473 

3336488 

3338501 

3340514 

3342526 

2016 

216 

334453*^ 

3346548 

3348^57 

3350565 

3iS^5-3 

3354579 

3356585 

3358589 

3360593 

3362596 

2006 

217 

33''4597 

3366598 

3368598 

3370597 

3372595 

3374593 

3376589 

3378584 

3380579  3382572 

1998 

218 

33S45f>5 

3386557 

3388547 

3390537 

3392526 

3394514 

3396502 

3398488 

34OC473  3402458 

1988 

219 

3404441 

3406424 

3408405 

3410386 

3412366 

3414345 

3416323 

3418301 

3420277 1 3422252 

1979 

220 

3424227 

3426200 

3428173 

3430145 

34321 16 

3434=86  3436055 

3438023 

3439991  3441957 

1970 

221 

3443923 

3445887 

3447851 

3449814 

3451776 

3453737  3455698 

3457657 

3459615! 3461573 

1961 

222 

34^1 530 

3465486 

3467441 

3469395 

3471348 

3473300 

3475252 

3477202 

3479152 {3481101 

1952 

223 

34^3^49 

3484996 

3486942 

34S8887 

3490832 

3492775 

3494718 

3496660 

3498601  !  3500541  |1943| 

224 

3502480 

3504419 

3506356 

3508293 

3510229 

3512163 

3514098 

3516031 

341796313519895 

1934 
1926 

225 

3521825 

i  5  ^37)5 

3525684 

3527612 

3529539 

3531465 

3533391 

35353 '6 

3537239 

3539162 

226 

3541084 

3543006 

3544926 

3546846 

3548764 

3550682 

3552599 

3554515 

3556431 

3558345 

1918 

227 

3  560259 

3562 17 1 

3564083 

3565994 

3567905 

3569814 

3571723 

3573630 

3575537 

357-443 

1909 

228 

3579348  3581253 

3583156 

3585059 

3586961 

3588862 

3590762 

3592662 

3594560 

3596458 

1901 

229 

3598355  3600251 

3602146 

3604041 

3605934 

3607827 

3609719 

361 1610 

3613500 ! 3615390 

1893 

230 

3617278 

3619166  3621053 

3622939 

3624S25 

3626709 

3628593 

3630476 

■363235813634239  18S4 

23< 

3656120 

3637999 

3639878 

3641756 

3643634 

3645510 

3647386 

3649260 

3651 134;  3653007 11876 

232 

3654S80 

3656751 

3658622 

3660492 

3662361 

3664230 

5666097 

3667964 

3669S30 

3671695  18,69] 

233 

3673559 

3675423 

3677285 

3679147 

3681009 

3682869 

3684728 

3686587 

3688445 

5690502 

i860 

234 

3692159 

3694014 

3695869 

3697723 

3699576 

3701428 

3703280 

"3705131 

3706981 

3708830 

1852 

23  ) 

3710679 

3712526 

37 '4373 

3716219 

3718065 

3719909 

3721753 

3723596 

3725438 

3727279 

1844 

236 

3729120 

3730960 

3732799 

3734637 

3736475 

373831 1 

3740147 

3741983 

3743817 

3745651 

1836 

237 

3747483 

3 7493 '6 

375  "47 

3752977 

3754807 

3756636 

3758464 

3760292 

3762119 

3763944 

1829 

233 

37C'577o 

3767594 

3769418 

3771240 

3773063 

3774884 

3776704 1 3778524 

3780343 

3782161 

1821 

^39 

3783979 

3785796 

3787612 

3789427 

-  - 

3791241 

3793055 

379486SI 3796680 

3798492 

3800302  11814] 

240 

3S02112 

3803922 

3805730 

3807538 

3809345 

3811151 

3812956 

5814761!  581.6565  5818368 

1806 

241 

5820170 

3821972 

38:3773 

3825573 

382737J 

3829171 

3830969 

3832767 

3834563  3836359 

1798 

242 

3838154 

3839948 

384174' 

3843534 

3845326 

3847117 

3S4S908 

5 8 50698 

3852487  3854275 

1791 

-43 

3S56063 

3857850 

3859636 

386142 1 

3863206 

3864990 

3866773 

3868555 

3870337  3872' 18 

1784 

244 

3873898 

3S75678 

3877457 

3879235 

3881012 

3 88 2 7 89 

3884565  3886340 

3888114  3889888 

177: 
1761-: 

24? 

3 89 1 66 1 

3893433 

3895205 

3896975 

3898746  3900515 

3902284,3904052 

3905819 

3907585 

240 

3909351 

391 1 1 16 

3912880 

.3914644 

3916407  3918169 

3919931 

3921601 

3923452 

3925211 

176V 

24; 

3926970 

3928727 

3030485 

3932241 

3933997  3935752 

3937506 

3930260 

3941013 

3942765 

1755 

248 

3944517 

394626S 

3948018 

3949767 

3951516  3953264 

3955011 

3956758 

3958504 

3960249 

1748 

249 

3961993 

3'/-'3737 

3^65480 

3967223 

3968964  3970705 

3972446 

3974185 

3975924 

3977663  [1739] 

LOGARITHMS. 


Table  of  Logarithms, 


N"' 

0 

I 

-» 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

3 

9 

Diff. 

.ISO 

3979400 

3981137 

3982873 

3984608 

3986343 

3988077 

3989811 

3991543 

3993275 

3995007 

1734 

25' ,3990737 

3998467 

4000196 

4001925 

4003653 

4005380 

4007106 

4008832 

4010557 

4012282 

'72: 

2J2  1  4014005 

4015728 

4017451 

4'^i9i73 

4020894 

4022614 

4024333 

4026052 

4027771 

4029488 

172c 

253  4031205 

4032921 

4034637 

4036352 

4038066 

4039780 

4041492 

4C43205 

4044916 

4046627 

1714 

25414048337 

4050047 

4051755 

4  53464 

4055171 

4056878 

40585S4 

4060289 

4061994 

406369,^ 
4080703 

1707 
1700 

255 '4065402 

4067105 

4068807 

4070508 

4072209 

4073909 

4075608 

4077307 

4079005 

256  4082400 

4084096 

4085791 

4087486 

4089180 

4090874 

40Q2567 

4094259 

4095950 

4097641 

1694 

257:409933' 

4101021 

4102710 

4104398 

41060H5 

4107772 

4109459 

41 1  "44 

41 12H29 

4"45'3 

1687 

258  ;  4II6197 

4117S80 

41 19562 

4121244 

4122925 

4124605 

412^285 

4127964 

4129643 

4'3'32' 

i68o 

259 

4132998 

4 '34674 

4136350 

4138025 

41397C0 

4141374 

4142047 

4144719 

41 4639 1 

4148063 

1674 

260 

4149733 

4151404 

4153073 

4154742 

4156410 

415S077 

4159744 

4161410 

4163076 

4164741 

1667 

261  4166405 

4168069 

4169732 

41 7 '394 

4173050 

4174717 

4'7t^377 

4178037 

4179696 

4181355  1661 

262  4183013 

4184670 

4186327 

41^7983 

4189638 

4191293 

4:92947 

4194601 

4196254 

4197906  1655 

263  4199557 

4201208 

4202859 

4204509 

4206158 

4207806 

4209454 

4211101 

4212748 

4214394  1648 

264 

4216039 

4217684 

4219328 

4220972 

4222615 

4224257 

4225898 

4227539 

422918(4 

4230820  1642 

265 

423 -MfO 

4234097 

4235735 

4237372 

4239009 

42406*45 

4242281  4243916 

4245550 

4247183  J1636 

266 

424S816 

4250449 

4252081 

4253712 

4255342 

4256972 

4258601 

4200230 

4261858 

4263486  1630 

267 

4265113 

4266739 

4268^65 

4269990 

4271614 

4273238 

4274861 

4276484 

4278106 

4279727  '624 

268 

4281348 

4282968 

4284588 

4286207 

4287825 

4288443 

429.060 

4292677 

4294293 

4295908  i6i8 

269 

270 

4297523 

4299137 

4300751 

4302364 

4303976 

4305588 

4307 '99 

430S809 

4310419 

4312029 

1612 

4313638 

■■ 
4315246 

4316853 

43 1 8460 

4320067 

432'673 

4323278 

4324883 

4326487 

4328090 

1606 

271 

4329693 

4331295 

4332897 

4334498 

4336098 

4337698 

4339298 

4340896 

4342495 

4344092 

1600 

272 

4345689 

4347285 

4348881 

4350476 

4352071 

4353665 

4355259  4356851 

4358444 

4360035 

'504 

273 

4361626 

4363217 

4364807 

4366396 

4367985 

4369573 

437  "61  4372748 

4374334 

4375920 

158;; 

274 

4377506 

4379090 

4380675 

4382258 

4383841 

4385423 

4387005  438S587 

4390167 

43^1 ;47 

1582 

275 

4393327  4394906 

4396484 

4398062 

4399639 

4401216 

4402792 

4404368 

4405943 

4407517 

'577 

276  440909114410664 

4412237 

4413809 

4415380 

44169,1 

4418522 

4420092 

4421661 

4423230 

1571 

277 

4424-98  4426365 

4427932 

4429499 

4431065 

44.32630 

4434195 

4435759 

4437322 

4438885 

1565 

278 

4440448  4442010 

4443571 

4445'32 

4446692 

4448252 

44498 II 

4451370 

4452928 

4454485 

156c 

279  4456042 j 4457598 

4459 '54 

4460709 

4462264  4463818 

4465372 

4466925 

4468477 

4470029 

'554 

280  4471580 

4473 13 1 

4474681 

4476231 

4477780  4479329  44808-7 j 4482424 

44S397 1 

4485517 

1549 

281 

4487063 

448S608 

4490153 

4491697 

4493241  4494784 

4496327 

4497868 

4499410 

4500951 

'543 

282 

4502491 

450403 1 

4505570 

4507109 

4508647  4510185 

4511722 

4513258 

4514794 

4516329 

1538 

283 

4517864 

4519399 

4520932 

4522466 

4523998  452553' 

4527062 

4528593 

4530124 

453 '654 

1533 

284 
285 

4533'83 

4534712 

4536241 

4537769 

4539296  4540823 

4542349 

4543875 

4545400 

4546924 

1527 

4548449 

4549972 

4551495 

4553018 

4554540 

4556061 

4557582 

4559102 

4560622 

4562142 

1521 

286  4563660 

4565179 

4566696 

4568213 

4569730 

4571246 

4572762 

4574277 

457579' 

4577305 

1516 

2H7  4578819 

4580332 

4581844 

4583356 

4584868 

4586378 

4587889 

4589399 

4590908 

4692417 

1510 

288  4593925 

4595433 

4596940 

4598446 

4599953 

460145S 

4602963 

4604468 

4605972 

4607475 

1505 

289  j  4608978 

46 1 048 1 

4611983 

4613484 

4614985 

4616486 

4617986  4619485 

4620984 

4622482 

1501 

290 

4623980 

4625477 

4626974 

4628470 

4629966 

4631461 

4632956 

4634450 

4635944 

4637437 

1495 

291 

4638930 

4640422 

4641914 

4643405 

4644895 

4646386 

4647875 

4649364 

4650853 

4652345 

1491 

292 

4653829 

4655316 

4656802 

4658288 

4659774 

4661259 

4662743 

4664227 

4665711 

4667194 

1485 

293 

4668676 

4670158 

4671640 

4673121 

4674601 

4676081 

4677561 

4679039 

4680518 

4681996 

148c 

294 

4683473 

4684950 

4686427 

4687903 

4689378 

4690853 

4692327 

4693801 

4695275 

4606748 

1475 

1470 

295 

4698220 

4699692 

4701164 

4702634 

4704105 

4705575 

4707044 

.4708513 

47011982 

4711450 

296 

4712917 

4714384 

4715851 

4717317 

4718782 

4720247 

4721711 

4723«75 

4724639 

4726102 

1465 

297 

4727564 

4729027 

4730488 

4731949 

4733410 

4734870 

4736329 

4737788 

4739247 

4740705 

14VC 

298 

4742163 

4743620 

4745076 

4746533 

4747988 

4749443 

4750898 

4752352 

4753806 

4755259 

•455 

299 

4756712 

4758164 

4759616 

4761067 

4762518 

4763068 

4765418 

4766867 

4768316 

4709765 

1450 

Vol.  XXI. 


Ml 


LOGARITHMS. 

Table  of  Logarithms. 


300 

0 

t 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 
1446 

4771213 

4772660 

4774107 

4775553 

4776999 

4778445 

4779890 

4781334 

4782778 

4784222 

301 

4785665 

4787108 

4788550 

4789991 

4791432 

4792873 

4794313 

4795753 

4797192 

4798631 

1441 

302 

4800069 

4801507 

4802945 

4804381 

4805818 

4807254 

4808689 

4810124 

4811559 

4812993 

i43« 

303 

4814426 

48 1 J 859 

4817292 

4818724 

4820156 

4821587 

4823018 

48 24448 

4825878 

4827307 

'431 

304 
305 

'4828736 

4830164 

4831592 

4833020 

4834446 

4835873 

4837299 

4S38725 

4840150 

4841574 

1427 

4842998 

4844422 

4845845 

4847268 

4848690 

48501 12 

4851533 

4852954 

485+375 

4855795 

1422 

306 

4857214 

4858633 

4860052 

4861470 

4862888 

4864305 

4865722 

4867148 

4868554 

4H69969 

1417 

307 

4871384 

4872798 

4S74212 

4875626 

4877039 

487845. 

4879863 

488i2'75 

48S2686 

4884097 

1412 

308 

4885507 

4886917 

4888326 

4889735 

489 II 44 

4892552 

4893959 

4895366 

4896773 

4898179 

1408 

309 

310 

4899585 

4900990 

4902395 

4903799 

4905203 

4906607 

4908010 

4909412 

4910814 

491 22 16 

1404 

4913617 

4915018 

4916418 

4917818 

4919217 

4920616 

4922015 

49234' 3 

4924810 

4926207 

'399 

311 

49-7604 

4929000 

4930396 

493179' 

4933186 

4934581 

4935974 

4937368 

4938761 

4940154 

1395 

312 

4941546 

4942938 

4944329 

4945720 

4947110 

4948500 

4949890 

4951279 

4952667 

4954056 

1390 

313 

4955443 

495683 1 

4958218 

4959604 

4960990 

4962375 

4963761 

4965145 

4966529 

4967913 

1385 

314 
3'5 

4969296 

4970679 

4972062 

4973444 

4974825 

4976206 

4977587 

4978967 

4980347 

4981727 

1381 

4983106 

4984484 

4985862 

4987240 

4988617 

4989994 

4991370 

4992746 

4994121 

4995496 

1377 

316 

4996871 

4998245 

4999619 

5000992 

5002365 

5003737 

5005109 

5006481 

5007852 

5009222 

1372 

317 

5010593 

5011963 

5013332 

50 I 470 I 

5016069 

5017437 

5018805 

5020172 

5021539 

5022905 

.368 

3'8 

5024271 

5025637 

5027002 

5028366 

5029731 

5031094 

5032458 

5033821 

5035183 

5036545 

1363 

319 
320 

5037907 

5039268 

50406I29 

5041989 

5043349 

5044709 

5046068 

5047426 

5048785 

5050143 

1360 

5051500 

5052857 

5054213 

5055569 

5056925 

5058280 

5059635 

5060990 

5062344 

5063697 

'355 

321 

5065050 

5066403 

5067755 

5069107 

5070459 

5071810 

5073160 

50745 1 1 

5075860 

5077210 

'351 

322 

5078559 

5079907 

5081255 

5082603 

5083950 

5085297 

5086644 

5087990 

5089335 

5090680 

1347 

323 

5092025 

5093370 

5094714 

5096057 

5097400 

5098743 

5100085 

5101427 

5102768 

5104109 

1343 

324 

5105450 

5106790 

5108130 

5109469 

5110808 

5112147 

5  "3485 

511^823 

51 16160 

51.7497 

1339 

3-S 

5118834 

5120170 

5121505 

5122841 

5i24'75 

5125510 

5126844 

5128178 

5129511 

5130844 

'3}S 

326 

5132176 

5133508 1 5134840 

5136171 

5137502 

5138832 

5140162 

5141491 

5142820 

5144149 
5157414 

1330 

327 

5145478 

5146805 

5'48i33 

5149460 

5150787 

5152113 

5153439 

515476+ 

5156089 

1326 

328 

5'58738 

5160062 

5161386 

5162709 

5164031 

5165354 

5166676 

5167997 

5169318 

5170639 

1323 

329 
330 

5171959 

5173279 

517459815175917 

1 

5177236 

5178554 

5179872 

5181189 

5182507 

5183823 

1318 

5 '85 139 

5186455 

51S7771 

5189086 

5^190400 

5191715 

5193028 

5194342 

5195655 

5196968 

13 '5 

331 

5198280 

5199592 

52C0903 

5202214 

5203525 

5204835 

5206145 

5207455 

520S764 

5210073 

131G 

332 

5211381 

52126S9 

5213996 

5215303 

5216610 

5217916 

5219222 

5220528 

5221S33 

5223138 

.306 

333 

5224442 

5225746 

5227050 

5228353 

5229656 

5230958 

5232260 

5233562 

5234863 

5236164 

.302 

334 
33J 

5^37465 

5238765 

5240064 

5241364 

5242663 

5243961 

5245259 

5246557 

5247854 

5249151 

1298 

5250448 

525 '744 

5253040 

5254336 

5255631 

5256925 

5258220 

5259513 

5260807 

5263100 

1294 

336 

5263393 

5264685 

5265977 

5267269 

5268560 

5269851 

5271 141 

527243' 

527372. 

5275010 

1 291 

337 

5276299 

5277588 

5278876 

5280163 

5 28 1 45 1 

52S2738 1 5284024 

5285311 

52S6596 

52S7883 

.28; 

338 

5289167 

•5290452 

5291736 

5293020 

5294304 

5295587 

5296870 

5298152 

5299434 

5300716 

1283 

339 
340 

53°i997J 5303278 

5304558 

5305839 

5307118 

5308398 

5309677 

5310955 

5312234 

53 135 1 2 

128c 

5314789 

5316066 

5317343 

531S619 

5319896 

5321171  5322446 

5323721 

5324996 

5326270 

1275 

341 

■5327544 

5328817 

5330090 

5331363 

5332635 

5333907 

5335179 

5336450 

5337721 

5338991 

.272 

342 

5340361 

534153' 

5342800 

5344069 

5345338 

5346606 

5347874 

5349141 

5350408 

5351675 

1268 

343 

5352941 

5354207 

5355473 

5356738 

5358003 

5359267 

5360532 

5361795 

5363059 

5364322 

1264 

344 

5365584 

5366847 

5368109 

5369370 

5370631 

5371892 

5373153 

5374413 

5375673 

5376932 

1261 

345 

5378191 

5379450 

5380708, 

,5381966 

5383223 

5384481 

5385737 

5386994 

5388250 

5389506 

1258 

346 

5390761 

5392016 

5393271 

5394525 

5395779 

5397032 

5398286 

539953S 

5400791 

5402043 

■255 

347 

5403295 

5404546 

5405797 

5407048 

5408298 

54:9548 

5410798 

5412047 

5413296 

5414544 

1250 

348 

5415792 

5417040 

5418288 

5419535 

5420781 

5422028 

5423274 

54245.9 

5425765 

5427010 

124; 

349 

5428254 

5429498 

5530742 

5431986 

5433229 

5434472 

54357 '4 

5436956 

5438198 

5439439 

1243 

LOGARITHMS. 


Table  of  Logaritlims. 


1 

N=    o   j   It 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff 

35015440680,5441921 

54431 6 I 

5444401 

5445641 

5446880 

54481 19 

5449358 

5450596 

5451834 

'259 

351 

5453071 15454308 

5455545 

5450781 

5458018 

5459253 

5460489 

5461724 

5462958 

5464193 

'235 

352 

5465427 1 5466660 

5467894 

5469126 

5470359 

547 1 59 1 

5472823 

5474055 

5475286 

5476517 

1232 

353 

5477747  547^977 

5480207 

548.436 

5482665 

5483894 

5485123 

548635' ! 5487578 

5488806 

1229 

354 

5490033  5491259 

5492486 

5493712 

5494937 

5496162 

5497387 

549861215499836 

5501060 

1225 

355 1 5502284 j 5503507 

5504730 

5505952 

5507174 

5508396 

5509618 

5510839 

5512059 

5513280 

1222 

35*5  155145001  55^5720 

55 '6939 

5518158 

55'9377 

5520595 

5521813 

5523031 

5524248 

5S-Sfi 

1218 

55-1 5526682 I5527S99 

5529115 

5530330 

5531545 

5532760 

5533975 

ir^S'^ 

5S3''H^i 

5537^17 

1215 

35«1 5538830  554=043 

5541256 

5542468 

5543680 

5544892 

5546103 

5547314 

5548524 

5549735 

1212 

35915550944  5552154  55533^3 

5554572 

5555781 

5556989 

5558197 

5559404 

5560612 

5561818 

I2C8 

360 j 5563025; 5564231 

S5^54i7 

5566643 

5567848 

5569053 

5570257 

5571461 

5572665 

5573869 

1205 

361 15575072 '5576275 

SSllMl 

557S680 

5579881 

5581083 

5582284 

55834S5 

5584686 

5585886 

1202 

362 1 5587086 1 ss»^2Ss 

5589484 

5590683 

5591882 

5593080 

5594278 

5595476 

5596673 

5597870 

1198 

363  5599066 1 5600262 

5601458 

5602654 

5603849 

5605044 

5606239 

5607433 

5608627 

5609821 

1195 

364^5611014! 5612207 

5613399 

5614592 

5615784 

5616975 

5618167 

5619358 

5620548 

5621739 

I  193 

365  5622929  56241 18 

5635308 

5626497 

5627685 

5628S74 

5630062 

5631250 

5632437 

5633624 

1187 

366 i 563481 1  5635997 

5637183 

5638369 

5639555 

5640740 

5641925 

5^43109 

5644293 

5645477 

II 85 

367 1 5546661 15647844 

5649027 

5650209 

5651392 

5652573 

5653755 

5654936 

5656117 

5657298 

I181 

368 

5658478  5659658 

5660838 

5662017 

5663196 

5664375 

5665553 

5666731 

5667909 

5669087 

1179 

369 

J670264  5671440 

5672617 

5673793 

5674969 

5676144 

5677320  5678495 

5679669 

5680843 

"75 

37° 

5682017 

5683191 

5684364  5685537 

5686710 

5687882 

5689054 

5690226 

5691397 

5692568 

1172 

371 

5693739 

5694910 

5696080 

5607249 

5698419 

5699588 

5700757 

5701926 

5703094 

5704262 

1169 

372 

5705429 

5706597 

5707764 

5708930 

5710097 

5711263 

5712429 

5713594 

5714759 

5715924 

1166 

373 

5717088 

5718252 

5719416 

5720580 

5721743 

5722906 

5724069  5725231 

5726393 

5727555 

1163 

374 

572871615739877 

5731038 

5732198 

5733358 

5734518 

5735678  5736837 

5737996 

5739154 

1 160 

3751 5740313 l574'47i 

5742628 

5743786 

5744943 

5746099 

5747256 

5748412  5749568 

5750723 

1156 

376 

5751878,5753033 

5754188 

5755342 

5756496 

5757650 

5758803 

5759956  5761 109 

5762261 

1154 

377 

5763414 

5764565 

5765717 

5766868 

5768019 

5769170 

5770320 

5771470  5772620 

5773769 

1151 

378 

5774918 

5776067 

5777215 

sn^i^i 

57795" 

5780659 

5781806  5782953  5784100 

5785246 

1 148 

379 

5786392 

5787538 

578S683 

5789828 

5790973 

5792118 

5793262 1 5794406 

5795550 

5796693 

1 145 

380 

5797836  5798979 

5800121 

580126^ 

5802405 

5803547 

5804688  j  5805829 

5806969 

58081 10 

1142 

381 

5809250  5810389 

5811529 

58 12668 

5813807 

5814945 

5816084 

5817222 

5818359 

5819497 

1138 

382 

5820634  5821770 

5822907 

5824043 

5825179 

5S26314 

5827450 

5828585 

5829719 

5830854 

1135 

383 

5831988  5833122 

5834255 

5835388 

5836521 

5837654 

5838786 

5839918 

5841050 

5842181 

1 133 

384 

5843312  5844443 

5845574 

5846704 

5847834 

5848963 

5850093 

5851222 

5852351 

5853479 

1129 

385 

5854607 

5855735 

5856863  5857990 

5859117 

5860244 

5861370 

5862496 

5863622 

5864748 

1127 

386 

5865873 

5866998 

5868123 

5869247 

587037' 

5871495 

5872618 

5873742 

5874S65 

5875987 

1124 

387 

5877110 

5878232 

5879353 

5880475 

5881596 

5882717 

5883838 

5884958 

5886078 

5887198 

1121 

3S8 

5888317 

5889436 

5890555 

5S91674 

5892792 

5893910 

5895028 

5896145 

5897263 
5908418 

5898379 

1118 

3S9 
390 

5899496 

5900612 

5901728 

5902844 

5903959 

5905075 

5906189 

5907304 

5909532 

1116 

5910646 

591 1760 

5912873 

5913986 

5915098 

5916210 

5917322 

5918434 

5919546 

5920657 

1112 

391 

5921768 

5922878 

5923988 

5925098 

5926208 

5927318 

5928427 

5929536 

5930644 

5931753 

1 11c 

392 

5932861 

5933968 

5935076 

5936183 

5937290 

5938397 

5939503 

5940609 

5941715 

59428:0 

1107 

393 

5943926 

5945030 

5946135 

5947  =  3'^ 

5948344 

5949447 

5950551 

5951654 

5952757 

595386c 

1103 

394 

5954962 

5956064 

5957166 

59582O8 

5959369 

5960470 

5961571 

5902671 

5963771 

5964871 

llCl 

109S 

395 

5965971 

5967070 

5968169 

5969268 

5970367 

5971465 

5972563 

5973661 

5974758 

5975855 

39^ 

5976952 

5978048 

5979  J  45 

5980241 

5981336 

5982432 

59^35^ 

5984622 

5985717 

5986811 

1096 

397 

5987905 

5988999 

5990092 

5991186 

5992279 

5993371 

5994464 

5995556 

599664S 

5997739 

1092 

398 

5998831 

5999922 

6001013 

6002103 

6003193 

6004283 

6005373 

6006462 

6007551 

600864c 

.090 

399 

6009729 

6010817 

6011905 

6012993 

60 I 408 I 

6015168 

6016255 

6017341 

6018428 

6019514  10S7I 

M  m  2 


LOGARITHMS. 


Table  of  Logarithms. 


N' 

0 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Dirt. 

,c;S4 
1081 
1079 
1076 
1074 

1072 
1068 
1066 
1064 
1061 

400 
401 
402 

404 

6020600 
6031444 
6042261 
6053050 
6063814 

6021686 
6032527 

6043341 
6054128 
6064889 

6022771 
6033609 
604442 1 
6055205 
(,065963 

6023856 
6034692 
6045500 
6056282 
6067037 

6024941 
6035774 
6046580 
6057359 
60681 1 1 

6026025 
6036855 
6047659 
6058435  1 
6069185  j 

6027109 

6037937 
6048738 
6059512 
6070259 

6028193 
6039018 
60498 1 6 
6060587 
6071332 

6.-29277 
6040099 
6050895 
606 1 663 
6072405 

603036 

604118c 
6051973 
606273Q 
6073478 

405 

406 
407 
408 
409 

6074550 
6085260 
6095944 
6106602 
6117233 

6075622 
6086330 
609701 1 
6107666 
61 18295 

6076694 
6087399 
609S078 
6108730 
61 19356 

6077766 
6088468 
6099144 
6109794 
6 1 204 1 7 

6078837 
6089537 
61002 10 

6U0857 
6IM478 

6079909 
6090605 
6101276 
61 1 1921 
6122539 

6080979 
6091674 
6102342 
61 12984 
6123599 

6082050 
6092742 
6103407 
61 14046 
6124660 

6083120 
6093809 
6 1 0447  2 
6 1 1 5 1 09 
612572c 

6084191 
6094877 
6105537 
61 1617 1 
6126779 

410 
411 
412 

413 
414 

61278^9 
6i384"i8 
6148972 
6159J01 

6170003 

6128898 

6139475 

6150026 

6160552 
61 7 1052 

6129957 
6 1 405 3 1 
6151080 
6161603 
6172101 

6131015 
6141587 
6152133 
6162654 
6173149 

6132074 
6142643 
6153187 

6163705 

6174197 

6'33«32 
6143698 
6154240 
6164755 
6175245 

6134189 

6144754 
6155292 
6165S05 
6i7?,293 

6135247 
6145809 
6156345 
6166855 
6177340 

6136304 
6146863 

6157397 
6167905 
6178387 

61 37361 
6147918 
6158449 
6168954 
6179434 

1058 
1055 

1053 
105c 
1048 

415 
416 

417 
418 
419 

6180481 

6i9°933 
6201361 
6211763 
6222140 

6181527 
,6191977 
6202402 
6212S02 
6223177 

6182573 
6193021 
6203443 
6213840 
6224213 

6183619 
6194064 
6204484 
6214879 
6225249 

6184665 
6I95I07 
6205524 

6215917 
62262S4 

6185710 
6196150 
6206565 
6216955 
6227320 

61S6755 
6197193 
6207605 
6217992 
6228355 

6187800 
6198235 
6208645 
6219030 
6229390 

6188845 
6199277 
6209684 
6220067 
6230424 

6189889 
6200319 
6210724 
622 1 104 
6231459 

1045 

'O43 
1041 

1038 

1036 

1033 
1051 

1028 

1025 

1023 

1021 

ioi8 
1016 
1013 

lOII 

420 
421 
422 

423 

424 

6232493 
6242821 
6253125 
6263404 
6273659 

6233527 
6243852 

6254154 
6264430 

6274683 

6234560 
6244884 
6255182 

6265457 
6275707 

6235594 
6245915 
6256211 
6266483 

6276730 

6236627 

6246945 
6257239 

6267509 

6277754 

6237660 
6247976 
6258267 
6268534 
627S777 

6238693 
6249006 
6259295 
6269560 
6279S00 

6239725 
6250036 
6260322 
6270585 
6280823 

6240757 
6251066 
6261350 
6271610 
6281845 

6241789 
6252095 
6262377 
6272634 
6282867 

425 
426 
427 
428 
429 

6283889 
6294096 
6304279 
6314438 
6324573 

628491 1 

62951 1 5 
6305296 
6315452 
6325585 

6285933 
6296134 
6306312 
6316467 
6326597 

6286954 
6297153 
6307329 
63174S1 
6327609 

6287975 

6298172 

6308345 

6318405 
6328620 

6288996 
6299190 
6309361 
6319508 
6329632 

6290016 

6300209 
6310377 
6320522 
633=643 

6291037 
6301226 
6311393 
6321535 
6331654 

6292057 
6302244 
63 1 2408 
6322548 
6332664 

6293076 
6303262 

6313423 
6323560 

6333674 

430 
431 
432 
433 
434 

63346S5 
6344773 
6354837 
6364879 

6374897 

6335694 
6345780 

6355843 
6365882 

6375898 

6336704 
6346788 
6356848 
6366884 
6376898 

6337713 
6347795 
6357852 
6367887 
6377898 

6338723 
6348801 
6358857 

63 68 8 89 

637889S 

6339732 
6349808 
6359861 
6369891 
6379898 

6340740 
6^50814 
6360S65 
6370893 
6380897 

6341749 
6351820 

6361869 

6371894 

6381896 

6342757 
6352S26 
6362873 
6372895 
6382895 

6343765 
6353832 
6363876 

6373897 
6383894 

1009 
1007 
1004 

1002 
1000 

435 
436 

437 
438 
439 

6384893 
6394865 
6404814 
6414741 
6424645 

6^85801 
6395861 
640580S 

^415733 
6425634 

6386S89 
6396857 
6406802 
6416724 
6426623 

6387887 
6397852 
6407795 
6417715 
6427612 

638S8S4 
6398S47 
6408788 
6418705 
6428601 

6389882 
6399842 
6409781 
6419696 
6429589 

6390879 
6400837 
6410773 
6420686 
6430577 

6391876 
6401832 
6411765 
6421676 
6431565 

6392872 
64028:6 
6472758 
6422666 
6432552 

6393869 
6403820 
6413749 
6423656 
643354° 

998 

995 
993 
991 
98S 

086 

984 
98= 

970 
977 

440 
441 
442 
443 
444 

6434527 
6444386 
6454223 
6464037 
6473830 

6435514 
6445371 
6455205 
6465018 
6474808 

6436500 

6446355 
6456187 
6465998 
6475786 

6437487 
6447339 
6457169 
6466977 
6476763 

6-138473 
6448323 
6458151 
6467957 
6477741 

6439459 
6440307 

6459133 
6468956 

647871 8 

6440445 
6450291 
64601 14 
6469915 
6479695 

6441431 
6451274 
6461095 
6470894 
6480671 

6442416 
6452257 
6462076 
6471873 
6481648 

6443401 

6453  240 
646^057 
647^851 
6482624 

445 
446 

447 

448 

449 

6483600 

6493349 
6503075 
6512780 
6522463 

6484576 
6494322 
6504047 
6513749 
6523431 

6485552 
6495296 
6505018 
6514719 
6524397 

6486527 
6496269 
6505989 
6515687 
6J25364 

6487502 
6497242 
6506960 
6516656 
6526331 

6488477 
6498215 
6507930 
6517624 
6527297 

6489452 
6499187 
6508001 
6518593 
6528263 

6490426 
6500160 
6509R71 
6519561 
6529229 

6491401 
6501 132 
6510841 
6520528 
6530195 

6492375 
6502104 
651 181 1 
6521496 
6531160 

975 
973 
970 
968 
966 

LOGARITHMS. 


Table  of  Logarithms. 


N^ 

0 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

1 

8 

1 

DifT. 
964 

+50 

6532125 

6533090 

6534055  6535019 

6535984 

6536948 

6537912 

6538876  6539839 

6540802 

451 

6541765 

6542728 

6543691  6544653 

6545616 

6546578 

6547539 

6548501 

6549462 

6550423 

962 

+52 

6551384 

6552345 

6553306  6554266 

6555226 

6556186 

6557145 

6558105 

6559064 

6560023 

96'j 

+53 

6560982 

6561941 

6562899 

6563857 

6564815 

6565773 

6566730 

6567688 

6568645 

6569602 

958 

+;4 

6570559 

6571515 

6572471 

6573427 

6574383 

6575339 

6576294 

6577350 

6578205 

6579159 

956 

+5? 

65S0114 

6581068 

658202?  6582977 

6583930 

6584884 

6585837 

6586790 

6587743 

65S8696 

954 

456 

6589648 

6590601 

6591553  6592505 

6593456 

6594408 

6595359 

6596310 

6597261 

6598212 

952 

457 

6599162 

66001 12 

6601062 \  6602012 

6602962 

660391 1 

6604860 

6605809 

6606758 

6607706 

949 

4j8 

6608655 

6609603 

6610551 1 661 1499 

6612446 

6613393 

66 1 434 1 

6615287 

6616234 

6617181 

947 

459 

460 

6618127 

6619073 

6620019  1  6620964 

6621910 

6622855 

6623800 

6624745 

6625690 

6626634 

945 

6627578 

6628522 

6629466 

6630410 

6631353 

6632296 

6633239 

663418I 

6635125  6636367 

943 

461 

6637009 

6637951 

6638893 

6639835 

6640776 

6641717 

6642658 

6643599 

6644539 

6645480 

941 

462 

6646420 

6647360 

6648299 

6649239 

6650178 

6651 1 17 

6652056 

6652995 

6653934 

6654872 

939 

463 

6655810 

6656748 

6657686 

6658623 

6659560 

6660497 

6661434 

6662371 

6663307 

6664244 

937 

464 

6665  .'So 

6666  u  6 

6667051  6667987 

6668922 

6669857 

6670792 

6671727 

6672661 

6673595 

935 

465 

6674530 

6675463 

6676397 

6677331  6678264 

6679197 

6680130 

6681062 

6681995 

6682927 

933 

466 

6683859 

6684791 

6685723 

6686654 

6687585 

6688516 

6689447 

6690378 

6691308 

6692239 

931 

467 

6693169 

6694099 

6695028 

6695958 

6696887 

6697816 

6698745 

6699674 

6700602 

6701530 

929 

468 

6702459 

6703386 

6704314 

6705242 

6706169 

6707096 

6708023 

6708950 

6709876 

6710802 

927 

469 

671 1728 

6712(554 

6713580 

6714506 

6715431 

6716356 

6717281 

6718206 

6719130 

6720054 

925 

470 

6720979 

6721903 

6722826  6723750 

6724673 

6725596 

6726519 

6727442 

6728365 

6729287 

923 

471 

6730209 

6731131 

6732053 

6732974 

6733896 

6734817 

6735738 

6736659 

6737579 

6738500 

921 

472 

6739420 

6740340 

6741260 

6742179 

6743099 

6744018 

6744937 

6745856 

6746775 

6747693 I919I 

473 

6748611 

6749529 

6750447 

6751365 

6752283 

6753200 

6754117 

6755°34 

6755951 

6756867 

917 

474 

6757783 

6758700 

6759615 

6760531  6761447 

6762362 

6763277 

6764192 

6765107 

6766022 

915 

475 

6766936 

6767850 

6768764 

6769678 

6770592 

6771505 

6772418 

6773332 

6774244 

6775157 

913 

476  6776070 

6776982 

6777894 

6778806 

6779718 

6780629 

6781540 

6782452 

6783562 

6784273 

911 

477  6785184 

6786094 

6787004' 6787914 

6788824 

6789734 

6790643 

6791552 

6792461 

6793370 

910 

478  6794279 

6795187 

6796096  1 6797004 

6797912 

6798819 

6709727 

6800634 

6801541 

6802448 

908 

479  6803355 

6804262 

6S05168  6806074 

6806980 

6807886  6808792 

6809697 

6810602 

6811507 

906 

4JJ0  68 1 241 2 

6813317 

6814222 ' 6815126 1 6816030 

6816934 

6S17838 

6818741 

6819645 

682054S 

904 

481  6821451 

6822354 

682325I)  j  6824159 

6825061 

6825963 

68268(55 

6827766 

6828668 

6829569 

902 

482  6830470 

6831371 

6832272  6833173 

6S34073 

6834973 

6835873 

6836773 

6837673 

6838572 locoj 

483  6839471 

6840370 

6841269 1 6842168 

6843066 

6843965 

6S44863 

6845761 

6846659 

6S47556 

809 

484 , 6848454 

6849351 

6850248  6S51145 

6852041 

6852938 

6853834 

685473 

6S55626 

6856522 

897 

485 

6857417  6858313 

6859208  6860103 1 6860998 

6861892 

6S62787 

6863681 

6864575 

6865469 ! 894 

486 

6866363  6867256 

6868150  6869043 [ 6869936 

6870828 

6871721 

6872613 

687;5o6 

6874^98  892 

487 

6S75290 

6876181 

687707316877964:6878855 

6879746 

6880637 

6881528 

6882418 

688330S  891 

48S 

6884198 

6885088 

6885978 

688686716887757 

6888646 

68S9535 

6890423 

6891312 

'6892200  ■  8S9 

4S9 

6893089 

6893977 

6894864 

6895752  I  6896640 

6897527 

6898414 

6890301  ]  690018S 

6901074' 887 

490 

6901061 

6902847 

6903733  j  6904619 1 6905505  6906390 

6907275 

6908161  6909046 

6909930 

885 

491 

6910815 

(191 1699 

6912584 

6913468 ; 6914352  6915235 

69161 19 

6917002 

691-885 

6918768 

883 

492 

6919651 

6920534 

6921416 

692229S  692^180  6924062 

6924944 

6925826 

6926707 

6927588 

882 

493 

6928469 

6929350 

693023F  1 6931  HI  16931991 

6932872 

6933752 

6934S31 1 6935511 

6936390 

881 

494 

6937269 

6938149 

6939027 

6930906  j  6940785 

6941663 

6942541 

6943419 

0944297 

6945175 

8-8 

495 

6946052 

6946929 

6947806 

6948683  '  6940560  i  6950437 

6951313 

6952189 

6953065  695394118771 

496 

6954817 

6955692 

6950568 

6957443 169583 1 s 

■6959193 

6960067 

6960942 

696 1 816  6962690 

875 

497 

6963564 

6964438 

6965311 

6966185  6967058 

6967931 

6968804 

6969676 

6970549)6971421 

o'-^ 

49i 

6972293 

6^)7^165 

6974037 

69-4909  6975780 

6976652 

6977523 

69" 83 94 

6979264 16980135 

872 

499 

6981005 

698 1 87;- 

6982746 j 6983616  6084485 

6085355 

6986224 

6987093  6987963 1 6988831  18701 

LOGARITHMS. 


Table  of  Logarithms. 


7 

500 

0 

I 

- 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

6989700 

6990569 

6991437 

6992305 

6993173 

6994041 

699490S 

6995776 

6996643 

6997510 

868 

501 

6998377 

6999244 

70001 1 1 

7000977 

7001843 

7002709 

7003575 

7004441 

7005307 

7006172 

866 

)02 

7007037 

7007902 

7008767 

7009632 

7010496 

701 1361 

7012225 

7013089 

7013953 

7014816 

»6s 

503 

7015680 

7016543 

7017406 

7018269 

7019132  7019995 

7020S57 

7021720 

7022582 

7023444 

863 

504 

7024305 

7025167 

7026028 

7026890 

7027751  7028612 

7029472 

7050533 1 7031 193 

7032054 

861 

7032914 

7033774 

7034633 

7055493 

7036352 

7037213 

7038071 

7038930 

7039788 

7040647 

860 

J06 

7041 50J 

7042363 

7043221 

7044079 

7044937 

7045794 

7046652 

7047509 

7048566 

7049223 

857 

5^=7 

7050080 

7050936 

7051792 

7052649  7053505 

7054360 

7055216 

7056072 

7056927 

7057782 

855 

508 

7058637 

7059492 

7060347 

7061201 

7062055 

7062910 

7063764 

7064617 

7065471 

7066325 

854 

509 
510 

7067178 

7068031 

7068884 

7069737 

7070589 

7071442 

7072294 

7073146 

7073998 

7074850 

853 

7075702 

7076553 

7077405 

7078256 

7079107 

7079957 

7080808 

7081659 

7082509 

7083359 

850 

5" 

70S4209 

7085059 

7085908 

7086758 

7087607 

7088456 

7089305 

7090154 

7091003 

7091851 

849 

512 

7092700 

7093548 

7094396 

7095244 

7096091 

7096939 

7097786 

7098633 

70994S0 

7100327 

84S 

5^3 

7101174 

7102020 

7102866 

7105713 

7104559 

7105404 

7106250 

7107096 

7107941 

7108786 

S45 

5H 
5'5 

7 10963 1 

7110476 

7111321 

7112165 

711301017113854 

71 14698 

7115542 

7116385 

71 17229 

844 

7118072 

7118915 

7119759 

7120601 

7121444  7122287 

.7123129 

7123971 

7124813 

7125655 

845 

516 

7126497 

7127339 

7128180 

7 1 2902 1 

7139862  7130703 

7151544 

7152385 

7153225 

7134065 

841 

517 

7134905 

7135745 

7136585 

7137425 

7138264 

71^9104 

7139943 

7140782 

7141620 

7142459 

840 

518 

7143298 

714413^' 

7144974 

7145812 

7146650 

7147488 

7148325 

7149162 

7150000 

7150837 

858 

■J  19 

520 

7151674 

7152510 

7153347 

7154185 

7155019 

7155856 

7156691 

7157527  7158563 

7159198 

837 

7160C33 

7 1 608  6*9 

7161703 

7162538 

7165373 

7164207 

7165042 

7165S76 

7 1 667 10 

7167544 

834 

J2I 

7168377 

7 1 692 1 1 

7170044 

7170877 

7171710 

7172543 

7173576 

7174208 

7175041 

7175873 

855 

522 

717670^- 

7177537 

7178369 

7179200 

7180032 

7180863 

71B1694 

7182525 

71S3356 

7184186 

831 

523 

7 1 8501 7 

7185847 

7186677 1 7187507 

7188337 

7189167 

7189996 

7190826 

7191655J 7192484 

830 

524 

7193313 

7194142  7194970  719579917196627 

7197455 

7198283 

7199111 

719993817200766 

828 

5'-^ 

7201593 

7202420 

7203247 

7204074 

7204901 

7205727 

7206554 

7207380 

7268206 

7209032 

826 

526 

7209857 

7210683 

72ri5o8 

7212334 

7213159 

7213984 

7214809 

7215633 

7216458 

7217282 

825 

527 

7218106 

7218930 

7219754 

7220578 

7221401 

7222225 

7223048 

7223871 

7224694 

7225517 

824 

528 

7226339 

7227162 

7227984 

7228806 

7329628 

7230450 

7251272 

7232093 

7232914 

7233736 

822 

.529 

7234557 

7235378 

7236198 

,7257019 

7237839 

7238660 

7339480 

7240300 

7241120 

7241939 

821 

53^ 

7242759 

7243578 

7244597 

7245216; 7246035 1 7246854 

7247672 

7248491 

7249309 

7250127 

820 

53' 

7  25c  945 

7251763 

7252581 

7253598 

7254216)7255033 

7255850 

7256667 

7257483 

7258300 

817 

532 

7259116 

7259933 

7260749 

7261565 

7262380 

7263196 

7264012 

7264827 1 7:65642 

7266457 

816 

533 

7267272 

7268087 

7268901 

7269716 

7270530 

7271344 

-272158 

7272972 

7275786 

7274599 

814 

53+ 

72754'3 

7276226 

7277039 

7277852 

7278664 

7279477 

7280290 

7281102 

72S1914 

7282726 

813 

535 

72S3538 

7284350 

7285161 

7285972 

7286784 

7287595 

7288406 

7289216 

7290027 

7290838 

811 

536 

7291648 

7292458 

7293268 

7294078 

7294888 

7295697 

7296507 

7297316 

7298125 

7298954 

809 

537 

7299743 

7300552 

7301360 

7302168 

7302977 

7305785 
7511857 

7304593 

7505400 

7306208 

7307015 

808 

538 

73^7823 

730S030 

7309437 

7510244 

7311051 

7312663 

7313470 

7314276 

7315082 

806 

539 

7315888 

7316693 

7317499! 7318304 

7319109 

7519914 

7320719 

7321524 

7322329 

7525135 

805 

540 

7323938 

7324742 

7325546 

7326350 

7327153 

7327957 

7328760 

7329564 

7350367 

7351170 

804 

541 

7331973 

7332775 

7333578 

7534380 

7355183 

7335985 

7336787 

7337588 

7338390 

7539192 

802 

542 

7339993 

7340794 

7341595 

7342596 

7343197 

7343997 

7544798 

7345598 

7346398 

7547198 

800 

543 

7347993 

7348798 

7349598 

7350397 

7351196 

7551995 

7352794 

7553595 

7354392 

7355191 

799 

544 

735598) 

7356787 

735758517358383 

7359181 

7359979 

7360776 

7361574 

7362371 

7363168 

798 

545 

7363965 

7364762 

7365558 

7366355 

7367151 

7367948 

7368744 

7369540 

7370335 

7371131 

797 

546  73/'>920 

7372722 

7375517 

,7374312 

7375107 

7375902 

7376696 

757749' 

7578285 

7379079 

795 

547  7379873 

7380667 

7381461 

7382254 

7383048 

7583841 

7384654 

7385427 

7386220 

7387013 

793 

548  7387806 

7388598 

7389590 

73901S2 

7390974 

7391766 

7392558 

7595550 

7394141 

7394952 

792! 

549  73957-3 

7396514 

7397305 

7398096 

7398887 

7399677 

7400467 

7401257 

7402047 

7402837 

790, 

LOGARITHMS. 

Table  of  Logarithms. 


N 

0 

1        2 

3 

4      5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Uiff 

789 

J5= 

740362^ 

7404416  7405206 j 7405995 

7406784 

1 
7407573 

7408362 

7409151 

7409939  7410728 

55' 

74ii5i€ 

7412304 

.  7413092  7413000 

7414668 

7415455 

7416243 

7417030 

741781717418604 

787 

552 

7419391  7420'77 

7420964  7421750 

7422537 

7-123323 

7424109 

7424895 

7425680  j  7426466 

7  86 

5Si 

7427251  7428037 

7428822  7429607 

7430392 

7431176 

7431961 

7432745 

7433530! 7434314 

784 

554 

743509S  7435882 

7436665  7437449 

7438232 

7439016 

7439799 

7440582 

7441365 1 7442 147 

783 

782 

555 

7442930 

7443712 

7444495 

7445277 

7446059 

7446841 

7447622 

7448404 

7449185  7449967 

5S(i 

745074.8 

7451529 

7452310 

7453091 

7453871 

7454652 

7455432 

7456212 

7456992  7457772 

78 1 

557 

7458552 

7459332 

746011 1 

7460890 

7461670 

7462449 

746322S 

7464006 

7464785  1  7465564 

779 

55S 

7466342  7467120 

7467898 

746S676 

7469454 

7470232 

7471009 

7471787 

7472564  7473341 

778 

559 

74741 1 8  7474895  7475672 

7476448 

7477225 

7478001 

7476777 

7479553 

7480329,74811051776 

560 

7481880 

7482656 

7483431  74S4206 

7484981 

7485756 

7486531 

7487306 

7488080 1 7488854 1 775 

561 

7489629 

7490403 

7491 1 77  7491950 

7492724 

7493498 

7494271 

7495044 

7495817  7496590  774 

562 

7497363 

7498136 

7498908 

i  7499681 

750C453 

7501225 

7501997 

7502769 

7503541 17504312  772 

563 

7505084 

7505855 

7506626 

7507398 

7508168 

750S939 

7509710 

7510480 

7511251 17512021  771 

564 

7512791 

75 1 356 1 

75 1433 1 

7515101 

7515870 

7516639 

7517409 

7518178 

7518947 [7519716  769 

565 

7520484 

7521253 

7522022 

7522790 

7523558 

7524326 

7525094 

7525862 

7526629 1 7527397  768 

566 

7,-28164 

7528932 

7529699 ' 7530466 

7531232 

7531999 

7532766 

7533532 

7534298^7535065  767 

567 

7535831 

7536596 

7537362  7538128 

7538893 

7539659 

7540424 

7541189 

7541954 1 7542719  766 

j63 

7543483 

754424S 

7545012  7545777 

7546541 

7547305 

7548069 

7548832 

7549596:7550359  764 

569 1 7551 1 23 

755 1 886 

7552649 i75534« 2 

7554175 

7554937 

7555700 

7556462 

755722417557987 

,762 

761 

570 

755S749 

75595 «o 

7560272 

756-034 

7561795 

7562556 

7563318 

7564079 

7564840  7565600 

57J 

7566361 

7567122 

7567882 

7568642 

7569402 

7570162 

7570992 

7571682 

7572442,7573201 '760 

572 

7573960 

7574719 

7575479  7576237 

7576996 

7577755 

7578513 

7579272 ; 7580030 1 7580788 : 759 

573 

7581546 

75823=4 

7583062  7583819 

7584577 

75S5334 

7586091 

7586848  7587605 1 7588362 1 757 

574 

7589119 

7589875 

759-'6?2|  7591388 

7592144 

7592900 

7593656 

7594412  7595168,7595923:756 

575 

759667S 

7597434 

7598189 

7598944 

7599699 

7600453 

760120S 

7601962 

7602717  7603471 .754 

576 

7604225 

7604979 

7605733 

7606486 

7607240 

7607993 

7608746 

76095C0 

7610253 17611005; 753 

577 

761 1 758 

7612511 

7613263  7614016 

761476S 

7615520 

7616272 

7617024 

7617775:7618527  752 

578 

7619278 

7620030 

76:0781 

7621532 

7622283  j  7623034 

76237S4 

7624535 

7625285,7626035  751 

579 

7626786 

7627536 

7628286 

7629035 

7629785  7630534 

7631284 

7632033 

7632782 17633531 !749 

580 

7634280 

7635029 

7635777 

7636526 

7637274 

7638022 

763S770 

763951 8 

7640266  ■  7641014  1  74S 

58  r 

7641761 

7642509 

7643256 

7644003 

7644750 

7645497 

7646244 

7646991 

7647737 1 7648484 ' 747 

582  7649230 j 

7649976 

7650722 

7651468 

7652214 

7652959 

7653705 

7654450 

7655195 '765594^1 745 

583 

7656686 

7657430 

7658175 

7658920 

7659664 

7660409 

7661 153  7661897 

7662641 

7663385^744 

584 

7664128 

7664872 

7665616 

7666359 

7667102 

7667845 

7668588  7669331 

7670074 

7670816 1 743 

585 

7671559 

7673301 

7673043 

7673785 

7674527 

7675269 

767601 1  7676752 

7677494  7678235 1 742 

586 

7678976 

7679717 

7680458 

7681 199 

7681940 

7682680 

7683421 

7684161 

7684901  7685641  740 

5S7 

7686381 

7687121 

7687860 

7688600 

7689339 

7690079 

7690818 

7691557 

7692296  7693035  739 

588 

7693773 

7694512 

7695250 

7695988 

7696727 

7697465 

7698203 

7698940 

7699078  77004161738 

589 
590 

7-CI153 

7701890 

7702627 

7703364 

7704101 

7704838 

7705575 

770631 1 

7707048 

7707784 '737 

7708520 

7709256 

7709992  7710728 

7711463 

7712199 

7712934 

7713670 

7714405 

77 15 140  735 

591 

7715875 

7716610 

7717344  7718079 

7718813 

7719547 

77202S2 

7721016 

7721750  7722483 j734| 

;92 

7713217 

772395' 

7724684  7725417 

7726150 

7726S84 

7727616 

7728349 

7729082 

7729815 

733 

593 

7730547 

7731279 

7732011  7732743 

7733475 

7734207 

7734939 

7735670 

7736402 

7737133 

732 

594 

7737S64 

7738596 

7739326  7740057 

7740788 

7741519 

7742249 

7742979 

7743710 

7744440 

731 

595 

7745170 

7745900 

7746629  7747359 

7748088 

7748818 

7749547 

7750276 

7751005 

7751734 

729 

596 

7752463 

7753191 

7753920  7754648 

7755376 

7756104 

7756832 

7757560 

775828S 

7759016 

728 

597 

7759743 

7760471 

7761198  7761925 

7762652 

7763379 

7764106 

7764833 

7765559 

7766286 

727 

598 

7767013 

7767738 

7768464  7769190 

7769916 

7770642 

7771367 

7772093 

7772818 

7773543 

726 

599 

7774268 

7774993 

7775718  7776443 

7777167 

7777892 

7778616-. 

7779340 

7780065 

77S07S9 

724 

LOGARITHMS. 


Table  of  Logarithms. 


N' 

0 

1 

2 

3 

+     1     s 

1 

6 

7 

8 

9    Diff 

600 

7781J13 

7782236 

7782960 

7783683 

7784407 

7785130 

7785853 

7786576 

7787299 

7788022  723 

601 

7788745 

7789467 

7790190 

7790912 

7791634 

7792356 

7793078 

7793800 

7794522 

7795243 

722 

602 

7795965 

7796686 

7797408 

7798129 

7798850 

779957' 

7800291 

7801012 

780173217802453 

721 

603 

7S03I73 

7803893 

7804613 

7805333 

7806053 

7806773 

7807492 

7808212 

780893 1 

7809650 

720 

604 

7810369 

781 1088 

7811807 

7812526 

7813245 

7813963 1 7814681 

7815400 

7816118 

7.816836 

718 

605 

7817^54 

7818272 

7818989 

7819707  7820424 

7821141 

7821859 

7822576 

7823293 

7824010 

717 

6c6 

7824726 

7825443 

7826159 

7826876  7827592 

7S28308 

7829024 

7829740 

7830456 I7S31 171 

716 

607 

7831887 

7832602 

7833318 

7834033 

7834748 

7835463 

7836178 

7836S92 

7837607  J783S32 1 

7«5 

608 

7839036 

7839750 

7840464 

7841178 

7841892 1  7842606 

7843319 

7844033 

7844746 

7845460 

7H 

609 

7846173 

7846886 

7847599 

7S48312 

7849024  7849737  j  7850450 

7851162 

7851874 

7852586 

7  "3 

610 

7853298 

7854010 

7854722 

7855434 

7856145  7856857 j 7857568 

7858279 

7858990 

7859701  712 

6n 

7860412 

7861 12^ 

7861833 

7862544 

7863254  7S63965 1 7864675 

7865385 

7866095 

7S66805  711 

612 

7867514 

7868224 

7868933 

7869643 

7870352  7871061  7871770 

7872479 

7873188 

7873896  709 

613 

7874605 

7875313  7876021 

7876730 

7877438  7878146  7878854 

7879561 

7880269 

7880976  708 

6.4 

78S1684 

78S2391  7883098! 7883805 1 7884512 1 7885219  7S85926 

7886632 

7887339 

7888045  707 

615 

7888751 

7889457 

7890163 

7890869 

7891575  7892281 

7892986 

7893692 

7894397 

7895102  706 

616 

7895807 

7896512 

7897217 

7897922 

7898626 

7899331 

7900035 

7900739 

7901444 

7902148 

705 

617 

7902852 

7903555 

7904259 

7904963 

7905666 

7906370 

7907073 

7907776 

7908479  i  7909182 

704 

618 

7909885 

7910587 

791 1 290 

7911992 

7912695 

7913397 

7914099 

7914801 

7915503  79J6205 

702 

619 

7916906 

7917608 

7918309 

7919011J 7919712 

7920413 

7921114 

7921S15 

7922516  7923216 1 701 

620 

7923917 

7924617 

7925318 

7926018  7926718 

7927418 

7928118 

7928817 

7929517 

79302171700 

621 

7930916 

793 161 5 

7932314 

7933014  7933712 

793441 • 

7935110 

7935809 

7936507 

7937206 '699 

622 

7937904 

7938602 

7939300 

7939998  7940696 

794'394 

7942091 

7942789 

7943486 

7944183  698 

623 

7944880 

7945578 

7946274 

7946971 

7947668 

7948365 

7949061 

7949757 

7950454 

7951150,697 

62+ 

7951846 

7952542 

7953238 

7953933 

7954629 

7955324 

7956020 

7956715 

7957410 

7958105 

695 

625 

7958800 

7959495 

7960190 

7960884 

7961579 

7962273 

7962967 

7963662 

7964356 

7965050 

694 

626 

7965743 

7966437 

7967131 

7967824 

7968517 

796921 1 

7969904  7970597 

7971290 

7971983 

693 

627 

7972675 

7973368  7974060 

7974753 

7975445 

7976137 

7976829 

7977521 

7978213 

7978905 

692 

628 

7979596 

7980288  I  7980979 

7981671 

7982362 1 7983053 

7983744 

7984435 

7985125 

798581616911 

629 

7986506 

7987197  7987887^ 

^7988577  7989267 

7989957 

7990647 

7991337 1 7992027 j 7992716  690] 

630 

7993405 

7994095 1 7994784 

7995473 

7996162 

7996S51 

7997540  7998228 

7998917 

7999605 !  689 1 

63' 

8000294 

8000982  8001670 

8002358 

8003046 

8003734 

8004421  8005109 

S005796 

8006484 

688 

632 

S007171 

8007858  1  8008545 

8009232 

8009919 

8010605 

8011292  8011978 

8012665 

801335' 

687 

633 

8014037 

8014723  8015409 

8016095 

8016781 

8017466 

8018152  8018837 

8019522 

8020208 

685 

634 

8020893 

8021578  8022262 

8022947 

8023632 

8024316 

8025001  8025685 

8026369 

8027053 

684 

635 

8027737 

8028421  1  8029105 

8029789 

8030472 

8031156 

8031839  80^2522 

8033205 

8033888}  683 1 

636 

8034571 

8035254 

8035937 

8036619 

8037302 

8037984 

8038666 

8039348 

S04003 1 

8040712 

682 

637 

8041394 

8042076 

8042758 

8043439 

80441 21 

8044802 

80454S3 

8046164 

8046845 

8047526 

681 

638 

8048207 

S048S87 

8049568 

8050248 

8050929  8051609 

8052289 

8052969  8053649 

8054329 

680 

639 

8055009 

8055688 

8056368 

8057047 

8057726 

8058405 

8059085 

8059764 

8060442 

8061121 

679 
678 

640 

8061800 

8062478  8063157 

8063835 

8064513 

8065 1 9 1 

8065869  8066547 

8067225 

S067903 

641 

8068580 

806925S 

8069935 

8070612 

8071290 

S071967 

8072644  8073320 

8073997 

8074674 

677 

642 

S075350 

8076027 

8076703 

8077379 

8078055 

8078731 

8079407 

8080083 

8080759 

8081434 

676 

643 

80821 10 

8082785 

8083460 

80S4136  8084811 

80S5486 

8086160 

8086835 

S087510 

8088184 

675 

644 

8088859 

8089533 

8090207 

S090881 

8091555  8092229 

S092903 

8093577 

8094250 

8094924 

674 

645 

8095597 

8096270 

8096944 

8097617 

8098290  8098962 

8099635 

8100308  8100980 

8101653 

673 

646 

8102325 

8102997 

8103670 

8104342 

8105013 

8105685 

8106357  8107029  1  8107700 

8108372 

672 

647 

8109043 

81097 14 

8110385 

8/11056 

S111727 

8112398 

8113068 

81 13739  81 14409 

81 15080 

671 

648 

81 15750 

8116420 

811709c 

8117760 

81 18430  Si  19100 

81 19769 

8120439 1 8121 108 

8121778 

670 

649 

8122^47 

8123116 

8123785 

8124454 

81251231 81 25792 

S126460  8127129,81277971 

8128465 

669 

LOGARITHMS. 


Table  of  Logarithms. 


N 

0 

I      2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

650 

8139134 

8129802 

8130470 

8131138 

8131805 

8132473 

8133 141 

8133808 

8134475 

8135143 

668 

651 

8135810 

8136477 

8137144 

8137811 

8138478 

8139144 

8139811 

8140477 

8141144 

8141810 

666 

652 

8142476 

8143142 

8143808 

8144474 

8145140 

8145805 

8146471 

8147136 

8147801 

8148467 

665 

^53 

8149132 

8149797  8150462 

8151127 

S151791 

8152456 

8153120 

8153785 

8154449 

8155113 

665 

654 

8'5)777 

8156441  8157105 

8157769 

8158433 

8159097 

8159760 

8160423 

8161087 

8161750 

664 

6>> 

816241:5 

8163076  8163739 

8164402 

8165064 

8K5727 

8166389 

8167052 

8167714 

8168376 

663 

656 

8169038 

8169700 

8170362 

8171024 

8171686 

8172347 

8173009 

8173670 

8 1 7433 1 

8174993 

662 

657 

8175654 

8176315 

8176976 

8177636 

§178297 

8178958 

8179618 

81S0278 

8180939 

8181599 

661 

658 

8182259 

8182910 

8183579 

8184239 

8184898 

8185558 

8186217 

8186877 

8187536 

8188195 

660 

6>g 

8188854 

8.89513 

8190172 

8 1 9083 1 

8191489 

8192148 

8192806 

8193465 

8194123 

8194781 

659 

660 

8195-439 

8196097 

8196755 

8197413 

8198071 

8198728 

8199386 

8200043 

8200700 

8201358 

657 

661 

8202015 

8202672 

8203328 

8203985 

8204642 

8205298 

8205955  8206611 

8207268 

8207_f)24 

656 

66: 

8208580 

8209236 

8209892 

8210548 

82 1 1 203 

8211859 

8212514  8213170 

8213825 

8214480 

656 

663 

8215135 

8215790 

8216445 

8217100 

8217755 

8218409 

8219064 

8219718 

8220372 

822102- 

654 

664 

8221681 

8222335 

8222989 

8223643 

8224296 

8224950 

8225603 

8226257 

8226910 

8227563 

654 

665 

8228216 

8228869 

8229522 

8230175 

8230828 

8231481 

8232133 

8232786 

8233438 

8234090 

653 

666 

8234742 

8^35394 

8236046 

8236698 

823735° 

8238002 

8238653 

8239305 

8239956 

8240607 

652 

667 

8241258 

8241909 

8242560 

8243211 

8243862 

8244513 

8245163 

8245814 

8 24646 A 

8247114 

651 

668 

8247765 

8248415 

8249065 

8249715 

8250364 

8251014 

8251664 

8252313 

8252,63 

8253612 

650 

669 

8254261 

8254910 

8255559 

8256208 

8256857 

8257506 

8258154 

8258803 

8259451 

8260100 

649 

670 

826074S 

8261396 

8262044 

8262692 

8263340 

8263988 

8264635 

8265283 

8265931 

8266578 

648 

67. 

8267225 

8267872 

8268519 

8269166 

8269813 

8270460 

8271 107 

8271753 

8272400 

8273046 

647 

672 

8273693 

8274339 

82749^5 

8275631 

8276277 

8276923 

8277569 

8278214 

8278860 

8279505 

646 

673 

8280151 

8280796 

8281441 

8282086 

8282731 

8283376 

8284021 

8284665 

8285310 

8285955 

645 

674 

8286599 

8287243 

8287887 

8288532 

8289176 

8289820 

8290463 

8291 107 

829 1 75 1 

8292394 

644 

67J 

8293038 

8293681 

8294324 

8294967 

829561 1 

8296254 

8296896 

8297539 

82981S2 

829S824 

643 

676 

8299467 

8300109 

8300752 

8301394 

8302036 

8302678 

8303320 

8303962 

8304604 

8305245 

642 

677 

8305887 

8306528 

8307169 

8307811 

8308452 

8309093 

S309734 

8310375 

8:51 1016 

8311656 

641 

678 

8312297 

8312937 

8313578 

8314218 

8314858 

8315499 

8316130 

8316778 

83 1 741 8 

8318058 

641 

679 

831S698 

8319337 

8319977 

8320616 

8321255 

8321895 

8322534 

8323173 

8323812 

8324450 

640 

680 

8325089 

8325728 

8326366 

8327005 

8327643 

8328281 

8328919 

8329558 

8330195 

S330833 

638 

681 

833 147 1 

8332109 

8332746 

8333384 

8334021 

8334659 

8335296 

8335933 

3336570 

8337207 

638 

682 

8337844 

8338480 

8339117 

8339754 

8340390 

8341027 

8341663 

8342299 

8342935 

8343571 

637 

683 

83442©7 

8344843 

8345479 

8346114 

8346-50 

8347385 

8348021 

8348656 

8349291 

8349926 

635 

684 

8350561 

8351196 

835<83i 

S3 5 2465 

8353100 

8353735 

8354369 

8355003 

8355638 

8356272 

635 

68y 

8356906 

835754^ 

8358174 

8358807 

8359441 

8360075 

8^60708 

8361341 

8361975 

8362608 

634 

686 

8363241 

8363874 

8364507 

8365140 

8365773 

8366405 

8367038 

8367670 

8368303 

8368935 

632 

687 

8369567 

8370199 

8370S32 

8371163 

8372095 

8372727 

8373359 

8373990 

8374622 

8375253 

632 

688 

837588^ 

8376516 

S377147 

8377778 

8378409 

8379039 

8379670 

838030J 

8380931 

83SI562 

630 

689 
690 

8382192 

H382822 

8383453 

8384083 

8384713 

8385343 

8385973 

8386602 

8387232 

S387S61 

630 

838S491 

8389120 

8389750 

8390379 

8391008 

8391637 

8392266 

8392895 

8393523 

8394152 

629 

691 

8394780 

8395409 

8396037 

8396666 

839-294 

8397022 

8398550 

83,9,78 

8399806 

8300433 

62S 

692 

840 1 06 1 

8401688 

8402316 

8402943 

8403571 

S404198 

8404825 

8405452 

8406079 

8406706 

627 

693 

84=7333 

8407959 

8408586 

8409212 

8409838 

8410465 

8411091 

8411-17 

8412343 

S41 2969 

627 

694 
695 

8413595 

8414220 

8414846 

8415472 

8416097 

8416723 

8417348 

8417973 

841859S 

s'419223 

626 

8419848 

8420473 

8421098 

8421722 

8422:47 

8422971 

8423596 

8424220 

8424844 

8425468 

624 

696 

8426092 

8426716 

8427340 

8427964 

S428588 

842921 1 

8429835 

8430458 

8431081 

8431705 

C'^-S 

697 

843232- 

8432951 

8433574 

8434  J  97 

8434819 

8435442 

8436065 

84366S7 

8437310 

8437932 

623 

698 

84385J4 

8439176 

8439798 

8440420 

8441042 

8441664 

8442286 

S442907 

8443529 

8444150 

6:2 

699 

8444772 

8445393 

!^446oi4 

8446635  8447256 

8447877 

8.48498 

84491 19 

8449739  845036c  621 1 

Vcu.  XXI. 


Nn 


LOGARITHMS. 


Table  of  Logarithms. 


N^ 

0 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

9 

DifT. 

700 
701 
702 
703 
704 

8450980 
8457180 
846337' 
84695 > 3 
8475727 

845 1 60 1 
8457800 
8463990 
8470171 

8476343 

8452221 

8458419 
8464608 
8470789 
S476960 

845 2S4, 
8459038 
8465227 
8471406 
8477577 

845346, 

8459658 
8465845 
8472024 
8478,93 

845408 1 
8460277 
8466463 
847264, 
8478810 

8454701 
8460896 
846708, 
8473258 
8479426 

845532, 
846 15,5 
8467700 
8473876 
8480043 

8455941 

8462  I  :j4 

84683",  8 

8474493 
8480659 

845656, 

8462752 

8468935 
8475110 

8481275 

620 
619 
618 
6.7 
6,7 

705: 
706 

708 
709 

848 1 89 1 
8488047 
8494194 

S500333 
8506462 < 

8482507 
8488662 
8494808 
8500946 
S507075 

8483123 
8489277 

8495423 
8501559 

8507687 

8483739 
8489892 
8496037 
8502172 
8508300 

8484355 
8490507 
849665 , 
8502786 
8508912 

8484970 
849 ,,22 
8497264 

8503399 
8509524 

8485586 
849,736 
8497878 
85040, I 
8510136 

8486201 
8492351 
8498492 
8504624 
8510748 

84868,7 
S492965 
8499 1 06 
8505237 
85, 1360 

8487432 
8493580 
8499719 
8505850 
85 1 1972 

8518085 
8524,90 
8530286 

8536374 
8542453 

6.5 
615 
613 
6-3 

6l2 

611 
610 

610 
609 
608 

710 
711 
712 
713 
714 

851258J 
8518696 
2524800 
8530S95 
8536982 

85 '3 195 
S519307 

8525410 

S531504 

8537590 

8513807 
85199,7 
8526020 

85321 13 
8538,98 

8514418 
8520528 
8526629 
8532722 
8538807 

85,5030 
852,139 

8527239 

8533331 
8539414 

85,564, 

8521749 
8527849 

8533940 
8540022 

8516252 
8522359 
8528458 

8534548 
8540630 

8516863 
8522970 
8529068 

8535157 
854,238 

8517474 
8523580 
8529677 

8535765 
8541845 

715 
7.6 

717 
718 

719 

8543060 
8549130 
8555192 
8561244 
8567 2 89 

8543668 
8549737 
8555797 
8561849 
8567893 

8544275 
8550343 
8556403 
8562454 
8568497 

8544882 

8550950 
8557008 
8563059 
856910, 

8545489 
855.556 
85576,4 
8563663 
8569704 

8546096 
8552162 
S558219 
8564268 
8570308 

8546703 
S552768 
8558824 
8564872 
8570912 

85473,0 

8553374 
8559420 
8565476 
85715,5 

8547917 
85539S0 
85"oo35 
8566081 
8572118 

8548524 
8554586 
8560^)40 
85666S5 
8572722 

607 
606 
605 
605 
604 

720 
721 
722 

723 
724 

8573325 
^579353 
8585372 
8591383 
8597386 

8573928 
8579955 
8585973 
8591984 

8597985 

857453 1 
8580557 

8586575 

8592584 
859S5S5 

8575134 
8581159 

85S7176 

8593185 

8599185 

8575737 
8581761 
8587777 

8593785 
8599784 

8576340 
8582363 
8588379 

8594385 
8600384 

8576943 
8582965 
8588980 
8594986 
8600983 

8577545 
8583567 
8589581 
8595586 
S601583 

8578148 
8584169 
8590181 
8596186 
8602182 

8578750 

8584770 
8590782 
8596786 
8602781 

603 
602 
602 
600 
600 

72; 
726 

727 
728 
729 

8603380 
8609366 
8615344 
8621314 
8627275 

8603979 
8609964 
8615941 
862T910 
8627871 

8604578 
8(^10562 
8616539 
8622507 
8628467 

8605,77 
86, I ,60 
86,7136 
8623,03 
8629062 

8605776 
86,1758 
8617733 
862:5699 
8629658 

8606374 
8612356 
8618330 
8624296 
8630253 

8606973 
86,2954 
86,8927 
8624892 
8630848 

8607571 
86,3552 
8619524 
8625488 

8631443 

8608170 
86,4149 

86201 2, 
8626084 
8632039 

8608768 
8614747 
8620717 
8626680 
8632634 

6983 
698 

697 
697 
695 

730 
731 
73- 
733 
734 

735 
73^' 
737 
738 
739 

8633229 
8639174 
8645 1 1 1 
8651040 
S656961 

8633823 
8639768 
8645704 
S651632 
S657552 

8634418 
8640363 
8646297 
8652225 
8658144 

8635013 
8640956 
8646890 
8652817 
8658735 

8635608 
864,550 
8647483 
8653409 
8659327 

8636302 
8642,43 
8648076 
S654C01 
86599,8 

8636797 
8642737 
8648669 

8654593 

8660509 

8637391 

8643331 
8649262 
8655185 
866, ICO 

8637985 
8643924 
8649855 
8655777 
866169I 

8038580 

8644517 
8650447 
8656369 
8662282 

594 
593 
593 
591 
591 

591 

500 
589 
588 
588 

866287:; 
8668778 
8674675 
8680564 
8686444 

8663464 
8669368 
8675264 
8681152 
8687032 

8664055 
8669958 

8675853 
868,740 

8687620 

8664646 
8670548 
8676442 
8682329 
8688207 

S665236 
867 1 138 
8677031 
8682917 
8688794 

8665827 
867,728 
8677620 
8683505 
8689382 

8666417 
86723,7 
8678209 
8684093 
8689969 

8667008 
8672907 
8^^78798 
868468, 
8690556 

866759S 
8673496 

8679387 
8685269 
869,143 

8668188 
8674086 
8679975 
8685857 
8691730 

740 

74' 
742 

743 
744 

8693317 
869S182 
87040^(1 
8709888 
8715729 

8692904 
8698768 
8704624 
8710473 
87,63,3 

869349, 

8099354 
8705210 
87,1057 
87 16897 

8694077 
8699940 
8705795 
871 164, 
8717480 

8694664 
8700526 
8706380 
8712226 
87,8064 

8695251 
870,1,2 
8706965 
87128,0 
8718647 

8695837 
8701697 
8707549 

8713394 
8719230 

8696423 
870228^ 
8708,34 
87,3978 
87198,4 

8697010 
8702S68 
87087,9 
8714562 
8720397 

8697596 

87o345^ 
8709304 

8715146 

8720980 

587 
586 

585 

584 

583 

582 
582 
581 
580 

745 
746 

747 
74S 

749 

^721563 
S727388 
!-'7332o6 
87^9016 
■S744818 

8722146 

8727970 
'^733787 
8739597 
^745398 

8722728 
S728552 

8734369 
8740177 
8745978 

8723311 
8729,34 

8734950 
8740757 

8746557 

S723894 
8729716 

8735531 
8741338 
8747137 

8724476 
8730298 
87361 12 
8741018 
87477,6 

8725059 
S730880 
8736693 
8742498 
8748296 

872564, 
873,462 

8737274 
8743078 

8748875 

8726224 
8732043 

8737855 
8743658 
8749454 

8726806 
8732625 

S738435 
8744238 
875C034 

LOGARITHMS. 


Table  of  Logarithms 


N" 

0 

1 

2      3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

750 

751 
752 

"53 
754 

755 
756 

757 
758 
759 

875061J 
8756399 
8762178 
S767950 
8773713 

8751192 

8756978 
8762756 
8768526 
8774289 

875177' 1 8752349 
875755618758134 
87^333318763911 
8769105  1  8769680 
8774865  8775441 

8752928 
8758712 
8764488 
8770256 
8776017 

8753507 
8759290 
8765065 
8770833 
8776592 

8754086 
875986S 
8765642 
S771409 
8777168 

8754664 
87604.46 
8766219 
8771985 

8777743 

8755243 
8761025 
8766796 
8772561 
8778319 

8755821 
8761601 
8767373 
8773137 
877S894 

579 
578 

577 
577 
)75 

575 
574 
573 

573 
572 

8779470 
8785218 
8790959 
8796692 

8802418 

8780045 
8785792 
8791532 
8797265 
8802990 

8780620 
8786367 
8792106 
8797838 
8803562 

8781195 

8786941 
8792680 
879841 1 
8804134 

8781770 
87875,5 
8793253 

8798983 
8804706 

8782345 
8788089 
8793826 
8799556 
8S05278 

8782919 
8788663 
8794400 
8800128 
8805850 

8783494 
8789237 

879^973 

1 8800701 

8806421 

8784069 
878981 1 

8795546 
S801273 
8806993 

8784643 
8790385 
87961 19 
8801846 
8807564 

760 
761 

762 

763 
764 

8808136 
8813847 
S819550 

88252+5 
8S30934 

8808707 
8814417 
8820120 
8825815 
8831502 

8809279 
8814988 
8820680 
8826384 
8832070 

8809850 
8815558 
8821259 
8826953 
8832639 

88 1 042 1 
8816129 
8821829 
8827522 
8833207 

8810992 
8816699 
8822398 
8828090 
8833775 

881 1563 
8S17269 
8822968 
8828659 
8834343 

8812134 
8817840 
8823537 
8829228 
8834911 

8812705 
8818410 
8824107 
8829797 

8835479 

8813276 
88189.S0 
8824676 

8830365 
8836047 

571 
570 
569 
568 
568 

567 
567 
566 

565 
564 

765 
766 
767 
768 
769 

8836614 
8842288 
8847954 
8853612 
8859263 

8S37182 
8842855 
884S520 
8854178 
8859828 

8837750 
8843421 
8849086 

8854743 
8860393 

8838317 
8843988 
8849652 

8855308 
8860957 

8838885 
8844555 
8850218 

8855874 
8861522 

8839452 
8845122 
8850784 
8856439 
8862086 

8840019 
8845688 
8851350 
8857004 
8862651 

8840586 
8846255 
8851915 
8857569 
8863215 

8841154 
8846821 
8852481 
8858134 
8863779 

8841721 
8847387 
8853047 
8858699 
8864343 

770 
771 
772 
773 
774 

8864907 
8870544 
8876173 
8881795 
8887410 

8865471 
S871107 
8876736 
8882357 
8887971 

8S66035 
8871670 
8877298 
8882918 
8888532 

8866599 
8872233 
8877860 
8883480 
8889093 

8867163 

8872796 
8878423 
8884042 
8889653 

8867726 

8873359 
8878985 
8884603 
8890214 

8868290 
8873922 

8879547 
8885165 
8890775 

8868854 
8874485 
8880109 
8885726- 
8891336 

8869417 
8875048 
8880671 
8886287 
8891896 

8869980 
8875610 
8881233 
8886848 
8892457 

565 
563 
562 
561 
561 

775 
776 

777 
778 
779 

8893017 
8S9S617 
8904210 
8909796 
89 '53 75 

8893577 
8899177 
8904769 
8910354 
8915932 

8894138 
8899736 
8905328 
8910912 
8916489 

8894698 
8900296 
8905887 
891 1470 
8917047 

889525S 
8900855 
8906445 
8912028 
8917604 

8895818 
8901415 
8907004 
8912586 
8918161 

8896378 
8901974 
8907563 
8913144 
8918718 

8896938 
8902533 
8908121 
8913702 
8919275 

8897498 
8903092 
8908679 
8914259 
8919832 

8898058 
8903651 
8909238 
8914817 
8920389 

560 
560 

559 
558 
557 

780 
781 
782 

783 
784 

8920946 
8926510 
S932068 
8937618 
8943161 

8921503 
8927066 
8932623 
8938172 
8943715 

8922059 
8927622 

8933'78 
8938727 
8944268 

8922616 
8928178 

8933733 
8939281 

8944822 

8923173 
8028734 
8954288 
8939836 
8945376 

8923729 
8929290 
8934S43 
8940390 
8945929 

8924285 
8929846 

8935398 
8940944 
8946483 

8924842 
8930401 

8935953 
8941498 

8947037 

8925398 
8930957 
8936508 
8942053 
8947590 

8925954 
8931512 
8937063 
8942607 
8948143 

556 

555 
554 
5S3 

78,- 
786 

787 
788 
789 

8948697 
8954225 

8959747 
8965262 

8970770 

8949250 
8954778 
8960299 
8965813 
8971320 

8949803 

8955330 
8960851 
8966364 
8971871 

8950356 

8955883 
8961403 
8966915 
8972421 

8950909 
8956435 
8961954 
8967466 
S972971 

8951462 
8956987 
8962506 
8968017 
S973521 

8952015 

8957539 
8963057 
8968568 
8974071 

S95256S 
8958092 
8963608 
8969118 
8974621 

S953120 
895S644 
8964100 
8969669 
897517 1 

8953673 
8955195 

89647 II 

8970220 
8975721 

)i3 
552 

551 
i5° 

790 
791 
792 

793 
794 

795 
796 

797 
798 

799 

%^f)27I 

8987252 
8992732 
8998205 

8976821 
8982314 

8987800 
8993279 
8998752 

8977370 
8982663 
8988348 
8993827 
8999299 

8977920 
8983412 
898SS97 

8994375 
8999846 

8978469 
8983960 

8989445 
8994922 
90C0392 

8979019 
8984509 
8989993 
8995469 
9000939 

8979568 
8985058 
8990541 
8996017 
9001486 

8980117 
S985606 
8991089 
8996564 
9002032 

S980667 
8986155 
8991636 
89971 1 1 
9002579 

8981216 
8986703 
So,-, 84 
8997658 
9003 1 25 

549 
548 

547 
547 

9003671 
9009131 
9014583 
90.20029 
9025468 

9004218 
9009676 
9015128 
9020573 
902601 1  1 

9004764 
9010222 
9015673 
9021117 
9026555 

9005310 
9010767 
9016218 
9021661 
9027098 

9005856 

90"3'3 
9016762 
9022205 
9027641 

9006407. 
901 1S58 
9017307 
9022749 
90281S5 

9006948 
9012403 
9017851 
9023293 
9028728 

9007404 
9c 1 2948 
9018396 
9023837 
9029271 

9008039 

9013493 
9018940 
9024381 
9029814 

900S585 
9014038 
9019485 
9024924 
90.50357 

546 
545 
545 
544 
544 

Nn2 


LOGARITHMS. 


Table  of  Logarithms. 


N" 

0 

I      2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 
542 

800 

9030900 

9031443  9031985 

9032528 

9033071 

9033613 

9034156 

9034698 

9035241 

9035783 

801 

9036325 

9036867 ; 9037409 

9037951 

9038493 

9039035 

9039577 

90401 19 

9040661 

9041202 

542 

802 

9041744 

90422S5  i  9042827 

9043368 

9043909 

9044450 

9044992 

9045533 

9046074 

9046615 

541 

803 

9047155 

9047696  9048237 

9048778 

9049318 

9049859 

9050399 

9050940 

9051480 

9052020 

541 

804 
805 

9052560 

9053 loi  9053641 

9054181 

9054721 

9055260 

9055800 

9056340 

9056880 

9057419 

539 
539 

9057959 

9058498 

9059038 

9059577 

90601 16 

9060655 

9061 195 

9061734 

9062273 

9062812 

806 

9063350 

9063889 

9064428 

9064967 

9065505 

9066044 

9066582 

9067121 

9067659 

9068197 

539 

807 

9068735 

9069273 

9069812 

9070350 

9070887 

9071425 

9071963 

9072501 

9073038 

9073576 

538 

80S 

90741 14 

9074651 

9075188 

9075726 

9076263 

9076800 

9077337 

9077874 

907841 1 

9078948 

537 

809 

9079485 

9080022 

9080559 

9081095 

9081632 

9082169 

9082705 

9083241 

9083778 

9084314 

537 
536 

810 

9084850 

9085386 

9085922 

9086458 

9086994 

908753c 

9088066 

9088602 

9089137 

9089673 

811 

9090209 

9090744 

9091279 

909 1 8 1 5 

9092350 

9092885 

9093420 

9093955 

9094490 

9095025 

535 

812 

9095560 

9096095 

9096630 

9097165 

9097699 

9098234 

9098768 

9099303 

9099837 

9100371 

535 

«'3 

9100905 

9101440 

9101974 

9102508 

9103042 

9103576 

9104109 

9104643 

9105177 

9105710 

534 

8.4 

9106244 

9106778 

9107311 

9107844 

9108378 

9 1 089 1 1 

9109444 

9109977 

91 10510 

91 1 1043 

533 

815 

91 1 1576 

91T2109 

911 2642 

9113174 

9113707 

9114240 

9114772 

9115305 

9115837 

91 16369 

533 

816 

91 16902 

91 17434 

9117966 

91 18498 

91 19030 

91 19562 

9120094 

9120626 

9121157 

9121689 

532 

817 

9 1 2  2  2  2 1 

9122752 

9123284 

9123815 

9124346 

9124878 

9125409 

9125940 

9126471 

9127002 

532 

S18 

9127533 

9128064 

9128595 

9129126 

9129656 

9130187 

9130717 

9131248 

9131778 

9132309 

531 

819 

9132839 

9133369 

9133899 

9134430 

9134960 

9135490 

9136019 

9136549 

9137079 

9137609 

530 
529 

8jo 

9138139 

9138668 

9139198 

9139727 

9140257 

9140786 

9141315 

9141844 

9142373 

9142903 

821 

9143432 

9143961 

9144489 

9145018 

9145547 

9146076 

9146604 

9147133 

9147661 

9148190 

529 

822 

9148718 

9149246 

9149775 

9150303 

9*150831 

9151359 

9151887 

9152415 

9152943 

9153471 

528 

823 

915399S 

9154526 

9155054 

9155581 

9 1 56 1 09 

9156636 

9157163 

9157691 

9158218 

9158745 

527 

824 

9159272 

9159799 

9160326 

9160853 

9161380 

9161907 

9162433 

9162960 

9163487 

9164013 

527 
526 

825 

9164539 

9165066 

9165592 

9166118 

9166645 

9167171 

9167697 

9168223 

9168749 

9169275 

826 

9169800 

9170326 

9170852 

9171378 

9171903 

9172429 

9172954 

9173479 

917^005 

9174530 

526 

827 

9175055 

9175580 

9176105 

9176630 

9177155 

9177680 

9178205 

9178730 

9179254 

9179779 

525 

828 

9180303 

9180828 

9181352 

9181877 

9182401 

9182925 

9183449 

9183973 

9184497 

9185021 

524 

829 
830 

9185545 

9186069 

9186593 

9187117 

9187640 

9188164 

9188687 

9189211 

9189734 

9190258 

524 

5^3 

9190781 

9191304 

9191827 

9192350 

9192873 

9193396 

9193919 

9194442 

9194965 

9195488 

831 

9196010 

9196533 

9197055 

9197578 

9198100 

9198623 

9199145 

9109667 

9200189 

920071 1 

523 

832 

9201233 

9201755 

9202277 

9202799 

9203321 

9203842 

9204364 

9204886 

9205407 

9205929 

521 

833 

9206450 

9206971 

920749J 

9208014 

9208535 

9209056 

9209577 

9210098 

9210619 

921 1 140 

521 

834 

921 1661 

92 1 2 1 8 1 

9212702 

9213222 

9213743 

9214263 

9214784 

9215304 

9215824 

9216345 

520 
520 

In 

9216865 

9217385 

9217905 

9218425 

9218945 

9219465 

9219984 

9220504 

9221024 

9221543 

836 

9222063 

92225S2 

9223102 

9223621 

9224140 

9224659 

9225179 

922569S 

9226217 

9226736 

519 

837 

9227255 

9227773 

9228292 

9228811 

9229330 

9229848 

9230367 

9230885 

9231404 

9231902 

518 

838 

9232440 

9232958 

9233477 

9233995 

9234513 

9235031 

9235549 

9236066 

9236584 

9237102 

518 

839 

9237620 

9238137 

9238655 

9239172 

9239690 

9240207 

9240724 

9241242 

9241759 

9242276 

517 

517 

840 

9242793 

924331° 

9243827 

9244344 

9244860 

9245377 

9245894 

9246410 

9246927 

9247/>.4 

841 

9247960 

9248476 

9248993 

9249509 

9250025 

9250541 

9251057 

9251573 

9252089 

92525^5 

5.6 

842 

9253121 

9253637 

9254152 

9254668 

9255184 

9255699 

9256215 

9256730 

9257245 

9257761 

515 

S+3 

9258276 

9258791 

9259306 

9259821 

9260336 

9260851 

9261366 

9261880 

9262395 

9262910 

515 

844 

9263424 

9263939 

9264453 

9264968 

9265482 

9265997 

926651 1 

9267025 

9267539 

9268053 

515 
514 

845 

9268567 

9269081 

9269595 

9270109 

9270622 

9271136 

9271650 

9272163 

9272677 

9273190 

846 

9273704 

9274217 

9274730 

9275243 

9275757 

9276270 

9276783 

9277296 

9277808 

9278321 

513 

847 

927S834 

9^79347 

9279859 

9280372 

9280885 

92S1397 

9281909 

9282422 

9282934 

9283446 

512 

848 

9283959 

9284471 

92849S3 

9285495 

9286007 

9286518 

9287030 

9287542 

9288054 

9288,-65 

5'i 

849 

9289077 

9289588 

9290100 

9290611  92911:3 

9291634 

9292145 

9292656 

9293167 

9293678  511 j 

LOGARITHMS. 


Table  of  Logarithms. 


N 

850 
851 
852 

8^3 
854 

1 

2      3 

456 

7 

8 

9 

jDiff. 

1 

9294189 
9299296 

930430 

9309490 

93 14579 

929470c 
9299806 
9304906 
9309999 
93'50«7 

9295211 
9300316 

9305415 
9310508 

9315596 

9295722 
9300826 
9305925 
9311017 
9316104 

929(5233 
9301336 
9306434 
9311526 
9316612 

9296743 
9301847 
9306944 
93 ' 2035 
9317121 

9297254  9297764 

9302357 19302866 
9307453 1 9307963 

93 1 2544 1  9313053 
9317629I  9318137 

9298275 
9303376 
9308472 
9313562 
9318645 

9298785 
9303886 
9308981 
9314070 
9319153 

510 
510 

|5'o 

;509 

5*>9 

856 

857 
8  J- 8 
859 

860 
861 
862 
863 
S64 

S65 
866 
867 
868 
869 

870 
871 
872 
873 
874 

875 
876 

877 
878 

879 

880 
8S1 
882 
S83 
884 

9319651 

9334738 
9329808 

9334873 
9339932 

9320169 
9325245 

9330315 
9335379 
9340437 

9320677 

9325752 
9330822 

9335885 

9340943 

9321185 
9326259 
9331328 
9336^91 
9341448 

9321692  932220Q  9322708 1 9323215 
9326767  9327274  9327781  9328288 
9331835  9332341  9332843  9333354 
9336897  9337403  9337909  9338415 
9341953  9342459  934296419343469 

9323723 
9328795 
9333860 
9338920 
9343974 

9324230 
9329301 
9334367 
9339426 

9344479 

508 
507 
506 
506 
506 

9344985 
9350032 

9355073 
9360108 

9365137 

9345489 
9350536 
9355576 
9360611 
9365640 

9345994 
9351040 
9356080 
9361 114 
9^^66I43 

9346499 
9351544 
9356584 
9361617 
9366645 

9347004  9347509 
9352049  9352553 
9357087  9357591 
9362120  9362623 
9367148  9367650 

1 

9348013 
9353057 
9358095 
9363126 
9368152 

9348518 
9353561 
9358598 
9363629 
9368655 

9349023 
9354065 
9359101 
9364132 
9369157 

9349527 
9354569 
9359605 
9364635 
9369659 

505 

504 

504 

503 

502 

037C161 

93 75 '79 
9380191 

93  '5»97 
9390198 

9370663 
9375680 
9380692 

9385698 
9390697 

9371165 
9376182 
9381193 
9386198 
9391197 

9371667 
9376683 
9381693 
9386698 
9391697 

9372169 

9377184 
9382194 
9387198 
9392196 

9372671 
9377686 
9382695 
9387698 
9392696 

9373172 
9378187 

9383195 
9388198 

9393  95 

9373674 
9378688 
9383696 
9388698 

9393695 

9374176 
9379189 
9384196 
9389198 
9394194 

9374677 
9379690 
9384697 
9389698 
9394693 

502 
502 
501 
500 
500 

9395193 
9400182 
9405165 
9410142 
9415114 

9395692 
94006S0 
9405663 
9410645 
9415611 

1 
9396^91 1 9396690 

9401179  1  9401677 

9406161  1  9406659 

941 1 137 '941 1635 

941 6 1 08  i  9416605 

9397189 
9402176 
9407157 
9412132 
9417101 

9397633 

9402674 
9407654 
9412629 
9417598 

9398187  9398685 
9403172  9403670 
9408152  9408650 
9413126  9413623 
9418095  9418591 

9399184 
9404169 
9409147 
9414120 
9419088 

9399683 
9404667 

9409645 
9414617 

9419584 

499 

498 

497 
497 
497 

9420081 
9425041 
9429996 

9434945 
9439889 

9420577 

9425,37 
9430491 

9435440 
9440383 

942107319421569 
9426033 ; 9426528 
9430986  9431481 

9435934  i  9436429 

9440877  9441371 

9422065 
9427024 
9431976 
9436923 
9441865 

9422562 
9427519 
9432471 

9437418 
944 23  J 8 

9423058 1 9423553 
9428015 1 9428510 
9432966  9432461 
9437912  9438406 
9442852 1 9443346 

9424049 
9429005 

9433956 
9438900 

9443840 

9424545 
9429501 

9434!5o 

9439395 

9444333 

496 

495 
494 

494 
493 

9444827 

9449759 
9454686 
9459607 
9464523 

9445320 
9450252 
9455178 
9460099 
9465014 

9445814 

9450745 
9455671 

9460591 

9465505 

9446307  9446800 
9451238  9451730 
9456163  9456655 
9461082 19461574 
9465996  j  9466487 

9447294 
9452223 

9457147 
9462066 
9466978 

9447787 
9452716 

9457639 
9462557 

9467469 

9448280 
9453208 
9458131 
9463049 
946796c 

9448773 
9453701 
9458623 
9463540 
9468451 

9449266 

9454193 
9459115 

946403 1 
9468942 

493 
493 
492 
492 
491 

491 
49° 
490 
489 
489 

885 
886 
887 
888 
889 

9469433 
9474337 
9479236 
9484130 
94S9AS 

9469023 
9474827 
9479726 
9484619 
94S9506 

94704 1 4» 

9475317 
9480215 
9485108 
9489995 

9470905 
9475807 
9480705 

9485597 
9490483 

9471395 
9476297 
9481194 
9486085 
9490971 

947 1 886 
9476787 
9481684 
9486574 
9491460 

9472376 

9477277 
9482173 
9487063 
9491948 

9472866 

9477767 
9482662 
9487552 
9492436 

9473357 
9478257 

9483151 
9488040 

9491924 

9473847 
9478747 
9483641 
9488529 
9493412 

890 
891 
S92 

893 
894 

94939:0 

9498777 
9503649 
9508515 

9513375 

9494388 
9499264 

9504135 
9509001 
9513861 

9494876 

9499752 
9504622 

9509487 
9514347 

9495364 
9500239 

9505109 
9509973 
95148' 

9495852 
9500726 
9505596 
9510459 
9515318 

9496339 
9501213 
9506082 
9510946 
9515803 

9496827 
9501701 
9506569 
9511432 
9516289 

9497315 
9502188 

9507055 
951 1Q18 

9516774 

9497802 
9502675 
9507542 
9512404 
9517260 

9498290 
9503162 
950S028 
9,-12889 
9517745 

487 
487 
486 
486 

485 

48) 
484 
4S4 

483 

89; 
896 
897 
898 
899 

9518230 

9523080 
9527924 
9532763 
9537597 

9518716 

9523565 
9528400 

9533247 
9538080 

9519201 
9524049 
9528893 

9533731 
9538563 

9519686 
9524534 
952^377 
9534214 
9539046 

0520171 
9525018 
9529861 

9534697 
9539529 

9520656 
9525503 
9530345 
9535'8i 
9540012 

9521 141 
9526987 
9530828 

9535664 
9540494 

9521626 
0526472 
9531312 

9536147 
9540977 

95221 1 1 
952695A 

9531796 
9536631 
9542460 

9522595 
9527440 
9532380 
9537114 
9542943 

LOGARITHMS. 


Table  of  Logarithms. 


N 

900 
901 
902 

9°3 

904 

90J 
906 
907 
908 
909 

1 
0 

1 

2      3 

4 

5 

6 

/ 

8 

9 

Diff. 

9542425 
9547248 
9552065 
9556S78 
9561684 

954290H 

9547730 
9552547 

955735^ 
9562165 

9543390 
954.S212 
9553028 

9557839 
9562645 

9543873 
9548694 

9553510 
9558320 
9563125 

9544355 
9549176 

9553991 
9,-58801 
9563606 

9544837 
9549657 
9554472 
9559282 
9564086 

9545319 

9550139 

9554953 
9559762 

9564566 

9545 8c 2 
9550621 

9555434 
9560243 
9565046 

9546284 
9551102 
9555916 
9560723 
9565526 

9546766 
9551584 
9556397 
9561204 
9566C06 

482 
482 
4S, 
480 
480 

9,-66486 

9571282 
9576073 
9580858 

95S5^'39 

9566966 
9571761 
9576552 

9581337 
95861 17 

9567445 
9572241 

9577030 
9581815 
9586594 

9567925 

9572720 

9577509 
9582293 

9587072 

9568405 

9573199 
9577988 
9582771 
9587549 

9568885 
9573678 
9578466 

9583249 

9588027 

9569364 
9574157 
9578945 
9583727 
9588505 

9569844 
9574636 

9579423 
95842C5 

9588982 

9570323 

9575115 
9579902 
9584683 
9589459 

9570803 

9575594 
9580380 
9585161 

9589937 

479 
479 
479 
478 

478 

910 
911 
912 

913 
914 

95^0414 
9595184 
9599948 
9604708 
9609462 

9590891 
9595660 
9600425 
9605183 
9609937 

9591368 

9596137 
960090 I 
9605659 
9610412 

9591845 
9596614 
9601377 
9606135 
9610887 

9592322 
9597090 
9601853 
9606610 
9611362 

9592800 

9597567 
9602329 
9607086 
9611837 

9593276 
9598043 
9602805 
9607561 
9612312 

9593753 
9598520 
9603281 
9608036 
9612787 

9594230 
9598996 
9603756 
9608512 
9613262 

9594707 

9599472 
9604232 
9608987 
9613736 

476 
475 
475 
475 
475 

915 
916 
917 
918 
919 

961421 I 
9618955 
9623693 
9628427 
9633' 55 

9614686 
9619429 
9624167 
9628900 
9633628 

9615160 
9619903 
9624640 

9629373 
9634100 

9615635 
9620377 
9625114 
9629846 
9634573 

9616109 
9620851 
9625587 
9630319 

9635045 

9616583 
9621325 
9626061 
9630792 
9635517 

9617058 
9621799 
9626534 
9631264 
9635990 

9617532 
9622272 

9627007 

9631737 
9636462 

9618006 
9622746 
9627481 
9632210 
9636934 

9618481 
9623220 
9627954 
9632683 
9637406 

475 
474  - 
473 
472 
472 

920 
921 
922 

923 
924 

9637878 
9642596 
9647309 
9652017 
9656720 

9638350 
9643068 

9647 7 Jo 
9652488 
9657190 

9638822 

9643539 
9648251 
9652958 
9657660 

9639294 
96440 1 1 
9648722 
9653428 
9658130 

9639766 
9644482 
9649193 
9653899 
9658599 

9640238 

9644953 
9649664 
9654369 
9659069 

96407 1 0 

9645425 
9650135 

9654839 
9659539 

9641 iSi 
9645896 
9650605 
9655309 
9660009 

9641653 
9646367 
9651076 
9655780 
9660478 

9642125 
9646838 
9651546 
9656250 
9660948 

472 
472 
471 

47° 
470 

925 
926 
927 
928 
929 

9661417 
96661 10 
9670797 
9675480 
9680157 

9661887 
9666579 

9671266 
9675948 
9680625 

9662356 
9667048 

9671734 
9676416 
9681092 

9662826 
9667517 
9672203 
9676884 
9681559 

9663295 
9667985 
9672671 

9677351 
9682027 

9663764 
9668454 

9673139 
9677819 
9682494 

9664233 
9668923 
9673607 
9678287 
9682961 

9664703 
9669392 
9674076 
9678754 
9683428 

9665172 
9669860 

9674544 
9679222 
9683895 

9665641 
9670329 
9675012 
9679690 
9684362 

469 
469 
468 
468 
467 

930 
93' 
932 
933 
934 

9684829 
9689497 
9694159 
9698816 
9703469 

9685296 
9689963 
9694625 
9699282 
97°3934 

9685763 
9690430 

9695091 
9699747 
9704399 

9686230 
9690896 

9695557 
9700213 
9704863 

9686697 
9691362 
9696023 

9700678 
9705328 

9687164 
9691829 
9696488 
9701143 
9705793 

9687630 
9692295 
9696954 

9701608 
9706258 

9688097 
9692761 
9697420 
9702074 
9706722 

9688564 

9693227 
9697885 
9702539 
9707187 

9689030 

9693693 
9698351 

9703004 

9707652 

466 
466 
466 

465 
465 

935 
936 
937 
938 
939 

97081 16 
9712758 
9717396 
9722028 
9726656 

9708581 
9713222 
9717859 
9722491 
9727118 

9709045 
9713686 

9718323 
9722954 
9727581 

9709509 

9714150 
9718786 
9723417 
9728043 

9709974 
9714614 
9719249 
9723880 
9728506 

9710438 
9715078 
9719713 
9724343 
9728968 

9710902 

9715542 

9720176 
9724805 
9729430 

9711366 
9716005 
9720639 
9725268 
9729892 

9711830 
9716469 

9721102 
9725731 
9730354 

9712294 
9716932 
9721565 
9726193 
9730816 

464 

464 

463 

462 
462 

940 
941 
942 

9+3 
944 

9731279 

973589^ 
9740509 

9745117 

9749720 

9731741 
9736358 
9740970 

9745577 
9750180 

9732202 
9736819 

9741431 
9746038 
9750640 

0732664 
9737281 
9741892 
9746498 
97511C0 

9733126 
9737742 

9742353 
9746959 
9751560 

9733588 
9738203 
9742814 
9747419 
9752020 

9734050 
9738664 

9743274 
9747879 
9752479 

9734511 
9739126 

9743735 
9748340 

9752939 

9734973 
9739587 
9744196 
974880c 

9753399 

9735435 

9740048 
9744656 
0749260 
9753858 

462 
461 
460 
460 
459 

945 
946 

947 
948 

949 

9754318 
97 589 1 1 

9763500 
9768083 
9772662 

9754778 

9759370 

9763958 
9768541 

9773120 

9755237 
9759829 
9764417 
9769000 
9773577 

9755697 
Q760288 
9764875 
9769458 
9774035 

9756156 
9760747 

9765334 
9769915 

9774492 

9756615 
9761206 
9765792 

9770373 
9774950 

9757075 
9761665 
9766251 
9770831 
9775407 

9757534 
9762124 

9766709 

9771289 

9775864 

9757993 
9762582 
9767167 

9771747 
9776322 

9758452 
9763041 
9767625 

9772204 
9776779 

459 
459 
459 
458 

457 

LOGARITHMS. 


Table  of  Logarithm!. 


N^ 

0   (   I 

2      3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

457 
457 
456 
456 
455 

950 

951 
952 

9)3 
954 

9777236 
97  Si  805 
9786369 
9790929 
9795484 

9777693 
9782262 
978682^ 
9791385 
9795939 

9778150 
9782718 
9787282 
9791840 
9796394 

9778607 

9783175 
9787738 
9792296 
9796849 

9779064 
9783631 
9788194 
9792751 

9797304 

9779521 
9784088 
9788650 
9793207 
9797759 

9779978 

9784544 
9789106 
9793662 
9798214 

978C435 
97S5001 
9789562 

9794  "8 
9798669 

9780892 

9785457 
9790017 

9794573 
9799124 

9781348 

9785913 
9790473 
97950?8 

9799579 

9J5 
9)6 

957 
958 

959 

9 8 0003 4  9800488 
9804579  9805C33 
98091 19  9809573 
9813655  9814108 
9818186  9818639 

9800943 
9805487 
9810027 
9814562 
9S19092 

9801398 
9805942 
98 1 048 1 
9815015 
9819544 

9801852 
9806396 
9810934 
9815468 
9819997 

9802307 
9S06850 
9811388 
9815921 
9820450 

9802761 
9807304 
98 1 1 84 1 
9816374 
9820902 

9803216 
9807758 
9812295 
9816827 
9821355 

98&3670 
9808212 
9812748 
9817280 
9821807 

9804125 
9808666 
9813202 
9817733 
9822260 

455 
454 
454 
453 
453 

960 
961 
962 

963 
964 

965 
966 
967 
968 
969 

9822712 
9827234 
9831751 
9836263 
9840770 

982^165 
9S27686 
9832202 
9836714 
9841221 

9823617 
9828138 
9832654 
9837165 
9S41671 

9824069 
9828589 

9833105 
9837616 
9842 1 2  2 

9824522 
9829041 

9833556 

983S066 

9842572 

9824974 
9829493 
9834007 

9838517 
9843022 

9825426 
9829945 

9834459 

9838968 

9843473 

9S25878 ' 9826330 

9830396 : 9830848 
9834910  9835361 
9839419  9839869 
9843923 1 9844373 

9826^^)2 
9831299 
9835812 

98403  2C 
9844823 

452 

452 

451 
451 
45© 

450 
450 

449 
448 
448 

9845273 

9849771 

9854265 

9858754 
986323S 

9S45723 
9S50221 
9854714 
9859202 
9S63686 

9846173 
9850670 
98 55 1 63 
9859651 
9864134 

9846623 
9851120 
9855612 
9860099 
9864582 

9847073 
985 1 569 

9856061 

9860548 

9865030 

9847523 
9852019 

9856510 

9860996 

986547S 

9847973 
9852468 
9856959 
9801445 
9865926 

9848422 
9852917 

9857407 
9861893 
98^6374 

9848872 
9853366 
9857856 
9862341 
9866822 

9849322 
9S53816 
985S305 
9S62790 
9867270 

970 

971 

972 

973 
974 

9867717 
9872192 
9876663 
9881128 
9585593 

9868165 
9872640 
9877109 

9881575 
9886035 

986861:; 
9873087 
9877556 
988202  r 
9886481 

9869060 

9873534 
9878003 
9882467 
9886927 

986950S 
9873981 

9878450 
9882913 

9887373 

9S69955 
9874428 
9878896 
9883360 
98S7818 

9870403 
9874875 

9879343 
9883806 
9888264 

9870850 
9875322 
9879789 
9884252 
9S8S710 

9871598 
9875769 
9(5:80236 
9884698 
9889155 

9871745 

9'i762i6 

98806S2 
9885144 
9^^89601 

447 
447 
446 
446 
445 

976 
977 
978 

979 

983 
981 

982 

983 
984 

9890046 
9894498 
9898946 

9903389 
9907827 

9890492 
9894943 
9899390 
9903833 
9908271 

9890937 

9895588- 
9899835 
9904277 
9908714 

9S91382 

9895833 
9900279 
9904721 
9909158 

9891828 
9896278 
9900723 
9905164 
9909601 

9892273 
9896722 
9901 168 
9905608 
9910044 

9892718 
9897167 
9901612 
9906052 
9910488 

9893163 
9897612 
9902056 
9906496 
9910931 

9893608 

9898057 
9902500 
9906940 
9911374 

9894053 
9898501 
9902944 
99073S3 
9911818 

445 
444 
443 
443 
4-^3 

443 
442 
442 

442 

441 

440 
440 
440 
440 
439 

9912261 
9976690 
9921115 

90:!5535 
9929951 

9912704 

99i7'33 
9921557 
9925977 
9930392 

9913147 

9917575 
9921999 
9926419 
993^834 

9913590 
9918018 
9922441 
9926860 
9931275 

9914033 
9918461 

9922884 
9927302 
9931716 

9914476 
9918903 
9923326 
9927744 
9932157 

9914919 
9919345 
9923768 
9928185 
9932598 

9915362 
9919788 
9924210 
9928627 
9933039 

9915S05 
9920230 
9924651 
9929068 
9933480 

9916247 
9920673 
9925093 
9929510 
9933921 

985 
986 
987 
988 
989 

9934362 
99387^.9 
9943172 
9947560 

9951963 

9934803 
9939210 
9943612 
9948009 
9952402 

9935244 
9939650 
Q04405 1 
9948448 
9952841 

9935685 
9940090 
9944491 
9948888 
9953280 

9936126 
994C531 
9944931 
9949327 
99537 '9 

9936566 
9940971 
9945371 
9949767 
9954158 

9937007 
994141 1 

994581 T 
9950206 

9954597 

9937448 

9041851 
9946251 
9950645 
9955036 

9937888 
9942291 
9946690 
9951085 
9955474 

9938329 
9942731 
9947130 
9951524 
9955913 

990 
991 
992 

993 
994 

9956352 
9960737 
99651 17 
9969492 
<J973864 

9956791 

9961 1 75 
9965554 
9969930 

9974301 

9957229 
9961613 
9965992 
9970367 
9974738 

0957668 
996205  1 
9966430 
997=804 
9975 '74 

9958106 
9962439 
9966868 
9971242 
',975611 

9958545 
9962927 

9967305 
9971679 
9976048 

9958983 
9963365 

9967743 
9972116 
9976485 

9959422 
9963803 
9968180 

9972553 
9976921 

9959S60 
9964241 
996S618 
9972990 
9977358 

9060298 

9964679 
9969055 

9973427- 
9977704 

439 
438 

437 
437 

437 

095 
996 

097 
998 

999 

9978231 
9982593 
9986952 

9991305 
9995655 

9978667 
9983029 

9087387 
9991741 
9996090 

9979104 
9983465 
9987823 
9992176 
9596524 

9''7954o 
99S3901 
9988258 
999261 1 
9996959 

9979976 

9984337 
9988694 
9993046 
9997393 

9980413 

9984773 
9989129 

9903481 

99978 s8 

99S0849 
9985209 
9989564 
9993916 
9998262 

9981285 
9985645 
99900C0 

9994350 
9998(97 

9981721 

99860S0 

909o.-;35 

9994785 
99991 3 1 

9982157 
9986516 
9990870 
0995220 
9990566 

436 
435 
435 
435 

LOGARITHMS. 


Defcript'tan  and  Ufe  of  the  preceding  Table. — In  thi-  above 
table  are  contained  the  logarithm  of  all  numbers,  from  i  to 
10,000,  which  may  be  found  by  infpedlion,  according  to 
the  method  defcribed  below  ;  but  it  will  bo  proper,  before 
we  enter  upon  that  fubjetl,  to  make  a  few  remarks  with 
regard  to  the  index,  or  characleriilic,  of  logarithms,  which 
are  omitted  throughout,  and  mull  therefore  be  fupplied  by 
the  operator,  according  as  the  cafe  may  require.  It  has 
been  fhewn  that  the  bife,  or  radix  of  the  fyftera,  is  10  ;  and 
fince 

10''  =  I,  10'  =  10,  10'  =  100,  10'  =  1000,  &c. 
therefore  the  log.  of  i  =0,  the  log.  of  10  —  i,  the  log.  of 
TOO  =  3,  the  log.  of  1000  -1=  3,  &c  ;  and,  confequently, 
the  logarithm  of  any  number  between  f.  and  10  has  its 
logarithm  greater  than  o,  and  lefs  than  i  ;  a  number  be- 
tween 10  and  100  has  its  logarithm  greater  than  r,  and  lefs 
than  1  ;  between  lOO  and  1000  the  logarithm  is  greater 
than  2,  and  lefs  than  3,  and  fo  on  ;  therefore,  the  integral 
part  of  the  logarithm,  or  its  index,  is  always  one  lefs  than 
the  number  of  its  integral  places.     Again,  fince 

I  .       I  _,        I  _, 

—  ==  10  ■,  =   10  -,   — —  =  10   ', 

10  100  1000 

it  follows,  that  the  logarithm  of  .  I  =  —  i,of.oi  =  —  2,  of 
.001  =  —  3,  &c.  ;  confequently,  the  logarithm  of  a  number 
between  i  and  .1  has  its  index  properly  o,  and  its  decimal 
part  negative  ;  but  for  the  greater  convenience,  and  this  is  one 
great  advantage  attending  Briggs's  logarithms,  we  may  af- 
fume  the  index  negative,  and  the  decimal  part  pofitive  ;  that 
is,  inftead  of  fubtracting  the  decimal  part  from  unity,  and 
making  the  refult  negative,  we  retain  the  decimal  as  it 
arifes,  and  make  the  index  negative  :  whence,  the  logarithm 
of  a  decimal  greater  than  .  1 ,  has  its  index  ::=  —  i  ;  if  it  be 
lefs  than  .1,  but  greater  than  01,  the  index  is  —  2  ;  if  it 
be  lefs  than  .01,  but  greater  than  .001,  the  index  is  — ■  3  ; 
and  fo  on  :  whence  it  follows,  that  the  index  of  the  loga- 
rithm of  any  decimal  is  negative,  and  always  one  more  than 
the  number  of  ciphers  which  precede  the  firfl  efFeftive  figure. 
Or  both  rules,  t/'z.  for  integers  and  decimals,  may  be  re- 
duced to  one,  which  is  as  follows.  The  index  of  the  loga- 
rithm of  any  number  is  always  equal  to  the  number  of 
places  that  the  decimal  point  is  diftant  from  the  unit's  place, 
being  pofitive  if  the  decimal  point  be  to  the  right  of  the 
unit's  place,  and  negative  if  it  be  to  the  left  of  it.  What 
has  been  faid  will  be  illuftrated  by  the  following  examples : 

Numbers.  Logarithms. 


34560 

34560 

34560 

34560 

3.4560 

.34560 

.034560 

.0034560 

.00034560 


4-5385737 

3-5385737 

2-5385737 

1-5385737 

0-5385737 

-'•5385737 

-2-5385737 

-3-5385737 

-4-5385737 


Thefe  examples  will  illuftrate  all  that  has  been  faid  with 
regard  to  the  index,  anJ  at  the  fame  time  will  fhew  the 
great  advantage  of  the  prefent  fyftem  of  logarithms  ;  for 
here  the  tabular  part  of  the  logarithm  is  tlie  fame  through- 
out, whereas  with  any  other  radix,  each  of  the  numbers  would 
bave  required  a  different  logarithm  ;  and,  conlc-quently,  much 
more  extenfive  tables  tlian  any  of  thofe  now  in  common 
ufe  would  be  neceffary  under  thofe  circumftances. 

To  find  the  logarithm  of  any  number  by  the  table. — If  the 
number  confifts  of  lefs  than  three  figures,  annex  a  cipher  to 
it,  or  two  if  neceffary,  confidering  it  as  a  dacimal,  and  look 


for  the  number  thus  increafed  in  one  of  the  firft  columns  of 
the  table,  marked  N,  and  the  number  in  the  adjacent  column 
is  the  decimal  part  of  the  logarithm,  to  which  prefix  the 
proper  index  according  to  the  above  rule. 

If  the  number  confills  of  three  figures,  it  may  be  found 
immediately  in  one  of  the  firll  columns,  and  its  logarithm 
in  the  adjacent  column,  to  which  prefix  the  proper  index  a? 
above. 

If  the  number  confills  of  four  figures,  look  for  the  firll 
three  in  the  column  marked  N,  and  feek  the  fourth  figure 
in  the  line  at  the  head  of  the  page  ;  and  trace  it  down  t(> 
the  line  in  which  the  three  firil  figures  are  found,  and  the 
meeting  of  the  twa  lines  will  give  the  logarithm  required  ; 
to  which  prefix  the  proper  index.     Thus, 

The  log.  34  =  log.     34.0  ::x  1.5314789 

The  log.    6  =  log.     6.00  =  0.7781513 

log.    456    —  2.6589648 

log.   4569  -  3.6590506 

log.  45.69  =  1.6590506. 

If  the  number  confills  of  more  than  four  places,  find  the 
logarithm  anfwering  to  the  firil  four  as  above,  and  for  the 
rclt  multiply  the  number  Handing  in  the  correfponding 
column  of  difference,  by  the  remaining  figures  of  the  pro- 
pofed  number,  and  cut  off  from  the  right  hand  of  the  pro- 
duft  as  many  figures  as  the  multiplier  confills  of,  and  add 
the  other  part  of  it  to  the  right-hand  figures  of  the  loga- 
rithm  before  found  ;  then  prefix  to  that  fum  the  proper 
index,  according  to  the  rule  above  given.  Thus,  to  find 
the  logarithm  of  34.6782  ; 

'og-      34-67  =  1.5391604  Diff.  =         J25 

102  82 


^^g-  34-6782  =  1. 5391 706 


250 

1000 

102(50 


and  in  the  fame  manner  the  logarithm  of  any  number  what- 
ever may  be  found. 

To  find  the  number  anftvering  to  any  given  logarithm  by  the 
table. — Seek  for  the  decimal  part  of  the  logarithm  in  one  of 
the  columns  of  the  table,  and  if  it  be  found  there  exaSly, 
the  correfponding  number  is  that  required,  the  firll  three 
figures  of  which  will  be  found  in  the  column  marked  N,  and 
the  fourth  in  the  head  line  of  the  table.  Then  point  off 
the  proper  number  of  integers  or  decimals  by  the  converfe 
of  the  rule  given  in  the  preceding  article,  ws.  the  unit's 
place  mull  Hand  fo  many  places  to  the  right  or  left  of  the 
firil  figure,  as  is  denoted  by  the  index  ;  to  the  right  if  that 
index  be  pofitive,  and  to  the  left  if  negative. 

Thus,  the  natural  number  anfwering  to  the  logarithms 

2-5434472  is  349-5 
-2-5434472  IS  0.03495 

when  9  in  the  firft,  and  o.  in  the  fecond,  are  made  the  places 
of  units  agreeably  to  the  rule.  Bui  if  the  logarithm  be  not 
found  exactly  in  the  table,  then  feek  the  next  greater  and  the 
next  lefs,  as  alfo  the  difference  between  the  lefs  and  the  given 
logarithm,  and  between  the  lefs  and  the  greater  ;  which 
will  be  found  in  the  correfponding  column  of  difference  ; 
divide  the  former  difference  by  the  latter,  and  annex  the 
quotient  to  the  right-hand  of  the  four  figures  before  taken 
out,  which  will  be  the  number  required,  remembering  to 
point  off  the  decimals  according  to  the  rule. — Note,  The 
above  quotient  cannot  be  depended  upon  for  more  than  two 
place? 

9  Fino 


LOG 


LOG 


Find  the  number  correfponding  to  the  logarithm 
2.5450987. 
Next  greater  log.  2.54319^^6         Given  log.  2.5430987 
Next  lefa  log.         2.^^^oj.i2         Next  lefs     z. 5430742 


"I'abular  differ. 


1244 


DlfTcr 


245 


i244)24J-oo{i9 
1244 


Therefore   ^549. 219  is  the  number   fought,  the   firft   four 
figures  being  the  number  anfvvering  to  the  leafl  logarithm. 

To  ptrform  arithmetical  operation  by  logarithms. 

Multiplication  by  logarithms. — Takeout  the  logarithms  of 
the  factors  from  the  table,  and  their  .fum 'will  be  the  loga- 
rithm of  the  produft  fought ;  then,  by  means  of  the  table,  find 
the  natural  number  anfivering  to  that  logarithm,  which  will 
be  the  product  required.  Obferving  to  add  what  is  carried 
from  the  decimal  part  of  the  logarithm  to  the  affirmative 
index,  or  indices,  or  fubtraft  it  from  the  negative.  Alfo 
adding  the  indices  together  if  they  are  of  the  fame  kind  ; 
fre.  all  pofitive,  or  all  negative,  but  to  fubtraft  them  if  they 
be  of  different  kinds,  prefixing  the  fign  of  the  greater  to 
the  remainder.     Thus, 

Multiply  together  .7684,  68.42,  and  .34S76 
log.  of    .7684  =  —  1.8855874 
log.  of    68.42  =        1.8351831 
log.  of  .34876  =  —  1.5425267 

Produft  18.3357  =      1.2632972 


Divi/ion  by  logarithms.— Yiere  the  logarithms  are  to  be 
taken  out  as  above,  and  then  the  logai'ithm  of  the  divifor 
mull  be  Aibtrafted  from  that  of  the  dividend,  and  the  re- 
mainder will  be  the  logarithm  of  the  quotient  fouglit,  ob- 
ferving to  change  the  fign  of  the  index  of  the  divifor  from 
affirmative  to  negative,  or  from  negative  to  affirmative  ;  then 
take  the  fum  of  the  indices,  if  they  be  of  the  fame  kind,  or 
fubtraft  them  if  they  be  of  different  kinds,  prefixing  the 
fign  of  t!ie  greater  for  the  index.  Alio,  if  i  is  borrowed  in 
the  left-hand  place  of  the  decimal  part  of  the  logarithm, 
add  it  to  the  index  of  tlie  divifor  when  that  index  is  affir- 
mative, but  fubtraft  it  when  negative  ;  then  let  the  fign  be 
changed,  and  worked  with  as  before.     Thus,  for  eiample, 

Du-ide  37.149  by  523.67 

log-  .S7-I49  =       i-5^'9947i 

log.  523.67  =        2.7190577 
Quotient  .0709397  =  —  2.8508894 

•'  Involution,  or  raifmg  of  powers  by  logarithms. — Multiply 
the  logarithm  of  the  given  number  ijy  the  index  of  the  power 
to  which  it  is  to  be  raifed  ;  and  the  produft  will  be  the 
logarithm  of  the  power  required.  But  in  multiplying  a 
logarithm  with  a  negative  index,  the  producl  will  be  nega- 
tive, but  what  is  carried  from  the  decimal  part  will  be  pofi- 
tive, and  mull,  therefore,  in  that  cal'e,  be  fubtraCted  from 
that  prodiift. 
Vol.  XXI. 


Hence,  to  find  the  cube  of  .30714^ 
log.  of  .307146  =  -  1.4873449 

i 

Power     .0289758       —  2.4620347 

Evolution,  or  the  extra^ion  of  roots  by  logarithms. — Divide 
the  logarithm  of  the  given  number  by  the  index  of  the 
power,  the  root  of  which  is  to  be  extra£led,  and  the  quotient 
will  be  the  logarithm  of  the  root  required ;  obferving,  that 
if  the  index  of  the  logarithm  be  negative,  as  many  units  muft 
be  borrowed  as  will  make  it  cxaftly  divifiblc,  and  fo  mav.y 
units  mull  then  be  carried  to  the  decimal  part  of  the  loga- 
rithm, and  the  divilion  carried  on  as  ufual. 

Required  the  cube  root  of  .12345 

l"g-      12345      3)- 1-09149" 


Root 


497925 


1. 697 1 637 


Thefe  are  the  moll  fimple  cafes  in  which  logarithms  are 
introduced  into  arithmetical  operations  ;  the  application  of 
them  to  more  complex  cafes,  as  in  Tri>;onometry,  Menfura- 
tion,  &c.  will  be  explained  under  the  refpeftive  heads. 

LoGAniTii.M,  Imaginary,  h  ufedfor  the  logarithm  of  nega- 
tive and  imaginary  quantities,  fuch  as  —  a,  ^'  —  a,  &c. 
Thus,  alfo,  the  fluents  of  certain  imaginary  fluxionary  ex- 

preffions,  fuch  as ,    —7 ,    &c,    arc  imagi- 

^  .1-  y  —  I    2i.v  y-  I  ^ 

nary  logarithms.     Euler  Analyf.  Infin.  vol.  i.  p.  72.  74. 

X 

The   expreffion  —  reprefents  the  fluxion  of  the  logarithm 

X 

of  X,  and  the  fluent,  therefore,  of  —  is  the  logarithm  of  x  ; 


but  no  logarithm  can  reprefent  the  fluent  of - 


-,  which 


X  ^'  ~  I 
is  therefore  called  an  imaginary  logarithm. 

However,  when  thefe  imaginary  logarithms  occur  in  the 
folutions  of  problems,  they  may  be  transformed  into  cir- 
cular arcs  or  feCtors  ;  that  is,  the  imaginary  logarithm,  or 
•imaginary  hyperbolic  feftor  becomes  a  real  circular  feclor. 
See  Bernouilii,  Oper.  torn.  i.  p.  400.  and  p.  512.  Mac- 
laurin's  Fluxions,  art.  762,  feq.  Walmefly,  Anal.  de« 
Mef.  p.  63. 

LOGE,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
county  of  Hoya  ;  20  miles  S.Vv'.  of  Nienburg. 

LOGGERHEAD  Key,  or  El  Contoy,  a  fmall  ifland 
in  the  bay  of  Honduras,  near  the  coaft  of  Yucatan.  N. 
lat.  21"  25'.     W.  long.  87' 45'. 

LOGGERHEAT,  in  the  Sea  Language,  denotes  a 
large  round  ball  of  iron,  with  a  long  handle  for  heating- 
pitch. 

LOG-HOUSES,  houfesin  America,  which  are  generally 
the  firfl  that  are  ereSed  on  any  new  fettlement,  and  which  are 
cheaper  than  any  others  in  a  country  where  wood  abounds. 
The  fides  conhll  of  trees  jull  fquared,  and  placed  hori- 
zontally one  upon  the  other  ;  the  ends  of  the  logs  of  one 
fide  relling  alternately  on  the  ends  of  thofe  of  tlie  adjoining 
fides,  in  notches ;  the  interilices  between  the  logs  are  Uopped 
with  clay  ;  and  the  roof  is  covered  with  boards  or  fhingles, 
which  arc  fnuill  pieces  of  wood  in  the  fliape  of  fiates  or 
tiles,  &:c.  which  are  ufed  for  that  purpofe,  with  few  excep- 
tions, throughout  America.,  Thefe  ii.ibitations  are  not  very 
fio-htlv,  but  wiien  well  built  they  are  warm  and  comfortable, 
and  laii  for  a  bug  time,  ijome  of  tiiea»  are  built  with  brick 
O  o  "    sr 


LOG 

or  ftone,  or  elfe  conftrufted  with  wooden  frames,  (Tieathed 
on  the  oiitfide  with  boards. 

LOGIC,  the  ?rt  of  thinkincf  ji'^')'  >  "''  "^  making  a 
right  nff  of  our  rational  faciihics,  in  defining,  dividing,  and 
reafoning  :  or,  as  it  is  defined  by  an  excellent  writer  on 
this  fubjeft,  logic  is  the  art  of  ufing  rcafon  well  in  our  en- 
quiries after  truth,  and  the  communication  of  it  to  others. 
Watts. 

The  word  is  Greek,  Aoyix)!,  derived  from  Xiyoc,  fermo, 
difcourji ;  in  regard  thinking  is  only  an  inward,  mental  dif- 
courfe,  wherein  tlie  mind  converfes  with  itfelf. 

Logic  is  alfo  fometimes  called  dla'eSka ;  and  fometinies 
the  canonical  art,  as  being  a  canon,  or  rule  for  direfting  us 
in  our  reafonings. 

As,  in  order  to  think  aright,  it  is  neceflary  that  we 
apprehend,  judge,  difcourfe,  and  difpofe,  or  methodize, 
rightly  :  hence  perception  or  apprehenlion,  judgment,  dif- 
courle  or  reafoning,  and  difpofition,  whence  rcfults  method, 
become  the  four  fundamental  articles  of  this  art ;  and  it  is 
Irom  our  refleftions  on  thofe  operations  of  the  mind  that 
logic  is,  or  ought  to  be,  wholly  drawn. 

Lord  Bacon  divides  logic  into  four  branches,  according 
to  the  ends  propofed  in  each  :  for  a  man  reafons,  either  to 
find  what  he  feeks,  or  to  judge  of  what  he  finds,  or  to 
retain  what  he  judges,  or  to  teach  what  he  retains ;  whence 
arife  fo  many  arts  of  reafoning  ;  ik's.  the  art  of  tnquifi- 
llon,  or  invention  ;  the  art  oi  examining,  or  judgment;  the 
art  of  prefer'v'mg,  or  of  memory  ;  and  the  art  of  elocution, 
or  delivery. 

Logic,  having  being  extremely  abufed,  is  now  in  fome 
difrepute.  The  fchools  have  fo  clogged  it  with  barbarous 
terms  and  phrafcs,  and  have  run  it  out  fo  much  into  dry 
ufelefs  fubtleties,  that  it  fcems  rather  intended  to  exercife 
the  mind  in  wrangling  and  dilputation  than  to  aflift  it  in 
thinking  juftly.  It  is  true,  in  its  original,  it  was  rather  in- 
tended as  the  art  of  cavilling  than  of  reafoning;  the  Greeks, 
among  whom  it  had  its  rife,  being  a  people  who  piqued 
themfelves  mightily  upon  their  being  able  to  X.3[^  extempore  ; 
and  to  argue,  by  turns,  on  either  fide  of  the  quellion. — 
Hence  their  dialedlici,  to  be  always  furnifhed  with  arms  for 
fuch  rencontres,  invented  a  fet  of  words  and  terms,  rather 
than  rules  and  reafons,  fitted  for  the  ufe  of  contention  and 
difpute. 

Logic,  then,  was  only  an  art  of  words,  which  frequently 
had  no  meaning,  but  ferved  well  enough  to  hide  ignorance 
inftead  of  improving  knowledtje  ;  to  baffle  reafon  inftead  of 
affifting  it ;  and  to  confound  the  truth  inilead  of  clearing  it. 
Much  of  that  heaj)  of  words,  and  rules,  which  we  ha\e 
borrowed  from  the  old  logic,  is  of  little  ufe  in  life  ;  and  is 
fo  far  out  of  the  common  ufage,  that  the  mind  does  not  at- 
tend to  them  without  trouble  :  and  finding  nothing  in  them 
to  reward  its  attention,  it  foon  difcharges  itfelf,  and  lofes 
all  ideas  it  had  conceived  of  them. 

But  logic,  difengriged  from  the  jargon  of  the  fchools, 
and  reduced  into  a  clear  and  intelligible  method,  is  the  art 
of  condufthig  the  underftanding  in  the  knowledge  of  things, 
and  the  difcovery  of  truth. 

From  its  proper  ufe  we  gain  feveral  very  coniaJerable  ad- 
vantages :  for,  I.  The  confideration  of  rules  incites  the 
mind  to  a  clofer  attention  and  application  in  thinking  :  fo 
that  we  hereby  become  afured,  ttiat  we  make  the  belt  ufe 
of  our  faculties.  2.  Wc  hereby  more  eafily  and  accurately 
difcover  and  find  out  the  errors  and  defetls  in  our  reafoning  j 
for  the  common  hght  of  reafon,  unaffiftcd  by  logic,  fre- 
quently obferves  an  argumentation  to  be  faillty,  without 
being  able  to  determine  wherein  the  precile  failure  confdls. 
5.  By  tbefe  refic£Uons  on  the  order  and  manner  of  tlie  ope- 


LOG 

rations    of  the  mind,  we   are  brought  to  a  more  jufl  and 
complete  knowledge  of  the  nature  of  our  own  underftand- 
ing.    See  Soul  and  UNDEnsTANniNO^ 
LOGICAL  CoNX'REi  E.     See  Concrete. 
Logical  Part.     See  Pakt: 

LOGINOV,  in  Geography,^  towrt  of  RufTia,  in  the 
government  of  Tobolfli,  on  the  Irtifch  ;  16  miles  S.E.  of 
'J'ara. 

LOGISTA,  the  title  of  an  officer  at  Athens,  whcfe 
bulinels  was  to  receive  and  pafs  the  accounts  of  magillrates 
when  they  came  out  of  their  office. 

The  logiiliE  were  in  number  ten  ;  they  were  defied  by 
lot,  and  had  ten  euthyni,  or  auditors  of  account?,  under 
them. 

LOGISTIC,  or  Logarithmic  Linr,  a  curve  fo  called, 
from  its  properties  and  ufe.i,  in  conftrufting  and  explaining 
the  nature  of  logarithms. 

If  the  right  line  A  X  {Plate  XI.  Anahfn,  fg.  4.)  be 
divided  into  any  number  of  equal  parts,  and  to  the  points 
of  "thofe  divifions,  A,  P,  p.  Sec.  be  drawn  lines  continually 
proportional,  the  points  N,  M,  m,  Sec.  form  the  logiftic 
or  logarithmic  line  or  curve. 

Here  the  abfcilTas  A  P,  A  p,  Sec.  are  the  logarithms  of 
the  femiordinates  P  M,  p  m,  &.c. 

Hence,  if  A  P  =  .v,  A/  =  ^^  V  M  =  y,  p  m  =  a.,  and 
the  logarithms  of  y  and  z  =:i  I y  and  I  z;  .v  will  be  =  I y,  and 
V  ^  Iz;  confequently  .v  :  -u  =  /_y  :  /z.;  that  is,  the  denomi- 
nators of  the  ratios  A  N  :  P  M,  and  A'N  :  pm,  are  to  one 
another  as  the  abfciffas  A  P  and  A  p. 

Hence  it  follows,  that  there  may  be  infinite  other  logiftic 
lines  invented:  provided  .v  m  :  v  m  :  •.ly:lz.,  that  any  oi" 
the  roots,  or  powers,  may  be  the  logarithms  of  the  femior- 
dinates. The  logillic  will  never  concur  with  the  axis, 
except  at  an  infinite  dillanee  ;  fo  that  A  X  is  its  afymptote. 
See  Logarithmic  Curve. 

LOGI.STIC,  Quadrature  of  the.  See  QuADRATlTRE. 
Logistic,  or  Logarithmic  fp'iral,  a  line  whofe  conflru<5tion 
is  as  follows  :  Divide  the  quadrant  of  a  circle  into  any 
number  of  equal  part?,  in  the  points  N,  n.  n,  &c.  {Plate  ji.1. 
Anahfis^  Jig.  5.)  and  from  the  radii  C  N,  C  Sj  C  n,  &c. 
cut  off  C  M,  C  m,  C  m,  &c.  continually  proportional,  the 
points  M,  m,  m,  &c.  form  the  logiilic  fpiral. 

The  arcs,  therefore,  A  N,  A  n,  &c.  are  the  logarithms 
of  the  ordinates  C  M,  C  m,  &c.  whence  alfo  it  follows, 
that  tliere  may  be  infinite  logiftic  fpirais.     See  SriRAL. 

LOGISTICA,  or  Logistical  Arithmetic,  a  denomina- 
tion fometimes  given  to  the  arithmetic  of  fexagelimal  frac- 
tions, ufed  by  aftronomers  in  tlieir  calculations. 

It  was  fo  called  from  a  Greek  Treatife  of  one  Barlaamus 
Monachus,  who  wrote  about  fexagefimal  multiphcation  very 
accurately  ;  and  intitled  his  book  Aofinii-  This  autiior 
VofTuis  places  about  the  year  135c,  but  he  miftakes  the 
work  for  a  treatife  of  Algebra. 

Shakerly,  in  his  Tabulae  Britannlcse,  has  a  table  of  loga- 
rithms adapted  to  the  fexagefimal  fradtions ;  which,  there- 
fore, he  calls  logiftical  logarithms  ;  and  the  expeditious 
arithmetic  of  th?m,  which  is  by  this  means  obtained,  and 
by  which  all  tlie  trouble  of  multiplication  and  divifion  is 
faved,  he  calls  logiftical  arithmetic. 

LOGOGRAPHI,  Ao)crj>^fo.,  among  the  Ancients,  were 
the  fecretaries  of  the  logiftx,  and  kept  an  account  of  the 
public  revenues. 

LOGOGRAPHY,  derived  from  ?.oyof,  luori,  and  y^aijaj^. 
/  lurite,  a  now  mode  of  printing,  in  which  the  types  cor- 
refpond  to  whole  words,  and  not,  according  to  the  ufual 
method,  to  fingle  letters.  For  this  mode  of  printing  a 
patent  r/as  obtained  fome  years  ago,  and  in  the  year  17  S3 

1.  the 


LOG 


LOG 


the  erigin  and  utility  of  the  art  were  ftateJ  in  a  trcatife  writ- 
ten by  Henry  Johnfon.  From  the  year  1778  he  made  frve- 
ral  fuccefsful  attempts  for  the  praftice  of  this  art.  The 
author  has  undertaken  to  demonllrate  feveral  advantages 
belonging  to  tliis  method  of  printing  ;  viz.  I.  That  the 
compofitor  (hall  hare  lefs  charged  upon  his  memory  than  in 
the  common  way.  2.  That  it  is  much  lefs  liable  to  error. 
3.  That  the  type  of  each  word  is  as  eafily  laid  hold  of  as 
that  of  a  fingle  letter.  4.  That  the  decompofition  is  much 
more  readily  performed,  even  by  novices,  than  that  of  mere 
letters.  5.  That  no  extraordmary  expence  nor  greater  num- 
ber of  Jypes  is  required  in  the  logographic  than  in  the 
common  method  of  printing.  For  other  particulars,  we 
mult  refer  to  the  author's  own  account  of  the  invention. 
See  Stereography. 

LOGOGRIPHUS,  from  the  Greek  }.o'or,  difieurfe,  and 
ypijo;,  or  ■vf.ro;,  net,  a  kind  of  fymbol,  or  riddle,  propofed 
to  ftudents  for  their  folution,  in  order  to  exercife  and  im- 
prove the  mind. 

The  logogriphus  ufually  confifts  in  fome  equivocal  allufion, 
or  mutilation  of  words  ;  which,  literally  taken,  fignify 
fomething  different  from  the  thing  intended  by  it  ;  fo  that 
it  is  a  kind  of  medium  between  a  rebus  and  proper  enigm.a. 

According  to  Kircher,  logogriphi  are  a  kind  of  canting 
arms :  thus  a  perfon  called  Leonard,  who  bore  in  his  arms 
a  lion  and  nard,  or  fpikenard,  according  to  that  father, 
made  a  logogriphe.     CEdip.  ./Egypt. 

In  another  place,  the  fame  author  defines  logogriphus  to 
be  an  enigma ;  which,  under  one  name  or  word,  will  bear 
various  meanings,  by  adding  or  retrenching  fome  part  of  it. 
This  kind  of  enigmas  is  well  known  to  the  Arabs ;  among 
whom  are  autiiors  who  treat  cKprefsly  of  it. 

I.,OGONE,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Hindooftan,  in 
Vifiapour  ;    10  miles  N.  of  Poonah. 

LOGONI,  a  town  of  Sardinia;  nine  miles  E.  of  Cag- 
liari. 

LOGORAS,  a  town  of  Syria  ;  15  miles  N.  of 
Antioch. 

LOGOS,  7.070,-,  Gr.  ^?~l':;^,  Chald.  [memra),  or  luord, 
Zng.  in  Philofophy  and  Theology,  a  term  very  differently  un- 
derltood  and  applied  by  both  ancient  and  modern  writers. 
Thofe  who  believe  that  the  logos  was  the  perfonification  of 
the  divine  intelledf,  or  of  the  divine  attributes  of  wildom, 
power,  &c.  trace  this  doctrine  to  the  ancient  Platonifts, 
from  whom,  as  they  conceive,  it  was  adopted  by  the  Chrif- 
tian  fathers.  It  muft  be  acknowledged,  however,  that 
Plato  exprelfes  himfelf  with  a  conliderable  degree  of 
obfcurity  on  this  fubieft.  Whilft  he  afcribcs  the  origin  of 
the  univerfe  to  the  Suoreme  God,  whom  he  denominates 
a.y-Ji(,:,  Or  the  good,  without  the  inftrumentality  of  any  fub- 
ordinate  being  whatever,  and  who  is  reprefented  as  having 
formed  it  according  to  a  pattern  previoufly  formed  in  his 
own  mind ;  he  fometimes  leads  us  to  conceive  that  he  re- 
garded this  pattern  or  idea  of  the  divine  mind  as  3.fLCond 
principle  of  things,  and  the  world  itfelf,  which  was  produced 
from  thofe  ideas,  as  a  third  principle.  But  it  does  not  iatis- 
faftorily  appear  that  he  made  the  divine  mind,  i.  e.  -mi  (nous) 
or  Mya:  {logos)  i  dlAinCl  intelligent  being.  His  Demiurgus, 
or  immediate  maker  of  the  world,  feems  to  have  been  the 
Supreme  Beitig  himfelf,  and  not  any  fubordinate  agent  or 
principle  whatever.  The  reafon,  or  logos,  which,  accord- 
ing to  him,  comes  from  God,  and  by  which  he  made  the 
univerfe,  feems,  in  his  view  of  it,  to  have  been  fynonimous 
with  iixmioc  and  !-irr,u.D,  of  his  underilanding,  and  not  any 
other  proper  perfon  or  agent.  In  the'  writings  of  Plato, 
logos  has  only  two  acceptations,  -viz.  thofe  of  fpeech,  and  of 
Ttafon,  fuch  as  is  found  in  man.     But  when  this  philofopher 


fpcaks  of  -.ue,  or  >.!i>«,-,  as  fomething  diftinft  from  the  Divine 
Being  himfelf,  as   a  power  or  property  belonging  to  him, 
and  all  divine  power  and  properties  \)^\n^fuhj{ance,  it  would 
be  very  natural  and  eafy  to  transform  this  divine  power  into  a 
fubftantial  perfon  ;  and   this  we  rtiall  find  to  have  been  the 
cafe  with  refpeft  to  the  later  Platonifts,  agreeably  to  one 
of  the   Platonic   maxims,  rra.  that  being  and  energy  are  the 
fame  thing.     Philo,  a  learned  Jew  of  Alexandria,  and  con- 
temporary  with  the  apoftles,  approached  more  nearly  to  a  real 
perfonification  of  the  logos  than  Plato  himfelf,  or  liis  im.me- 
diate  followers.     Although  he  did  not  proceed  fo  far  a» 
fome  of  the  Platonizing  ChrilHans,  and  make  a  permanent 
intelligent  perfon  of  the  divine  logos,  he  made  of  it  an  oc- 
cafional  one,  reprelcnting  it  as  the  vifible  medium  of  all  the 
communications  of  God  to  man,  and  of  the  inttrument  by 
which  he  both  made  the  world  and  maintained  an  intercourfe 
with  the  patriarchs  of  the  Old  Tellament.     Philo  dignifies 
this  logos  with  the  appellation  of  God;  but  in  order  to  dif- 
tinguiih  him  from  the  Supreme  God,  he  fays,  that  the  lattev 
is  known  by  the  term  God  with  the  article  prefi.^ed  to  in» 
the  God ;  whereas  the  logos,  like  other  inferior  gods,  is  only 
called  God,  without  the  article.     Whilft  he  afcribes  proper 
creation  to  God  the  father  only,  he  attributes  the  forming  of 
created  matter  to  the  logos.     The  Jews  did  not,  in  genc-Til, 
ufe  the  term  logos,  or  {^"1^2  (memra)   which   correfpondt 
to  it  in  the  Platonic  fenfe,  but  as  fynonimous  to   God,  or 
the   mere  token,  or   fymbol,  of  the   divine   prefence.     In- 
ftances  occur  in  various  paffages  of  the  Old  Teltament,  and 
a   fimilar  phrafeology  may  be  found  in   the  "  Wifdom  of 
Solom.on,"  which  fome  have  afcribed  to  Philo.     The  Chrif. 
tian   Platoniils,  deriving  their  notions  from  the  fchool  of 
Alexandria,  and  the  relemblance  diicernible  in  fome  of  the 
doftrines  of  Plato  to  thofe  of  the   facred  fcripti:res,  could 
not  help  thinking,  that  he  had  aftually  borrowed  them  from 
the  writings  of  Mofes,  with  which,    as   they  thought,  he 
might  have  been  acquainted  during  his  refidence  in   Eg)'pt, 
or  on  his  travels  in  the  Eaft.     This  opinion  is  frequently  ex- 
preffed  and  inculcated  by  Juftin  Martyr,  and  others  of  the 
fathers.     A  modern  writer  (fee  Prieftley's  Early  Opinions) 
affirms,  that  Juftin  was  the  firft,  or  one  of  the  firft,  who 
advanced  the  doctrine  of  the  permanent  perfonahty  of  the 
logos ;  of  whom  he  fays,  "  Jefus  Chrift;  is  the  only  proper 
fon   of  God,   being  his  logos,  firft    born  and  powerful." 
Many   of  the  Chnftian  fathers,    however,    maintained  that 
the  logos  was  an  attribute  of  the  Father,  and  that  this  at- 
tribute  became  the  perfon  of  the  Son,  and  was  afterwards 
united  to  Jefus  Chrift.     But  we  (hould  enlarge  this  article 
far  beyond  its  proper  limits,  if  we  cited   more  authorities 
in    relation    to    this   fubjecl.     We   muft   therefore   content 
ourfelves  with  prefenting  to  our  readers  a  brief  account  of 
the  fentiments   of  modern  divines  with  regard  to  the  logos. 
It  has  been  very  generally  allowed  that  this  name  belongs, 
in  a  peculiar  and  appropriate  fenfe,  to  Jefus  Chriil;  of  v.hofe 
nature  and  rank  of  being   different  notions  have  been  enter- 
tained.   (See  AuiANs,  Sabklli.\ss,  Socixi.\xs,  Tri.vita- 
111AN.S,    and    Uniiwrians.     See   alfo    Pre-existence  of 
Chrift  and  TRINITY  )   We  ftiall  here  fubjoin  a  brief  abftraft 
of  thefe  opinions  from  fome  of  the  principal  writers  on  this    • 
fubjeft.      The  Pfeudo-Athanafians,    as   they   are  denomi- 
nated by  the  author  of  "  The  Apology  of  Ben  Mordecai 
&c."  feem  to  maintain,  that   the  logos,  or  word   of  God, 
and  that  God,  with  whom  he  was  in  the  beginning,  and 
whofe  fon  he  is,  and  the  Holy  Spirit,  who  proceeds  from 
them  both,  are  each  of  them,  y??;j/>',  the  one  Supreme  God; 
and  yet  the  three  all  together  are   the  fame  Supreme  God, 
To  this  purpofe  Dr.  Clarke,  in  his  "  Scripture  Doctrine  of 
the  Trinity,"  mentions  the  interpretation  which  fome  have 
O  o  2  !!'"■<■■■ 


LOGO  S-; 


given  of  the  phrafe,    "  the  word  was  God"   (John  i.  l.)  that   Chrifl:  was   the  pcrfon,  by  wliom  God  created    and 

The  Icos,  or  nuorJ,  is  conceived  by  fiich  pcrfons  to  be  an-  governs  the  world,  and  that  in  and  by  him  the  Deity  ap- 

cther  lelf-exiftent,  underived,  independent   pcrfon,  co-ordi-  peared  to  men   under  the   Old   Tellamcnt  by   the  name   of 

nate  in  efll-ntial   fupreme   anthority  and  dominion  with  the  Jehovah,  the  Angel  of  the  covenant,  and  fimilur  appellations. 

Father    Almighty:    and    this,    fays  Dr.  Clarke,  whatever  The  apoftle  tells  us  (Heb.  i.  2.  xi.  3.)   that  it   was  by 

tnetaphyfical  union  may  be  imagined  of  two  fuch  co-ordinate  Chrid  God  made  the  world,  aiZ:j.;,  the   ages  or  dilpenfa- 

perfons,  will  always  and   necelfarily,  in   the   religious   and  tions ;  i.  e.   by  whom,  fays   Ben   Mordecai,    God  formerly 

moral   fenfe,  be  real  polytheifm  ;  fubverting  that  firft  and  difpofed  and  ordered  thofe  eminent  and  remarkable  periods 

great  foundation  of  all  religion,  both  natural   and   revealed,  of  time:  the  Antediluvian,  the  Patriarclial,  the  Molaic,  and 

the  monarchical  unity  of  the  great   King  and  God  of  the  the  Prefcnt,  being  put  under  his  government,  according  to 

imiverfe  ;  and  diredily  contrary  to  that  fird  and  great  com-  the  will  of  the  Father.      Now  the  ages  or  dilpenfations   be- 


fore Chrift,  we  know  from  our  own  Icriplures,  were  ordered 
by  the  angel  Jehovah  ;  and  if  he  were  not  the  Chrill,  the 
Old  and  New  Tellament  contradift  ojie  another  ;  by  af- 
cribing  the  fame  government  to  two  diflerent  beings.  St; 
Paul  therefore  could  mean  no  other  perfon  by  Chrift,  than 
the  fame  logos  or  word  of  God  ;  whom  Philo,  and  all  of  that 


mandment  in  both  Teliaments  (Dent.  vi.  4.  and   Mark  xii. 
-29.)    "Hear,   O  Ifrael,  the  Lord  our. God  is  one  Lord, 

Another  opinion  with  rcfpeft  to  the  logos,  is  that  which 
fuppofes  the  appellation  to  dclignate  a  pre-oxiilent  fpirit,  of 
inconceivably   exalted   rank,     and    poffeffrng     fupereminont 

power  and  perfeftion,  which  derives  being  from  an  immediate  age,  underllood   to   be  the  angel  of  the   covenant,  or   tlie 

att  of  the  power  and  will  of  God,  in  contradillindion  to  ex-  angel  Jehovah.     The  f.ime  truth  is  confirmed  by  many  other 

illence  by  mere  necedity  of  nature,  and  called  only  begotten  references  in   the  gofpels  and  epillles  ;  in  which  the  fenfe  is 

becaufe  it  is  thus  derived  from  the  Father  in  a  fingular  and  in-  defeftive,  upon  any  other  principle. 

conceivable  manner,  and  fo  as  to  be  thus  diftinguiflied  from         There  is  another  opinion  concerning  the  logos,  which  has 

all  other  beings.     This  pre-exillent  fpirit,  or  logos,  apcord-  had  many  advocates  among  modern  divines,  and  efpecially 

ing  to  the  doftrine  of  ApoUinarius  about  the  year  370,  and  among  thole  who  are  denominated  Unitarians.     Perfons  of 

the  Arians,  defcended   from  heaven,  and  fupphed  the  place  this   defcription  imderiland   by  the  logos,  either   not  a  real 

of  a  foul  in  Chrilt.  To  this  purpofe  Mr.  Whiiton  fays,  "the  perfon,  or  God  himlelf.     Accordingly  fome  of  them  inter- 

fcripturc,  and  earheft  antiquity,  never- affirm,  that   Chrid  pret  the  palfage  above  cited  in  the  following  manner:   "In 

took  a  human  rational  foul ;  they  never  fay,  he  took  a  whole  the  beginning  was  Reafon,  and  Rcafon  was  with  God,  and 

kuman  nature  ;   they  never  fay,  tliat  he  was  in  that   fenfe  a  Reafon   was  God."      But  the   fenfe   of  thefe  propoiitions 


true  and  perfeft  man  ;  but  that  he  was  made  flclh  ;  had  a 
body  prepared  for  him  ;  was  the  Word,  or  a  God  incarnate  ; 
was  made  in  the  likenefs  of  man  ;  was  found  in  faflnon  as  a 
man,  while  he  was  God  the  word.  Nay,  Ignatius  direftly 
affirm?,  that  it  was  the  Word,  and  not  a  human  foul,  which 
inhabited  in  that  body  ;  and  almoin  all  the  ancients  agree  in 
the  fame  doctrine  ;  even  Athanalius  himfelf,  before  the  coun- 


amounts  to  nothing  more,  as  Dr.  Clarke  has  Itated  it,  than 
that  God  always  was  a  rational  being  ;  or  if  we  underftand 
by  logos,  the  wifdom,  or  power,  or  any  of  the  attributes  of 
God,  the  conelulion  will  be  much  the  fame.  This,  we  mull 
allow,  is  in  itfelf  a  certain  truth  ;  and,  as  to  the  manner  of 
the  expreffion,  it  might  perhaps  in  fome  fenfe,  by  a  figu- 
rative way  of  fpeaking,  be  affirmed,  that  the  reafon  of  God,. 


oil  of  Nice."  It  is  laid  by  Ben  Mordecai,  that  notwithftanding  or  any  one  of  his  attributes,  is  God  ;  yet  this  is  nothing  to 
the  pains  that  were  taken  to  difcourage  this  opinion,  it  ap-  the  purpofe  of  (what  St.  John  is  here  treating  of)  the  mcar- 
peared  again,  in  different  fhapes,  in  the  Chriftian  church  in  nation  of  Chrift.  For  the  reafon  of  God  is  no  otherwife 
the  doftrine  of  tlie  Monothelites  ;  who  held,  that  Chrift  God,  than  the  reafon  of  a  m.an  is  the  man  himfelf.  Ac- 
had  only  one  will,  which,  without  doubt,  is  fuflicicnt  for  cording  \o  this  interpretation,  tliertfore,  all  thofe  declarations 
one  perfon.  Ai'reeably  to  this  fame  ufe  of  the  appellation  of  fcripture,  in  which  it  is  affi-n  ed  that  "  the  word  was 
logos.  Dr.  Clarke  interprets  the  feveral  paffages  that  pertain  made  flefti  and  dwelt  among  us  (John  i.  14.),  that  Chrift 
to  it  in  the  lit  chapter  of  the  gofpel  of  St.  John.  In  this  "  came  fort'u  from  the  Father  (John  xvi.  28.),  that  "  he 
fenfe  "the  word  was  with  God  ;'  not  sv  la  Sju,  in  God,  as  came  down  from  heaven  (John  iii.  13-),  that  "he  came 
reafon  or  underftanding  is  In  the  mind,  but  Tjor  toi  (am,  with  down  from  heaven,  not  to  do  his  own  will,  but  the  will  of 
God,  as  one  perfon  is  prefent  with  another ;  and  "the  word  him  that  fcnt  him  (John  vi.  18.),  tiiat  he  "took  part  of 
was  God  ;"  not  i:c;  ccrli,  is  God,  but  5:c.:  r.v,   was  God,  or  flefh  and  blood   (Heb.  ii.   14.),  that,  having  been  "in  the 


tliat  vifible  perfon,  who  under  the  Old  Tellament  appeared 
from  the  beginning  tv  ixo^'tn  Geh,  the  vifible  image  of  tba 
invilible  God,  in  whom  the  naine  of  God  was,  the  an- 
gel of  the  Lord,  &c.  Phil.  li.  fu  Col.  i.  15.  Exod.  xxiii. 
2T.  Zech.  xii.  8.  &c.  &c.  It  this  be  the  right  interpreta- 
tion of  the  text,  then  the  words,  a  a^x"  i'  "'■'■'y'''.^  hi  the  be- 
ginning was  the  word,  and  0  A070;  cr^^f  iyin\o,  the  word  was 


form  of  God,"  he  did  (xsno-ci  skuIov)  empty  himftlf  oi  that 
form,  "  and  was  made  in  the  likenefs  of  man,"  and  "found 
in  falhion  as  a  man,"  (Phil.  ii.  6,  7,  8.)  : — All  thefe  ex- 
preffions  (according  to  this  laft  interpretation  of  the  words, 
^ioc  w  0  Aoyoi),  will  in  reality  mean  nothing  more  than  that 
"the  wifdom  of  the  Father  dwelt  in  tl-.e  "}»Ian  Chrift  Jefiis;" 
that  is,  that  Chrift  was  only  in  a  more  perfect  and  continued 


made  flefti,  mean,  that  the  fame  perfon  who  in  the  fulnefs  of    manner  than  other  prophets,  "  an  infpired  wan."     Notiiing, 


the  time  was  made  man  and  dwelt  with  us,  did  before  dwell 
with  God,  and  acled  in  the  capacity  of  a  divine  perfon,  as 
the.  vifible  image  of  the  invihble  God,  by  whom  God  made 
all  things,  and  by  whom  all  things  were  from  the  beginning 
tranfatied  between  God  and  the  creature  ;  and  as  he  is 
ftyled  (l  Cor.  i.  24.)  the  Power  of  God,  and  the  Wifdom 
of  God,  upon  account  of  the  wifdom  and  power  of  God 
beiii::  manifefted  in  and  by  hira;  fo  here  he  is  ftyled  (oXovo,) 
the  Word,  becaufe  he  does  \iy,n  ;  he  does,  as  Rcvealer,  Law- 
giver, and  Judge,  declare  the  will,  the  laws,  the  fentence  of 
his  I'atiier.     Thofe  who  adopt  this  opinion  alio  maintain, 


fays  Dr.  Clarke,  can  be  more  forced  ai^d  unnatural  than  this 
interpretation.  It  is  reducing  the  whole  dodtrine  of  the  hu- 
mihation  and  incarnation  of  the  fon  oi  Gud  to  a  mere  figure 
of  fpeech  ;  and  under  the  appearance  of  fpepking  of  Clinit 
as  the  Supreme  God,  making  lum  really  nctking  but  a  mere 
man.  This,  however,  would  ferve  the  purpofe  of  thofe  wlio 
are  advocates  for  the  (imple  humanity  of  Chrift. 

Dr.  Lardner,  in  his  "  Letter  on  the  Logos,  written  iiv 
the  year  1730,"  profeffes,  that  he  was  once  favourable  to  the 
fuppofition,  that  the  logos  was  the  ioulof  our  Saviour  ;  but 
being  at  a  lofs  to  conceive  how  that  high  being,  the  lirlt,  and 

only 


LOG 


LOG 


Only  immediately  derived  being  by  whom  God  made  the 
world,  ihould  gain  any  exaltation  by  receiving  after  liis  rcfur- 
rec^ion  and  afcL-nfion,  a  bright  reiplendent  human  body,  and 
beinw  made  the  king  and  lord  of  all  good  men  in  this  world, 
and  the  judge  of  mankind,  and  being  made  higher  than  the 
angels,  to  whom  he  was  vaftly  fuperior  before,  nbaiidoned 
this  iiypothefis,  as  throughout  inconceivable,  and  irrecon- 
cileable  to  reafon.  Having  Hated  fome  difficulties,  which 
have  been  fince  repeatedly  urged  by  Unitarians,  and  which 
thofe  who  are  advocates  fortlie  pre-exiftent  dignity  of  Ciiriil 
are  far  from  thinking  to  be  incai>able  of  a  latisfactory  folu- 
tion,  and  having  given  interpretationsof  the  pafTages  that  feem 
to  intimate  and  to  exprefs  the  doctrine  of  our  Saviour's  pre- 
exillence,  he  procetds  to  explain  the  introduction  to  St. 
John's  gofpel.  "  In  the  beginning  was  the  Word."  By 
beginning  he  underltands  not  the  beginning  of  the  gofpel, 
a£  others  of  limilar  feutimcnts  have  underftood  it,  but  of  the 
creation,  or  rallier  always  from  eternity  "  was  the  Word." 
"  And  the  word  was  witli  God  ;"  that  is,  was  always  with 
God,  though  not  fully  manifel'.ed,  till  thefe  laft  days  of  the 
world  "  And  the  word  was  God,"  fcmetimes  rendered, 
though  not  correftly,  "And  God  was  the  word."  Not- 
wiihltandin,'  the  fceming  tautology,  he  is  of  opinion,  that 
God  here  is  the  fame  God  that  was  mentioned  before  ;  and 
that  St.  John  intends  the  one  true  God,  not  any  inferior 
deity. 

Thefe  paflages  dill  remain  unfatisfactorily  interpreted, 
whatever  be  the  hyoothefis  concerning  the  logos  that  is  ad- 
-niitted  ;  but  this  is  not  the  place  to  purfue  more  at  large  the 
difcullion  of  this  point.  Our  theological  readers  will  be  led 
by  this  article  to  feek  further  information  from  thofe  com- 
mentators and  critics,  who  haveexprefsly  written  on  this  fub- 
jett.  ^ 

LOGOTHiiTA,  an  officer  under  the  emperors  of  the 
Eall,  who  kept  an  account  of  the  various  branches  of 
public  and  private  expence. 

There  were  feveral  kinds  of'  them  dillinguiflied  by  the 
particular  branch  they  faperintended,  as  the  lugotheta  th  S^-o/ah, 
or  (>oJ}-maller  ^eiural ;  logutheta  rtv  out^niajn,  or  majler  of  the 
Ijuiijhohl,  &c. 

L.OGR0N0,  in  Giography,  a  tov.n  of  Spain,  in  Old 
Catlile,  on  the  Ebro  ;  contaming  a  court  of  inquifition, 
five  parities,  eight  convents,  and  about  jooo  inhabitants. 
The  environs  produce  iruit,  legume,  flax,  hemp,  excellent 
wine,  oil,  and  filk  :  20  miles  N.W.  of  Calahorra.  N.  lat. 
^2  2^'.  W.  long.  3  24'. — Alfo,  a  town  of  South  Ame- 
rica, in  the  province  of  Quito  ;  40  miles  E.S.E  of  Cuenza. 
LOGSTOR,  or  LixTOEU,  a  town  of  Denmark,  ir, 
North  Jutland,  on  Lymford  gulf;  21  miles  W.  of  Aalborg. 
N.  lat.  57  .      E.  long,  (f  15'. 

LOGSTOWN,  a  town  of  America,  on  the  W.  fide  of 
the  Ohio  ;    18  rniles  from  Pittlburg. 

LOGUR,  a  town  of  Hiudooltan  ;  20  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Poonah. 

LOGW^OOD,  in  Bdmy,  the  wood  of  a  tree  ;  for  the  bo- 
tanical characters  of  which,  fee  H.»:,m.vtoxylum.  The 
■wood  of  this  tree  is  brought  in  logs  of  about  three  feet  in 
length,  to  Europe,  where  it  is  ufed  for  dyeing  purples,  and 
for  the  fined  blacks  j  and  iheretore  it  is  a  very  valuable 
commodity. 

The  ufe  of  logwood  in  dyeing  %vas  eflabliflied  in  this 
country  bv  13  k.  14  Car.  II.  cap.  11.  before  which  time 
it  was  prohibited  as  a  pernicious  material.  A  confiderable 
part  of  the  foluble  portion  of  the  wood  is  taken  up  both 
by  water  and  alcohol,  but  much  more  by  the  latter,  and 
thefe  menftrua  become  tinged  by  it  of  a  deep  purple -red  or 
brown.     It  ac;ds  be  added  to  the  watery  decoction,  it  is 

3 


turned  yellow,  but  alkalies  give  a  very  deep  purple  colour, 
without  yielding  any  precipitate.  Alum,  added  to  the  de- 
coftion  of  logwood,  caufes  a  violet  precipitate  or  lake,  and  the 
fupernatant  liquor  a!lo  remains  violet,  and  gives  a  freih  por- 
tion of  lake  on  the  effufion  of  an  alkah.  The  falts  of 
iron  give  an  inky  black  with  all  the  folutions  of  logwood, 
under  the  fame  circumdancts  as  with  galls,  whence  the 
prefence  of  gallic  acid  in  logwood  is  evinced.  The  folu- 
tions of  tin  form  a  very  fine  violet-coloured  lake  with  the 
decoction  of  logwood,  and  wholly  precipitate  the  colouring 
matter,  fo  that  the  fupernatant  liquor  is  quite  clear  and  co- 
lourlefs.  In  dyeing,  logwood  gives  its  own  natural  purple, 
with  diades  or  variations  according  to  the  mordant  ufed,  or 
it  heightens  and  improves  the  common  black  with  iron  and 
galls.  In  this  latter  way  it  gives  a  peculiar  glofa  and  luftre,. 
on  which  account  it  is  a  very  valuable  dyeing  material. 

I.,ogwood  is  ufed  in  miniature  painting  to  make  a  purple 
wafli ;  which  may  be  varied  to  a  more  red  or  blue  colour  1^ 
the  addition  or  omiffiou  of  Brazil  wood.  The  walTi  may  be 
prepared  by  boiling  an  ounce  of  ground  logwood  in  a  pint 
of  water,  till  one-half  of  the  fluid  be  walled  ;  drain  it  then 
through  flannel,  while  of  a  boiling  heat  ;  and  add  to  it, 
when  drained,  about  ten  grains  of  pearl-adies.  To  make 
it  more  red,  add  half  an  ounce  of  Brazil  wood,  or  in  pro- 
portion as  the  colour  wanted  may  require ;  uhng.  in  this- 
cafe  the  pearl-afhes  very  fpariugly.  This  wood  has  a  fw'eetidi. 
fuballriugent  tade,  but  a  remarkable  fmcll.  It  gives  a  piir- 
phdi-red  tincture  to  watery  and  fpirituous  infiilions,  and 
tinges  the  dools,  and  fometimes  the  urine,  of  the  fame  colour;, 
but  it  does  not  appear  to  colour  theJjones  of  animals. 

Befides  its  ufe  among  dyers,  it  is  employed  medicinally  as 
an  adringent  and  corroborant.  In  diarrhoeas  it  has  been 
found  peculiarly  eflicacious  ;  alfo  in  the  latter  ftages  of  dy- 
fentery,  when  the  obdrufting  caufes  are  removed,  it  ferves 
to  obviate  that  extreme  laxity  of  the  inteftines  ufually  fuper- 
induced  by  repeated  dejections.  Extrattum  ligni  campe- 
chenfis  is  ordered  in  the  pharmacopeias,  and  may  be  given 
in  the  dofe  of  one  fcruple  or  two,  repeated  according  to 
the  urgency  of  the  fymptoms.  The  extract  is  obtained  by 
infpiflating  the  decoctions.  To  promote  the  extraction,, 
the  wood  (hould  be  reduced  into  a  fine  powder,  which  is  to 
be  boiled  in  the  water,  in  the  proportion  of  a  pound  to  a 
gallon,  till  half  the  liquor  is  waded.  Some  digell  the 
powdered  wood  iu  as  much  fpirit  as  will  cover  it  to  the 
height  of  about  four  inches,  and  afterwards  boil  it  in  water  ; 
the  maiters  taken  up  by  the  watery  and  fpirituous  mendrua, 
may  be  united  into  one  extract,  by  infpiflating  the  watery 
decoftion  to  the  coufiftcnce  of  honey,  and  then  gradually 
illrring  in  the  fpirituous  tincture. 

Logwood  Country,  in  Gtography,  a  didrift  of  America,, 
that  lies  N.W^.  of  the  Mofquilo  Ihore,  at  the  head  of  the 
bay  of  Honduras,  and  extends  from  Vera  Paz  to  Yucatan, 
from  15;  to  iS  N.  lat.  The  wiiole  c;;ad  is,  overi'preiid 
with  illets,  keys,  and  fticala,  and  the  navigation  is  intricate. 
Logwood  Lagoon,  a  bay  or  gulf  on  the  N.E.  coad  of 
Yucatan.     K.  lat.  20' 57'.     W.  long   88   20'. 

Logwood  /I////,  in  the  ManufaSuns,  is  a  machine  for  re- 
ducing logwood,  orother  dyeing  woods,  ".o  fmall  cliips-or  rafp- 
jngs,  that  the  colouring  matter  may  be  more  readily  extracted 
from  them  by  the  dyer.  Thefe  machines  are  of  two  kinds:, 
one,  by  means  of  luuvs  fixed  to  a  large  whee',  chips  the  wood. 
acrofs  the  grain  into  fmall  fragmen's,  which  are  afterwards 
reduced  to  a  fine  powder,  by  grniding  them  beneath  a  pair 
of  rolling  done':  tHis  is  called  a  chipping. engine.  The  otlier- 
kind  operates  by  !teeil)ars,  with  a  great  number  of  notches 
in  the  edge,  which  rafps  and  cuts  tiie  end  of  the  wood  into 
powder :  this  is  call^-d  tlie  rafping  engiae.     Both  machines 

require 


L  O  H 


L  O  H 


reqviire  an  immenfe  power  to  aftuate  them,  and  are  generally 
worked  by  water-wheels  or  by  fteam-engines.  A  plan  and  ele- 
vation of  a  rafping  engine  is  given  in  Plate  XXXI.  J\lcchaiucs, 
_^gs.  I  and  2,  where  A  is  an  iron  cog-wliecl,  turned  round 
by  the  large  cog-wheel  of  a  water-mill  or  lleam-engine  ;  its 
axis  has  an  iron  cyhnder  B  fixed  upon  it,  and  this  has  a 
number  of  fteel  bars  or  knives  a  fixed  in  its  circumference. 
The  pieces  of  wood  to  be  rafped  arc  placed  in  a  ilrong 
wooden  trough,  D  D,  in  which  an  iron  bar,  E,  Aides,  and 
forces  tlie  wood  down  to  the  cylinder,  being  moved  by  two 
racks,  F,  F,  turned  by  pinions  on  an  axis,  G.  At  one  end  of 
this  is  a  handle,  g,  and  at  the  other  a  wheel,  h,  which  is 
turned  by  a  pinion,  i,  at  the  extremity  of  a  long  fpindle, 
H  I,  which  is  turned  by  a  wheel,  K,  whofe  teeth  arc  en- 
gaged by  threads  of  a  worm  or  endlefs  fcrew,  /,  cut  on  the 
end  of  the  main  axis.  By  this  means  the  pinions  are  eonllantly 
turning  round  with  a  very  flow  motion,  and  advance  the 
wood  towards  the  cylinder,  which  is  at  the  fame  time  in 
motion,  and  its  rafps  cut  the  wood  into  powder.  A 
feiSion  of  the  rafp  cylinder  is  fliewn  m^g.  3,  where  the  fame 
letters  are  ufed.  In  this  m  is  the  groove  in  which  tenants  at 
the  ends  of  the  bar,  E,  Hide.  This  bar  has  many  large  fpikcs 
in  it,  which  faften  into  the  wood.  At  11  is  a  Itrong  iron  plate 
at  the  end  of  the  trough,  to  defend  it  from  wearing  away 
by  the  great  prelTure  of  the  wood  down  upon  it.  The  wood 
is  kept  dawn  in  the  trough  by  the  crofs-b<jr,  L,  ^g.  2,  fixed 
down  over  them.  The  iron  cylinder,  B,  is  call  with  24 
grooves  in  it  lengthways,  and  in  thefe  are  laid  as  many  fteel 
bars,  Y,  7^,  fg.  3,  the  feftion  of  which  is  X.  The  angle, 
r,  being  ground  to  a  (harp  edge,  and  the  fide,  r  s,  cut  with 
teeth,  as  feen  at  Z,  fo  that  the  edge  is  ferrated,  as  fiievvn  by 
Y,  the  knives  are  held  in  their  grooves  by  a  ftrong  hoop,  n, 
fig.  2,  driven  on  the  ends  of  tlie  cylinder  over  the  knives, 
and  they  are  wedged  in  fall  by  fmall  iron  wedges.  When 
the  wood  in  the  engine  is  all  rafped,  and  it  needs  a  frefh 
iupply,  the  pinion,  k,  is  difengaged  from  the  wheel  h,  and 
then  the  winch,  g,  being  turned  by  a  mar,  the  racks  are 
withdrawn.  To  difengage  the  pinion,  k-,  its  bearing  is  fixed 
\\\  a  beam,  O,  which  fwings  on  a  hinge  at  the  upper  end, 
and  the  lower  end  has  a  rod,  p,  jointed  to  it,  which  is  en- 
gaged by  a  catch,  r,  when  the  handle,  /,  at  the  extremity 
of  the  rod,  is  moved  away  from  the  cylinder,  fo  as  to  en- 
gage the  pinion,  /■,  with  its  wheel,  h.  But  on  moving  the 
end  of  the  rod  towards  the  cylinder,  it  is  relieved  from  the 
catch,  and  the  pinion  is  difengaged  from  the  wheel  ;  and 
to  prevent  the  bar,  E,  going  fo  far  as  to  endanger  its  teeth 
meeting  the  rafps,  a  pin  is  fixed  into  a  particular  part  of 
one  of  the  racks,  f,  which  takes  hold  of  the  rod,  p,  when 
It  has  got  as  far  us  intended,  and  removes  the  rod  from  the 
catch,  r,  and  then  the  rscks  do  not  advance  any  farther 
to  the  rafps.  The  wheel  at  R  S,  joining  in  the  axes  H  and  I, 
is  called  a  friftion  box  :  it  confifts  of  an  iron  box,  R,  fixed 
on  the  end  of  the  axis,  I ;  its  cavity  receives  a  conieal  plug, 
S,  fitted  upon  the  end  of  the  other  axis,  H,  and  prelfed 
into  the  box  by  a  lever,  T,  loaded  with  a  weight.  By  this 
jneans,  if  the  wood  does  not  rafp  away  fo  faft  as  the  motion 
of  the  racks  wonld  advance  it,  the  cone,  S,  flips  round  in 
the  box,  R,  and  allows  for  the  difference  of  the  movements, 
which  would  otherwile  break  the  machine.  The  cylinders 
of  ralping  engines  generally  turn  round  from  i^  to  20 
times  per  minute,  and  will  rednce  a  great  quantity  of  wood 
to  a  powder  in  a  fhort  time.  Figs.  4  and  5  are  two  eleva- 
tions of  a  ch'ipping  engine :  here  A  is  part  of  a  ftrong  iron 
axis,  turned  with  a  confiderable  velocity  by  water  or  fteam: 
upon  the  end  is  a  fmall  circular  flanch,  B,  to  which  is  bolted 
a  circular  iron-plate,  D,  in  which  four  knives  are  fixed,  fo 
that  their  edges  project  a  very  fmall  quantity  before  the 


furface  of  the  wheel  in  the  manner  of  a  plane  iron.  E  is  an 
iron  frame  containing  the  bearing  for  tlie  pivot  of  the  wheel ; 
it  has  a  fmall  trough,  F,  cait  all  in  one  piece  with  it.  All 
this  iron  work  is  fcrewed  down  to  the  wood  framing,  G  G. 
I'lic  wood,  H,  is  in  this  machine  prefented  to  the  knives  in 
the  wheel  by  a  man  who  holds  it  in  the  trough,  and  advances 
it  as  the  knives  cut  away  the  end.  Thefe  chips  are  cut 
acrofs  tlie  grain  but  obliquely,  as  is  evident  from  fg.  4  :  they 
are  afterwards  ground  to  a  fine  powder  by  a  rolling  ftone, 
or  runner  upon  edge.  A  large  and  heavy  fly-wheel  i.i  ufually 
fixed  on  the  axis.  A,  of  the  chipping  wheel  to  regulate  its 
movement.  A  method  of  reducing  logwood  has  been  lately 
introduced  by  fawing  it  with  a  circular  faw  (fee  Saw),  which 
cuts  oft'  a  flake  from  the  end  of  a  piece  of  wood  .\-,  fo 
that  the  jar  of  the  faw  fliatters  the  flake  all  into  powder. 
By  this  means,  at  every  cut  the  faw  cuts  away  as  much  wood 
a.^  its  tliicknefs  in  faw  dull  and  the  flake,  which  is  as 
much  more,  is  reduced  at  the  fame  time,  fo  that  all  the 
wood  is  reduced,  tliough  only  one-half  is  cut,  whereas,  in 
the  ralping  *ngine,  every  particle  muft  be  cut  by  the  ma- 
chine. This  improvement  merits  the  attention  of  the  woollen 
manufafturcrs,  whofe  numerous  logwood  mills  would  be 
much  improved  by  the  adoption  of  this  method. 

LOHA,  a  town  of  Algiers  ;   28  miles  E.  of  El  Callah. 

LOHARCANA,  a  town  of  Nepaul  ;  10  miles  S.  of 
Batgao. 

LOHARINAPAUL,  a  town  of  Nepaid  ;  15  miles  S, 
of  Catmandu. 

LOHAROO,  a  town  of  Hindooftan,  in  Dooab  ;  10 
miles  N.W.  of  Pattiary. 

LOHE,  a  town  of  Auftria;  12  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Crems. 

LOHEIA,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  the  province  of  Ye- 
men,  on  the  coaft  of  the  Red  fea,  founded,  aSout  three  cen- 
turies ago,  by  a  Mahometan  faint,  who  built  a  hut  on  the 
ftiore  where  the  town  now  ftands,  and  fpent  the  reft  of  his 
days  there  as  a  hermit.  After  his  death,  a  "  Kabbat,"  or 
houfe  of  prayer,  was  erefted  over  his  tomb,  and  it  was  after- 
wards gradually  embellilhed  and  endowed.  Some  devout 
perfons  reforted  hither,  and  built  huts  for  themfelves  about 
his  tomb.  The  harbour  of  Macabra,  a  neighbourinjf  town, 
being  about  this  time  filled  up,  the  inhabitan's  who  deferted 
it  fettled  at  Lolieia,  and  transferred  the  feat  of  government 
to  this  place.  The  territory  of  Loheia  is  arid  and  barren  ; 
and  the  harbour  is  imJifTerent,  fo  that  at  ebb-tide,  laden 
boats  cannot  approach  near  it  ;  but,  notwithftanding  this 
difadvantage,  a  confiderable  trade  in  coffee,  brought  from 
the  neighbouring  hills,  is  carried  on  in  this  town.  The 
coffee  is  not  fo  good  as  that  which  is  procured  by  way  of 
Mocha  and  Hodeida  from  Beit  el  Fakih,  but  it  is  purchafed 
on  more  reafonable  terms,  and  the  carriage  to  .lidda  is  lefa 
expenfive.  On  this  account  feveral  merchants  from  Cairo 
rcfide  at  Loheia,  and  others  annually  refort  hither  for  the 
purchale  of  coffee.  In  this  town  are  alfo  40  poor  Banians, 
who  are  employed  in  different  trades.  ■  Loheia  has  no  walls, 
but  is  defended  by  12  towers  garrifoned  by  foldiers,  and 
placed  at  equal  diftances  round  it.  The  height  of  their 
gates  render  it  neceflary  to  afcend  them  by  means  of  lad- 
ders. It  is  but  one  of  thefe  towers  that  adaiits  of  being 
defended  by  cannons.  Thus  expofed  to  the  depredations 
of  the  Arabs,  the  inhabitants  have  been  fometimes  reduced 
to  the  receflity  of  lea-ving  the  town,  and  of  taking  refuge  in 
a  fmall  ifland,  whither  they  carry  wiih  them  their  molt  va- 
luable effects.  Several  of  the  houfes  in  Loheia  are  built  of 
ftone;  but  they  are  generally  hnts,  conftrufted  after  the 
Arabian  fafliion  ;  the  wa.Is  confiiling  of  mud  mixed  with 
dung,  and  the  roof  thatched  with  a  lort  of  grafs  which  is- 

comn>o« 


L  O  I 


L  O  I 


common  here.  ArounJ  tliefe  walls  is  a  range  of  beds  made 
of  ftraw,  affurding  convenience  for  fittinq;  or  lying.  Thefe 
houfes  are  not  large  enough  to  admit  of  l)eing  divided  into 
feparate  apartments  j  they  have  feldom  any  windows,  and 
the  door  is  only  a  ftraw-niiit.  When  an  Arab  has  a  family 
and  cattle,  lie  builds  for  their  accommodation  feveral  fuch 
huts,  and  inclofes  the  whole  with  a  ftroiig  wooden  fence. 
Lime  is  prepared  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  town,  by  the 
calcination  of  coral  from  the  fea  in  the  open  air,  and  with- 
out a  furnace.  The  water  at  Loheia  is  very  bad,  and 
therefore  they  are  fupplied  from  the  dillance  of  2^  leagues, 
which  is  brought  to  them  in  earthen  jars  upon  camels  or 
afles.  Within  two  leagues  of  the  town  is  a  fmall  hill  which 
affords  confiderable  quantities  of  mineral  fait.  The  inha- 
bitants are  curious,  intelligent,  and  polilhed  in  their  man- 
ners. The  women  wear  large  veils  in  the  Itreets ,  and  yet 
they  have  no  objection  to  throw  them  afide  before  llrangers. 
One  of  thefe  females,  who  prefented  herfelf  to  view,  had 
her  brow,  cheeks,  and  chin,  ornamented  with  black  fpots, 
imprefled  into  the  (kin,  and  her  eyes  were  alfo  artificially 
blackened.  In  this  town  they  have  all  the  inftruments  ne- 
ceifary  for  diftilling  brandy  ;  they  have  alfo  a  fort  of  wine, 
prepai'ed  from  an  infufion  of  dry  grapes  in  water,  in  a  pot 
which  is  buried  in  the  ground  in  order  to  make  the  liquor 
ferment.  They  have  alfo  a  thick,  white  liquor,  called 
•'  Bufa,"  prepared  from  meal  mixed  with  water,  and 
brought  into  a  tlate  of  fermentation.     Niebuhr. 

LOHMEN,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  the  margravate   of 
Meiflen  ;   lo  miles  E.S.E.  of  Drefden. 

LOHNIN,  a  town  of  Brandenburg  ;  lo  miles  S.E.  of 
Brandenburg. 
LOHOCK.     See  Loch. 

LOHORPOUR,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Hindooftan, 
m  Oude  ;   20  miles  S.  of  Mahomdy. 

LOHR,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  connty  of  Rieneck, 
on  the  Maine;  21  miles  N.W.  of  Wurzburg. 

LoHR  Hampton,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  county  of 
Hanau-jMunzenburg  J  22  miles  E.  of  Hanau. 

LOHRY,  a  town  of  Hindooftan,  in  Behker,  on  the 
•Sinde  ;    I J  miles  S.  of  Behker. 

LOHTO,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  government  of 
Wafa;    18  miles  N.E.  of  Gamla  Karleby. 

LOHURDEGA,  a  town  of  Bengal,  in  the  circar  of 
Nagpour  ;  22  miles  N.N. W.  of  Doeia.  N.  lat.  2T  20'. 
E.  long.  84'^  51'. 

LOHURSEY,  a  town  of  Bengal,  at  which  is  a  pafs 
acrofs  the  monntain; ;    18  miles  N.N.E.  of  Pelamow. 

LOIBERSTORFF,  a  town  of  Auftria  ;  14  miles  S.  of 
Vienna. —Alfo,  a  town  of  Auftria  ;  10  miles  S.W.  of  St. 
Polten. 

LOIHL,  a  range  of  mountains  between  Carinthia  and 
Carniola. 

LOIMAJOKI,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  tlie  government 
of  Abo  ;  32  miles  N.N.E.  of  Abo. 

LOINS,  in  Anatomy.,  the  lower  and  pofteriorpart  of  tlie 
trunk  of  the  body,  or  the  fpace  fituated  between  the  upper 
edge  of  the  pelvis,  and  the  la(t  ribs.  The  inferior  end  of 
the  vertebral  column  occupies  the  middle  of  this  region  ;  it 
is  called  the  lumbar  portion  of  the  fpine,  and  the  vertebrae 
compofing  it  are  the  lumbar  vertebrs.  (See  Spine  )  The 
loweft  of  thefe  rells  on  the  upper  furface  of  the  facrum, 
and  thus  joins  the  chell  to  the  pelvis.  This  part  of  the 
fpine  is  the  centre  of  the  reciprocal  motions  of  the  chelt  and 
pelvis ;  it  is  covered  on  each  fide,  towards  the  back,  by  a 
thick  mafs  of  mufcle,  forming  two  convex  prominences, 
■with  a  hollow  between  them,  correfponding  to  the  fpinous 
groceffes,     Thefe  mufcles  are  the  great  powers  concerned 


in  extending  the  fpine,  and  maintaining  it  creft.  (See  Donsj 
longijjimus,  and  SACKOi,UMiiAi.i.s  )  They  are  afftdftd  in 
ilraiiis  of  the  trunk,  and  in  lumbajL;o,  in  which  cafes  all 
motions  of  the  loins  arc  performed  with  great  difficulty  and 
pain.  The  fides  of  the  lumbar  region  of  the  (pine  arp 
covered  by  the  pfoa  mufcK  s,  which  belong  to  the  hip-joint. 
The  collections  of  matter  forming  fcrous  abfceflcs  are 
found  in  the  cellular  fubHance  about  thefe  mufcles.  Clofe 
to  the  (ide  of  the  fpine,  the  interval  between  the  criita  of  the 
OS  .innominatum  and  the  lall  rib  is  occupied  by  the  quadra- 
tus  lumbornm  mufcle.  (See  Lu.mborlm.)  In  front  of  this 
mufcle,  and  of  the  pfoas,  th'-  kidney  lies,  furrounded  by 
loofe  cellular  fubftance,  which  feparates  it  from  the  perito- 
neum, (oee  Kidney.)  'i"he  loins  in  front  form  a  part  of 
the  poflerior  furface  of  the  abdomen  ;  and  this  is  called  the 
lumbar  region. 

LOJO,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province 
of  Nyland  ;  30  miles  W.  of  HelCngfors. 

LOJOBI,  a  town  of  Servia  ;  16  miles  S. S.E.  of  Faffa- 
rovitz. 

LOIR  and  CiiER,  one  of  the  nine  departments  of  the 
central  region  of  France,  fo  called  from  the  names  of  the 
rivers  which  traverfe  it,  the  former  in  the  fouthem  part, 
the  other  in  the  north,  and  compofed  of  Blefois  and  So- 
logne,  diftrifts  of  Orleanais,  is  fituated  in  47-  40'  N.  lat., 
S.E.  of  Sarthe,  and  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  department 
of  tlie  Eure  and  Loire,  on  the  N.E  by  the  Loiret,  on  the 
E.  and  S.E.  by  the  Cher,  on  the  S.  by  the  Indre,  and  on 
the  W.  by  the  Indre  and  Loire,  and  Sarthe.  It  is  34 
French  leagues  in  length,  and  23  broad,  and  contains 
6717^  kiliomctres,  or  about  339  fquare  leagues,  and 
211,152  inhabitants.  It  is  divided  into  three  diftrifts  or 
circles,  24  cantons,  and  309  communes  ;  the  circles  are 
Vendome,  containing  68,330,  Blois,  including  103,268,  and 
Romorantin,  comprehending  39,5,4  inhabitants.  Its  con- 
tributions amount  to  2,433,733  francs,  and  its  expences  to 
210,286  fr.  and  19  cents.  Its  capital  is  Blois.  The  foil  of 
this  department  is  partly  fandy  and  partly  fertile ;  yielding 
grain,  wine,  fruits,  and  paftures.  It  abounds  in  lakes, 
marlhes,  and  heaths,  with  confiderable  forefts,  iron-mines, 
&c. 

Loire,  one  of  the  1 1  departments  of  the  eaftern  region 
of  France,  formerly  Forez,  fituated  in  45  30'  N.  lat.,  well 
of  tiie  Rhone,  24  French  leagues  long  and  12  broad,  con- 
tains 5135  kiliometres,  or  259  fquare  leagues,  and  292,588 
inhabitants.  It  is  divided  into  three  circles,  48  canton.s, 
and  327  communes.  The  circles  are  Roanne,  containing 
9J,663,  Montbrifon,  97,659,  and  St.  Etienne,  99,261  inha- 
bitants. The  contributions  amount  to  2,745,417  fr.  and  its 
expences  to  244,800  fr.  and  66  cents.  Its  capital  is  Mont- 
brifon. This  department  is  diverfiiicd  with  plains,  hills, 
and  mountains.  Both  banks  of  the  river  Loire,  from,  which 
it  derives  its  appellation,  are  level,  yielding  grain,  hemp, 
and  paftures.  The  gentle  eminences  near  Roanne  are 
covered  with  vines.  Mont-Pilat,  a  ridge  of  high  mountains, 
is  fituated  at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  department,  near 
the  confines  of  Ardeche.  .  Here. are  forefts  and  mines  of 
iron,  lead,  and  coal, 

Loire,  Upper,  one  of  the  12  departments  of  the  fouth- 
eaft  region  of  France,  compofed  of  Vevay  and  Cevennes, 
fituated  in  45'  N.  lat.,  fouth  of  Loire  and  Puy  de  D6me, 
26  Fr.  leagues  long  and  17  broad,  contains  52824  kihome- 
tres,  or  264  fquare  leagues,  and  237,901  inhabitants.  It 
is  divided  into  three  circles,  28  cantons,  and  272  com- 
munes. The  circles  are  Brioude,  containing  70.596,  Le 
Puy  103,068,  and  Yflengeaux,  64,237  inhabitants.  The 
capital  is  Le  Puy.  The  contributions  amount  to  1,509,642 

fr. 


L  O  K 


L  O  L 


fr.  and  the  expences  to  219,83s  fi-.  25  cent?.  This  teni- 
torv,  though  mountainous  and  covered  with  fnow  fix 
months  in  the  year,  yields  grain,  fruits,  &c.  fufficient  for 
the  inhabitants,  with  good  pallures,  mines  of  antimony, 
&c. 

LoiRK,  Lower,  one  of  the  nine  departments  of  die 
■wcftern  region  of  France,  formerly  Upper  Bretagne,  a 
maritime  territory  on  either  hand  of  the  Loire,  is  fituatcd 
in  47'  15'  K.  lat.,  is  30  Fr.  leagues  long  and  27  broad,  and 
contains  7660  kiliometres,  or  3S2  fquarc  leagues,  ?,nd 
368,506  inhabitants.  It  is  divided  into  five  circles,  4.5 
cantons,  and  209  communes.  The  circles  are  Savenay, 
comprehending  91,132,  Chatean-Briant,  50,244,  Ancenis, 
36,949,  Nantes,  157,940,  and  Paimboeuf,  32,241  inhabit- 
ants. Its  capital  is  Nantes.  Its  contributions  amount  to 
2,900,662  fr.  and  its  expences  to  345,171  fr.  This  de- 
partment produces  wheat,  rye,  flax,  wine,  and  excellent 
j)aitures,  with  mnies  of  iron,  coal,  quarries  of  marble,  &c. 
Savenay  yields  cyder  and  wine  of  'an  inferior  quality.  The 
fecond  circle  is  ^Imoft  one  continued  fn-cIL  Nantes  is 
agreeably  diverfificd  and  fertile.  From  tlie  marfiies  of 
Paimboeuf  much  fait  is  extracted. 

LOIRET,  one  of  the  nine  departments  of  the  central  re- 
gion of  France,  a  portion  of  Orleanais,  E.  of  Loir  and 
Cher,  is  lituated  in  47-  50'  N.  lat.,  is  30  Fr.  leagues  long, 
and  24  broad  ;  and  contauis  70475  kiliometres,  or  356  fquare 
leagues,  and  289,728  inhabitants.  It  is  divided  into  four 
circles,  31  cantons,  and  363  communes.  The  circles  are 
Pilhivier.',  containing  55,061,  Montargis,  61,912,  G'en, 
37,395,  and  Orleans,  135,360  inhabitants.  Its  capital  is 
Orleans.  Its  contributions  amount  to  3,778,705  fr.  and  its 
expence,";  to  337,821  fr.  52  cents.  The  foil  of  the  fecond 
circle  is  fandy,  yielding  little  grain.  The  produdts  ot  the 
other  diftritts  are  grain,  wine,  hemp,  falTron,  fruits,  and 
pallures. 

LOIRON,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
Mavenne,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  dillricl  of 
Laval;  fix  miles  W.  of  Laval.  The  place  contains  1559, 
and  the  canton  13,810  inhabitants,  011  a  territory  of  280 
kiliometres,  in  15  communes. 

LOiTSCH,  orLoG.VTEZ,  a  town  of  L^pper  Carniola  ; 
1 5  miles  W.  of  Lay  bach. 

LOiTZ,  a  town  of  Anterior  Pon:ierania  ;  24  miles  S.  of 
Siralfiind.     N.  lat.  53 '  56'.     E.  long.  13    5'. 

LOKACZ,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Volhynia  ;  30  miles 
W  S.W.  of  Lucko. 

LOKAL.-^X,  a  tovrn  of  Sweden,  in  the  government  of 
Abo  ;   27  miles  N.W.  of  .Abo. 

LORE,  in  Myihoh^v,  the  name  of  one  of  the  deities  of 
the  northern  nations,  aniwcring  to  the  Arinianes  among  the 
Perfians,  whom  they  reprefent  as  at  enmity  both  with  gods 
and  meni  and  the  author  of  all  the  evils  whicii  delolate  the 
iiniverfe.  L.  ke  is  deicribed  in  tlie  Edda  as  producing  the 
orreat  ferpent  which  incirclcs  the  world  ;  which  feems  to 
have  been  intended  as  an  emblem  of  corruption  or  fm  :  he 
alfo  gives  birtii  to  Hela  or  death,  the  queen  of  the  infernal 
regions  ;  and  alfo  to  the  wolf  Fenris,  that  monfter  who  is 
to  encounter  the  gods  and  deilroy  the  world.  North.  Ant. 
vol.  ii.  p.  85,  &c. 

LoKK,  in  Rural  Economy,  a  provincial  word  ufed  in  Nor- 
folk for  a  dole  narrow  lane. 

LOKMAN,  in  Biography,  fin'named  Jll-Hcikim,  .ov  the 
Wife,  a  philofopher  in  c'lnliderabie  elUmation  among  the 
eatlern  nations,  to  whom  is  attributed  a  collection  of  maxims 
and  fables,  which  are  calculated  to  difplay  the  moral  doctrines 
of  the  ancient  Arabians.  There  have  been  many  hypothefes 
(Concerning  the  country  in  vvhicli  he  lived,  and  the  period  at 


which  he  fiouriflied,  but  the  greater  part  of  the  Muffalman 
doftor.!  make  him  contemporary  with  David  and  Solomon, 
It  has  been  fuppofed  that  he  was  a  native  cf  Ethiopia  or 
Nubia,  and  in  rather  a  fervile  condition  ;  that  he  iiad  been 
a  flavc  in  different  countries,  and  that  he  was  at  length  f  j!d 
among  the  Ifraelites.  His  wiidom  has  been  afcribed  to 
divine  infpiration,  whicl)  iie  received  in  the  following  manner  ; 
while  afieep  at  noon-day,  angels  came  to  the  pliice  where  he 
was  repofing,  fainted  him,  without  rendering  themfeUes 
vilible,  and  declaring  that  God  would  make  him  a  monarch 
and  his  lieutenant  on  earth.  He  fignilied  his  fubmifTion  to 
the  will  of  his  maker,  but  would  rather  have  preferred  to 
remain  in  a  low  condition.  On  account  of  this  anfwcr,  God 
bellowed  upon  him  wifdori*  in  fo  eminent  a  degree  that  he 
was  enabled  toinilruct  mankind  by  a  great  variety  of  maxims, 
fentences,  and  parablts,  amounting  to  ten  thoufand  in  num- 
ber. The  anecdotes  which  are  recorded  concerning  the  life 
of  Lokman  are  found  fcattered  in  the  writings  of  feveral  of 
the  orientals  ;  of  thefe  we  fnall  notice  only  a  few.  As  he 
was  once  feated  in  the  midll  of  a  circle  of  auditors,  a  man 
of  high  rank  allied  if  he  was  not  that  black  Have  whom  he 
had  before  feeii  attending  upon  the  flocks  in  the  field  ;  he 
replied,  he  was  ;  how  then,  faid  the  other,  have  you  at- 
tained to  fuch  wifdom  and  fo  high  a  reputation  ;  "  By  fol- 
lowing exaftly,"  faid  Lokman,  "  thefe  three  precepts  ; 
always  to  fpeak  the  trutii  ;  to  keep  inviolably  the  promifes 
made ;  and  never  to  meddle  with  what  does  not  concern  me." 
It  was  Lokman  who  faid  that  "  the  tongue  and  the  heart, 
were  both  the  bed  and  the  worft  parts  of  men."  Mahomet 
frequently  refers  t  J  the  authority  of  Lokman  in  fupport  of 
his  own  opinions  a  id  doftrincs,  and  he  is  ilill  regarded  by 
the  followers  of  the  Mahometan  religion  as  a  faint  and  a  pro- 
phet. They  reprefent  him  to  have  been  as  virtuous  and  pious 
as  he  was  wife,  and  on  that  account  was  peculiarly  bleffed 
of  God.  Some  writers  aOert  that  he  embraced  the  Jewifh 
religion,  and  entered  into  the  fervice  of  king  David,  who 
entertained  a  highelleem  for  him,  and  that  he  died  at  a  very 
advanced  age.  The  fcanty  relics  of  the  fables  of  Lokman 
were  publllhed  by  Erpenius,  in  Arabic  and  Latin,  and 
Tannaquil  Faber  gave  an  edition  of  them  in  elegant  Latin 
verfe.     Gen.  Biog. 

LoKM.\K,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  the  Arabian  Irak,  on 
the  Tigris  ;   16  miles  N.  ot  Bagdad. 

LOK.O,  a  fmall  illand  on  the  E.  fide  of  the  gulf  of 
Bothnia.      N.  lat.  60'"  51'.      E.  long.  20'^  59'. 

LOKOHAR,  a  town  of  Hindooltan,  in  Bahar ;  36 
miles  N.E.  of  Durbunga. 

LOKTEVA,  a  town  of  Ruflia,  in  the  government  of 
Kolivan  ;  36  miles  6.W.  of  Ku'/.netzk. 

LOLBAZAR,  a  town  of  Bengal  ;  37  miles  S.'W.  of 
Beyliar. 

LOLBINIERE,  a  town  of  Canada,  on  the  river  St, 
Lawrence;   25  miles  S.W.  of  Quebec. 

LOLDONG,  atovMi  and  fortrcls  of  Almora  ;  85  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Delhi.      N.  lat.  29'  47'.      E.  long.  78"  ^d'. 

LOLGUNGE,  a  town  of  Hindoollan,  in  Oude  ;  16 
miles  N.  of  Maiiickpour.— Alio,  a  town  of  Hnidooilan,  in 
Benares;  22  miles  S.W.  of  Mit/apour.  —  Alio,  a  town  of 
Hindoollan,  in  Oude  ;   20  miles  S.  of  Azemgnr. 

LOLICHMIUM,  in  Greek  Miijic,  according  to  Pau- 
fanias,  was  the  name  given  to  the  gymnafiura  at  Oivmpia, 
which  was  always  open  for  thofe  who  whhed  to  contend  in 
literature,  poeiry.or  mufic  ;  and  ^lian  tells  us,  that  in  the 
9ilt  olympiad,  Euripides  and  Xenocles  diiputed  the  prize  in 
dramatic  poefy  at  the  Olympic  games  ;  at  which  time  they 
were  accompanied  by  inllruments. 

LOLIUM,  \\\  Agriculture,  the  name  of  a  kind  of  gralTcs, 

of 


L  O  L  I  U  M. 


ef  which  there  are  feveral  fpccies,  fome  of  which  are  highly 
■nfefiil  to  the  farmer,  as  the  lolium  perenne. 

LoLlUM,  in  Botany,  a  Latin  word  of  unknown  origin. — 
Darnel,  or  Dariiel-grafs.  Virgil  calls  it  ^'  infelix  lolium," 
not  only  as  being  a  weed  amongft  corn,  but  probably  alluding 
to  an  idea,  long  prevalent,  that  corn  was  transformed  into  it. 
Tiiis  opinion  of  the  change  of  one  kind  of  gramineous 
plant  into  another,  as  wheat  into  rye,  rye  into  barley,  barley 
into  darnel,  darnel  into  brome-grafs  ;  and  of  the  latter  by 
becomin;^  oats  or  rye,  in  a  fertile  foil,  returning  again  to  a 
more  improved  ftate  ;  all  this,  however  abfurd,  was  fo  ge- 
nerally believed,  that  Linnseus  thought  proper  to  write  a 
differtatlon  againftit.  See  Trnnfmuii'.Uo  Fritmentorum,  Amoen. 
Acad.  V.  5.  106 — Linn.  Gen.  38.  Schrt-b.  jj.  Willd. 
Sp.  PI.  V.  I.  461  Mart.  Mill.  Did.  V,  3.  Sm.  Fl. 
Brit.  148.  Ait.  Ho|-t.  Kevv.  ed.  2.  v.  i.  174.  Jiifl".  3^1. 
Lamarck  llluftr.  t.  48.  -Clafs  and  order,  Trlandrla  Di- 
gyu'ui.     Nat.  Ord.  Gramina. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Common  receptacle  elongated  into  a  fpike, 
the  flowers,  which  are  difpofed  in  two  ranks,  being  prelfed 
clofe  to  an  angle  of  the  llalk.  Glume  of  one  valve,  awl- 
fhaped,  permanent,  fixed,  oppofite  to  the  ftalk.  Cor.  of 
two  valves  ;  the  lowermoll  lanceolate,  narrow,  convolutecjj 
pointed,  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  the  uppermoft  ihorter, 
linear,  blunter,  concave  above.  Nectary  of  two  fmall, 
Ovate,  obtufe  leaflets,  gibbous  at  their  hafe.  Stam.  Fila- 
ments three,  capillary,  (horter  than  the  corolla  ;  anthers  ob- 
long. Pyi.  Ger;r.en  turbinate  ;  flyles  two,  capillary,  re- 
fiexed  ;  ftigmas  feathery.  Perk,  none  ;  the  corolla  em- 
bracing the  feed,  and  finally  opening  to  let  it  fall.  Seed  one, 
oblong,  convex  beneath,  with  a  broad  (hallow  furrow  above, 
ComprefTed. 

Obf.  The  fefiile  fpikelets  ftand  in  the  fame  plane  with  the 
ftalk,  fo  that  the  latter  fupplies  the  place  of  an  inner  valve 
to  the  calys,  which  neverthelefs  is  fometimes  prefent,  though 
diminutive. 

EfT.  Ch.  Calyx  of  one  valve,  fixed,  many-flowered. 
Florets  two-ranked. 

1.  'L.. perenne.  Perennial  Darnel  ;  Red  Darnel  ;  or  Ray- 
grafs.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  122.  Engl.  Bot.  t.  3 1  J.  Mart. 
Ruft.  t.  4.  Knapp.  t.  100. —  Spike  awnlel's.  Spikelets 
longer  than  the  calyx.  Florets  lanceolate. — A  common 
^European  grafs,  in  rather  fertile  ground,  about  the  borders 

of  fields,  road  fides,  pallures,  &c.  flowering  in  June The 

rsot  is  fibrous,  downy,  perennial.  Stem  a  foot  high,  eredl 
or  afcending,  bent  at  the  bottom,  jointed,  leafy,  round  in 
the  upper  part,  ftriated,  fmooth.  Leaves  linear,  keeled, 
fmooth,  dark  green,  with  fmooth,  ftriated  Iheaths,  and  a 
Ihort  obtufe  flipula.  Spike  nearly  ereft,  very  flat,  often  a 
little  twifted. 

A  variety  with  a  compound  fpike  is  figured  by  Leers, 
t.  12.  f.  r  ;  and  another  with  a  remarkably  lliort  broad  and 
denfe  fpike,  in  Scbeuchz.  Prodr.  t.  2.  Vaillant's  t.  17. 
f.  3,  with  long  awns,  cited  by  Willdenow  after  Reichard, 
furely  canr.ot  belong  to  this  fpecies. 

S.  L.  terue  ;  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  122.  Willd.  n.  2,  appears 
to  be  only  a  ftarved  variety  of  perenne,  with  very  few  florets 
in  each  calyx. 

2.  L,.  Umulentum.  Bearded  Darnel.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  122. 
Fl.  Dan.  t.  160.  Leers.  48.  t.  12.  f.  2.  Engl.  Bot. 
t.  I  124.  Knapp.  t.  104.  Hoft.  Gram.  Auftr  v.  it.  26. 
Schreb.  Gram.  t.  36 — Spike  awned.  Spikelets  fhorter 
than  the  calyx.  Florets  elliptical.  Stem  rough  in  the 
upper  part. — Native  of  European  corn-fields,  among  barley, 

wheat,  or  flax,  flowering  in   .Inly Root  annual,  of  a  few 

downy  fibres.  St.-m  nearly  folitary,  twice  as  tall  and  ftout 
a?  the   forrrer,  eieft,  firm,    of    about   three   knots ;   very 

Vol.  XXL 


fmooth  and  fhining  in  the  lower  part ;  rough  abov?.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  fpreading,  ribbed,  rough,  of  a  lighter  green 
than  in />fren«ir.  5/;^//^/ roughifli.  Stipula  very  ftiort,  cre- 
natc.  Spiie  ereft,  larger  and  more  turgid  than  in  the  former. 
Calyx  without  awns ;  in  the  lower  fpikelets  often  f  urnifhed 
with  a  minute,  elliptical,  inner  valve.  Florets  numerous, 
ovate,  fwelling,  fiightly  ribbed,  rough,  each  tipped  with  an 
awl-fliaped,  whitilh,  rough,  ereci  awn,  twice  its  own  length, 
from  a  httle  below  the  top— The  feeds  are  faid  to  be  intoxi- 
cating to  men,  bealls  and  birds,  and  even  to  bring  on  con- 
vulfions  and  death.  We  know  of  no  mifchicfs  from  it  in 
this  country,  where  it  is  far  from  common. 

3.  L.  arven/e.  Annual  Beardlcfs  Darnel.  Wither- 
ing 168.  Engl.  Bot.  t.  1125.  Knapp.  t.  102.  (L.  te- 
mulentum  ;  Hudf.  5J.)  —  Spike  almoil  beardlefs.  Sfjijke- 
Icts  about  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Florets  elliptical.  Stem 
very  fmooth.  —  Native  of  fields  in  England  and  Scotland,  as 
well  as  other  parts  of  Europe.  Willdenow  indicates  it  as 
a  variety  of  the  laft.  It  differs  however,  not  only  in  being 
not  at  all,  or  very  fiiortly,  awned,  but  in  the  total  fmooth- 
iiefs  of  Wsjlcm  znd/pih.  The  /eaves  are  occafionally  rough, 
but  on  their  upper  fide  only.  Dr.  Withenng,  who  firft  de- 
fined this  fpecie.s,  fays  the  calyx  has  two  valves ;  but  we 
ufually  find  only  one.  The  atvns  are  too  large  in  the  plate 
of  Eiiglifi!  Botany. 

4.  L.  mnxinv.im.  Great  Weft-Indian  Darnel.  Willd. 
n.  4 — "Calyx  as  long  as  the  many-flowered  comprefled 
fpikelet  ;  of  which  the  upper  florets  are  awned." — Native 
of  Jamaica.  Root  annual.  Whole  grafs  twice  as  large  as 
L.temulmtum,  from,  which  alfo  it  differs  in  having  the  ea/yx 
equal  in  length  lo  the  fpiielet  ;  and  while  the  upper  forets 
have  long  awns,  the  reft  are  beardlefs.  Yet  Willdenow, 
from  whofe  work  we  adopt  this  fpecies,  fufpeds  it  may  b? 
but  a  variety  of  the  fecond. 

5.  L.  di/lcicl.yon.  Double-fpiked  Indian  Darnel. — Lin». 
Mant.  187.— Spikes  in  pairs.  Calyx  fingle-flowered.  Co- 
rolla fringed — Sent  by  Koenig  from  the  coaft.  o£Malabar. — 
Stems  partly  decumbent,  (lender,  branched,  fmooth.  Leaves 
flsort,  narrow,  with  long,  fmooth,  rather  tumid  (heaths. 
Spikes  in  pairs,  terminal,  equal,  flender,  two  or  three  inches 
long.  Flowers  in  two  ranks,  but  direfted  to  one  fide. 
Ca/y.r  of  one  valve,  fingle-f.owered.  Corolla  ovate,  denfely 
fringed  with  fine,  long,  white  hairs.  A  fingular  grafs, 
whole  genus  is  at  leaR  doubtful.  In  fome  points  it  refemble* 
a  Panicum. 

Lolium  Perenne,  the  botanical  name  of  the  grafs  ufually 
known  to  the  farmers  by  the  name  of  ray-grafs :  it  has  a 
perennial  fibrous  creeping  root.  The  ilems,  feveral  from 
ths  fame  root,  proftrate  or  oblique  iX.  the  bafe,  but  the 
flowering  flem  upright,  fmooth,  from  fix  inches  to  eighteen, 
twenty  and  twenty-four  inches  in  height,  according  to  the 
foil :  they  have  feveral  joints  near  the  bafe,  at  a  fmall  dif- 
tance  from  each  other,  but  on  the  upper  part  only  one  or 
two.  On  a  great  number  of  plants  of  a  middling  fize  three 
joints,  and  never  more  than  four,  were  counted  by  Miller, 
the  flowering-liem  running  up  from  eleven  to  fourteen 
inches  above  the  laft  joint.  They  are  frequently  ruffet- 
colourcd  at  the  joints  ;  the  leaves  are  four  or  five  inches 
long,  and  from  two  to  four  lines  wide,  lengthened  out  into 
a  poi  t  ;  the  leaf  on  the  flem  above  twice  as  broad  as  thofe 
next  the  root  and  on  the  runners.  The  (heath  covers  the 
ftem  for  feveral  inches  abovi  the  upper  joint;  both  that 
and  the  leaves  are  fmooth.  The  flowers  are  in  a  fpike, 
which  is  from  four  to  fix  or  feven,  and  even  nine  inches  in 
length,  compofcd  of  many  (ten  toeighteeif)  fpikelets,  ranged 
at  a  little  diftance  from  each  other,  in  two  rows  alternately 
along  the  rachis  or  common  receptacle.  TThe  fpike  is  gene- 
1"  p  rally 


I.  O  L 

rally  flat,  but  fometimcs  nearly  cylinclrical ;  and  it  foine- 
iinies  (hews  a  difpolition  to  become  branched,  particularly 
towards  the  bottom.  The  rachis  is  flexuons,  or  changes  its 
diredion  in  a  curve  line  from  one  fpikelet  to 'another  ;  and 
each  fpikelet  being  lodged  at  the  bafe  in  a  hoUow  of  it,  has 
ro  cccafion  for  an  inner  valve  to  the  calyx  for  protection, 
and  therefore  is  not  provided  with  one.  The  number  of 
tlovvers  in  each  fpikelet  varies  from  three  or  tour  to  fix, 
feven  or  eight,  and  even  fonietimes  nine,  ten,  or  eleven  ;  but 
fix  or  feven  is  the  moll  common  number.  The  valvo  of  the 
caly.K  tapers  to  a  point  ;  and  the  terminating  calyx  is  two- 
leaved.  The  two  inner  huiks,  which  arc  the  valves  of^  the 
corolla,  arc  both  of  the  fame  length,  or  nearly  fo.  The 
germ  is  placed  between  the  upper  of  thefe,  and  two  fmall 
wlute  femitraniparent  inbllances,  which  Linnius  terms  the 
nlfearies  :  the  feed  ealily  quits  the  chaff  or  covering. 

This  is  a  grafs  which  is  called  in  Englidi  a  ray-grafs,  from 
the  French  ivar'tc,  which  is  their  name  for  another  fpecies, 
tliis  being  termed  Fmijfc  i-vnrie.  It  is  corruptly  termed  by 
farmers  lie,  or  rye-grafs,  but  it  bears  no  refemblance  to  rie, 
or  rye,  that  bei.ig  a  name  appropriated  to  a  very  different 
grafs  (Hordeum  pratenfe).  It  has,  likcvvife,  by  Ray  been 
diilinguifiied  by  the  title  of  Red  Dainel-^rafs  ;  and  in  fome 
places  it  )s  called  Crap;  in  Devonfhire,  i'fiwr  ;  in  Norfolk, 
White  NoneJ'uch.  _ 

There  are  feveral  varieties  of  this  grafs  which  differ 
cUiefly  in  the  fize  or  colour  of  the  flem  and  fpike,  as  well  as 
the  number  of  flowers  in  each  fpikelet.  Alfo  the  flowers 
are  now  and  then  found  with  awns  or  beards ;  and  the  fpikelets 
are  alfo  fometimes  clullered,  and  fometimes  branched,  or 
divided. 

It  is  a  fort  of  grafs  that  has  been  long  in  cultivation  as  an 
early  pafture  and  hay  grafs.  See  Aktificial  Grafs,  and 
Ray-guass. 

LOLLARDS,  in  Ecchfiaftcal Htftory,  a  religious  fcft, 
differino-in  many  rehgious  points  from  the  church  of  Rome, 
which  arofe  in  Germany  about  the  beginning  of  the  four- 
teenth century  ;  fo  called,  as  rtany  writers  have  erroneoufly 
imagined,  from  Walter  Lollard,  who  began  to  dogmatize  in 
13 15,  and  was  burnt  at  Cologn  :  but  it  is  evident  that  Lol- 
lard was  nofiirname,  but  merely  a  term  of  repreach  applied 
to  all  heretics  who  concealed  the  poifon  of  error  under  the 
appearance  of  piety. 

The  monk  of  Canterbury  derives  the  origin  of  the  word 
Lollard,  among  us,  from  loUum,  a  tare  ;  as  if  the  Lollards 
were  the  tares  fown  in  Chriit's  vineyard.  Abclly  fays,  that 
the  word  Lollard  fignifies  praifwg  God,  from  the  German 
Men,  topraife,  and  herr,  Lord ;  becaufe  the  Lollards  em- 
ployed th'emfelves  in  travelling  about  from  place  to  place, 
(Inging  pfalms  and  hymns. 

Others,  much  to  the  fame  purpofe,  derive  lallhard,  lull- 
hard,  or  loUert,  luUert,  as  it  was  written  by  the  ancient  Gcr- 
nians,  from  the  old  German  word  lullen,  IsUcn,  or  lallen,  and 
the  termination  hard,  with  which  many  of  the  High  Dutch 
words  end.  Lolhn  fignifies  to  fing  with  a  low  voice,^  and, 
therefore,  Mhard  is  a  finger,  or  one  wlio  frequently  fings  ; 
and  in  the  vi -'gar  tongue  of  the  Germans,  it  denotes  a  pei- 
fon  who  is  continually  praifing  God  with  a  fong,  or  finging 
hymns  to  his  honour.  The  Alexians  or  Cellitcs  were  called 
Lollards,  becaufe  they  were  public  fingers  who  made  it  their 
bufinefs  to  inter  the  bodies  of  thofe  who  died  of  the  plague, 
and  fang  a  dirge  over  them  in  a  mournful  and  indittinft  tone 
as  they  carried  them  to  the  grave.  The  name  was  after- 
wards afTumed  by  pcrfons  that  dilhonoured  it  ;  for  we  find, 
among  thofe  Lollards  who  made  extraordinary  pretences  to 
piety  and  religion,'and  fpent  the  greateft  part  of  their  time 
jji  meditation,  prayer,  and  fuch  afts  of  piety,  there  v.ei* 


L  O  L 

many  abominable  hypocrites,  who  entertained  the  mod  ridi- 
culous opinions  and  concealed  the  niofl  enormous  vices  under 
the   fpecioiis   mark  of  this  extraordinary  profeffion.     And 
many  injurious    afpcrfions   were   propagated  againfl  thofe 
who  afTumed  tiiis  name,  by  the  priefts  and  monks  ;  fo  that 
by  degrees,  any  perfon  who  covered  hercfies  or  crimes  under 
the  appearance  of  piety,  was  called  a  Lollard.     Thus  the 
name  was  not   ufed  to  denote   any  one  particular  feft,  but 
was  formerly  common  to  all  perfons  and  all  feiSs,  who  were 
fnppofed  to  be  gKilty  of  impiety  towards  God  or  the  church, 
under  an  external  profcfiion  of  extraordinary  piety.     How- 
ever,  many  focieties,  confifting  both  of  men  and  women, 
under  the  name  of  Lollards,  were  formed  in  moft  parts  of 
Germany  and  Flanders,  and  were  fupported  partly  by  their 
manual  labours,  and  partly   by  the  charitable  donations  of 
pious  perfons.       The   magiftrates   and   inhabitants   of  the 
towns,-  where  thefe  brethren  and  filters  refided,  gave  the;n 
particular  marks   of  favour  and  proteftion,  on  account  of 
their  great  ufefulnefs  to   the  fick  and  needy.     They  were 
thus  fupported  againil  their  malignant  rivals,  and   obtained 
many  papal  conllittitions,  by  which  their  inltitute  was  con- 
firmed, their  perfons  exempted  from   the  cognizance  of  the 
inquifitors,  and  fubjefted  entirely  to  the  jurifdiilion  of  thebi- 
fhops  ;  but  as  thefe  meafures  were  infiifficient  to  fccure  them 
from  molellation,  Charles,  duke  of  Burgundy,>in  the  year 
1472,  obtained  a  folemn  bull   from  pope  Sixtus  lY.  order- 
ing that  tlie  Cellites,  or  Lollards,  fliould  be  ranked  among 
the  religious  orders',  and  delivered  from  the  jurifdiction  of 
the  bilhops  ;  and  pope  .Julius  II.  granted  them  yet  greater 
privileges  in  the  year  1506.     Moflicini  informs  us  that  many 
focieties  of  this  kind  are   ftill  fubfiiling  at  Cologn,  and  in 
ttie    cities    of    Flanders,   though   they    iiave    evidently    de- 
parted from  their  ancient  rules.      Eccl.  Hift.  vol.  iii.  8vo. 

Lollard  and  his  followers  rejedted  the  facrifice  of  the 
mafs,  extreme  unftion,  and  penances  for  fin  ;  arguing,  that 
Chrill's  fufferings  were  fufficient.  He  is  likewife  laid  to 
have  fet  afide  baptifm  as  a  thing  of  no  effeft  ;  and  repent- 
ance, as  not  abfolntely  neceffary,  &c.  In  England,  tl>e 
followers  of  Wickliffe  were  called,  by  way  of  reproach, 
Lollards,  from  fome  affinity  there  was  between  fome  of  their 
tenets  ;  though  otiiers  are  of  opinion,  that  the  Englilli 
Lollards  came  from  Germany. 

They  were  folemnly  condemned  by  the  archbifhop  of  Can- 
terbury and  the  council  of  Oxford. 

LOLLGUNGE,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Bengal  ;  zo 
miles  E  N.E.  of  Purneah. 

I.,OLI..I,  in  Biography,  a  performer  on  the  violin  ot 
great  celebrity,  w-ho  came  into  England  at  the  beginning  of 
1785  ;  but  by  a  caprice  in  his  conduft  equal  to  his  per- 
formance, he  was  feldom  heard.  And  tlien  fo  eccentric 
w'as  his  ffyle  of  compofition  and  execution,  that  he  was  re- 
garded as  a  madman  by  moil  of  his  hearers.  And  yet  we 
are  convinced,  that  in  his  lucid  intervals  he  was,  in  a  ferious 
flyle,  a  very  great,  expreffive,  and  admirable  performer.  In 
his  freaks  nothing  can  be  imagined  fo  wild,  difficult,  gro- 
tefque,  and  cen  ridiculous  as  his  compofitions  and  perform- 
ance. After  playing  at  the  oratorio,  and  making  the  grave 
and  ignorant  laugh  at  very  ferious  difficulties  upon  which, 
he  had,  perhaps,  but  ill  bellowed  his  time,  he  fuddenly  left 
the  kingdom,  a  la  fuurdme  ;  perhaps,  at  lalt,  to  Ihun  diffi- 
culties of  another  kind. 

LOLLIEI,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Thibet;  no  miles 
N.  of  Goreah.     N.  lat.  30   15'.     E.  long.  84.' aS'. 

LOLLONADO,  a  town  of  the  ifiand  of  Cubas  146 
miles  S.W.  of  Havanna. 

LO-LOS,  the  name  of  a  particular  people  difperfed 
through  tlie  province  of  Yuii-nan,  in  China,   diftiBdt  from 

the 


L  O  M 


L  O  M 


tTie  Cliinere.  They  were  formerly  governed  by  tlieir  own 
fovereigns,  but  upon  fubmitting  to  tlie  emperor  of  Chiwa 
they  obtained  peculiar  privileges.  Thefe  people  are  well 
made,  and  inured  to  labour.  They  have  a  peculiar  lan- 
guage of  their  o«-n,  and  a  mode  of  writing  which  fcems  to 
be  the  fame  with  that  of  the  bonzes  of  Pegu  and  Ava. 
Thefe  cunning  prielts  have  acquired  an  influence  over  the 
L.0-I0S  in  tlie  wellcrn  part  of  Yun-nan,  and  have  intro- 
duced among  them  the  worfliip  and  religious  ceremonies  of 
their  country  ;  and  they  have  even  induced  them  to  build 
large  temples  of  a  different  architeclure  from  that  of  the 
Chmefe.  The  princes  of  the  Lo-los  are  ablolute  matters  of 
their  fubjedls,  and  have  a  right  of  punidiing  them,  even 
by  death,  without  waiting  for  the  anfwer  of  the  viceroy. 
Thefe  princes  have  many  ofBcers  and  men  under  their  com- 
mand ;  and  their  militia  is  compofed  of  cavalry  and  infantry, 
who  are  armed  with  bows  and  lances,  and  fometimes  muf- 
kets.  The  iron  and  copper  mines  which  are  lodged  in  their 
mountains,  enable  them  to  make  their  own  armour.  Thefe_ 
mountains  alfo  abound  with  mines  of  gold  and  filver.  The 
drefs  of  tlie  Lo-los  confifts  of  plain  drawers  ;  a  velt  of  cot- 
ton hanging  to  their  knees,  and  a  flraw  hat ;  tlieir  legs  are 
bare,  and  they  wear  only  fandals.  The  women  have  a  long 
robe,  covering  the  whole  body  down  to  the  feet,  above  which 
they  tie  a  fmall  cloak  that  reaches  no  further  than  the  girdle. 
In  this  drefs  they  appear  on  horfeback,  at  marriage  cere- 
monies, or  when  they  pay  vifits,  accompanied  by  the  females 
in  their  train,  who  are  alfo  on  horfeback,  and  by  feveral 
domed  ics.     Grofier. 

LOLPOUR,  a  town  of  Hindooftan,  in  the  circar  of 
Jyenagur  ;   15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Jyepour. 

LOM,  a  town  on  the  E.  coaft  of  the  ifland  of  Gilolo. , 
S.lat".'o'i6'.     E.  long.  i28«. 

LOMABLEM,  or  Lomblem,  an  ifland  in  theEail  In- 
dian fea,  about  120  miles  in  circumference.  S.  lat.  8"  18'. 
E.  long.  123°  56'. 

LOMATIA,  in  Botany,  from  Mixv.,  a  harder,  becaufe 
the  feeds  are  terminated  by  a  bordered  ring.  Brown  Tr.  of 
Linn.  Soc.  v.  10.  199.  Prodr.  Nov.  Holl.  v.  i.  3S9.  Ait. 
Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  i.  212.  —  Clafs  and  order,  fe/rariilria 
Monogyn'ia.     Nat.  Ord.  Proteacex,  .lufT.  Brown. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  none.  Cur.  Petals  four,  irregular,  dif- 
tinfti  oblong,  obliquely  twilled  toward  one  fide  ;  their  fum- 
mits  dilated,  concave,  bearing  the  ftamens.  Nectary  three 
glands  at  one  fide  of  the  bafe  of  the  ftalk  fupporting  the 
germen.  Slam.  Filaments  four,  extremely  fhort,  in  the  hol- 
lows of  the  petals  ;  anthers  roundifh,  funk  in  the  faid  hol- 
lows. P'lji.  Germen  fuperior,  ilalked,  half-ovate,  ere£l ; 
flyle  permanent,  incurved  ;  lligma  oblique,  dilated,  roundifh, 
nearly  flat.  Perk.  Follicle  ftalked,  half-ovate,  coriaceous, 
crowned  with  the  ftyle  of  one  cell.  Seeds  many,  imbricated 
in  two  rows,  elliptical,  comprefTed,  with  a  terminal  bordered 
win^r,  whofe  difk  is  without  veins. 

EfT.  Ch.  Petals  four,  irregular.  Stamens  funk  in  the 
cavities  of  the  Hmb.  Three  glands,  on  one  fide,  at  the  bafe 
of  the  flalk  of  the  germen.  Stigma  obhque,  flattifh.  Fol- 
licle coriaceous,  of  one  cell.  Seeds  many,  with  a  terminal 
bordered  wini'. 

Eight  fpecies  of  this  genus,  fome  found  in  New  Hol- 
land, others  in  South  America,  are  defined  by  Mr.  Brown. 
They  are  "  ihrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  which  are  in  many 
cafes  divided  or  toothed,  rarely  entire,  fometimes  various  on 
the  fame  individual  plant.  Clutters  terminal,  fometimes 
axillary,  elongated,  loofe,  occafionally  fhort  and  corymbofe  ; 
their  partial  flalks  in  pairs,  with  one  common  bradtea  to  each 
pair,    riowers  yellowifti-white.    Involucrum  none.    Nucleus 


of  the  feed  bcfprinklcd  with   rulphiir-colonrej  powder." 

Brown. 

I.  \..  ftlaifol'ia.  Cut-leaved  Lomatia.  Sims  in  Curt. 
Mag.  t.  1272.  (Embothrium  filaifolium ;  Sm.  Bot.  oF  New 
Holl.  23.  t.  8.  E.  herbaceum  ;  Cavan.  Ic.  v.  4.  58.1.  3S4.) 
— Leaves  doubly  pinnatifid,  very  fmooth  ;  fegments  linear, 
v/edge-fhaped,  or  lanceolate,  acute,  pointed,  reticulated  with 
veins.  Clutters  very  fmooth,  elongated,  fimple  or  divided. 
— Native  of  light  fandy  fields  and  heaths,  on  the  eatt  coad 
of  New  Holland,  near  Port  Jackfon.  It  is  faid  to  have 
been  fent  to  Kew  garden,  by  fir  .Tofcph  Banks,  in  1792. 
We  firft  faw  it  in  flower  at  MefTrs.  Grimwood's,  Kenfing- 
ton,  in  the  fum.mer  of  1793,  where  it  was  kept  in  the  flove  ; 
but  the  fhelter  of  a  greenhoufe  is  fuflicient-  It  is  propa- 
gated either  by  feeeds  or  layers.  The  whole  plant  is  ver^ 
rigid  and  fmooth,  three  or  four  feet  high,  but  little  branched. 
Lenves  dark  green,  with  various,  more  or  left  compound, 
decurrent  fegments,  much  refembling  fome  of  the  umbelli- 
ferous tribe.  Flo-wers  white,  inodorous,  in  long,  terminal 
clutters,  whofe  ttalks  have  occafionally  a  redditti  tinge. 
Fruit  about  an  inch  long.  Everj  part  turns  quite  black  in 
drying.     See  Embotiiuium. 

2.  L.  tin^oria.  Colouring  Lomatia.  Labill.  Nov.  Holl. 
V.  I.  31.  t.  42,  43 — Leaves  once  or  twice  pinnatifid,  or  un- 
divided, fmooth  ;  fegments  peftinate,  fingle-ribb"d,  almod 
veinlcfs,  bluntifli,  pointed.  Clutters  elongated,  fmooth,- 
unbranched. — Gathered  by  Labillanliere  and  Brown  in  hilly 
places  and  fields  at  Van  Diemen's  land.  The  Jlem  is  fi.-c 
feet  high.  Leaves  very  various,  ufually  very  neatly  pinna- 
tifid, with  numerous,  parallel,  linear-lanceolate,  fometimes 
fubdivided,  fegments ;  more  rarely  undivided,  (lightly  notched 
at  the  tip.  Clujlers  loofe,  with  fewer  flowers,  on  longer 
ftalks  than  the  former.  The  fulphur-coloured  powder  which 
covers  the  feeds,  is  faid  by  Labillardiere  to  give  out  a  rofe« 
coloured  dye  to  water. 

3.  h.ferruginea.  Rutty  Lomatia.  (Embothrium  ferru- 
gineum  ;  Cavan.  Ic.  v.  4.  59.  t.  385.) — Leaves  doubly  pin- 
natifid,  downy  ;  fegments  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Clutters 
ihorter  than  the  leaves. — Gathered  by  Louis  Nee  at  St. 
Carlos  de  Chiloe,  South  America,  in  places  occafionally 
overflowed  by  the  fea,  flowering  in  February.  Therein 
is  ten  or  twelve  feet  high,  rarely  ftraight  ;  its  branches 
downy.  Leaves  doubly  pinnatifid,  acute  ;  the  down  of  the 
young  ones  rutty,  of  the  old  ones  grey.  Petei/i  red  within  ; 
yellowifh-green  without. 

4.  L.  polymcrpha.  Various-leaved  Lomatia. — Leaves 
linear-laneeolate  ;  entire,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid  ;  downy, 
like  the  branches  and  flower-ftalks,  beneath.  Clutters  co- 
rymbofe,  terminal.  Corolla  fomewhat  hairy.  Piftil  very 
fmooth. — Gathered  on  the  fouthern  hills  of  Van  Diemen's 
land,  by  Mr.  Brown,  who  conceives  this  fpecies  to  liave 
been  confounded  by  Labillardiere  under  our  fecond,  when 
he  fays  "  the  leaves  of  that  are  fometimes  befprinkled  at 
their  back  with  Ihort  rufous  down."'-  Two  varieties  of  L. 
polyni'jrpha  are  indicated  ;  one  whofe  leaves  are  undivided, 
their  downinefs  grey,  and  their  feed-veflels  but  half  an  inch 
long;  the  other  with  generally  cut  or  pinnatifid  leaves, 
rutty  underneath,  and  their  feed-veflTels  near  an  inch  ia 
length. 

5.  L.  UicifcUa.  Ilex-leaved  Lomatia. — "  Leaves  oblong- 
ovate,  acute,  with  fine  fpinous  teeth,  reticulated,  quite 
fmooth,  as  well  as  their  footllalks.  Clutters  elongated, 
terminal.'' — Native  of  barren  fields  at  the  fides  of  bills  on 
the  fouthern  coaft  of  New  Holland,  near  port  Phillip,  where 
Mr.  Brown  gathered  it,  after  the  flowers  were  fallen. 

6.  L.  longifdia.  Long-leaved  Lomatia.  (Embothrium 
myrigoidcs  J    Gasrtn.  v.  3.  21  j.  t.  aiS-.'   Br}) — Leaves'  li- 

P  p  2  ne«r. 


L  O  M 


L  O  M 


near-lanceolate,  elongated,  fmooth,  diftantly  ferratcd.  Cluf-  the  number  of  commentators  on  it  amount  te  two  hundred 
tcrs  axillary.     Flower-ilalks  and  rorolUi  rather  hairy.   Pillil     and  forty-four.      It  was  firft  printed  at  Venice  in  1477,  and 

very  fmooth Gathered  by  Mr.  David  Burton,  as   well  as     h?.s  undergone  a  multitude  of  impreffions  at   different  times 

Mr.  Brown,  on  the  ftony  banks  of  rivers  and  rivulets  near     and  in  different  places.     Moreri. 

Port  Jackfon.  This  is  a  branched  hn(hy  Jhrub,  with  an-  LOMBARDS,  or  rather  L.lNGOUARns,  which  was  their 
pulir  yauw^  traiuhes,  clothed  with  rully  hairs,  as  are  alfo  original  name,  deduced  from  the  peculiar  length  and  fafhion 
the  fioivcr-Jalh,  braHeas,  and  in  fomc  degree  ihe  fioiucrs.  of  their  beards, /ann' fignifying /on^,  and  iocrt,  ^rar;/,  whereas 
The  Uav<:s  are  numerous,  alternate,  on  fliort  broadilTi  ilalks,  the  corrupt  appellation  of  Lombards  was  diffufed  in  the 
lanceolate,  acute,  veiny,  thr  -e  or  four  inches  long,  about  ijth  century  by  the  merchants  and  bankers,  who  were  the 
half  an  inch  broad,  fmooth  except  the  lower  portion  of  their  Italian  poltcrity  of  the  favag^  warriors  to  whom  the  name 
rib  at  the  upper  fule  ;  (liarply  and  diilantly  lerrated  up-  originally  belonged,  denote  a  tribe  of  people  whoarofe  from 
wards  tapering  and  moftly  entire  in  their  lower  half.  Chif-  an  obfcure  and  fniall  beginning  to  occupy  the  moftconfider- 
ters  axillary,  folitary,  fiinple  or  branched,  about  as  long  as  able  rank  in  Europe.  The  Scandinavian  origin  of  thefe 
the  leaves.     Stigma  very  broad,  with  a  fmall  point.     Follicle    people  is  maintained  by   Paul  ,the    Deacon,    contefted  by 

Cluverins,  and  defended  by  Grotius.  It  would  be  tedious, 
and  alfo  unialisfadory  to  the  reader,  if  we  were  to  make  an 
attempt  at  purfuing  the  migrations  of  the  Lombards  through 
unknown  regions  and  marvellous  adventures.  About  tha 
time  of  Atigudus  and  Trajan  thefe  fierce  people  were  dif- 
covered  between  the  Elbe  and  the  Oder.  They  were  fierce 
beyond  the  example  of  the  Germans,  and  they  took  plea- 
fure  in  propagating  the  tremendous  belief,  that  their  heads, 
were  formed  like  the  heads  of  dogs,  and  that  they  drank, 
the  blood  of  their  enemies  whom  they  vanquilhed  in  b..ttle. 
From  the  north  they  gradually  defcendod  towards  the  fcuth 
and  the  Danube  ;  and  after  an  interval  of  4C0  years,  they 


fmooth,  above  an  inch  long,  femiovate 
7.   L.  dentata.     Toothed  Lomatia 


(Embothriurii  den- 
.94,  a.  Br.) — Leaves 


tatum  ;   Fl.  Peruv.  et  Chil.  v.  i.  (>2.  t.  _,^,  -.  _.     , 
oval,  with  tooth-like  ferratures, fmooth,  as  well  as  their  foot- 
ftalki.      Chifters  lateral,    fiiort.     Corolla  hairy.      Germen 
downy. — Native  of  woods  and  groves  in  Chili. 

8.  L.  cbliqua.  Oblique  Lomatia.  (Enibothrium  obli- 
quum  ;  Fl.  Peruv.  et  Chil.  v.  Gt,.  t.  97.  E.  hirfutum  ; 
Lamarck  Did.  v.  2.  3 5 J.) -Leaves  ovate,  fenated,  fmooth. 
Cluflers  axillary.  Flower-Ilalks  and  corolla  hairy.  Stigma 
deciduous. — Found  on  hills  h>  the  provuices  of  the  Concep- 
tion of  Chili  and  Puchacay.  .... 

Mr.  Brown  mentions  that  the  wings  of  the  feed  in  thefe  again  appear  with  their  ancient  valour  and  renown.  Their 
two  lad  fpecies,  which  have  not  been  ften  by  him,  require  manners  were  not  lefs  ferociou?.  TheaffafTmation  of  a  royal 
examination.  g"^'^  '^''S  executed  in  the  prefence,  and  by  the  command,  of 

LOMAZy,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  the  king's  daughter,  who  had  been  provoked  by  fome  words 
palatinate  of  Brzefc  ;   36  miles  S.S.W.  of  Brzefc.  of  infult,  and  difappointed  by  his  diminutive  ftature.  Thevic- 

LOMAZZO,  GlOVANKI  Paolo,  in  Biography,   an  hif-     tories  of  the  Lombards  recommended  them  to  the-friendfhi[j- 


torical  painter,  born  at  Milan  in  IJ38,  and  pupil  of  Gio, 
BattilU  Cerva.  Before  he  became  blind,  which  h.ippened 
about  the  33d  year  of  his  age,  he  painted  much,   with  more 


of  the  emperors  ;  and  at  the  folicitatiou  of  JuiVinian,  they 
paflfed  the  Danube,  to  reduce,  according  to  their  treaty,  tha 
cities  of  Noricum  and  the  fortreffes  of  Pannonia.    But  urged 


whim  than  orio-inality.      He  afterwards  wrote   feveral   trea-    onward  by  a  fpirit  of  rapine,  they  wandered  along  the  coaltl 


tifes  on  painting,  in  which,  with  the  mod  tedious  prolixity, 
he  interweaves  anecdote  and  ufeful  precept,  with  chemic  and 
aftrologic  nonfenfe.      Fufeli's  Pilkiiigton. 

LOMBARD,  Petes,  a  bifhop  of  Paris,  who  flourilhed 
in  the  twelfth  century,  and  known  under  the  title  of 
•'  Mafter  of  the  Sentences,"  was  a  native  of  JSiovara  in 
Lombardy,  from  which  he  derived   his   furname.      He  re- 


of  the  Adriatic  as  far  as  the  Dyrrachium,  and  prefumed,  as 
the  hillorian  fays,  with  familiar  rudenefs,  to  enter  the  towns 
and  houfes  of  their  Roman  allies,  and  to  fei-ze  the  captives 
who  had  efcapcd  from  thuir  audacious  hands.  Tiiefe  acts  of 
hoftility,  charged  upon  fome  loofe  adventurers,  were  dif» 
owned  by  the  nati  n,  and  excufed  by  the  emperor  :  but  the 
arms  of  the  Lombards  were  more  ferioully  engaged  by  a 


ceived  his  education  at  Bologna,  celebrated  at  that  time  for  contejt   of  ^o  years,  which  was  terminated  only  by  the  e»T 

its  univerfity,  and  its  very  eminent   profeffors   of  the  civil  tirpatlon  of   the  Gepida.      Of  the  caufe  and  event  of  the 

law.     His  mind  was  bent  on  theological  purfuits,  and  he  quarrel  between  the  Lombards  and  the  Gepida;  we  have  al- 

was  encouraged  to  devote  kimfelf  to  them  by  the  bidiop  of  ready  givi  n  an  account  under  the  biographical  article  Atboirti 

Lucca,  who  recommended  him  to    St.  Bernard,   by   whofe  In  confcqucnce  of  the  viftory  gained  by  the  Lombards,  af- 

affiltance  he  was  enabled  to  profecute  his  iludics  at  Rheims.  fifted  by  the  Avari,  a  Scythian  lK)rde,over  the  Gepidx,  A.D. 

He  afterwards  removed  to  Paris,  and   from   his  reputation  566,  no  further  obilacle  could  impede  the  progrefs  of  the 

for  learning,  obtained  a  profefforthip  in  the  univerfity,  and  confederates,  and  they  faithfully  executed  the  terms  of  theit 

was  prefented  with  the  canonry   of  CHartres,  which   was  agreement.     Heaving  captured  Milan,  the  capital  of  Liguria, 

followed  by  his  elevation  to  the  epifc^pal  dignity,  for  which  the  Lombards,  witli  joyful  acclamations,  proclaimed  and  fa» 

he  was  indebted  to  the  regard  entertamed  fof   him  by  his  luted  Alboin  king  of  Italy  ;  railing  him  upon  a  Ihield  in  the 


pupil,  Philip,  fon  of  Lewis  le  Gros.  This  prince  was 
educated  for  the  church,  and  in  1 159  was  ele<?\ed  bifliop,  an 
Eonour  which  he  declined  in  favour  of  his  old  mafter,  as  a 
mark  of  perfonal  regard  for  him.  Lombard  did  not  long 
erjoy  the  dignity  ;  he  died  in  the  year  1164.  His  celebrity 
in  the  fchools  was  derived  from  his  work  entitled  "  Senten- 


midft  of  the  army  according  to  the  cuftom  of  their  nation,  and 
prefenting  him  with  a  lance,  which  among  them  was  the  en. 
fign  of  royalty.  From  this  time,  A.D.  57o,hi(lorians  date 
the  beginning  of  the  kingdom  of  Lombards  in  Ita'y,  which 
lafted  above  200  years.  After  this  event  he  extended  hii 
conquefts,,  and  his  progrefs   was   rapid  in  the  redu6lion  of 


tiarum,  hb.  iv."   in   which  he  endeavoured   to  illuftrate  the  the  greatefl  part  of  Italy.      I'avia  held   out  for  more  thart 

doflrines  of  the  church  by  a  colleftion  of  feiitences  and  paf-  three  years  ;  but  it  was  at  length  conllraincd   to  farrender 

fages  drawn  from  the  fathers  whofe    contradictions  he   at-  to    the   arms   of  Alboin  ;    and   as  it   was   a    city  of  great 

tempted  to  reconcile.     This  work  was  received  with  uni-  ftrength,  and  conveniently  fituated,  this   fovereign    and  his 

verfal  applaufe,  and  acquired  fo  high   an    authority  auiong  fucceffors  chofe  it  for  the  place  of  their  refidence  ;  and  thus 

the  fchoolinen,  that  the  ii.&il  learned  doftors  were  employed  it  became  the  melropo;!.'^  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Lombards. 

kk  lUullraiting  arid  espouuding  it.    The  abbe  Fleury  .-nake*  After  his  death  |,fee  Alboin,)  Clepho,  one  of  the  noblelt 

3  Lombard 


LOMBARDS. 


Lombard  chiefs,  was  unanimoufly  defied  as  liis   fuccefTor : 
his  reign  was  terminated  before  the  expiration  of  eighteen 
months  by  the  hand  of  an  affaflln,  and  during  the  minority 
of  his  fon  Autharis,  Italy  was  divided  and  opprefTed  by  a 
ducal  ariftocracy   of    30  tyrants.      After   an    interval   of 
dillraftion,  which  lailed    10  years,   Autharis   attained  the 
ftrength  and  reputation  of  a  warrior.   Under  the  ftandard  ef 
their  new  king,  the  conquerors  of  Italy  withftood  their  fuc- 
ceffive  invaiions  ;  and  the  viftorious   Autharis  aflerted  his 
claim  to  the  dominion  of  Italy.     However,  he  allowed  the 
dukes,  who  for   10   years  had  exercifed  abfjlute  authority 
itj  their  refpeftive  dukedoms,  to  continue  in  their  govern- 
ments;  but  he  obliged  them  to   contribute   one    moie'.y  of 
their  revenue  to  the  maintenance   and   fupport  of  his  royaj 
dignity-      He  aifo  bound  them,  by  an  oath,  to  alTill  him  in 
time  of  war  to  the  utmoft  of  their  power.     Ashe  did  not 
deprive  them  of  their  dukedoms,  except  in  cafes   of  treafon, 
he  did  not  transfer   them   to  others,  but   when   their  male 
i!Tue  failed  i  and  this  was  the  origin  of  fiefs  in  Italy.    Some, 
indeed,  have  imagined  that  liefs  were  firft  introduced  by  the 
Lombards,  and  from  them  adopted  by  other  nations.      But 
it   appears,  that  fiefs  had  been  introduced  into  Gaul  by  the 
Fra'.^ks  fome  years  before  the  reign   of  Autharis,    who   firft 
eftabl'.fhed'them  in  Italy.     All  the  cuftoms  and  laws  which 
were  afterwards  introduced  and  publiflicd  conceriiing  fiefs, 
are  owing  to  the  Lombards,  who  gave  them  a  certain  and 
regular  form  ;  fo^  that,  among  all  other  nations,  fiiccefiions, 
acquifitions,  inveilitures,  and  every  thing   elfe   relating  to 
lleis,  were  regulated  by  the  cuftoms  and  laws  of  the  Lom- 
bards.    Hereupon  a  new  body  of  laws  fprung   up,  which 
Were  called  feudal  laws,  and  which  continued   in   fome  pro- 
vinces of  Italy,  and  particularly  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples, 
to  be  the  chief  part  of  the  jurifprudence. 

Autharis,  having  fettled  matters  with  the  dukes  in  the 
manner  now  mentioned,  enafted  feveral  reafonable  and  fa- 
ititary  laws  againft  theft,  'apiie,  murder,  adultery,  and  other 
crimes  which  at  that  time  prevailed  among  his  fubjefts.  He 
was  alfo  the  firft  of  the  Lombard  kings,  who,  renouncing 
Paganifm,  embraced  the  Chriftia-.  religion,  and  his  example 
was  followed  by  moft  of  his  lubjefts. 

."^t  the  foot  of  the  Rhaetian  Alps,  Autharis  fubdued  tl^e  re- 
ffftance,  and  rifled  the  hidden  treafures  of  a  fequelVred  idand 
in  the  lake  of  Comum  ;  and  at  the  extreme  point  cf  Calabria, 
he  touched  with  his  fpear  a  column  on  the  fea-fi^.ore  of  Rhe- 
gium,  proclaiming  tha'  ancient  landmark  to  ftand  the  im- 
moveable boundary  of  his  kingdom.  Autharis  clofed  his  life 
and  reign  at  I^via,  A.D.  590.  Agilulf,  his  fucccflbr,  re- 
nounced the  opinions  of  Arius,  which  had  been  countenanced 
By  Autharis,  and  embraced  the  Catholic  faith.  Agilulf  was 
fncceeded  A.D.  615,  by  his  fon  Adaluald,  who  being  de- 
pofed,  had  for  his  fucceflor  Ariovald,  under  whofe  govern- 
ment the  Lombards  enjoyed  tranquillity  both  at  home  and 
abroad.  Upon  his  death,  A.D.  636,  Rotharis  afcended 
*he  throne,  who  is  the  firft  who  gave  written  laws  to  the 
Lombards.  From  the  year  638  to  the  reign  of  Luitprand, 
•o  afls  of  hoftility  occurred  between  the  exarchs  and  the 
fcmgs  of  the  Lombards  1  the  latter  being  fatisfied  with  their 
new  conqutfts,  and  the  former  being  glad  to  enjoy  unmo- 
lefted  the  territories  that  remained  ur.der  the  dominion  of 
the  enriperor.  Luitprand,  who  afcended  the  throne  A  D. 
71 1,  may  be  accounted,  next  to  Rotharis,  the  chief  law- 
giver of  the  Lombards  :  but  infljenctd  by  ambition  he 
iwdertook  to  drive  the  Romans  out  of  Italy,  and  this  en- 
terprife  occaiioned  the  ruin  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Lom- 
bards in  that  country.  Luitprard  invaded  the  exarchate, 
and  reduced  Ravenna,  and  fcvwal  other  cities  of  the  exar- 
chate, whicKiie  formed  into  a  dukedom.     Ravenna  was.  af- 


terwards recovered  by  the  exarchate  :  but  taken  again  by 
Aftulphus,  who  changed  it  into  a  dukedom.  The  popes  had 
been  alarmed,  and  made  application  to  Pepin,  king  of 
France,  for  alTiftance  and  protection.  Accordingly  Pepin 
was  pcrfuadcd  to  make  war  upon  t!ie  Lombards :  and,  in 
the  year  754,  entered  Italy,  and  befieged  Aftulphus  in  his 
metropolis.  Rome  was  twice  refcued  from  the  attacks  of 
the  Lombards,  A.D.  754.  At  length  the  paftes  of  the 
Alps,  and  the  walls  of  Pavia,  were  their  only  defence  :  the 
former  were  furprifed,  and  the  latter  were  inverted  by 
Charlemagne,  the  fon  of  Pepin  ;  and  af;er  a  ^ilockade  of 
two  years,  Defiderius,  the  laft  of  their  native  ()rinces,  furren- 
dered  his  fceptre  and  his  capital,  A.D.  774.  Thus  ended 
the  kingdom  of  the  Lombards  in  Italy,  after  they  had 
poftefTpd  that  country  for  206  years.  Under  the  dominion 
of  a  foreign  king,  but  in  the  pofleflion  of  their  national  laws^ 
the  Lombards  becarne  the  brethren,  rather  than  the  fubjefts, 
of  the  Franks  ;  who  derived  their  blood,  and  manners  and 
language,  from  the  fame  Germanic  origin.  Anc.  Univ.  Hift. 
vol      7.      Gibbon. 

During  a  period  of  200  years  Italy  was  unequally  divided' 
between  the  kingdom  of  the  I^nmbards  and  the  exarchate  of 
Ravei.na.     (See  £.x.\RCll.)     From  Pavia,  the  royal  feat,  the 
kingdom  of  the  Lombardswas  extended  to  the  eaft,'the  north, 
and  the  weft,  as  far  as  the  confines  of  the  .A  vari,the  Bavarians,, 
and  the  Franks  of  Auftrafia  and  Burgundy.  In  the  language 
of  modern  geography  it  is  now  reprefented  by  the  Terra 
firma  of  the  Venetian   republic,    Tyrol,   the  Mihnefe,  Pied-- 
mont,  the  coaft  of  Genoa,  Mantua,.  Parma,    and  Modena, 
the  grand  duchy  of  Tufcany,  and  a  large  portion  of  tlie  ec- 
cleiialHcal  ftate  from  Perugia  to  the  Adriatic.     The  dukes, 
and  at  length  the  princes  of  Beneventum,   furvived  the  mo- 
narchy and  propagated  the  name  of  the   Lombards.     From 
Gapua  to  Tarentum,  they  reigned  near  500  years  over  the 
greateft  part  of  the  prefent   kingdom  of  Naples.     In  pro- 
cefs  of  titr.e,  the  difpoiition  and  manners  of  the    Lombards  ■ 
underwent  a  very  important  change.      So  i;apid,   indeed,  was 
the  influence  of  climate  and  example,  that  the  Lombards 
of  the  fourth  generation  furveyed  with  curiofity  and  affright 
the  portraits  of  their  favage  forefathers.     The  government ; 
of  the  Lombards  was  an  elefiive  monarchy  :    and  the  public 
revenues  arofs  from  the  produce  of  land  and  the  pronts  of 
juftice.     The  Lombards  vrcre  at  firil  a  cruel  and  barbarous 
people  ;  but  divefting  themfelvcs,  by  degrees,  of  their  na- 
tive ferocity  and  barbarity,   efpecially  after  they  had   em- 
braced the   Chriftian    religion,     they   governed    with    fuch 
equity  and    mildnefs,    that    moft   other  nations  envied   the 
happinefs   of  thofe  who  lived  under  their  adminiftration. 

As  they  had  no  other  kmi.^dom,  nor  dominions,  Italy  be- 
came their  own  country  ;  whence  the  natives  efteemed  theii^ 
kings  as  their  natural  princes,  net  thinking  them.ielves  go. 
verned,  much  lefs  kept  in  flavery,  by  a  foreign  nation,  as  it 
happened  to  them  afterwards,  when,  by  trVquent  changes,  . 
they  groaned  under  the  heavy  yoke,  fometiiiies  of  one  na- 
tion, and  fometimes  of  another.  Under  the  government  of 
the  I.,ombards,  fays  Paulus  Diaconus,  no  violence  was  com- 
mitted, no  one  unjuftly  difpofTefTed  of  his  property,  none  ■ 
opprefl'cd  with  taxes  ;  theft,  robberies,  murder,  and  adul- 
tery, were  feldom  heard  of ;  every  one  went,  without  the 
leaft  apprehenf.on  of  danger,  whither  he  pleafed  :  and  in- 
deed their  many  wholefomc  laws,  reilraining  and  feverely 
punifhing  all  lorts  of  crimes  ;  the  magriticent  churches, 
and  rich  monafteries,  with  which  they  filled  that  part  of 
Italy  which  was  fiibjeft  to  them  ;  the  many  bifhoprica 
which  they  erefted  ;  the  towns  and  cities  which  they  either 
built,  or  repaired,  in  moft  provinces  of  Italy  ;  thvir  gencro- 
fity  even  10  the  biihop  of  B.ome,  their  avowed  eaemy  :  and, 

Scallj/ 


L  O  M 


L  O  M 


finally,  the  great  number  of  perfons  among  them,  whofe 
faiiClity  and  eminent  virtues  have  been  acknowledged  by  tl  e 
popes  themfelves,  mud  convince  every  impartial  reader,  that 
the  Lombards  were  not  fuch  a  favage,  barbarous,  and  inhu- 
man nation,  as  they  are  defcribed  by  fome  of  the  popes,  ef- 
jx'cially  by  Adrian,  the  chief  author  of  the  ruin  ot  their 
kingdom.  They  were  the  only  power  in  Italy  capable  of 
defeating  the  ambitious  views  of  the  bifliops  of  Rome,  whom 
they  would  not  fuftcr  to  enrich  themfelves  with  the  fpoils  of 
the  enyierors,  but  confidcred  them  as  theii-  own  by  right  of 
conqueft  ;  and  hence  arofe  the  inveterate  liatred  which  the 
popes  bore  them,  and  could  not  help  betrayiag  in  all  their 
writings.  But  their  laws  arc  convincing  proofs  of  their  juf- 
tice,  hnmanitv,  and  wifdom,  and,  at  the  fame  time,  a  full 
confutation  of  the  many  calumnies,  with  which  "ht  popes, 
and  their  partifans,  have  endeavoured  to  afperfe  them.  Their 
laws  were  found  fo  jnll  and  equitable,  that  they  were  re- 
tained in  Italy,  and  obferved  fome  ages  after  their  kingdom 
vas  at  an  end. 

Lombards,  a  name  given  in  the  Netherlands,  France, 
and  England,  to  lending-houfes.  (See  I.o.w-iaiils.)  It  is 
»'ell  known  that  in  the  thirteenth  and  following  centuries 
many  opulent  merchants  of  Italy,  which  at  thofe  periods 
was'almoll  the  only  part  of  Europe  that  carried  on  an  ex- 
tenlivc  trade,  were  invited  to  thele  countries,  where  there 
were  few  mercantile  people  able  to  engage  deeply  in  com- 
merce. For  this  reafon  they  were  favoured  by  governments 
in  moft  of  the  large  cities  ;  but  in  the  courfe  of  time  they 
became  objeds  of  univerfal  hatred,  becaufe  they  exercifed 
the  moil  oppreffive  ufury,  by  lending  at  intereft  and  on 
pledges.  They  were  called  LutignlariH  or  Lombarili,  as 
whole  nations  are  often  named  after  a  part  of  their  country, 
in  the  fame  manner  as  all  the  Helvetians  are  called  Swifs, 
and  the  Ruffians  fometimes  Mofcovitcs.  They  were,  how- 
ever, calletf  frequently  alfo  Caorcini,  Caturcini,  Caurhni, 
Cawarfmi,  Cawartini,  Bardi,  and  Amanati  ;  names  which, 
in  all  probability,  arofe  from  fome  of  their  greatelt  houfes  or 
"banks.  We  know,  at  any  rate,  that  about  thofe  periods 
the  family  of  the  Corfuii  were  in  great  confideration  at  Flo- 
rence. They  had  banks  in  the  principal  towns  for  lending 
money ;  they  demanded  exorbitant  intereft  ;  and  they  re- 
<:eived  pledges  at  a  low  value,  and  retained  them  as  their 
«wn  property  if  not  redeemed  at  the  ftated  time.  They 
eluded  the  prohibition  of  the  church  againft  intereft  when 
thev  found  it  noceffary,  by  caufmg  the  intereft  to  be  pre- 
■rioufly  paid  as  a  prefent  or  premium  ;  and  it  appears  that 
fome  fovereigns  borrowed  money  from  them  on  thele  con- 
<ditinns.  In  this  manner  did  Edward  III.,  king  of  Eng- 
land, when  travelling  through  France,  in  the  year  i  py,  re- 
ceive jcoo  marks  from  the  bank  of  the  Bardi,  and  give  them 
in  return,  by  way  of  acknowledgment,  a  bond  for  7000. 
When  complaints  agaiuft  the  usurious  praftices  of  tliefe 
ChriiHan  .lews  became  too  loud  to  be  difregarded,  tliey  were 
threatened  with  expulfion  from  the  country,  and  thofe  who 
had  rendered  themfelves  moft  obnoxious  on  that  account, 
were  often  banifiied,  fo  tlu-.t  thofe  who  remained  were  obhged 
to  conduct  their  employment  with  more  prudence  and  mo- 
<leration.  It  is  probable  that  the  commerce  of  thefe  coun- 
tries was  then  in  too  infant  a  ilate  to  difpenfe  altogether  with 
the  affiftance  of  thefe  foreigners.  In  tliis  manner  were  they 
treated  by  Louis  IX.  in  1268,  and  hkewife  by  Philip  the 
Bold  ;  and  fometimes  the  popes,  who  would  not  authorife 
interell,  lent  their  affillance  by  prohibitions,  as  was  the  cafe 
an  regard  to  Henry  III.  of  England  in  1240. 

In  the  fourteenth  century,  the  Lombards,  in  the  Nether- 
lands, paid  to  government  rent  for  the  houfes  in  which  they 
«arrkd  oa  their  u^oney  tranfaitions,  and  fomething  beiides 


for  a  permiflion.  Of  this  we  have  inftances  at  Delft  in  1 3is, 
and  at  Dordrecht  in  1342.  As  in  the  courfe  of  time  the 
original  Lombards  became  extinft,  thefe  houfes  were  let, 
with  the  fame  permiflion,  for  the  like  employment  ;  but  go- 
vernments at  length  fixed  the  rale  of  intereft  wliich  they 
ought  to  receive,  and  eftablilhed  regulations  for  them,  by 
which  ufurious  pradlices  were  reilrained.  Of  leafes  granted 
on  fuch  conditions,  an  inftance  occurs  at  Delft  in  the  year 
1655.  In  1578,  WiUiam  prince  of  Orange  recommended  to 
the  magiilrates  of  Amfterdam  Francis  Mafafia,  one  of  the 
Lombards,  as  they  were  then  called,  in  order  that  he  might 
obtain  for  him  permiffion  to  eltablifti  a  lending-houfe  ;  as 
many  obtained  permiifion  to  keep  billiard-tables,  and  .lews 
letters  of  proteflion.  In  the  year  161 1,  the  proprietor  of 
fnch  a  hmife  at  Amfterdam,  who  in  the  latter  years  of  his 
leafe  had  gained  by  his  capital  at  leaft  thirty-three  and  a 
half  per  cent,  offered  a  very  large  fum  for  a  renewal  of 
his  permiflion  ;  but,  in  1614,  the  city  rcfolved  to  take  the 
lombard  or  lending-houfe  into  their  own  hands,  or  to  efta- 
blifli  one  of  the  fame  kind.  However  deteftcd  this  plan 
might  be,  a  difpute  arofe  refpedling  the  legality  of  it,  which 
Marets  and  Claude  Saumaifeendeavoitred  to  fupport.  The 
pubhc  lending-houfe  or  lombard  at  Brulfels  was  ellablifiied 
in  1619;  that  at  Antwerp  in  1620,  and  that  at  Ghent  in 
1622.  All  thefe  were  eftabliflied  by  the  archduke  Albert, 
when  he  entered  on  the  governorrtiip,  with  the  advice  of  the 
archbifhop  of  Mechhn  ;  and  on  this  occaflon  the  architect 
Wenceflaus  Coberger  was  employed,  and  appointed  infpec- 
tor-general  of  all  the  lending-houfes  in  the  Spanifti  Nether- 
lands. Some  Italians  aflert,  that  the  Flemings  were  the 
firft  people  who  borrowed  money  on  intereft  for  their  lending- 
houfes  ;  and  they  tell  us  that  this  praftice  began  in  the 
year  1619.  Weareaffured  alfo,  that,  after  long  delibera- 
tion at  Bruflels,  it  was  at  length  refolved  to  receive  money 
on  intereft  at  the  lending-houfes.  It  however  appears  cer- 
tain, that  in  Italy  this  was  never  done,  or  at  leall  not  done 
till  a  late  period,  and  that  the  capitals  of  the  lending-houfes 
there  were  amaiTed  without  giving  intereft. 

This  beneficial  inftitution  was  always  oppofed  in  France; 
chiefly,  becaufe  the  doftors  of  the  Sorbonne  could  not  divell 
themfelves  of  the  prejudice  againft  intereft  ;  and  fome  in  mo- 
dern times  who  undertook  there  to  accommodate  people 
with  money  on  the  like  terms,  were  puniftied  by  government. 
A  lending-houfe,  however,  was  eftabliftied  at  Paris,  under 
Louis  XIIL,  in  1626  ;  but  the  managers  next  year  were 
obliged  to  abandon  it.  In  1695,  l^me  perfons  formed  a 
capital  at  Marfeilles  for  the  purpofe  of  eftabli/liing  one 
there  according  to  the  plan  of  thofe  in  Italy.  The  mont  de 
p'icti  at  Paris,  which  has  had  fometimes  in  its  pofleflion  forty 
calks  filled  with  gold  watches  that  have  been  pledged,  was, 
by  royal  command,  ^\r[\  ettabhlhed  in  1777.  Becknjann's- 
Hift.  of  Inventions,'  vol.  iii. 

LOMBARDY,  \n  Geography/,  a  country  in  the  northern, 
part  of  Italy,  very  much  correiponding  with  the  Cifalpine 
Gaul  of  the  Romans.  It  derived  its  name  from  the  Lombards, 
(fee  the  article  Lombards,.)  who  founded  the  kingdom  in 
the  middle  of  the  fixth  century.  This  country  was  divided, 
into  feveral  ilates,  fubjeft  to  the  houfe  of  Auftria,  the  re-, 
public  of  Venice,  and  the  king  of  Sardinia  ;  fuch  as  the.  • 
duchies  of  Milan  and  Mantua,  called  Aullrian  Lombardy  ;. 
the  Paduan,  Ver.jnefe,  Vicentin,  Breflan,  Comafco,  Berga- 
mafco,  belonging  to  Venice  : — Montferra:  and  Nice,  an-, 
nexed  to  Piedmont,  fubjctl  to  the  king  of  Sardinia  ; to- 
gether with  many  others,  as  the  duchies  of  Modena,  Reo-gio, 
Parma,  Piacenza,  Mirandola,  and  feveral  fmaller  princi- 
palities and  ilates.  The  viciflltudcs  which  Lombardy  ha^, 
undergone,  and  more  efpecially  thofe  which  have  occurred 

to 


L  O  M 

to  It  fince  the  French  revolution,  are  briefly  detailed  under 
CisALi'ixE  Republic,  and  Italy.  See  likewife  each  of  ilie 
above  enumerated  articles. 

LOMBE'S,  a  town  of  France,  and  principal  place  of  a 
diftrid  in  the  department  of  the  Gers,  the  fee  of  a  bifhop 
before  the  revolution  ;  16  miles  S.E.  of  Audi.  The  place 
contains  1443,  and  the  canton  1 2, 14 J  inhabitants,  on  a  terri- 
tory of  290  kiliometres,  in  39  communes. 

LOMBOK,  an  ifland  in  the  Eaft  Indian  fea,  about  40 
riiles  from  N.  to  S.  and  from  iS  to  30  broad,  chiefly  inha- 
bited by  Gentoos  ;  between  wliich  and  Cumbava  is  a  paf- 
fage,  called  the  "  Straits  of  Lombok." — Alio,  a  town  on 
the  E.  coall  of  the  fame  iiland.  S.  lat.  8'  42'.  E.  long. 
116   z'- 

LOMBUZSKOI,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the  Frozen  ocean  ; 
near  the  coafl  of  Ruffia ;  i So  miles  E.  of  Kola.  N.  lat. 
67°  55'.     E.  long.  40    14'. 

LOMBY,  a  town  of  Hindooftan,  in  the  Carnatic  ;  20 
miles  N.W.  of  Tiagar. 

LOMEIR,  John-,  in  Biography,  a  learned  Dutch  Pro- 
teilant  divine,  pallor  of  the  church  of  Dotekum  in  Zutphen, 
was  author  of  a  curious  little  work  abounding  in  erudition 
and  deep  i-efearch,  in  which  he  has  undertaken  to  give  Inl- 
torical  and  critical  notices  of  tiie  moll  celebrated  libr;uies  in 
ancient  and  modern  times.  It  is  entitled  "  De  Bibliothecis 
Liber  Singularis  ;"  larao.  The  author's  plan  gave  rife  to 
a  larger  work  on 'the  fame  fubjecl,  by  Maderus,  a  learned 
German,  who  publiflied  at  Helmlladt  a  treatife  "  De  Bib- 
liothecis," in  two  vols.  4to.,  in  which  he  has  inferted  Lo- 
meir"3  piece. 

LOMENT.^CE^E,  in  Botany,  a  natural  order  of  plants, 
the  3.;d  among  the  Fragmenia  of  Linnxus,  named,  as  it 
(liould  feem,  fron»  lomctituin,  the  meal  of  beans,  in  alluilon 
to  the  pulfe-like  nature  of  the  plants  in  queflion,  fo  as  to 
keep  in  view  their  analogy  with  the  Papilionacex.  They  are 
included  in  the  three  firft  fedlions  of  Julfieu's  Leguminoja,  or 
nearly  fo  ;  fee  that  article.  Polygala  indeed,  placed  here 
by  Linnaeus,  is  referred  by  Juffieu  to  the  Pediculares. 

LOMENTUM,  a  word  ufed  by  the  old  writers  on  me- 
dicine toexprefs  a  meal  made  of  beans,  or  bread  made  of  this 
meal,  and  ufed  as  a  wafli.     See  Dkteusouium. 

Others  have  applied  it  to  the  French  chalk,  or  moroch- 
thus,  ufed  by  the  fcowerers  of  clothes,  which  is  brought 
over  in  large  cakes,  refembling  loaves  or  cakes  of  bread. 

LOMGRAD,  in  G<:ography,  a  town  of  Bulgaria,  at  the 
conflux  of  tlie  river  Loin  with  the  Danube  ;  20  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Viddin. 

I^OMI,  a  town  of  Rufiia,  in  the  government  of  Irkutfh, 
en  the  Amul  ;    16  miles  N.  of  Stretenlk. 

LOMMETSCH,  or  Lu.mtszch,  a  town  cf  Saxony, 
in  the  margravate  of  MeifTen  ;  feven  miles  N.W.  of  Meiflen. 
N.  lat.  51     11'.     E.  long,  13'  13'. 

LOMMIUS,  J0DOCU.S,  (Vax  I>om,  in  his  native  lan- 
guage,) in  Biography,  a  medical  writer  of  reputation,  was 
boiTi  at  Buren,  in  Guelderland,  about  the  commencement  of 
the  fixteenth  century.  His  father,  who  was  town-cleik  of 
that  place,  took  great  care  of  his  education.  He  was  already 
well  verfed  in  the  Latin  and  Greek  languages,  wher,  he 
turned  his  attention  to  medicine,  wiiich  lie  lludicd  princi- 
pally at  Paris,  where  his  talents  and  afhduity  obtained  hiin 
the  friendfhip  of  Fernel.  It  is  not  known  wl«re  he  took 
his  degree  ;  but  he  praflifed  for  a  confiderable  time  at 
Tournay,  to  which  city  he  was  penlionary-phyficiaii  in 
1557  ;  and  he  removed  to  BrufTels.at  an  advanced  period  of 
file,  about  the  year  1560.  He  was  living  in  this  cily  in  1562, 


L  O  M 

beyond  which  period  there  is  no  record  of  him.  He  left 
three  fmall  works,  which  arc  flill  held  in  ellimation  in  con- 
fequence  of  the  purity  and  elegance  of  the  Latinity  ia 
which  they  are  written  :  thefe  are  "  Commentarii  de  Sani- 
tate tuenda  in  primiim  librum  C.  Celfi,"  Louvain,  IJjS, 
i2mo.  This  is^  an  ample  commen'ary  upon  Celfus,  taken 
entirely  from  the  ancients.  "  Obfervationum  Medicinalium 
Libri  tres,"  Antwerp,  1560.  This  work  has  pafTed  through 
many  editions  :  it  confills  of  hillories  of  difeafe,  related  with 
the  (imple  perfpicuity  of  Celius,  and  containing  many  ufeful 
and  valuable  obtervations  on  the  diagnoflics,  prognollics, 
and  cure.  "  De  curandis  Febribus  contimiis  Liber," 
Antwerp,  1 5 63.  This  little  treatife,  like  the  foregoing,  has 
been  fcveral  limes  printed  and  tranflated.  Thefe  works 
were  publilhed  together  at  Amllerdam,  in  1745.  in  three  . 
vols.  i2nio.,  under  the  title  of  "  Opera  omnia."  Eloy 
Dia.  Hift. 

LOMNITZ,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the 
circle  of  Konigi"gratz  ;  fix  miles  N.  of  Gitfchin. — Alfo,  a 
town  of  Moravia,  111  the  circle  of  Brunn  ;  1  5  miles  N.N.  W. 
of  Brunn.     N.  lat.  49    24'.      E,  long.  16°  18'. 

Lo.MXiTZ  Pf///.      See  CARPATH1.4N'  Mountains. 

LOMOND,  Loc  I!)  a  lake  fituated  in  the  county  of  Dun- 
barton,  Scotland.  It  is  the  finell  and  m.oft  beautiful  expanfe 
of  water  in  that  country,  and  not  furpaffed,  in  variety  and 
magnificence  of  fcenery,  by  any  in  Great  Britain.  This  lake 
extends  about  twenty-fix  miles  in  length  from  north  to  fouth, 
and  varies  from  one  to  eight  miles  in  breadth.  The  broadefl 
portion  is  towards  the  foutJi.  As  it  approaches  the  north, 
it  gradually  contracts.  Here  it  is  much  deeper  than  in  the 
broader  parts.  At  the  foot  of  Benlomond  the  depth  is 
about  120  fathoms,  but  in  the  fouth  divifion  it  is  not  gene- 
rally much  above  14  fathoms.  The  northern  and  deeper 
part  of  this  lake  is  nev-er  covered  with  ice  even  in  the  fevereft 
frofls,  but  fouth  from  Lufs,  it  is  often  frozen  over  fo  com- 
pletely, that  not  only  men  but  loaded  horfes  can  pafs  oyer- 
it  to  the  different  iflands  in  perfeft  fafety. 

Loch  Lomond  is  fupplied  with  water  from  feveral  rivers,. 
befides  fmaller  llreams  trom  the  mountains.  It  has,  however,. 
but  one  way  of  difcharging  itfelf,  and  this  is  the  reafon  why 
it  fwells  in  wet  feafons  even  fo  high  as  fix  feet  above  its  ufual- 
level.  Fifh  are  caught  here  in  great  abundance,  particularly 
falmon  trout,  eels,  and  pearches,  as  likewife  a  fpecies  called- 
pollocks,  which  refemble  in  appearance  and  flavour  the  large 
herrii.gs. 

The  beauties  of  this  lake  have  often  been  the  fubjecl  of 
defcription,  both  in  poetrv  and  profe.  Thefe  feem  chiefly 
to  arife  from  the  woods  in  its  vicinity,  the  number  and  va- 
riety of  its  iflands,  and  the  near  approach  of  the  terrific 
Grampians,  which  aftbrd  a  flriking  contrail  to  the  morii 
placid  fcenery  immediately  adjacent.  At  the  houfe  of  Ca- 
meron, placed  at  the  foutliern  extremity  of  the  lake,  the 
whole  charms  of  this  delightful  expaife  are  in  full  view. 
After  paffing  this  manfion,  the  road  Ihirts  along  the  wcfters 
bank,  lometimes  lolirg  itfelf  among  the  natural  foliage  that 
clothes  the  brow  of  the  mountains,  and  at  other  times  emerg- 
ing into  a  more  free  fpace  ;  "thereby  prefentiiig  in  fucceffion" 
a  variety  of  views  of  the  lake,  illaiids,  and  neighbourhood^ 
highly  captivating  and  deliglitful. 

The  iflands  in  Loch  Lomond,  fmall  and  great,  are  ufualy 
reckoned  to  be  thirty  in  number.  Molt  of  them  are  finely 
wooded,  hut  not  above  ten  are  of  any  confiderable  iizs. 
The  principal  ones  are  the  property  of  the  duke  of  Mon- 
trofe  and  fir  James  Colquhoun  of  Lufs.  Ir.chcailloch,  or  tha 
ifland  of  old  women,  fo  called  from  a  nunnery  formerly 
there,  was  at  one  time  the  feite  of  the  church  of  Buebanan 
4.  ia 


L  O  M 


L  O  N 


in  Stirlineniire.     Inchmunn  is  the  mo[l  valuable  itland  in  the  much  higher  tlian  it,  and  perhaps  commancis  a  more  cstei«» 

lake    and  has  a  deer  park  belonging  to   the  duke  of  Mon-  five  view.     On  the  top  is  one  of  thofe  heaps  or   tumuli  of 

trole.     The    ifland  of  Inch-tavanach,  i.  e.  the  illand  of  the  ftones  which  are  denominated  cairns. 

monk's-houfe,  derives  its  name  from  the  circumltar.ee  of  a  LOMONOZOF,  in  Biography,  accounted  the  father  of 

monk  having  fiKcd   his  refidcnce  here  at  a  very  remote  pe-  Ruffian  poetry,  was  born  at   Kolmogori  in    171 1,  where^ 

riod.     The  other  iflands  are  not  dcferving  of  particular  no-  his  father  was  a  dealer  in  M\.     He  polfefTed  the  rare  advan- 

tice,'  except  as  all  contributing,  by  the  beauty  of  their  ver-  tage  of  perfons  in  his  ftaiion,  of  learning  to  read  his  native 

•dure,  to  render  the  whole  fceiierv  more  iiiterelUng  and  varied  language,  and  caught  a  flame  of  poetical  infpiration  by  pe- 

than'it  otherwife  would  be.        '  ruling  a  trannation  of  Solomon's  fong  into  rude  verf^-.      lUs 

Loch  Lomond   has  long  been   celebrated   for   three  won-  love  of  learning  induced  him  to  leave  hii<  latlier,  and  take  re- 

ders    "  liih  wi'liout  fiiis,  waves  without  wind,  and  a  fleeting  fuge  in  a  monallery  at  Mofcow,  where  he  laid  a  good  fuunda. 
iQand."     The  tiih  without  tins  arc  mamfeiUy  vipers,  which 


abound  here  in  great  pk-nty,  and  fometirnes  Iwi^n   from  one 
ifland  to  another.     AVaves  without  wind  are  common  to  this 


tion  in  the  learned  languages,  and  difplaycd  fuch  talents,  that 
he  was  fent  by  tlie  Imperial  Academy  for  improvement  to  tlie 
German  univerfity  of  Marpurg.  He  iludieJ  under  Wolf 
and  tlie  other  celebrated  profelibrs.  On  his  return  to  his 
native  country  he  was  elected  adjunft,  and  then  member  of 
the  Imperial  Academy,  and  profeffor  of  ehemillrj ,  in  which 
fcience  he  was  a  conliderable  adept,  having  Itudied  it  under 


em  extremity,  there  are  a  number  o{  Hones  fixed  regularly, 
and  evidently  intended  for  enabling  pallengcrs  to  crofs  from 
one  fide  to  the  other,  which  are  now  however  covered  with 


lake,  with  all  extenfive  deep  waters,  when  a  calm  immediately 
fucceeds  a  ftorm.  The. floating  ifland  is  now  fixed  near  the 
wefl;  fliore  of  the  ifle  of  Inchconagan,  and  if  it  ever  did  float, 

muft  be   coniidered  as  a   p-.ofly    fragment  bound  together  _  _ 

by  the  matted  roots  of  eoarfe  grafles,  willows,  Dutch  myr-  Kunckel  at  Freyburg  in  Saxony.    In  1764  he  was  honoured 

.1'      c       ■  with  the  tide  of  counfellor  of  Itate.     He  died   in   the  fame 

The  waters  of  this  lake  are  fuppofed  to  be  rifing  in  height,  year.      His  reputation  as   a  literary  man   is  founded   on  his 

Acrofs  the  channel  of  a  ftream  called  Falloch,  at  the  north-  poetical  compofltions,  which   arc   numerous   and  various  in 

their  kinds.  His  odes  are  admired  for  their  fpirit  and  fub- 
limity,  in  wiiich  he  is  faid  to  rival  Pindar.  In  thefe,  and  in 
his  other  poems,  he  was  the  creator  of  various  meafures  new 

at  lead  five  feet  of  water.     Near  the  middle  of  the  bay  of  to  Ruffian  verfe,  fo  that  he  ranks  as  its  greatefl.  bcnefaAor. 

Camftraddan,  when   the  water  is  low,  there   is  a  heap   of  He  was  author  likewife  of  tragedies,  idylls,  and  epiftL's,  and 

ftones  vifible,'  which  is  faid  to  have  formerly  compofed   the  he  left  a   fragment   of  an  epic   poem   on   Peter   the  Great. 

rofidence  of  the  Colquhouns  of  Camftraddan.     Camden,  in  He  publiflied   fome   chemical  and  philofophical  trafts,  and 

his  Atlas  Britannica,  mentions  an  ifland  exilUng  here  in  his  two  fliort  pieces  on  the  hiltory  of  Ruffia,  and   he  enriched 

day  with  a  lioufe  and  garden  upon  it.     About  five  miles  to  the  language  of  his  country  with  fome  tranflations  from  the 

the  'fouth  of  this  he^ip  of  ftones  there  is  another,  faid  to  be  Greek  and  Latin. 

the  ruins  of  an   ancient  church :  the   field  oppofite   to   it  is         LOMPi^  R,  in  Geography,  a   fmall  ifland  in  the  Baltic, 

ftiU  called  Church-field.  "car  the  S.E.  coaft   of  Aland.     N.  lat.  60°  to'.     E.  long. 

The  villan-e  of  Lufs  is   delightfully  feated  on  the  weftern  20-  c)'. 
bank  of  thelake,  and  on  the  poft  road  from  Glafgow  to  In-         LOMWIA,  in    Onnihohgy,  the   name   of  a  web-footed 

verary.     In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  this  village,   Rofedoe,  water-fowl  common  on  the  Engliflt  fliores,  and  called  in  dif- 

the  manfion  liQufc  of  fir  Jame.'!  Colquhoun  of  Lufs,  is  placed  ferent    places   the  giiillm,   guillemot,  fca-hcri,    kiddaiu,    and 

ifula,  projecting  fo  far  into  the  lake  as  to  ap-  Jkout :   the   laft   name,  however,  is   fomewhat   equivocal,  as 


on  a  ncu  peninl      .   ,     ^         .. 

pear  infulatcd.  The  ground  is  finely  wooded,  and  a  tower 
of  the  ancient  caftle,  or  habitation  of  the  family,  forms  an  ex- 
cellent contiaft  to  the  modern  houfe.  Some  very  bold  and 
rugged  mountains  compofe  the  back  ground  of  this  charming 
fcenery.  Between  Lufs  and  Tarbet  the  road  dimimflies  m 
breadth  very  rapidly.  Paffing  the  water  of  Uglas,  which 
difcharges  itlelf  into  the  lake,  it  afcends  a  lofty  promontory, 
projeamg  confiderably  in  the  lake,  which  is  called  the  point 
of  Firkin.  Tlie  afcent  to  the  fummit  of  this  eminence  is 
abrupt,  difficult,  and  tedious,  but  the  view  which  difplays 
itfelf  from  it  amply  repays  the  admirer  of  nature  for  the 
labour  attending  it.  Nearly  oppofite  to  this  point  Benlo- 
mond  rears  his  lofty  head  on  the  eaftern  fide.     For  a  defcrip- 


the  Scotch  call  the  common  razor-lill  by  this  name.  Sec 
CoLVMBU.s  Troile. 

LOMZA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  War- 
faw,  fituated  on  the  Narew  ;  80  miles  N.E.  of  Warfaw. 
N.  lat.  53  .      E.  long.  22    40'. 

LONAS,  in  Botany,  Adanf  Fam.  v.  2  118.  Gsertn. 
V.  2.  396.  t.  165,  a  genus  eftabiifhcd  by  thofe  authors  upon 
the  ylchilka  inodora,  Linn.  Sp  PI.  1265,  Athanajta  annua, 
Syft.  Veg.  ed.  14.  741. 

LONA  1  O,  or  Lo.NADO,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  department  of  the  Benaco ;  12  miles  E.SE.  of 
Brefcia. 

LONCHITIS,  in  Botany,  a  name  derived  from  >"yxy<,  a- 


tion  of  this  mountain  and  its  fcenery,  fee  the  article  Benlo-    fpear,  borrowed  from  the  Greeks,  and  applied  by  Tourne- 

tort  to  what  he  efteemed  a  diftinft  genns  of  ferns,  charac- 
terized by  having   auricled  leaflets.      Linnteus  has  retained 


MOND.  .,,,„-  ,   .        , 

Lo.MOKD  Hills,  two  beautiful  conical  hills  fituated  in  the 
county  of  Fife,  Scotland.  The  eaftern  one  is  by  far  the 
»oft  beautiful,  and  rifes  1650  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  town  of  Falkland,  which  is  placed  at  a  fliort  diftance 
from  its  bafe.  It  appears  to  have  been  the  feat  of  a  fort  in 
ancient  times.  On  the  very  fummit  is  a  fmall  lake,  which 
has  probably  been  the  crater  of  an  extinit  volcano.  On 
this  hill  a  mine  of  lead  has  been  lately  opened  with  good 
profpefts  of  fuccefs  to  the  proprietors.  It  likewife  contains 
coal  and  limeftone  in  confiderable  abundance,  but  neither  til 
hem  are  wrought.     The  other  hill,  which  is  called  Weftern 


it  for  one  of  the  fame  family,  better  defined  by  the  frudifi- 
cation,  of  which  we  are  now  to  fpcaii.  Tlv  Xoyji^ili,-  of 
Diofcorides  has  always  been  a  fubjeft  of  difpute,  though 
his  defcription  is  more  full  and  precife  than'  uiual.  Some 
have  thought  it  Iris  tuberofa,  others  Herapias  Lingua.  His 
^.^yj/ili;  ils^x  however  does  appear  to  be  a  tern. — Linn.  Gen. 
560.  Schreb.  75:7.  Mart.  Mill.  Dift.  v.  jj.  Sm.  Mem. 
de  I'Acad,  de  Turin,  v.  5.  413.  Trafts  244.  Swartz; 
Syn.  Fil.  93.  Sprengel.  Crypt.  127.  t.  4.  f.  27.  Juff".  15. 
Lamarck    Illuftr.    t.   868.  — Clafs  and   order,    Cryptogamia 


tomond,  from  its  fituation  with  refpeft  to  the  former,    is    Filices.  Nat.  Ord.  Filices,  Linn.  JufT. 


Gen. 


L  O  N 


L  O  N 


Gen.  Ch.  Gnpfufa  annulated,  numeroiifly  afTemblcJ  in 
crcfcent-fhaped,  ftort,  when  young  often  divided,  lines,  in 
the  margin  of  each  finus  of  the  leaves.  Involucrum  mem- 
branous, proceeding  from  the  margin  of  the  leaf,  indexed, 
often  divided  in  the  middle. 

Eff.  Ch.  Fruftification  in  crefcent-fliaped  fpots,  in  the 
fmufes  of  the  leaves.  Involncnmi  from  the  inflexed  margin 
cf  the  leaf,  feparating  inwards. 

1.  L.  aurit.i.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  ij,^6-  (Filix  latifolia, 
fpinulis  moUibus  et  nigris  aculeata  ;   Plum.  Fil.  14.  t.  17. 

Petiv.  Fil.  t.  4.  f.  4 Frond  pinnate  ;  pinnatifid  ;  the  lower 

pair  of  leaflets  divided  ;  lobes  obtufe,  fmooth,  wavy,  toothed 
at  the  fummit.  Stalk  prickly. — This  fpecies,  which  Phi- 
mier  only  appears  to  have  feen,  was  gathered  by  him 
in  the  courle  of  a  valley,  in  a  diftricl  of  Martinico, 
commonly  called  !e  Prefcheur.  The  root  confifls  of  nume- 
rous, black,  entangled  fibres.  Fronds  five  or  fix,  erecl, 
about  a  foot  and  a  half  high  ;  their  ftalks  brownifh,  po- 
lilhed,  clothed  with  numerous,  horizontal,  black,  pliant 
prickles.  The  upper  half  of  the  plant  confifts  of  a  few 
nearly  oppofite  pairs  of  long  and  broadilTi,  pinnatifid,  pointed 
leaves,  or  pintiit,  very  thin,  membranous,  Imooth,  delicate, 
and  finely  veined,  of  a  bright  green.  Their  fegments  are 
feparated  rather  more  than  half  way  to  the  rib,  broadifh, 
wavy  at  the  edges,  toothed  at  their  blunt  apex,  and  bearing 
at  their  finufes,  between  each  other,  a  crefcent-fiiaped  thick 
mafs  of  frualfcatlon,  which  feems  not  to  be  cloven  or  di- 
vided. 

2.  L.  hlrfuta.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1536.  (Filix  viUofa,  pin- 
nulis  quercinis  ;  Plum.  Fil.  16.  t.  20.  Petiv.  Fil.  t.  4.  f.  5.) 
— Frond  hairy,  doubly  pinnate  ;  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  lobes 
finiiated,  obtufe,  wavy^  many-flowered — Gathered  by  Plu- 
mier  by  rivers  in  Martinico  ;  by  R.  Shakefpear  in  Jamaica. 
We  havealfo  fpecimens  from  J.  V.  Thompfon,  efq.  collected 
by  him  in  fome  part  of  the  Weft  Indies  ;  yet  this  fpecies  is 
very  rare.  It  differs  widely  from  the  former  in  its  hairinefs 
and  much  greater  fize,  being  five  or  fix  feet  high,  and  the 

Jid'iLs  near  an  inch  thick.  The fronii  moreover  is  doubly 
pinnate,  either  in  an  alternate  or  oppofite  manner ;  its  leaves 
very  deeply  pinnatifid,  pointed,  their  obtufe  fegments  alfo 
pinnatifid,  or  at  leaft  deeply  linuated,  each  finus  bearing  a 
crefcent-fliaped  mafs  of  feeds,  or  rather  two  feparate  malTes, 
each  with  its  own  roundifli  involucrum,  not  unlike  that  of  an 
Adianlum,  though  they  iinally,  for  the  moll  part,  coalefcc. 

3.  L..  javanica.  Lamarck  Dift.  v.  3.  J54.  Swartz  Syn. 
Fil.  94 Frond  hairy,  once  or  twice  pinnate;  deeply  pin- 
natifid ;  lobes  finuated,  pointed,  crenate,  many-flowered. 
Involucrum  fimple. —  Gathered  by  Commerfon  in  Java,  ac- 
cording to  Lamarck,  though  the  fpecimen  given  to  the 
younger  LinnEUS  by  Thouin  is  marked  as  coming  from 
the  Mauritius.  It  feems  at  any  rate  to  be  of  Fall,  not 
Well,  Indian  origin,  and  differs  efTentially  from  the  fore- 
going. How  often  the  frond  is  decompounded,  we  have 
not  materials  to  determine.  Our  fpecimen  has  two  op- 
pofite plnn£  only,  each  above  a  foot  long,  pointed,  very 
deeply  pinnatifid,  clothed  with  fine  foft  pubefcence,  beau- 
tifully reticulated  with  veins  ;  dark-green  above,  brighter 
beneath.  The  fegments  are  likewile  fharp-pointed,  about 
fifteen  pair,  deeply  finuated,  crenate.  One  thick,  brown, 
femilunar  mafs  of  fruclifcaiion,  ftarids  in  each  finus,  and  is, 
as  far  as  we  can  dilcern,  fimple  and  undivided,  as  well  as  its 
involucrum 

4.  L.  glabra.  Swartz.  n.  3.  Bory  de  St.  Vincent  Voy. 
V.  I.  321. — "  Frond  doubly  compound,  fmooth;  leaves 
fomewhat  pinnate;  their  divifions  deeply  crenate." — Native 
.fif  the  ifle  de  Bourbon.     We  know  nothing  of  this  fpecies 

,    Vol,.  XXL 


but  the  abere  chara(!\cr,  which,  except  as  to  fmoothricfi, 
gives  no  very  preclfe  information. 

5.  L.  repens.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1536.  (Fihx  aculeata  re. 
pens  ;  Plum.  Fil.  1 1,  t.  12.  Petiv".  Fil.  t.  4.  f.  6.)  — Frond 
thrice  pinnate  ;  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid ;  lobes  finuated, 
obtufe,  crenate.  Stalks  prickly.  Root  creeping. —  Ga- 
thered by  Plumier  in  Martinico.  He  defcribcd  the  root  as 
extremely  long,  cn.'eping  like  couchgrafs,  half  the  thickncfs 
of  the  finger,  black  both  witiiiii  and  without.  Fronds 
fpreading  liorizontally  and  very  widely.  Their  general  and 
partial  llalks  prickly,  twice  pinnate,  in  an  alternate  order. 
Leaves  about  fix  inches  long,  pointed,  very  deeply  pinna- 
tifid, it  not  pinnate  ;  their  fegments  oblong,  obtufe,  deeply 
finuated.  Frucllfication  fmall,  apparently  folitary  in  each 
finus.  We  know  not  on  what  grounds  Linnius  fixed  the 
genus  of  this  fpecies,  which  no  other  botanill  than  Plumier 
appears  to  have  feen.  As  far  as  his  figure  goes,  it  may 
belong  to  Dkkfonia,  or  Cyathea,  as  probably  as  to  Lon- 
chhis. 

The  L.  ptdata  of  Luinsus,  Sp.  PI.  i^T,Ch  like  a  few 
others  named  or  publiflied  by  different  bolaniils,  belong 
rather  to  Pter'is,  betwixt  which  genus  and  the  prefsnt,  it  is 
not  always  eafy  to  draw  a  line. 

LONCHIURUS,  in  Natural  Hi/lory,  a  genus  of  fiOies 
of  the  order  thoracici  :  peftoral  fins  feparate  ;  tail  lanceo- 
late. There  is  only  one  fpecies,  viz.  the  barbatus,  brown, 
with  two  cirri  under  the  chin,  which  is  about  ten  inches  long, 
and  inhabits  the  rivers  of  Surinam. 

LONDINIARES,  in  Geography,  a  \.o\vn  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Lower  Seine,  and  chief  place  of  a 
canton,  in  the  diftricl  ef  Neufchatel  ;  7  miles  N.  of  Neuf- 
chatel.  The  place  contains  764,  and  the  canton  5691  in- 
habitants, on  a  territory  of  225  kiliometres  in  32  com- 
munes. 

LONDON,  the  metropolis  of  the  Britiflt  empire,  the 
moll  wealthy,  moll  extenfive,  and  probably  the  moft  pa- 
pulous and  powerful  city  in  the  world,  is  feated  in  a  fertile 
and  falubrious  plain  or  valley,  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
Thames,  which  divides  the  town  into  two  irregular  parts, 
and  pafies  through  it,  from  the  wcfl;  to  the  eaft,  in  its 
progrefs  to  the  lea.  Many  cities  and  towns  of  antiquity 
h.ive  been  famous  in  the  annals  of  nations  :  Nineveh  was 
noted  for  its  towers  and  walls  of  vafl  circumference,  height, 
and  breadth  ;  Babylon,  for  the  hanging  gardens,  and  other 
objefls  of  human  labour  ;  Perfepolis,  for  its  natural  fortilica- 
tions  ;  Palmyra  and  Balbeck,  for  fumptuous  buildings  ;  and 
Athens  and  Rome,  for  the  civilization,  refinement,  and  high 
acconiplilhment  of  their  inhabitants.  But  London  may  be 
denominated  the  modern  wonder  of  the  world.  The  pro- 
digious increafe  of  houfcs,  inhabitants,  trade,  commerce,  and 
wealth,  with  the  refinement  and  luxury  which  now  prevail, 
render  it  fuperior  to  all  the  cities  of  modern  Europe  ;  and 
muft  excite  the  ailonifhment  of  fuch  foreigners  and  Eng- 
lifhmen  as  have  ftudied  the  local  and  comparative  hiftories 
of  places  of  note.  It  may  be  regarded  as  the  focus  of  the 
Britifh  empire  ;  for  within  its  jurifdiftion  are  concentrated  the 
royal,  legillative,  juridical,  civil,  commercial,  fcientific,  and 
literary  concerns  of  Great  Britain.  Many  writers  have  been 
employed,  at  different  periods,  to  narrate  the  annals  of  this 
great  town  ;  and  fcveral  volumes  in  folio,  quarto,  oClavo,  S:c. 
have  been  exclufively  devoted  to  the  topographical  hiflory 
of  London  :  but  all  are  imperfcA  and  unfatisfaftory :  thie 
largefl  works  being  mollly  tedious,  trivial,  and  prolix  ;  and 
the  fmaller  publications  are  very  fuperficial  and  inaccurate. 
At  the  end  of  this  account  will  be  given  a  lill  of  fitvera! 
of  thefe  works ;   to  point  out  the  fources  of  the  prefen' 


I-  O  N  D  O  N. 


eflay,  and  to  furnifh  the  reader,  who  may  require  more  cir- 
ciimftantial  information,  with  a  guide  to  facilitate  his  re- 
fearches.  The  following  article  will  comprehend  a  general 
view  of  the  hiftory  and  local  cliara£terilHcs  of  this  metro- 
polis, with  fome  particular  defcriplions  ;  but  for  detailed 
account?  of  many  buildinj;s,  places,  and  objects,  the  reader 
is  rcferfd  lo  tlic  following  heads,  in  different  parls  of  tiiis 
work:  Bavk  of  England,  BniDKViaL,  Bruigks,  Com- 
rANY,  lill  of  91  in  London,  and  accounts  of  the  principal  ; 
College  of  Ci-vtlians.  or  D'/Snrs-Comnicns,  Coi.l.DC.F.  0/ 
JlerrUs,  Qohi.voY,  of  Pf'ficinitr,  Collix.k,  Sion,  Collkgk 
of  Surgeons,  CoLLKGi:,  Veterinary,  RoYAI,  KxciJAXGE, 
Custom  of  Lonelvn,  Docks  of  London,  Excisr,  Im.fkt- 
Prifon,  Grcfiam  Collkge,  Gi'ii.diiall,  Hospitals  of 
Bethlehem,  Bridetvell,  Chr'ifl,  and  Foundling,  Inxs  of  Court, 
Insuhance  Companies,  Islington,  Lambeth,  Hackney, 

MaUV-LE-BoNE,       PADDINfnON,       MIDDLESEX,       SlRRV, 

Newisgton  -  Butts,    Thames,    Police,    Pahliament, 
Mew-River,  Limeiiou.se,   Stratfoud-le-Bow,  Soutii- 

>VARK,     VVeSTMINSTEK. 

The  centre  of  London,  or  St.  Paul's  church,  is  afcer- 
tained  to  be  in  latitude  ji"  ^1'  N.,  and  in  longitude  5'  37  ' 
W.  of  Greenwich,  where  the  royal  national  cbfervatory  is 
eftabhfhed.  The  dilfance  of  London  from  the  principal 
cities  of  Europe  is  as  follows :  from  Edinburgh  39J 
miles  S.  ;  from  Dublin  33S  S.E.  ;  from  Amfterdam  190 
miles  W.  ;  from  Paris  225  miles  N.N.W.  ;  from  Copen- 
hagen 610  miles  S.W.  ;  from  Vienna  820  miles  N.W.  ; 
from  Madrid  860  miles  N.E.  by  E.  ;  from  Rome  950 
miles  N.N.W. ;  from  Conftantinople  1660  miles;  from 
Mofcow  1660  miles  E.S.E  ;  from  Stockholm  750  miles  ; 
from  Peterfbnrgh  1140  miles;  from  Berlm  540  miles;  and 
from  Lifbon  850  miles. 

London,  as  confidered  in  the  aggregate,  comprifes  the 
city  and  its  liberties,  with  the  city  and  liberties  of  Weft- 
Hiinftcr,  the  borough  of  Southwark,  and  nearly  thirty  of 
the  contiguous  villages  of  Middlefex  and  Surry.  The 
greateft  portion  is  built  on  the  northern  bank  of  tlie  Thames, 
or  in  Middlefex  ;  whilll  Southwark,  with  Lambeth,  and 
feveral  connefting  villages,  extend  along  the  fouthern  fhore 
of  the  fame  river,  in  the  county  of  Surry.  The  extent  of 
London,  from  well  to  eaft,  or  from  Knightfbridge  to 
Poplar,  is  full  feven  miles  and  a  half;  whilft  its  breadth, 
from  north  to  fouth,  or  from  Newington  Butts  to  Iflington, 
is  nearly  five  miles.  The  circumference  of  the  whole,  al- 
lowing for  various  inequalities  in  the  extenfion  of  ftreets,  &c. 
at  the  extremities,  cannot  be  lefs  than  thirty  miles  Hence 
it  may  be  fairly  ellimated,  that  the  buildings  of  this  metro- 
polis cover  at  lead  eighteen  fquare  miles,  or  i  Ijjao  fquare 
acres.  Out  of  this  mutt  be  dcdufled  the  fpace  occupied  by 
the  river  Thames,  which  extends  about  feven  miles,  or 
12,320  yards  in  length,  bv  one  quarter  of  a  mile,  or  400 
yards  in  width  ;   making  i  i  20  fquare  acres. 

Independently  of  various  local  and  civil  divifions,  London 
may  be  faid  to  conlift  of  five  diftinguithing  parts,  or  popular 
portions  ;  •vi%.  the  weft  end  of  the  town,  the  city,  the  eaft 
end  of  the  town,  Weftmnifter,  and  the  Borough.  The 
"  weft  end  of  the  town,"  extending  from  Charing-Crofs  to 
Hyde-park,  and  from  St.  James's  park  to  Paddington,  is 
confidered  the  bell  and  moll  fafhionable  part  of  the  town, 
and  is  laid  out  in  the  two  great  thoroughfares,  called  Oxford 
road  and  Piccadilly,  with  various  handfome  fquares  and 
ftreets,  which  are  chiefly  occupied  by  the  townhoufes  of 
the  nobility  and  gentry,  and  the  mod  fafnionable  fliops. 
The  "city"  includes  the  central  part,  and  mott  ancient  di- 
Tifion  of  the  metropolis.     This  is  the  emporium  of  com- 


merce, trade,  and  bufinefs  ;  and  is  occupied  by  fliops,  ware- 
houfes,  public  offices,  and  houfes  of  tradefmen  and  others 
connertcd  with  bufinefs.  The  "  eaft  end  of  the  town,"  and 
its  mhabitants,  are  devoted  to  commerce,  to  {hip-hnil(^inff, 
and  to  every  collateral  branch  connefted  with  merchandize. 
This  divifion  of  London  has  affumed  a  novel  chara£ler  fines 
the  commencement  of  the  prelcnt  ceiitiiry,  by  the  vaft  com- 
mercial docks  and  warehoufes  that  have  been  formed  and 
conllrucfled  here.  The  fouthern  bank  of  the  Thames,  from 
Deptford  to  Lambeth,  bears  fome  rcfemblance  to  the  eaft 
end  of  the  town  ;  being  occupied  by  perfons  engaged  in 
commercial  and  maritime  concerns ;  docks,  wharfs,  and 
warehoufes  bring  abundant.  But  this  part  of  London  has 
one  didinguifhing  feature  from  any  other,  as  it  abounds  with 
numerous  and  various  manufactories  ;  iron-founderies,  glafs- 
houfes,  foap-boilers,  dye-houfes,  boat-builders,  fnot  and 
hat  manufaftories,  &c.  and  many  other  fimilar  ellablifh- 
ments.  From  the  great  number  of  fires  employed  in  theie 
houfes,  and  offenfivc  effluvia  arifing  from  fome  of  the  work.'', 
this  dillrift  is  rendered  extremely  unpleafant,  if  not  un- 
healthful,  for  human  refidence.  ■  It  is  therefore  moftly  in- 
habited by  workmen,  labourers,  and  tlie  lower  clafTes  of 
focicty.  Many  improvements  have  lately  been  made,  and 
feveral  refpefkable  houfes  erected  on  St.  George's  fields. 
In  Wettminller  arc  the  houfes  of  lords  and  commons,  the 
courts  of  jullice,  and  many  offices  belonging  to  government. 
Another  part  of  the  metropolis,  not  hitherto  noticed,  but 
which  may  be  confidered  as  the  laft  enlargement,  and  the 
moft  regftlar  and  iyftematic  in  its  arrangement  of  fquares, 
ftreets,  &e.  is  the  northern  fide  of  the  town  ;  compre- 
hending a  large  mafs  of  new  buildings  between  Holborn  and 
Somers-town,  and  in  the  parifhes  of  Mary-le-bone  and 
Paddington.  Nothing  fliews  the  i^jcrcafed  and  increafing 
growth  of  the  Englifh  metropolis  more  decifivcly  than  the 
vaft  number  of  new  fquares,  ftreets,  rows,  and  places,  that 
have  been  recently  ere6led,  and  are  now  in  the  progrefs  of 
building,  all  round  the  metropolis.  London  is  computed 
to  contain  nearly  70  fquares,  and  8000  ftreets,  lanes,  rows, 
courts,  &c.  According  to  a  cenfus  obtained  in  the  year 
181 1,  the  population  of  London,  Weftminfter,  and  their 
fuburbs,  was  1,099,104  perfons;  being  an  increafe  of 
133,139  within  the  courfe  of  ten  years.  Well  might 
Cowper  exclaim, 

"  Opulent,  enlarged,  and  ftill  increafing  London." 

It  would  be  both  amufing  and  interefiing  to  trace  the 
progreflive  growth  or  expanfion  of  London  ;  to  defcribe  it 
ardifferent  and  remote  periods;  and  delineate,  with  a  care- 
ful and  accurate  pencil,  the  natural  and  artificial,  the  po- 
litical and  civil,  the  moral  and  commercial  charafteriftics  of 
the  Britifh  metropolis,  at  different  epochs.  Some  of  tliefe 
features  will  be  notiofd  in  the  progrefs  of  our  furvey  ;  but 
m.any  muft  neceffarily  be  omitted,  from  the  peculiar  nature 
of  the  prcfent  publication. 

ylncient  Hiflory  and  /int'tqu'tt'us  of  London. — It  is  generally 
admitted  by  topographers,  that  the  prefent  fcite  of  London 
was  occupied  as  a  Britifti  town  before  the  arrival  of  the 
Romans.  Of  this,  however,  there  is  no  evidence :  for 
Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  is  not  to  be  trufted,  nor  is  his  after- 
tion  entitled  to  refpeft.  We  are  informed  by  Tacitus,  that 
about  the  year  61,  Londinium,  or  ColoniaAuguila,  "  was 
the  chief  refidence  of  merchants,  and  the  great  mart  of  trade 
and  commerce,  though  not  dignified  with  the  name  of  a 
colony."  (Ann.  lib.  xiv.  c.  33  )  Boadicea,  the  ainazonian 
queen  of  the  Britons,  headed  a  large  body  of  natives,  and, 
after  conquering  Camalodunum  and  Verulam,  took  poffef- 
8  £os 


LONDON. 


lion  of^Londinium.  At  tliis  time,  it  appears  that  Lon- 
dinium  was  not  fortified  in  the  Roman  manner,  and  was  in- 
ferior to  either  of  the  other  places  juft  named.  In  a  few 
years  afteru-ards,  the  Romans  made  it  a  permanent  ftation  ; 
furrounded  it  with  a  forrified  wall  of  ftone  and  brick,  and 


by  Gundulph,  biihop  of  Rocheiler,  whoereftedthe  White 
tower,  within  the  I'ower  of  London.  In  the  fame  reign 
St.  Paul's  chnrch  was  commenced  ;  and  the  ftrong  caftles  of 
Baynard  and  Montfichet,  both  of  them  ftandiiij  on  the 
banks  of  the  Thames  within  tlie  city  walls,  were  erefted 


governed  the  inhabitants  by  Roman  laws.  The  courfe  and  by  two  of  the  Norman  king's  officers,  named  Baynard  and 
e.-ctent  of  the  walls  were  as  follows  :  commencing  at  a  fort,  ^Iolltllchet.  During  this  and  fevcral  fucceeding  reigns,  the 
near  the  prelent  tower  of  London,  the  wall  was  carried  in  a  public  buildings  of  London  were  greatly  augmented  in  num- 
line  direcUy  north  to  Aid-gate  ;  thence  it  made  a  curve  to  ber,  by  the  erection  of  feveral  religions  edifices,  abbatial 
the  fouth-wcft,  to  Bi(hops-gate,  from  which  it  continued  in  and  epifcopal  relidenceis.  The  roval  palace  at  Wellminfler, 
a  rtraight  line  to  Cripple-gate  and  Alders-gate  ;  here  it  which  had  been  founded  by  Edward  the  CoiifefTor,  was  con- 
turned  to  the  fouth,  and  proceeded  to  New-gate,  where  it  fiderably  enlarged  ;  and  a  large  hall  was  built  there  by 
made  almoft  a  right  angle,  turning  to  the  fouth,  to  Lud-gate,  Wi.Iiam  Rufus  The  reign  of  Hcnrv  I.  was  diftingiiifhed 
and  on  to  the  banks  of  the  Thames,  The  circuit  of  tliis  by  the  foundation  and  conilruftion  of  juany  monadic  houfcs  ; 
part  of  the  boundary,  according  to  Stow,  was  nearly  two  and  feveral  others  were  cllablifhed  during  the  Anglo-Norman 
nules  and  one  furlong.     Another  wall,  of  about  one  mile  in  and  Plantagenet  dynafties. 

length;  extended  along  the  northern  bank  of  the  Thames,  A  lilt  of  the  religious  houfes,  with  the  time  of  their  dif- 

from  the  fort  near  the  Tower  to  another  fort  near  the  prefent  ferent  foundations,  will  aflbrd  a  tolerable  idea  of  the  gradual 

Black-friars  bridge.     Thefe   walls  were  defended,    at  dif-  increafe  of  the   city,    with  refpeft  to   fuch  eJlablifhmeets, 


ferent  di'.laiices,  by  ftrong  towers  and  baftions.  The  height 
of  the  wall  is  faid  to  have  been  22  feet,  and  the  towers 
40  feet.  The  fuperficial  contents  of  the  area  thus  enclofed 
have  been  computed  at  about  4C0  acres.  Nearly  through 
the  middle  of  this  llation  palTed  a  llream,  fince  called  Wall- 
brooke.    Dr.  Stukeley,  in  his  "  Itinerarium  Curiofum,"  has 


and  of  the  difference  between  ancient  and  modern  London. 
The  town  appears  to  have  contained  no  lefs  than  fifty-four 
monaftic  houfes,  fuch  as  abbies,  priories,  nunneries',  hof- 
pitals,  colleges,  &c. 

St.  Paul's  cathedral  w3s  firft  founded  by  Ethelbert,  king 
of    Kent;    church   rebuilt  in  961  ;    again  in   the   time   of 


given  a  plan  of  Londinium,  (hewing  the  extent  and  form  of    William  Rufus.    The  prefent  church  commenced  in  167J 


the  (lation,  with  the  number  of  gates  in  the  walls,  and  the 
military  roads  that  branched  otT  from  it.  The  burial-places 
■were  without  the  walls,  on  the  north  and  eaftern  fides  of  the 
town.  Londinium  was  advanced  from  a  prafedure,  i.  e.  a 
town  governed  by  a  Roman  procfecl,  to  the  rank  of  a  colony. 
Lt  alfo  became  the  feat  of  the  vicarius  Britanniarum,  and  of 
the  comraiflioners  of  the  treafury  under  the  Roman  em- 
perors. To  enter  into  accounts  of  all  the  various  remains 
of  the  Romans,  which  have  been  difcovered  at  different  times 
within  the  limits  of  London,  would  lead  us  into  a  long  dif- 
lertation  :  it  mull  fufEce  to  ilate,  that  teffellated  pavements, 
urns,  coins,  pottery,  foundations  of  buildings,  and  other 
evident  relics  of  the  Romans,  have  been  frequently  found 
beneath  the  prefent  furface.  At  the  Bank,  near  the  India 
houfe,  and  in  Lombard  Itreet,  fome  pavements  have  been 
taken  up  ;  and  in  various  other  parts  of  the  city  have  been 
found  evident  traces  of  Roman  habitations,  and  Roman 
culloras.  The  London  flone  in  Cannon  ftreet  is  confidered, 
by  mod  antiquaries,  as  part  ef  a  Roman  milliary.  Thefe 
are  all  particularly  defcribed  in  Brayley's  Survey  of  Lon- 
don and  Middlelex,  vol.  i.   1810. 

Very  little  is  known  of  London  during  the  Anglo-Saxon 
dynafty  ;  nor  do  we  know  of  any  buildings,  or  other  local 
antiquities,  which  may  be  referred  to  that  period.  Under 
the  Saxons,  London,  then  called  Lunden,  Lundone,  Lun- 
denburg,  Lundenes,  Lundenceafter,  gradually  increafcd  in 


The  priory  of  St.  Martin-le-Grand,  founded  by  Withred, 
king  of  Kent,  in  the  year  7C0  ;  was  givew,  in  IJC2,  by 
Henry  VII.  to  Wedminfter  Abbey;  the  dreet  of  St. 
Martin-le-Grand  is  iliil  annexed  to  Wedminller. 

The  nunnery  in  Cle.-.kenwell,  founded  in  1 100,  by  fir 
Jordan  Brifirt. 

The  hofpital  of  St.  John  of  Jerufalem,  in  Clerkenwell, 
was  founded  in  iioo,  by  the  fame. 

The  Holy  Trinity,  or  Chrid-church,  within  Aid-gate, 
was  founded  by  the  emprefs  Maud,  in  uo8,  for  Audin 
canons. 

The  priory  of  St.  Bartholomew  in  Wed  Smithfield  was 
begun  by  Rahere,  in  1123  ;  the  hofpital  foon  afterwards. 

A  Benediftine  nunnery  of  Haliwell,  by  Robert  Fitz- 
Gelran,  before  11 27. 

St.  Katherine  near  the  Tower,  by  the  emprefs,  before 
1 148. 

The  Old  Temple  of  Holborn,  in  1 1 18  ;  and  the  new  one 
near  Flett-ilreet,  by  the  order,  in  11S5. 

St.  Mary  Spittle,  by  Walter  Brune,  in  1 197. 

St.  Thomas  of  Acre,  in  the  end  of  Henry  II. 's  reign,  by 
Thomas  Fitz-Theobald. 

The  college  of  AUhallows  Barking,  by  Richard  I. 

The  nunnery  of  St.  Hi-len's,  in  Bidiopfgate-dreet,  was 
founded  by  William  Fitz-William,  in  I  210. 

Tlie  Black  Friars  had   a   houfe  near  Chancerv-lane,  but 


extent  and  affluence  ;  and,  according  to  Bede,  it  then  be-     afterwards  begged  or  bought  the  ground  near  Caltle  Bay. 
came  the  "  emporium  of  many  nations."     Religious  edifices     nard,  foon  after  1  22  I 


were  erefted  in  the  feventh  century,  on  the  fcites  of  St. 
Paul's  and  Wedminfter  Abbey.  It  is  prefumed  there  was  a 
bridge  acrofs  the  Thames,  near  Wedminfter,  previous  to 
the  year  994  :  as  William  of  Malmd)ury,  when  fpeaking 
of  the  repuUe  of  the  Danes  under  Sweyn  and  Olaf,  favs 
that  "  part  of  them  were  drowned  in  the  river,  becaufe,  in 
tfwir  hady  rage,  they  took  no  heed  of  the  bridge."  In  the 
time  of  king  Athelitan,  a  law  was  paiTed  refpeCting  coinage, 
by  which  It  is  ipecified  that  London  was  allowed  eight 
minters,  whilft  only  feven  were  appointed  for  the  cities  of 
Canterbury  and  W^lncheder. 

Soon  after  the  Roman  conqueft,  a  fortrefs  or  caftle  was 
built  on  the  banks  of  the  Thames ;  aod  t^s  was  enlarged 


The  Grey  Friars,  about   1224;  afterwards  in  Newgate 
ftreet. 

The  White  Friar?,  by  fir  Rich  Grey,  in  I  241. 

A  priory  for  Audin  Friars  was  edablillied  in  Broad-ftreet, 
by  Humphry  Bohun,  earl  of  Hereford,  in  1253. 

The  Friars  of  the  Sack,  Old  Jewry,   12^7.     Order  dif- 
folved,  1307. 

The  Croded  or  Crutched  Friars,  by  Ralph  Hofier  and 
William  rfaberns,  in  i  298. 

The  Rolls,  or  Domus  Converforum,  by  Henry  III.  in 
1331,  for  the  converlion  of  Jews. 

St.   Mary    Rouncivall   in   the    Strand,    abo'it   the  fatn^ 
period. 

g  q  2  Tte, 


LONDON. 


The  hofpital  or  priory  ef  St.  Mary  of  Bcthelem  or  Bed- 
lam, wa<;  granted  by  Simon  P'itz-Mary,  in  i  247. 

The  convent  of  St.  Clare,  in  the  Minories,  by  Edn:iund 
«arl  of  Lancafter,  in  1 29  J. 

A  college  and  hofpital,  called  Elfing  Spittle,  were  founded 
by  William  Elfing,  a  citizen,  in  1329- 

Sir  John  PouDlncy  founded  a  college  in  Cannon-ftreet, 
in  i^i^2. 

St.  Mary  of  Graces,  or  Eaft-Minfler,  a  Ciftertian  abbey, 
was. founded  by  king  Edward  III.  in  1350. 

The  Chartcr-Houfc,  before  1.^70,  by  fir  Walter  de 
Manny,  and  Mitfhael  de  Northburgh,  billiop  of  London. 
See  CuAnTHEL'sE. 

The  hofpital  of  the  Savoy,  in  15O),  by  Henry  VII. 

Befidts  thefe,  the  guilds  or  fraternities  of  London  were 
very  numerous.  There  was  a  brotherhood  and  chapel  of 
the  Holy  Trinity  in  Leadenhall,  and  feveral  others  were 
founded  in  moll  churches.  The  grand  fupproffion  of  the 
whole  commenced  in  1 53 7.  Exclufive  of  the  religious 
houfes,  the  bilhops  and  parliamentary  abbots  had  each  a 
town  refidence  of  Hale. 

The  abbot  of  St.  Anftin's,  Canterbury,  honfe  was  in  the 
parifh  of  St.  Olave's,  Soiithwark. 

The  abbot  of  Evefliam's,  in  the  parllli  of  St.  Catherine 
Crce. 

The  abbot  of  Reading's,  at  Baynard  caflle,  in  the  parifii 
of  St.  Andrew  Wardrobe. 

The  abbot  of  St.  Mary's,  York,  at  St.  Peter's  Place, 
Paul's  Wharf 

The  abbot  of  Glaftonbury,  in  Weft  Smithfield. 

The  abbot  of  PIvde,  in  the  parilh  of  St.  Mary  at 
Hill. 

The  abbot  of  Ramfey,  in  Whitecrofs-ftreet. 

Tlie  abbot  of  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  in  St.  Mary-ftreet, 
Aldga^e. 

The  abbot  of  St.  Alban's,  in  Lothbury. 

The  abbot  of  Peterborough,  in  the  paridi  of  St.  Gre- 
gory. 

The  abbot  of  Salop,  near  St.  Bartholomew's,  Well  Smith- 
field. 

The  abbot  of  Leiceftor,  in  the  parifli  of  St.  Sepulchre. 

One  inflance  of  the  fen'ice  which  was  rendered  to  the 
public,  even  in  London,  by  the  monaftic  inilitutions,  is 
worthy  of  note  :  the  priory  of  St.  Mary  Spittle  contained, 
at  its  di[rc;lulion  about  the  year  15,6,  no  lefs  than  180  beds 
for  the  reception  of  fick  perfons  and  travellers.  The  hof- 
pitals  which  were  fuffered  to  remain,  owed  their  continuance 
to  fir  Richard  Grefham,  mayor  of  London,  in  1537,  who 
petitioned  the  king  to  beftow  the  lands  belonging'  to  this, 
St.  Bartholomew's,  St.  Thomas's,  and  the  new  ajibcy  on 
Tower-hill,  on  the  corporation,  for  the  relief  and  ufe  of  the 
poor,  the  lick,  and  the  vagrant. 

yinnah  of  London,  from  the  Depart  lire  of  the  Romans  to  the 
Accejfion  of  Edivard  I.— Wlien  the  Ron!ans,  from  the  dif- 
tradtod  Hate  of  the  empire,  found  it  neceffiiry,  in  the  early 
part  of  the  fifth  century,  to  withdraw  their  troops  irom  the 
dillant  provinces,  London  again  became  a  Bntifii  town,  and 
is  mentioned  in  the  Saxon  chronicle  in  the  year  457,  when 
the  Britons  fled  hither  on  their  defeat  by  the  Saxons  under 
Hengift,  who,  about  twenty  years  afterwards,  made  himfcif 
raafter  of  London  ;  but  on  his  death,  in  498,  it  was  retaken 
by  Ambrofius,  and  retained  by  the  Britons  during  a  con- 
fjderable  part  of  the  next  century.  It  afterwards  became 
fiibjedled  to  the  newly-ellablifhed  Saxon  kingdom  of  Ellex. 
Qn  the  converlion  of  the  Eall  Saxons  to  Chriitianity,  Lon- 
don was  nominated  as  the  bilhop's.fee,  MelitHS  being  ap- 
ptjinted  the  firil  bifhop  in  the  year  604  ;  a  cathedral  church 

2 


was  erecfled  in  610,  on  the  fcite  of  the  prelent  St.  Paul's. 
During  the  period  of  the  Saxon  heptarchy,  but  few  notices 
of  London  appear  to  have  been  recorded.  In  664  it  was 
ravaged  by  the  plague  ;  and  in  764,  798,  and  801,  it  fuf- 
fcrcd  feverely  by  fires  ;  in  that  of  798  it  was  almoll  wholly 
confumed,  and  great  numbers  of  tlie  inhabitants  perifned. 
On  the  union  of  the  Saxon  kingdom  under  Ei'^bert,  Lon- 
don, though  not  the  royal  refidence,  or  feat  ot  government, 
as  has  been  erroneoufly  Hated,  was  advancing  in  confequence, 
as  appears  from  a  Wittenagemot  having  been  held  here  in 
833,  to  confult  on  proper  means  to  repel  the  Danes.  By 
thefe  invaders  London  was  repeatedly  pillaged  and  laid 
walle.  In  925  king  Athelllan  had  a  palace  here;  the  city 
increafed  in  importance  under  the  Danilb  fovereigns,  and 
under  Edi<'ard  the  Coiifeffor  j  and  on  the  fuccefsful  invafion 
of  William  the  Conqueror,  the  magiftrates  of  London, 
ccnijointly  with  the  prelates  and  nobility,  invited  him  to 
accept  the  title  of  king  of  England.  From  this  period 
London  may  be  coulidered  as  the  metropolis  of  the  king- 
dom. 

William,  at  the  commencement  of  his  reign,  granted  a 
charter  to  the  citizens,  which  is  beautifully  written  in  the 
Saxon  characters,  and  i?  ilill  preferved  among  the  city  ar- 
chives:  it  conlills  of  only  five  lines  on  a  flip  of  parchment, 
fix  inches  long  and  cne  broad.  In  the  year  1077  the 
greatell  part  of  the  city  was  dellroyed  by  fire.  In  the 
loUowing  year  the  king  founded  the  fortrefs,  now  called  the 
White  Tower,  for  the  purpofe  of  keeping  the  citizens  in 
awe,  as  he  had  reafon  to  fufpeft  their  fidelity.  In  1086 
another  fire  confumed  the  principal  part  of  the  city,  toge- 
ther with  the  church  of  St.  Paul.  Maurice,  then  bifhop 
of  London,  laid  the  foundation  of  the  new  church  :  "  a 
workc,"  Stow  obferves,  "  that  men  of  that  time  judged 
would  never  have  been  finifhed,  it  was  then  fo  wonderful." 
It  is  remarkable  that  Domefday  bock,  though  io  minute 
in  regard  to  other  cities  and  towns,  does  not  contain  any 
notice  of  London.  A  vineyard  is  mentioned  in  Holborn 
belonging  to  the  crown,  and  ten  acres  of  land  near  Bilhopf- 
gate  (now  the  manor  of  Norton-Falgate)  belonging  to  the 
dean  and  chapter  of  St.  Paul's.  h\  November,  1090,' 
above  600  houlej  and  feveral  churches  were  blown  down  by 
a  tremendous  hurricane,  and  Staw  fays,  "  the  Tower  of 
London  was  alfo  broken."  About  two  years  afterwards 
another  dellruftn'e  fire  happened.  In  the  fucccedi.'g  years 
William  Rufus  repaired  the  Tower,  and  llrengthened  it  by 
additional  works ;  and  in  1097  he  built  a  great  liall  at  Vv'elt- 
miiifter.  Henry  I.,  as  a  reward  for  the  ready  fubmiirioii  of 
the  Londoners  to  his  ufurped  authority,  granted  to  the  city 
an  extenfive  charter  of  privilege?,  among  which  was  the 
perpetual  flierilTwick  of  Middlelex.  On  the  death  of  Henry, 
the  Londoners  took  a  decided  part  in  favour  of  Stephen  in 
his  contell  with  the  emprefs,  and  greatly  contributed  to  his 
eftab  ilhment  on  the  throne.  In  the  firfl  year  of  his  reign 
a  fire,  beginning  near  London  Stone,  eonlumed  all  the 
houfes  ealtward  to  Aldi^ate,  .::id  wcilward  to  St.  Paul's, 
together  with  London  bridge,  which  was  then  of  wood. 
Henry  II.  does  not  appear  to  have  held  the  citizens  in  any 
great  degree  of  favour,  probably  refenting  their  attachment 
to  Stephen  :  and  we  find  that  large  fums  of  money  were 
extorted  from  them  under  the  fpecious  name  of  Free -gifts. 
In  1176  the  building  of  a  new  bridge  of  iione  was  com- 
menced at  London,  but  was  not  completed  tiil  the  year 
1209.  On  the  coronation  of  Richard  I.  a  dreadful  maf- 
facre  of  the  Jews,  who  were  fettled  in  London,  was  made 
by  the  brutal  and  ignorant  popui.<ce.  At  the  coronation, 
dinner,  the  chief  magillrate  of  London,  who  at  that  time 
had  the  title  of  bailiff,  acted  as  chief  butler.     Early  v\  this 

leign 


London: 


rclgn  t1*e  appellation  was  changed  to  tliat  of  mayor,  in  the 
,  perfon  of  Henr)'  Fitz  AKvyn.  Richard  granted  the  city  a 
new  charter,  confirming  all  its  liberties,  with  additional  pri- 
vileges ;  and  four  years  afterwards,  on  payment  of  ijoo/. 
be  granted  anotlier,  providing  for  the  removal  of  all  weirs 
that  had  been  erefted  on  the  river  Thames  ;  on  this  charter 
the  corporation  of  London  found  their  claim  to  the  confer- 
vatorihip  of  that  noble  i^ream.  In  iiq6,  a  fedition  arofe 
in  London,  headed  by  William  Fitz  Olbert,  who  excited 
the  common  people  to  oppofe  the  government,  and  gained 
ailbciates  to  the  amount  of  50  ooo ;  but  the  leader  beiag 
taken  and  executed,  the  commotion  fubfided.  This  is  one 
of  the  firfl  inftances  upon  record  of  a  tumultuous  affemblage 
in  defence  of  popular  rights.  In  the  reign  of  king  John 
the  civio'importance  of  London  was  greatly  increaled  ;  and 
its  corporation  finally  afl'umed  that  form  and  predominancy, 
which,  with  a  few  alterations,  it  has  maintained  till  the  pre- 
fcnt  time.  John  granted  the  city  feveral  charters  ;  by  one 
he  empowered  the  ."  barons  of  the  city  of  London"  to 
chojfe  a  mayor  annuallv,  or  to  continue  the  fame  perlon 
from  year  to  year,  at  their  own  pleafure.  In  1212  a  dread- 
ful calamity  took  place,  through  a  fire  which  commenced  at 
the  bridge  end  in  Southwark,  and  occafioned  a  doilrudtion 
almod  unparalleled  from  fuch  a  caufe :  Stow  relates  that 
about  3000  perfons  perifhed.  During  the  contefl  between 
the  king  and  pope  Innocent  III.  London  fevcrely  felt  the 
confequenccs  of  the  inlerdift  which  was  laid  upon  the  king- 
dom. In  the  civil  feuds,  which  marked  the  latter  years  of 
John,  the  Londoners  fided  with  the  barons  ;  and  when  the 
humbled  monarch  was  compelled  to  fign  Magna  Charta,  it 
was  therein  exprefsly  ftipulated  that  the  "  city  of  London 
(hould  have  all  its  ancient  privileges  and  free  cuftoms  as  well 
by  land  as  by  water."  The  long  reign  of  Henry  III. 
affords  but  few  events  worthy  of  notice  refpefting  London  : 
its  growing  profperity  was  checked  by  a  feries  of  extortions 
and  oppreffions.  In  125?^,  the  price  of  corn  was  fo  excef- 
Cve,  that  a  fa-nine  enfued,  and  according  to  the  chronicles 
of  Evefham,  20,000  perfons  died  of  hunger  in  London  only. 
In  1264  ar,other  maflacre  of  the  Jews  took  place  ;  on  a 
plea  thjt  one  of  that  perfecuted  race  had  taken  more  than 
lep;al  intereft,  and  upwards  of  500  Jews  were  put  to  death 
by  the  populace,  and  their  houfes  and  iynagogiies  de- 
llroyed. 

yfnnals  of  London  from  the  Accejfion  of  Edward  I.  to  that 
ef  Henry  IV. — In  the  year  1279  all  the  Jeivs  in  England 
were  apprehended  in  one  day,  on  a  charge  of  their  being  the 
author?  of  the  great  mutilations  which  had  taken  place  in 
the  coin  during  the  preceding  reign  :  280  perfons  of  both 
fexes  were  executed  in  London,  befides  many  others  in  va- 
rious parts  of  the  kingdom;  Between  the  years  1 3  14  and 
1^17  the  city,  in  common  with  the  retl  of  the  kingdom, 
fiilFered  greatly  from  a  fcarcity  of  provifions,  which  even- 
tually produced  a  complete  famine.  King  Edward  III  , 
on  the  commencement  of  his  reign,  granted  to  the  city  two 
charters  :  by  the  firll  all  the  a.icient  privileges  were  con- 
firmed and  additional  ones  beftowed  ;  by  the  other,  the 
village  of  Southwark  was  granted  to  the  citizens  in  per- 
petuity. In  1348,  the  terrible  pellilence,  V-hich,  breaking 
out  in  India,  fpread  itfelf  wellward  through  every  country 
en  the  globe,  reached  England.  Its  ravages  in  London 
were  fo  great,  that  the  common  cemeteries  were  not  fuffi- 
ciently  capacious  for  the  interment  of  the  dead  ;  and  various 
pieces  of  ground  without  the  walls  were  affigncd  for  burial 
places :  amongft  thefe  was  the  wafte  land  now  forming  the 
precinft  of  the  Charter-houfe,  where  upwards  of  50,000 
badies  were  then  depofited.  This  dcitruftive  diforder  did  not 
entirely  fubfide  till  1357.     The  public  entry  of  Edward  the 


Black  Prince  into  London,  May  24,  13^6,  after  the  TJAor^ 
he  obtained  at  Poiftiers,  wa5  celebrated  with  an  unparalleled 
degree  of  fplendour ;  and  every  ftreet  through  which  the 
cavalcade  patfed,  exhibited  an  extraordinary  difplay  of  riches 
and  magnificence.  The  captive  king  of  France,  dreffed  in 
regal  robes,  was  mounted  on  a  white  courfer,  v.hi'e  the  vic- 
torious prince  rode  by  his  fide  on  a  fmali  black  horfe,  and 
appeared  more  hke  an  attendant  than  a  conqueror.  In  1361, 
the  plague  having  again  broke  out  in  France,  every  precau- 
tion was  taken  to  prevent  its  fpreading  into  England,  but 
without  eifeft  ;  the  peftilence  reached  London,  and  its  ra- 
vages were  fo  deductive,  that  upwards  of  2000  perfons  fell 
viftims  in  two  days.  In  1363,  a  fu'iipluous  entertainment 
was  given  in  the  city  by  Hei.ry  Picard,  alderman,  to  the 
kings  of  England,  France,  Scotland,  and  Cyprus,  to  Edward 
the  Black  Prince,  and  to  a  great  number  of  nobility  and 
gentry.  The  year  1378  is  memorable  in  the  city  annds  for 
the  expedition  fitted  out  by  an  individi:al,  John  Phdpot, 
againil  Mercer,  the  Scottilh  pirate,  v  ho  taking  advantage 
of  the  inattention  of  governine;it  to  naval  affairs,  carried  off 
all  the  iliipping  from  the  port  of  Scarborough  ;  ard  c  ou- 
tin.iing  to  infcll  the  northern  coaft,  frequently  made  confi- 
derable  prizes.  Tiie  complaints  cf  the-  merchants  were  but 
little  regarded  by  the  council ;  when  Phdpot  prepared  a 
fleet  at  his  own  expence,  with  a  thoufand  men  well  armed, 
went  himfelf  on  board  as  commander-in  chief,  and  failed  in 
purfuit  of  the  pirate.  A  long  and  defperate  engagement 
enfued  ;  but  Philpot  obtained  the  viftory,  and  obliged  the 
pirate  to  furrender,  with  moft  of  his  fhips,  amo'  g  which 
were   fifteen    Spaniih  veffels   richly  laden.       In   November 

1380,  the  fourth  year  of  Richard  II.  an  aft  of  parliament 
was  paffed  for  levying  a  poll-tax  on  every  perfon  in  the 
kingdom,  male  or  female,  above  the  age  of  fifteen  years. 
This  aft  was  the  occafion  of  producing,  in  the  following 
year,  one  of  the  mod  dangerous  infurreftions  that  ever 
threatened  the  monarchy  of  this  kingdom  ;  and  in  which 
the  metropolis  particularly  luffered.  The  tax  was  exatted 
with  great  rigour  ;  and  the  inlolence  of  the  colleftors  was 
an  additional  caufe  ot  irritation,  and  kindled  the  fparks  of 
fedition  which  foon  after  burll  into  an  open  flame.  The  ■ 
infurreftion  began  in  Effex,  but  quickly  fpread  through  the  - 
neighbouring  counties,  and  particularly  in  Kent,  where  the 
daughter  of  Wat  Tyler,  fo  called  from  his  trade,  ha-ving 
been  indecently  treated  by  a  colleftor,  the  father  killed  him, 
and  being  fupported  by  the  infurgents,  placed  liimfelf  at 
their  head.  To  his  ftandard  incredible  numbers  flocked 
from  all  parts  of  the  kingdom  ;  and  on  the  loth  'of  June,   ■ 

1381,  having  niuftered  on  Blackheath  a  hundred  thoufand 
flrong,  they  entered  Southwark,  where  they  fet  at  liberty 
the  priioners  from  the  King's  Bench  and  Marlhalfea  prifons, 
and  levelled  the  houfes  of  all  lawyers.  .  They  biuiit  the 
archbilhops  palace  at  Lambeth,  with  the  rich  furniture, 
books,  and  regitters,  and  dellroyed  the  public  ilews  which 
were  then  tolerated  on  Bankfide.  .  For  one  day  the  bridge 
gate  was  Ihut  againil  them  ;  but  they  were  afterwards, 
from  prudential  motives,  admitted  into  the  city.  ■  They 
then  proceeded  to  the  palace  of  the  Savoy,  which  was  one 
of  the  molt  magnificent  llruftures  in  the  kingioni.  Having 
fet  fire  to  it  in  feveral  places,  they  caufed  proclamation  to 
be  made,  that  no  perfon  ihould  convert  any  part  of  the  rich 
effefts  to  his  own  ufe,  and  actually  threw  into  the  fire  one 
of  their  com])anions  who  liad  reler-.-ed  a  piece  of  pl.ite. 
They  alfo  burnt  the  Temple  and  the  other  inns  of  court. 
Dividing  iiito  three  parties,  one  advanced  to  the  rich  priory 
of  St.  John  of  Jerufalem,  near  Smithfield,  which  they 
burned  ;  a  fecond  divifion  marched  to  the  Tower,  where 
ihey  feijed   fix  Rabert  Hstles,  lurd  ueafurer,  and  Simon 

Sitdbmyj    . 


LONDON. 


:Sud1iuryi  archbifhop  of  Canterbury,  and  lord  chancellor 
(though  guarded  by  1200  foldiers),  and  hurrying  them  to 
the  adj;icent  hill,  beheaded  them  ;  the  third  divilioii  pro- 
ceeded to  Mile  End,  where  the  king  met  them,  and  promifed 
to  redrefs  their  fiippofed  grievances,  on  which  tiiey  difpcried. 
But  Wat  Tyler,  with  his  party,  vmdcr  the  pretence  of  re- 
forming abufes,  continued  their  ravages  in  London,  liberated 
the  prifoners  from  the  Fleet  and  Newgate,  piimdered  the 
houfes  of  the  Lombards  who  relided  in  the  Itreet,  which 
yet  retains  their  tjame,  and  dragging  the  merchants  trom  the 
churches,  whither  they  had  fled  for  refuge,  beheaded  them 
in  the  ftreets.  Not  content  with  murdering  many  of  the 
mod  eminent  citizens,  tliey  made  proclamation  for  beheading 
all  lawyers  and  pcrfons  connected  with  the  Exchequer,  and 
even  all  who,  in  thofe  days  of  ignorance,  were  capable  of 
•writing.  The  king  made  another  effort  for  negociation  : 
attended  only  by  forty  horfe,  he  met  Tyler  with  20,000  of 
his  adherents  in  Smithfield.  The  behaviour  of  Tyler  was 
fo  infolent,  that  the  kmg  ordered  the  mayor,  fir  William 
Walworth,  to  arrell  him  ;  on  his  rcfillance,  fir  William 
felled  him  to  the  ground  with  his  fword,  and  the  attend- 
ants difpatched  him.  The  rebels  prepared  to  revenge  their 
leader's  death  ;  but  Richard,  though  only  fifteen  years  of 
age,  with  a  prudence  and  bravery  which  did  him  more  credit 
than  any  other  action  of  his  life,  rode  forward,  exclaiming, 
"  My  friends,  will  you  kill  your  king  ?  Be  not  troubled 
for  the  lofs  of  your  leader  ;    I   will   be  your  captain,  and 

frant  what  you  defire."  They  then  marched  under  his 
ireftion  to  St.  George's  Fields,  where,  finding  a  thoufand 
citizens  completely  armed  to  oppofe  them,  they  threw  down 
their  weapons,  obtained  their  pardon,  and  immediately  dif- 
perf'.'i  Thus  ended  an  infnrreftion  unparalleled  in  the 
annals  of  this  kingdom,  and  which  for  three  weeks  feemed 
to  threaten  a  total  fubverfion  of  the  government.  In  1390, 
the  king  appointed  a  tournament  to  be  held  in  London,  and 
fent  heralds  to  proclaim  his  intention  to  all  the  principal 
courts  of  Europe,  whence  many  princes  and  nobles  came 
to  attend  the  fpeftacle,  which  was  continued  with  the  greatcft 
fplendour  for  four  days  ;  open  houfe  being  kept  at  the  king's 
cxpence  for  all  perfons  of  dilfinclion.  The  vail  expendi- 
ture which  this  and  fimilar  fellivities  occafioned,  frequently 
reduced  Richard  to  great  pecuniary  difficulties  ;  his  enor- 
mous profufion  led  him  to  a  fyfiem  of  opprellion  and  ex- 
tortion, which  eventually  caufed  his  depofition  and  death. 

jir.nah  of  Lorulon  from  the  Accejfion  of  Henry  IV.  to  that  of 
Elizabeth. — At  the  coronation  of  the  new  king,  the  mayor, 
as  ufual,  officiated  as  chief  butler.  The  citizens  were  grati- 
fied  by  the  repeal  of  fome  obnoxious  (latutes,  and  an  exten- 
fion  of  their  privileges.  In  1 401,  an  act  was  paifed  for 
"  burning  obftinate  heretics,"  entirely  aimed  at  the  Lollards, 
or  followers  of  Wickliffe.  The  firft  viAim  was  William  San- 
tree,  parilh  prieft  of  St.  Ofyth,  in  Syth-lane,  London.  In 
1407,  the  Plague  again  ravaged  the  kingdom,  and  fvvept 
away  more  than  30,000  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  metropo- 
lis. In  1409,  "  a  great  play,  of  Matter  from  the  Creation 
of  the  World,"  was  aded  at  Skinner's-Well,  near  Clerken- 
well.  The  exhibition  lafted  eight  days  ;  at  which  were 
prefent  the  king  and  moll  of  the  nobility  and  gentry  of  the 
realm.  In  the  following  year,  John  Bradley  was  condemned 
as  a  Wickliffite,  and  burnt  in  Smithfield,  with  circumllances 
of  peculiar  cruelty.  In  this  year  Guildhall  was  erefted  ; 
the  city  hall  before  being  a  mean  cottage  in  Aldermanbury. 
The  return  of  king  Henry  V.  after  the  glorious  vidtory  ob- 
tained at  Agincourt  in  14 15,  was  celebrated  in  London  with 
great  magnificence.  Neither  this  reign  nor  the  following 
produced  any  events  of  peculiar  import  to  the  city,  till  the 
year  1450,  when  a  new  infurredion  arofc,  of  fo  formidiiblc  a 


nature,  that  for  fome  weeks  all  the  power  of  the  crown  was 
infufficient  to  quell  it..  This  tumult  is  fuppofed  to  have 
been  railed  by  the  inftigation  of  the  duke  of  York,  in  or- 
der to  found  the  inclination  of  the  people,  and  prepare  the 
nation  for  his  defign  of  feizing  that  fceptre  which  Henry 
fwayed  fo  feebly.  By  the  fecret  inftruftions  of  the  duke. 
Jack  Cade,  who  had  forvcd  under  him  in  the  Frcncli  wars, 
alTumcd  the  name  of  Mortimer,  and  coUedted  a  rtrong  body 
ot  nuilconteuts,  under  the  popular  pretext  of  redrefs  of 
grievances.  They  entered  the  city  in  triumph,  and  for  fome 
time  bore  down  all  oppofition  ;  and  beheaded  the  lord  trca- 
furer,  lord  Say,  and  feveral  other  perfons  of  no^e.  The  in- 
furgcnts  at  length  lofing  ground,  a  general  pardon  was  pro- 
claimed, and  Cade,  finding  himfelt  deferted  by  his  followers, 
fled  :  but  a  reward  being  offered  for  his  apprehenfiun,  he 
was  dilcovorcd,  and  refufing  to  furrendcr,  was  killed. 
The  remainder  of  this  reign  was  filled  up  with  the  dreadful 
contell  between  the  Lancallrians  and  Yorkiils,  which  ended 
in  the  depolition  of  Henry  and  the  eilabliniment  of  Edward 
IV.  on  the  throne.  The  year  1472  will  ever  be  memorable 
in  the  annals  of  the  metropolis,  for  the  introduction  of 
printing  into  this  country  by  William  Caxton,  citizen  and 
mereer.  The  hillory  of  the  kingdom  during  this  reign 
and  that  of  Richard  III.  does  not  in  any  particular  manner 
affect  the  concerns  of  the  city.  Soon  after  the  accefiion  of 
Henry  VII.  in  148),  an  epidemical  diforder  of  a  very  Angu- 
lar nature,  called  tUcf-wealiri^  Jiclnrfs,  raged  with  great  vio- 
lence in  London.  Thole  attacked  by  it  were  thrown  into  a 
violent  peripiration,  which  generally  occafioned  their  death 
within  twenty-four  hours.  It  appears  from  Hall's  Chronicle, 
that  two  mayors  and  fix  aldermen  died  of  this  complaint  in 
one  week.  This  reign  was  particularly  marked  by  opjjreffion 
and  extortion  on  the  part  of  the  king  ;  and  the  tumults  and 
infurreftions  occafioned  thereby,  particularly  that  in  fupport 
of  Perkin  Warbeck,  who  was  afierted  to  be  Richard,  duke 
of  York,  and  the  heir  to  the  throne.  In  this  event,  though 
highly  interefling  to  the  kingdom,  the  city  was  not  imme- 
diately concerned.  In  1500  the  kingdom  was  again  vifitcd 
by  the  Plague,  of  which  30,000  perions  died  in  the  metro- 
polis and  its  vicinity.  In  tlie  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  when 
he  attempted  to  raife  money  without  the  aid  of  parliament, 
the  citizens  made  fuch  determined  oppofition  to  the  m.eafnre, 
and  their  example  had  fuch  an  influence  through  the  king- 
dom, that  the  king,  in  full  council,  abandoned  his  defign, 
and  granted  a  pardon  to  all  who  had  oj)pofed  liiin.  On  the 
king's  marriage  with  Anne  Bolcyii,  in  1533.  (he  was  con- 
veyed from  Greenwich  to  the  Tower,  and  thence  through 
the  city  to  Weflminfter,  with  all  the  magnificence  and 
pageantry  which  unbounded  prodigality  could  devife.  The 
remainder  of  this  reign  was  notorious  for  the  tyranny  and 
cruelty  of  the  king,  who,  having  thrown  oft"  the  pope's  fu- 
premacy,  facrificedall  who  adhered  to  it  :  yet  profeffing  a 
zealous  attachment  to  the  dodtrines  of  the  church  of  Rome, 
he  put  to  death  thofe  perfons  who  prefumed  to  difler  from  him, 
Hence  the  promoters  of  reformation,  and  its  oppofers,  pe- 
riflied  in  the  fame  flames  ;  the  blood  of  the  Catholic  and 
Protellant  was  (hed  upon  the  fame  block  ;  and  Henry, 
whilft  vehemently  contending  againll  the  pope's  infallibility, 
fupported  his  own  with  tlie  moll  vindidtive  cruelty.  In 
theie  fanguinary  fcenes,  London  had  its  full  fhare  ;  great 
numbers,  of  all  ranks,  were  continually  executed,  either  tor 
herefy  or  treafon.  The  iupprefiion  of  the  monalleries  now 
took  place  :  oppofition  to  the  king's  will  was  fatal  ;  and  the 
partial  iniurrectioiis  which  broke  out  in  confequence,  only 
ferved  to  forward  his  mcafures,  by  giving  the  colour  of 
necefiity  to  the  vengeance  that  was  inflidted.  Many  im- 
provements were  made  during  this  reign  in  the  city  and  its 

fuburbs. 


LONDON. 


fuburbs.  The  police  was  better  regulated  ;  nuifanccs  were 
removed  ;  the  llreets  and  avenues  were  amended  and  paved ; 
and  various  regulations  were  carried  into  effeft  for  fcipply- 
ii)g  the  metropolis  with  provifions,  to  anlwer  the  demands  of 
an  tncrealing  population.  In  the  fhort  reign  of  Edward  VI. 
the  reformation  proceeded  with  flcadinefs  and  regularity  : 
but  on  the  accefiion  of  Mary  the  church  of  Rome  again 
gained  the  afrendency.  On  the  projected  union  between 
the  queenjand  the  king  of  Spain,  a  formidable  infurrection 
enfued,  in  which  the  city  was  particularly  nlFcCted:  the 
fuppreffion  of  this  revolt  was  followed  by  a  dreadful  fcene 
of  fanguinary  triumph.  The  flatutes  acjainil  heretics  were 
now  alfo  entorced  with  great  feverity.  A  number  of  perfons 
were  burnt  in  Sniithlicld  :  in  the  whole  kingdom  upwards  of 
200,  were  brought  to  the  ftake. 

Annals  of  London  from  the  Aceejfwn  of  Elizabeth  to  the  Re- 
solution In  1688 — Elizabeth  fucceeJed  her  filler  amidll  the 
acclamations  of  all  ranks  of  people.  Reformation  again 
reared  its  head,  and  wis  in  a  fhort  time  firmly  eflablifhed. 
In  1561  the  fpire  of  St.  Paul's  cathedral  was  ilruck  by 
Lghtninij,  and  great  part  of  the  building  confumed.  In 
1563  the  Plague  again  made  dreadful  ravages,  to  which 
20,oco  perfons  fell  victims  in  the  city.  In  July  1566,  the 
foundations  of  the  Royal  Exchange  were  laid  by  fir  Thomas 
Grelliam,  and  the  itrufture  was  completed  in  the  following 
year.  The  year  1569  exhibited  a  novelty  in  London  of 
moll  pernicious  example.  The  firfl  public  lottery  was  then 
drawn  at  the  weft  door  of  St.  Paul's  cathedral,  and  the 
drawing  continued,  wiihout  interruption,  from  January  1 1 
to  May  6.  The  prizes  were  of  plate,  and  the  profits  were 
appropriated  to  the  repair  of  the  fea-ports.  In  i  j86  a  con- 
fpiracy  was  fet  on  foot  to  affaffinate  Elizabeth,  and  free  the 
queen  of  Scots  from  the  captivity  in  which  (he  had  pafTed  al- 
niQft  eighteen  years.  The  plot  was  foon  difcovered,  and  the 
tonfpirarors,  fourteen  in  number,  were  executed  in  Lincoln's- 
inn-Fields.  Mary  was  faid  to  be  implicated  in  the  confpiracy ; 
and  this,  whether  true  or  falle,  furnifhed  a  plaulible  pretext 
for  thofe  proceedings,  which  foon  after  condemned  her  to 
the  block.  The  fentence  againll  her  was  proclaimed  with 
great  folemnity'  at  different  places  in  London  and  Weil- 
Tniniler.  In  the  preparations  made  to  repel  the  threatened 
attack  of  the  boalted  Spanifh  Armada,  London  took  a 
moll  diftingiiilhed  (hare,  in  furnilhing  large  fupplies  of 
money,  men,  and  (hips.  The  preparations  for  the  corona- 
tion of  king  James  were  interrupted  by  a  dreadful  Plague, 
•which  ravaged  the  city  with  greater  violence  than  any 
fimilar  vifitation  fince  the  time  of  Edward  III.  In  1604, 
the  horrible  confpiracy,  known  in  hiilory  by  the  name  of 
the  "  Gunpowder  Plot,"  the  grand  objedl  of  which  was  to 
prepare  the  way  for  the  reftoration  of  the  Catholic  religion, 
■wa=  commenced  by  its  daring  contrivers,  with  every  polfible 
precaution  that  feemed  neceflary  to  enfure  its  fucctfs.  The 
dellruftion  of  the  king  and  parliament  was  the  preliminary 
meafive  through  which  the  confpirators  thought  to  accom- 
plilTi  their  defign  ;  and  the  blowing  up  of  the  parliament- 
houfe  with  gunpowder  at  the  moment  when  the  fovereign 
(hould  be  commencing  the  bufinefs  of  the  fefiion  by  the 
accuftomed  fpeech  from  the  throne,  was  the  dreadful  means 
by  which  the  deltruftion  was  intended  to  be  accomplilhed. 
AH  the  principal  confpirators  were  bigotted  Catholics,  who 
had  for  many  years  been  plotting  the  downfall  of  Pro- 
teftan'ifn:!  in  this  country,  and  had  even  applied  for  aid  to 
Spain  and  Flanders.  Being  difappointed  of  the  affillance  they 
required,  they  refolved  to  depend  on  their  own  efforts,  and 
about  Eafler  1604,  formed  the  idea  of  the  gunpowder  plot,  to 
be  carried  into  effect  on  the  meeting  of  parliament  in  February 


following.  Accordingly  Percy,  one  of  the  confpirators, 
hired  a  houfe  immediately  adjoining  to  the  houfe  of 
lords,  and  the  operations  commenced  by  digging  through 
the  foundation-wall,  which  was  nine  feet  in  thicknefs.  Jufl 
at  this  juncture,  a  vault  under  the  parliament-houfe,  ufed  as  a 
depofitory  for  coals,  was  to  be  let,  and  the  coals  to  be  fold. 
As  nothing  could  have  happened  more  favourable  for 
their  purpofe,  Percy  hired  the  cellar,  and  bought  the  coi.l3, 
as  if  for  domeftic  ufe,  and  without  any  appearance  of  con- 
cealment. The  prorogation  of  parliament  from  February 
to  October  gave  the  confpirators  futTicient  leifure  to  further 
their  defign  ;  and,  at  convenient  opgortunities,  thirty  barrels 
and  four  hogfheads  of  gunpowder,  which  had  been  pro- 
cured from  Holland,  were  conveyed  into  the  cellar  by 
night,  and  covered  with  billets,  faggots,  iron-bars,  and 
flones.  This  was  done  without  exciting  any  fufpisioji  : 
parliament  had  again  been  prorogued  ;o  November  jth  ;  and 
the  confpiracy  wore  every  afpect  of  fuccefs.  It  had  now 
been  on  foet  eighteen  months,  and  confided  to  more  than 
twenty  perfons ;  yet  nothing  had  led  a  fingle  ftep  towards 
difcovery  ;  when  the  plan  was  happily  frullrated  by  a  cir- 
curaftance  apparently  trivial.  One  of  the  confpirators, 
wifning  to  lave  lord  Monteagle,  fent  him  a  letter,  advifing 
him,  in  ambiguous  terms,  to  abfent  himfelf  from  parliament, 
on  account  of  a  fudden  danger  to  which  he  would  be  ex- 
pofed.  This  notice  Monteagle  carried  to  the  fecretary  of 
ftate,  who  laid  it  before  the  privy. council.  A  fecret  fearch 
was  determined  on,  but,  to  prevent  fufpicion,  was  delayed 
till  the  eve  of  the  meeting  of  parliament,  and  then  made 
only  by  the  lord  chamberlain,  as  if  in  a  formal  diicharge  of 
his  office.  When  he  entered  the  cellar,  and  faw  the  great 
llore  of  coals  and  wood,  he  enquired  to  whom  it  belonged, 
and  was  informed  the  cellar  was  let  to  Mr.  Percy,  and 
the  fuel  was  for  his  confumption.  The  chamberlain  heard 
this  with  feeming  carelefsnefs,  and  left  the  cellar  with  ap- 
parent negligence.  But  at  midnight  a  further  fearch  was 
made  ;  Guy  Fawkes,  a  principal  confpirator,  to  whom  the 
final  execution  of  the  plot  was  affigii^d,  was  apprehended  in 
the  cellar :  the  fuel  was  removed,  and  the  gunpowder  dif- 
covered. Fawkes  gloried  in  the  plot,  but  refufed  to  dif- 
cover  his  accomplices ;  the  fight  of  the  rack,  however, 
fubdued  him,  and  he  made  a  full  difclofure  of  the  whole 
confpiracy.  His  affociates  fled  into  WarwicklhLre,  where 
they  endeavoured  to  excite  a  rifing  of  the  Catholics,  but 
without  effect.  A  proper  force  was  fent  againt  them,  four 
were  killed  in  refiilance,  and  the  rell  were  taken  and  brought 
to  London,  where,  with  Fawkes,  they  fuffered  the  juft 
punifhment  of  their  guilt.  In  the  year  1609,  the  city  ac- 
quired a  conCderable  accefiion  of  power  and  property : 
almoil  the  whole  province  of  Uliter,  in  Ireland,  having 
fallen  to  the  crown,  the  king  made  an  offer  of  the  efcheated 
lands  to  the  city,  on  condition  they  would  eftablilh  an 
Englilh  colony  there.  The  propofal  was  accepted  ;  a,nd  fo 
rapid  was  the  colonization  forwarded,  that  within  fcvcn 
years  arofe  the  two  capital  tov.ns  of  Londonderry  and 
Coleraine.  The  commencement  of  Charles  l.'s  reign  was 
marked  by  the  return  of  the  plague,  which  carried  off  in 
the  metropolis  ^5,000  perions.  To  advert  to  all  thf  im- 
portant tranfattions  that  took  place  in  London  during  the 
eventful  druggie  between  Charles  and  his  people  would  far 
exceed  our  limits.  The  excefUve  oppreiHons  tO'  which  the 
nation  was  fubje£ted,  were  more  particularly  felt  in  the  me- 
tropolis than  in  other  parts  of  the  kingdom,  frcrm  its  being 
more  direitly  within  the  vortex  of  the  flar-charaber  and 
high-commiftion  courts,  and  from  the  efFefts  of  the  mono- 
polies, which  had  a  moft  pernicious  i.i&uence  on  trade  and 

commerce. 


LONDON. 


«ommerce.  For  tVie  particulars  of  this  important  period, 
we  refer  our' readers  to  Clarendon's  Hidory  of  the  Great 
'  Rebelhon. 

The  year  i56j  became  memorable  in  London  by  the 
dreadful  ravages  of  the  fjreat  Plxgtie,  which  firft,  made 
its  appearance  in  December  1664,  and  had  not  entirely 
ceafed  till  January  1666.  Its  progrefs,  the  firft  two  or 
three  montlis,  was  comparatively  fmall,  but  continued  to 
advance,  notwithftandintf  every  precaution  was  ufed  to 
abate  its  fury  :  from  May  to  October  1665,  it  raged  with 
the  greateft  violence ;  the  deaths  progreifively  increafed 
from  five  hundred  to  eight  thoufand  weekly.  The  pefti- 
lence  was  now  at  its  height :  its  ravages,  which  commenced 
in  Wellminfter  and  the  weflern  fuburbs,  extended  through 
the  city  to  Soiithwark,  and  to  all  the  parifhcs  eaftward  of 
the  Tower.  The  digging  of  fingle  graves  had  long  been 
difcontinued,  and  large  pits  had  been  excavated,  in  which 
the  dead  were  depofited  with  fome  little  regularity  and 
decent  attention  :  but  now  all  regard  to  ceremony  became 
impofTible.  Deeper  and  more  extenfive  pits  were  dug,  and 
the  rich  and  the  poor,  the  young  and" the  aged,  the  adult 
and  the  infant,  were  all  proniifcuoufly  thrown  together  into 
one  common  receptacle.  Whole  families,  and  even  whole 
ftreets  of  families,  were  fwept  away  together.  By  day,  the 
ftreets  prefented  a  moft  frightful  afpeft  of  defolation  and 
inifcry  ;  and  at  night  the  dead  carls,  moving  with  flow  pace 
by  torch-light,  and  with  the  appalling  cry,  "  Bring  out 
yonr  Dead,"  thrilled  horror  through  every  heart  that  was 
not  by  fufferiug  hardened  to  calamity.  The  ftcppage  ot 
pubHc  bufinefs  was  fo  complete,  that  grafs  grew  within  the 
area  of  the  Royal  Exchange,  and  even  in  the  principal  ftreets 
of  the  city  :  all  the  inns  of  court  were  ftiut  up,  and  all  law 
proceedings  fufpended.  The  entire  number  returned  in  the 
bills  of  mortality,  as  having  died  of  the  plague  within  the 
year,  was  68,950 ;  yet  there  can  be  no  doubc  that  this  total 
fell  fliort,  by  many  thoufands,  of  thofe  who  actually  fell  by 
the  infeiftion,  but  whofe  deaths  were  not  officially  recorded. 
The  aggregate  is  eftimated  at  about  100,000.  The  whole 
rumber  of  deaths  within  that  year,  as  given  in  the  bills,  was 
«7,?o6.  Since  this  dreadful  period,  the  plague  has  entirely 
ceafed  in  London  :  a  circumftance  that  muft  be  regarded 
SE  the  more  remarkable,  when  it  is  confidered  how  frequent 
had  been  its  ravages  for  ages  part,  and  when  reference  is  had 
to  the  bills  of  ir.ortality  for  the  preceding  part  of  this  very 
centurj',  when  fcarcely  a  year  paffed  without  fome  perfons 
falling  vifiims  to  the  infeftion.  For  further  particulars, 
fee  Plagu^. 

.The  moft  important  event  that  ever  happened  in  this  me- 
iropolis,  .whether  it  be  confidered  in  reference  to  its  imme- 
diate efFefts,  or  to  its  remote  confequences,  was  the  great 
Fire,  which  broke  out  in  the  morning  of  Sunday,  September 
2,  [666,  and,  being  impelled  by  ftrong  winds,  raged  with 
irrefiftible  fury  nearly  four  days  and  nights,  nor  was  it 
entirely  maftered  till  the  fifth  morning.  The  dellruftive 
extent  of  this  conflagration  was,  perhaps,  never  exceeded  in 
any  part  of  the  worM,  by  any  lire  originating  in  accident. 
Within  the  walls  it  confiimed  almoft  five-fixths  of  the  whole 
city  ;  and  without  the  walls,  it  cleared  a  fpace  nearly  as 
extenfive  as  the  one-fixth  part  left  unburnt  within.  Scarcely 
a  fingle  building,  that  came  within  the  range  of  the  flames, 
was  left  ftanding.  Public  buildings,  churches,  and  dwelling- 
"lioufes  were  alike  involved  in  one  common  fate  ;  and,  making 
a  proper  allowance  for  irregularities,  it  may  fairly  be  ftated, 
•that  the  fire  extended  its  ravages  over  a  fpace  of  ground 
.equal  to  an  oblong  fqtiare,  meafiiring  upwards  of  a  mile  in 
•Jength,  and  half  a  mile  in  breadth.     In  the   fummary  ac- 


count of  this  vaft  deraRation  givtn  In  one  of  the  infqrip. 
tions  on  the  monument,  and  which  was  drawn  up  from  the 
reports  of  the  furveyors  appointed  after  the  fire,  it  is  ftated, 
that  "  the  ruins  of  the  city  were  4^6  acres,  viz.  ^yj  acres 
within  the  walls,  and  6_?  in  the  lihL-rties  of  the  city  ;  that  of 
the  fix-and-twcnty  wards  it  utterly  deftroyed  fifteen,  and 
left  eight  others  fliattered  and  half  burnt  ;  and  that  it  con- 
fumed  400  ftreets,  13,200  dwelling-honfes,  89  churches,  be- 
fides  chapels  ;  four  of  the  city  gates,  Guildhall,  many  pub- 
lic ftruftures,  hofpitalsi,  fchools,  libraries,  and  a  vaft  number 
of  ftately  edifices."  The  immenfe  property  deftroyed  in 
this  dreadful  conflagration  could  never  be  calculated  with 
any  tolerable  degree  of  exaiSnefs ;  but  according  to  the 
bell  eflimations  that  have  been  made,  the  total  value  muft 
have  amounted  to  the  immenfe  fum  of  ten  millions  of  pounds 
fterhng.  As  foon  as  the  general  confternation  had  fubfided, 
the  rebuilding  of  the  city  became  l-he  firft  objcft  of  conli- 
deration  ;  an  a6t  of  parhament  was  paflcd  for  that  purpofe  ; 
and  theugh  all  was  not  done  that  might  have  been,  the  city 
was  principally  rebuilt  within  little  more  than  four  years,  and 
that  in  a  ftyle  of  far  greater  expence  and  regularity,  and 
infinitely  more  commodious  and  healthful,  than  the  ancient 
capital.  In  the  fyftem  of  tyranny  and  opprefilon  whiih 
marked  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  the  city  largely  partici- 
pated ;  having  its  ancient  liberties  and  privileges  invaded, 
and  magiftrates  arbitrarily  forced  on  the  citizen  at  the  plca- 
fure  of  the  king.  Every  principle  of  law  and  juftice  was 
violated  ;  and  in  this  humiliating  ftate  London  continued 
till  the  revolution. 

Annals  of  London  from  the  Revolution  In  t688,  to  the  prflnt 
Time. — In  the  firft  year  of  WiOiam.  and  Mary,  an  act  was 
pafled,  by  which  all  proceedings  of  former  reigns  againft 
the  city  charters  were  reverfed,  and  all  the  rights  and  pri- 
vileges  «f  the  citizens  were  fully  re-eftabliftied.  In  1692, 
during  the  kiiig'.^  abfence  in  Holland,  the  queen  borrowed 
200,000/.  of  the  city  for  the  exigencies  of  government. 
In  1694,  an  infamous  fyftem  of  bribery  was  inveftigated  bv 
the  houfe  of  commons,  when  it  wa."  proved,  that  a  thouHmd 
guineas  had  been  demanded  and  taken  from  the  chamberlain 
of  London  by  fir  John  Trevor  the  I'peaker,  for  forwarding 
the  Orphan  bill  ;  in  confequcnce  of  which  he  was  expelled 
the  houfe.  In  1697,  an  acl:  of  parliament  was  pafTed  for 
the  fupprefllon  of  the  much  abufed  privilege  of  fanftuary, 
heretofore  attached  to  the  following  places,  ii/'s.  the  fanc- 
tuary  in  the  Mlnories,  Sali(bury-court,  White-friars,  Ram- 
alley,  and  Mitre-court  in  Fleet-ftreet ;  FuKvoods-rents  in 
Ho!born  ;  Baldwin'.s-gardens  in  Gray's-inn-lane  ;  the  .Savoy 
in  the  Strand  ;  and  Montague-cloi'e,  Deadman's-place,  the 
Clink,  and  the  Mint,  in  Southwark.  The  year  1703  was 
remarkable  for  a  dreadful  Itorm  of  wind,  which  raged 
through  the  night  of  the  26th  of  November.  The  damage 
fiiftained  by  the  city  alone  was  eftimated  at  two  millions 
fterling  ;  and  in  the  fuburbs  the  damage  was  proportionably 
great :  the  lead  on  the  tops  of  feveral  churches  was  rolled 
up  like  (kins  of  parchment  ;  and  at  Weftminfter-abbey, 
Chrift's-hofpital,  St.  Andrew's  Holborn,  and  many  other 
places,  it  was  carried  off  from  the  buildings.  The  ftiips  in 
the  river  were  driven  from  their  moorings  ;  four  hundred 
wherries  were  loft  ;  more  than  fixty  barges  were  driven  foul 
of  London-bridge,  and  aS  many  more  were  funk  or  ftaved 
above  the  bridge.  At  fea  the  deftruftion  was  immenfe ; 
twelve  men  of  war,  with  more  than  eighteen  hundred  meft 
on  board,  were  loft  within  fight  of  their  own  fliore.  The 
year  1709  was  marked  by  a  circumftance  highly  creditable 
to  the  humanity  of  the  nation.  The  cruel  depredatiorrs  o'f 
the  French  in  the  palatinate  eompelled  lite  inhabitants  to 

iLfcrt 


LONDON. 


difert  tlieir  coontry  ;  twelve  tlioufand,  in  the  mod  forlorn 
condition,  fought  refuge  in  London  :  the  queen,  for  fome 
time,  fupported  them  out  of  her  privy  purfc  ;  flie  v.tas  after- 
wards ainiled  by  the  benevolence  of  her  fubjetts,  and  22,038/, 
v'Qj  paid  into  the  chamber  of  the  city  for  the  relief  of  thefe 
diilrefied  fugitives,  who  were  finally  difpofcd  of  as  colonills 
to  Ireland  and  North  America. 

The  increafe  in  the  population  of  the  metropolis  having 
occafioned  a  great  infufficiency  in  places  for  divine  worfliip, 
an  aft  of  parliament  was  palled  in  1 7 1 1  for  creeling  fifty 
new  churches  in  and  about  London  :  the  expence  of  which 
was  defrayed  by  a  fnali  duty  on  coals  brought  into  the  port 
of  London  for  about  eight  years.  The  year  1720  will 
ever  be  famous  in  the  annals  of  London,  from  the  dellruc- 
tive  fyllem  of  fpeculation  and  fraud  which  hiftory  has  de- 
r.ominated  the  South  Sea  bubble  ;  and  which  fo  completely 
infatuated  the  people,  that  they  became  the  dupes  of  the 
mofl  barefaced  impofitions.  (See  Bubble,  in  Commerce.)  The 
direftors  of  the  South  Sea  Company,  encouraged  by  the  pre- 
valent fpirit  of  av.-iricious  enterprife,  propofed  to  the  govern, 
inent  to  take  into  their  fund  all  the  debts  of  the  nation,  under 
the  plaufible  pretext  of  a  fpeedier  redemption.  The  amount 
of  the  debts  was  ^  1,664,^51/.  ;  for  the  liberty  of  adding  the 
whole  ot  which  to  their  capital  ftock,  they  offered  to  pay  to 
the  public  the  immenfe  fum.  of  7,723,809/.  This  bait  was 
too  tempting  to  be  refufed  ;  the  plan  received  the  fanction  of 
parliament,  and  the  directors  were  empowered  to  raife  the  rea- 
dy money  necelTary  for  fo  great  an  undertaking,  "  by  open- 
ing books  of  fubfcription,  and  granting  annuities  to  fuch 
public  creditors  RS  were  willing  to  exchange  the  iecurity  of 
the  crown  for  that  of  the  South  Sea  Company,  with  the  ad- 
vantage of  (baring  in  the  emoluments  that  might  arife  from 
their  commerce."  So  much  was  the  public  mind  imprefTed 
with  the  idea  of  rapid  gain,  that  before  the  aft  received  the 
royal  anent,the  company's  llock  rofeto  T,n.)l.  per  cent. :  it  ad- 
vanced fo  amazingly  for  three  months,  that  books  were  then 
opened  for  a  freth  fubfcription  of  four  millions  at  10:0  per 
tint.  ;  and  fuch  was  the  popular  frenzy,  that  within  a  fort- 
night the  new  fubfcription  was  at  200  per  cent,  premium. 
Some  alarm  now  prevailed  :  it  had  been  v.hifpered,  that  the 
direftors  and  their  friends  had  dilpofed  of  their  own  (lock 
while  the  price  was  at  the  hightft  ;  and  all  confidence  in  the 
ftabiliiy  of  their  credit  was  dellroyed.  The  confufion  be- 
came general  ;  every  one  was  willing  to  fell,  but  no  pur- 
chafers  could  be  found,  except  at  a  vaft  reduftion.  Dif- 
traftion  and  difmay  fpread  through  the  city  ;  the  ilnck  fell 
rapidly,  and,  before  the  end  of  the  year,  was  reduced  to  86 
per  cent,  which  was  about  its  real  value.  The  dellruftion 
to  public  and  private  credit,  thus  produced,  was  excefiive : 
alf  trade  was  at  a  Hand  ;  and  many  of  the  moll  refpeftable 
merchants,  goldfmiths,  and  bankers  of  London,  wlio  h:id 
t-nwifcly  lent  large  fums  to  the  company,  were  obliged 
to  abfcond.  A  parliamentary  inveftigation  enfued  ;  and 
the  knavery  of  the  direftors  was  io  apparent,  that  the 
greater  part  of  their  eftates  was  confifcated  for  the  benefit 
of  thofe  who;n  their  villainy  had  ruined.  The  fum  thus 
obtained  amounted  to  2,014,000/. 

During  llie  coiitmuance  of  the  infatuation  which  the  South 
Sea  delufion  infpircd  into  all  claffes  of  people,  many  other 
viuon.iry  projefts  were  fet  on  foot  by  fpoculators  and  gam- 
blers ;  even  chartered  companies  of  eftablilhed  credit  lent 
their  couatenance  to  ichemcs  of  impofiible  accompliihment  : 
nearly  two  hundred  fubfcription  projefts  were  afloat  at  one 
time.  When  the  public  confidence  in  the  South  Sea  fcheme 
was  on  the  decline,  the  ftiperior  ftability  of  the  bank  of 
England,  Eaft  India,  and  African  companies,  was  at  once 
feen  :   Bank  llock  rofe  from  jco  to  2C0 ;   Eall  India  tlock 

Vol.  XXI. 


from  100  to  405  ;  and  African  ftock  from  too  to  ios. 
The  fliarcs  in  the  London  and  Royal  Exchange  AfFurance 
Companies   alfo   experienced    a  prodigious  rife.      See  Ix- 

SUKANCE. 

The  clofe  of  the  year  1729  was  attended  by  a  great 
mortality  in  London  ;  the  deaths  within  the  bills  of  mor- 
tality in  the  courfe  of  the  year  amounting  to  almoll  30,000. 
The  pernicious  habit  of  dram-drinking  had  become  fo  gene- 
ral, and  fo  many  diforders  had  been  occafioned,  and  crimes 
commited  in  confequencc  of  it,  that  in  the  year  1736  the 
legiflature  found  it  necelTary  to  prohibit  the  {tiling  of  Ge- 
neva, except  under  certain  rcllriclions.  Previous  to  this, 
the  magillratcs  had  afcertained  that  the  number  of  gin-fhops 
in  London  and  Weftminilcr  was  7044,  befides  garrets  and  ccl- 
j.  rs  where  the  baneful  liquor  was  fold  privately.  So  deter- 
mined  were  the  retailers  to  carry  on  their  trade,  that  the 
utmoll  exertions  of  the  police  were  required  to  enforce  the 
aft;  and  within  two  years,  i  2,000  perfo.is  were  con  vic;ted 
and  fined  under  its  provifions. 

The  winter  of  1739 — 40  was   memorable  from  the  oc- 
currence of  one    of  the    moll   intenfe  froils  ever  known  iu 
this  country,   and  which   is   recorded  in  our  annals  by  the 
appellation  of  the  Great  Froft  ;  it  commenced  on  Chriltmas- 
day,  and  lafted  till  the  17th  of  February  :   above  bridge  the 
Thames  was   completely  frozen  over,  and  numerous  booths 
were  erettcd  on  it  for  felling  liquors,  &c.  to  the  multitudes 
who  daily  flocked  thither.      Great  improvements  were  now 
made  in  different  parts  of  the  metropolis  ;  and  convenience, 
health,  and   fafety,  were  more  generally  attended  to  than 
they  had  previoufly  been.     Wellminfter  bridge  was  finilhed 
and  opened   for   public  ufe  in  the   year  1750;  the  houfes 
upon  London  bridge  were  pulled  down  in  1756  ;  and  In  the 
two  fucceeding  yeai\<  the  bridge  was  put  into  a  courfe   of 
repair.       In    1760   Black-friars'  bridge    was    commenced;- 
moll  of  the  city  gates  were  taken  down  ;  and  an  aft  of  par- 
liament was  obtained   for  making  alterations  in  the  aveiiuei 
of  the  city  and  its  liberties ;  fome  of  vuhich  have  been  car- 
ried into  efFeft  at  difl'ercnt  periods,  yet  many  others  remain 
to  be  executed.     In  the  year  1763,  the  recent  peace  with 
France,  the   refignation   of  Mr.  Pitt,    afterwards   earl  of 
Chatham,  as  premier,  and  other  political   occurrences,  fet 
the   metropolis  into  a  complete   ferment.     The  conduft,  of 
adminiftration  was  fuch,  as  to  augment  rather  than  obviate 
the  prevailing  difcontents.      Hence  the  miniftry  were  aflailed 
with  political  pubhcations;  in  particular  by  a  periodical  pa- 
per called  "  The  North  Briton  ;"  the  writers  of  which,  the 
principal  of  whom  was  John  Wilkes,  were  determined  to 
expofe  the  meafurcs   of  the  then  adminillration  to  the  con- 
tempt they  deferved.     The  forty-fifth  number  of  this  paper 
contained   fuch   fevere  rcfleftioiis  on   the   king's  fpsech  to 
parliament,   that  the   minillry  thought  they  had  an  oppor- 
tunity  to    cruih    their   avowed    enemy.       Mr.  Vvilkes  w:.s 
apprehended  and   committed   to  the  Tower  under  an  illegal 
warrant,  figiied  by  the  principal  fecretary  of  llate  ;  but  the 
c;s''e  being  argued   in   the  court  of  Common  Plea?,  before 
lord  chief  judice  Pratt,   the  court  dircfted  him   to  be  dif- 
charged.     Mr.  Wilkes  brought  aftions  againll  the  carl  of 
Halifax,    fecretary   of  (late,   for  iffuing  the   warrant,   ard 
agaiiid  Mr.  Wood,   under-fecretary,  and  obtained  verdids 
with  damages  ;  4000/.  fiomtlie  former,  and  icoo/.  from  the 
latter.      Shortly  after  his  relealf,   Mr.  Wilkes  cUabhflicd  a 
printing. prcfs  in  his  own  houfe,  and  republifiied  all  the  nun:- 
bers  of  the  obnoxious  paper.     This  provoked  the  mimilrv  lo 
highly,  that  an   information  was    filed    againll   him.     Th<r 
"  North  Briton,  No.  45,"  was  voted  by  the  houfe  of  com- 
mons to  be  a  fcditious  libel,  and  ordered  to  be  burnt  bv  thi 
common  hangman.     Mr.  ^Vllkcs  was  expelled  the  houfe  ; 
R  r  and 


LONDON. 


and  though  he  retired  to  France,  his  trial  was  brought  on  in 
His  abfence,  when  he  was  found  guilty  of  republidMng  the 
libel,  and  was  confequently  outlawed.  Four  years  afterwards 
he  returned  to  England,  his  outlawry  was  revcrftd,  and  he 
was  fentcnced  to  two  years  imprifonment  ;  during  vvhiehhe 
was  eleftcd  an  alderman  of  London,  and  knight  of  the  fliire 
for  Middlefex. 

In  the  year  17S0,  from  a  caufe  apparently  harmlefs,  a 
petition  to  parliament  from  the  Proteftant  AfTociation,  arofe 
an  infurreftion,  coinpofed  chiefly  of  the  lowed  of  the  peo- 
ple, which  for  a  week  bore  the  moil  alarming  appearance  ; 
the  prifons  of  Newgate,  the  Kin;4^'s  Bench,  and  the  Fleet 
were  burnt  and  the  prifoners  fet  at  liberty,  and  molt  of  them 
joined  the  infurgents.  The  Popifh  cha;iels,  and  a  great 
number  of  private  houfes  of  Catholics,  were  fet  on  lire  : 
and  thirty  fix  fires  were  feen  blazing  at  one  time  in  various 
parts  of  the  metropohs.  Military  mterfercnce  became  ab- 
foiutely  nccedary,  when  many  of  the  rioters  were  killed  ; 
135  were  brought  to  trial,  of  whom  59  were  convided,  and 
upwards  of  20  of  the  moll  aftive  were  executed  in  various 
parts  of  the  town,  but  immediately  contiguous  to  the  fcenes 
of  their  refpeftive  depredations. 

During  the  year  1792,  and  the  two  following  years,  the 
metropolis  was  greatly  agitated  by  political  contention  ;  many 
aflbciations  were  formed  for  the  purpofe  of  obtaining  a  more 
pure  and  equal  reprefentation  of  the  people.  The  two  princi- 
pal of  thefe  afibciations,  viz.  the  Friends  of  the  People,  and 
the  Correfponding  Society,  held  their  meetings  in  London. 
Their  avowed  objeft  was  parliamentary  reform ;  but  they  were 
fligmatized  by  their  enemies  with  the  appellations  of  Repub- 
licans and  Levellers.  Some  of  the  moll  ailivc  and  powerful 
leaderftof  thefe  afTociations  were  at  length  arrelled,  and  tried 
for  high  treafon,  but  after  a  long  invelligation  all  were  ac- 
quitted. Other  perfons,  among  whom  was  Thomas  Paine, 
were  profecuted  f(;r  fedition,  and  fome  were  imprifoned. 
Paine  was  pronounced  guilty  of  writing  and  pubhihing  the 
fecond  part  of  the  Rights  of  Man,  which  was  declared  fedi- 
tious,  and  the  author  having  left  the  kingdom,  was  outlawed. 
The  numerous  clubs,  debatisg  focieties,  and  political  affo- 
ciatio;,s  formed  in  the  metropolis  foon  after  the  revolution  m 
France,  and  durin^^  the  early  (tages  of  the  war  againll  that 
country,  conllitute  a  prominent  ep-ch  in  the  hillory  of  the 
metropolis.  The  country  was  hurried  on  to  the  very  brink 
of  revolution;  but  this  great  crifis  vi'as  prevented  by  the 
vigilant,  powerful,  and  detern.ined  conduftof  the  Pitt  admi- 
niftration.  An  .'\lien  a&.  was  palled  in  1793,  the  Habeas 
Corpus  aft  was  fufpcnded  in  the  next  year  ;  and  various 
arbitrary  and  oppreflive  nieafures  were  adopted  by  the  mi- 
niftry  to  preferve  pubhc  tranquillity,  but  at  the  fame  time 
abrfdge  the  rights  of  the  Britifli  fubjefts. 

The  year  1797  w^as  dil^iiiguifhedby  the  f.loppage  of  bank 
payments  in  fpecie,  as  tlie  government  had  employed  nearly 
all  the  current  coin  in  remittances  to  the  emperor  ot  Ger- 
many and  to  other  foreign  powers.  An  aft  of  parliament 
was  now  pafled  to  allow  the  bank  to  iffue  notes  under  five 
pounds.  At  the  commencement  of  1798  a  numerous  meet- 
ing of  the  bankers,  merchants,  and  traders  of  London,  was 
held  in  tb.e  Royal  Exchange  for  the  purpofe  of  raifing  a 
voluntary  fubfcription  for  the  public  fervice.  In  the  courfe 
of  four  days  the  common  council  alone  fabfcribed  10,000/., 
2CO,ooo/.  was  fubfcribed  by  the  bank,  confiJerable  fums 
were  given  by  other  oublic  companies,  and  20,000/.  was 
advanced  by  his  niajell)-.  The  miniller  cllimatcd  this  fub- 
fcription at  one  million  and  a  lialf,  but  the  total  amount  was 
more  than  two  millions  of  money.  Continued  threats  of 
invafion  from  Frar.ce  fnduc^d  the  miniller  to  adopt  fome 
Jtew  mode  of  defence ;  aud  fcveral  armed  affyciaUoflS  were 


formed  by  different  parifhes  and  companies  in  the  metropolis. 
On  the  4th  of  .Tunc,  1799,  all  thefe  volunteers  were 
atfemblcd  in  Hyde  Park,  and  reviewed  by  his  majelly,  the. 
prii^ces,  &c.  The  total  number  under  arms  was  8989, 
of  which  lOoS  were  cavalry.  On  the  2 1 II  of  tlie  fame 
month,  a  llill  greater  number  of  .volunteers  was  difperfed 
through  the  ftreets,  fquares,  and  fuburbs  of  the  metropojis, 
to  be  infpefted  again  by  tlie  king,  and  a  numerous  retinue 
of  princes,  dckes,  occ.  It  is  (tated,  that  12,208  volun- 
teers were  then  drawn  out  under  arms.  A  fnuilar  review  of 
the  volunteers  to  the  former,  took  place  on  the  4th  of  .fnne 
1800.  On  the  ratification  of  prchminaries  of  peace  in  Octo- 
ber, 1801,  the  metropolis  wasbrilhantly  illuminated,  and  all 
claffes  of  people  tcflitied  great  joy  at  the  event.  The  deli- 
nitive  treaty  was  ligned  on  the  27th  of  the  following  montli, 
and  the  illuminations  throughout  London  were  now  fingu- 
larly  fplendid  and  general.  A  war  again  broke  out,  and  an 
aft  of  parliament  was  paffed  to  enable  his  majelly  to  arm 
the  people  en  maffe.  Other  afts  for  increafiug  the  military 
force  of  the  country  were  alfo  pafltd.  The  cities  of  Lon- 
donand  Weflminlter,  and  parifhes  immediately  adjacent,  raifed 
a  volunteer  force  amounting  to  27,077  men.  A  patriotic 
fund  was  eflabhflied  in  London  in  July  1803,  and  before 
the  end  of  Augull  more  than  152,000/.  were  fubfcribed  j 
towards  which  the  city,  in  its  corporate  capacity,  gave 
2jOo/.  The  fuccefTive  deaths  of  lord  Nelfon,  Mr.  Pitt, 
and  Mr.  Fox,  produced  great  fenfation  in  the  metropolis, 
and  many  changes  in  the  legiflative  officers.  Covcnt  Garden 
theatre  and  fevcral  contiguous  houfes  were  confumed  by 
tire  in  Septembei'  1S08  ;  another  fire  in  January  1809,  de- 
flroyed  part  of  the  king's  palace  at  St.  James's,  and  a  tliird 
fire,  in  February  of  the  fame  year,  coniumed  the  whole  of 
Drurv-lane  theatre.  The  Oftober  of  1809  is  memorable 
in  the  annals  of  London,  for  the  circumllance  of  his  ma- 
jelly's  entrance  into  the  fiftieth  year  of  his  reign,  and  tlie 
loyal  rejoicings,  or  pubhc  manifeflations  of  loyalty  that  were 
difplayed  on  theoccalion.  The  memorable  and  unpropitious 
expedition  to  Walcheren,  the  theatrical  riots  at  Covent  Gar- 
den theatre,  the  invelligation,  before  the  houfe  of  commons, 
relating  to  the  duke  of  York  and  a  noted  pr<  flitute  of  the 
name  of  Clarke,  the  arrefl  and  imprifonment  of  fir  Francis 
Burdett,  a  member  of  the  houfe  of  commons,  are  all  me- 
morable events  in  the  local  hiftory  of  London,  and  are 
entitled  to  particular  narration  and  expolition  in  a  publi- 
cation devoted  to  the  topography  of  the  metropohs.  In 
Brayley's  Survey,  already  referred  to,  thefe  fubjefts  are  par- 
ticularized and  elucidated.  It  is  conjeftured  that  within 
the  iail  forty  years,  40,000  new  houfes  at  leafl  have  been 
ercfted  in  London  and  its  conneftcd  environs,  and  that  thefe 
afford  habitation  for  nearly  200, oco  new  inhabitants.  In 
July,  1794.  a  fire  broke  out  in  Radcliffe  highway,  and  con- 
fumed  630  houfes,  with  much  other  property.  Many  of  the 
inhabitants  fixed  tents  in  the  open  fields,  v.heie  they  hved 
for  feveral  weeks  till  new  houfes  were  erefted. 
Hi/lory  of  the  Commerce  of  Londuii. — 

«'  Then  Co.MMERCE  brought  into  the  public  walk 
The  bufy  Merchant ;  the  big  Warehoufe  built  ; 
Rais'd  the  llrong  Crane  ;  choak'O  up  the  loaded  Street 
With  foreign  Plenty  ;  and  thy  Stream,  O  Thames, 
Large,  gentle,  deep,  (najeilic  king  of  floods  ! 
Cliofe  for  his  grand  refort."  Thomfon. 

London  is  univerf.dly  acknowledged  to  be  the  firll  com- 
mercial, as  well  as  the  firfl  manufacturing  city  in  the  world. 
Confidering,  therefore,  the  intimate  connection  that  fubfiifs 
between  its  trading  profperity  and  the  general  interetls  of 
the  empire  j  the  fubjeft  of  this  fection  cannot  fail  to  be 

highly 


LONDON. 


highly  intereftina;  and  important.  To  trace  the  fteps  by 
which  London  has  rifen  to  its  prefent  opulence  and  gran- 
deur, is  in  h&.  to  develope  the  fources  of  that  diftingui/hed 
rank  which  England  now  holds  among  the  nations  of  the 
earth. 

London  was,  doubtlefs,  a  place  of  confidersble  trade  at  a 
Tery  early  period.     Tacitu?  Ipeaks  of  it  as  the  noiili  empo- 
rium of  his  time  ;  the  great  refort  of  merchants,  and  though 
not  a  colony,  famous  for  its  commercial  intercourfe.     After 
this,  little  is  known  of  it,  in  refpeft  to  trade,  until  the  clofe 
of  the  lecond  century  of  the  Chrillian  era,  when  ic  is  again 
mentioned  as   having   become  "  a  great  and  wealthy  city." 
In  the  year  3 59,  it  is  faid  of  England,  that  its  "  commerce 
was  fo  extended,  that  800  vefTels  were  employed  in  the  port 
of  Ijondon   for  exportation  of   corn    only."      Three  cen- 
turic*  afterwards   Bede  ftyles  it   "  an  emporium  for  many 
nations   repairing  to  it   by  land  and    fea."     Fitz-Stephen, 
who  lived  in  the  rei^n   of  Henry  II.  fays,  that   "  no  city 
in   the  world   exports    its  merchandi2e  to   fuch    a  dilVance 
as  London  ;"  but  does  not  inform  us  what  goods  were  ex- 
ported, or  to  what   countries  they  were   carried.     Among 
the  imports,  however,  he  enumerates  gold,  fpices,  and  frank- 
inccnfe  from  Arabia  ;  precious  Hones  from  India  ;  and  palm- 
oil  from  Bagdad.      But  it  feems  more  reafonable  to  fuppofe 
thefe   were  obtained  throus'h   the  meduim   of  the    trading 
cities   of  Italy,   than  by  direct  commerce  to  the  refpeftivc 
places.     William   of  Malmfbury,  who  likevvife  lived  about 
this  period,  calls  "  London   a  noble  city,  renowned  for  the 
opulence   of  its    citizens,"  and    "filled   with  merchandize 
broughl  by  the  merchants  of  all  countries."  The  fame  author 
adds,  "  that  in  cafe  of  fcarci^y  of  corn   in  other   parts  of 
England,  it  is  a  granary,  where  it  may  be  bought  cheaper 
than  any  where  elfe."     Thus  it  will  be  perceived,  that  even 
in  the  infancy  of  European  commerce,  and  at  a  time  when 
ignorance  and  barbarifm  clouded  almoil  every  portion  of  the 
world,  this  city  had  made  no  inconliderable  progrefs  towards 
its  prifent  celebrity  and  impcrtance. 

In  the  year  1220,  the  merchants  of  Cologne,  in  Germany, 
probably  in  confequence  of  an  invitation  from  king  John 
in  1203,  eftabliihed  a  hall  or  factory  in  London,  which 
fhortly  after  became  the  general  factory  of  all  the  German 
merchants  refident  in  the  city.  Not  long  fubfeqaent  to  this 
period,  -viz.  in  I  24^,  fea  coal  "  carbone  maris,"  is  mentioned 
among  the  articles  of  inquifition  into  trelpaffes  committed 
in  the  king's  forefts.  Hence  it  may  reafonably  be  inferred, 
that  coal  was  not  only  known  and  wrought  before  this  time, 
but  aftually  formed  a  part  of  the  imports  of  London. 
Sea-coal  lane,  in  this  city,  was  certainly  fo  named  as  early 
as  the  year  1253,  and  according  to  Stow,  received  this 
appellation  from  hme  being  burnt  there  with  fea-coal. 

The  dole  of  the  thirteenth  centuiy  appears  to  have  been 
a  remarkable  era  in  the  commercial  hiilory  of  London.  In 
1296,  the  company  of  merchant-adventurers  was  iir.1  incoi'- 
porated  by  Edward  I.  The  Hanfards,  or  Hanfe  mer- 
chants, alfo  received  confiderable  privileges  about  the  fame 
tim.e.  In  the  year  1498,  when  all  diredt  commerce  with  the 
Netherlands  was  fufpended,  this  body  obtained  very  great 
advantages  over  the  merchant  adventurers  by  importation  of 
va It  quantities  of  thofe  articles,  through  the  medium  of  the 
Hanfe  towns,  which  before  had  come  dirertly  from  the  Ne- 
therlands, where  the  trade  of  the  latter  company  had  been 
chiefly  eftabhfhed.  In  confequence  of  thefe  circumftances, 
the  warchoufes  of  the  merchants  were  attacked  and  rifled  by 
the  mob  ;  but  the  offenders  were  foon  fupprefled,  and  many 
of  them  punifhed. 

In  the  year  1504,  all  the  ancient  privileges  of  the  Hanfe, 
or  as  they  were  likewife  called,  Steel-yard  merchants,  were 


conilrmed  to  them  by  ftatutc,andall  the  previous  aAs  whick 

had   been   made  in   derogation  of  them  were  annulled.     A 

fimilar  charter  was  alfo  obtained  by  the  Englifh  merchants 

"  trading  in  woollen  cloths  of  all  kinds  to  tht  Netherlands," 

in  which  they  are  for  the  firft  tim.e  ftyled  the  "  Fellowfliip 

of  merchant-adventurers  of  England."     This  act  ftriftly 

prol'.ibitcd  the  Steel-yard  aflociation   from  interfering  with 

their  trade,  by  carrying  cloths  to  any  of  their  fettlements  in 

the  Low   Countries.     Notwithllandmg  thefe  unfavourable 

ciaufcs, however, the  Hanfe-mcrchants feem  to ha-e engrofled 

the  chief  trade  of  the  city.     Grievous  accufations  were  con- 

fequently  made  againft  them,  for  their  proceedings  were  con- 

fidercd    as  tending  to   ruin    the  commerce  of    ihe   native 

Englifh.    The  city  of  London  at  length  inftituted  an  aAion, 

in  the  Star-chamber,  againft  them,   the  objedt  of  which  was 

to  deprive  them  of  their  privileges  as  a  body.     Accordingly, 

in  the  year   1597,  a  decree  was  obtained,  annulling  their 

aflociation,  and  ordering  them,  under  fevere  penalties,  to  quit 

the  kingdom.      See  Han.se  Tbron/. 

But  to  return  :  it  maj-^be  pjroper  to  remark,  that  during 
the  contentions  between  the  houfes  of  York  and  Lancafter, 
the  commerce  of  London  was  very  conliderably  retarded. 
In  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.  it  again  began  to  make  rapid 
progrefs.  Still,  however,  if  credit  is  to  be  given  to  Wheel* 
er's  "  Treatife  on  Commerce,"  publiflied  in  1601,  the  trade 
of  this  city  mufl:  have  been  very  low  indeed,  even  as  late  a» 
the  year  1539;  for  that  author  exprefsly  avers,  that  fixty 
years  before  he  wrote,  there  were  not  above  four  merchant 
yeflels  exceeding  1 20  tons  burthen  in  the  river  Thames. 
Nor  would  it  appear  that  they  had  increafed  much  in  the  next 
reign,  if  we  are  to  believe  the  report  of  a  London  merchant, 
who,  in  a  letter  to  fir  William  Cecil  fays,  that  there  is  not  a 
city  in  Europe  "  having  the  occupying  that  London  bath, 
fo  flenderly  provided  with  (hips." 

Notwithllanding  thefe  complaints,  however,  it  is  undoubt- 
edly a  faft,  that  a  fpuit  of  enterprife  was  very  general  among 
the  merchants  about  this  period.  For,  in  1553,  we  find  a 
great  geographical  and  mercantile  difcovery  made  by  a  com- 
pany,  conlllling  of  p^o  fliareholders,  inftituted  for  the  pur- 
pofe  of  profecuting  difcoveries  under  the  direction  of  Se- 
baftian  Cabot,  a  merchant  of  Briftol.  (See  C.^Bor,  Sebas- 
tian'.) This  aflociation  having  fitted  out  three  ftiips,  one  of 
them  accidentally  fell  into  the  bay  of  St.  Nicholas,  in  the 
White  feas,  and  landing  at  Archangel,  obtained  from  the 
czar  of  Ruflia  peculiar  privileges  of  trade  with  the  fubjeft* 
of  his  dominions.  Within  a  few  years  after,  the  London 
merchants  had  alfo  faftors  fettled  at  the  Canaries.  The 
Rulfia  or  Mufcovy  merchants  were  incorporated  in  the  rtign 
of  Philip  and  Mary,  and  had  their  charter  fubfequently  con- 
firmed by  Elizabeth,  in  her  eighth  year.  This  princefs, 
likevvife,  obtained  an  exclufive  grant  to  the  Englifh  of  the 
whole  foreign  commerce  of  that  extenfive  empire,  which 
they  coHtinujd  to  enjoy  for  a  confiderable  period.  About 
this  time  the  civil  diflfentions  in  Flanders  began,  upon  which 
a  valt  number  of  families  from  the  Netherlands  flocked  to 
London,  and  brought  over  with  them  their  trade  and  riches. 
This  great  addition  to  the  population  of  the  city,  and  the 
confequent  increafe  of  its  commerce  toon  after,  led  to  the 
erection  of  the  Royal  Exchange,  by  the  celebrated  fir  Tho- 
mas Grefham,  in  the  years  1566  and  1567.  (See  Royai, 
Exrhange.)  Previous  to  this  the  merchants  wereaccuftomed 
to  meet  twice  every  day  in  Lombard-ftreet,  without  any 
other  ref  ige  from  the  feverities  of  the  weather  but.what  the 
neighbouring  fhops  might  ociafionally  afford.  In  J 5 79, 
the  Levant,  or  Turkey  Company,  was  eilablifhed,  as  wai 
alfo  the  Eaftland  Company  ;  both  of  which  ftill  exifl,  but 
the  former  only  retains  any  degree  of  importance.  On  the 
Rr  1  jsft 


LONDON. 


^  ift  of  December,  1600,  the  qncen  granted  the  firll  patent    though  never  abolifhed  by  any  direft  ftatute,  men,  rf  jrardld* 
to  the  Eaft  India  Company.     Their  llock  then  amounted  to    of  the  prerogative  whence  they  were  derived,  gradually  in- 
vaded tlie    privileges  they  conferred,    and   commerce  was 
increafed  by  the  mcreafe  of  liberty. 

The  augmented  commerce  of  the  port  of  London,  in  this' 
reign,  may  in  fome  meafure  be  eltimated  by  the  quota  of 
fhip-moncy,  which  Charles  I.  impofcd  on  the  city  m  1C34. 
By  one  writ,  the  citizens  were  ordered  to  fit  out  and  equip. 


72,000/.  and  with  this  lum  the  company  was  enabled  to  fit 
o'.!t  four  fhips  under  the  command  of  James  Lancafter. 
The  adventure  proving  fuccefsful,  the  company  continued 
its  exertions,  and  hence  has  ariftn  the  mod  fplendid  and 
powerful  mercantile  affociation  that  probably  ever  exilled 
in  the  world.  (See  Co^rPANY,  Enjl  India.)  Affurance 
and  infurance  companies  were  now  eftabliflied  in  London. 


at  their  own  charge,  for  26  weeks,  one  fliip  of  c)co  tons 


An  ait  was  pafled  in   1601   for  regulating  the  bufincfs  of    and  93c  men,  one  of  800  tons  and  260  men,  fovir  of  500 


affurance,  and  a  Handing  commifTion  of  merchants  appointed 
\a  meet  weekly  "  at  the  ofiice  of  infurance  on  the  weft 
fide cf  the  Royal  Exchange."  (See  In.sIjR.-yncr  Companies) 
The  company  of  Spanifli  merchants  were  likewil'e  among 
the  number  of  thofe  incorporated  by  Elizabeth,  fo  that  the 
reign  of  that  princefs  may  be  jullly  faid  to  form  a  grand 
era  in  the  commercial  hitlory  of  this  metropolis. 


tons  each  and  200  men,  and  one  of  300  tons  and  ijo  men. 
Next  year  they  were  commanded  to  provide  tuo  (hips  of 
800  tons  and  3  20  men  each.  About  this  time,  or  at  leait  very 
fhortly  before,  prices-current  were  lirft  printed.  In  1635', 
an  order  was  iflued  by  the  king  in  council  to  the  "  pott- 
mafter  of  England  for  foreign  parts,"  requiring  him  to 
open  a  regular  communication,  by  running  poll  between  the 


In  the  reign  of  James  I.  the  progrefs  of  the  foreign  trade    metropolis  and  Edinburgh,  Ireland,  and  a  variety  of  other 
was  rapidly  increafed.     Tobacco,  whioli  had  tirll  been  in-    places. 


troduced  in  1 565,  now  became  a  confiderable  article  wf 
import.  (Sec  Tobacco.)  The  tonnage  and  number  of 
the  (liipping  in  the  port  of  London  were  greatly-augmented 
about  this  time.  Many  of  the  patents  granted  by  Elizabeth 
were  annulled,  and  the  trade  thrown  open.  Howe,  fpeak- 
ing  of  the  foreign  commerce  of  this  city  in  the  year  1 614, 
fays,  "  London,  at  this  day,  is  one  of  the  beft  governed, 
moft  richell,  and  flouriftiing  cities  in  Europe  ;  plenteoufly 
abounding  in   free  trade  and  commerce  with   all   nations  ; 


Previous  to  the  year  1640,  it  was  ufunl  for  the  merchants 
to  depofit  their  cafh  in  the  Tower  mint ;  but  this  depofit 
now  loft  all  its  credit  by  tlie  ill-advifed  meafure  of  a  forced 
loan,  whicli  the  king  thought  proper  to  make.  The  mer- 
chants, in  confequence,  found  themfclves  obliged  to  trull 
their  money  to  their  apprentices  and  clerks.  The  circum- 
ftances  of  the  times  and  opportunity  holding  forth  great  in- 
ducements to  frauds,  many  matters  loft  at  once  both  their 
fervanls  and  their  money.     Some  remedy  became  neceflary  ; 


richly   ftored  with  gold,  filver,    pearl,    fpice,   pepper,  and  and  the  merchants  now  began  to  lodge  cafti  in  the  hands  of 

many   nx\iet:  Jlraiv^e  commodities   from  both   Indies;   oyles  the  goldfmiths,  whom  they  alfo  commiffioned  to  receive  and 

from  Candy,  Cyprus,  and  other  places  under  the  Turk's  to  pay  for  them.     Thus  originated  the  pradtice  of  banking  : 

dominion  ;  ftrong  wines,  fweet  fruits,  fugar,  and  fpice,  from  for  tlie   goldfmiths,    foon  perceiving   the  advantages  that 

Grecia,  Venice,  Spaync,   Barbaria,    the  iflands  and  other  might  be  derived  from  difpofable  capital,  began  to  allow  a 

places  lately  difcovered  and  known;   drugs  from   Egypt,  regular  intereft  for  all  fums  committed  to  their  care  ;  and,  at 


the  fame  time,  they  commenced  the  difcounting  of  mer- 
chants' bills  at  a  yet  fnpcrior  interoft  than  what  they  paid. 
(See  B.iNK  and  Bakking.)  In  1651  the  celebrated  navi- 
gation  a£l  was  pafted,  the  wife  provifions  of  which  have  no 
doubt  contributed  much  to  promote  our  naval  and  com- 
mercial greatnefs.  This  fame  year,  coffee  was  introduced 
into  London  by  a  Turkey  merchant  named  Edwards.  (See 
Coffee.)  The  fugar  trade  was  now  likewife  eftabhflied  ; 
and  upuards  cf  20,oco  cloths  were  lent  annually  to  Turkey, 
in  return  for  the  commodities  ef  that  country. 

The  plague,  which  made  fuch  dreadful  havoc  among  the 
citizens  in  t66),  almoft  wholly  fufpended  the  commerce  of 
London  ;  infomuch  that  fcarcely  a  lir.gle  foreign  veffel  en- 
Howe's  edition  of  Stow's  Annals  of    tered  the  port  for  the  fpace  of  three  years.     The  great  fire,,, 

which  happened  in  1666,  likewife  occafioned  incalculable 
lofs  to  numbers  of  the  moll  opulent  merchants  in  the  city. 
Notwithllanding  thefe  difaftrous  events,  however,  the  fpirit 
of  the  furvivors,  fo  far  from  linking,  was  roufed  to  un- 
common exertions.  In  the  courfe  of  a  few  years,,  the  city 
rofe  from  its  allies  with  greater  magnifkence  and  fplendcur.. 
India  muflins  were  firll  worn  in  1670,  and  foon  became  pre- 
valent.    In  this  year  alfo  was  the  Hudfon's  Bay  Company 


Arabia,  India,  and  divers  other  places  ;  filks  from  Pcrfia, 
Spayne,  China,  Italy,  &c.  ;  fine  linen  from  Germany,  Flan- 
ders, Holland,  Artois,  and  Hanault ;  wax,  flax,  pitch, 
tarre,  maftes,  cables,  and  honey,  from  Denmark,  Poland, 
Swethland,  RuHia,  and  other  northern  countries  ;  and  the 
fuperfluity  in  abundance  of  French  and  Rhenifli  wines,  the 
immeafurable  and  incomparable  increafe  of  all  which  coming 
into  this  city,  and  the  encreafe  of  houfes  and  inhabitants 
within  the  terme  amd  compafie  of  fifty  years,  is  fuch  and  fo 
great,  as  were  there  not  now  two-thirds  of  the  people  yet 
living,  having  been  eye-witneftes  of  the  premifes  and  bookes 
jof  the  cuftom-hisufe,  which  remain  extant,  the  truth  and 
difference  of  all  things  afore-mentioned  were  not  to  be  jufti- 
fied  and  believed, 
England,  p.  86S 

Among  ihe  circum.ftances  which  occafioned  the  vail  in- 
creafe of  trade  during  this  reign,  may  be  reckoned  the 
colonization  of  America  and  the  Weft  India  iflands.  The 
new  difcoveries,  likewife,  which  were  every  day  made  in 
different  quarters  of  the  world,  no  doubt  had  a  powerful 
effect  in  ftimulating  /lumbers  of  fpeculating  perfons  to  com- 
mercial exertion  and  adventure, 


During  the  peaceful  years  of  Charles  I.  the  commerce  of  eltabliftied,   with   very  extenfive  powers..    The   Greenland 

this  metropolis  ftill  contirued  to  make  rapid  progrels  ;  and  Filhing  Company  was  incorporated  in  the  year  1693;   and 

though  the  civil  wars,  for  a  time,  had  a  very  contrary  opera-  the  inllitution  of  the   Bank  of  England  rendered  tlie  fuc- 

tion,  yet  in  the  end  they  certainly  proved  beneficial.     The  ceedhig  one  ju.ftly  memorable  in  the  commercial  annals  of 

energies,  of  the  mind  wei'e  more  awakened  ;  the  habits  of  London.     See  Company. 

thinking  and  modes  of  aftion,  which  then  became  jjencral.  The  commerce  to  the  Eaft  Indies  having  become  vailly 

taught  man  to  feel  his  dignity  as  an  individual ;  the  different  enlarged,    and  many  djfputes   arifing    relative  to   exclufive 

ranks  of  fociety  were  more  clofely  drawn  together;   the  ex-  trade,  a  new  joint  llock  company  was  incorporated  in  Lon- 

frtions  of  induftry  were  better  direftcd  ;  and  the  m.cans  of  don,  in   the   year   169S,    by    the   n-ime  of  "The   Enghlh 

acquiring   wealth   greatly  augmented.      The  injurious  ten-  Company  trading  to   the   Eall   Indies."     The  exiftence  of 

4eBcy  of   mgnopolics   \ias   tminently   cotmteraftid  j    for,  t.wo  rival  comjjaiues  having  the  fame  privileges,  however, 

fvoa 


LONDON. 


foon  g'ave  birtfi  to  numerous  aTifurditics  and  eontradiftory 
tji'.eliio-is  of  rii;h\  Thefe  circuiv.ftances,  and  fome  others 
which  !t  is  unnecofTary  to  detail  in  this  place,  eventually  pro- 
duced the  confolidation  of  both  into  one,  in  tlie  firll  and 
fevL-nth  years  nf  qneen  Anne,  hy  the  title  of  "  The  United 
Company  of  Merchants  trading  to  the  Eaft  Indies."  vSee 
Companies,  £n^li/h,  the  Enjl  India,  vol.  ix.  for  a  full 
account  cf  this  efta!)lifhmcnt. 

The  number  of  vcflels  bi'longing  to  the  port  of  London, 
as  appears  from  returns  made  to  circular  letters  from  the 
commiffioner^  of  the  cuftoms,  amounted,  in  1701,  to  560; 
carrying  84,882  tons  and  10,065'  men.  In  1710  the  cuf- 
toms  of  this  city  are  dated  at  1,268,095;/.,  ^"'^  thofe  of  all 
the  out-ports  only  at  346,081/.,  which  is  more  than  three 
and  a  half  to  one.  The  following  year  beheld  the  incor- 
poration of  the  South  Sea  Company,  afterwards  io  baneful 
in  its  efil'fts  to  numerous  individuals,  and  fo  generally  hurt- 
ful to  the  commercial  enterprife  of  the  country  at  large. 
The  Royal  Exchange  AfTurance  and  the  London  AfTurance 
Companies  were  chartered  about  the  fame  time. 

JDaring  the  reign  of  George  I.  the  trade  of  London  made 
■very  little,  if  any,  progrefs.  The  failure  of  the  Sjuth  Sea 
fcheme,  the  rebellion  in  Scotland,  and  the  Spanifh  war, 
were  the  combined  caufes  which  operated  to  produce  its  re- 
tardation. In  the  year  1732,  however,  commerce  began 
again  to  revive ;  but  its  advances  continued  comparatively 
flow,  till  the  peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  in  1748,  after 
which  it  extended  with  uncomm.on  rapidity.  The  next 
conllderable  check  it  fuftained  was  the  refult  of  the  .Aime- 
rican  war.  No  fooner,  however,  was  oeace  iigned  than  it 
proceeded  with  renewed  vigour.  The  grievous  conlcquences 
which  many  perfons  apprehended  to  our  trade,  from  the 
declaration  of  the  independance  of  the  United  States,  were 
only  imaginary.  For,  even  fo  foon  after  that  event  as  the 
year  1784,  the  value  of  exports  to  America  only  had  iu- 
creaied  to  3,397,500/.,  fomewhat  m.ore  than  332,000/. 
above  the  grealeil  amount  in  any  one  year  before  the  war. 
The  net  ium  of  duties  levied  in  the  port  of  London,  and 
paid  into  the  exchequer  this  year,  arofe  to  the  vaft  fum  of 
4,472,091/.  1 3 J.  3(/.  From  this  period  to  1703,  when  the 
French  revolution  began,  the  commerce  of  London  con- 
tinued unifonnly  increaiing.  In  tliat  year,  however,  the 
value  of  exports  was  upwards  of  two  millions  lefs  than 
in  the  preceding  year ;  though  the  imports  fcarcely  fuf- 
fered  any  diminution.  Numerous  bankruptcies  confequentlv 
took  place  ;  but  the  timely  interference  ct  the  legiflature,  and 
the  voting  of  exchequer  bills  to  the  amount  of  5,000,000/. 
for  the  life  of  fuch  perfoas  us  could  give  fufficient  fecurity, 
foon  checked  th.e  growing  diftrefs. 

In  tlie  courie  of  the  three  iucceeding  years,  the  appear- 
ance of  thrigs  was  entirely  altered.  In  1796  the  exports 
of  London  amounted  in  value  to  18,410,499/.  17^.  9^., 
and  the  imports  to  14,719,466/.  15J.  qd.  The  number  of 
Britifli  (liips  that  entered  the  port  amounted  to  2007,  car- 
rying 436,843  tons;,  and  2169  foreign  vefTels,  carrying 
287,142  tons.  The  total  entering  coaftwife  was  11,176, 
including  repeated  voyages,  which  made  a  tonnage  of 
1,059,915.  The  following  year,  fome  alarm  was  Ipread 
among  the  merchants  by  the  ftoppnge  of  the  bank  payments 
in  fpecie ;  but,  through  the  intervention  of  parliament,  con- 
fidence was  foon  rellored.  The  net  amount  of  tlie  cuftoms 
was  3.950,608/.  In  1798  the  importations  of  fngars  and 
rum  far  exceeded  thofe  of  any  preceding  vear,  as  did  like- 
wife  the  revenue  of  the  cuftoms,  which  amounted  to  the 
fum  of  5,321,187/.  7^.  id.  In  1759  it  had  increafed  to 
7,226,353/.  0.r.  id.,  Well  India  j^i;  per  cent .  duty  included  ; 
but  ne.\t  year  fell  to  6,468,655/".  i^s.  7,;.'.     The  ejji:id 


value  of  the  imports,  in  iSoo,  was  18,843,172/.  if.  roif-j. 
and  of  the  exports,  25,428  922/.  16/.  'jd.  Their  r^'a/ value 
amounted  in  all  to  68,000,000/.,  nearly  two-thirds  of  the 
value  of  the  whole  trade  of  the  kingdom.  The  number  of 
velfel.'!  belonging  to  the  port  in  that  year  appeared,  from 
official  documents  laid  before  parliament,  to  be  2666,  car- 
rying 568,262  tons,  and  41,402  men.  Comjiaring  this 
number  with  the  number  returned  in  the  beginning  of  the 
lail  century,  the  increafe  will  be  feen  to  be  aftonifhing.  Oa 
the  q\rantity  of  tonnage,  it  is  nearly  in  the  proportion  of  fix 
to  one;  and  on  the  amount  of  men  and  (hips,  as  upwards 
of  four  to  one.  The  Eatl  India  Company's  (hips  alone 
carry  more  burthen,  by  21,166  tons,  than  all  the  veffcls  of 
London  did  a  hundred  years  ago.  The  average  number  of 
(hips  in  the  Thames  and  docks  is  lioo,  together  with  30CO 
barges  employed  in  lading  and  unlading  them,  2288  (mail 
craft  engaged  in  the  inland  trade,  and  3000  wherries  for 
the  acco[nmodation  of  palfengcrs ;  i  2,000  revenue  officers 
are  conllantly  on  duty  in  different  parts  of  the  river  ;  40CO 
labourers-arc  employed  in  lading  and  unlading,  and  8000  wa.- 

termen  navio-ate   the  wherries  and  craft.     See  Docks  and' 
o 

C0MP.\S-IES. 

The  Port  of  London,  as  adually  occupied  by  (hipping, 
extends  from  London  bridge  to  Dsptford,  being  a  dillance 
of  nearly  four  miles,  and  from  four  to  five  hundred  yards  in 
average  breadth.  It  may  be  defcribed  as  confilli.ng  of  four 
divifions,  called  the, Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower  Poob,  and 
the  fpace  between  Limehoufe  and  Deptford  :  the  Upper 
Pool  extends  from  London  bridge  to  Union  Hole,  about 
1600  yards;  the  Middle  Pool,  from  thence  to  Wapping 
New  Stairs,  700  yards  ;  the  Lov.-er  Pool  from  the  latter 
place  to  Horfc-ferry  Tier,  near  Limehoufe,  1800  yards  j 
and  the  fpace  below  to  Deptford  about  2700  yards.  When 
the  houfe  of  commons  commenced  an  invelligation  refpeft- 
ing  the  port  of  London,  the  land  accommodations  were  found 
to  confiil  of  only  the  legal  quays  and  the  fufferance  wharfs. 
The  former  were  appointed  in  the  year  1558,  under  a  com- 
miffion  from  the  court  of  exchequer,  autho"rized  by  an  aft 
of  the  firll  year  of  Elizabeth,  for  the  exclufive  land- 
ing of  goods,  fubjedt  to  duty  :  they  occupy  the  north  bank 
of  the  river  Thames,  with  fome  interruptions,  from  London^ 
bridge  to  the  wellem  extremity  of  Tower  ditch  ;  the  whole 
frontage  mcafuring  about  1464  feet.  Till  of  lare  years 
thefe  quays  conllitutcd  the  whole  legal  accommodation  for 
the  prodigious  fiiipping  trade  of  London  ;  tliough  i'rom  the 
increaied  ilze  and  tonnage  of  merchant  velTels,  &c.the  depth 
of  the  river  in  this  part  was  found  too  (hallow  to  admit  cf 
that  fpcedy  clearance  which  the  trading  and  mercantile  inte- 
reils  require.  The  comminioners  of  the  culloms,  therefore, 
occafionally  permitted  the  ufe  of  other  landing  places,  which 
were  thence  called  Sufferance  wharfs,  and  of  which  five  were 
(ituatcd  on  the  north  fide  of  the  river,  between  the  Tower 
and  Hermitage  Dock,  and  eighteen  oit  the  oppoiite  fide  : : 
the  whole  having  a  frontage  of  3676  feet..  Notwithiland- 
ing  thefe  additional  conveniences,  the  whole  number  of  quays 
v^fas  ilill  very  far  from  pofleillng  futBcient  accommodation: 
for  the  increafed  trade;  and  more  cfpccially  in  times^f  war,, 
when  large  .leeti  of  merchantmen  arrive  at  once.  The  nu- 
merous evds  arising  from  this  want  of  a  fufficient  fpace  for 
(hipping  and  landing  goods,  and  among  which,  the  mono- 
poly throv.n  into  the  "hands  of  the  few  legal  quays  was  not. 
the  lead,  ware  for  many  years  fubjecls  of  vexation  and  com- 
plaint. So  long  ago  as  1674,  the  merchants  of  London, 
petitioned  the  houfe  of-  comn-.ons  for  rcdrels  agaiufta  com-- 
bination,  which  the  whole  body  of  wharfingers  had  entered' 
into;  and  in  the  year  171:,  when  tlte  tonnage  of  the 
•r«fftU  bcloBj^iig  to  I..ondon  did,  not  amount, to  one-third"; 


LONDON. 


part  of  what  it  does  now,  the  commiflioners  of  the  cuftoms  MunufaSuirs  of  London. — London   has  long  been   cele- 

recommendcd  to  government  to  make  a  legal  quay  at  Bridge  brated  fur  its  mancifaihires  as  well  as  for  its  commerce.     In 

yard,   on  the  fouth  fide  of  the  river;   but  it  was  never  exe-  the  year   1327  the  Skinners  were  a  very  numerous  and  rich 

cutcd.     About  the  year  1763,   the  court  of  exchequer  di-  ciafs  of  citizens,  manufacturing  "  fables,  lueerns,  and  other 

refted  a   part  of  the  Tower  wharf  to  be  converted  into  a  rich    furs."       Cloth-workers  of   different    kinds  were  alfo 

legal  quay;  but  this  plan  was  rehnquiHied.     The  conftruc-  nottfl  for  the  excellence  of  their  goods.'    in  ISJ*)  a  manu- 

tion   of  Wet  docks    had  been    recommended   as    the   bell  faftory  for  the  finer  fort  of  glaffes  was  eftablidicd  in  CrutcheJ 

expedient    for   obviating  the   vaft  lofs  and   embarraffment  Friars,  and    flint   glafs,  not   exceeded   by  that   of  Venice, 

arifing  from  the  encujnbered  ftate  of  the  quays  and  wharfs,  was   at    the   fame    time  made  at  the  Savoy.     About  five' 

and  from  the  imuienfe  crowding  of  the  vefTels  on  the  river  ;  years  fubfeqnent  the  manufaiSure  of  knit  llockings  was  in- 

and  through  the  various  fchemes  which  were  about  this  time  trodnced  by  one  William  Rider,  an  apprentice  in  London, 

cffeVed  for  the  purpofe,   kc.  the  lioufe  of  commons  was  in-  wlio  happening  to  fee  a  pair  from  Mantua  at   the   houfe  of 

duced  to  appoint  a  committee  ;  the  bufmefs  of  which  has  an  Italian,  made  another  exaflly  fimilar  to  them,  which  lie 

been  to  mquire  into  the  beft  mode  of  improving  the  port,  prefcnted    to  William  car!  of  Pembroke.      (See  Hose  and 

and  render  it  completely  adequate  to  the  prefent  and  proba-  Stockincjs.)     A  manufafturc  of  knives   was   lliortly  after 

ble  commirce  of  London.     The  n-oft  (kilful  engineers  and  begun   by  Tliomas  Matthews    of   Fleet-ftrtet,  and  this   has 


furveyors  have  been  employed  ;  whofe  reports,  plans,  &c. 
with  the  opinions  and  ftatoments  of  various  merchants  and 
other  perfons,  have  been  printed  by  orde^  of  the  houfe  of 
commons.  Thefe  reports  conftitute  feveral  volumes  in 
folio;  and  are  peculia.ly  interelling  and  curious.      Sir  Fre- 


ever  iince  been  a  flourifliing  trade.  Silk  llockings  were 
firll  made  in  England  in  the  reign  of  queen  EUzabeth.  In 
the  fourth  year  of  that  princels,  "  John  Rofe,  dwelling  iu 
Bridewell,  duviled  and  made  an  inllrument  witii  wyer  llringes, 
called  the   Bandora,  and  he  left   a   foii  far  excelling  him  in 


deric    Eden   piibllflied  a  pamphlet  on  the  fame  fubjed,  en-  making  bandoras,  viol  de  gamboles,  and  other  inltruments." 

titled  "  Porto-Bello,  or  a  plan  for  the  improvement  of  the  Coaches  were  introduced  in  1564,  and  in  kfs  than  20  years 

port   and   city  of  London  ;    illullrated   by   plates,''     Svo.  became   an   article  of  great   manufatture.     The   following 

179S.      For  a  particular  account  of  the  various  branches  of  year  the  manutaCl'ire  of  pins  was  ellabli (lied,  and  fliortly  after 

commerce,  commercial   companies,  and  other  objedls  con-  that  of  needles.     The  making  of  "  earthen  furnaces,  earthen 


ne<Eled  with  the  fame,  the   reader  is   referred  to   the  words 

Docks,  Companies,  East  India  Zraat,  Wiest  IndiaZ'^^^. 

Cujlom  Houfe. — On  the  north  bank  of  the  Thames,  well 

of  the    Tower,  is   a   large   building,   appropriated  to  fuch 


fire-pots,  and  earthen  ovens,  tranfportable,"  began  about 
the  tenth  year  of  Elizabeth,  one  Richard  Dyer,  an  Enghlli- 
man,  having  brought  the  art  from  Spain.  Women's  matks, 
buHcs,  mufis,  fans,  bodkins,  and  periwigs  were  introduced 


officers,  clerks,  tide-waiters,   &c.    as   are  immediately  con-  and  made  in  London  ihorlly  after  the  maflacre  at  Paris  in 

cerned  in  received  the  king's  duties  on  the  exports   and  iin-  the  year   1572,  and  in  1577  pocket  watches  were  brought 

ports  of  commerce.     The   prefent   building  was  ereAed  in  from  Nuremberg  in  Germany,  and  the  manufadliire  of  them 

1718,  on  the  fcite  of  another  which  had  been  dellroyed  by  aln.oll  immediately  commenced.      In  the  reigil  of  Charles  I. 

fire.      It  is  260  feet  in  front;  and  when  ereCled  was  deemed  fallpetre  was  made  in  iuch  quantity,  as  not  only  to  fupply 

amply  fufficient  for  its  dcllination.      It  has  proved,  however,  all  England,  but  the  greater  part  of  the  contincrrt.     The 

very  inadequate  to  the  increafed  cuftoms  and  bufmefs  of  the  manufactures  of  filk  had  hkewife  become  extremely   pre- 

port  ;  and  to  the  vail  commerce  of  London.     After  various  valont,  as  well  as  the  manufadure  of  various  filver  articles. 


furvevs  and  reports  made  on  the  fubjeft,  it  has  been  recently 
determined  by  the  commifiioners  of  the  culloms,  that  a  new 
-cuftom-houfe  (hall  be  creAed,  upon  fuch  a  fcale,  and 
provided  with  fuch  numerous  and  various  accommodations, 
as  to  meet  the  exigencies  and  demands  of  government.  Mr. 
David  Laing,  architect  to  the  cufloms,  having  furnifhed  de- 


Theprintiiigof  calicoes  commenced  here  in  1676,  and  about 
the  fame  time  the  weavers'  loom  was  introduced  from  Hol- 
land. The  revocation  of  the  edidt  of  Nantes  in  1 68  j,  having 
driven  many  indullrious  Frenchmen  from  their  native  land, 
a  confiderable  number  came  over  to  England  and  fettled  in 
Spitalfields.     Bv   them  fevei-al   of   our  mauufaftures,     but 


figns  for  a  new  edifice,  and  the  fame  being  approved,  it  is  particularly  that  of  lilk,  were  greatly  improved,  and  many- 
intended  to  proceed  with  the  building  immediately.  The  others  introduced.  Since  then  the  productions  of  London 
fcite  is  from  the  wellern  fide  of  the  prefent  edifice  to  Bil-  have  greatly  increafed  both  in  extent  and  value.  They 
lingfgate  quay  ;  and  its  whole  extent  will  conflitute  a  range  now  confiil  chiefly  of  fine  goods,  and  articles  of  elegant  ufe, 
of  480  by  96  feet.  In  the  centre  is  to  be  the  long  room,  brought  to  the  grealeft  perfetlion,  fuch  as  cutlery,  jewellery, 
of  190  feet  by  67.  The  whole  building  will  accommodate  articles  of  gold  and  filver,  japan  ware,  cut  glals,  books,  ca- 
6jo  officers  and  clerks,  the  number  employed  here;  alfo  lojo  binet  work,  and  gentlemen's  carnages;  together  with  fuch 
tide-waiters,  and  other  inferior  fervants.  The  lower  floor  is  to  particular  articles  as  require  a  metropolis,  or  a  port,  or  great 
confi ft  of  bondage  vaults,  over  vvliich  are  to  be  numerous  mart  for  their  confumplion,  export,  or  fale  ;  viz.  porter, 
apartments  for  officers  and  offices  ;  and  above  thefe  are  to  be  EngHlli  wines,  vinegar,  refined  lugar,  foap,  &c.  The  filk 
feveral  others,  with  the  long  room  already  noticed.  The  manufaftories  of  Spitalfields,  Shoreditch,  and  Bethnal-green 
water  front  is.  to  be  of  llone,'with  Ionic  columns  at  each  wing,  parilhes,  alone  employ  upwards  of  7000  perlons.  In  Cierken- 
and  the  centre  will  be  crowned  with  a  large  dome  over  the  weil  a  like  number  are  engaged  in  the  different  branches  of 
long  room,  with  (Icy-hghts  and  ventilators.  It  is  but  jultice  watch-making.  Coach  builders  and  liarnels  makers  arc  very 
to  fay  that  the  deiigns  are  creditable  to  the  tafte  and  fcience  numerous,  and  have  brought  their  relpeclive  works  to  a 
of  the  architect.  The  quay  in  front  of  the  building  is  to  higher  degree  of  perfection  and  elegance  than  any  in 
be  enlarged  by  filling  up  a  part  of  the  river.  A  r.ew  wall  the  world.  Intimately  connefted  with  this  lubject  is  the 
and  quay  are  to  be  formed  from  the  Tower  to  Billinglgate  Trade  of  London,  which  is  vail,  various,  and  of  extenfive 
wharf,  and  numerous  improvements  will  be  made  in  the  con-  effect.  It  may  be  divided  intothe  wholefale  and  retail  bufinefs; 
tiguous  llreets  and  lanes.  The  river,  at  this  place,  is  about  for  thefe  are  dilrerent,  and  under  different  fyllems  of  managc- 
20  feet  deep  at  high  water  mark.  The  builnefs  of  the  ment.  The  great  number  and  vanety  of  fhops  that  are 
cufloms  is  managed  by  nine  commiffioners,  whole  Jurifdic-  difperfed  over  the  metrupohs,  the  diverfity,  nchnefs,  and 
tion  extends  over  all  the  ports  of  England.  multitude  of  articles  difplayed  for  falcj  and  the^reat  coii- 

courfe 


LONDON. 


eburfc  of  perfons  immediately  and  collaterally  dependent  on,  this  profit,  the  retailers  add  water  to  the  milk,  to  the  ex- 
and  intimately  connefted  with  the  fame,  are  calculated  to  tent,  on  an  average,  of  a  fixth  part.  Though  the  cow- 
excite  the  allonifhment  of  foreigners,  and  of  pcrfons  who  keepers  do  not  themfelves  adulterate  the  milk,  (it  beinjr  the 
have  not  made  inquiries  into  the  fubjeft.  The  wholcfale  cui^om  for  the  retailer  to  contraft  for  the  milk  of  a  certain 
trade  is  moilly  carried  on  in  the  city,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  number  of  cows,  to  be  milked  by  his  own  people,)  yet  they 
the  river,  where  large  warehoufe*  and  counting-houfcs  are  are  not  wholly  to  be  acquitted  of  the  guilt  ;  for  in  many  of 
ellablifhed.  The  retail  trade  is  difperfed  through  all  the  the  miik-rooms  where  the  milk  is  meafured  to  the  retailer, 
public  ftreets  ;  where  fpacious  and  handfome  Hiops  are  pumps  are  eredted  for  the  cxprefs  purpofe  of  furnifliine 
opened  for  the  difplay  of  all  the  necciraries,  as  well  as  all  vvater  for  he  adulteration,  which  is  openly  perfurmed  in  the 
the  luxuries  of  life.  The  (hop-keepers  of  London  are  prelence  of  any  pcrfon  who  happens  to  be  on  the  fpot. 
mollly  ail  aftive,  ind'iftrious.  and  refpeflable  clafsof  fociety  :  See  Milk.  '  , 
many  of  them  are  wealthy,  and  frequently  retire  from  bufi- 
nefsin  advanced  age,  with  competence,  or  fortunes.  Among 
the  moll  modern  (hop  ellnbli(hments  up  n  a  large  fcale, 
are  thole  appropriated  to  bocks  and  prints.  Withiii  the 
laft  50  years,  thefe  have  been  prodigioufly  increafed  :  and  it 


Vegetables  and  Fruit. — There  are  at  lead  10,000  acres  of 
ground  near  the  metropolis,  cultivated  wholly  for  vege- 
tables, and  about  3000  acres  for  fruit.  The  fum  paid  at 
market  annually  is  about  645,000/.  for  vegetables,  and  about 
400;00o/.  for  fruit ;  independently  of  the  advance  of  the 
would  greatly  allonilli  Addifon,  Johnfon,  or  fir  J,*(hua  Rey-     retailers,  which,  on  an  average,  is  more  than  200/.  per  cent.. 


nolds,  could  they  revilit  London  in  iSiz,  and  cake  a  re 
of  the  change  that  has  been  produced  ilnce  the  lime  they  lived, 
in  the  quantity  and  quahty  of  lit'^rary  produftions,  and  in 
works  of  art.  The  regular,  continued  and  perpetual  inter- 
courfe  that  fubfifts  between  London  and  all  parts  of  the 
kingdom,  by  coaches,  waggons,  barges,  &c.  conftitutes 
another  and  ftrongly  marked  feature. 

Proi'if.oTis,  l^c.   ujed  in  London. — An  immenfe  population 


making  the  entire  coft  for  the  London   fupply  upwards  of 
3,000,00c/. 

Wheat,  coah,  l^c. — The  annual  confumption  of  wheat 
in  London  is,  at  leall,  900,000  quarters,  each  containing 
eight  Wincheller  bulhels  ;  of  coals  8co,ooo  chaldron,  36 
burtiels,  or  a  ton  and  half  to  each  chaldron  ;  of  ale  and 
porter  2,000,000  barrels,  of  36  gallons  each  j  fpirituous 
liquors  and   compounds  11,146,782   gallons;  wine   6j,oco 


will  require  a  large  and  fy  Hematic  fupplv  of  pro  villous  ;  and  pipes;  butter  about  2i,2  65,GOo!bs. ;  and  clieefe,  25,50 -,000 

in  this  refpeft,  no  city  in  the  world  can  be  better  accoramo-  The  quantity  of  purter  brewed  from  July  5,  1809,  to  July  C, 

dated;  laws,  cullom,  and  open  competition  are  all  conducive  18  o,  by  two  of  the  principal   brewers,  was,  Ijy  Barclay, 

to  public  advantage.  Perknis,  and  Co.  235,053  bairels,  and  by  Meux,   Reid,  and 

Animal  Food.    -The  number  of  oxen  annually  confumed  Co.   211,009.  (See  Porter.)  The  quantity  of  tidi  confumed 

in  London  is  eftimated  at  110,000;  of  (heep,  770,000  ;  of  in  the  metropolisis  comparativelyfmall,onaccount  of  the  high 

lambs,   250,000  ;  of  calves,   250,oro  ;  of  hogs  and  pigs,  price  wliich  it  generally  bears  ;  and  this  appears  to  be  the 


Oxen. 

Sheep. 

1750 

to  i75,S 

75.3  J I 

623,301 

I7"9 

—  1767 

8^4.32 

615,323 

176! 

—  1776  - 

8<y,363 

627,80^ 

1777 

—  1785 

99,285 

687,588 

1786 

—  '794 

108,075 

707,456 

200,000  ;  befidcs  animals  of  other  kinds.  In  fpeakiiig  of 
the  confumption  of  animal  food  in  London,  it  is  not  fuffi- 
ciertt  to  noiice  merely  the  number  of  aiiimals  brought  to 
market  ;  for  their  fize  and  fine  condition  (hould  alfo  be  con- 
fidered  in  forming  a  proper  criterion.  The  mcreafed  con- 
fumption of  the  metropolis,  from  lis  accumulating  population, 
may  be  eftimated  from  the  following  average  of  the  number 
fold  annually  in  Sniithfield. 


From 


It  is  not  only  in  number  but  in  weight  that  there  has  been 
an  aftonilhing  increafe  ;  this  has  arifen  from  the  improvements 
in  breeding  that  have  taken  place  in  the  courfe  of  the  lall 
century.  About  the  year  1 700,  the  average  weight  of  an 
,ox,  killed  for  the  London  market,  was  37olbs.  ;  of  a  ca!f, 
jolbs.  ;  of  a  (heep,  281bs.  ;  of  a  lamb,  i81bs  ;  whereas  the 
average  weight  at  prelent  is,  of  oxen,  Soolbs.  each  ;  of 
calves,  T4olbs.  each;  of  (heep,  8olbs.  each;  and  of  lambs, 
5olbs.  each.  The  total  value  of  butchers'  meat  fold  in 
Sniithfield  is  calculaced  to  amouut  to  7,000,000/.  per  an- 
num. 

Milh. — The  quantity  of  this  article  confumed  in  Lon- 
don furprizes  foreigners  ;  and  yet  few  perfons  have  even  a 
fufpicion  of  the  ar.iount,  which  is  not  lefs  than  6,980.000 
gallons  annually.  The  number  of  cows  kept  for  this  fup- 
ply is  faid  to  be  8500  ;  the  fum  paid  by  the  retailers  of 
itiiik  to  the  cow-keepers  is  !laied  at  317,400/.  annually,  on 
which  LJie  retailers  lay  an  advance  of  cent,  per  cent.,  making 
the  coll  to  the  inhabitants  634,000/.     Not  content  with 


moll  ftriking  defeft  in  the  fupply  of  the  capital,  when  it  is 
confidered  that  the  rivers  of  the  kingdom,  and  the  feas 
which  lurround  it,  mull  afford  luch  an  amazing  quantity. 
There  are,' on  an  average,  annually  brought  to  Billingfgate 
market  2500  cargoes  of  fifh,  of  40  tons  each,  and  about 
20,000  tons  by  land-carriage,  in  the  whole  1 20,000  tons. 
The  fupply  of  poultry  being  inadequate  to  a  general  con- 
fumptioi.,  and  the  price  confequently  exorbitant,  this  article 
is  confi.ied  to  the  tables  of  the  wealthy,  and  the  annual 
value  does  not  exceed  60,000/.  Game  is  not  publicly  fold, 
yet  a  confiderable  quantity,  by  prefents,  and  even  by  clan- 
deftine  fale,  is  contumed  by  the  middling  clalfes.  Venifon 
is  fold,  chiefly  by  pailry-ceoks,  at  a  moderate  rate  ;  but 
the  chief  confumption,  which  is  confiderable,  is  amongll  the 
proprietors  of  deer  parks. 

Markets,  isfe. — London  contains  15  flelh  markets,  one  for 
live  cattle,  (heep,  horfes,  &c.  am'  25  for  corn,  coals,  hay, 
vegetables.  Sic.  Of  thefe  the  principal  are,  at  Sniithfield, 
for  bullocks,  (lieep,  horfes,  fwine,  hay,  Itraw,  occ  ;  Leaden- 
hall,  for  butchers'  meat,  wool,  hides,  &c.  ;  Billuigl'irate, 
for  fidi  ;  Covent  garden  and  Fleet,  for  fruit  and  vege- 
tables ;  Newgate,  Newport,  Carnaby,  and  Clare  markets, 
for  butchers'  meat,  &c.  ;  the  corn  market  in  Mark-iaiie  :  in 
Thames  llreet  is  a  coal  exchange.  London  has  only  one 
annual  fair,  which  is  held  in  Smithfield,  and  continues  for 
three  days.  It  is  mollly  devoted  to  object.-;  of  amufement, 
fuch  as  (hows,  exhibitions  of  beads,  birds,  (lights  of  hand, 
and  the  very  lowed  fpecies  of  diverlion.  Hence  it  is  modly 
frequented  by  the  lowed  and  mod  depraved  clalTes  of  fociety. 
It  is  become  more  a  place  of  riot  and  debauchery,  than  of 
public  utility. 

From  what  has  been  dated  refpecling  the  provifions  an- 
nually confumed  in  London,  we  are  naturnlly  led  to  inquire 
into  its  population  ;  an  accurate  knowledge  of  which  forms 
I  a  founda- 


LONDON. 


a  fonmlation  for  nmcli  curious  fpeciilution.  In  the  follow- 
ing table  \vu  are  enabled  to  give  tho  total  nmnber  of  pcrfons 
at  four  different  periods  ;  but  it  luay  be  uecedary  to  pre- 
iriife,  that  the  kll  is  prefuiued  to  be  the  moll  correct  cenfus 
ever  taken  in  London. 

Populiilton. — London  is  Icfs  populous,  for  its  extent,  than 
many  other  great  cities.  The  llrccts  are  wider,  and  the  in- 
habitants of  every  clat's,  below  the  highcft  rank,  enjoy  more 
room  for  themfclves  and  families  than  is  ulual  for  the  fame 
chlfes  in  foreign  ceuiitrtcs.  Hence  a  given  number  of  peo- 
ple is  fpread  over  a  larger  fpace  in  Loudon  thuH  in  foreign 


cities.  From  the  report  on  the  populatum  of  Great 
Britain,  publilUed  on  the  authority  of  an  adt  paired43  G.  III. 
London,  inohidinif  t!:e  fuburbs,  appears  to  contain  837,906 
fettled  inhabitants  ;  but  the  great  nuniber  of  foldiers,  ma- 
riners, provincial  vifitors,  colonills,  and  foreigners,  who  are 
coullantly  in  London,  for  purpofes  of  pleafure  and  bnfinefs, 
and  the  new  inhabitants  of  10,000  houfes  built  within  the 
lall  fevcn  ycai-s,  cxteixls  the  total  population  to  more  than  a 
million.  As  the  increafe  or  diminution  of  the  population 
claims  a  dillindl  notice,  the  following  table  will  {hew  its  five 
divifions,  at  four  different  periods. 


1.  City  of  Loudon,  wi'hin  the  walls                -      ,       - 

2.  City  of  London,  without  the  walls,  inclnding  the  Inns  of  Court     - 

3.  City  and  Liberties  of  Weftminller              .             .             .             - 

4.  Out-parilhes  within  the  Bills  of  Mortality               -             -    .         - 

5.  Pai-i(lies  not  within  the  Bills          -             -             .             .             - 

Total  pop-jlation  of  the  Metropolis 

In  1700. 

1750. 

1801. 

1811. 

U9'3oo 

169,000 

130,000 

226,900 

9,150 

87,000 
156,000 
152,000 
258,900 

22,350 

78,000 
155,000 
165,000 
379,000 

I.->3,OOG 

8o,oco 
168,000 
1 80,000 
460,000 
135,000 

674,350 

675,250 

90Oj000 

1,023,000 

Covenmentof  Lohdon. — In  tracing  the  outline  of  the  pre- 
fent  government  of  this  metropolis,  it  will  be  proper  to  divide 
it  into  three  principal  parts  4  v/3.  the  city  of  London,  with 
its  dependencies  ;  the  ci'y  and  liberties  of  \Vellmii.fter  ; 
and  the  fnbuvbs  connefted  with  the  two,  but  out  of  the 
jurifdiftion  of  both  the  cities. 

The  civil  government  of  the  city  of  London  is  Teftcd,  by 
charters  and  grants  from  the  kings  of  England,  in  its  own 
corporation  cr  body  of  citizens.  The  city  is  divided  into 
26  principal  dillritls,  called  wards  ;  and  the  corporation  con- 
fills  of,  I,  the  lord  mayor;  2,  the  aldermen;  and  3,  the 
common  council.  The  lord  mayor  is  chofcn  annually  in  the 
foll'jwing  manner,'  on  the  29th  of  September,  the  livery,  in 
Guildhall  or  common  afiembly,  choofe  two  aldermen,  who 
are  prefented  to  the  court  of  lord  mayor  and  aldermen,  by 
whom  one  of  the  aklermrn  fo  chofen,  (gentrally  the  fenior,) 
is  declared  lord  mayor  eleft  ;  and  on  the  9th  of  November 
he  enters  on  his  office.  Tlie  aldermen  are  chofen  for  life  by 
the  free  houf.iolders  of  the  feveral  wards,  one  for  each  ward  ; 
except  Brida;e-ward  without,  where  the  elcftion  is  by  the 
court  of  aldermen  from  among  thofe  who  have  pafTed  the 
chair,  commonly  tl>c  fenior  :  he  is  llyled  father  of  the  city. 
The  common  council  are  chofen  annu;illy  by  the  fi-ee 
honfliolders  in  their  feveral  wards,  the  number  for  each  ward 
being  regulated  by  ancient  cuftom  ;  the  body  corporate 
having  a  power  to  extend  tlie  number.  The  common 
council  are  the  r<;prefentatives  of  the  commons,  and  com- 
pofeoneof  the  parts  of  the  city  legiflature,  which  nearly  re- 
lembles  thai -©I  the  kingdom;  for  as  the  latter  con  h  lis  of  king, 
lords,  and  ccwniijon.s  fo  this  is  compofed  of  lord  mayor, 
aldermen,  and  common  councilmen  ;  the  principa'  diflerence 
is,  that  in  the  three  e'lates  of  the  kingdom  each  enjoys  a 
feoarate  negative,  while  in  the  city  this  right  is  denied 
to  the  lord  mayor,  and  confined  to  the  aldermen  and 
common  council.  Before  the  year  1347,  there  were 
only  two  common-councilmen  ret'.:rued  for  each  ward, 
which,  being  thought  inlulBcient  to  reprefent  fuch  a  nume- 
rous body,  it  was  at  that  time  fettled  that  each  ward  fliould 
choole  a  number,  not  more  than  twelve,  or  lefs  than  fix, 
according  to  its  dimtnfions  ;  which  has  lince  been  increafed 
to  the  profent  number.  The  26  wards  are  fubdivided  into 
236  precindts,  for  each  of  which  a  reprefentative  is  eledted 
in  the  fame  manner  us  the  aldermen ;  with  this  difference, 


that  as  the  lord  mayor  prefides  in  the  wardmote,  and  is 
judge  of  the  poll  at  the  eleclion  of  an  alderman,  fo  each 
alderman,  in  his  refped^ive  ward,  prefides  at  the  eledfion  of 
common  council  men.  The  civil  powers  exercifed  by  the 
corporation  are  very  complete  :  the  laws  for  the  internal 
government  of  the  city  are  wholly  framed  by  its  own  legif- 
lature, called  the  court  of  common  council,  which  confdls 
of  tl'.e  lord  mayor,  aldermen,  and  reprefentatives  of  the 
feveral  wards,  who  affemble  in  Guildhall  as  often  as  the 
lord  mayor  thinks  proper  to  convene  them.  They  annually 
feledl  fix  aldermen  and  twelve  commoners  for  letting  the 
city  lands,  and  this  coi.imittee  generally  meet  at  Guildhall 
on  Wednefdays.  They  alfo  appoint  another  committee  of 
four  aldermen  and  eight  commoners  for  tranfadling  the 
affairs  of  Grelham-college,  who  ufnally  meet  at  Mercer's- 
hall,  at  the  appointment  of  the  lord  mayor,  who  is  always 
one  of  the  number.  The  court  of  common  council  alfo,  by 
virtue  of  a  royal  grant,  annually  choofe  a  governor,  deputy, 
and  afhftants,  for  the  management  of  the  city  lands  in  Ire- 
land. This  court  alfo  difpofe  of  the  offices  of  town-clerk, 
common  ferjeant,  judges  of  the  fheriffs' -court,  common 
crier,  coroner,  bailiff  of  the  borough  of  Southwark,  and 
city  garblcr.  The  eledlion  of  the  recorder  is  veiled  in  the 
court  of  aldermen  only.  The  lord  mayor  is  the  chief  magif- 
trate  of  the  ci'y  :  and  the  aldermen  arc  the  principal  magif- 
trates  in  their  feveral  wards.  The  lord  mayor,  the  recorder, 
the  common  ferjeant,  and  the  aldermen,  are  judges  of  oyer 
and  terminer  (that  is,  the  king's  judges  to  try  capital  of- 
fences  and  mifdemeanors)  for  the  city  of  London  and  county 
of  Middlefex  ;  and  the  aldermen  are  perpetual  Jullices  of 
the  peace  for  the  city.  The  two  fheriffs,  (who  are  ftridlly 
officers  of  the  king,  fcr  many  important  purpofes  of  his 
executive  government,)  are  chofen  annually  by  the  livery 
of  London,  not  only  lor  the  city,  but  fur  the  county  of 
Middlefex,  the  fame  perfons  being  flicnffs  fur  London,  and 
jointly  forn.ing  One  (hen ff  for  the  county.  (See  Philips's 
Letter  on  the  Office  of  SheriflT,  Svo.  and  Sheriff.)  The 
adminillration,  in  all  its  branches,  within  the  jurifdiftion  of 
the  corporation,  in  all  cafes  embracing  the  city  and  the 
borough  of  Southwark,  and  in  fome  cafes  extending  beyond, 
is  exercifed  by  members  of  the  corporation  or  its  officers. 
The  borough  of  Southwark  was  formerly  independent  of 
the  city  of  Louden,  and  appears  to  have  been  governed  by 

4  a  bailiff 


LONDON. 


abailiff  till  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  who  granted  the  govern- 
ment of  it  for  ever  to  the  city.  A  part  has  been  fince  ii.cor- 
porated  witii  the  city,  undc-r  the  appellation  of  Bridge  Ward 
Without,  and  has  its  ofS'-ers  appointed  by  the  court  of 
common-council ,  The  livery  is  a  numerous,  rcfpeftable,  and 
important  eleClive  body  ;  in  which  is  veiled  the  election  of 
the  lord  mayor,  fiieriffs,  chamberlain,  members  of  parliament, 
bridgt'-mafters.,  ale-conners,  and  auditors  of  the  chamberlain's 
accounts.  The  lord  mayor,  aldermen,  common-coui.cd,  and 
liverv  of  London,  form  togetiier  the  nioft  important  popular 
aflembly,  the  commons  houfe  of  parliament  excepted,  in  the 
kingdom.  On  occafions  of  the  greateft  moment,  their  deci- 
fions  have  infpired  general  fortitude  ;  and  the  whole  legifla- 
ture,  when  under  evil  influence,  has  been  llruclc  v>i  h  awe 
by  the  remonftrance  of  the  city,  and  prudently  lillened  to  a 
warning  fo  folemnly  pronounced. 

The  military  ijovernment  of  the  city  of  London  was  con- 
fiderably  changed  by  an  att  of  parliament  pafTed  in  the  year 
1794;  under  which  two  regiments  of  militia  are  raifed  in 
the  city,  by  ballot,  amounting  together  to  2200  men.  The 
officers  are  appointed  by  the  commiflioners  of  the  king's 
lieutenancy  for  the  city  of  London  ;  and  one  regiment  may, 
in  certain  cafes,  be  placed  by  the  king  under  any  of  his  ge- 
neral officers,  and  marched  to  any  place  not  exceeding 
twelve  miles  from  the  capital,  or  to  the  neareft  encampment  ; 
the  other,  at  all  fuch  times,  to  remain  in  the  city.  Regiments 
of  aflbciated  volunteers  are  formed  in  the  refpeftive  wards 
and  parifhes,  for  the  internal  defence  and  peace  of  the  metro- 
polis. ,  A  confiderable  force  is  alfo  maintained  by  the  Bank, 
India-houfe,  Cuftom-lioufe,  and  other  pubhc  bodies,  for 
their  more  immediate  fecurity.  The  Artillery  company, 
which  is  principally  compofed  of  a  voluntary  enrolment  of 
the  younger  citizens,  affords  an  additional  force  of  about  fix 
hundred  men.  (See  Artillery.)  See  alfo  Highmore's 
Hiilory  of  the  Artillery  Company,  8vo. 

The  civil  government  of  the  fuburbs  is  veiled  in  the 
juftices  of  the  peace  for  the  county.  The  county-hall  for 
Middlefex  is  on  Clerkenwell-green,  where  the  quarter-fef- 
fions  are  held  ;  and  a  great  part  of  the  civil  government 
is  exercifed.  In  Bow-ftreet,  Covent-garden,  is  an  office  of 
police,  under  the  direction  of  certain  juftices  of  Middlefex, 
who  dedicate  their  time  chiefly  to  that  office,  where  are  firll 
examined  the  moil  feriouscaies  of  mifdemeaiior.  The  other 
public  offices  of  police,  where  magiilrates  fit  daily,  are — 
the  Manfion-houfe  and  Guildhall,  within  the  city.  In  the 
fuburbs — Bow-ftreet  ;  Queen-fquarc,  Weftminfter  ;  Marl- 
borough-it  reet;  Hatton-garden ;  Wor(hip-ftreet ;  Lambeth- 
ftrect,  Whitechapel ;  High-ftreet,  Shadwell  ;  and  Union- 
ilreet,  Southwark  :  at  Wapping  New-ilairs  is  an  office  for 
enquiry  into  offences  connefted  with  the  {hipping  and  port 
of  London. 

The  police  of  London  is  under  the  controul  of  the  magif- 
trates  belonging  to  thefe  offices ;  who  are  appointed  and 
paid  by  the  government.  They  are  required  to  attend  on 
duty  every  day,  and  their  province  is  to  hear  and  determine 
petty  offences,  and  fubjects  of  difpute  between  individuals. 
On  many  occafions  they  invelligate  felonies,  and  the  higher 
clafles  of  crimes,  and  commit  the  offenders  to  the  proper 
prifons.  Diffi?rent  acts  of  parliament  have  been  paffed  on 
this  fubjeft,  by  which  the  duty  and  powers  of  the  magiilrates 
and  lubordmate  officers  are  particularly  detined.  The  po- 
lice of  the  city  of  London  is  regulated  by  acls  paffed  in  10 
Geo.  n.  II,  14,  33,  and  34  Geo.  III.:  of  Wei^minfter 
and  its  liberties,  by  adls  of  27  Eliz.,  16  Cha.  I.,  29 
and  31  Geo.  II.  2,  3,  5,  11,  and  19  Geo.  HI.  :  municipal 
regulations  are  alfo  cllabhfhed  in  the  borough  of  Southwark, 
by  acts  28  Geo.  II.  and  6  and  14  Geo.  III. 

Vol.  XXL 


Under  the  foregoing  afts,  a  nightly  watch  is  appointed 
for  the  prevention   of  robbcrie;,  and    the  appreh"nfion   of 
offenders.     To  the  city  of  London  arc  attached  765  watch, 
men,   and   38    patroles.     The    whole   number  of  beadles, 
patroles,  and  watchmen,  who  are  every  night  on  duty  in  and 
around  the  metropolis,  is  eflimated  at  2044.     Watch-houfes 
are  placed  at  convenient  diftances  in  all  parts,  where  paro. 
chial  conilables  attend  in  rotation  to    keep  order,  receive 
offenders,  and  deliver  them  the  next  morning  to  tlie  fitting 
magiftrate.     In    the  winter   ieafon,  the  roads  adjacent    to 
London  are  additionally   guarded  by  horfc-patroles  ;    and 
on  extraordinary  occafions,   the   officers  of  the   police  are 
ordered  OLt,  or  ki-pi  in  readinefs,  to  affill  in  the  prefervation 
of  the  public  peace.     The  nightly  watih  is  of  peculiar  uti- 
lity in  cafe  of  fire,  as  in  every  vvatch-houfe  the  names  of 
the  turncocks,  and  the  places  where  engines  are  kept,  are  to 
be  found.     Befides  parochial  engines,  many  pubhc  bodies 
are  provided  with  them,  and   the  principal  fire-offices  have 
engines   ftationed   in   various  diftricis,  with  aftive  men  and 
horfes      By  means  of  the  fire-plugs,   water  is  immediately 
fupplied,  and  the  general  fecunty  is  guai-anteed  by  every 
effort  of  vigilance  and  aftiviiy. 

yidi  of  Parliament  rJaiive  to  London  and  Its  Inhabitants. 

The  internal  economv,  government,  police,  and  civil  regu- 
lations of  London,  are  entitled  to  particular  and  commend- 
able notice  ;  becaufe  thefe  have  tended  to  attraft  foreigners 
to  fettle  here,  and  induced  numerous  families,  both  tradef- 
men  and  perfons  of  fortune,  to  fix  on  this  city  as  a  defirable 
place  of  permanent  refidence.  It  will  be  found  that  many 
legillative  afts  have  been  paded,  and  are  in  force,  to  fecure 
the  fafety  and  comfort,  and  adminifter  to  the  luxuries  of  the 
inhabitants  of  this  metropolis.  Befides  numerous  local 
afts  of  parliament  that  apply  to  particular  parifhes  and 
diftrifts,  the  following  have  been  paiTed  exprefsly  for  the 
above  purpofes.  It  is  thoight  advifable  to  fpecify  thefe 
afts,  and  point  out  fome  of  rhcir  items ;  becaufe  many  local 
advantages  and  conveniences  of  London  are  to  be  referred 
to  thefe  legiflative  provifion?. 

By  3  Hen.  VIL  c.  9,  citizens  and  freemen  of  London 
are  authorifed  to  carry  their  wares  to  any  fair  or  market 
in  the  kingdom,  in  fpite  of  any  bye-iaw  to  the  contrary. 
By  6  Geo.  II.  c.  22,  the  lord  mayor  and  citizens  were  em- 
powered to  fill  up  part  of  Fleet  Ditch,  and  the  inheritance 
of  the  ground  was  vefled  in  them.  By  29  Geo.  II.  c.  40, 
the  lord  mayor  and  common-council  were  empowered  to 
purchafe  and  remove  buildings,  to  improve,  widen,  and 
enlarge  the  paflage  over  and  through  London-bridge. 

Buddings. — In  the  year  1764,  a  very  important  acl  of 
parliament  was  pafied,  refpefting  all  buildings  which  are 
hereafter  to  be  erefted  within  London,  Weftminfter,  the 
bills  of  mortaUty,  and  the  parifhes  of  Mary-le-bone,  Pad- 
dington,  Pancras,  and  Chelfea,  whereby  it  is  provided,  that 
they  fhal'  be  divided  into  feven  rates,  of  which  the  external 
walls  (hall  be  of  a  thicknefs  proportionate  to  their  rates  or 
fizes ;  thefe  of  firll-rate  buildings  to  be  at  the  foundation 
2  A  bricks,  or  i  foot  94  inches  thick,  and  dccreafing  up- 
wards  in  a  degree  therein  fpecified.  Another  adt,  of  a  more 
ample  nature,  was  paffi;d  in  1774,  refpetling  the  buildings 
of  London  and  its  vicinage.  By  this  it  is  required,  that 
houfes  contiguous  to  other  buildings  (hall  have  party-walls 
between  them,  which  walls  and  all  chimnies  and  chimney- 
(hafts  (hall  be  of  brick  or  ftone,  or  both  together.  (See 
Chimney.)  Party-walls  fliall  be  18  inches  above  the  build- 
ings adjoining,  and  thofe  of  firft-rale  buildings  fliall  be  at. 
the  foundation  3^  bricks,  or  2  feet  6-^  inches  in  thickncff  , 
decreafing  upwards  in  a  given  proportion.  No  receiTes  (  o 
be  made  in  party-wall*  (except  for  chimnies,  fires,  girders, 

S  f  ^.c.) 


LONDON. 


&:c.)  fo  as  to  reduce  fuch  wall  under  the  tliicknefs  required. 
No  timber  to  be  in  the  party-walls  (except  bonds,  templets, 
and  clinins,  and  the  ends  of  girders,  beams,  &c.)  and  87; 
inches  of  folid  brick-work  to  be  between  the  ends  and  fides 
of  every  piece  of  timber,  except  oppofite  to  other  timbers, 
and  then  no  part  of  fuch  timber  to  approach  nearer  than 
four  inches  to  the  centre  of  the  wa^l.  Surveyors  are  to 
give  information  of  irregular  bmldings,  and  the  lord  mayor 
and  jullices  are  to  order  tlie  fame  to  be  demolifhed  or 
amended,  and  JOj.  penalty  is  chargeable  on  the  workman. 
Fire-engines  and  ladders  to  be  kept  in  known  places  in  every 
parifli ;  and  parifli  officers  fliall  place  on  the  mains  of  water- 
works, flop  blocks,  and  fire  cocks,  and  Ihall  mark  the 
houfe  near.  In  cafe  of  fire,  tlic  turncock  whi)fe  water 
comes  fird  (liall  be  paid  loj.  Firll  engine  i/.  10.,  the 
fecond  i/. ,  the  third  ics.  Where  offieers  pay  rewards  for 
•iires  in  tli'mnies  only,  or  beginning  there,  tlit-y  are  to  be 
reimburfed  by  the  occupier.  Servants  vvlio  through  negli- 
gence fet  fire  to  any  houfe,  (hall  forfeit  100/.  or  be  com- 
mitted to  hard  labour  for  iS  months. 

Butchers. — It  is  provided  by  an  act  of  Hon.  VII.  c.  ^, 
that  butchers  {liall  not  kill  bcalls  within  the  walls  of  Lon- 
don ;  but  this  aft  is  either  fuperfedtd  or  not  put  in  force. 

Cattle. — By  14  Geo.  III.  c.  87,  and  21  Geo.  III.  c.  6". 
any  peace  olTicer  may  arrell  perfons  who  drive  cattle 
through  the  llreets  of  London  in  an  improper  or  cruel  man- 
ner. The  party,  if  conviftcd,  fhall  forfeit  from  ^s.  to  20s. 
or  be  committed  for  one  month.  Perfons  not  being  drivers 
of  cattle,  who  (liall  throw  ttone.s  or  fet  dogs  at  them,  (hall 
be  fubject  to  the  fame  penalties. 

Carts. — By  l  Geo.  1.  flat.  2.  c.  57,  no  carman,  draym.an, 
waggoner,  or  other  perfon  (hall,  within  the  bills  of  morta- 
lity, ride  on  a  cart,  dray,  or  waggon,  not  having  feme  per- 
fon on  foot  to  guide  the  fame,  on  forfeiture  of  ioj'.  This 
penalty  is  extended  to  within  ten  m.iles  of  London,  by  24 
Geo.  II.  c.  43,  ■  . 

Coals. — By  47  Geo.  III.  fed.  2.  c,  68,  the  coal  exchange 
fhall  J)e  a  free  open  market  on  Monday,  Wednefday,  and 
Friday,  from  twelve  o'clock  till  two,  and  coals  are  only  to 
be  fold  in  market  hours,  under  a  penalty  of  100/. 

Hackney  Coaches .-r^^\ie.  commilTioners  may  licence  800 
by  ad  9  Anne,  200  more  by  11  Geo.  III.,  and  100  more 
by  42  Geo.  III.  ;  total  i  ico.  The  rates  of  fares  are  fixed, 
and  an  office  is  appointed  to  determine  on  complaints, 
which  are  alio  cognizable  by  magiflrates. 

Paving,  njiiing,  and  clean/nig. — Several  a<fts  were  palTed 
in  the  reign  of  Hen.  VIII.  for  paving  parts  of  the  metro- 
polis. The  eallern  fuburbs  were  paved  by  aft  13  Eliz. 
Various  other  afts  were  pafled  in  fubfequent  reigns  for 
paving  the  feveral  parts  which  were  added  to  the  metro- 
polis. The  ne-iv  paving,  according  to  the  prelent  mode, 
commenced  in  176:5,  under  an  aft  paiTed  in  the  preceding 
year.  Before  this  period  iheJlreets  were  extremely  incon~ 
venient  to  paifengers,  the  (tones  (moftly  Guernfey  pebbles) 
being  round,  the  kennels  i;-i  the  midll,  and  no  level  foot- 
way, as  at  prefent,  for  the  pedfllrians.  The  alterations 
firii  took  place  in  Weilminfter,  and  the  improvements  pro- 
grefiiveK'^  extended  through  mod  parts  of  the  metropolis. 
At  this  period  alio  took  place  the  removal  of  the  enormous 
fjgns  wiiich.  luing  acrofs  the  ftreets  or  over  the  footviays, 
ar.d,  together  with  their  pofts  and  iron  fcroU  works,  im- 
peded as  well  the  circulation  of  the  air  as  the  progrefs  of 
the  pafiTcnger. 

Lighting. — As  early  as  the  year  1416,  the  inhabitants  of 
Loudon  were  obliged  to  hang  out  lanthoms  on  winter 
evenings.  Among  other  improvements  in  the  reign  of 
queen  Anne,  was  the  introduction  of  globular  glafs  lamps 


with  oil  burners,  inftead  of  the  lanthoms  with  candles,  and 
common  lamps  that  had  previoufly  been  in  ufe.  In  1736, 
an  aft  of  parliament  was  procured  to  regulate  "  the  better 
enlightening  the  (Ireets,  &c."  within  the  city.  A  com- 
mittee appointed  to  carry  this  aft  into  execution,  reported 
that  "  the  number  of  houfes  then  inhabited  and  chargeable 
(;'.  e.  fuch  as  were  fubjoft  to  poor-rates)  was  in  all  14,.  14, 
of  which  12S7  were  under  the  rent  of  icl.  per  annum;  4741 
of  icA  and  under  20/. ;  3045  between  20  and  30/. ;  1839  be- 
tween 30  and  4c/.  ;  and  3092  of  40/.  and  upwards.  The 
number  of  lamps  required  was  4200,  exchifive  of  fnch  as 
were  atta'jhcd  to  public  buildings.  They  were  to  be 
placed  at  tlie  diftance  of  25  yards  from  eacli  other  in  the 
principal  ilreets,  and  35  yards  in  the  fmaller  llrects  and 
lanes.  This  was  the  eommencement  of  the  lyilcm  of  de- 
fraying the  charges  of  lighting  the  metropclls  by  parochial 
aflolfnients.  Since  this  time  various  other  afts  of  parlia- 
ment have  been  obtained  for  different  diilrifts  in  the 
fuburbs,  and  it  is  conjefturcd  that  more  than  30,000  lamps 
arc  lit  every  night  within  the  bills  of  mortality.  From 
Lady-day  to  Michaelmas,  a  lefs  number  is  ufed  than  during 
the  other  half  of  the  year.  In  1737,  an  aft  of  parliament 
was  palled  for  regulating  and  increaling  the  city  watch,  &c. 
Various  acts  have  been  paft  for  deaiifing  the  Ilreets,  and 
preferving  them  from  obftruftions  and  nuifances  of  every 
defcription. 

Seivers. — One  of  the  moft  efTential  objefts  in  a  large 
city  is  good  drainage ;  and  in  this  retpeft  London  is  well 
provided.  Into  the  deep  channel  of  the  Thames,  numerous 
large  fewers  communicate,  and  convey  all  the  fuperfluous 
water,  and  vaft  quantities  of  filth  from  the  houfes.  By 
afts  of  the  legiflature,  a  number  of  perfons,  'flyied  com- 
miffioners  of  Icwers,  are  empowered  to  make  and  repair 
fewers,  and  levy  a  tax  on  every  hou-^ekeeper  towards  defray- 
ing the  expences  incurred  by  the  fame.  An  aft  of  parlia- 
ment was  obtained  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  on 
this  fubjcft  ;  and  this  has  been  amended  and  enlarged  by  fub- 
fequent afts,  6th  Henry  VIII.  cap.  10;  23d  Henry  VIII. 
cap.  5  ;  and  25th  of  fame  reign  ;  afterwards  in  the  3d  and 
41)1  of  Edward  VI. ;  I  ft  of  Alary  ;  1 31I1  of  Elizabeth  ;  3d 
of  .lames,  and  7th  of  Anne.     See  Sewers. 

By  an  aft  of  parliament  pafled  in  1737,  the  number  of 
playboufes  was  limited  to  three,  and  all  Cramatic  pieces  in- 
tended for  the  ftage,  were  firll  to  be  fubjefted  to  the  peru- 
fal  and  approbation  of  the  loi-d  chamberlain.  See  FhAy- 
iiou.se.    , 

The  Chaiitahle  Injlitutions  of  London  arc  numerous,  of 
various  defcriptions,  and  of  incalculable  advantage.  Whi.ll 
they  admmifter  comfort,  health,  education,  and  proteftion 
to  the  neceffitous,  they  refleft  much  honour  on  the  affluent, 
and  on  all  the  patrons.  Thefe  coifift  of  hofpitals,  difpen- 
farles,  alms-houfes,  charity  Ichoois,  benefit  focieties,  and 
other  eftabUlhnients.  In  a  former  part  of  this  work,  under 
the  word  Hospital,  will  be  found  accounts  of  feveral,  to 
which  we  fhall  add  a  few  particulars.  In  the  metropolis 
are  22  hofpitals  for  fick,  lame,  and  for  pregnant  women  ; 
107  alms-houfes  fur  the  maintenance  of  aged  perfons  of  both 
fexes  ;  18  iiutitutions  for  the  fupport  cf  the  indigent  of  va- 
rious other  defcriptions  ;  above  20  difpenfaries  for  the  gratui- 
tous fupply  of  medicine  and  medical  aid  to  th*  poor  ;  45  free- 
fchools  with  perpeti.al  endowments,  for  educating  and  main- 
taining 3500  children  ;  1 7  other  public  fcliools  for  cictertedand 
poor  children  ;  237  parifh  fchoois,  fupported  by  voluntary 
contribution,  in  which  about  9000  boys  and  girls  are  con- 
flantly  clothed  and  educated  :  each  parifh  has  alfo  a  work- 
houfe  for  the  maintenance  of  its  own  helplefs  poor.  Ex- 
cliilive  of  this  ample  lift,  the  feveral  livery  companies  of 
6  t!t 


LONDON. 


tlie  city  of  London  diflribute  above  75,000/.  annually  in  cha- 
nties ;  and  there  is  a  mukitude  of  iiilhtiitions,  of  a  Icf:*  pro- 
miiKMit  nature  than  the  foregoing,  whicli  make  the  total  of 
charitable  donations  immenfe.  The  funis  annually  expended 
in  the  metropolis  for  charitable  purpofes,  independently  of  the 
private  relief  given  to  individuals,  have  been  ellimated  at 
850,000/.  The  holpitals  were  chiefly  founded  by  private 
niunilicence :  fome  are  endowed  nilh  perpetual  revenues, 
and  others  fupported  by  annual  or  occafional  voluntary  fub- 
fcripti;>nf.  The  alras-houfes  were  buill  and  endowed  eiihcr 
bv  private  perfons  or  corporate  bodies  of  tradefmen.  Many 
of  the  free-fchools  owe  their  origin  to  the  fame  fources. 
Tiie  magnitude  of  the  buildings  dedicated  to  public  charities, 
ai;d  the  large  revenues  attached  to  them,  are  highly  de- 
fevving  of  commendation  ;  and  the  general  adminiihation  of 
tl'.efe  ellabiillitnents  confers  a  pecuhar  honour  on  the  capital. 
The  interior  regulations  of  the  hofpitals  well  accord  with 
tlie  exterior  magnitude  :  the  medical  afTiftance  is  the  beil 
the  profeliion  can  fupply  ;  the  attendance  is  ample  ;  the 
rooms  are  generally  very  clean  and  wholefome  ;  and  the  food 
is  proper  for  the  condition  of  the  patients.  The  alms- 
houfes,  and  other  inftitulions  for  the  fupport  of  the  aged 
and  indigent,  exhibit  not  merely  an  appearance-,  but  a  real 
pofTeflion  of  competence  and  eafe.  From  lonje  of  the  free- 
fchools,  pupils  have  been  fent  to  the  univerlities  as  learned 
as  from  any  of  the  moft  expenfive  feminaries :  and  all  the 
fcholars  r<?ceive  an  education  completely  adapted  to  the  fla- 
tioTis  for  which  they  aredeiigned.  Among  the  free-fchools 
may  be  particularly  noted  thofe  of  Weibninller,  Blue-coat 
or  Chrill's-hofpital,  St.  Paul's,  Mercliant-taylors',  Charter- 
houfe,  and  St.  Martin's.  Fur  a  very  ample  hiftory  and 
defcription  of  all  the  charitable  inllitutions  of  London,  the 
reader  is  referred  to  a  volume  publifhed  in  18 10,  entitled, 
"Pietas  Londinienfis;  the  Hillory,  Origin,  and  prefent  State 
of  the  various  public  Charities  in  and  near  London,"  by 
A.  Highmore,  lamo. 

ItijUtutioTU. — For  the  accommodation  and  convenience  of 
the  immenfe  population  of  the  metropolis,  the  following  infti- 
tutieiis  hare  been  formed  for  education,  ior  promoting  good 
morals,  for  advancing  the  ufeful  and  fine  arts,  and  for  cha- 
ritiable  and  humane  purpofes.  For  education  (befides  the 
various  fchools  already  mentioned)  there  are  16  inns  of 
court  and  chancery  for  itudents  in  the  law,  Sec.  (fee  Colkt, 
Inns  of, ,  and  five  colleges,  uia.  Sion-college,  at  London-wall, 
for  the  improvement  of  the  clergy  ;  Grelham-college,  for 
divinity,  allronomy,  and  other  fciences  ;  the  college  of  phy- 
ficiar.s,  Warwick-lane,  for  profefTors  in  medicine  ;  one  for 
the  lludy  of  civil  law.  Doctor's  Commons;  and  the  Herald's- 
coUege.  (See  College. )  The  number  of  private  fchools, 
for  ail  the  various  branches  of  male  and  female  education, 
i.^  eilimatcd  at  3730  ;  including  fome  for  children  who 
are  deaf  and  dumb. 

For  promoting  religion  and  good  morals  London  contains 
tlie  following  focieties  :  i.  Forgiving  effeft  to  the  king's 
proclamation  againlt  vice  and  immorality,  eftablifhed«in  the 
year  178",  and  for  the  fupprcffion  of  vice  in  1S03  :  2.  For 
promoting  Chriilian  knowledge,  founded  in  1699  :  3.  For 
the  propagation  of  the  gofpel  in  foreign  parts,  incorporated 
in  1701:  4.  For  promoting  religious  knowledge,  by  dif- 
iributiag  books  to  the  poor,  inltituted  in  1750  :  5.  For  pro- 
11  oting  charity  fchools  in  Ireland  :  6.  For  religious  inllriic- 
ti.in  to  the  negroes  in  the  Well  ladies,  incorporated  in  J  795  ; 
ar'd  African  education  fociety,  inltituted  in  jSoo  :  7.  lor 
preventing    crimes,   by   profecuting   fwindlers    and    cheats, 

-67  :  8.  For  the  encouragement  of  fervants,  1792  :  9.  For 
;  ,;  relief  of  poor  pious  clergymen,  1788  :  10.  For  giving 
L-.bies  to  foldiers  and  failors,  1780  :  ii.  For  giving  bibles, 
and  oiherwifc  furthering  the  purpofes  of  Sunday  fchools, 


1785:  Britifli  and  foreign  bible  fociety,  1804.  To  thefc 
may  be  added.  Dr.  Bray's  charity  for  providing  paro- 
chial libraries  ;  and  queen  Anne's  bounty  for  the  augmen- 
lation  of  fmall  livings  of  clergymen. 

For  the  promotion  of  learning,  and  advancement  of 
the   ufefnl    and   fine   arts,    are    the    following   inllitutions: 

1.  The  Royal  fociety,  incorporated  for  promoting  ufeful 
knowledge,  was  inflitutcd  1663  :  2.  Antiquarian  fociety, 
Somerfet-place,  1751  :  3.  Society,  or  trullees  of  the  Bri- 
tilh  Mtu'eum,  1753  :  4.  Royal  Academy  of  Arts,  Somerfet- 
place,  176S  :  ',.  Society  for  encouragement  of  learning. 
Crane-court,  Fleet-llrcet  :  6.  Society  f(;r  encouragement  of 
arts,  manufaflurcs,  ai.'d  commerce,  in  t'le  Adelplii-buildings  : 

7.  Medical  focietyof  London,  Bolt-court,  Fleet-ftreet,  1773: 

8.  Society   for    the     improvement   of   naval    architcfture  : 

9.  Veterinary  colL-ge,  St.  Pancras  :  10.  Royal  inftilution 
ior  applying  the  arts  to  the  common  purpofes  of  life,  1799: 
II.  The  London  inllltution,  in  the  city,  1805  :  12.  The 
Surrey  inllitution  near  Blackfriar'f-bridge,  1808:  13.  The 
Ru(relin(Utution,Coram-(tieet,Ru!fel-iquare,i8o8:  I4.Thj 
Literary  fund,  eilablifhed  in  1 79-,  &c. 

Among  the  inllitutions  for  charitable  and  humane  pur- 
pofes, the  followi!  g  may  be  enumerated:  i.  The  humane 
fociety  for  the  recovery  of  drowned  and  fuffocated  perfons  : 

2.  Society  for  the  relief  of  merchants'  feamen  :  3.  Several 
focieties  for  fupport  of  ^widows  in  general  :  and  others  re- 
fpedlively  for  the  widows  and  orphans  of  clergymen,  medical 
men,  officers,  artills,  and  muficians ;  and  for  decayed  muii- 
cians,  artills,  authors,  adlors,  and  fchoolmafters ;  4.  So- 
ciety for  relief  of  perfons  confined  for  fmall  debts  :  5.  So- 
ciety for  ameliorating  the  condition  of  the  poor.  With 
thefe  benevolent  eftablifhments  may  be  claffed  the  friendly 
or  benefit  fccieties,  of  which  there  are  in  the  metropolii 
and  its  vicinity  about  1600,  confilting,  in  general,  of  from 
fiftji  to  one  hundred  members  each.  The  members  confill  of 
m.echanic  and  labouring  people,  who,  by  fmall  monthly  con- 
tributions, raile  a  fund  for  their  fupport  in  ficknefs,  and  for 
their  funerals,  &c.  An  aft  of  parliament  was  paffed 
33  Geo.  III.  for  the  fpecial  "  Encouragement  and  Relief" 
of  thefe  focieties. 

Plaies  of  Public  Amufmeni. — Confidering  the  vaft  extent, 
population,  and  wealth  of  London,  it  certainly  contains 
fewer  plsces  of  public  amufemcnt  than  any  metropolis  in  Eu- 
rope. Whether  this  be  the  refnlt  of  accidental  caufes,  or  is 
to  be  referred  to  the  genius  and  habits  of  the  people,  may, 
perhaps,  be  a  matter  of  fome  doubt.  But  whatever  defici- 
ency exills  with  refpeft  to  number,  it  yields  to  no  city  in  the 
world  in  the  fplendour  and  excellence  of  thofe  it  polfefTes. 
Our  dramatic  authors  are  not  lefs  confpicuous  for  the  bril- 
liancy of  their  cumpofitions,  than  our  adlors  are  for  the  judg- 
ment and  effett  which  they  difplay  in  their  reprefentation. 
Mrs.  Siddons  is,  perhaps,  the  moll  effective  and  powerful 
adrefsof  the  prefent,  or  of  any  former  age;  wliile  her  brother, 
Mr.  John  Kemble,  mull  be  allowed  to  poffefs  talents  of  the 
fir(l-rate  defcription.  In  the  walk  of  tragedy  many  other 
players  have  evinced  very  confidcrable  abilities  :  among  the 
dcccafed  may  be  named  Garrick,  Barry,  Bctterton,  Hen- 
derfon.  Booth,  Quin,  Ryan,  and  J.  Palmer :  and  thofe  of 
the  prefent  age,  moft  entitled  to  hiiloric  record,  are  Cooke, 
Young,  and  C.  Kemble.  It  may  be  fafely  afTerted  that  the 
comedians  of  the  London  theatres  have  advanced  the  mimetic 
art  nearly  to  the  height  of  perfeftion.  The  names  of  the 
late  MelTrs.  Lewis,  King,  Parfons,  Woodward,  Shuter,  and 
Edwin  are  juiily  honoured  in  the  annals  of  the  drama  ;  and 
thofe  of  the  following  aftors  are  entitled  to  the  unqualified 
commendation  of  the  theatrical  critic  :  Dowton,  Munden, 
Bannilter,  Fawcett,  Emery,  Knight,  Matthews,  Johnfon, 
Lovcgrovc,  Lilton,  Simmons,  and  Blanchard.  Many 
•3  f  2  aftccUcs 


LONDON. 


aclrcflesof  the  prefent  age  poITcfs  very  cotifiderable  drama- 
tic powers;  particularly  melMamts  Jordan,  Edwjn,  Duncan, 
C.  Kemble,  Gibbs,  S.  Booth,  Davenport,  Lillon,  and 
Storace.  The  Englidi  (lage  has  many  other  performers  of 
merit  ;  but  their  talents  are  of  a  more  limited  nature  than 
the  preceding.  In  the  operatic  department,  or  finging,  it 
has  long  been  the  faftiion  to  introduce  Italian,  or  foreign 
fingers  to  the  London  boards;  although  many  of  our  native 
performers  unite  to  fine  and  powerful  voices  much  fcience. 
Mrs.  Billington,  Mr.  Braham,  Madame  Storace,  Mrs.  Moun- 
tain, Mifs  Bolton,  Mrs.  Martyr,  Mrs.  Bland,  Mrs.  Dickons, 
Mifs  Kelly,  Mr.  Inclcdon,  Mr.  Phillips,  and  Mr.  Bellamy, 
are  julUv  admired,  and  have  acquired  much  profeffional  fame. 
In  aftiori  or  pantomimic  represent ations,  many  eminent  per- 
formers are  to  be  foimd  on  the  London  boards.  Bcfides 
thefe  there  are  many  others  very  little  inferior.  Indeed  it 
may  be  juilly  obferved,  that  the  companies  at  the  principal 
theatres  confill  in  general  of  highly  refpcftable  performers. 
The  misfical  votary  never  had  the  means  of  gratiiying  his 
tafte  with  a  higlicr  relifh  than  at  the  prefent  period.  New 
compofitions  of  confidcrable  merit  daily  ifTue  from  the  prefs. 
The  hll  of  our  vocal  performers  comprifes  the  names  of 
fome  of  the  firft  fingers  in  Europe.  Our  mllrumental  per- 
formers are  no  lefs  celebrated  ;  and  our  bands  in  general  ex- 
hibit fpecimens  of  the  higlieil  talle  and  manual  ikill. 

Appropriated  chiefly  to  dramatic  performances  are  the 
theatres  of  Drury-'ane,  Covent-garden,  the  Lyceum,  and  the 
Haymarket.  Of  thefe,  the  two  firll  are  upon  a  ftyle  of  mag- 
nificence and  grandeur,  fcarccly  to  be  furpaffed  by  any  theatre 
in  Europe.  The  lall  is  on  a  fmall  fcale,  and  opens  in  fummer, 
■when  the  others  clofe.  The  King's  theatre,  or  Opera-houfe, 
fituated  in  the  Haymarket,  was  originally  intended  folely  for 
the  reprefeiitjtion  of  Italian  operas.  Of  late  years,  however, 
dancing  has  conRituted  a  promment  part  of  its  amufements,  to 
the  great  injury  of  the  operas,  which  are  generally  curtailed 
of  an  aft  to  allow  time  for  the  ballets.  The  decorations  of 
this  theatre  are  fplendid,  and  its  band  isconlidercd  as  inferior 
only  to  that  of  the  Opera-houfe  at  Paris.  The  concert  of 
ancient  mufic,  generally  called  the  King's  concert,  is  held  in 
the  great  room  Kanover-fquare,  ei'ery  week  from  the  begin- 
ning of  February  to  the  end  of  May.  It  owes  its  origin  to  a 
fecefiion  from  the  Academy  of  Alufic,  another  celebrated 
inufical  inftitution.  The  following  is  a  lift  of  the  theatres, 
and  other  places  of  public  amufement,  now  occupied  in  Lon- 
don, and  open  to  (he  public  ;  a  more  particular  dei'cription 
of  fome  of  thefe  will  be  given  in  fubfequent  parts  of  this 
work,  under  the  heads  Theatke  and  Westminster. 

Covtnt-garden  Theatre  is  the  mod  eminent  for  fize  and 
dramatic  exhibitions.  The  prefent  building  was  erefted  in 
thevear  1809,  from  defigns  by  Mr.  S.mirke,  jun.  arcliiteft. 
It  occupies  the  fcite  of  a  former  theatre,  with  connecting 
houfes,  which  were  confumed  by  fire  in  September  1808  ; 
and  it  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  the  whole  ot  the  prefent 
edifice  was  railed  and  finilhed  within  one  year.  It  is  on  a 
large  fcale,  and  the  whole  ftage  management  is  veiled  in  Mr. 
John  Kemb  e,  who  has  certainly  made  many  improvements, 
and  interefting  reformations  in  the  internal  economy,  fcience, 
and  coftumic  reprefenration  of  dramas. 

Drurylane  Theatre  is  now  in  the  progrefs  of  building 
from  deiigns  by  Mr.  B.  Wyatt,  architect  ;  whofe  model 
evinces  much  fl<iU  and  judgment.  Though  not  on  fo  large 
a  fcale  as  th?  theatre  of  Covent-garden,  it  combines  many 
conveniences  and  advantages  not  to  be  found  in  that  b. aiding  ; 
and  for  feeing  and  hearing  it  promifes  to  be  very  fatistatt.iry 
to  the  audience.  Mr.  Whithread  has  taken  a  very  aCtive 
part  ii  caufing  this  theatre  to  be  rebuilt.  A  former  theatre, 
built  by  Mr.  Holland,  was  burnt  in  1809. 


Theatre  Rnyal  Hayinarltt  is  a  fmall,  inconvenient  houfe, 
and  is  allowed  to  be  opened  to  the  public  from  the  ijth  of 
May  to  the  i  Jth  of  Sejjtember. 

The  Lyceum  'Theatre,  called  the  Englifh  Opera-houfe,  is  at 
prelent  occupied  by  the  Drury-lane  company  of  performers, 
under  the  management  of  Mr.  Arnold  and  Mr.  Raymond. 
Operas  and  c<miedies  are  chiefly  reprefented  liere  ;  and  fome 
of  thefe  are  afted  in  the  bell  ftyle.  Many  new  dramas  have 
been  produced  at  this  houfe. 

The  Opera-houfe,  in  the  Haymarket,  is  appropriated  to  Ita- 
lian operas,  fpettacles,  and  dances.  The  management  of  this 
houfe  has  occafioned  feveral  legal  litigations,  and  is  dill  in- 
volved in  difpute.  Its  principle  is  uncongenial  to  the  Englilh 
cliaradler,  and  it  would  be  a  memorable  and  laudable  adt  to 
abolilh  it.  Another  fimilar  cllablifliment,  arifing  out  of  the 
cabals  of  the  former,  and  originating  with  fome  fpeculating 
adventurers,  has  lately  been  opened  at 

The  Pantheon  in  Oxford-road  ;  but  aft»r  a  few  night?  re- 
prefentation,  and  after  debts  of  fome  thoufands  of  pounds 
had  been  contrafted  in  fitting  up,  and  Adapting  the  houfe  to 
the  purpofc,  the  theatre  is  again  clofed. 

Sadlcrs  Udells  is  a  theatre  appropriated  to  pantomimes, 
burlcttas,  fpetlacles,  dancing,  &c.  andcommences  its  feafon 
on  Eafter  Monday.  The  ftage  performances  are  inverjted  and 
written  by  Mr.  C.  D'.bdin.jun.,  who  has  difplaycd  a  peculiar 
and  original  talent  in  this  fpecierof  compofition.  The  mulical 
department  is  condufted  by  Mr.  Reeve,  and  the  fcenei% 
painted  by  Mr.  Andrews.  A  novelty  has  been  introduced 
at  this  theatre,  /.  e.  of  filling  the  whole  ipace  beneath  the 
llage  with  water,  by  which  means  fome  Iplendid  and  curious 
aquatic  exhibitions  have  been  diiplayed.  It  partly  refemblcs 
the  naumachije  of  the  Romans. 

Afilef  s  ylmphttheatre,  near  Weftminfter-bridge,  is  alfo  a 
fummer  theatre,  where  pantomimes,  buricttas,  and  various 
fetes  of  horfemanlhip  are  difplayed.  This  houfe  alfo  com- 
mences its  feafon  on  Eafter  Monday,  and  generally  doles  in 
October,  when  the  company  remove  to  another  theatre, 
called 

Afiltfs  Olympic  Pavilion,  in  Newcaftle-ftreet,  where  the 
fame  fpecies  of  entertainments  are  exhibited. 

The  Surrey  Theatre,  in  St.  George's-fields,  is  devoted  to  a 
fimilar  clafs  of  dramatic  reprefentations;  but  fim-c  Mr  EMif- 
ton  has  been  proprietor  and  manager  of  this  houle,  he  has 
adopted  anovelty,in  abridgingand  verfifying  many  celebrated 
dramas,  and  playing  the  fame  with  the  accompaniment  of 
mufic. 

Another  theatre  in  Wellclofe-fquare,  called  the  Royalty 
Theatre,  is  occafionally  opened  ;  and  others  are  fituated  ia 
Tottenham-ftrect,  in  the  Strand,  and  in  Bridges-llreet,  Co- 
vent-garden. 

Fauxhall  Gardens  are  opened  twice  a  week  in  the  fum- 
mer months,  when  they  are  ornamented  with  an  imnienfe 
number  of  lamps,  and  a  large  concourfe  of  vifitors  are  en- 
tertained by  vocal  and  inftrumental  mufic.  Befides  the  fore- 
going, London  abounds  with  many  other  places  of  amufe- 
ment ;  Inch  as  tea-gardens,  exhibitions  for  ingenious  inven- 
tions, and  dilplay  of  works  of  fancy,   &c. 

Among  the  places  of  public  amufement  or  exhibitions, 
may  be  i'pecified — 

The  London  Mifeum,  in  Piccadilly,  the  property  of  Mr. 
W.  Bullock,  who  has  devoted  many  years,  much  exertion, 
and  a  grent  expence,  in  col'efting  and  arranging  the  moft 
comprchenfive  and  interelling  afit-mblage  of  natural  and  arti- 
ficial curiofities  that  was  ever  before  amaffed  in  England,  or 
perhaps  in  Europe.  Hi?  mufeum  was  originally  com- 
menced at  Liverpool ;  but  it  has  been  progreilively  enlarged 
and  improved  Its  preferved  fpecimens  in  natural  hiftury 
are  feled,  in  the  higheil  piefervation,  and  arranged  accord- 
ing 


I 


LONDON. 


ir.g  to  the  Linnasan  fyflem.     They  confift  of  about  15', ooo  Reynolds  appointed  its  firft  prefident.     To  this  great  artift's 

quadrupeds,  birds,  reptiles,  fidies,  inft-fts,  corals,  &c.      One  talents  as  a  painter,  conduct  as  a  man,  and  writings  on  art, 

department  of  the  mufeiim  is  peculiarly  curious  and  intereft-  the  Royal  Academy  is  efTeniially  indebted  for  its  profperity 

ing.      It    is   called  the  Pantherion,   in  whicii    molt    of  the  and    reputation.      His     fafcinating    productions,    engagine 

known  animals,  in  a  preferved  ftate,  and  in  natural  attitudes,  manners,  and  luminous  difcourfts  on  painting,  attracted  the 

arc  exhibited   as   ranging  in    their  native,   or  appropriate  attention  and  patronage  of  many  perfons  of  diftinftion,  and 

haunts  ;  and  exai£t  models  of  exotic  plants,  rocks,  and  trees,  at  the  fame  time  roufe3  the  emulation  and  aftive  zeal  of  the 

are  difperfed  over,  the  apartment  :  the  whole  interior  of  the  junior  artilts.      Since  fir  Jofhua's  time,  Mr.  Well  has  oc- 

fame  is  painted  .in   a   panoramic  manner,  reprefentative  of  cupied  the  prcfidential  chair,  with  little  interruption,  and  has 

oriental  fcenery.      For   a  particular  account    of   this  truly  honoured  the  academic  exhibitions  \yith  a  continued  fuccef- 

interelling  colleSion;   tlie   reader  is  referred   to   a  printed  Con  of  new  pidlures  in  the  higheft  branch  of  art.     A  feries 

•'-Companion  to  the  Mufeumand  Pantherior,"  i2mo.  2s.  (id.  of  ledtures  has  been  annually  given  at  the  academy  by  dif- 

or  to  a  larger  woik,  with  etchings,  by  Howitt,  price  14J.  ferent  profefTors  ;  all  calculated  to  advance  art,  and  incul- 


A  new  building,  in  the  Egyptian  ftyle,  has  been  erected  for 
this  mufeum  from  defigns  by  Mr.  Robinfon,  architect. 

PoUlo's  Muftum-,  at  Exeter  Change  in  the  Strand,  con- 
tains a  choice  collection  of  living  beafts  and  birds  ;  and  to 
the  ftudents  and  lovers  of  natural  hiltory  is  very  intereiling. 
Here  are  lions,  Jeopards,  tygers,  ollriches,  baboons,  and 
monkies  of  different  kinds,  kangaroos,  beavers,  and  various 
other  foreign  animals  and  birds.  Other  mufeums  and  exhi- 
bitions of  natural  and  artificial  curiofities  are — 

Dubovrgh's,  in  Grofvenor-ftreet,  for  cork  models  of  feveral 
temples,  and  ancient  buildings  in  Rome  : — MaiHartkl's  au- 
tomatical exhibitions  in  Spring-gardens,  for  fome  fingular 
vjorks  of  mechanifm  :  —  IVeei's  Mufeum,  Haymarket,  is  alfo 
•Tor  mechanical  works.  At  Barter's  Panorama,  in  L.eicefter- 
fquarc,  are  exiubited  circular  vievvs,  on  a  large  fcale,  of  feveral 
foreign  and  Englifh  cities,  towns,  and  other  particular  fcenes. 
Mr.  Barker  has  evinced  very  confiderable  tafte  and  talents  in 
this  branch  of  art,  and  to  him  the  public  are  indebted  for 
the.fir[t  invention  of  panoramic  views.  Since  he  commenced, 
feveral  other  artiils  have  exhibited   fimilar  pictures  :   Mi 


Gr  T       J  AT      n  1-         1        •  .■  ituQymg  old  paintings.     Another  plat; 

irtin,  a  view  of  London  ;  Mr.  Porter,  feveral  pamtino-s       j    '     P      1  •  u   •        i     1       j  1 

^fkoffl  .        .4      A'        o  \  u     v>   ■       \  adopted,  which  is  calculated  to  enhani 

ot  battle?,  ana  a  JScw  1  anorama  is  now  openea  by  Kcinaffle         .  .•  r,,,  ■     .      ,  ,    .       ^ 

,nH  R,,-!.-.,-   in  tl,.  .c;,„„^       .<„P, .-„„;„,        ^  ^  putation.     1  his  is   the  purcbafe   of  p 


and  Bai-ker,  in  the  Strand.      See  Panoram.a. 

The  Fine  Aris,  and  Exhibitions  of  IV ores  of  Art,  in  Lon- 
don, are  entitled  to  diilinct  and  particular  notice  ;  for  their 
prefent  itate  is  calculated  to  fhew  the  extraordinary  progrefs 
they  have  made  during  the  lait  century,  and  to  difplay  the 
highly  cultivated  condition  <>f  the  prefent  age.  London  is 
the  focus  of  the  fine  arts  of  England,  and  fountain-head  of 
excellence.  Here  all  the  eminent  artills  of  the  country  either 
originate,  are  educated,  or  terminate  their  career ;  beeaufe 
all  the  great  mailers  rcfide  here  ;  the  bell  inilruftion  is  to 
be  obtained  ;  the  moft  celebrated  produdtions  to  be  feen  and 
ftudied  ;  and  annual  exhibitions  displayed  to  the  public. 
In  the  rooms  of  the  Roya!  Academy  at  Somerfet-houle,  in 
thofe  of  the  Britidi  Inilitution,  Pall-Mall,  at  Spring-gardens, 
and  in  Bond-ltreet,  are  annual  exhibitions  of  paintings,  draw- 
ings, fculptural  and  architectural  deilgns  ;  and  a  careful 
examination  of  the  works  here  exhibited  will  furnifh  a 
foreigner  with  ample  means  to  appreciate  the  individual  and 
aggregate  m.crits  of  Engiifh  arlilts.  Betides  thefe  public 
exhibitions,  it  will  be  exoedient  to  viiit  the  galleries  of 
Mr.  Weft,  Mr.  Turner,  Mr.  Wilkie,  Mr.  Lawivnce,  and 
fome  other  painters  ;  for  in  thefe  will  be  found  feveral  of  the 
moft  meritorious  works  of  the  age.  The  beil  productions  of 
our  modern  fcuiptors  will  be  found  in  the  church  of  St. 
Paul's  and  in  Weltmmfter  Abbey  ;  whilft  the  true  talents  of 
the  architects  can  only  be  appreciated  by  a  perfonal  exami- 
nation of  the  buildings  they  have  erefted.  The  public  in- 
ftituticns  devoted  to  the  fine  arts  are  the  following  : 

At  the  Royal  Academy,  in  So:!:erfet-houfe,  is  an  annual 
exaibitiin,  \>r  the  ptriod  of  about  fix  weeks,  of  paintings, 
drawings,  fketches,  model?,  ard  proof-prints.  This  acaden.y 
was  eftabiilhed  by  charter  in  the  year  176S,  and  lir  JoJhua 


cate  proper  principles  of  tafte  and  criticifm.  Some  of  the 
prefent  lefturers  are  delervedly  famed  for  proftllional 
fcience,  as  well  as  for  generarknowk-dge.  In  the  years 
jSit  and  181 2,  the  following  profefTors^  delivered  Icftures 
on  their  refpeftive  provinces  of  art  :  Hcrry  Fufcli,  on 
painting;  John  Soane,  on  architefture ;  Anthony  Carlifle, 
on  anatomy  (it  is  neccffary  to  ftate  that  this  gentleman  is 
not  a  member  of  the  academy)  ;  J.  M.  W .  Turner,  on  per- 
fpective ;  and  John  Flaxman,  on  fculpturc.  The  Royal 
Academy  confifts  of  forty  members,  called  :  oyal  .cademi- 
cians,  twenty  affociates,  and  fix  affociate  engravers  Fur- 
ther particulars  of  this  inftitution  will  be  given  under  RoYAt 
Academy, 

The  Brit'fb  Jiiflitution,  in  Pall-Mall,  was  eftablifhed  by 
the  liberal  contnoutions  of  feveral  noblem.en  and  gentlemen 
in  the  year  1  8oj,  for  the  exprefs  encouragement  of  Bri-iih 
artifts  :  and  it  muft  afford  much  gratification  to  the  founders 
to  contemplate  its  great  utility  and  fuccefsful  eftefts.  This 
inflitution  is  devoted  to  the  exhibition  and  fate  ef  piftiires  ;: 
and  to  the  ufe  of  young  ftudents  for  copying  from  and 
iludying  old  paintings.     Another  plan   has   been   recently 

ce  its  utility  and  re- 
purcbate  ot  pre-eminent  piftures, 
which  are  to  be  preferved  as  the  property  of  the  inftitution,. 
and  from  which  engravings  are  to  be  made  on  a  large  fcalc 
The  firft  of  this  feries  is  a  large  painting  by  Mr.  Weft,  o£ 
«  Chrift  healing-  the  Sick  in  the  Temple!"  and  Charles 
Heath  is  engraving  a  plate  from  it. 

The  Society  of  Painters  in  Ji'attr- Colours  was  eCabiifhed  ia 
November  1804,  fince  which  time  tlitv  have  annually  ex- 
hibited a  large  and  inteiefting  colleClion  of  drawings.  This 
branch  of  art  may  be  faid  to  have  attained  nearly  the  higheft 
excellence  ;  and  many  cf  its  profefTors  have  manifeftcd  dif- 
tinguifhed  talents.  In  colourinj,  effeft,  and  appropriate 
character,  feveral  young  artifts  of  the  prefent  age  have  fur- 
pafTedany  of  the  old  mafters  in  this  branch  of  art.  Another 
lociety  of  artiils  hav^e  made  an  annual  exiilbition  of  drawings  in 
Bond-ftreet.  The  coileftions  of  pifturcs  in  private  houfes  in 
London  are  numerous,  and  many  of  them  very  valuable.  The 
moft  celebrated  of  thefe  are  the  marquis  of  Stafford's,  at  Cleve- 
land Houfe  ;  (for  an  account  of  tliefe  piftures.  fee  Britten's 
"  Catslogue  Raifonne,"  and  Treftiams  "  Gallery  of  Pic- 
tures;") the  coileftion  at  Buckingham-houfe  ;.  the  earl  C)f 
Grofvenor's,  in  Grofvenor-ltreet  ;  Mr.  Thomas  Hope's,  in 
Duchefs-ftreet  ;  Mr  H.  W.  Hope's,  in  Cavci  difh-fquare  ; 
Mr.  Anderdon's,  Spring  Garde.'ts ;  Mr.  Weft's,  in  New- 
man-ftreet  ;  earl  of  Suffolk's,  in  Harley-ftreet ;  the  duke  of 
Devonftiire's,  in  Devon(hii-e-hoi'.fe  :  Mr.  Angerftein's,  Pall- 
Mall  ;  lir  Abraham  Hun-ve  ;  fir  George  Yonge,  in  Strat- 
ford-place ;  lo'd  Nortlu.  ick's,  in  Hanover-'quare  ?  Mr. 
Weddels,  in  Upper  Brooice-ftreet ;  lord  Afhburnham'Sy  in 
Dover-ftreer  ;  baronefs  Lucas,  in  St.  James's-fquare  ;;  fir 
George  Beaumont,  in  Grofvenor  fquare ;  Mr.  William 
Smith,  in  Park-ftr'eet ;  Mr.  K-iight,  of  Portland-place ;: 
Mr.  Jeremiah  Harmaii,  of  Finfbury-fcjiiare ;    Mr.  R.  P.. 

Knight,. 


LONDON. 


"Knight,  of  Solio.fquarc  ;  lord  Radftock,  in  Portland- 
place.  Befulcs  thefi.-,  there  are  many  other  collections  of 
tine  piftures  in  various  parts  of  the  metropolis.  For  much 
ufeful  information  refpecling  the  fine  arts  in  London,  &c. 
fee  Hoare's  "  Inquiry  into  tlic  prefent  State  of  the  Arts  «f 
Defign  in  England,"  8vo.  iSo6;  alfo  two  other  volumes 
in  4to.  edited  by  the  fame  intelligent  and  liberal  writer,  en- 
tilled  "  The  Artiil,  in  a  Series  of  Eilays ;"  alfo,  "  The 
fnie  Arts  of  the  Englilh  School,"  4to.  1S12  ;  Britten's 
Preface  to  an  Account  of  the  Cordiam-Houfe  Colledion  ; 
and  Edwards's  Anecdotes  of  Painters  m  England,  410. 
1808. 

Courts. — For  an  account  of  the  various  courts  of  I^ondon, 
the  reader  is  referred  to  a  former  volume,  under  the  head 
Couirr  of  Comincn  Pleas,  of  Chancery,  of  Exchequer,  of 
Huflings,  (f  King's  Bench,  of  Marfhalfca,  Mayor's,  uf  Par- 
liament, (fee  Paklia.mknt,}  of  the  Houfe  of  Peers,  of  Star 
Chamber;  •A[o,\-&s^  of  Court. 

Literature  and  literary   PubUcations. — To   give  a  view  of 
the  literature  of  this  metropolis,  and  to  point  out  its  prefent 
(late,  compared  with  that  of  any  former  period,  would  be 
to  develope  one  of  the  mod  intereiling  traits,  not  only  of 
London,  but  of  the  prefent  age.     The  number  and  variety 
of  works  which  annually  iffue  from  the  metropolitan  prels 
are  truly  allonifliing  ;   while  in  point  of  ability  and  ufefuhiefs 
they  were  probably  never  exceeded.      There  is  not  indeed  a 
department,  either  in   fciencc   or   general  literature,  which 
has  not  made  confiderable  progrefs  within  thefe  few  years. 
The   publilhing  and   bookfelling  bufinefles  are  at  prefent 
conduded  upon  very  large  i'cales  ;  and,  in  fpite  of  a  long 
and  devaltating  war,  a  fucceffion  of  new  and  interelling  vo- 
lumes  is  continually   ilTuing  from   the   prcfs.       It  is    con- 
jeftured  that  nearly  800  new  books  and  pamphlets  have.been 
annually  publi(hed  in   London,  during  the  laft  ten  years  : 
the  grofs  annual  returns  anting  from  the  printing  and  felling 
of  \\^iicli  cannot  be  much  fliort  of  one  million  llcrhng.      It 
is  alfo  eilimated  that  2000  perfons  at  Icalt  are  dn-cftly  and 
collaterally  employed  in  the  various  branches  ot   the  book 
bufinefs.     The  charafter  and  extent  of  periodical  literature 
form  a  prominent  feature  of  the  prefent  age  :   for  tiie  number 
of  reviews,    magazines,   uewfpapers,    and  other    periodical 
journals,  far  exceed   thole  of  any  former  period.      Hence 
much  political  and  general  knowledge  lias  been  dlfleminated 
through  the  country  ;  a  fpirit  of  inquiry  and  invelligation 
has  been  excited  ;  and  a  literary  turn  has  been  given  to  tlie 
higher  and  middle  claffes  of  fociety.      Even  the  lower  chides 
of   mechanics   and   fervants   are   now   much   accullomed  to 
reading ;   one  of  the  confequences  ariling  h-om  which  is  that 
%ve  frequently  hear  of  men  of  genius  and  talents  itarting  up 
from  humble  Uations,  and  difplaying  to  the  a  lonifhed  w<n-ld 
much  originality  of  thinking.     Many  inllances  cf  tiiis  might 
be  adduced  ;  but  it  will  be  fufficient  to  name  two  or  three, 
to  prove  the  affertion  :   Burns,  Dermody,  and  Bloomfield, 
the   poets;    and   Drewe,    tlie   metaphyfician   of   Cornwallr 
Nothing  can  more  plainly  ihew  the  reading  character  of  the 
prefent  times,   than   a  knowledge  of  the  number  of  newf- 
papers  printed  and  circulated  ;  and  which  number   is  thus 
Itated  in  "  The  Picture  of  London  for  181 2:"    "  Of  the 
morning  papers,  there  are  fold  about  17,000  of  thefe  pub- 
lications ;  of  the  daily  evening  papers,  about  1 2,000 ;  and 
of  ihofe  publifhcd  every  otlier  day,  about  10,000.     There 
are  alfo  about  26,000  fold  of  the  various  Sunday  papers  ; 
and  about  20,000  of  the  other  weekly  papers :  in  all,  the 
enormous  number  of  232,000  copies  per  week  ;  yielding  to 
their  proprietors  from  tiie  fale  5800/.,  and  from  advertife- 
nunts  2000L  more  ;  of  which  the  revenue  to  government  is 
full  4OC0/.  and  the  net  proceeds   to  the  proprietors  about 
1000/. ;  the  remaininjj  2800/.  allords  employment  and  fub- 


fiflencc   to   about   jo  writers   and  reporters,    ^oo  printers, 
100  vendors,  and   100  clerks  and  affiltants  ;  befides  paper- 
makers,  ftationers,  type-founders,   &c.  full   200  more.      If 
to  thele  be  added  the  weekly  calcuhjtion  of  2jc,ooo  copies 
of  provincial  papers,  yielding  10,000/.  per  week,  and  fup- 
jiorting  the  indullry  of  ijooperlons; — what  a  wonderful 
idea  is  aflorded  of  the  agency  and  influence  of  the  prtfs  in 
this  empire  ;  and  how  cafily  is  it  accounted  for,  that  vie  are 
the  niwll  free  and  n.oll  ii.telligent  people  on  the  face  of  the 
earth."     Under  the   words  Macjazine,  Newsi'Avkr,  and 
Rkview,   we   fliall    have    oi)portunilies    of  dctailmg  many 
fafts  and  peculiarities  refpeCting  thefe  different  publications. 
See  alfo  Jouunal,  Literary.     London  ahiuinds  with  book- 
fellers'  fliops  avd  circulating  libraries.      It  is  adertcd  that 
tlie  iirll  circulating  library  iliabliihed  in  this  town  was  by  a 
Mr.  Baths,  about  tlie  year  1740;  but   Alan   Ranifay  had 
founded  one  at  Edinburgh  as  early   as  the  year  1725.      In 
London  there  are  j-jubiiflicd  feventcen  newfpapers  daily,  and 
eighteen  or  nineteen  every  Sunday,  befides  eighteen  once  or 
twice  a  week.     The  nu.aiber  of  monthly  magazines  and  re- 
views amounts  to    fifty  ;    m   addition   to   which,  there   are 
feveral  works  pnbhflicd  ojuarterly,  or  at  irregular  periods. 
•   Societies  for  the  Encouragement  of  the  Arts,  Sciences,  fs'f. — 
London  pofleifes  a  variety  of  inllitutions  fcn-med  with  a  view 
to   the   advancement  cf  the  different   branches   of  art  and 
fcience  ;  among  thefe  the  Royal  Society  undoubtedly  takes 
the  lead,  being  compofed  of  the  ir.oil  diilinguifhed  hterarjt 
and  fcientific  charafters  of  the  prefent  age.      It  was  firlt  iii- 
ftitu'ed  at  the  clofe  of  Cromwell's  rebellion,  at  which  time 
its  meetings  were  held  at  Oxford.      In  1659  they  were  ad- 
journed to  Gre  (ham  college,  London  ;  but  ot  late  years  have 
been  held  at  an  apartment  in  Somerfet  honfe.     This  fociety 
was  incorporated  in  1  C6j,  when  the  celebrated  fir  Ifaap  New- 
ton    was   prefident,    and   has,   through    the  medium   of   its 
Tranfattions,  and  by   its  patronage,  probably  contributed, 
more  than  any  fimilar  body  in  the  world,  to  promote  ufelul 
and  praftical  knowledge.      (See  Royal   Society.)     The  fo- 
ciety of  Antiqu;:ries,  «liich  holds  its  n.eetings  in  the  fame 
place  with  the  Royal  Society,  was  incorporated  by  Geo.  II. 
in  the  year  1751.     The  ubjetl  of  this  fociety  is  to  eiiconragc 
refearch  in  the  elucidation,  not   only  of  our   national  anti- 
quities, but  ot   the   antiquities  of  other  countries.     It  has 
publifhed  fixteen  volumes,  called  the  Ai"cha:ologia,  contain- 
ing  many   cu.'iou.s  and  interelling   etfays  and   prints,  alio  a 
large  work  illnllrative  of  our  eeclelialHcal  architedure.    (See 
Society  of  ylutiquaries,  and  Anthjuaky.)     The  fociety 
for  the  eiicouragcinent  of  arts,  manufadtures,  ard  commerce, 
inltituted  in  1733,  and  holding  its  meetings  in  the  Adelplii, 
propotes  theattainnicnt  of  its  ubjedt  by  giving  premiums  for 
all  inventions  and  difcoveries  which  may  prove,  and  are  cal- 
culated to   be,  beneficial  to   the  arts,  commerce,   or  manu- 
factures of  the   kingdom,  the  Britith  colonies,  or  the  Eatl 
India  fettlements.      A  volume  of  the  Society's  tranfaitions  is 
publilhcd  occafionally.     The  walls  of  the  great  room,  in 
which  its  meetings  take  p  ace,  are  adorned  with  a  variety  of 
paintings  from  the  pencil  ot   Mr.  Barry,  'the  llyle  and  exe- 
cution of  which  have  ininred  him  deferved  immortality,  and 
are  really   an  honour  to  tb.e  country.      The  Llnna;an    fo- 
ciety   was   founded    in    178^,    and    incorporated  in    1S02. 
(See  Limiican  Society.)     The  Royal  lulUtution,  fituated 
in    Albemarle    ilreet,    owes  its   foundation    chiefly    to    the 
fchemes   and  exertions    of  count    Rumford.       Its  charter 
of  incorporation  is    dated  in    1 8co.     The   original   objcft 
of  this  intlitution  was  to  facilitate  the  introdudlion  of  uteful 
difcoveries  and  improvements    in    praftical  mechanics,  and 
to  point  out,  by  philofophical  lectures  and  experiments,  the 
application  of  fcitnce  to  the  common  purpofcs  of  life.     Tlie 
iuveltigations  and  important  difcoveries  of  Dr.  Davy,  the 

«      lecturer 


LONDON. 


lefturcron  chcmiftry,  have  conferred  no  fmall  degree  of  cc-  and  Imperial  academies  of  BrufFels,  Li/bon,  Sec.  and  a  long- 

lebrity  on  this  eftabiilhment,  while  they  will  not  improbably  lifl  of  private  individuals,  too  numerous  to  be  particularized- 

be  the  means  of  effecting  a  complete  chaniJC  in  our  views  of  The  va(l  variety  of  articles  uliich  this  mufeum  contains   its 

chemical  analyfis.       (See   Koxal  Injlilution.)      The   Lon-  extent  and  value,  entitle  it  to  be  confidered  equal  to  any  in  the 

don  Inftitution,  as  well  as  the   Surrey  IniHtution,  embrace  world.      Under  the   word   Musrim   will  be   given   further 

(imilar   objefts    to   the   one   preceding.     The    former   was  particulars  of  this  national  repofitory  ;  in  the  mean  time  the 

founded  in  l8oj,  and  the   latter  in  1808.      Both   have   e>:-  reader   is   referred  to   a  "Synopfis'of  the   Contents  of  the 

tenfive  libraries  and  reading  rooms,  furnifhed  with  many  of  Britilh  Mufeum,"    8vo.    i8cS;  and   to  a  quarto  work  of 


the  foreign  and  domeliic  journals  and  other  periodical  works, 
together  with  the  bed  pamphlets  and  new  publications. 
The  views  of  the  Rulfel  Inllitutiou  are  the  formation  of  an 


"  Engravings  from  the  Gallery  of  Antiquities  in  the  Britirti 
Mufeum,"  by  Mr.  Taylor,  Combe,  and  Mr.  Alexander. 
J'li'.s  very  handfome  and  intcrcfting  work  is  now  in  the  pro- 


extenfive  library,   confiding  of  the  mod  valuable  books  in     grefs   of  publication,  and  is  very  creditable   to  the  trultecs 


ancient  and  modern  .literature,  to  be  circulated  ainong  the 
proprietors,  the  delivery  of  leClures  on  literary  and  fcicntilic 
fubjedls,  and  the  cftablilhnient  of  a  reading  room.  In  Grediam 
college,  founded  by  fir  Thomas  Grediam,  le(fti:res  are  de- 
livered gratis  twice  a  day  during  the  terms,  on  divinity,  law, 
phyfic,  adronomy,  geometry,  mufic,  and  rhetoric.  As  it  hap- 
pens in  all  inftitutions  on  a  fimilar  plan,  the  lefturers,  having 
no  dimulus  to  exertion,  conlider  their  duty  as  a  mere  matter 
of  routine,  and  are  confequently  ill  attended.      Some  idea  is 


who   have  commenced  it,  and  to  the  draftfman  and   author 
by  whom  it  is  chiefly  executed. 

Public  Juices  and  Pnfnns. — The  general  tendency  of  the 
preceding  ftatements  only  fliew  the  bed  and  mod  intereftin"- 
features  of  the  metropolis.  It  is  our  duty  alfo  to  dep.'S 
its  vices  ;  and  to  fliew  the  numerous  places  that  are  fet  apart 
for  the  ])unidiment  of  crin:!es.  In  Colquhoun's  work  on 
"  the  ;)olice  of  the  metropolis,"  is  fuch  a  deplorable  dif- 
play   ot  profligacy   and  criminality,   that   an  inexperienced 


entertained  of  transferring  them  and  the  funds  to  the  London  reader,  who  knew  London  only  tii'rough  the  medium  of  this 
Inditution,  where  it  is  hoped  they  may  be  more  efficient,  publication,  would  conclude  that  its  inhabitants  were  modly 
and  anfwer  belterthe  defign  of  the  benevolent  founder.  The  compofed  of  vagabonds,  (harpers,  pickpockets,  and  profti- 
Britifli  Mineralogical  Society  was  edablidicd  in  1799,  for  the  tutes.  It  diould  be  remembered,  however,  that  the  work 
exprefs  purpofe  of  examining'gratuitoufly  the  cwmpofition  is  chiefly  devoted  to  this  fubjeft  ;  and  that,  amidd  fo  vad  a 
of  all  fpecimens  of  minerals  and  foils,  lent  for  that  purpofe  population,  and  where  there  are  fo  many  opportunities  for 
by  the  owners  of  mines,  agricalturalidf,  or  others  intereded  in  rogues  to  practife  their  depredations,  and  fcreen  themfelves 
the  enquiry.  The  feience  of  entomology  will  probably  be  from  detedtion,  it  is  not  furprifing  that  fo  many  are  collected 
much  forwarded  by  the  inditution  of  the  Entomological  together,  and  that  out  of  a  great  number  fo  few  are  brought  to 
Society,  which  took  place  in  1  806,  and  which  chiefly  directs  condign  punifliment.  To  this  great  hive  of  human  focietv 
its  attention  to  the  iiivedigation  of  the  properties  of  fuch  in-  tlie  mod  vicious,  and  alfo  the  mod  learned  refort,  as  the 
feiis  as  are  natives  of  the  united  kingdoms.  The  London  bed  place  for  action  and  exertion.  The  worthy  magidrate 
Architectural  Society  has  publillied  a  volume  of  ElTays,  already  named,  has  enumerated  and  dcfcribed  eighteen  dif- 
8vo.  1S08  :  alfo-an  ElTay  on  the  Doric  order.  The  Horti-  ferent  clafies  of  cheats  and  fwindlers  who  infelt  the  me- 
cukural  fociety  was  founded  in  1S04.  A  Geological  tropoli.';,  and  prey  upon  the  honed  and  unwary:  befides 
Society  is  edablidied  by  fome  fcientiiic  gentlemen  in  Lin-  perfons  who  live  by  gambling,  coining,  houfebreakino-,  rob- 
coln's-inn-Fields  ;  they  have  recently  publillied  an  intered-  bery,  and  thofe  who  plunder  on  the  river.  He  deduces  tTje 
ing  volume  of  their  tranfactions.  Before  we  quit  thele  in-  origin  of  mod  of  the  crimes  from  alehoufes,  bad  education  of 
ftitutions  it  may  be  proper  to  remark,  that  the  number  and  apprentices,  fcrvants  out  of  place,  .lews,  receivers  of  llolen 
variety  of  lectures  that  have  been  read  in  them  mud  have  goods,  pawnbrokers,  low  gaming-houfes,  fmugc'hnff,  aflb- 
proved  ber-.ciicial  to  feience  ;  by  exciting  inquiry,  and  in-  ciations  in  prifons,  and  prevalence  of  proditution.  No  lefs 
vedigating  tacts  by  experiniLUt.  Till  thele  indituiions  were  than  50,000  prollitutes  are  fuppofed  to  live  in  the  metro- 
edabliflted,  there  were  but  few  public  lectures  given  in  Lon-  polls.  An  amazing  number,  and  a  didreffi.no-  circum- 
don;  fuch,  however,  liave  been  the  indigence  and  effect  of  them,  llance  to  contemplate:  for  it  is  prefumed  that  eii^ht- 
that  during  the  winter  of  i8il-l2,  it  may  be  aflerted  that  tenths  of  thele  die  prematurely  of  difeafe  and  in  wretched- 
no  iefs  than  fourteen  courles  have  been  given  at  the  Royal,  nefs,  having  previoufly  corrupted  and  contaminated  twice 
RuiTel,  and  Surrey  Inditutions.  We  fubjoin  the  names  of  the  their  own  number  of  young  girls  and  young  men.  The 
principal  profeffors  :   Dr.  Davy,  Dr.   Roget,  Dr.   Crotch,     following  is  a  lilt  of  the  public  prifons. 

J.  M.  Good,  efq  ,  Geo.  John  Singer,  cfq.,  Dr.  Shaw,  F.Ac-  i.  Newgate,  being  the  city  and  county  goal  for  debtors, 
cum,  efq.,  Sim.  Wediey,  efq.,  Mr.  Hardie,  Robert  Bake-  felon.s,  libellers,  and  other  offenders  againlt  government.  Sec 
well,  elq..  Dr.  Brandc,  James  Quin,  efq.,  John  Pond,  efq.,     Newga  IE 

and  Wm.  Hailitt,  efq.  2.  Giltfpur-ftreet  Compter    was  ereftcd  in    1791,    for 

The  Britilh  Mufeum,  fituatcd  m  Great  RufTel-ftreet,  is  a  debtors,  felons,  and  perfons  committed  for  mifdemeanor.';. 
grandnationaldepofitoryof  antiquities,  MSS. and  books,  with  It  is  fituated  near  Newgate,  and  is  a  large,  commodious 
various  natural  and  artiScialcurioiities.    It  was  eftabliflied  by     building. 

aftof  parliaT.ent  in  17J3,  in  conl'equence  of  fir  Hans  Sloane        3.  Ludgate,  adjoining  to  the   lad    mentioned,  is  appro, 
having  left,  by  will,  his  mufeum  to  the  nation,  on  condition     priated  only  to  debtors  who  are  freemen  of  the  city  of  Lon- 
that  parliament  paid  20, coo/,  to  his  executors,  and  purchafed    don,  clergymen,  proCtors,  or  attornies. 
a  houfe  fufficiently  commodious   for  its   reception.      Since         4.  The   Poultry   Compter  is  chiefly  for  debtors.     It  is 
that  period  many  valuable  collcdtions  of  manufcripts,  books,     fituated  near  the  ^Ianl^on-lloufe,and  has  one  ward  fet  apart  for 
&c.  have,  at  different  times,  been  added  to  the  Sloanean,  be-    Jews  :    the  only  prifon  in  England  tliat  has  fuch  a  provifion. 
fides  ii'.numerable  prefents  from  our  own  monarchs,  foreign         5.  The  Fleet  Prifon  is  for  debtors,  and  for  fuch  perfons 
princes,  the   bijjards  of  Admiralty  and  Longitude,  the  Eaft    as  are  committed  for  contempt  of  the  courts  of  chancerv. 
India  Company,    the  various  literary   focieties  of  London,         6.  The  Savoy  Prifon,  in  the  Strand,   is  c.xclulively  de- 
Edinburgh,  Oxford,  Cambridge,  and  Leydcn,  the  Royal    voted  to  dd'erters  and  military  deliiic^uents. 

7.  The 


LONDON. 


7.  The  New  Prifon,  Clerkenwcll,  is  the  goal  for  the 
county  of  Middlefex,  for  felons,  and  p-  ifons  fiiltd. 

8.  The  Pnfon  for  the  T^ibertj-  of  fhe  Tower  of  London, 
is  at  Bethnal-green,  and  ;s  ufed  only  for  foldiers  belonging 
to  the  Tower. 

9.  Whitechapel  Pril  -.1  for  debtors  in  the  ^J.  court. 
The  houfcs  of  corr  ■  '  't.n  are 

10.  Tilt  City  Bri>'         1,  Bridge-dreet,  Blackfriars. 

11.  TothiU-ii.ld*  ;'i  .      .ve'l. 

12.  Cold  V>Mh  Tu-ii^^  Penitentiary  Houfe. 

13.  New  Bridev.ell,  in  the  borough  of  Soiithwark. 

14.  County  goal  fir  Snrrey,  in  the  borough  of  South- 
wark,  for  felons  and  debtors. 

15.  New  goal,  Southwark,  or  Borough  Compter,  for 
felons  and  debtors, 

16.  Clink  goal,  for  the  dillrift  of  that  name,  in  South- 
wark. 

17.  The  Marlhalfea  goal,  Southwark,  for  pirates,  and 
for  perfons  arrclled  for  fmall  debts  in  the  Marfhalfea  court. 

18.  King's-bcnch  prifon,  St.  George's  Fields,  for  debtors, 
and  for  perfons  committed  for  contempt  of  the  court  of 
King's-bench,  of  which  this  is  the  peculiar  prifon. 

Public  Buildings. — U  will  furprife  a  foreign  architofl  to 
look  through  the  wealthy  city  of  London,  and  perceive  fo 
few  public  edifices  that  difplay  architeftural  beauty,  or 
grandeur.  Various  circumilances  have  confpired  to  occafion 
this;  and  not  want  of  abilities  in  our  artills  :  for  many  names 
can  be  mentioned,  both  of  deceafed  and  living  archii-e^its, 
whofe  delicrns  would  honour  and  ornament  any  city.  Thofe 
whofe  works  arc  moll  confpicuous  in  London,  are  Inigo 
Jones,  lir  Chriftopher  Wren,  Gibbs,  Hawkfmoor,  Dance, 
Soane,  Samuel  Wyatt,  Jupp,  fir  Rnb^-rt  Ta;  lor,  Smirkt;, 
Milne,  Holland,  and  Adams.  The  public  edifices  of  Lou- 
don, are  bridges,  (for  an  accQunt  of  which  fee  Bhidges,) 
churches,  public  offices,  hofpitals,  and  private  luanfions. 
Squares  and  regular  llreets  conilitute  a  dillirguifhing  fea- 
ture of  town  architefture.  Some  of  the  public  buildings 
are  fpacious,  commodious,  judicioudy  adapted  to  their  re- 
fpeftive  purpofes,  and  difplay  beautiful,  fine,  and  even  grand 
.parts.  The  Englifli  architcdl  is  juilly  noted  for  the  fivill 
and  judgment  he  often  evinces  in  defigning  and  adapting  tiie 
interior  of  his  buildings:  and  this  is  certainly  the  molt  ef- 
fential  part  of  the  profcffion.  The  principal  public  edifices 
within  the  pre«.incls  of  the  city,  and  in  the  eaftern  part  of 
the  town,  are  tiie  Tower  ;  the  New  Mint  ;  the  Trinity 
Houfe;  the  Bank;  the  Maufion  Houfe;  the  Roj'al  Ex- 
change; the  Ead  India  Houfe;  the  Auction  Mart ;  the 
Com  nereiai  M  iri ;  the  Cuftom  Houfe  ;  the  Excife  Office; 
Guildhall  ;  the  bridges  of  London  and  Blackfriars  ;  the 
Polt-oifice  ;  Newgate;  Giltfpur-llrcet  Compter;  St.  Luke's 
H olpit-d ;  the  churches  of  St.  Paul,  Bow,  St.  Stephen's 
V.'^albrook,   St.  Bride's  Fleet-ftreet. 

Toiuer  of  London. — This  celebrated  building  Hands  on  the 
north  bank  of  the  river  Thames,  at  the  eaftern  extremity, 
and  juft  without  the  limits  of  the  city.  If  credit  is  to  be 
given  to  the  ilatement  of  Fitz-Stephen,  it  owes  its  original 
foundation  to  Julius  Casfar,  but  this  atfertion  is  fupported  by 
110  evidence.  The  firft  authentic  notice  of  it  is,  that  Wil- 
liam the  Conqueror  erefted  a  fortiefs  here  immediately  upon 
his  obtaining  poflbnion  of  Lo.ndon  in  the  year  1066,  with  the 
view  of  intimidating  the  citizens  from  any  oppofition  to  his 
ufurpatiou  This  monarch  feems,  about  twelve  years  after- 
wards, either  to  have  much  enlarged  the  previous  edifice,  or 
to  have  built  another  on  its  fcite  or  near  it.  This  building 
forms,  what  is  now  called,  the  White  Tower,  from  its  hav- 
ing been  repaired  and  white-waflied  by  Henry  IH,   in  the 


year  1240.  It  is  a  large  fquare  flrufiure,  fituated  near  the 
centre  of  the  prefcnt  fortrefs,  and  furmounted  by  four 
watch  towers,,  one  of  which  is  ufed  as  an  obfervatory.  It  con- 
filLs  of  three  lofty  ftories,  in  the  hi  11  of  which  are  two  grand 
rooms,  one  of  which  is  a  fmall  armory  for  the  naval  lervice. 
The  other  buildings  and  fortifications  have  been  erected 
at  different  periods.  The  principal  of  the  former  are,  the 
chui-ch  dedicated  to  St.  Peter  advincula  ;  the  ordnance  of- 
fice ;  the  mint  ;  the  record  office  ;  the  jewel  office  ;  the 
liorfe  armory  ;  the  grand  llore-houfe  ;  the  new  or  fmall 
armorvhoufes  belonging  to  the  officers  of  the  Tower,  and 
barracks  for  the  garrifou.  Th'-  whole  comprifes,  within  the 
walls,  an  extent  of  twelve  acres  and  five  rood;;.  The  ex- 
terior circumference  of  the  ditch,  which  entirely  furrounds 
it,  nieafures  3156  feet.  This  ditch,  on  llie  lide  of  Tower- 
hill,  is  broad  and  deep,  but  becomes  much  narrower  on  that 
nearell  the  river,  from  which  it  is  divided  br  a  handiome 
wharf,  having  a  platform  upon  it,  mounted  with  fixty-one 
fiieces  of  cannon.  Befides  thefe,  there  arc  a  number  of  great 
guns,  arranged  a,s  fmall  batteries,  on  different  parts  of  the 
walls.  The  chief  entrance  is  by  a  Hone  bridg>  thrown  over 
the  ditch  on  the  weft-fide  of  the  Tower.  At  the  outer  ex- 
tremity of  this  bridge  are  two  gates,  and  within  the  ditch 
another,  all  whii.h  are  fliut  every  night,  and  opened  in  the 
morning  with  particular  formality.  The  wharf  is  connedted 
with  the  Tower  by  a  drawbridge,  near  which  is  a  cut 
leading  from  the  ditch  to  the  river,  fecured  by  a  gate  called 
Traitor's  Gate,  from  the  circumftance  of  Hate  prifoner,"! 
having  been  formerly  conveyed  by  this  paffage  to  Wellmin- 
ller  for  trial. 

This  fortrefs  was  a  palace,  inhabited  by  various  fovereignsof 
England  till  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth.  Since  that  period 
it  has  been  chiefly  ufed  as  a  Hate  prifon,  aad  as  a  place  of 
fecurity  for  arms  and  property  belonging  to  the  crown.  In 
one  of  the  rooms  of  the  White  tower,  called  Casfar's  chapel, 
a  variety  of  ancient  records  of  the  court  of  chancery  are 
depofited.  All  the  models  of  new  invented  engines  of  de- 
ftruftion,  which  have  been  prefented  to  government,  are  pre- 
ferred in  another  room  adjoining.  The  old  mint,  and  the 
houfes  belonging  to  the  officers  employed  in  the  coin- 
age, occupied  nearly  a  third  of  the  whole  fortrefs,  A  yard, 
to  the  right  of  the  wellern  entrance,  contains  the  royal 
menagerie.  In  the  Spanifii  Armory  ars  kept  the  trophies 
of  the  celebrated  victory  over  the  Spanifli  armada;  the  axe 
with  which  the  unfortunate  Anne  Bullen  was  beheaded;  and 
a  reprefentation  of  queen  Elizabeth,  dreffed  in  the  armour 
file  wore  wlien  flie  addrelfed  her  army  at  Tilbury,  in  the  year 
15S8.  The  Small  Armory,  one  of  the  finelt  rooms  of  its 
kind  in  Europe,  contains  complete  Hands  of  arms  for 
upwards  of  100,000  men,  arranged  in  a  moil  elegant  manner, 
befides  other  curiofities.  Under  this  armory  is  another  very 
noble  room  belonging  to  the  royal  train  of  artillery,  where 
many  beautiful  and  uncommon  pieces  of  cannon  may  be  leeu. 
The  ?Iorfe  Armory  is  filled  withcuriofities  of  different  kinds. 
Anionic  thefe  are  the  figures  of  the  kings  of  England  oiihorfe- 
back,  chiefly  drefled  in  the  ancient  armour.  In  the  Jewel  Of- 
fice are  preferved  the  imperial  regalia,  and  all  the  crown  jewels 
worn  by  princes  and  princefics  at  coronations.  Independently 
of  feveral,  which  are  ineftimable,  the  value  of  the  precious 
ftones  and  plate  in  this  office  confiderably  exceeds  two  mil- 
lions flcrling.  Thefe,  as  well  as  the  government  of  the 
whole  Tower,  are  entrufted  to  thu  care  of  an  officer,  called  the 
conftable  of  the  Tower,  who  has  under  him  a  lieutenant,  de- 
puty-lieutenant, tower-major,  gentleman  porter,  and  a  num- 
ber of  inferior  officers.  The  garriion  is  compofed  of  a  detach- 
ment from  the  guards.     The  rifing  ground  adjacent  to    the 

Tower 


LONDON. 


Tower  is  called  Tower-liill.  The  right  of  the  city  to  this  fpot 
was  long  difputed  by  the  ci'Own,  but  in  the  roign  of  Edward 
III.,  feme  of  the  king's  officers  having  eredted  a  gallows 
here,  the  citizens  remonftrated,  whereupon  that  monarch 
iffued  a  proclamation,  which  he  difavowed  in  the  aft,  and 
virtually  acknowledged  the  city's  jurifdiftion,  by  delivering 
over  the  perfons  about  to  be  executed  to  the  flieriffs  ;  and 
defiring  that  they  (hould  prefi Je  at  their  execution.  On  the 
fcite  of  the  old  viftualling  office,  to  the  eaft  of  the  Tower, 
an  extenfive  building  has  been  lately  erefted  from  defigns  by 
Mr.  Smirke,  jun.  for  the  Mint.  It  is  cempofed  of  a  long 
front  of  ftone,  confiding  of  a  ground-floor,  with  two  (lories 
above ;  the  whole  furmounted  by  a  handfome  baluftrade. 
The  wings  are  ornamented  with  pilafters,  and  in  the  centre 
are  feveral  demi-coliimns,  over  which  is  a  pediment, decorated 
with  the  arms  of  England.  The  porch  is  covered  with  a 
gallery,  baluftrades,  &c.  all  of  the  Doric  order.  Adjoin- 
ing are  houfes  for  the  principal  officers. 

Mnnfion-hoiife. — This  building,  the  refidence  of  the  lord 
mayor  of  London,  is  iituated  to  the  weft  of  Lombard- 
ftreet  and  Coi-nhill.  It  is  of  an  oblong  form,  and  con- 
ilrufted  of  Portland  ftone.  From  its  maffive  ftyle  and  vail 
extent,  it  is  calculated  to  make  a  magnificent  appearance, 
but  the  efFeft  is  deilroyed  by  its  confined  fituation.  A  wide 
and  lofty  portico,  compofcd  of  fix  fluted  pillars  of  the 
Corinthian  order,  with  two  pilafters  at  each  fide  of  their 
pediment,  of  the  fame  order,  form  the  chief  ornament  of 
the  front.  Under  this  portico  is  a  low  bafement  ftorv,  in 
the  centre  of  which  is  the  gate-way  leading  to  the  kitciien 
and  o£Eces.  A  flight  of  fteps  afcends  to  the  principal  en- 
trance door-way  beneath  the  portico.  Thefe  flairs  are  in- 
clofed  by  a  ftone  baluftrade,  continued  along  the  whole 
length  of  the  front.  The  pediment  of  the  portico  is 
adorned  with  a  piece  of  fculpture  emblematical  of  the 
wealth  and  grandeur  of  the  city.  In  the  centre  is  a  fe- 
male figure  reprefenting  the  city,  having  a  wand  in  her 
right  hand,  and  her  left  refting  on  the  city  arms.  On  her 
head  is  a  mural  crown,  and  under  her  left  foot  a  figure  of 
Envy.  Near  her  on  the  right  is  a  cupid,  with  the  cap 
of  liberty  affixed  to  a  fhort  ftafT,  leaning  on  his  fhoulder, 
and  beyond  him  reclines  a  fea  god,  to  reprefent  the 
Thames,  having  at  his  fide  an  anchor  fattened  to  a  cable. 
To  the  left  of  London  is  Plenty,  with  a  cornucopia,  and 
behind  her  two  naked  boys,  with  bales  of  goods  to  denote 
Commerce.  The  weft  fide  of  this  edifice  prefents  a  range 
of  very  noble  windows,  placed  between  coupled  Corinthian 
pilafters.  Its  interior  exhibits  a  fufficient  degree  of  fplen- 
dour,  but  is  far  from  being  comfortable,  as  many  of  the 
rooms  are  dark.  Some  of  the  apartments  are  very  large, 
and  fitted  up  in  a;  fumptuous  ftyle  ;  particularly  the  Egyp- 
tian hall,  the  ball-room,  &c. 

Commercial  Hall.  —  It  has  long  been  a  complaint  in  tlie 
city  that  fome  refpeftable  place  of  general  accommodation 
v/as  wanted  for  the  difpofal  of  imported  merchandize,  but 
principally  for  that  of  colonial  producer  Several  attempts 
have  been  made  to  remedy  this  defeft,  but  without  fuccefs. 
About  a  year  ago,  Meffrs  Smith,  Marten,  and  St.  Barbe 
called  a  meeting  of  merchants  and  brokers,  in  order  to  efta- 
bh(h  an  inftitution  for  this  purpofe.  A  large  fubfcription 
wasraifed  almoft  inftantly,  and  as  foon  as  a  plot  of  ground, 
fufficiently  large,  and  in  a  fuitable  fituation,  could  be  pro- 
cured, a  number  of  plans  were  fnbmitled  by  different  archi- 
tects, from  an  examination  and  comparifon  of  which,  a  new 
defign  was  formed  and  carried  into  execution  under  the  direc- 
tion of  J.  Woods,  jun.  whom  the  committee  chofe  for  their 
architeft.     The  original  intention  of  the  eftabliftiment  was 

Vol.  XXI. 


principally  for  the  accommodation  of  public  fales,  but  it 
has  been  extended  to  provide  equal  conveniences  for  fale  by 
private  contraft  ;  and  thus  to  form  a  complet"  market  for 
lugar,  cotton,  coftee,  tobacco,  indigo,  and  other  imported 
goods. 

The  building  is  compofed  of  two  principal  parts.  The 
front  confifts  of  an  entirely  new  edifice, 64'  feet  long,  and  ?o 
feet  broad,  with  a  ftone  front,  ornamented  with  fix  columns 
of  the  Ionic  order,  adopted,  with  little  variation,  from  the 
temple  of  Minerva  Polias,  at  Priene.  Thefe  columns  are 
fupported  on  pedeftals,  which  reft  on  the  cornice  of  an  in- 
ferior order,  compofed  not  of  columns  but  of  piers,  whofe 
fquarenefs  and  fclidity  form  a  contrail  with  the  Lghter  and 
more  varied  proportions  of  the  columns  above.  This  order  of 
piers  forms  the  ground  ftory  of  the  building.  The  fpaces  be- 
tween the  pedeftals  are  filled  up  with  balufters,  and  above  the 
windows,  which  are  large  and  fuited  to  the  fcale  of  the 
building,  are  five  bas-rehefs,  executed  in  artificial  ftone  by 
Bubb  :  the  middle  compartment  reprefenting  the  city  of 
London,  the  four  others,  Navigation,  Commerce,  Agricul- 
ture, and  the  Arts.  The  whole  of  the  ground  floor  of  this 
edifice  is  occupied  by  a  magnificent  coffee-room,  at  one  end 
of  which,  between  two  columns,  appear  the  ilairs  leading 
to  two  public  fale-rooms,  one  cf  whicii  is  about  35  feet  by 
30,  and  again  on  the  upper  floor  to  three  more  falc-rooms, 
each  about  25  by  20  feet. 

The  fecond  building  formerly  confiftcd  of  three  houfes, 
which  are  now  thrown  into  one :  the  lower  floors  are  divided 
into  a  number  of  counting-houfes,  the  upper  into  five  (how- 
rooms,  the  largeft  of  which,  fixty  feet  long,  is  appropriated 
for  the  exhibition  of  goods  intended  for  fale. 

Particular  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  lights  in  thefe 
rooms,  and  by  a  fucceffion  of  fky-lights  Hoping  to  the  north 
the  perfect  light  of  day  is  admitted,  and  the  fu;i;;fFeclually 
excluded.  The  fpace  between  thefe  buildings,  and  that  be- 
hind the  latter  on  the  ground-floor,  is  occupied  by  a  number 
of  rooms  hghted  in  the  fame  way,  all  of  wliich  are  intended 
for  the  fale  of  fugars. 

The  objeft  of  this  building  is  the  attainment  of  public 
convenience  ;  by  bringing  into  one  point  what  before  had 
been  fcattered  among  feveral  coffee-houfes,  and  the  rooms  of 
individuals. 

Eafl  India  Houfe, — This  edifice  is  fituated  on  the  fouth 
fide  of  Leadenhall-ftreet,  and  comprifes  the  principal  offices 
of  the  Eaft  India  Company.  It  was  originally  founded  in 
the  year  1726,  but  has  recently  been  fo  much  altered  and 
enlarged,  under  the  fuperintendance  of  Mr.  .Tupp,  architeft 
to  the  company,  as  to  appear  like  an  entire  new  building. 
The  front,  compofed  of  ftone,  is  very  extenfi\'e,  and  dif. 
plays  a  general  air  of  grandeur  and  fimplicity.  In  the  cen- 
tre rifes  a  noble  portico,  fupported  by  fix  Ionic  fluted  co- 
lumns. The  frieze  is  fculptured  with  a  variety  of  antique 
ornamenf;,  and  the  pediment  exhibits  feveral  figures  emble- 
matical of  the  commerce  of  the  compariy,  protected  by  his 
majefty,  who  is  reprefented  in  the  aft  of  extending  a  fhield 
over  them.  On  the  apex  of  the  pediment  is  placed  a 
ftatue  of  Britannia,  to  the  eaft  of  which  is  a  figure  of  Afia, 
and  on  the  weil  another  of  Europe.  The  interior  can 
boaft  of  feveral  very  noble  apartments,  particularly  the  fale- 
room,  which  may  be  juftly  reckoned  among  the  curiofi- 
ties  of  the  metropolis.  In  this  houfe  tlie  courts  of  the  Eaft 
India  Company  are  held,  and  all  its  oflicial  and  geoeral 
bufinefs  tranfafted.  Several  large  and  commodious  ware- 
houfes  are  diflributed  in  different  parts  of  the  towns,  where 
teas  and  other  imported  goods  are  depofited.  See  Com- 
pany, Eaft  India. 

T  r  Tii 


LONDON. 


ne  London  Afoiiument. — This  noble  pillar,  perhaps  the 
finelt  in  the  world,  Hands  on  the  call  lide  of  Filh-llreet-hill, 
about  two  hundred  yards  from  the  north  end  of  Londo« 
bridge.  It  was  ereClcd  by  the  celebrated  lir  Chrillopiicr 
Wren,  to  commemorate  the  dreadful  lire  of  1666,  which 
dellroyed  a  great  part  of  the  city,  and  commented  near  this 
fpot.  This  monument  is  a  fluted  column  of  the  Doric  order, 
withabafeand  capital,  furmounted  by  a  ball.  Its  diame- 
ter at  the  bafe  is  fifteen  feet.  The  malfy  pedeHal  meafnres 
4ofeet,.the  column  120,  the  cone  above  it,  witli  its  urn,  42, 
fo  that  the  entire  height  of  the  pillar  is  ?02  feet.  The  in- 
terior contains  a  flight  of  345  Heps,  afceudinji  to  a  bal- 
cony, from  which  the  vifuor  has  a  very  exteiifive  prof- 
peft  of  tiie  metropolis  and  the  adjacent,  country.  The 
obfcure  fituation  of  this  beautiful  and  m.ijeftic  pillar  is 
much  to  be  lamented,  for  were  it  placed  in  a  confpicuous 
pofition,  it  would  form  a  great  and  linking  ornament  to  the 
metropolis. 

T/ji  Po/l-OJice' is  fituated  in  an  area  on  the  fouth  fide  of 
Lombard-ilrcet.  As  a  building,  it  is  not  only  unworthy  of 
notice,  but  when  the  importance  and  magnitude  of  its  con- 
cerns are  confidered,  is  really  a  difgrace  to  th'>  country 
and  the  metropolis.  Such  an  important  ellablidiment  Ibould 
be  well  and  properly  accommodated.  As  a  national  inftitu- 
tion,  however,  it  deferves  particular  attention,  being  per- 
haps the  moll  perfed  fyllem  of  internal  economy,  of  its 
kind,  in  the  world  :  it  keeps  up  a  conllant  communica- 
tion, direftly  or  indireftly,  with  every  town  in  the  united 
kingdom,  as  well  as  with  every  foreign  port  in  the  moil  re- 
mote degree  conneded  with  the  Britilh  empire.  It  polTeffes 
likewife  the  double  advantage  of  being  incalculably  ufeful 
to  individuals,  and  affording  a  large  revenue  to  the  govern- 
ment. Indeed,  of  all  the  means  of  finance  any  miniller  ever 
employed,  it  is  beyond  companion  the  bell  ;  while  at  the 
fame  time  it  may  juilly  be  regarded  as  the  foul  ol  commerce. 
The  prefeiit  poll-office  was  built  in  1 760,  but  fince  that  time 
great  additions  have  been  made  to  the  building.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  poll-ofilce  fyllem,  the  whole  was 
veiled  in  private  ptrfons,  and  was  irregular,  defeat  ive,  and 
infecure.  A  few  years  back  a  very  import:.nt  plan  was  fug- 
gefted  by  Mr.  Palmer,  of  conveying  letters  to  all  parts  of 
the  kingdom  by  means  of  mail  couclies  ;  whereby  a  fpeedy 
communication,,  and  fccurity  from  robbery  were  effected. 
See  M-ML  CoACHKs,  and  Post-ofiIce. 

Thel'rinity  HouJ'c. — On  the  north  fide  of  Tower-hill  is  a 
large,  handlbme,  regular  buildini)-,  which  was  erefted  irom 
dehgns  by  Samuel  Wyatt,  architcft.  The  chief  bufinefs 
of  the  Trinity-houfe  corporation,  which  was  founded  in 
151  2,  is  conduced  here,  though  the  old  eftabliflied  lioufe  is 
at  Deptford.  The  corporation  confills  of  one  mailer,  four 
wardens,  eight  affillants,  and  tweuly-cieht  elder  brethren, 
who  are  ftvled  "  the  guild,  or  fraternity  of  the  moH  glorious 
and  undivided  Trinity,  and  of  St.  Clement,  in  the  parifli  of 
Deptford-Strond,  in  the  county  of  Kent."  The  objecl  of 
tliis  corporation  is  to  fuperintei.d  and  guard  the  interells  of 
the  Britilli  fliipping,  both  military  and  commercial.  Tlieir 
powers  are  exlei.five  ;  and  their  objeds  important.  They 
have  to  examine  the  children  who  are  inftrufted  in  mathema- 
tics in  Chrift's  liofpital  ;  examine  the  mailers  of  the  king's 
fliips  ;  appoint  pilots  for  the  Thames  ;  eredl  light-houfcs  and 
fca-marks  in  the  Britilb  feas  ;  grant  hcentes  to  poor  fea- 
men  who  are  not  free  of  the  city,  to  ply  for  fares  on  the 
Timmes  ;  fuperintend  the  deepening  and  cleanfing  of  the 
river,  &c.  The  Trinity-houfe  contains  fome  handforne 
apartments,  particularly  the  hall,  the  Hair-cafe,  and  tlie 
•ourt-room  ;  in    one  of  wlach  is  a  fine  uiodel  of  the   "lio 


called  the  Royal  William  ;  alfo  portraits  of  twenty-four  of 
the  elder  brethren,  and  of  other  eminent  perfons. 

The  Lumilic  HnfpUal,  called  St.  Luke's,  in  Old-flreet,  a 
large  pile  of  building,  was  credled  from  defigns  by  George 
Dance,  who  alio  built  the  prifons  of  Newgate  and  the 
city  Compter.  In  all  tliefe  he  manifeiled  much  ilvill  and 
judg.ment  ;  but  there  is  a  great  want  of  both  in  the  new 
front. 

The  Guildhall  of  t!ie  city  is  a  piece  of  architcftural 
ablurdity. —  it  is  appropriated  to  the  chief  public  offices 
of  the  corporation  of  London  .  the  principal  of  thefe  is 
the  great  hall,  •  153  feet  long,  by  48  broad  and  ^t,  high,) 
in  which  the  large  city  fealls  are  held,  where  public  meet- 
ings areaffembied,  and  the  lord-mayor  and  members  of  par- 
liament elerted.  Here  are  feveral  portraits  of  fovereigns, 
judges,  lord-mayors,  &c.  ;  alfo  large  marble  monuments  to 
the  julUy  elleemed  lord-mayor,  Becklord,  the  great  lord 
Chatham,  &c.  Behdes  the  hall,  the  follovring  offices  are 
included  in  the  prefent  buildinij;  ;  chamberlain's-office,  the 
court  of  kmg's  bench,  in  v\'hich  the  lord-mayor's  court  and 
feffions  of  the  peace  for  the  city  are  lield  ;  a  court  of  common 
pleas,  and  court  of  exchequer  ;  a  court,  called  common  coun- 
cil chamber,  for  the  lord-mayor,  aldermen,  and  common 
council.  Attached  to  the  Guiidhall  is  an  ol^l  chapel,  which 
formerly  belonged  to  a  religious  eltablilhment,  but  is  now 
ufed  as  ajuftice-room  for  the  aldermen. 

The  Bank  of  England,  an  immenfc  pile  of  building,  is  more 
extenfive  in  its  range  of  offices,  and  more  eminent  for  its  ar- 
chiteflural    adornment  and   interior  arrangement,  than  any 
fingle  pubhc  edifice  in  the  metropoUs  :  for  Somerfet-houfe, 
or   place,  confills   of  various   offices,  dwelling. honfes,   &c. 
It  prefenta  an  irregular  and   incongruous   medley   of  llyles 
and  forms  ;  having  been  built  at  various  periods  by  three  dif- 
ferent architects.  The  oldeft  part^  i.e.  thecentreof  the  prin- 
cipal, or  fouth  front,  with  fome  apartments  on  the  fame  fide, 
was  deligned  and  ereSed  by  George  Sampfoii,  in  the  year 
1733  :   and  the  lateral  wings  of  this  facade,   and  the  returns 
OH  the  ealt  and  well  fides,  with  feveral  offices   immediately 
attached,  were  built   by  fir  Robert  Taylor,  between   1770 
and  1786  :   but  the  great  alterations  and  additions  that  have 
been  made  fince  the  year  1788  by  Mr.  Soane,  eonftitute  the 
prominent  features  of  this  noble   edifice.      It  would  occupy 
a  volume  to   dcftribe  the  whole  arrangement  and  extent   of 
tlie  bank  :  it  mull  luffice  on  the  prefent  occafion  to  mention 
a  few  of  its  leading  charafterillics.      The   whole  buildings-- 
are  included   in  an  area  of  an   irregular  form,  the  exterior 
wall  of  which  mealures  365   feet   in  front,  or  on  the  fouth 
fide  ;  440  feet  ou  the  well  fide  ;  410  feet  on  the  north  fide, 
and  24)   feet  on  the  eall  fide.     This   area  comprifes   eight 
open  courts,  one  rotunda,  or  circular  room,  feveral   large 
public   offices,  committee  rooms,    and  private   apartinei;ts 
for  the  refidence  of  officers  and  fervants.    The  principal  fuite 
of  rooms  is  on  iho  ground-floor,  and  there  is  no  floor  over 
the  chief  offices  ;  but  it  is  neceffary  to  Hate,  that  beneath 
this  floor,  and  even  below  the  furface  of  the  groui.d,  there 
is  more  building,  and  more  rooms  than  above-ground.     Part 
of  the  edifice  is  raifed  on  a  niarfhy,  foft  foil,  for  the  ftreain 
called  Wallbrooke  ran  here,  and  it  has  been  necellary  to  pile 
the   foundation,  and  conllrucl    counter  arches  beneath   the 
walls.     The  following  is  a  iill  of  the  principal  public  rooms, 
vvidi  their  dimenfions  :  on   the  fouthern  fide,  dividendrpay 
office,  44   by  40   feet  ;  the  three  per  cent,   reduced  office, 
50  by  40  feet ;  pay-hall,  40  by  70  feet  ;   llock-office,  60  by 
4^   feet  :  three  others   of  nearly  the  fame  dimeiifions  ;  the 
rotunda,  ^$    feet    in    diameter  ;  the   confol  office,   80  feet 
by  48,  is  a  noble  room  ;  court-room,    60  by  30  feet,  ad- 

I  joining 


n 


LONDON. 


joining  vvhicti  is  tlie  CJfeat  committpe  ronm  ;  ofTicc  for  notes 
under  9/.,  60  by  40  feet  ;  and  the  chief  c:i(hipr's  ofiico, 
4^  by  30  feet.  Belides  thefe,  the  Bunk  contains  many  other 
offices  and  apartments  :  amon,fr  which  may  be  named  llie  fe- 
cretary's  office,  bullion  office,  deputy  governor's  rooms, 
peneral  cafti-book  office,  out-teller's  office,  land-tax  re- 
demption office,  loan,  or  property  office,  drawinp;  office, 
accomptant's  office  for  the  new  fpecic,  cheque  office,  re- 
duced annuity  office,  dividend  pay-office,  armoury,  bank- 
note printing-office,  engraver's  rooms,  the  library,  Src. 
Such  is  the  extenfive  bufinefs  of  the  bank,  that  above  1000 
perfons  are  emoloyed  in  its  various  offices.  Of  the  architec- 
tural charaifterillics  of -this  edifice,  its  extent,  arrangement, 
and  adaptation  to  the  arcunr.ilated  and  iiie.eafing  bufinefs  of 
the  BritilTi  bank,  it  will  be  impoffible  to  convey  fatisfadory 
information,  in  a  limited  fpace,  and  without  illullrative 
prints.  We  can  only  briefly  defcribe  a  few  of  the  principal 
features.  The  oldeft  part  by  Sampfon,  combines  a  degree  of 
fimplicity  united  with  grandeur  ;  and  was  admirably  adapted 
to  its  oricrinal  purpofe.  It  be/poke  the  charaftcr  of  a  pub- 
lic edifice,  with  a  rich  and  appropriate  ilyle  of  delign. 
The  whole  afTumed  an  air  of  dignity  and  importance,  with 
a  fufficiency  of  ornament  and  drefs.  On  a  rullicated  bafe- 
mentaretwo  (lories  vs-ith  Ionic  columns,  and  a  bold  entabla- 
ture. An  uniformity  of  character  pervades  the  whole.  With 
f'jch  a  model  before  him,  it  is  alloniffiing  that  fir  Robert 
Taylor  did  not  defign  his  additions  in  the  fame  ftyle,  or  in 
one  that  harmonized  with  it  :  but  it  feems  evident  that 
he  did  not  feel  or  appreciate  the  charms  of  fimplicity. 
He  preferred  prettincfs  to  propriety,  and  gaiety  to  gran- 
deur, and  therefore  defigned  the  wings,  with  the  offices 
immediately  attached,  in  the  moft  gorgeous  llyle  of  Ro- 
man architeSure.  Corinthian  fluted  columns,  arranged  in 
pairs,  are  placed  along  the  whole  front,  fupporting  pe- 
diments at  both  extremities,  and  a  baluftraded  entablature 
between. 

In  this  facade,  the  arcliiteft'has  copied  a  building  of  Bra- 
mantes  in  the  Belvidere  gardens  at  Rome  ;  but  this  very 
circumltance  impeaches  his  tafte  and  judgment.  For  though 
the  ftvle  and  defign  might  have  been  appropriate  and  judi- 
cious in  a  fmall  ornamental  building,  it  is  very  abfurd  in  a 
great  national  itrufture,  where  folidity,  fecurity,  and  fimple 
grandeur  were  required.  The  four  and  five  p.T  cent.  _ftock 
offices  are  truly  difgufting,  as  works  of  art ;  and  aifo  very 
defective  as  rooms  for  bufinefs.  They  are  both  exatl  imi- 
tations of  the  interior  of  the  church  of  St.  Martin's-in-the- 
Fields.  Tlie  forms  and  proportions  of  the  exterior  columns 
much  excite  our  admiration.  In  the  additions  and  improve- 
ments made  to  the  bank  by  Mr.  Soane,  fince  liis  appoint- 
ment in  17S8,  we  find  many  novelties  in  defign,  and  flcilful 
appropriations.  The  rotunda  is  a  fpacious  circular  room, 
with  a  lofty  dome  ;  where  a  large  and  heterogeneous  mafs 
<if  perfons  of  all  nations  and  ciafies  aifemble  on  public  days 
to  buy  and  fell  itock.  The  defign  and  conilruftion  of  the 
dome,  by  the  lail  named  architect,  are  entitled  to  the  par- 
ticular notice  and  admiration  of  fl:rangers.  In  the  three 
per  cents,  warrant  office,  the  lame  profound  arti.l  has  dil- 
plaved  much  talte  and  (1-cill.  It  is  an  oblong  room,  with  a 
vaulted  ceiling  fpri-nging  from  ornamented  piers  ;  and  in  the 
centre  is  a  handfome  dome,  or  lanthorn  light,  fupported  by 
caryatides.  The  foffites  of  the  arches  are  decorated  with  pan- 
nels,  rofes,  and  other  objefts  in  ftricl  conformity  to  the 
practice  of  the  ancient  arciiitedls.  It  is  worthy  of  remark, 
that  the  whole  is  conftrufted  without  timber.  Branching 
from  this  apartment  is  anotlier,  called  the  inferior  office, 
adiipted  to  clerks  whofe  bufinefs  is  to  guard  againll  forgery. 


It  opens  to  I.othbury  court,  which  is  a  grand  difplay  of 
architeftural  defign,  two  fides  of  it  being  formed  by  open 
fcreens,  with  liandfome  fluted  co'umrts  of  the  Corinthian 
order.  Thefe  are  copied  from  the  little  temple  at  Tivoli. 
On  the  fouthern  fide  of  this  court  is  a  noble  arch  of 
entrance  to  the  bullion  court,  and  to  other  offices.  This 
arch  and  fa5ade  are  defigned  after  the  model  of  tlie  cele- 
brated triumphant  arch  of  Conftantine  at  Rome.  On  the 
fides  of  the  great  archway,  are  four  handfome  fluted  co- 
lumns, fupporting  an  entablature,  and  four  itatues  emble- 
matic of  the  four  quarters  of  the  globe.  In  pannels  are 
baffo-relievi,  executed  by  that  great  mafter  of  fculpture. 
Bank?,  allcgorically  reprcfcnting  the  Thames  and  Ganges. 
The  chief  cafhier's  office  is  a  noble  apartment,  in  the  defign 
of  which  the  architeft  has  again  (liewn  his  enthufiaftic  at- 
tachment to  claffical  antiquity.  It  is  in  imitation  of  the 
temple  of  the  fun  and  moon  at  Rome,  and  is  fpacious, 
fimple  in  decoration,  and  cheerfully  lighted  by  large  and 
lofty  windows.  In  the  accomptant's  office,  governor's- 
court,veftibule,and  pafTage  from  Prince's-ftreet,  and  recefied 
portico  at  the  north-wellcrn  angle,  are  fome  fpecimens  of 
architeflural  defign,  which  mull  excite  the  admiration  of 
every  accomplifhed  connoilleur.  In  all  thefe  parts  we 
recognize  the  forms,  ilyle,  and  detail  of  the  beft  antique 
fpecimens,  carefully  adapted  to  their  refpetlive  fituations, 
and  calculated  to  gratify  the  eye  and  fatisfy  the  judgment. 
Stability  is  certainly  the  moll  effential  objeft  in  fuch  a 
building  ;  but  beauty  and  grandeur  are  equally  deferving 
of  attention  ;  for  the  Britifli  bank  is  rich,  its  proprietors 
are  prefumed  to  be  men  of  learning  and  fcience,  and  under 
their  aufpiccs  we  are  entitled  to  look  for  fuch  a-tions  and 
fuch  works  as  (hall  be  ornamental  and  honourable  to  the 
charafter  and  tade  of  the  kingdom.  In  the  great  enlarge- 
ments that  have  been  recently  made  in  the  prelent  building, 
it  is  evident,  that  the  architcft  has  been  particularly  atten- 
tive to  the  immediate  bufinefs  of  the  company,  the  fecurity 
of  their  property  from  fire  and  depredation,  and'a  chaile, 
claffical  (lyle  of  embellifiiment.  Thefe  remarks  and  de- 
fcriptions  are  the  relult  of  a  recent  examination  of  the  build- 
ing. 

Places  of  Worfbtp. — London  is  didinguifhed  by  the  num. 
ber  and  variety  of  its  places  of  worfhip.  It  contains  116 
churches  of  the  edablidied  religion  ;  above  80  chapels  of 
eafe  on  the  eftablifhment,  in  parilhes  where  the  population 
is  too  great  for  their  refpedtive  churches  ;  1 1  Roman  Catho- 
lic chapels  ;  1 7  churches  and  chapels  belonging  to  foreign 
Protedants  ;  fix  fynagogues  of  the  Jews  ;  and  132  meeting- 
houfes  of  the  diflcrciit  denominatious  of  Englilh  Protedant 
diflenters. 

Of  the  116  churches  above-mentioned,  74  are  within 
the  walls  of  the  city,  10  in  London,  without  the  walls, 
nine  in  the  city  and  liberties  of  Wedminder,  five  in  the 
borough  of  Southwark,  and  18  in  the  fubiirbs,  not  in- 
cluded in  thefe  ciafies.  Of  thefe  we  can  only  particularife 
a  few  ;  for  dcfcriptions  of  the  whole  would  require  a  large 
volume.  Pre-eminent  above  all  the  buildings  ot  tUe  metro- 
pohs,  is  the 

Cathedral  Church  of  St.  Paul,  which  holds  the  mod 
didinguilhed  rank  among  the  modern  works  of  architefture 
in  the  Britilh  empire.  The  original  cathedral  was  com- 
menced in  the  year  610,  by  Ethelbert,  king  of  Kent,  and 
the  l5uilding,  with  11  s  revenues  and  privileges,  were  greatly 
increafcd  by  fucceeding  fovereigns.  This  llruflure  was 
dcdroyed  by  a  conflngratirn  in -1086;  after  which,  Maurice, 
then  bidiop,  commenced  the  magnificent  edifice  which  im- 
mediatcLy  preceded  the  prefent  cathedral.  So  great  wrs 
T  t  3  the 


LONDON. 


the  magnitude  of  the  building,  tliat  neither  Maurice,  nor  his 
fuccefTor  Dc  Belmcis,  were  able  to  complete  the  under- 
taking, though  each  of  them  prefided  twenty  years,  and 
expended  great  funis  in  the  profecution  of  it  ;  the  latter  pre- 
late appropriated  the  w^olc  revenue  of  his  birtiopric  to  car- 
rying on  the  work,  and  fupported  himfelf  and  family  by 
other  means.  After  his  death  the  building  was  for  fome 
time  fufpended,  Hnd  the  ealtern  part,  or  choir,  was  burnt  in 
the  year  1 1 3 j.  At  what  period  it  was  i-eftored  is  uncer- 
tain ;  the  grand  ceremony  of  confccratiou  was  performed  in 
1240;  large  additions  were  afterwards  made  to  the  flruc- 
tUre,  and  it  was  not  till  the  year  1315  that  the  church  was 
entirely  completed  ;  being  22J  years  from  the  time  of  its 
foundation  by  Maurice.  This  ancient  cathedral  mud  al- 
ways be  regarded  as  one  of  the  great  works  of  architefture 
of  the  middle  ages  ;  in  dimcnlions  it  far  exceeded  every 
other  rehgious  edifice  in  this  country  ;  and  it  is  reprefented 
by  hillorians  as  equally  pre-eminent  in  magnilicence  and 
fplcndour  of  ornament.  (For  an  account  of  this  edifice,  fee 
Dugdale's  Hiftory  of  St.  Paul's.)  In  the  reign  of  .lames  I., 
the  cathedral  liaving  fallen  to  decay,  a  royal  commiflion  was 
ifl'ued  for  its  repair;  but  nothing  of  confcquence  was^done 
till  the  advancement  of  Laud  to  the  fee  of  London,  in  the 
fucceeding  reign.  This  prelate  exerted  himfelf  zealoufly  in 
favour  of  the  neglefted  building  ;  a  fubfcription  was  col- 
lected to  the  amount  of  101,330/.  4J.  8^/.  ;  and  Inigo  Jones 
was  appointed  to  fuperintcnd  the  undertaking.  He  com- 
menced his  operations  in  1633  ;  and  the  work  went  rapidly 
OH  till  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  threw  all  things 
into  confuiion,  and  the  parhament  confifcated  the  unex- 
pended money  and  materials.  After  tlie  reftoration,  the 
repairs  were  again  commenced  ;  but  after  muv;h  labour  and 
expence,  the  great  conflagration  in  1666,  deftroyed  the 
chief  part  of  the  building,  and  irreparably  damaged  the 
remainder.  Still,  however,  the  magnitude  of  the  work, 
and  the  contemplation  of  the  vaft  expence  of  building  a 
new  cathedral,  occafioned  a  lapfe  of  feveral  years  before  it 
was  finally  determined  that  all  attempts  at  rep?.ration  were 
hopelefs.  The  impradlicability  of  reftoring  the  ancient 
church  being  now  apparent.  Dr.  (afterwards  lir)  Chrifto- 
pher  Wren,  was  ordered  to  prepare  plans  for  a  new  cathe- 
dral. The  pulling  down  the  rem'aining  walls  of  the  old 
ftrudure,  and  the  removal  of  the  rubbifh  to  the  amount  of 
47,000  loads,  proved  exceffively  laborious  as  well  as  danger- 
ous, and  feveral  men  were  ki:led  in  the  progrefs  of  the 
work.  This  being  completed,  the  firft  ftone  of  the  Hew 
edifice  was  laid  June  21,  1675  >  """^  ''^^  defign  was  profe- 
cuted  with  fuch  diligence  and  fuccefs,  that  within  ten  years 
the  walls  of  the  choir  and  fide  aifles  were  finiflied,  together 
with  the  circular  porticoes  on  the  north  and  fouth  fides. 
The  laft  or  highell  ftone  of  the  building  was  laid  at  the  top 
of  the  lantern  in  the  year  1710  ;  and  (hortly  afterwards  the 
queen  and  both  houfes  of  parliament  attended  divine  fervice 
in  the  new  cathedral.  The  whole  -Irufture  was  thus  com- 
pleted in  ihiity-five  years,  by  one  architeft,  fir  Chriftopher 
Wren,  and  one  mailer  mafon,  Mr.  Thomas  Strong,  and 
Vhile  one  prelate,  Dr.  Henry  Compton,  filled  the  fee  of 
London. 

The  general  form  or  ground  plan  of  St.  Paul's  cathedral 
is  that  of  a  Latin  crofs,  with  an  additional  arm  or  tranfept 
at  the  weft  end,  to  give  breadth  to  the  principal  front,  and 
a  femicircular  projeftion  at  the  eatt  end  f"r  the  altar.  At 
the  extremities  of  the  principal  tranfept  are  alfo  femicircular 
projeclions  for  porticoes ;  and  at  the  angles  of  the  crofs  are 
fquare  projeftions,  which,  befides  containing  ftaircafes, 
Tfeftries,  &c.  fcrve  as  irameufe  buttreffes  to  the  dome,  which 


rifps  from  the  interfeftion  of  the  nave  and  tranfept,  and  is 
terminated  by  a  lantern,  furmounted  by  a  ball  and  crofs  of 
copper  gilt.  The  weft  front  of  this  fabric  confifts  of  a  noble 
portico  of  two  orders,  the  Corinthian  and  the  Compofite, 
reftinc;  on  a  bafement  formed  by  a  double  flight  of  Heps, 
of  black  marble,  and  furmounted  by  a  fpacious  pediment. 
On  each  fide  is  a  tower,  with  columns,  &c.  ;  one  ferving 
as  a  belfrey,  the  other  as  the  clock-tower.  In  the  tym- 
pan  of  the  pediment  is  a  very  large  piece  of  fculpture, 
in  baflo-rclievo,  of  the  converfion  ot  St.  Paul ;  and  on 
the  apex  a  gigantic  ftatue  of  the  fame  apoftle ;  whilft 
on  either  hand,  along  the  fummit  of  the  front,  are  other 
colofTal  ftatucs  of  St.  P^cter,  St.  .Tames,  and  the  four 
evangelifts.  Lar^  llatues  of  the  other  apollles  are  placed 
upon  pediments  on  the  fide  walls  of  the  fabric.  The 
dome  is  the  moft  remarkable  and  magnificent  feature  of 
the  building.  It  rifes  from  a  circular  bafement,  which, 
at  the  hciglit  of  about  twenty  feet  above  the  roof  of  the 
church,  gives  place  to  a  Corinthian  colonnade,  formed  by 
a  circular  range  of  thirty  columns.  Above  the  colonnade, 
but  not  refting  upon  it,  rifes  an  auic  ttory  with  pilafters 
and  windows,  from  the  entablature  of  which  fprings  the 
exterior  dome,  which  is  covered  with  lead,  and  ribbed  at  re- 
gular intervals.  Round  the  aperture,  at  its  fummit,  is 
another  gallery  ;  and  from  the  centre  rifes  the  ftone  lantern, 
which  is  furrounded  with  Corinthian  columns,  and  crowned 
by  the  ball  and  crofs. 

In  its  interior  form,  this  edifice  is  entirely  conftrufted  on 
the  plan  of  the  ancient  catliedrals,  viz.  that  of  a  long  crofs, 
having  a  nave,  choir,  tranfepts,  and  fide  aifles  ;  but,  in  place 
of  the  lofty  tower,  the  dome  in  this  building  rifes  in  elevated 
grandeur  from  the  central  interfettion.  The  architectural 
detail  is  in  tlie  Roman  ftyle,  fimple  and  regular.  The  piers 
and  arches,  which  divide  the  nave  from  the  fide  aifles,  arc 
ornamented  with  columns  and  pilafters  of  the  Corinthian  and 
Compofite  orders,  and  are  further  adorned  with  fliield?,  fef- 
toons,  chaplets,  cherubim,  &c.  l"he  vaulting  of  this  part 
of  the  church  merits  great  praife  for  its  light  and  elegant 
conftruftion  :  in  this,  each  fevery  forms  a  low  dome,  fup- 
ported by  four  fpandrils  ;  the  bafe  of  the  dome  being  en- 
circled by  a  rich  wreath  of  artificial  foliage.  The  central 
area  below  the  dome  dcferves  particular  attention  :  this  is 
an  oftagon,  formed  by  eight  maflive  piers,  with  their  cor- 
rellative  apertures,  four  of  which,  being  thofe  that  termi- 
nate the  middle  aifles,  are  forty  feet  wide,  while  the  others 
are  only  twenty-eight ;  but  ihis  difparity  only  exifts  as  high 
as  the  firft  order  of  pilafters,  at  which  level  the  fm.all.r 
openings  are  expanded  in  a  peculiar  manner,  fo  that  the  main 
arches  are  all  equal.  The  fpandrils  between  the  arches 
above  form  the  area  into  a  circle,  which  is  crowned  by  a 
large  cantilever  cornice,  partly  fnpporting  by  its  prrjeftion 
the  *'  whifpering  gallery."  At  this  level  commences  the 
interior  tambour  of  the  dome,  which  confills  of  a  high  pc- 
dettal  and  cornice,  forming  the  l-.afement  to  a  range  of 
apparently  fluted  pilafters  of  the  Compofite  order,  the  in- 
tervals between  which  are  occupied  by  twenty-four  windows 
and  eight  niches ;  all  this  part  is  incline^  forward,  fo  as  to 
form  the  fruftum  of  a  cone.  Above,  from  a  double  plinth, 
over  the  cornice  of  the  pilafters,  fprings  the  internal  dome  ; 
the  contour  .being  compofed  of  two  fcgments  of  a  circle, 
which,  if  not  interrupted  by  the  opening  beneath  the  lan- 
tern, would  have  interfered  at  the  apex.  The  dome,  the 
idea  of  which  was  confeflTedly  taken  from  the  pantheon  at 
Rome,  is  of  brick,  two  bricks  thick ;  but,  as  it  rifes,  at 
every  five  feet  has  a  courfe  of  brick,  of  eighteen  inches 
long,  bending  through  the  whole  thicknefs  :  for  greater  fe- 

curity 


Hif. 


LONDON. 


curity  alfo,  in  the  girdle  of  Portland  ftonc  which  encircles 
the  low  part,  an  enormous  double  chain  of  iron,  llrongly 
linked  together,  and  weighing  nearly  96  ciut.y  was  inferted 
in  a  channel,  which  was  afterwards  filled  up  with  lead.  Over 
this  cupola  is  a  cone  of  brick,  fo  built  as  to  fupport  a  Hone 
lantern  of  an  elegant  tigure.  The  choir  is  of  the  fame  form 
and  architcftural  ftyle  as  the  body  of  the  church. 

The  dimenfions  of  this  vail  fabric  are,  height  from  the 
ground  without  to  the  top  of  the  crofs  540  feet,  extreme 
length  within  500  feet,  greatefl:  breadth  223  feet.  The 
entire  afcent  to  the  ball  includes  616  fteps.  The  weight 
of  the  ball,  which  is  capacious  enough  to  contain  eight  per- 
fons,  is  j6oo  lbs.  ;  and  that  of  the  crofs,  3360  lbs.  For 
a  more  particular  defcription  of  this  edifice,  with  plan  of 
the  fubftrufture,  elevation  of  the  weft  front,  feftion  of  the 
dome,  and  north-eaft  view  of  the  exterior,  fee  "  Fine  Arts 
of  the  Enghfh  School."  4to.   1812. 

The  particular  objecls  of  curiofity  which  are  comprifed 
in  this  church,  and  generally  fliewn  to  ftrangers,  are  the 
whifpering  gallery,  which  encircles  the  interior  of  the  lower 
part  of  the  dome,  and  is  fo  con!lru(liled,  that  a  low  whifper 
breathed  againft  the  wall,  in  any  part  of  the  circle,  may  be 
heard  on  theoppofite  fide;  the  library,  chiefly  remark- 
able for  the  floor,  which  is  conftri'.dled  with  fmall  pieces 
of  oak,  difpofed  in  geometrical  figures ;  the  beautiful 
model,  conftruCted  by  fir  Chriflopher  Wren  ;  the  geo- 
i.'  metrical  ftaircafe,  the  fineft  fpecimen  of  the  kind  in  Great 
Britain  ;  the  clock,  and  great  bell  on  which  it  ftrikes. 
The  clock  is  of  great  magnitude :  the  length  of  the  mi- 
nute-hand is  eight  feet,  and  its  weight  75  lbs.  ;  the  hour- 
hand  five  feet  four  inches,  and  its  weight  44  lbs.  ;  the  dia- 
meter of  the  dial  is  eighteen  feet  ten  inches  ;  the  length 
of  the  hour-figures  two  feet  two  inches  and  a  half;  the 
bell  is  about  ten  feet  in  diameter,  and  its  weight  nearly  four 
tons  and  a  quarter. 

About  the  year  1 790  a  fcheme  was  fuggefted,  and  has 
been  happily  carried  into  effect,  for  breaking  the  mono- 
tonous uniformity  of  the  architeftural  mafles  in  the  interior 
of  the  cathedral.  This  was  done  by  admitting  large  and 
noble  monuments  for  eminent  public  perfons  deceafed. 
Thefe  may  with  ftrift  propriety  be  termed  national,  as  com- 
memorative of  Britifh  virtues,  talents,  or  heroifm.  Statues 
are  already  erefted  for  Mr.  Howard  the  philanthropift.  Dr. 
Johnfon,  and  fir  William  Jones.  Here  are  alfo  monuments 
for  generals  Abercromby and  Dur.das,and  for  captains  MofFe, 
Riou,  Weftcott,  Burgefs,  and  Faulknor.  Others  are  now 
erefting  for  marquis  Cornwallis,  lord  Howe,  and  lord  Nel- 
fon.  The  latter  is  interred  in  the  vault  under  the  centre  of 
the  building ;  and  near  him,  his  friend  lord  Collingwood. 
Among  other  eminent  charatlers  who  have  been  depofited 
in  thefe  vaults,  are  fir  Chriftopher  Wren  ;  Dr.  Newton, 
late  bifhop  of  Briftol ;  Alexander  Wedderburn,  earl  of 
Rofiljn;  fir  John  Braithwaite  ;  fir  Jofhua  Reynolds,  pre- 
fident  of  the  Royal  Academy ;  and  two  other  eminent 
artifts,  James  Barry  and  John  Opie,  efqrs. 

Although  the  churches  in  London  are  moftly  plain,  ordi- 
nary in  architefture,  and  in  obfcure  fituations,  yet  a  few 
of  them  are  entitled  to  the  notice  and  admiration  of  a 
ftranger.  That  of  St.  Stephen  Walbrooke,  built  by  fir 
Chriftopher  Wren,  is  very  fmall,  but  is  juftly  efteemed  for 
its  novelty  of  defign  and  architectural  adornment.  "  The 
plan  is  original,  yet  fimple  ;  the  elevation  furprifing,  yet 
chafte  and  beautiful ;  the  dome,  fupported  by  eight  arches, 
fpringing  from  eight  fingle  columns,  is  wonderfully  light  and 
fcenic  in  its  effeft."  (Malton's  Pidurefque  Tour,  p.  76.) 
Over  the  altar  is  a  fine  pifture  reprefenting  the  interment 


of  St.  Stephen,  by  Weft.  The  following  churches  and 
towers  have  claims  to  architectural  beauty,  or  fcientific 
merit.  The  tower  and  fpire  of  Bov.--church,  in  Cheapfide, 
by  fir  Chriftopher  Wren  ;  the  tower  of  St.  Michael's,  in 
Cornhill  ;  the  tower  and  fpire  of  St.  Bride's,  in  Fleet- 
ftrect  ;  the  church  of  St.  Mary,  called  the  New  church,  in 
the  Stra-nd,  by  James  Gibbs  ;  the  church  of  St.  George, 
in  Bloomftjury,  by  N.  Hawkfmoor,  built  in  1731 ;  the  tower 
and  fpire  cf  St.  Dunftan  in  the  Eaft,  by  lir  Chriftopher 
AVren  ;  and  the  churcU  of  St.  Paul,  Covent  Garden,  by 
Inigo  Jone?. 

Members  of  Parliament. — The  city  of  London  has  no  more 
weight  in  the  legiflative  rcprefentation  of  the  kingdom, 
than  two  fmall  boroughs  which  are  the  property  of  an  in- 
dividual. It  fends  four  reprefentatives  to  parhament,  who 
are  chofen,  not  by  the  inhabitant  houfehoiders  at  large,  but 
by  the  livery  of  the  feveral  companies.  The  right  of  elec- 
tion was  anciently  veftcd  in  the  freemen  of  the  city,  which 
gave  rife  to  many  contefts  between  the  freemen  and  livery  ; 
till  an  aft  of  parliament,  pafted  in  the  eleventh  year  of 
George  I.,  decided  the  queftion,  and  gave  a  peremptorv 
right  to  the  livery  only.  To  be  pofleffed  of  this  elective 
franchise,  a  man  muft  have  previoufly  obtained  his  free- 
dom of  the  city,  and  alfo  of  one  of  the  trading  compa- 
nies, either  by  patrimony,  fervitude,  or  purchafe ;  and 
muft  afterwards  be  admitted  to  the  hvery  of  his  com- 
pany. The  prefent  number  of  clcftors  is  about  ei-^ht 
thoufand,  which  is  not  above  a  third  part  of  the  number 
of  inhabitant  houfekeepers.  The  eleftions  are  held  in 
Guildhall,  and  the  flieriffs  are  the  returning  officers.  The 
city  fent  two  members  to  parliament  as  early  as  49  Henry 
III.  The  number  was  increafed  to  four,  6  Edward  II.  : 
in  that  and  the  fucceeding  reign,  four  were  frequently  fent ; 
but  fince  43  Edward  III.,  this  number  has  been  uniformly 
returned. 

Inns  of  Court  and  Chancery. — The  defign  of  thefe  efta- 
bhfhments  having  been  curforily  noticed  under  IxNS,  it 
may  be  proper  here  to  f.ibjoin  feme  further  particulars  rela- 
tive to  each.  The  inns  of  court  in  London  are  the  Iiiner 
Temple,  the  Middle  Temple,  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  Gray's 
Inn ;  but  there  are  feveral  other  places  called  inns,  which 
are  appendages  to  the  former.  The  Temple,  belonging  to 
the  two  focieties  of  the  Inner  and  Middle  Temple,  is  an  im- 
meufe  affemblage  of  buildings,  extending  from  Fleet-ftreet 
to  the  Thames  ;  and  from  Lombard-ftreet,  White-friars,  to 
Effex-ftreet  in  the  Strand.  It  derives  its  name  from  a  re- 
ligious houfe,  which  was  founded  by  the  Knights  Templars, 
who  were  ciufaders  ;  and,  in  the  beginning  of  the-  twelfth 
century,  formed  themfelves  into  a  military  body  at  Jeru- 
falera,  for  the  proteftion  of  the  pilgrims  who  vifited  the 
holy  fepukhre.  On  the  difTolution  of  the  order,  the  Temple 
was  granted  to  the  Knights  Hofpitallers  of  St.  John  of  Jc- 
rufalem  ;  ar.d  by  them  it  was  let  for  10/.  per  annum  to  the 
ftudents  of  the  law,  whofe  fucccffors  ftili  pofl'efs  it.  (See 
Hospitallers  and  Te.mplars.)  The  Temple  is  an  ir- 
regular buildicg :  in  Fleet-ftreet  are  two  entrances,  one  to 
the  Inner  and  one  to  the  Middle  Temple  ;  the  latter  has  a 
front,  in  the  ftyle  of  Inigo  Jones,  of  brick,  ornamented  with 
four  large  ftone  pilafters,  of  the  Ionic  order,  wirh  a  pedi- 
ment. There  are  four  other  entrances ;  but  the  gates  of  all 
are  fhut  at  night.  The  garden  of  the  Inner  Temple  is  of 
great  extent,  and  is  laid  out  on  the  banks  cf  the  Thames, 
with  fpacious  walks,  &c.  The  Middle  Temple  has  alfo  a 
garden,  but  fmall:  both  are  open  to  the  public  in  fummer. 
The  hall  of  the'  Middle  Temple  is  a  fpacious  and  curious 
room :  the  Inner  Temple  hall,  which  is  fmaller,  is  oma- 
1 1  racnted 


LONDON. 


nnenled  with  the  portraits  of  fevcral  of  the  Judges.     Each 
fock-ty  hns  a  good  hbrary  for  the  ufe  of  its  ftudents.     In  the 
trcafury  cliambcr  of  tlie  Middle  Temple  is  preferved  a  great 
quantity  of  ancient  armour,  which  belonged  to  the  Knights 
Teinplars.     The  Temple    cluirch   belongs   in    common   to 
both  fociirties,  and  is  open  for  divine  fervice  twice  every  day. 
The  Knights  Templars  built  a  church  qn  this  fcite,  which 
being  deilroyed,    the   prefcnt  edifice   was  ercfted  by   the 
Knights  Hofpita'lers.     It  is  in  the  early  pointed  and  late 
circular  ftyles  of  architefture,  and,conlills  of  two  diftinft 
parts :  at  the  we'.K-rn  end  is  a  fpacious  round  tower  or  velli- 
b'.ile,  forming  a  grand  and  fingular  entrance  to  the  church. 
In  this  are  the  (Isttues  of  eleven   Knights  Templars.     The 
organ  io  elteemed  one  of  the  tineft  in  the  world.     Since  the 
time  of  Henry  VIII.  the  fuperior  clergyman  of  this  church 
is  called  the  mailer  of  the  Temple,  ai»d  is  fo  conftitutcd  by 
the  king's  letters  patent.     For  an  account  of  this  church, 
with   ground   plan  and  printf,  fee    Britton's  Architetlural 
Antiquities  of  Great  Britain,   vol.  i. —  Lincoln's  Inn  is  fitu- 
atcd  on  the  weft  fide  of  Chancery-lane.     On  its  fcite  an- 
ciencly    ftood   a  lioufe  of  the  Black  friars,    and  the  palace 
of  the  bifliops  of  Chichefter.      The  ground  was  afterwards 
.granted  to  Henry  Lacy,  earl  of  Lincoln,  from  whom  it  de- 
rives its  name.      It  appears  to  have  reverted  to  the  bifliops  ; 
ior  the  prefent  pofleiTors  hold  it  as  a  grant  fnSm  a  prelate  of 
that   fee.      Lincoln's   Inn  occupies  a  very  extcnfive  fpace : 
the  buildings  are  mollly  old  and  irregular.     An  attempt  has 
-been  made,  but  never  completed,  to  rebuild  the   Inn  on  a 
regular    plan.       A    confiderable  range,    called    the   Stone 
Building-, .faces  the  weft.      This  plan,  the  work  of  fir  Ro- 
•bert  Taylor,  is  fimple  and  elegant  in  its  exterior  arcliitec- 
■ture  ;  and  the  chambers  are  on  a  grand  and  commodious 
fcale.     In   the  old  part  of  the  building  are   the  hall  and 
chapel ;  the  firft  of  which  is  a  fpacious  room,  in  which  the 
lord  chancellor  holds  feals  and  fittings  out  of  term.     At  the 
.upper  end   is  a  painting  by  Hogarth,  of  St.   Paul  before 
Feli.x.  The  chapel,  defigned  by  luigo  Jones,  is  fpacious,  and 
raifed  on  large   piers  and  arches,  which  form  an  open  area 
beneath,    ufed   as  a   burial-place   for  benchers  only.     The 
.chapel  is  open  for  public  worfiiip.every  morning  and  evening. 
The   garden,   which  in   lummer  is  open  to   the   public,  u 
.fpacious,  and  forms  one  of  the  fineft  promenades  within  the 
capital.      Lincoln's  Inn  has  a  good  library,  which  contains 
a  great  nuniber  of  manufcripts  ;  the  greater  part  of  which 
was  bequeathed  by  lord  Hale,  with  a   fingular   injuntlion, 
that  no  part  ftiuuld  ever  be  printed.      Gray's  Ii'.n  is  fituated 
on  the  north  fide  of  Holborn,  and  derives  its  name  frum  a 
lord  Gray,  who  refided  here.      In  this   Inn   is    a  fmall  neat 
chapel,  a  commodious  hall,  and  an  extcnfive  garden,  with  a 
grove  of  large  elm  trees.     The  inns  pf  chancery,  which  are 
dependent  on  the  inns  of  court,  are  Furnival's  Inn,  an  ap- 
pendai;e  to  Lincoln's  Inn  :  it  is  fituated  on  the  north  lide 
of  Ho  born-hill,  and  wjs  the  manfion  of  fir  William  le  Fur- 
neval,   in   the  time  of   Ricliard  II. — Thavics  Inn,  alfo  de- 
pendent on   Lincoln's  Im:  :   the  old  fabric  having  been  re- 
*;entfy  burnt  down,  a  neat  range  of  buildings  is  ef^fted  on 
its  fcite,  which  is  near  .St.  Andrew's  church.   Holborn. — 
Staple  Inn,  fituated  on  the  fouth  fide  of  Holborn,  and  an 
aj);)endage  to  G'^ay's  Inn  :   in  the  hall  are  cafts  of  the  twelve 
C^fars,  and   portraits  of  Charles   II.,    queen   An^e,   lord 
Ivlaccbsfield,  and  the  lords  chancellors  Cov»per  and  Cam- 
.<len. — Barnard's  Inn,  fitua^led   near  Fetter-lane,    Holborn, 
.and  a  dt^endfnt  on  Grav's  Inn.—  Serjeant's  Inn,  in  Chan- 
cery-lane;   it  has  a  f;nall   neat   chapel,  with  feats  for  t!-.e 
judges — Clifford's  Inn,   fituated  near  St.  Dunftan's  church, 
f  lect-ftreet,  and  an  appendage  to  the  Inner  Temple  :  in  the 


hall  is  an  oak  cafe,  of  very  great  antiquity.— Clement's  Inn, 
near  St.  Clement's  church  in  the  Strand,  a  dependent  on 
the  Inner  Temple  :  it  contains  an  elegant  hall,  and  a  garden 
kept  with  particular  care,  in  which  is  a  fun-dial,  fupportcd 
by  a  knechng  figure  of  confiderable  merit,  brought  from 
Italy  by  lord  Clare. — New  Inn,  adjoining  to  the  laft  men- 
tioned, and  an  appendage  to  the  Middle  Temple. — Lyon's 
Inn,  fituated  in  Wycli  Street,  and  belonging  to  the  In- 
ner Temple.  For  hiftorical  and  defcnptive  particulars 
of  thefe  eftablilhments  and  buildingf,  the  reader  is  referred 
to  Dugdale's  "Origines  Juridiciales,"  folio,  i6So;  Her- 
bert's "Antiquities  of  the  Inns  of  Court  and  Chancery," 
8vo.  1804;  and  Lane's  "  Student's  Guidp  to  Lincoln's 
Inn,"  8vo. 

General  rerrinrh. — Before  clofing  this  inlcrefting  and  im- 
portant article,  it  feems  proper  to  offer  a  very  few  re- 
marks on  the  charailcriftic  features  of  the  metropolis,  the 
manners  and  condition'  of  its  inhabitants,  and  the  local 
peculiarities  by  which  it  is  diftinguiftied.  Si'cli  obferva- 
tions,  however,  the  reader  will  readily  perceive  muft  be  ex- 
tremely general  indeed.  The  fubjeft  is  too  various  and 
comprchenfive  to  admit  of  full  developement  in  a  feftion, 
fuch  as  the  nature  and  limits  of  a  work  of  this  kind  necef- 
farily  prefcribe. 

The  vart  extent  of  London,  and  its  immenfe  population, 
cannot  fail  to  ftrike  every  vifitor  with  wonder  and  aftonifh- 
ment.  Eventothofe  who  have  previoudy  refided  in  Paris, 
or  in  any  other  large  city,  thefe  circumftances  alone  muft; 
be  matter  of  furprife  ;  for  not  only  is  this  city  far  more  ex- 
tcnfive than  the  imperial  metropolis,  but  it  contains  at  leaft 
400,000  more  perfons.  Thefe,  like  the  inhabitants  of  all 
great  trading  cities,  are  a  heterogeneous  mafs,  compofed  of 
foreigners  from  every  town  and  province  of  the  united  king- 
doms, with  a  large  portion  of  Jews,  both  native  a'  d  foreign, 
Indians,  Germans,  French,  Italians,  Spaniards,  Swifs,  and 
people  of  almoft  eveiy  nation  in  the  world.  From  its  im.- 
menfe  trade,  foreign  and  internal,  a  conftant  communication 
is  kept  up  with  every  part  of  the  globe,  as  well  as  with  every 
part  of  our  own  dominions,  both  at  home  and  abroad.  The 
quantity  of  property  of  every  defcription  flowing *into  the 
metropolis,  and  diftributed  from  it,  is  immenfe.  The  num- 
ber of  ftrangers  conflantly  here,  either  on  bufinefs  or  for 
pleafure,  is  fuppofcd  to  be  not  lefs  than  100,000.  Hence 
the  prodigio'-S  concourfe  of  people  in  the  ftreets,  and  the 
nmnber  of  carriages,  carts,  and  other  vehicles,  continually 
crowding  through  them,  are  unparalleled  in  any  city  in  the 
world. 

London,  in  its  iifual  and  more  extcnfive  application,  con- 
tains two  cities,  London  and  Weftminlter,  befides  the 
borough  of  Southwark.  The  city  of  Weftminfter  was  for- 
merly entirely  detached  from  London,  for  the  ftrect  now 
denominated  the  Strand  was,  at  no  very  dillant  period,  a 
fort  of  bog,  or  morafs,  by  which  they  v>ere  feparated.  The 
mouarchs  of  England  have,  for  feveral  centuries,  fixed  upon 
this  city  as  their  court  relidence,  and  the  feat  of  the  legifia- 
tive  and  judicial  authorities.  This  portion  of  modern  Lon- 
don and  its  fuburbs  have  extended  with  more  rapidity  th^.n 
any  other  diftrift  of  the  town.  Its  buildings  are  in  a 
much  fuperior  ftyle  of  architeflure,  and  mere  open  and 
regular  in  their  dillributio^  and  arrangement,  than  thofe  in 
the  city  of  London.  They  are  chiefly  inhabited  by  the 
nobility,  gentry,  and  higher  clafs  of  merchants,  and  though 
perhaps  even  inferior  in  external  appearance  to  the  rell- 
dences  of  the  nobles  in  fome  other  countries,  are  no  where 
furpaffed.  in  internal  fplendour  and  magnificence.  Lond:  n, 
within  the  walls,  is  the  great  repolitory  of  the  mercantile 

wealth. 


i 


LONDON. 


w«.kb,  not  merely  of  the  metropolis,  but  of  the  whole 
country.  Hence  the  builciiiigs  themfelves  bear  ample  tcf- 
tiraony  to  th?  objedl  tor  which  they  were  raifed.  Al- 
moft.  every  houfe  is  a  (hop,  or  a  couiitiiig-houfe,  and  fo 
clofely  are  thev  huddled  together,  that  in  many  places 
room  is  fcarcely  left  for  the  paflage  of  a  fingle  cart. 
Ground  is  valuable,  and  is  fally  occupied.  This  renders 
it  certainly  a  matter  of  regret,  and  the  remark  is  appli- 
cable to  every  part  of  the  town,  that  there  exift  no  re- 
gulations, or  general  plan  authorized  by  aft  of  parliament, 
to  which  all  builders  fliould  be  obliged  to  conform.  Such 
a  plan,  it  is  believed,  was  fugo;eiled  by  fir  Chrillopher 
Wren  after  the  great  fire  in  1666,  and  fince  by  Gwynn, 
in  a  quarto  volume,  entitled  "  London  and  Weftminfter 
improved.  Sec." 

in  a  political  point  of  view,  London  bears  a  mod  im- 
portant Iway  in  deciding  the  opinions  of  the  country  at  large. 
It  is  the  centre  from  which  all  information,  civil  or  military, 
emanates.  The  number  of  newfpapers  andx)tlier  political 
vehicles  diftributed  here,  and  hence  over  the  united  king- 
dom, is  prodigioudy  great.  The  foreigner  who  perufes 
a  few  of  theie,  cannot  but  be  aftonilhed  at  the  oppofite  fen- 
timenti  they  contain,  and  the  freedom  with  which  they 
praife  or  cer.fure  the  meafures  of  government.  This  is  the 
confequence  of  liberty,  and  is  doubtlefs  one  of  its  chief  fup- 
ports.  The  ruling  magiftrate  of  the  kingdom  is  not  exempt 
from  public  cenfure  and  critical  animadverfion.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  the  year  1812,  this  is  more  notorious  than  at 
any  former  period  ;  and  future  hiftorians  will  have  occafion 
to  explain  the  caufe  and  lament  the  efFecl.  Not  only  has 
London  a  powerful  influence  over  the  political  fentiments 
of  the  country,  but  it  has  likewife  no  inconfiderable  (hare 
in  direfting  the  conduft  of  the  higher  powers.  This  it 
effetls  in  fome  degree  by  the  members  it  returns  to  par- 
liament, which  are  Cm  in  number,  but  much  more  by  the 
influence  and  riches  of  fome  of  its  chartered  companii  s, 
as  well  as  ind'viduals.  The  bank  of  England,  moftly 
a  body  of  merchants,  is  clofely  identified  w'ith  govern- 
ment. The  miniller  is  compelled  to  have  rccourfe  to  the 
citizens  for  fupplying  the  deficiences  in  the  revenue,  by 
loan,  all  which  circumftances  render  it  neceflary  for  the 
government  to  pay  peculiar  attention  to  the  interefts  of  the 
tity  in  general. 

London  may  further  be  charaderized  as  the  grand  thea- 
tre for  the  difplay  of  talents  either  in  the  arts  or  fciences. 
It  is  here  alone,  perhaps,  of  all  the  cities  in  the  united 
kingdom,  that  literary  ability  will  receive  any  adequate 
reward.  The  artift  of  genius  will  likewife  in  general  meet 
here  with  fupport  and  encouragement.  He  will  here  find 
the  fincft  produftions  of  the  mod  celebrated  mailers  in 
every  department  of  art,  by  the  ftudy  of  which  alone  it 
is  poffible  for  him  to  attain  the  praife  of  excellence.  In 
London  are  to  be  feen  the  beil  aflors,  and  the  mod: 
fplendid  theatres.  Great  Britain  can  boa  ft  of.  The  talents 
of  the  vocal  and  inftrumental  performers  at  the  opera  and 
concerts  are  unrivallcdl,  and  probably  no  city  in  Europe 
pofTelTes  a  place  of  public  amnfement  more  brilliant  and 
magnificent  than  Vauxliall.  London  likewife  abounds  with 
mufeurr.s,  alfo  various  fci-ntific,  literary,  and  rational  efta- 
blifnments. 

The  rrerchants,  bankers,  and  higher  clalTes  of  tradefmen, 
bear  a  ftrong  rcfemblance  in  manners  to  the  gentry  vvith 
whom,  from  their  immenfe  wealth,  they  are  generally  ac- 
cuftomod  to  aflbciate.  The  fame  wealth,  and  the  greater  fccu- 
rity  they  pofTcfs  for  its  enjoyment  than  the  merchants  of 
other  countries,  ccafer  upon  them  a  fpirit  of  real  indepen- 


dence, to  which  the  latter  are  totally  ftrangers.  From  th'i 
fpirit  of  independence  many  advantages  have  undoubtedly 
arifen  both  to  the  political  condition  and  commercial  pro- 
fperity  of  England.  Reacling  as  it  were  upon  the  fprings  of 
our  free  conilituticn,  from  which  it  proceeds,  it  tends  to 
render  them  vigorous  and  cfiettive.  Britons  juftly  boaft  of 
their  trial  by  jury  as  the  bulwark  of  their  freedom,  but 
of  what  ufe  would  juries  be,  if  the  individuals  uho 
compofc  them  were  dependent  and  fubmiflive.  It  is  to 
the  fpirit  of  the  people  rather  than  to  any  particular 
forms  of  adminiftratioa  that  a  country  is  indebted  for  its 
freedom. 

The  nobility  and  gentry  of  London  are  of  a  very  dif- 
ferent complexfon  from  the  fame  clafTes  in  other  coun'ries. 
They  poffefs  the  highed  polifh  of  manr.cr.s,  but  unite  with 
their  accomphlliments  a  degree  of  man'inefs  and  moderation, 
the  refult  of  the  freedom  of  the  Englidi,  conditiition  and  the 
general  difi^ufion  of  riches.  A  for-;igTi  nobleman  confiders 
himfelf  as  a  didincl  fpecies  of  being  from  thofe  who  are  his 
inferior  in  rank  and  itation,  and  confequcntly  treats  them 
with  arrogance  and  contempt.  An  Englidi  nobleman,  on 
the  other  hand,  while  fufiiciently  confcious  of  his  own  fupe- 
riority,  behaves  towards  thofe  whom  fortune  has  placed  be- 
neath him  with  real  attention  and  civility  ;  even  in  the  ar- 
ticle of  drefs  he  is  fcarcely  to  be  diftinguiftied  from  the  or- 
dinary tradefman  or  mechanic,  while  the  higher  clafs  of 
merchants  fully  equals  him  in  the  fplendourof  his  equipages 
and  eilabliibments.  He  is  almoft  wholly  a  dranger  to  that 
indolence  which  ufually  refults  from  excelTive  wealth  and 
hereditary  title?.  Even  the  ladies  of  high  rank  are  much 
lefs  enervated  and  feeble  than  mod  of  the  fame  clafs  abroad. 
They  are  accullomed  to  much  exercife,  and  to  mix  in  the 
psiblic  world. 

The  beneficial  operation  of  this  fpirit  on  our  commerce 
is  the  confequence  of  that  honour  and  integrity,  which  are 
uniformly  found  to  accompany  elevation  of  mind.  That 
honefty  is  the  bed  policy,  has  long  been  an  undifputed 
dogma  in  commercial  tranfaclions  in  London.  Hence  it  is 
that  an  Englidi  merchant  can  often  obtain  credit  even  in 
foreign  countries,  where  it  is  little  pradtifed,  and  bills  of 
immenfe  value  are  fometimes  cntrufted  to  him  without  re- 
ceipt or  acknowledgment.  But  thefe  remarks  ought  not 
to  be  confidered  as  applicable  to  the  higher  orders  of 
traders  only.  The  fame  freedom  of  conduA  and  fterling 
integrity  are  prominent  features  in  the  character  of  the  ge- 
nerality of  edablilhed  fliop-keepers,  particularly  thofe  of. 
the  city. 

With  refpedl:  to  phyficians,  furgeons,  and  barriiters,  they 
may  be  ranked  with  the  gentry,  though  influenced  by  fome 
little  peculiarity  of  habits  and  manners.  Apotliecari  s 
and  attornies  may  be  clafTed  with  the  better  fort  of  ihop-, 
keepers. 

The  labouring  clafTes  in  London  are  uliially  of  indi^;-' 
trious  and  frugal  habits.  Their  drefs  and  appearance 
are  far  more  decent  and  refpcftable  than  in  any  other- 
city  in  the  world,  and  this  alone  is  a  fufficient  evidence  of 
its  great  trade  and  wealth.  The  fame  thing-  may  be  faid- 
of  the  poorer  fort  of  fliop-keepers,  wIk),  from  the  rate 
of  their  earnings,  may  be  placed  in  the  raiik  of  labour- 
ing people.  Male  and  female  fervants,  in  plain  and  hone% 
families,  may  likewife  be  thrown  into  this  rank  with  a  fimi- 
lar  charafler. 

Among  many  cflential  improvements  recently  made  in 
London,  the  following  are  worthy  of  notice  and  commenda- 
tion. In  the  city,  and  at  the  ead  end  of  the  town,  we  find 
that  new  docks  have  been  made  on  a  vail  fcale,  whereby 

the 


LONDON. 


the  property  of  merchants,  companies,  and  the  government 
is,  and  will  be,  materially  benclitcd.  Many  commodious 
ftreets  and  new  houfes  have  alfo  been  made  in  the  vicinity 
of  thofe  docks,  fo  that  from  the  Tower  to  Limelioufe  a 
new  town  has  been  formed.  All  the  great  roads  leadmg 
to  London  have  been  much  improved,  and  every  ap- 
proach to  the  metropolis,  excepting  that  through  the  Bo- 
rough, is  broad,  good,  and  flanked  by  handfome  rows 
of  houfes,  or  detached  villas.  In  the  city,  and  immedi- 
ately adjacent,  a  wide  and  handfome  iln-et,  called  Skinner- 
ftreet,  has  been  entirely  new  built  ;  a  handfome  fquare 
formed  in  Moorliclds,  '  pther  0 reels  made  near  Temple 
Bar,  feveral  new  buildings  erected  around  the  Bank,  and 
others  on  Tower-hill.  In  Mary-le-bone  a  new  plan  is  ex- 
ecuting of  laA-ing  out  a  large  park  into  various  allotments 
of  dctachtd  villas,  with  gardens  ,  and  pleafure  grounds, 
by  John  Nalh,  efq.  af^chiteft.  The  deftruftion  of  the 
two  great  theatres  by  fire  has  afforded  opportunities  for 
much'improvement,  and  much  h?.s  been  eft'cdled.  North 
of  Holborn  many  new  fquares  and  ftreets  have  been  built, 
the  greater  part  of  which  has  been  defigned  by  James 
Burton,  efq.  In  fnbfequent  accounts  of  IVIary-lebone, 
Paddington',  and  Westminsteu,  many  other  fubjefts  will 
be  dofcribed. 

Publications  relating  to  London' and  Wefiminfier. — Though 
many  volumes  have  been  cxprefsly  devoted  t6the  hiflory  and 
topography  of  the  metropolis,  it  is  generally  admitted,  and 
much  to  be  regretted,  that  not  one  work  is  fatibfaftory 
either  as  a  comprchenfive  hiflory,  or  popular  and  general 
defcription.  Tlie  moft  elaborate,  and  the  moll  complete  at 
the  time  of  publication,  is  Strype's  edition  of  Stow's  "  Sur- 
vey of  London,"  2  vols,  folio,  fixth  edition,  1754:  but  this 
is  merely  a  reprint  of  a  former  edition  of  1720.  As  a  fort 
of  guide,  or  popular  ..rcount  of  the  prefent  metropolis,  "  The 
Pifture  of  London  for  1812,"  called  "the  thirteenth  edition," 
is  beft  adapted  to  furnifli  a  ftranger  with  a  view  of  London  'as 
it  is'  :  but  this,  though  admirably  planned,  and  well  exe- 
cuted in  parts,  is  replete  with  errors  of  names,  dates,  and 
events.  Many  of  its  ftriftures  are  objeaionable  on  points  of 
art,  tafte,  and  antiquities ;  and  one  feftion  on  reviews  and 
literary  criticifm  is  unjuft,  and  of  injurious  tendency.  The 
moft;  eflential  points  of  thefe  two  works,  with  much  additional 
information,  will  be  comprifcd  in  Brayley's  "  London  and 
Middlefex  ;  or,  An  hifl;orical,  commercial,  and  defcriptive 
Survey  of  the  Metropolis  of  Great  Britain,"  now  in  the 
progrefs  of  publication,  and  promifed  to  be  completed  in 
two  large  oftavo  volumes.  The  following  are.  the  titles  of 
the  other  principal  works  relating  to  the  topography  of  the 
metropolis. 

"  The  Hiftory  of  London,  from  its  Foundation  by  the 
Romans,  to  the  prefent  Time,"  by  William  Maitland,  F.R.S. 
and  others,  2  vols,  folio,  1765. 

"  A  new  and  complete  Hifl:ory  and  Survey  of  the  Cities 
of  London  and  Weftminfter,  the  Borough  of  Southwark, 
and  Parts  adjacent,"  to  the  year  1770,  by  Henry  Chamber- 
Iain,  efq.  and  a  focicty  of  gentlemen. 

«  A  new  Hiftory  of  London,  including  Wefl:minfl;er  and 
South wark,"  by  John  Noorthouck,  citizen  and  ft^ationer, 
4to.  1773. 

"   Repertorium  Ecclefiafticum,"    by Newcourt, 

2  vols,  folio.  1708. 

«'  Londinopolis,  or  An  hiftorical  Difcourfe  of  the  City 
ef  London,"  by  Howell,  folio,  1657. 

"  A  pifturefque  Tour  through  the  Cities  of  London 
and  Weftminfter,"  by  Thomas  Maltou,  folio,  1792. 


"  Londinium  Redivivum,  or  An  ancient  HiHory  and 
modern  Defcription  of  London,"  by  James  PtUcr  Malcolm, 
F.S.A.  4  vols.  410.  1807. 

"  Some  Account  of  London,"  by  Thomas  Pennant,  efq. 
4th  edition,  410.  1805. 

"  The  Culloms  of  London,  otherwife  called  Arnold's 
Chronicle,"  new  edit.  4to.  1811. 

"  London  ;  being  an  accurate  Hiftory  and  Defcription 
of  the  Britifli  Metropolis,  and  its  Neighbourhood,"  6  vols. 
8vo.  faid  to  be  by  David  Hughfon  ;  but  really  com- 
piled and  written  by  David  Pugh.  This  mode  of  giving 
fiftitious  names  is  very  reprehenfible. 

"  London  and  Well  Tiinfter  improved,  with  a  Difcourfe 
on  public  Magnificence,"  by  .John  Gwynn,  410.  1766. 

"  A  critical  Review  of  the  public  Buildings,  Statues, 
and  Ornaments,  in  and  about  London  and  Weftminfter," 

by Ralph,  architeft,  a  new  edition,  i2mo.  1783. 

"  A  Treatise  ort  the  Police  of  the  Metropolis  ;  contain- 
ing a  Detail  of  the  various  Crimes  and  Mif  iemeanors  by 
which  public  and  private  Property  and  Security  are  in- 
jured ;  and  fuggcfting  Remedies  for  their  Prevention,"  by 
P.  Colqukoun,  L.L.D.  8vo.  Several  editions  have  been 
publidied. 

"  A  Treatife  on  the  Commerce  and  Police  of  the  River 
Thames  ;  containing  an  hiftorical  View  of  the  Trade  of  the 
Port  of  London,  and  fuggefting  Means  for  preve:!ting 
Dcpredatibr.s  thereon,  &c.  Witli  a  Map  of  the  River 
from  London  Bridge  to  Sheernefs,"  by  P.  Colquhoun, 
L.L.D.  8vo. 

"  A  Treatife  on  the  Funftions  and  Duties  of  a  Confta- 
b'e  ;  containing  interefting  Details  and  Obfervations,  rela- 
tive to  the  Corruptions  of  Morals,  and  the  Protection  of  the 
peaceful  Subjefts  againft  penal  Offences,"  by  P.  Colquhoun, 
L.L.D.  8vo. 

"  The  Thames  ;  or.  Graphic  Illuftrations  of  the  Seats, 
Villas,  &c.  on  the  Banks  of  that  River,"  2  vols.  8vo.  iSii. 
chiefly  a  book  of  prints. 

"  The  Hiftory  of  London  and  its  Environs,"  2  vols.  410. 
publiftied  by  John  Stockdale. 

It  appears  from  Mr.  Kirwan's  "  Eftimate  of  the  Tempe. 
rature  of  different  Latitudes,"  that  from  a  mean  of  the  ob- 
fervations  made  at  the  houfe  of  the  Royal  Society,  from  the 
year  1772  to  1780,  the  annual  temperature  of  London  is 
51  .9,  or  in  round  numbers  52"  ;  the  monthly  temperature 
is  ftated  in  the  following  table  : 


January     . - 

35-9 

February    - 

42.3 

March 

46.4 

April 

49-9 

May 

56.61 

June 

63.22 

July 

66.3 

Auguft 
September    - 
Oaober 

65.85 

59-63 
52.81 

November     - 
December     - 

44.44 
41.04 

The  greatefl;  ufual  cold  is  20^  and  happens  in  January; 
the  greateft  ufual  heat  is  81%  and  happens  generally  in  July. 
The  limits  of  the  annual  variation  are  2  .5,  that  is,  i"  above 
and  I ".5  below  the  mean. 

The  greateft  variations  of  the  mean  temperature  of  the 
fame  month,  in  different  years,  are  as  follows  : 


I 


January 

0 
6 

July 

0 

2 

February   - 

5 

Auguft 

2 

March 

4 

September  - 

3-5                        ! 

April 

3 

oaober       - 

4 

May 

2.5 

November    - 

4                             1 

June 

2 

December   - 

3 

Her.c 


L  O  N 

Hence  it  appears  tliat  the  fummers  differ  much  lefs  than 
"the  winters. 

The  mod  ufual  variations  of  temperature  within  the 
fpace  of  24  hours  in  every  month,  are 


January 
February     - 
March 

6 
8 
20 

July 
Auguft 
September  - 

10 
iS 

April 

May 

June 

18 

H 

12 

Oaober       - 
November   - 
December   - 

9 
6 

Hence  is  feen  the  origi'i  of  vernal  and  autumnal  colds. 
Mr.  Kirwan  has  (hewn  that,  propnrtionably  to  its  lati- 
tude, it  is  much  colder  in  London  than  at  Edinburgh  ;  for 
the  mean  temperature  of  Edinburgh  in  .Taimary  is  34°  j, 
and  that  of  London  is  35". 9  ;  and  this  difference  he  afcribes 
to  the  fcUowing  caufcs  :  i!h  That  Edinburgh  is  not  ex- 
pofed  to  the  Siberian  winds  as  London  is.-  idly.  That 
.  Edinburgh  is  nearer  to  the  fea.  jdly.  The  rigour  of  the 
noi'therly  winds  is  very  little  moderated,  if  not  increafcd,  in 
paffing  from  Scotland  to  us,  particularly  if- the  furfacc  of 
the  earth  is  covered  with  fnow  ;  and  hence,  if  we  believe 
Dr.  Sir.olkt  (Travels  to  Italy),  the  whiters  are  fometimes 
milder  at  Edinburi;h  than  at  London. 

LovDOX,  a  town  of  America,  in  Ann-Arundtl  county, 
Maryland  ;  5  miles  S.W.  of  Annapolis. 

LoSDOK,  The  townjhily  of,  is  fituated  in  Upper  Canada, 
on  the  main  fork  of  the  river  Thames,  is  a  central  pofition 
from  the  lakes  Erie,  Huron,  and  Ontario,  and  oilers  many 
advantages  for  being  the  capital  of  the  province.  It  com- 
municates  with  lake  St.  Clair  and  the  D.--troit  by  the  river 
Thames  ;  with  lake  Huron  by  the  northern  branch  of  the 
Thames  and  a  fmall  portage,  and  with  the  Oufe  and  lake 
Ontario  by  the  military  way  called  Dundas-ftreet.  It 
abounds  with  black  and  white  walnut,  cherry,  bafs,  elm, 
hickory,  beech,  a^,  and  many  other  kinds  of  timber.  It 
is  fupplied  with  excellent  water,  and  the  fituation  is 
bsalthy. 

London  Ccvt,  a  narrow  water  of  Long  ifland  found, 
which  fets  N.  into  the  tn^vnfhip  of  New  London  ;  4  miles 
W.  of  the  moutli  of  Thames  fiver. 

London  Harlo-.ir,  a  bay  and  harbour  on  the  N.  coaft  of 
the  ifland  of  St.  John,  in  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  N.  lat. 
46''  26'.     W.  long.  670  8'. 

London,  iVi-ct'.     See  New  Lon.hn. 
London  Pr'id;,  in  Gardening,  the  name  of  a  well-known 
plant  of  the  fiowcr-kind.      See  Sa\'IFRAG-\. 

LONDONDERRY,  in  Gerj^raphj,  a  county  of  Ire- 
land,  in  the  province  of  Ul'ler.  It  lies  to  the  weft  of 
Antrim,  from  which  it  is  in  a  great  meafure  feparated  by  tlie 
river  B:inn.  Lough  Neagh  waflies  it  on  the  fouth-eaft  ;  on 
the  fouth  it  has  Tvror.e,  from  which  it  is  feparated,  in  part, 
by  the  little  river  Ballinderry  ;  on  the  weft  it  has  Donegal 
and  Lough  Foyle;  and  on  the  north,  that  part  of  the 
Atlantic  ocean  which  is  fometimes  called  the  Deucaledonian 
fea.  A  great  part  of  it  was  given  by  James  I.  to  tlie  twelve 
London  companies,  on  condition  of  their  fortifying  the 
towns  of  Derry  and  Coleraine.  From  this  circumllance, 
both  the  county  and  town  were  called  by  the  name  of 
Londonderry.  It  extends  32  Irifh  miles  from  north  to 
fouth,  and  about  llie  fame  from  ea!l  to  weft,  where  it  is 
"broadeft.  This  length  and  breadth  are  equal  to  40^ 
"Englifti  m.iles.  It  meafures  in  area  318,500  Irifli  acres, 
and  479  fquare  miles,  which,  in  Englifh  meafure,  are 
511,688  acres,  and  798  fquare  miles,  it  contains  31  pa- 
VfjL.  XXL 


L  O  N 

riiTics,  whicli  have  29   churches,  modly  in   the  diocefe  of 
Dcrry  ;  which  fee. 

Londonderry  is  in  general  very  mountainsus,  e.tcepting 
the   eafteni   part,    adjoining   Lough    Neagh  and    the  river 
Bann.     The  principal  hills  are  Benyevenagh  in  the  north  - 
Sliebh-Gallen  in  the  foutli  ;  Cairntogher,  which  fometimc* 
gives  name  to  the  chain  extending  into  the  county  of  Tyrone, 
and  Sawell  on  the  borders  of  the  fame  county.     The  l]i"-heft 
of  thefe,  however, 'is   not  more  than  iCco  feet  above   the 
level  of  the  fea.      The  face  of  the  country,  near  the  fea  and 
the  river  Bann,  bears  a  great  refembiance  to  that  of  the 
adjoining   county   of    Antrim.     Bafaltes,  intermixed   with 
zeolite,  is  found  on  a  bed  of  white  limeftr;ne,  which  is  fr nv.-- 
times  concealed  by  the  bafaltes,  at-d  r(;mttimes  (hows  itfcif 
in  fteep  and  elevated  rocks,  efuecially  in  Bcnyevcnanh,  and 
the  adjacent  forelands.     The  ground  about  Lough  Fovie  is, 
in  general,  a  ftrong  loam,  which  is  v.ell  adapted  for  wheat, 
barley,  flax,  and  potatoes,  and  which  is  principally  manured 
by  the  fliclls  procured  from  the  longii.     The  land  in  the 
vallies  docs  not  cor.fiderably  differ,  except  in  manure,  (hells 
being  at  too  great  a  dillance  ;  a  circnmftance  which  is,  in 
feme  meafure,  re'-ompenfed  by  the  dcpofils  from  the  m.oun- 
tain  torrents.     The  river  Roe,   which   priffcs   through   the 
middle  of  the  county  to  Lough  Foyle,  is  thought  to  feuarate 
the  bafaltic  region  from  the  fehiftofe,  or  fl.ity.     TiieVe  are 
in   the   latcer  various   kinds  of  fchid  ;    and  with  them  arc 
found  pudding  ftone,  gncifs,  and  blue  limeftone.     Sandftone 
is    found    univerfally  under    the    bafaltes,   and  occafionaily 
intermingled     with    fchilt.      Iron    is    in    great    aburdame 
throughout  the  county,  either  in  an  ochreous  (late,  or  mixed 
with  manganefe.      It  was  formerly  fmehed  by  an  ao-ert  of 
tht^Drapers'  company,  but  the  fpeculation  was  unfuccefsful. 
Boate   mentions   gold    found  in   Londonderry ;    and  fom.e 
fpecimens  of  quartz  containing  thin  leaves  of  geld  are  faid 
to  have  been  larely  met  with   (A.D.  1802)  ;    they  were 
found  on  the  furficc,  and  fuppofed  to  be  adventitious.    The 
(iliceous,  or  flinty  matter,  like  the  calcareous,  has  f.vo  dif- 
tinft  appearances,  which  denote  the  regions  of  which  they 
are  the  natives.     The  filica  in  tlic   fchift  country  is  in  the 
character  of  quartz,  and  the- lime  of  the  fame  country  is 
blueifh  and  laminated.     In  the  bafaltic  country  the  iilica  is 
in  the  character  of  flint,  including  clialcedony,  &c.  ;  and  the 
lime  white,  and  abounding  in  marine  fubftanccs.      Beth  the 
quartz  and  flint  are  of  various   tinges.     The  former  fome- 
times clear,  yellow,  brownifli,  reddilli,  &c.  ;  the  latter  horn- 
coloured,  purple,  brownidiblack,  &c.     The  flint  has  fome- 
times marine  i.mpreffious  ;  the  quartz  never.      Rock  crytlals 
of  great  hardneis,  and  wcigliing  from  one  ounce  to  twelve, 
are  found  in  the  fchiftofe  region.     The  grafs  which  is  mo(l 
prevalent  in  this  county  is  the  Agroftis  llolonifera,  called  ia 
Irifli  /or/;;,  and  fo  ftrongly  recommended  for  cultivation  by 
Dr.  Richardton.     It  is  peculiarly  luxuriant  in  low  meadows. 
The  foft  meadow  grafs   (Holcus  mollis),  is  thought  to  be 
next  in  value  and  predooiinauce,  and  is  that  geiiera'.Iv  fown. 
The  variety,  however,  found  in  other  counties,  is  not  want- 
ing in  this.     Of  other  vegetables,  the  moil  rrniarkab'c  is  the 
Lichen  lomphaloides,  which,  wlien  mainifaftuied,  is  called 
litmus,  tumfoie,  and  archi'.     Thi^s   is   found  on  the  rocks 
in  great   abundance,  and  is  ufed  both   for  dyeing  purple, 
and  in    a    iimple    watery    decodion,    for    giving"  woollen 
goods,  fuch  as  flanneh,   an  orange-red  colour.     The  flats 
near  the  river  Bann  have  a   greater  extent  of  bog  than  is 
at  prefent   neceffary  for  fuel,  which  bog  is  in  general  very 
reclaimablc.      Both  this  part   of  tl\e  county  and  the  mou.T. 
tainous  dillrict  require   much  imnrovemejit.      Some  yountr 
cattle  are  reared  on  the  mountains,  and  fome  iheep  fed. 
U  a  TJie 


L  O  N 


L  O  N 


•The  linen  manufacture  is  carried  on  extenfively  threv.crh 
every  part  ot"  the  county.  I^ondouderry  is  well  watered 
by  feveral  llreams.  Of  thcfe  the  Bann  flows  from  Lough 
Neagh,  and  forms  the  eallcrn  boundary,  till  it  approaches 
the  town  of  Coleraine,  when  it  ccal'es  to  be  a  boundary, 
flowing  through  tiie  liberties  of  that  town  into  the  fea 
about  three  miles  below  it.  About  a  mile  above  Colcraine 
is  a  ridge  of  rocks  called  the  Salmon  Leap,  at  which  weirs 
are  built  for  the  falmon-filhery.  Great  quantities  of  this 
fi(h  are  caught  in  the  Bann,  and  being  falted  at  Coleraiiie 
form  a  valuable  article  ot  commerce.  There  is  alio  an  eel- 
fifhcry  at  Toomc,  between  Lou^h  Beg  and  Lough  Neagh, 
which,  as  well  as  tlie  other,  is  very  valuable  to  the  pro- 
prietor. The  Foyle,  a  wide  and  deep  river,  having  divided 
the  counties  of  Tyrone  and  Donegal,  and  received  feveral 
fmaller,  enters  this  county  a  little  above  the  city  of  I^oudon- 
dcrry,  and  palling  by  it  expands  into  that  large  faltwater 
lake,  known  by  the  name  of  Lough  Foyle.  The  rivers 
Fahan  and  Roe  riling  in  tht  Cairntoglier  mountains  alfo  flow 
into  this  lough.  Sever.il  other  dreams  join  the  Bann  in  its 
courfe,  or  increafe  the  waters  of  Lough  Neagh  ;  amongll 
the  latter  is  the  Moyowla.  In  tracing  the  coall  trom  the 
little  harbour  of  Portrufh,  in  Antrim,  we  tirll  meet  with 
Bannhaven  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bann,  about  three  miles 
from  which  is  the  town  of  Coleraine.  (See  Coi.euain'E. ) 
Proceeding  along  the  coall,  Magilligan  Point,  at  the  extre- 
mity of  a  large  fandy  tract,  prelcnts  itfelf,  approaching  the 
coall  of  Donegal,  and  thus  forming  the  entrance  of  Lough 
Foyle.  Between  Benyevanagh  mountain  and  tli;s  point  is 
a  warren,  which  yields,  on  an  average,  three  thouland  dozen 
of  rabbits  each  year.  The  fale  of  the  Ikins,  which  are  fent 
to  Dublin,  produces  a  large  revenue  to  the  proprietor.  Near 
this  point  is  the  Tons,  a  fand-bank  not  far  from  the  entrance 
of  the  lough,  on  which  the  fea  fometimes  beats  with  a  pro- 
digious noife.  The  entrance  of  Lough  Foyle  is  not  above 
half  a  mile  wide,  fo  that  it  is  land-locked  on  all  fides.  It  is 
a  large  oval  batin,  twelve  miles  long,  and  near  feven  broad 
in  the  wideil  part,  but  it  has  only  one  deep  channel  in  the 
middle  between  long  (hoals  or  banks  of  fand.  It  is,  never- 
thelefs,  on  the  whole,  a  fafe,  large,  and  commodious  har- 
bour. Near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Roe,  which  runs  into 
the  lough,  is  a  ridge  of  (tones  mixed  with  fhells  and  fand, 
extending  a  mile  and  a  half  in  length,  which  is  called  the 
Giant's  Grave.  There  are  other  banks  of  the  fame  kind 
at  a  greater  diftaace  from  tlie  lough,  which  renders  it  pro- 
bable, that  this  part  of  the  county  was  once  overflowed  by 
the  fea.  The  county  town,  called  alfo  Londonderry,  is  on 
the  Foyle.  (See  next  article. )  Other  towns  are,  New- 
town Limavaddy,  Magherafelt,  and  Moneymore.  Londen- 
derry  returns  three  members,  two  for  the  county  and  one 
for  the  city.  Sampfon's  Statillical  Survey,  and  Beaufort's 
Memoir. 

Londonderry,  the  capital  of  the  county  defcribed  in 
the  preceding  article  :  it  is  on  the  river  Foyle,  over  which 
it  has  a  wooden  bridge,  1068  feet  in  length,  and  of  lingular 
and  excellent  conllruiAion.  It  is  a  well  built  and  neat  city, 
and  has  a  general  appearance  of  order,  induitry,  and  fobriety. 
It  contains  about  10,000  inhabitants.  Its  trade  is  confi- 
derable,  efpecially  with  America  ;  the  exports  are  linen, 
linen-yarn,  &c.  In  the  time  of  queen  Elizabeth,  Derry 
was  a  confiderable  military  (lation,  being  well  fitted  for 
keeping  the  adjoining'country  in  fubjettion.  In  the  reign 
«f  James  I.  it  whs  rebuilt  and  llrengtheried  by  the  citizens 
of  London,  to  whom  it  was  given  by  that  monarch.  In 
the  rebellion  of  1641,  and  the  fucceeding  years,  it  was 
twice  belieged,  but  without  fuccels ;  but  it  is  moll  cele- 


brated in  hiftory  for  the  fiegc  nobly  fuHaincd  by  the  inlia- 
bitants  in  16S8  and  1689,  for  105  days  againll  the  army  of 
king  James,  although  prelTed  by  a  very  fevere  famine.  It 
deferves  to  be  recorded,  that  when  the  military  governor 
was  inclined  to  give  up  further  refiftance,  the  inhabitants, 
inlligated  by  the  Rev.  George  Walker,  whom  they  chofe 
governor,  took  it  upon  themfelves,  and  have  thus  gained 
immortal  renown.  Londonderry  is  (till  lurroundcd  by  walls 
and  has  a  military  governor,  who  is  alfo  commander  of  Cul- 
more  fort.  (See  Ci'I-Moke.  )  Londondery  is  a  poll-town, 
and  returns  a  member  to  parliament.  It  is  11  j  miles  N. 
by  W.  from  Dublin.  N.lat,  55-.  W.  long.  7"  13'.  Samp- 
ion,   &c. 

LoxDONUERiiv,  a  pod-town  of  America,  in  Rockingham 
county.  New  Hamplliire,  near  the  head  of  Beaver  river, 
which  difehargc^  itfelf  into  Merrimack  river,  at  Pawtncket 
Falls,  fettled  in  171S,  incorporated  irl  1722,  and  con'aining 
2650  inhabitants.  The  inhabitants  are  moftly  the  defceud- 
aiits  of  emigrants  from  U'lller  county,  Ireland,  and  are 
employed  in  the  manufaClure  ef  hnen  cloth  and  thread  ; 
36  miles  S.W.  by  S.  from  Portfmouth. — AHo,  a  townfhip 
in  Halifax  county.  Nova  Scotia,  on  the  N.  fide  of  Cobe- 
quid  or  Colcheder  river,  about  30  miles  from  its  mouth, 
at  the  bafin  of  Miiias  ;  fettled  by  North  Irifli  and  Scotch. 
— Alfo,  a  townfhip  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Windham  city, 
Vermont,  on  the  head  waters  of  Well  river,  about  3^  miles 
N.E.  of  Bennington.  In  1795  it  was  divided  into  two 
parts,  the  E.  half  being  called  IVlndham,  and  the  W.  part 
retaining  its  original  name. — Alfo,  two  towndiips  in  Penn- 
fylvania ;  one  in  Dauphin  county,  containing  1)77  inha- 
bitants, the  other  in  Somerfet  county,  having  709  inhabit- 
ants. 

LONDONGROVE,  a  townfhip  in  Che.ler  county, 
Pennfylvania,  containing  921  inhabitants. 

L(3NDRES,  or  London,  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
the  province  of  Tucuman,  built  by  Tanta,  the  governor, 
in  15J),  in  compliment  to  Mary,  queen  of  England,  then 
married  to  Philip,  king  of  Spain.      S.  lat.  19'  12'. 

LONEE,  a  town  of  Hindooftan  ;  12  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Poonah. 

LONEL,  a  town  of  the  ifland  of  Sardinia  ;  22  miles 
S.E.  of  Bofa. 

LONER,  a  town  of  Hindooftan,  in  Baglana  ;  i6  miles 
N.W.  of  Chnnder. 

LONERSTATT,  a  town  of  Bavaria  ;  14  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Bamberg. 

LONG,  J.\MES  LE,  in  B'iography,\  a  learned  French  pried, 
was  born  at  Paris  in  1665.  In  1686  he  entered  into  the 
congregation  of  the  Oratory,  and  occupied  the  pod  of  pro- 
feffor  in  feveral  houfes  of  that  fociety,  and  finally  was  ap- 
pointed their  librarian  at  St.  Honore.  He  paded  his  life 
in  learned  labours,  and  died  in  1 72 1,  with  the  eharafter  of  a 
virtuous  and  ellimable  man.  He  was  thoroughly  converfant 
in  the  ancient  and  many  of  the  m.odern  languages,  and  had 
an  extenfive  acquaintance  with  the  hiltory  of  literature,  of 
bibliography,  and  printing.  His  chief  work  is  entitled 
"  Bihliotheca  Sacra,"  containing  a  catalogue  of  all  the 
editions  and  tranflations  of  the  fcriptures,  in  two  volumes 
oftavo,  to  which  he  fubjoined,  in  a  fecond  part,  a  lift  of 
all  the  autlwrs  who  had  written  upon  the  fcriptures.  He 
publifhed,  likewife,  "  Bibiiotheqne  Hiftorique  de  la  France," 
being  an  account  of  all  the  hillorical  works  relative  to  that 
country,  which  is  liighly  elleemed,  and  ranks  among  the 
great  produdlions  of  the  reign  of  Lewis  XV.  ;  alfo  a 
"  Hiitorical  Difcourfe  on  Polyglott  Bibles,"  and  their  fe- 
veral »ditions. 

LOKG; 


L  O  N 


L  O  N 


Long,  Roger,  an  Englifli  divine,  and  aftronomical  pro- 
fefTor,  was  born  in  1679,  received  his  college  education  at 
Cambridije,  and  became  mailer  of  Pembroke-hall,  and 
Lowndes's  profefTor  of  aftronomy.  He  is  chiefly  known 
as  an  author,  by  a  Treatife  on  Allronomy,  in  two  volumes; 
the  tlrll  of  which  was  publifhed  in  1742,  and  the  fecond  in 
1764.  He  was  the  inventor  of  a  curious  aftronomical  ma- 
chine, erected  in  a  room  at  Pembroke-hall.  This  is  a  hollow 
fphere  about  eighteen  feet  in  diameter,  in  which  thirty  per- 
fons  may  fit.  The  concave  furface  reprefents  the  heavens 
with  the  ilars  and  conllellations  in  their  order  ;  the  axis  is 
placed  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  world,  upon  which  it  is 
eafily  turned  by  a  winch.  (See  Constellation.)  He 
publilhed  a  Commencement  Sermon,  and  an  Anfxver  to  Dr. 
Galley's  pamphlet  "  On  Greek  Accents."  He  died  in  the 
year  1770,  at  the  age  of  eighty-one. 

Long,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine,  was  born  at  Exeter 
in  162 1,  and  educated  a:  tlie  college  of  that  name  in  Oxford. 
His  highell  preferment  in  the  church  was  a  prebend  in 
Exeter  cathedral,  of  which  he  was  deprived  at  the  Revo- 
lution for  refuliiig  the  oaths.  He  died  in  1700.  He  was 
author  of  many  theological  pieces  ;  of  a  Life  of  Julian  ; 
Hiltory  of  all  the  Popiih  and  Fanatical  Plots  and  Confpi- 
racies  ;  and  a  Vindication  of  the  Clain^-  of  King  Charles  L 
to  the  Authorlhip  of  the  Eikon  Bafilike. 
Long  Accent.     See  Accent. 

Long  Bay,  in  Geography,  a  bay  on  the  E.  coaft  of  Jamaica. 
N.  lat.  18"  8'.  W.  long.  76.— Alfo,  a  bay  on  the  W. 
coall  of  the  illand.  N.  lat.  18'  20'.  W.  long.  78'  21'. 
— Alfo,  a  bay  on  the  S.  coall  of  the  fame  ifland  ;  fix  miles 
E.  of  Callihafh  bay. — Alfo,  a  bay  of  America,  extending 
along  the  (hore  of  N.  and  S.  Carolina,  from  Cape  Fear  to 
the  mouth  of  Pedee  river. — Alfo,  a  bay  on  the  W.  fide  of 
the  ifland  of  Barbadoes.— Alfo,  another  on  the  S.  fide  of 
the  ifland. 

Long  Boat,  the  largeft  and  ftrongelt  boat  belonging  to  a 
fliip.     See  Boat. 

Long  Hand.     .See  Long  Hand. 

LoNG-^ornr-J  Cattle,  in  Agriculture,  a  breed  of  neat  cattle, 
which  is  chiefly  diftinguilhed  by  the  length  of  the  horn,  the 
thicknefs  and  firm  texture  of  the  hide,  the  length  and  clofe- 
ncfs  of  the  liair,  the  large  fize  of  the  hoof,  and  the  coarfe 
leathery  thicknefs  of  the  neck.  It  is  fometimes  termed 
Lancalhire  breed  from  its  being  predominant  there.      See 

C.VTTLE. 

L,0}iG-Jo!nlfJ,  in  the  Manegt.  A  horfe  is  faid  to  be  long- 
jointed,  whofe  pallern  is  flender  and  pliant.  I.,ong-iointed 
horfes  are  wont  to  have  wind-galls. 

Long  Ifland,  in  Geography,  an  ifland  in  Pcnobfcot  bay. 
(See  Isleborough.) — Alio,  an  ifland  of  America,  on  the 
coaft  of  Main,  4  miles  long  and  i^  wide.  N.  lat.  44^  20'. 
W.  long.  68'  20'. — Alfo,  an  ifland  near  the  S.  coaft  of  Ja- 
maica. N.lat.  I7~  51'.  W.  long.  76  58'. — Alfo,  an  illand 
near  the  N.  coaft  of  the  ifland  of  Antigua.  N.  lat.  17 "  17. 
W.  long.  61^  28'.  —  Alfo,  an  illand  in  Hudfsri's  Straits. 
N.  lat.  61  .  W.  long.  75^. — Alfo,  another  in  Hudfon's  bay. 
N.  lat  ^j"  16'.  W.  long.  78"  30'. — Alfo,  a  narrow  ifland 
about  two  miles  in  length,  on  the  S.  coaft  of  the  county  of 
Cork,  Ireland,  in  Roaring- water  bay.  It  contains  3 16  acres 
of  Lnd.  N.  lat.  yi"  26'.  W.  long.  9^  27'. — Alfo,  one  of 
the  fmallcr  Bermuda  iflands. — Alio,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the  gulf 
of  Mexico,  near  the  coaft  of  Eaft  Florida.  N.  lat.  2^-50'. 
Vv'.  long.  82  55'. — Alfo,  a  fmall  ifland  near  the  coaft  of 
S.  Carolina.  N.  lat.  32°  jo'.  W.  long.  79  45. — Alfo,  a 
fmall  ifland  near  the  coall  of  Virginia,  at  the  mouth  of  York 
nvcr.     N.  lat.  37^  i5'.     W.  long.  76'  35'.— Alfoj  a  fmall 


ifland  in  the  Atlantic,  near  the  coafl  of  Brafil.    S.  lat.  16'' 
30'. —Alfo,  an  ifland  of  America,   formerly  called  "  Man- 
hattan,"  afterwards  "  NafTau  ifland,'  difcovcred  by  Henry 
Hudfon,  an  Englifhman,  in  16:9,  and  belonging  to  the  ftate 
of  New  York.      It  extends  from  Hudfon    river,  oppolite 
to  Staten  ifland,  almoft  to  the  wcliern  boundaries  of  the  coall 
of  Rhode    ifland,    terminating   with    Montauk    point;     Its 
length  is  about  140  miles,  and  its  medial  breadth  from  10  to 
14  miles  ;  and  it  is  fcparated  from  Conncdicut  by  "  Long 
ifland  Sound."     It  contains  1400  fquare  miles,  and  is  divided 
into    three  counties,   iiiz.    King's,   Queen's,   and   Suffolk  ; 
and  thefe  are  again  fubdivided  into  ly  townfliips.     The  N. 
fide  of  the   ifland  is  rough  and  hilly,    but  the   foil  is  well 
adapted  for  raifing  grain,   hay,  and  fruit.     The  S.  fide  of 
the  ifland  lies  low,  and  its  foil  is  light  and  fandy.     On  the 
fea-coail  are  extenfive  trails  of  falt-meadow,  which  extend 
from  Southampton  to  the  W.   end  of  the  ifland.      Never- 
thelefs,   the  foil  is  well  adapted    to  the    cnlture  of  grain, 
efpccially   Indian  corn.      Near  the  middle  of  the  ifland  is 
Hampftead   plain,  in   Queen's  county,   which   is    ]6  miles 
long,  and  about  eight  broad.     This  plain,  the  foil  of  which  is 
black,  and  apparently  rich,  yields  naturally  a  particular  kind 
of  wild  grafs  and  a  few  flinibs  ;  but  it  produces  fome  rye, 
and  furnifhes,  together  with  the  fait  marlhes,  food  for  large 
herds  of  cattle.      On   the    E.   part    of  the   ifland,   E.  of 
Hampftead    plain,  is  a  large  barren  heath,  called   Bnifliy 
plain,  overgrown  with  flirub  oak,   intermixed  with  a   few 
pine-trees,  which  afford   harbour  to  wild  deer  and  groufc. 
In  a  bay  on  the  S.  fide  of  the  ifland,  vail  quantities  of  oyllers 
are  taken,  and  alfo  of  bafs.     The  largelt  river  in  the  ifland 
is  Peakonok,  which  is  but  an  inconfidcrable  flream  ;  it  run* 
E.   and    difcharges   itfelf  into  a    large  bay  that  feparates 
Southhold  from  Southampton.      In  this  bay  are  Robin  and 
Shelter  iflands.      Rockonkama  pond  lies  about  the  centre  of 
the   ifland,   between  Smith-town   and  Iflip  ;  it  is  about  a 
mile  in  circumference,  and  has  been  found  to  rife  gradually 
for  feveral  years,  until  it  had  arrived  to  a  certain  height,  and 
then   to   fall   more  rapidly  to  its  lowctt  bed  ;  and  thuj  it  is 
continually  ebbing  and  flowing.     Two  miles  to  the  fouth- 
ward  of  the  pond  is  a  llream  called  Connefticut  river,  which 
runs  into  the  bay.     There  are  two  whale-fifheries  ;  one  from 
Soggharbour,  which  produces  about  loco  barrels  of  oil  an- 
nually.    The  other  is  much  fmaller,  and  is  carried  on  by  the 
inhabitants  in  the  winter  feafon,  from  the  S.  fide  ot  the 
ifland.     They  commonly  catch  from  three  to  feven  whales 
in  a  feafon,  which  produce  from  25  to  40  barrels  of  oil  each. 
This  filhery  was  formerly  a  fource  of^  coniiderable   wealth 
to  the  inhabitants,  but  on  account  of  a  fcarcity  of  whales, 
it  has  of  late  years  much  declined.     From  Soggharbour  to 
the  Well   Indies  and  other  places,  there  is  a  confiderable 
trade   in  whale  oil,  pitch,  piiiC-boards,  horles,  cattle,  flax- 
feed,  beef,  &c.     The  produce  of  the  middle  and  we.lern 
parts  of  I  he  ifland  is  carried  to  New  York.     The   ifland 
c  ntains   42,097    iahabitants,    of   whom    3S93    are  flaves. 
(Morfe.) — Alfo,   an  ifland  in   Kolfton  river,  Teneflee,  five 
miles  long,  and  containing  z^oo  acres  of  rich  land,  lubjccl 
to  inundations.     Many   boats  are  built  here  annu;iliy,  and 
loaded  with  the  produce  of  the  ftate  for  N-'w  Orleans  ;   loa 
miles  above   Knoxville,  and  1000   from  the  mouth  of  the 
Tenedee. — Alfo,  a  fmail  ifland  in  the  Ealt  Indian  lea,  near 
the  W.  coalt  of  Billiton.      S.  lat.  2    51'.     E.  long.  107' 
30' — Alfo,  a  fmall  ifland  near  the  S.E.  coaft  of  tlie  ifland 
of  Madeira.      S.  lat.   7     16'.      E.  long.  113     5-'. — Alfo,  3 
fmall  ifland  near  the  N.  coaft  of  the  ifland  of  Flores,     S.  lat, 
8   6'.     E.  lonn-.  122    27'. — Alio,  a  fmall  ifland  in  a  bay  on 
the  N.  coaft  ol  New  Guinea.     S.  ht.  104  .     E.  kng.  135"" 
U  u  2  18  . 


L  O  N 


L  O  N 


lV — Alfo,  an  iflaiid  in  Qiiccn  Cliailottc's  found,  on  tlie 
coall  of  New  Zi'alami,  called  Uy  l\u:  natives  "  Ilamotc," 
aliout  four  miles  long  ;  nine  miles  S.  of  Port  Jackfon. — 
Alfo,  an  idand  in  the  South  Pacific  ocean,  at  the  entrance 
of  Broad  found,  on  the  N.  N.  E.  coaft  of  New  Holland, 
about  30  miles  in  length.  S.  lat.  22  '  24'.  W.  long.  210'' 
33'. — Alfo,  an  ifland  difcovercd  by  captain  Wallis  in  1767, 
and  fo  called  bv  liiai.  N.  lat.  10"  20'.  W.  long.  247  24'. 
— Alfo,  a  fniall  iHand  near  the  W.  coaft  of  Scotland.  N. 
lat.  56^  15'.  W.  long.  5"  ^y' — Alfo,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the 
Eaft  Indian  fea,  near  the  coaft  of  Africa.  S.  lat.  10^.  25'.' 
— Alfo,  one  of  the  iflands  in  the  Mergui  Archipelago. 
N.  lat.  1 2=  .:?6'.     E.  long.  98"  12'. 

Long  IJlan/l  Sound,  a  kind  of  inland  fea,  from  three  to 
25  miles  broad,  and  about  140  miles  long,  extending  the 
whole  length  of  Long  ifland,  in  the  ftate  of  New  York, 
and  dividing  it  from  Connedlicut.  This  found  communi- 
cates with  the  ocean  at  both  ends  of  the  ifland,  and  affords 
a  very  fafe  and  convenient  inland  navigation. 

Long  IJley  or  JJle  River,  Infiaiis,  are  Indians  who  inhabit 
the  territory,  on  Ifle,  or  White  river,  which  runs  W.  into 
the  Wabafti  river.  The  mouth  of  White  river  is  in  N.  lat. 
38^58'.     W.  long.  90' 7'. 

,  Long  Key,  Middle,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the  bay  of  Hon- 
duras, near  the  coalt  of  Mexico.  N.  lat.  17'  10'.  W. 
long.  88' 48'. 

Long  Key,  North,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the  fame  bay.  N. 
lat.  17-  58'.     Vv'.  long.  88   40'. 

LoN'G  Key,  South,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the  fame  bay.  N.  lat. 
iG'jy'.     W'.  long.  88' 50'. 

Long  Kunang,  a  town  of  Corea ;  125  miles  S.S.E.  of 
King-ki-tao.     N.  lat.  35'  55'.     W.  long.  79'  20'. 

Long  Lakes,  The,  a  chain  of  fmall  lakes  in  Upper  Ca- 
rada,  extending  wellerly  from  the  grand  portage  of  lake 
Superior  toward  Rain  lake. 

Long  Legs,  in  Natural  Hi/Jory.     See  TiPULA. 

Long  Meadow,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  America,  in 
Haaipfliire  county,  ftiaflachufetts,  on  the  E.  bank  of  Con- 
necticut river,  about  four  miles  S.  of  Springfield,  and  2  ? 
N.  of  Hartford;  incorporated  in  1783,  and  containing  a 
congregational  church,  and  about  7ohoufes,  forming  a  ftrect 
parallel  with  the  river.  The  townfliip  contains  973  inha- 
bitants. 

Long  Mcafurc.     See  Measure. 

Long  Mountain,  in  Geography,  a  mountain  of  Virginia  ; 


N.  lat. 


37    15' 


W. 


80  miles  W.  S.  W.   of  Richmond, 
long.  79'  20'. 

Long  Nofe,  a  cape  on  the  E.  coaft  of  New  Holland. 
S.  lat.  35  6'.     E.  long   jjr  15'. 

Long  Pohit,  is  a  long  beach  or  fand  bank,  on  lake  Erie, 
in  Upper  Canada,  now  called  the  "  North  Foreland," 
ftrctchi-ig  into  lake  Erie  from  the  lownfhip  of  Walfrngham, 
and  forming  the  deep  bay  of  Long  Point,  upwards  of  20 
miles  in  length. 

Long  Pond.     See  Bridge-town. 

Long  Reach,  a  narrow  part  of  the  ftraits  of  Magellan, 
between  Cape  Quod  and  Buckley  Point. 

Long  Reef,  a  flioal  in  the  Spanifli  Main,  near  the  Mof- 
quito  fliore.     N.  lat.  12'' 22'.      W.  long.  82   Jo'. 

Long  Saut,  a  fmall  ifland  of  Upper  Canada,  in  the  river 
St.  Lawrence,  in  front  of  the  townlbip  of  Ofna'uruck,  con- 
taining from  1000  to  I  joo  acres,  with  good  foil.  N.  lat. 
55"^  2'.     \V.  long.  7455. 

Long  Shoal,  a  river  of  America,  in  North  Carolina, 
which  runs  into  Pamlico  found,  at  the  mouth  of  which  is  a 
capecallcd i,on^Wcfl/Pti«;.  N.  lat. 35-'  22'.  W.  long.  76  2'. 


The  long  is  formed  thus 


John  de  Muris 


Long  TimSers,  or  Double  Futlochs,  in  a  Ship,  thofe  tim_ 
bers  afore  and  abaft  the  floors  which  extend  from  the  dead- 
wood  to  the  run  of  the  fecond  futtock  head. 

LONGA,  in  Geography,  one  of  the  fmaller  Shetland 
ifles.  N.  lat.  60  12'.  W.long.i°37'._Alfo,  a  fmall  ifland 
near  the  W.  coall  of  Scotland.  N.  lat.  56  12'.  W.  long. 
50  40'.  I 

LoNG.\,  Ital.  Longue,  Fr.  j^  ^ong,  Engl,  in  Mufic,  is  a 
charader  for  time  in  the  lirft  time-table,  half  the  duration 
of  the  maxima,  or  large,  and  twice  the  length  of  the  breve. 

and  his  contemporaries  had  longs  of  three  fevcral  kinds ;  the 

perfea,  with  a  tail  on  the  right  fide,  thus  — ~|,    or    ^^  ^ 

equal  to  three  pointed  breves  ;  it  is  called  pcrfeft,  'fays 
de  Muris,  on  account  of  its  numerical  ratio  with  the  Tri- 
nity. The  imperfect  long  is  of  the  fame  figure  as  the  perfect, 
and  is  only  diltinguiflicd  by  the  mood  or  character  for  time 
at  the  beginning  of  a  movement.  It  was  accounted  inipcr- 
feft,  from  its  being  incomplete  without  a  breve  to  precede 
or  follow  it.     The  double  long  contains  two  imperfeil  breves  \. 

it  is  like  the  long  only  of  a  much  larger  fize 

John  dc  Muris  quotes  Ariftotle  to  prove  that  this  note  is  not 
uffd  in  canto  fcrmo.  At  prefcnt,  the  term  long  is  only 
correlative  wiihjhort,  in  fcanning  verfes. 

LONG.'\BOO,  in  Geography,  om  oi  tht  fmaller  Friendly 
iflands  ;   12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Naenava. 

LONGA R A,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra  ;. 
20  miles  W.N.W.  of  Severina. 

LONGARES,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Aragon  ;  20  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Aragofl'a. 

LONGAY,  a  fmall  ifland  near  the  E.  coaft  of  Skye,  N. 
lat.  57    19'.     W.  long,  5    53'. 

LONGEAU,  a  town  ot  France,  in  the  department  of 
the  Upper  Marne,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  dif- 
tiicl  of  Langres  ;  fix  miles  S.  of  L-angres.  The  place 
contains  438,  and  the  canton  9485  inhabitants,  on  a  terri- 
tory of  295  kiliom.etres,  in  29  comjuiines. 

LONGEPIERRE,  Hilaire-Bernard  de  Roque- 
I.EYNE,  Lord  of,  in  Biography,  born  of  a  noble  family  at 
Dijon,  in  1659,  was  fccretary  of  commands  to  the  duke  of 
Berry.  He  diftinguilhed  himfelf  by  an  accurate  knowledge 
of  the  Greek  language,  and  publiflled  notes  upon  Anacreon,, 
Sappho,  Bion,  Moichus,  and  the  Idylls  of  Theocritus. 
In  1690  he  gave  the  public  a  cclledlion  of  "  Idylls"  of  his 
own  invention  :  he  was  author  oT  the  tragedies  of  "  Medea," 
and  "  Eleftra,"  written  after  the  manner  of  the  Greek  tra- 
gedians, which  were  brought  on  the  ftage,  and  gave  him  a 
reputation  among  dramatic  poets.  He  wrote  other  tra- 
gedies cf  conllderable  merit,  and  died  at  Paris  in  1721. 
Moveri. 

LoNGEPIERRE,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Saoiic  and  Loire,  fituated  near  the  river 
Doubf  ;   16  miles  N.E.  of  Chalons  fur  Sao:ie. 

LONGERI,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Lo- 
angOj  where  the  kings  are  generally  interred. 

LONGEVITY,  a  term  exprcfiing  length  of  life. 

From  the  different  longevities  of  men  i^i  the  beginning  of 
the  world,  after  the  flood,  and  in  tliefe  ages,  Dr.  Derhann 
deducts  a   good  argument  for  tlie  interpoiition  of  a  Divine 

Providence* 


LONGEVITr. 


Providencci.  Tmmediatcly  after  the  creation,  when  the  world 
was  to  be  peoo'ed  by  one  man  and  woman,  the  ordinary  age 
was  nine  hundred  years  and  upwards.  Immediately  after 
the  flood,  when  there  were  three  perfons  to  Hock  the  world, 
their  age  was  ctit  (horter  ;  and  none  of  thofe  patriarchs, 
but  Shorn,  arrived  at  five  hundred.  In  the  fecond  century 
we  find  none  that  reached  two  hundred  and  forty,  in  the 
third,  none,  but  Terah,  that  came  to  two  hundred  years ; 
the  world,  Rt  leaft  a  part  of  it,  by  that  time  being  fo  well 
peopled,  that  they  had  built  cities,  and  were  cantoned  out 
into  dillant  nations.  (See  Antediluvian.)  By  degrees, 
as  the  numberof  people  increafcd,  their  longevity  decreafed, 
till  it  came  down  at  length  to  feventy  or  eighty  years  ;  and 


there  it  flood,  and  has  continued  to  fland,  ever  (ince  the  time- 
of  Mofes.  This  is  found  a  good  medium,  and,  by  means 
here-of,  the  world  is  neither  overftocked,  nur  kept  too  thin  • 
but  life  and  death  keep  a  tolerably  equal  pace.  So  that 
from  this  period  the  common  duration  of  man's  life  haS'  ' 
been  mlich  the  fame  in  all  ages,  as  we  learn  both  from  facrcd 
and  profane  hiftory.  In  confequence  of  the  refeavches  of 
the  ingenious  Mr.  Whitchurft  (fee  his  Inquiry  into  the 
Origin  of  the  Earth),  and  of  Dr.  Fothergill  (fee  his  Ob- 
fervations  on  Longevity  in  the  Mancheller  Memoir?,  vol:  i.) 
we  are  enabled  to  prefent  our  readers  with  tables  of  longe- 
vity, and  appropriate  refledion^,.  wliich  wi.l  be  no  lefs  ia-. 
llruftive  than  amufmic. 


Table  I. 


Names  cf  the  Perfons. 


Ages. 


Places  of  Abode. 


Thomas  Pane 

Henry  Jenkins 

Robert  Montgomery 

James  Sands 

His  Wife 

Countefs  of  Di-fmond 

Countels  of  Ecleilun 

J.  Sagar        -  - '       - 

Laurence 

Simon  Sajk 

Colonel  Thomas  Window 

Francis  Confiil 

Chrift.  J.  Drakenberg 

Margaret  Forfter 

Her  Daughter 

Francis  Rons 

J:^!m  Brookey 

James  Bowels 

John  Tice     -  -         - 

John  Mo'jnt 

A.  Goldimith 

Marv  Yates 

Ji;hn'  EaV's 

William  E'lis 

Louiffa  Truxo,  a    Ncgrefs' 

in  South  America 
I'largaret  Patten 
Janet  Taylor 
Richard  Lloyd 
%ifannah  Hil!iar 
James  Hayley 
Ann  Cockbolt 


169 
126 

140 

12.!. 
140 

143 
112 
140 
141 
146 
i;o 
146 

104 
121 

134 
152 
12; 

140 
128 
126 
130 

i7J 

'38 

108 

■133 
100 
112 

10c 


Livini'  or  De_d. 


Shropfhire  _  _  _ 

York(hire  _  -  . 

Yorkfhire 

Staffon-.lliire  _  _  - 

Staffordihire  -  -  -. 

Ireland  -  -  - 

Ireland  _  -  _ 

Lancadiire  _  _  _ 

Scotland  _  _  . 

Trionia  -  -  . 

Ireland  .  _  . 

Yorkfhire  .  _  _ 

Norway  -  -  - 

Cunnberland  _  _  . 

Cumberland  .  _  . 

France  -  .  . 

Devonfhire  _  _  _ 

Killingworth         -  _  _ 

WoLcellcrlbire      -  -  _ 

Scotland  ... 

France  _  .  . 

Shropfliire      '        -  ,        - 
Nortliampton        ... 

Liverpool  -  _  . 

Tucuman,  South  America 

Lockneugh,  near  Paiiley    / 
Fintray,  Scotland 

Montgomery         -  _  . 

Piddington,  Northamptonfliire  - 
Middlewich,  Che.Tiire     - 
Stoke-Bruernc,  Nortliamptonfhire 


Died  Nov.  16, 163,-,  Phil.  Tran.  N  44. 
Dec.8.i76o,Phil.Tran.N  221. 


in  1670. 


|-  Ditto  Fuller's  Worthies,  p.  47. 

Riv.leigh's  Hiftory,  p.  16Q. 

1691    (a) 


Died 


Living 

Died  May  30, 

Auguil  26, 

January 

June  24, 

y  Both  Living 

Died  February  6, 

Living 

Died  Auguft  15', 

March 

February  27, 

June    . 


April  5, 
Auguil  16, 


1668    (l>) 

1764 
1766 
1768 
1770  (J) 

1771 
1769 
1777  (0 

1656  (/) 

1774  (g) 
1776  (b) 

1776  (/•) 
1776  (i) 

1706  (/) 
I7S0 

17S0  (n) 


Living  OAober  5, 

Lynche's  Guide  to  Health. 
Died  October  10,    ' 
Lynche's  Guide  to  Health. 
Died  February  19,  178 1    (0) 

March  17,  1781    (/>) 


1780 


April  5, 


(?) 


William  Walker,  aged  112,  not  m.entioned  above,  who  was  a  foldier  at  the  battle  of  Edge-Hill. 


(a)  Fuller's  Worthies,  p.  140. 

(i)  Philofophical  Tranfadions,  abridged  by  Lowthorp, 
vol.  iii.  p.  306. 

(r)   Derham's  Phyfico  Theology,  p.  1,73. 

(d)   Annual  Regifter. 

(/^)   Daily  Advcrtifer,  Nov.  i3,  1777. 

{/)  War'.vick{liire. 

(^)   Daily  Advertifcr,  March  1774. 

{//)  Moraing  Poll,  Feb.  29,  1776. 


(;')   Daily  Advertifcr,  June  24,  1776. 

(/')  Ibidem,  Auguil  22,  1 776. 

(/)   See  Infcriptiou  in  the  portico  of  All-Saints  church, 

(m)  London  Evening  Pod,  Aug'.ift  22,  1780. 

(n)  London  Chronicle,  Oclober  5,  1780. 

(oj  Nortl.em  Mercury,  Feb.  19,  17S1. 

(/>)  General  Evening  Poll,  March  24,  17S1. 

(y)  Well  known  to  perfons  of  credit  at  Northamptoiw 


If 


LONGEVITY. 


If  we  look  to  an  early  period  of  the  Cliriftian  era,  wc 
ftiall  find  that  Italy  has  been,  at  leail  about  lliat  time,  pecu- 
liarly propitious  to  longevity.  Lord  JJacon  obleryes,  that 
the  year  of  our  Lord  76,  in  the  reign  of  Vefpafian,  \va3 
memorable  ;  for  in  that  year  was  a  taxing,  which  afforded 
the  mod  authentic  method  of  knowing  the  ages  of  men. 
From  it,  there  were  found  in  that  p:)rt  of  Italy,  lying  be- 
tween the  Apennine  mountains  and  tlie  river  Po,  one  hundred 
and  twenty-four  perfous  wlio  either  equalled  or  exceeded  one 
hundred  years  of  age,  namely  : 


la  Parma 


54 
57 

2 

4 
4 
3 
3 
2 


Table  II. 

Perfous  of  100  Years  each. 
1 10 
-  1 25 
130 
136 
140 
120 
iJO 


In  Bruffels 
In  Placentia 
In  Favcntia 


In  Rii 


12  J  Years  each. 
131 


13^ 
tio 
120 
150 


viz.  Marcus  Aponius 
Mr.  Carcw,  in  his  Survey  of  Cornwall,  affures  us,  that  it 
is  no  umifual  thing,  with  the  inhabitants  of  that  county,  to 
rrach  ninety  years  of  age,  and  upwards,  and  even  to  retain 
their  llrength  of  body  and  perfect  ule  of  their  fenfes.  Be- 
fides  Brown,  the  CiU'Jiilh  beggar,  who  lived  to  one  hundred 
and  twenty,  and  one  Polezevv  to  one  hundred  and  thirty 
years  of  age  ;  he  remembered  the  deceafe  of  four  perfons 
in  his  own  parilh.the  funi  of  whole  years,  taken  collectively, 
amounted  to  three  hundred  and  forty.  Now,  although 
longevity  evidently  prevails  more  in  certain  dillrifts  than  in 
others,  yet  it  is,  by  no  means,  conlined  to  any  particular 
nation  or  climate  ;  nor  arc  there  wanting  inftanccs  of  it, 
in  almoll  every  quarter  of  the  globe,  as  appears  from  the 
pieceding,  as  well  as  the  fubfequent  table. 


Table  III. 


Names  of  the  Perfons. 

Ages. 

Places  of  Abode. 

Where  recorded. 

Hippocrates,  phyllcian 

104 

Ifland  of  Cos       - 

Lynche  on  Health,  chap.  3. 

Democritus,  philofopher    - 

109 

Abdera                 .           _           - 

Bacon's  Hiflory,  1095. 

Galen,  phyfician 

140 

Pergamus                .            _            - 

Voff.  Inll.  or  lib.  i. 

Albuna  Marc 

150 

Ethiopia                 .            .            - 

Hakeweli's  Appendix,  lib.  i. 

Dumitur  Raduly     - 

140 

Haromfzeek  Trafilvania           > 

Died  January  18,  1782,  General  Ga- 
zetteer, April  i8"-h. 

Titus  Fullonius 

150 

Bononia                 .           -           - 

Fulgofiis,  lib.  viii. 

Abraham  Paiba 

142 

Charles-Town,  South  Carolina 

General  Gnzetteer 

L.  TertuUa 

■37 

Arminium              .            .            - 

Fulgofus,  lib.  viii. 

Lewis  Cornaro 

100 

Venice       .            .            -            . 

Bacon's  Hiilory  of  Life,  Sic.  p.  134. 

Robert  Blakeney,  Efq.      - 

■'4 

Armagh,  Ireland 

General  Gazetteer. 

Margaret  Scott 

125 

Dalkeith,  Scotland 

See  Irfcription  on  her  Tomb  in  Dal- 
keith Church-yard. 

W.  Gulftone 

140 

Ireland       -            -            -            - 

Fuller's  Worthies. 

J.  Bright 

105 

Ludlow     -            -            -            - 

Lynche  on  Health. 

William  Pollell        - 

120 

France       -            -           .            - 

Bacon's  HiHory,  p.   154. 

Jane  Reeves    -         -            - 

103 

Effex          ...            - 

St,  James's  Ciironicle,  June  14,  1781. 

W.  Paulet,  marquis  of     1 
Winchefter      -         ] 

106 

Hampdiire            ... 

Baker's  Chronicle,  p.  502. 

John  VVilfon 

116 

Suffolk      -           -           -           - 

General  Gazetteer,  OA.  29,  1722. 

Patrick  Wian 

"5 

Leibury,  Northumberland 

Picmpius  Fundammed,  feCt.4,  chap.  8. 

M.  Laurence 

140 

Orcades     .            .           -            - 

Buchanan's  Hillory  of  Scotland. 

Evan  Williams 

US 

Caermarthen  Workhoufe 

General  Gazetteer,  Odober  12,  17S2. 

If  we  afcend  to  the  firff  ages  of  the  world,  and  endeavour 
to  Invelligate  the  caufes  of  the  longevity  of  the  antediluvians, 
we  (hall  find  that  different  writers  have  dated  them  very 
varioufly.  Some  have  imputed  it  to  the  fobriety  of  the  an- 
tediluvians, and  the  fimplicity  of  their  manners  ;  alleging 
that  they  abdained  from  flefh,  and  had  none  of  thofe  ejccite- 
tnents  to  gluttony,  which  have  been  devifed  in  fubfcquent 
times.  Others  have  afcribed  their  longevity  to  the  excellency 
of  their  fruits,  and  fome. peculiar  virtues  in  the  herbs  and 
plants  of  thofe  days.  Others  again  have  thought  that  the 
long  hves  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  old  world  proceeded  from 
the  drength  of  their  damina,  or  firft  principles  of  their 
bodily  conditutions  ;  and  this  might  be  a  concurrent,  though 
aot  the  fole  and  adequate  caufe  of  their  longevity  :    for 


Shem,  who  was  born  before  the  deluge,  and  had  all  the 
virtue  of  the  antediluvian  conditution,  fell  300  years  (hort  of 
the  age  of  his  forefathers,  becaufe  the  greatell  part  of  his 
life  was  paffed  after  the  flood.  It  has  therefore  been  more 
rationally  fuppofed,  that  the  chief  caufe  of  their  Irngevity 
was  the  falubrity  of  the  antediluvian  air ;  which,  after  the 
deluge,  became  corrupted  and  unwholefome.  But  how  the 
flood  (hould  occafion  this  change  in  the  air,  it  is  not  cafy  to 
comprehend  ;  and  the  difficulty  mull  remain  tuifolved,  and 
we  mud  content  ourfelves  with  aicribing  it  to  the  conditu- 
tion of  Providence,  operating  by  unknown  caiifes.  The 
examples  which  are  exhibited  in  ihe  above  tables  are  abun- 
d.intly  fufficient  to  prove,  that  longevity,  in  more  modern 
times,  docs  not  depend  fo  much  as  fome  have  fuppofed,  00 

8  any 


L  O  N 


L  O  N 


any  particular  climate,  fitiiation,  or  occupation  in  life.  For 
we  fee  that  it  often  prevails  in  places,  where  all  thcfc  are 
extremely  diffimilar ;  anil  it  would,  moreover,  be  very  dif- 
ficult, in  the  -hillories  of  the  feveral  perfons  above  men- 
tioned, to  find  any  circiimllance  common  to  them  all,  ex- 
cept perhaps  that  of  being  born  of  healthy  parents,  and  of 
being  inured  to  daily  labour,  temperance,  and  hmplicity  of 
diet.  Among  the  inferior  ranks  of  mankind,  therefore,  ra- 
ther than  amongft  the  fons  of  eafe  and  luxury,  (hall  we  find 
the  moll  numerous  inllances  of  lo;igevity ;  even  frequently, 
when  other  external  circumftances  fcem  extremely  unfavour- 
able :  as  in  the  cafe  of  the  poor  fexton  at  Peterborough, 
who,  not-Aithllanding  his  uiipromifing  occupation  among 
dead  bodies,  lived  long  enough  to  bury  two  crowned  heads, 
and  to  furvive  two  complete  geiierations.  The  livelihood  of 
Henry  .Tenkir.s  and  old  Parr  i'*  faid  to  have  confined  chiefly 
of  the  coarfeil  fare,  as  they  depended  on  precarious  alms. 
To  which  may  be  added,  the  remarkable  in  (lance  of  Agnes 
Milhiirne,  who,  after  bringing  forth  a  numerous  oflspnng, 
and  being  obliged,  through  extreme  indigence,  to  pafs  the 
latter  part  of  her  life  in  St.  Luke's  work-houfe,  yet  reached 
her  hundredth  and  lixth  year,  in  that  fordid,  unfriendly  fitu- 
ation.  Tile  plain  diet,  and  invigorating  employments  ot  a 
country  life,  are  acknowledged,  on  all  hands,  to  be  highly 
conducive  to  health  and  longevity  ;  while  the  luxury  and 
refinements  of  large  cities  are  allowed  to  be  equally  detlruc- 
tivc  to  the  human  fpiries  :  and  this  confideratioii  alone,  per- 
haps, more  than  counterbalances  all  the  boalled  privileges 
of  fuperior  elegance  and  civilization  relulting  from  a  city 
life. 

From  country  villages,  and  not  from  crowded  cities,  have 
the  preceding  indances  of  longevity  been  chiefly  fupplied. 
For  an  illuftration  of  this  faft  we  refer  to  the  article  Bills  of 
MoRTALiiy. 

Attached  as  we  are  to  life  by  the  contlitution  of  our  na- 
ture, and  defirous  of  protrafiing  the  fnort  fpan,  it  feems  to 
be  no  lefs  our  duty  than  our  intereft  to  examine  minutely 
into  the  various  means  that  have  been  confidered  as  conducive 
to  health  and  long  life  ;  and  to  difcriminate  between  thofe 
that  are  collateral  and  accidental  and  fuch  as  are  elfential  to 
this  great  end.  In  order  to  obtain  fufficient  data  for  rea- 
foning  juilly  and  fatisfaftorily  on  this  fubjedl,  it  would  be 
defirable  to  improve  the  mode  of  framing  our  bills  of  mor. 
tality  ;  and  with  this  view,  it  would  be  proper  to  add  a 
particular  account  of  the  diet  and  regimen  of  every  perfon, 
who  dies  at  So  years  of  age,  or  upwards  ;  and  to  mention, 
whether  his  parents  were  healthy,  long-lived  people,  &c.  &c. 
All  the  circumftances,  that  are  mofl  eflentially  necelfary  to 
life,  may  be  comprifed  under  the  fix  following  headi  :  i,  air 
and  climate  ;  2,  meat  and  drink  ;  3,  motion  and  reft  ;  4,  the 
fecrctions  and  excreti'.ins  ;  5,  deep  and  watching  ;  6,  affec- 
tions of  the  mind.  With  regard  to  the  firll  head,  it  mav  be 
obferved  that  the  common  atmofphere  may  be  more  or  lefs 
healthy,  in  proportion  as  it  abounds  with  pure  dephlogifti- 
cated  gas,  or  oxygen  ;  and  as  this  is  copioufiy  fupplied  by 
the  green  leaves  of  all  kinds  of  vegetables,  we  may  hence  in 
fome  meafure  account  why  inftances  of  longevity  are  fo 
much  more  frequent  in  the  country  than  in  great  cities, 
where  the  atmofphere  is  contaminated  with  noxious  animal 
efHuvia,  and  with  mephitic  air  or  carbonic  acid.  As  to  cli- 
mate, various  obfervatioiis  confpire  ,to  prove  that  thofe 
regions  which  lie  within  the  temperate  zones  are  beft  adapted 
to  promote  long  life.  Hence  perhaps  we  may  be  enabled  to 
explain,  why  Italy  has  produced  fo  many  perfons  whofe 
hves  have  been  prolonged,  and  why  iflands  in  general  are 
more  falutary  than  continents.  However,  the  Author  of 
nature  lus  wifely  enabled  the  inhabitants  of  hot  and  cold 


countries  to  endure  great  and  furprifing  changes  of  tempera- 
ture with  impunity.  See  an  account  of  experiments  in  a 
heated  room,  under  the  article  Heat.  For  the  effcfts  of 
food  and  drink,  fee  thefe  articles.  It  needs  no  proof,  that 
alternate  motion  and  reft,  fleep  and  watching,  are  necelfary 
conditions  of  health  and  longevity,  and  that  they  ought  to 
be  adapted  to  age,  temperament,  conilitution,  temperature 
of  the  climate,  &c.  Moreover,  when  the  animal  funAions 
are  duly  performed,  the  fecrctions  go  on  regularly  ;  and  the 
different  evacuations  fo  exaftly  correfpond  to  the  quantity 
of  aliment  taken  in,  in  a  given  time,  that  the  body  is  found 
to  return  daily  to  nearly  the  fame  weight.  Bcfidcs,  the  due 
regulation  of  the  pafiions,  perhaps,  contributes  more  to 
health  and  longevity  than  that  of  any  other  •  "  the  non- 
naturals.  We  may  further  add,  that  longevity  is,  in  a  great 
meafure,  heredi'ary  ;  ard  that  healthy,  long-lived  parents 
would  commonly  tranfmit  the  fame  to  their  children,  if  it 
were  not  for  the  frequent  errors  in  the  non-naturals,  which 
fo  evidently  tend  to  the  abbreviation  of  human  life.  Ncver- 
thelels  the  duties  and  occupations  of  life  will  not  indeed 
permit  the  generality  of  mankind  to  live  by  rule,  and  fub- 
jeCl  themfelves  to  a  precife  regimen.  Fortunately,  this  is 
not  necelTary  :  for  the  divine  Architeft  has,  with  infinite 
wifdom,  rendered  the  human  frame  fo  dudlile,  as  to  admit 
of  a  very,  confiderable  laticude  of  health  ;  yet  this  has  its 
bounds,  which  none  can  long  tranfgrefs  with  impunity. 
For  if  old  Parr,  notwithftanding  fome  exceftes  and  irregu- 
larities, arrived  at  fo  allonifliing  an  age,  yet  we  have  reafon 
to  fuppofe  that  thefe  were  far  from  being  habitual  ;  and 
may  alio  conclude,  that  had  it  not  been  for  thefe  abufes,  hift 
life  might  have  been  ftill  confiderably  protratled. 

On  the  whole,  though  fome  few  exceptions  may  occur  to 
what  has  been  already  advanced,  yet  it  will  be  found,  in 
general,  that  all  extremes  are  unfriendly  to  health  and  longe- 
vity. Exceflive  heat  enervates  the  body ;  extreme  cold 
renders  it  torpid  :  floth  and  inatlivity  clog  the  necelfary 
movements  of  the  machine ;  inceffant  labour  foon  wears  it 
out.  On  the  other  hand,  a  temperate  climate,  moderate 
exercife,  pure  country  air,  and  flricl  temperance,  together 
with  a  prudent  regulation  of  the  paflions,  will  prove  the 
moft  efficacious  means  of  protracting  life  to  its  utmoll  limits. 
Now,  if  any  of  thefe  require  more  peculiar  attention  thaa 
the  reft,  it  is  undoubtedly  the  laft  :  for  the  focial  pafiions, 
like  gentle  gales,  fan  the  brittle  velfel  calmly  along  the 
ocean  of  life  ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  rough,  turbulent 
ones  dafti  it  upon  rocks  and  quickfands.  Hence,  perhaps, 
it  may  be  explained  why  the  cultivation  of  philofophv, 
mufic,  and  the  fine  arts,  all  which  manifeftly  tend  to  hu- 
manize the  foul,  and  to  calm  the  rougher  pafiions,  are  fo 
highly  conducive  to  longevity.  And,  finally,  why  there  i» 
no  lure  method  of  fecurmg  that  habitual  calranefs  and  fe- 
renity  of  mind,  which  conftitute  true  happineis,  and  which, 
are,  at  the  fame  time,  £0  effential  to  health  and  long  life, 
without  virtue. 

"  jEquanimitas  fola,  atque  unica  fe'icitas." 

LONGFORD,  in  Geography,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in 
the  north-welteru  extremity  of  the  province  of  Leintler.  It 
has  Rofcommon  on  the  weft,  Lcitrim  and  Cavan  on  the 
north,  and  Weftmeath  on  the  eaft  and  fouth.  Its  length, 
from  north  to  fouth  is  20  Irilh  miles  (zj  Englifh),  a»id  its 
breadth  from  eaft  to  weft  19  Irilh,  or  24  Enghlh  miles.  It 
contains  134,152  Irifh  acres  (215,522  Englilh),  which  are 
divided  into  23  parifr.es,  all  of  which,  except  one,  are  in 
the  bifliopric  of  Ard,tgh,  united  to  Taam.  Though  the 
northern  angle  confills  of  rugged  mountains,  and  the  ioutlv. 
wcllcrn  part  is  chiefly  bog  to  a  great  extent,  yet  JLougford 

may 


L  O  N 


L  O  N 


-may  he  reckoned  populous  ;  and  it  fupplics  large  qnantitiea  flie  province  of  Re-tcluien,  whicli  contain"!  a  city  oftlie  lliird 
■of  oats  for  dillant  markets.  About  Graaard  is  a  line  traft  clafs  under  its  jurifdidion,  and  is  a  place  of  great  trade.  N. 
of  dry  gravelly  land,  which  is  much  ufed  for  fattening  cattle,     lat.  33  '  22'.      E.  long.  104"  18'. 

Lime-tlone  is  lu  re  abundant  4  and  it  is  furprifing  that,  with         I.ONG-HOU-KOEN  a  town  of  China,  in  the  province 
this  advantage,  fo  little  has  been  done  towards  reclaiming     of  Hou-quang ;  52  miles  S.S.W.  of  Tao. 
the  bogs.      In  other  parts  of  the  county,  the  foil  is  in  gene-         LONGIANO,  a  town   of  Italy,  in  the  department  of 

the  Rubicon  ;   12  miles  N.W,  of  Rimini. 

LONGIMETRY,  the  art  of  meaiuring  lengths,  both 
accefiiblc,  as  roads,  &c.    and  inacceflible,  as  arms  of  the 

Drineinallv  railed.     The  linen  manufafture  has  fpread  much       '^'    ^'^■.  .  .     r.-  »  j       , 

^ou  h   Lon.>ford.     Spinning  is  univerfal,  and  there  are         Long.metry  .s  a  part  of  trigonome  ry,  and  a  dependant 

iniou,,ii   x>uii,,  — t^   ,     h  „„,,',       .  on  gconnetry,  m  the  fame  manner  as  altimetry,  planimetry, 

itercometry,  &c. 

The  art  of  longimetry  fee  under  tlie  names  of  the  inftru- 

ments  ufed  in  it,  particularly  Theodolitk,  Chain,  Dis- 


ral  a  vegetable  mould  on  the  furface  for  three  or  more 
inches  deep  ;  under  that,  two  inches  thick  of  blue  clay, 
which  retains  water  ;  below  this  is  yellow  clay  for  two  or 
three  feet ;  and  then  lime-llonc  gravel.     Oats  is  the  grain 


now  many  weavers.  The  iiicreafe  of  the  latter  has  been  at- 
tributed to  the  liberal  condud  of  a  gentleman,  in  giving 
coo/,  to  be  lent  to  poor  weavers,  in  fums  of  5/.  each,  which 
were  to  be  repaid  by  quarterly  payments  of  2p.  The 
benefits  attending  fuch  loans  to  the  poor  have  been  expe- 
rienced in  many  places,;  and  if  care  be  taken  in  the  manage- 
ment, it  is  a  mode  of  aiTifting  them  which  encourages  their 
in'lullry,  and  can  never  be  called  a  premium  for  iiildnejs  and 
■  extravagance.  There  are  alfo  fome  bleach  greens  ;  and  great 
quantities  of  yarn  are  fent  to  diftant  mai'kels. 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  county,  near  Lough  Gaw- 
ijafh,  is  a  very  rich  iron  ore  in  great  abundance,  not  in  thin 


TANCE,    &C.       See  alfo  MjiNiUKATION. 

LONGING  in  pregnant  women,  an  inordinate  defire  for 
fome  particular  kind  of  food,  which,  if  denied,  or  not  pro- 
cured for  them,  was  fuppofcd  to  occafion  walling,  and 
fometimes  hyftcric  alfettions,  in  the  women,  and  on  tlie 
child,  befides  impairing  its  health,  to  imprefs  tlie  figure  of 
the  ohjedt  longed  for.  This  affetlion,  which  heretofore  oc- 
cdfioned    in   families    much   anxiety   and    unealinef?,    feems 


beds,'  as  that  in  the  mountains  near  Lough  Allen,  and  at     wearing  away,  juft  iu  proportion  as  the  belief  in  witches^. 


Arigna  in  the  adjoining  county  of  Leitrim,  but  in  folid 
.rocks.  It  is  of  a  dark  red  colour,  and  breaks  into  fmall 
(helving  pieces.  There  are  alfo  indications  of  coal  in  the 
fame  neighbourhood.  Longford  is  well  watered.  The 
Shannon  forms  its  weftcrn  boundary,  and  the  Inny  croffes 


gliofts,  and  liobgob'ins  vanifhes,  or  as  reafon  and  common 
fcnfe  procure  an  afcendency  over  fuperllition  and  impollure. 
See  that  part  of  the  article  Concli'Tion,  which  treats  of 
pica. 

LONGINUS,  DiONY.'tlus,  in  Biography,  celebrated  for 


it  in  the  fouth.  Lough  Gawnagh,  which  covers  feveral  his  treatife  on  the  fublime,  flouridied  in  the  third  century, 
acres  is  in  the  north;  and  fome  fmall  rivers  flow  into  the  and  is  fuppofcd  by  fome  to  have  been  a  native  of  Alliens, 
Shannon,  on  one  of  which,  called  the  Camlin,  the  town  of    by  others  of  Syria.      In  his  youtli  he  travelled  for  improve. 


Longford  is  fituated.  It  is  intended  that  the  Royal  Canal 
fhouid  crofs  this  cou;!ty,  and  join  the  Shannon  at  Tarmon- 
bury.;  a  meafure  which  cannot  fail  of  leading  to  much  im 


mcnt :     he   was   known  at    Rome,    Alexandria,   and  other 
cities   diftinguifiied  for  Hterature;   and  attended   upon   the 
leftures  of  all  the  eminent  mailers  in  eloquence  and  philo- 
Such  was  the  extent  of  his  erudition,  that  he  was 


provement,  if  it  (hould  be  ever  completed.  The  towns  are  fophy.  Such 
fmall.  For  Longford,  the  county  town,  fee  the  next  ar-  ftyled  by  his  contemporaries  "  tlie  living  library."  He 
tide-  and  for  Granard  and  Lanelborough,  thofe  names  in  appears  to  have  taught  pliilofophy  at  Athens,  where  Por- 
this  work.  Edfreworthllown,  which  was  by  fome  accident  phyry  was  one  of  his  .lifciples.  He  was  invited  to  the  court 
■omitted  in  the  proper  place,  may  be  noticed  hei-e.  It  is  not,  of  Palmyra,  by  its  illullrioiis  queen  Zenobia,  wlio  took  his 
indeed,  remarkable  for  its  fize,  but  it  is  remarkable  for  the  inllruftions  in  the  Greek  language,  and  made  ufe  of  his 
refidence  of  a  family,  which  is  dillinguifhed  for  literary  and  counfels  on  poli'ical  occafions.  This  dillinftion  was  fatal 
fcientific  attainments.  The  name  of  Maria  Edgeworth  is  to  him  ;  he  was  executed  by  order  of  the  emperor  Aurelian, 
too  well  known,  and  her  talents  as  a  pleaiing  and  ufeful  who  proved  vifiorious  over  the  troops  of  Zenobia,  and. 
author  too  •rcnerally  acknowledged,  to  need  the  praife  of  took  her  prifoner.  The  queen,  to  fave  herfelf,  imputed 
the  writer  of  this  article.  The  fame  may  be  faid  of  her  the  refillance  which  llie  made  to  her  counfeilors,  of  whom 
lively,  ingenious,  and  patriotic  father,  Richard  Lovell  I>o:iginus  was  fufpefted  to  be  the  principal.  The  philo- 
Ed.Teworlh  ;  and  there  is  reafon  to  expeft  tliat  fome  of  the  fophy  of  Longinus  fupported  him  in  the  hour  of  his  trial, 
-Youn=>-er  branches  of  this  family  will  add  to  a  celebrity  al-  and  he  fubmitted  to  his  fate  with  refignation  and  cheerfnl- 
ready°very  great.  The  writer  has  before  him  the  reports  of  nefs.  This  event  took  place  in  the  year  273.  Gibbon  ob- 
the  bof  comniifTioncrs,  the  eighth  of  which  contains  many  fervcs  on  this  circumltance,  that  the  fame  of  Longinus  will 
proofs^of  the  ingenuity  ot  Mr.  William  Edgeworth.  Mr.  furvive  that  of  the  queen  who  bi'trayed,  or  the  tyrant  who 
Edirewcrth's  houfe  and  the  adjoining  church  contain  many  condemned  him.  Genius  and  learning  were  incapable  of 
proofs  of  his  mechanical  ikiU.  moving  a  fierce  unlettered  foldier,  but  they  had  lerved  to 

The  wtiole  of  the  comity  of  Longford  was  formerly  called  elevate  and  liarmonife  the  foul  of  Lon,.'inus.  Without  ut- 
Annaly,  and  was  a  principality  fo  late  as  the  fifteenth  cen-  tering  a  complaint,  he  calmly  followed  the  executioner, 
tnrv.  It  is  now  only  reprefented  in  parliament  by  two  pitying  his  unhappy  miilrefs,  and  beftowiug  comfort  on  his 
•knig-hts  of  the  fhire  ;  though  it  had,  before  the  union,  no     afFlided   friends.      He   was  author   of   numerous   writings, 

-      ■         '         '  '  1  ■  1    r  _.   .     _    L    -.   — u       jjj.    p^.ji-(-e  1,35  coUeftcd  the  titles  of  twenty-five;  but  his 

treatife  on  th.e  fublime,  already  referred  to,  is  the  only  one 
remaining ;  and  this,  as  is  well  known  to  fcholars,  is  in  a 
mnii'ited  and  imperfect  Itate.  I'he  bcft  editions  of  it  are 
thofe  of  Hudfon,  Ptaice,  and  Toup.  It  has  been  tranf- 
lated  into  the  Enghfh  ;  but  it  is  one  of  thofe  works  which 
fcarcely  admits  of  a  tranllation.  Speaking  of  this  treatife, 
Mr.  .Smith,  the  tranflator,  fays,  "  It  is  one  of  thofe  valu- 

4  able 


lefs"than  four  boroughs,  which  fent  two  members  each. 
Beaufort,  &c. 

LoxGFOUT),  a  -poft-town  of  the  county  of  Longford, 
Ireland,  of  which  it  is  the  (hire  town.  It  is  fituated  on  the 
river  Camlin,  and  is  of  tolerable  fize,  and  pretty  well  built. 
It  has  a  cha'ter  fchooi  for  60  boys.  Longford  is  59  miles 
W.N.W.  from,  Dublin.      Beaufort  and  Carhfle. 

iONG-GNAN,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  Ikil   rank,  in 


L  O  N 


L  O  N 


able  remnants  of  antiquity,  of  which  enoiifrh  remains  to  en- 
gage our  admiration,  and  excite  an  earncll  regret  for  every 
partible  of  it  that  has  periihed.  It  refembles  thofe  muti- 
lated ftatues,  which  are  fometimcs  dug  out  of  ruins  :  hmbs 
are  broken  off,  which  it  is  not  in  the  power  of  any  hving 
artift  to  replace,  becaufe  the  fine  proportion  and  delicate 
finilhing  of  the  trunk  excludes  all  hope  of  equalling  fuch 
mafterly  performances."  Smith's  tranilation  of  the  trcatife 
on  the  Sublime.     Moreri.      Gibbon.      Harwood. 

LONGISSIMUS  DoRSi,  in  Anatomy,  a  mtifcle  of  the 
back.     See  Doksi. 

LONGITUDE  of  the  Earth,  is  fometimcs  ufcd  to  de- 
note its  extent  from  ealt  to  well,  according  to  the  diredlion 
of  the  equator. 

By  which  it  ftands  contradiftinguifhcd  from  the  latitude 
of  the  earth,  which  denotes  its  extent  from  one  pole  to  the 
other. 

Longitude,  in  Aflronomy  and  Geography.  The  longi- 
tude of  any  point  of  the  heavens  is  the  diltaiice  of  its  place, 
reduced  to  the  ecliptic,  from  the  vernal  equinoftial  point  ; 
that  is,  if  a  great  circle  pafs  through  a  liar  perpendicular  to 
the  ecliptic,  the  arc  of  the  ecliptic  intercepted  between  the 
interfeftion  of  this  circle  and  the  equinoctial  point  will  be 
the  longitude  of  the  flar. 

The  longitude  of  a  place  on  the  furface  of  the  earth,  is  a 
portion  of  the  equator  intercepted  between  a  meridian  paff- 
ing  through  the  place,  and  another  meridian  which  paffes 
through  iome  principal  city  or  obfervatory  aiTumcd  as  a 
point  of  departure,  from  which  the  longitudes  of  other  places 
are  taken.  The  reafon  why  longitude  is  fo  differently  de- 
fined on  the  celellial  and  terreftrial  globe,  has  been  already 
explained  under  Latitude,  to  which  article  the  reader  is 
referred. 

The  fubjefts  of  aftronomical  invedigation,  arifing  from 
different  definitions,  are  fo  intimately  connetted,  that  much 
of  the  prefent  has  been  already  anticipated.  Under  Right 
Ascension  we  have  (hewn  how,  having  given  the  longitude 
and  latitude  of  a  heavenly  body,  we  deduce  its  right  afcen- 
fion  and  declination  :  and  under  Latitude,  a  rule  has  been 
given  far  computing  the  longitude  and  latitude  from  the 
obferved  right  afcenfion  and  declination.  But  though  we 
have  fhewn  how  the  quantities  are  derived  reciprocally  one 
from  the  other,  we  have  referved  for  this  place  to  explaia 
tiow  they  are  originally  derived  from  elementary  obferva- 
tions.  We  are  therefore  to  fuppofe  the  cafe  of  a  pratlical 
aftronomer  who  (hould  be  defirous  of  making  a  catalogue  of 
ftars,  and  of  determining  their  longitudes  and  latitudes  inde- 
pendent of  previous  obfervation,  except  only  fuch  as  are  ab- 
lolutely  neceffary  for  determining  the  quantity  of  preceflion, 
aberration,  nutation,  &c. 

The  obferver  is  to  be  even  fiippofed  unacquainted  with 
the  latitude  of  his  obfervatory,  v.'ith  the  iituation  of  the 
equinoSial  points,  and  with  the  obliquity  of  the  ecliptic. 
The  principles  of  the  method  which  we  mean  to  explain 
were  familiar  to  Flamfteed  and  the  aftronomers  of  that  pe- 
lyod,  and  are  demonllrated  in  De  Lalande's  and  Vince's  Af- 
tronomy.  But  the  late  Dr.  MaflvL-lyne  was  the  allronomer 
who  improved  and  praftifed  it  with  the  greateft  luccefs  in 
forming  his  catalogue  of  the  thirty-fix  principal  ilars,  and 
which  would  have  been  much  more  accurate  than  any  ever 
known,  had  the  inftrument  with  which  his  obfervations  were 
made  been  as  perfeft  as  thofe  o'"Jater  conllrutlion. 

As  no  inftrument  now  in  ufe  can  give  directly  the  longi- 
tude  or  latitude  of  a  ftar,  it  is  neceffary,  firft  of  all,  to  de- 
termine the  right  afcenfions  and  declinations  of  thofe  liars  of 

Vol.  XXL 


which  we  mean  to  form  a  catalogue.  The  method  of  de- 
termining the  declination  has  been  already  explained  at  great 
length.  (See- Declination.)  It  is  quite  independent  of 
the  folar  theory,  and  is  derived  by  direel  meafurementof  the 
meridian  diftance  between  the  objeft  and  the  pole.  A  mural 
circle,  fuch  as  that  now  ere£ling  at  Greenwich,  determin'  8 
this  diftance,  without  any  reference  to  the  zenith;  but  with 
a  quadrant,  and  with  aftronomical  circles  of  the  ufual  con- 
ftruClion,  it  is  either  abfolutcly  neceffary,  or  at  Icaft  conve- 
nient, to  employ  the  zenith.  And  in  this  cafe  we  determine 
by  one  feries  of  obfervations  the  diftance  of  the  zenith  from 
the  pole,  and  by  another  feries  the  meridional  diifance  of 
the  zenith  from  each  particular  ftar.  The  firft  quantity, 
called  the  co-latitude  of  the  place,  being  apphed  to  tl.e 
fecond,  or  zenith  diftance  of  t!ie  ftar,  the  fum  is  the  polar 
diilance.  It  is  evident,  that  all  this  may  be  performed 
without  any  knowledge  of  the  folar  theory,  or  even  without 
a  fingle  folar  obfervation. 

To  determine  the  right  afcenfions  of  the  ftars,  we  might 
have  affumed  (had  right  afcenfion  been  otherwife  defined) 
any  great  circle  perpendicular  to  the  equator,  and  paffing 
through  any  given  ilar,  as  a  Aquilae,  exaclly  in  the  fame 
manner  as  we  affume  an  arbitrary  meridian  for  the  determi- 
nation of  terreftrial  longitudes.  But  as  aftronomers  have 
agreed  to  affume,  as  their  firll  celellial  meridian,  that  which 
paffes  through  tlie  vernal  cquinoitial  point,  the  folar  theory 
neceffarily  becomes  involved  with  the  fubjeft  of  our  invefti- 
gation  :  we  are,  therefore,  under  the  neceffuy  of  combining 
two  dillinft  objefts  of  enquiry.  In  the  firft  place,  it  is  ne- 
ceffary to  determine  exa6tly  the  relative  fituation  of  the  ftar* 
with  refpedl  to  each  other  and  to  the  equator ;  and  next,  to 
place  the  ecliptic  in  its  true  pofition  both  with  refpedt  to 
the  equator  and  to  the  fixed  ftars,  and  thus  determine  the 
fituation  of  the  equinoftial  point.  To  have  a  clear  idea 
of  the  whole  of  this  procefs,  we  ftiould  obferve  that  the  two 
preliminary  invelligations  are  perteftly  independent  of  each 
other;  for  the  conftellations  {as  we  remarked  above)  might 
be  truly  placed  on  the  celeftial  globe  without  any  knowledge 
of  the  ecliptic,  and  the  ecliptic,  in  like  manner,  might  be 
placed  making  its  proper  angle  with  the  equator  ;  and  the 
declination  of  the  fun  and  its  diftance  from  the  equinoftial 
point  determined  at  any  moment,  by  a  feries  of  folar  obfer- 
vations condufted  without  any  reference  to  the  fixed  ftars,  and 
even  without  any  knowledge  of  their  exiftence.  It  is  by  the 
combination  of  the  refults  of  thefe  feparate  invelligations 
that  the  intended  objedl  is  accomplifhed.  The  pradical 
method  of  condufting  the  whole  of  this  operation  is  as  fol- 
lows : 

In  the  firft  place,  we  affume  the  right  afcenfion  of  any 
given  ftar,  as  for  example  <c  Aquilas,  as  near  the  truth  as 
poffible  from  prior  determination,  or  we  may  confider  it  as 
entirely  unknown,  and  call  it  zero.  This  is  quite  immate- 
rial, but  the  former  method  is  the  moll  ufual.  The  ftars  of 
the  intended  catalogue  are  then  obfervcd  at  the  tranCt  in- 
ftrument  for  a  feries  of  years,  with  a  view  to  detcrmme  their 
difference  of  right  afcenfion  from  a  Aquilx  and  from  each 
other.  This  inveftigation  would  be  much  more  limple  than 
it  is,  if  the  fixed  ftars  always  preferved  the  fame  relative 
pofition  to  each  other,  as  the  differences  of  right  afcenfion 
would  then  remain  the  fame.  But  this  is  not  the  cafe  ;  the 
apparent  pofition  of  each  particular  ftar  is  altered  by  the 
effefts  of  aberration,  preceffion,  folar  and  lunar  nutation. 
The  phenomenon  of  Aberration  has  been  already  explained. 
That  oiPreeijfi-n  and  Nutation  will  likewife  be  minutely  de- 
fcribed  under  their  rcfpedlive  titles.  At  prefent,  it  is  only 
neceffary  to  obferve,  that  the  adion  of  the  fuu  and  moon 
X  %  (confidered 


'   LONGITUDE. 


(confidered  as  conftant  forces)  produce  by  their  aftion  on 
the  protuberant  regions  of  the  equator  a  flow  periodical 
revolution  of  the  earth's  axis  about  the  pole  of  the  ecliptic. 
Bv  this  motion  the  cquinoftial  points  are  carried  backward, 
and  the  pofitioi.  of  the  equator  among  the  fixed  Itars  changes 
at  every  inftant.  If  the  etfcft  of  this  phenomenon  was 
firaply  to  caufe  a  change  in  the  pofitionof  the  equinodtial 
points,  the  difference  of  right  afcenlion  of  ftars  would  not 
be  affefted  by  it  ;  but  it  mull  be  remembered,  that  tlic 
right  afcenfion  of  a  ftar  is  determined  by  a  perpendicular 
drawn  from  the  ftar  to  the  equator ;  now,  the  equator 
changing  its  place,  this  perpendicular  will  change  its  place 
alfo;  that  is,  the  ftar  will  be  conftantly  referred  to  a  new 
point  on  the  equator,  and  hence  the  right  afcenfion  will 
vary  from  two  caufes  ;  one,  the  motion  of  the  equinoftial 
point,  or  point  of  departure,  which  will  equally  affedl  every 
ftar  ;  and  the  other  from  the  change  in  the  point  of  reference, 
by  which,  according  tD  the  definition,  right  afcenfion  is  de- 
termined. It  is  the  latter  only  of  thele  two  caufes  that 
affefts  the  difference  of  right  afcenfions. 

The  folar  and  lunar  nutations  of  the  axis  of  the  earth 
arife  from  the  unequal  aftion  of  the  fun  and  moon,  by 
which  the  precefTion  of  the  equinoxes  is  not  defcribed  in  the 
uniform  and  iimple  manner  above  mentioned.  The  reader 
will  fee  under  Nutation,  that  the  axis  of  the  es.rth  never 
points  to  its  mean  place  ;  hence  the  apparent  equator  never 
coincides  with  the  mean  equator,  or  that  circle  which  would 
be  the  equator,  if  thefe  periodical  nutations  did  not  exift. 
Thefe  derangements  of  the  equator,  and  the  correfponding 
ofcillations  of  the  equinoftial  points,  affeft'  both  the  longi- 
tudes and  right  afcenfions  of  the  ftars,  and  hkewife  their 
declinations:  their  latitudes  alone  remain  unchanged,  for  an 
ofcillation  in  the  axis  of  the  earth  produces  no  change  in 
the  ecliptic,  which  depends  only  on  the  path  which  the  cen- 
tre of  the  earth  defcribes  in  fpace,  and  which  is  not  affefted 
by  the  caufes  we  have  above  mentioned  ;  but  the  ecliptic  it- 
felf  is  deranged  by  the  aftion  of  the  neighbouring  planets, 
for  thefe  caufe  the  centre  of  the  earth  to  take  aftually  a  new 
path  in  the  heavens,  though  they  are  too  diftant  to  derange 
the  parallelifm  of  the  earth's  axis  by  any  unequal  aiSlion  on 
the  equatorial  regions.  The  ecliptic,  in  confequence  of  this 
difturbance,  changes  its  point  of  interfeClion  with  the  equa- 
tor, which  circle  remains,  from  this  caufe  at  leaft,  unmoved, 
and  confequcntly  the  declinations  of  the  ftars  remain  un- 
changed ;  but  their  longitudes  are  affefted,  not  only  becaufe 
the  equinoftial  point  is  difturbed,  from  which  longitudes  are 
reckoned,  but  likewife  becaufe  each  ftar  is  referred  to  a  new 
point  on  the  ecliptic  ;  hence  arifes  a  fecular  variation  in  lon- 
gitude, peculiar  to  each  ftar.  The  right  afcenfions  are  al- 
tered by  the  change  of  pofition  in  the  equinoftial  point, 
but  this  affefts  every  ftar  ahke,  and  therefore  produces  no 
change  in  the  difference  of  right  afcenfion  ;  in  faft,  the 
effeft  of  this  latter  derangement  enters  as  an  element  in  the 
conftant  part  of  the  preceffion  common  to  all  ftars.  The 
nature  of  all  thefe  changes,  or  equations,  as  they  are  tech- 
nically called,  has  been,  or  will  be,  defcribed  under  their 
appropriate  terms,  as  Aberration,  Nutation,  Ecliptic,  Secular 
Variation,  &c.  &c.  which  fee  refpeflively. 

Now  the  nicety  and  delicacy  of  the  modern  method  of 
reducing  obfervations,  confift  in  the  exaft  determination  of 
all  thefe  equations,    and  the  due  application  of  them  to 


each  feparate  obfervation ;  fo  that  inftead  of  the  apparent 
place,  we  make  ufe  of  that  in  which  we  prcfume  the 
objeft  would  have  appeared,  had  none  of  thefe  periodicol 
ofcillations  exifted.  Agreeable  to  this  conception  of  the 
fubjeft,  we  may  define  fome  of  the  terms  we  have  ufed 
above  with  greater  precifion  than  we  have  yet  done.  For 
inftance,  mean  right  afcenfion  of  a  ftar,  is  the  diltance  of 
the  ftar's_  place  correftcd  for  aberration,  reduced  to  the 
mean  equator,  from  the  mean  vernal  equinoftial  point.  Ap- 
parent right  afcenfwn,  is  the  diftance  of  the  liar's  place  re- 
duced upon  the  apparent  equator  from  the  apparent  equi- 
noftial point. 

Mean  declination,  is  the  diftance  of  a  ftar  corrcfted  for  aber- 
ration' from  the  mean  equator.  Apparent  declination,  is  the  ap- 
parent diftance  of  the  ftar  from  the  apparent  equator.  The 
mean  equator,  is  an  imaginary  great  circle  of  the  heavens, 
about  which  the  apparent  equator  revolves  without  ever  co- 
inciding with  it,  in  the  manner  already  defcribed.  Thea^- 
parent  equator,  is  that  great  circle  of  the  heavens  which 
aftually  correfponds  with  the  equinoftial  line  on  the  earth, 
whatever  the  pofition  of  the  earth  may  be  at  the  moment  of 
obfervation. 

If,  with  the  mean  right  afcenfion,  the  mean  dechnation, 
and  the  mean  obliquity  of  the  ecliptic,  we  compute  the 
longitude  of  a  ftar,  that  longitude  will  be  its  mean  longi- 
tude, that  is,  its  place  referred  to  the  ecliptic  will  be  reck- 
oned from  the  mean  equinox. 

If,  with  the  apparent  right  afcenfion,  the  apparent  de- 
clination, and  the  apparent  obliquity,  we  compute  the  longi- 
tude, this  will  be  reckoned  from  the  apparent  equinox.  Side- 
real time,  (as  ufed  in  thefe  computations,)  is  that  which  has 
elapfed  fince  the  paffage  of  the  apparent  equinoftial  point 
over  the  meridian  ;  for  aftronomers  have  not  yet  adopted  a 
mean  fidereal  time,  which  might  be  defined  the  interval  which 
elapfes  from  the  paffage  of  the  mean  equinoStial  point.  This 
latter  method  would  be  more  fcientific  than  that  now 
in  ufe,  and  would  be  a  fimilar  improvement  to  the  fub- 
ftitution  of  mean  folar  time  for  apparent  folar  time.  Were 
this  latter  mode  adopted,  an  alteration  muft  be  made  in  our 
prefeiit  tables  of  nutation,  and  the  equation  of  the  equinoxes 
in  right  afcenfion,  which  now  enters  as  common  to  all  ftars, 
would  be  omitted,  as  the  fame  quantity  would  previoufly  be 
applied  to  the  error  of  the  clock  which  is  now  applied  to 
the  ftar. 

We  have  been  led  into  this  digreflion,  and  induced  to 
dwell  rather  at  length  upon  thefe  prehminary  confidera- 
tions,  becaufe  we  do  not,  at  this  moment,  recoUeft  any 
author  that  has  entered  much  on  the  fubjeft,  to  whom  we  can 
refer. 

The  right  afcenfion  of  a  Aquilse  then,  being  affumed  as 
near  the  truth  as  poflible,  the  right  afcenfions  of  the  other 
ftars  are  to  be  inferred  from  it,  by  applying  all  the  above 
equations,  and  likewife  a  correftion  for  the  error  of  the 
clock. 

We  fubjoin  an  example  of  one  day's  computation,  taken 
from  the  Greenwich  Obfervations,  1809.  The  requifite 
tables  for  thefe  reduftions,  for  aberration,  preceflion,  nu- 
tation, have  been  given  under  Declination  (Tables  11. 
and  III.),  and  for  applying  the  error  of  the  clock  to  each 
ftar,  the  following  table  will  be  found  very  ufeful. 


Table 


LONGITUDE. 

Table  IV. 


Names  of  Stars. 

Decimal 
Multiplier. 

Names  of  Stars. 

Decimal 

Multiplier. 

y1                   r        .              - 

0.003 

Caftor 

0.486 

a  >  Aquils  -^         - 

0.000 

Procyon    -             -             - 

0.490 

0S                      .        - 

0.002 

Pollux        - 

0.494 

a  Capricorni 

0.017 

a  Hydrx      -             -             - 

0-433 

a  Cygni   - 

0.037 

Rcgulus     .              -              - 

0.405 

a  Aquarii 

0.093 

$  Leonis       -             -             - 

9-335 

Fomalhaut 

0.028 

(3  Virginis     ... 

0-334 

a,  Pegali  -              -             - 

0.134 

Polaris,  S.  P. 

0.283 

a  Andromedae 

0.179 

Spica  Virginis 

0.369 

y  Pegafi    - 

0.182 

Arfturus  ,              -             - 

0.232 

Polaris 
a  Arietis 

0.217 
0.260 

'"iLibrs     - 

3  aj 

0.209 
0.209 

a  Ceti 

0.298 

a.  Cor.  Bor. 

0.177 

Aldebaran 

0-363 

a  Serpcntis  -              -             - 

0.172 

Capella 

0.389 

Antares     -             -             - 

0.142 

Rigel     - 

0.391 

a  Herculis    -               •               - 

0.108 

(5  Tauri    - 

0-397 

a.  Ophiuchi  -             .             - 

0.094 

a.  Ononis  -            -             - 

0.419 

a  Lyras         .             _             . 

0.049 

Sirius     .             -              . 

0.4J5 

Example  of  one  Day's  Obfervations. 


ClocktooQow, 

Correction  b\ 

Names   of  Stirs, 
&c. 

Tranfits  of  Stars. 

or  Reduiftion 

toSid.Time. 

+ 

Apparent 

Right  AfccDiion 

of  Stars. 

Conreiftion  by 
Table  11. 

Table  III. 

D     9, 
8'   5° 

Mean  A.R. 
Jan.  0,  ]607. 

1807. 

S.     D.     M.    S. 

.S.       D. 

S.     D.     M.    S. 

S. 

s. 

S.      D.    M.     S. 

Sept.  6. 

0  Centr. 

10  56  33  28 

0     29.8 

10   57       2    96 

AnElurus    - 

14    6  23  84 

0     29.78 

14    6  53  62 

—     1.06 

—    0.82 

14    6  51  74 

u  Serpentis     - 

i;  34  19  °3 

0     29.79 

15    34   48    82 

-      1.67 

—    0.92 

15  34  46  23 

a.  Ophiuchi    - 

17  25  32  16 

0     29.81 

17    26       I    97 

-     2.15 

-    0.88 

17  25  58  94 

a  Lyrae 

18  29  57  18 

0     29.83 

18    30    27    01 

-     0.28 

-    0.68 

18  30  24  25 

n     ,  S 

19  36  38  90 

0     29.84 

19  37     8  54 

—     2.82 

-    0.94 

19  37    4  78 

a  /-Aquuse  < 

19  40  55  74 

0     29.84 

19  41   25  58 

+     2.89 

+    0.94 

Stand.  Star  f 

/sJ          L 

ID  45    23    80 

0     29.84 

19  45  53  <'4 

-     2.92 

—    0.96 

19  45  49  76 

R-0.28 

::}Capric.{ 

20    6  30  88 

0     29.84 

20    7     0  72 

—     3.28 

—    1.04 

20     6  56  40 

20     6  54  58 

0     29.84 

20     7  24  42 

-     3-28 

—    1.04 

20     7  19  96 

Capella       - 

J     2     I  47 

0    29.95 

5     2  31  42 

-     2.97 

-    1.48 

5    2  26  9y 

Rigel 

5    4  48  95 

0     29.95 

5     5  i8  90 

-    1-93 

—    0.92 

5    5  16  05 

jS  Tauri 

5  »3  39  64 

0     29.95 

5  14    9  59 

—    2.48 

-    1.24 

5  14    5  87 

Sirius 

6  36  10  70 

0     29.97 

6  36  46  67 

-    1.28 

-    0.88 

6  36  38  51 

Pollux 

7  33     2  16 

0     29.98 

7  33  32  14 

-    1.64 

-    1. 14 

7  33  29  36 

^  -j-  The  figns  are  reverfed  in  the  reduftion,  becaufe  apparent  A.R.  is  deduced  from  the  afTumed  mean  A.R. 

other  ftars  the  mean  A.  R.  is  deduced  from  the  apparent. 


In  the 


In  the  above  example  the  mean  right  afcenfion  of  «  Aquilae 
is  aflumed  19'  41'  21. "75  for  January  i,  1807,  and  its 
apparent  right  afcenfion  is  deduced  ig""  41'  25. "58  by 
applying  the  correftions  of  Tables  II.  and  III.  The  firft  of 
thefe  include  the  effeft  of  preceffion,  aberration,  fdar  nuta- 
tipn,  and  proper  motion  peculiar  to  the  ftar  ;  the  fecond 
gives  the  nutation,  including  the  equation  of  the  equinoftial 
point,  fo  that  the  whole  correftion,  when  applied,  gives  the 
interval  of  fidereal  time  that  fhould  elapfe  between  the  paf- 
fage  of  the  ftar  and  that  of  the  apparent  equinoftial  point ; 


this  interval  is  19''  41'  25. "58  ;  and  if  the  A.R.  of  the  ftar 
be  rightly  aflumed,  it  is  the  time  which  the  clock  fhould 
mark  at  the  interval  of  the  tranfit ;  but  the  clock  marked 
only  19''  40'  55. "74.  The  difference  is  29. "84,  which  we 
call  the  error  of  the  clock,  and  lince  its  rate  is  —  0.2S,  we 
can,  by  means  of  the  above  table,  calculate  the  error  of 
the  clock  for  every  other  ftar.  For  inftance  Capella,  the 
decimal  multiplier  of  which  is  0.39,  which  is  to  be  multi- 
plied by  the  daily  rate,  —  0.28  x  0.39  =  .109,  which 
added  to  29. "84  =  29.95,  '•''^  reduction  correfponding  to 
X  X  2  Capella, 


LONGITUDE. 


Capella,  or  the  quantity  to  be  added  to  tlic  obfcrved  tranfit 
to  obtain  the  apparent  right  afcenfion.  The  apparent  right 
afcenlions  are  next  reduced  to  mean  right  afceiifions  for  the 
beginning  of  the  year  by  Tables  II.  and  III.  obferving  to 
apply  the  contrary  figns  to  thofe  for  a,  Aquils,  becaufe 
now  the  mean  place  is  to  be  deduced  from  the  apparent, 
whereas  we  deduced  the  apparent  place  of  »  Aquilae  from  the 
mean. 

A  feries  of  obfervations  and  calculations,  fimilar  to  the 
above,  being  continued  for  a  great  length  of  time,  a  catalogue 
is  to  be  formed,  which,  fuppofmg  the  inftrument  to  be  per- 
fcft,  will  be  fubjeft  to  no  other  error  than  that  of  the 
affumed  right  afcenfion  of  a  Aquils,  and  with  this  error 
every  right  afcenfion  will  be  affefted. 

The  fun  is  likewife  to  be  obfcrved  during  the  whole  of 
this  procefs,  and  its  right  afcenfion  deduced  as  in  the  above 
example,  and  which  will  be  fubjeft  to  the  fame  common 
error  as  fubfifts  in  the  right  afcenfions  of  the  flars. 

While  this  feries  of  obfervations  is  going  on  at  the  tranfit 
inftrument,  both  the  fun  and  flars  are  to  be  obferved  afii- 
duoufly  with  the  mural  quadrant,  or  any  other  inllrument 
deftined  to  the  determination  of  polar  dillances.  We  need 
not  enter  into  the  details  of  this  procefs,  as  it  has  already 
been  minutely  defcribed  under  Declination,  but  fliall 
proceed  to  confider  the  ufe  we  are  to  make  ot  the  refult. 

With  refped  to  the  ftars,  it  is  evident  that  by  this  double 
invelligation  we  have  determined  their  places  accurately, 
both  with  refpeft  to  each  other  and  to  the  equator,  fo  that 
we  might  place  them  in  their  true  pofitions  on  the  celeilial 
globe,  provided  no  attention  was  required  to  be  given  to_  the 
fituation  of  the  ecliptic  ;  and  this  would  be  the  cafe,  if  the 
interfedion  of  a  meridian  pafTing  through  a  Aquila:  with 
the  equator,  had  been  affumed  as  an  arbitrary  point  of  de- 
parture in  the  fame  manner,  as  we  afTume  a  meridian  pafTing 
through  Greenwich  or  Paris  on  the  terrellrial  globe,  as  a 
ftandard  to  which  terreftrial  longitudes  are  referred.  But 
the  great  circle  to  which  celellial  longitudes  are  referred,  is 
required  to  pafs  through  the  equinotlial  point :  it  is  the  exat\ 
polition,  therefore,  of  this  point  which  we  are  in  fearch  of, 
and  which  is  to  be  determined  by  the  data  we  are  now  fup- 
pofed  to  have  coUefted. 

The  continued  feries  of  folar  obfervations  gives  us  the 
obhquity  of  the  ecliptic,  and  the  declination  of  the  fun  at 
the  moment  of  obfervation,  from  which  its  right. afcenfion 
may  be  ealily  deduced  by  the  folution  of  a  right-angled 
fpherical  triangle  ;  but  in  making  thefe  computations,  atten- 
tion muHbe  paid  to  the  periodical  ofclllations  of  the  equator, 


and  to  the  fecular  variation  of  the  ecliptic  itfelf ;  that  is,  the 
right  afcenlions  mufl  be  calculated  with  the  apparent  oh- 
liquity,  that  they  may  be  reckoned  from  the  apparent  or 
variable  equinoftial  point,  in  the  fame  manner  as  thofe  deter- 
mined by  the  tranfit  inllrument,  and  with  which  they  are  now 
to  be  coinpared. 

We  have  thus  obtained  a  folar  theory  independent  of  the 
fixed  flars,  and  the  pofition  of  the  fixed  liars  independent  of 
the  pofition  of  the  ecliptic.  It  now  only  remains  to  combine 
thefe  operations,  and  to  place  the  ecliptic  in  its  due  pofition 
with  refpedl  to  the  fixed  flars  ;  and  this  is  done  in  the  fol- 
lowing maimer. 

We  begin  by  comparing  the  right  afcenfions  of  the  fun 
determined  by  the  tranfit  inllrument,  with  the  right  afcen- 
fions determined  on  the  fame  day  with  the  quadrant  ;  and  if 
they  agree,  it  is  a  proof  that  the  right  afcenfion  of  a  Aquilas 
was  rightly  affumed  ;  if  they  differ,  as  will  mofl  probably  be 
the  cafe,  we  mull  proceed  and  endeavour  to  afcertain  both 
the  quantity  and  the  caufe  of  the  difcordance. 

If  we  confider  one  fingle  infulated  obfervation,  the  dif- 
cordance may  arife  either  from  an  erroneous  afl^umption  itj 
the  right  afcenfion  of  a.  Aquilje,  or  from  fome  defeft  in  our 
folar  theory,  or  from  fome  error  in  the  obfervation  from 
which  the  declination  of  the  fun  has  been  inferred.  Novf, 
though  it  would  be  impoffible  to  affign  the  true  caufe  of 
the  dilcordance  from  one  fingle  comparifon,  yet  the  whole 
feries  will  lead  us  to  the  truth,  from  this  fortunate  circum- 
flance,  that  whatever  error  any  defedl  in  the  folar  obfer- 
vations produces  in  any  one  obfervation,  the  fame  defeft  will 
produce  an  equal  error,  but  with  the  contrary  fign,  in  an 
obfervation  in  which  the  fun  is  i8o  degrees  from  its  firfl 
pofition. 

In  felecling  obfervations  thus  circumllanced,  it  mufl  how- 
ever be  remembered,  that  although  in  theory  we  may  deter- 
mine the  right  afcenfion  of  the  fun  by  trigono.iietrical  calcu- 
lation from  any  given  declination,  yet  praclically,  no  exatt- 
nefs  can  be  expetted,  except  when  the  change  of  declination 
is  confiderable,  which  only  happens  near  the  equinoxes.  The 
exatt  limits  in  which  the  comparifon  may  without  impro- 
priety be  made,  mull  depend  on  the  accuracy  of  the  inllru- 
ments,  and  on  the  confidence  of  the  obferver  in  the  correft- 
nefs  of  his  obfervations.  In  general,  the  period  fhould  not 
be  extended  to  more  than  fix  or  eight  weeks  on  each  fide 
the  equinox. 

When  the  feries  of  obfervations  is  complete,  the  refults 
are  to  be  arranged  and  compared  as  in  the  following 
table  : 


A.R.  of  the  San  A.R.  of  the  Sun 

A.R.  of  the  Sun,  A.R.  of  the  Sun, 

AS   dj<lucpd  troni.as  deduced   fiom 

as  deduced   iVoiiias   deduced   from 

Half  fum,or 

Triidit    Obferva- 

obferved  Dcclina- 

Differ. 

Tranfit   Obfena-  obfeived  Declina- 

Differ. 

Sum. 

Error. 

uoi:3. 

lious  olthe  Su!i. 

tions. 

lions  of  the  Sun. 

0       /       n 

0        /         // 

// 

'    0      ,       „ 

0      (         n 

(/ 

// 

/( 

Feb. 

I" 

330  23   24.0  330  23   27.9 

+ 

3-9 

Ocl.        26210    12    I5.0'2IO    12    22.5 

+    7-5 

-f    II.4 

+  5-7 

22335  11   26.21335    11   2».5 

+ 

2-3 

20  204    29    52.5  '204    29    47.8 

-    4.7 

-     2.4 

—  1.2 

March 

5'345  31  40-9  345  3"  49-5 

4- 

8.6 

11196     6  31.9  196     6  26.5 

-    5'-4 

+    3-2 

+  165 

7:347  22  48.6 

347  --  46-7 

— 

0.9 

6  191  31   20.2  J191  31  23.8 

+    3-6 

4-    2.7 

+  1-35 

15 

354  43  44-4 

354  43  SyS 

+ 

1  I.I 

Sept.     27183   21   54.6  183   21   54.2 

—    0.2 

+  10.9 

+  5-45 

21 

0  II  56.7 

0  II  58.3 

+ 

1.6 

25>8i  33  48-4li8i  33  40.3 

-    8.1 

-    6.5 

-3'2 

April 

5 

13  49  36-3 

13  49  42.6 

+ 

6.3 

7:165  22  56.4  I165  22  48.1 

-    8.3 

—    2.0 

—   I.O 

'I. 

6 

14  44  21. 1 

14  44  27.0 

+ 

5-9 

6164  28  46.6  1164  28  42.2 

-*■  4-3 

+    1.6 

4-  0.8 

7 

15  39     0.9 

15  39     7-9 

7-9 

5  163  34  26.5 

163   34  28.0 

+    1-5 

+    9-4 

4-4-7 

Mean  of  9,0 

r  Correftion  1 

■  +1-572 

of  fatalog; 

ue        -        j 

Let 


LONGITUDE. 


■  Let  us  examine  one  comparifon,  for  the  fake  of  example, 
in  the  above  table  ;  fur  inftance,  Marcli  5th.  It  appears, 
that  on  that  day  the  right  afcenfion  deduced  from  the 
quadrant  obfervation  differed  +  8  '.6  from  that  obferved  at 
the  tranfit.  Now  it  is  prcfumed,  that  a  part  of  this  error 
mav  be  in  the  diviiions  of  the  quadrant,  or  in  the  affumed 
latitude,  or  in  the  obhquity  of  the  ecliptic  :  \vc,  therefore, 
compare  this  refult  with  its  correfponding  one,  Ocl.  nth, 
when  we  find  the  error  to  be  —  5'. 4;  hence  we  infer,  that 
:j."2  only  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  error  of  the  tranfit  ob- 
fervations,  and  that  i."6,  or  the  half,  is  the  real  error  of  the 
catalogue  common  to  every  ftar  ;  fince,  had  that  quantity 
been  added,  the  pofitive  and  negative  error  would  have  been 
equal,  and  would  have  been  therefore  afligned  altogether  to 
the  folar  obfervations. 

The  beauty  of  Dr.  Mafkelyne's  method,  which  we  have 
thus  endeavoured  minutely  to  defcribe,  confil^s  in  this,  that  it 
is  not  only  extremely  independent  of  thofe  errors  that  are 
moil  likely  to  occur  in  a  feries  of  folar  obfei  vations,  but  that 
it  is  capable  of  furniihing  a  clue  to  afcertain  both  the  amount 
and  caufe  of  thofe  errors.  As  this  would  lead  us  to  an  invelli- 
gation  rather  foreign  to  the  prefent  fubjecl,  we  fhall  not  at 
prefent  enter  into  thefe  coniiderations. 

Secular  •variatior.  in  the  longitude  ofthejjxedjlars. 

When  the  longitudes  ar.d  latitudes  of  a  number  of  ftars 
are  determined  for  a  given  period,  thefe  are  computed  for 
any  diftant  period,  by  applying  the  preceffion  of  the  equi- 
nodial  points,  and  hkewife  the  fecular  variation  for  each 
particular  liar,  and  for  which  purpofe  a  very  accurate  table 
has  already  been  given  under  Latitude.  This  fecular  varia- 
tion arifes  from  the  real  change  of  pofition  in  the  ecliptic 
itfelf ;  inafmuch  as  this  affefits  the  fituation  ef  the  equi- 
nodlial  point.  The  effett  is  common  to  all  liars  ;  and,  there- 
fore, this  part  of  it  only  influences  the  quantity  of  the  ge- 
neral preceffion  ;  but  becaufe  the  pofition  of  the  ecliptic  is 
really  changed  among  the  conftellations,  each  flar  becomes 
Teferred  to  a  new  point. 

Though  the  trigonometrical  inveftigation  of  the  exacl 
quantity  of  thefe  changes  is  extremely  complicated  ;  yet  the 
principle  may  be  rendered  fufficienily  intelligible,  by  recol- 
lecting that  a  change  in  the  pofition  of  the  equator  diilurb- 
ing  the  equinoctial  points,  produces  a  change  in  the  longi- 
tudes, right  afccniions,  and  declinations,  the  latitudes  only 
remaining  the  fame.  But  a  fimilar  change  in  the  ecliptic 
produces  a  change  in  the  longitudes,  latitudes,  and  right 
afcenfions,  whiill  the  dechnations  remain  unaltered.  In 
other  words,  the  difplacement  of  the  equator  affetls  every 
thing  but  the  latitudes,  and  a  difplacement  of  the  ecliptic 
every  thing  but  the  declinations. 

On  the  methods  of  deter  mlnir:g  the  pojitions  of  places  on  the  fur- 
face  of  the  earth,  or  their  longitudes  and  latitudes. 

The  general  nature  of  the  problem  having  been  already 
explained  under  Latitude;  and  feveral  practical  methods  of 
determining  the  longitude  having  been  defcribed  at  great 
length  under  Chkokometer  and  Degree  ;  we  have  now 
to  explain  a  variety  of  allronomical  procefies  which  have 
been  devifed  and  brought  to  a  great  ftate  of  perfection 
within  thefe  lall  fifty  years.  Longitude,  being  only  a  relative 
term,  to  find  the  longitude  of  a  place,  is,  in  faCt,  to  determine 
the  difference  of  the  longitude  of  two  given  places.  And 
here  we  may  obferve  rather  a  curious  circumllance,  which  is, 
that  though  the  problem  is  in  its  ftatement  purely  geogra- 
phical, yet  it  can  only  be  fo'ved  by  the  aid  of  allronomy, 
except  upon  the  hypothetical  fuppolition  of  a  trigonometrical 
meafurement  extended  over  the  whole  furface  of  tlie  earth, 
or  at  lead  over  a  great  circle  of  its  circumference.  Tliis 
being  impoflible,  we  mull  have  recourfe  to  the  general 
principle  we  have  fo  often  had  occafion  to  refer  to  in  former 
aftronomical  articles.     We  fuppofe,  at  any  given  moment. 


every  point  of  the  convex  furface  of  the  earth  eor- 
refponds  with  fome  point  in  the  concave  furface  of  the 
heavens,  called  its  zenith  ;  and  as  the  angular  diilance  is  the 
fame  on  each,  by  meafuring  the  angular  diilance  of  the  celef- 
tial  arc,  which  is  always  acceffible,  we  obtain  the  correfpond- 
ing and  equal  angular  diilance  of  the  terreftria!  arc,  which 
otherwife  would  be  practically  im.poffible.  Thus,  for  in- 
ftance, one  perfon  at  London,  and  ar.other  at  Jama  ca,  have 
no  means  of  knowing  the  exa£t  proportion  of  the  earth's 
circumference  intercepted  between  them,  except,  indeed, 
by  the  inaccurate  eflimate  of  the  length  of  a  fhip's  track  in 
failing  from  one  place  to  another ;  but  if,  by  fome 
artifice,  each  could  afcertain,  at  any  given  moment,  his 
zenith  point  in  the  heavens  ;  then,  as  the  angular  diilance 
of  thefe  zenith  points  could  eafily  be  meafured,  the  cor- 
refponding terreitrial  arc  would  immediately  be  determined. 
Now  to  this,  or  fome  very  fimilar  principle,  may  every  pro- 
cefs  fur  finding  the  longitude  be  referrer'. 

The  inveftigation  of  the  fubjedt  will  be  much  fimplified,  if 
we  fuppofe  the  equator,  inltead  of  being  divided  into  360  de- 
grees, to  be  divided  into  24  parts,  and  each  part  into  Co,  and 
iubdivided  again  into  60.  As  each  of  thefe  larger  divifions 
palles  under  a  celeftial  meridian  in  one  hour  of  fidereal  time, 
they  are  called  hours  to  avoid  circumlocution,  though  it  is 
evident  that  a  portion  of  a  line  cannot  be  an  hour,  or  any 
part  of  time.  But  as  the  difference  of  meafure  will  be 
expreffed  in  the  fame  terms  as  the  difference  of  time,  this 
mode  of  divifion  is  extremely  ufeful,  and  fhews  us  at  once, 
that  to  determine  the  difference  of  longitude  between  two 
places,  is  equivalent  to  determining  the  difference  of  ap- 
parent time  that  exills  between  two  places  at  any  one  given 
inftant.  The  moil  obvious  way  of  accomplifhing  this, 
is  for  two  obfervers  to  watch  fome  inflantaneous  pheno.menon, 
and  to  mark  tlie  inftant  of  apparent  time  at  which  each 
obferved  it.  The  inltantaneous  explofion  of  a  mafs  of  gun- 
powder is  extremely  well  adapted  for  this  purpofe  when  the 
diftance  is  not  great,  and  has  been  fuccefsiully  employed  in 
the  iouth  of  France,  and  in  the  north  of  Europe.  It  is 
evident  that  this  method  can  only  be  employed  for  very 
limited  diilances  :  for  places  more  remote,  we  are  obhged 
to  recur  to  the  celeftial  phenomena,  and  we  felect  thofe 
which  have  the  greateft  refembkince  to  the  above,  that  is, 
which  are  the  moil  inftantaiieous,  and  which  appear  the 
moll  nearly  alike  to  two  obfervers  at  the  fame  aftual  inftant 
of  time.  Unfortunately,  there  are  none  which  unite  thefe  de- 
firable  combinations  of  circumftances.  Eclipfes  of  .Jupiter's 
fotellites,  and  of  the  raoon,  unite  them  in  a  very  confiderable 
degree,  and  accordingly  have  been  employed  to  great  advan- 
tage, particularly  in  the  early  ftate  of  geography,  and  in 
cafes  where  the  fituation  of  the  place  was  previoufly  un- 
known. 

An  occultation  of  a  fixed  ftar  is  a  very  inftantaneous  phe-  , 
nomenon,  but  it  is  not  feen  at  the  identical  inftant  of  aftual 
time  by  each  obferver  ;  for,  from  the  vicinity  of  the  moon  and 
its  conlequent  parallax,  it  may  to  one  obferver  appear  to  pafs 
over  a  fixed  ftar,  when  to  another  it  may  appear  to  pafs 
entirely  over  or  under  it  :  hence,  even  in  tlie  caf\;  where 
an  occultation  is  obferved  by  two  pcrfons,  the  difference  o£ 
longitude  cannot  be  inferred  by  finiply  noting  the  difference 
of  time  at  which  the  phenomenon  happened  to  each  obferver. 
This  defeft,  however,  may  be  completely  fupplied  by  calcu- 
lation, and  therefore  it  is  juftly  con!idcr<d  as  one  of  the 
moil  accurate  methods  that  can  poftibly  be  devifed.  We 
fliall  refer  our  readers  to  aftronomical  v/riters  for  examples 
of  the  various  methods  :  our  object  at  prefent  is  only  to  give 
a  flcetch  of  the  dift'erent  principles  on  which  they  are 
founded. 

The  longitude  of  a  place  on  land  may  likewife  be  found 

wi:b  confiderable  exaclneis,  by  obferving  the  paffage  of  the 

~    -j-j  mooa 


LONGITUDE. 


moon  over  the  meridian,  and  comparing  it  with  the  paffage 
obferved  in  fome  fixed obfervatory.  A  much  greater  accuracy 
will  be  obtained  by  this  method,  if  feveral  fucceflive  tranfita 
of  the  moon  be  taken  at  either  place  of  obfervation,  as  then 
the  motion  of  the  moon  in  riglit  afcenilon  will  be  obtained 
without  the  aid  of  calculation  :  but  it  will  be  requifitc  to 
attend  to  the  equation  of  fecond  differences,  and  even  then 
the  irregularity  of  the  moons  motion  in  24  hours  is  fo  great, 
that  a  very  fenfible  error  may  ftill  remain  uncorrefted. 

Several  writers,  in  explaining  this  method,  appear  to  have 
fallen  into  a  mifconceptioii  of  the  fubjeft,  by  confounding 
together  the  retardation  of  the  moon  in  24  hours,  with  the 
real  retardation  obferved  between  two  fucceilive  tranfits, 
and  which  latter  fliould  evidently  be  ufed  in  calculating  the 
proportional  retardation  correfponding  to  a  given  difference 
in  longitude.  Suppofe,  for  inftance,  for  the  fake  of  render, 
ing  the  fubjeft  as  intelligible  as  poffiblc,  that  the  motions  of 
the  fun  and  moon  were  pcrfeftly  uniform  and  in  the  equator, 
and  that  they  both  paffed  the  meridian  of  Greenwich  at  mean 
noon  (which  would,  according  to  our  fuppofition,  be  the 
fame  as  apparent  noon)  ;  fuppofe  that  the  next  day  the 
moon  paffed  the  meridian  of  Greenwich  at  1  '  after  noon. 
It  is  evident  that  the  retardation  would  be  one  hour  in 
tiuenty-five  hours.  On  the  oppofitc  meridian  the  moon  will 
pafs  ato"  30',  at  which  inftant  it  will  be  12''  30' mean  lime  at 
Greenwich,  or  the  half  of  25  hours,  this  being  the  proportion 
of  time  anfwering  to  a  retardation  of  30'.  In  genera',  the  at- 
tention of  the  calculator  ihould  be  direfted  to  finding  the 
mean  time  at  Greenwich,  and  to  compare  with  this  the  mean 
time  at  the  place  of  obfervation.  The  reader,  who  wifhes 
to  fee  more  on  this  particular  method,  may  confult  a  paper 
by  Mr.  Gavin  Lowe  in  the  15th  vol.  of  Tilloch's  Philo- 
■  fophical  Magazine. 

Hitherto  we  have  fuppofed  two  obfervations  made  by  two 
obfervers,  one  at  each  place,  whofe  difference  of  longitude 
with  the  other  is  to  be  determined  ;  but  it  is  evident  that 
this  is  imprafticable  in  many  cafes,  and  particularly  in  the 
one  of  the  greatell  importance,  namely,  when  the  objeft  is 
to  determine  the  longitude  at  fea.  Here  the  mariner  muft 
be  fupplied  with  one  calculated  or  fuppofed  obfervation, 
inftead  of  one  really  obferved.  The  difficulty  to  be  fur- 
mounted  in  this  cafe  is  extremely  great :  of  the  immenfe 
number  of  methods  more  or  lefs  piaufible  that  have  been 
fuggefted,  two  only  are  in  ufe  at  prefent,  the  one  by  the 
means  of  a  chronomter,  already  explained  at  great  length 
under  that  article ;  the  other  the  lunar  method,  which 
has  been  gradually  improved  by  the  labour  of  fucceeding 
aftronomers,  from  the  time  it  was  firll  fuggeftd,  many  years 
ago,  to  the  prefent  moment,  when  it  is  brought  fo  near  per- 
feftion,  that  no  leafonable  hope  can  be  entertained  of  any 
very  confiderable  improvement. 

The  early  navigators  had  no  means  of  eftimating  their 
longitude  but  by  the  computed  run  of  the  (hip  ;  and  the 
dangers  they  incurred  by  tliis  inaccurate  method,  were  fuf- 
ficient  to  convince  every  enHghtened  government,  particularly 
of  maritime  ftates,  of  the  importance  of  encouraging,  to  the 
utmolt  effort  of  human  ingenuity,  what  could  be  direfted  to 
the  improvement  of  this  defeClive  ilate  of  navigation. 

The  early  fpeciilations, of  aftronomeis  were  of  but  little" 
praftical  utihty  to  the  navigation  of  thofe  times.  In  the 
1 6th  century,  cclipfcs  of  the  moon  were  ftrongly  recom- 
mended ;  but  they  happened  very  feldom,  and  were  too  in- 
accurately computed  to  be  of  any  great  ufe.  Perhaps, 
now  and  then,  the  approximate  longitude  of  an  almoil  un- 
known country,  wht-re  a  mariner  might  accidentally  be  on 
fliore,  was  computed  by  this  method,  but  to  determine  the 
place  of  a  (hip  it  was  perfe<JtIy  inadequate. 

Phihp  III.  of  Spain,  in  1J98,  offered  an  hundred  thou- 
fand  crowns  ;  and  the  ftates  of  Holland,  at  the  beginning  of 

I  of 


the  feventeenth  century,  propofed  a  reward  of  thirty  thou- 
fand  florins  to  the  perfon  who  Ihould  be  fortunate  enough 
to  folve  this  difficult  and  important  problem.  In  1635, 
John  Morin,  profeffor  of  mathematics  at  Paris,  propofed 
a  method  of  refolving  it  to  cardinal  Richelieu,  extremely 
fimilar  to  the  lunar  method  now  in  ufe  ;  but  it  was  rejefted 
as  of  no  praftical  utihty  :  and  indeed,  at  that  period,  neither 
the  lunar  tables  were  of  fufficient  accuracy,  nor  the  nautical 
inftruments  delicate  enough  to  render  the  lunar  method  very 
promifing.  However,  though  the  commiffioners,  who  were 
appointed  to  examine  this  method,  judged  it  infufficicnt, 
on  account  of  the  imperfeftion  of  the  lunar  tables,  cardinal 
Mazarin,  in  1645,  procured  for  him  a  penfion  of  2000 
livres. 

Many  attempts  were  founded  on  the  theory  of  the  mag- 
netic variation  ;  but  none  of  thefe  fucceeded.  It  was  the 
general  opinion  of  allronomers,  that  the  moon's  motion  was 
the  moft  promifing  phenomenon  to  feleft  ;  but  long  after 
the  idea  was  firft  fnggciled,  neither  lunar  tables  nor  inftru- 
ments were  fufficiently  exaft  to  render  any  method,  founded 
on  thij  theory,  praftically  ufeful.  Still,  however,  there  was 
a  rational  hope  that  thefe  difficiJties  might  be  overcome. 

The  firft  perfon  who  recommended  the  inveftigation  of 
the  longitude,  from  obferving  the  diftance  between  the  moon 
and  fome  ftar,  is  faid  to  have  been  John  Werner,  of  Nu- 
remberg, who  printed  his  annotations  on  the  firft  book  of 
Ptolemy's  Geography,  in  1514:  Peter  Apian,  profeffor  of 
mathematics  at  Ingolftadt,  in  1524  ;  Oronce  Fine,  of  Bri- 
an9on,  about  1530;  Gemma  Fnfius,  at  Antwerp,  in  IJ30; 
Nonius  or  Pedro  Nunez,  in  1560  ;  and  Kepler,  in  1630; 
all  fuggeft  and  recommend  the  fame  method.  In  1675, 
king  Charles  II.  erefted  the  obfervatory  at  Greenwich,  and 
appointed  Mr.  Flamfteed  his  aftronomical  obferver,  with 
this  exprefs  command,  that  he  fhould  apply  himfelf  with  the 
utmoft  care  and  diligence  to  the  rectifying  the  table  of  the 
motions  of  the  heavens,  and  the  places  of  the  fixed  ftars,  in 
order  to  find  out  the  fo  much  delired  longitude  at  fea,  for 
perfefting  the  art  _ of  navigation.  To  the  fidelity  and  in- 
duftry  with  which  Mr.  Flamfteed  executed  his  commiffion, 
we  are  in  a  great  meafure  indebted  for  that  curious  theory 
of  the  moon,  which  was  afterwards  formed  by  the  immortal 
Newton.  This  incomparable  philofopher  made  the  beft  ufe 
which  human  fagacity  could  make  of  the  obfervations  with 
which  he  was  furniftied  ;  but,  as  thefe  were  interrupted  and 
imperfeft,  the  difference  of  fir  Ifaae's  theory  from  the  hea- 
vens would  fometimes  amount  at  leaft  to  five  minutes.  Dr. 
HaUey  employed  much  time  on  this  fubjert  ;  and  a  ftarry 
zodiac  was  pubhftied  under  his  direftion,  containing  all  the 
ftars  to  which  the  moon's  appulfe  can  be  obferved  :  but  for 
want  of  proper  inlliruments  and  correft  tables,  he  could  not 
proceed  in  making  the  neceffary  obfervations.  In  a  paper 
on  this  fubjeft  he  expreffes  his  hope,  that  the  inftrument  juft 
invented  by  Mr.  Hadley  might  be  applied  to  taking  angles 
at  fea  with  the  defired  accuracy.  (See  Phil.  Tranf.  N"  42 1.) 
This  great  aftronomer,  and  after  him  the  abbe  de  la  Caille, 
and  others,  have  reckoned  the  beft  aftronomical  method  of 
finding  the  longitude  at  fea,  to  be  that  wherein  the  diftance 
of  the  moon  from  tlie  fun,  or  from  a  ftar,  is  ufed ;  for  the 
moon's  daily  mean  motion  being  about  thirteen  degrees, 
her  hourly  mean  motion  is  about  half  a  degree,  or  one  mi- 
nute of  a  degree  in  two  minutes  of  time  ;  and  fo  an  error  of 
one  minute  of  a  degree  in  pofition  will  produce  an  error  of 
two  minutes  in  time,  or  half  a  degree  in  longitude  :  and  if 
by  obfervation  it  is  determined  what  part  of  her  daily  motion 
the  moon  has  run  through  during  the  interval  between  a 
certain  point  of  time  under  a  known  meridian,  and  the 
inftant  of  time  when  the  obfervations  are  made  on  her, 
under  an  unknown  meridian,  then  her  daily  motion  at  that 
time  will  have,  to  the  part  thereof  determined  by  obferva- 
tion. 


LONGITUDE. 


tion,  the  fame  ratio  which  twenty-four  hours  has  to  the  in- 
terval  of  time  taken  to  defcribe  that  arc. 

It  was  ill  the  year  1714  that  the  parhament  of  Great 
Britain  firll  begau  to  confider  this  queftioii  as  an  objeft  of 
national  concern.  And  the  lofs  of  fir  Cloudefly  Shovel's 
fleet  feems  to  have  had  fome  effeft  in  drawing  their  attention 
to  this  fubject ;  at  leaft,  if  we  may  judge  from  the  following 
document,  copied  from  a  manufcript  in  the  Royal  Ob- 
fervatory,  figned  by  thofe  well-known  perfonages,  William 
Whifton  and  Humphrey  Ditton.  It  appears  to  have  been 
one  of  the  many  petitions  prefented  to  the  houfe  of  com- 
mons on  tliis  occafion. 

Reafons  for  a  Bill,  propofing  a   Reward  for  the  Difcovery 
of  the  Longitude. 

I.  This  bill  is  unexceptionable,  becaufe  it  is  general,  and 
not  confined  to  any  one  projeft,  perfon,  or  method;' but 
gives  equal  hopes  to  all  judicious  propofers  whatfoever. 

II.  Becaufe  in  this  bill  no  money  is  infilled  on,  before 
any  method  for  the  difcovery  of  the  longitude  is,  upon  trial, 
aftuaUy  found  practicable  and  ufeful. 

III.  Becaufe  fir  Ifaac  Newton's  own  paper,  delivered 
into  the  Committee,  gives  hopes  that  the  known  method  by 
the  theory  of  the  moon,  which  is  hitherto  not  esaft  enough, 
may,  upon  due  encouragement,  in  time  be  brought  to  per- 
fection. 

IV.  Becaufe  the  method  now  propofcd  is  owned  by  all, 
to  whom  it  has  been  communicated,  to  be  certainly  true  in 
theory  :  it  cannot,  therefore,  be  fit  to  have  it  concealed,  even 
though  it  were  not  yet  known  to  be  practicable  ;  becaufe, 
in  that  cafe,  future  improvements  might  Hill  make  it  fo. 

V.  Becaufe  its  great  ufe  at  land  and  in  geography  is  in- 
difputable,  and  was  diftinclly  obferved  by  fir  Ifrac  Newton 
and  Dr.  Halley,  upon  the  firft  propofal  of  this  method  to 
them  :  and  we  beg  leave  to  fay,  that  this  ufe  alone  \%  fo  great 
and  extenffue,  that  if  there  were  no  other,  it  would  highly 
deferve  the  encouragement  of  the  public. 

VI.  Becaufe  another  great  ufe  is  alfo  undoubted,  vi%, 
for  all  places  in  the  narrow  feas,  and  within  about  1 00  miles 
of  all  ftiores  and  iflands ;  that  is,  for  all  places  where  fhips 
are  in  the  greateft  danger,  as  fir  Ifaac  Newton  owned  to 
the  committee  ;  fo  that  if  this  method  extended  no  farther, 
yet  it  would  highly  deferve  the  public  encouragement. 

VII.  Becaufe  there  is  little  or  no  reafon  to  doubt  of  its 
ufe  at  any  place  at  fea,  even  where  fliips  are  allowed  to  be 
in  the  leaft  danger ;  fince,  in  the  moft  doubtful  cafe  ot  all, 
fir  Ifaac  Newton  lias,  in  his  paper  delivered  to  the  com- 
mittee, propofed  an  cfFeAual  remedy,  as  will  be  clearly  un- 
derftood,  when  the  method  itfelf  is  known  to  the  world. 

VIII.  Becaufe  this  method  will  fave  the  nation  great 
fums  of  money,  which  the  want  of  it  does  now  occafion,  as 
will  appear  upon  trial. 

IX.  Becaufe  the  charges  of  it  will  be  inconfiderable,  in  com- 
parifon  of  the  advantage,  as  will  alfo  fully  appear  upon  trial. 

X.  Becaufe  it  will  prevent  the  lofs  of  abundance  of  fhips 
and  lives  of  men  ;  as  it  would  certainly  have  faved  all  fir 
CloudeUy  Shovel's  fleet,  had  it  then  been  put  in  practice. 

XL  Becaufe  it  is  eaiy  to  be  underftood  and  pradtifed  by 
ordinary  feamen,  without  the  neceflity  of  any  puzzling  cal- 
culations in  aftronomy. 

And  we  take  leave  to  recommend  the  learned  Savihan 
profeffor  of  geometry  at  Oxford,  Dr.  Halley,  as  the  fittell 
perfon  in  the  world  for  the  trial,  and  praftice,  and  improve- 
ment of  this  method  ;  and  do  hereby  declare,  that  we  are 
wilhng  that  he  go  equal  (hares  with  us  in  the  reward,  if  he 
pleafe  to  imdertake  lo  ufeful  a  work,  and  the  public  pleafe 
to  make  that  reward  equivalent  to  the  great  dignity  and  im- 
portance of  the  difcovery. 

June  ic,  1714.  Will.  Whiston. 

Hu.MPHKEY  DlTTON. 


Accordingly  an  aft  was  pafled  in  this  year,  17 14,  in  the 
Britifii  parliament,  appointing  and  empowering  certain  com. 
miffioners  to  make  out  a  bill  for  a  fum  not  exceeding  2000/. 
towards  making  neceflary  experiments ;  and  alfo  granting  a 
reward  to  the  perfon  who  fhould  difcover  the  longitude  at 
fea,  proportioned  to  the  degree  of  accuracy  that  might  be 
attained  by  fuch  method;  ■viz.  a  reward  of  10,000/.,  if  it 
determines  the  fame  longitude  to  one  degree  of  a  great 
circle,  or  fixty  geographical  miles;  ij,ooo/.,  if  it  deter- 
mines the  fame  to  two-thirds  of  that  diftance ;  and  20,000/., 
if  it  determines  it  to  half  that  diftance.  It  is  added,  that 
one  moiety  or  half  part  of  fuch  rewards  or  fum  ftiall  be  due 
and  paid  when  the  faid  commiflioners,  or  the  major  part  of 
them,  do  agree  that  any  fuch  method  extends  to  the  fecurity 
of  ftiips,  within  eighty  geographical  miles  from  the  ftiores, 
which  are  places  of  the  greateft  danger;  and  the  other 
moiety  or  half  part,  when  a  ftiip,  by  the  appointment  of  the 
faid  coramiffioners,  or  the  major  part  of  them,  fhall  thereby 
actually  fail  over  the  ocean,  from  Great  Britain  to  any  fuch 
port  in  the  Weft  Indies  as  ihofe  commiflioners,  or  the  major 
part  of  them,  ftiall  chufe  or  nominate  for  the  experiment, 
vvithout  lofing  her  longitude  beyond  the  limits  above  men- 
tioned. 12  Ann.  cap.  15.  See  alfa  flat.  14  Geo.  II. 
cap.  39.  26  Geo.  II.  cap  25.  By  flat.  14  Geo.  III.  all 
former  atts  concerning  the  longitude  at  fea  are  repealed, 
except  fo  much  of  them  as  relates  to  the  appointment  and 
authority  of  the  commiflioners  thereby  conftituted,  and  alfo 
fuch  claufes  as  relate  to  the  conftrudting,  printing,  pubhfti- 
ing,  &c.  of  nautical  almanacs,  and  other  ufeful  tables ; 
and  it  is  enatted,  that  any  perfon,  who  ftiall  difcover  any 
method  for  finding  the  longitude  by  means  of  a  time -keeper, 
ftiall  be  entitled  to  the  propofed  reward,  as  we  have  already 
ftated  under  the  article  Chronometer  ;  which  lee. 

From  the  very  confiderable  improvements  made  by  fir 
Ifaac  Newton  in  the  theory  of  the  moon,  and  more  lately 
by  M.  Euler,  and  others  on  his  principles,  Mr.  Tobias 
Mayer,  profeffor  of  Gottingcn,  was  enabled  to  calculate 
lunar  tables  more  correft  than  any  that  were  before  pub- 
liftied,  and  he  has  fucceeded  fo  far  as  to  give  the  moon's 
place  within  one  minute  of  the  truth.  This  has  been  proved 
by  a  comparifon  of  the  tables  with  the  obfervations  made 
at  the  Greenwich  obfervatory  by  the  late  Dr.  Bradley, 
and  by  Dr.  Maftvelyne.  Thefe  ubles,  for  which  the 
widow  of  Mr.  Mayer  was  rewarded  by  the  Britilh  parlia- 
ment, were  publiftied  in  1770,  by  Dr.  Mafkelyne,  by  order 
of  the  cpmmiflioners  of  longitude.  Dr.  Malkelyne,  in  his 
voyage  to  St.  Helena,  in  1761,  made  ufe  of  tliefe  tables, 
and  found  them  to  anfwer  for  the  difcovery  of  the  longitude, 
within  a  degree  ;  and  in  order  to  facifitate  the  general  ufe  of 
them,  he  propofed  a  nautical  ephemeris,  the  fcheme  of 
which  was  adopted  by  the  commiflioners  of  longitude,  and 
firft  executed  in  the  year  J  767  ;  and  the  pubUcation  has  been 
regularly  continued  ever  fince.  But  as  the  rules  that  were 
given  in  the  appendix  to  one  of  thofe  publications,  for  cor- 
recting the  effects  of  refraction  and  parallax,  were  deemed 
too  difficult  for  general  ufe,  they  were  reduced  to  tables  : 
fo  that  by  the  help  of  the  ephemeris,  thefe  tables,  and  others 
that  are  provided,  the  calculations  relating  to  the  longitude, 
which  could  not  be  performed  by  the  moft  expert  mathe- 
matician in  lefs  than  four  hours,  may  now  be  completed 
with  greater  eafe  and  accuracy  in  half  an  hour.  Dr.  Maf- 
kelyne  obferved,  that  the  error  of  Mr.  Mayer's  laft  lunar 
tables  fcarce  ever  exceeds  i'  at  the  moft,  and  leldom  amounts 
to  20"  ;  and,  therefore,  the  uncertainty  hence  arifing  in  the 
determination  of  the  longitude,  can  fcarcely  exceed  half  a 
degree,  and  generally  will  not  exceed  ten  miles. 

We  obferve,  in  general,  with  regard  to  the  hiftorical  part 
of  this  article,  that  when  Hadley  had  invented  the  quadrant, 
or  ottant,  which  ilill  bears  his  name,  and  when  Mayer  liad 

brought 


LONGITUDE. 


brought  the  lunar  tables  to  an  unexpected  degree  of  pre- 
cifion,  aftronomers  of  every  nation  began  to  conceive  the 
molt  rational  hopes,  that,  by  gradual  improvement,  this 
method  would  at  laft  be  found  to  eqya!  the  moll  fanguine 
expeftation. 

Thofe  who  firll  attempted  to  praflife  it  had  to  ftruggle 
with  great  difficulties  ;  and  the  requifite  calcuhitions  were 
fo  formidable,  that  none  but  aftronomers,  or  at  leaft  very 
able  calculators,  could  poflibly  attempt  them. 
'  The  late  aftror.omer  royal,  Dr.  Mufl^elyne,  praftifed  this 

method  with  the  gieatell  fucccfs  ;  and  it  is  to  him  this 
country  is  indebted  for  fome  of  the  grcateft  improvements 
that  hav^  been  made.  It  was  he  who  firft  propofed  and 
fuperintended  the  conftruftion  of  the  Nautical  Almanac, 
which  relieves  the  calculator  from  all  the  very  laborious  part 
of  the  procefs ;  and  the  remaining  part  of  the  computation 
has  been  fo  fimplified  by  fucceffive  improvements,  both  in  the 
formula;  and  conftruftion  of  tables,  that,  at  prefent,  the  necef- 
fary  obfervations  may  be  both  made  and  coniputed  by  any  ma- 
nner, who  has  received  a  tolerably  good  nautical  education. 

As  the  praftical  methods  of  making  and  computing  a 
lunar  obfervation  are  given  at  great  length  in  every  nautical 
book,  we  fliaU  confine  ourfelves  to  explaining  the  general 
nature  and  objedl  of  the  problem,  and  refer  the  reader  to 
profeffcd  treatifes  on  navigation  for  farther  information.  In 
Mackay's  trcatife  on  the  Longitude,  the  reader  will  find 
fome  excellent  methods  of  folving  both  this  and  a  variety  of 
other  nautical  problems,  accompanied  by  very  ufcful  tables. 
Mendoza's  tables  contain  his  own  valuable  method  of  coin- 
pnting  a  lunar  obfervation,  belide  general  tables  for  every 
nautical  purpofe.  The  requifite  tables  are  well  known,  and 
are  in  the  hands  of  every  navigator. 

Explanation  of  the  princ'iplcs  of  the  method  by  tuhich  the  longi- 
'    tuele  is  found  at  fea,  by  ohferving  the  dijlance  of  the  moon  from 
the  fun,  or  a  given  fixed  Jlar. 

The  requifite  data  for  determining  the  jlongltude  at  fea, 
by  the  lunar  inethod,  are  the  apparent  dittance  of  the  centre 
of  the  moon  from  the  centre  of  the  fun  or  Itar,  and  the  ap- 
parent altitude  of  the  centres  of  each  at  the  moment  of 
obfervation.  Hence  three  obfervers  are  ufnally  employed  : 
one  obicrves  the  diftance  between  the  fun  and  moon,  one 
the  altitude  of  the  fun,  and  the  other  the  altitude  of  the 
moon.  When  this  cannot  be  done,  the  place  of  the  other 
two  may  be  fupplied  by  computation. 

By  means  of  lunar  tables,  the  exaft  diftance  of  the  moon 
from  the  fun  or  ftar  is  computed  for  every  three  hours,  for 
the  meridian  of  Greenwich.  We  are  not,  however,  to  fup- 
pofe  that  thefe  dilhuices  are  fuch  as  the  moon  and  fun  would 
appear  to  have  at  Greenwich  ;  but  fuch  as  they  would  ap- 
pear to  an  obferver  at  the  centre  of  the  earth.  It  is  for 
Creentvich  time  only  that  they  arc  computed  ;  a  circumftance 
not  fufficiently  infiflled  upon  by  elementary  writers  on  this 
fubjeft.  From  thefe  tables  (of  the  Nautical  Almanac)  it 
is  eafy  to  infer  the  diftance  for  any  intermediate  interval  :  a 
fimple  proportion  will  be  fufScient  for  this  purpofe.  We 
may  therefore  confider  ourfelves  as  in  poffeirion  of  an  in- 
llantaneous  phenomenon,  anfwering  to  every  inftant  of  time 
at  Greenwich  ;  fince  the  diftance  of  the  fun  and  the  moon 
are  never  the  fame  for  two  fucceffive  inftants  of  time.  Now 
if  we  confider  the  converfe  of  this  propofition,  it  is  equally 
evident,  that  if  we  have  given  the  diftance  of  the  moon  from 
the  fun,  as  feen  from  the  centre  of  the  earth  ;  we  can,  by 
the  fame  tables,  infer  the  exaft  time  at  Greenwich  cor- 
refponduig  to  this  diftance.  Now  the  objeft  of  a  lunar  ob- 
fervation is  to  determine  this  diftance  at  a  given  moment  of 
actual  time,  lo  afcert.iin  the  apparent  time  at  this  moment 
for  the  meiidJan  of  the  obferver,  and  to  compare  it  with  the 
moment  of  Greenwich  time,  which  is  to  be  inferred  from 
the  given  diftance.     Now  the  difficulty  of  the  procefs  arifes 


from  this  circumftance,  that  fince,  to  an  obferver  on  the 
furface  of  the  earth,  the  moon  appears  always  deprefted  bv 
the  efteft  of  parallax,  and  the  fun  elevated  by  the  effiidt  of 
refrailion,  the  angular  diftance  obferved  with  a  fextant,  or 
any  other  inftrument,  is  not  the  Hune  as  the  diftance  feen 
from  the  centre  of  the  earth,  and  for  which  alone  the 
nautical  tables  are  calculated.  Hence  a  fphcrical  computa- 
tion becomes  necefl^ary.  Two  cafes  of  oblique  fpherical 
triangles  mull  be  computed,  before  the  obferved  diftance 
can  be  corrected,  and  the  true  diftance  afcertained. 

The  general  nature  of  the  problem  may  be  m'lre  eafily  un- 
derftood  by  a  reference  to  the  figure  (  Plate  XVII.  jiflronomy, 
fig.  1.),  which  is  a  projeftion  of  the  fphere  on  the  plane  of 
the  meridian  :  i)  i  -j  is  the  obferved  or  apparent  dijiance  of  the 
fun  and  moon  ;  Z  ])  is  the  zenith  diftance  ot  the  moon  ; 
Z  0  that  of  the  lun  ;  m  is  the  true  place  of  the  moon,  when 
corrected  for  refi-aftion  and  parallax,  which  together  tend  to 
apparently  deprefs  it ;  j  is  the  true  place  of  the  fun,  when 
corredted  by  refradtion  and  parallax,  which  together  tend 
apparently  to  elevate  it :  for  the  moon's  parallax  is  always 
greater  than  the  refradtion,  the  fun's  always  Icfs.  For  a  ilar, 
the  fimple  corrtttion  for  retradtion  is  all  that  is  required. 

We  have  now,  therefore,  given  three  fides  in  the  triangle 
"L  Gj  ))  ,  and  two  fides  (viz.  Z  m,  Z  .r)  in  the  triangle  Z  m  s. 

In  the  triangle  Z  Q  J  »  the  angle  Z  may  be  found  from 
the  three  given  fides  ;  and  then  with  Z  m,  "ZiS,  and  the  in- 
cluded angle  Z  found  above,  ms,  or  the  true  diftance,  may 
be  obtained. 

To  fiiorten  the  folution  of  this  problem,  and  to  reduce  it 
within  the  compals  of  a  mariner's  ordinary  powers  of  com- 
putation, has  been  an  objctt  with  the  firft  geometricians  in 
Europe.  It  would  lead  us  much  beyond  our  limits  to  give 
a  hiftory  of  the  numerous  folutions  that  have  been  propofed. 
The  French  mathematicians,  probably  not  having  a  great 
facility  of  conftrudting  tables,  have  diredted  their  attention 
chiefly  to  fuch  methods  as  require  only  the  common  tables 
of  logarithms.  In  our  own  country,  where  the  board  of 
longitude  is  always  ready  to  publifti  any  ufeful  tables  that 
may  be  approved,  thofe  methods  and  formulx  have  been  in 
general  preferred,  which  admitted  of  the  ffiorteft  folution 
by  means  of  tables.  In  this  refpedt,  a  progreffive  feries  of 
improvement  has  taken  place  fince  the  firft  introdudtion  of 
the  method  ;  and  a  flcilful  mariner  will  now  compute  the 
true  diftance  from  the  apparent  in  five  minutes,  when 
formerly  as  many  hours  were  required. 

Befides  the  methods  founded  on  a  diredt  trigonometrical 
folution,  there  are  many  (fuch  as  Lyon's  and  Dr.  Maf- 
kelyne's)  which  are  founded  on  rather  a  different  principle. 
The  fmall  triangle  J)  m  m'  is  computed  as  if  a  plane  one, 
])  m'  being  the  effedt  of  the  total  depreffion  of  the  moon  in 
changing  the  diftance  :  a  fimilar  triangle  is  formed  for  com- 
puting the  eftedt  of  refradtion  for  the  fun  or  ftar.  Various 
formulae  have  been  deduced  from  each  of  thefe  principles, 
for  the  inveftigation  of  which  the  reader  may  confult  Cag- 
nole's  Trigonometry,  and  various  volumes  in  the  Connoif- 
fance  dcs  Temps.  A  very  clear  and  fcientific  inveftigation 
of  all  thefe  methods  was  given  by  Mr.  Mendoza,  in  the 
Philofophical  Tranfadtions  for  1797. 

To  enable  the  reader  to  judge  of  fome  of  the  moft  ap- 
proved of  thefe,  we  ftiall  give  a  folution  of  the  fame  problem 
by  a  variety  of  different  ways. 

Given  Apparent  altitude  0  -  32^34'  47" 

Apparent  altitude   B        -  39     3     4 

Apparent  diftance  ©  ])        -       86   10   19 
Horizontal  parallax  -  O  j8  28 

Required  the  true  diltance. 

The  firft  example  we  fliall  give  is  the  method  of  Borda, 
which  is  in  general  ufe  among  the  more  ikilful  of  the  French 
navigators. 

The 


LONGITUDE. 


The  formula  is  as  follows : 


Let 


I  a/  cof.  i{d  +  a  +  h)  cof.  ^{J  ^   {"  +  />)  cof-  A  cof.  H 

cof.  i  ( A  +  H  )  cof.  VcoL'6 

Then  fin.  i  D  =  cof.  J  (A  +  H)  cof.  N. 
In  which     A  =  true  altitude  of  J) 

a    =  apparent  altitude  of  ]) 

H  =  true  altitude  of  0 

h    =  apparent  altitude  of  0 

d    =  obferved  or  apparent  diftance  ©  ]> 

D  =  true  diftance  required. 


fin.  N. 


Apparent  diftance  ©  (f 
Apparent  a'titude  © 
Apparent  altitude  d 

Sum 

Half  fum 
Diftance  half  fum 
Correfted  altitude  © 
Correfted  altitude   ([ 

Sum 

Half  fum 


86'  lo'  19" 
32  34  47 
39     3     4 

157  43   10 

73  54    5 

7   16  14 

(■32  a  2? 

1.39  47   18 

72  20  43 
36  10  21.5 


Example  I. — Borda's  Method. 


Com.  ar.  log.  cof. 
Com,  ar.  log.  cof. 


log.  cof. 
log.  cof. 
log.  cof. 
log.  cof. 


0.0743564 
0.1098114 


9.2844366 
99964940 

99257)39 
9.8855952 


Sum 
Half  fum 


Log  cof.  N 


39.2764375 

log.Tof.  ('9:9070039}  ^'^-  9-73I2H8,  which  is  the  log.  fm.  N.' 
\  9.9256221 


Sum  log.  fin.  of  the      9.8326260 


Half  diftance 
True  diftance 


42'' 51 '29" 
85  42  58 


When  Callet's  Logarithms  are  ufed,  much  labour  may  be  avoided,  by  taking  the  neareft  multiple  to  10"  in  the 
apparent  diftance  and  making  an  equal  alteration  in  the  refult.  In  the  above  example,  the  diftance  for  calculation  might 
be  86    10'  20";  and  then  one  fecond  ftiould  be  dedudled  from  the  refult,  which  would  have  been  8c"  42'  59". 

Example  II. — According  to  the  method  given  by  Dr.  Mafl<elyne  in  the  Preface  to  Taylor's  Logarithms.  Let  the 
apparent  altitude  of  the  moon's  centre  be  39  3'  4'',  that  of  the  fun  32"  34'  47"  ;  their  apparent  diftance  86^  10'  19",  and 
the  moon's  horizontal  parallax  58'  28".     Required  the  true  diftance  of  the  fun  and  moon. 

J 's  horizontal  parallax         ...         o' 58' 28"  Log.  fine         .         -         -         8.23061 

Ji 's  apparent  altitude         -  -  .         39     3     4  Log.  cofine         -  -  9.89019 


J  's  parallax  in  altitude 

D  's  refraftion  from  Table  I.         •  - 

Correftion  of  moon's  altitude 
B  's  apparent  altitude         ... 

D  's  true  altitude        -  •  - 

©'s  apparent  altitude         ... 
Difference  of  refraftion  and  parallax 

©'s  true  altitude         •  .  . 

i)  's  true  altitude  -  -         - 

Difference  of  true  altitudes  of  ©  and  D 

©'s  apparent  altitude         ... 
])  's  apparent  altitude         ... 

Difference  of  apparent  altitudes  of  ©  and  J) 
Apparent  diftance       .... 


o  45  24 
—    I    10 


Log.  fine 


8.12080 


0 
39 

44 
3 

14 
4 

39  47 

18 

32 
0 

34  47 
I  22 

32  33 
39  47 

\l 

7 

»3 

53 

32 
39 

34  47 
3  4 

6 
86 

28 
10 

17 
19 

Sum 
Vol.  XXI. 


92  38  36 


Yy 


Difference 


LONGITUDE. 


Difference 

Half  fum 

Half  difference 
P  's  apparent  altitude 
J  's  true  altitude 

O's  apparent  altitude 

O's  true  altitude 


79  42  a 
46  19  18 

39  51  ' 
39  3  4 
39  47  •» 
32  34  47 
32  33  25 


Half  difference  of  true  altitudes  of  O  and  ])    3  36  56 


42  51   29 

3 


Log.  fine 

Log.  fine 

Co.  ar.  loff.  cofine 

Log.  cofine 

Co.  ar.  log.  cofine 

Log.  cofine 


Log.  fine 

Log.  tangent  of  an  arc 


9.8592754 

9.80671 14 
0.10981 14 
9.8855952 
0.0743564 
9-9257539 

2)39.6675037 

19.8307518 

8.7997641 

-     11.9309877  Tang.  N. 


Correfponding  log.  cofine  N      9.9981254 
Log.  fine  -  -  9.8326264 


85  42  58     True  diftance  required. 
The  formula  for  the  above  method  is  nearly  fimilar  to  that  of  Borda.     It  is, 


iin.  i  (A-n  H^ 


^/fiiTl  {J  {a  ^  h)  fin,  i  {d  ^-  {a  ^  h)  cof.  A  col.  H  ^  ^^^  ^^^    ,  ^  ^   iin.l(A^H) 


cof.  a    cof  b 


cof.  N. 


Example  HI. Dunthorn's  Method. — Let  the  apparent  diftance  of  the  fun  and  moon  be  86=  10'  19",  the  apparent 

altitude  of  the  fun  32    34'  47",  that  of  the  moon  39    3'  4",  and  her  horizontal  parallax  58'  28".     What  is  their  true 
diftance  ? 


Log.  from  Table  IX. 
Log.  from  Table  X. 


9.995526 
10 


Moon's  apparent  altitude 
Sun's  apparent  altitude 

Difference  of  apparent  altitudes 
Apparent  diftance 


39"   3' 

4" 

32  32 

37 

6  28 

17 

86  10 

19 

Sum         .         .         .           - 

Difference 

92  38  36 
79  42     3 

Half  difference  true  altitude 

3  36  56 

Arc         .... 

42  37  46 

Sum             .         .         .         - 

Difference 

46  14  42 
39    0  50 

Half  true  diftance 

42  51  24 

2 

True  diftance        r         -        - 

85  42  58 

Referved  logarithm 

9.995516 

Cor.   J  's  altitude.  Table  VIII. 

-       0  44'  14' 

Cor.  O's  altitude.  Tables  I.  and  II 

0     I   22 

Cor.  apparent  altitude 

0  45  36 
6  28  17 

Half  difference  true  altitude 

7  14  53 

Half  difference  true  altitude 

3  37  26 

its  half  is  46"  iq'  18'   S. 
its  hait'i<  39  51      I    S. 
Referved  logarithm 

9.S59275 
9  806711 
9.995516 

• 

2)19.661502 

9.830751 

Cofine         .         ,         .         .         - 
Cofine             .... 

9.839840 
9.890417 

3)19.730257 

Cofine 

9.865128 

Example 


LONGITUDE. 

Example  IV. — By  Mendoza's  Method, 
©'s  altitude  32"  3j'.      d  's  altitude  39   3'.     Apparent  diftance  86^  10'  19'". 


Horizoutal  parallax  j8'  28". 


bun's  altitude 

Moon's  altitude            ... 

32' 35'    0" 
39    3    0 

Table  X. 

No.  I. 

fNo. 
JNo. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 
No.  4. 

88083  ' 

59 
2.      32 

3-       " 

03202 

33820 

25207 
021 

■      Aux 

Table  IX 
arg. 

Sum  of  app.  altitudes  of  O  and  ]) 
Compl.  corr.     Table  VII. 
Corr.  moon's  alt.     Table  VIII. 
Prop,  part                    ... 

CorreAed  fum  of  altitudes 

71  38    0 
58  39 

11  20  53 

20  9 

10 

3 

Apparent  diftance 

Seconds  referved 

86  10    0 

85  42  38-5 
19. 

85  42  57-5 

True  diftance 

186. 

This  method  is  not  only  extremely  fliort  and  eafy,  but   is  exempt  from  any  poffible   confufion   of  figns,  all  the  cor- 
reftions  being  additive.     It  is  really  fo  perfeA,  that  it  fhould  fuperfede  every  other  now  in  ufe. 

Mr.  Mendoza's  formula  is 

Sin    vpr    n   -1.   .,  -    y    ^'"-  '*'^''-  (-^  +  H)  +  fi"-  'er.  (J+  M)  -(-  fin.  ver.  (</ ^   M)  =  P 
oin.  ver.  -IJ   +  4  -    |    ^   fin,  ver.   (a  +  A  +   M)    +  fin.  ver.   (  (a  +  A)   wT  M)        =  Q 

of.  A   cof.  H 


2  cof.  M  being  taken  = 

The  operation  performed  by  his  tables  is  as  follows  ; 

Obferved  altitude     O  -  - 

Ditto  )  .  . 

Sum  .... 
With  h  in  Table  VI.  take 
d          -  take  M  and 


The  fum 

With  (a  +  h)  and  M  in    Table  XI. 

(A  +  H)         -  -        XI. 

J  and  M            -  -         XI. 


cof.  a    cof.  h 

h 
a 

a  +  i 
60'  —  r  +  p 

A  +   H 


=  refraiS.    p  =  parallas. 


take  Number 


II   =  fin.  ver.  (180'  -  (A  +  H)  -  59*) 
III  =  fin.  ver.  {d  +  M)  +  Cm.  ver.  {d  <t  M) 


The  fum  or  number  IV  =  fin.  ver.  D  +  4  =  I  +  II  +  III  =  IV 


By  the  method  propofed  in  the  Appendix  of 
his  death.  A  very  good  table  of  verfeJ  fines 
The  apparent  diftance  of  the  moon's  centre 
centre  32°  34'  47';  the  apparent  altitude  of 
required  the  diftance  of  their  centres. 

D  *s  horizontal  parallax  o^  58' 

0's  apparent  altitude  32    34 

J  's  apparent  altitude  39      3 


Example  V. 

the  requifite  Tables  publifhed  by  Dr.  Malkelyne  a  very  (hort  time  before 
accompanies  it. 

from  the  fun's  centre  being  86"   10'   19'' ;  the  apparent  altitude  of  the  fun'« 
the  moon's  centre  39    3'  4";  and  the  moon's  horizontal  parallax  58'  28"; 


Difference  of  app.  altitude 
Apparent  diftance 


6    28 
86    lo 


28" 

47  —      I    22   /       ,  , j'(  ^ijoie  correftion. 

4  +   44    '4  J 
—  Table  IX. 

17  N.  verf.  006373  Table    X. 

19  N.  verf.  933237 


Difference  of  true  altitudes  7   14 

True  diftance  -  85  43 


926864 

Nat.  No.  to  log.  919344 
53         N.  verf.        007989 


Logarithm 


N.  verf.        925333 


9.995526 
10 


Referved  logarithm      9-9955 1 6 
Logarithm  -  5.967016 


5.962532 


Yy» 


Exai^ple 


LONGITUDE. 

Example  I. Mackay's  Method,  which  is  the  fame  as  the  preceding. 

the  apparent  diftance  between  the  centres  of  the  fun  and  moon  be  86"   lo'   19"  ;  the  apparent  altitude  of  the  fua 
'  47"  ;   the  apparent  altitude  of  the  moon  39"  3'  4"  ;  and  the  moon's  horizontal  parallax  58'  28". 


Let 

32' 34'  47 

Apparent  diftance 

Difference  of  apparent  altitude 


86°  10'  19"   N.V.S.     933237 
6  28  17     N.V.S.     006373 


Log.  diff.  Tab.  XLII.    9.995517 


Correfted   D  's  altitude 
Correfted  G  's  altitude 

Difference  of  true  altitude 
True  dillance 


+   44  14     Diff.  926864 

+      I    22     N.  No.      917333 


Log. 


5.967010 
.962527 


7  14  53    N.V.S.    007989 
85  43     2    N.V.S.    925322 


This  is  a  (hort  and  very  excellent  method,  in  cafe  the  mariner  (hould  not  poflefs  Mendoza's  tables. 

Example  by  Mr.  Turner's  Method. 


Table  XV.  of  Nautical  Almanac. 


Horizontal  parallax 

Moon's  altitude 

Sun'6  altitude 

Apparent  diftance 

Firft  correftion  from  the  Tables 

Firft  correfted  diftance 
Second  correftion 

Second  correfted  diftance 


This  method  was  publilhed  in  a  very  fmall  volume  by  the  author  at  Portfmouth. 

Apparent  diftance  86^  xo'  .,"       Hor.  par.  58'  28''    }  ^.X^P-^nt^aSde 

By  Garrard's  Tablets. 

tt'  c        1       ''Ti\  -^°'-  P^^-  °'58'  28"  D  's  app.  altitude  39^    3'    4"+  44'  14"!       '     ''    _    p       , 

H.  Suppl.     9.9546J  *^  ©'s  app.  altitude  32  34  47   -     1   21   |    ^^  ^5        iTo.  log.  0.59&4 

No.  I. 


0^58'  28" 

39     3     4 
32  34  47 
86  10  19 

I  47 

Prop.  log. 

Cofecant 

Cofecant 

Sine 

Prop.  log. 
2d  Part 

/ 

31 

0 

34 

27 

2dC< 

4884 

10.2687 

9.9990 

0  7561 
jrreftion. 

Prop.  log.       58  28 

Tang.       86  12     6 
Prop.  log.        2      27 

4884 
10.2006 

86  12     6 

11.1777 

—   29    7 

1.8667 

85  42  59 

29 

7 

32"  34' 47"- 
39     3     4 


No.  II. 

No, 


1  39  22 


9.2076 


0.2883  pr.  log.   I   32  41 

0.7405    =     prop.  log.        -     32' 43"! 
+      5  27I  J 

-    37  '5? 

85  43     3l 

22    47 

Argument  B.  No.  III. 
Complement     No.  III. 
+  5'  27' 

'3     

4    — 

6  28  17 

+  22  47 

6  51  4 

i-7»39 

86  10  19 

9.2076 
1.5179 

This  method,  by  a  fmall  fet  of  tablets,  has  lately  been  publiftied  by  Mr.  W.  Garrard,  of  the  Naval  Afylum,  Greenwich. 

There  is  a  formula  in  Keith's  Trigonometry,  which  might  be  fimplified  and  reduced  to  the  following  method. 
Apparent  diftance  86- 10' 19''  -  Nat.  cof.     066762 

Difference  of  apparent  altitudes  -  Nat.  cof.     993629 


Difference  926867 


Log.         5.9670174 


Log.   diff.,    or  referved  logarithm.   Table   IX.   reg.  tab.  orl 
Table  XLII.  of  Mackay        -  .  -  -         J 

Nat.  num.  917349 
Difference  of  true  altitudes         -  -         Nat.  cof.     992043 


Log. 
Sum 


9.9955169 
5.9625343 


True  diftance  815°  43'  59" 
10 


Nat.  cof.  074694 


In 


I 


LONGITUDE. 

In  this  example  the  log.  difF.,  taken  from  Mackay's  Table  XLIL  is  fubflituted  for  the  following  logarithms,  which  are 
ufed  by  the  author,  and  arc  indeed  common  to  all  the  formulae  of  this  nature. 

Log.  fecant  of  apparent  altitude  0  ...  0.0743564 

Log.  fecant  of  apparent  altitude    ])  ...  0.1098114 

Log.  cofine  of  true  altitude  0  -  -  -  -  9-925'7539 

Log.  cofine  of  true  altitude  p  -  -  -  -  9.8S55952  \ 

Sum  .  .  -  9.9955169 

This  fum  is  the  referved  logarithm  of  Requifite  Tables,  and  that  of  Table  XLII.  ef  Mackay. 


Apparent  altitude  O 
Correction  R  —  P 
O's  true  altitude 
Apparent  altitude    P 
Horizontal  parallax 
Parallax  of    J)   in  altitude 
Refraction 

Correftion  of    J)  's  altitude 
J  's  true  altitude 

Apparent  diftance  G    B 
Apparent  altitude  © 
Apparent  altitude    J 

Sum 

Half  fum 

Diftance  —  \  fum 

True  altitude  0 

True  altitude   B  -      - 

Sum  of  true  altitudes 


Another  Example  by  Borda's  method. 
42    3'  20" 
-    56 
42     2   24 


26  lo  15 

56  3'-5 
+  50  43-5 
-     I  55 

+  48  48-5 
26  52    3.5 


Log.  cofine     0.9530262 
Log.  fine         8.2159471 

8.1689733 


100     8 

42     3 
26  10 

168  21 

20 
20 
15 

Co  .ar.  log. 
Co.  ar.  log 

Log.  cof. 
Log.  cof. 
Log.  cof. 
Log.  cof. 

cof.          0.1 293061 
cof.         0.0469738 

84  10' 57.5" 

15  57  ■^i-5 
42     2  24 
26  59    3.5 

9.0058673 
9.9829357 
9.8708003 
9.9499415 

Half  fum 

Half  true  diftance 

True  diftance 


69   I    27.5 


34  3°  43-7 

49  43  52 
2 

99  27  44 


Sum  2)38.9888247 


Half  fum 
Log.  cof.  A  f 
Log.  cof.  N  \ 

Log.  fin. 


19.4929123  j 

9-9I59307  i 
9.9666044 


DifF.  =  9.57698 1 6  fin.  <  N 


9.8825351 


Type  of  Mendoza's  Method.     Same  Example 

0's  Apparent  altitude            42     3'   0"                      Apparent  diftance  0    D      100^    8'  20.0" 
D 's  Apparent  altitude            26  10    0                        Horizontal  parallax                       5631.5 

Sura             -             -             68   13     0 

Correaion  0  Table  Vn.            59     4 
Corredion    B  Table  VIH.         48  20 
Proportional  part             -                   28.5 

I 

n 

HI 
IV 

f     31335   " 
(_          102 

f     58096 
1           34 

f     74697 
I           41   J 

>< 

Auxiliary  Argument . 
Table  IX. 

Sum  of  correfted  altitudes    70     052.5 

13  21.0 
8.5 
3S 

Apparent  diftance  ©    5      lOO     8  20.0 

13  33-0 

99  27  zj") 

Refetyed  feconds                          -f    20  ( 

16.4305 
4187 

True  diftance           -             99  27  45  J 

118 

Same 


LONGITUDE. 


Same  Example  by  verfed  Sines. 


Type  for  this  Method. 

Apparent  Altitudes. 

Correflion  for 

Refradion  and 

Parallax. 

True  Altitudes. 

O       42     3  20 
J)        26  10  15 

1       It 
—     0  56 
+    48  48 

N.V.S.     - 
N.V.S. 

Difference 

Nat.  N. 
N.V.S. 
N.V.S. 

u         (          II 

42        2    24 

26  59    3 

0        1    II 
Apparent  diftance    Q   D   100     8  ao 

Horizontal  parallax                  5^  3 1 

Referved  logarithm           9.9970217 
Logarithm            -              6.0560851 

6.0531068 

Difference           ... 

Difference           -             -        15  53     5 

100     8  20 

Difference  of  true  altitudes     15     J   21 
True  diilance               -             99   27  45 

15     3  21 

038185 
1 176035 

1137850 

1130075 
034327 
164402 

• 

The  referved  logarithm    9.9970217  i»   the  logarithm    of  0993164,   which   is  twice  0.496582,  the  natural  cofine  »i 
60^  13'  j^'',  the  auxiliary  angle  M  in  Mendoza's  formula. 


1 

Another  Example  by  Mendoza's  Tables. 

©'s  Apparent  altitude            6^  27'  30'' 
J 's  Apparent  altitude          54  u    57 

Apparent  diftance  0   I>          108    42'  3" 
Horizontal  parallax                     0    55  19 

Sum             -             -               60  39 

Correaion  0  Table  VII.              5214 
Correaion  D   Table  VIII.            31   29 
Proportional  part     -                             11 

I 

II 
III 

IV 

r    15795  ■ 
I        224 

/     84046 

I       26 

f     16566 

I           i6  J 

Table  X. 

Auxiliary  argument. 
Table  IX. 

Sum  of  correfted  altitudes      62     2  54 

24  42 

9 
3 

Apparent  diftance  0   D           108  42 

24  54 

108  27  42 
Referved  feconds      -                             3 

f    16673 

1         477 

True  diftance             -              108  27  45 

196 

The  above  example  by  direft  calculation  from  M.  Mendoza's  formulse,  would  ftand  thus  ; 
Apparent  diftance  -  108°  42'  j"  Horizontal  parallax 


Apparent  altitude  0 
Correftion^  —  r     ^ 


6    27  30     =  h 
7  46 


Apparent  altitude  > 
Correftion/  —  r 


6  19  44 


H 


55'  «9" 

54  1 J   57    a 
+    31  41 

54  53  38  A 

a  +  i> 


LONGITUDE. 


a   +   h 

M 


(«  +   A)   +    M 

(a  +  i)   -  M 

A  +   H 

J  +   M 

J  -   M 


True  Diftance 


60"  39'   27" 

60  24    54 

,21      421     N.V.S.  «-p6i"  1     ,.5,6,  NM. 

o  14    33     N.V.S.  o.ooooio   J 

61  3    22  N.SV.S.  1.483953   =   1.483953  =  N-  II. 
,69     6    57     N.V.S.  1.9820.1    I         ^     g       j^„iii 

48  17     9    N.V.S.  0.334585   S      i    >^ 


108    27    45 


5.316681 

4 

1.316681 


If  the  proportional  part  for  feconds  of  apparent  altitudes  be  taken  from  the  tables,  the  analogy  with'  the   above  will 

be  apparent. 


G's  Apparent  altitude 
)i  's  Apparent  altitude 

6 
54 

27- 
1 1 

3°" 
27 

Apparent  diftance  O    D 
Horizontal  parallax  ,     - 

108'  42'    3" 
0    55   19 

Sum  of  apparent  altitudes 
Correction  for  (•    Table  VII. 
Ditto          for   ])  Table  VII. 
Proportional  part     - 

Sum  of  correfted  altitudes    - 

Apparent  diftance 

60 

39 
52 
31 

27 
14 
29 
12 

I.                -               15725    I 
Proportional  part         224 
Proportional  part          113    J 

"■{    :    :  '",11} 

16668 
16477 

191 

=           16132 

=          83954 
=           16582 

62 

3 

22 

108 

42 

3 

Referved  feconds 

True  diftance          _             .             . 

108 

27 

42 
3 

16668 

108 

27 

45 

The  following  approximate  method,  by  means  of  the  fmall  triangles,  [Plate  XV 11,  AJlronomy,  Jig.  I.)  is  computed 

without  any  auxiliary  tables,  by  this  formula.  ' 

CorreCliun  Y  —  q  tof.  S  —  ^  cof.  L. 

...      ,  T  /cof.  i  (D  -4-  a  +  ^)  fin.  i  (D  +  a  —  *)  D  =  apparent  diftance. 

And  fin.  i  L  =      /   (   2-^ '         \ " '- 

>y     \  cof.  a  lin.  D 

cof.  ^  (D  +  a  +  ^)  fin.  X  (D  +  3  -  a) 

col.  b  fin.  D. 


fin.  i  S 


=ye 


a    =:  apparent  altitude   J  . 
b    =  apparent  altitude  ©. 


Let  the  apparent    diftance    ©   »    be   lo8°42'3";    apparent   altitude   ©  6^27-30";    apparent  altitude     2)  54"  12'; 
refradion  -  paraUax  7'  43  '  for  the  ©  ;  and  parallax  -  refraftion  31'  42"  for  the   J)  .     Requu-ed  the  true  diftance. 

Computation  of  the  angle  S  at  the  centre  of  the  Sun. 
App.  dift.  e  B         I0S°42'    O"     com.  ar.  log.  fin.     0.02355 
App.  alt.    5  6  27   30       com.  ar.  log.  cof.  0.00277 

App.  alt.    5  54   120- 


Computation  of  the  angle  L  at  the  centre  of  the  Moon. 

...  .  -  002355 

com.  ar.  log.  cof.     0.23287 


Sum 

Half  fum 

Half  fum — ap.  alt. 


169  21  30 
84  40  50 
30  28  50 


log  cof.  8.96712 
log.  fin.    9.70522 


8.96712 
Half  fum  -  app.  alt.  ©  78-13'  10"   log  fin.  999075 


Sum  18.69866 

Half  fum     9.34933 

which  is  log.  fin.  |  8  =  12   55'    o" 


which  is  log.  fin.  |  L  =  13"  52'  25" 


Sum  19.21429 

Half  fum    9.60715 


Ref. 


therefore  S  ^  25   50     o     log.  cof.  9.95430     therefore  L  =  47  44  5°       log.  cof.  9.82763 
par.  of©      =463"  log.         2.66558     Par.  -  refr.  I)  =  1902"  log.  3.27921 


Carried  forward     Sum     2.61988 


Carried  forward     Sum    3.10684 


LONGITUDE. 


Brought  forward  3.10684     Log.  of^cof.  L  =  1279" 
Brought  forward  2.6198S     log.  of  9  cof.  S  -  =    417 


=  21' 
=    6 


19" 

57 


+ 


Apparent  diftance  O   5 

Excefs  of  this  diftance  above  the  reduced 

Diftance  reduced  ©   D 


Difference     1422    —  =  Y 

Or  total  correftion  required. 
18=42'    3" 
14  22 


108   27  41 


The  only  advantage  of  this  method  is  that  it  requires  only  a  table  of  logarithms  to  five  places. 


The  true  diftance  being  thus  determined,  it  only  remains 
to  find  the  corretponding  time  at  Greenwich,  and  to  com- 
pare it  with  that  found  on  board  the  fhip.  This  latter  may 
be  found  from  the  altitude  of  the  fun  at  the  moment  of  ob- 
fervation  :  but  it  may  happen  that  the  fun  is  not  favourably 
fituated  at  this  moment,  in  which  cafe,  and  indeed  generally, 
the  time  had  better  be  deduced  from  folar  obfervations  made 
exprefsly  for  the  purpofe  ;  and  which,  with  a  good  chrono- 
meter, may  even  be  made  two  or  three  days  before  or  after 
the  obfervations  for  the  longitude,  if  cloudy  weather  (liould 
prevent  others  being  made  at  a  ftiorter  interval  ;  only  it  muft 
be  remembered,  that  the  deduced  longitude  will  correfpond 
with  that  of  the  place  where  the  error  of  the  chronometer 
is  determined,  and  not  for  the  place  of  obfervation. 

The  inftruments  ufed  for  thcfe  lunar  obfervations  are 
fextants  and  reflefting  circles.  Under  Circle  we  have 
already  defcribed  the  reflefting  circle  of  Mr.  Troughton's 
conftruftion,  which  we  conceive  to  be  vaftly  fuperior  to  any 
fextant  for  obtaining  with  accuracy  the  angle  fubtended  by 
the  moon  and  ftar.  As  each  obfervation  has  three  readings, 
two  obfervations  (one  on  each  fide)  of  zero,  give  fix  refults. 
This  inftrument,  in  the  hands  of  a  careful  obferver,  will  not 
give  a  greater  error  than  20",  or  about  ten  geographical 
miles  at  the  equator.  The  error  of  the  lunar  tables  may 
amount  to  about  as  much  more,  and  an  error  in  the  altitudes  and 
other  data,  about  the  fame  quantity.  Should  all  thefe  con- 
fpire  to  produce  a  total  error  in  the  fame  direftion,  this  to- 
tal  error  would  amount  to  60",  or  30  miles.  We  truft,  there- 


fore, that  the  advantage  and  importance  of  this  method  will 
every  day  be  more  and  more  appreciated  ;  and  that  the 
time  will  come  when  no  naval  officer  or  mariner  of  tolerable 
education  will  be  found  ignorant  of  it.  Witli  Mendoza's 
tables,  a  circls  of  the  above  defcription,  and  a  good  clu-o- 
nometer,  the  longitude  may  always  be  determined  within 
thirty  miles,  and  generally  within  lefs. 

Ssme  perfons  ftill  prefer  fextants,  from  an  opinion  that 
they  derive  tome  advantage  from  length  of  radius  ;  but  they 
are  fubjeft  to  errors  which  have  no  tendency  tocorreft  each 
other,  and  (ho  :ld  onl"be  ufed  for  the  altitudes,  and  the  cir- 
cle to  be  taken  in  preference  for  the  obfervations  of  the 
diftance.  When  circumftances  do  not  admit  of  three  ob- 
fervcrs,  the  altitudes  of  the  fun  and  moon  may  be  computed, 
and  we  are  difpofed  to  think  that  this  would  always  be  the 
more  preferable  method,  where  the  obferver  is  lufEciently 
ikilful  to  make  the  additional  computation  without  fear  of 
miftakes.  The  altitudes  found  in  this  cafe  by  computing 
the  horary  angles  are  the  true  akitudes,  and  muft  be  cor-._ 
redfed  by  applying  the  refraftion  and  parallax  inverje/y,  but 
for  doing  this  accurately,  tables  ftiould  be  computed  for 
reducing  Irue  dijiances  to  apparent.  However,  a  little  attention 
to  this  circumftance  will  render  the  whole  operation  fuffi- 
ciently  eafy,  and  if  the  computations  are  well  made,  the  ac- 
curacy of  this  method  will  probably  exceed  that  of  direft 
obfervation.  For  the  method  of  making  thefe  computa- 
tions, fee  Mendoza's  Tables,  Requifite  Tables,  &c.  Mac- 
kay's  Longitude,  &c.  &c. 


A  Tabz,i; 


LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  containing  the  Latitudes  of  Places,  with  their  Longitudes  from  the  Meridian  of  the  Royal  Obfervatory 
at  Greenwicli ;  alfo  the  Time  of  High  Water  at  the  Full  and  Change  of  the  Moon,  at  thofe  Places  where  it  is 
known. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

1 
Coaft,  Sea,  or 
Country. 

Latitude. 

Lon^ 
In  Degrees. 

litude 

Ib  Time. 

1 

H.  W. 

0            1         II 

0     1      II 

H.   M.   .s.            1    H.    M.  1 

Aalborg 

Europe 

Denmark 

51     2  57  N- 

9  56  30E. 

0  39  46  E. 

Aarhuus 

Europe 

Denmark 

56     9  35:N. 

10  14    oE. 

0  40  y6E. 

Abbeville        - 

Europe 

France 

50    7     4N. 

I  49  45 E. 

0     7   19E. 

0  45 

Aberdeen 

Europe 

Scotland 

J7     S    oN. 

2  21  30 W. 

0     9  26  W. 

Abo 

Europe 

Finland 

60  27     7  N. 

22   15  ooE. 

I   29  00 E. 

10  30 

Acheen  Head 

Afia 

Sumatra 

5  22     oN. 

95  26    oE. 

6  21  44 E. 

Adyenture  (Bay) 

Afia 

New  Holland 

43  21  20 S. 

147  31  40 E. 

9  50     7E. 

Adventure  (Ifle) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

17   s  i;s. 

144  17  45  w. 

9  37   iiW. 

Aerfchot 

Europe 

Netherlands 

50  59  15  N. 

4  49  3'E. 

0  19  18  E. 

Agde 

Europe 

France 

43   18  43  N. 

3  27  55 E- 

0  13  52  E. 

Agen 

Europe 

France 

44  12  22 N. 

0  36  20E. 

0     2  25E. 

Agimere 

Afia 

Agimere 

26  ^^     oN. 

75  20    oE. 

5     I   20E. 

St.  Agnes  (Lights) 

Europe 

SciUies       - 

49  93  47  N. 

6  20  30W. 

0  25  22  W. 

Agra 

Afia 

India 

27   12  30 N. 

78  17     oE. 

5  13  08  E. 

Agria 

Europe 

Hungary 

47  5i  54  N. 

20  22     oE. 

I  21   28E. 

Aguada  (Point) 

Afia 

India 

15  28  5iN. 

73  48  39 E. 

4  SS  15E- 

Aire 

Europe 

France 

43  41  52 N. 

0  i;  45W. 

0     I     3W. 

Aix       -         - 

Europe 

France 

43  31  48 N- 

5  26  30E. 

0  21  46E. 

Aix  (ine)      - 

Europe 

France 

46     I  38  N. 

I   n     oW. 

0    4  44W. 

Akerman 

Europe 

Turkey      - 

46  II  58 N. 

3°  43  45  E. 

2     2  J5E. 

Alais 

Europe 

France 

44    7  22  N. 

0  35  50E. 

0     2  23E. 

Albano 

Europe 

Italy 

41  43  50 N. 

12  38     oE. 

0  50  32E. 

Albany 

America 

New  Wales 

52  14  41 N. 

81  52  50W. 

5  27  31  w. 

Alby 

Europe 

France 

43  SS  36 N. 

2     8  18E. 

0    8  33E. 

Aleppo 

Afia 

Turkey 

36  II  25  N. 

37   10    oE. 

2  28  40E. 

Alexandretta 

Afia 

Syria 

36  34  47  N. 

36  14  45  E. 

2  24  59E. 

Alexandria     . 

Africa 

Egypt        - 

31   II  20 N. 

30  10  15E. 

2     0  41 E. 

Alez     - 

Europe 

France 

42  59  50 N. 

2  15     oE. 

0    9    oE. 

Algiers 

Africa 

Algiers 

36  49  30  N. 

2  12  45E. 

0    8  51E. 

Alkmaer 

Europe 

Holland     - 

52  38  34N. 

4  38     oE. 

0   iB  32E. 

Aloft 

Europe 

Netherlands 

50  56  18  N. 

4     I  58E. 

0  ]6    8E. 

Altengaard    - 

Europe 

Lapland 

69  55    oN. 

23     4    oE. 

I  32  16E. 

Ambrym  (Ifle) 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean     - 

16    9  30S. 

168    13    30E. 

II   12  50E. 

Ame(bury 

Europe 

England     - 

51    10   19N. 

1 46  37W. 

0    7     6W. 

Amiens 

Europe 

France 

49  53  38  N. 

2     17    56E. 

0    9  12E. 

Amfterdam    - 

Europe 

Holland     - 

52  21  56 N. 

4  51   30E. 

0  19  26E. 

3    ° 

Amfterdam  (Har.) 

America 

Curazao     - 

12    §    oN. 

68  20  30W. 

4  ii  22W.  ' 

Amfterdam  (Ifle)       - 

Afia 

Indian  Ocean 

37  51     oS. 

77  44    oE. 

5  10  j6E. 

Anadirikoi  Nofs 

Afia 

Beering's  Straits 

64  14  30 N. 

173  31     oW. 

II  34    4W. 

Ancona 

Europe 

Italy 

43  37  54 N. 

13  30  30E. 

0  54     2E. 

Andaman   (Little)     - 

Afia 

Bengal  Bay 

10  40    oN. 

92  24    oE. 

6    9  36E. 

Anderfon's  Ifland 

America 

Beering's  Straits 

63     4    oN. 

167  38     oW. 

II   10  32W. 

Angenga 

Afia 

India 

8  39  25 N. 

76  jo    4E. 

5     7  20E. 

Anger  Point 

Afia 

Java 

6    3   17S. 

106     I   57E. 

7    4    8E. 

Angers 

Europe 

France 

47  28     8N. 

0  33  52  W. 

0    2  15W. 

Angouleme    - 

Europe 

France 

45  39    3  N. 

0    8  47E. 

0    0  35E. 

Aiigra 

Europe 

Tercera 

38  39    7N. 

27  12  42  W. 

1  48  ciW. 

C.  Angra  Pequena 

Africa 

Caffraria     - 

26  ^6  50  S. 

15  16  30E. 

1     I     6E. 

Anholt  (Light) 

Europe 

Categat      - 

56  44  20 N. 

II  40     oE. 

0  46  40 E. 

St.  Ann  (Cape) 

Africa 

Sierra  Leone 

7     7  3«>N- 

13    2  2       oW. 

0  49  28  W. 

Vol.  XXI. 


Zz 


LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coaft,  Sea,  or 
Country. 

Latitnde. 

Long 
Ifi  Degrees. 

itude 

In  Time. 

H.  W. 

0        1       II 

0       /       n 

n.  M.  s. 

H.    M. 

Annamaboe    - 

Africa 

Gold  Coaft 

5     9  J2N. 

I    39     4W. 

0    6  36 W. 

Annamocka   - 

Alia 

Pacilic  Ocean 

20    15    20  S. 

174  45     oW. 

II  39    oW. 

6    0 

Annobona 

Africa 

Atlantic  Ocean  - 

125     0  S . 

5  45     o^- 

023    0  E. 

St.  Anthony's  (Cape) 

America 

Stattn  Land 

54  46  4>  '•■ 

Antibes 

Europe 

France   - 

43  34  43  N. 

7     7  20E. 

0  2H  29  E. 

Antigua  (St.  John's) 

America    '  - 

Caribbean  Sea     - 

17     4  30N. 

62     9    oW. 

4     8  36  W. 

Anton.  Gill's  Bay 

Africa 

Madagafcar 

15    27    2^  S. 

50  23  15  E. 

3  ?i  33  E. 

Antwerp 

Europe 

Flanders 

51   IS  18  N. 

4  24  15E. 

0  17.37  E. 

6    0 

Aor  (Pulo)    - 

Afla 

Chincfe  Seas 

2  4j     oN. 

104  40  20E. 

6  58  41  E. 

Apx  (inc)  . 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean 

16  46  ijS. 

168  27  30E. 

II    13  50  E. 

Appenrade     - 

Europe 

Denmark 

55     2  57  N. 

9  26    4E. 

0  37  44  E. 

C.  AppoUonia 

Africa 

Gold  Coaft 

4  59  12 N. 

3  10  II  W. 

0  12  41  W. 

F.  AppoUonia 

Africa 

Gold  Coall 

4  59  14 N. 

3     4  37  W. 

0  12   18W. 

Apt    - 

Europe 

France   - 

43  52  29 N- 

5  23  37E- 

0  21  34  E. 

Arada 

Afia 

Turkey  - 

36     I     oN. 

38  50    oE. 

2  35  20  E. 

Arakootai  Ifle 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

20     I  30 S. 

158   14  30W. 

I  '  32  58W. 

Archangel     - 

Europe 

Ruffia     - 

64  34    oN. 

38  54  30E. 

2  3J  38  E. 

6    0 

Arcot 

Afia 

Arcot     -       -      - 

12  51   24 N. 

79  28     4E. 

5   >7  52 E. 

Arenftjurg     - 

Europe 

Baltic     - 

58  15     9N. 

22    13     I5E. 

1   28  53  E. 

Arica 

America 

Peru 

18  26  40  S. 

71   13     oW. 

4  44  52  W. 

Aries 

Europe 

r ranee   - 

43  40  28 N. 

4  37  24E. 

0  18  30  E. 

Arras 

Europe 

France  - 

50  17  37N. 

2  45  41  E. 

oil     3  E. 

Aruba  (W.  End)       - 

America 

Leeward  Ifles     - 

12  35  30N. 

69  29  4jW. 

4  37  59  W. 

Afceniion  (Ifle) 

Africa 

S.Atlantic  Ocean 

7  56  30  S. 

14   21    15W. 

0  57  25 W. 

Affiffi 

Europe 

Italy       - 

43     4  22  N. 

12  3j  13E. 

0  50  21  E. 

Aftracan 

Afia 

Siberia   - 

46  21    12  N. 

48     2  45 E. 

3  12   1 1  E. 

Ath     -          - 

Europe 

Netherlands 

50  42  17 N. 

3  46  i?!^- 

0  15    5E. 

Athens 

Europe 

Turkey  - 

38     5    oN. 

23  52  30E. 

1   ^5  ^oE. 

Atooi 

America 

Sandwich  Ifles    - 

21  57     oN. 

159  39  3°^^- 

10  38  38  W. 

Auch 

Europe 

France   - 

43  38  39 N. 

0  34  36E. 

0     2   iSE. 

Aveiro 

Europe 

Portugal 

40  38  17 N. 

8  29  i;W. 

0  33  57  W. 

St.  Auguftin  (Bay)   - 

Africa 

Madagafcar 

23  27  52 S. 

44    9    oE. 

2  56  36  E. 

Avignon 

Europe 

France   - 

43  56  58 N. 

4  48  loE. 

0  19  13  E. 

Avranches 

Europe 

France   - 

48  41   21 N. 

1   21  51W. 

0    5  27  W. 

6  00 

Aurillac 

Europe 

France   - 

44  5S   loN. 

2  27     oW. 

0     9  48 \V. 

Aurora  (Ifle) 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean     - 

15     8     oS. 

168  17     oE. 

11   13     8E. 

Autun 

Europe 

France   - 

46  56  48 N. 

4  17  44E. 

0  17   11  E. 

Auxerre 

Europe 

France   - 

47  47  57  N. 

3  34  06  E. 

0  14  16  E. 

Awatfcha 

Afia 

Kamtchatka 

53     0  39  N. 

158  44  30E. 

10  34  58  E. 

4  36 

Babee  (Pulo) 

Afia 

Straits  of  Suiida 

5  45     oN. 

106  20  30E. 

7     5  22E. 

Babylon  (Ancient) 

Afia 

Mefopotamia 

33    0    oN. 

42  46  30E. 

251     6  E. 

Bagdad 

Afia 

Mefopotamia 

33  19  40 N. 

44  22  15  E. 

2  57  29  E. 

Ballabea  (Ifle) 

Afia 

New  Caledonia  - 

20    7     oS. 

164  22     oE. 

10  57  28  E. 

Ballalore 

Afia 

India 

21  20    oN. 

87     I   26E. 

5  48    6  E. 

Banana  (Big) 

Africa 

Sierra  Leone 

8    5  30  N., 

13     5     oW. 

0  52  20  W. 

Bancoot 

Afia 

India 

17  56  40 N. 

73     7  54E. 

4  52  32 E. 

Bangalore 

Afia 

Myfore  - 

r3     0    0  N. 

77  37  loE-. 

5  10  2^9  E. 

Banguey  (Peak) 

Afia 

Malacca 

7  18    oN. 

117  17  30E. 

7  49  10  E. 

Bank's  Ifle     - 

Afia 

New  Zeeland 

43  43     °S- 

'73     3  55E. 

11  32  16E. 

LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  a«d  Longitudes  of  Places. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coaft,   Sea,  or 
Country. 

Latitude. 

Longitude 
In  Degrees.    1       In  Time. 

H.  W. 

r,         1          11 

0      ' 

/, 

H.    M.    S. 

II.    M. 

Ban  [lead 

Europe 

England 

JI     19    2) N. 

0  11 

20W. 

0     0  4jW. 

BaTitam  Point 

Afia 

Java        - 

y  50  20  S. 

106     9 

3E. 

7     4  36E. 

Barbas  (Cape) 

Africa 

Sanliaga 

22   15  30 N. 

16  40 

oW. 

I     6  40  W. 

Barbuda  (Ifle) 

America 

Atlantic  Ocean  - 

17  49  45 N- 

6i   50 

oW. 

4     7  20  W. 

Barcelona 

Europe 

Spain     - 

41   26    0  N. 

2   13 

oE. 

0     8  J2  E. 

Barfleur  (Cape) 

Europe 

France    - 

49  40  21  N. 

I    '5 

^6W. 

0     5     2W. 

7  30 

Barlingues 

Europe 

Portugal 

39  26    oN. 

9  35 

20W. 

0  38  21W. 

Barnevelt's  (Ide) 

America 

Terra  del  Fuego 

55  49     0^- 

66  j8 

oW. 

4  27  52  W. 

Barren  Ifle     - 

Afia 

Bay  of  Bengal    - 

12   14    oN. 

93  42 

oE. 

6  14  48  E. 

St.  Bartholomew  (Ifle) 

Afia 

New  Hebrides    - 

I J  42     0  S. 

167  17 

30E. 

II     9  10  E. 

Bade 

Europe 

Switzerland 

47  33  34 N. 

7  35 

12E. 

0  30  21  E. 

Baffa  Terre    - 

America 

Guadaloupe 

15  5(>  4jN. 

62     0 

4,-W. 

4     8     3  W. 

BafTeen  (Fort) 

Ana 

India     - 

ly   19     oN. 

72  55 

24E. 

4  51   42  E. 

BafTes  (Great) 

Afia 

Ceylon  - 

6     7  50N. 

81  42 

)oE. 

5  26  51 E. 

Batavia 

Afia 

Java 

6  II     o3. 

106  50 

oE. 

7     7  20  E. 

Bath 

Europe 

England 

51  22  30N. 

2  21 

30W. 

0     9  26W. 

Battcrfea 

Europe 

England 

5 1   28  36 N. 

0    10 

24W. 

0    0  42  W. 

Bauld  (.Cape) 

America 

Newfoundland     - 

51  39  45 N. 

55  27 

5jW. 

3  41  51  W. 

Bayeux 

Europe 

France  - 

49  16  34  N. 

0  42 

II W. 

0    2  49  ^v. 

Bayonne 

Europe 

France   - 

43  29  15  N. 

I  28 

41  vv.' 

0    5  5;W. 

3  30 

Bazus 

Europe 

France   - 

44  26    oN. 

0  13 

I7W. 

0    c^-53W. 

Beach  y  Head 

Europe 

England 

50  44  24  N. 

0  15 

I2E. 

01      1  E. 

10  30 

Bear  (Ifle)     - 

America 

Hudfon's  Bay    - 

54  34     oN. 

79  56 

oW. 

5  19  44  W. 

12     0 

Beauvais 

Europe 

France  - 

49  26     oN. 

2     4  41E. 

0     8   19E. 

Beering's  Ifland 

Afia 

Beering's  Straits 

5S  3<5    oN. 

167  46 

oE. 

II   II     4  E. 

Belle  Ifle        - 

Europe 

France   - 

47   17  17 N. 

3     5 

oW. 

0  12  20  W. 

I  30 

Belley 

Europe 

France   - 

45  45  29  N. 

5  4' 

4E. 

0  22  44  E. 

Bembridge  Point 

Europe 

Ifle  of  Wight    - 

50  40  59  N. 

I     3 

26W. 

0    4  14  w. 

Ikncoolen 

Afia 

Sumatra 

3  49     9S. 

102     2 

25E. 

6  48  10  E. 

Bender 

Europe 

Turkey 

46  50  29  N. 

29  36 

oE. 

I  38  24  E. 

Berg  River    - 

Africa 

St.  Helen's  Bay 

32  50  47  S. 

iS  12 

oE. 

1   12  48  E. 

Bergen 

Europe 

Norway 

60  23  40 N. 

5  " 

30E. 

0  20  46  E. 

I  3<3 

Bergen-op-zoom 

Europe 

Hollaad 

51   29  46 N. 

4  16 

57  E. 

0  17     8E. 

Berlin 

Europe 

Germany 

52  31  30 N. 

>3  23 

oE. 

0  S3  32 E. 

Bermudac  (Ifle) 

America 

Atlantic  Ocean  - 

32  3j     oN. 

63  a8 

oW. 

4  '3  52  W. 

7     0 

Eernaul 

A  fia 

Siberia  - 

53   '9  59 N- 

82  12 

.5E. 

5  28  49 E. 

St.  Bertrand  • 

Eu'-epe 

France   - 

43     I  27  N. 

0  34 

4E. 

0     2   16E. 

Bifan^on 

Europe 

France   - 

47  14  12N. 

6     2 

46  E. 

0  24  II E. 

BelTefted 

Europe 

Iceland  - 

64     6    9N. 

21  53 

45  W. 

I  27  35  w. 

BexhiU 

Europe 

England 

5°  50  47  N. 

0  28 

43  E. 

0     I  55  E. 

Beziers 

Europe 

France   - 

43  20  23  N. 

3  12 

24E. 

0  12  50  E. 

Bird  Ifland    - 

America 

Pacific  Ocean     - 

17  49    oS . 

142  43 

24  W. 

9  30  54  W. 

Bitche 

Europe 

Lorrain  - 

49     2  21  N. 

7  26 

20E. 

0  29  45 E. 

Blanco  (Cape) 

Africa 

Negroland 

20  55  30 N. 

17   10 

oW. 

I     8  40  W. 

9  45 

Blanco  /Cape) 
Blanco  (Cape) 

America 

Patagonia 

47  20    oS. 

64  42 

oW. 

4  18  48  W. 

America 

Pacific  Ocean     - 

43  12    oN. 

124    7 

30  w. 

S  16  30  W. 

Bligh's  Cape 

Afia 

Kerguelen'sLand 

48  29  30 S. 

68  38 

45  E. 

4  34  35  E. 

Blois 

Europe 

France   - 

47  35  20 N. 

I  20 

lE. 

0    5  20  E. 

B()ddam.'s  Ifle 

Afia 

Indian  Ocean 

5  22    oS. 

72  ly 

oE. 

4  49    0  E. 

Bojador  (Cape) 

Africa 

Negroland 

26  12  30 N. 

■4  27 

o\V. 

057  48  w- 

0       G 

Z  z  2 


LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  tlic  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coad,    Sea,  or 

Country. 

Latitude. 

Long 
In  Degrees. 

itude 

,    Time. 
In 

H.  W. 

p     /      // 

0       /        n 

H.    M.    S. 

H     M. 

Bokbola  (Ifle) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

i6  32  30 S. 

151  52     oW. 

10    7  28W. 

Bolchcretfk    - 

Afia 

Kamtchatka 

52  54  30 N. 

156  56  40E. 

10  27  47  E. 

Bologna 

Europe 

Italy      - 

44  29  36 N. 

II  20  25 E. 

0  45  22  E. 

Bolt  Head     - 

Europe       /- 

England 

50  17     oN. 

3  53  30W. 

0  15  34W. 

Bombay 

Afia 

India 

18  55  42 N. 

72  54  24E. 

4  51  38  E. 

Bombay  (Light-houfe) 

Afia 

India 

18  53     oN. 

72  52  54E. 

4  51  32  E. 

Bonaviila  (Ifle) 

Africa 

Cape  Verd 

16    3  40  N. 

22  45  32W. 

I  31     2W. 

Bonaheleon    - 

Europe 

Netherlands 

50  48  17  N. 

5  20  18 E. 

0  21   21 E. 

Bofcawen's  Ifle 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean 

15  50    0  S. 

174    7  40 W. 

11   36  31  W. 

Bofton 

America 

New  England     - 

42  25     oN. 

70  37  15W. 

4  42  29  W. 

II    25 

Botany  (Ifland) 

Afia 

New  Caledonia   - 

22  26  40  S. 

167  16  45E. 

II     9     7E. 

Botany  Bay  - 

Afia 

New  Holland     - 

34    6    oS. 

151   15     oE. 

10     5     oE. 

8     0 

Boulogne 

Europe 

France   - 

5°  43  33^- 

I  36  33 E. 

0    6  26  E. 

11     0 

Bourbon  (Ifle) 

Africa 

Indian  Ocean 

20  50  54  S. 

53  30     oE. 

3  42     oE. 

Bourdeaux     - 

Europe 

France   - 

44  50  14N. 

0  34  15W. 

0     2  17W. 

3     0 

Bourgas 

Afia 

Turkey  - 

40  14  30  N. 

26    26    j'2E. 

I  45  47  E. 

Bourges 

Europe 

France    - 

47     4  59  N. 

2  23  45E. 

0     9  35  E 

Bow  Ifland    - 

America 

Pacific  Ocean     - 

18  17     oS. 

140  43     oW. 

9  22  52  W. 

Brandenburg 

Eiirope 

Germany 

52  27     oN. 

12  53     oE. 

0  51   32  E. 

Brafie  (Pulo) 

Afia 

Straitsof  Malacca 

- 

95  II  ,  oE. 

6  20  44 E. 

Brava  (Ifle) 

Africa 

Cape  Verd 

14  50  58 N. 

24  43     4W. 

I  38  52  W. 

Breaker's  Point 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

49  »5  3°^- 

126  41   30W. 

8  26  46  W. 

Breda 

Europe 

Holland 

51  3S  29 N. 

4  46    9E. 

0  19     5  E. 

Bremen 

Europe 

Germany 

53    S  II  N. 

8  49  34E. 

0  35   18  E. 

6  00 

Breflaw 

Europe 

Silefia     - 

51     6  30N. 

17  35  30E. 

1   10  22  E. 

Breft     -        •- 

Europe 

France   - 

48  22  42 N. 

4  30    oW. 

0  18     oW. 

3  15 

Bridge  Town 

America 

Barbadoes 

13     5     oN. 

59  4'    15W. 

3  58  45  W. 

St.  Brieux 

Europe 

France   - 

48  31     2N. 

2  44  loW. 

0  10  57  W. 

Brighthelmfl;one 

Europe 

England 

50  49  32 N. 

0  II  55 w. 

0    c  48W. 

10  00 

Briltol 

Europe 

England 

51  28    oN. 

2  34  4jW. 

0  10  19W. 

7  00 

Briftol  (Cape) 

America 

Sandwich  Land  - 

59    2  30  S. 

26  51     oW. 

I  47   24W. 

Briftol  River 

America 

Beering's  Straits 

58  27     oN. 

158  7     30W. 

10  32  30W. 

Broach  Point 

Afia 

India 

21  38  30N. 

72  43  24E. 

4  50  54 E. 

Brothers  (The) 

Afia 

Sea  of  Borneo    - 

5  10  20S. 

ic6  14    4E. 

I    4  s6E. 

Bruges 

Europe 

Netherlands 

51   12  20 N. 

3  13  I3E- 

0  12  53  E. 

Brunn 

Europe 

Moravia 

49  II  28  N. 

16  35     6E. 

I     6  20  E. 

Brun"els 

Europe 

Brabant 

50  51     oN. 

4  21   15E. 

0  17  25  E. 

Buda     - 

Europe 

Hungary 

47  29  44  N. 

19    0    oE. 

I    16    oE. 

Buenos  Ayres 

America 

Brafil     - 

34  35  26S. 

58  2?  38W. 

3  53  35  W. 

Bukarolt 

Europe 

Wallachia 

44  26  45  N. 

26     8     oE. 

I  44  32 E. 

Buller  (Cape) 

America 

South  Georgia    - 

53  58  30  S. 

37  40     oW. 

2  30  40 W. 

Burgeo  (Ifles) 

America 

Newfoundland     - 

47  36  20 N. 

57  36     oW. 

3  50  24W. 

Burhanpour  - 

Afia 

India 

21    19     oN. 

76    22      oE. 

5     5  28E. 

Byron's  Ifle  - 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean 

I   13     0  S. 

177     8     oE. 

II  48  32 E. 

Cabello  (Port) 

America 

Terra  Firma 

10  30  5:0  N. 

67  32    oW. 

4  30     8W. 

Cape  Cabron 

America 

Hilpaniola 

19  21  52  N. 

69  18  40  W. 

4  37   15W. 

Cadiz 

Europe 

Spain 

36  31     7N. 

6  17  i)W. 

0  25     9W. 

2  30 

Caen 

Europe 

France    - 

49  II   12  N. 

0  21  53  w. 

0     I   28W. 

9    0 

Cahors 

Europe 

France    - 

44  26  49 N. 

I  26  22E. 

0    5  45  E. 

LONGITUDE. 


A  Taisle  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places, 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coaft,  Sea,  or 
Country. 

Latitude. 

Longitude 

H.  W. 

In  Degrees. 

in   lime. 

n       /        /; 

0      /       // 

H.    M.     S. 

H.    M. 

Cajaneburg     - 

Europe 

Finland  - 

64  13  30  N. 

27  45     oE. 

I  51     oE. 

Cairo 

Africa 

Egypt    - 

30    3  30  N. 

31   25  30 E. 

2     5  42  E. 

Calais 

Europe 

France    - 

50  57  32  N. 

I  51     oE. 

0     7  24E. 

II    30 

Calcutta  (F.  Will.) 

Afia 

Bengal   - 

22  34  45  N. 

88  27  56  E. 

5  53  52  E. 

3    5 

Callao 

America 

Peru 

12    1  Si  s. 

76  58     oW. 

5     7  52  W. 

Caltnar 

Europe 

Sweden  - 

56  40  30 N. 

16  25  I J  E. 

I     5  41  E. 

Calpy 

Afia 

India 

26    7  ijN. 

80    0    oE. 

5  20    oE. 

Calymere  Point 

Afia 

India 

10  20    0  N. 

79  46    oE. 

s  19  4E. 

Cambray 

Europe 

France    - 

50  10  37  N. 

3   '3  32 E. 

0  12  54 E. 

Cambridge     - 

Europe 

England 

52   12  36  N. 

0    4  ijE- 

0    0  17  E. 

Cambridge     - 

America      - 

New  England     - 

42  25     0  N. 

71     6    0  W. 

4  44  24  W. 

Camifchin 

Europe 

Ruffia    - 

50    5     6N. 

45  24    oE. 

3     I  36E. 

Campbell   (Cape)        - 

Afia 

New  Zealand 

41  40  48  S. 

174  33     oE. 

II  38  12E. 

Cananore  (Point) 

Afia 

India 

1 1  5 1     0  N. 

75  25'  00 E. 

5     I  40E. 

Canary  (Ifle)  N.E.Pf. 

Africa 

Atlantic  Ocean  - 

28  15     oN. 

15  38  45  W. 

I     2  35W. 

3    0 

Candia(ine) 

Europe 

Mediterranean  Sea 

35  18  35 N. 

25   18    oE. 

I    41     I2E. 

Candlemas  Ifles 

America 

Sandwich  Land  - 

57  JO    0  S. 

27  13     oW. 

1  48  52  W. 

I 

Canfo  (Port) 

America 

Nova  Scotia 

45  20     7  N. 

60  55     oW. 

4    3  40  W. 

Canterbury    - 

Europe 

England 

51   18  26  N. 

I     4  53  E- 

0    4  20E. 

Canton 

Afia 

China      - 

23     6  57  N. 

113   16     7E. 

7  33     4E. 

Capricorn  (Cape) 

Afia 

New  Holland      - 

23  26  40  S. 

151     5  40 E. 

10    4  23  E. 

CarcalTone 

Europe 

France   - 

43   1 2  45  N. 

2  20  49 E. 

0    9  23E. 

Carlefcroon    - 

Europe 

Sweden  - 

56  20    0  N. 

ij  30    oE. 

I     2    oE. 

Cariftrook  Caftle 

Europe 

Ifie  of  Wight     - 

50  41   18  N. 

I    ]8  26W. 

0    5   14  W. 

Carpentras 

Europe 

France    - 

44    3     8N. 

5     ^35^- 

0  20  10  E. 

Carrickfergus 

Europe 

Ireland  - 

54  43     0  N. 

5  45  30  W. 

0  23     2W. 

Carthagena     - 

Europe 

Spain 

37  36     7N- 

I     I  30  W. 

0    4    6W. 

Carthagena     - 

America 

Terra  Firma 

10  26  19 N. 

75  20  35  W. 

5     I  22  W. 

Carwar  Head 

Afia 

India 

14  47     0  N. 

74  12  30 E. 

4  56  50 E. 

Cafan 

Afia 

Siberia    - 

55  43  58 N. 

49  29  30 E. 

3  17  58 E. 

Caftirie 

Afia 

Perfia     - 

36  11     0  N. 

49  33     oE. 

3  18  12 E. 

Cafrel(Hefre) 

Europe 

Germany 

51   19  20  N. 

9  31  45  E- 

038    7E. 

Cadres 

Europe 

France   - 

43  36  II  N. 

2  14  16 E. 

0    857E. 

St.  Catherine's  Ide     - 

America 

Brafil      - 

27  32  30  S. 

49  '5  37  W. 

3  17    2W. 

St.  Catharine's  Lights 

Europe 

Ide  of  Wight     - 

50  35  33  >■'• 

I   17  51  W. 

0    511 W. 

Cavaillon 

Europe 

France    - 

43  50    6  N. 

5     I  55E. 

0  20    8E. 

Cavan 

Europe 

Ireland  - 

54  5'  41  N. 

7  25  20  W. 

0  29  41  AV. 

Cayenne 

America 

Jfle  Cayenne 

4  56  15  N. 

52   15     oW. 

3   2v     oW. 

Cervia 

Europe 

Italy       - 

44  15  31 N. 

12   19  28E. 

0  49  i8E. 

Cette  (Lights) 

Europe 

France    - 

43  23  42  N. 

3  4?  46 E. 

0  14  47  E. 

Chain  Ifland 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

17  25  30  S. 

145  30    oW. 

9  42    oW. 

Chalon  fur  Saone 

Europe 

France    - 

46  46  54  N. 

4  51     2E. 

0   19  24E. 

Chalons  fur  Marne      - 

Europe 

France    -    ~ 

48  57  28  N. 

4  20  i^  E. 

0  17  21 E. 

Chranderiiagor 

Afia 

Bengal   - 

22  51   26N. 

88  29  15  E. 

5  53  57 E. 

Charkow 

Europe 

Ruffia     - 

49  59  20  N. 

36  15     oE. 

2  25    oE. 

Charles  fCape) 

America 

Hudfon's  Straits 

62  46  30  N. 

74   15     oW. 

4  57     0  ^^'' 

10    0 

Q.  Chsriotte's  Cape  - 

America 

South  Georgia    - 

54  32     oS. 

36   11  30  W. 

2  24  46  "W. 

Q.  Charl.   Forebnd    - 

Afia 

New  Cahdonia    - 

2219     0  S. 

1(57   >2  45  E. 

11     3  51  E. 

Q.  Charlotte's  Ifle     - 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

1918     0  R. 

138  20    0  w. 

9  13  20  W. 

Q.  Charlotte's  Sound 

Afia 

New  Zealand 

.,     ,-57S. 

174  20  50  E. 

11  37  23  E. 

9    0 

LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places. 


LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coaft,  Sea,  or 
Country. 

Latitude. 

In 

Long 
Degrees. 

itude 

In  Time. 

H.  W. 

^)      /      */ 

1      II 

H.    M.   s. 

II.    M. 

Coronation  (Cape)     - 

Afia 

New  Caledonia 

2  2       5       O  S. 

167 

8     oW. 

II     8  32 E. 

Corvo 

Europe 

Azores 

39  43  38 N. 

3' 

4  56  W. 

2     4  20  W. 

Co-ul'aba  Idand 

Afia 

Indian  Ocean 

18  37  20 N. 

72 

j6  30 E. 

4  51  46  E. 

Coiitanccs 

Europe 

France 

49     2  54^■'• 

I 

263JW. 

0     5  46  W. 

Courtray 

Europe 

Netherlands 

50  49  43  N. 

3 

'5  51 E. 

0  13     3  E. 

Covves  (Weft) 

Europe 

Ifle  of  Wight      - 

50  46  18N. 

1 

.7   .7W. 

0     5     9W. 

10  30 

Cracatoa  (Ilk) 

Afia 

Straits  of  6uuda- 

6606. 

loy 

31  40  E. 

7     2     7E. 

Cracow 

Europe 

Poland 

50  10    oN. 

19 

J  1    0  E. 

1    19  20E. 

Cremona 

Europe 

Italy 

45     7  49  N. 

10 

6  22  E. 

0  40  25  E. 

Crefmunller  - 

Europe 

Germany    - 

4S    3  36  N. 

14 

7  21  E. 

0  56  29  E. 

Croilic 

Europe 

France 

47  17  40 N. 

2 

31  42 w. 

0  10     7W. 

Crooked  Ifle 

America 

Lucayes     - 

22  48  50 N. 

74 

26     yW, 

4  57  44  W. 

Croqiie  Harbour 

America 

Newfoundland     - 

51     3  17N. 

ss 

50    oW. 

3  43  20  W. 

Crois  Cape    - 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

57  5S  30 N. 

•36 

44  30  W. 

9    6  58  W. 

Cuddalore 

Afia 

India 

1 1  41     oN. 

79 

37  45  E. 

5  '8  31 E. 

Cumberland  (Cape)    - 

Alia 

New  Hebrides    - 

14  39  30  S- 

166 

47     oE. 

II     7     8E. 

Cumberland  Houfe     - 

America 

New  Wales 

53  56  40  N. 

102 

9    oW. 

6  48  36  W. 

Cumberland  Ifle 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

19  18    oS. 

140 

52     oW. 

9  23  28  W. 

Cummin  (Ifle) 

Afia 

Chinefe  Sea 

31  40    oN. 

121 

4    0  E. 

8     4  16E. 

Curreufe  Ifle 

Afia 

Almirantes 

4  19    cS. 

5S  47     0  E-  ■ 

3  43     8E. 

5  10 

Dagger-Ort  - 

Europe 

Baltic 

58  ^G     I  N. 

22 

9    0  E. 

I  28  36 E. 

Damoan  Fort 

Afia 

India 

20  22     oN. 

73 

2  4jE. 

4  52  II E. 

Danger  (Point) 

Afia 

New  Holland 

28     8  22  S. 

^Si 

33  10 E. 

10  14  13  E. 

Danger  (Ifles  of) 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean 

10  56    0  S. 

165 

j9    oW. 

II     3  56  W. 

Daijtzic 

Europe 

Poland 

54  22     oN. 

18 

40    0  E. 

I   14  4c E. 

Darby  iCape) 

America 

Beering's  Straits 

64  21     0  N. 

i'^3 

0    oW. 

10  52     oW. 

DafTen  Ifland 

Africa 

Caffers 

33  25    oS. 

18 

I  52  E. 

I   12     7E. 

Dax 

Europe 

France 

43  42   '9N. 

I 

3   16  W. 

0     4  13  W. 

Deal  CalUe    - 

Europe 

England     - 

51   13     jN. 

I 

23  59 E. 

0     5  36E. 

II  15 

Delhi 

Afia 

India 

28  37     oN. 

77 

40    0  E. 

5  10  40 E. 

Dengenefs  or  D  ungenefs 

Europe 

England 

50  54  52  N. 

0 

57  40 E. 

0    3  jiE. 

II  15 

Dennis  (Sr.) 

Africa 

Ifle  of  Bourbon  - 

20  51  43  S. 

SS 

30    0  E. 

3  42    oE. 

Dereham  (Eaft) 

Europe 

England     - 

52  40  20 N. 

0 

'54  30  E. 

0    3  38E. 

Dtvi-cotta 

Afia 

India 

II  21     oN. 

79 

47     oE. 

5  19     8E. 

Diamond  Ifland 

Afia 

Bay  of  Bengal     - 

15  50    oN. 

94 

17  54E. 

6  17  12  E. 

Diarbekir 

Afia 

Diarbek     - 

37  54    oN. 

39 

20    0  E. 

2  37  20E. 

Die 

Europe 

France 

44  45  3  I N. 

5 

22  18E. 

0  21   29  E. 

Diego  (Cape) 

America 

Terra  del  Fuego  - 

54  33     0  S. 

65 

14    oW. 

4  20  56  W. 

Diego  Garcia 

Afia 

Indian  Ocean 

7  20    oS. 

72 

24  52 E. 

4  49  39  E. 

Diego  Ramirez 

America 

Southern  Ocean  - 

56  32  30  S. 

67 

SS    oW. 

4  31  40  W. 

Dieppe 

Europe 

France 

49  55  34 N. 

I 

4  29  E. 

0     4  18E. 

II   15 

Digby  (Cape) 

Afia 

Kerguelen's  Land 

49  23  30  S. 

70 

32     oE. 

4  42     8E. 

Digges  (Ifle) 

America 

Hudfon's  Bay     - 

62  41     oN. 

78 

50    oW. 

5  15  20  W^. 

Digue 

Europe 

France 

44     5  18N. 

6 

14    4E. 

0  24  56 E. 

Dijon 

Europe 

France 

47  19  25 N. 

5 

1  48  E. 

0  20     7  E. 

Dilla  (Mount) 

Afia 

Malabar  Coaa     - 

1 1  59  40  N. 

75 

14  30  E. 

5     0  jSE. 

Dilliiigen 

Europe 

Germany    - 

48  34  loN. 

10 

29    12 E. 

0  41  57  E. 

Difappointment  (Cape) 

America 

South  Georgia   - 

54  i;8     oS. 

36 

ic     oW. 

2  25     oW. 

Difappointment  (Ifle) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean      - 

14     7     "S. 

141 

22     oW. 

9  25  28  W. 

LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coail,   Sea,  or 

Latitude, 

Longitude 

H.  W. 

Country. 

In  Degrees. 

I 

n  Time. 

0          /           // 

1     II 

H. 

M.   s. 

H.    M. 

Dif.-?.da  (Cape) 

America 

Terra  del  Fuego  - 

53     4  '5S. 

74  18     oW. 

4  57  12  W. 

Diferada 

America 

Caribbee  Ifies     - 

16  35     oN. 

61   II   15  W. 

4 

4  45  W. 

Diu  Head     - 

Afia 

Guzerat     - 

20  42     oN. 

7'     3  3°E. 

4 

44  14E. 

Dix  Cove  Fort 

Africa 

Gold  Coaft 

4  44    oN. 

2  37  44  W. 

0 

10  31  W. 

Dixmude 

Europe 

Netherlands 

51     2     jN. 

2  51  39E. 

0 

II  27  E. 

Dol 

Europe 

France 

4833     8N. 

I  45  28  W. 

0 

7      2W. 

Domar  (Pulo) 

Afia 

Chinefe  Sea 

2  47     oN. 

loj  21     0  E. 

7 

I   24E. 

Dominique  (Ifle) 

America 

Windward  Ifles  - 

15  18  23 N. 

61  S5  3°W. 

4 

6  22  W. 

Donna  Maria  (Cape) 

America 

Hifpaniola 

18  37  20 N. 

74  3;  52  W. 

4 

58  23  w. 

Dorcheller     - 

Europe 

England     - 

50  42  58  N. 

2  25  40  W. 

0 

943W. 

Douay 

Europe 

Flanders     - 

50  22  12N. 

3     4  47  E. 

0 

12   19E. 

Dover 

Europe 

England     - 

51     7  48  N. 

119     2  E. 

0 

S  16E. 

II     15 

Douglas  (Cape) 

America 

Cook's  River 

58  56     oN. 

153  50     oW. 

10 

JJ  20W. 

Drake's  Ifland 

Europe 

Plymouth  Sound 

50  21  30  N. 

4  13  30  W. 

0 

16  54  W. 

5  45 

Drefden 

Europe 

Saxony 

51     2  54 N. 

13  41   ijE. 

0 

54  45  E. 

Dreux 

Europe 

France 

48  44  17N. 

I   21  24  E. 

0 

5  26  E. 

Drontheim     - 

Europe 

Norway 

63  26    6N. 

10  22     oE. 

0 

41  28 E. 

2  15 

Druja 

Europe 

Ruffia 

55  47  29 N. 

27  13  30  E. 

I 

48  54  E. 

Dublin 

Europe 

Ireland 

^^  22    oN. 

6  17     oW. 

0 

25     8  W. 

9  45 

Dublin  Obfervatory   - 

Europe 

Ireland 

53  23     7N- 

6  20  30  W. 

0 

25  22  W. 

Dundee 

Europe 

Scotland     - 

56  25'     oN. 

3     2  30W. 

0 

12   loW. 

Dundra-Head 

Afia 

Ceylon 

J  51     oN. 

80  41  20 E. 

5 

22  45  E. 

Dunkirk 

Europe 

France 

51     2     9N. 

2  22    4E. 

0 

9  28  E. 

11  45 

Dullvy  Bay    - 

Afia 

New  Zeeland 

4J  47  27  S. 

166  18    9E. 

1 1 

5  •3E. 

10  57 

Dun-Nofe 

Europe 

England     - 

JO  37     7N. 

I   II  36W. 

0 

4  46  W. 

9  45 

Eagle  Ifland  - 

Afia 

Almirantes 

51®    0  S. 

55  37     oE. 

3 

42  28 E. 

3  30 

Eaoowe  (Ifle) 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean 

21   24    oS. 

174  30    oW. 

II 

38     oW. 

7     0 

Eaft  Cape      - 

Afia 

Beering's  Straits 

66    5  30  N. 

169  44    oW. 
178  5^     oE. 

1 1 

18  56W. 

Eaft  Cape      - 

Afia 

New  Zetland 

37  44  25  S. 

II 

55  52 E. 

Eaft  Main  (Fort)       - 

America 

Labrador  - 

52  15    oN. 

78  57  49  W. 

5 

15  51  W. 

Eafter  Ifland 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

27     6  30  S. 

109  46  45  W. 

7 

19     7  W. 

2     0 

Ecaterinburg 

Afia 

Siberia 

56  50  15 N. 

60  50    0  E. 

4 

3  20  E. 

Edam  (inc) 

Afia 

Batavia  Bay 

5  57  30  S. 

106  51     oE. 

7 

7  24  E. 

Edgecumbe  (Cape)   - 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

57    4  30  N. 

135  ^s  30  w. 

9 

3  42  W. 

Edinburg 

Europe 

Scotland     - 

S5  ;6  42  N. 

3   12   15  W. 

0 

12  49  w. 

4  30 

Edward's  (Pr.)  Ifles  - 

Africa 

Ind.  Ocean  -j  o  ' 

46  39  30  S. 
46  52  30  S. 

38     2  30E. 
37  47     oE. 

2 
2 

32  loE. 
31     8E. 

Edyftone 

Europe 

Englifh  Channel  - 

50    8    0  N. 

4  24     oW. 

0 

17  36W. 

5  30 

Egmont  (Cape) 

Afia 

New  Zeeland 

39  23  2°S- 

174  12  30 E. 

II 

36  50 E. 

Egmont  (Ifle) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

19  20    0  S. 

13S  46      oW. 

9 

15     4W. 

Eimeo  (Ifle)  - 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

17  30    oS. 

149  54     oW. 

9  59  36  W. 

Elephant  Point 

Afia 

Ceylon 

6  20    0  N. 

81  39  15  E. 

5 

26  37  E. 

Elias's  (St.)  Mount    - 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

60  24  30 N. 

141     0     oW. 

9 

24    0  W. 

Elizabeth  (Cape)       - 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

59  II     oN. 

152   12     oW. 

10 

8  48  W. 

Elmma  Caftle 

Africa 

Gold  Coaft 

5    I  3SN. 

2     0   12W. 

0 

8     I W. 

Eltham     '      - 

Europe 

England     - 

51  27    4N. 

0     3   loE. 

0 

0  13  E. 

Embrun 

Europe 

France 

44  34     7  N. 

6  25  54 E. 

0 

25  44 E. 

Enatum  (Ifle) 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean 

20  10     0  S. 

170    4    0  E. 

1 1 

30  16 E. 

Enckhuyfen  - 

Europe 

Holland      - 

52  42  22  N. 

J  10    oE. 

0 

20  40 E. 

I 

LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coaft,  Sea,  or 
Country. 

Latitude. 

1,1  De 

Long! 
jrecs. 

tude 
I 

n  Time. 

H.W. 

n         1         II 

'I      ; 

// 

H. 

M.   s. 

II.    M. 

Englifh  Road 

Afia 

Eaoowee    - 

21     20    50  S. 

174  49 

oW. 

II 

39  16  W. 

Endeavour  River 

Afia 

New  Holland      - 

ij  27  II  s. 

145  10 

oE. 

9  40  40  E. 

Enos 

Europe 

Turkey 

40  41  58 N. 

25  58 

30  E. 

I 

43  54 E. 

Erranfianga  (Ifle) 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean 

18  46  30  S. 

169  18 

30  E. 

II 

17   14E. 

Erzerum 

Afia  _ 

Turkey 

39  56  35  N. 

4S  35 

45  E. 

3 

14  23  E. 

Efpiritu  Santo 

America 

Cuba 

21  57  41 N. 

79  49 

30  W. 

5 

19  18  W. 

Eutlachia  (Town) 

America 

Caribbean  Sea     - 

17  29    oN. 

63     2 

oW. 

4 

12     8W. 

Event's  Ifles 

America 

Terra  del  Fucgo  - 

55  34  30  S. 

66  59 

oW. 

4 

27  56  W. 

Evreux 

Europe 

France 

49     I  30  N. 

I     8 

5+E. 

0 

4  36  E. 

Exeter 

Europe 

England     - 

50  44    oN. 

3  34 

30  W. 

0 

14  18W. 

Fairlight 

Europe 

England     - 

5°  52  39  N. 

0  38 

35^; 

0 

2  34E. 

Falmouth 

Europe 

England     - 

50    8     0  N. 

5    3 

oW. 

0 

20    12  W. 

5  30 

Falfe  (Cape) 

Africa 

Caffres 

34  16    oS. 

18  44 

oE. 

I 

.456E. 

Falfe  Bay       - 

Africa 

Cafi'res        - 

_54  10     0  S. 

iS  33 

oE. 

I 

14    I  2  E. 

Fano 

Europe 

Italy 

43  51     oN. 

12  S9 

38  E. 

0 

51  59E. 

Fareham 

Europe 

England     - 

50  51   20N. 

I   10 

1 1  W. 

0 

44IW. 

Farewell  (Cape) 

America 

Greenland  - 

59  3S    oN. 

42  42 

oW. 

2 

so  48  W. 

Farewell  (Cape) 

Afia 

New  Zeeland 

40  37     oS. 

172  49 

38  E. 

II 

31   19E. 

Farnham 

Europe 

England     - 

51   13     7N. 

0  47 

52W. 

0 

3   iiW. 

Fayal  (Town) 

Europe 

Azores 

38  32  20 N. 

28  41 

5W. 

I 

5444W. 

Fecamp 

Europe 

France 

49  45  24 N. 

,  0  22 

48  E. 

0 

I  31  E. 

Fehx  and  Amb.  Ifles 

America 

Pacific  Ocean     - 

26  16    oS. 

79  16 

oW. 

5 

17     4W. 

Ferdinand  Noronha    - 

America      - 

Brazil 

3  56  20  S. 

32  38 

oW. 

2 

10  32  W. 

Fermo 

Europe 

Italy 

43   10  1 8  N. 

13  41 

26  E. 

0 

5446E. 

Fernando  Po 

Africa 

Atlantic  Ocean  - 

3  28     oN. 

8  40 

oE. 

0 

34  40  E. 

Ferrara 

Europe 

Italy 

44  49  46  N. 

II  36 

15  E. 

0 

46  2;E. 

Ferraria  (Point) 

Europe 

St.  Michael  (Az.) 

37  49  41 N. 

25  59  49  W. 

I 

43  59  W. 

Fcrro  (Town) 

Africa 

Canaries     - 

27  47  3jN. 

17  45 

8W. 

I 

II     I W. 

Finifterre  (Cape) 

Europe 

Spain 

42  S3  3°N. 

9  18 

24  W. 

0 

37   14  W. 

Fizeron  (Cape) 

Europe 

Portugal    - 

39  19    oN. 

II  43 

53  W. 

0 

46  56  W. 

Fladftrand 

Europe 

Denmark  - 

57  27     3N. 

10  33 

ijE. 

0 

42  13 E. 

Flattery  (Cape) 

America 

New  Albion 

48  15  30 N. 

124  58 

30  W. 

8 

f9  54  W. 

Flenfburg 

Europe 

Denmark   - 

54  47     8N. 

9  27 

6E. 

0 

37  48 E. 

Florence 

Europe 

Italy 

43  46  3^N. 

II     3 

30  E. 

0 

44  14 E. 

Flores 

Europe 

Azores 

39  26  20 N. 

31   1 1 

22  W. 

2 

445W. 

Flour  (Saint) 

Europe 

France 

45     I  53  N- 

3    5 

24  E. 

0 

12  22  E. 

Flufhing 

Europe 

Holland      - 

51  26  37 N. 

3  34 

9E. 

0 

14  17E. 

Foggy  Ifland 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

56  12     oN. 

157   19 

30  W. 

10 

29  18 \V. 

Foktzani 

Europe 

Turkey 

45  33  51  N. 

27     2 

30  E. 

I 

48  10 E. 

Folkftone 

Europe 

England     - 

51     5  45  N. 

I   II 

29  W. 

0 

4  46  w. 

Fontarabia     - 

Europe 

Spain 

43  21  36N. 

1  47 

29  w. 

0 

7   10  W. 

S.  Foreland  (Light)  - 

Europe 

England     - 

51     8  21 N. 

I  22 

6E. 

0 

5  28  E. 

N.  Foreland  - 

Europe 

England     - 

51  22  40N. 

I  26 

22E. 

0 

5  4>  E. 

Fortaventure  (W.  P.) 

Africa 

Canaries 

28    4     oN. 

H  31 

30  W. 

0 

58     6\V. 

Foul  Point     - 

Africa 

Madagafcar 

17  40  148. 

49  52 

30  E. 

3 

19  30  E. 

Foulweatlier  (Cape)    - 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

44  S3     oN. 

124  10 

oW. 

8 

16  40  \v. 

Frampton  Houfe 

Europe 

Wales 

51  2;     iN. 

3  29 

30  W. 

0 

13  58  W. 

France  (Ifle  of) 

Africa 

Indian  Ocean 

20    9  43  S. 

57  31 

30  E. 

3 

50    6E. 

Francfort  (on  the  M.) 

Europe 

Germany    - 

50    7  40  N. 

835 

45  E. 

0 

34  23E. 

Vol.  XXI. 

3 

A 

LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coaft,  Sea,  or 

Country. 

Latitude. 

In 

Longitude 
Degrees.             In  Time. 

H.  \V. 

Ct          J         II 

0 

i      II 

II.    M.   .s. 

H.    M. 

Francfort  (on  the  Od.) 

Europe 

Germany  - 

52    22      8N. 

14 

45     °  E. 

0  59     3  E. 

Francifco  (St.) 

America 

New  Albion 

37  4B  30  N. 

122 

7  20  W. 

8     8  30  W. 

n  15 

Francois  (Cape) 

America 

Hifpaniola 

19  46  40 N. 

"  1 

17  45  w. 

4  49  1 1  W. 

Francois  (Old  Cape) 

America 

Hifpaniola 

19  40  30 N. 

70 

2     oW. 

44.    8W. 

Frant 

Europe 

England     - 

51     5  54N. 

0 

16  13  E. 

0     I     5  E. 

Fravvenburg  - 

Europe 

Prufiia 

54  22  ij  N. 

20 

7  30  E. 

I  20  30  E. 

Free  Town    - 

Africa 

Sierra  Leone 

8     29  40  N. 

13 

5   -7  W. 

0  52  21  W. 

Frehel  (Light) 

Europe 

France 

48  41   loN. 

2 

18  57  W. 

0    915  w. 

Frejus 

Europe 

France 

43  25  52  N. 

6 

43  54  E- 

0  26  56  E. 

Friefland's  Peak 

America 

Sandwich  Land  - 

59     2    0  S. 

26 

55  30  W. 

,  47  42  w- 

Frio  (Cape)   - 

America 

Brafil 

22  54    0  S. 

42 

8  15  \V. 

2  48  33  W. 

Frio  (Cape)   - 

Africa 

Caffraria     - 

18  40    0  s. 

12 

26    0  E. 

0  49  44  E. 

Fronfac  (Strait) 

America 

Nova  Scotia 

4S  36  57 N. 

61 

19  30  W. 

4    5  18  W. 

Fuego  (Me)  - 

Africa 

Cape  Verd 

It  57     2N. 

24 

22     3  W. 

1  37  32  W. 

Fulham 

Europe 

England     - 

51  28     7N. 

0 

12  3  J  w. 

0    0  50  W. 

Funchal 

Africa 

Madeira     - 

J2    37    20N. 

16 

55  36  W. 

I    7  42  w. 

12  4 

Furneaux  (Ifland) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean     -  ^ 

17  1 1     0  S. 

143 

6  40  W. 

9  32  27  W. 

Furuefs 

Europe 

Netherlands 

51     473N. 

0 

39  36  E. 

0  10  38  E. 

Gabey 

Afia 

New  Guinea 

0     6    oS. 

126 

23  45  E. 

8  25  35  E. 

Galle  (Cape  de) 

Afia 

Ceylon 

6     I     oN. 

80 

19  20  E. 

5  2r    17  E. 

Gallipoli 

Europe 

Turkey 

40  25  33 N. 

26 

37  15  E. 

1  46  29  E. 

Gand 

Europe 

Netherlands 

51     3   15  N. 

3 

43  20  E. 

0  14  53  E. 

Ganjam 

Afia 

India 

19  22  30  N. 

85 

18  30  E. 

5  41   J4E. 

Gap 

Europe 

France 

44  33  37 N. 

6 

4  47  E. 

0  24  19  E. 

Gafpar  (Ifland) 

Afia 

Str.  of  Gafper    - 

2  25     0  S. 

107 

7  45  E. 

7     831E. 

Gafpee 

America 

G.  St.  Lawrence 

48  47  30  N. 

64 

27  30  W. 

4  17  50  W. 

Gavarea  (Cape) 

Afia 

Kamtchatka 

51  20  30  N. 

158  36    0  E. 

10  34  24  E. 

Geinhaufen    - 

Europe 

Germany   - 

50  13  25  N. 

9 

13  38  E. 

0  36  55  E. 

Geneva 

Europe 

Savoy 

46  12  17N. 

6 

8  24  E. 

0  24  34  E. 

Genoa 

Europe 

Italy 

44  25     oN. 

8 

51    15  E. 

0  35  25  E. 

St.  George  (Ifle)       - 

Europe 

Azores 

38  SS  30 N. 

28 

10     0  W. 

1  52  40  W. 

St.  George  (Town)  - 

America 

Bermudas  - 

32  22  20 N. 

64 

14  15  W. 

4  .657W. 

St.  George  (Fort)     - 

America 

Hifpaniola 

18  18  40N. 

73 

11  49  w. 

4  52  47  W. 

St.  George  (Fort)     - 

Afia 

India 

13    454N. 

80 

24  49  E. 

5  21  39  E. 

St.  George  (Cape)    - 

America 

Newfoundland    - 

48  30    5  N. 

59 

20  33  W. 

3  57  22  W. 

St.  George  (Cape)    - 

Afia 

New  Holland 

35  JO  30S. 

150 

29    0  E. 

10     I  56  E. 

St.  George  (Cape)    - 

Afia  _ 

New  Britain 

4  53  30  S. 

153 

8  45  E. 

10  12  35  E. 

George  (Cape) 

America 

South  Georgia   - 

54   n     0  S. 

36 

32  30  W. 

2  26  10  W. 

George  (Cape) 

Afia 

Kerguelen's  Land 

49  54  3'=  S. 

70 

13     0  E. 

4  40  48  E. 

Geriah 

Afia 

Malabar     - 

16  37     oN. 

73 

22  24  E. 

4  53  3-  E. 

Ghent 

Europe 

Flanders     - 

51  '3  15  N. 

3 

43  20  E. 

0  14  53  E. 

Gibraltar 

Europe 

Spain 

36    4  44  N. 

5 

4    oW. 

0  20  16W. 

0    0 

Gilbert's  Ifle 

America 

Terra  del  Fuego  - 

55  13     oS. 

?■ 

6  45  W. 

4  44  27  W. 

Glandeve 

Europe 

France       -      ■  - 

43  56  43  N. 

6 

48  10  E. 

0  27   13 E. 

Glafgow 

Europe 

Scotland    - 

S5  51  32 N. 

4 

16    0  W. 

0  17     4  W. 

Glocefter  Houfe 

America 

New  Wales 

51  24  26 N. 

S7 

26     2  Vv . 

5  49  44  W. 

Glocefter  Ifle 

;\merica 

Pacific  Ocean     - 

19  II     oS. 

140 

20     0  W. 

92120  w. 

Gluchow 

Europe 

Ruffia 

51  40  30  N. 

34 

20    0  E. 

2  17  20  E. 

Gluckftad     - 

Europe 

Holllein    - 

53  47  44 N- 

9 

27     0  E. 

0  37  48  E. 

'i 


LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  tha  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coaft,  Sea,  or 
Countr)-. 

Latitude. 

Longitude 
In  Degrees.            In  Time. 

H.  W. 

o         /         11 

0     /      // 

II.    M.    S. 

H.    M. 

Goa 

Afia 

India 

15  28  20N. 

73  58  39  E. 

4  55  55  E. 

Goat  Ifle 

Alia 

Chinefe  Sea 

13  55     oN. 

120     2     0  E. 

8    0    8  E. 

Goave  (La  Petit) 

America 

Hifpaniola 

18  27     oN. 

72  45  34  W. 

451     2W. 

Goes 

Europe 

Zeeland 

51  30  i8  N. 

3  53     5  E. 

0  15  32  E. 

Gogo 

Afia 

India 

21  40  30 N. 

72  21   15  E. 

4  49  25  E. 

Gomera  (Ifle) 

Africa 

Canaries     - 

28     5  40  N. 

17     8    cW. 

I     8  32  W. 

Gonnve  (KleN.E.Pt.) 

America 

Hifpaniola 

18  48  35 N. 

72  56  27  W. 

4  5'  46  W. 

Good  Hope  (Cape)    - 

Africa 

Caffraria     - 

34  Z9     oS. 

18  23  15  E. 

I   13  53  E. 

3     0 

Good  Hope  (Town)  - 

A  frica 

Caffraria     - 

33  S)  42  ^• 

i8  23     7  E. 

I   13  32  E. 

2  30 

Goodwood     - 

Europe 

England     - 

50  52  21 N. 

0  44    9  W. 

0      2    57  W. 

Goree  (Ifle) 

Africa 

Atlantic  Ocean  - 

1440    5N. 

17  24  30  W. 

I     9  38  W. 

I  3a 

Gotha 

Europe 

Germany    - 

50  56  17  N. 

10  41  46  E 

0  43  46  E. 

Gothaah 

America 

Greenland  - 

64    9  55  N. 

51  46  45W- 

3  27     7  W. 

Gottenburg  - 

Europe 

Sweden 

57  42    oN. 

II  57  30  E. 

0  47  50  E. 

Gottingen  (Obfer.)     - 

Europe 

Germany    - 

51  31  54^- 

9  54  15  E. 

0  39  37  E. 

Goudliurft 

Europe 

England     - 

51     650N. 

0  27  39  E. 

0     I  51  E. 

Grafton  (Ifle) 

Afia 

Bafhees       - 

21     4     0  N. 

120  55  1 1  E. 

8     3  41  E. 

Grafton  (Cape) 

Afia 

New  Holland 

1653  30 s. 

145  42  45  E. 

9  42  51  E. 

Granada  (Fort  Royal) 

America 

Caribbean  Sea     - 

12     254  N. 

61  51    15  W. 

4    7  25  w. 

Granville 

Europe 

France 

4S  50  16 N. 

I  36  15  W. 

0    6  25  \V. 

6  45 

GrafTe 

Europe 

France 

43  39  19  N. 

6   55     9E. 

0  27  41  E. 

Gratiofa 

Europe 

:\  zores 

39  II     oN. 

27  54  30  W. 

I  51  38  W. 

Gratz 

Europe 

Germany    - 

47     4    9N. 

15  25  45  E. 

I     I  43  E. 

0    0 

Gravelines 

Europe 

Flanders     - 

50  59  10  N. 

2     7  35  E. 

0    8  30  E. 

Gravois  (Point) 

America 

Hifpaniola 

18     055N. 

74     2  15  W. 

4  56  -9  W. 

Greenwich  (Obfer.)  - 

Europe 

England     - 

51  28  40  N. 

000 

000 

Grenaae 

Europe 

Denmark    - 

56  24  57  N. 

10  53  21  E. 

0  43  33  E. 

Gregory  (Cape) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

43  29    0  N. 

124    9    0  W. 

8  16  36  W. 

Grenoble 

Europe 

France 

45  II  42 N. 

5  43  34  E. 

0  22  54  E. 

GrenviUe  (Caps) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

57  31     oN. 

152  37  30  W. 

10  10  30  W. 

Grouais  (Ifle) 

Europe 

France 

47  38    4N. 

3  26  23  W. 

0  13  46  W. 

Grinfted  (Eall) 

Europe 

England    - 

51     7  2SN. 

0    0  16  E. 

0    0     1  E. 

Grinfted  (Weft) 

Europe 

England     - 

50  58  24  N. 

0  19  53  W. 

0     I   20  W. 

Gryphifwald 

Europe 

Germany  - 

54    5  15 N 

'3  35   '5  E. 

0  54    5  E. 

Guadaloupe  - 

America 

Caribbean  Sea     - 

I J  59  30  N. 

61  48  15  \V. 

4    7  ij  W. 

Guiaquil 

Aftierica      - 

Peru 

2  II   18  S. 

79  20  52  W. 

5   17  23  W. 

Gurief 

Afia 

Siberia 

47     7     yN- 

51  59  15  E. 

3  27  57  E. 

Haderfleben  - 

Europe 

Denmark   - 

5S  15     6N. 

9  30  15  E. 

0  38     I  E. 

Plague 

Europe 

Holland     - 

52    4  12  N. 

416     2  E. 

017    4  E. 

S  ij 

Halifax 

America 

Nova  Scotia 

44  44    oN. 

63  3«5     0  W. 

4  14  24  W. 

7  33 

Hamburg 

Europe 

Germany   - 

53  33     3N- 

9  )S  15  E. 

0  39  41  E. 

6    0 

Hammerfoll  (Ifle)     - 

Europe 

North  Sea  - 

70  38  43  N. 

23  43.35  E. 

I   34  54  E. 

Hampllead     - 

Europe 

England     - 

51  3i  19 N. 

0  10  42  W. 

0    0  43  W. 

Hang-lip  (Cape) 

Africa 

Caffraria     - 

34  16    oS. 

18  44    0  E. 

I   14  56  E. 

Hanover 

Europe 

Germany   - 

52  22  iSN. 

9  4+  15  E. 

0  38  57  E. 

Harbro'  (Market)     - 

Europe 

England     - 

52  28  30 N. 

0  57  25  W. 

0    3  50  ^V- 

Hareficld        - 

Europe 

England     - 

51  36  10 N. 

0  29  15  W. 

0     I  57  W. 

Harlem 

Europe 

H-lland     - 

52  22  14 N. 

4  37     0  E. 

0  18  28  E. 

Harrow  on  the  Hill   - 

Europe 

England     - 

51  34  27  N. 

0  20     3  W. 

0     I  20  W. 

3  A2 


LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coaft,  Sea,  or 
Country. 

Latitude. 

Longitude 
In  Degret-s.           In  Time. 

H.W. 

f>      1       li 

0     1     II 

H.    M.     S. 

H.    M. 

Hnftings 

Europe 

England     - 

50  52  loN. 

0  41  10  E. 

0     2  45  E. 

II       0 

Havaniiah 

America 

Cuba 

23    Jl   J2  N. 

82    836W. 

5  28  34  W. 

Havant 

■  Europe 

England     - 

5°  5*     5N. 

0  58  38  W. 

0    3  55  W. 

Havre-de-Grace 

Europe 

France 

49  29  14  N. 

0    6  23  E. 

0    0  26  E. 

9    0 

HawkhiU       - 

Europe 

Scotland     - 

55  57  57 N. 

3   10  15  W. 

0  12  41  W. 

Heefe  (La)   - 

Europe 

Netherlands 

51     23       2N. 

4  44  45  E. 

0  18  59  E. 

St.  Helena  (Ja.To.)  - 

Africa 

S.  Atlantic  Ocean 

i>  55     oS. 

5  43  30  W. 

0  22  54  W. 

2  15 

Hengiftbury  Head     - 

Europe 

England     - 

50  42  57  N. 

I    45    I  I  W  . 

0    7    I  w. 

Henley  Houfe 

America 

New  \\''ale8 

51  14  28 N. 

84  46  15  w. 

5  39    5  W. 

Henlopen  (Cape) 

America 

Virginia     - 

38  47     8  N. 

75  12  31  W. 

J     0  50  W. 

9    0 

Henry  (Cape) 

America 

Virginia     - 

36  57    oN- 

76  31   30  W. 

5     6    6W. 

Heraclia 

Europe 

Turkey 

41     I     3  N. 

27  54  19 E. 

I  51  37  E. 

St.  Hermogenes  (Ifle) 

America 

Cook's  River 

58  15     oN. 

152  13     oW. 

10    8  52  W. 

Hernoiar.d      - 

Europe 

Sweden 

62  38     oN. 

17  50  15:  E. 

I    II    21  E. 

Hervey's  (Ifle) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean     - 

19  17     0  S. 

158  56  20  W. 

•o  35  45  W. 

He{reloe(Ifle)        "     - 

Europe 

Ciitegat 

56  II  46  N. 

II  43  45  E. 

0  46  55  E. 

Heve(Capela) 

Europe 

France 

49  30  42  N. 

0    4    oE. 

0    0  16  E. 

Highbury  Houfe 

Europe 

England     - 

51  33  •3N. 

0    5  51  W. 

0    0  23  W. 

Highclere 

Europe 

England     - 

51   18  46  N. 

I   20  16  W. 

0    5  21  W. 

Highgate 

Europe 

England     - 

51  34  16N. 

0     8  50  W. 

0    0  35  W. 

Hinchinbroke  (Ifle)    - 

Afia 

Pacific  Oce.-in 

17  25     0  S. 

168  38    oE. 

II   14  32  E. 

Hinchinbroke  (Cape) 

America 

Pr.  Wm's  Sound 

60  16    0  N. 

146  5 J-    oW. 

9  47  40  W. 

Hionn 

Europe 

Denmark   - 

51  27  44 N. 

9  59  58 E- 

0  40    0  E. 

Hoai-Nghan  - 

Afia 

China 

33  34  40  N. 

118  49  30  E. 

7  55  18  E. 

Hogue  (Cape  la) 

Europe 

France 

49  44  40  N. 

I  56  50  W. 

0     7  47  W. 

0    0 

Hoa     - 

Europe 

Iceland 

65  44    0  N. 

19  44     0  W. 

I  18  56  w. 

HolmePoint 

Europe 

England     - 

52  59  40 N. 

0  30  45  E. 

0       2       3E. 

Honflelir 

Europe 

France 

49  25   13  N. 

0  13  59  E. 

0    0  56  E. 

9    0 

Hood's  Ifle   - 

America 

Pacific  Ocean     - 

926    0  S. 

138  52     oW. 

9  15  28  W. 

Hoogiiraeten 

Europe 

Netherlands 

51  24  44  N. 

4  46  15  E. 

019    5  E. 

Horn  (Cape) 

America 

Terra  del  Fuego 

55  58  3°  S- 

67  26    oW. 

4  29  44  W. 

Horndean 

Europe 

England     - 

5°  55  33  N. 

I     0  21  W. 

0    4     I  W. 

Horfham 

Europe 

England     - 

51     3  36  N. 

0  194^  AV. 

0    I  19  w. 

Hout  Bay      - 

Africa 

Caffraria     - 

34    3     oS. 

18  19    oE. 

I  13  16E. 

Howe's  Ifle  - 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

16  46  JO  S. 

154    6  40  W. 

10  16  27  w. 

Howe  (Cape) 

Afia 

New  Holland 

37  31   15  s- 

145  31     0  E. 

9  58    4  E. 

Huahine(lfle) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean     - 

16  44    0  S. 

151     6    oW. 

10    4  24  W. 

Hueen  (Ifle) 

Europe 

Sound 

55  54  38  N. 

12  41  30 E. 

0  50  46  E. 

Hudfon's  Houfe 

America 

New  Wales 

53     0  32  N. 

106  27  48  W. 

7     551W. 

Hunafton  Lights 

Europe 

England  '   - 

52  58  40 N. 

0  28     oE. 

0     I  52  E. 

Hurft  Lighthoufe 

Europe 

England     - 

50  42  23  N. 

I   32  50  W. 

0    611  W. 

Hurllmonceux 

Europe 

England     - 

50  51  35N. 

0  19  42  E. 

0     I   19E. 

Hufum 

Europe 

Denmark   - 

54  28  48  N. 

9    4    7  E. 

0  36  16  E. 

Hydrabad 

Alia 

Golconda  - 

17  12    4N. 

78  ji     0  E. 

5  15  24E. 

Jackfon  (Port) 

Afia 

New  Holland     - 

33  51     7S. 

141   13  30  E. 

10    4  54  E. 

JafTrabad  (Fort) 

'Afia 

Indi«i 

20  52  50  N. 

71  36  30  E. 

4  46  26  E. 

Jakutll{ 

Afia 

Siberia 

62     I  52  N. 

129  43  30  E. 

8  38  s5  E. 

Jakutfl<oi-Nofs 

Afia 

Kamtchatka 

66     5  30  N. 

169  44     0  W. 

11   18  56  W. 

Janeiro  (Rio) 

America 

Bralll 

■21    54    10  b. 

43   10  45  W. 

2  52  43  W. 

2    5 

LONGITUDE. 


Tasle  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Place*. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coaft,   Sea,  or 
Country. 

Latitude. 

Longitude 
In  Degrees.           In  Time. 

H.  \V. 

Jaroflawl 

Europe 

Ruflia 

57  37 

30  N. 

40  10     oE. 

H.    M.     S. 

2  40  40  E. 

H.    M. 

Jarra  (Pulo) 

Afia 

Str.  of  Malacca  - 

3  57 

oN. 

100  17     oE. 

6  41     8E. 

Jatfey 

Europe 

Moldavia    - 

47     8 

32  N. 

27  29  45  E. 

I  49  59  E. 

Java  Head 

Afia 

Java 

6  48 

30  S. 

los     7  25  E. 

7     0  30  E. 

Icy  Cape 

America 

Beering's  Straits 

70  29 

oN. 

161  42  30  W. 

10  46  JO  W. 

Idolhos  (Ifles) 

Africa 

Atlantic  Ocean  - 

9  27 

oN. 

13  32  30 W. 

0  J4  10  W. 

Jenikola 

Europe 

Crimea 

45  21 

oN. 

36  26  30  E. 

2    2J   46  E. 

Jenifeik 

Afia 

Siberia 

58  27 

,7N. 

91  58  30  E. 

6     7  54E. 

Jeremie  (Point) 

America 

Hifpaniola 

18  40 

20  N. 

74  13  28  W. 

4  56  55  W. 

JerufiJem 

Afia 

Paletline     - 

31  55 

oN. 

35  20    0  E. 

2  21   20  E. 

St.  Ildefonfo's  Ifles    - 

America 

Terra  del  Fuego 

55  51 

oS. 

69  28     oW. 

4  37  52  W. 

Ilginfkoi 

Afia 

Siberia 

- 

104  59    0  E. 

6  j9  j6  E. 

Immer  (Ifle) 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean     - 

19  16 

oS. 

169  46    0  E. 

II   19    4  E. 

Ingolftadt 

Europe 

Germany    - 

48  4j 

foN. 

n  25  30 E. 

0  45  42  E. 

Ingornahoix  - 

America 

Newfoundland    - 

5°  37 

17  N. 

57   15  30  W. 

3  49     2  W. 

Johanna  iPeak) 

Africa 

Comora  Ifles 

12   i6 

oS. 

44  46  18  E. 

'  ^i  ^h 

St.  John's       - 

America 

Antigua     - 

17     4 

30  N. 

62     9    0  W. 

4    8  30  W. 

St.  John's      - 

America 

Newfoundland     - 

47  32 

44  N. 

52  25  30  w. 

3  29  42  W. 

6     0 

St.  Jofeph      - 

America 

California  - 

23     3 

37  N. 

109  40  45  W. 

7  1843W. 

Joy  (Port)    - 

America 

Ifle  of  St.  John's 

46  11 

oN. 

62  57   15  W. 

4  II  49  W. 

Irkutdc 

Aha 

Siberia 

52  18 

BN. 

104  33  30  E. 

6  j8  14  E. 

[rranamc  (Ifle) 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean     - 

19  31 

oS. 

170  21     oE. 

II  21  24  E. 

Iflaraabad 

Afia 

India 

22  20 

oN. 

91  49  43  E. 

6     7  19  E. 

Ifle  of  Pines  - 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean      - 

22  38 

oS. 

167  38     oE. 

11   10  32  E. 

Iflington 

Europe 

England^    - 

51  32 

18N. 

c     6    0  W. 

0    0  24  W. 

Ifmael  -         - 

Eui-ope 

Turkey 

45  "° 

58  N. 

28  50    oE. 

1  jj  20  E. 

Ifpahan 

Afia 

Perfia 

32  24 

34  N. 

51  50    oE. 

3  27  20  E 

St.  Juan  (Cape) 

America 

Staten  Land 

54  47 

10  S. 

63  47     oW. 

4  ij     8W. 

Juan  Fernandes  (Ifle) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean     - 

33  40 

oS. 

78  33     oW. 

5  14  12  W. 

Judda    -         - 

Afia 

Arabia 

21   29 

oN. 

39  22     oE. 

2  37  28  E. 

Judorafl<oi 

Afia 

Siberia 

_ 

_ 

139  52  30  E. 

9  19  30  E. 

St.  Julian  (Port) 

America 

Pataoonia 

49  10 

oS. 

68  44     oW. 

4  34J6W. 

4  45 

Jupiter's  Inlet 

America 

Anticofta  (Ifle)  - 

49  26 

oN. 

63  38  15  W. 

4  14  33  W. 

Juthia  -        - 

Afia 

India 

14  18 

oN. 

ICO  50    oE. 

6  43  20 E. 

Kalouga 

Europe 

Ruflia 

54  30 

oN. 

36    5    0  E. 

2  24  20  E. 

Kamenec 

Europe 

Poland 

48  40  53  N. 

27     I   ijE. 

1  48     J  E. 

Keeling's  Iflands 

Afia 

Indian  Ocean 

'2      3 

15  S. 

97  38  30  E. 

6  30  34 E. 

Kamtchatkoi-Nofs     - 

Afia 

Kamtchatka 

56     I 

oN. 

163  22  30  E. 

10  53  30 E. 

Karakakoo  (Bay) 

America 

Sandwich  Ifles    - 

19  28 

10  N. 

155  56  23  W. 

10  23  46  w. 

3  45 

Kateriiigburg 

Afia 

Siberia 

56  50 

15  N. 

60  50    0  E. 

4    3   20  E 

Kayes  Ifland 

America 

Pacific  Ocean     - 

59  52 

oN. 

145     0    oW. 

9  40     0  w. 

Kedgeree 

Afia 

India 

21  48 

oN 

88  JO  15  E. 

5  SS  21  E 

Keppel's  Ifland 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean 

15  j6 

30  S. 

174  10  24  W. 

9  30  42  W. 

Kiam-Cheu    - 

Afia 

China 

35  37 

oN. 

Ill  29  15  E. 

7  2J  57  E. 

Kidnapper's  Cape 

Afia 

New  Zeeland 

39  42 

45  S. 

177  16    oE. 

II  49    4E. 

Kiel      -         - 

Europe 

Holftein     - 

54  22 

25-N. 

9  -4  45  E; 

0  i7  39  E. 

Kinfale 

Europe 

Ireland 

51  41 

30  N. 

8  28  15  W. 

0  33  53  W. 

5    0 

Kiow    -        - 

Europe 

Ukraine     - 

50  27 

oN. 

30  27  30  E. 

2     I  joE. 

Kiringinfkoi 

Afia 

Siberia 

57  47 

oN. 

108     2     oE. 

7  12     8E.   )              j 

LONGITUDE. 


Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  LonjcituJes  oi  Places. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coaif,  Sea,  or 
Country. 

Latitude. 

Longitude 

In  DesTrecs.           In  Time. 
0 

H.  W. 

o       1        11 

0      /      /' 

11.    M.     S. 

II.    M. 

Kirk-Newton 

Europe 

Scotland    - 

55  54  30 N. 

3  30  33  W. 

0    14       2W. 

Kittery  Point 

America 

New  England     - 

43     4  27  N. 

70  44  30  W. 

4  42  58  W. 

Koamaroo  (Cape) 

Afia 

New  Zeelaud 

4t     4  4S  S. 

174  34  3°E. 

II  38  18  E. 

Kola     -         - 

Europe 

Lapland     - 

68  52   26.N. 

33     I  30  E. 

2   12     6  E. 

Konfwinger  - 

Europe 

Norway      - 

60  12   n  N. 

11   57  45  E. 

0  47  51  E. 

Karmantinc  Fort 

Africa 

Gold  Coaft 

5  ,10  58  N. 

I  34  24  W. 

0    6  18  W. 

Korfar  ( Lights) 

Europe 

Denmark  - 

^^  20  22  N. 

II     8  30  E. 

0  44  34  E. 

Kofloff 

Europe 

Crimea 

45  14    oN. 

33  25     oE. 

2  13  40E. 

Kowima  (Upper) 

Afia 

Kamtcliatka 

65  28     oN. 

153  35     oE. 

10  14  20  E. 

Kowiraa  (Lower) 

Afia 

Kamtciiatka 

68  18    oN. 

163  18    oE. 

10  53   12  E. 

Krementzoug 

Europe 

Rufila 

49    3  28  N. 

33  28  45  E. 

2   13  55  E. 

Kronotfkoi-Nofs 

Afia 

Kamtchatka 

54  43     0  N. 

162   13  30  E. 

10  48  54  E. 

Kullen  (Lights) 

Europe 

Sweden 

56  18     3N. 

12  26  14E. 

0  49  45  E. 

Kurlk     -       - 

Europe 

Ruflia 

51  43  30  N. 

36  27  30  E. 

2  25  50  E. 

La  Ciotat 

Europe 

France 

43   10  29  N. 

5  36  48  E.. 

0  22  27  E. 

Ladrone  (Grand) 

Afia 

Chinefe  Sea 

22     2     0  N. 

II  ^  56     0  E. 

7  35  44  E. 

Lagoon  Ifle  (Cooke's) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

18  46  33  S. 

.38  54  15  W. 

9  15  37  W. 

Lagoon's  Ide  (Bligh's) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean      - 

2138     0  S. 

140  37     oW. 

Q  22  28  W. 

Lagos  -         - 

Europe 

Turkey 

40  58  42  N. 

25     3  21  E. 

I  40  13  E. 

Lagnna 

Africa 

Tencriffe    - 

28  28  31  N. 

16  27  13  W. 

I     549W. 

Lambhuus    '  - 

Europe 

Iceland 

64     6  17  N. 

21   54  30  W. 

I  27  38  W. 

Lampfaco 

Afia 

Turkey      - 

40  20  52  N. 

26  36  20 E. 

I    46    2)  E. 

Lancarota  (E.  Pt.)    - 

Africa 

Canaries 

29  14    0  N. 

13  26     oW. 

0  53  44  W. 

Landau 

Europe 

France 

49  II  38 N. 

8     7  30E. 

0  32  30  E. 

Landfcroon    - 

Europe 

Sweden 

Ss  53  23  N. 

12  48     0  E. 

0  51   12  E. 

Langres 

Europe 

France 

47  52    oN. 

5  19  50  E. 

0  21   ig  E. 

Laon 

Europe 

France 

49  33  54  N. 

3  37   12 E. 

0  14  29  E, 

Lavaur 

Europe 

France 

43  40  52  N. 

1  49     3  E. 

0     7   16E. 

Laufanne 

Europe 

Switzerland 

46  31     5N. 

6  45  15  E. 

027     I  E. 

St.  Lawrence's  (Ifle) 

Afia 

Beering's  Straits 

63  47    oN. 

171  45     0  E. 

II   27     0  E. 

Le  Croilic     - 

Europe 

France 

47   '7  43  N- 

2  30  30  W. 

0102  W. 

Lecknure 

Europe 

France 

43  55  54  N. 

0  37  II E. 

0     2  29E. 

Leeds 

Europe 

England     - 

53  47  33  N. 

I  38  30 W. 

0    6  34  W. 

Leicefter 

Europe 

England     - 

52  33    oN. 

I     8  30W. 

0    4  34  ■^v. 

Lcipfic 

Europe 

Saxony 

51   22  22  N. 

12  20  ^0 E. 

0  49  22  E. 

Le  MaTis 

Europe 

France 

48     0  35  N. 

0  II  49  E. 

0     0  47  E. 

Leopard's  Ifle 

Africa 

Sierra  Leone 

8  40  10  N. 

13     8     oW. 

0  52  32  W. 

Leolloffe 

Europe 

England     - 

52  29    0  N. 

I  44     9E. 

0    6  57  E. 

10  30 

Leper's  Ifland 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean 

15  23  30  s. 

167  58  15  E. 

11   11  53  E. 

Le  Puy 

Europe 

France 

45     2  41  N. 

3  52  46  E. 

0  15  31  E. 

Lefcar            -    -        - 

Europe 

France 

43  19  ^2  N. 

0  26     7  W. 

0    I  44  w. 

Lefkeard 

Europe 

England     - 

50  26  50  N. 

4  41  45  W. 

0  18  47  W. 

Lefparre 

Europe 

France 

45  18  33  N. 

0  57    3  w- 

0348  w. 

Lewis  Town 

America 

Pcnnfylvania 

38  47  27  N. 

75   1548^^. 

5     '     3W. 

Leyden 

Europe 

Holland 

52     8  40  N. 

4  28    oE. 

0  17  ^z  E. 

Liege 

Europe 

Netherlands 

50  39  22  N. 

5  31  30 E. 

022     6  E. 

Lilitnthal 

Europe 

Saxony 

53     8  25  N. 

8  58     oE. 

0  35  53  E. 

Lima 
Limoges 

America 

Peru 

12     I  56S. 

76  54    0  W. 

5     7  36  W. 

Europe 

France 

45  49  44  N- 

I    15  55  E. 

0    5     4E. 

LONGITUDE, 


Table  of  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coaft,  Sea,  or 
Country. 

Latitude. 

Longitude 
In  Degrees.            In  Time. 

H.W. 

0        /       ;/ 

0     /      // 

11.    M.     s. 

11.    M. 

Lintz 

Europe 

Germany  - 

48  16    oN. 

13  57  30  E. 

0  ss  5°E. 

Lificux 

Europe 

France 

49  '  8  50  N. 

0  13  32  E. 

0    0  54  E. 

Lifle 

Europe 

Flanders     - 

50  37  50  N. 

3     4  16  E. 

0  12   17  E. 

Lilbon 

Europe 

Portucral    - 

38  42  20  N. 

9     9  10  W. 

0  36  37  E. 

Lion's  Bank  - 

Europe 

Atlantic  Ocean  - 

56  40    0  N. 

17  45    oW. 

Ill     0  W. 

Lilburne  (Cape) 

Afia 

New  Hebrides    - 

'5  4°  45  S. 

166  57     oE. 

11     7  48E. 

2    15 

Lifturne  (Cape) 

America 

Beering's  Straits 

6y     5     0  N. 

165  22  30  W. 

II     I  30  w. 

Liverpool 

Europe 

England     - 

53  22     oN. 

2  56  45  W. 

0  11  47  W. 

11    18 

Livourno 

Europe 

Italy 

43  33     2N. 

10  16  30  E. 

0  41     6E. 

Lizard 

Europe 

England     - 

49  57  3°N. 

5  13     oW. 

0  20  52  W. 

7  50 

Lizier  (St.) 

Europe 

France 

43     0    3  N. 

I     8     5E. 

~ — ■ — 

0    4  32  E. 

Loam-pit  Hill 

Europe 

England     - 

51   28     7  N. 

0     I   25  W. 

0    0    6W. 

Lodeve 

Europe 

France 

43  43  47  N. 

3   18  48  E. 

0  13  15 E. 

Loheia 

Afia 

Arabia 

15  42     8N. 

42     8  30  E. 

2  48  34 E. 

Lombez 

Europe 

France 

43  28  21  N. 

0  54  24 E. 

0    3  38E. 

London  (St.  Paul's) 

Europe 

England     - 

51  30  49  N. 

0    5  47  W. 

0     0  23  W. 

2    45 

Spiral  Square 

Europe 

England     - 

51  31     9  N. 

0420  W. 

0     0  17  W. 

Chrift's  Hof. 

Europe 

England     - 

51  30  52 N. 

0     5  5,  W. 

0    0  23  w. 

Mr.  Graham's 

Europe 

England     - 

51  so  52 N. 

0     6  10  W. 

0    0  25  w. 

Siirry-ftr.  Ob. 

Europe 

England     - 

51  30  40 N. 

0     6  45  W. 

0    0  27  W. 

London  Somcrfct  Place 

Europe 

England     - 

51  30  43  N. 

0     6  54  W. 

0    0  28  W. 

Europe 

England     - 

5'  3o"38N. 

0     7  42  W. 

0    0  31  w. 

Londonderry 

Europe 

Ireland 

54  59  28  N. 

7  14  49  W. 

0  28  59  w. 

6    0 

Lopatka  (Cape) 

Afia 

Kamtchatka 

51     0  15  N. 

156  42  30  E. 

10  26  50  E. 

Lorenzo  (Cape) 

America 

Peru 

I     2     0  S. 

80  59  45  W. 

5  23  59  W. 

Loretto 

Europe 

Italy 

43  27    0  N. 

13  34  5°E. 

0  54  19  E. 

Louis  (Port) 

America 

Hlfpaniola 

18  18  40 N. 

73   16  49  W. 

4  53     7  VV. 

Louis  (Port) 

Africa 

Mauritius  - 

20    9  44  S. 

57  28  15 E. 

3  49  53  E. 

Louifburg 

America 

Cape  Breton 

45  Si  50  N- 

59  59  15  W. 

3  59  57  W. 

Louveau 

Afia 

India 

12  42  30  N. 

loi      I  30  E. 

6  44    6E. 

Louvain 

Europe 

Netherlands 

yo  ^s  -6  N- 

4  41  32  E. 

0  18  46  E. 

Lubni 

Europe 

Ruffia 

^•o    0  37  N. 

33     3  30  E- 

2  12   14E. 

St.  Lucar  (Cape) 

America 

Mexico 

23  45    oN. 

no    0    oW. 

7  20    oM'. 

St.  Lucia  (Ide) 

America 

Antilles 

13  24  30  N. 

60  51  30  W. 

4    3  26  W. 

Lucipara 

Afia 

Straits  of  Banka 

3  11   20  S. 

106  18  46  E. 

7     5  15  E. 

St.  Lunaire  Bay 

America 

Newfoundland    - 

51  29    0  N. 

55  30     oW. 

3  42     oW. 

Lunden 

Europe 

SwedeH 

55  42  13 N. 

13   II     5E. 

0  52  44 E. 

Luneville 

Europe 

France 

48  35  33  N. 

6  30    6E. 

0  26    0  E. 

Lufon 

Europe 

France 

46  27  15 N. 

I   1 0     0  W. 

0    4  40  W. 

Luxembourg 

Europe 

Netherlands 

49  37  20  N. 

6  13  45  E. 

0  24  55  E. 

Lydd 

Europe 

England     - 

5057     7N. 

0  54  15  E. 

0    3  37E- 

Lynn  Regis  - 

Europe 

England     - 

52  45  34  N. 

0  24  29  E. 

0     1  38  E. 

6  45 

Lyons 

Europe 

France 

45  45  52  N. 

4  49    9E. 

0  19  1/  E. 

Macao  ( Pia  Grand)  - 

Afia 

China 

22  ji  20 N. 

113  35   15  E. 

7  34  15  E. 

5  5° 

MacafTar 

Afia 

Celbes       - 

5     9    oS. 

119  48  45  E. 

7  59  15  E. 

Macclesfield  Shoal     - 

Afia 

Chinefe  Sea 

15  51   18  N. 

114  18    oE. 

7  37  12 E. 

Macon 

Europe 

France 

46  18  27  N. 

4  49  S3  E- 

0  19  20  E. 

Madeira  (Funchal)     - 

Africa 

Atlantic  Ocean  - 

32  37  20  N. 

lO  55  36  W. 

1     7  42  W. 

12  4 

Madras 

Afia 

India 

13     4  54  N. 

So  14  49  E. 

5  -I  39E. 

LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coafl,  Sea,  or 
Country. 

Latitude. 

In 

Lonj. 
Degrees. 

itude 

I:i  Time. 

H.W. 

H.   M. 

O        ' 

/( 

/      /' 

H.   M   s. 

Madre  de  Dies  (Port) 

America 

Marquefas  - 

9  59 

30  S. 

139 

8  40  W. 

9  16  3j  W. 

2     30 

Madrid 

Europe 

Spain 

40    2J 

18N 

3 

38  30  W. 

0  14  34  W. 

Maeftricht     - 

Europe 

Netherlands 

50    51 

7N. 

5 

40  45  E. 

0  22  43  E. 

Mafamale 

Africa 

Zanquebar 

16    21 

oS. 

40 

20  30  E. 

2  41   22  E. 

Magdalen  (Ifles) 

America 

G.  St.  Lawrence 

47  17 

oN. 

61 

2(5     oW. 

4     5  44  W. 

Magdalena  (Ide) 

America 

Pacific  Oceait 

10  25 

30  S. 

'38 

49    0  W. 

9  15  16  W. 

Mahon  (Port) 

Europe 

Minorca     - 

39  ;i 

48  N. 

3 

48  30  E. 

0  15  14  E. 

Majorca  (Ifle) 

Europe 

Mediterranean  Sea 

39  35 

oN. 

2 

29  45  E. 

0    9  59  E. 

Maize  (Cape) 

America 

Cuba 

20  18 

oN. 

74 

23     oW. 

4  57  32  W. 

Malacca 

Afia 

India 

2  12 

6N. 

102 

8  45  E. 

6  48  3J  E. 

Malicoy  (Ifland) 

Alia 

Indian  Ocean 

S  IS 

30  N. 

73 

9  30  E. 

4  52  38  E. 

Mallicola  (Ifle) 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean     - 

16  15 

30  S. 

167 

39  15  E. 

II   10  37  E. 

Maloes  (St.) 

Europe 

France 

48  39 

3N. 

2 

I   26  W. 

0    8    6W. 

6    0 

Malmoe 

Europe 

Sweden 

55  36 

37  N. 

'3 

I     4E. 

0  52     4  E. 

Malta  (Town) 

Africa 

Mediterranean  Sea 

35  53 

50  N. 

14 

28  30 E. 

0  57  54  E. 

Manchefter    - 

Europe 

England     - 

53  26 

30  N. 

2 

15     oW. 

0    9     0  W, 

Mangalore 

Afia 

Malabar     - 

12  50 

o>N. 

74  S7  24  E. 

4  59  5°  E. 

Mangcea  (Ifle) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

21  56 

45  S. 

.58 

3     oW. 

10    32     12  W. 

Manheim 

Europe 

Germany    - 

49  28 

50  N. 

8 

27  22  E. 

°  33  49  E. 

Manilla 

Afia 

Philippmes 

14  36 

8N. 

120 

51   ijE. 

8     3  25  E. 

Mansfelt  (Ifle) 

America 

Hudfon's  Bay     - 

62  38 

30  N. 

80 

33     oW. 

5  22  12  W. 

Maria  V.  Diem.  (C.) 

Afia 

New  Zetland 

34  29 

ijS. 

172 

46  30 N. 

II  31   16  E/ 

St.  Marcou  (Ifle) 

Europe 

France 

49  29 

52  N. 

I 

8  56  W. 

0    4  36  W. 

Marigalante  (Ifle) 

America 

Atlantic  Ocean  - 

15  55 

15  N. 

61 

II     oW. 

4    4  44  W. 

Marmara  (Ifle) 

Afia 

Sea  of  Marmara 

4='  37 

4N. 

27 

3°  35  E. 

I  50     2  E. 

Marpurg 

Europe 

Germany   - 

46  34  42  N. 

'5 

41   20E. 

I     2  45  E. 

Marfeilles 

Europe 

France 

43  17 

43  N. 

5 

22   12  E. 

0  21  29  E. 

St.  Martha     - 

America 

Terra  Firma 

11  19 

2N. 

74 

430W. 

4  56  18  W. 

St.  Martin's  Cape 

Africa 

St.  Helen's  Bay 

32  41 

43  S. 

17 

55    oE. 

I   II  40  E. 

St.  Martin's  Ifle 

America 

Caribbean  Sea    - 

18     4 

20  N. 

63 

2     oW. 

4  12     8  W. 
4    5  25  W. 



Martinico  (Ifle) 

America 

Weft  Indies 

14  44 

oN. 

61 

21   16W. 

Martin-Vaz    - 

America 

Atlantic  OceaT  - 

20  28 

16  S. 

29 

I     oW. 

I  56    4W. 

3  45 

St.  Mary's  Ifle 

Europe 

Scilly  Ifles  - 

49  5S 

30  N. 

6 

16  45  W. 

0  25     7  W. 

St.  Mary's  Town 

Europe 

Azores 

36  56 

40  N 

25 

9  10  w. 

I  40  37  w. 

Mas-a-fuero  (Ifle) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

33  45 

oS. 

80 

22       oW. 

5  21  28  W. 

Mafkelyne's  Ifles 

Afia 

New  Hebrides    - 

16  32 

oS. 

167 

59  15  E. 

II   II  57  E. 

Mafulipatam  - 

Afia 

India 

16    8 

30  N. 

81 

II  45  E. 

5  24  47  E. 

St.  Matthew's  Lipht  - 

Europe 

France 

48  19 

34  N. 

4  4?  54 W. 

019     4  W. 

Mauritius  (Pt.  Louis) 

Africa 

Indian  Ocean 

20     9 

45  S. 

57 

29  15  E. 

3  49  57  E. 

Maurua  (Ifle) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

16  25 

40  S, 

152 

32  40  W. 

10   10   II  W. 

Mayence 

Europe 

Germany    - 

49  54 

oN. 

8 

20    0  E. 

0  33  20  E. 

Mayne's  f  John)  Ifle   - 

Europe 

Northern  Ocean 

71     JO 

0  N. 

9  49  30  W. 

0  39  18  W. 

Mayo  (Ifle)   - 

Africa 

Cape  Verd 

15   12 

40  N. 

23 

1+    7W. 

I  32  56  W. 

Mayotta  (Peak) 

Africa 

Comora  Ifles 

12  59 

15  S. 

45 

25     oE. 

3     I  40  E. 

Meaux 

Europe 

France 

48  57 

40  N. 

2 

52  3°E. 

0  II  30  E. 

Mechlin 

Europe 

Netherlands 

5'     I 

50  N, 

4 

28  45  E. 

0  17  55  E. 

Mende 

Europe 

France 

44  3' 

2N. 

3 

29  35  E. 

0  13  ;8  E. 

Mercury  Bay 

Afia 

New  Zeeland 

36  48 

oS. 

176 

6  20  E. 

1 1  44  25  E. 

Mcrgui 

Afia 

Siam 

12  10 

30  N. 

98 

19  15  E. 

6  S3  I"  E. 

Mefurado  Bay 

Africa 

Grain  Coaft 

6  18 

20  N. 

10 

49    oW. 

0  43  16  \v. 

Metz 

Europe 

France 

49    7 

10  N. 

6 

10  13  E. 

0  24  41  E. 

7t 


LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places. 


Names  of  Places. 


Mew-Stone    - 

Mexico 

Mezieres 

Miatea  ( Ifle) 

St,  Michael's  Ifle 

Middleburg   - 

Middleburg  (Ifle) 

Milan 

Milo  (Ifle)     - 

Minder 


Continents. 


Afia 

America 

Europe 

America 

Europe 

Europe 

Afia 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 


Coaft,  Sea,  or 
Country. 


Mirepoix 

Mirroe(Ifle) 

Mittau 

Mocca 

Mocha  (Ifle) 

Modena 

Mohilew 

Monopin  Hill 

Mons 

Moniieurs 


Montague  (Cape) 
Montagu  (Ifle) 
Montalto 
Montauban     - 
Monte-Chrifti 
Montego  Bay 
Monterrey 
Montlambert 
Montmirail    - 
Montpelier     - 


Europe 

Afia 

Europe 

Afia 

America 

Europe 

Europe 

Afia 

Europe 

Afia 


New  Holland      - 
Mexico 
France 

Pacific  Ocean 
Azores 
Zealand 
Friendly  Ifles 
Italy 

Mediterranean  Sea 
England     - 


Latitude. 


Longitude 
In  Degrees.  In  Time. 


43  47  15  ^• 
19  54  oN. 

49  45  47  N- 
17  52  20  S. 
37  47  oN. 
51  30  6N. 
21  20  30  S. 
45  28  oN.{ 
36  41  oN.  ( 

51  19  5oisr.( 


146  26  30  E. 

99  41  45  W. 

4  43  16E. 
148  6  o  W. 

2J  42   O  W. 

3  36  s;  E. 

1/4  34  oW. 

9  10  52  E. 

20  o  o  E. 

I  18  46  E. 


I 

H.  W. 


Montferrat  (Ifle) 
Monument  (The) 
Maofe  Fort   - 
Morant  (Point) 
Morokinnee  - 
Morotoi 
Mofcow 
Mofdok 
Mofketto  Cove 
Moulins 


America 

Afia 

Europe 

Europe 

America 

America 

America 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 


France 

Bengal  Bay 

Courland    - 

Arabia 

Pacific  Ocea^ 

Italy 

Ruflia 

Banka 

Netherlands 

Borneo 


Mount  (Cape) 

Mo  wee  (Eatl  Point)  - 

Mowee  (Weft  Point) 

Mulgrave  (Point) 

Munich 

Mufwell  Hill 

Nagpour 

Namur 

Nancovery  Harbour  - 

Nancy 

Vol.  XXI. 


America 

Afia 

America 

America 

America 

America 

Europe 

Europe 

America 

Europe 


Sandwich  Land 

New  Hebrides 

Italy 

France 

Peru 

Jamaica 

New  Albion 

France 

France 

France 


48 
7 
56 
13 
38 
44  34 

53  54 
2     I 

50  27 
4  23 


7N. 

oN. 
10  N. 

oN. 
30  N. 

oN. 

oN. 
20  S. 
10  N. 
40  S. 


Africa 

America 

America 

America 

Europe 

Europe 

Afia 
Europe 
Afia 
Europe 


Caribbean  Sea 
New  Hebrides 
New  Wales 
Jamaica 
Sandwich  Ifles 
Sandwich  Ifles 
Mofcovy    - 
Ruflia 
Greenland  - 
France 


58  33     oS. 
17  26     o  S. 

42  59  44 N. 
44    o  55  N. 


I     2 

18  31 

36  36 

50  43 
48  52 


oS 
oN. 
20  N. 
2N. 
8N. 


I  52   II  E. 

93  37  30 E- 
23  42  45  E. 
44  o  oE. 
74  37  oW. 
II  12  30  E. 
30  24  30  E. 
105  21     7  E. 

3  57   15  E- 
115  34  45  E. 


II.    M.    S. 

9  45  46  E. 
6  38  47  W. 

0  18  ^s  E. 
9  52  24  W. 

1  42  48  W. 
o  14  26  E. 

II  38  16  W. 

0  36  43  E. 

1  40     o  E. 
o    5   15  E. 


44  36  29  N. 


126  46     o  W. 
168  31  30E. 

13  3>    14  E. 

I   20  51 E. 

80  49  15  W. 

78  20    oW. 

121  34  15  W. 

I  38  4; E. 

3  32   16E. 


0  7  29  E. 

6  14  30  E. 

1  34  3-1  E. 

2  56  o  E. 
4  58  28  W. 
o  44  50  E. 
2     I  38  E. 

7  I  24  E. 
o  ij  49  E. 
7  42  19  E. 


J  :> 


45  E. 


Grain  Coall 
Sandwich  Ifles     - 
Sandwich  Ifles     • 
Beering's  Straits 
Bavaria 
England     - 

India 

Netherlands 
Nicobar  Ifles 
France 


16  49 

17  14 

5'  15 

17  58 

20  39 

21  10 
55  45 
43  43 
64  55 
46  34 


oN. 
15  S. 
54  N. 

oN, 

oN. 

oN. 
20  N. 
23  N. 
13  N. 

4N. 


oW. 
.,-E. 


62 
168 

So  }4  41 W 
76  15  45  W. 

156  29  30  W. 

157  17  oW. 
37  46  15  E. 
43  50  o  E. 
52  5645W. 

3  20  oE. 


6  46 
20  50 
20  53 

67  45 
48  7 
51  35 


oN. 
30  N. 

30  N. 
30  N. 
37  N. 
32  N. 


21  8  30N. 

50  28  3  N. 

7  58  oN. 

48  41  55 N. 


oW. 
oW. 


II  48 

^55  55 

156  38  30  W. 

i6j  12  oW. 

II  32  30 E. 

o  7  20  W. 

79  46  o  E. 

4  47  45  E. 

93  26  o  E. 

6  10  ic  E. 


3B 


4  9  48  W. 

1  14  33   E. 

5  23  39  W. 
5  5  3W. 

10  zj  5S  W. 
-  -  29  8  W. 

2  31  5  E. 

2  55  20  E. 

3  31  47  ^^'■ 
o   15  20  E. 


10 


o  47  12  W. 
10  23  40  W. 

10  26  34  W. 

11  o  48  W. 
o  46  10  E. 
o  o  29  W. 


10 


19  4E. 
19  II  E. 

13  44  E. 
24  41  E. 


LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  q(  Places. 


1 

Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coaft,  Sea,  or 
Country. 

Latitude. 

Longitude 
In  Degrees.            In  Time. 

H.  W. 

1     ;       II 

0       /       // 

n.  M.  s. 

II.    M. 

Nangafachi     - 

Afia 

Japan 

32  32    oN. 

128  46  15 E. 

835     5E. 

Nankin 

Alia 

China 

32    4  40N. 

118  47    oE. 

7  55     8E. 

Nantes 

Europe 

France 

47   13     7N. 

I   5^     oW. 

0     6  12W. 

3     0 

Naples 

Europe 

Italy 

40  50  15  N. 

14  "18     oE. 

0  57  22 E. 

Narbonne 

Europe 

France 

43   10  58 N. 

3     0    oE. 

0  12     oE. 

Narcondam     - 

A  fia 

Bengal  Bay 

13  25  15 N. 

94     7     oE. 

6  16  2SE. 

Narva 

Europe 

Livonia 

59  23  27  N. 

28  21  45E. 

I  S3  27 E. 

NavalFa  (Ifle) 

America 

Atlantic  Ocean 

18  23  30N. 

75     I   18W. 

5     0     jW. 

Needles  (Lighthoufe) 

Europe 

Ifle  of  Wight     - 

50  39  53 N. 

I  n  55 w. 

0     6   16W. 

ID    30 

Negapatam    - 

Afia 

India 

10  46    oN. 

79  48  26  E. 

5   19   14E. 

Negrais  (Cape) 

Afia 

India 

15  56  30 N. 

94  18     oE. 

6  17  12E. 

Nef  hin 

Europe 

RuITia 

51     2  45  N. 

31  49  30E. 

2     7   18 E. 

Neuftadt 

Europe 

Auftria 

47  4^  27 N- 

16  13  17E. 

1     453E. 

Nevcrs 

Europe 

France 

46  59  17 N. 

3     9  16E. 

0  12  37  E. 

Newbury 

America 

New  England 

43     2-  oN. 

70  37  30  W. 

4  42  30  W. 

Newenham  (Cape)      - 

America 

Bcering's  Straits 

58  41  30 N. 

162  19  30  w. 

10  49  18  W. 

Newirigton  (Stoke)    - 

Europe 

England     - 

51  33  40N. 

0    4  59 W. 

0    0  20  w. 

Newtee  (Point) 

Afia 

India 

15  56    oN. 

73  36    oE. 

4  54  24  E. 

New-werk   (Ifle) 

Europe 

Lower  Saxony    - 

f3  55  19  N. 

8  31     9E. 

0  34    6E. 

New-year's  Harbour 

America 

Staten  Land 

54  48  55  S- 

64  II     oW. 

4  16  44  w. 

Nice 

Europe 

Italy 

43  41  47 N. 

7  i5  22E. 

0  29     5E. 

Nicholas  Mole  (St.)    - 

America 

Hifpaniola 

IQ    49    20 N. 

73  ^9  45  W. 

4  53  59  W. 

Nicobar  (Great) 

Afia 

Bengal  Bay 

7     4    oN. 

93  44    oE. 

6  14  56  E. 

Nicobar   (Car) 

Afia 

Bengal  Bay 

9  10    0  N. 

92  50    oE. 

6  II  20E. 

Nieuport 

Europe 

Flanders     - 

51     7  41 N. 

2  45     5E- 

oil     0  E. 

II    45 

Ningpo 

Afia 

China 

29  57  45 N. 

120   18     oE. 

8     1    12E. 

Niines 

Europe 

France 

43  50  12N. 

4  i*^  39^- 

'  0  17  15  E. 

Noir   (Cape) 

America 

Terra  del  Fuego 

54  3-  30 S. 

73     3   15W. 

4  52  13  W. 

Noirmoutier   (Ifle) 

Europe 

France" 

47     0    5  N- 

2   14  22  W. 

0     8  57  W. 

Nootka  Sound 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

49  36    7  N- 

126  42   loW. 

8  26  41  W. 

0    20 

Norbur^ 

Europe 

Denmark 

55     3  43  N. 

9  45   18E. 

0  39     lE. 

Norfolk  Illand 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean 

29     1  45  S. 

168  10     oE. 

II    12  40E. 

Noriton 

America 

Pennfylvania 

40    9  56  N. 

75  28  30 W. 

5     I  54 ^\'- 

North  Cape    - 

Europe 

Lapland 

71  10  30 N. 

2 1'  49    0  E. 

I  43   16 E. 

3  44 

North  (Cape) 

America 

South  Georgia     - 

54    4  45  S. 

38    15     oW. 

2  33     oW. 

North  (Cape) 

Afia 

Beering's  Straits 

68  56    oN. 

179  II  30  W. 

II  56  46  W. 

North  I  Hand 

Afia 

Straits  of  Suiida 

5  37     5S. 

105  55     oE. 

7     3  40E. 

North  1,1  and 

Afia 

Chinefe  Sea 

25   T4    0  N. 

14T   14    oE. 

9  24  56 E. 

Norton's  Sound 

America 

Beering's  Straits 

64  30  30 N. 

162  47  30  W. 

10  51   loW. 

Noypn 

Europe 

France 

49  34  59  N. 

2  59  48  E. 

0  II  59E. 

Nuremberg    - 

Europe 

Germany 

49  27     3  N. 

II     0  45  E. 

0  44     3E. 

Oaitipeha  Bay 

America 

Otaheite     - 

17  45  45  S. 

149     8  57  W. 

9  56  36 W. 

Ochotflc 

Afia 

Tartary 

59  20  10 N. 

143   12  30  E. 

9  32  50E. 

Ohanianeno  Harbour 

America 

Ulitcah 

1 6  45  30  S. 

151  37  31  W. 

10    6  30W. 

II  30 

OheterosE  (Ifle) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

22  26  36  S. 

150  48  45  w. 

10     3   15W. 

Ohevahoa   (Ifle) 

America 

Marqucfas 

9  40  ,|oS. 

139     1  40  vv. 

9   iC     7W. 

Ohitahoo   (Ifle) 

America 

Marquefas 

9  55  3°S- 

139    6     oW. 

9  16  24 W. 

2  30 

Oldenburg 

Europe 

Wettphalia 

C3     8  40 N. 

8  14  20  E. 

0  32  57E. 

Olcron 

Europe 

Fr::nce 

43   II      I  N. 

0  ^6  30 \V. 

0    2  26  w. 

« 

LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Place;. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coaft,  Sea,  or 
Country. 

Latitude. 

Long! 
In  Degrees. 

tude 

In  Time. 

H.  W. 

Oleron  (lile) 

Europe 

'  France 

0        /           /' 

46      2    51  N. 

0       (       II 
1  24  27  W. 

H.    M.    s. 

0     5  38 W. 

H.    M. 

Olinde 

America 

1  Brafil 

8  13     oS. 

35     5  3'='^^. 

2  20  22  W. 

Olonfe  (Sablcfo) 

Europe 

France 

46  2,9  52  N. 

1  47     5W. 

0     7     8W. 

Omcrgon  (Tower) 

Afia 

India 

20  10  30 N. 

72  s6  30E. 

4  51  46E. 

Omer's   (St.) 

Europe 

France 

50  44  52 N. 

2  14  67 E. 

0    9    oE. 

Onateayo  (IHe) 

America 

Marquefas 

9  58     oN. 

138  51     oW. 

9  15  24W. 

Oneche'ow  (Ifle) 

America 

Sandwich  Ifles    - 

21  49  30 N. 

160  13  30W. 

1 0  40  J4  W. 

Oonalaflca 

America 

Beering's  Straits 

53  54  29 N. 

166  22   15  W. 

II     5  2yW. 

Oonemak  (Cape) 

America 

Beering's  Straits 

54  30  30  N. 

165  31     oW. 

H    10     4W. 

Opara  (Ifle) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

27  36    oS. 

144     8  32  W. 

9  36  34  W. 

Oporta 

Europe 

Portugal 

41   10     oN. 

8  22     oW. 

0  3s  28  W. 

Orange 

Europe 

France 

44    8  10  N. 

4  48     8  E. 

0  19  13  E. 

Oreehoua 

America 

Sandwich  Ifles     - 

22     3     0  N. 

160     6  30  W. 

10  40  26  W. 

Orel 

Europe 

Ruffia 

52  56  40 N. 

35  57     oE. 

2  23  48  E. 

Orenburg 

Afia 

Tartary 

51  46     3N. 

55     7  35  E. 

3  40  30 E. 

Orford   (Cape) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

42   52     qN. 

124  2;     oW. 

8  17  40  W. 

Orford-Nefs 

E  urope 

England 

52    4  30  N. 

I    28     lE. 

0     5  52E. 

Orleans 

Europe 

France 

47  54  10 N. 

I  54  27  E. 

0     738E. 

Orleans  (New) 

America 

Louifiana  - 

29  57  45  N. 

89  58  45  W. 

5  59  55"^- 

Oratava 

A  frica 

Tenenffe    - 

28  23  35  N. 

16  35  35W. 

I     6  22  W. 

Orik 

Afia 

Tnrtary 

51   12  32  N. 

58  32     oE. 

3  54    8E. 

' 

Ortegal   (Cape) 

Europe 

Spain 

ifaly            -         - 

43  46  37  N. 

7  38     oW. 

0  30  32 W. 

Ofimo 

Europe 

43  29  36 N. 

13  27     8E. 

0  ^3  49 E. 

Ofnaburg 

Europe 

Germany    - 

53  16  14 N. 

7  47  30E. 

0  31   loE. 

Ofnaburg  (Ifle) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

17  52  20S. 

148     6     oW. 

9  52  24E. 

Oftend 

Europe 

Netherlands 

51   15  loN. 

2  s(>  30  E. 

0  II  46 E. 

II    45 

Oftia 

Europe 

Italy 

41  45  35 N. 

12  16  20E. 

0  49    5E. 

Otakootaia(Ifle) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

19  51  30S. 

158  23     oW. 

10  S5  32W. 

Overbierg 

Europe 

Norway 

59     6  52 N. 

11   22  15 E. 

0  45  29 E. 

Ovver   Rocks 

Europe 

E  ngland 

50  39  57  N. 

0  40    oW. 

0     2  40  W. 

Owharre  Bay 

Am.erica 

Huahine     - 

16  42  46  S. 

151     9    6W. 

10    4  36  W. 

II    50 

(  N.  Point  T 

America 

Sandwich  Ifles    - 

20  17     0  N. 

^55  59    oW. 

10  23  56  W. 

Owhvhee  J  S.  Point  [ 

America 

Sandwich  Ifles    - 

18  54  30 N. 

155  48     0  W. 

10  23  12W. 

IE.  Point 3 

America 

Sandwich  Ifles    - 

19  33     oN. 

154  52     oW. 

10  19  28  W. 

Oxford  Obfervatory 

Europe 

England     - 

51  45  38 N. 

I    15     oW. 

0     5     oW. 

Paddlefworth 

Europe 

England     - 

51     6  50N. 

I     8     9E. 

0    4  33^- 

Padua 

Europe 

Italy 

45  23  40 N. 

II  52  56 E. 

0  47  32 E. 

PaimboEuf 

Europe 

France 

47   17  15N. 

2     I  46  W. 

087  W. 

Paita 

America 

Peru 

, 

5  12     oS. 

Paix  (Port) 

A  merica 

Hifpaniola 

19  56    oN. 

72  52   13  W. 

4  51  29  W. 

Palermo 

Europe 

Sicily 

38     645N. 

13  20  15  E. 

0  J3  21 E. 

Palhfer  (Cape) 

Afia 

New  Zeeland 

41   38     oS. 

175  23  12E. 

II  41  33  E. 

Pallifer's  Ifles 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

15  38   15  S. 

146  30  15  W. 

9  46     1  W. 

Pallifcr  (Port) 

Africa 

Kerguelen's  Land 

49     3  158- 

69  ^i;     oE. 

4  38  20 E. 

Palma  (Ifle) 

Africa 

Canaries 

23  36  45  N. 

17  49     6W. 

I   II   16  W. 

Palmas  (Cape) 

Africa 

Grain  Coall 

4  30    oN. 

7  41     oW 

0  30  44 w. 

Paltnerfton's  Ifle 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

18     0  30S. 

163   12     oW. 

10  52  48  w. 

Paimiras  (Point) 

Afia 

India 

2044    oN. 

87     I   26E. 

5  48    6E. 

9  30 

PalmiLVS 

Europe 

France 

43     6  44  N. 

I  36  21  E. 

0     6  25E. 

3B2 


LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coaft,  Sea,  or 
Country. 

Latitude. 

Long 
In  Degrees. 

tude 

In  Time. 

H.  W. 

O        '           /' 

0       1     it 

11.    .M.    .s. 

H.    M. 

Panama 

America 

Mexico 

8  58  12 N. 

80  15   15  W. 

5   21      iW. 

Paoom  (Ifle) 

Afia 

New  Hebrides    - 

16  30    0  S. 

168  28  45 E. 

II    13   55 E. 

Para 

America 

River  Amazons 

I  28     oS. 

48  40    oW. 

3    '4  40  W. 

Paris  (Obfervatory)    - 

Europe 

France 

48  50  14 N. 

2  20     oE. 

0     9   20E. 

P.rma 

Europe 

Italy 

44  44  JoN. 

10  26  30E. 

0  41  56E. 

Padado 

America 

Peru 

0  10     0  S. 

82     0    oW. 

5   28     oW. 

Patrixfiord     - 

Europe 

Iceland 

^5  35  45 N- 

24   lo     oW. 

I  36  40  w. 

Pau 

Europe 

France 

43   15     oN- 

090  W. 

0    0  36  w. 

Pavia 

Europe 

Italy 

45  10  59 N- 

9  II  30E. 

0  36  46 E. 

St.  Paul's  Ifle 

Africa 

Indian  Ocean 

38  44     oS. 

77   18     oE. 

5     9  12E. 

St.  Paul  de  Leon 

Europe 

France 

48  41     24  N. 

3  58  37  W. 

0  15  54  w. 

4    0 

Pednathias  Head 

Europe 

Sciily  Ifles 

49  52     2  N. 

Pedra  Blanca 

Afia 

Chinefe  Sea 

22   16    oN. 

115  22  57  E. 

7  4'  32E. 

Pedra  Branca 

Afia 

Straits  of  Malacca 

I    18     oN. 

104  31  49 E. 

6  5S     7E. 

Pedra  (Point) 

Afia 

Ceylon 

39  52     oN- 

80  27     oE. 

5  21  48 E. 

Pekin 

Afia 

China 

39  54  47  N. 

116  24  51 E. 

7  45  39E. 

Pellew  Ides 

Afia 

Chinefe  Sea 

7    IQ     oN. 

134  40     oE. 

8  58  40 E. 

Pello 

Europe 

Finland 

66  48  16 N. 

23  58  «5E. 

I  35  53 E. 

Pera  (Pulo) 

Afia 

Straits  of  Malacca 

.    .     . 

99     8  30  E. 

6  36  34 E. 

Perigueux 

Europe 

France 

45   II     8N. 

0  43   19 E. 

0     2  53E. 

Perinaldo 

Europe 

Italy 

43  53  20 N. 

7  42  45 E- 

0  30  51 E. 

Permera  (Rocks) 

Afia 

Indian  Ocean 

13   13     oN. 

74  44    oE. 

4  58  56E. 

Peros  Banhos 

Afia 

Indian  Ocean 

5  22     oN. 

71  53     oE. 

4  47  32  E. 

Perpetua  (Cape) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

44     4  30  N. 

124  14    oW. 

8   16  56  W. 

Perpignan 

Europe 

France 

42  41  53 N. 

2  53  35 E. 

0  II  34 E. 

Pefaro 

Europe 

Italy 

43  55     I  N. 

12  S3  21 E. 

0  51  33E. 

St.  Peterfburgh 

Europe 

Rufiia 

59  56  23  N. 

30  19  15E. 

2     I   17  E. 

St,  Peter's  Fort 

America 

Martinico  - 

14  44    0  N. 

61  21   16E. 

4    5  25  W. 

St.  Peter's  Ifle 

America 

Atlantic  Ocean  - 

46  46  30 N. 

56  17     aW. 

3  45     8W. 

St.  Peter  and  Paul 

Afia 

Kamtchatka 

53     037N. 

158  44  30  E. 

10  34  58E. 

4  36 

Petit  Goave 

America 

Hifpaniola 

18  27     oN. 

72  45  34  W. 

4    51        2W. 

Petrofawodfk 

Europe 

Ruffia 

61  47     4N. 

34  23  3°E. 

2     17    34E. 

Pettaw 

Europe 

Styria 

46  26  21  N. 

15  59  15E. 

I     3  57 E. 

Petworth 

Europe 

England     - 

50  59  17  N. 

0  36  26W. 

0     2  26  W. 

Pevenfey 

Europe 

England     - 

JO  49  12  N. 

0  20  J4F. 

0     I  21  E. 

Philadelphia  - 

America 

Pennfylvania 

39  56  54 N- 

75  13  45  W. 

5     °  55W. 

3  00 

Philip  (Straits) 

Europe 

Flanders     - 

51   16  55 N. 

3  45  12 E. 

015     I E. 

St.  Philip's  Fort 

Europe 

Minorca 

39  50  46 N. 

3  4S  30E. 

0  15   14E. 

Philipfburg  - 

Europe 

Germany    - 

49  14     I  N. 

8  26  34 E. 

0  i:^  46  E. 

Philipviile 

Europe 

Netherlands 

50  II   19 N. 

4  32  I9E. 

0  18     9E. 

Pickerfgill's  Harbour 

Afia 

New  Zeeland 

45  47  27  S. 

166  18     9E. 

II     5  13E. 

10  57 

Pickerfgill's  Ifle 

America 

Atlantic  Ocean  - 

54  42  30  S. 

36  58    oW. 

2  27  52  w. 

Pico  - 

Europe 

-\  zores 

38  26  52 N. 

28  27  40  W. 

I  S3-5^'^'''- 

Pines  (Ifle  of) 

Afia 

New  Caledonia    - 

22  38    oS. 

167  38     oE. 

II   1032  E. 

Pifa 

Europe 

Italy 

43  43     7N. 

10  22  52  E. 

0  41  3 1 E . 

Pifcadores 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean 

II   15     oN. 

167  20  20 E. 

II     9  21 E. 

fN.E.Pt. 

America 

Well  Indies 

20  31     oN. 

69  ^^     oW 

4  38  12W. 

Plate- Rack  4  S.  Point 

America 

Well  Indies 

20  13  35 N. 

69  37  45 W 

438  31W. 

tN.W.  Pt. 

America 

Weft  Indies 

20  30    oN. 

70    4  30 W 

4  40  18W. 

Plymouth 

Europe 

England     - 

50  22  30 N. 

4    12    45W 

0  16  51  W. 

6    0 

i 

\ 


11 


LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coaft,  Sea,  or 
Country. 

f 

Latitude. 

Lonj. 
In  Degrees. 

ritude 
j      In  Time. 

H.W. 

0             (        // 

0       /       // 

H.    M.    S. 

II.    .M. 

Poitiers 

Europe 

France 

46  34  50 N 

a  20  48  E. 

0       1    25E. 

Pollingen 

Europe 

Germany    - 

47  48  17 N 

II     7  30E. 

0  44  30  E. 

Pondicherry  - 

Afia 

India 

II  55  41 N 

79  51  30E. 

5  19  26E. 

Ponoi 

Europe 

Lapland     - 

67     4  30N 

41     7  45  E. 

2  44  31  E. 

Pontoife 

Europe 

France 

49    3     2  N. 

2     5  37E. 

0     8  22E. 

Pool 

Europe 

England     - 

50  42  50  N. 

I  58  55  W. 

0    7  56  W. 

Poolytopu 

Afia 

India 

8     8     oN. 

77  15  45 E. 

5     9     3E. 

Popayan 

America 

Neiv  Granada     - 

2  27  30N. 

76  16  15  W. 

5     5     5W. 

Port  au  Prince 

America 

Hifpaniola 

18  33  42  N. 

72  27  33 W. 

4  49  50'^^- 

Portland  (Point) 

Europe 

England     - 

50  31     0  N. 

2  29     oW. 

0     9  56W. 

Portland  (Ide) 

Europe 

North  Sea 

63  22     oN. 

18  54     oW. 

1    15  36W. 

Portland  (Ille) 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean 

39  24  40S. 

177  51  45 E. 

II  51   27E. 

Porto 

Europe 

Italy 

41  46  44  N. 

12  14  loW. 

0  48  57  W. 

Porto  Bcllo    - 

America 

Me.\ico 

9  33  30N. 

79  44  15  W. 

5  1857W. 

Porto  Novo    - 

Afia 

India 

II  30    oN. 

79  45  30  E. 

5   19     2E. 

Porto  Praya 

Africa 

St.  Jago     - 

14  5s  30N. 

23  30  17W. 

I  34     iW. 

I!       0 

Porto  Rica  {N:5;;;-. 

America 
America 

Weft  Indies 
Weft  Indies 

18  29     oN. 
18  31  30N. 

6^  51  25  W. 

67  18     oW. 

4  23  26  W. 
4  29  12W. 

Porto  Sanao(Ifle)     - 

Africa 

Atlantic  Ocean    - 

33     5  35  N. 

1     16  14  51  W. 

I     459W. 

Port  Paix 

America 

Hifpaniola 

19  ^6  30  N. 

j  ■  72  58     oW. 

4  51  52 W. 

Port  Praflin    - 

Afia 

New  Britain 

4  49  27  S. 

153     6  30E. 

10  12  26E. 

Port  Royal    - 

America 

.Jamaica 

18     0     oN. 

76  44  45  W. 

5     6  59  W. 

Port  Royal     - 

America 

Martihico  - 

14  35  55'^- 

61     9     oW. 

4    4  36  W. 

Portfmouth  Town 

Europe 

England     - 

50  47  27  N. 

X     5  57  W. 

0     4  24  M^ 

M     15 

Portfmouth  Academy 

Europe 

Englan^     - 

50  48     zN. 

I     6  18W. 

0     4  25  W. 

Portfmouth    - 

America 

New  England     - 

43     4  15  N- 

70  ^   15  W. 

4  42  53  W. 

Pofen 

Europe 

Poland 

52  26     oN. 

i5    0  15E. 

I     0     I E. 

Prague 

Europe 

Bohemia     - 

50  S3     4N. 

14  25  15E. 

0  57  41  E. 

p    ,        fN.E.  Point] 
Praters  |  y_^  p^._^^| 

Afia 

Chinefe  Sea         < 

20  57  30N. 
20  42    oN. 

116  57  30  E. 
116  40    oE. 

7  47  50E, 
7  46  40  E. 

Praule 

Europe 

England     - 

^o  14    oN. 

3  49  15  W. 

0  15  17 W 

Preparis  (Ifle) 

Afia 

Bay  of  Bengal    - 

14  48     oN. 

93  34    oE. 

6  14  16E. 

Prelturgh 

Europe 

Hungary    - 

48     8     7  N. 

17   10  30E. 

I     8  42E. 

Prince's  Ifland 

Afia 

Straits  of  Sunda 

6  35  loS. 

105  14  20E. 

7     0  57  E. 

Prince's  Idand 

Africa 

Atlantic  Ocean 

I  37     oN. 

7  40'  oE. 

I  30  40E. 

Prince  of  Wales's  Fort 

America 

New  Wales 

58  47  32 N. 

94  13  55^^- 

6  16  56  W. 

7  20 

Prince  of  Wales's  Cape 

America 

Beering's  Straits 

65  4 J  30 N. : 

168   17  30  W. 

u    13   10  W. 

P.  W.  Henry's  Ifle     - 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

19    0    oN. 

141   22     oW. 

9  25  28W. 

Providence 

America 

New  England      - 

41  50  41 N. 

71   22     oW. 

4  43   28  W. 

Pudyona 

Afia 

New  Caledonia   - 

20  18     oS. 

164  41   14E. 

10  58  45  E. 

6  30 

Pyleftaart's  liland        - 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean 

22     23    30 N.; 

175  49  30  W. 

II  43   18  W. 

Quebec 

America 

Canada 

46  48  38 N. 

71       5    2qW. 

4  44  22  W. 

7  30 

Quibo  (Ide) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

7  27     oN. 

82   10     oW. 

5  28  40  W. 

3  30 

Quilloan 

Afia 

India 

8  52  30  N.  i 

-76  37  30  E. 

5     6  30E. 

Quimper 

Europe 

France 

47  58  29N.I 

4    6    oW. 

0  16  24  W. 

St.  Quinton   - 

Europe 

France 

49  50  51 N.  1 

a  17  23  E. 

0  15  loE. 

Quiros  (Cape) 

Afia 

New  Hebrides    - 

14  56     8S.  1 

167  20     oE. 

ri     9  20E. 

Quito 

America 

Peru 

0  13  27  S. 

78  10  15  w. 

5  12  41  W. 

LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Place*. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coall,  Sea,  or 
Country. 

Latitude. 

Longi 
In  Degrees. 

tude 

In  Time. 

H.  W. 

c         /           (/ 

0        /       II 

H. 

M.    S. 

H.    M. 

Race  (Cape) 

t^  merica 

Newfoundland     - 

46  40    oN. 

53     3  30 W. 

3 

32    I4W. 

Rakah  (Ancient) 

Afia 

Mefopotamia 

36     I     oN. 

38  50    oE. 

2 

35  20 E. 

Ran:ihead 

Europe 

England     - 

50  18  24N. 

4  17  30W. 

0 

J7  loE. 

Rainfii;ate 

Europe 

England     - 

51   19  31N. 

I   24  41  E. 

0 

5  39  E. 

Ranai'  (ine) 

America 

Sandwich  Iflcs    - 

20  46  30N. 

156  55  30 W. 

10 

27  42  W. 

Randcrs 

Europe 

Denmark.    - 

;6  27  48  N. 

10    3  27  E. 

0 

40  14E. 

Ratifbon 

Europe 

Germany    - 

49     0    0  N. 

12     6  25  E. 

0 

48  26 E. 

Ravenna 

Europe 

Italy 

44  25     5N. 

12  10  36E. 

0 

48  42  E. 

Recanati 

Europe 

Italy 

43  25  44 N. 

13  3.     8E. 

0 

54    5E- 

Recif 

America 

Brafil 

8   10    oN. 

S5  35     oW. 

2 

22  20  W. 

Reculver 

Europe 

England     - 

ji   22  47 N. 

I   II  )OE. 

0 

4  47  E. 

Red- Buoy 

Europe 

Mouth  of  the  Elbe 

53  39    oN. 

Refuge  (Port) 

Afia 

Bligh'slllands     - 

18  38  30 S. 

173  56    oW. 

II 

31  44  W. 

Rciklanefs  (Cape) 

Europe 

Iceland       - 

63  55     oN. 

2  2    47    30  W. 

I 

31    loW. 

Reiines 

Europe 

France 

48     6  50  N. 

1  41  30 w. 

0 

6  46  W. 

Refolution  Bay 

America 

Marquefas 

9  55  30^- 

139     8  40  W. 

9 

16  35  W. 

2    30 

Refolution  (I do) 

America 

Hudl'on's  Straits 

61   29    oN. 

6,-   16    oW. 

4 

21     4W. 

Refolution  (lOe) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

17  23  30  S. 

141  45     oW. 

9 

27     oW. 

Refolution  (Port) 

Afia 

Taima 

19  32  25  S. 

169  41     5  E. 

II 

18  44E. 

Revel 

E  urope 

Livonia 

59  26  22 N. 

24  39  15 E. 

I 

38  37  E. 

Rhe  (Lights) 

Europe 

France 

^6  14  49N. 

I  S3  4°W. 

0 

6  ijW. 

3     0 

Rlieinis 

Europe 

France 

49  15   16N. 

4     I  4SE. 

0 

16     7E. 

Rhodes 

Europe 

France 

44  21     oN. 

2  34  17E. 

0 

10  17E. 

Riche  (Point) 

America      - 

Newfoundland     - 

50  40  loN. 

57  23     oW. 

3 

49  32W. 

Richmond  (Obfer.) 

Europe 

England     - 

51   28  ,  8N. 

0  18  42  W. 

0 

I    15  W. 

Rieux 

Europe 

France 

43   15  23 N- 

I    12     oE. 

0 

4  48  E. 

Riez 

Europe 

France 

43  4!^  57  N. 

6     5     6E. 

0 

24  20  E. 

Riga               -             - 

Europe 

Livonia 

56  56  24N. 

24    0  15  E. 

I 

36     lE. 

Rimini 

Europe 

Italy 

44    3  43N. 

12  32  36E. 

0 

50  10 E. 

Ringfted 

Europe 

Denmark   - 

59  26  51 N. 

11  47  55 E. 

0 

47  12E. 

Ringrwooil 

Europe 

England     - 

50  50  58  N. 

I  47  16  W. 

0 

7     9W. 

Rio  Janeiro     - 

America 

Brafil 

22  54  joN. 

43   10  45' W. 

2 

52  43  W. 

2      5 

Ripa  Traiifone 

Europe 

Italy 

43     0  24 N. 

13  44  30E. 

0 

54  58E. 

Rochelle         -        -    - 

Ei:iope 

France 

4<J    9  33  N. 

I     9     2  W. 

0 

4  36  W. 

3  45 

Rochfort 

Europe 

France 

45  56  loN. 

0  57  49  W. 

0 

3  51  W. 

4  '5 

Rodofto 

Europe 

Turkey 

40  58  24 N. 

27  25  16E. 

I 

49  41 E. 

Rodrigues  (Ifle) 

A  frica 

Indian  Ocean 

19  40  40  S. 

63     9  15  E. 

4 

12  37E. 

Roeflulde 

Europe 

Denmark    - 

55  38  25  N. 

12     5  27E. 

0 

48  22E. 

Romaine  Key 

America 

Bahama  Channel 

23        I     30  N. 

77  39  45  ^^^- 

5 

10  39  W. 

Rome  (St.  Peter's)      - 

Europe 

Italy 

41  53  54 N. 

12  27  41 E. 

0 

49  51E. 

Romney  (New) 

Europe 

England     - 

5°  59    7N- 

0  56  22  E. 

0 

3  45  E. 

Romney  (Old) 

Europe 

England 

50  59  25 N. 

0  ^s  50 E. 

0 

3  35  E- 

. 

Ronde(Pulo) 

Afia 

Straits  of  Malacca 

95  13     oE. 

6 

20  52E. 

Rot  (Abhey) 

Europe 

Bavaria 

47  59  "N. 

12     3  30E. 

0 

48  14 E. 

Rotterdam      - 

Europe 

Holland      - 

51  56     oN. 

4  29     oE. 

0 

17  56E. 

3     ° 

Rotterdam  (Ifle) 

Afia 

Friendly  Iflee 

20  15'  22  S. 

174  44  48E. 

11 

38  59E. 

6     0 

Rouen 

Europe 

France 

49  26  27  N. 

1     5  30E. 

0 

4  22  E. 

1   '5 

Round  Ifland 

America 

Beering's  Straits 

58  56  30  N. 

159  53  30  W. 

10 

39  34 W. 

Roxant  (Cape) 

Europe 

Portugal    - 

38  45  26  N. 

9  35  50 W. 

0 

58  23 w. 

Royan 

Europe 

France 

45  37  28 N. 

I     1  32W. 

0 

4    6W. 

LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coaft,  Sea,  or 
Country. 

Latitude. 

Lon^ 
In  Degrees. 

itude 

In  Time. 

H.W. 

0     ;        /; 

/     // 

1 

H.    M.    S. 

H.    M. 

Ruttunpour  - 

Afia 

B.-r.-.r 

22     16       oN. 

82  36    oE. 

5  30  24E. 

Rypen 

Europe 

Denmark   - 

SS  19  57  N. 

8  47     5E. 

OJ5     8E. 

Saba  (ine)     - 

America 

Caribbean   Sea    - 

17  39  30N. 

63   17   15  W. 

4  ^3     9W. 

Sable  (Cape) 

America 

Nova  Scotia 

43  23  43 N. 

65  39  15  W. 

4  22  37  W. 

Sacrifice  (  Rocks)  .     - 

Afia 

Malabar  Coafl:    - 

II   28     oN. 

75  31     5E. 

5     2    4E. 

Saddle-back  (Ifles)     - 

America 

Hudfon's  Straits 

62     7     oN. 

68   13     oW. 

4  32  5»W. 

Saeby 

Europe 

Denmark   - 

57  20     2N. 

10  32  54 E. 

0  42  12E. 

Sagan 

Europe 

Silefia 

51  42   12N. 

15  22   15E. 

I      I   29E. 

Saiiites 

Europe 

France 

45  44  46 N. 

0  37  45  W. 

0     2  31 \V. 

Saintes(  Rocks)  W. end 

Europe 

Bay  of  Bifcay     - 

4S     5     sN. 

5     5     oW. 

0  20  20 w. 

Saiiite-Croix  - 

Europe 

France 

48     0  35  N. 

7  23  55^- 

0  29  36E. 

Salatan  (Point) 

Afia 

Borneo 

4  13  45^- 

114  29     oE. 

7  37  56E. 

Salee  (New)  - 

Africa 

Morocco    - 

34     5     oN. 

6  43  30  W. 

0  26  54 w. 

Salifbury 

Europe 

England     - 

51     3  49N- 

I  47     oW. 

0     7     8W. 

Salifbui-v  flfle) 

America 

Hudfon's  Bay     - 

63  29    oN. 

76  47     oW. 

5     7     8W. 

Sall(ine)'     - 

Africa 

Atlantic  Ocean  - 

16  38  15N. 

22  56  15  W. 

I  31   45  W. 

Salonica 

Europe 

Turkey 

40  41   loN. 

23     8     oE. 

I  32  32E. 

Salvages  (Ifles) 

A  frica 

Atlantic  Ocean  - 

30     3  27  N. 

16     6  30  W. 

I    4  26  \v. 

Samana 

America 

Hiipaniola 

19  15  40  N. 

69  16  30  W. 

4  37     6W. 

Samara 

Europe 

Ruflia 

4S  39  35  N- 

35  20    oE. 

2    2T     20E. 

Sambelong  (Great)    - 

Afia 

Bengal  Bay 

7  10    oN. 

93  40    oE. 

■6  14  40E. 

Samganooda  - 

America 

Oonalafl';a  - 

53  54  29N. 

166  22  15  W. 

11     5  29 w. 

Sancta  Cruz  - 

Africa 

Teneriffe    - 

28  29    4N. 

16  22  30  W. 

I     5  30  W. 

Sanfta  Cruz  - 

Africa 

Grand  Canary    - 

28  10  37N. 

15  47     qW. 

I     3     8W. 

Sandovvn  Caftle 

Europe 

England     - 

51   14  iSN. 

I  23  59 E. 

0     5  36E. 

Handfoe 

Europe 

Lapland     - 

68  56  15 N. 

16  57     oE. 

I     7  48E. 

Sandwich 

Europe 

England     - 

51   16  30N. 

I   20  15E. 

0     5  21E, 

Sandwich  Bay 

America 

South  Georgia    - 

54  42     oS. 

36  12     oW. 

2  24  48  W. 

Sandwich  (Cape) 

Afia 

New  Holland     - 

18   17  II S. 

146     I   13 E. 

9  44    5E- 

Sandwich  (Cape) 

Afia 

Mallicola    - 

16  28     oS. 

167  59    oE. 

II   II  56E. 

Sandwich  Harbour     - 

Afia 

Mallicoia    - 

16  25  20S. 

167  53     oE. 

II   II  32E. 

Sandwich   Ille 

Afia 

New  Hebrides    - 

17  41     oS. 

168  33     oE. 

II   14  12  E. 

Sandy  Bay     - 

America 

Nova  Scotia 

43  31     9S. 

6s  39  isW. 

4  22  37  w. 

Sandy  Cape  - 

Afia 

New  Holland      - 

24  45  48  S. 

153   12  22 E. 

10  12  49E. 

Sandy-Hook  Lights  - 

America 

New  Jerfey 

44  26  30 N. 

74    6  42  W. 

4  56  27  W. 

Sapata  (Pulo) 

Afia 

Chinefe  Sea 

10     2  40N. 

109  12  51 E. 

7   16  51 E. 

Saratow 

Enrope 

Ruffia 

51   31   28N. 

46    0    0  E. 

3     4    0  E. 

Sarlat 

Europe 

France 

44  53  20 N. 

I   12  49E. 

0    4  51E. 

Sarum  (Old) 

Europe 

England     - 

5'     5  45N- 

I  47  28  W. 

0     7   loW. 

Saunder's  (Cape) 

Afia 

New  Zeeland 

45  57  45 S- 

170  16    oE. 

II   21     4E. 

Saunder's  (Cape) 

America 

South  Georgia    - 

54    6  30  S. 

36  57  30 W. 

2  27  50 W. 

Saunder's  Ifle 

America 

Sandwich  Land  - 

5S     0    oS. 

26  53     oW. 

I  47  52  W. 

Savage  Ifle    - 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean 

19     2   15S. 

169  30  30 W. 

11   18     2W. 

Savanna  (Lights) 

America 

Georgia     - 

32     0  45N. 

80  56     oW. 

5  23  44  W. 

Schwezingen 

Europe 

Germany   - 

49  23     4N. 

8  26  15E. 

°  33  45 E- 

Scilly  Li^jhts 

Europe 

St.  Geo.  Chan.  - 

49  53  47 N. 

6  29  30  W. 

0  25  58  W. 

ScoltHead    - 

Europe 

England     - 

52  59  40 N. 

0  44  1 1  E. 

0    2  57  w. 

6  20 

Seballian  (Cape  St.)  - 

Africa 

Madagafcar 

12   30     oS. 

46  25     oE. 

3     5  4oE- 

Sedan 
Scez 

Europe 

France 

49  42  29  N. 

4  57  3<5E. 

0  19  50E. 

Europe 

France 

48  36  23N. 

0  10  44E. 

-    0    0  43E. 

1 

LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coaft,   Sea,  or 
Country. 

Latitude. 

Long 
In  Degrees. 

tude 

In  Time. 

H.  W. 

n       /          // 

0        1     II 

II.    M.    .s. 

II.    M. 

Selinginflc 

Afia 

Siberia 

ji     6     6N. 

106  40  45  E. 

7     6  43E. 

Sclfea 

Europe 

England     - 

5°  43  5oN- 

0  47   54W. 

0     ^   12W. 

Senegal 

Africa 

Negroland 

15  53     oN- 

16  31   30  W  . 

I     6     6W. 

10  30 

Senez 

Europe 

France 

43  54  40N. 

6  24     5E. 

0  25  36E. 

Senlis 

Europe 

France 

49  12  28 N. 

.     2  35     °E- 

0  10  20E. 

Senones 

Europe 

France 

48  23     7N. 

6  57  30 E. 

0  27  50E. 

Sens 

Europe 

France 

48  II  56 N. 

3   17  21 E. 

0  13     9E. 

Serdze  Kamen 

Afia 

Beering's  Straits 

67     3     oN. 

171  54  30W. 

II   27  38W. 

Seringapatam 

Afla 

My  fore 

12  31  45N. 

76  46  45  E. 

5     7     7E. 

Seven  Iflands 

Afia 

Chinefe  Sea 

I     5  16S. 

105  24    4E. 

7     I  36E. 

Severndroog  - 

Afia 

India 

17  47  3o"N. 

73     9     °E. 

4  52  3<5E. 

Sevaflopolis    - 

Europe 

Crimea 

44  41  30 N- 

33  35     °E. 

2   14  20E. 

Seychelles  (Ifle) 

Afia 

Almirantes 

4  35     o^- 

55  35    °E- 

3  42  20E. 

5  30 

Shepherd's  Ifles 

Afia 

New  Hebrides    - 

i6  58     oS. 

168  42     oE. 

II   14  28E. 

Shirburn  Caftle 

Europe 

England     - 

51  39  22N. 

0  58   ijW. 

0     3  53W. 

Shoalnefs 

America 

Beering's  Straits 

59  37     oN. 

162   18  30W. 

10  49  14W. 

Shoreham 

Europe 

England     - 

50  50     7N. 

0  16  19  W. 

0     I     5W. 

9  30 

Siam 

Afia 

India 

14  18     oN. 

100  50     oE. 

6  43  20E. 

Siao  Ifle 

Afia 

Chinefe  Sea 

2  49     0  N. 

125     3  45  E. 

8  20  15E. 

Sidney  Cove  - 

Afia 

Port  Jackfon 

33  51     7S. 

151   13  30E. 

10    4  y4E. 

Sienna 

Europe 

Italy 

43     22-     oN. 

II    10     oE. 

0  44  40E. 

Sierra  Leone  (Cape)  - 

Africa 

Sierra  Leone 

8  29  30N. 

13     9  17W. 

0  52  37W. 

Sifran 

Europe 

Ruffia 

53     9  53  N. 

48  24  45 E. 

3   13  39E. 

Si-nghan-fu    - 

Afia 

China 

34  16  30N. 

108  43  45 E. 

7   14  55E- 

Sinigaglia 

Europe 

Italy 

43  43   16N. 

13   11  30E. 

0  52  46E. 

Sifteron 

Europe 

France 

44  II  51  N. 

5  s<^  18 E. 

0  23  45E. 

Skagen    (Lights) 

Europe 

Denmark   - 

57  43  44N. 

10  37  45E. 

0  42  31E. 

Skirmifh  Bay 

Afia 

Chatham  Ifland  - 

43  49     3S- 

176  S5     oE. 

II  46  20E. 

Sledge  Ifland 

America 

Beering's  Straits 

64  30    oN. 

166     8     oE. 

11     4  32E. 

Sluys 

Europe 

Holland     - 

51   18  35N. 

3  22  54E. 

0  13  32E. 

Smeinogorfli  - 

Afia 

Siberia 

51     9  27N. 

82    8     oE. 

5  28  32E. 

Smokey  Cape 

Afia 

New  Holland     - 

30  54  18S. 

153     I  4°E. 

10  12     7E. 

Smyrna 

Afia 

Natolia 

38  28     7N. 

27     6  3^^  E. 

I  48  26E. 

Snoefell  (Mount) 

Europe 

Iceland 

64  52  20 N. 

.23  54    oW. 

I  35  36W. 

Socono  (Ifle) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean     - 

18  48     oN. 

no  10     oW. 

7  20  40 W. 

Soiffons 

Europe 

France 

49  22  52 N. 

3   19  16E. 

0  13   17E. 

Sombavera  (Ifles) 

America 

Caribbean  Sea 

18  38     oN. 

63  37  30  W. 

4  '4  30 W. 

Sonderburg    - 

Europe 

Denmark   - 

54  54  59  N. 

9  48  loE. 

0  39  13 E. 

Soolo 

Afia 

Philippines 

5  57     oN. 

121    15  30E. 

8     5     2E. 

Southampton 

Europe 

England     - 

50  54     oN. 

I   23  56  W. 

0     5  36W. 

South  Cape   - 

Afia 

New  Zeeland 

47   16  50S. 

167  20     9E. 

II     9  21 E. 

South  Cape    - 

Afia 

New  Holland 

43  42  3oS- 

146  58     oE. 

9  47  52  E. 

South  Ifland  - 

Afia 

Chinefe  Sea 

24  22  30N. 

141   24     oE. 

9  25  36E. 

Southern  Thule 

America 

Sandwich  Land  - 

59  34    °S. 

27  45    °w. 

I   51     oW. 

Spartel  (Cape) 

Africa 

Morocco    - 

35  46    oN. 

5  57   12W. 

0  23  49  W. 

Speaker  Bank 

Afia 

Indian  Ocean 

4  45     oS. 

72  57     oE. 

4  51  48E. 

Spichel  (Cape) 

Europe 

Portugal    - 

38  22   15N. 

9  20  12  W. 

0  ^y  21  W. 

Spring-Grove 

Europe 

England     - 

51    28  34N. 

10    20    2  1  W. 

0     I   21 W. 

Sproe  (Ifle)  - 

Europe 

Great  Belt 

55  19  56^'- 

10  56  45  E. 

0  43  47 E. 

Stade 

Europe 

Germany    - 

53  36    5N- 

9  23   15  E- 

0  37  33E. 

Stalbridge 

Europe 

England     - 

50  57     oK. 

2   23  30  W. 

0     9  34 W. 

LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  PIacc«. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coaft,  Sea,  or 
Country. 

1 
Latitude. 

Longitude 

T        T^                                              '■        "^* 

H.  W. 

In  Degrees. 

in  lime. 

,     ,       „ 

0       1     II 

H.    .M.   .s. 

a.  M. 

Start  point     - 

Europe 

England     - 

50   14  20N. 

3  44  So^^^- 

0  14  58  M''. 

Stephen's  (Cape) 

Afia 

New  Zeeland 

40  56  50  S. 

173  5S  30 E. 

II  35  54E. 

Stephen's  (Cape) 

Afia 

Beering's    Straits 

63  33  30  N- 

162   17     oVV. 

10  49     8W. 

Stephen's  (Hie) 

Afia 

Co'ok's  Straits     - 

40  3;  26  S. 

174     0  22  E. 

II   36     I E. 

Stephen's  (Port) 

Afia 

New  Holland      - 

32  45     oS. 

152   12     oE. 

10    8  48  E. 

Stickhufen      - 

Europe 

Germany    - 

53   13  33 N- 

7  40     6E. 

0  30  40  E. 

Stockho  ni      - 

Europe 

Sweden 

59  20  31 N. 

18    3  jiE. 

1   12  15 E. 

Strabniie 

Europe 

Ireland 

54  49  -9^- 

7  25     5W. 

0  29  32  W. 

Stiafturg 

Europe 

FraHce 

48  34  56N. 

7  44  3''>E- 

0  30  58 E. 

Straumnefs     - 

Europe 

Iceland 

65  39  40  N. 

24  29  i5W. 

I   37  57  W. 

Streatham 

Europe  '     - 

England     - 

51   25  46  N. 

0     7  47  W. 

0    031  w. 

Stromnes 

Europe 

Orkneys     - 

58  56  22 N. 

3  31   15  W. 

0  14   5W. 

9     ° 

Succefs  Bay  - 

America 

Terra   del  Fuego 

54  49  45  S- 

65  25     oW. 

4  21  40  W. 

Succefs  (Cape) 

America 

Terra   del  Fuego 

J5     1     oS. 

6 J  27     oW. 

4  21  48W. 

Suez 

Africa 

Egypt 

30     2     oN. 

32  28  30 E. 

2     9  54E. 

Sulphur  IHand 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean     - 

24  48     oN. 

141   20     oE. 

9  25  20 E. 

Sural 

Afia 

India 

21   II     oN. 

73     3  34 E. 

4  52  10 E. 

Swilly  Ifland 

Afia 

New  Holland      - 

43  5S  3°«- 

147     7  30E. 

9  48  30 E. 

Svvinlield 

Europe 

England     - 

51     8  48  N. 

I   II   15E. 

0     4  45E. 

Tabic  Cape    - 

Afia 

New  Zcclat  d 

39     6  40S. 

178     2  20E. 

II  52     9E. 

Table  I  Hand  - 

Afia 

New  Hebrides    - 

15  3S     oS. 

167     7     oE. 

II     8  2SE. 

Tackararee  Point 

Africa 

Gold  Coaft 

4  46  53 N. 

2  27  44 W. 

0     951 W. 

Taganrok 

Afia 

Tartary 

47  12  40 N. 

38  38  45  E. 

2  34  35E. 

Tahoora 

America 

Sandwich  Ifles    - 

21  42  30N. 

16®  24  30  W. 

10  41  38  w. 

' 

Tahowrooa    - 

America 

Sandwich  Ifles    - 

20  38     oN. 

156  36  30  w. 

10  26  26  w. 

Tambou 

Europe 

Ruflia 

52  43  44 N. 

41  45     oE. 

2  47     oE. 

Tanjore 

Afia 

India 

10  46  30 N. 

79  48  26 E. 

5  19  14E. 

Taniia 

Afia   _ 

New  Hebrides    - 

19  32  25S. 

169  41     5  E. 

II   18  44E. 

3     ° 

Taoukaa  Ifle 

America 

Pacific   Ocean      - 

14  30  30S. 

145     9  30  W. 

9  40  38  W. 

Tarapia 

Europe 

Turkey 

41     8  24N. 

29     0  28  E. 

I  56     2E. 

Taraicon 

Europe 

France 

43  48  20N. 

4  39  36E. 

0  18  38E. 

Tarbes 

Europe 

France 

43   13  52N. 

0     3  59E. 

0     0  16E. 

Tafman's  Head 

Afia 

New  Holland 

43  33  30S. 

147  30  30 E. 

9  50     2E. 

TafTa  (IHeJ    - 

Europe 

Sea  of  Marmara  - 

40  46  40 N. 

24  38  54 E. 

1   38  36E. 

TafTacoria 

Africa 

Pal  ma  Ifle 

28  38     oN. 

17  58     oAV. 

I   II  52  w. 

Taya  (Pulo)  - 

A  fia 

Chinefe  Sea 

0  44  30S. 

106    3  I5E- 

7     4  13 E. 

TLllicherry     - 

A  fia 

Malabar  Coaft    - 

II  45-  20N. 

75  29    3E- 

5     I  56E. 

Temoutengis- 

Afia 

Soloo 

5  57    oN- 

1 20  53  30E. 

8     3  54E. 

TenerifFe  (Peake) 

Africa 

Canaries     - 

28  15  38N. 

16  45  33  W. 

I     7     2W. 

Tentcrden 

Europe 

England     - 

?i     4     8N. 

0  41     8E. 

0     2  45E. 

Tercera 

Europe 

A  /.ores 

38  39     7N. 

27  12  42  W. 

I  48  51  W. 

Terracina 

E  u  rope 

Italy 

41   18  14N. 

13   13     7E. 

0  52  52E. 

St.  Thadasus-Nofs 

Afia 

Kamtchatka 

62  50     oN. 

179     5     gE. 

II  56  20E. 

Thalpeny  Ifle 

Afia            1 

Lacca-\N.P.     - 
dives  J   S.P.    - 

10  10  30N. 
ro     4     oN. 

73  49  30  E. 
73  4«    oE. 

4  55  18E. 
4  55  12 E. 

Tiiiinville 

Europe 

France 

49  21   30  N. 

6  10  30  E. 

0  24  42  E. 

St.  Thomas's  Ifle 

America 

Virgin  Ifles 

iS  21   55 N. 

64  51   30W. 

4  19  26  W. 

St,  Thomas'*  Ifle 

Africa 

Atlantic  Ocean  - 

0   19     oN. 

6  42  30E. 

0  26  50 E. 

Thorlev  Hall 

Europe 

England     - 

51  50  4jN. 

0    9    oE. 

0    0  36E. 

Three  Hill  Ifland         - 

Afia 

New  Hebrides    - 

.7     4     oS. 

i68  35    oE. 

II   14  20 E. 

1 

Vol.  XXI. 


L  O  N  G 11'  U  D  E. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coaft,   Sea,  or 
Country. 

1 

Latitude. 

Longitude 

H.  W. 

In  Degrees. 

In   1  mie. 

^ 

O         1         II 

II' 

II    M.    .s. 

H.    M. 

Three  Kings  Ifle 

Afia 

New  Zeeland 

34  lo  15  S. 

172  25     8E. 

11    29  41E. 

Three  Points  (Cape)  - 

Africa 

Gold  Goalt 

4  40  30 N. 

2  43  32  W. 

0  10  54  W. 

Thrumb  Cap 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

18  36  41  S. 

'39   '3  45 ^V- 

9   16  55 VV. 

Thule  (Southern) 

America 

Sandwich  Land  - 

59  34    °S- 

27  45     oW. 

151     0  W. 

Thury 

Europe 

France       -         -  i 

49  21   28 N. 

2  18  30E. 

0     9  14E. 

Tiburon  (Cape) 

America      - 

Hifpaniolii 

18  19  25N. 

74  34  12W. 

4  58   17VV. 

Tinioam   (Pulo) 

Alia             '- 

Gulf  of  Siam 

2  s$  30 N. 

104  24  37  E. 

6  57  38 E. 

Timor  (S.W.  Point)  - 

Alia 

India 

10     6  52S. 

124    4  36E. 

8   16  18E. 

Timor-Land  - 

Afia 

India 

8     3     oS. 

132  17     oE. 

8  49     8E. 

Tinian  (Ifle) 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean 

15     0     oN. 

145  55  30E. 

9  43  42  E. 

Tobolflci 

Afia 

Siberia 

58  12   iBN. 

68   18  30 E. 

4  33   14 E. 

Tolaga  Bay   - 

Afia 

New  Zeeland 

38  22     oS. 

178  35  54 E. 

11  54  24E. 

Toledo 

Europe 

Spain 

39  50     oN. 

3  20     oW. 

0  13  20  W. 

Tomfli 

Afia 

Siberia 

56  29  58 N. 

84  58  30  E. 

5  39  54 E- 

Tondern 

Europe 

Denmark  - 

54  56  iqN- 

.  8  53  17E. 

0  35  33E- 

Tonga-Tabu  (Ifle)     - 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean 

21     8  36  S. 

175     I   50E. 

1 1  40     7E. 

6  50 

Tongres 

Europe 

Netherlands 

5°  47     -N- 

5  27  23 E- 

0  21   50 E. 

Tonnerre 

Europe 

France 

47  51     8N. 

3  58  44E. 

0  15  55 E. 

1 

Toobonai  (Ifle) 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

23  25     oS. 

149  20  30  W. 

9  57  22 W. 

Tornea 

Europe 

Sweden 

65  Jo  50 N. 

24  14     oE. 

1   36  56E. 

Tortudas 

America       [ 

WeftlE.P.     - 
IndiesJ  VV.P.    - 

20     0  jjN. 
20     5  20  N. 

72  42  35 W. 

73  1    26W. 

4  50  50  w. 
'  4  52     6W. 

Toul 

Europe 

France 

48  40  32 N. 

5  53   18  E. 

0  23  33E. 

Toulon 

Europe 

France 

43     7   16 N. 

5  S5  26E. 

0  23  42 E. 

Touloufe 

Europe 

France 

43  35  46 N. 

I   26  45 E. 

0     5  47E. 

Tournai 

Europe 

Netherlands 

50  36  57N. 

3  33   17 E. 

0  13  33 E. 

Tours 

Europe 

France 

47  23  46 N. 

0  41   32E. 

0     2  46E. 

Trafalgar 

Europe 

Spain 

36     7  56  N. 

6     3     oW. 

0  24  45  W. 

Traitor's  Head 

Afia 

Erramanga 

18  43  30S. 

169  20  30 E. 

11    1722  E. 

Traiiquebar    - 

Afia 

India 

10  56    oS. 

79  40  3°  !'• 

5    .8  42E. 

Treguier 

Europe 

France 

48  46  54 N. 

3   13  49  W. 

0  12  55  w. 

Treves 

Europe 

Germany    - 

49  46  37 N. 

6  38     5E. 

0  26  32  E. 

Trinidada 

America 

Cuba 

21  47  45 N. 

80   19  36  W. 

5  21    18  W. 

Trinidada  (Ifle) 

America 

Atlantic  Ocean  - 

20  30  30 S. 

29  33     oW. 

I   58   12W. 

Trinity  Ifland 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

56  3,  'oN. 

154  53     oW. 

10  19  32W. 

Trinkamaly    - 

Afia 

Ceylon 

8  32     oN. 

81    12     eE. 

5  24  48 E. 

Tripoli 

Africa      .    - 

Barbary     - 

32  ^T,  40 N. 

13  21     7E. 

0  53  24 E. 

Tritchinopoly 

Afia 

India 

10  49     oN. 

78  38  26E. 

5  14  34E- 

Tropez(St) 

Europe 

France 

4^   16     8N. 

6  38  29 E. 

0  26  34E. 

Troyes 

Europe 

France 

48  18     5N. 

4    4  34E. 

0  16  18E. 



Tfcherkafici   - 

Europe 

Ruffia 

47   13  40N. 

39  45     oL\ 

2  39     oE. 

Tfchukotflcoi 

Afia 

Beering's  Straits 

64  14  30N. 

173  31     oW. 

11   34     4W. 

Tubingen 

Europe 

Germany    - 

48  31     4N. 

9     2  29E. 

0  36  10  E. 

TuUfS 

Europe 

France 

45  16    3N. 

I  46     2  E. 

0     7     4E. 

Turin 

Europe 

Italy 

45    4  hN- 

7  40    oE. 

0  30  40 E. 

Turnagain  (Cape) 

Afia 

New  Z.^eland 

40  32  30S. 

176  49    oE. 

II  47   16E. 

Turk's  Iflef  - 

America 

Wir,dvv.  Pafi'ago 

21   II     oN. 

71   15  22  E. 

4  45     i'^^'- 

Turtle  liland 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean     - 

19  48  45  s. 

177  57     oW. 

II  51  48  W. 

Two  Groups 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

i8  12  36S. 

142  II  45  w. 

9  28  47  w. 

Typa 

Afia 

China 

22     9  20N. 

113  43  45  E. 

7  34  5S  '■- 

Tyrnaw 

Europe 

Hungary    - 

48  23  30N. 

17  34  36E. 

I    10  18E. 

12 


LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places. 


Names  of  Places. 

Continents. 

Coafl,   Sea,  or 
Country. 

Latitude. 

Longitude 
In  Degrees.             In  Time. 

H.  \\\ 

t      II 

0      /    ,  (( 

H.    M.    S. 

U    M. 

Ubes  (St.)     - 

Europe 

Portugal    - 

38  22    15N. 

8  54  22  W. 

0  35  37  w. 

Ufa 

Europe 

Ruffia 

54  42  45 N. 

55  53  30  E- 

3  43  34  E. 

Uliateah 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

16  45     oS. 

151  31     oW. 

10     6    4W. 

Ulm 

Europe 

Germany    - 

4H  23  45' N. 

9  58  51  E. 

0  39  55  E. 

Umba 

Europe 

Lapland     - 

66  39  48 N. 

34  14  45  E. 

2  16  59E. 

Unll 

Europe 

Shetland     - 

60  44     0  N. 

0  46     oW. 

0     3     4W. 

Upfal 

Europe 

Sweden 

59  51  50 N. 

17  38    9E. 

I    10  33 E. 

Uralfk 

Afia 

Tartary 

51   II     oN. 

5'  35   15  E. 

3  36  24 E. 

Uraniberg 

Europe 

Denmark   - 

55  54  17 N. 

1 2  53     0  E. 

0  50  51  h. 

Urbine 

Europe 

Italy 

43  43  36  N. 

12  36  50E. 

0  50  27  E. 

UlTiant  Li^'hts 

Europe 

France 

48  28     8  N. 

5      3    2lW. 

0  20  1 3  W. 

Ufolic  (Novo) 

Europe 

Ruffia 

59  23  54 N. 

56  32  15  E. 

3  46     9  E. 

Uil-kamenogorfk 

Afia 

Siberia 

49  56  49 N- 

82  38  30  E. 

5  30  34 E. 

Utrecht 

Europe 

Netherlands 

52     5     oN. 

5  "9  45E- 

0  20  39 E. 

Uzes 

Europe 

France 

44     0  45  N. 

4  25     2E. 

0  17  40 E. 

Vabres 

Europe 

France 

43  5^  27 N. 

2  50  16E. 

0  II  21  E. 

Vaifon 

Europe 

France 

44  14  28 N. 

5    3  54E. 

0  20  16  E. 

Valence 

Europe 

France 

44  55  59  N- 

4  53   i°E. 

0  19  33  E. 

Valenciennes 

Europe 

France 

50   21    27  N. 

3  31  40 E. 

0  14     7  E. 

Valery  (St.)  fur  Som  - 

Europe 

France 

50  II   21 N. 

I  37  36E. 

0    6  30E. 

10      0 

Valery  (St.)  en  Caup  - 

Europe 

France 

49  52   12  N. 

0  41   10 E. 

0     2  45  E. 

9  45 

Valparaifo 

America 

Chili 

33     I   29  s. 

72   19  15W. 

4  49  17  W. 

Van  Dieman's  Road  - 

Afia 

Tonga-Tabu 

21     4  15S. 

175     6    oW. 

II  40  24  W. 

7  15 

Vannes 

Europe 

France 

47  39  26 N. 

2  45  19  W. 

0  1 1     I  W. 

3  45 

Vauxe's  Tomb 

Afia 

India 

21     4  30  N. 

72  48  44 E. 

4  51   15 E. 

Vence 

Europe 

France 

43  43  "13  N. 

7     6  29  E. 

0  28  26 E. 

Venice 

Europe 

Italy 

45  27     4N. 

12     3   15  E. 

0  48  13  E. 

Venus  (Point) 

America 

Otaheite     - 

17   29   15  S. 

149  30  22  W. 

9  58     I  W. 

10  38 

Vera  Cruz 

America 

Mexico 

19     9  36  N. 

95     3     0  W. 

6  20  12W. 

Verd  (Cape)  - 

Africa 

Negroland 

14  47   13  N. 

17  33   16W. 

I   10  13  W. 

Verdun 

Europe 

France 

49     9  24  N. 

5  22  41  E. 

0  21  31E. 

Verona 

Europe 

Italy 

45  26  26 N. 

II     I     oE. 

0  44    4E. 

VerfaiUes        - 

Europe 

France 

48  48  21 N. 

2     7     7  I-.. 

0     8  28E. 

Victoria  (Fort) 

Afia 

Malabar  Coaft    - 

17  56  40N. 

73     7  54  E. 

4  52  32 E. 

Vienna  (Obfervatory) 

Europe 

Germany   - 

48  12  36 N. 

16  21  54E. 

I     5  28E. 

Vitro 

Europe 

Spain 

42   13  20  N. 

8  27  45  W. 

0  33  51  W. 

Villa  Franca  - 

Europe 

Italy 

43  40  20 N. 

7   19  15  E. 

0  29  17  E. 

St.  Vincent's  (Cape)  - 

Europe 

Portugal     - 

37     I     oN. 

9     2  22  W. 

0  36     9W. 

St.  Vincent's  (Ifle)     - 

America 

Caribbean  Sea     - 

13   10  15  N. 

61  30  51  W. 

4    6    3W. 

Vingorla  Rocks 

Afia 

Malabar  Coaft     - 

»5  55  30N. 

73  30    oE. 

4  54    oE. 

Vintimiglia     - 

Europe 

Italy 

43  53  20 N. 

7  3;  3^E. 

0  30  30 E. 

Virgin-Gorda(Fort)  - 

America 

Weft  Indies 

18  18     oN. 

64  18  40  W. 

4  17  15  W. 

Virgin  (Cape) 

America 

Patagonia  - 

52  23     oS. 

67  54    oW. 

431  36  W. 

10    0 

Vifagapatam  - 

Afia        ,    - 

India 

1 7  42     0  N. 

83  23  52  E. 

5  33  35 E. 

Viviers 

Europe 

France 

44  28  57 N. 

4  40  45  E. 

0   18  43  E. 

Wakefield       - 

Europe 

England     - 

53  4'     oN. 

1   55     oW. 

0     6  20  W. 

Wales  (P.  of)  Cape    - 

America 

Beeringr's  Straits 

65  45  30 N. 

168  "17  30  w. 

II    13   10  W. 

Wales  (P.  of)  Fort  - 

America 

New  Wales 

58  47  32 N. 

94  13  48  W. 

6  16  55  W. 

7  20 

Wales  (P.  of)  [fles    - 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

14  58     oS. 

147  48     oW. 

951   1 2  W. 

3C  3 


LONGITUDE. 


A  Table  of  the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Places.' 


Names  of  Places. 

1 

Continents. 

Coad,   Sea,  or 
Country. 

Latiti 

de. 

Longitude                       tt  •tjf 
In  Degree*.             In  Time. 

.-1      i 

I, 

.  '^      i      1' 

H.    M.    S.                  H.    M.    1 

Wallis's  Ille  - 

Alia 

Pacific  Ocean 

13   '7 

oS. 

176  45     cW. 

II  47     oW. 

Walvifch  B3y_ 

.Africa 

CaftVaria     - 

22  j-4 

yiS. 

14  40     0  E. 

0  58  40 E. 

Wan(tead       - 

F.urope         -      I'.ngland     -          -  | 

51  .U 

20  N. 

0     2  33  E. 

0    0  loE. 

%Varjfdcn 

F-urope 

Hungary    - 

46  18 

18  N. 

16  25  51  E. 

I     5  43  E. 

Wardhus 

Europe 

Lapl/.iid 

70  22 

36  N. 

.^i     6    oE. 

2     4  24E. 

Warfaw 

Europe 

Poland 

52   14 

28  N. 

2 1     I     5  E. 

I   24    4E. 

Warwick  (Cape) 

America 

Hudfon's  Straits 

61   29 

oN. 

6,-   16    oW. 

4  21     4W. 

Wateoo 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

20     I 

joS. 

158   14  30  W. 

10  32  58  w. 

Watlingsine(W.P.) 

America 

Bahamas     - 

23  5'> 

oN. 

74  42  32  W. 

4  58  50  w. 

Weft  Cape     - 

Alia 

New  Zeeland 

45  56 

15  S. 

166     6  15  E. 

II     4  25E. 

Wellman  (Ifies) 

Europe 

Northern  Ocean 

6;  20 

30  N. 

20  27  45  E. 

I  21  51 E. 

Whitfunday  Cape 

America 

Cook's  River 

5«   15 

oN. 

152  36    oW. 

10  10  24  W. 

Whitfiin  I  Hand 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

19  26 

oS. 

138  12    oW; 

9  12  48  W. 

Whitfuntide  Ide 

Alia 

Pacific  Ocean 

15  44 

20  S. 

168  20  15  E. 

II    13  21  E. 

Whytootachee 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

18  51 

40  S. 

159  39  45  W. 

10  38  39  W. 

Wiborg 

Europe 

North  Jutland     - 

57  27 

iiN. 

<)  26  15  E. 

0  37  45 W. 

Wicklow        - 

Europe 

Ireland 

52  59 

oN. 

6     I     oW. 

0  24     4W. 

7  30 

Wi!dL(haiifcn 

Europe 

Germany    - 

52  54 

26  N. 

8  27  39  E. 

0  33  51  E. 

William  (Fort) 

Afia 

Bengal 

22  34 

oN. 

88  27  56  E. 

5  53  52 E. 

Willis's  ine  - 

A-merica 

St.  Georgia 

54    0 

oS. 

38  29  40  W. 

2  33  59  W. 

Wilna 

Europe 

Poland 

54  4' 

oN. 

25   14  5    E- 

I  40  59  w. 

Winchelfea     - 

Europe 

England     - 

5°    >3 

28  N. 

0  42  3 1  E. 

0     2  50  E. 

Windfor 

Europe 

England     - 

51   29 

oN. 

0  35  28  W. 

0      2    2  3  W. 

WittembiirfT  - 

Europe 

Germany    - 

51  53 

oN. 

12  42  45  E. 

0  50  51  E. 

Woahoo  (file) 

America 

Sandwich  Ifles    - 

21  40  joN. 

158     I  30  W. 

1032     6  W.- 

Wolugda 

Europe 

Ruffia 

59  13 

33  N. 

40  10    0  E. 

2  40  40  E. 

Woldepholme  Cape    - 

America 

Hudfon's  Straits 

62  39 

oN. 

77  48     oW. 

5     II      :2W. 

Woody  Point 

America 

Pacific  Ocean 

50    0 

30  N. 

127  57     oW. 

8   31   A4W. 

Worcefter      - 

Europe 

England     - 

52     9 

30  N. 

2     0  15  W. 

0     8    ■  I  W. 

Woronefch     - 

Europe 

Ruflia 

51  40 

30  N. 

39  20  45  E. 

2  37   23  E. 

WoOak 

Europe 

Ruffia 

61    I J 

oN. 

Wrotham 

Europe 

England     - 

51   18 

5.tN. 

0  19  12  E. 

0     I    17  E. 

Wurtzbiirg    - 

Europe 

Germany    - 

49  45 

6N. 

9  54  45  E. 

0  39  39  E. 

Xamhay 

Afia 

China 

31   16 

oN. 

121  31  45  E. 

8     6     7E. 

Yeu(ined')- 

Europe 

France 

46  42 

26  N. 

2   19  50  W. 

0     9  19  W. 

Ylo       -         - 

America 

Peru 

17  36 

15  S. 

71    1^     oVv'. 

4  44  52  W. 

York 

Europe 

England     - 

53  57 

45  N. 

I     6     4W. 

c     4  24  W. 

York  Cape    - 

Afia 

New  Holland 

10  38 

20  S. 

142  12  20  E. 

9  28  49  E. 

York  Fort      - 

America 

New  Wales 

57     I 

48  N. 

92   17   It  W. 

6    9    9W. 

9  10 

York  (Dukeof)Iile  - 

Afia 

Pacific  Ocean 

8  29 

oS. 

172  22     oW. 

II  29  28 W. 

York  Minder 

America 

Terra  del  Fucgo  - 

55  26 

20  S. 

70     8     oW. 

4  40  32  W. 

York  (New) 

America 

Jerl'ey 

4a  43 

oN. 

74     9     0  W. 

4  56  36 w. 

9    0  1 

Young  (Cape) 

Afia 

Chatham  Ifland  - 

43  48 

oN. 

176  58     oW. 

II  47  j2  W. 

■  Ypres 

•  Europe 

Netherlands 

50  51 

10  N. 

2  52  49 E. 

0  II  31 E. 

Zachu  (Rocks) 

America     - 

Porto  Rico 

18  24 

oN. 

67  45  30  W. 

431       2W. 

Zaricin 

Europe 

Ruffia 

48  42 

20  N. 

44  27  30 e; 

2  57  50 E. 

Ziiaym 

Europe 

Germany    - 

48  51 

.5N. 

16     I  42  E. 

I     4    7E. 

LONGITUDE. 


A  Catalogue  of  the  LongiluJes  and  Latitudes  of  Six  Hundred  fixed  Stars,  with  the  Angle   of  Pofition 

of  each  Star,  adapted  to  the  Beginning  of  1800. 

N.  B.     This  Catalogue  is  taken  from  the  ConnoifTance  des  Temps  I'An.  XII.  and  was  calculated  from  the 

French  Annual  Catalogue,  by  M.  Chabrol. 


Names  of  Stars. 

Longitude. 

Latitude. 

Angle  of 
Pofition. 

Annual 
Variations. 

.S.      D.      M.     .S. 

D.     .M.    s. 

D.    M.    s. 

.s. 

y  Pej^afi 

0       6    22       9 

12  35  47  N. 

24     4  44 

-      0.26 

.  Ceti 

II     28       7     10 

10      1    13  S. 

23  40  Si 

—         C.b2 

X  CaiTiopes 

I        9    49    58 

52   I J  38  N. 

40  2 1   56 

-         4.01 

1^  CadlopeaE; 

I        2     17    32 

44  A'-  M  N- 

n  49  ii 

-      3  73 

■   Andromeda  - 

0    18       9    41 

23     I   20  N. 

25  25  55 

—      2.77 

I  Andromedx  - 

0    19       ^     ii 

24  20  54  N. 

25  42   2 

-      2.87 

a  CaiTiopex 

I     ;     0  36 

46  36  27  N. 

35   5  40 

-      4-49 

/?  Ceti 

II  29  46    3 

20  46  54  S. 

24  55  15 

-      3-C9 

(j"  Andromeda  - 

0  17  48  12 

17  36  45  N. 

24  21  26 

-      3-48 

■n   CafTiopcx 

I        7    2j     14 

47     3     8N. 

35  13  39 

-      5.88 

I  Pifcium 

0    I  I     21        9 

2  10  30  N. 

23     8  15 

-      lis 

35    V  Andromed*  - 

0    26    22     15 

32  32  ~^%  N. 

27  45     7 

-      440 

y  CaiTiopes 

I     II       9    26 

48  47  4i  N. 

36  22  15 

-      7.68 

37  f.  Andromeda  - 

0  26  23     8 

29  38  52  N. 

26  41   13 

-      4-99 

Pehris 

2   25  46  14 

66    4  39  N. 

73     2  22 

-  147-57 

s   Pifcium 

0   14  44  II 

I     4  57  N. 

22  49  14 

-      4-58 

>,  Ceti 

°     8  57  35 

16     6  40  S. 

23  38  36 

-      S'^S 

/S  Andromedte  - 

0  27  37     5 

25  56  52  N. 

25  22     5 

—     6.14 

&  Calliopes 

I        9       0    2J 

43     6  38  N. 

3'  50     9 

-      8.68 

f  Pifcium 

0    17       4    44 

0  12  52  S. 

22  31  38 

-      5-49 

46        Andromedx  - 

'     5     4  52 

33  48  ^0  N. 

27   10  27 

-      8.51 

I  CafSopex 

I    15     8   12 

46  23  34  N. 

33   J  J  33 

—    12.21 

6   Ceti 

0  13  26  12 

15  45  58  S. 

23     6     8 

-      6.43 

48       Aiidromedas  - 

1602 

33   18     9  N. 

26  47     9 

-      9.08 

49  1  Af.dromedx  - 

I     7  20     2 

34  32  17  N. 

27     6     3 

-      9-^3 

n  Piicium 

0  24     I   28 

5  22     5  N. 

22     2  48 

-      7-13 

1:  Pifcium 

0  24     7  39 

I  53     2  N. 

21  44  18 

-      7-52 

V  Pifcium 

0  22  43  49 

4  42  19  S. 

21    37     II 

-      7-76 

tp  Andromedx  - 

I    II  48  48 

36  49  58N. 

27     17    38 

-    11.9S 

1 10    0  Pifcium 

0  24  56  44 

1   37  59  S. 

21     23    iO 

-      S.13 

52    T  Ccti 

0   i;     y  27 

24  54  15  S. 

23  42   17 

-      8.41 

!  Caffiopex 

1   21  59     9 

47  31  37  N. 

32  17  45 

-    18.+,- 

if  Ccti 

0  19     9  13 

20  20  33  S. 

22  33  32 

-      8.75 

a  Tri.  Bor. 

I     4     4  47 

16  47  52  N. 

22     3  54 

-      9-79 

7   Arietis 

I     0  23  3j- 

7     9  26  N. 

21   12  40 

-      9.12 

/S  Arietis 

I      I    10  39 

8  28  50  N. 

21  13  59 

-      9-29 

50  /  CafTiopex 

2     0  46  51 

54  21  54  N. 

37  38  54 

-    28. 21 

■)-  Andromedx  - 

I    II   26  28 

27  47  22  N. 

23  26  10 

-    12.48 

a.  Pifcium 

0  26  34  47 

9    4  28  S. 

20  52  22 

-      9'.?8 

u   Arietis 

I     4  51   58 

9  57  42  N. 

20  42  44 

-     1-49 

/S  Tri.  Bor. 

I     9  33  36 

20  34    3  N. 

21  44  39 

—     11.86 

V  Tri.  Bor. 

I    10  43  51 

18  56     I  N. 

21     4     I 

-     12.41 

0  Ceti 

0  23  43  45 

15  56  13  S. 

20  29  13 

—     10.72 

3,    n  Caffiopea?  H. 

I   29  27     I 

48  57  21  N. 

30  29  39 

-     2747 

J  Ceti 

0  26  55:     I 

25   "5     5  S- 

21  23  20 

-     11.51 

LONGITUDE. 


Names  of  Stars. 

Longitude. 

Latitude. 

Angle   of 
Pofition. 

Annual 
Variations. 

S.    D.     M.     s. 

D.     M.    S. 

D.    M.    -s. 

s. 

1'  Ceti 

I     4  4°  25 

5  52    9  S. 

19   17   26 

—     1 1 .40 

<7  Ceti 

0  27   18  27 

28  32  13  s. 

21   3<^  43 

—     12.14 

i  Ceti 

1     4  46  27 

14  28  30  S. 

19     5  35 

-     12.13 

E  Ceti 

I     0  32     6 

26     0     2  S. 

20  35   1 1 

-     12.48 

6   Peri'ei 

I   21  51  Si 

31  36  25  N. 

21  43  37 

—     18.40 

35        .Vnetis 

I    14    8  47 

n   17  44  N. 

18  40  44 

-     13-79 

y  Cet, 

1     6  38  51 

12     0  25  S. 

18  ,8  56 

-    12-39 

f.  Ceti 

I     9     7  56 

5  34  40  S. 

18  14  17 

-    12-63 

IT '  Ceti 

I     0  57   17 

28   15  37  S. 

20  40  29 

—    12.92 

I    T    Eridani 

0  29  14  19 

32  44  7,s  S. 

21  37   10 

-    13-32 

^9       Arietis 

I   15  34  22 

12  28  22  N. 

18  28  ss 

-    14-32 

-fl   Perfei  H.       - 

I  25  55     6 

37  27  34  N. 

22  ss  40 

—    22.01 

1 6        P' Perfei 

I   19     2  25 

20  55  58  N. 

19    12    23 

—    16.04 

41        Arietis 

I   15  24  47 

10  26  19  N. 

i8   II   23 

-    14-23 

T  Perfei 

I  25     7  41 

34  21     6  N. 

21  40  15 

-    20.88 

2  t'  Eiidani 

0  29  49  53 

35  31  55  -• 

21   50  49 

—    14.00 

21        Perfei 

I   18  23   12 

14  25  30  N. 

17  S9  36 

-    '5-43 

22  ^  Perfei 

I   21     7     0 

21  42  45  N. 

18  43  22 

-    17-03 

>i  Eridani 

I     5  56     6 

24  ^A  58  S. 

19     5  21 

-    13-50 

X  Ceti 

I    12  17  57 

7  48  10  S. 

17  18  27 

-    13-59 

y  Perfei 

I  27   14  17 

34  30  30  N. 

20  yo  13 

-     22.36 

a  Ceti 

I   11  31  32 

12  iS  4S  3. 

17  22  28 

—     13.66 

25   J  Perfei 

I  22     7     7 

20  33  40  N. 

18    5  28 

-    i7-3<5 

II        Eridani 

I     I  42  52 

38  57  40  S. 

21  5c  51 

—    15.10 

10  f    Eridani 

I     8  24  35 

23  55  35  S- 

18  23     7 

-    13-95 

/3   Perfei 

1  23  22  St 

2?    2.f    22   N. 

18    6  41 

-    18-39 

♦           X  Perfei 

I  25     0  40 

26     2   17  N. 

18  32  12 

-    19.41 

^  Arietis 

I   18     3     9 

I  48  26  N. 

16  20  49 

-    14-97 

a  Fornacis 

1      I  45  25 

44  43  5'  S. 

22  57  41 

-    i6-55 

'(  Eridani 

III     1  36 

25  56  29  S. 

"7  44  13 

-    14-73 

«  Perfei 

I   29  17  39 

30     6  19  N. 

18     6  28 

—    22.56 

16       Eridani 

I     7  '7  55: 

38  3'   23  S. 

20     3     1 

—    16.01 

97   >c    Ceti 

.  1   16    3     1 

14  17   12  S. 

16    3  55 

-    14.81 

2        Giraf.  H.       - 

2     3  47  44 

39  3°  25  N. 

20     6     8 

—    29. iS 

0  T'duri 

I   i8  22  26 

9  21     I  S. 

15  3°  '9 

-    15-15 

4       Giraf.  H.       - 

2     2   13   12 

35  II  41  N. 

18  45  22 

—    26.05 

2   1  Tauri 

I   19    6  57 

8  48  54  S. 

15   18     8 

-    15-31 

35   or  Perfei 

I  29  49  17 

28     1  20  N. 

17     9  57 

-    22.31 

J  f  Tauri 

I  20  47  51 

5  26    5  S. 

14  55  29 

-    15.68 

f7        Eridani 

I     16    -2    46 

23  21  23  s. 

16     7  43 

-    15-45 

37  4.   Perfei 

2      0    57    29 

27  56  56  N. 

16  37  53 

-    22.89 

(   Eridani  , 

I     15    25    54 

27  45    2  S. 

16  29  31 

-    15-77 

19       Eridani 

I     II    23    48 

39  27   17  S. 

18  50  14 

-    16.86 

10       Tauri" 

I     19    10   37 

18  25  48  S. 

15     5  21 

.   -    15-70 

%  Perfei 

2       2       0   51 

27  16  S3  N. 

15  56  37 

-    23-24 

41     V   Perfei 

2       I       2     lO 

23     7  45  N. 

15     I  25 

1 

—    21.46 

d   Eridani 

I     18      3     15 

28  44  15  S. 

15  42   1.3 

-    i6-34 

r,  Pleiadum 

I    27    12       1 

4     I   54  N. 

13  36     8 

-    17-63 

26  TT  Eridani 

I     18      9    29 

31     8  22  S. 

15  48  11 

—    16.63 

27        Eridani 

I   H  34  44 

41  52  52  s. 

18     3  57 

-    17.82 

s 


LONGITUDE. 


Names  of  Stars. 

Longitude. 

Latitude. 

Angle   of 
Pofition. 

Annual 
Variations. 

S.    D.     M.     s. 

D.     M.    S. 

D.     M.    s. 

s. 

>-  Perfei 

2     0   19  59 

u    18  37  N. 

13   19  59 

-     19.27 

46                              - 

2     4  25  21 

26  50     I  N. 

H  40  37 

-     24.28 

g   Eridani 

I      8  56    rfi 

54  19  28  S. 

22  4,-  21 

—    20.60 

i    Perfei 

2     2  53   18 

'9    5  33  N. 

13  35   I' 

—     21.50 

33        Eridani 

I    16     3   28 

43  39  56  S. 

17  47     0 

—     18.40 

y  Eridani 

I   21     3    ,-0 

33   12  55  S. 

14  57     7 

-    17-34 

X  Tauri 

I   37  50  28 

7  58  55  S. 

12  30  38 

-    17-23 

36  i  Eridani 

I    18     9  52 

43  29  27  S. 

16  58  58 

-    18.63 

47  X  Perlei 

2     6  57  45 

28  51   31  N. 

13  58    4 

—    26.27 

38    V  Tauri 

I   27     7  23 

14  28  16  S. 

12  32  27 

-    17-07 

A  '  Tauri 

2     0  39  31 

I  14  30  N. 

12     6  29 

-    18.28 

51   f.1  Perfei 

2     8     0  20 

26  41     0  N. 

12  50  59 

-    25.86 

0  Eridani 

I   26  37  58 

27  28  43  S. 

12  45  30 

-    17.56 

49  p  Tauri 

2     0  47     9 

12   12  17  S. 

II   19  47 

-     17-72 

7  Taun 

2       3       0    21 

5  45  12  s. 

10  47  30 

—     18.32 

41        Eridani 

I     19    41     25 

53  59    0  S. 

18  10     5 

—    21-50 

S'  Taun 

2       4       4    20 

3  59  25  S. 

10  29  37 

-    18.63 

i'=  Tauri 

2       4    19    48 

4    7  57  S. 

10  23  25 

-    18.66 

42  1  Eridani 

2       0    30    55 

25     0     3  S. 

II   20     2 

-     17-94 

43  //  Eridani 

I    21    40    25 

54  33  40  S. 

17  26     0 

-    21.84 

£  Tauri 

2    5  39  58 

2  35  17  S. 

9  5S  37 

-     1903 

Aldebaran 

2     6  59  37 

5  28  46  S. 

9  19  19 

-    19.C4 

47        Eridani 

2     2  32  55 

29  52  40  S. 

10  42   12 

—    18.51 

50    u'  Eridani 

I  25  52     7 

52  52  52  s. 

15   18  21 

—    21.67 

48    I   Eridani 

2     4    0  59 

25     8  49  S. 

10     4     9 

—    18.40 

51        C.  Eridani      - 

2     4  30  ?7 

24  19  29  S. 

9  52  42 

-  1S.43  , 

-  21.47  ' 

52    t;'  Eridani 

I   27     4  56 

51  50     3  S. 

14  37     8 

53        Eridani 

2     2  27  4^ 

36     I     7  S. 

10  58  20 

—    19.08 

54        Eridani 

2     I   55  28 

41   23  54  s. 

II  30  31 

-     19-74 

9        Camelopardalis 

2  18   II   18 

43  23   28  N. 

n  33     4 

-    4576 

,u.    Eridpni 

2     6  32  22 

25   23   27  8. 

9     8  2j 

-    18.70 

I        Oiionis 

2     9  '<    13 

15  24  14  S. 

8   13   13 

—    18.90 

2  -r'  Orionis 

2     9  34  18 

13  30  21  S. 

8     4  47 

—    19.01 

3        Orionis 

2     9  18  20 

16  47  45  S. 

8     7  26 

—    18.90 

0'  Orionis 

2  10  41  56 

8  14  56  S. 

7  47  3S 

-    19-41    . 

8   2   Oricnis 

2     9  41   4' 

20     I  42  S. 

7  56  .  4 

-     18-93 

3    I   Aurigx 

2   13  50  5' 

10  z^  49  N. 

7  34  34 

-    22.52 

9    3'  Orionis 

2   II  33   15 

9     5   10  S. 

7  26     8 

—    19.4.6 

10       Camclopardalis 

2   18  28  38 

37  24  18  N. 

9  ii  25 

-    38. cS 

t  Aurigs 

2   16     3     0 

20  ^s     3  N. 

7  36  23 

—    26.23 

10        Orionis 

2   10  44  34 

20    J2    31    S. 

7  32  56 

-    19-04 

8    ^  Aurigx 

2   15  50  ,i3 

18  10  40  N. 

7  23  20 

-    25.15 

102     I  Tauri 

2    13   59  23 

I    13   ig  S. 

6  46     8 

-    20.51 

1 39       Camclopardalis 

2    19  43  43 

39  20  36  N. 

8    45    23 

-    4C.9S 

10   1-,  AurigK 

2   '6  39  13 

18  15  43  N. 

6  59  25 

~"    ^5S> 

t  Leporis 

2     9  15   j6 

44  59     6  S. 

8  47  29 

-    20. 87 

0  Eridani 

2    12  29  20 

27  52  55  S. 

6  54  43 

-    19-37 

69    X  Eridani 

2   12  25     8 

31  34    3  S; 

6  59  44 

-    19-56 

Capella 

2   19     3  49 

22  51  44  N. 

6  13     7 

-    27.77 

5  ,u  Leporis 

2   12  35  38 

39    4  18  S. 

7     8     ,- 

-    20.24 

LONGITUDE. 


Names  of  Stars. 

l^ongitudc. 

Latitude. 

Ani;Ie   of 
Poiltion. 

Annual 
Variations. 

S.    D.      M.     S. 

D.     M.    S. 

D.      M.     .S. 

.s 

Rigcl 

2     14       2        I 

31     84,-  S. 

0    21     28 

— 

19.6J 

20 

T  Orionis 

2     15        38 

29  ji  41  s. 

5  56  26 

— 

19.64 

/?  Tauri 

2     19    46    54 

5  22   14  N. 

4  3<5  26 

— 

22.29 

y.  Orionis 

2     18       911 

16  50  27  S. 

4  42  59 

— 

i9'73 

«  Ononis 

2     17    21    51 

2y  33  26  S. 

509 

— 

19,63 

/3  Leporis 

2     16    52    37 

43  56    6  S. 

5  33   17 

— 

21.09 

I  Orionis 

2   19  34     6 

23  34  43  S- 

485 

— 

1973 

,^6 

v  Orionis 

2   ig     7     3 

30  34    4  S. 

4  20  54 

— 

19.91 

a  Leporis 

2  18  35  i;, 

41     4-58  S. 

4  45     6 

— 

20.78 

39 

\  Ononis 

2  20  54  47 

13  23  37  S- 

3  39  33 

— 

20. oO 

£  Coluaiba; 

2  15  54  19 

58  39     0  S. 

6  JI     6 

— 

24-31 

1  Orionis 

2  20  12    9 

29   13   2J  S. 

3  54  2''> 

— 

19.90 

^  Tnuri 

,  2  21  59  30 

2  13   10  S. 

3    24  2J 

— 

21.19 

£  Orionis 

2  20  40  10 

24  31  56  S. 

3  42  10 

— 

19.80 

12^ 

Tauri 

2  22  38  47 

2  30  48  N. 

3   '4  4° 

— 

22.CO 

48 

c-  Orionis 

2  21   18     J 

29  J7   20  S. 

3  27  24 

— 

,9.85 

^  Orionis 

2  21  53  21 

25   '9     9  «• 

3   '3  22 

— 

i9.t-;6 

a  Coliinibx 

2  19  22  41 

57  23  s-^  S. 

5     5  27 

- 

24.01 

■y  Leporis 

2    22       5     2J 

4j   49  28  S. 

3  24    3 

— 

21.54 

I.? 

2     Tauri 

2    24    42    37 

I     7  42  N. 

2   18  43 

— 

21.87 

1  + 

^  Leporis 

2    23     10    51 

38  14  22  S. 

2  4R   16 

— 

20.61 

r.  Orionis 

2    23    36     19 

33     5  47  S- 

2  34  45 

— 

20.1  I 

i  I.,eporis 

2    24    21     28 

44  17     S  S. 

2  24    7 

— 

21.30 

^  Auriga; 

2     27        7     iO 

30  49  3,-  N. 

1  57  46 

— 

34-'5 

/S  Columbx 

2    23    37     26 

59  13  47  S. 

3     7  39 

— 

24.63 

a  Orionis 

3    25    57    38 

16    3     7  S. 

I   37   14 

— 

20.13 

/S  Aurigae 

2   27     7     8 

21   29     0  N. 

1  37  10 

— 

28.19 

S  Aurigo: 

2   27     8  51 

13  4j     9  N. 

I     2J    31 

— 

25.07 

16 

n   Leporis 

2  26    6  42 

37  38   12  S. 

I  35  46 

— 

20.61 

y  Columbx 

2     26     15       3 

58  44  45  S. 

I  49  43 

— 

24.50 

61 

Hi  Orionis 

2     27    48    40 

13  48  50  S. 

0  -^:^     2 

— 

20.28 

I 

H.Geminorum 

2    28       9     14 

0  11  28  S. 

0  48     0 

— 

21.77 

1  Orionis 

2     29       3     34 

8  40  ^6  S. 

0  23   14 

— 

20.69 

0  Leporis 

2   29     6  23 

38  23   19  S. 

0  22     6 

— 

20.71 

2 

LyiK:is 

3     0  18  36 

hS  35  45  N. 

0   14  24 

+ 

38.92 

n  Geminorum    - 

3     0  38  48 

0  54  44  S. 

0   16  44 

■+ 

21.67 

fj   Geminorum   - 

3     2  30  2 1 

0  50  20  S. 

I     4  50 

4- 

21.65  • 

^  Canis  Major  - 

'3     4  35  28 

53  23  57  S. 

2     f)  32 

4- 

23.07 

u  Monocerotis   - 

3     3  27  49 

18  44  21  S. 

1    22  59 

+ 

20.04 

/3  Canis  Major  - 

3     4  23   58 

41   16  46  S. 

I   50  21 

+ 

20.98 

^  Columbs 

3     5  38  34 

5:6  44  12  S. 

1  41    11 

4- 

23.90 

V  Geminorum    - 

3     4    0  34 

3     4  52  ■''• 

I   42     5 

4- 

21.28 

13 

Monocerotis 

3     ?  41  31 

'5  53  18  S. 

2   16   58 

4- 

20.09 

7  Geminorum    - 

3     6  18  3; 

6  4j  46  S. 

2  37      I 

4- 

20.74 

42 

Camelopardalis 

3     3  5^     2 

44  24     9  N. 

4  10  30 

4- 

52.42 

15 

Monocerotis 

3     7  34  24 

13   12     0  S. 

3     3  20 

+ 

20.15 

E  Geminorum 

3     7     8  46 

2     2  4?  N. 

3     8,29 

4- 

21.92 

43 

Camelopardalis 

3     4    5   19 

45  44  31  N. 

4  33  49 

4- 

55-53 

2 

f  Geminoium    - 

3     8  25  26 

10     7     6  S. 

3  26     1 

4- 

20.32 

Sirius 

3  II   19  32 

39  li  38  S. 

4  -lo  37 

4- 

20.60 

LONGITUDE. 


Names  of  Stars. 

Longitude. 

Latitude. 

Anglo  of 
Pofition. 

Annual 
Variations. 

.s.     D.     M.     s. 

D.    M.     S. 

]).     M.     s. 

.s. 

1 8       ^^onoce^otis  -   " 

3     9  59     7 

20   31       9    S. 

3  57  48 

4- 

19.76 

34  6  Gemiiiorum     - 

3     8  19  40 

11     0  29  N. 

3  59  ^3 

4- 

23-.83 

«-  Canis  Major    - 

3   15  47  2j 

5^   10  18  S. 

7  21  51 

+ 

23.26 

l8  ^  Canis  Major  - 

3   14  15  27 

36  40  47  S. 

5  47  45 

4- 

20.17 

•20  1    Cams  Major   - 

3   '4  44  '7 

39  40     I   S. 

6     4  28 

4- 

20.46 

!   Canis  Major  - 

.^   17  59     8 

51  22  59  S. 

^     3  32 

+ 

22.26 

^  G.=  niponim    - 

3  12  II   ji 

2     3  49  S. 

5     9  S^ 

4- 

20.86 

b  CarijS  Major  - 

3   18  46  4j 

SO  15     5  S. 

8   19   iS 

4- 

21.07 

24  y  Canis  Major  -         .     - 

3   »8   13    17 

46    9  14  .s. 

7  4«   25 

4- 

21.21 

y   Canis  Major  - 

3   16  49  23 

38     1     0  S. 

651     JO 

4- 

20.16 

I   Canis  Major  - 

3   20  37     2 

48  28  33  s. 

8  58  54 

4- 

2  1.,- I 

0   Geminonim    - 

3   '5  43  40 

0  12     6  S. 

6  42     6 

4- 

20.6.S 

I   Getuinorum    - 

3   I')  10  10 

5  44  26  N. 

7   13   39 

4- 

21-55 

»i  Canis  Major  - 

3  26  45  44 

50  37  50  S. 

II  49   15 

+ 

2 1. 6 1 

/S  Canis  Minor  - 

3  19  24  18 

13  30  25  S. 

7  41   28 

4- 

19- 1 3 

Caftor 

.^   17  27  17 

10    4  S3  N. 

8     7  30 

+ 

22. iS 

69    V  Gcminorum   - 

3   iS  33     2 

5   II  59  N- 

8   II   54 

4- 

21 .04 

Procyon 

3   23     I   33 

ij  58  46  S. 

9     0  22 

4- 

1S.62 

26        Monocerotis  - 

S  26  30     5 

30  28  13  s. 

10  22     0 

4- 

18.66 

K   Geminorum    - 

■    3     20    J2    2; 

3     3  31  N. 

8  59  49 

4- 

20.29 

Pollux 

3  20  27   18 

6  40     I  N. 

9     6  39 

4- 

20.92 

fj        f  - 

4     3   16     5 

44  57  3°  S. 

13  52  20 

4- 

19.87 

4     0  33  5° 

34    9  30  S. 

12     0  46 

4- 

18.54 

II   e{                 i      - 
13       ■>                (     - 

4     4  51   54 

42  35  45  S. 

14  14  s^ 

4- 

19.27 

3   29  37  27 

17  46  29  S. 

II   iS  27 

4- 

17.70 

^  Navis 

4  15  47  47 

58  21  44  s. 

21    41    40 

4- 

22.63 

■i,"  Car.cri 

3  26  27     0 

5   19     7  N. 

II     23    30 

4- 

19-37 

» vel  0  N'ivis 

4     S  315  54 

43   17  23  S. 

15  45     8 

4- 

i8.q8 

^  7       Camelopardalis 

3   17  49   '5 

41   30  46  N. 

15  37  44 

4- 

.58.14 

S  Cancri 

4     I   28   12 

10  18  16  S. 

12  10  43 

^  4- 

i:-33 

1    0  Urfe  Major    - 

3  20  II  sS 

40  13  38  N. 

16  40  35 

4- 

34--: 

30        Monocerotis  - 

4    7     4  14 

22  27  52  S. 

13  54  42 

4- 

16.03 

4   J  Hydri 

4     7  31     4 

12  24  36  S. 

14     7  28 

+ 

16.13 

-,'  Cancri 

4     4  44  58 

3   10  37  N- 

14  II    18 

4- 

17.05 

7    .1   Hydrje 

4     9  30  52 

14  16     0  S. 

14  42  56 

4- 

15-77 

0  Cancri              -        '      - 

4     5   55  35 

0    4  21  N. 

14   17  46 

4- 

16.59 

31        Monocerotis  - 

4  '2  45  27 

24  27     5  S. 

15  47  21 

4- 

15-77 

1 1  HvdrK  1     ' 

4     9  33  53 

II     6  54  S. 

14  48  38 

4- 

15.66 

s  3      '         c    " 

4  II  47  3r 

10  59     3  S. 

15  20  52 

4- 

.5...  6 

k'  Cancri 

4  10  18  44 

5  29  35  S. 

15   I"  35 

4- 

15.40 

I    Urfx  Major  - 

4     0     I    15 

29  34  32  N. 

17  36  42 

4- 

22.81 

»■  Cancri 

4  10  50  54 

5     5  44  S- 

ij  28  48 

4- 

15.27 

.-.  l/rfas  Major   - 

4188 

28  57  48  N. 

17  S3  56 

4- 

22.03 

1 7       Urfoe  Major  H 

4     4  44    ,2 

20  52  38  N. 

17     2  24 

-j- 

18.76 

X  Cancri 

4  '3  22  4,- 

5  35    4  S. 

16  12  16 

4- 

14.63 

22    ^  Hvdrx 

4  17  29  10 

13     3     8  S. 

17     5  44 

4- 

13.92 

J- 

38       Lyncis 

4     7  46     7 

20     5  23  N. 

17  56   19 

4- 

17-37 

40       Lyncis 

4    9    3  23 

17  57     0  N. 

17  53   18 

+ 

10. ()4 

I    X  Leonis 

+  12  2q  58 

10  24  5'i  N. 

'7  34  46 

-r 

14.9& 

23  h  Url'a;  Major    - 

3  z8     0  21 

45     8  38  N. 

IJ  10  42 

4- 

29.93 

Vot.  XXL 


D 


LONGITUDE. 


Names  of  Stars. 

Longitude. 

Latitude. 

Angle  of 
I'ofition. 

Annual 

Variation. 

S.    D.    M.     s. 

D.    M.     K. 

1).     M.     .S. 

s. 

14  d  Urfae  Major  - 

3  23  31  42 

51    13   II   N. 

28    44    10 

4- 

39.60 

a   Hydrse 

4  24  29  44 

22   21,  41   S. 

19     5  55 

4- 

13-13 

e  Urf^  Major  - 

4     4  30  'S 

34  55  34  N. 

21  47  30 

+ 

21.23 

X  Lyncis 

4  '5     4  39 

7  52  3^  N. 

17  57   16 

4- 

14.04 

J  I  Leonis 

4  18  51   29 

3     9  49  -'^• 

'7  5'  57 

+ 

13.08 

■^   Navis 

5  11  59  5J 

51     9  47  S. 

29  26  13 

4- 

16.44 

I   Hydrx 

4  24  50  47 

14  17  17  s. 

'9    0     3 

4- 

12.21 

0  Leonis 

4  21  27  41 

3  45  55  ^'^• 

iS  29  13 

4- 

12.37 

f  Leonis 

4  > 7  54  39 

9  42  1 1  N. 

18  58  49 

4- 

13.C6 

29  1/  Urfx  Major  - 

4    3  28  26 

42  38  49  N. 

26     I  55 

4- 

23-4' 

f»  Leonis 

4  >8  38.34 

12  20  32  N. 

19  35  24 

4- 

12.76 

»  Leonis 

4  25  32  44 

2  47  16  S. 

19  3°    5 

4- 

1J.12 

■K  Leonis 

4  26  31   21 

3  55  '9  S. 

19  39     2 

4- 

10.91 

>i  Leonis 

4  25     ^>  34 

4  51   22  N. 

20    3     9 

4- 

10.79 

15  Sextantis 

5     I   >8  59 

II     7  40  S. 

20  26  53 

4- 

I'd.  18 

Regulus 

4  27     2  53 

0  27  30  N. 

20    3     3 

4- 

10.44 

\  Hydrae 

5     6  35  31 

22     0  35  S. 

21  53     6 

4- 

10.14 

X   Urfx  Msjor  - 

4  16  45     9 

29  52  39  N. 

23  44  38 

4- 

13.36 

f  Leonis 

4  24  45  55 

II  51  13  N. 

20  55  38 

4- 

10.52 

y'  Navis 

5  24  14  23 

48  15  41  S. 

3'  44  24 

4- 

1 2.64 

y  Leonis 

4  26  47  55 

8  48  19  N. 

20  53   17 

4- 

9.98 

IX  Urls  Major   - 

4  18  26  10 

28  59    6  N. 

23  50  10 

4- 

12.49 

42  fj.  Hydra 

5  '2  '5  34 

24  40     7  S. 

23   12  58 

4- 

9.08 

2  ?  Leonis 

5    3  35  48 

0    8  37  N- 

21   15  24 

+ 

8.41 

37  Leo  Minor    - 

4  26     2  35 

21  37  27  N. 

23   II  47 

-1- 

9-38 

4  V  Hydra:  et  C- 

5  '7  35    3 

21  48  42  S. 

23  45  34 

4- 

7. II 

54  Leonis 

5     2  42  28 

16  29  23  N. 

23     8  52 

4- 

7.17 

^  Urfa;  Major  - 

4  16  36  51 

45     6  45  N. 

32  32  25 

4 

11.24 

«  Hvdrx  et  C.  - 

5  20  56    9  . 

22  42  42  S. 

24  18  47 

4- 

6.30 

a  Urfie  Major  - 

4  12  23    4 

49  40  II  N. 

36     0     5 

,    4- 

12.95 

X  Leonis 

5   "43  54 

I  ?.c  52  N. 

22  28  24 

4- 

5.69 

52  J'   Urfa:  Major  - 

4  26    0  18 

35,  <'  47  N- 

28     8  45 

4- 

7.60 

P  HydrEelC- 

5  25  46  10 

25  37  46  S. 

25   18  35 

4- 

5.41 

l  Leonis 

5    8  30  18 

14  19  54  N. 

23  29  15 

4- 

5.26 

6  Leonis 

5   '°  37  33 

9  40  31  N. 

23     4     8 

4- 

5.07 

74  ^   Leonis 

5  I**  41  54 

7  38  33  S. 

23     0  32 

4- 

4-63 

53  1  Urfa;  Major  - 

5     4  32  37 

24  45  27  N. 

25   16  48 

4- 

5.40 

54  V  Urfx  Major  - 

5     3  50  42 

26    9     7  N. 

25  35  59 

4- 

5.48 

i  Hydrs  et  C.  - 

5  23  54  41 

17  34  42  S. 

24     3     3 

4- 

4.51 

or  Leonis 

5  15  54  57 

I  41  47  N. 

22  54  20 

4- 

4-30 

.  Leonis 

5  14  4J  34 

6    6    8  N. 

23     5  42 

4- 

,    4-12 

14  £  Hydrx  et  C.  -■ 

5  23  27  50 

13  28     2  S. 

43  40    3 

4- 

4.00 

15  y  Hydrs  et  C.  - 

5  26  27  13 

19  39  40  s. 

24  30     I 

4- 

4.C8 

T  Leonis 

5  18  43     2 

0  33  17  S. 

23     2  39 

4- 

3-69 

X  Draconis 

4     7  30  58 

57  13  26  N. 

46  23  20 

T 

10.54 

£  Leonis 

5  21  35     7 

5  4a  12  S. 

23  12  44 

4- 

3-47 

1   Hydrset  C. - 

6    5  '3   '7 

3i  34  54  S- 

27  28  44 

4- 

3-72 

21  &  HydrxctC.  - 

5  25  48  23 

II   17  59  S. 

2;  41   17 

4- 

2.94 

.    91  1/  Leonis 

5  22  14  43 

3     2  48  S. 

23  14  21 

4- 

2.90 

27  <■  HydrxetC.  - 

6     I   17  49 

18  17     3  S. 

24  38     4 

4- 

2.31 

LONGITUDE. 


Names  of  Stars. 

Longitude. 

Latitude. 

Angle  of 
Polition. 

Annual 
Variations. 

S.     D.     M.     s. 

D.     M.      K. 

D.    M.     s. 

s. 

X  Urfi  Major  - 

5     0  51    13 

41  32   19  N. 

31  56    3 

4-      3-2'5 

3  II    Virgiiiis 

5   21    21    JO 

4  35  57  N. 

23    24   18 

4-      2.1J 

93       Leonis 

5   16   10  51 

17  18  34  N. 

24  3«  35 

4-      2.09 

'           ;S  Leoiiis 

5   18  50  26 

12   16  57  N. 

23  56  28 

+      1.92 

^  Virginis 

5  24  »9  33 

0  41  41   N. 

23    22    3i 

4-      1.72 

p    HyJ.  et  C     - 

6  10  40    9 

31  27  36  S. 

27  44  37 

4-       1.78 

7    Urfs  Major  . 

4  27  39    3 

47     7  34  N. 

3S  42  40 

+      2.54 

30  »    Hyd.  etc     - 

6     3    iS  51 

16     4  J9  S. 

24  26     0 

4-       1.29 

a    Corvi 

6     9  27   19 

21   44  24  S. 

25  23    3 

4-      o.i3 

e     Corvi 

6     S  53     7 

19  39  47  S. 

2;     0  56 

+      oor 

0     Urfs  Major  - 

4  2S   14     2 

51  38  26  N. 

39  54    6 

—      0.90 

-/    Corvi 

6       7    56    J2 

14  29  23  S. 

24  16  42 

—      0.50 

n     Virginis         -    ' 

6     2     2  27 

I   22  22  N. 

23  27     4 

-      C.84 

^     Cor\i 

6  10  40  20 

12   10  27  S. 

23  56  49 

-      1.77  . 

^    Corvi 

^   '4  34  51 

18     I   50  S. 

24  36  49 

-      2.2,- 

K    Draconis 

4  13  26     I 

61  44  47  N. 

50  44  5" 

-      6.62 

K    Coma;  Bereiiicis 

5  25  38  36 

24     7  20  N. 

25  42   19 

-      2.37 

y    Virginis 

6     7  22  34 

2  48  34  N. 

23   15  39 

—      2.74 

(     Urfx  Major  - 

5     6    5  46 

54  18  2;  N. 

42     0  44 

-      7.21 

S    Virginis 

6     8  41    10 

8  38     8  N. 

23   15  24 

-      3-0 

1 2       Cor.  Caroli    - 

5  21  45  55 

40    7  28  N. 

30  39  56 

-      5-^3 

ll                    f' 

6     6  48  56 

16  56  57  N. 

23  55  28 

-      4.64 

^2       ■  Virginis    y             I 

6  15  26  33 
6  19  j'S  27 

1  45  26  N. 
7  53  36  S. 

22  3S  37 
22  48  32 

-  5-'5 

-  5-49 

61     J                    (-             - 

6  22   14  S7 

9  12   II  S. 

22  41  34 

-      6.12 

y    Hydra 

6  24  13  S5 

13  43  30  S- 

23     4  3? 

-      6.33 

1    Centauri 

7     0  21  33 

25  59  '5  S. 

25    0  53 

-      7-34 

Spica  Virginis 

6  21     3     0 

2     2  20  S. 

22  10  43 

—      6.  JO 

^   UrfiE  Major  - 

5   12  ji    20 

^6  22  13  N. 

42  50  39 

—    11.62 

(   Virginis 

6  19  21     8 

8  39  18  N. 

22     4     3 

-      7.21 

»    Centauri 

7     8  22  29 

28  14  47  S. 

24  J8  37 

—    10.90 

T    Bootis 

61;     9  13 

26  32     0  N. 

23  54  16 

-      8.73 

G  Centauri 

7     5   14  33 

21  34  ,-7  S. 

22  56  19 

-      9-93 

Urfx  Major  • 

5  24    6  37 

54  23  40  N- 

38  20  25 

—    15.20 

^  0    Bootis 

6  16  24  12 

25  12  42  N. 

23  31     2 

-      8.82 

«   Bootis 

6  16  31  26 

28     6  ;8  N. 

23  52  3j 

-      940 

5  9    Centauri 

7     9  32  23 

22     I  '13  S. 

22     7  29 

—    11.80 

«   Draconis 

5    4  3^  37 

66  21   20  N. 

59  33     0 

-    23.79 

K   Virginia 

7     I  42     I 

2   ^^   2J   N. 

20    4  51 

—    10.31 

99  '    Virgi'nis 

7     0  59  26 

7  14  41  N. 

20     2  26 

—    10.46 

X    Bootis 

5  27     6  32 

53  53  59  N. 

41     3  16 

-    17-30 

Ardiirua 

6  21   26  24 

30  52  35  N. 

23   16     3 

—    II. 18 

X  Virginis 

7    4    9  30 

0  30  36  N. 

19  43  14 

-    10.S8 

X    Bootis 

6    4    9  24 

54  39     8  N. 

35  37  30 

-    i;.63      - 

I    Bootis 

5  28  16  45 

58  50  40  N. 

40  36  10 

-    17-47 

P  Virginis 

7     2  39  38 

11  46  56  N. 

19  35  34 

-    ^^-33 

fi    Bootis 

5  29  45  37 

60    8   19  N. 

41    10  26 

-    18.73      , 

{    Bootis 

6  19  58  49 

41  27  40  N. 

25  S7  45 

-    13.69     ; 

y    Bootis 

6  14  51  20 

49  33  3°  N- 

29  46  33 

—    15.18 

5  a   Urfx  Minor  - 

4    5  32  54 

71    25    2S   N. 

93  40  53 

-     P-f)5 

3D  3 


LONGITUDE. 


Names  of  Stars. 

Longitude. 

Latitude. 

Angle  of 

Annual 

I'ofition. 

Variaiioiis. 

.S.     D.     M.     S. 

D.    M.     s. 

D.     M.  .^. 

s. 

29  ir  Bootis 

6  29     2  58 

30  22  52  N. 

21    22   53 

-    1 2. 8  J 

^   Dootis 

7     0  I.?  45 

27  53  47  N. 

20  49  34 

—    12.70 

107  fj.  Virg-iiiis 

7     7   19  16 

9  42  27  N. 

j8  31  43 

—     J  2.40 

IG9        Virginis 

7     5  43  19 

17      7   2<,  N. 

18  53     4 

—    12.62' 

!     Bootis 

6  2,-  17  51 

40  s^  2,-  N. 

24     2  45 

-    14-27 

2  a   Lihrre 

7   12  17  35 

0  21  39  N. 

17  46  20 

-    i3'32 

37  ij^   Bootis 

7     0  43  43 

S.^  47   17  N- 

21   21   1 ? 

-    ^3-^3 

i    Libra: 

7   12  29  18 

8  16  16  N. 

17  14  13 

—     'iSM-> 

/3  Urfs  Minor  - 

4   10  27  49 

72  c8  19  N. 

94  39  40 

—    ^2.50 

V   Scor.  vel  Lib. 

7  17  53  53 

7  37     2  S. 

17     3  .^3 

—     15.02 

l3   Bootis 

6  21   25  30 

54  10    4  N. 

29  30  36 

-    18-34 

24  J    Libra; 

7  18  12  40 

I  49  18  N. 

If)  18     4 

-     15.02 

/S    Librx 

7   '6  34  5° 

8  31   20  N. 

i6    4  18 

—    14-7^ 

0    Bootis 

7     0  19  40 

48  59  14  N. 

24  30  5S 

-    1 7 -^'3 

d   Lupis 

7     2j-    49    50 

21  2+  33  s- 

16  57     6 

-    19.09 

i    Libne 

7  18  Si     2 

8    4  38  N. 

15  30  20 

—    15.16 

51   /J.  Bootis 

7     0  22     8 

53  26  16  N. 

25  52  54 

-    19.25 

1 1   7'  Urfx  Minor  - 

4  18  46  30 

74  5^  32  N. 

92  S3     2 

—    50.62 

/3   Coronx 

7     6  19     8 

46    4  20  N. 

21    4-2       2 

-    17.64 

I    Draconis 

6254 

71        5    50    iNf. 

52       0    II 

-    30-41 

1 3  y'^  Urlx  Minor  - 

4  18  43   29 

75  13  40  N. 

93  50  43 

-    51-32 

35  ^'•^  LibrsE 

7   22  13  22 

2   15  35  N. 

14  42  46 

—    16.05 

"/    Ijupis 
y   LibrE 

7  28  42  33 

21    12  59  S. 

15  46  40 

—    20.29 

7  22  20  23 

4  34  37  N. 

14  31  43 

—    16.05 

39       Libras 

7    2J    49       2 

8  28  49  S. 

14  36  12 

—    J  7-58 

0    Serpentis 

7   15  32  38 

28  54  18  N. 

16  31     6 

-    15-92 

a  Cor.  Borealis 

7     9  28  21 

44  20  51  N. 

10  I J  23 

-    17-65 

40        Librx 

7  26  33  30 

9  59  28  S. 

14  32  46 

-    1795 

X.    LibrsE 

7     24    57     JO 

0    0  38  N. 

13  59  3^> 

-    16.82 

f  Corons 

7     5  27  18 

53  58     0  N. 

24    3  46 

—    2o.c8 

V    Libra: 

7  24  33  32    ' 

4     I  41  N. 

13  49  5i 

-  16.59 

y   Coronx 

7   12     4  II 

44  31  35  N- 

19  21  52 

-  18.06 

a    Serpentis 

7  19  15  59 

35  ^ I   ^8  N. 

15   10  44 

—    16.2:? 

g     ■  Serpentis   < 

7   19  S'^  57 
7   17     8   19 

26  34  10  N. 

34    21     TO    N. 

15  6    6 

16  22    19 

-  16.38 

—  16.90 

^'      ■  Serpentis  i 

S   Coronx 
A   Librx 

7  23     8  42 

16  16    0  M. 

13  50     6 

-  16.37 

7  21  31  29 

24     I  32  N. 

14    24    10 

—    16.50 

7   '4  13  24 

44  47  32  N. 

18  37  36 

-  18.41 

7  27  40  53 

064:!  N. 

13      3    2" 

-     17. 49 

9    Librx 

7  27     4  23 

3  29  28  N. 

13     118 

-     17-19 

38  f    Serpentis 

7   16  42  44 

40     I  26  N. 

17     4  32 

-    17-76 

^     Y  Scorpii  \   ' 

"^  }     .       I-         : 

8     0  21     8 

8  34     6  S. 

12  57  59 

—     18.9; 

8     0     8  48 

5  26  45  S. 

12  41    19 

-    18.53 

r,     LupiS 

8     2  5S  45 

17  25     7  S. 

13  41    16 

—    21.17 

48  i.  Librx 

7  27  36  16 

6    6  4?  N. 

12  41     4 

-     17.22 

y    Serpentis 

7  19  56    3 

35  17     6  N. 

15  29     6 

-    17-45 

i    Scorpii            -              -    • 

7  29  4^>  37 

I  57  26  S. 

12   29   18 

-    18.13 

^   Urfx  Minor  - 

3  24  28  17 

75     7  ^6  N. 

124  52     4 

-    84.^8 

1'  Librx 

7  28  30  48 

9  15  44  N. 

12   13   27 

-    17-34 

ir   Serpentis 

7  19  19  37 

42  28  32  N. 

16  25   22 

-     18.W 

i< 


LONGITUDE. 


N;imes  of  Stars. 

Longitude. 

Latitude. 

Angle  of 
Polition. 

Annual 
Variation. 

S.     D.     M.     s. 

D.    M.     s. 

D.    M.    s. 

-S. 

^  Scorpii 

3     0  23  42 

I      2     8  N. 

12      1   35 

—      l^.rXi 

9  i'  Scorpii 

8     0  52   32 

0  14  28  N. 

II    54  40 

—      1S.22 

6    Draconis 

^5   '3  53     « 

74  26  47  N. 

48  50     2 

-    33-59 

>     Scorpii 

8     I  50  55 

I  39  47  N. 

II    27    21 

-      ''<-32 

h    Ophmciii 

7  29  30  23 

17  16  35  N. 

II  40  33 

-    17-52 

1 8        Scorpii 

8     0  41   31 

12  45  17  N. 

II  20  50 

—    17.70 

1    Oplmichi 

8     0  42  35 

J  6  27  49  N. 

II   15  53 

-    17-71 

0-   Scorpii 

8     5     0  25 

4    0  27  S. 

10  42  25 

-    19-56 

y    Herculis 

7  26  24  51 

40     I  51  N. 

13  3'  32 

-    1S.97 

T    Herculis 

7   II  32  54 

65  50  58  N. 

25  48  24 

—    26.14 

Antares 

8     6  58     9 

4  32  29  S. 

9  58  45 

—    20.05 

(J  Ophiuclu 

8     5  52  26 

5  13  39  N. 

9  45  24 

—    18.87 

lO  A    Ophiuclu 

8     2  47  46 

23  35  14  N- 

10  29  54 

-    1S.18 

n    Draconis 

6  11   35     4 

78  26  57  N. 

56     6  42 

-    38-^9 

;S  Herculis 

7  28  17  41 

42  43  48  N. 

13     2  20 

—    19.61 

29  /;    Herculis 

8      I   26   12 

33     I  34  N. 

II    13    16 

-    18.66 

T    Scoi-pii 

8     8  39  48 

6    5  25  S. 

9  25  32 

—    20.64 

^   Ophiuchi 

8     6  26     0 

II   25     4  N. 

9  i8  28 

-    18.65 

0-   Herculis 

7  20  25  20 

63  II     2  N. 

20  14  57 

-    25.11 

15  A  Draconis 

8     2  24  58 

81     2     I  N. 

96  21     7 

-    5'-9i 

i^   Herculis 

7  28  42   19 

53     7  12  N. 

14     6  47 

-    21.94 

r,    Herculis 

7  ^5  57  54 

60  19  10  N. 

16  44  31 

-    24.14 

I    Scorpii 

8  12  34  28 

11  41   24  S. 

8  15  41 

-    22.55 

^:}  Scorpii  I :     : 

8  13  21  43 
8   13   27   15 

15  23  40  S. 
15  20  58  S. 

8   17     3 
8  14    9 

—  23-69 

-  23.70 

'         >  Ophiuchi  < 
27   K            ^   _           (_ 

8     7  51     8 
8     9     2  45 

32  31  58  N. 
31  53    0  N. 

8  46  57 
8   18  24 

—  19.26 

-  19-31 

£    Herculis 

8     5  31  45 

Si  16  28  N. 

II     7  20 

—    22.40 

«    Ophiuchi 

8  15  10  24 

7  13   13  N. 

648 

—    20.03 

21   /J.  Draconis 

7  21  56    8 

76  15  20  N. 

25  20     7 

-    33-53 

K  Herculis 

8  13   21   21 

37   18  44  N. 

6  46  11 

—    20.10 

^   Herculis 

8   II  57  53 

47  43  21  N. 

7  49  26 

-    21.50 

I    Urfe  Minor  - 

3     6  19  53 

73  53  52  N. 

160  45  46 

—  146.12 

TT  Herculis 

8     9  16     I 

59  34  45  N. 

10   10  22 

-    24.43 

22  f  Draconis 

5  19  17  28 

84  52  54  N. 

88  47  30 

-    49-83 

•    Ophiuchi 

8  18     5  47 

2     3  37  N. 

5     ^-S(> 

—    20. 89 

53  V    Serpentis 

8  17  29  SS 

10  17  34  N. 

5     4     4 

—     20. Ol 

6    Ophiuchi 

8   .8  36    5 

I  48  47  S. 

4  58   22 

-    21.51 

70        Herculis 

8  13  59  II 

47  31   11  N. 

6  56  44 

—    21.56 

75  f    Herculis 

8   12  34  27 

60    9  15  N. 

8  37  35 

-    24.72 

3**^  I[     {•  Scorpii  ■}    " 

8  21    13     8 
S  21  47  30 

13  58  45  S. 
13  45  36  s. 

4  22  20 
4     4  44 

-  24.66 

—  24.63 

K   Ophiuchi 

8   19  3S  39 

35  52  37  N. 

4  12  30 

—    20.28 

^  Draconis 

8998 

75   18   14  N. 

13  26  52 

-    32-48 

i    Serpentis 

8  21  45   27 

7  58     5  N. 

3  23  33 

—    20.51 

57   fx  Ophiuchi 

8  21   31   34 

15  14  34  N. 

3   23  49 

—    20.00 

v'  Draconis 

8     7  ^7  38 

78  10    5  N. 

15  33  46 

-    34-83 

»■'  Draconis 

8     7  31  57 

78    9  38  N. 

15  30  37 

-    34-83 

x.    Scorpii 
(S  Ophiuchi 

8  23  40  39 

15  37     2  S. 

3  13  51 

-    25.47 

8  22  32  48 

27  57  35  N. 

2  58  14 

-    19-94 

LONGITUDE. 


Names  of  Stars. 

Longitude. 

Latitude. 

Angle  of 
Polition. 

Annual 
Variation. 

S.    D.    M.    s. 

D.     M.     £. 

D.    M.     S. 

s. 

1462  I    Scorpii 

8  2+  43  53 

16  41  II  s. 

2    44    14 

— 

25.96 

1    Herculis 

8   .7     J   .8 

69  17  38  N. 

7  22  32 

— 

28.68 

•y  Tck-fcopi 

8  25     7   24 

13  35  42  S. 

2  25  41 

— 

24.91 

y  Opliiuthi 

8  23  50  27 

26     8  40  N. 

2  27     6 

— 

19.94 

■jt  Draconis 

4    9  -4  37 

86  53  42  N. 

135  31  45 

— 

55.20 

ft  Herculis 

8     22     2"^     2  ^ 

51   10  33  N. 

3  23  21 

_ 

22.53 

64  1    Ophiuchi 

8  26  57  39 

13  42    0  N. 

"   'i  39 

— 

20.27 

6  Herculis 

8  25  41     7 

60  42  43  N. 

2     9  29 

— 

25.12 

^  Scrpentis 

8  27   19  35 

19  46  49  N. 

I     3  59 

— 

21.03 

%  Herculis 

8  26  24  1 1 

52  42  55  N. 

I  33  28 

— 

22.92 

32  1   Draconis 

8  21  55  38 

80  18  14  N. 

5  52  43 



36.61 

67  0-  Opliiuchi 

8   27   23    13 

26  24    0  N. 

I     2  30 

— 

2C.02 

68  K  Ophiuchi 

8  27  41    13 

24  46  49  N. 

0  55  16 

— 

20.C0 

7  Draconis 

8  25   10  46 

74  57     4  N- 

3     4  57 

— 

32.12 

7'  Sagittarii 

8  28  18  13 

6     7     2  S. 

0  46  36 

— 

22.99 

y'  Sagittarii 

8  28  28   15 

6  57     3  S. 

0  42  21 



23-'9 

95       Herculis 

8  27  42     7 

45     3  38  N. 

0  59     3 

— 

21.51 

70  P  Ophiuchi 

8  28  42  25 

26     I    18  N. 

0  30  55 

— 

20.03 

34  4-'  Draconis 

3     I     5  33 

84  30  38  N. 

178  35  25 

— 

64.83 

103  0    Herculis 

8  29  54  :7 

52  12  44  N. 

0    2  31 

— 

22.82 

f<'  Sagittarii 

9     0  25   12 

2  22  13  N. 

0  10  45 

+ 

21.45 

^  Telelcopi 

9     0  50  27 

13  20  25  S. 

0  25     6 

•f 

24-90 

^^f    1  Sagittarii  -^             \ 

9     1  47     3 
9     2   17   12 

6  26  29  S. 
II     0  59  S. 

0  49  10 

1  6  15 

+ 
4- 

23-06 
24.24 

■n  Serpentis 

9     2  s'^  21 

20  30  10  N. 

I     9  53 

4- 

20.01 

IC9       Herculis 

9    4  59  47 

45    5  32  N. 

2       8    21 

4- 

21.49 

X  Sagittarii 

9     3  3'   32 

2    5  48  S. 

I   33  17 

+ 

22.32 

I   m  Aquilx 

9    6  13  37 

14  57  59  N. 

2  30    8 

+ 

20.1  I 

44  X  Draconis 

2  13  30  14 

83  32    0  N. 

157  43  42 

+ 

66.68 

a.  LyrsE 

9  12  30  42 

61  44  44  N. 

6  20  17 

4- 

25-38 

9  Sagittarii 

9     7  23     6 

3  ^S  41  S. 

3   '7  55 

4- 

22.26 

/    Aquilae 

9    9  35  21 

18  12  ^^  N. 

3  49    4 

4- 

19.83 

23  5   Urfae  Minor  - 

2  28  24  13 

69  ^^  17  N. 

169  20  29 

4- 

32935 

III        Herculis 

9  12     4  25 

41     2  20  N. 

5     I  25 

4- 

20.74 

iS  Lyra 

9  16     6  20 

Sd     0  38  N. 

7  34  51 

4- 

23-48 

(7  Sagittarii 

9    9  35  25 

?  '5     ^  ^T- 

4  15'  8   • 

4- 

21.98 

6-  Serpentis 

9  12  57  48 

26    54    TO    N. 

5     3  14 

4- 

19.65 

I'-  Lyres 

9  18  53  45 

59  20  33  N. 

9  15     0 

4- 

24.41 

0    Draconis 

10  12  11  43 

80  49  15  N. 

31  ,26     6 

4- 

38.16 

1^  Sagittarii 

9  »o  5°  49 

7    9    4  S. 

4  58   17 

4- 

22.59 

f    Aquils 

9  15  28  56 

37  35  51  N. 

6  :8  45 

4- 

20.20 

12  i    AquiljE 

9  13  15  29 

16  52  27  N. 

5   16     8 

4- 

19.62 

y  Lyrae 

9  19     8  47 

SS     2  17  N 

8  54    4 

4- 

23.11 

n    Sagittarii 

9   12   II  49 

0  53  30  N. 

5  12  24 

4- 

21.02 

50       Draconis 

2     9  35  22 

80  22  34  N. 

147     5  31 

-f- 

76.21 

T    Sagittarii 

9  12     2  41 

5    2  46  s. 

5  23  51 

4- 

22.01 

,\  Antinoi 

9  14  32  43 

'•7  35  48  N. 

5  45  48 

4- 

19.50 

^  Aquill 

9  17     0  46 

36  13     2  N. 

6  53     2 

4- 

19.97 

52  V   Draconis 

I   17  38  29 

83  12  12  N. 

'24  23  13 

4- 

59-67 

-  Sas'i'^arii 

9  '3   27  31 

I   28     3  N. 

5  42  35 

4- 

20.80 

LONGITUDE. 


' 

Names  of  Stars. 

Longitude. 

Latitude. 

Angle  of 
Pofition. 

Annual 
Variations. 

S.     D.    M.     S. 

n.    ^^.   s. 

D.    M.     S. 

s. 

J  Dracoiiis        -             -  , 

0    14   31    38 

82  52  55  N. 

87  46  1 1 

+    49-39 

X  Cygni 

10    12    10    30 

73  49     J  N. 

26    22    45 

+    31.60 

J  Aquila: 

9    20    50       2 

24  50  26  N. 

8    9     5 

4-    1S.96 

60  T  Dracoiiis 

I    52    14    32 

80  40    9  N. 

1*3  35  12 

-1-    64.30 

V  Draconis 

0    c  45   19 

81  49  50  N. 

72  33     8 

+    45-o8 

6       Viilpis 

9  26  44  30 

45  53  14  N. 

II  20    8 

-j-    20.61 

^  Cygni 

9  2S  28  41 

4S  59  26  N. 

12  21  58 

-f    21.12 

/^jAquiisI  ;     : 

9  24    0  50 
9  22     3  56 

28  41  31  N. 
14  22   17  N. 

9  23  46 

8  40   :!8 

-^    j8.8i 

-r     18-7: 

1   Antinoi 

9  23     2  58 

20     2  1 2  N. 

8  58   25 

+    1 8.6 1 

6  Cygni 

10  15  5s  32 

69  37   =5  N. 

26  16  24 

4-    28.56 

a  Sagittce 

9  ^^  17  34 

38  49     4  N. 

11  25     6 

+    1935 

B            -  _          - 

9  28  25  ^  I 

38  14  42  N. 

II   26     2 

+    1926 

61   5-  Draconis 

Q    28     18    29 

80  55  12  N. 

96  46  59 

+    52.10 

y  Aqiulx 

9  iS     9  12 

31   16     7  N. 

11     012 

+    '854 

1  Cygni 

10  13   29  a6 

64  25  50  N. 

22  39  29 

+    25.56 

«  Aquilac 

9  28  57   12 

29  18  50  N. 

II   14    7 

4-    18.29 

n  Antinoi 

9  27  38  51 

21  32  53  N. 

10  38  S5 

+    18.05 

(S  Aqiiila: 

9  29  3S  33 

26  42  39  N. 

II  25  13 

-J-    18.02 

■)'  SagittjE 

JO    4  15  34 

39  12  49  N- 

13  42  40 

+    18,77 

S  Antinoi 

10     2     7  30 

iS  45     3  N. 

12   13  44 

+    17-29 

>   Capricorni  -{ 
2  a  )         '^               I 

10    0  58  39 
10     I     3  51 

7     0  44  N. 
6  57   18  N. 

12     8  54 
12   10  53 

+    17-49 
+    17.48 

3°  "'  Cygni           - 

10  25   17  36 

63  42  33  N. 

28   14  13 

+    24.59 

/5  Capricorni 

10     I   15  II 

4  36  46  N. 

12   22   26 

+     17-52 

7  Cygni 

10    22      5      5 

57     8  23  N. 

24    4  15 

4-    21.60 

41    .  Cygni 

10  17  56  45 

47  28     I  N. 

19  54  11 

4-    18.80 

L  ■  Delphinis  <~ 

10  1 1   16  45 
10  12  58  34 

29    5  40  N. 

32  10  23  N. 

15  30  I J 

16  14  15 

4-     1 6-49 
+    16.58 

71         Aquilx 

10    8  55  45 

16  48  33  N. 

14  29  51 

+    15-99 

^7 

10  13  33  18 

31  56  26  N. 

16  25   12 

4-     16.45 

a  \  Delphinis     - 

ic  14  S5  52 

33     s  S\  N. 

16  50  35 

4-    16.43 

c 

10  15  20  21 

31  57  48  N. 

17     0     2 

4.    16.16 

B.  Cygni 

11     2  34  45 

59  55    °  N. 

29  44  54 

4-    21.94 

1  Aquarii 

10    8  S5  54 

8     6  12  N. 

14  43  47 

+     15-75 

-/  Delphinis 

10  16  35  47 

32  43  49  N. 

17  27  50 

4-    16.05 

£  Cygni 

10  24  56  24 

49  25  35  N. 

22  50     I 

+     18.45 

54  X  Cygni 

10  26  58  56 

51   37  32  N. 

24  '7  53 

+    18.92 

»i  Ccphei 

0     I  46  5O 

71  44  42  N. 

55  j8     7 

+    3'-53 

fi  Aquarii 

10  10  15  58 

8  15  39  N. 

15     8  13 

+     '5-45 

58    »  Cygni 

II     3  22  57 

54  55  -7  N- 

27  52  *3 

+     19-.59 

62   1  Cygm 

10     8     2  41 

56  35  23  N. 

30  24  19 

+    19-59 

y  Equulei 

10    20   38    40 

25   12  31  N. 

18  10  55 

+    14-30 

(  Cygni 

11       0    16    20 

43  42  3^-  N- 

23  23  21 

+    iJ-93 

!}  E^l^^^*^'    {  '.              I 

10    21    40      0 
10    20    19  46 

24  46    2  N. 
20     8  42  N. 

18  26  51 
17  54  16 

4-    I4-C3 
+     13-83 

T  Cygni 

n     5  49     2 

50  32  36  N. 

27     7  56 

4-     17-23 

67  c-  Cygni 

11     7  35  18 

51  30    5  N. 

28    5  12 

+-     17-32 

.  Pegafi 

10  27  31   26 

33  >7  5°  ^> 

20  48  20 

+    14.10 

^  Equulei 

10  22  38  51 

21     2  48  N. 

18  33  29 

4-    13-40 

0  Cephei 

0  10    2     3 

CS  54  41  N. 

55  55     0 

4-    28.13 

^  Capricorni 

10  14     8  28 

6  58  15  S. 

'7  3+  J« 

-r     14-3-^ 

LONGITUDE. 


Names  of  Stars. 

Longitude. 

Latitude. 

Angle  of 
Pofition. 

Annual 
Variation. 

S.    D.    M.      S. 

D.   M.     s.         • 

D.    M.    s. 

s. 

0  Aquarii 

10  20  36  16 

»  37  SI  N. 

18     2   24 

+ 

12.87 

F  Capricorni     - 

lO    17     24    10 

4  51  29  S. 

18   13     8 

4- 

13-30 

|9  Cephei 

I        2    48    38 

71     8     7  N. 

74  33  52 

+ 

3587 

«  Cygni              - 

II     17    23    36 

55  II  38  N. 

33     9     5 

+ 

17.4S 

y  Capricorni 

10    18    59    14 

2  32     6  S. 

1822   12 

+ 

12. 8y 

givrlp.   Pifcis  Auris   - 

10    14    27       0 

18  18  J3  S. 

19  38   15 

4 

14-43 

c    Pegafi 

10    29       5    58 

22     6  47  N. 

20  14  15 

+ 

12.02 

t'  Cygni 

II   25  31  47 

58  52  40  N. 

38  24  39 

+ 

18.52 

F  Cygni 

11     7  40  24 

39  31  32  N. 

24  37   II 

+ 

'3-37 

X   Pogafi 

II     6     8  53 

36  39    9  N. 

23  3t!  23 

+ 

12.98 

lo  5  Pifcis  Auris  - 

10  15  48  5+ 

1632  II   S. 

19  38     7 

4- 

13-84 

.?  Capricorni     - 

10    20   44    2J 

2  33  50  S. 

18  48  41 

+ 

12.30 

y  Gruis 

10   14  36  38 

23     I  46  s. 

20  52  31 

+ 

14.46 

a  Aquarii 

II     0  33  4> 

10  43  34  N. 

20  17  48 

4- 

10-35 

1    Aquarii 

10  25  jy  32 

2     3  45  S- 

19  57     2 

4- 

10.69 

14 //veil  Pifcis  Auris  - 

TO    19    18    38 

20    3  43  S. 

21   20  48 

4- 

12.36 

24  >    Pegafi 

II  II  36  51 

34  16    7  N- 

24  30  33 

+ 

11.17 

26  6  Pegafi 

II     4     I  57 

16  21  25  N. 

21      4   lO 

4- 

10.04 

31  ^    Cephei 

0  II   13   12 

61     8  32  N. 

46  ro  39 

4- 

17-93 

9    Aquarii 

II     0  27  58 

2  43   21  N. 

20  31   19 

+ 

9.64 

f    Cephei 

0  10  16     2 

59  57   19  N- 

44  ii  54 

4- 

10.87 

y    Aquarii 

II     3  55-     5 

8  14  54  N 

20  58  31 

+ 

9.14 

IT  Aquarii 

11     5  48  30 

10  29    3  N. 

21   17  ,58 

4- 

8.85 

f  Aquarii 

II     6    6  37 

8  51  30  N. 

21   21   19 

4- 

8.58 

$  Pifcis  Auris  - 

10  24  22  ^2 

SI  20  44  S. 

22  48     7 

4- 

10. !2 

5  Lacerla: 

0     2  27  54 

51  24  15  N. 

iS  -(>  48 

4- 

12.19 

27  1  Cephei 

0  14  51     9 

59  31  58  N. 

45  3S    3 

4- 

15-45 

7       LacertsB 

0     5  22  24 

53  17  29  N. 

37  24  25 

4- 

12.58 

»!   Aquarii 

11     736  39 

8    9  38  N. 

21  36  31 

4- 

8.05 

y  vcl  E    Pifcis  Auris  - 

10  28  31  40 

17  15  25  s. 

22  38  21 

+ 

8.72 

^  Pegafi 

11   13  21  47 

17  41   19  N. 

22  46  46 

+ 

7.65 

»    Pegafi 

II   22  56  27 

55    6  39  N. 

26  54  45 

4- 

8-43 

A  Pegafi 

II  20  15  34 

28  46  24  N. 

25     8     9 

4- 

7.68 

M-  Pegafi 

11    31    36       1 

29  23  43  N. 

25  27     I 

4 

7-43 

X  Aquarii 

11     8  46  55 

0  22  48  S. 

22    3   12 

+ 

6.72 

1  Cephei 

1     0  30  26 

62  36  10  N. 

54  43  5^ 

+ 

15.78 

S  Aquarii 

11     6    4  49 

8  10  49  S. 

22  21   29 

4- 

6.81 

Fomalhaut    - 

II     0  58  40 

21   14  44  S. 

23  SS  20 

4- 

7-34      ■■ 

0   Andromedas 

.0    5     0  43 

43  44  49  N. 

31  50  51 

4- 

7.70   .  • 

/S  Pifcium 

II   ly  47  49 

"■9    3  38  N. 

22  44     8 

i- 

5-7' 

/S  Pegafi 

II   26  34  57 

31     8  19  N. 

26  29  45 

4- 

6-37 

^      a  Pegafi 

II   20  41  59 

19  24  47  N. 

23  54  22 

+ 

5-79 

88  f"  Aquarii 

II     7   12  52 

14  28  51   S. 

23  22   14 

4- 

5-71 

?>  Aquarii 

II   14  20  52 

I     2     5  S. 

22  43  ;.5 

+ 

4.88      . 

7  Pifciutn 

II   18  37  28 

7  16  39  N. 

22  59  46 

4- 

4.61 

'^M     .      ,  V    - 

0  15  31   27 

43  47  25  N. 

33     6  23 

4- 

3-99 

17  1     VAndromedse  < 

0  13  "18  4j 

41     I  20  N. 

31  31     9  - 

4- 

3-71 

19  "  J                        I       - 

0  14  31  23 

41  \z  44  N. 

31  56  28 

4- 

3-51 

y  Cephei 

I  27   18  29 

64  38  21  N. 

67  16  42 

4- 

10.74     • 

29       Pifcium 

II  26  25     y 

2  57  30  S. 

23  5S  57 

4- 

0.74 

33       Pifcium 

II  26     8  5  J 

5  46  12  S. 

23  zs  13 

4- 

C43 

OS  AndromedEE 

0  II  31   36 

25  41  47  N. 

26  13  12 

4- 

0.19 

/3  Caffiopex 

1     2  "ig  23 

51   13  3°  ^• 

39  28  54 

4- 

0.23 

Sitahan  and  Prefion. 


L  O  N 


L  O  N 


Longitude,  Angle  of.     See  Angle. 
Longitude,  Argument  of.     See  Argument. 
Longitude,   Circles  of.     See  Circle. 
Longitude,  Degrees  of.     See  Degree. 
Longitude,  Parallax  of.     See  Parallax. 
Longitude,  Refradlon  of     See  Refraction. 
Longitude  of  Motion,  \%  ufed  by  Dr.  Wallis  for  the  mea- 
fure  of  motion,  eftimated  according   to   the  line  of  direc- 
tion ;  on  which  principle,  longitude  of  motion  is  the  diftance, 
or  length,  which  the    centre   of    any  moving  body    runs 
through,  as  it  moves  on  in  a  right  line. 

The  fame  author  calls  the  meafure  of  any  motion,  efti- 
mated according  to  the  line  of  direftion  of  the  vis  motrix, 
the  altitude  of  it. 

BeUini  alfo  ufes  the  terms  longitude  and  altitude  in  the 
fame  fenfe,  in  many  places  of  his  writings,  which  an  ordinary 
reader  finds  hard  to  underftand,  for  want  of  this  interpreta- 
tion. By  altitude  alfo  in  his  19th  propofition  De  Febribus, 
he  makes  the  thicknefs  of  the  vifcid  matter  in  the  blood-vef- 
fels  ;  or  the  greateft  length  a  vifcid  particle  is  extended  into, 
from  the  fide  of  a  canal  to  its  axis. 

LONGITUDINALIS  Sinus,  a  name  given  to  two  of 
the  venous  cavities  of  the  dura  mater  ;  they  are  diilinguifhed 
by  the  epithets  fuperior  and  inferior.     See  Vein. 

LONGJUMEAU,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Seine  and  Oife,  and  chief  place  of  a 
canton,  in  the  diilrift  of  Corbeil  ;  10  miles  S.  of  Paris. 
The  place  contains  1434,  and  the  canton  13,650  inhabit- 
ants, on  a  territory  of  4-i  kiliometres,  in  2 J  communes. 

LONGNESS  Point,  a  cape  on  the  S.  coaft  of  the  Ifle 
of  Man  ;    10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Douglas. 

LONGOBARDO,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citra  ;   10  miles  S.W.  of  Cofenza. 

LONGOBUCO,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citra  ; 
14  miles  S.  of  Rofano. 

LONGOMONTANUS,  Christian,  in  Biography,  an 
eminent  Danifh  aftronomer,  fon  of  a  labouring  peafant,  was 
born  at  Longomontium,  a  village  in  Jutland,  whence  he  took 
his  furname,  in  the  year  1562.  His  father  was  anxious  to 
afford  him  a  good  education,  but  dying  before  he  was  eight 
years  of  age,  he  was,  committed  to  the  care  of  an  uncle,  who 
finding  the  expence  devolved  on  him  by  the  lad  more  than 
he  could  bear,  advifed  him  to  return  to  his  mother,  and  to 
earn  his  living  by  the  fweat  of  his  brow.  The  youth,  who 
fhewed  a  great  inclination  for  learning,  was  mortified  at  the 
propofal,  but  not  wholly  difheartened  ;  he  returned  to  the 
labours  of  an  agricultural  life,  and  at  the  fame  time  improved 
_  every  leifure  moment  in  acquiring  ufeful  knowledge.  At 
length  he  was  driven,  by  the  jealoufies  of  his  brothers,  to 
quit  his  home,  and  he  fought  an  afylum  at  Wiburg,  where 
there  was  a  college.  Here  he  fpent  eleven  years,  and  made 
great  progrefs  in  the  mathematical  fciences,  though  he  was 
at  the  fame  time  obliged  to  fupport  himfelf  by  his  induftry. 
From  Wiburg  he  went  to  Copenhagen,  and  became  an  af- 
Cftant  to  Tycho  Brahe,  with  whom  he  continued  eight 
years.  During  this  perod,  he  afforded  Tycho  much  affift- 
ance  in  obferving  the  heavens  and  in  his  calculations,  and 
was  fo  accurate  and  laborious,  and  at  the  fame  time  fo  Ikil- 
ful,  that  he  became  the  confidential  friend  of  that  great  man. 
At  length  he  returned  to  his  native  country,  with  the  higheft 
recommendations  from  Tycho,  who  fumilhed  him  with  mo- 
ney to  defray  the  expenc&s  of  fo  long  -a  journey.  He  tra- 
velled through  Poland,  in  order  that  he  might  have  a  fight 
of  the  place  which  witneffed  Copernicus's  aftronomical  la- 
bours. At  Copenhagen  he  met  with  a  noble-hearted  patron 
in  the  chancellor  Chriftian  Friis,  who  afforded  him  an  ho- 
nourable employment  in  his  family.  In  160C  he  wasnomi- 
VoL.  XXI. 


nated  to  a  profefTorfhip  of  mathematics  in  the  univerfity  of 
Copenhagen,  a  fituation  which  had  ever  been  the  objeft  of 
his  higheft  ambition,  and  for  which  his  genius  and  talents  pe- 
cuharly  qualified  him  ;  and  he  difcharged  the  duties  of  it 
with  the  greateft  ability,  and  higheft  reputation,  till  his 
death,  which  took  place  in  1647,  when  he  was  about  the 
age  of  eighty-five.  He  was  author  of  many  valuable 
works,  of  which  the  moft  diilinguifhed  is  entitled  "  Aftro- 
nomia  Danica,"'  which  contains  all  the  great  difcoveries  of 
Regiomontanus,  Purbach,  and  Tycho  Brahe.  The  titles  of 
his  other  works  are  given  in  Hutton's  Diftionary.  Obfcure 
as  his  native  place  and  father  were,  he  contrived  to  immor- 
talize both,  by  taking  his  name  from  the  village,  and  in  the 
title-page  to  fome  of  his  works,  calling  himfelf  Severini 
filius,  his  father's  name  being  Severin,  or  Severinus 

LONGOTOMA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Chili,  on  the 
N.  fide  of  a  river  of  the  fame  name,  that  runs  into  the  Pa- 
cific ocean,  S.  lat.  31-  30'.  The  town  is  diftant  84  miles 
S.  from  Coquimbo. 

LONGSPIEL,  a  very  ancient  mufical  inftrument,  found 
by  fir  Jofeph  Banks  and  Dr.  Solander  in  Iceland,  when 
they  vifited  that  country  in  1773.  This  inftrument,  of  a 
long  and  narrow  form,  and  ftrung  with  four  itrings  of 
copper,  is  extremely  rude  and  clumfy.  One  of  the  four 
ftrings  is  ufed  as  a  drone,  the  reft  are  played  with  a  bow. 
Pieces  of  wood  are  placed  at  different  diftances  on  the 
finger-board,  to  ferve  as  frets.  It  feems,  indeed,  to  have 
been  the  primitive  idea  of  a  fiddle,  and  is  a  proof  that 
the  ufe  of  the  bow,  that  wonderful  engine,  which  the  an- 
cients, with  all  their  ingenuity  and  mufical  refinements,  had 
never  been  able  to  difcover,  and  which  has  been  rendered  fo 
miraculous,  was  known  by  the  Scalds  in  Iceland,  at  leaft  as 
early  as  in  any  other  part  of  Europe.     See  Scalds. 

LONG-TAN,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Corea ;  42 
miles  S.  of  Hetfin. 

LONG-TCHANG  CHING,  a  town  of  China,  in 
Chang-tong  ;   IJ  miles  E.  of  Tci-nan. 

LONG-TCHIAN,  a  raounuin  of  Thibet.  N.  lat.  27° 
48'.     E.  long.  86    39'. 

LONG-TCHUEN,  a  town  of  Corea;  55  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Han-tcheou. 

LONGTOWN,  a  market  town  in  the  parifh  of  Arthu- 
ret  and  ward  of  Efkdale,  in  the  county  of  Cumberland, 
England,  is  fituated  on  the  borders  of  Scotland,  near  the 
conflux  of  the  rivers  Ellc  and  Liddel,  g  miles  diftant  from 
Carlifle,  and  313  N.  from  London.  Thehoufesare  moftly 
built  in  the  modern  ftyle,  and  fome  of  the  ftreets  are  regular 
and  fpacious.  At  the  north-end  of  the  town  is  a  (tone 
bridge  over  the  Eflf.  Longtov.n  was  returned  to  parlia- 
ment, in  the  year  180 1,  as  containing  176  houfes,  inhabited 
by  1335  perfons,  of  whom  648  were  Itated  to  be  employed 
in  trades  and  manufaftures.  A  market  is  held  on  Thurf- 
days ;  gnd  two  fairs  annually.  Longtown  Hands  in"  the 
midft  of  the  eftate  of  fir  James  Graham,  of  Nethcrby, 
whofe  predecefTor,  Dr.  Robert  Graham,  may  be  confidered 
as  having  been  the  principal  caufe  of  the  profperous  ttate  of 
this  part  of  Cumberland.  Under  his  patronage  Longtown 
became  populous  ;  and  by  conflruding  the  little  harbour  at 
Sai-kfoot,  he  furniflied  the  people  with  an  eafy  mode  of 
exporting  their  produce  and  fupplying  ihemfclves  with  ne- 
ceifaries. 

Netherby,  the  feat  of  fir  James  Graham,  is  much  cele- 
brated in  the  topographical  annals  of  this  county,  from 
the  vaft  improvements  that  were  made  here  during  the  latter 
part  of  the  lafl  century  ;  nor  is  it  lefs  interefling  to  the  an- 
tiquary from  the  aflemblage  of  Roman  remains  that  have 
been  here  preferved  ;  and  trom  its  having  been  a  Roman 
3  E  ftation. 


L  O  N 

tiathn.  'the  manfion,  which  (lands  on  an  eminenee  near 
the  river  E(k,  was  erefted  by  the  late  Dr.  Graham,  about 
the  year  1760,  but  has  been  .much  improved  by  the  prefent 
proprietxir.  It  is  elegantly  fitted  up;  and  contains  a  va- 
luable colh-fliou  of  ancient  and  modern  medals,  and  a  li- 
brary fiirnifiicd  with  a  feledtion  of  clafTic  and  other  valuable 
authors.  The  gardens  and  plcafure  grounds  are  difpofed 
with  much  talle  and  judgment.  Beauties  of  England  and 
Wales,  vol.  iii. 

LONGUE',  a  town  of  France,  in  the 'department  of  tlie 
Maine  and  Loire,  and  chief  place  of  a  caiiton,  in  the  dif- 
tria  of  Bau^e  ;  10  miles  S.  of  Bauge.  The  place  contains 
5003,  and  the  canton  13,935  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of 
280  kiliometres,  in  17  cominunas. 

LoNfll'E,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the  Indian  fca  ;  10  miles 
N.  of  Mauritius. 

LONGUEiL,  ClllU.STOiHF.11  DU,  in  r.lograhhy,  born  at 
Mechlin'in  1488,  was  natural  fon  of  Antony  Jc  Loirgned, 
billiopof  Leon,  and  chancellor  of  Anne,  queen  of  Brctagnc. 
He  was  taken  to  Paris  while  he  was  very  young,  and  care- 
fully educated  in  clalFical  learning  and  the  fcienccs.  After 
this  he  tludied  the  law,  pratftifed  in  the  profeffion,  and  ob- 
tained the  place  of  a  counfellor  in  parliament.  He  travelled 
into  Italy,  Spain,  England,  (iermany,  and  Switzerland,  for 
the  purpofe  of  improvement.  At  Rome  he  made  an  ha- 
rangue before  pope  Leo  X.,  who  highly  admired  his  elo- 
quence. He  died  at  Padua,  at  the  age  of  thirty-four. 
His  works  confift  of  epiftles  and  harangues  :  they  were  pnb- 
lithed  at  Paris  in  1553,  with  his  Hfe,  by  cardinal  Pole.  He 
"acquired  a  great  reputation  among  thofe  i'cholars  in  that  age 
who  were  ambitious  of  being  the  clofe  imitators  of  the  ftyle 
of  Cicero,  and  were,  on  that  account,  termed  Ciceronians. 
Erafmus  bellows  great  praifes  on  his  genius  and  acquilitions, 
but  laments  that  all  the  force  of  his  powers  fliould  have  been 
devoted  to  this  one  objeA. 

LoNGUEIL,  in  Gi-o^ra/^-.atowndiipof  Glengary  county, 
in  Upper  Canada,  being  the  fccond  in  aicending  the  Ottawa 
river. 

LONGUEVAL,  James,  in  Biography,  a  learned  French 
Jefuit,  defcended  from  a  family  in  humble  hfe,  was  born 
near  Peronnc,  in  Picardy,  in  the  year  1680.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  grammar-learning  at  Amiens,  and  purfued  his  ma- 
turer  ftudies  at  Paris,  where  he  was  foon  diftinguidied  among 
his  fellow  (Indents  by  his  proficiency  in  learning.  In  the 
year  1699,  he  entered  into  the  foeiety  of  Jefuits,  and  after 
he«had  completed  his  tludies,  he  taught  the  belles-lettres 
at  the  college  of  La  Fleche  with  great  applanfe,  during 
about  five  years,  when  he  commenced  his  leftures  i'n  divinity 
and  the  faered  fcriptures.  He  died  in  the  year  1735,  at  the 
age  of  fifty-five.  His  reputation  as  a  writer,  is  chiefty 
founded  on  his  elaborate  hiilory  of  the  Gallican  church,  of 
which  he  lived  to  publiih  eight  volumes  :  thefe  bring  the 
hiilory  down  to  the  year  1137.  This  work  difplays  pro- 
found erudition  and  deep  refearch,  and  is  written  in  a  beau- 
tifully fimple  ilyle.  While  he  was  engaged  on  this  work  he 
was  allowed  an  annual  penfion  of  800  hvres  by  the  French 
clergy,  whole  elleem  he  had  fecured  by  his  learned  labours, 
his  piety,  and  the  amiablenefs  of  his  manners.  The  work, 
afterwards  completed  by  fathers'Brumoy  and  Berthier,made 
18  v,>ls    4to.      Morcri. 

LONGUEVILLE,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France, 
in  t.he  department  of  'the  Lower  Seine,  and  chief  place  of  a 
canton,  in  tiie  didricl  of  Dieppe;  9  miics  S.  of  Dieppe. 
The  place  contains  430,  and  the  canton  7875  inhabitants,  on 
a  territory  of  i3okihometrcs,  in  29  communes. 

LONGUS,  in  Bio!;rafhy,  author  of  a  romance  in  Greek 
prole, entitled  "Pall orals,"  and  relating  to  the  loves  of  Daph- 


L  O  N 

nis  and  Chloc,  is  fuppofed  tb  have  lived  in  the  reign  of  TheO- 
dolius  the  Great.  His  work  is  a  curious  fpecimen  of  that 
kind  of  compofition  in  its  fimpled  form,  and  is  faid  to  con- 
tain many  defcriptive  beauties  ;  but  fome  of  its  fccncs  are 
fuch  as  the  lowed  modern  vvriter  would  fcarccly  venture  to 
paint.  The  bed  editim  is  that  of  Villoifon,  Gr.  ct  Lat.  8vo. 
in  two  vols.    Paris  1778. 

LoNGUS,  Lnng,  an  epithet  given  by  Anatomjls  to  a  great 
number  of  mufcles,  hereby  coiitradidinguidied  from,  brevis. 

LoNGUs  Colli,  prK-dorfo-alloidien  of  Dumas,  is  a  mufcle 
fituated  on  th*  antirior  and  lateral  parts  of  the  bodies  of  the 
three  fir'l  vertebtcC  of  the  back,  and  the  fix  lad  ef  the 
neck.  It  extends  from  the  body  of  the  third  dorfal  verte- 
bra to  th-e  anterior  arch  of  the  atlas.  It  is  elongated, 
broad  in  the  middle,  and  pointed  at  the  ends.  On  the 
front  it  is  covered  by  the  redlus  capitis  anti:us,  the  pharynx, 
the  carotid  artery,  the  nerve  of  the  eighth  pair,  and  the  ocfo- 
phagUR.  Its  poderior  fnrface  co*ers  the  lateral  portion  of 
the  anterior  furfacc  of  the  bodies  of  the  three  iird  dorfal, 
and  fix  lad  cervical  vAtebra;,  to  which  it  is  attached,  as  well 
as  to  the  intervertebral  ligaments.  It  is  alfo  attached  to 
the  front  edge  of  the  tr^nfverie  proce(fes  of  the  five  lad 
cervical  vertebras  ;  and  it  covers  the  vertebral  artery  in 
the  intervals  of  tliefe  procclfes.  The  outer  edge  of  the 
mnfcle  is  attached  below  to  the  bodies  of  the  two  fird  dor- 
fal  vertebrse  :  here  it  is  feparated  from  the  anterior  fcalenus 
by  an  interval  in  which  the  vertebral  artery  and  vein  are 
found.  This  margin  is  then  fixed  to  the  front  of  the  tranf- 
verl'e  procelTes  of  the  five  lall  cervical  vertcbrx  ;  and  it  ia 
unattache-d  in  the  red  of  its  extent.  Tlie  internal  edge  is 
fixed  to  the  longitudinal  line,  which  may  be  oblervcd  on 
the  front  of  the  bodies  of  the  two  fiid  dorfal,  and  the  fix 
lall  cervical  vertebra-.  Between  thefe  bones  it  is  attached 
to  the  intervertebral  ligaments.  The  inferior  extremity  is 
attached  to  the  front  and  lateral  portion  of  the  body  of 
the  third  dorfal  vertebra  :  from  this  point  it  rifis  nearly 
parallel  to  that  of  the  oppofite  fide,  bccwming  larger  as  far 
as  the  middle  :  then  it  gradually  decrcafes  to  the  fnperior 
extremity.  The  latter,  joined  to  theoppr.fite  mufcle,  is  at- 
tached to  the  tubercle  of  the  anterior  arch  of  the  atlas.  It 
is  rather  difficult  to  develop  the  dnidure  of  this  mufcle  : 
its  flefliy  fibres  are  placed  obliquely  between  aponeurofes, 
fome  of  which  cover  the  anterior  furface,  both  above  and 
below,  v.ihile  others  are  fituated  in  tlie  fubttance  of  the  mnl- 
c!e.  Thefe  fibres  are  (hort,  although  the  mufcle  itftlf  is 
long.  Its  atlion  inclines  the  neck  forwards,  and  rcfids  the 
cfTarts  which  might  tend  to  carry  it  backwards. 

LONGUY,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Orne,  and  thief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the 
didrict  of.Mortagne;  9  miles  E.  of  Morfagne.  The  place 
contains  1917,  and  the  canton  7368  inhabitants,  on  a  terri- 
tory of  210  kiliometres,  in  11  communes. 

LONGUYON,  a  town  of  France,  .in  the  department  of 
the  Mofelle,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  didrlft  of 
Briey  ;  7  miles  S.W.  of  Longwy.  The  place,  in  which  is 
a  confiderable  iron  forge  and  foundery  of  cannon,  coytains 
1532,  and  the  canton  9^09  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of 
2377;  kiliometres,  in  26  commtmes.    N.  lat. /^9    37'.   E.long. 

5   40'- 

LONGWY,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
Mofelle,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  inthcdidrift  of  Briey, 
fituated  on  the  Chiers.  The  place  contains  20ll,  and  the 
canton  10,743  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  2427.  kiliometres, 
in  35:  comnuine.<;.  Tliis  place  was  merely  a  village,  (nrrounded 
with  three  ftiarp  mountains,  on  which  was  built,  by  Louis 
XIV.  a  new  town,  fortified  by  Vaubaii.     N.  lat.  49'  321'. 

E.  long- 


L  O  N 


L  O  N 


E.  lont^.  j"  ;o'. — Alfo,  3  town  of  France,  iathe  department 
of  the  Jura,  on  the  Doubs  ;  9  miles  S.  of  Dale. 

LONHANKO,  a  town  of  the  Birman  empire  ;  65  miles 
N.  of  Munchaboo. 

LONICERA,  in  Botany,  well  known  to  every  lover  of 
Britilh  poetry  by  the  name  of  Honeyliickle,  or  Woodbine, 
received  its  name  from  Linnxus  ;  the  Lon'icira  of  Plumier 
beiiio-  a  Loranthus.  This  name  is  intended  to  commemorate 
the  merits  of  an  old  phyfician  and  naturalilt,  who  lived 
durini;  the  middle  of  the  fixteeiith  century.  Adam  Lonicer, 
a  p'avlician  at  Frankfort,  was  born  at  Marbiirp,  Oft.  loth, 
15:8,  and  died  at  the  age  of  j8.  He  publilhed  two  vo- 
lumes folio,  in  Latin,  upon  the  Materia  Medka ;  and  a 
German  Herbal,  with  wooden  cuts,  which  are  occafionally 
to  be  met  with  rudely  coloured. — Few  plants  are  more  ge- 
nerally known,  or  admired,  than  feveral  fpecies  of  Honey- 
fuckle,  whofe  beauty  is  only  exceeded  by  the  exquifite  deli- 
cacy of  their  fragrancy.  Like  the  riehell  exotics  they  find 
a  place  in  every  one's  fancy,  and  though  as  common  as  al- 
moll  any  other  field  or  hedge  plant,  they  have  always  been 
held  in  the  greatell  eftimation. — Linn.  Gen.  93.  Schreb. 
128.  Willd.'^Sp.  PI.  V.  1.9S2.  Mart.Mill.  Di«.  V.  j.'Sm. 
Fl.  Brit.  260.  Ait.  Horc.  Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  i.  377.  La- 
marck Illullr.  t.  150.  (Caprifohum;  Tournef.  t.  378.  Juff. 
219.  Gsertn.  t.  27 — Periclymenum  ;  Tournef.  t.  37S. — 
Chamascerafus  ;  Tournef.  t.  379 — Xylofteon  ;  Tournef. 
t.  379.  Juff.  212. — Diervilla  ;  Tournef.  Aft.  1706.  t.  7. 
f.  J.  Dill.  Gen.  App.  154.  JulT.  211. — SympUoricarpos; 
Dill.  Hort.  Ekh.  273.  Juff.  211. — Clafs  and  order,  Pen- 
tiinilna  Munngynia.  Nat.  Ord.  jignregatie,  Linn.  Capri- 
fulia,  Julf. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  fuperior,  five-cleft,  fmall.  Cor. 
of  one  petal,  tubular  ;  tube  oblong,  gibbous  ;  hinb  in  five 
revolutc  fegments,  one  of  which  is  more  deeply  feparated. 
Stam.  Filaments  five,  awl-fliaped,  about  as  long  as  the  co- 
rolla J  anthers  oblong.  Pijl.  Germen  inferior,  roundifh  : 
ilyle  threadlhaped,  the  length  of  the  corolla  ;  iligma  ob- 
tufely  capitate.  Peric.  Berry  umbilicate,  of  two  cells.  Seeds 
roundirti,  compreffcd. 

Obf.  The  fynonyms  above  quoted  are  all  referred  by 
Linnieus  and  fucceeding  writers  to  Lon'icera,  by  whom  the 
generic  names  of  Tournefort  and  DiUenius  are  retained  for 
the  fake  of  dillinguifi-iing  the  feveral  fpecies  originally  fo 
called.  We  find  the  following  remarks  upon  their  differ- 
ences in  the  Genera  Plantarum. — CapiifoUum  has  the  lower 
fegm.ciit  of  the  limb  feparated  twice  as  deeply  as  the  reft, 
and  the  berries  diftinft. — Periclymenum  has  all  the  divifions 
of  the  corolla  equal ;  the  berries  alio  diltinft. — Chamxcerajus 
has  the  lower  divifion  of  the  corolla  twice  as  deeply  cut, 
with  two  berries  feated  upon  the  fame  bafe. — Xylojlcen  has 
the  djvifioas  of  the  corolla  almolt  equally  feparated,  and  twb 
berries  on  the  fame  bafe.  In  Symphoricarpos,  the  corolla  is 
nearly  bell-lliaped  ;  the  fruit  fimple,  two-celled,  feeds  fo- 
litary. 

L.  alplgena  and  csrulea  are  remarkable  for  having  one 
germen  tor  two  florets,  as  in  Mhchclla. 

FIT  Ch.  Corolla  of  one  petal,  irregular.  Berry  infe- 
rior, of  two  cells,  w'ith  feveral  feeds. 

Thirteen  fpecies  of  Lon'icera  are  defcribed  in  the  Species 
Pl/intan/m  o(  L.mnxus,  fixteen  in  the  Sy/l.  /^-_j.  ed.  14,  and 
twenty  by  Wiljuenow.  The  genus  is  divided  into  three 
feftioiis,  from  which  we  have  fel^fted  tlie  following  exam- 
ples. Some  of  thefe  feftions,  as  it  will  appear,  compre- 
fiend,  each  of  them,  more  than  oneof  Tournefort's  fuppofed 
genera. 

•Jeft.  I.      PericlynKna,  ftem  twining. 

J^.  Caprifoltwn,      Pale  peffoliate   lioncyfuckle.     Linn. 


Sp.  PI.  246.  Engl.  Bot.  t.  799.  Jacq.  Auflr.  t.  sj;.. 
— Flowers  ringent,  whorled,  terminal.  Leaves  deciduous  ; 
the  uppermofl  united  and  perfoliate. — Firft  known  as  a  na- 
tive of  this  country  from  being  found  by  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Relhan  at  Hinton  near  Cambridge.  It  flowers  in  May  or 
June. — Stem  fhrubby,  woody,  twining.  Branches  ncdAy  op- 
pofite,  round,  fmootb.  Almoll  all  tlie  leaves  are  combined, 
elliptical,  obtufe,  entire,  fniooth,  rather  glaucous  beneath  ; 
the  upper  ones  in  united  perfoliate  pairs,  fomewhat  orbicu- 
late,  accompanying  the  flowers.  Flowers  in  whorls,  fpreaJ- 
ing,  yellowifli,  with  a  ilefh-coloured  tube,  very  fragrant. 
Berries  of  an  orange  red,  crowned  by  the  almoft  entire 
calyx. 

L.  Periclymenum.  Common  Honcyfuckle,  or  Wood- 
bine.  Linn.  Sp.  Pl.    247.  Engl.  Bot.  t.  800.  Curt.  Lond. 

falc.  I.  t.  15.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  90b Heads  of  flowers  ovate, 

imbricated,  terminal.  Leaves  all  feparate,  deciduous.  Co- 
rolla ringent. — Found  almoil  univerfally  in  groves  and 
hedges,  flowering  in  June  and  July,  occafionally  in  the  a.\i- 
tmxin.—  Ste/n  fhrubby,  woody,  twining.  Branches  oppofite, 
round.  Lea-jcs  oppofite,  on  very  fhort  footilalkj,  elliptical, 
entire,  fometimes  pubcfcent,  glaucous  beneath.  Flonuert 
in  a  terminal  head,  fpreading  in  a  radiate  manner,  yellowifh- 
white,  and  blufii-colourcd,  very  fragrant,  and  more  particu- 
larly fo  early  in  the  evening.  Berries  red,  crowned  with, 
the  five-toothed  calyx,  bitter,  with  a  fweetifh  flavour. — 
Dr.  Smith  obferves  that  this  fpecies  is  liable  to  many  va- 
riations in  the  different  degrees  of  fmoothnefs  or  hairineft 
of  its  leaves,  fruit,  and  younger  branches  ;  and  that,  by  the 
coaft,  its  flowers  are  often  quite  green. — A  remarkable  va- 
riety fometimes  occurj  with  finuatcd,  variegated  leaves,  called 
the  Oak-leaved  Honeyfuckle. 

Setl.  2.   Chamacerafa,  Stalks  bearing  two  flowers. 

L.  Xylo/leum.  Upright  Honeyfuckle.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  248. 
Engl.  Bot.  t.  916. — Stalks  two-flowered.  Berries  diflinc\. 
Leaves  entire,  downy. — Admitted  as  an  Englifh  plant  by 
Dr.  Smith  fince  the  publication  of  his  Flora,  on  the  autho- 
rity of  Mr.  W.  Borrer,  who  found  it  "  growing  plentifully, 
and  certainly  wild,  in  a  coppice  calked  the  Hacketts,  to  the 
eaft  of  Houghton-bridge,  four  miles  from  Arundel,  SufTex." 
It  flowers  in  July. — Stem  upright,  bulhy,  much  branched. 
Leaves  oppofite,  on  footllalkf,  ovate,  clothed  with  foft 
hairs,  deciduous.  Flozvers  inodorous,  in  pairs,  on  folitary, 
axillary  (lalks,  fhorter  than  the  leaves,  yellowifli-white, 
tinged  with  red,  downy.  Berries  oval,  red,  containing  fix  or 
more  feeds. 

L.  can/lea.  Blue-berried  upright  Honeyfuckle.  Willd. 
n.  14.  Pall.  Rofi".  v.  I.  p.  I.  58.  t.  37.  Jacq.  Aullr.  App. 
t.  17. — Two  flowers  on  a  ilalk.  Berries  united,  globular. 
Styles  undivided. — A  native  of  Switzerland,  Auflria,  Sibe- 
ria, and  the  iflands  adjacent  to  America.  It  flowers  in  the 
fpring. — Stems  three  or  four  feet  high.  Branches  flender, 
covered  with  a  fniooth,  purplilh  bark,  /"/oitifrj- white,  two 
on  a  flalk.  Berries  of  a  beauiiful  blue  colour,  Gngle  and 
diilipft. — The  wood  of  L.  ccirulca  is  very  hard,  and  hand- 
fonuly  veined  with  grey  and  pale  yellow.  The  juice  of  the 
berry  flains  paper  of  a  llrong  purple  colour,  and  might  per- 
haps be  ufeful  in  dyeing. — The  buds  of  tiiis  flirub  fland  three 
together,  one  above  another,  bei;ig  provided  Icr  three  years 
beforehand.  v 

Sec\.  3.     Stcmereft.     Stalks  many-flowered. 

L.  Symphoricarpos.  Shrubby  St.  Peter's-worc.  Li:in. 
Sp.  PI.  249.  (Symphoricarpos  foliis  alatis ;  Dill.  Elth. 
371.  t.  278.  f.  360.) — Heads  of  flowers  lateral,  on  fout- 
Italks.  Leaves  nearly  feffile.  —  A  native  of  Virginia  and 
Carolina,  where  it  flowers  in  the  autumn. — Stem  aboyt 
four  feet  hi^h,  feuding  forth  many  fleuJer  Lrar.chci.  Leavfi 
3  E   2  oppolitx% 


L  O  N  I  C  E  R  A. 


oppofite,  ovate.  Ftotvirt  in  whorls,  round  the  ftalk,  fmall, 
of  a  greenifh  colour.  Berry  hollow  and  flefhy,  containing 
cartilaginous,  roundith  feeds. 

L.  DlervUla.  Yellow-flowered  upright  Honeyfuckle. 
Linn.  Sp.  PI.  249.  (DiCrvilla;  Dill.  Gen.  App.  154. 
t.  10.  Linn.  Hort.  Cliff.  63.  t.  7.)  — Heads  of  flowers  ter- 
minal. Leaves  ferratcd.  A  native  of  North  America,  and 
firft  introduced  into  Europe  by  M.  Dicrville,  a  French  fur- 
geon,  whofe  name  it  IHU  commemorates.  It  flowers  from' 
May  to  September. — Stem  about  three  feet  high.  Bark  of 
a  reddifh  colour.  Leaves  oppofite,  (lightly  ferrated,  pointed. 
Floivers  fmall,  pale  yellow,  two  or  three  together  at  each 
divifion  of  the  bunch.  Berries  oval,  black,  with  one  hard 
feed  in  each  cell.  They  feldom,  however,  come  to  maturity 
in  this  country. 

LoNicERA,  in  Gi7r</fnjn^,  contains  plants  of  the  deciduous, 
flotvering,  flirubby,  and  evergreen  kinds  ;  of  which  the 
fpecies  moftly  cultivated  are,  the  black-berried  upright 
honeyfuckle  (L.  nigra)  ;  the  Tartarian  upright  honey- 
fuckle (L.  Tatarica)  ;  the  fly  honeyfuckle  (L.  xylofteum)  ; 
the  Pyrenean  upright  honeyfuckle  (L.  Pyrenaica)  ;  the 
red-herricd  upright  honeyfuckle  (L.  alpigena)  ;  the  blue- 
berried  upright  honeyfuckle  (L.  carulea)  ;  the  (hrubby  St. 
Peter's-wort  (L.  fymphorirarpos)  ;  the  yellow-flowered 
upright  honeyiuck  e  (L.  dicrvilla)  ;  the  conmon  honey- 
fuckle (L.  periclymenum)  ;  the  Italian  honeyfuckle  (L. 
caprifolium)  ;  the  trumpet  honeyfuckle  (L.  fempervircns)  ; 
and  the  evergreen  honeyfuckle   (L.  grata). 

The  fecond  fort  varies  in  Ihady  groves,  and  other  fimilar 
fituations,  with  white  flowers. 

And  the  ninth  kind  has  feveral  varieties,  as  the  late  red, 
which  produces  a  greater  variety  of  flowers  together,  than 
either  the  Italian  or  Dutch  forts,  making  a  finer  appear- 
ance than  either  of  them  during  the  time  of  flowering  ;  but 
it  has  not  been  fo  long  cultivated  as  the  latter.  This  vvas 
formerly  termed  the  Flemifli  honeyfuckle. 

There  are  alfo  fometimes  varieties  with  ftriped  leaves. 

The  Dutch  variety  may  be  trained  with  ftems,  and  formed 
into  heads,  which  the  wild  fort  cannot,  the  branches  being 
too  weak  a;id  trailing  for  the  purpofe. 

And  there  are  two  fub-varieties  of  it,  the  long  iloiuing,znd 
the  /ate  red,  in  which  the  Hems  are  ftronger,  the  leaves, 
flowers,  and  heads  of  berries  larger,  and  the  corollas  redder 
than  in  the  woodbine  fort ;  the  oak-leaved  variety  has  finuate 
leaves,  cut  like  the  oak,  but  fniooth. 

And  there  is  likewife  a  variety  which  has  variegated 
leaves. 

The  tenth  fpecies  has  a  yellow  variety,  in  which  the 
ftioots  are  much  fimilar  to  it,  but  the  bark  darker  in  colour, 
the  leaves  of  a  deeper  green,  the  flowers  of  a  yellowi(h-red, 
appearing  a  little  after  it,  being  not  of  much  longer  dura- 
tion, but  are  fucceeded  by  red  berries,  containing  one  hard 
feed  inclofed  in  the  foft  pulp  in  each,  which  ripens  in  the 
autumn. 

And  befides  this,  fome  mention  other  varieties,  fuch  as 
the  early  red-flowering,  the  late  red-flowering,  and  the  ever- 
green red-flowering. 

Method  of  Culture — An  increafe  in  all  thefe  plants  may 
be  effeded  either  by  layers  or  cuttings,  but  the  latter  is  the 
better  praftice.  The  layers  fhould  be  made  from  the  young 
ihoots,  and  be  laid  down  in  the  autumn  or  early  fpring,  the 
draggling  tops  being  removed,  when,  by  the  following  au- 
tumn, they  will  have  taken  root,  and  fliould  be  cut  off'  from 
the  plants,  being  either  planted  where  they  are  to  remain,  or 
into  a  nurfery  to  be  trained  for  ftandards,  by  fi.\ing  down 
(lakes  to  the  ftem  of  each  plant,  to  which  the  principal 
ftalk  fliould  be  fattened,  all  the  others  being  cut  off ;  train- 


ing each  of  them  to  the  intended  height,  when  they  fhould 
be  fhortcned  to  force  out  lateral  branches,  and  thefe  be  again 
flopped  to  prevent  their  growing  too  long.  By  conilantly 
repeating  this  as  the  flioots  are  produced,  they  may  be 
formed  into  a  fort  of  llandard  ;  but  if  regard  is  had  to  their 
flowering,  they  cannot  be  formed  into  regular  heads,  as  the 
conilant  fiiortening  will  deflroy  the  flower-buds,  and  prevent 
the  defired  effeft. 

In  refpeft  to  the  cuttings,  they  fliould  be  taken  from  the 
flrong  flioots  of  the  former  fummer,  with  three  or  four 
joints,  and  be  placed  in  rows  in  a  fliady  border,  to  the  depth 
of  two  or  three  of  them,  a  foot  apart,  and  fix  inches  from 
plant  to  plant.  When  they  have  taken  good  root  in  the  au- 
tumn or  fpring  following,  they  may  be  removed  into  the 
nurfery,  and  be  planted  out  in  rows  two  feet  dillant,  and 
a  foot  afuiider  in  them,  where  they  may  be  kept  a  year  or 
two,  till  wanted  for  planting  out  where  they  are  to  re- 
main. 

The  eighth  fort  may  be  raifed  from  fuckers,  which  it  af- 
fords in  plenty,  by  taking  them  off,  and  planting  ihem  as 
above  in  the  autumn  in  a  rather  moift  foil. 

Several  of  the  forts  may  likewife  be  increafed  by  fowing 
the  feed  or  berry  in  a  bed  of  light  mould  in  the  autumn,  to 
the  depth  of  an  inch.  The  plants  rile  in  the  tirft  ur  fecond 
fpring  ;  and  afterwards  require  the  fame  management  as  the 
others. 

In  regard  to  their  management  afterwards,  the  only  culture 
which  any  of  them  require,  is,  in  the  upright  forts,  to  have 
their  llraggling  flioots  fhortened,  and  the  dead  wood  cut 
out  ;  and  thofe  trained  as  climbers,  to  have  their  branches 
conduAed  in  a  proper  manner  upon  tiieir  refpcftive  fup- 
ports  ;  and  every  year  all  rambling  flioots  reduced  and 
trained  as  may  be  proper,  fo  as  to  preferve  them  within  due 
limits  and  order,  except  where  they  are  defigned  to  run 
wild  in  their  own  rural  way,  efpecially  thofe  intended  to 
climb  among  the  branches  of  trees,  fnrubs,  and  buflies  ;  thofe 
alfo  intended  to  cover  arbours  and  feats,  fliould  be  pruned 
and  trained  annually,  laying  the  fhoots  along  to  their  length, 
till  they  have  covered  the  allotted  fpace ;  fhorte.-iing  or 
clearing  out  all  fuch  llragglers  as  cannot  be  properly  trained  ; 
alfo  fuch  of  thofe  forts  as  are  trained  againft  walls,  &c.  mull 
have  an  annual  pruning  and  training,  by  going  over  them 
two  or  three  times  in  fummer,  laying  in  fome  of  the  moil 
convenient  proper  flioots,  fome  at  their  length,  fliortening 
or  retrenching  others,  as  neceflary,  to  preferve  regularity, 
and  the  proper  fucceflion  of  flowers  ;  being  careful  to  train 
enough,  at  this  time,  of  fuch  as  appear  neceffary  to  continue 
the  bloom  as  long  as  pofiible  ;  and  in  winter  pruninu,  all 
thofe  left  in  fummer,  which  may  appear  luperfluous  or  un- 
neceffary,  fhould  be  turned  out,  fliortening  all  fuch  as  are 
too  long  for  the  fpace  allotted  for  them,  efpecially  all  thofe 
with  weak  ftraggling  tops,  nailiiig  in  the  remaining  proper 
branches  and  ihoots  dole  to  the  wall,  or  other  lupport 
which  they  may  have. 

They  may  all  be  introduced  with  propriety  in  plantations, 
both  from  the  variety  of  their  different  growths,  and  the 
ornament  and  fragrance  of  their  flowers ;  lliough  the  flowers 
of  the  upright  kind  are  not  fo  fliowy  as  thofe  of  tlie  trailers  ; 
but  they  exhibit  an  exceedingly  agreeable  variety.  But  the 
trailing  fpecies  have  the  greatelt  merit,  not  only  111  their 
numbers,  but  fize,  elegance,  and  odour,  as  well  as  in  their 
duration.  The  flirubs  of  all  the  forts  are,  notwithftanding, 
proper  to  be  introduced  in  rtirubberies,  the  upright  kinds  to 
intermix  as  ilandards.  The  trailing  kinds,  whofe  branches 
are  great  ramblers,  and,  wiihout  fupport,  trail  along  the 
ground,  fhould  generally  be  introduced  as  climbers,  having 
(tout  (lakes  placed  to  each  of  them  to  climb  upon,  which 

they 


L  O  N 


LOO 


they  effefl:  by  afcending  fpirally  round  the  fupport,  to  a  con- 
fiderable  height  ;  and  -alfo  be  placed  to  afcend  round  the 
ftems  of  trees,  and  to  climb  among  the  boughs  of  the  ad- 
jacent bulhes,  fhrubs,  and  hedges,  which  they  effect  in  a 
very  agreeable  manner,  by  interweaving  their  branches  with 
them.  The  climbers  are  likewife  proper  for  training  againfl 
walls  and  arbours,  &c.  for  the  ornament  and  fragrance  of 
their  flowers,  laying  their  branches  in,  four  or  five  inches 
afunder  ;  thinning  out  the  fuperabundant  (hoots  annually, 
and  training  in  fome  of  the  moft  robull  for  fucccffion  wood, 
either  at  full  length,  or  Ihortened,  as  moft  proper  to  fill  the 
fpace  or  vacancy  that  may  be  wanted  to  be  covered. 

The  evergreen  kinds  are  principally  of  the  climbing  tribe, 
and  have  much  effect  in  their  evergreen  foliage,  and  the  ele- 
gance of  their  flowers,  as  well  as  their  long  continuance  in 
blow. 

The  uncommon  beauty,  and  exquifite  fragrance  of  the 
flowers  in  the  ninth  fpecies,  entitle  it  to  a  place  in  moft  forts 
of  plantations  of  the  ornamental  kind.  In  climbing,  it  turns 
from  eaft  to  \ve\k,  in  the  manner  of  moft  of  our  climbing 
plants  ;  and  in  common  with  them  bears  clipping  and  pruning 
well  ;  as  in  a  ftale  of  nature,  thofe  plants  which  cannot  af- 
cend without  the  aid  of  others,  are  often  liable  to  lofc  great 
branches  ;  they  have  confequently  a  proportionate  vigour 
of  giowth  given  them,  in  order  to  reftore  fuch  accidental 
damages.  It  is  however  fubjecT,  when  planted  near  building, 
to  be  injured  and  disfigured  by  aphides,  which  are  vulgarly 
termed  blights ;  thele  infefts  are  not  very  numerous  in  the 
fpring  fe:ifon  ;  but  as  the  fummer  advances,  they  mcreafe  in 
a  very  rapid  manner  ;  their  firft  attacks  (liouid,  of  c^urfe,  be 
carefully  attended  to,  and  the  branches  on  which  they  firft 
fix  be  cut  off  and  deftroyed,  as  when  they  have  once  gained 
ground  they  are  defended  by  their  numbers.  Small  plants 
may  however  be  cleared  of  them  by  the  ufe  of  tobacco  duft, 
or  Spanifh  fniiff,  but  this  method  is  not  prafticable  for  large 
trees.  The  leaves  of  the  plants  are  likewife  liable  to  be 
punftured  and  curled  up  by  a  fmal!  caterpillar,  which  pro- 
duces a  beautiful  little  moth,  the  phalasna  tortrix.  About 
the  evening  alfo,  fome  fpecies  of  f  phinges  or  hawk-moths  are 
often  feen  to  hover  over  the  bloffoms,  and  with  their  long 
tongues  extraft  the  honey  from  the  very  bottoms  of  the 
flowers. 

LONICERUS,  or  Lonicer,  John,  in  Biography,  a 
learned  German,  was  born  in  1499 :  after  having  received  a 
good  education,  he  became  himfelf  a  profeffor  at  Marpurg, 
where  he  died  about  the  year  1  ,60.  He  was  author  of  a 
Greek  and  Latin  Lexicon,  and  pubhlhed  an  edition  of  Diof- 
corides.      Moreri. 

LONIGO,  or  Leonico,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  Vicentm,  feated  on  a  river  called  Fiume  Novo,  and 
containing  feveral  churches  and  monafteries;  14  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Vicenza. 

LONKA,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of  Po- 
dolia  ;  44  miles  N.  of  Kaminiec. 

LONSCHAKOVA,  a  town  of  Ruffia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Irkutfk  ;   40  miles  N.N.E.  of  Stretenflt. 

LONSCHIN,  a  town  of  Pruffia,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Culm  ;    10  miles  S.  of  C".lm. 

LONS-LE-SAULNIER,  a  town  of  France,  and  prin- 
cipal placeof  adiftrict,i:i  the  department  of  the  Jura,  formerly 
eelebrctted  for  its  falt-works,  but  now  diicontinued.  The 
place  contains  6041 ,  and  the  canton  14,999  inhabitants,  on  a 
territory  of  1 12^  kiliometres,  in  23  communes.  N.  lat.  46' 
40'.      E.  long.  5    38'. 

LONTARUS,  in  Botany,  Rumph.  Amboin.  v.  i.  45. 
t.  10.     Juff.  39.     Gsertn.  t.  8,  a  barbarous  name  of  Rum- 


phius  for  the  Borajus  Jlabelliformis  of  Linnaeus.      See  Bo- 

RASSUS. 

LONT-CHOUDSONG,  in  Geography,  a  town  of 
Thibet  ;  35  miles  N.N.E.  of  Laffa.  N.  lat.  29'  58'.  E. 
long.  92    14'. 

LONTHOIR,  a  town  of  the  ifland  of  Banda,  in  the 
Eaft  Indian  fea. 

LONTOU,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Galam,  on  the  Sene- 
gal ;   60  miles  S.E.  of  Galam. 

LOO,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the  Lys ; 
fix  miles  S  S.E    of  Dixmude. 

LOOBOE,  or  LoEBOE.     See  Loeboe. 
LOOCALLA,  a  town  of  Congo,  on   the  Zaire;  90 
miles  W.  of  St    Salvador. 

LOOCHRISTI,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Scheldt,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  dillrift 
of  Ghent.  The  place  contains  3056,  and  the  canton  14,432 
inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  140  kiliometres,  in  7  com- 
munes. 

LOODUERA,  a  town  of  Bengal  ;  i  1  miles  S.  of  Ro- 
gonatpour. 

LOOE,  a  fmal!  ifland  near  the  coaft  of  Cornwall  ;  two 
miles  S.E.  of  Looe. 

Lode,  Eajl,  a  borough  and  market  town  in  the  parifli 
of  St.  Martin,  hundred  of  Weft,  and  county  of  Cornwall, 
England,  is  fituated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Looe,  12  miles 
from  Plymouth,  and  233  weft  from  London.  It  is  moftly 
built  on  a  flat  piece  of  ground,  having 'the  river  on  the  wef^ 
and  the  fea  on  the  fouth.  The  ftreets  are  narrov.-,  and  the 
houfes  built  with  flate.  The  port  is  protefted  by  a  fmall 
battery  and  breaft-work.  The  town  was  incorporated  by 
queen  Elizabeth  in  1587;  the  government  is  vefted  in  a 
mayor  ard  nine  burgeffes,  who  jointly  eleft  a  recorder.  Two 
members  have  been  returned  to  parliament  ever  fince  13  Eli- 
zabeth ;  the  right  of  eleftion  is  in  the  mayor,  burgeffes,  and 
freemen  ;  in  number  about  fifty.  In  the  furvey  taken  in 
1801,  Eaft  Looe  was  found  to  contain  126  houfes,  and  467 
inhabitants,  who  were  chiefly  fupported  by  the  pilchard 
filhery,  and  the  trade  connefted  with  the  port.  Four  annual 
fairs  are  held,  and  a  weekly  market  on  Saturdays.  Beauties 
of  England  and  Wales,  vol.  ii. 

Looe,  IVeJl,  originally  named  Portpigham,  a  borough  and 
market  town  in  tiie  parifti  of  Talland,  hundred  of  Weft,  and 
county  of  Cornwall,  England,  is  alfo  fituated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Looe,  and  is  connefted  with  Eaft  Looe  by  a 
ftone  bridge  of  fifteen  arches.  Weft  Looe  formerly  .was 
much  more  confideiable  in  point  of  trade,  &c.  than  Eaft 
Looe  ;  it  now  prefents  a  long  ftreet  of  mean  irregular  houfes, 
with  a  fmall  town-hall,  anciently  a  chapel,  and  a  few  other 
buildings  on  the  brink  of  the  river.  This  borough,  as  well 
as  the  adjoining  one,  received  its  firft  charter  of  incorpora- 
tion from  queen  Ehzabeth,  vefting  the  government  in  a 
mayor,  and  twelve  burgeffes,  who  with  the  freemen,  in  the 
whole  about  ^o,  eleft  two  members  of  parliament.  In  the 
population  return  for  1801,  Weft  Looe  was  ftated  to  confill 
of  82  houfes,  and  376  inhabitants.  A  fair  is  held  annually, 
and  a  market  every  Saturday.  Beauties  of  England  and 
Wales,  vol.  ii. 

LOOF,  or  as  it  is  ufually  pronounced,  Luff,  a  term  ufed 
in  condnig  of  a'  ihip.     Thus, 

Look  up-  is  to  bid  the  fteerfman  keep  nearer  to  the  wind. 
Loot-'  into  a  harbour,  is  to  fail  into  it  clofe  by  the  wind. 
Loof,  to  fpring  the,  or  luff,  is  when  a  ftlip  that  was  going 
large  before  the  wind  is  brought  clofe  by  the  wind. 

When  a  fliip  fails  on  a  wind,  that  is,   on  a  quarter-wind, 
they  fay  to  the  fteerfman,  keep  your  iuffl   veer  no  more  J    keep 

hir 


LOO 


LOO 


Zvr  to!  touch  the  wint! !  havt  n  cars  tf  the  he-latch  I  All 
which  words  fignify  much  t!ie  fame  thing,  and  bid  the  man 
at  the  helm  to  keep  the  fliip  near  the  wind. 

LooF  ofajhlp,  denotes  the  after-unrt  of  a  (hip's  bow  ;  or 
tliat  part  of  hpr  fide  forwurd  wlnre  the  planks  begin  to 
be  incurvated  into  an  arch,  as  they  approach  the  ftem. 
Hence,  the  guns  which  lie  here  are  called  loof-pieces. 

L.oot'-hooi,  in  a  Ship,  a  tackle  with  two  hooks  to  it,  one 
of  which  is  to  hitch  into  the  crenglc  of  tlie  main  and  fore- 
fail,  and  the  other  is  to  hitch  into  a  certain  (trap,  which  is 
fpliced  into  the  cliefs-trce,  :ind  fo  down  the  fail.  Its  ufe  is 
to  fuccour  the  tackles  in  a  large  fail,  that  all  the  ftrefs  may 
not  bear  upon  the  tack.  Sometimes  alfo  it  is  ufcd  when  the 
tack  is  to  be  feized  the  furer. 

Loop-/<7i,-i/c,  or  'Lvi'V-taci/e,  a  large  tackle,  larger  than 
the  jigger-tackle,  but  fmaller  than  thofe  which  hoill  the 
heavier  materials  into  and  out  of  the  vefl'el,  fuch  as  the  main 
and  fore  tackles,  the  (lay  and  quar-ter  tackles,  &c.  ferving 
to  lift  all  the  fmall  weights  in  or  out  of  the  (hip,  and  other- 
wife  varioufly  employed  as  occalioii  requires. 

Loop,  or  Loop,  a  corn-meafure  at  Riga,  equal  to  397S 
cubic  inches  ;  of  which  4324  arc  equal  to  ten  Englilli  quar- 
ters. 

LOOHOGGO.in  Geography,  one  of  the  fmaller  Friendly 
ijftands,  furrounded  by  a  reef  of  rock.^.  S.  lat.  19^  41'. 
E.  long.  185°  36'. 

LOOJAMA,  a  town  on  the  E.  coaft  of  the  ifland  of 
Timor.      S.  lat.  8'  27'.      E.  long.  126  '  18'. 

LOOKING  Glass,  a  plain  polilhed  glafs  fpeculum,  or 
mirror,  to  one  fide  of  which  a  plate  of  tin-foil  is  made  to 
adhere  by  means  of  quickfilver  ;  which  being  impervious  to 
the  light,  reflefts  its  rays,  and  fo  exhibits  the  images  of 
objcdls  placed  before  it. 

In  confequence  of  this  conllruftion,  the  looking-glafs 
makes  a  double  refleftion  of  every  objeft,  viz.  one  from 
the  upper  furface,  which  is  the  weakeit,  and  another  from 
the  under  furface,  which  is  contiguous  to  the  tin-foil. 
When  a  perfon  ftands  juft  before  the  glafs,  the  two  reflec- 
tions coincide,  and  he  perceives  one  image  ;  but  if  he  ftands 
oblique,  as  at  A,  (Plate  IX.  Optics,  fg.  10.)  and  views  the 
reflection  D,  of  an  objeft  B  C,  lituated  on  the  other  fide, 
he  will  then  perceive  two  images,  -ji-z^  one  caufed  by  the 
upper,  and  the  other  caufed  by  the  lower  furface  of  the 
glafs  E  F.  If  the  objeft  B  C  be  very  luminous,  fuch  as  a 
lighted  candle,  then  the  eye  at  A  will  perceive  a  great  fuc- 
ceffion  of  candles  at  D,  gradually  decreafinj;  in  fplendour  ; 
the  caufe  ot  which  phenomenon  is,  that  the  ftrong  relleftion 
from  the  under  furface  of  the  glafs  is  again  refiefted  from 
the  upper  furface,  and  this  again  by  the  lower,   &c. 

The  theory  of  looking-glaflcs,  and  the  laws  whereby  they 
give  the  appearance  of  bodies,  fee  under  Mirkok. 

L.00KiSG-glnJps,  the  manner  of  grinding  and  preparing,  is  as 
follows:  —a  plate  of  glafs  is  fixed  to  a  horizontal  table  of 
free-itone  or  wood,  of  about  tlie  fanvj  fize,  and  cemented 
to  it  by  Paris  plalter ;  and  to  another  Ien"er  table  is  fixed  in 
•the  fame  manner  another  plate.  Over  the  firft  plate  is 
fprinkled  fine  fand  and  water,  in  a  fufficient  quantity  for  the 
grinding,  and  the  fecond  or  lefs  plate  is  laid  on  it ;  and  thr.s 
worked  this  way  and  that  way,  till  each  has  planed  the 
other's  furface.  Thefe  plates  are  made  to  rub  againii:  each 
other  evenly  and  fteadily  by  a  kind  of  hand-mill,  the  wheel 
of  which  is  wrought  by  a  man,  or  if  the  plates  be  large  by 
.two  men,  who  regulate  the  preffure  as  they  think  proper. 
As  they  begin  to  become  fmoother,  finer  fand  is  fucccflively 
lifed.  When  one  fide  of  the  plate  is  finidied,  the  plafter 
that  ccmeated  :t  is  picked  off,  and  the  plate  turned,  fo 


that  the  other  fide  may  be  ground  in  the  fame  manner.  To- 
wards the  clofe  of  the  operation  of  grinding,  the  preffure  is 
incivafed  by  loading  the  upper  plates  with  flat  ftones  of 
different  tliickneffcs.  This  procels  falls  about  three  days, 
and  it  is  of  great  importance  that  the  fin  faces  fhould  be  ptr- 
feftly  flat  and  parallel,  which  is  aetcrmiiied  by  the  ruler  and 
plumb-line.  In  order  to  complete  this  procefs,  emery  of 
different  fineneflcs  is  ufed,  and  great  care  is  taken  iu  fcpa- 
rating  and  forting  them,  'i'his  is  done  by  putting  into  a 
vefiel  of  water  a  quantity  of  rough  emery,  and  well  ilirririg 
it ;  the  coarfeft  particles  will  fink  to  the  bottom,  and  the 
finer  will  be  held  fufpendcd  for  fome  time  by  the  fuper- 
iiatant  liquor.  This  liquor  is  poured  off,  and  after  fome 
time,  about  20  minutes,  the  finer  particles  will  fiibfide. 
More  water  is  then  added  to  the  vellel,  and- the  emery  flirrcd 
again;  and  after  remaining  at  reil  about  15  minutes,  the 
fiipernatant  liquor  is  poured  ofi  ;  and  this  by  red  furniflies 
an  emerv  of  the  fecond  degree  ot  fiiienefs.  The  fame  opera- 
tion is  repeated  twice  more  at  the  different  intervals  of  about 
five  minutes  and  half  a  minute  ;  by  which  two  other  forts 
are  obtained.  The  wet  emery  obtained  from  all  thefe 
liquors  is  feparably  heated  over  a  ftove  to  evaporate  the 
water,  and  when  nearly  dry,  is  made  up  into  balls  tor  the 
further  operation.  The  plates  are  then  ground  on  both 
fides  with  two  or  three  emcrys,  beginning  with  the  coarfeft, 
and  finilhed  with  great  care.  They  are  how  perfeftly 
even,  and  the  fcratches,  which  after  the  firll  operation 
remained  and  rendered  them  almofl  opaque,  difappear.  (See 
Grindjn'G.)  For  the  method  of  poliihing  looking-glaffes 
and  mirrors,  we  refer  to  the  article  Polisjilng. 

The  plates  being  polilhed,  a  thin  blotting  paper  is  fpread 
on  a  table  or  marble  flab  ;  and  fprinkled  with  fine  powdered 
chalk  ;  and  this  done,  over  the  paper  is  laid  a  thin  lamina 
or  leaf  of  tin,  on  which  is  poured  mercury,  which  Is  to  be 
equally  diftributcd  over  the  leaf,  with  a  hare's  foot  or  cot- 
ton. Over  the  leaf  is  laid  a  very  thin  fmooth  paper,  of 
which  the  kind  called  fan-paper'fis  bell,  and  over  that  the 
glafs  plate.  With  the  left  hand  the  glafs-plate  is  preffed 
down,  and  with  the  right  the  paper  is  gently  drawn  out  ; 
which  done,  the  plate  is  covered  with  a  thicker  pap.r,  and 
loaden  with  a  greater  weight,  that  the  fuperfluous  mercury 
may  be  driven  out,  and  the  tin  adhere  more  clolely  to  the 
glafs.  When  it  is  dried,  the  weight  is  removed,  and  the 
looking-glafs  is  complete. 

Some  ufe  an  ounce  of  mercury  with  half  an  ounce  of 
marcafite  or  bifmuth,  melted  by  the  fire  ;  and  left  the  mer- 
cury evaporate  in  fmoke,  pour  it  into  cold  water;  and 
when  cold,  fqueezc  it  through  a  cloth  or  leather.  Some 
alfo  add  a  quarter  of  an  ounce  of  lead  and  tin  to  the  mar- 
cafite, that  the  glafs  may  dry  the  fooner.  For  more  par- 
ticular   direftions    in   the  conduft   of   this  operation,    fee 

SlI-VEKING. 

In  the  Phil.  Tranf.  N"  24 J,  we  have  a  method  oi foliating 
(fee  Foliating)  globe  lookiiig-giaffes,  communicated  by 
fir  R.  Southwell.  The  mixture  is  of  quickfilver  and  bif- 
muth, of  each  three  ounces,  and  tin  and  lead,  of  each  half 
an  ounce  ;  to  the  lall  throw  in  the  marcafite,  and  afterwards 
the  quickfilver  ;  ftir  them  well  together  over  the  fire  ;  but 
they  mull  be  taken  off,  and  be  towards  cooling  before  the 
quickfilver  be  pnt  to  them.  When  the  mixture  is  ufed, 
the  glafs  (liould  be  well  heated,  and  very  dry  ;  but  it  will 
do  alfo  when  it  is  cold,  though  bell  when  the  glafs  is 
heated. 

Mr.  Boyle's  method,  which  he  prefers  to  any  which  he 
ever  met  with  in  prist,  is  tliis  :  take  tin  and  lead,  of  each 
on€  part,   niclt  ihem  together,   aud  immediately   add   of 

good 


LOO 


LOO 


j^ood  tin-glafs,  or  bifmiith,  two  parts ;  earc-fully  (kirn  off  the  accidental  variations  of  the  temperature  of  the  air  at 
the  drofs  ;  then  take  the  crucible  from  the  fire,  and  before  different  parts,  producing  great  irregularilies  in  its  refrac- 
the  mixture  grows  cold,  add  to  it  lo  parts  of  clear  quick-  tion,  efpecially  near  the  horizon.  Accordingly  the  rare- 
filver,  and  having  ftirrcd  them  well  together,  keep  tlie  fluid  faiflion  of  the  air  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  furface  of 
in  a  new  clean  glafs.  When  you  arc  going  to  ufe  it,  firft  water,  .of  a  building,  or  of  the  earth  itfdf,  occafions  a 
purge  it  by  itraining  it  through  linen,  and  gently  pour  diltant  obj-'ft  to  appear  depreffed  indcad  of  being  elevated, 
ibme  ounces  into  the  glaf-i  to  be  foliated  through  a  narrow  and  to  be  fometimes  feen  at  once  both  depreffed  and  ele- 
paper  funnel,  reaching  almoft  to  the  glafs,  to  prevent  the  vated,  fo  as  to  appear  double,  one  of  the  images  being 
liquor  from  flying  to  the  fides.  After  this,  by  cextroully  generally  in  an  inverted  poGtion,  as  if  the  furface  poffeffed- 
inchning  the  glafs  every  way,  endeavour  to  faften  it  to  the  a  reflective  power  ;  and  there  feems  to  be  a  confiderable  ana- 
internal  furface  ;  which  done,  let  it  reil  for  fonie  hours  ;  logy  between  this  kind  of  refraction  and  the  total  reflection 
then  repeat  the  fame  operation,  and  fo  continue  at  times,  which  happens  within  a  denfer  medium.  See  F.vta  Mor- 
till  the  liquor  is  flowly  pafftjd  over,  and  equally  fixed  to  tiie  ^ana. 


L,0OM-Qak,  a  gentle,  eafy  gale  of  wind,  in  which  a  (hip 
can  carry  her  top-fails  a-trip. 

LOOMAKA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Bootan  ;  28 
miles  S.  of  TaH'afudon. 

LOON,  in  Ornithology.  See  CoLYMBUS  gladalls,  and 
CoLVMBVS  yfuritiis. 

LOONENBURG,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Green 
county,   New  York,  near  the  city  of  Hudfon. 

LOONGHEE,  a  town  of  the  Birman  empire,  on  the 
■  "         "  "  ■"      ■  ■    of 


■whole  fuperficies ;  which  mav  be  difcerned  by  expofiiig  the 
glafs  to  the  eve  between  that  and  the  ligli'.  Boyle's  works 
abr.  vol.  i.  p.  I  29. 

For  the  method  of  blowing  and  cafiing  glafs,  and  the 
choice  of  the  materials  for  looking-glafles,  fee  Glass. 
Lo')KiN-G-G/i*/f,    Venus' s,  in  Botany.      See  Cami-anl'LA. 
LOOKNAPOUR.,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Hinduollan, 
in  Onde  ;    15  miles  S.W.  of  Kaiiabad. 

LOOK-OUT,   Cape,   a  cape  on  the  coaft  of  North 
Carolina,  being  the  fouthern  part  of  a  long,  infulated,  and     Irawaddy,  which  has  a  celebrated  temple;  ^J  miles  N 
narrow  drip   of  land.  E.   of  Core   Sound.      Its   N.   point     Prome.      N.  lat.  19    42'. 

forms  the  S.  fide  of  Ocrecoch  inlet,  which  leads  into  Pam-  LOONPOUll,  a  town  of  Hindooftan,  in  Guzerat ;  40 
lico  Sound;  N.E.  of  Cape  Fear,  and  S.  of  Cape  Hatteras,    miles  E.  of  Juna^^ur. 

in  about  N.  lat.  ^4  50'.  Its  excellent  harboiu- has  been  filled  LOOP,  in  the  Iron  IVoris,  is  a  part  of  a  fow  or  blocl 
up  with  fand  fince  thr  year  1777  — .-inother  cape,  of  the  of  call  iron  broken  or  melted  off  from  the  reft,  and  prepared 
fame  name,  lies  on  the  fouthern  coaft"of  Hudlon's  bay,  in  for  the  forge  or  hammer.  The  ufual  method  is,  to  break 
New  South  Wales,  E.S.E.  of  the  mouth  of  Severn  river,  off  the  loopof  about  three  quarters  of  a  hundred  weight. 
N.  lat.  56^    W.  long.  84  .  This  loop  they  take  up  with  their  ilinging-tongs,  and  beat 

Look-out,  in  Sra  Language,  denotes  a  watchful  .atten-  it  with  iron  fledges  upon  an  iron-plate  near  the  fire,  that  fo 
tion  to  fome  important  object,  or  event,  which  is  expected  it  may  not  fall  to  pieces,  but  be  in  a  condition  to  be  carried 
to  arife  from  the  prefent  fituation  of  a  fliip,  &c.  It  is  under  the  hammer.  It  is  then  placed  under  the  hammer, 
principally  ufed  when  there  is  a  probabiHty  of  danger  from  and  a  little  water  being  drawn  to  make  the  hammer  move 
the  real  or  fuppofed  proximity  of  land,  rocks,  enemies,  but  foftly,  it  is  beat  very  gently,  and  by  this  means  the 
&c.  There  is  always  a  look-out  kept  on  a  fhip's  forecalUe  drofs  pnd  foulnefs  are  f>-.rced  off,  and  after  this  they  draw 
at  fea,  to  watch  for  any  dingerous  objects  lying  near  her  more  and  more  water  by  degrees,  and  beat  it  more  and 
track  ;  the  mate  of  the  watch  accordingly  calls  often  from  more  till  they  bring  it  to  a  fourfquare  mafs,  of  about  two 
the  quarter  deck,  looi  out  afore  there  J  to  the  perfonS  ap-  feet  long,  which  they  call  a  bloom, 
pointed  to  this  fervice.     Falconer.  Loop,  in  Rural  Economy,  the  hinge  of  a  door  or  gate. 

LOOKSEENGAH,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Bengal  ;    See  Gate. 
3^  miles  N.V/.  of  Ramgur.  Loor-Z/ofo,    in    Sea   Language,    are  holes    made   in   the 

LOOL,   m  Metallurgy,    a   veffel   made  to   receive   the    coamings  of  the  hatches  of  a  ihip,  to  fire  mufkets  through 
wafhings  of  ores  of  metals.     The  heavier  or  more  metalline    in  a  clofe  fight. 
parts  of  the  ores  remain  in  the  trough  to  which  they  are 
Vv-afhed ;  the   lighter,   and   more  earthy,    run   off  with   the 
water,  but  fettle  in  the  lool. 

LOOM,  in   Geography,  a   town   of  Norway  ;    60   miles 
S.E.  of  Rrmfdal. 


LOOPHEAD,  in  Geography,  a  cape  of  Ireland,  in  the  • 
county  of  Clare,  being  tiie  north  point  of  the  mOuth  of  the 
Shannon.     On  this  headland  is  a  lighthoufe.     N.  lat.  ^2* 
30'.  W.  long.  9    ^o'. 

LOOPING,  in  Metallurgy,  a  word  ufed  by  the  miners 
Loo:.!,  the  weaver's  frame  ;  a  machine  whereby  feveral    of  loine  counties  of  England,  to  exprefs  the  running  toge- 


diftintt  threads  are  woven  into  one  piece, 

Looms  are  of  various  llructures,  accommodated  to  the 
rarious  kinds  of  materials  to  be  woven,  and  the  various 
itiariners  of  weaving  tht.m  ;  via,,  for  woollens,  filks,  linens, 
cottons,  cloths  of  gold  ;  and  other  works,  as  taptftry,  rib- 
bands, (lockings,  &c,  divers  of  which  will  be  found  under 
their  proper  heads.     See  Weaving.  > 

The  weaver's  l<jom-engine,  otherwife  called  the  Dutch 
loom-engine,  was  brought  into  uie  from  Floiland  lo  London, 
in  or  about  the  year  1676. 

Loom,   Neir,  in  Lqiu.      See  HEIR-Zoom. 

Loo.M,  at  Sea.    If  a  fhip  appears  big,  when  at  a  diftance, 
they  fay  (he  looms,  or  appears  a  great  fail ;  the  term  is  alfo    have  retained,  though  we  much  fufpect  it  to  have  been  ori 
ufed  to  denote  tlie  indiffintl  appearance  of  any  other  diltant    ginally  an  error  of  the  prefs  ;  but  liaving  nothing  Letter  to 
cbjedts.  guide   us,  we  leave  matters  as  we  fintj  them.     It  is  pity  fo 

The  mod  remarkable  phenomena  of  this  kind,  depend  on    fine  a  genus  ihould  not  have  a  certain  or  intelligible  appella- 

6  >  tion. 


ther  of  the  matter  of  an  ore  into  a  mafs,  in  the  roafting,  or 
firit  burning,  iniended  only  to  calcine  it  fo  far  as  to  make 
it  fit  for  powdering.  This  accident,  which  gives  the  mi- 
ners fome  trouble,  is  generally  owing  to  the  continuing  of  the 
fire  too  l-jug  in  this  proccis. 

LOOSA,  in  Botany,  a  name  which  originated  with 
Adanion,  but  of  whofe  meaning  or  derivation  we  find  no 
account,  except  that  it  has  been  fuppofed  intended  to  com- 
memorate fome  Spanifli  botanill,  of  whofe  merits  or  nar!-.e 
nothing  elfe  is  known.  Adanfon  writes  it  Lcuja,  in  J  he  is 
followed  by  Jacquin  and  the  French  botaiiills.  LiniiKUS, 
Murray  and  Schreber  ufe  tlie  above  orthograjiiiy,  which  we 


LOO 


LOO 


tion.  Linn.  Syfl.  Nat.  ed.  12.  v.  1.  7,64.  Syft.  Veg. 
ed.  14.  494-  Schreb.  360.  (Loafa;  Ada"f.  v.  2.  501. 
Jacq.  Obi.  fafc.  2.  15^  t-  3^-  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  2.  1176. 
Mart.  Mill.  Did.  V.  3.  JulT.  322.  Lamarck  Dift.  v.  3. 
758.  Loaza  ;  Lam;'.rck  lUuHr.  t.  426.) — Clafs  and  order, 
Polyandria  -Monogyma.   Nat.  Ord.      Onagris  affine,  Juff. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  almoft  entirely  fuperior,  of  five 
lanceolate,  fpreading,  permanent,  equal  leaves.  Cor. 
Petals  five,  large,  obovate,  hooded,  fpreading,  equal,  atte- 
nuated at  their  bafe  into  flender  claws.  Nedary  of  five 
leaves,  alternate  with  the  petals,  approximated  in  the  form 
of  an  acute  cone,  each  rather  (horter  than  the  petals,  lan- 
ceolate, corrugated,  awned  with  a  double  britUc.  Stam. 
Filaments  numerous,  capillary,  in  parcels  of  from  i  j  to  17 
oppofite  to  each  petal,  longer  than  the  nedary  ;  anthers 
incumbent,  roundilh.  Pijl.  Germen  fomewhat  ovate,  more 
than  half  inferior  ;  ilylc  thread-fliaped,  ered,  the  length  of 
the  flamens  ;  lligma  fimple,  obtufe.  Perk.  Capfule  turbi- 
nate, of  one  cell,  opening  \yith  three  valves  at  the  top, 
which  are  hjlf-ovate,  acute,  finally  fpreading.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, ovate,  fmall.  Receptacles  three,  Unear,  longitu- 
dinal. 

Etr.  Ch.  Calyx  of  five  leaves.     Petals   five.     Nedary  of 
five  leaves  alternate  with   the   petals.     Capfule  half-inferior, 
of  one  cell,  three  valves  at  the  top,  and  many  feeds. 
•  Obf.  This  genus  is,  as  Jacquin  obferves,  nearly  akin  to 
Mentxelia. 

I.  L.  /}i/piJa.  Lamarck  t.  426.  fig.  I.  (L.  urens  ; 
Jacq.  Obf.  fafc.  2.  15.  t.  38.)— Very  briftly.  Leaves  al- 
ternate, doubly  pmnatifid.  Edges  of  the  calyx-leaves  revo- 
lute.- Gathered  by  Dombey,  in  fandy  ground  in  Lima. 
The  root  is  annual,  fibrous.  *  Stem  ered,  from  one  to  three 
feet,  or  more,  in  height,  (lightly  fubdivided,  leafy,  round, 
befet  with  innumerable,  horizontal,  tawny,  briftles,  which 
are  obfervable,  more  or  lefs,  in  all  the  fpecies.  Lamarck 
has  found  each  of  thefe  briilles  to  be  furnifhed  with  a  flight 
bag  at  its  bafe,  and  thence  he  reafonably  concludes  that  the 
plant  ftings  like  a  nettle,  whofe  venom  is  lodged  in  fimilar 
bags.  Thefe  ftings  are,  in  the  plant  we  are  defcribing,  in- 
termixed with  fine  down.  Leaves  alternate  ;  the  lower  ones 
ftalked  ;  the  reft  feffile  ;  all  doubly  pinnatifid,  more  or  lefs 
deeply,  two  or  three  inches  long,  fomewhat  briftly,  downy 
beneath  ;  their  divifions  and  teeth  irregular  and  obtufe. 
Floiuer-Jlalks  fcattered,  generally  oppofite  to  the  leaves,  fo- 
litary,  fimple,  fingle-flowered,  briftly,  above  an  inch  long, 
deftitute  of  bradeas.  Flowers  large,  handfome  and  very 
remarkable,  above  an  inch  wide.  Petals  yellow,  briftly  on 
the  outfide,  concave.  Neaarles  white,  dotted  with  red  and 
green.  Stamens  at  firft  ered,  then  lying  in  five  tufts  upon 
the  petals,  confpicuous  for  their  dark  anthers.  This  plant 
dries  remarkably  well,  and  has  the  appearance  of  being  very 
(howy  when  growing.  AVe  never  heard  of  this  or  any  other 
fpecies  being  cultivated  in  Europe,  but  they  would  doubt- 
lefs  fucceed  with  the  fame  treatment  as  the  Calceolaria 
plnnata. 

2.  L.  contorta.  Lamarck  n.  2.  t.  426.  fig.  2 — Stem 
twining.  Leaves  oppofite,  ftalked,  fomewhat  runcinate, 
toothed.  Capfule  twifted. — Gathered  by  Jofeph  de  Juffieu 
in  Peru.  One  of  his  fpecimens  is  figured  and  defcribed  by 
Lamarck,  with  a  weak  twining/cm,  two  fei^t  or  (probably) 
much  more  in  height,  moderately  briftly.  Leaves  oppofite, 
ftalked,  about  three  or  four  inches  m  length,  pinnatifid, 
briftly,  iharply  toothed  or  cut,  their  loweft  pair  of  lobes 
longeft  and  moft  reflexed.  Flowers  on  long  axillary  fimple 
ftalks,  yellow. 

3.  L.  acaiiihifoUa.  Lamarck  n.  3.  (Ortiga  chihenfis 
urens,  acanthi  folio;    FeuiU.   Peruv.  v.  2.  757.  t.  43.) — 

10 


Leaves  oppofite,  pinnatifid,  lliarply  toothed  ;  the  upper  ones 
fcflile.  Calyx  reflexed.  Petals  with  two  terminal  teeth. 
Gathered  by  Fenillee  in  a  valley  in  Chili.  Stem  fix  feet 
high,  briftly,  branched,  hollow.  Leaves  oppofite,  re- 
fembling  thofe  of  Argemone  mexicana,  nine  or  ten  inches 
long,  and  fix  broad,  deeply  pinnatifid,  with  numerous, 
fharp,  briftly  teeth  ;  the  lowermoft  ftalked,  the  reft  feffile. 
Floiuers  large,  ftalked  as  in  the  foregoing  ;  their  petals  dark- 
green  and  briftly  at  the  outfide,  bright  red  within  ;  neilary 
yellow,  ftriped  with  red.  No  one  but  Feuillee  feems  to 
have  known  this  remarkable  fpecies. 

4.  L..  grandijlora.  Lamarck  n.  4. — "  Leaves  oppofite  or 
alternate,  ovate,  fomewhat  heart-ftiaped,  lobed  ;  hoary  be- 
neath. Petals  flattiih." — Gathered  by  Jofeph  de  Juffieu  in 
Peru.  We  have  never  feen  a  fpecimen  of  this.  Lamarck 
defcribes  it  as  remarkable  at  firft  fight  for  the  glaucous 
hoarinefs  of  the  under-fide  of  its  leaves,  ajid  the  great  fize 
of  it3  Jlowers,  which,  when  expanded,  are  at  leaft  three 
inches  broad.  The  herb  is  very  briftly.  Leaves  about  three 
and  a  half  inches  long,  two  and  a  half  wide. 

5.  L  chenopodifoUa.  Lamarck  n.  5. — Leaves  fcattered, 
ftalked,  ovate,  cut  and  toothed.  Flowers  drooping,  in  ter- 
minal, fimple,  fomewhat  leafy,  clufters.  Fruit  oblong,  very 
briftly.  Gathered  in  Peru,  by  Jofeph  de  Juffieu,  whofe 
fpecimens  were  defcribed  by  Lamarck.  We  have  one  ga- 
thered in  moift  fitnations  in  Lima,  by  Dombey.  The  root 
is  fibrous  and  annual,  as^  probably,  in  the  whole  genus. 
Stem  12  to  15  inches  high,  ered,  flightly  branched,  roughifli 
with  deflexed  hairs.  Leaves  an  inch  or  two  long,  one  broad, 
few,  ovate,  bluntly  pointed,  varioufly  toothed,  rough  with 
fmall  denfe  briftles.  Floiuers  drooping,  in  a  long,  loofe, 
terminal  clufter,  with  a  few  fmall  leaves  about  its  lower  part, 
rather  fmall,  yellow  ;  the  nedary  apparently  reddifti.  Fruii 
oblong,  pendulous,  befet  with  long,  prominent,  denfe,  rigid 
briftles. 

6.  L.  nitida.  Lamarck  n.  6. — Stem  procumbent.  Leaves 
oppofite,  palmate,  cut  and  toothed  ;  ftiining  above  ;  downy 
beneath.  Fruit  turbinate,  briftly.  Gathered  by  Dombey 
in  ftony  ground  in  Lima.  The  _y?f;n  appears  to  be  weak 
and  procumbent,  forked,  leafy,  downy,  lefs  briftly  than  in 
fome  of  the  former.  Leaves  palmate,  heart-diaped  and 
three-ribbed  at  the  bafe,  varioufly  jagged  and  toothed  ; 
nearly  fmooth  and  ftiining  above,  finely  downy  beneath  ; 
with  a  few  fcattered  briftles  on  both  fides.  The  lower 
leaves  ftand  on  downj  Jlalis  ;  the  upper  are  nearly  or  quite 
feffile.  Floiuer-Jlalks  from  the  forks  of  the  ftem,  rather  long, 
downy.  Germen  .turbinate,  downy,  clothed  with  reflexed 
briftles,  but  far  lefs  denfely  than  the  laft-defcribed.  Calyx- 
leaves  broad  and  large.  Dombey  fays,  "  the  nedaries  are 
very  fmall,  three-cleft  and  white,  with  three  purple  briftly- 
pointed  appendages,  on  the  outfide,  at  their  bafe." 

Spc'cimens  of  thefe  two  laft,  gathered  by  him,  are  pre- 
ferved  in  the  Linnaean  herbarium. 

LOOSE,  To,  in  Sea  Language,  is  to  unfurl  or  caft  loofe 
any  fail,  in  order  to  be  fet,  or  dried,  after  rainy  wea- 
ther. 

l^OOU'E.- Strife,  in  Botany.     See  Lysimachia. 

L,OOSE-Jri/e.   Podded.      See  W ILLOVl -herb. 

hoosE-Jrife,   Purple  and  Spiked.     Sec  Lythrum. 

'L.OOSE-Jlrife ,   Virginian.      See  Gaura. 

Loose  Style.     See  Style. 

LOOSED RECHT,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Holland  ; 
8  miles  S.  of  Naarden. 

LOOSEMORE,  Henry,  in  Biography,  a  bachelor  of 
mufic  in  the  univerfity  of  Cambridge,  1 640,  and  organift, 
firft  of  King's  college,  -nd  afterwards  of  the  cathedral  of 
Exeter.     He   compofed   feveral  fervices  and  anthems,   ex 

ojicio. 


LOP 


LOP 


ff^de,  for  thefe .  choirs  ;  but  we  believe  tliey  were  never 
printed,  or  adopted  elfewhere.  A  perfon  of  the  fame  name, 
a  lay  finger  or  organift  of  Exeter  cathedral,  is  faid  ta  have 
built  ,the  ornfan,  which  was  erefted  in  that  church  at  the  re- 
iloration  ;of  which  inflrument,  the  largeft  pipe  of  the  open 
diapafon  was  32  feet ;  which  exceeded  in  magnitude  that  of 
any  other  organ  in  the  kingdom. 

LoosEMORs,  George,  bachelor  in  mulic,  of  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge.  Great  muficians  are  but  few  in  every 
part  of  Europe,  except  Italy  and  Germany,  where  the 
courts  and  capitals  are  fo  numerous  ;  but  njf^/Zijirri// produces 
many  muHcians  everywhere. 

LOOSENED.     See  Uooi'-loofcned. 

LOOT,  a  weight  in  Holland,  32  of  which  are  equal  to 
lib.  of  commercial  weight,  and  24  =  lib.  of  apothecaries' 
weight  =  -Jib.  troy. 

LOP,  in  Rural  Economy,  a  term  fignifjing  to  prune  or 
cut  away. 

Lop  Kent-chlan,  in  Geogra!>h\',  a  motintain  of  Thibet. 
N.  lat.  30'  14'.     E.  long.  8/"  5-4'. 

LOPARY,  a  town  of  Hindooilan,  in  Benares;  10  miles 
S.  of  Jionpour. 

LOPES,  Fernam,  in  Biography,  the  mod  ancient  of 
the  Portuguefe  chroniclers,  and  laid  to  be  one  of  the  bed 
writers  of  chronicles  that  any  country  can  boafl.  He  was 
private  fecre'ary  to  the  infante  D.  Fernando,  who  died  in 
captivity  at  Fez,  afterwards  became  chief  chronicler,  and 
keeper  of  the  archives.  He  died  in  1449.  He  was  author 
of  the  chronicles  of  Pedro  I.,  of  Fernando,  and  of  Joam  I. 
to  the  conclufion  of  peace  with  Caftile.  The  chronicles  of 
the  earlier  kings  are  varioufly  attributed  to  him,  or  to  Ruy 
de  Pina,  in  whofe  name  they  are  publifhed.  The  chronicle 
of  Pedro  was  edited  in  i  734  by  P.  J.  P.  Bayam,  and  was 
reprinted  in  1760.  That  of  Fernando,  which  is  longer  and 
more  valuable,  Was  never  been  publifhed.  A  manufcript 
copy  of  the  work  is  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Southcy.  The 
molt  important  of  all  his  writings  is  his  chronicle  of  Joam, 
which  is  the  hiilory  of  the  grand  flruggle  be:;ween  Portusjal 
and  Callile,  towards  the  dole  of  the  fourteenth  century. 
"  No  pains,"  fays  the  biographer,  "  were  fpared  to  render 
it  as  complete  as  poflible,  neither  on  the  part  of  the  hiftorian 
himfelf,  nor  of  the  king  Duarte,  by  whofe  command  this 
hiftory  of  his  father  was  written.  The  monarch  fent  into 
Callile  to  cojfeft  documents,  and  the  chronicler,  indepen- 
dently of  the  inform.ation  which  he  had  received  at  court 
from  perfons  who  had  borne  a  part  in  the  councils  and  ac- 
tions of  thofe  times,  v/ent  over  the  whole  kingdom  to  collect 
tellimony  from  all  the  aftors  in  the  wars,  which  he  recorded. 
This  was  firll  publifhed  in  1644,  foon  after  the  Braganzan 
revolution  ;  never  was  a  publication  better  timed  ;  never  was 
any  book  better  calculated  to  roufe  a  nation  by  the  example 
of  their  fathers,  and  encourage  them  to  rcfift  thofe  enemies 
whom  their  fathers,  under  like  circumftances,  had  con- 
quered. It  is  a  truly  excellent  and  admirable  work.  With 
the  great  advantage  of  finglenefs  and  wholenefs  of  fubjeil, 
it  has  all  tiie  manners,  painting,  and  dramatic  reality  of 
Froiflart,  conveyed  in  a  nobler  language,  and  vivified  by  a 
more  patriotic  and  more  poetical  mind."     Gen.  Biog. 

LOPESCO,  in  Gjography,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo 
Ultra;    ig  .miles  S.W.  of  Aquila. 

LOPEZ,  Gregorio,  in  Biograph)',  a  celebrated  Spanilh 
lawyer,  was  born  at  Guadalonpe,  towards  the  clofe  of  the 
fifteenth,  or  'commencement  of  the  fixteenth  century.  He 
edited  the  laws  of  Aionfo  the  Wife,  known  by  the  title  of 
*'  Las  Siete  Partidas,"  and  added  a  commentary,  which  has 
been  retained  in  moll  of  the  fubfequent  editions,  and  is  in- 
cluded in  the  laft.     Lopez  ftudied  Et  SalaroanCa,  and  was 

Vox..  XXI. 


one  of  the  royal  council  of  the  Indies.  The  time  of  his 
death  is  not  known  :  Jiis  epitaph  in  St.  Anne's  chapel,  in 
tiie  monaftery  of  Guadalonpe,  fays,  in  the  Portuguefe  lan- 
guage : 

"  Here  lies  the  licentiate  Gregorio  Lopez,  a  native  of 
this  place.      Pray  to  God  for  him.''      Gen.  Biog. 

LOPEZIA,  in  Botany,  dedicated  by  Cavanilles  to  the 
memory  of  "  the'  Licentiate  Thomas  Lopez,"'  a  native  of 
Burgos,  who  had  an  honourable  appointment  in  America  in 
the  reign  of  tl;e  emperor  Charles  V.,  and  is  faid  to  have 
written  a  compendium  of  natural  hiftory,  after  his  return  ; 
which  flill  remains  in  manufcript,  under  the  title  cf  a 
Treatife  on  the  three  elements  of  air,  water  and  earth. 
Cavan.  Ic.  v.  i.  12.  'Vahl.  Enum.  v.  1.3.  WiUd.  Sp. 
PI  V.  I.  18.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  cd.  2.  v.  i.  10.  Lamarck 
Did.  V.  3.  594. — Clafs  and  order,  Monandr'm  Manogyn'ia. 
Nat.  Ord.  Onagrit,  .luff.  See  Sims  and  Konig's  /uinals 
of  Botany,  v.  i.  J32. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  fuperior,  of  four  oblong,  con- 
cave, coloured  deciduous  leaves  ;  three  of  them  afcending  ; 
the  fourth,  rather  the  largeft,  pointing  downwards.  Gor. 
irregular.  Petals  four,  fpreading,  longer  than  the  calyx  ; 
the  two  uppermoft  oblong,  ere6t,  parallel,  with  a  gland  at 
the  bafe,  and  fiipported  by  cyhndrical  claws  ;  two  lateral 
ones  fpatulate,  widely  fpreading.  Neftary  obovate,  folded, 
on  a  bent  elaftic  ftalk,  parallel  to  the  lower  leaf  of  the 
calyx.  Slam.  Filament  one,  awl-fliaped,  afcending,  oppofita 
to  the  nedlary  half  as  long  as  the  upper  petals  ;  anther  ter- 
minal, ovate,  fimple,  of  two  cells,  embraced  in  an  early  ftate, 
by  the  folded  limb  of  the  neftary.  Pi/l.  Germen  inferior, 
nearly  globofe,  fmooth  ;  ftyle  thread-lhaped,  fomewhat  de- 
clining, as  long  as  the  ftamen ;  ftigma  capitate,  downy. 
Perk.  Capfule  globular,  of  four  cells,  opening  at  the  top 
by  four  valves.  Seeds  minut»,  ovate,  numerous.  Receptack 
fquare. 

Efl".  Ch.  Calyx  fuperior,  of  four  unequal  leaves.  Co- 
rolla irregular,  of  four  petals.  NeClary  ftalked,  folded, 
oppofite  to  the  ftamen.  Capfule  of  four  cells  and  four 
valves.     Seeds  numerous. 

1.  L.  hirfuta.  Hairy  Lopezia.  Dryandr.  in  Ait.  Hort. 
Kew.  n.  I.  Jacq.  Coll.  Suppl.  v.  5.  t.  15.  f.  4.  (L. 
mexicana/3;  Wilid.  Sp.  PI.  n.  i.) — Leaves  o%'ate,  downy. 
Stem  round,  hairy. — Native  of  Mexico.  Mr.  John  Hunne- 
Tnann  obtained  feeds  from  Germany,  for  Kew  gai'den,  in 
1 796.  The  plant  is  annual,  kept  in  the  ftove,  and  flowers 
from  September  to  November.  We  procured  fpecimens  m. 
1797  from  the  Cambridge  garden.  The  ^tv«  is  two  or 
three  feet  high,  branched,  pale  green,  clothed  with  longifti 
foft  hairs.  Leaves  alternate,  ftaiked,  ovate,  pointed,  mi- 
nutely toothed,  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  half  long,  of  a 
bright  light  green,  clothed  on  both  fides  with  fhort  fofc 
hairs ;  thofe  near  the  flowers  fmall  and  feflile.  Cluftert  foii- 
tary  at  the  end  of  every  little  branch,  fomewhat  corvmbofe, 
ieafy  ;  their  partial  ftalks  capillary,  fimple,  fpreading,  co- 
loured, fmooth.  Flowers  fpreading,  prettily  variegated 
with  pink,  deep  red,'  and  white,  in  ihape~iiot  unlike  fome 
fort  of  little  flies.  When  touched,  they  exhibit  a  ftriking 
elafticity,  if  not  irritability,  in  the  manner  in  which  the 
neftary  on  one  hand,  and  the  ftamen  on  Uie  other,  fly  front 
the  piftil. 

2.  L.  racemofa.  Smooth  Lopezia.  Cavan.  Ic.  v.  i.  12. 
t.  18.  Curt.  Mag.  t.  254.  (L.  mexicana  a  ;  Willd.  Sp. 
PI.  n.  I.) — Stem  fquare,  fmooth,  as  well  as  the  leaves.  Floral 
leaves  minute. — Native  of  Mexico.  The  firll  feeds  that 
arrived  in  this  country,  were  fent  in  a  letter  from  Madrid  in 
1791,  by  the  Abbe  Cavanilles  to  the  writer  of  the  prefent 
article,  and  produced  plants  at  Kew  and  Chelfea  the  follow. 

3  F  ing 


LOP 

ing  year,  which  bloomed  abundantly  in  the  autumn,  and 
were  much  admired.  This  fpccies  differs  from  tlie  former 
chiefly  in  its  fmoothnefs,  and  the  fquarensfs  of  its  Jhm. 
In  other  refpcfls  they  are  very  much  alike,  efpccially  in  the 
Jloiucrs  and  inllorefcence,  fo  as  to  have  been  generally 
thou<rht  varieties.  We  are  indeed  by  no  means  certain,  that 
the  ifem  of  the  lurfata  is  not   frequently  angular,  in   fome 

degree.  .         a     ,     r> 

^.  L.  corotiata.  Coronet-flowered  Lopezia.  Andr.  Ke- 
pof."  t.  CJI.  Dryandr.  in  Ait.  liort.  Kew.  n.  j.— Leaves 
fmooth  and  flnning.  Stem  angular,  from  the  decurrent 
footftalks.  Floraf  leaves  molUy  longer  than  the  flovver- 
ftalks.— Nafive  of  Mexico.  Meffrs.  Lee  and  Kennedy  are 
faid  to  have  introduced  this  fpecies  in  1S05,  wliich  is  marked 
as  a  hardy  annual  in  Hort.  Ke%v.  It  differs  from  the  laft 
ill  being  of  more  luxuriant  growth,  with  larger  floral  kayss, 
the  wliole  foliage  being  of  a  deeper  more  fhining  green. 
•We  are  much  inclined  to  fufpeft  thefe  differences  to  have 
arifen  from  differences  of  treatment,  and  that  tlie  fading  of 
the  lateral  petals,  as  they  advance  in  age,  may  be  attributed 
to  the  adlion  of  flrong  funfliine.     S. 

I.OPHANTHUS,  from  Xofo;,  a crej,  andavSt.-,  afozver, 
is  the  fnecilic  name  of  a  fpecies  of  Hj-fopus ;  fee  that  article. 
Forfter'  has  ufed  it  to  defignate  a  genus  of  his  own,  in  his 
G»i:ra  Plantarnm,  of  the  native  country  of  which,  or  of  us 
form,  habit,  or  duration,  he  has  faid  nothing,  except  that  it 
is  next  akin  to  IValther'm ;  neither  does  any  mention  of  it 
occur,  as  far  as  we  can  lind,  in  his  fubfequent  works.  We 
prefume  therefore  he  found  he  had  made  a  miftake,  but  we 
fubioin  his  characlers  of  the  genus.  Forft.  Gen.  t.^14. 
JufT.  427.  Lamarck  Did.  v.  3.  594.  lUuflr.  t.  143.- 
Clafs  and  order,  Pentandria  Monogyn'ta.  Nat.  Ord.  Celum- 
Tilfira,   Linn.?     IncerU  fedis,   Jull. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  of  one  leaf,  tubular, 
in  five  fraall,  equal,  acute  fegments,  permanent.  Cor. 
Petals  five,  fpatulate,  fpreading,  roundifli,  with  flender  up- 
right claws  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Siam.  Filaments  five, 
awl-fhaped,  the  length  of  the  corolla  ;  anthers  fomewhat  in- 
cumbent. P'ljl.  Germen  fuperior,  oblong,  conical,  hairy ; 
ftyle  fhort,  cylindrical,  nipple-like,  flightly  club-fliaped ; 
iligma  {lightly  cloven.  Perk,  of  one  cell,  clothed  with 
long  hairs.  Seed  folitary,  ovate,  covered,  fmooth,  m  the 
bottom  of  the  calyx. 

I .  L.  tomentofus.     The  only  fpecies  mentioned. 
LOPHIA,  in  Anatomy,  a  term  for  the  upper  part  of  the 
cervix,  or  back  part  of  the  liuman  neck. 

LOPHIUS,  in  Natural  Hiflory,  a  genus  of  tifhes  «f  the 
order  Branchioitegi :  the  generic  charader  is  as  follows : 
head  deprelfed ;  many  fharp-pointed  tpeth ;  tongue  broad 
and  armed  with  teeth  ;  eyes  on  the  upper  part  of  the  head  ; 
noilrils  fmall ;  gills  three;  one  lateral  aperture;  peSoral 
fins  placed  on  the  long  branch'as  ;  dorfal  and  anal  fins  oppo- 
fite,  and  near  the  tail ;  body  fcalelefs.  covered  with  a  thin 
lax  fliin;  vent  in  the  middle  ;  no  lateral  line.  The  fifhes  of 
this  genus  are  of  a  iingularly  uncouth  appearance  ;  the  body 
being  thick  and  fhapelefs ;  the  head  exceffively  large,  and 
the  fins  fliort  and  broad. 

Species. 

P1SCAIORIUS.  This  has  various  Englifh  names,  as  the 
European  or  common  angler,  frog-fifh,  toad-fifh,  fifhing- 
frog,'fea-devil,  Ac.  Body  depreffed  ;  head  rounded.  The 
ufual  length  of  this  fpecies  is  from  two  to  four  feet,  though 
it  is  fometimes  found  fix  or  even  feven  feet  long.  In  its 
form  it  has  a  referablance  to  that  of  a  tadpole.  The  fkin 
of  the  trunk  is  fmooth,  but  that  of  the  upper  parts  marked 
by  various  inequalities.     The  eyes  are  large  and  whitifh ; 


LOP 

the  lower  jaT»  is  confiderably  longer  than  the  upper.  There 
are  lome  thread-like  procefTcs  that  proceed  from  the  upper 
part  of  the  head,  and  fome  fhorter  ones  from  the  back,  bat 
the  edges  of  the  body  are  fringed  at  intervals  with  fhorter 
appendages  of  a  fomewhat  fimilar  nature.  The  upper  fur- 
face  is  brown,  with  deeper  or  paler  variegations,  and  the 
under  furface  is  whitifh.  The  frog-fifh  inhabits  the  Eu- 
ropean feas ;  fwims  flowly  ;  lies  in  ambufli,  in  fliallows, 
half-concealed  by  fea-plaiits  or  mud,  and  decoying  its  prey 
by  moving  its  worm-like  procefTcs.  According  to  the  de- 
fcription  given  by  Baffon  the  two  long  beards  or  filaments 
placed  immediately  above  the  nofe  are  fmall  in  the  begin-  - 
ning,  hilt  thicker  at  the  end,  and  anfwer  the  very  fingular 
purpofe  of  a  fifliing-line,  to  which  ufe  the  animal  converts 
them.  This  property  of  thofe  filaments  is  referred  to  by 
Pliny  and  other  Maturalifts,  who  far,  "  with  tliefe  extended, 
the  fifliing-frog  hides  in  muddy  waters,  and  leaves  nothing 
but  the  beards  to  be  feen  :  the  curiofity  of  the  fmaller  filh 
brings  them  to  view  thefe  filaments,  and  their  hunger  induces 
tliom  to  feizf  the  bait  ;  upon  which  the  animal  in  ambiifh 
inflantly  draws  in  its  filaments  with  the  httle  fifh  that  had 
taken  the  bait,  and  devours  them  without  mercy."  It  is 
faid  if  th?  bowels  of  the  fifhing-frog  are  taken  out  the  body 
will  appear  tranfparent ;  and  if  a  lighted  candle  be  fubfti- 
tuted  for  the  intellines,  as  in  a  lanthorn,  the  whole  lias  a 
very  formidable  appearance.  This  fpecies  feeds  on  dog-rifh 
and  other  fmaller  fifhcs.  The  "cornubienfis,'  or  cormfli,  or 
long-angler,  or  fifhing-frog  of  Mount's  bay,  which  has 
been  taken  as  a  feparate  fpecies,  may  be  regarded  only  as  a 
variety. 

Barbatl's.  Body  depreffed  ;  lower  jaw  bearded.  It  in- 
habits  the  feas  cf  Northern  Europe  ;  is  between  three  and 
four  feet  long,  and  is  a  very  voracious  fifh. 

Vespertilio.  Body  depreffed  ;  head  roftrate  :  an  inha- 
bitant of  the  American  ocean  ;  the  body  is  reddifh,  broad 
before,  narrowed  behind,  and  covered  with  radiate,  fharp, 
patelliform  tubercles ;  beneath  with  fmall  prickles;  in  its 
mode  of  catchioij  its  prey  it  refemblcs  the  L.  pifcatorius. 

HisTRiO  ;  Harlequin  angler,  or  American  toad-fifh  ;  is 
of  a  comprelTed  form  ;  of  a  yellowifh-brown  colour,  with 
irregular  fcliekifh  fpots,  and  beards  on  the  head  and  body. 
This,  which  is  one  of  the  moil  grotefque  and  fingular  of 
fifhes,  is  found  in  the  American  and  Indian  feas,  and  is  a  moft 
curious  and  remarkable  filh.  It  js  about  a  foot  long,  and 
its  ventral  fins  refcmble  fhort  arms.  It  has  been  aflerted, 
though  on  very  doubtful  authority  we  fufpect,  that  in- 
flances  have  been  known  of  thefe  fifhes  living  three  days 
without  water. 

Striatos.  Body  comprefTed,  brown  ;  marked  all  over 
with  num.erous  black  ftreaks  :  is  fou:id  on  the  coaft  of  New 
Holland. 

PiCTUS.  Body  comprefTed,  brown,  with  yellowifh 
blotches  edged  with  red  ;  inhabits  the  fouthern  ocean  ;  ten- 
dril on  the  nofe  forked  at  the  end. 

Marmoratus.  Body  fubcompreffed,  livid,  varied  with 
whitifh  and  ferruginous  fpots,  dorfal  fin  fingle  ;  tendril  at 
the  nofe  three-cleft  at  the  end.  Native  of  the  Pacific  ocean  ; 
obfervcd  about  the  coatt  of  Otaheite,  &c. 

MoNOPTEKIGIUS.  Body  depreffed,  blackifh,  beneath 
whitifh  ;  fin  above  the  tail  almofl  erecl,  ramofe.  It  inha- 
bits the  feas  of  Aullralalia.  It  is  not  quite  agreed  where 
to  place  this  very  fingular  fifh  ;  it  has  no  fin  except  the 
lobate  one  jufl  above  the  tail ;  the  eyes  are  vertical,  ap- 
proximate, and  far  behind  the  fnout-:  the  body  is  ronndifh, 
a  little  tapering  to  both  ends,  and  the  tail  at  the  end  cf  the 
body  rounded. 

MuRicATVs ;  Depreffed  angUr :  defcribed  firfl  by  La 
8  Ccpede, 


LOR 

Cipede,  under  the  name  «  Lopliie  faiijaj :"  body  flat,  orbi- 
cular, and  covered  with  numerous  fmall  tubercles  tipped 
with  divided  or  radiated  fpines  ;  hind  part  contratting  fud- 
denly,  covered  with  funilar  fpines,  and  terminated  by  the  tail 
fin,  which  is  of  a  moderate  fize,  and  (lightly  rounded  ; 
pedoral  fins  larsre,  and  fituated  lower  than  tliofe  in  the  com- 
mon  an^jler.      It  is  about  four  inclies  in  length. 

LOPO,  in  Gsography,  a  lake  of  Thibet,  about  iS  miles 
long  and  nine  broad.      N.  lat  42"  20'.      E.  long.  89'  52'. 

LOPPED  Milk,  in  Rural  Economy,  fuch  as  has  flood 
till  it  becomes  four  and  curdled. 

LOPPEN,  in  Geography,  a  fmall  idand  in  the  North  fca, 
near  the  coall  of  Lapland.      N.  lat.  69"  43'. 

LOPPING,  in  Rural  Economy,  the  operation  of  cutting 
off  the  lateral  or  other  branches  of  trees.  Mod  eld  trees 
are  found  hollow  within,  which  frequently  proceeds  from  the 
fault  of  thofe  who  have  the  management  of  them,  by  fuffer- 
ing  tlie  tops  to  gro.v  too  large  before  they  are  lopped  ;  and 
this  is  common  in  the  afh,  elm,  hornbeam,  &c.  It  is  done 
in  order  to  have  more  great  wood ;  but  the  cutting  off  great 
tops  often  endangers  the  life  of  the  trees,  or  wounds  them, 
fo  that  they  yearly  decay  more  in  their  bodies  than  the  an- 
nual value  of  the  tops  ;  hence  it  is  to  the  lofs  of  the  owner 
to  have  them  fo  managed  ;  and  though  the  hornbeam  and 
elm  will  bear  great  tops,  when  the  body  is  little  more  than 
a  ihcll,  the  aili,  when  it  comes  to  take  wet  at  the  head,  and 
decays,  rarely  bears  any  more  top.  When  timber  trees  of 
thi-i  kind  begin  to  decay,  they  ftiould  be  cut  down  as  foon 
as  poflible. 

But  the  lopping  of  trees  at  ten  or  twelve  years  old,  in 
general,  preferves  them  much  longer,  and  occafions  the 
ihoots  to  grow  more  into  wood  in  one  year  than  they  do  m\ 
old  tops  in  two  or  three.  As  great  boughs,  ill  taken  off, 
fpoil  trees,  they.iliould  always  he  taken  off  clofe  and  fmooth, 
and  not  in  a  flanting  manner,  as  is  a  common  prailice.  The 
wood  fhould  be  covered  with  loam  and  horfe-dung  mixed,  or 
fome  of  Mr.  Foriyth's  compofition,  to  prevent  the  wet  from 
entering  the  bodies  of  the  trees,  and  deitroying  them  by 
bringing  on  the  rot. 

When  trees  are  at  full  growth,  the  fitjns  of  their  decay 
are  the  withering  or  dying  of  many  of  their  top  branches, 
and  the  wet  entering  at  fome  knots,  or  their  being  otherwife 
hollow  or  difcoloured;  alfo  by  their  making  but  poor  ihoots, 
and  the  woodpeckers  making  holes  i;i  them. 

The  above  method  of  lopping  of  trees  is  only,  however> 
proper  for  pollard-trees  ;  nothing  being  more  injurious  to 
the  growth  of  timber  trees  than  lopping  or  cutting  off  great 
branches  from  them.  Miller  obferves,  that  whoever  wiil  be 
at  the  trouble  of  trying  the  experiment  upon  two  trees  of 
equal  age  and  fize,  growing  near  each  other,  by  lopping  or 
cutting  off  the  ilde  branches  from  one  of  them,  and  futfer- 
ing  all  the  branches  to  grow  upon  the  other,  will  in  a  few 
years  find  the  latter  to  exceed  the  former  in  growth  in  every 
■way,  and  not  decay  nearly  fo  focn. 

It  is  generally  recommended  not  to  prune  timber  trees  at 
all  ;  and,  where  they  naturally  grow  ilraight  and  regular, 
they  are  much  better  let  alone.  But  all  common  fat;!ts  in 
(i-.ape  may  be  regulated  by  lopping  them  while  young,  with- 
out any  ill  confequences  to  the  timber. 

The  very  large  foreft  trees  fnould  not  be  lopped  at  all,  ex- 
cept in  cafes  of  great  necelTity,  a:>d  then  orjy  the  fide 
branches  iliould  be  removed,  which  muft  be  done  as  clofe  to 
the  trunk  as  poffible.  The  mofl  proper  feafons  for  the  per- 
formance  of  this  fort  of  bufinefs  are  thole  of  the  very  early 
autumn  and  fpring  months,  in  moft  inftances. 

It  may  be  obferved  that  moit  forts  of  refi.ious  trees,  or  (uch 


LOR 

as  abound  with  a  milky  juice,  (hould  be  lopped  very  fparirg'. 
ly,  as  they  are  fubjeil  to  decay  when  often  lopped,  or  cut 
•ver  in  their  branches.  The  bed  feafon  for  lopping  thofc 
kinds  of  trees  is  the  latter  end  of  fummer,  or  beginning  of 
autumn  ;  they  thep  feldom  bleed  much,  and  the  wounds  are 
commonly  healed  over  before  the  weather  fcts  in  to  be  bad 
and  fevere. 

But  very  few  forts  of  ornamental  trees  fliould  be  much 
lopped,  as  it  greatly  injures  their  beauty  and  appearance. 
The  only  thing  neceffary  is  to  take  off  fuch  ftraggling 
branches  as  may  grow  out  in  an  awkward  or  improper  di- 
rection, and  render  them  Icfs  ornamental.  See  Pkuxixg  o/" 
trcis. 

LOPPIS,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Nyland  ;  36  miles  N.N.W.  of  Helfingfors. 

LOPSCHENSKOI,  a  town  of  Ruflla,  in  the  govern- 
ment  of  Archangel,  on  the  coaft  of  the  Wliite  fea;  60  miles 
W.  of  Archangel. 

LORA,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of  Seville^ 
eight  miles  N.'of  Carmona.^ — Alfo,  a  town  of  Chili,  on  a 
river  of  the  fame  nam.e,  which  runs  into  the  Pacific  ocean, 
S.  lat.  34°  46';   105  miles  S.  of  Valparaifo. 

LORAH,  a  town  of  Hindooilan,  in  Baliar ;  25  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Rotangur. 

LORANCA,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Caftile ;  eight 
miles  S.  of  Hucta. 

LORANGA,  a  rirer  of  Africa,  which  runs  into  the 
ftraits  of  Mozambique,   8.  lat.  17^30'. 

LORANTHUS,  in  Botany,  from  Xi-j-oi,  ajlrap  or /hcnj, 
and  04/70,-,  ajlower,  alluding  to  the  long  linear  (hape,  and 
leathery  fubftance,  of  the  petals.  Linn.  Gen.  ijj'.  Schreb. 
233.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  V.  2.  232.  Mart.  Mill.  Did.  v.  3. 
.Tulf.  212.  Lamarck  Dift.  v.  3.  594.  lUuilr.  t.  258. 
Jacq.  Amer.  97.  (Lonicera;  Gosrtn.  t.  27.) — Clafs  and 
order,  Hexandria  Monogyiiia.  Nat.  Ord.  ^ggregaU,  Linn. 
C af'nfolia,  JufT. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cah  Perianth  fuperior,  a  fmall,  concave,  en- 
tire rim.  Cor.  Petals  fix,  oblong,  revoiute,  equal.  Slam. 
Filaments  fix,  awl-(haped,  growing  at  the  bafe  of  the 
petals,  the  length  of  the  corolla  ;  anthers  oblong.  Pifl. 
Germen  inferior,  oblong,  crowned  with  the  permanent 
calyx  ;  ftyle  fimple,  as  long  as  the  ftan  ens  ;  fligma  obtufe. 
Pcric.   Berry  oblong,  of  one  cell.     Seeti  oblong. 

EIT.  Ch.  Germen  inferior.  Corolla  lix-cleft,  reyolute. 
Stamens  at  the  tips  of  the  peta's.     Berry  fingle-feeded. 

Obf.  L.  curopiiis  differs  from  the  other  Ipecies  in  hav- 
ing dioecious  flowers,  and  L.  p'nlar.drus  in  having  its  flowers 
five-cleft  half  way  dowr,  with  five  ttamens. 

Loranlhus  con(\A.i  oi  parafitical  ilirubs,  which  are  chiefly 
tropica],  and  many  of  them  extremely  beautiful.  Linnsus 
enumerates  eleven,  in  his  fourteenth  edition  of  the  Sy7.  V:g. 
and  Willdeaow  has  twenty-fix,  feme  of  which  are  ado;;ttd 
from  Swartz.  Lamarck  a'fo,  as  he  himfelf  juftly  afferts, 
has  made  us  acquainted  with  feveral  new  fpecies  not  before 
known,  and  many  have  bren  found  fince  in  New  Holland, 
which  will  doubtlefs  be  defcribed  by  Mr.  Brown. — The 
leaves  in  the  whole  genus  are  oppofitc,  coriaceous  or  flelhy, 
and  entire,  rarely  veiny.  Infloitfcence  lateral,  compound, 
motlly  racemofe  or  fomewhat  corymbofc.  Petals  long,  co- 
hering in  an  early  (late,  fo  as  to  form  an  apparent  tube,  their 
colour  generally  red,  orange  or  yellow.  The  following  may 
ferve  to  illu'lrate  the  genus. 

L.  europsus.  Limi,  Sp.  Pl.  1672.  Jacq.  Auftr.  t.  _;c. 
— Chillers  fimple,  ter.minal.  Fli»wtrs  dioecious.— Found  ai 
a  parafite  upon  oaks,  in  Aullria,  Hungary,  and  Moravia, 
alfo,  according  to  Palhs,  in  Siberia.  It  bears  flowers  in 
Apjil  and  May,  and  perfeds  its  fruit  in  Oftober.  Stnm 
3  F   2  very 


LOR 


1,  O  R 


very  much  brancheJ  and  forked,  often  four  feet  long, 
mooth.  Barh  brown,  tliick,  tubercled,  flightly  allringent, 
and  turning  \Yater  red  in  which  it  has  been  macerated. 
Wood  whitifti  and  brittle.  Leaves  oblong,  obtufc,  entire 
or  emarginate,  deciduous  when  the  fruit  is  ripe.  Floiueri 
delicately  fragrant,  yellowidi-green,  in  fome  plants  alto- 
gether barren,  in  others  all  of  them  fertile.  Berry  of  a 
jellovv  colour.  This  plant  has  much  the  habit  and  appear- 
ance of  our  Mifletoe,  Vi/cum  album,  and  is  very  remarkable 
in  its  genus  for  being  found  in  cold  climates. 

L..  hniceroieks.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  473.  (IttiCanni;  Rheed. 
Mai.  V.  7.  ^^.  t.  29.) — Flower.s  in  an  aggregated  head,  often 
pentandrous.  —This  is  a  native  of  groves  in  Afia. — A  very 
handfome  fpecies,  whofe  branches  are  long  and  flexuofe. 
Lea-ves,  ovate-lanceolate,  ihickilh,  entire,  fmooth,  veined, 
bluntifli.  Flowers  about  five  in  a  duller,  fcflile,  tubular, 
yellow,  downy  withinilde.  Stamens  generally  five.  Fruit 
round,  greenilh-yellow,  containing  a  fmall,  white  nut,  which 
bas  a  bitter  flavour. 

'L.corymbofus.  Lamarck  Dift.  v.  jj.  599.  ( Lonicera 
corymbofa  ;  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  249.  Periclymeiiuni  foliis  acutis, 
.floribus  profunde  difTeftis  ;  Feuillee  Peruv.  v.  2.  760.  t.  45.) 
— Corymbs  axillary,  oppofite.  Leaves  .  ovale,  icute. 
Flowers  quadrangular,  with  four  petilsv  and  four  ftamens. 
— Native  of  Chili,  from  whence  we  have  a  fpecimen,  by 
favour  of  Mr.  Menzies,  which  enables  us  better  than  Feu- 
illee's  figure  to  underftand  ti.e  fpecies. — ThcJIowcrs  are  of 
a  blood  red,  with  yellow  ftamens.  By  the  hill  mentioned 
author's  account  this  feems  not  to  be  parafitical.  It  is  ufed 
for  dyeing  a  fine  black  colour. 

L0RANTHU.S,  in  Gardening,  comprifes  a  plant  of  the 
exotic  kind  for  the  (love,  of  which  the  Ipecies  cultivated  is, 
the  American  !oranth:is  (L.  Amcricanus.)  Its  branches 
are  fubdivided,  leafy,  fmooth,  pale  green,  brittle,  and  the 
leaves  pale  with  red  flowers. 

This  plant  ramps  over  the  higheft  trees  in  Jamaica,  &c. 
efpecially  the  coccoloba  grandifolia,  with  the  root  adhering 
firmly  to  the  bark  like  mifletoe, 

Ilethoei  of  Culture. — This  plant  may  be  incrcafed  by  fow- 
ing  the  feeds,  as  foon  a:  they  are  fully  ripened,  in  pots  of 
light  rich  earth,  being  kept  in  a  mild  hot-bed  until  the  be- 
ginning of  the  autumn,  when  they  mull  be  plunged  in  the 
bark  hot-bed  of  the  Hove,  being  afterwards  treated  as  other 
tender  plants  of  the  fame  kind. 

It  affords  variety  in  flove  colleftions. 

LORARII,  among  the  i?om<-iHj,  officers  whofe  bufinefs 
it  was,  with  whips  and  fcourges,  to  compel  the  gladiators 
to  engage.  The  lorarii  alfo  puniflied  flaves  who  difi;beyed 
their  mailers. 

LORBUS,  or  Lekb.a,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Africa, 
in  the  country  of  Tunis,  anciently  called  "  Laribus  Ca- 
lonia;''   10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Tuberlak. 

LORCA,  anciently  called  CHocrota,  a  town  of  Spain,  of 
confiderable  fize,  in  Murcia,  fituated  very  near  the  confines 
of  the  kingdom  of  Granada,  at  the  foot  of  a  ileep  moun- 
tain, confining  almoft  wholly  of  fchift,  and  denominated  the 
Sierra  del  Cano,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Guadalentin.  It 
lies  at  the  entrance  of  a  fine  rich  country,  abounding  with 
trees,  particularly  olive  and  mulberry,  fertilized  by  the 
above-mentioned  river.  The  town  had  formerly  a  callle 
advantageoufly  fituated  on  the  top  of  the  mountain,  which 
■was  ftrong  under  the  Moors  and  under  the  kings  of  Caliile; 
but  it  is  now  in  ruins.  Lorca  is  now  much  larger  than 
it  was  under  the  Moors,  by  whom  it  was  taken  in  714;  it 
is  divided  into  the  upper  and  lower  town,  the  former  being 
the  old  pa-t  on  the  declivity  of  the  hill  formerly  occupied 
by  the  Moors,  and  the  latter,  which  is  more  modern  and 

3 


better  built,  (lands  altogether  on  level  ground  ;  it  has  four 
gates  and  fevcral  fqu;u-es,  and  two  iuburbs,  and  its  extent 
is  fufiicient  to  accommodate  l2,coo  perfons.  The  popula- 
tion of  Lorca  is  computed  at  about  30,000  inhabitants, 
partly  noble  of  ancient  families,  and  devoted  to  agriculture, 
and  partly  very  poor  :  intermixed  with  the  other  inhabitants 
are  feveral  wandering  vagabonds,  called  Gitanos  or  gypfies. 
Lorca  has  at  prefent  a  collegiate  chapter,  eight  paridi 
churches,  feven  monalleries,  two  nunneries,  two  hofpitals, 
one  for  men  and  the  other  for  vifomen,  and  a  college  for  the 
inllruiSioii  of  youlli.  It  is  governed  by  a  corregidor,  and 
twenty-four  regidors,  who  form  the  principality  ;  it  has  a 
manufafture  of  ialt-pctre,  but  has  no  kind  of  commerce. 
Some  of  the  produce  of  the  country  is  taken  from  it,  par- 
ticularly filk  and  kali  ;  but  this  trade  is  carried  on  by 
foreigners^  efpecially  the  French,  who  are  fettled  here. 
The  town  fufl'ered  much  in  i  8c2  by  an  inundation  from  a 
large  bafon  or  lefervoir,  which  had  been  condrudled  of  an 
Immenfe  fize  in  order  to  water  the  whole  of  its  adjacent  ter- 
ritory. This  bafon  being  undermined,  the  water  ni(hed 
from  it  with  ftich  impetuolity,  that  it  wholly  dellroyed  one 
of  its  fuburbs,  confilling  of  about  600  boules,  and  feveral 
public  buildings,  and  extended  its  dellrnctive  ravages  to  an 
extent  of  16  leagues,  fo  that  the  number  of  people  who 
perifhed  was  ellimated  at  6000  and  the  animals  at  24,000. 
The  whole  lofs  was  eflimated  at  200  millions  of  reals,  or 
about  2,083,333/.  fterling.  Lorca  is  diftant  42  miles  W, 
from  Carthagtna.     N.  lat.  37' 38'.     W.  long.  i''. 

LORCH,  a  town  of  Germany,  the  inhabitants  of  which 
chiefly  fubfill  by  cultivating  vineyards  and  making  wine; 
24  miles  W.N.W.  of  Mentz. 

LORCHAUSEN,  a  town  of  Germany,  feated  on  the 
Rhine  ;    27  miles  W.  of  Mentz. 

LORD,  a  title  of  honour  attributed  to  thofe  who  are 
noble,  either  by  birth,  or  creation  ;  and  veiled  with  the 
dignity  of  a  baron. 

The  word  is  of  Saxon  origin,  and  primarily  denotes  a 
bread-giver,  alluding  to  the  hcfpitality  of  our  ancient  no- 
bles:  it  is  formed,  according  to  Camden,  from  hlaford, 
afterwards  written  loford;  a  compound  of  hiaf,  bread,  and 
ford,  to  fupply,  afford. 

In  this  fenfe,  lord  amounts  to  the  fame  with  peer  of  the 
realm,  lord  of  parliament. 

Lord  is  alfo  applied  to  thofe  fo  called  by  the  courtefy  of 
England  ;  as  all  fons  of  a  duke  or  m.irquis,  and  the  eldtft 
fon  of  an  earl. 

LoKD  is  alfo  an  appellation  given  to  divers  perfons  honour- 
able by  office  ;  as  loftl  chief  juftice,  lord  chancellor,  lord  of 
the  treafury,  admiralty,  &c. 

Loud  is  alfo  a  title  fometimes  given  to  an  inferior  perfon 
who  has  a  fee,  and  confequenlly  the  homage  of  tenants 
within  his  manor. 

For  bv  his  tenants  he  is  called  lord,  and  in  fome  places, 
for  diftiiiction  fake,  land-lord. 

It  is  in  this  laft  fignification  that  the  word  lord  is  prin- 
cipally ufed  in  our  law-books,  where  it  is  divided  into  lord 
paramount,  and  lordmefne. 

Loud  Meftte,  is  he  that  is  owner  of  a  manor,  and  by 
virtue  thereof  hath  tenants  holding  of  him  in  fee,  and  by 
ct>py  of  court-j-oll ;  and  yet  holds  himielr  of  a  fuperior  lord 
called  lord paraviount. 

We  aifo  read  of  very  lord,  and  very  tenant. 

Loud  in  Grofs,  he  who  is  lord,  not  by  reafon  of  any  manor, 
as  the  king  in  rLfpect  of  his  cro^n,  &c.' 

Very  Lord,  is  lie  who  is  immediate  lord  to  his  tenant ; 
and  very  tenant,  he  who  holds  immediately  of  that  lord. 

So 


LOR 

So  that  wliere  there  is  lord  paramount,  lord  mefne,  and 
tenant ;  the  lord  paramount  is  not  very  lord  to  the  tenant. 

Lord  Hi^h-Atlmh-al  of  England,  is  one  of  the  great 
officers  of  the  crown,  whofe  trull  and  honour  arc  fo  great, 
that  it  was  formerly  feldom  given,  except  to  fome  of  the 
king's  youngeft  fons  or  near  kinfiaen. 

To  him  i'^,  by  the  king,  entnifted  the  management  of  all 
maritime  alTairs,  as  well  in  reipeft  to  jurifdiftion  as  protec- 
tion ;  with  the  government  of  the  Britiih  navy  ;  and  a 
power  to  decide  all  controverfies  and  caufes  maritime,  as 
well  civil  as  criminal  ;  fiich  as  happen  either  on  our  coafls, 
or  heyond  fea,  anKjng  his  majedy's  fubjefts. 

T"  him  alfo  belong  fuch  wrecks  aiad  prizes,  as  are  called 
lagon,  jelfoii,  i^nA  Jlotfan  ;  that  is,  goods  lying  in  the  fea, 
floating,  or  call  afliore,  excepting  in  fuch  royalties  as  are 
granted  to  other  lords  of  nianors,  &c.  with  all  great  fillies, 
called  royal  Jill,  except  whales  and  fturgeon  ;  a  (liare  of 
prizes  in  the  "time  of  war,  and  the  goods  of  pirates  and 
felons  condemned. 

The  lord  high-admiral  has  under  him  many  officers  of 
high  and  low  condition ;  fome  at  fea,  others  at  land  ;  fome 
of  a  military,  others  of  a  civil  capacity  ;  fome  judicial, 
others  miniftcrial. 

This  great  office  is  now  ufiiallv  executed  by  feven  com- 
miffioiiers,  who  are  ftyled  lords  of  the  admiralty  :  one  is  called 
the  firft  lord,  with  a  falary  of  3000/.  a-year,  the  others  have 
looo/.  a-year  each.  Under  thefe  there  are  a  fecretary  and 
deputy-fecretary,  and  ftveral  inferior  clerks.  See  Lord 
High  Admiral  of  England. 

in  the  court,  called  the  court  of  admiralty,  all  proce.Tcs 
ilTue  in  his  name,  not  the  king's,  as  they  do  in  a'l  other 
courts  ;  fo  that  the  dominion  and  jurifdlclion  of  the  fea  may 
jurtly  be  ftyled  another  commoni^ealth  or  kingdom  apart, 
and  the  lord  high  admiral  the  viceroy  of  the  maritime 
kingdom. 

He  hath  under  him  a  lieutenant,  or  deputy,  who  is  judge 
of  the  admiralty,  commonly  a  doctor  of  the  civil  law.  See 
Court  of  Admiralty. 

Lord  Privy-fsal  has  his  office  by  patent :  before  the 
30th  o-f  Henry  VIH.  he  was  generally  an  ecclefiaftic  ;  fince 
which,  the  office  has  been  ufually  conferred  on  temporal 
peers,  above  the  degree  of  barons. 

The  lord  privy-feal,  receiving  a  warrant -from  the  iignet- 
oflice,  ilTues  the  privy-feal,  which  is  an  autliority  to  the  lord 
chancellor  to  pafs  the  great  feal  where  the  nature  of  the 
grant  requires  the  Seal ;  which  fee.  But  the  privy-feals 
for  money  begin  in  the  treafury,  from  whence  the  firlt  war- 
rant iffues,  counterligned  by  the  lord  treafurer.  On  the  lord 
privy. feal  are  attendant  four  clerks,  who  iiave  two  deputies 
to  adl  for  them. 

Loud  Stituard  of  the  King's  Houfhold.  is  the  principal  of- 
ficer for  the  civil  government  of  the  kmg's  iervants  below- 
ftairs  ;  over  the  officers  of  which  he  has  jurifdidion..     See 

HOUSHOLI). 

He  is  confVituted  by  the  delivery  of  the  white  ftaff,  which 
is  etteemed  his  commiffion.  By  virtue  of  his'officc,  without 
any  other  comn.iffion,  he  judges  of  all  offences  committed 
within  the  court,  or  the  verge  therecf  ;  and  gives  judgment 
according  to  their  feveral  deferts.     See  Court. 

At  the  death  of  the  fovereign  he  breaks  his  ftaff  over 
therrave  in  which  the  royal  corpfe  is  depofited,  and  thereby 
difcha'-ges  all  the  officers  under  his  power. 

Lord  Advocate.     See  Advocate. 

Lord    High-Tnafurer.     See    Tre-VSureh   and    Hous- 

KOID. 


LOR 


LoLD  Chamber, 
Loud  Great  Ch 


■lain  of  the  HovJJjold.'      \ 
hamberlain  of  En"latid.    ) 


See  CiiAMEtR* 
.N  and  HoL'S- 

HOLD. 

See  CjiancelloR, 


Lord  High-Chancellor  of  England. 
and  Court  of  Chancery. 

Lords  of  the  Bed-Chamber,  are  fourteen  in  number,  under 
the  lord  chamberlain.     iSee  Bkd-CIIAMBer,  and  Housuolb^ 

Lords,  Houfs  of.    See  Peers. 

Lords  ofSi/Jlon.     See  Session'. 

Lords  of  the  Treafury.     See  Treasury. 

Lords  Lieutenants  of  Counties,  arc  officers  of  great  diflinc- 
tion,  appointed  by  the  king  for  the  managing  of  the  Handing 
militia  of  the  county,  and  all  military  matters  therein.  They 
are  fuppofed  to  have  been  introduced  about  the  reign  of 
king  Henry  VIIL,  for  they  arc  mentioned  as  known  oiacers 
in  theftatute  4  and  5  Ph.  &  M.  c.  3.  though  they. had  not 
been  then  long  in  ufe  ;  for  Camden  fpeaks  of  them,  in  the 
time  of  queen  Elizabeth,  as  extraordinary  magiftrates  con- 
ftituted  only  in  times  of  difficulty  and  danger. 

They  are  generally  of  the  principal  nobility,  and  of  tlie 
beft  intereft  in  the  county  :  they  are  to  form  tlie  mihtia  ia 
cafe  of  a  rebellion,  S;c.  and  march  at  the  head  of  them,  as 
the  king  fhall  direft. 

They  have  the  power  of  commiffioning  colonels,  majors, 
captains,  and  fubaltern  officers  ;  alfo  to  prelent  the  king 
with  the  names  of  deputy-lieutenants,  who  are  to  be  felecled 
from  the  beft  gentry  in  the  county,  and  act  in  the  abCence  o£ 
the  lords-lieutenants. 

Subfervient  to  the  lord-lieutenants  and  deputyjieutenants, 
are  the  juilices  of  peace;  who,  according  to  the  order  they- 
receive  from  them,  are  to  iffuc  out  warrants  to  the  high  and 
petty-conftables,  &c.  for  mihtary  fervice,  &c. 

Lord's  Day.     See  Sunday. 

Lord  Howe's  Group,  in  Geography,  a  clufter  of  ifTands 
in  the  Pacific  ocean,  difcovered  by  captain  Hunter  in  the 
year  1791.  Thirty-two  of  thefe  iflands  were  diilinftly 
counted  from  the  maft-head,  and  ihey  lay  at  fuch  a  diftance^ 
as  to  afford  reafon  for  fuppofiiig  that  thoy  were  mere  nunie-' 
rous.  Some  of  the  natives,  who  appeared  in  a  boat,  were 
clean,  ftout,  well-formed  perfons,  of  a  dark  copper-colour; 
their  hair  was  tied  in  a  knot  at  the  back  of  their  head,  and 
they  feemed  to  have  fome  method  of  taking  off  their  beards, 
of  which  they  were  dellitute  ;  but  they  had  an  ornament,  con- 
fifting  of  a  number  of  fringes,  like  an  artificial  beard,  which 
was  faftened  on  between  the  nole  and  mouth,  to  which  hung 
a  row  of  teeth,  fo  that  they  appeared  as  if  they  had  a  fecond 
mouth  lower  tlian  their  natural  one ;  they  had  alfo  pieces  of 
reed,  or  bone,  thruft  into  holes  in  the  fides  of  the  nofe,.  and 
paffing  through  the  feptuni  ;  their  arms  and  thighs  were 
tatto.ved,  and  fome  were  painted  with  red  and  white  ftreaks  j 
and  their  middle  wns  covered  with  a  wrapper.  Their  canoe, 
whicii  was  badly  conftruaed,  had  an  out-rigger,  and  was 
about  forty -feet  in  length.  Thefe  iflands  appeared-  to  be 
very  thickly  covered  with  wood,  among  which  tlie  cocoa-nut 
was  very  diflinguifliable.  S.  lat.  5'  35^.  E.  long.  159* 
24'. 

LORDOSIS,  from  XofSor,  lent  inwards,  in  Surgery,  an 
incurvation  of  the  back  bone  ;  or,  a  curvature  of  tUefpiner 
forwards. 

LORE,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  the  principality  of 
Georgia,  in  the  province  of  Karduel ;  65  miles  N.E.  of 
Erivan.  * 

LOREDO,  or  LoKEO,  a  fee  of  Italj-,  in  the'Venetiaa 
Dogada,  near  a  canal  of  the  Adis;e,  anciently  called  •'  Laii— 
return  Venctum."     It  is  the  principal  place  of  a  diiLncl,. 

and. 


LOR 


LOR 


and    coHtains    about    2300   inhabitants;     so    miles    S.    of 
Venice. 

LOREMBERG,  a  town  of  tlie  county  of  Goritz  ;  7 
miles  E.  of  Goritz.  . 

LORENTE,  Andres,  in  Biography,  a  Spanifli  writer 
in  raufic,  and  author  of  a  book,  now  become  very  fcarce, 
infitled  "  El  porqiie  del  la  Miifica,"  in  which  are  contained 
the  four  arts  of  plain-fong,  figurative  mufic,  or  proportion 
of  time  or  miafure,  plain  coimterpoint,  and  cotnpofitions. 
Printed  at  Alcala  in  410.  1672. 

This  is  truly  a  very  ancient  treatifc,  which  defines  and 
explains  the  whole  art  of  miific,  as  far  as  it  was  known  at 
the  time  it  was  written.     See  Wo;tG.\M,  Dr. 

LORENTZ,  in  Geograph\<,  a  town  of  PruGia,  in  Sam- 
land,  near  the  B;dtic  ;   24  miles  N.W.  of  Koniglberg. 

LORENTZEN,  St.,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Stiria;  8 
miles  N.E  of  VViiidifch  Grat/,. 

LORENZAGO,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Cadorin  ;  7 
miles  N.E.  of  Cadora. 

EORENZINI,  Fran'cis  Maiua,  in  Biography,  an  emi- 
nent Italian  poet,  was  born  at  Rome  in  16S0.  He  was 
educated  among  the  Jefuits,  and  in  his  twenty-focond  year 
was  received  into  their  fociety.  but  quitted  it  again  within  a 
few  montiis,  on  account  of  ill-health.  He  was  much  at- 
tached  to  literature  ;  but  he  was  obliged,  by  the  fcantinefs  of 
his  means,  to  apply  to  fome  profeffion  for  his  neceffary 
maintenance.  He  engaged  in  that  of  the  law,  which  he 
praftifed  with  fucccf:,  for  a  fhort  period,  after  which  he  de- 
voted himfelf  entirely  to  letters.  He  entered  into  the  aca- 
demy of  the  .Arcadi,  the  chief  objeiSl  of  which  was  the  reform- 
ation of  the  bad  tafte  which  had  infefted  Italian  poetry. 
The  founders  of  this  fociety  propoled  the  llyle  of  Petrarch 
as  a  model,  in  oppofition  to  the  affefted  and  conilrained 
diction  of  Marino  and  others.  Lorenzini  did  not  quite  ap- 
prove the  method  of  Petrarch,  but  borrowed  fome  of  the 
force  of  freedom  of  Dante,  and  thus  excelled  his  contem- 
poraries. He  is  faid  alfo  to  have  excelled  in  melodramas, 
or  pieces  on  religious  fubjedls,  adapted  to  being  fung, 
written  in  the  Latin  language.  In  the  contell  between 
Crefcembini  and  Gravina,  which  divided  the  members  into 
two  parties,  Lorenzini  adhered  to  that  of  Gravina,  which 
was  the  niinority  ;  he  would  not,  however,  agree  to  the 
propofal  to  found  a  new  academy,  and  after  a  lucceffion  of 
three  years,  he  was  admitted  among  the  old  Arcadi.  He 
was  now,  from  an  inattention  to  his  domeftic  concerns,  faUen 
into  a  (late  of  indigence,  and,  as  evils  rarely  come  fingly,  he 
had  fuffered  much  from  fome  calumnious  reports.  Being 
obliged,  on  litis  latter  account,  to  appear  before  the  prefect 
of  the  city,  he  fo  completely  jultihed  himielf,  that  this 
magiftrate,  Falconeri,  to  fhew  the  ellimation  in  which  thf 
poet  was  held  by  himfelf,  gave  him  a  place  in  his  houfholJ. 
He  now  felt  himfelf  elevated  above  the  misfortunes  of  life, 
and  with  a  line  flow  of  fpirits  fpent  a  part  of  every  day  in 
writing  verfes.  In  thefe  he  difplayed  an  enthuiiafm  of  con- 
ception, and  a  loftinefs  of  language,  which  diftinguifiied  him 
among  his  contemporaries.  He  has  been  denominated  the 
Michael  Angelo  of  Italian  poets,  on  account  of  the  boldnefs 
and  energy  of  his  expreflions.  To  excite  wonder  and  admi- 
ration, he  confidered  as  the  peculiar  office  of  poetry,  whence 
he  became  an  enthuliaftic  admirer,  and  almoll  perpetual 
reader  of  the  Hebrew  poets,  which  never  failed  to  infpire 
him  with  rapture.  He  had  a  great  paffion  fr.r  the  fcience 
of  anatomy,  and  had  made,  in  conjundlion  with  an  eminent 
furgeon  at  Rome,  fome  new  obfervations,  which  they  meant 
to  have  pubiilhed  as  the  refult  of  their  united  labours,  but 
which  were   furreptitioully   ftolen  from  them-     In    1728, 


Lorenzini  was  chofeii  prcfident  of  the  academy,  and  fliewej 
his  fitnefs  for  the  office  by  feveral  remarkable  ads.  H* 
founded  five  academical  colonies  in  the  neighbouring  towns, 
and  inftitutcd  a  private  weekly  meeting  of  the  Arcadi,  at 
which  the  plays  of  Plantus  or  Terence,  in  the  original  lan- 
guage, were  performed  by  youths  trained  for  the  purpofe. 
Thefe  exhibitions  were  frequented  by  feveral  pcrfons  of  rank, 
and  were  favoured  by  pope  Clement  XII.,  who  often  fent 
confiderable  funis  to  Lorenzini  to  defray  liis  expeiices. 
B-'ing  deprived  by  d'ath  of  his  friend  Falconeri,  his  circum- 
itances  were  again  deranged,  and  he  was  relieved,  in  this  in- 
llancc,  by  cardinal  Borghefe,  who  enrolled  him  among  bis 
noble  domeftic^,  and  paid  him  liberally  without  requiring 
any  fervice.  In  174 1,  he  difcontinued  his  theatrical  exhi- 
bition?., retired  to  apartments  in  the  Borghefe  palace,  where 
he  applied  to  letters  with  more  affiduity  than  ever.  He 
wrote  much  Latin  and  Italian  poetry  ;  but  his  chief  lludies 
were  diretted  to  the  facred  writings.  In  the  midft  of  his 
employments,  he  died  in  June  174J.  He  was  faithful  and 
liberal,  and  his  houle  was  open  to  young  men  who  were 
defirous  of  improvement.  His  Italian  poems  are  few,  but 
of  great  excellence.  He  publiflled  the  lives  of  t\Vo  of  the 
Falconeri  family.      Gen.  Biog. 

LORENZO,  in  Geography,  a  fmail  ifland  in  the  Pacific 
ocean,  near  the  coaft  of  Peru.      S.  lat.  1 1''  4'. 

LonEN'zo,  St.,  a  town  of  Illria,  and  capital  of  a  diftrift  ; 
9  miles  N.N.E.  of  Rovigno.     N.  lat.  4^;'  16'.     E.  long. 

13' 52'- 

LouF.N'ZO  t!e  Borucas,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  province 
of  Colta  Rica  ;  6j  miles  S.  of  Carthago.  N.  lat.  n^*  15' 
W.  long.  84^  6'. 

Loitij.N'zo,  St.,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  Brafil,  and 
government  of  Fernambuco. — Alfo,  a  town  of  Naphs,  in 
Bafilicata  ;  g  miles  N  E.  of  Venofa.— Alfo,  a  town  of 
N.iples,  in   Capitanata  ;   3   miles  S.E.  of  Lefina. — Alfo,  a 

town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra  ;  8  miles  W.  of  Bova. 

Alfo,  a  town  of  Campagna  di  Roma,  near  the  fea-coaft  ;  8 
miles  E  S.E.  of  Oftia. — .^Ifo,  a  town  of  P;iraguay  ;  270 
miles  ,S  E.  of  AfTumption. — Alfo,  a  river  of  Sicily,  which 
runs  into  the  fea,  on  the  W,  coa'l,  N.  lat.  38''.  E.  long'. 
12°  40'. — Alfo,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  province  of  Nevr 
Bifcay;  8j  miles  N.W.  of  Parral. — Alfo,  a  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  Polefme  di  Rovigo  ;   2  miles  S.W.  of  Rovigo. 

Lorenzo  ds  Pecurlcs,  St.,  a  town  of  Now  Mexico,  on 
the  Bravo  ;  4^  miles  N.  of  Santa  Fe. 

Lorenzo  cl  Real,  St.,  a  town  of  Spain,,  in  Old  Callile  ; 
26  miles  S,  of  SejMvia. 

Lorenzo,  Cape  St.,  a  cape  on  the  coaft  of  Peru,  in  the 
province  of  Quito,  W.  of  the  city  of  that  name.  S.  lat. 
o"  20'.     W.  long.  80°  2o'. 

LORETI,  II  Cav.\lier  Vittorii,  in  Biography,  ae- 
cording  to  Adami,  was  a  foprano  finger  in  the  papal  chapel, 
1622  ;  one  of  the  firil  evirati  employed  in  mufioal  dramas 
on  the  ftage,  at  the  beginning  of  operas  ;  and  a  celebrated 
compofer  of  Arib  a  Can/ate  ila  Camera  ;   which  fee. 

LORETTO,  in  Geography,  a  fmall,  indifferently  built, 
walled  town  and  bifhop's  fee,  in  the  marquifate  of  Ancona, 
in  Italv,  confining  chiefly  of  one  (Irect  within  the  walls, 
and  another  without  as  a  fuburb,  containing  7000  inha- 
bitants, pleafantly  fituated  on  an  eminence,  3  miles  from  the 
fea-fhore,  17  S.  of  Ancena,  and  160  j  N.E.  of  Ro.me.  It 
is  principally  famous  for  tlie  holy  houfe,  or  Casa  Sanla ; 
which  fee. 

LoRBTTO,  a  fmall  village  of  Chriftian  Indians,  j  leagues 
N.E.  of  Quebec,  in  Lower  Canada  ;  deriving  its  name  from 

a  chapel, 


LOR 


LOR 


a  chapeT,  built  according  to  the  model  of  the  Santa  Cafa  at 
Loretto  in  Italy  ;  from  whence  an  image  of  the  holy  Virgin 
has  been  fent  to  the  converts  here,  fimilar  to  that  in  the 
famous  Italian  fanctuary.  Thefe  converts  are  of  the  Huron 
tribe. 

Loretto,  Lady  of,  a  place  in  the  diftrift  of  St.  Dennis, 
on  the  ifthmus  of  California,  called  by  the  Indians  "  Ca- 
neho  ;"  in  which  is  a  fmall  fort,  ereftcd  by  the  mifiionaries, 
conlilling  of  four  baftions,  and  furrounded  by  a  deep  ditch. 
In  this  jurifdldlion  are  fifteen  parifhes,  including  4000  pro- 
fefling  Indians,   under  the  inilruftion  of  Dominican  friars. 

LoKETTO,  or  Loreto,  a  town  of  the  ifland  of  Corfica  ; 

7  miles  N  E  of  Porta Alfo,  a  town  of  New  Mexico,  in 

the  province  of  Mayo  ;  105  miles  E.N.E.  of  Santa  Cruz. — - 
■  Alfo,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  the  province  of  Buenos 
Ayres  ;  ^aoo  miles  E.  of  Corrientes. — Alfo,  a  town  of 
South  America,  in  the  government  of  Majos,  on  the  Mar- 
mora ;  50  miles  S.  of  Trinidad. 

Loretto,  Order  of,^  in  Heraldry,  an  order  of  knight- 
hood, inllituted  by  pope  Sixtus  V.  in  1587,  confirmed  by 
pope  Paul  III.,  and  abolished  by  pope  Gregory  XIII. 
The  knightsr  wore,  pendent  to  a  ribbon  at  their  button-hole, 
a  linall  gold  medallion,  enamelled  with  the  image  of  the 
virgin  of  Loretto. 

LORGUES,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Var,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the 
diftrift  of  Dragiiignan  ;  6  miles  S.W.  of  Draguignan.  The 
place  coniains  4923,  and  the  canton  10  S20  inhabitants,  on 
a  territory  of  302;  kiliometres,  in  6  communes. 

,     LORI,  in  Ornithology.     See  Psittacus  Andioinenfts. 

LORICARIA,  in  Natural  H'ljlory,  a  gems  of  fifhes  o^ 
the  order  abdominales.  The  generic  charaiHer  is,  head 
fmooth,  depreffed  ;  mouth  without  teeth,  retraftile  ;  gill- 
men-ibrane  U.\.-rayed  ;  body  mailed,  hence  its  name.  Ac- 
cording to  Gmelin,  there  are  but  two  fpecies ;  but  Dr. 
Shaw  defcribes  feven,  which  we  fliall  enumerate  in  their 
order. 

Species. 

GosTAT.\  ;  Ribbed  loricaria.  Yellowifh-brown,  mailed 
by  a  finglc  row  of  fhields  on  each  fide,  with  ^forled  tail. 
This  filli,  in  its  general  habit,  refembles  a  fpecies  of  the 
filurus,  the  mouth  being  furniflied  with  long  cirri,  and  the 
firft  rays  of  tlie  dorfal  and  peiSoral  fins  ierrated  ;  the  head 
is  large,  depreffed,  covered  with  a  rough  bony  fhield,  pro- 
jefting  on  each  fide  the  thorax  into  an  exceedingly  (Irong 
and  obtufely  pointed  fpine  of  confiderable  length  ;  the  whole 
body,  from  the  thorax,  is  ftrongly  mailed  along  each  fide 
by  a  continued  feries  of  very  broad  bony  plates  or  fcales, 
each  of  which  projefts  in  the  middle  into  a  fiiort  hooked 
fpine  or  curved  procefs ;  the  upper  and  under  parts  of  the 
body>  from  the  fmall  dorfal  fia  to  the  tail,  are  mailed  in  the 
fame  maimer,  but  with  fmaller  plates  than  on  the  fides  ;  the 
tail  is  large  and  Iharply  forked.  It  is  a  narive  of  the  Indian 
and  .\merican  feas  ;  is  a  fifh  of  great  boldnefs,  and  is  dreaded 
by  filhermen  ;  the  ftrenglh  and  Iharpnefs  of  its  fpines  en- 
abling it  to  iEilift  very  painful,  and  even  dangerous  wounds. 

CATApHRACTA  ;  Armed  loricaria.  Brown,  mailed  by 
a  fingle  row  oF  fhields  on  each  fide,  with  a  rounded  tail. 
This  fpecies  is  nearly  allied  to  the  preceding,  but  differs  in 
having  a  rounded  tail,  and  in  fome  other  particulars.  It  is 
about  ten  inches  long,  and  is  found  in  the  .-American  feas. 

Callichthvs  ;  Soldier  loricaria.  Brown,  with  de- 
preffed, rounded  head,  double  row  of  fcales  on  each  fide, 
and  rounded  tail.  This  remarkable  fpecies  grows  to  the 
length  of  ten  or  twelve  inchfiS;  and  is  of  a  duiky  brown 


colour  throughout,  with  a  tinge  of  reddi/h  or  yellowifh- 
brown  on  the  fins  and  under  parts.  It  is  highly  efteemed  zi 
an  article  of  food  by  the  inhabitants  of  Surinam.  It  has 
been  afferted,  and  Dr.  Shaw  has  given  currency  to  the  re- 
port,  probably  wiihout  attaching  any  credit  to  it,  that  this 
fifh,  when  diftreffed  for  want  of  water,  by  the  ilreams 
which  it  inhabits  being  too  (hallow  for  it,  contrives  to  make 
its  way  over  land,  in  order  to  difcover  fome  deeper  (Iream  ; 
and  occafionally  perforates  the  ground  for  the  faiAe  pur- 
pofe. 

Punct'ata  ;  Speckled  loricaria.  Yellow,  with  brownifh 
back  ;  do.ible  row  of  fcales  on  each  fide  ;  fins  fpeckled  with, 
black,  and  forked  tail.  A  fmall,  but  elegant  fpecies. 
Length  five  or  fix  inches ;  fhape  like  the  generality  of 
filhes.     Native  of  the  rivers  of  Surinam. 

AcciPENSEn  ;  Sturgeon  loricaria.  Yellowifh-brown,  with 
toothlefs  mouth,  rounded  front,  and  fpotted  fins.  This,  as 
its  name  imports,  is  fomething  like  a  llurgeon,  and  long  and 
flender.  It  is  a  native  of  the  Indian  feas,  and  grows  to  the 
length  of  twelve  or  fifteen  inches.  This  fpecies  is  defcribed 
by  Bloch  as  L.  dentibus  carens. 

Dentata  ;  Toothed  loricaria.  Yellowifh-brown,  with 
toothed,  cirrated  mouth,  and  (lightly  pointed  fnout.  This 
differs  from  the  lalt,  in  having  the  mouth  furnilhed  with 
teeth,  and  in  having  a  fiightly  pointed  fnout.  It  is  a  native- 
of  the  Indian  feas. 

Flava  ;  Yellow  loricaria.  Yellow,  fpotted  with  brown, 
wkh  two  dorfal  fins  and  tail  marked  by  tranfverfe  bands. 
This  is  an  elegant  fpecies,  in  length  about  ten  inches  ;  habit 
much  more  flender  than  in  the  two  preceding.  Inhabits  the 
Indian  feas. 

LORICATION,  or  Coating,  in  Chemi/lry,  is  the^co- 
veringofa  glafs  or  earthen  veffel  with  a  coat  or  cruft  of  a 
matter  able  to  refift  the  fire,  to  prevent  its  breaking  in 
the  performing  of  an  operation  that  requires  great  violenceof. 
fire. 

When  veffels  are  expofed  to  a  fire  too  ftr«ng  for  theiV 
firufture,  or  to  the  corrofive  quauty  contained  in  them,  or 
on  the  throwing  on  of  frelh  cold  fuel  into  the  fire  where 
they  (land,  it  frequently  happens  that  they  crack  and  bunl  ;. 
for  the  preventing  of  which,  the  operator  has  recourfe  to 
this  method  of  coating  or  loricating  his  veffels.  It  is  per- 
formed in  the  following  manner  :  ta.ke  a  quantity  of  walhed 
clay,  with  an  admixture  of  pure  fand,  powder  oT  calcined 
flints,  or  broken  crucibles ;  and  inftead  of  pure  water, 
moiilen  it  with  frelTi  blood  that  has  not  yet  been  coagulated^ 
diluted  with  twice  or  three  times  its  quantity  of  water ; 
make  the  clay  vvith  this  into  a  thin  paile,  and  work  into  it 
fome  cow's  hair,  or  other  hair  not  too  long  nor  too  ItifF,  and 
a  little  powdered  and  fifted  glafs,  if  you  have  it  at  hand  ;i 
fmear  over  the  veffel  intended  to  be  ufed  with  this  palle,  by- 
means  of  a  pencil,  and  fet  it  to  dry  ;  when  dry,  befmear  it 
again,  and  repeat  the  operation  till  the  veffel  have  a  crull  of 
a  third,  or  a  quarter  of  an  inch,  at  lead,  thick  of  this  matter,, 
and  let  it  be  thoroughly  dry  before  it  is  ufed. 

To  keep  blood  in  a  proper  ffate  for  this  ufe,  it  mu(l,, 
when  juil  let  out  from  the  animal,  be  well  ftirred  about  witlL 
a  (tick  for  fome  time,  at  lealt  tilPit  is  quite  cold  ;  and  being 
thus  prepared,  it  will  keep  for  fome  days  without  coagu- 
lating, and  fit  for  ufe.  ,  "' 

This  compofition,  with  an   admixture  of  bole,    workei 
into  a  pafle  with  the  whites  of  eggs,  diluted  with  water, 
makes  alfo   the   proper  lute  for  clofing  the  junctures   o£" 
other  chemical  veffels,  in  the  diftilling  flrong  fpirits.     See- 

LUTE. 

LORIMERS,  one  of  the  companies  of  London,  that 
make  bits  fcr  bridles,  fpurs,  and  fuch  like  fmall  iron  ware. 

Thej- 


LOR 


LOR 


They  are  mentioned  ftat.  i  Rich.  II.  cap.  12.     See  Coj.r- 

TANY. 

Tiie  word  fecms  derived  from  the  Latin,  lonim,  a  thong. 
,  LORIOL,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  tlie  Drome,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the 
diilria  of  Valence;  12  miles  S.  of  Valence.  The  place 
contains  2392,  and  the  canton  6634  inhabitants,  on  a  ter- 
ritory of  1774  kiliomctres,  in  5  communes. 

LORIOT,  in  Ornithology.     See  Okiolus  Galbula. 

LORIPES,  the  name  ufcd  by  foma  authors  for  the 
liimantopus,  a  bird  of  the  water-kind,  remarkable  for  the 
length  and  weaknefs  of  its  legs.  See  Chauadiuus  Hhnan- 
topus. 

LORIS,  in  Zoology,  a  fpccies  of  lemur  in  the  Linnzan 
fyfleni,  being  the  lemur  tardigradus  of  Buffwn,  defcribed  by 
linffon.      See  Lemuu  Tardigradus. 

LORME,  Philibert  de,  in  Biography,  an  eminent 
French  architeft,  was  born  at  Lyons  in  the  early  part  of 
the  fixteenth  century.  He  went  to  Italy,  when  he  was  but 
fourteen  years  of  age,  to  iludy  the  art  f<ir  which  he  (cemcd 
to  have  a  fort  of  natural  tafte.  His  :.fiiduity  attrafted  the 
notice  of  cardinal  Cervino,  afterwards  pope  MarccUus  IT., 
Avho  took  him  into  his  palace,  and  aflilled  him  in  his  pur- 
fuits.  He  returned  to  France  in  i  536,  and  was  the  means 
of  banidiing  the  Gothic  tade  in  buildings,  and  i'ubtlitr.ting 
in  its  place  the  Grecian.  He  was  employed  by  Henry  II., 
for  whom  he  planned  the  horre-flioe  at  Fo;itainbleau,  and 
tl'.c  chateaus  of  Anet  and  Meudon.  After  the  di-mifejpf 
the  king,  he  was  made  infpeftor  of  the  royal  buildmgsHy 
Catharine  de  Medicis ;  and  under  her  direttion  he  repaired 
and  augmented  fevcral  of  the  royal  refidenccs,  and  began 
the  building  of  the  Thudleries.  In  15JJ  he  was  created 
counfellor  and  almoner  in  ordinary  to  the  king ;  and  as  a 
recompence  for  his  fervices,  he  was  prefented  with  two  ab- 
bacies. Thefe  honours,  it  is  faid,  made  him  arrogant, 
which  occafioncd  the  poet  Ronfard  to  fatirize  him  in  a 
piece,  entitled  "  La  Truelle  CrofTee,"  or  "  The  croziercd 
Trowel."  De  Lorme  took  his  revenge,  and  fliut  the  gar- 
den of  the  Thuilleries  againll  him ;  but  the  queen  took  part 
-with  tlie  poet,  and  feverely  reprimanded  the  reverend  archi- 
teft.  De  Lorme  died  in  1577.  He  publifhed  "  Dix  Livres 
d'Architefture,"  and  "  Nouvelles  Inventions  pour  bien 
batir  et  a  petits  Frais."     Moreri. 

Lorme,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  and  feat  of  a 
tribunal,  in  the  department  of  the  Nievre;  33  miles  N.E. 
of  Ncvers. 

LORN,  a  ditlria  of  Scotland,  in  the  north  part  of  the 
county  of  Argyle;  whence  the  eldeff  fon  of  the  duke  of 
Argvle  takes  tlie  title  of  marquis  of  Lorn. 

LOROMIE's  Stoke,  a  place  of  America,  in  the  ftate 
of  Ohio,  wefterly  from  fort  Lawrence,  ai'd  near  a  fort  of  a 
branch  of  the  great  Miami  river,  which  falls  into  the  Ohio. 
At  this  fpot,  bounded  weft  by  the  Indian  line,  the  Indians 
ceded  a  traft  of  land  to  the  United  States,  fix  miles  fquare, 
by  the  treaty  figned  Augnll  3,  1795.  Here  tlie  portage 
commences  between  the  Miami  of  the  Ohio  and  St.  Mary's 
river,  which  runs  into  lake  Erie. 

LOROUS,  a  town  of  'runis,,  anciently  called  "  Lari- 
bus  ;"   60  miles  S.W.  of  Tunis. 

LOROUX  Beconxois,  Le,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Maine  and  Loire  ;  13  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Angers. 

LoHOUX  Botttrcau,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  t4ie  Lower  Loire,  and  chief  place  <of  a  canton,  in  the  dif- 
trift  of  Nantes;  10  miles  N.  of  Chlfon.  The  place  con- 
tains 1 178,  and  the  canton  8^36  inhabitants,  on  a  territory 
of  I J7^  kilioraetres,  in  5  communes. 


LOR  QUI,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Murcia ;  12  miles  N.W. 
of  Murcia. 

LORRACH,  or  Lauach,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of 
Baden  ;  6  miles  N  E,  of  Bale. 

IX')RR.AIN,  RoBEKT  LE,  in  Biography,  an  eminent 
fcnlptor,  was  born  at  Paris  in  1666.  He  was  pupil  of 
Gerardon,  who  confided  to  him,  at  the  age  of  eiDhteen,  the 
inttruftion  of  his  own  children,  and  the  corredtion  of  the 
defigns  of  his  other  pupils.  Having  diilinguiflied  liimfelf 
by  feveral  works,  and  carried  away  the  firil  prize  at  the 
academy,  he  went  to  Rome  for  improvement.  In  1693  he 
returned  ;  but  owing  to  the  misfortunes  of  the  times,  he 
found  fcarcely  any  employment.  In  1 701  he  was  admitted 
into  the  academy  of  painting  and  fculpture,  on  account  of 
his  great  merit  as  an  artiil.  He  was  perfeftly  unafluming  in 
his  manners,  and  took  no  heed  of  putting  himfelf  forward  ; 
fo  that  his  works,  which  always  attradied  notice,  were  much 
more  known  than  his  peribn.  In  17 10  he  was  nominated 
adjunft  profefTor  in  the  academy  ;  and  in  1717  he  tilled  the 
office  of  profefTor.  The  duties  of  thefe  offices  he  fulfilled 
with  great  attention  ;  and  be  could  boaft  of  having  inftrufted 
in  his  art  feveral  pupils  of  extraordinary  merit.  He  exe- 
cuted much  of  the  exterior  fculpture  of  the  palace  of  Sa- 
verne,  near  Strafourg,  for  the  cardinal  de  Rohan  ;  but  in 
the  midfl  of  his  labours,  and  of  an  increafing  reputation,  he 
was  attacked  by  a  ftroke  of  apoplexy  in  1738,  which  obliged 
him  to  return  to  Paris,  where  he  lingered  feveral  years,  till 
ueath  terminated  his  afflictions  in  1743.  Lorrain  was  diftin- 
gui.fhed  by  his  charaftcr-heads ;  of  which,  thofe  of  young 
pcrfons,  particularly  of  the  female  fex,  are  often  exquifitely 
beautiful,  with  airs  of  fingular  grace  and  elegance.  Gen.' 
Biog. 

LoRRAlN,  Duchy  of,  in  Geography,  united  to  France, 
and,  together  with  the  duchy  of  Bar,  now  divided  into  the 
departments  of  the  Meufe,  the  Meurthe,  the  Mofelle,  and 
tlie  V^ofgeS  ;  which  fee  refpeflively.  This  country  forms 
only  a  fmall  part  of-a  kingdom,  which  bore  that  name,  and 
which  extended  from  Vienne  on  the  Rhone  to  Cologne. 
Separated  from  Bar,  it  is  about  90  miles  in  length,  and 
69  in  breadth.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Meufe,  the 
Mofelle,  the  Meurthe,  and  the  Saar. 

According  to  Chaucer,  we  know  not  on  what  founda- 
tion, Lorrain  abounded  in  fingers  fuperior  to  thofe  of 
France : 

"  There  mighteft  thou  fe  thefe  flutours, 
Minftallcs,  and  eke  jugilours. 
That  v.ell  to  finging  did  their  pain, 
Some  fongen  fonges  of  Loiaine  ; 
For  in  Loraine  their  notis  be 
Fut  fweeter  than  in  this  conirc." 

LORRAINE,  Charles  de,  in  Biography,  cardinal  and 
archbilhop  of  Rheims,  younger  fon  of  Claude  dc  Lorraine, 
firll  duke  of  Guile,  was  born  in  15'2).  He  was. created 
archbidiop  of  Rheims,  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  by  Francis  I., 
and  cardinal  by  pope  Paul  III.  in  1547.  At  the  death  of 
his  uncle,  the  cardinal  John  of  Lorrain,  in  1550,  he  fuc- 
ceeded  to  a  rich  courfe  of  benefices,  which,  it  appears,: 
amounted  in  the  whole  to  two  archbiflioprics,  fix  bilhoprics, 
and  feveral  rich  abbacies.  In  addition  to  high  birth,  he 
poflcfTcd  a  fine  perfon,  quick  parts,  a  natural  ITow  ot  elo- 
quence, .and  no  incqnfiderable  (liare  of  learning.  Through 
the  intereft  of  Diana  de  Poitiers,  millrefs  of  Henry  II.,  he 
was  fent  out  as  his  ambaflador  to  the  pope.  He  foon  en- 
tered  into  the  views  of  the  holy  pontiif,  and  perfuiided  the 
king  his  mailer  to  undertake  a  war  for  the  conqueil  of 
Naples,  iu  wlUch  his  brother,  the  duke  of  Guife,  had  the 

pisn- 


LOR 


LOS 


principal  command.  He  was  a  bitter  enemy  to  the  re- 
formers of  the  age,  and  promoted  feveral  fevere  and  cruel  ediils 
at^ainft  them.  He  made  the  utraofl  efforts  in  his  power  to  in- 
troduce into  his  own  country  tlie  infernal  inquifition  ;  a  point 
which  he  would  probably  have  carried,  bi3t  for  the  oppofi- 
tion  of  the  excellent  chancellor  de  I'Hopital,  fecondcd  by 
the  good  fenfe  and  temper  of  the  people.  During  the  fhort 
reign  of  Francis  II.  the  cardinal  ufurped  and  maintained  a 
moft  defpotic  authority :  but  he  was  equally  zealous  for  his 
own  fame  as  he  was  for  the  honour  of  the  Catholic  religion. 
At  the  conference  of  Poiffy  between  the  two ,  religious 
parties,  he  gained  fome  reputation,  at  leaft  with  thofe  who 
felt  it  their  intereft  to  flatter  him,  by  his  eloquence  in  re- 
futing the  learned  Beza ;  but  it  was  not  very  difficult  to 
confound  the  antagoniit,  wJio  had  truth  aad  net  power  on 
his  fide,  and  whofe  reafoning  was  treated  as  blafphemy. 
The  cardinal  was  likewife  ambitious  of  the  praifc  of  pulpit 
eloquence,  and  preached  feveral  times  at  Paris  before  large 
audiences ;  and  the  violence  of  his  difcourfes  againfl  the 
Proteftants  led  the  people  to  regard  him  as  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal authors  of  the  furious  civil  wars  under  Charles  IX., 
crowned  by  the  horrid  mafTacre  of  St.  Bartholomew's.  He 
was  remarkably  fond  of  fhow,  and  appeared  with  fplendour 
at  the  council  of  Trent ;  at  which,  it  is  reported,  Pius  V., 
who  denominated  him  "  the  little  pope  beyond  the  moun- 
tains," did  not  wifh  for  his  prefence.  The  death  of  his 
brother,  the  duke,  diminillied  his  confequenee ;  and  he 
found  it  necelTary  to  relax  in  the  vigour  with  which  he  be- 
gan in  maintaining  the  interefts  of  the  Gallican  church. 
During  the  reign  of  Charles  IX.  he  was  the  minifter  of 
ftate,  and  alfo  ambafTador  to  the  court  of  Spain.  On  the 
accelSon  of  Henry  III.  he  went  to  meet  that  prince  at 
Avignon,  on  his  way  from  Poland  ;  and,  in  a  religious  pro- 
ceflion,  placed  himfelf  at  the  head  of  the  "  blue  penitents." 
This  was  the  laft  fhow  in  which  he  figured,  being  at  the 
time  feized  with  a  fever,  which  terminated  his  life  in  De- 
cember 1754,  in  the  fiftieth  year  of  his  age.  It  is  difficult 
to  draw  the  character  of  this  cardinal.  His  enmity  to  the 
Proteftants  caufed  him  to  be  the  object  of  much  party  fatire 
and  reproach.  'They  probably  exaggerated  his  failings  and 
immoralities :  but  making  due  aUowance  for  the  effeft 
of  private  enmities,  itill  it  mull  be  admitted  he  was  a  man 
of  exceedingly  licentious  habits,  and  who  expecled,  per- 
haps, to  bury  his  faults  by  his  zeal  for  the  church,  or  by  an 
excels  of  oftentatious  alms-giving.  "  He  was  accuflomed," 
fays  one  of  his  biographers,  "  to  carry  a  great  leathern 
purfe,  which  his  valet-de-chambre  took  care  to  fill  every 
morning  with  three  or  four  hundred  crowns  ;  and  as  many 
poor  as  he  met,  he  put  his  hand  into  his  purfe,  and  gave 
them  a  handful  of  money  without  counting.  But  if  he  were 
prodigal  m  his  alms,  he  was  not  lefs  fo  in  gifts  to  other 
perfons,  and  efpecially  to  the  ladies,  whofe  favours  he 
readily  procured  by  this  bait ;  and  it  was  afferted  that  there 
were  very  few,  married  or  fingle,  frequenting  the  court  at 
that  time,  who  were  not  debauched  by  the  largefTes  of  the 
cardinal."  By  Maimbourg  it  is  afferted,  that  the  cardinal 
was  the  boldeft  of  men  in  forming  mighty  fchemes  in  his 
clofet,  but  the  weakcll  and  moll  timid  when  they  were  put 
into  execution.  He  was  venei-aled  by  the  clergy  as  the 
guardian  of  their  immunities ;  by  the  Catholics  in  general, 
as  the  champion  of  their  faith.  Verfed  in  the  wiles  of 
courts,  fruitful  in  expedients,  and  eloquent  in  debate,  he 
was  too  readily  elated  by  fuccefs,  and  too  eafily  depreffed 
by  defeat.  His  perfonal  courage  was  ever  a  fubjeft  of 
doubt ;  his  vindictive  temper  was  at  all  times  dreaded  ;  and 
the  diffolute  pleafures  of  his  private  vied  with  the  prefump- 
VoL.  XXI. 


tiou  of  his  pubhc  conduct..  Some  of  his  literary  compofu 
tions  have  been  printed  :  they  confift  chiefly  of  harangues  on 
public  occafions.  Hiftory  of  Franc?,  '  London,  1700. 
Bayle.      Moreri. 

LORRES,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,*in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Seine  and  Marne,  and  chief  place  of  a  can- 
ton, in  thedillrift  of  Fontainebleau.  Theplace  contains  610, 
and  the  canton  9193  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  2577',  kili- 
ometres,  in  18  communes. 

LORRIS,  William  de,  in  Biography,  a  French  poet, 
who  flourifhed  about  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  centurv,  is 
known  as  the  author  of  the  "  Roman  de  la  Rofe,"  a  poem 
much  in  requefl  in  the  middle  ages.  Under  the  allegory  of  a 
rofe-tree,  planted  in  a  delicious  gardtn,  and  protected  by  bul- 
warks, it  defcribes  a  lover's  purfuit,  and  final  acquifition 
of  the  objeft  of  his  paffion.  He  did  not  live  to  finifh  his 
work  :  it  was  completed  in  the'  next  century  by  John  de 
Meun.  The  part  by  Lorris,  though  the  fhorteft,  is  by  much 
the  moft  poetical,  abounding  in  rich  and  elegant  defcription, 
and  in  lively  portraiture  of  allegorical  perfonages.  The  beft 
edition  of  this  poem  is  that  of  the  Abbe  de  Len^^let,  three 
vols.  i2mo.  1735.  Chaucer  tranflated  that  part  which  be- 
longed to  Lorris.     Gen.  Biog. 

Lorris,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Loiret,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the 
diftriclof  Montargis  ;  12  miles  S.W.  of  Montargis.  The 
place  contains  1526,  and  the  canton  6528  inhabitants,  on  a 
teri-itory  of  2:5  kihometres,  in  13  communes. 

LORRY,  Anse-Charles,  in  Biography,  a  learned  phy- 
fician,  was  born  at  Crofny,  near  Paris,  in  1723.  He  ftudied 
and  praftifed  his  profeffion  with  unremitting  zeal  and  pecu- 
liar modefty,  and  obtained  a  high  reputation.  In  1748  he 
was  admitted  doftorof  the  faculty  of  medicine  at  Paris,  and 
fubfequently  became  doftor-regent  of  the  faculty.  He  was 
author  of  feveral  works,  fome  of  which  ftiH  maintain  their 
value.  His  firft  publication  was  entitled  "  Eflai  furl'Ufage 
des  Ahmens,  pour  fervir  de  Commentaire  aux  livres  diete- 
tiques  d'Hippocrate,"  Paris,  1753,  i2mo.  ;  the  fecord 
part  of  which  appeared  in  1757.  His  next  publication  was 
an  edition  of  the  Aphorifms  of  Hippocrates,  Greek  and 
Latin,  in  17J9.  Afterwards  he  produced  a  treatife  "  De 
Melancholia  et  Morbis  Melanchohcis,"  ibid.  1765,  in  two 
volumes  8vo.  and  edited  Dr.  Aftruc's  "  Memoirespour  fer- 
vir a  I'Hiftoire  dela  Faculte  de  Medecine  de  Montpellier," 
ibid.  1767,  4to.  ;  and  "  Sanftorii  de  Medicina  Statica," 
with  a  commentary,  1770,  in  i2mo.  His  laft  work,  which 
combined  the  merits  of  mncli  erudition  and  accurate  obfer- 
vation,  with  great  clearnefs  of  arrangement  and  perfpicuity- 
of  language,  was  "Traftatus  de  Morbis  Cutaneis,"  Paris, 
1777,  in  4to.  Dr.  Lorry  alfo  edited  a  Latin  edition  of  the 
works  of  Mead,  and  a  French  one  of  Barker's  differtation 
on  the  conformity  of  the  doftrines  of  ancient  and  modem 
medicine.  He  died  at  the  baths  of  Bourbonne,  in  178? 
Eloy  Did.  Hift.  de  la  Med.     Gen.  Biog. 

LORSQUEN,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Meurthe,  and  chief  place  of  a  can- 
ton, in  the  diftricl  of  Sarrebourg ;  four  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Sarrebourg.  The  place  contains  11 64,  and' the  canton 
13,680  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  390  kiliometres,  in 
29  communes. 

LORUNGAH,  a  pafs  in  the  mountains  of  Bengal;  iS 
miles  W.  of  Ramgur. 

LORY,  in  Ornithology.     See  PsiTTACUS  Garrulus,    Sac. 

LOS  Reye-s.  See  Lima — Alfo,  the  chief  town  of  the 
province  of  Uragua,  in  the  eaft  divifion  of  Paraguay,  in 
South  America. 

5  G  Los 


LOS 


LOT 


Los  Charcot,  a  province  in  ihe  foiithrrn  divifion  of  Pcni, 
the  chief  citit-s  of  which  are  Pot,  fi  and  I'orco. 

hOSARI,  a  town  of  ihu- liland  of  Coilica  ;  ij  miles  N. 
of  Calvi. 

L0S1»0R1',  a  town  <if  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  Lcit- 
moritz  ;  fix  miles  W.S.W.  of  Kamniti;. 

LOSENI  rZ  A,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Servia  ; 
20  mi'es  S  S.W.  of  Sabac/,. 

LOSER,  a  town  of  the  electorate  of  Salzburg,  on  the 
Stampach  ;    21  milei  S.W.  of  Salzburg. 

LOSrrZ,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  province  of  Bari  ; 
fis  miles  E.  of  Bittctto. 

LOSORG.A,  St.,  a  town  «>f  the  idand  of  Sardinia  ;  1 1 
miles  S.  of  Bofa. 

LOSQUET,  a  fmall  iflar.d  in  the  Enoliih  channel,  near 
the  coa!t  of  France.    N.  lat.  43°  49'.      \V.  long.  531'. 

LOSS,  IJlands  of,  a  duller  of  fmall  iflands  in  the  At- 
lantic,   near  the  coail   of   Africa.     N.    lat.  9=    16.     W. 

long-  »3':^- 

LOSSA,  a  town  of  Silefia,  in  the  principality  of  Brieg  ; 
five  niiks  S.E   of  Brieg. 

LOSSAIT,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  principality  of 
Bayreuth  ;  nine  miles  S.E.  of  Bayreuth. 

LOSSIEMOUTH,  a  feaport  town  of  Scotland,  in  the 
county  of  Murray,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  I..offie,  fa- 
mous for  its  trout.  A  few  fifhing  veflels  belong  to  the  place  ; 
but  its  harbour  is  convenient  for  vcffels  of  50  tons  ;  fix, 
nulcs  N.  of  Elgin. 

LOSSIN,  or  La.ssin,  Great,  a  town  in  the  S.  part  of 
the  ifland  of  Cherfo,  containing  about  i8co  inhabitants. 

Lossin,  Lilllc,  a  town  of  the  fameifland,  containing  about 
J 600  inhabitants  ;  one  mile  S.  of  Great  Loffm. 

LOSSIUS,  Lucas,  in  Biography,  of  Lunenburg,  a 
Lutheran  divine  and  fchool-mafter,  well  fl<illed  in  mufic,  who 
publifhed  at  Nwcmburg,  in  1553,  "Erotomata  JVIufics  prac- 
tica;,''  and  Lutheran  pfalmodia.  At  the  time  of  the  Re- 
formation the,Lutheraiis  preferved  more  mullc  in  their  li- 
turgy than  the  Calvinilts,  or  the  church  of  England. 

LOSSNiTZ,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  the 
lordlhip  ot  Scho.iburg  ;  50  miles  E.  of  Drefden.  N.  lat. 
50  32'.      E.  long.  12    57'. 

LOSTORFF,  a  town  of  Auftria  ;  nine  miles  W.  of  St. 
Poltcn. 

LOSTWITHIEL,  a  borough,  market-town,  and  parifh 
in  the  hundred  of  Powder,  and  county  of  Cornwall,  England, 
is  Qtuated  in  a  narrow  valley  on  the  wcllern  fide  of  the  river 
Fawy,  25  miles  diilant  irom  Launcelton,  and  234  from 
London.  The  houfes  are  principally  difpofed  in  two  llrects, 
running  parallel  from  the  river  to  the  bottom  of  a  ileep  lull, 
■which  rifcs  to  a  great  height  on  the  weft.  The  buildings 
are  chiefly  of  ftone,  and  covered  with  flate,  which  is  ob- 
lained  in  gnat  abundance  in  the  vicinity  (jf  the  town.  The 
church  coiilills  of  one  large  and  two  fmall  aiiles,  with  a  tower 
at  theweflend,  terminating  in  a  fingular  open  fpire.  The 
font  is  conltrudled  of  a  large  octangular  block  of  free- (lone, 
fupported  by  five  cluftered  columns,  charged  with  rude  and 
ill-executed  fculptures.  In  the  fouth  aiile  is  an  ancient  mo- 
nument of  the  tmie  of  Elizabeth,  with  eight  fmall  figures, 
in  baffo-relievo,  kneeling,  ereftedin  memory  of  Temperance, 
wife  of  Wiliiain  Kendall,  efq.  who  died  in  I5'79.  At  a 
firiall  diftaiice  to  the  fouth  of  the  church  are  the  exterr.;;I 
walls  of  an  old  building  called  the  palace,  which  was 
anciently  a  refidence  of  the  dukes  of  Cornwall,  but  is 
now  converted  into  the  ftannary  prifon.  This  fabric  was 
once  very  extenfive  ;  but  great  part  of  its  fcite  is  occupied 
by  timber  yards.     Tlie  walls  sic  extremely  thick,  and,  like 


many  ancient  cadles,  fecin  to  have  bicn  coiiftruifted  with 
iii'.all  Itones,  fixed  by  a  liquid  cement,  now  become  harder 
than  the  ftone  itfelf.  Loitwitlucl  was  incorporated  at  a  very 
early  period  ;  numerous  privileges  were  conferred  on  it  by 
Richard,  kin.j  ot  the  Romans,  who,  by  charter,  m..de  it  a 
free  burgl;,  and  granted  to  its  burgell'es  the  liberty  of  a 
■  guild  mercat'ory.  They  alfo  poffeU  the  anchorage  dues  of 
Fawy  harbour,  and  various  duties  on  coal,  fait,  corn,  malt, 
and  other  commodities  brought  into  that  port.  The  cor- 
poration confills  of  a  mayor,  fix  burgeilcs,  and  feventccn 
alTiilants,  or  common  councilmen,  who  are  cliofen  annually 
by  the  mayor  and  burgel'es.  The  borough  has  returned 
two  members  to  parliament  ever  fmcethe  ajdof  Edward  I.  : 
the  right  <if  eleclion  is  confined  to  the  corpora'ion.  This 
was  anciently  the  fiiire  town  ;  and  the  county  members  are 
fti;l  ekiled  here,  and  the  county  weights  and  ineafures  kept 
here.  According  to  the  enumeration  made  in  the  year  iBoi, 
this  town  contained  125  houfis,  and  743  inhabitants.  A 
market  is  held  on  Friday,  and  three  fairs  annually. 

About  one  mile  north  of  LolUvithiel,  on  the  fummit  of 
a  very  high  hill,  are  the  mouldering  remains  of  Rellormcl 
calUe,  a  fortrefs  magnificent  in  ruin,  and  proudly  exaliing 
its  ivy-clad  walls  above  the  contiguous  narrow  winding 
valHes.  This  was  one  of  the  principal  refideuces  of  the 
earls  of  Cornwall  :  Richad,  king  of  the  Romans,  kept 
his  court  here  ;  his  fon  Edmund  alio  made  this  caIHe  his 
abode  ;  and  though  now  in  decay,  yec  the  grandeur  of  its 
ruins,  and  the  importance  they  communicate  to  the  furrouiid- 
ing  fcentry,  render  it  peculiarly  iiiterefting.  Thecallleand 
its  honour  were  part  of  the  inheritance  of  the  dukes  and  earls  of 
Cornwall  ;  and  were  aiinexcd  by  Edward  III.  to  the  duciiy  : 
but  the  manfion  formerly  connecled  with  the  ellate,  and 
named  the  Trinity-houfe,  is  now  the  property  of  the  earl 
of  Mount  Edgecumbe,  and  called  Rellorme!.  Beauties  of 
Ena;land  and  Wales,  vol.  ii. 

LOSZLAU,  or  Wodislav,  a  tov.m  of  Silefia,  and 
chief  place  of  a  lordHiip,  in  the  principality  of  Ratibor  ; 
1 1  miles  S.Fl  of  Ratibor.  N.  lat.  49'  57'.  E.  long. 
18^  iS'. 

LOT,  fo  called  from  the  river,  which  rifes  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Lozere,  and  joins  the  Garonne,  near  Aiguil- 
lon,  formerly  Ouercy,  one  of  the  nine  departments  ot  the 
fouthern  region  of  France,  lying  in  44-  30'  N.  lat  ,  N.N.  W. 
of  Tarn,  and  equidiltant  from  both  feas  ;  bounded  on  the 
N.  bv  the  depar'.ment  of  the  Correze,  on  the  E.  by  the 
Cantal,  on  the  SE.  by  the  Aveiron,  on  the  S.  by  the  Tarn 
aid  the  Upper  Garonne,  on  the  W.  by  the  Lot  and  Ga- 
ronne, and  on  the  N.W.  b  ■  the  Dordogne  ;  34  I'rencli 
Ieagu^:s  in  length  and  30  in  breadth,  containing  7432;  kilio- 
metres,  or  362  fquare  leagues,  and  383,683  inhabilants.  It 
is  divided  into  four  circles  or  diftriCls,  41  can.ons,  and  440 
communes.  The  circles  arc  Montauban,  inckuling  1 15;  95.1., 
Figeac,  80,372,  Gourdon,  75',86l,  and  Cahors,  111,496 
inhabitants.  The  capital  of  the  department  is  Cahors. 
Its  contributions  amount  to  3,235,544  fr.  and  its  expences 
to  272,533  fr.  33  cents.  1'liis  d'.-partment  is,  in  general, 
hilly,  but  contains  fome  fruitful  plains  and  vailies.  Its 
products  are  grain,  wine  of  an  excellent  quality,  fruits,  filk, 
hemp,  fiax,  tobacco,  and  pallures.  It  has  iron  mines,  coal, 
and  mineral  fprings. 

Lot  and  Garonne,  formerly  jigcnois,  one  of  the  nine 
departments  of  the  fouth-we!t,  or  Garonne  region  of  France, 
lying  in  44  30'  N.  lat.  and  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  de- 
pariuient  of  the  Dordogne,  on  the  E.  by  the  Lot,  ou  the 
S.  by  the  Gers,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Landes  and  Gironde, 
23  French  leagues  in  lengtli.  and  18  in  breadth,  coct.'vining 

6100 


LOT 


LOT 


6ioo  kiliometres,  or  36,^08  fquare  leaguffs,  and  35'2  90R 
iuliahitants.  It  is  divided  into  four  circles,  _?8  cantons,  and 
4^9  comrnunes.  The  circles  are  Agen,  inchiding  107,840, 
Marmande,  112.091,  Nerac,  4;,!  19,  and  Vil'ncuvc  d' Agen, 
89.8,8  inhabitant?.  Its  contributions  amo':nt  to  3,807,413 
fr.  and  its  expences  to  292,739  fr.  33  cents.  Its  capital  is 
Aecn.  The  furface  of  this  department  is  diverfified  by 
fr  litful  einin.-nces  ;  but  two-thirds  of  the  foil  are  of  a  very 
infi'rior  <|uality.  It  has  feveral  marfhy  trafts  ;  the  Landes 
confifls  of  moveable  fands ;  fome  parts  near  the  I.ot  have  a 
nidged  and  barren  afpeft  ;  but  the  circle  of  Villeneuve 
d'Agen  is  diftinguiflied  by  its  fertility.  The  produfts  are 
gr.iin,  fruits,  few  trees,  and  indifferent  paflures.  It  has  iroxi 
mines. 

Lot's  U'lfe,  a  ilupendous  rock  in  the  fea,  encomparing 
the  Ladrones,  which  rifes  in  the  form  of  a  pyramid,  and  is 
thus  defcribed  by  Mr.  Meares  in  his  voyage,  cited  by  Mr. 
rinkerton.  "  The  latitude  was  29"  50' N.,  the  longitude 
142'' 23' E.  of  Greenwich.  The  waves  broke  againft  its 
rugged  front,  with  a  fury  proportioned  to  the  immenfe  dif- 
tance  they  had  to  roll  before  they  were  interrupted  by  it.  It 
rufe  almoft  perpendicular  to  the  height  of  near350  feet.  A 
faiall  black  rock  appeared  juft  above  the  water,  at  about  40 
or  JO  yards  from  tlie  weilern  edge.  There  was  a  cavern  on  its 
fouth-eaflern  fide,  into  which  the  waters  rolled  with  an  awful 
and  tremendous  noife.  In  re.;arding  tliis  ihipendous  rock, 
which  flood  alone  in  an  immenfe  ocean,  we  could  not  but 
coutider  it  as  an  object  which  had  been  able  to  refill  one  of 
thsfe  great  convultion;  of  nature  tint  change  the  very  form 
of  thofe  parts  of  the  globe  which  lliey  are  permitted  to  de- 
folate." 

Lot,  in  a  legal  fenfe.     See  Scot. 

Lot,  or  Loth,  in  Mining,  is  the  thirteenth  difh,  meafure, 
or  part  of  the  miner's  ore,  which  the  bar-mailer  takes  up  for 
the  king,  or  the  farmer. 

Lot,  or  Pot,  a  liquid  meafure  in  French  Flanders,  each 
equal  at  Lifle  to  126  cubic  inches,  and  i S3. 33  =  100  Eng- 
lilh  gallons. 

LOT. A,  in  Ichthyology,  the  name  of  a  fpccies  of  the  Muf- 
tela  fluviafilis.     See  GhTtvaLota. 

LO-TCHEOU,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Corea  ;  22 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Koang-tcheou. 

LOTE  Trei:,  in  Botany.     See  Celtis. 

LOTH,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  the  county 
of  Sutherland,  an  the  E.  coaft ;  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Dor- 
noch. 

Loth,  o'  Lod,  a  weight  in  Germany  ;  1  loths  being  = 
T  oz.  and  16  oz.  ^  2  marks  =  i  pfund  or  pound.  In 
eftimating  the  fincnefs  of  filver,  the  mark  fiae  is  divided  into 
16  loths,  and  the  loth  into  18  grains. 

LOTHAIRE  I.,  in  Biography,  emperor  of  the  Weft, 
and  king  of  Italy,  eldeft  fon  of  Lewis  I.,  furnamed  le  De- 
bonnaire,  was  born  in  795.  He  was  aflbciated  with  his  fa- 
ther in  the  imperial  dignity  in  817,  and  was  crowned  king 
of  Lombardy  in  821.  (See  Lewi.';  I.)  On  the  death  of  his 
father  he  fueceeded  to  the  imperial  dignity.  Being  con- 
firmed in  the  title  of  emperor,  he  aimed  at  the  poffefllon  of 
the  whole  of  his  father's  territories,  and  endeavoured  to  de- 
prive, of  their  inheritance,  his  brothers  I^ewis  and  Cliarles, 
who  alTenibled  all  their  forces  to  vindicate  their  rights.  Tliis 
great  fatiily  q'arrel  was  decided  on  the  plains  of  Foiitenoy. 
The  confliil  was  terrible,  and  the  ground  difputed  with  an 
ohllinacy,  of  which  few  examples  are  left  on  reconl  in  the 
fanguinary  horrors  of  war.  Hirtorians  agree  in  Hating  that  a 
hurxlred  thoufand  men  fell  on  this  occafion,  and  have  in  tliis  in- 


ftancc  applied  t'l?  remark,  "  that  whole  generations  may  be 
fwcpt  away  by  tiie  inadncfs  of  kings  in  the  fpace  of  a  fingle 
hour."  Lothaire  was  completely  defeated,  and  obliged  to 
betake  himfelf  to  flight.  He  went  to  Aix-hi-Chapclle, 
where  he  diligently  exerted  himfelf  to  repair  his  lofles.  The 
viciflTitudcs  of  three  fuccelTive  years  of  difcord  f  xhaufted  at 
leneth  the  powers,  without  impairing  the  animofity,  of  the 
kindred  princes,  and  they  confcnted  to  divide  thofe  domi- 
niors  for  which  they  were  no  longer  able  to  contend.  By 
this  divifion  the  French  monarchy  was  divided  into  three 
fliares,  of  which  Lothaire,  with  the  imperial  dignity,  re- 
tained  Italy,  with  all  the  provinces  fi'uated  between  the 
Rhone,  Rhine,  Soan(?,  Meufe,  and  Scheldt.  After  this 
partition,  Lothaire  palled  fome  years,  difquieted  by  the  in- 
roads of  the  Saracens  upon  Italy,  and  by  differences  with  his 
Iwlf-brother  Charles,  till  d'fgufl  with  the  cares  of  the  world, 
and  declining  health  induced  him  to  abdicate  his  crown.  The 
part  of  Gaul  vvh:ch  Lothaire  retained,  he  had  diilinguifhed  by 
his  own  name,  I.otharingia,  which,  by  the  iHfcnfible  corrup- 
tion of  time,  has  funk  into  that  of  Lorrain,  which  is  ilill  an- 
nexed to  tiie  dillrift.  But  the  empire  which  he  had  purfued  at 
the  cxpence  of  every  filial  duty,  and  which  he  had  eftablidied 
by  torrents  of  the  beft  bh^sd  of  his  fuhjcifls, afforded  him  but 
a  tranfient  latisfaCtion.  From  the  fummit  of  grandeur  which 
he  had  attained,  the  recollection  of  the  pail  was  melancholy 
and  frightful,  the  profpcfl  of  the  future  was  dreary  and 
comfortlefs,  and  fifteen  years  after  the  death  of  his  father 
he  affumed  the  habit  of  a  monk  ;  the  (l.ort  fpace  of  a  few 
days  o::ly,  however,  was  all  nvcd  to  the  prayers  of  the 
royal  penitent,  when  he  died  in  the  fixtieth  year  of  his  age. 
He  left  three  fons,  i'J3.  Lewis,  Lothaire,  and  Charles  :  of 
whom  the  firll  inherited  Italy,  with  the  title  of  emperor  ; 
the  fecond,  the  kingdom  of  Lorrain  j  and  the  third  that  of 
Provence.     Univer.  Hid. 

LoTiiAlRE  II.,  or  LoTiiAi!iu.s,  dukeof  Saxe-Supplem- 
burg,  was  railed  to  the  imperial  tlirone,  after  the  death  of 
Henry,  v.,  in  1 1  26,  notwitlillanding  the  oppofition  of  two 
powerful  competitors,  who  made  very  vigorous  exertions 
for  the  fupport  of  their  pretenfions.  But  after  a  fancrui- 
nary  and  unavaihngconteil,  they  took  the  oath  of  allegiance, 
and  were  honoured  with  particular  marks  of  their  fovereign's 
friendfhip.  Lothaire  was  crowned  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  in 
prcfenceof  the  pope's  nuncio.  After  he  was  quietly  feated 
on  his  throne,  he  efpoufcd  the  caufe  of  pope  Innocent  II. 
againft  the  anti-pope  Atnacletus,  and  undertook  an  expedi- 
tion into  Italy,  to  re-eftabhfh  him  in  the  papal  chair.  Lo- 
thaire was  fucceLful,  and  the  event  fully  anfwered  his  ex- 
pedations.  Innocent  remunerated  his  fervices  by  performing 
the  ceremony  of  his  coronation  with  great  magnificence, 
but  he  had  the  art,  at  the  fame  time,  to  make  the  emperor 
do  homage  to  the  holy  fee,  of  which  the  court  of  Rome 
availed  itielf  to  maintain  that  the  empire  was  a  fief  of  that 
fee.  Some  time  after  thefe  franfadtions,  his  holinefs  was  ex- 
pofed  to  imminent  danger  by  an  hollile  incurfion  of  Roger, 
king  of  Sicily,  but  Lothaire  advanced  to  his  affiftanee,  and 
Roger's  infult  was  punilhed  by  the  lofs  of  ail  his  Italian 
pofleffions,  and  he  himfelf  was  forced  to  retire  into  Sicily. 
Thefe  provinces  Lothiire  formed  into  a  principality,  which 
he  conferred  upon  Renaud,  a  German,  one  of  his  relations. 
On  his  return  into  Germany,  Lothaire  was  feized  with  a 
dangerous  diftempcr,  which  ter:iiiiiated  his  life  in  the  twolftli 
year  of  his  reign.  By  command  of  this  emperor,  the  .luf- 
tinian  code  of  laws,  which  had  been  in  dilufe  for  more  than 
five  centuries,  was  revived  in  the  empire.  This  reign  wa.i 
rendered  remarkable  by  exccilive  heat  and  a  great  drought 
in  Germanr,  Vhich  adually  withered  the  corn  and  blafted 
the   fruits  of  the   earth,   dried   up    the   moll    confidcrable 


G  : 


nvers. 


L  ()  1 

rivers,    and   occafioned   a   dreadful    mortality    among   the 
cattle. 

LoiMlAlKE,  king  of  France,  fucceedcd  his  fathel",  Lewis 
d'Oatremer,  in  954,  being  only  in  the  14th  year  of  his  age. 
He  was  at  firll  under  the  proteftion  of  Hugh,  duke  of 
France,  but  on  the  death  of  that  prince,  in  the  following 
year,  he  affiimed  the  reins  of  government.  In  959,  he 
was  perfuaded  to  enter  into  a  treacherous  plot  for  feizing 
the  perfon  of  Richard,  duke' of  N-ormandy,  which  failing 
of  fuccefs  an  open  war  broke  out,  and  the  duke,  preffed 
by  the  fuperior  forces  of  his  antagonill,  invited  the  Danes 
to  his  fupport.  France  was  accordingly  afflidled  by  their 
indefatigable  rapacity:  independent  and  uncontrouled  in 
their  depredations,  they  refiifed  to  fubfcribe  the  peaco  which 
Richard  concluded,  and  their  retreat  was  with  difficulty 
purchafed  by  the  treafures  of  France  and  Normandy.  Lo- 
thaire  had  no  fooner  difengagcd  himfelf  from  this  diftrcfs, 
than  he  attempted  to  opprefs  his  vaffal,  the  young  count  of 
Flanders,  who  was  preferved  by  the  interpolition  of  the 
Normans  ;  and  the  king,  baffled  in  his  endeavours  to  aggran- 
dize himfelf  by  arms,  flattered  himfelf,  with  the  hope  of 
relloring  the  grandeur  of  the  lioufe  of  Charlemagne,  by 
advantageous  alliances.  He  accordingly  efpoufed  Emma, 
the  daughter  of  Lothairc,  king  of  Italy,  and  bellowed  his 
filler  on  Conrad,  king  of  Burgundy,  but  the  (hort  refpite 
allowed  by  a  peace  was  followed  by  years  of  defolating  war, 
and  the  pofTefllon  of  Lorrain  was  difputed,  during  four  fuccef- 
five  campaigns,  by  the  kings  of  Germany  and  France.  At 
length  Lothaire  thought  it  advifable  to  make  peace,  and 
leave  the  emperor  in  poneifion  of  Lorrain.  This  treaty 
gave  great  difguft  to  the  French  nobles  ;  but  the  king  found 
means  to  pacify  or  controul  them  ;  and  on  the  death  of 
Otho,  the  emperor,  he  re-entered  Lorrain,  took  the  town  of 
Verdun,  and  afliiultcd  Cambray.  When  his  afj'irs  abroad 
were  returning  to  a  ilate  of  great  profperity,  and  when  his 
authority  at  home  was  acquiring  ftrength,  he  was  fuddeiily 
furprifed  by  the  approach  of  death,  whofe  power  he  was 
unable  to  refill.  He  died  at  Rheims  in  the  forty-fixth  year 
of  his  age,  leaving  his  crown  to  his  fon  Lewis  V.  Lo- 
thaire was  unqueftionably  poffeired  of  vigour  and  ahihties, 
but  he  was  infincere,  and  alnioR  always  engaged  in  con- 
tefts  with  his  neighbours  and  vaflals.  Univer.  Hid.  Hiil. 
of  France,  London,  1790. 

LOTHAU,  in  Geosraphy,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
principality  of  Culmbach  ;  gmiles  ^l^  of  Culmbach. 

LOTHIAN,  an  extenfive  diftrict  of  Scotland,  divided 
into  three  parts  ;  •viz.  Ealt-Lothian,  or  Haddingtonfhire. 
Mid-Lothian,  or  Ediuburghfhire,  and  Weft-Lothian,  or 
Linlithgowfhire. 

LOTH1NGLA.ND,  once  an  ifland,  and  part  of  the 
county  of  Suffolk,  towards  the  German  ocean,  on  the  N.E. 
part  of  the  county,  and  the  mod  caftern  part  ol  Great 
Britain  ;  now  a  peninfula,  joined  to  the  mainland  by  a  nar- 
row neck  near  Loweftoft,  formed,  as  it  has  been  fuppofed, 
about  the  year  1722.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  river 
Yare,  on  the  E.  by  the  fea,  by  a  lake,  called  Lothing,  on 
the  S.,  and  by  the  river  Waveny  on  the  W.  Fron  N.  to 
S.  it  is  in  length  more  than  ten  miles,  and  fix  in  breadth  ; 
and  contains  Tixteen  parilhes,  of  which  Lowclloft  is  the 
principal  and  only  market-town. 

LOTICH,  Peter,  in  Biography,  furnamed  Secundus, 
a  diftinguidied  modern  Latin  poet,  was  born,  in  1528,  in 
the  county  of  Hanau,  in  Germany.  He  received  the  early 
part  of  his  education  at  a  convent  in  his  native  place,  and 
purfued  his  maturer  ftudies  at  Frankfort,  Marpurg,  and 
Wittemburg,  at  which  lad  place  he  contracted  an  intimacy 
with   Melanfthon    and    Camerarius.     During  the  war  in 


LOT 

Saxony  he  ferved  a  campaign  in  the  army.  In  1  ':5o  he 
vifited  France  with  fome  young  perfons  to  whom  he  was  go- 
vernor, and  he  continued  tiiere  nearly  four  years.  He  af- 
terwards went  to  It?ly,  where  he  had  nearly  been  dedroyed 
by  poifon  prepared  for  another  purpofe  :  he  recovered  from 
the  effefts  of  it,  but  was  fubjedl  to  frequent  relapfes,  one 
of  which  carried  him  off  in  the  year  1560.  He  had  taken" 
his  degree  of  doftor  of  phyfic  at  Padua,  and  three  years 
previoufly  to  his  death  was  chofen  profeffor  in  that  fcience  at 
Heidelberg.  In  that  lituation  he  was  honoured  with  the 
frienddiip  of  the  eleiflor-palatine,  and  by  the  excellence  of 
his  difpolition,  and  the  fingular  franknefs  and  fincerity  of 
his  charafter,  rendered  himfelf  univerfally  beloved.  A 
coUeflion  of  his  Latin  poems  was  publidied  the  year 
after  his  deceafe,  with  a  dedicatory  epidle  by  Joachim  Ca- 
merarius, who  praifes  him  as  the  bed  poet  of  his  age  :  it  has 
been  very  frequently  reprinted.  He  had  a  younger  brother 
Chrillian,  likewife  a  poet.  A  coUeftion  of  his  poems,  with 
thofe  of  his  relation  .John  Peter  Lotich,  was  publiflied  in  1630. 
John  Peter  Lotich  was  a  phyfician  of  eminence,  who  main- 
tained the  literary  character  of  his  family  by  a  variety  of 
writings.  He  was  grandfon  of  the  above-mentioned  Chrif- 
tian.  He  exercifed  his  profeflion  at  Minden  and  at  Heffe, 
and  became  profeffor  of  medicine  at  Rintlen  in  Wedphalia. 
He  died  very  much  regretted  in  1652.  His  principal  works 
are,  "  Conciliorum  et  Obfervationum  Mcdicinalium  ;" 
"  Latin  Poems:"  "  A  Commentary  on  Petronius  ;"  and 
"A  Hidory  ef  the  Emperors  Ferdinand  II.  and  III."  in 
four  volumes,  is  attributed  to  him. 

LOTIERO,  St.,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Naples,  in 
Principato  Ultra  ;   15  miles  E.N  E.  of  Benevento. 

LOTINE,  in  the  ^nciail  Mvfic.  Athenacus  relates,  in 
his  Deipnos.  that  the  flute  entitled  lotina  was  the  fame  in- 
drument  as  that  which  the  Alexandrians  termed  Phot'mgn, 
adding,  that  it  was  made  of  the  wood  of  the  lotos  tree,  which 
grew  in  Africa. 

LOTION,  LoTio,  popularly  called  ixiajb,  denotes  a 
form  of  medicine,  made  up  of  liquid  matters,  chiefly  ufed 
for  beautifying  the  lltin,  and  cleaniing  it  from  thofe  defor- 
mities which  a  didempered  blood  fon'.etimes  throws  on  it  ; 
or  rather,  which  are  occafioned  by  a  preternatural  fccretion. 

Lotion  alfo  denotes  a  remedy,  poffefling  a  medium  be- 
tween a  fomentation  and  a  bath. 

There  are  refrefhing  andfomniferous  lotions  for  feverifh 
perfons,  made  of  leaves,  flowers,  and  roots  boiled,  with 
which  the  feet  and  hands  of  the  patient  are  wafhed  ;  and  after 
walhing,  wrapped  up  in  linen,  Iteeped  in  the  fame  decoftion 
till  dry. 

There  are  lotions  alfo  for  the  head  and  hair. 

Lotion,  in  Pharmacy,  denotes  a  preparation  of  medi- 
cines, by  walhing  them  in  fome  liquid,  either  made  very  hght, 
fo  as  to  take  away  only  the  dregs  ;  or  fharp,  fo  as  to  pene- 
trate them,  m  order  to  clear  them  of  fome  fait,  or  corrolive 
fpirit,  as  is  done  to  antimony,  precipitates,  magideries,  &c. 
&c.;  or  intended  to  take  away  fome  foulnefs,  or  ill  quality  ;  or 
to  communicate  fome  good  one. 

Lotion,  Saponaceous,  Lotio  faponacea,  the  name  of  a 
form  of  medicine  prefcribed  in  the  late  London  pharmaco- 
peia, being  properly  foap  in  a  liquid  form.  It  is  ordered 
to  be  made  thus :  Take  damafli  rofe-water,  thrce.quarters  of 
a  pint  ;  oil  of  olives,  a  quarter  of  a  pint ;  ley  of  tartar, 
half  an  ounce  in  meafurc  :  rub  the  ley  and  oil  together  till 
they  are  mixed,  and  then  gradually  add  the  water. 

LOTOMETRA,  in  Botany,  a  name  given  by  many  of  ■ 
the  ancients  to  the  nymphaea  Indica,  or  ^gyptiaca,  called 
alfo  the  faba  iEg)'ptiaca,  and  originally  the  nilufar,  an  ab- 
breviation of  nilnufar  ;  nufar  fignifying  a  water-hly,  and  the 

prefix 


L  O  T 


LOT 


prefix    nil  exprefling  its   growing  particularly  in  the  river 

Nile. 

Neophyt'.is  tells  lis,  that  this  lotomctra  has  leaves  of  a 
middle  form  between  thofe  of  the  common  nymphxa,  whicli 
are  roiindifh,  and  ithofe  of  the  arum,  which  arc  oblong  and 
pointed,  and  are  cardated  at  the  bafe  ;  and  this  is  the  very 
figure  of  the  leaves  of  the  faba  ^gyptiaca,  as  we  fee  it  in  all 
paintings,  &c. 

LOTOS  (fee  Lotus)  is  held  in  the  liigheft  veneration  in 
India,  inclii live  of  Thibet  and  Nepaul.  Amongthe  Brahmans 
and  enthuliadic  Hindoos,  no  objeft  in  nature  is-  looked  on 
with  more  fuperftition  ;  and  their  books  abound  with  myftical 
alluCons  to  this  lovely  aquatic.  Being  efteemcd  the  mott 
beautiful  of  vegetables,  it  not  unappropriately  furnifties  a 
name  for  the  Hindoo  queen  of  beauty,  and  Kamal  ov  Kamala 
ie,  as  noticed  under  that  article,  a  name  of  Lakflimi  ;  as  is 
Padma  or  Pedma,  another  Sanfcrit  appellation  for  botli. 
(See  Lakshmi.)  Under  the  form  of  Kamala,  Lakftimi  is 
ufually  reprefented  with  a  lotos  in  her  hand,  and  in  mod 
pictures  and  ftatues  of  her  confort  Vifimu,  he  is  furnidied 
with  the  Pedma,  or  lotos  bud,  in  one  of  his  four  hands,  as 
a  diftinguifhing  attribute.  Accordingly,  as  it  is  reprefented 
in  different  ilages  of  efflorefcence,  it  varies,  in  the  eye  of 
myilics,  its  emblematical  allufions.  As  an  aquatic,  the  lotos 
is  a  lymbol  alfo  of  Vi(hnu,  he  being  a  perfonification  of 
water  or  humidity,  and  he  is  often  reprefented  feated  on  it. 
Brahma,  the  creative  power,  is  alfo  fometimes  feated  on  the 
lotos,  and  is  borne  on  its  caly.Kin  the  whimfical  reprefentation 
of  the  renovation  of  the  world,  when  this  myftical  plant 
iffued  out  of  the  navel  of  Vifhnu  from  the  bottom  of  the  fea, 
■where  he  was  repofing  on  the  ferpent  Seftia.  (See  Sesha.) 
The  followin^^  extraft  from  the  curious  and  learned  diiTerta- 
tion  of  Major  Wilford,  "  On  the  facred  Ifles  of  the  Weft," 
will  ferve  to  fhew  the  wild  extravagance  of  Hindoo  mytho- 
logifts.  "  The  nymphasa,  or  lotoS,  floating  on  the  water,  is 
an  emblem  of  the  world  ;  the  whole  plant  Cgnifics  both  the 
earth  and  its  two  principles  of  fecundation.  The  ftalk  ori- 
ginates from  the  navel  of  Vifhnu,  deeping  at  the  bottom  of 
the  ocean  ;•  and  the  flower  is  the  cradle  of  Brahma,  or  man- 
kind. The  germ  is  both  Meru  and  the  Linga  ;  the  petals 
and  filaments  are  the  mountains  which  encircle  Meru,  and 
are  alfo  the  type  of  the  Yoni."  (Afiatic  Refearches, 
vol.  viii. )  This  may  fufBce  as  to  the  extravaganzas  of  Hin- 
doo myilics.  The  reader  may  fee  farther  hereon  under  our 
articles  Lixc.l,  Meru,  and  Yoni  Hindoo  poetry  alfo  fu- 
perabounds  in  allufions  to  the  lotos.  One  allufion,  conneAed 
with  an  intereliing  fa£l  in  natural  hiftory,  we  will  notice.  In 
the  northern  parts  of  India  the  petals  of  the  lotos, are  blue, 
3G  well  as  red  and  white  ;  while  in  the  fouthern  provinces  the 
blue  flower  is  not  feen  ;  the  poets  have  hence  feigned  that  the 
crimfon  hue  was  imparted  to  it  by  the  blood  of  Siva 
jfluing  from  the  wound  made  by  the  arrow  of  Kama,  when 
the  god  of  love  daringly  endeavoured  to  infpire  the  "  king 
of  dread'"  with  an  amorous  paffion,  for  which  prefump- 
tion  he  was  reduced  to  afhes,  or,  as  fome  fay,  to  a  mental 
effence,  by  the  fire  which  iffued  from  the  forehead  of  the 
"  three-eyed  god."  (See  Kam.\  and  Siva.)  In  the 
Hindoo  Pantheon,  neceffarily  comprifing  a  great  mafs  of 
myfticifm  in  its  mythological  details,  the  reader  will  find 
many  particulars  and  plates  connefted  with  the  fubjetts  of 
this  article. 

LOTTERY,  a  kind  of  game  of  hazard,  wherein  feveral 
lots  of  merchandize,  or  fums  of  money,  are  depofited  as 
prizes,  for  the  benefit  of  the  fortunate. 

Thedefignof  lotteries,  and  the  manner  of  drawing  them, 
are  too  well  known  among  us  to  need  a  defcription  :  they  are 
very  freque:it  in  England  and  Holland,  where  they  cannot 


be  fet  on  foot  without  the  permifBon  of  the  magiftrate. In 

France  too,  there   have  been   feveral  lotteries   in  favour  of 
their  hofpitals. 

M.  Le  Cierc  has  compofed  a  treatife  of  lotteries,  wherein 
is  fhewn  v.'hat  is  laudable,  and  what  blameable  in  them.- 
Gregorio  Leti  has  alfo  a  book  on  the  fubjeCl  of  lotteries. 
Father  Meneftrier  has  a  treatife  on  the  fame,  publifhed  in 
1700,  where  he  fhews  their  origin  and  ufe  among  the  Ro- 
mans. He  diftinguiflies  feveral  kinds  of  lotteries,  and  takes 
occafion  to  fpeak  of  chances,  and  refolves  feveral  cafes  of 
confcicnce  relating  thereto.  See  feveral  ftatutes  relating  to 
lotteries  under  the  article  Gaming. 

An  aft  pafTed  in  1778,  for  regulating  the  conduft  of  the 
lottery,  reftrains  any  perfon  from  keeping  an  office  for  the 
fale  of  tickets,  fhares,  or  chances,  or  for  buying,  felling,  m- 
furing,  or  regiftering,  without  a  licence  ;  for  which  licence 
each  office-keeper  muft  pay  50/.,  if  it  be  in,  or  within 
twenty  miles  of  London,  Edinburgh,  or  Dublin,  and  10/. 
for  every  licence  for  every  other  office,  to  continue  in  force 
for  one  year,  and  the  produce  to  be  applied  towards  defray- 
ing the  expences  of  the  lottery.  And  no  perfon  is  allowed 
to  fell  any  fhare  or  chance  lefs  than  a  fixteenth,  on  the  pe- 
nalty of  jo/.  All  tickets  divided  into  fhares  or  chances  are 
to  be  depofited  in  an  office,  to  be  eltablifhed  in,  London  by 
the  commifGoners  of  the  treafury,  who  are  to  appoint  a 
perfon  to  conduft  the  bufinefs  thereof ;  and  all  (hares  arc  to 
be  flamped  by  the  faid  officer,  who  is  to  give  a  receipt  for 
every  ticket  depofited  with  him.  The  numbers  of  all  tickets 
fo  depofited  are  to  be  entered  in  a  book,  with  the  names  of 
the  owners,  and  the  number  of  (hares  into  which  they  are 
divided  ;  and  two-pence  for  each  fhare  is  to  be  paid  to  the 
officer  on  depofiting  fuch  tickets,  who  is  therewith  to  pay 
all  expences  incident  to  the  office.  All  tickets  depofil ed  in 
the  office  are  to  remain  there  three  days  after  the  drawinor. 
And  any  perfon  keeping  an  office,  or  felling  lliares,  or  who 
(hall  publifh  any  fcheme  for  receiving  monies  in  confidera- 
tion  of  any  intereft  to  hi  granted  in  any  ticket  in  the  faid 
lottery,  S:c.  witho.it  being  in  pofTefTion  of  fuch  ticket,  (hall 
forfeit  joo/.  and  fuffer  three  months  imprifonment.  And 
no  bufinefs  is  to  be  tranfaC^ed  at  any  of  the  offices  after  eight 
in  the  evening,  except  on  the  evening  of  the  Saturday  pre- 
cedi  Y  ttie  drawing.  No  perfon  is  to  keep  any  office  for 
the  fale  of  tickets,  &c.  in  Oxford  or  Cambridge,  on  pe- 
nalty of  20.'.  Before  this  regulating  ftatute  took  place, 
there  were  upwards  of  400  lottery  offices  in  and  about  Lon- 
don only  ;  but  the  whole  number  afterwards,  for  all  Eng- 
land, as  appeared  by  the  lift  publifhed  by  authority,  amount- 
ed to  no  more  th.an  5 1 .  They  are,  howeyer,  at  this  time  much 
more  numerous.  ,  _..      » 

By  42  Geo.  III.  c.  1 19,  all  games  or  lotteries  called  lit- 
tle-goes are  declared  public  nuifances,  and. all  perfons  keep- 
ing an  office  or  place  for  any  game  or  lottery  not  authorized 
by  law,  (hall  forfeit  jco/.  and  be  deemed  rogues  and  vaga- 
bonds. The  proprietor  of  a  whole  ticket  may  neverthelcfs 
infure  it  for  its  value  only,  with  any  licenfed  office  for  the 
whole  time  of  drawing,  from  the  time  of  infuraocc,  under 
a  bond  fide  agreement,  without  a  ftamp.  The  laft  ftate  lot- 
tery aft  enafting  various  new  regulations  was  49  Geo.  III. 
c.  94. 

The  propofals  for  the  firft  public  lottery  of  which  we  have 
any  account  were  publiflied  in  1567  and  156S,  and  it  was 
drawn  in  1569,  at  the  weft  door  of  St.  Paul's  cathedral. 
The  tickets  were  fold  at  ten  fliillings  each,  and  there  were 
no  blanks.  The  prizes  confiflcd  chiefly  of  plate,  and  the 
profits  of  it  were  intended  for  repairing  the  havens  of  the 
kingdom,  and  other  public  works.  In  161  2,  James  I.  granted 
permiffion  for  a  lottery  to  be  held  alfo  at  the  weft  end  of  St. 
12  Paul's, 


L  O  T  T  E  R  Y. 


Paul's,  of  which  the  higheft  prize  was  of  the  va'uc  of  4000 
crowns,  in  fair  j-late  ;  this  was  for  the  afTillaiice  of  llie  Vir- 
ginia companv,  who  were  liceii fed  to  open  lottery  offices  in 
any  part  of  England,  by  which  means  they  raifed  29,000/. 
At  length  thefe  lotteries  became  to  be  conlidered  as  public 
evils,  and  ativ.idted  the  attentio:i  of  parliament  :  tliey  were  re- 
prefented  by  the  commons  as  a  grievance,  and  were  fiip- 
prefled  by  an  order  of  council.  In  1650,  however,  Cliarles  I. 
granted  a  fpecial  licence  for  a  lottery  or  lotteries,  accord- 
ing to  the  courfe  of  other  lotteries  hitherto  ufed  or  prac- 
tifed,  for  defraying  the  ex  pence  of  a  projeft  for  conveying 
water  to  Lon.^on.  Soon  after  the  revoluiion,  lotteries  were 
refortcd  to,  among  other  expedients,  for  raifing  part  of  the 
extraordinary  funis  neecirary  f  jr  the  public  fervice,  by  which 
means  the  difpofition  for  tins  fpecies  of  gambhng  was  greatly 
encouraged  and  extended  ;  and  private  lotteries,  formed  (  n 
the  molt  delufiveand  fraudulent  principles,  became  fo  gene- 
ral, not  only  in  London,  but  in  all  the  other  prir.cipal 
towns  in  England,  that  parliament  found  it  neceifary,  in 
1O98,  to  pafs  an  aft  for  iupprefring  them,  by  \yhich  a  pe- 
nalty of  500/.  was  laid  on  the  proprietors  of  any  lueh  lot- 
teries, and  20/.  upon  everv  adventurer  in  them;  notwith- 
llanding  which,  the  difpofilion  to  fraud  on  the  one  hand,  and 
for  adventure  on  the  other,  continued  to  prevail,  and  fmall 
lotteries  were  carried  on  under  the  denomination  of  fales  of 
gloves,  fans,  cards,  plate,  &c.  Tliis  was  attempted  to  be 
checked  by  a  claufe  in  an  ad  pafTed  1712,  which  only  gave 
rife  to  a  new  mode  of  carrying  on  this  kind  of  gambhng. 
Government  lotteries  were  Hill  practiled,  and  the  adventure 
was  now  made  to  depend  upon  the  drawing  of  the  former  ; 
and  the  buying  and  felling  of  chances  and  parts  of  chances 
of  tickets  in  the  Hate  lotteries  became  a  general  practice, 
till  it  was  prohibited  by  an  act  pafTed  in  1718,  by  which  all 
the  undertakings  refembhng  lotteries,  or  being  dependent  on 
the  llate  lottery,  were  ftriCtly  prohibited,  under  the  penalty 
■of  100/.,  over  ai>d  above  all  penalties  enjoined  by  former 
afts  of  parliament  againft  private  lotteries. 

During  the  reign  of  queen  Anne,  the  lotteries  were  gene- 
rally for  terminable  annuities,  to  which  both  blanlis  and 
prizes  were  entitled  at  different  rates;  thus  in  1710,  the 
lottery  confilled  of  150000  tickets,  valued  at  10/.  each, 
every  ticket  being  entitled  to  an  annuity  for  32  years,  the 
blanks  at  14J.  per  annum,  and  the  prizes  to  greater  annui- 
ties, from  5/.  to  1000/.  per  annum.  This  was  the  tirll  lot- 
tery for  which  the  bank  of  England  received  the  fublcrip- 
tions  tor  government.  In  the  following  year  the  whole  of 
the  money  advanced  for  the  tickets  was  to  be  repaid,  both 
in  blanks  and  prizes,  in  32  years,  with  interelt  at  6  per  cetit. 
and  an  additional  fum  of  nearly  half  a  million  to  be  divided, 
in  order  to  form  prizes,  which  additional  capital  was  to  be 
paid  with  the  likeintereft  within  the  fame  period  as  the  ori- 
ginal fum.  In  this  manner  they  were  condutled  for  feveral 
years,  and  a  very  confiderable  premium  was  given  for  the 
money  advanced,  in  addition  to  a  high  rate  of  intereft. 

According  to  the  lottery  plans  which  prevailed  from  fir 
Robert  Walpole's  adminillration  to  that  of  the  duke  of 
Grafton,  the  tickets  were  ilTued  at  10/.  each;  and  occa- 
fionally  the  fubfcription  was  open  to  the  public  at  large. 
The  highell  prize  was  generally  10,00  /.  and  the  lowell 
20/.  There  were  from  four  to  fix  blanks  to  a  prize,  and 
the  blanks  entitled  the  bearers  to  y/.  or  6/.  (lock  in  the 
three  or  four  per  cent,  bank  annuities,  the  value  of  the 
blanks  and  prizes  being  generally  funded.  The  lottery- 
office  keepers  divided  the  tickets  into  (hares  and  chances, 
the  former  entitling  the  holders  to  the  proportion  they  had 
purchafed  of  blanks  and  prizes,  the  chances  to  prizes  only; 
that  is,  they  had  no  return  if  the  ticket  was  drawn  a  blank. 


The  tickets,  according  to  the  advantage  or  difadvantage  of 
the  (cheme,  in  refptCt  of  the  number  of  blanks  to  a  prize, 
and  the  nun.ber  of  high  prizes,  generally  fold  at  from  11.'. 
to  12/.  before  the  drawinj^.  When  the  tickets  fold  for  1 1/. 
and  the  bl.inks  were  entitled  to  6/.  in  the  xXitqi:  per  cent, 
bH:ik  annuities,  as  tlie  blank  might  be  fold  for  5/.  8/.  ready 
money  when  the  three  per  cciils.  were  at  90,  the  adven- 
turer  only  gambled  at  a  rifk  of  5/.  \2s.  ;  and  at  the  higheft 
calculation,  when  tickets  were  worth  13/.,  he  never  flaked 
more  than  7/.  12s.  for  a  ticket  before  the  drawing. 

In  1759,  the  fchcmc  of  the  lottery  included  two  prizes  of 
20, coo/,  each,  which  had  not  been  the  cafe  in  any  preceding 
lottery  lincc  the  time  of  queen  Anne.  The  fcheme  for  the 
year  1767  contained  one  prize  of  2C,ooo/.,  and  this  was. 
many  years  after  the  ufual  amount  of  the  higheft  prize. 
About  this  time  a  material  alteration  was  made  in  the  plan 
of  the  lotteries  ;  the  allowance  to  blanks  was  difcontiniied, 
tile  whole  (urn  being  divided  into  prizes,  the  number  of  which 
was  of  courfe  conhdcrably  increatcd,  particularly  as  the  pro- 
portion of  fmall  prizes  was  much  greater  than  it  has  iince 
been,  and  in  feveral  of  the  following  years  was  lefs  than  two 
blanks  to  a  prize.  All  the  lotteries  during  the  time  lord 
North  was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  were  formed  on  this 
principle,  with  fome  variation  in  the  fchentes,  wliich  favoured 
the  holders  of  tickets  and  the  lottery-office  keepers,  and 
greatly  increaled  the  fpirit  of  gaming,  fich  as  paying  the 
prizes  in  money  inftead  of  ftock,  and  making  the  firft  drawn 
ticket  for  feveral  fucceffive  days  a  prize  of  icoc/.  or  more, 
which  enhanced  the  price  of  the  tickets,  and  encouraged 
pertons  who  had  blanks  drawn  to  buv  again.  Some  ju- 
dicious regulations  were,  however,  adopted  f-r  the  fecurity 
of  perfons  purchafing  (hares  ot  ticket.--,  by  limiting  the 
(hares  into  which  tickets  may  be  divided  into  halves,  quar- 
ters, eighths,  and  fixteenths  ;  and  obliging  all  lottery.officc 
keepers  to  depolit  the  tickets  they  divided  into  (hares  in  the 
bank,  and  to  have  the  faid  (hares  examined  and  flamped. 
The  practice  of  infuring  tickets  ar.d  (hares  was  likewife 
reftrained,  by  enacting,  that  "  no  pcrfon  (liall  fell  the  chance 
or.  chances  of  any  ticket  or  any  (hare,  for  any  time  lefs  than 
the  whole  time  of  drawing  from  the  day  of  fale  ;  nor  (hall 
receive  any  fum  of  money  whatfoever  in  conhderation  for 
the  repayment  of  any  fum,  in  cafe  any  ticket  (liall  prove 
fortunate,  or  in  any  cafe  of  any  chance  or  evest  relating  to 
the  drawing,  either  as  to  time,  or  its  being  fortunate,  nor 
fliall  publifli  propolals  for  the  fame,  under  the  penalty  of 
500/.,  one-half  to  be  paid  to  the  perfon  fuing  for  the  fame, 
and  the  other  moiety  to  his  majefly." 

During  Mr.  Pitt's  adminillration  the  lotteries  were  con- 
tracted for  entirely  dillinC^  from  the  loans  of  the  refpeftive 
years  ;  and  as  it  became  neceifary  to  endeavour  to  augment 
every  fource  of  the  revenue  as  much  as  pofhble,  various  al- 
terations were  made  in  the  lottery  fchemes,  chiefly  with  a 
view  of  railing  the  price  of  tickets,  and  of  keeping  up  the 
price  during  the  time  of  drawing.  The  number  and  amount 
of  the  highell  prizes  were  increafed,  fome  Ichemes  contain- 
ing four  prizes  of  2:,occ/.  each,  others  of  two  30,000/. 
prizes,  while,  for  the  purpofe  of  difpoling  of  a  greater  num- 
ber of  tickets  ill  the  courfe  of  the  year,  the  lottery  was 
divided  into  two  or  three  fmaller  onee,  drawn  at  dilferent 
times :  the  amount  ot  the  principal  prize  was  dill  farther 
augmented;  the  lottery  drawn  in  October  1807  containing 
a  prize  of  40,000/.,  and  tlial  drawn  in  June  1808  fix  prizes 
of  20,000/.  each. 

But  notwithilanding  the  temptations  which  thefe  fchemes 
held  out  to  the  inccnhderatc,  the  contradlors  found, 
either  from  the  greater' frequency  of  lotteries,  or  the  in- 
creafed number  of  ticket?,  that  it  became  impoffible  to  get 

the 


LOTTERY, 


the  tickets  off  tl:eir  hands,  without  rfforting  to  a  variety  of 
expedients  for  attrailing  the  public  attention,  which  were 
carri-jd  to  fuch  a  length  as  to  become  a  public  nuifance. 

This  and  many  ftrious  evils  which  were  known  to  exid 
relating  to  lotteries,  particularly   that  of  illegal  inlurances, 
gave  rife,  in  1 80S,  to  a  committee  of  the  houfe  of  common?, 
which  was  appointed  in  order  to  enquire  "  how  far  the  evilj 
attending  lotteri-.-s  had  been   remedied  by   the  laws  pa.Ted 
refpedling   the  fame."     In   the  report  of  this  committee, 
various  inftai.'ces  were  adduced  of  the  moft  ferious  evils,  at- 
teiled  by  the  m  >ll  refpeclable  witneffes,  fome  of  which  are 
fu  linking,  that  we  cannot  refill  the  mention  of  them  in  the 
prefent  article.      One  cafe,   which  was  attefted  by  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Gurney,  is  particularly  interefting,  as  it  (hews  to  what 
an  amazing  ext  nit  this  kind  of  gambling  will  carry  perfcmj, 
who,  had  it  not  been  for  the  temptations  held  out  by  lot- 
teries, might  have  lived  with  comfort  and  refpeiiabillty,  but 
who,  from  thefe  kinds  of  fpeculations,  have  been  reduced  to 
the  mod  abjeift  (late  of  poverty  and  diltrels.      "  I  knew," 
fays  Mr.  Gurney,  "  a  widow  in  a  good  line  of  bufincfs,  as 
a  filk  dyer,  which,  I  fuppofe,  brought  her  in  about  400/. 
a-year  clear.      She  kept  a  very  good  houle,  and   I  was  in 
habits   of  intimacy  with  the  fami  y.     The  foreman  fhe  had 
was  in  the  habit  of  infuring  in  the  lottery ;  he  was  led  allray 
by  an  acquaintance,  and  he  and  his  miilrefs  infured  to  the 
amount  of  from  300/  to  4C0/.  in  a  night,  although  the  fore- 
man had  only  30/.   a-year  wages.      It  appeared,  on  his^e-   . 
ceale,  he  had  inlured  immen'e   fums   of  money  within  the 
lail  year  of  his  life.    I  found  that  he  had  expended  upwards 
of  roo  guineas  in  the  lottery,  purchaGng  one  ticket  at  16/. 
and  infuring  away  the  reft.      It  came  up  a  blank  at  laft,  and 
I  verily   believe  the  difappointment   was  the  caufe  of  his 
death.      He  died  infolvent,  and  I  adled  as  his  executor,  and 
paid  three  or  four  fhiUtngs  in  the  pound  to  his  creditor?.     He 
had  received  a  great  many  bills  for  his  miltrefs,   which  he 
had  never  accounted  for,  and  was  the  ruin  of  her  alfu  ;   (he 
was  not  able  to  pay  three  (hillings  in  the  jjound.     She  was 
obliged  to  go  ir.to  an  alms-huufe,  and  died  there  in  four  or 
five  months.     They  would  fend  all  the  plate  (he  polTefTed  to 
raife  money  to  carry  on  an  inlurance,    which  had  begun  per- 
haps at  a  low  rate.     The  gentleman  who  drew  the  foreman 
into  this  practice  was  hi.x.felf  alio  ruined  by  it.      His  wife 
Iiad  an  annuity  of  400/.  per  annum  fettled  upon  her,  he  fold 
her  life  intereit,  and  (he  was  obliged  to  live  afteryards  upon 
charity,  rvhile  her  hufband,  who  had  formerly  kept  his  car- 
riage, and  lived  in  a  good  houfe  in  Q  jeen-fquare,  fpeiit  the 
lail  hours  of  his  miferable  exiilcnce  within  the  rules  of  the 
Fleet  prifon."     V^arious  other  inftances   of  a  fimilar  kind 
were  mentioned  in  the  appendix  to  the  report  of  the  com- 
mittee, where   the  parties  formerly  in  refpcftable  circum- 
llances  were  reduced  to    mifery   and  dillrefs.      But    what 
ferves   to  mark  the  evils  of  1  )tteri<?s  the  Itronger  is,  that  it 
is  not   only  the   unfuccefsf^il  adventurer  that  is  ruined  by 
the  failure  of  his  fpeculation,  but  there  are  as  many  cafes 
where  a  fuccefsfnl  fpecula'or  has  had  equal  reafon  to  oeplore 
liis  firil  connexion  with  this  fpecies  of  gambling.      Robert 
Baker,  efq.  d-pofed,  that  "he  remembered  one  very  llrong 
inilajice  of  dillrefs  arifing  out  of  the  tranfaftions  in  the  lot- 
tery four  or  five  years  ago.     It  was  the  cafe  of  a  journey- 
man   who    belonged  to  a  clnb,    which   club   purchafed  a 
ticket  that  came  up  the  great  prize.     The  (hare  of  this  man 
was  ICC.',  or  thereabouts  ;  he  had  been  an  induftrious  work- 
ing man  bef  .re,  and  he  was  perfuaded  by  his  friends  to  in- 
ve!l  the  money  in  the  Hocks,  in  the  joint  name  of  himfelf 
and  wife,  :n  order  to  prevent  his  making  away  with  it.     He 
did  fo,  but  fooii   got  into  habits  of  idlenefs  after  he  was 
poifefltid  of  the  money ;  acd  he  wanted  his  wile  to  join  in 
3 


the  transfer  of  it.     This  occafionrJ  quaiTeh,  wliich  pro- 
ceeded  to   adauits;  he   chan /cd   his   habits   of  indullry  to 
thofe  of  drunkennefs  and  idlenefs,  he  dedroycd  ad  his  do- 
mellic   cotrforts,  and  was  the  ruin  of  his  family."     Many 
other  cafes  of  a  fimilar  defcriplion  are  given  in  the  appendix 
to  this  report ;  in  fome  of  them  mothers  have  ne.^le<9:td  their 
children,  and  left  them  dclhtute  of  the  common  necelfjiries 
of  life,  while  the  money  by  which  thof  ■  nccelfaries  (hould 
have  been  purchafed  has   been  gambled  away  in  the  infur- 
aiice  of  certain  numbers  in  the  lottery.      In  other  cafes  the 
wife  has  robbed  an  indiillrions  and  careful  hulband  and  father 
of  the    fmall    and     hard-earned    favings  of    many  months, 
and  even  of  many  years  ;  and  who,  inllead  of  finding  his 
little  trcafure  in  the  drawer,  in  which  it  was  depof.ted,  and 
which  he  was  about  to  increafe  by  another  fmall  addition, 
found  that  the  whole   had   been  gambled   away  in  lottery 
fptculations,  and  every  article  of  his  i  lothes,  which  were 
not  likely  to  be  immediately   wanted,  had  been  pawned  in 
order  to  recover  the  former  lofs. 

In  other  cales,  children  have  robbed  their  parents  ;  fcr- 
van*s  their  mailers  ;  fnicides  have  been  committed,  and 
almod  every  crime  that  can  be  imagined  has  been  occa- 
fioned,  either  directly  or  indireclly,  through  the  baneful  in- 
fluence of  lotteries.  Thefe  evils  are  the  more  to  be  re- 
gretted, as  they  receive  a  fort  of  fanttion  from  the  govern- 
ment itftlf,  and  whatever  lav.s  may  be  enadted  to  check 
them  they  will  always  cxill,  in  a  greater  or  lefs  degree,  while 
lotteries  arc  emp  oyed  as  a  means  of  increafing  the  revenue 
oi  the  country,  and  certainly  in  no  other  cafe  would  they 
be  permitted  to  exift.  The  objeft  of  government  is  the 
happinefs  of  the  people,  and  every  means  that  c?n  be  em- 
ployed to  attain  this  object  it  is  the  duty  of  government 
to  employ  ;  but  this  can  never  be  accomplKhed  without 
ftricl  and  conltant  attention  to  morals  as  well  private  as 
public  ;  but  how  little  are  lotteries  calculated  fa  produce 
this  citect,  wh'oh,  inllead  of  improving  the  morals,  liold 
out  the  moll  dehifive  fchemes  to  attraiSt  the  attention  of  the 
ignorant  and  unwary,  and  draw  them  afrde  from  the  paths 
of  indullry  and  contentment,  to  embark  in  a  gambling  con- 
c'.'rn,  which  generally  terminates  in  poverty  and  wretched- 
uefs. 

The  committee  before  which  the  ab«ve  mentioned  facls 
W£re  dilclofed,  were  fully  aware  of  all  the  evils  we  have  re- 
counted, and  in  the  courfe  of  their  report,  declared,  that 
"  the  foundation  of  the  lottery,  fyftem  is  fo  radically  vicious, 
that  your  committee  fetl  convinced,  that  under  no  fyftem 
of  regulations  which  can  be  devifed,  will  it  be  polfibie  for 
parliament  to  adopt  it  as  an  efficacious  fource  of  revenue, 
and  at  the  fame  time  diveft  it  of  all  the  evils  of  which  it  has 
hitherto  proved  fo  baneful  a  fource. 

"  But,  ^in  cafe  it  (liould  be  thought  expedient  to  continue 
(late  lotteries,)  the  number,  therefore,  in  each  year,  (hould. 
be  limited  to  two  lotteries,  of  not  more  than  ;c,coo  tickets 
each;  that  the  number  of  days  allowed  for  drawing,  inilead  . 
of  ten,  (hould  be  brought  down  to  eight  for  each  lottery,  , 
the  number  fixed  in  1S02  ;  that  the  number  of  tickets  to  be 
drawn  rath  day  (hould  be  uncertain,  and  left  to  the  direitioa 
ol  the  commilTioners  of  (lamp-duties,  and  kept  fecrettiU  the 
clofe  of  the  drawing  each  day  ;  care  being  taken,  as  the  lot- 
tery proceeds,  not  to  leave  too  great  a  number  undrawn  on 
the  latter  days  of  drawing  ;  but  that  one  moiety,  or  upwards, . 
be  drawn  on  the  four  firit  days  thereof;  that  every  lottery- 
office  keeper  (hould,  in  addition  to  his  own  licence,  take  otit: 
a  limited  number  of  licences  for  his  agents  ;  that  the  limi-. 
tation  of  hours  during  which  lottery-oiSccs  may  be  open 
for  the  traifaclion  of  bufuiefs,  f/=.   from  eight,  o'clock  in 
the  morning   till  eight  o'clock  la  the  evemiig,  enaded  by 

2i  Geo. 


L  O  T  T  E  R  Y. 


42  Geo.  III.  c.  47,  and  renewed  in  the  lottery  afts  in  1802, 
and  the  three  following  years,  but  omitted  in  thofe  of  1806 
and  1807,  ought  in  future  to  be  re-cnafted,  without  the  ex- 
ceptiou  therein  made,  to  Saturday  evenings." 

Thefe  fuggeftions  have  been  attended  to  in  the  lotteries 
of  the  lail  two  or  three  years,  which  have  been  fevcral  of 
thenx  drawn  in  on  ■  day,  and  confequently  a  confidcrable 
check  has  been  given  to  illegal  infurances.  Still,  however, 
many  evils  remain,  which  are  fo  blended  with  the  natme  of 
lotteries,  that  it  is  impoflible  to  fcparate  them,  and  it  may 
fairly  be  queftioned,  whether,  for  the  fake  of  a  fort  of 
voluntary  tax,  which  is  thus  impofed  upon  ignorance  and 
folly,  the  morals  of  many  indullrious  and  honefl  members 
of  iooicty  ought  to  be  expofed  to  the  danger  of  being  en- 
fnared  by  the  delufive  hopes  of  gain,  which  the  lottery 
fchemes  are  calculated  to  infpirc.  With  regard  to  the  ad- 
vantage that  the  revenue  derive  from  the  lottery  fyitem,  it 
may  hkewife  be  collected  from  the  reported  account  above 
alluded  to.  Mr.  Shewell  informed  the  committee,  that  the 
general  advance  put  upon  tickets  by  the  contractor,  was 
about  ^l.  per  ticket,  not  varying  much  under  or  over.  This 
is  in  confideration  of  the  certain  lofs  on  fuch  tickets  as  the 
contractor  is  not  able  to  fell,  the  expcnce  he  mult  neceffarily 
be  put  to  in  th:,'&le  of  his  lottery,  and  the  profit  that  he  natu- 
rally expetts  on  luch  a  concern.  The  lottery  is  confidered  as 
fold  pretty  well,  of  which  jour-fiiths  of  the  tickets  are  dif- 
pofed  of :  the  contrattors  of  the  lottery  in  hand,  at  the  time 
of  this  enquiry,  expeded  not  to  fell  more  than  17,000  tickets 
out  of  the  25,000,  of  which  it  confifted.  The  tickets  in 
this  lottery  wei-e  fold  by  the  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  at 
17/.  and  a  fraftion,  the  tickets  of  which  were  not  worth  quite 
ic/.  each  ;  the  contraftor  feld  it  again  to  the  hcenfed  'ottery- 
office  keepers  at  20/.  IC)S.  per  ticket,  between  three  and  four 
pounds  more  than  they  gave  for  it.  The  lottery-ofRce 
keeper  puts  on  another  profit,  which,  in  thofe  numbers  di- 
vided in  eighths,  fixteenlhs,  &c.  amounts  to  about  i/.  per 
ticket  ;  whence  it  is  obvious,  that  the  adventurer  in  this 
lottery  (and  this  may  be  confidered  as  an  average  of  lotteries 
in  general),  gamble  at  a  difadvantage  of  100  per  cent. 
Government  is  a  gainer  of  about  ^jo  per  cent ,  befides  about 
20  per  cent,  farther,  wliich  i's  fuppofed  to  be  added  to  the 
revenue  by  the  poftage  of  letters,  ftamps,  duties  on  adver- 
tifements,  excife  duty,  on  candles,  paper,  &c.  On  the  face 
of  the  concern  there  appears,  therefore,  a  confidcrable  pro- 
tit  to  government,  which,  at  a  mean,  may  be  eftimated  at 
about  750,000/.  per  annum  ;  but  it  was  the  opinion  of  thofe 
who  ara  bell  qualified  to  judge  of  thefe  fubjetts,  that  this 
increafe  of  revenue  was  rather  apparent  than  real  ;  that  the 
extra  parochial  taxes,  brought  on  by  the  diftrefs  they  oc- 
cafion  ;  the  decreafed  confumption  of  excifeable  articles, 
juft  before,  and  during  the  time  the  lottery  is  drawing,  and 
for  a  few  weeks  afterwards,  which  decreafe  was  attually 
afcertair.ed  from  competent  witnelfes,  fully  counterbalance 
the  apparent  gain.  Should  this  be  the  true  ftate  of  tlie  cafe, 
what  can  induce  the  minifters  to  continue  to  give  their 
faniStion  to  fuch  delufive  and  dangerous  fpecies  of  gambling  ? 
At  all  events,  if  the  above  profit  were  real,  no  revenue  is 
obtained  by  the  ftate  at  half  the  expence,  in  point  of  pecu- 
niary facrifice  to  the  public,  independent  of  the  excellive  in- 
jury to  the  morals  of  the  people.  We  have  already  feen,  that 
the  purchafers  of  legal  Ihares  gamble  at  the  difadvantage  of 
loo  per  cent.  ;  and  the  infurances  are  carried  on,  to  the  dif- 
advantage of  the  public,  at  about  40  per  cent.  ;  but  Itill  it  is 
not  eafy  to  eftimate  the  annual  expence  which  lotteries  cod 
the  pubhc  ;  the  following  ftatement,  however,  is  hazarded 
by  P.  Colquhoun,  efq.  and  fubmitted  to  the  above-mentioned 
committee. 


Suppofe  three  annual  lotteries,  each  of  25,000  ? 
tickets,  the  public  receives  -  -  J 

Contraftors  profit  at  i/.  per  ticket 
Lottery-office  keeper's  profit       ... 
Infurcr's  profit  SS^P""  <^^"'-  °n  1,000,000/.     - 


600,000 

75,000 
100,000 
333-000 


Total         £.1,108,000 


The  public  are  fuppofed  to  pay  for  75,000 
tickets,  including  the  additional  advance 
on  halves,  quarters.  Sec.  .  .  - 

The  lower  clafs  who  infure  are  fuppofed  to  7 


1 


pay 


1,275,000 


1,000,000 


£. 

Deduft  prizes  -  .  750,000 

Deduct  prizes  obtained  by  infurers    250,000 


je.2, 275,000 


1 ,000,000 


Lofs  to  the  public  to  gain  600,000/.  to  thel 

1  °  f      1,275,000 

revenue  yearly  -  -  -  -J         '    '}' 

This  eftimate  feems  to  have  been  made  upon  the  moft  fa- 
vourable fuppofitiuns,  and  probably  falls  confiderably  fhort 
of  the  real  lofs  fultained  by  the  public. 

The  following  is  an  account  of  the  prices  of  tickets,  and 
immediate  profit  derived  from  them  by  the  Hate,  during  the 
fix  years  from  1802  to  1807. 


Year. 
1802 
1803 
1804 


1805 


1806 


1807 


No.  of  '  itliels 

Price. 

Profit. 

100,000 

£.14. 

1 1  0 

36.555,000 

80,000 

•3 

13   I 

352'333 

I 

2 

25,000 
25,000 

•4 
I1 

i6  0 

119,375 
145,000 

3 

30,000 

\ 

25,000 
25,000 
25,000 

15 

17 
18 

* 

17 

13  6 

29 

3  0 
]8  9 

170,250 

^•434.625 

1 
2 
3 

178,473 
203,750 
198,437 

£.580,660 

1 
2 
3 

20,000 
25,000 
25,000 

j6 
16 
16 

12  0 

14  3 
10  0 

132,000 
167,812 
162,500 

4 

20,000 

16 

19  0 

139,000 

£.601,312 

1 
2 
3 

20,000 
25,000 
25,000 

17 
17 
16 

13  6 

4  0 
10  6 

153,000 
I S  0,000 

163,125 
£.496,125 

To  thefe  fums  are  to  be  added  the  advantages  derived 
from  poftages,   ftamps,  &c.  which  are   generally  ellimated 
at   2/.  per  ticket,    making    the   mean    annual    profit   about 
750,000/.     But  after  deduftions  are  made  for  the  lofies  ful- 
tained 


LOTTERY. 


tained  from  caufes  conneAed  with  the  lottery  fyftem,  it  is 
doubtful  whether  any  real  advantage  is  derived  from  this 
fouroe ;  and  if  even  the  whole  of  the  above  was  a  real  fav- 
ing,  the  evils  attending  it  are  fuch  as  to  lead  us  to  hope, 
that  minifters  will  find  fome  other  means  of  raifing  an  equi- 
valent) founded  upon  more  liberal  prmciples,  and  lefs  dan- 
gi^rous  to  the  morals  and  happinefs  of  the  people. 

Having  faid  thus  much  with  regard  to  the  general  policy 
of  lotteries,  we  (hall  conclude  the  prefent  article  by  an  invef- 
tigation  of  the  theory  of  lotteries,  as  it  is  connefted  with  the 
doArine  ofchances. 

Prob.   I. 

Any  number  of  things  being  given,  as  a,  i,  c,  d,  e,  f; 
to  find  the  probability  that  in  taking  three  of  them,  as  they 
happen,  they  (hall  be  any  three  propofed,  as  a,  b,  c. 

Firft,  the  probability  of  taking  either  a  or  i,  or  c,  will  be 
.jths,  and  fuppofing  one  of  them,  as  a,  to  be  taken,  then  the 
probability  of  taking  either  b  or  c  will  be  ^ths.  Again,  let 
either  of  them  be  taken,  fuppoi'e  i  ;  the  probability  of  taking 
s  in  the  third  place  will  be  |th  ;  wherefore  the  probability 
of  taking  the  three  thmgs  propofed,  viz  a,  b,  c,  will  be 

3  2  I  I 

65  4         30* 

Olherwife,  we  might  confider  what  number  af  combinations 
of  fix  things  can  be  formed  by  taking  three  at  a  time  ;  and 
out  of  this  number  there  is  obvioudy  only  one  combination 
that  anfwers  the  conditions  of  the  problem  propofed  ;  and 
there  are,  therefore,  fo  many  chances  to  one  againit  the  fuc- 
cefs  of  tW'  trial. 

Now,  the  number  of  fuch  combinations  is  exprefled  by 

6  x-  5  X  4 

3x2   X    I 

And,  confequenlly,  the  chance  of  drawing  the  fpecified  things 

a,  6,  c,  is  ,3th,  as  before. 

Corollary. — Univerfally,  the  number  of  combinations  that 

can  be  formed,  of  n  things  taking^,  at  a  time,  is  exprefled 

by 

n__{  n-  l)    (>»  -  2)    («-  3)  ..  .  (n  - />) 
p    (p   ~l)    (p-2)    {p-  i) 1 

and  confequently,  the  reciprocal  of  this  fraftion  will  be  the 
probability  of  fuccefs  in  any  cafe  that  may  arife. 


fpecified  ones  q,  we  rauft  divide  the  firft  of  the  foDowing 
feries  by  the  fecond,  viz. 


10. 


pip-  1)   (/>-  2)   (p-  3) 


(P-I) 


?  If-  i)   (?-  2)   (?-  3) « 

2      "  ("  -  I)  ("  -^)   ("  -3)  •••("-  7^ 

9  (?-  0   (?-*)(?- 3) I 

that  is,  the  propofed  chance  will  be  exprefled  by  the  fracUoii 

pip-  -i)   {p--%)   {p-i)   .   .  .   {p  -q) 
n  (n  -  I)    (o  -  2)    (n  -  3)    .   .   .   (n  -  y)" 

Prob.  III. 

To  find  what  probability  there  is,  that  in  taking  at  random 
feven  counters  out  of  twelve,  whereof  four  are  white,  and 
eight  black,  there  fliall  be  at  lead  three  white  ones. 

I.  Find  the  chance  for  taking  three  wliite  out  of  four, 
which  will  be 

4x3   X    2 


3x2x1 


=  4- 


2.  The  number  of  chances  for  taking  four  black  out  of 
eight  is,  on  the  fame  principle,  found  to  be 

8x7x6x7 

: i  =  70. 

4^3x2x1 

And,  therefore,  the  chances  of  both  fucceeding  is  4  x  70 

=  280. 

But  by  the  queftion,  he  may  hold  four  white  and  three 

black,  becaufe  it  is  only  limited  that  three  white  be  taken, 

and  not  that  there  (hould  be  three  white  and  no  more. 

3.  How  the  number  of  chances  for  taking  four  white  out 
of  four  is  one. 

4.  The  number  of  chances  f»r  taking  three  black  out  of 
eight  is 

8x7x6  _ 
3x2x1"  ~  ^ 
And  the  produft   of  thefe  two  is  56    x    T  =  56,  there- 
fore the  whole  number  by  which  the  event  may  fucceed,  is 
280  +  56  xr  336. 

•5.  But  the  whole  number  of  combinations  that  can  be 
formed  out  of  twelve  things,  taking  feven  at  a  time,   is 

12.  II  .  10  .  9  .  8  .  7  .  6 

—  =  792 : 


therefore 


336 
792 


Prob.  II. 

Let  the  fame  fix  things  be  propofed  as  above,  to  deter 
mine  the  probability,  that   in  drawing  four  of  them,  the    the  event  will  ha 
three  fpecified  ones,  as  a,  b,  c,  fhall  be  taken. 

Firft,  the  number  of  combinations  that  can  be  formed  of 


6.    J 

I 


. 4. 3  .  z 

will    cxprefs  the  probability  that 
14  _    19 


fix  things,  taking    three  at    a   time,  is ^- ^  =  20  • 

3-2.1 

and  the  number  of  combinations  that  can  be  formed  out  of 

four  things,  taking  three  at  a  time,   is =;  4. 

3x2x1^ 

Whence  it  follows  that  out  of  the  twenty  combinations  of 
threes  which  may  happen,  four  of  them  will  be  in  hand  ; 
and,  therefore,  the  probability  of  taking  the  three  fpecified 

things   under  the  condition   of  the  problem,  is  —   =   _ . 

20         ^ 

And  hence,  generally,  to  determine  the  probability,  that  in 
drawing  out  of  a  given  number  of  tickets  n,  any  propofed 
aumber  «,  there  (haH  be  found  amoncrll  them  any  number  of 
Voi„  XXI. 


ppen,  and  confequently    i  —    —  =  — ^ 

33  33» 
IS  the  probability  of  its  failing ;  that  is,  the  odds  againft  three 
white  counters  being  drawn,  are  as  19  to  14. 

Corollary Let  a  be  the  number  of  white  counters,  b  the 

number  of  black,  n  the  whole  number  =  a  +  A  ;  c  the  num- 
ber of  counters  to  be  taken  out  of  the  number  n :  alfo,  let 
*  reprefent  the  number  of  white  counters  that  are  to  be 
found  precifely  in  c.  Then  the  number  of  chances  for  tak- 
ing none  of  the  white,  or  one  of  the  white,  or  two  of  the 
white,  and  no  more  ;  or  three  of  the  white  and  no  more ;  or 
four  of  the  white  and  no  more,  &c.  will  be  exprefl"ed  as  fol- 
lows : 


{" 
{' 


a  —  3 

5 
*-  2 


} 
} 


>  3 

The  number  of  terms  in  which  a  enters  being  equal  to  the 
3  H  number 


LOTTERY. 


number^  ;  and  the  number  of  terms  in  which  b  enters  being 
equal  to  the  number  c  —  p. 

But  the  number  of  all  the  chances  for  taking  a  certain 
number  c,  of  counters  out  of  the  number  n,  is  expreffed 

by 


—  I 

2 


—       X 


»   —    2 


—       X 


&C. 


1  2  3 

to  be  continued  to  as  many  terms  as  there  are  units  in  c. 

If  the  numbers  n  and  c  were  large,  fuch  as  n  —  40000, 
and  c  =  8000,  the  foregoing  method  would  feem  imprac- 
ticable, on  account  of  the  great  number  of  terms  to  be  taken 
in  both  fcrics,  whereof  the  firit  is  to  be  divided  by  the  fe- 
cond  ;  though  if  thofe  terms  were  aftually  fet  down,  a 
great  many  of  them  being  common  divifors  might  be  ex- 
punged out  of  both  ferics  ;  for  which  reafon  it  will  be  con- 
venient to  ufe  the  following  theorem,  which  is  a  contraction 
of  that  method,  and  which  will  be  chiefly  of  ufe  when  the 
white  counters  are  but  few.  Let,  therefore,  n  be  the  num- 
ber of  all  the  counters,  rt  the  number  of  white,  b  the  number 
of  black,  c  the  number  of  counters  to  be  taken  out  of  the 
number  ?(,  p  the  number  of  white  that  are  to  be  taken  pre- 
cifely,  then  making  n  —  c  —  d.  The  probability  of  tak- 
ing precifely  the  number />  of  white  counters  will  be  as  fol- 
lows :  ^•/'z.  making 

c.{c-^)   {c  -  2)    (.-3)   &c.  =C 
d.{d-  I)  {d~  2)  {d-3)  &c.  =  D 


the  three  particular  benefits,  which  will  be  found  to  be 
32000  X  .:ii099X  31998  ^   6£  ^^  ^^.^^  ^^.^^  ^^^^ 

40000  X  39999  X  39998       125 

trafted  from  unity,  gives  a   remainder,   i  —    — -=--—, 

(hewing  the  probability  required  ;  and  therefore  the  odds 
againft  taking  any  of  three  particular  benefits  will  be  64 
to  61  nearly. 

PnoB.  V. 

To  find  how  many  tickets  ought  to  be  taken  in  a  lottery 
confiliing  of  40000,  among  which  are  throe  particular  be- 
nefits, to  make  it  as  probable  that  one  or  more  of  thefe 
three  may  be  taken  as  not.  Let  the  number  of  tickets 
requifite  to  be  taken  be  =.  x,  and  the  probabihty  of  not 

taking   any  of   the    particular   benefits    will   be    X 


a 
-  X 
I 


a  —  I 
X 

2 

n  (n  -  l)    (n  - 
the  probability  =   


-  3 


&c.  =  A 


3  4 

2)  («-3)  &c.  =  N 
D  X  A 


N 


where  it  is  to  be  obferved,  that  the  firft  and  third  fcries 
contain  as  many  terms  as  there  are  units  in  p  ;  the  fecond  as 
many  as  there  are  in  a  — p  ;  the  fourth  as  many  as  there  are 
in  a. 

Let  us  now  apply  thefe  refults  in  tlie  folution  of  the  fol- 
lowing problems. 

Prob.  IV. 

In  a  lottery  confiding  of  40000  tickets,  among  which  are 
three  particular  benefits,  what  is  the  probability  that  taking 
8000  of  them,  one  or  more  of  the  particular  benefits  fliall  be 
among  them.  Subiluute  8000,  40000,  32000,  3,  and  i 
refpeftively  for  c,  n,  d,  a,  and/),  in  that  problem  ;  and  the 
probability  of  taking  precifely  one  of  the  three  particular 
Sooo  X  32000  y  31999  X  3  _ 
40000  X  39999   <  39998 


benefits  will  appear  to  be 


n  —  X  —  I 


X 


—  ;  but  this  probability  is  equal  to 


n  ^-  I  n  —  2 

■i,  fince  by  hypothefis,  the  probability  of  taking  one  or  more 

of  them  is  equal  to  ^  ;  whence  we  (hall  have  the  equation 

n  —  X         n  —  X  —  I  n  —  x  —  2         ,     r         .irt 

X    X    =  h  from-  the  folu- 

n  n  —  I  n  —  2 

tion  of  which  x  will  be  found  nearly  equal  to  8252.  The 
terms  of  this  equation,  M.  De  Moivre  obferves,  may  be 
confidered  as  being  in  geometric  progredion  ;  fince  the  fac- 
tors both  of  the  numerator  and  denominator  are  few  and  in 
arithmetic  progreffion,  and  their  difference  very  ^mall  in 
refpcdl  of  n  :  and,  therefore,  tlie  cube  uf  the  middle  term 
may  be  fuppofed  equal  to  the  product  of  the  multiplication 

n  —  X  "   I 

of  thefe  terms  ;  whence  will  arife  the  equation, ,       =: 

n—  ]| 

\ ;  or,  neglefting  the  unit  botli  in  the  numerator  and  denomi- 

\' 


nator. 


or  n  (1  —  •§  <*/  4)  :  but   n  — 
0.2063  ;  therefore  x  =  8252 


T^,   and  s,  confequently,  : 
40000,  and    1 


2  ^/4  = 


Prob.  VI. 


To  determine  accurately,  in  a  lottery  of  looooo  tickets, 
whereof  9COCO  are  blanks,  and  loooo  are  benefit?,  what  the 
odds  are  of  taking  or  not  talking  a  benefit,  in  any  number  of 
tickets  affigned.  Let  the  number  be  6  ;  and  it  will  appear, 
by  the  above  cited  problem,  that  the  number  of  chances  for 
taking  no  prize  in  6  tickets,  making  a  =:  lOOOO,  b  :=;  90000, 


^nearly.   If  ^  =  2,  the  probability  of  taking  precifely  two 
125 

.    ,     .       /-^      -11  u  8000  X  7999  X  32000  X  3 
of  the  particular  benefits  will  be  — — — LL22. 2 ^ 

^  40000  K  39999   X  3999** 

=  — ?^  nearly.     If  *  =  3,  the  probability  of  taking  all  the 
125 

.    ,     ,       r.       •„  1     8000    X  7999    X  7998 

three  particular  benefits  will  be  •- : — -  = 

*■        '^  4000Q  X  39999  X  39998 

-i-.     And  the  probability   of  taking  one  or  more  of  the 
125 

.     ,     ,        .        .,, .      48  -t-  12  -I-  I        61 
three  particular  benefits  wiU  be — —  ^= very 

nearly.     Thefe  three  operations  might  have  been  contrafted 
tato  one  by  inquiring  the  probability  of  not  taking  any  of 

4 


f  =  6,  /  = 


•11  I      900C0 
n  =:  loocoo,  will  be  -^ X 


89999 


89998 


19997 
4 


5 


89995 


whole  number  of  chances  will  be 


and    that    the 
X  '5999°    ^ 


99908  ^  99997.  ^ 
4 


£9996    ^    9929J  ,     tj,,„    d,,id;  th^ 

3450 
firft  number  of  chances  by  the  fecond,  by  means  of  loga- 
rithms, the  quotient  will  be  0.53143,  the  probability  re- 
quired :  this  decimal  traflion  being  fubtrafted'from  unity, 
the  remainder  0.46857  fiiews  the  probability  of  taking  one 
prize  or  more  in  fix  tickets  ;  wherefore  the  odds  againfl: 
taking  any  prize  in  fix  tickets  will  be  53143  to  46857.  If 
the  number  of  tickets  be  feven,  then  carrying  each  number 

of 


LOT 


LOT 


«f  cliances  above  written  one  ftep  farther,  we  fhall  find  that 
the  probability  of  taking  no  prize  in  feven  tickets  is  0.47S28, 
which  fubtraifled  from  unit  leaves  a  remainder  0.52172, 
which  (hews  the  odds  of  taking  one  prize  or  more  in  fcven 
tickets  to  be  52172  1047828. 

Prob.  VII. 

With  the  fame  data,  to  find  the  value  of  the  chance  of  a 
prize,  liippollng  each  ticket  to  be  10/.,  and  that  after  the 
lottery  is  drawn,  7/.  ics.  be  returned  to  the  blanks.  There 
being  90000  blanks,  to  each  of  which  is  returned  7/,  10s. 
the  total  value  of  the  blanks  is  675,000/.  and  confequently 
the  total  value  of  the  benefits  is  325,000/.  which  being  di- 
vided  by  loooo,  the  number  of  benefits,  gives  a  quotient 
32.'.  lor.  and,  therefore,  one  might  for  the.fum  of  32/.  ics. 
be  en'itled  to  have  a  benefit  certain,  taken  at  random  out  of 
the  whole  number  of  benefits:  the  purchafer  of  a  chance 
has,  therefore,  one  chance  in  ten  for  the  fum  of  32/.  lox. 
and  nine  chances  in  ten  for  lofing  his  money  ;  from  whence 
it  follows,  that  the  value  of  his  chance  is  the  tenth  part  of 
32/.  lor.  viz.  3/.  5j.  And  confequently  the  purchafer  of  a 
chance,  by  giving  the  feller  3/.  5^.,  is  intitled  to  the  chance 
of  a  benefit,  and  ought  not  to  return  any  thing  to  the 
feller,  although  he  fliould  ha"e  a  prize  f  for  the  feller  hav- 
ing 3/,  5j.  iure,  and  nine  chances  in  ten  for  7/.  loj.  the 
value  of  whidi  chance  is  61.  15J.  it  follows  that  he  has  his 
10/.  p. 

Pkob.  VIII. 

In  the  fame  kind  of  lottery,  let  A  engage  to  furnifh  B 
■with  a  chance,  on  condition  that  whenever  the  ticket  on 
which  the  chance  depends  (hsil  happen  to  be  drawn,  whe- 
ther it  proves  a  blank  or  prize,  A  fhall  furnifli  B  with 
a  new  chance,  and  fo  on,  as  often  as  there  is  occafion, 
till  the  whole  is  drawn  ;  it  is  propofcd  to  find  what  con- 
fideration  B  ought  to  give  A  before  the  lottery  begins 
to  be  drawn,  for  the  chance  or  chances  of  one  or  more 
prizes,  admitting  that  the  lottery  will  be  forty  days  in 
drawing. 

Let  the  abfolute  value  of  a  chance,  or  3/.  5^-.,  be  called 
s.  Firft  A,  who  is  the  feller,  ought  to  confidtr,  that  on 
the  firll  day  he  furnifhes  necclfdrily  a  chance  whofe  value 
is  s. 

2dly.  That  on  the  fecond  day,  he  does  rot  neceffarily 
furnidi  a  chance,  but  conditionally,  viz.  if  it  fo  happen  that 
the  ticket  on  which  the  chance  depends  fhonld  be  drawn  on 
the  firll  day  ;  but  the  probability  of  its  being  drawn  on  the 
firft  day  is  jU  ;  and  therefore  he  ought  to  take  ^'„  s  for  the 
confideration  of  ihe  fecond  day. 

.3dly.  That  in  the  fame  manner  he  does  not  necefTarilv 
furnilTi  a  chance  on  the  third  day,  but  conditionally,  in  cafe 
the  only  ticket  depending  (for  there, can  be  but  one)  fhould 
happen  to  be  drawn  on  the  fecond ;  of  which  the  probabi- 
lity being  -rV,-  by  reafon  of  the  remaining  39  days  from  the 
lecond  indufive  to  the  laft,  it  follows,  that  the  value  of  that 
chance  is  ,-j-. 

4thly.  And  for  the  fame  reafon  the  value  of  the  next 
is  ■j'j.f,  &c.    the  purchafer  ought,    therefore,   to  give  the 

feller  1   +  ^'^  +  ^'^  +  ^'^  +  J^ +    i     x     s, 

or        I   +  4:  -1-  i  -i-  i  +  ,i  -I-  I +   s's    X     J. 

The  fum  of  ihefe  forty  terms,  being  4.2785  nearly,  multi- 
phed  by  s  or  3-25,  will  give  a  produft  13-9.  Hiewing  that 
the  purchafer  ought  to  give  the  feller  about  13/  iSs. 

From  what  has  been  faid  it  appears,  that  the  value  of  the 
chance  s  for  one  llngle  day  that  fhall  be  fixed  upon  is  the 


value  of  that  chance  divided  by  the  number  of  days  inter- 
cepted between  that  day  inclufivc  and  the  number  of  days 
remaining  to  the  end  of  the  lottery  ;  which,  however,  mufl 
be  underllood  with  this  rcflriSion,  that  the  day  fixed  upon 
muft  be  chofen  before  the  lottery  begins  j  cr  if  it  be  done  oi» 
any  other  day,  the  ftate  of  the  lottery  muft  be  known,  and 
a  new  calculation  made  accordingly  for  the  value  of  /.  De 
Moivre's  Doctrine  of  Chances,  1 756.  See  alfo  the  article 
Chances. 

Lottery  is   alfo  the  name   of  a  well-known  game  at 
cards. 

LOTTI,  Antonio,  of  Venice,  in  Biography,  principal 
organift  of  St.  Mark,  and  afterwards  macltro  di  cappella  of 
the  fame  Cdthedral,  was  one  of  the  greatell  men  of  his  pro- 
felTion.      The   celebrated  Haffe,   his   difciple   and  intimate 
friend,  and  the  beft  able  to  judge  of  his  abilities,  thought 
that  none  of  the  great  mafters  ever  united  in  their  works  fo 
great  a   fhare   of  exprefTion   and  fcieuce.     In  his  co.-npofi- 
tions,   he   combined  with   the  learning  of  the  old  fchool  all 
the  grace,  rich   harmony,   and  brilliancy  of   the  new.      He 
was  the   hero  of  Haffe,    who  never  fpoke  of  him  but  with 
rapture.     "  What  expreflion"   (he  ufed  to  fay),  "  what  va- 
riety, were  in  that  exprefTion,  and  what  truth  in  the  ideas  !"' 
How  pleafing  it  was  to  hear  a  man  at  his  time  of  life,  of  a 
merit  and  reputation  above  all  envy,  fpeak  with  fuch  enthu- 
fiafm  of  a  great  mafter.     Lotti  was  long  at  the  head  of  the 
Venetian  fchool.      His  ecclefiaftical  compofitions  were  only 
ufed  at  St.  Mark's  on  great  and  folemn  occafions.     They  are 
truly  fublime.     The  kind  of  pathos  in  his  ftyle  elevates  the 
foul,  and  e\pre(fes  all  the  grandeur  and  reverence  of  devo- 
tion.    (Ellais  fur  la  Muf.  torn,  iii.)      This  animated  and 
feeling  character   of  Lotti  does  not  feem  to  come  from  an 
author  v.'ho  in  general  fpeaks  of  the  Italians  with  contempt, 
and  of  Ramcau  as  the  only  mufician  who  ever  knew   h.ir- 
mony  and  how  to  ufe  it.      We  can,  however,  anfwer  for  the 
truth  of  the  above  charafter.     For  though  we  have  never 
heard  or  feen  any  of  his  dramatic  mufic,  yet,  in   1770,  we 
heard  at  Venice,  in  the  church  of  San  Giovanni  e  Paulo,  on 
a  day  that  the  doge  went  in  proceffion  to  that  church,  a  mafs 
by  Lotti,  in  four  parts,  without  any  other  inftrument  than 
the  organ,  which   was  fo  well  fung  and  accompanied,   that 
we  do  not  remember  ever  to  have  received   more  pleafure 
from  choral  mufic  ;  all   was  corretl,  clear,  and  diftinft  ;  no 
confufion  or   unneceffary  notes  ;   it  was' even  capable  of  ex- 
prefTion, particularly  one  of  the  movements  into  which  the 
performers  entered  fo  well  as  to  render  it  affecting  even  to 
tears.     The  organift,   very  judicioufly,  fuffered  the  voices 
to  ^e  heard  in  ail  their  purity,  with  which  our  attention  was 
fo  occupied,  that  we  frequently  forgot  that  they  were  ac- 
companied.   This  kind  of  mufic,  a  cappella,  though  exploded 
as  unfit  for  theatrical  purpofes,   muft  be  allowed  to  have  its 
merit.     Lotti   was   the  difciple  of  Legrenzi,  the  model  of 
Haife,  one  of  the  mafters  of  Marcello,  Galuppi,  and  Pef- 
cetti.     His  name  is  chiefly  known  in  England  by  the  dif- 
pute  in  the  Academy  of  Ancient  Mufic,  at  the  Crown  and 
Anchor,  in  1732,  concerning  a  madrigal  which  Bononcini 
was  accufed  of  having  fto'en  from  him.     See  BoNOSxixi. 

Lotti  compofed  for  the  Venetian  theatres,  between  the 
years  1698  and  1717,  fifteen  operas.  His  cantatas  furnifh 
fpecimens  of  recitative  that  do  honour  to  his  fenfibility. 
He  was  opera  compofer  at  the  court  of  Drefden  when  the 
Santa  Stelli,  his  wife,  performed  the  part  of  firft  woman 
then,  in  1 7 1 8  ;  and  in  1720  he  returned  to  Venice,  where  he 
was  living  in  1733. 

LOTUL,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Bengal  ;  1 6  miles  W. 
of  Torea. 

LOTUS,  in  Botany,  a  name  which  has  been  more  va- 
3Hz  riouUy 


LOTUS. 


I  icwlly  applied,  and  of  which  perhaps  more  has  been  written, 
than  of  any  other  plant.  Thofe  who  have  fought  for  its 
origin  in  the  Greek  language,  have  found  nothing  nearer 
than  ^a>,  to  ivUl  or  defire,  alluding,  as  they  fuppofe,  to  the 
plant  being  greatly  efteemed.  Others  have  thought,  with 
more  probability,  that  Xarro;  of  the  Greeks,  and  Lotas  of 
the  Latins,  had  one  common  Egyptian  origin,  its  etymo- 
logy being  therefore,  of  courfe,  infcrutable  to  us.  All  that 
can  be  faid  of  the  application  of  this  name,  at  various  times, 
and  in  various  languages  and  nations,  is,  that  it  has  always 
been  ufed  for  fome  plant  eminently  ufeful  as  food,  for  man 
or  bead.  Thus  it  has  been  appropriated  to  the  Kvamo;,  or 
Sacred  Bean  of  India  (fee  Cyamus)  ;  and  to  its  Egyptian 
fubftitutc,  the  Nymphita ;  to  fome  African  fruit,  on  which 
certain  people  have  chiefly  depended  for  their  iupport  ;  and 
to  feveral  herbaceous  plants,  eflential  to  the  maintenance  of 
domeftic  cattle,  in  countries  fparin^ly  furnifhed  with  grafs. 
In  this  lall  fenfe  it  is  finally  retained,  as  a  generic  appellation, 
by  modern  botanills. — Linn.  Gen.  388.  Schreb.  J09. 
WiUd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  3.  1385.  Mart.  Mill  Dift.  v.  3.  Sm. 
Fl.  Brit.  793.  Ait.  Hort.  Kcw.  ed.  I.  V.  3.  90.  JufT.  356. 
Lamarck.  Illuftr.  t.  611.  Gtertn.  t.  153.  — Clafs  and 
order,  Diadelphia  Dccandrla.  Nat.  Ord.  Paplllonacea,  Linn. 
Leguminofs,  JuiT. 

Gen.  Ch  Cal.  Perianth  of  one  leaf,  inferior,  tubular, 
nearly  cyhndrical,  cut  half  way  down  into  five,  acute,  ereft 
teeth,  equal  in  length,  but  not  quite  uniform  in  pofition, 
permanent.  Cor.  Papilionaceous.  Standard  roundiih,  bent 
backwards  ;  its  claw  long,  concave.  Wings  roundifh, 
ftiorter  than  the  ftandard,  broad,  (lightly  cohering  by  their 
upper  margin.  Keel  gibbous  beneath,  clofed  above,  pointed, 
afcending,  iliort.  Stam.  Filaments  in  two  fets,  one  fimple, 
the  other  in  nine  fegments,  afcending,  rather  dilated  at  the 
tips  ;  anthers  fmall,  fimple.  P'Jl  Germ.cn  oblong,  llniight, 
nearly  cylindrical,  rarely  angular  ;  ftyle  fimple,  afcending  ; 
Aigma  a  fmall  inflexed  point.  Perie.  Legume  cylindrical, 
Ilraight,  tumid,  longer  than  the  calyx,  of  one  cell  and  tv.o 
valves.      Seeds  feveral,  fomewhat  cylindrical. 

Eif  Ch.  Legume  cylindrical,  ftraight.  Wings  cohering 
longitudinally  above.  Calyx  tubular.  Filaments  dilated 
upward?. 

The  habit  of  this  genus,  moftly  herbaceous,  in  fome  in- 
ftances  (lightly  (hrubby,  approaches  that  of  MedicO'^io,  but 
their  fruftification  differs  effentially.  The  fpecies  chiefly 
abound  in  the  more  temperate  climates  of  Europe,  or  part  of 
Africa.  Seventeen  occur  in  the  Sp.  Pi  of  Linnius,  18  in 
Syjl.  Vcg  ed.  14;  30  in  Willdenow.  Three  are  reckoned 
natives  of  Britain,  all  confuunded  till  latel)-  under  L.  conii- 
cuhtus. 

The  whole  are  didributed  into  t*o  feftions. 
Se<ft.  I.     Flowers,  or  l.gumes,  one  or  two  on  ajlalk,  rarely 
three.      Of  thefe  fome  of  the  principal  are 

h.Jiliquofus.  Square-podded  Bird's-foot  Trefoil.  Linn. 
Sp.  PI.  K89.  Jacq.  Aullr.  t.  361.  (L.  tetragono- 
lobus  ;  Rivin  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.  79.  L.  trifolia  corniculata  ; 
Ger,  em.  1 198.) —  Legumes  foiitary,  with  four  m.embranaus 
wings.  Stems  procumbent.  BraCleas  lanceolate,  foiitary 
or  ternate. — Native  of  rather  moift  pallures,  in  various 
parts  of  the  continent  of  Europe  from  Sweden  to  Italy,  but 
not  found  in  Britain.  The  roots  are  perennial,  throwing  up 
many  weak  decumbent_y?i'mj,  about  a  fpan  long,  branching, 
zigzag  and  leafy.  Leaves  alternate,  (talked,  ternate  ; 
leaflets  obovate,  equal  in  length,  but  the  two  lateral  oi>es 
very  unequally  divided  by  their  rib  ;  all  fomewhat  flefhy, 
more  or  lefs  hairy,  (lightly  glaucous  beneath.  Stipulas  in 
pairs  at  the  bafe  of  each  footilalk,  large,  ovate^or  elliptical. 
Flfwer-Jlalks  few,  axillary,  foiitary,  about  the  tops  of  the 


(lems,  which  they  greatly  overtop,  being  often  three  or  four 
inches  long,  firm,  hairy,  fingle-fiowered.  Flowers  large, 
lemon-coloured.  Legume  an  inch  and  half  long,  with  four 
narrow  wing*. — Liiinseus's  L.  maritimus  is  not  even  a  variety 
of  this.  He  fiems  at  one  time  not  to  have  been  clear  in  his 
ideas  refpeAingJiliqiio/us  and  teiragonolobus. 

L.  tetragonolobus .  Crinifon  Winged-Pea.  Linn.  Sp. 
PI.  1089.  Curt.  Mag.  t.  151.  (L.  filiqua  quadrat  a ;  Ger, 
em.  1 198. ) — Legumes  foiitary,  with  four  membranous  wavy 
wings.  Stems  fpreading.  BraiSeae  ovate,  ternate.— Native 
of  Sicily  and  Spain.  Very  commonly  cultivated  as  a  hardy 
annual,  for  the  fake  of  its  deep-crimfon,  velvety  flowers, 
and  fometimes  for  its  pods,  which  when  young  are  occa- 
fionally  eaten  boiled,  as  greens.  It  is  alfo  celebrated  in  bo- 
tanic hillory,  as  having  firll  called  the  attention  of  Linnaeus 
to  the  fleep  of  plants.  He  oblerved  that  its  flowers  became 
invifible  in  the  evening,  by  being  enfolded  in  their  brafteas, 
and  re-appeared  in  the  morning,  which  led  him  to  conCder 
this  fubjeft,  and  to  write  upon  it. 

We  have  fome  fpecimens,  belonging  to  this  (e<Sion,  which 
appear  to  be  new  fpecies,  or  very  remarkable  varieties,  ga- 
thered at  Algiers  by  M.  Durand. 

L.  d'lffufus  perhaps  fliould  be  removed  hither ;  fee  the  end 
of  the  genus. 

Seft.  2.      Flowers  many  together  in  a  head. 

L.  htrfutus.  Hairy  Bird's-toot  'IVefoil.  Linn.  Sp. 
PI.  1091.  Curt.  Mag.  t.  336.— Heads  roundi(h  Stem 
hairy.  Legumes  fomewhat  ovate. — Native  of  the  fouth  of 
Europe  and  the  Levant  ;  long  known  in  our  gardens,  where 
it  requires  the  (helter  of  a  greenhoufe.  Thejlem  is  (hrubby, 
often  four  or  five  feet  high,  hairy  like  the  leaves  aaAJlipulas. 
Flowers  white,  or  blu(h-coloured,  prettily  contralled  with 
their  red  calyx.  The  legumes,  though  truly  cyhndrical,  are 
fo  (hort  as  to  become  almoil  ovate.  On  the  fea  beach  of  the 
Genoefe  coall,  this  fpecies  grows  proftrate,  enlivening  the 
llony  ground  with  a  profufion  of  blolToms  ;  fo  that  the  Lin- 
nasan  definition,  "  ftem  ereft,"  is  not  in  all  cafes  exaft. 

1j.  corniculatus.  Common  Bird's-foot  Trefoil.  Linn.  Sp. 
PI.  1092.  Curt  Lond.  fafc.  2.  7.56.  Mart.  Ru(t.  t.  53. 
Engl.  Bot.  t.  2090. — Heads  deprelTed,  of  few  flowers. 
Stems  decumbent,  (olid.  Legumes  fpreading,  nearly  cylin- 
drical. Claw  of  the  keel  obovate.  Filaments  all  dilated. — 
Native  of  moft  parts  ot  Europs  ;  very  common  with  us  in 
open  grafTy  pallures,  where  it  is  confpicuous  in  autumn. 
The_/?f/nj  fpread,  from  the  perennial  root,  in  every  direftion, 
various  in  length,  fimple  or  branched,  angular,  leafy,  clothed 
with  clofe-prelTed  hairs.  Flowers  of  a  golden  yellow,  more 
or  lefs  itained  or  ftriped  with  dark  red,  each  h<^ad  on  a  long 
llalk,  with  a  fmall  ternate  iraSea  at  the  top.  Legumes  of  a 
(hining  brown,  or  copper-colour. — This  has  been  rccom- 
mend-jd  for  fodder  and  hay,  by  the  name  of  Milk-vetch. 

L.  major.  Greater  Bird's-foot  Trefoil. —  Scop.  Cam. 
v.  2.  86.  Engl.  Bot.  t.  2091.  (L.  cornicuiatus  y  et  ^; 
Fi.  Brit.  794.) — Heads  deprcffed,  many-fl.jwered  Stems 
ereft,  hollow.  Lci^umes  fpreading,  cylindrical.  Claw  of 
the  keel  linear.  Shorter  filaments  not  dilated.— Found  in 
wet  boggy  places,  among  bufhes  and  reeds,  flowering  in 
fumrr.er  and  autumn,  probably  throughout  Europe.  Its 
more  ereft,  hairy  habit,  and  larger  fize,  mark  this  plant  fuf- 
ficienlly  to  a  common  ob(ervi-r,  and  the  above  charafters 
are  abundantly  fuf&cient  to  diftinguifli  it  from  the  laft,  with 
which  it  has  generallv  been  contounded. 

L.  d'lffujus.  Slender  Bird's-foot  Trefoil  FI.  Brit.  794. 
Engl.  Bot.  t.  925.  (  L.  pentaphyllos  minor  hirfutus,  filiqua 
aiiguftifiTima  ;  Bauh.  Pin.  332.  Trifolium  corniculatum  mi- 
nus, pilofuin  ;  Bauh.  Prodr.  1 44.) — Flower-ftalks  molUy 
fiwglc-flowered.     Stem  much  branched,  proftrate.     Leaves 

and 


LOT 

smd  calyx  hairy.  Legumes  round,  linear,  very  flender. — 
Native  of  Madeira,  and  of  the  fouth  coaft  of  England.  It 
has  an  affinity  to  the  two  laft,  but  is  more  delicate  and 
flender,  with  imaller  and  piler Jioivers,  one  or  two  only  to- 
gether ;  for  which  reafon  it  ought  to  be  placed  in  the  firft 
feftion,  though  it  proves  fuch  a  divilion  of  the  genus  (by 
the  number  of  its  flowers)  to  be  rather  artificial  than  na- 
tural. 

The  lotus  of  Africa  is  rather  a  thorny  ftirub  than  a  tree  ; 
and  it  abounds  in  all  thofe  parts  of  Africa  through  which 
Mr.  ''ark  travelled  ;  but  it  flourillies  mod  in  a  fandy  foil. 
Its  fruit  IS  a  fmall  farinaceous  berry,  about  the  fize  of  an 
olive  ;  which  being  pounded  in  a  wooden  velTel,  and  after- 
ward dried  in  the  fun,  is  made  into  excellent  cakes,  refem- 
bling,  in  colour  and  flavour,  the  fweetetl  gingerbread.  The 
natives  of  all  deicriptions  efteem  it  hijhly,  and  fome  of 
them  prepare  from  it  a  liquor  delicioufly  fvveet  ;  the  fame 
perhaps  which  is  fabled  to  have  produced  fuch  extraordinary 
effefts  on  the  companions  of  Ulyfles. 

Lotus,  in  Garikning,  comprizes  plants  of  the  herbaceous 
and  under  Ihrubby  kind,  of  which  the  fpecies  cultivated  are, 
the  winged  bird's-foot  trefoil  (L.  tetragonolobus)  ;  the 
dark-flowered  bird's-foot  trefoil  (L.  jacobeus)  ;  the  filvery 
bird's-foot  trefoil  (L.  hirfutus)  ;  and  the  (hrubby  bird's-foot 
trefoil   (L.  Dorycnium). 

Method  of  Culture. — The  firft  fort  is  raifed  by  fowing  the 
feed  annually  in  the  fpring,  in  the  open  gioiind,  in  the  places 
where  the  plants  are  to  remain,  in  patches  in  differi;nt  parts, 
of  five  or  fix  feeds  in  each,  half  an  inch  deep.  The  plants 
foon  come  up,  which  remaining  m  I  he  fame  place  for  flower- 
ing, require  only  occafiunal  weeding,  being  either  luffered 
to  trail,  according  to  their  natural  growth,  or  tied  up  to 
fticks. 

The  other  forts  may  be  increafed  by  feeds  and  cuttings. 
The  fettds  (hould  be  fown  in  pota  of  light  earth  or  m  a  mo- 
derate hor-bed  ;  and  when  the  p'ants  are  about  three  inches 
high  be  planted  out  in  feparate  fmall  pots  of  light  rich  earth, 
giving  water,  and  placing,  them  in  the  ftiade  till  trelh 
rooted. 

The  cuttings  of  the  young  fta'ks  and  branches  may  be 
planted  any  time  in  thefpri  ig  crfummer,  in  beds  or  pots  of 
rich  mould,  giving  Ihade  and  water.  They  emit  roots,  and 
form  plants  in  a  few  weeks,  but  may  be  greatly  facilitated  by 
covering  them  ciofe  with  hand-irlalT  s  till  they  begin  to  (hoot 
at  top  ;  then  they  (hould  be  gradually  inured  to  the  air,  and 
foon  after  be  tranfp  a.ted  into  feparate  pots. 

The  firft  of  thefe  plants  is  now  chiefly  cultivated  in  flower- 
gardens  for  ornament,  but  was  formerly  grown  for  the  green- 
pods  which  were  boiled  and  eaten. 

The  other  kinds  effeft  an  agreeable  variety  in  collections 
of  green-houfe  plants,  both  in  their  foliage  and  flowers. 
They  all  require  (helter  from  froft,  the  t«o  firft  in  parti- 
cular ;  the  two  la(l  are  fomewhat  hardier,  and  fometimes  fuc- 
eeed  in  the  full  ground  all  the  year,  in  warm  dry  fituations. 
A  few  plants  (hould  however  conilantly  be  kept  in  the  pots, 
to  be  proteded  in  the  winter  feafon. 

Lotus,  Bladder,  a  name  foraetimes  given  to  a  fpecies  of 
xulneraria,  or  anlhvWts. 

Lotus  Cornitulatus  :  this  is  a  plant  that  has  a  perennial 
tapenng  root  which  ftrikes  deep  ;  there  are  feveral  trailing 
herbaceous  ftems,  flender,  bluntly  four-cornered,  procum- 
bent except  where  fupported,  as  in  meadows.or  among  bulhes, 
from  fix  or  feven  inches  to  afoot  and  a  half  in  length  ;  vary- 
mg  even  more  in  different  foils  and  fituations.  The  leaves 
are  ternate,  petioled,  one  at  each  joint,  the  leaflets  differing 
extremely  in  f)rm,  in  the  fever*l  varieties,  from  bluntly 
ovate  to  linear-lanceolate.     TIk:  lbipulas»refemble  the  leaves, 


L  O  V 

but  they  are  more  pointed,  and  are  rather  lanceolate  than 
ovate.  The  flowers  grow  in  flatted  heads  refembKng  um- 
bels, on  peduncles  from  two  to  three  inches  and  a  half  in 
length,  but  on  pedicles  hardly  a  line  long.  There  is  a  fingle 
feffile  ternate  leaf  at  the  bafe  of  each  head  without  any  fti- 
pulas  ;  and  fometimes  there  is  only  one  leaflet  or  two  ;  the 
number  of  flowers  varies  from  three  or  four  te  twelve  or 
thirteen. 

This  fort  of  lotus  is  found  in  meadows,  paflures,  and  heaths, 
flowering  in  June.  It  is  faid  to  be  cultivated  in  Hertford- 
(hire  as  pafturage  for  fheep  ;  and  it  makes  extremely  good 
hay  ;  growing  in  moift  meadows  to  a  greater  height  than  the 
trefoils,  and  leems  to  be  of  a  quality  equal,  if  nofcfuperior  to 
moft  of  them.  In  common  with  feveral  other  leguminous 
plants,  it  gives  fubftaiicc  to  the  hay,  and  perhaps  contributes 
to  render  it  more  palatable  and  wholefome  for  cattle.  Dr. 
Andcrfon  affirms,  that  every  fort  of  domeftic  ammal  eats  it 
in  preference  to  every  other  plant  :  it  feldom  comes  to  flower 
in  pailure  gronnds,  unlefs  where  they  have  been  faved  from 
cattle  for  fome  time.  What  firft  recommended  it  to  his  no- 
tice was,  the  having  obferved  it  to  grow  and  flourifh  in  poor 
ground  ;  as  in  the  midft  of  a  barren  moor,  where  the  foil 
was  fo  poor  that  even  heath  could  hardly  grow  ;  upon  bare 
obdurate  clays  ;  in  dry  and  barren  fands.  Jt  certainly  flou- 
ri(hcs  not  only  in  thefe,  but  alfo  c'nalky  foils  ;  and  on  moors, 
heaths,  and  downs  hard  ftocked  with  flieep,  the  furface  may 
be  feen  to  be  yellow  with-  the  flowers  of  it  ;  which  is  con- 
trary to  what  has  been  aflerted  above,  namely,  that  it  feldom 
comes  to  flower  in  paftures.  But  a  greater  number  of  trials 
are  ftill  wanting  to  fully  afcertain  the  utility  of  this  plant  for 
field  purpofes,  thoui;h  it  certainly  promifes  well. 

Lotus  hlycy calamus,  a  name  given  by  the  ancient 
Greeks  to  an  Egyptian  plant  according  to  fome,  and  ac- 
cording to  others,  'o  a  rare  plant,  found  only  in  few  places, 
and  only  met  with  by  accident,  by  the  people  who  made 
long  and  uneonimnn  voyages.  The  whole  account  given  of 
it,  by  the  earlieil  writers,  is  no  imore  than  that  it  was  of  a 
very  fweet  and  pleafant  tafte.  Myrepfus  ufes  the  term  fre- 
quently, and  his  interpreters  underftand  him  to  mean  the 
Cdffia  fiftula  by  it.  But  we  have  accounts  from  Homer, 
that  the  followers  of  Ulyfliss  were  detained  by  eating  the 
lotus  glycycalamus ;  and  it  is  not  at  all  probable  that  the 
calTia  fillula  could  be  the  thing  meant  by  the  word  in  this 
place  ;  neither  will  tlie  words  of  the  author  allow  it  to  be 
any  thing  of  tins  ki-id.  The  caflia  fiftula  is  the  fruit  of  a 
tree:  but  this  t'lycycalamus,  we  find  in  Homer  himfelf, 
was  an  herbaceous  plant.  Quintilian  calls  it  exprcfsly  a 
kind  of  grafs,  gramen  ;  and  from  the  other  accounts  of  its 
growing  m  form  of  reeds,  and  in  wet  places,  it  feems  very 
probable  that  it  was  the  fugar-cane  that  they  called  by  this 
name. 

Lotus,  in  Agriculture,  a  fort  of  plants  of  the  birds-foot  tre- 
foil kind,  of  which  there  are  feveral  fpecies,  fome  of  which  may 
be  cultivated  for  the  purpofe  of  cattle  food  with  advantao-e. 

LOTZEN,  in  Geography,  a  town,  wuh  a  caftle,  of 
PrulTij,  in  the  province  oi  Natangen,  feaicd  on  a  canal 
which  joins  the  Angerburg  and  Leventin  lakes  ;  56  miles 
S.E.  of  K5nigfberg.      N.  lat.  53    53  .      E.  long.  21    57'. 

LOVA,  a  town  of  Hungary  ;   20  miles  W.  of  St.  Crot. 

LOVAGE,    m    Botany  and    Gardening.       See    LlGUS- 

TICUM. 

L0V.1GE,  Biijlard.     See  Lasicrpitium  /tier. 

LOUAR,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Hindooftan,  in  Dow- 
latabad  ;   to  miles  W.N  VV.  of  Kondur. 

LOVAT,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bulgaria; 
64  miles  E.  of  Sofia. 

LOVATINl,  Giovanni  di  Ravenna,  in  BiograpJiy, 

a  burletta 


LOU 


L  O  V 


a  burletta  finger,  with  the  fwceteft  tenor  voice  snA  (^yle  of 
finging  we  ever  heard  on  any  ftace.  He  arrived  in  Eng- 
land in  the  autumn  of  1766,  with  Morigi,  Savoi,  Micheh, 
La  Guadngni,  Piatti,  and  Gibetti. 

This  excellent  troop  appeared  December  9th,  for  the  firft 
time,  in  our  lyric  theatre,  in  tlie  admirable  comic  opera 
♦'  La  Buona  Figliuola,"  written  by  Goldoni,  and  fet  by 
Piccini.  The  performance  and  fuccefs  of  this  burletta 
were  complete,  and  rendered  the  name  of  Piccini,  which 
had  hardly  penetrated  into  this  country  before,  dear  to 
every  lovur  of  mufic  in  the  nation.  All  the  performers  in 
this  drama  cllablifhed  a  charafter  which  was  of  ufe  to  them 
during  the'ell  of  their  lives. 

Lovatini's  rtiellifluous  voice,  manner  of  fmging,  and  hu- 
mour ;  La  Guadagni's  graceful  figure,  afting,  and  fmging ; 
Morigi's  mimickry  of  the  pronunciation,  accent,  and  man- 
ner of  a  German  foldier  ;  Savoi's  fine  voice,  the  charaifter- 
iltic  manners  of  tlie  two  prating  female  domeftics,  Piatti 
and  Gibetti;  and  even  the  raven-like  croak  of  Micheli,  had 
its  fhare  of  notice  ;  but  whoever  remembers  the  elegant 
cantabile  ftyle  in  which  Lovatini  began  the  charming  duet, 
«'  La  Baronefs'  Amabile,"  mult  retain  an  exalted  opinion 
of  his  captivating  powers  in  Jcrhus  finging. 

Lovatnii,  wken  he  quitted  this  country  for  his  own  in 
J 774,  merely  retired  to  die,  as  news  of  his  death  arrived 
here  the  next  year,  and  we  cannot  difcover  that  he  per- 
formed in  any  other  theatre  after  he  left  England. 

LOVATOVA,  in  Geography,  a  town  on  the  E.  coafl 
of  the  idand  of  Flores.      S.  lat.  8  '  30'.   E.  long.  122'  50'. 

LOUDENS,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
the  Upper  Garonne  ;    1  2  miles  N.W.  of  Revel. 

LOUBEllE,  Simon  de  r,A,  in  Biography,  was  born  at 
Touloufe  in  1642.  He  ftudied  at  the  Jefuits'  college, 
and  difplayed  a  good  poetical  talle  by  a  multitude  of  light 
compofitioMS,  though  he  was  far  from  neglefting  more 
ferious  purfuits,  and  particularly  attended  to  politics  and 
public  law.  He  commenced  his  political  career  as  fecre- 
t  ry  to  M.'de  St.  Romain,  embaffador  to  Switzerland.  In 
1687,  he  was  appointed  by  Lewis  XV.  his  envoy  extra- 
ordinary to  the  court  of  Siam,  v:here  he  remained  only 
about  three  months,  during  which  he  collected  a  large  ilore 
of  information  concerning  its  natural  and  civil  hiftory,  the 
rehgion,  manners,  &v.  of  the  people.  On  his  return,  he 
publifhi-'d  an  account  of  what  he  had  obferved,  in  two  vols. 
I2mo.  which  became  a  very  popular  work.  He  was  after- 
wards fent  without  a  public  character  into  Spain,  on  a  fecret 
cemmiflion,  but  was  arrelted,  and  obtained  his  rcleafe  only 
in  confequence  of  reprifals  on  fome  Spaniards  in  France. 
In  1693  he  was  elefted  mto  the  French  academy,  and  foon 
afterwards  retired  to  his  native  city,  where  he  re-eltablifhed 
-the  "  Floral  Games,"  which  had  funk  into  decay.  He 
died  at  the  very  advanced  age  of  cighty-feven,  in  the  year 
1729.  He  was  3  man  of  very  general  knowledge,  well 
acquainted  with  feveral  languages  ancient  and  modern,  and 
-excelled  as  a  writer  in  various  branches  of  literature. 
Moreri. 

LOUBES,  St.,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Gironde  ;    12  miL's  N.E.  of  Bourdcaux. 

LOUBIERE,  a  town  of  the  illand  of  Dominica,  on  the 
W.  coalt ;    17  miles  S.  of  Portfmouth. 

LOUBO,  a  town  of  Benin,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Formofa  ;  60  miles  S.W.  of  Benin. 

LOUBOUEX,  St,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Landes  ;  nine  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Sever. 

LOUBRESSAC,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Upper  Loire  j  fix  mdes  N.W.  of  Le  Puy  en 
Velay. 


LOUCHOU,  a  town  of  Perfia,  in  the  province  of  Ma- 
zarderan  ;   4J  miles  N.E.  of  Cafbio. 

LOUDEAC,  a  town  of  France,  and  principal  place  of 
a  diltrift,  in  the  department  of  the  North  Coafts  ;  in  which 
are  an  iron  forge  and  a  manufa"!ture  of  thread.  ;  20  miles  S. 
of  St.  Brieuc.  The  place  contains  6096,  and  the  canton 
14,611  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  2oj  kiliometres,  in  lix 
communes.      N.  lat.  48    8  .  W.  long.  2'^  40'. 

LOUDES,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
Upper  Loire,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  diftrict  of 
Le  Puy  ;  fix  miles  N.W.  of  Le  Puy.  The  place  contains 
8co,  and  the  canton  5377  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  173' 
kiliometres,  in  nine  communes. 

LOUDON,  a  coiuity  of  Virginia,  in  America,  on  the 
river  Potowipac,  adjoining  Fairfax,  Berkley,  and  Fiiquier 
counties ;  about  50  miles  long  and  20  broad,  containing 
15,933  free  inhabitants,  and  4990  (laves.  Its  chief  tov.'n  is 
Leefburg.  Quarries  wf  grey  hone,  white  flint,  and  lime  are 
found  in  this  county.  The  climate  is  favourable  to  apples, 
pears,  peaches,  plums,  cherries,  and  grapes.  The  county 
was  firit  fettled  from  Pennfylvania  and  New  Jcrfey. — Alio, 
a  tovvnfhip  in  Rockingham  county,  New  Hampfhire,  taken 
from  Canterbury,  and  incorporated  in  1773  ;  fituated  E. 
of  the  Merrimack  river,  and  containing  1279  inhabitants. — 
Alfo,  a  townfliip  in  Berkfhire  county,  Maffiichufetts  ;  21 
miles  S.E.  of  Lenox  ;  incorporated  in  1773,  and  containing 
614  inhabitants,  and  13,000  acres,  of  which  2944  are 
ponds. 

LOUDUN,  a  town  of  France,  and  principal  place  of  a 
diftridt,  in  the  department  of  the  Vienne,  fituated  on  an 
eminence  between  the  Creufe  and  the  Dive  ;  12  miles  E. 
of  Thouars.  The  place  contains  5I3'8.  and  the  canton 
11,299  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  245  kiliometres,  in  18 
communes.      N.  lat.  47-'.   E.  long.  0°  lo'. 

LOVE,  in  Ethics,  is. one  of  tlie  primitive  pallions  ;  and 
may  be  generally  defined  to  be  the  gravitation  or  tendency 
of  the  foul  towaui  good.  According  to  Dr.  Hartley,  who 
traces  all  our  paflions  to  the  fources  of  pleafure  and  pain, 
they  may  be  firIt  and  generally  diftributed  into  the  two 
clalfes  of  love  and  hatred  ;  i.  e.  we  may  have  all  thofe 
affedtions  of  the  pleafurable  kind,  which  objedts  and  inci- 
dents raife  in  us,  love,  and  all  thofe  of  the  painful  kind, 
hatred.  Thus  we  are  faid  to  love  not  only  intelligent 
agents  of  morally  good  difpofitions,  but  alfo  perfonal  plea- 
fures,  riches,  and  honours,  and  to  hate  poverty,  dilgrace, 
pain,  bodily  and  mental.  When  our  love  and  hatred  are 
excited  to  a  certain  degree,  they  put  us  upon  a  variety  of 
adtions  ;  and  may  be  termed  defire  and  avcrfion,  by  the  lat- 
ter of  which  Dr.  Hartley  nnderllands  adtive  hatred. 

If  the  affcdtion  of  love  be  conceived  feparate  from  any 
alteration  in  the  body,  it  is  called  intellectual  or  rational 
love  ;  if  it  be  attended  with  an  agitation  of  blood  and 
fpirits,  it  is  called  fenfitive  or  paflionate  love.  It  is  ob- 
ferved by  moral  writers,  that  thofe  paflions  in  which  love 
predominates,  are  more  agreeable  to  the  original  intention 
of  nature  than  thofe  which  are  ranged  under  hatred  ;  be- 
caufe  they  are  found  to  have  a  more  friendly  influence  upon 
the  body,  and  tend,  within  proper  bounds,  to  the  preferva- 
tion  and  happinefs  of  We,  which  the  others  do  not.  See 
Cumberland  de  Le,;.  Nat.  c.  2.  ^  19. 

Love,  regardino-  its  objedt  as  abfent,  begets  defire ;  as 
prefent,  either  immediately  or  in  profpedt,  joy  and  hope. 
Love  of  defire,  abltradtedly  confidered,  is  a  fimple  tendency 
towards  good  ;  when  confidered  as  vifhing  the  good  defired 
to  fome  being  or  other,  it  is  called  bene'volence  and  Ji/f-Zov*. 
See  Plea.scke  and  Pain,  and  Passion. 

Love  infpires  mufic  and  poetry.     This  was  a  memorable 

maxisa 


LOU 


I.  O  U 


tiiaxim  among  the  Greeks,  and  the  fubjeft  of  one  of  Plu--  county  town,  ai\d  108  miles  from  LondoB,  on  the  banks 

tarcli's  fympoliacsi      See  Scolta  and  Song.  of  the  river  Soar,  over  which  it  has  a  good  ftor.e  bridge. 

Love,  in  its  ufual  and   more  appropriate   fignification,  According  to  it£  Cze  and  population,  it  may  be  efte^mei 

denotes  that  afFedlion,  which,  being  compounded  of  intel-  the  fecond  town  in  the  county.     Leland  favs,   '•  The  towa 

leflual  and   fenfitive  love,  or  of  animal  delire,  elleem,  and  of  Lughborow  is  yn  largencfs  and  good  building  next  to 

benevolence,  becomes  the  bond  of  attachment  and  union  be-  Leyrceder,  of  all  the  markette  tounes  yn  the  (hire,  and  hath 


tween  iadividuals  of  the  different  fexes  ;  and  makes  them 
feel  in  the  lociety  of  each  other  a  kind  of  happinefs  which 
they  experience  no  where  elfe. 

Love,  Fam'ily  of.      See  FamIlv. 

I^ovE,  Platonic.     See  Platonic. 

Love  -Apple,  is  the  Englifh  name  for  the  fruit  of  the 
lycoperficon,  a  plant  cultivated  in  gardens  with  us,  for  the 
fmg'ilarity  of  its  appearance.  The  Portuguefe  call  it  to- 
mat&,  and  eat  the  fruit,  either  raw  or  Hewed  :  as  do  the 
Jew  families  in  England.      See  Solanum  Lycopirjicum. 

l^QVE-Grafs.     See  Grass. 

Love  in  a  Mifl.     See  PAs.sIO^^  Flower. 

Love  lies  Bleeding.     See  .AmaRaxthus. 

Love,  Tree  of.      See  Cercis. 

LOUE',  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Sarthe,  and  cliief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the 
didrift  of  Le  Mans;  ij  miles  W.  of  Le  Mans.  The  place 
contains  1204,  and  the  canton  12,563  •  inhabitants,  on  a 
territory  of  245  kiliometres,  in  16  communes. 


in  it  a  four  faire  Urates  or  mo,  well  pavid.  The  paroch 
chirche  is  faire.  Chapelles  or  chirches  bcfides,  yn  the 
towne,  be  none.  The  hole  toune  is  budded  of  tymbre. 
At  the  foutheft  end  of  the  chirch  is  a  faire  houfc  of  tymbre, . 
wher  ons  king  Henry  VLI.  did  lye."  Loughborough  cpij- 
filts  of  one  parifh,  to  which  belong  the  t.vo  hamlets  of 
Wood-thprpe  and  Knight-thorne,  both  about  a  n]ile  ciilant; 
each  having  its  proper  officers,  and  maintaining  its  own 
poor.  Great  part  of  the  town  is^the  proptrty  of  the  earl 
of  Moira,  to  vvliom  it  came  from  his  uncle  the  late  earl  of 
Huntingdon,  in  who'.e  famdy  it  has  been  fince  the  time  of 
queen  Mary.  The  church  is  a  large  pile  of  building,  con- 
filling  of  a  nave,  fide  afles,  chancel,  tranfept,  and  tower; 
the  latter  was  built  by  fubfcription,  towards  the  end  of  the 
fixteenth  century.  In  the  thurch-yard  is  a  free  grammar 
fchool,  which  was  endowed  with  the  rents  of  certain  lands, 
&c.  left  by  Tiiomas  Burton  for  the  maintenance  of  a  chan- 
try within  the  church.  Here  is  alfo  a  charity  fchool  for 
eighty   boys   and   twenty  girls.      Four  meeting-houfes   are 


LOVELL,  a  town  of  .-\merica,  in  York  county,  Maine,    appropriated   to  the  Prefbyterians,  Baptills,  Quakers,  and 
N.  of  Great  OlTipee,  89  miles  N.  of  York. 

LOVENTIMUM,  or  Luextixu.m,  in  .Ancient  Geogra 
phy,  a  town  of  the  Demetas,  in  Britain,  fuppofed  by  fome,     hen  crofs 


without  fufEcient  reafon,  to  have  been  iwallovved  up  by  an 
earthquake  in  the  fcite  of  the  prefent  Llyn  Savanarhan, 
near  Brecknock,  but  by  others,  with  great  probability,  to 
have  been  fituated  at  or  near  Llan-Dewi-Brevi,  in  Cardi- 
ganfhire  ;  where,  in  a  field  called  Caer  Ceftlib,  or  Callle- 
'  tield,   Roman  coins  and  bricks  are  fometimes  found. 

LOVER.\NO,  in  Geography,  a  to-.vn  of  Naples,  in  the 
province  of  Otranto  ;   five  miles  N.N.E.  of  Nardo. 

LOVESKAIA,  a  town  of  Ruflia,  on'T;he  Cafpian  fea  ; 
27  miles  S  E    of  Aflrachan.  , 

LOUGH,  or  Lake,  Arrow.  See  Arrow  : — L. 
Barra.  See  Barra  :— L.  5fj.  See  Be(j  : — L.  Carra.  See 
Garu.^  : — L.  dean.  See  Clean: — L.  Conn.  See  Conn  :^ 
L.  Corrib.  See  CoRRiB  : — L.  Contra.  See  Coutha  :  — L. 
Curran.  See  Cuuran  : — L.  Derg.  See  Derg  :  —  L,  Der- 
veragh.  See  Deiiveragh  :  —  L.  Ennel.  See  ExNEL  : — L. 
Erne.  See  Erne: — 'L.  Foyle.  SeeFoyLE:  — L.  Gara.  See 
Gara:— L.  Gawnah.  See  GaWNAH  :.— L.  Giy/y.  See 
GiLLY  : — 1>.  Glin.  See  Glin  :  — L.  Gur.  See  Guu  :  — L. 
Hoyle.  See  WoYl.^ -.—L..  Hync.  See  Hyne  : — A^.  Iron. 
See  Iron:— L.  Killarney.  See  KlLL.\RXEy: — L.  Lame. 
See  ^ARNE  :— L.  Lena.  See  Lena:— L.  Malar.  See 
Malar  : — ^L.  Majk.  See  Majsk.:- 
viN  : — L.   Naftay.     See   Naftay 

Nallenrof  : — L.  Neagh.  See  Neagh  :  —  L.  Ogram.  See 
Ogbam  : — L.  Oughter.  See  Ovghter  :—L,.  Pal/is.  See 
Pallis:— L.  Ramar.  See  Ramar  :  —  L,.  Rafihan.  See 
Raphan  : — L.  Rea.  "See  Rea  :  — L.  Rec.  See  Rec  : — 
h.  Sal  en.  See  Saleen:"L.  Shelan.  See  Sheban  :-r- 
L.  StrangftjrJ.  See  Strangford  : — L.  Swilly.  See 
SwiLLY: — h.Ta.  SeeTA:  —  L,.Triorty.  SeeTRlOHTY:  — 
L.  Tra.     See  Tra. 

LOUGHABER,  or  Loohaber,  a  fmall  fcttlement  in 
Georgia,  on  a  hranth  of  Savannah  river,  abgve  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Tuga'o. 

LOUGHBOROUGH,  a  market  town  and  parifh 
in  the  hundred  of  \Ve!l  Gofcote,  and  county  of  Lei- 
ceiler,    England,    is   Ikuated  12    miles  diilant  from    the 


Wefleyan  Methodiils.  On  the  fcite  of  an  old  crofs, 
a  modern  market-houfe,  or  what  is  called  the  butter  and 
was  ereded  in  1742  ;  it  is  fupported  by  eight 
round  brick  pillars.  At  the  upper  end  of  the  market  place 
Hands  a  ruinous  brick  edifice,  caUed  the  court  chamber, 
where  the  lord  of  the  manor's  court  leet  is  annually  held. 
The  building  appears  to  have  been  erefted  in  168S  ;  it  is 
fometimes  uled  as  a  theatre  and  ball-room.  The  town  fuf- 
fered  leverely  by  the  plague  at  various  periods  in  the  fix- 
teenth  and  feventcentU  centuries.  Under  the  acl  of  iSoo, 
tlie  population  was  returned  as  4546,  inhabiting  9S1  houfes. 
The  chief  manufactures  carried  on  here  are  holiery,  wool-  r 
combing,  and  frame  work  knitting. 

Six  annual  fairs  are  held,  and  a  weekly  market  on  Thurf- 
days.  In  the  year  1770,  the  town  contained  43  licenfed 
inns  and  alehoufes ;  in  17S3,  the  number  exceeded  50. 

The  Loughborough  canal,  wluch  communicates  with  that 
called  the  Union  canal,  and  with  the  river  Soar,  has  proved 
very  ferviceable  to  this  town,  and  an  advantageous  concert^ 
to  the  original  proprietors  ;  as  95/.  a-ycar  dividend  has  been  ' 
paid  on  a  (hare  of  1 25/. ;  and  one  of  thefe  (hares  has  .beep..! 
fold  for  iSco/.     Nicho's's  Hiilory  i)f  Leicefltifhite. 

Loughborough,  <^  townfhip  of  Upper  Canada,  in  Frou-  - 
tenac  county,  N.  of  Kingllon.  . 

LoUGtiBOKOUGii    Canal,   an  inlet   on  the  W.   coafl  of 
h.  3Ielvin.    See  Mel-     North  America,  in  the  gulf  of  Georgia,  about   30  miles 
: — L.   Nallenroe.      See    long,  and  one  broad,  between   mountains   nearly  perpeudj-  - 
cular.     The  entrance  is  in  N,  lat.  30",  27'.    E.  long.  234," 

35'-  '    ■ 

LOUGHBRICKL;^  ND,'  a  .poil-town  of  Ireland,  in  . 
the  county  ot  Down,  on  the  road  to  Belfaft.  It  is  58  •■ 
miles  north  from  Dublin,  and  22  from  BclfafL  . 

LOUGHGALL,  a  fniall  poil-town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Armagh  ;  it   is  (16  miles  N..  from  Dublin,  Sn^,.; 
three^niles  N.N.W.  from  RichliilL  . 

LOUGH  REA,  a  poil-town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Galway.  It  is  iituated  on  a  fine  lake  of  the  lame  name, 
and  IS  87  miles  AV.  by  S.  from  Dubhn. 

LOUHANS,  a  town   of   France,  and   principal  place 
of  a  dillriCl,  in  the  department  of  the  Saone  and  Loire,  , 
fituated  at  the  confiux  of  .the  Seille.  aad^Sfllcan.     'I  he  ,• 

•  Fisnch'j 


LOU 


L  O  TT 


French  and  Swifs  merchants  have  been  accuftomed  to  meet 
here  for  the  purpofes  of  commerce.  The  place  contains 
2849,  and  the  canton  12,211  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of 
140  kiUometres,  in  10  communes;  15  miles  S.E.  of  Cha- 
lons fur  Saone.     N.  lat  46    38'.    E   long.  5     18'. 

LOUICHEA  CervinAj  in  Botany,  fo  named  by 
I'Heriticr,  in  honour  of  his  countryman  M.  Rene  Lo\iiche 
Desfontaines,  M.D.  ProfefTor  of  Botany  at  Paris,  in  a  mo- 
nograph of  which  1 2  copies  only  were  printed  ;  fee  Hbri- 
TIER.  The  plant  was  afterwards  difcovered  to  be  Pleran- 
thus  of  Forflcall  ;  fo  that  it  appeared  in  I'Heritier's  S'/zV/ifx 
Nova,  t.  65,  under  the  appellation  of  Louichea  Pteranthus. 
It  is  indeed  the  Camphorofma  Pteranthiu  of  Linnaeus,  Mant 
41  ;  fee  Camphokosma.  If  any  future  botanill  (hould 
determine  this  plant  to  be  a  diftinft  genus,  it  m)ift  retain 
the  name  of  Pteranlhus  ;  not  only  for  the  fake  of  its  apti- 
tude and  priority,  but  becaufe  another  genus  is  now  confe- 
crated  to  thehonour  of  M.  Desfontaines.  See  Fontanesia. 

LOVIGNANO,  in  , Geography,  a  town  of  Naples,  in 
the  province  of  Otranto  ;   12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Brindifi. 

LOUIS  XII.  of  France,  in  Biography.  See  .TosQuls 
DU  Pri^s.  ' 

Louis  XIII  This  prince(fee  Lewis),  who  began  his 
reign  in  1610,  at  only  fix  years  old,  is  faid  to  have  been  not 
only  a  lover  and  encouragcr  of  the  art  of  mufic  in  riper  years, 
but  to  have  compofed  feveral  airs  with  the  affillance  of  Beau- 
champ,  his  firll  violin,  who  made  the  bafe.  Recueil  d'aire  de 
cour. 

Pere  Merfenne,  Kircher,  and  later  mufical  writers,  have 
given,  as  a  fpecimen  of  his  invention,  an  air  for  a  grand 
dance,  in  1618,  before  he  was  fifteen  years  old.  Les  vingt 
quatre  violons  dii  rot  fubfillcd  in  the  time  of  Henry  IV.; 
but  thefe  feem  only  to  have  been  employed  for  dancing. 
The  lute  was  more  an  inftrument  of  parade  in  thefe  times 
than  any  other  ;  and  in  1609,  Mary  de  Medicis,  Henry 
IVth's  fecond  queen,  was  followed  in  a  grand  dance  by 
twelve  lutes,  led  by  Ballard,  the  principal  luteniil  of  the 
court :  and  all  the  numerous  colleftions  of  the  court  airs  at 
this  time  were  printed  in  the  lute  tablature,  or  notation, 
to  which  they  were  fet  by  the  authors  of  the  tunes  them- 
felves.  The  moft  minute  and  fatisfadory  account  of  the 
ftate  of  mufic  in  France,  during  the  reign  of  Loais  XIII. 
is  to  be  found  in  the  writings  of  Pere  Merfenne,  particu- 
larly in  his  "  Harmonie  Univerfelle,"  publilhed  at  Paris  in 
1636,  in  folio,  a  work  which  he  afterwards  compreffed,  and 
trandated  into  Latin,  and  publifhed  in  1648,  the  year  of 
his  death,  under  the  title  "  De  Sonorum  Natura,  Caufis 
et  Effe  ibus."  A  work  in  which,  through  all  the  parti- 
ality to  his  country,  want  of  tafte  and  method,  there  are 
fuch  innumerable  curious  refearches,  and  ingenious  and  phi- 
lofophical  experiments,  of  which  fubfequent  writers  on  mufic 
have  availed  tbemfelves,  particularly  Kircher,  as  render  the 
book  extremely  valuable.  In  his  twenty-third  propofition, 
liv.  i.  this  author  explains  and  defcribes  twelve  different 
kinds  of  mufic  and  movement  ufed  in  France  daring  his 
time :  thefe  were  motets,  fongs  or  airs,  paffacailles,  pavans, 
allemandes,  gaillards,  voltes,  courantes,  farabandes,  canaries, 
branles,  and  balets,  of  all  which  he  gives  examples  in  notes. 
But  though  moft  of  thefe  movements  were  the  fpecific 
names  of  the  d-ances  then  in  vogue,  the  minuet,  which, 
during  the  laft  century,  vvas  in  fuch  general  ufe  and  favour 
all  over  Europe,  is  never  mentioned. 

Louis  XIV.  This  ma^'uificent  prince  (fee  Lewis),  whofe 
ambition  was  not  confined  to  extenfion  of  empire,  feems  to 
hafre  patronifed  mufic,  and  to  kave  efiabliflied  an  opera  in  his 
capital,  more  as  a  fplendd  fpeftacle, which  no  other  fovereign 
SOuld  afford  to  fupport,  than  from  the  pleafure  which    he 

9 


received  from  modulated  found.  He  was,  however,  during 
his  minority,  taught  thu  guitar  by  an  Italian,  whom  cardinal 
Mazarin  fent  for  exprefsly  from  Italy  ;  but  as  the  aftion* 
and  faculties  of  this  young  monarch  were  to  be  regarded  as 
wonderful,  he  is  faid  by  his  flatterers,  in  eighteen  months  to 
have  excelled  his  mailer  (Hift.  de  la  Muf),  and  to  have 
undertlood  mufic  in  perfeftion.  Indeed,  the  firll  dramatic 
mufic  which  he  heard  was  Italian  ;  a«  cardinal  Mazarin, 
during  the  minority  of  ihis  prince,  had  two  operas  in  Ita- 
lian vcrfe,  and  frt  to  Italian  mufic,  performed  by  a  company^ 
of  Italian  fingers  fent  from  Italy,  to  imprefs  the  court  of 
France  with  a  favourable  idea  of  the  faftiionable  mufic  of 
his  country.  The  firll  of  thefe  operas,  performed  at  the 
Bourbon  palace  in  1645,  feems  to  have  been  a  burletta.  ItB 
title  was  "  La  Fefta  Teatrale  della  Finta  Pazza,"  written 
by  Giulio  Strozzi,  but  by  whom  fet  does  not  appear.  The 
fecond  was  "  Orfco  et  Eundice,''  1647.  Befides  thefe, 
at  the  nuptials  of  Louis  XIV.  1660,  "  Ercole  Amante,'" 
a  ferious  Italian  opera,  was  performed  in  the  fame  manner, 
and  well  received  at  court  by  the  flatterers  of  the  cardinal, 
fays  the  continuator  of  Bonnet's  Hiflory  of  Mufic.  M.  de 
Blainville,  however,  in  his  fhi  rt  Hiftory  of  Mulic,  fays,  that 
he  had  feen  the  fcore  of  this  opera,  "  and  found,  in  exa- 
mining it,  all  the  recitatives,  airs,  chorufes,  fymphonies, 
and  dances,  both  in  melody  and  harmony,  of  the  fame  kind 
as  thofe  of  LuUi.''  And  at  the  time  that  Lulli  came  into 
into  France,  1646,  the  opera  in  Italy  had  made  but  a  fmall 
progrefs  towards  that  perfeftion  at  which  it  afterwards  ar- 
rived. It  then  confifted  chiefly  of  recitative  with  frequent 
clofes,  ad  libitum,  and  chorufes,  but  no  airs  or  nieafured 
melody  for  a  fingle  voice.  And  in  this  Hate  the  opera  con- 
tinued in  France  till  the  death  of  Rameau,  and  arrival  of 
Gluck  and  Piccini  at  Paris  ;  while  in  all  the  capitals  of 
Italy  and  Germany,  melody  was  polifhed,  taile  refined,  mo- 
dulation extended,  and  harmony  enriched  by  new  combina- 
tions. Whatever  horror  and  hatred  the  ambition  of  Louis 
might  have  excited  in  his  neighbours,  and  envy  by  his  mag- 
nificence, his  moll  bitter  and  irreconcileable  enemies  mull 
have  allowed  that  mufic  was  the  only  one  of  all  the  arts  and 
fcieiices  whicli  was  not  fuccefsfuUy  cultivated  in  France, 
during  the  profperous  part  of  his  long  and  fplendid  reign. 
Indeed  the  failure  of  mufic  was  not  fo  much  owing  to  want 
of  genius  and  love  of  the  art  in  the  natives,  as  to  the  nafal 
tones  and  natural  cantilena  of  their  language  ;  nor  would 
the  reft  of  Europe  have  fo  difliked,  cenfured,  and  con- 
temned their  mufic,  if  they  had  not  at  all  times  infifted 
on  its  being  the  bell  in  the  univerfe,  and  the  model  which  all 
other  nations  ought  implicitly  to  follow. 

Louis,  Anthony,  an  eminent  French  furgeon,  was  born 
at  Metz  on  the  1 3th  of  February  1723.  He  attained  to  great 
reputation  in  his  profeflion,  and  was  honoured  with  numerous 
appointments  and  offices,  the  juft  rewards  <if  his  merit.  He 
was  fccretary  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Surgery  at  Paris, 
confulting  furgeon  to  the  king's  forces,  furjeon-major  to  the 
hofpital  La  Charite,  dodlor  in  furgery  of  the  faculty  of 
Halle,  in  Saxony,  hon.3rary  member  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Phyficians  of  Nancy,  and  member  of  many  of  the  learned 
focieties,  not  only  in  France,  but  in  foreign  countries.  The 
time  of  his  death  is  not  known,  but  the  lateft  of  his  publica- 
tions is  dated  in  1777.  In  addition  to  the  furgical  part  of 
the  "  Ericyclopedie,''  which  M.  Louis  wrote,  and  to  fe- 
veral interefting  papers  prefented  to  the  Academy  of  Sur- 
gery, he  was  author  of  a  great  number  of  works  on  medi- 
cal, chirurgical,  and  anatomical  fubjefts,  the  principal  of 
which  we  fliall  mention.  "  Obfervations  fur  I'Eledlricite,'' 
&c.  Paris,  1741,  izmo:  "  EfTai  fur  la  Nature  del' Ame,  oil 
I'on  tache  d'expliquer  ton  union  avec  le  corps,"  ibid.    1746, 

l2mo.  : 


LOU 


LOU 


1 2mo. :  "CoursdeChirurg  !e  pratique  furies  plaiesd'armes  a  remedy)    is    very    little  more  than  a  pour:d  flerllne.      I« 

feu,"  ibid.  1746,410.:  "  Obfervatioiis   et    Remarques  fur  lySjand  1786,  all  tlic  gold  coins  in  France  \vere  called  iti 

les  efFets  du  virus  cancereux,"  &c.  ibid.  174.8:   "  Pofitiones  and  ordered  to  be  melted  down  ;    and  a  new  coinage  took 

Anatomico-chirurgicE  de  capite  ejufque   vulneribue,"  ibid,  place,  at  the  rate  of  52  Louis  d'ors  to  the  mark  of  the  fame 

J  749  :  "  Lettre  fur  la  certitude  des  fignes  de  la  mort,  avec  degree  of  finenefs,  with  the  fame  allowances  for  remedy  a9 

des  obfervations  et  des  experiences   fur   les   noyes,"  ibid,  above.      Accordingly,  the  double  Louis  coined  fince   1786 


1749,  l2mo.  He  attributed  the  death  of  perfons  drowned 
to  the  entrance  of  water  into  the  lungs,  which  farther  ex- 
perience has  difproTed.  "  Experiences  fur  la  Lithotomie," 
1757,  in  which  he  exprefled  his  difapprobation  of  the  bif- 
touri  cache  of  Frere  C6me.  "  Meinoire  fur  une  queftion 
anatomique,  rclatif  a  la  jurifprudence,''  &c.  1763.  This 
memoir,  written  after  the  (hocking  affair  of  Caias,  was  in- 
tended to  eltablifti  the  diitinftion  of  the  appearances  after 
voluntary  death  by  hanging,  and  after  murder  by  that  mode. 
"  Memoire  fur  Ja  legitimite  des  naiffances  pretendues  tar- 
dives," 1764,  in  8vo  ;  in  which  the  author  maintains  that 
the  retardation  of  parturition  beyond  the  natural  period  of 
geftation,  i.  e.  more  than  ten  davs  beyond  the  ninth  month, 
is  phyfically  impolTible.  He  publifhed  a  fupplement  to  this 
treatife  in  the  fame  year.  "  Rccueil  d'Obfervationes  d'A- 
natomie  et  de  Chirurgie,  pour  fervir  de  bafe  a  la  Theorie 
des  lelions  de  la  tete  par  contrecoup,"  1766  :  "  Hiftoire  de 
I'Acauemie  Royale  de  Chirurgie  depuis  fon  etabliflement 
jufqu'en  174:;,"  printed  in  the  fourth  volume  of  the  me- 
moirs. His  lalt  pubUcation  was  a  tranflation  of  M;  Aftruc's 
work  "  De  Morbis  Venereis,"  into  French.  In  addition 
to  thefe  \vsorks,  M.  Louis  alfo  tranflated  Boerhaave's  Apho- 
rifms  of  Surgery,  with  Van  Swieten's  Commentary  ;  and 
wrote  feveral  eulogies  on  deceafed  members  of  the  Academy 
of  Surgery,  and  various  controvcrfial  tracts,  efpecially  con- 
cerning the  difputes  between  the  phyficians  and  furgeons  of 
Paris  m  i  748    &c.      Eloy  Dift.  Hift.     Gen.  Biog. 

Loui.s,  Lewis,  Louis  d'or,  or  Lewidore,  a  French  coin, 
firft  (truck  in  1641,  under  the  reign  of  Louis  XHI.  and 
which  has  fince  had  a  confiderable  currency. 

Louis  d'ors,  at  iirft,  were  valued  at  ten  livres,  afterwards 
at  eleven,  and  at  length  ?t  twelve  and  fourteen.  In  the 
latter  end  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  they  were  riien  to 
twenty,  and  in  the  beginning  of  that  of  Louis  XV.  to 
tmrty  and  thirty-(ix,  nay  forty  and  upwards  ;  with  this 
difference,  how-ever,  that  in  the  la(l  coinings  the  weight 
was  augmented  in  fome  proportion  to  the  price,  which  in 
the  former   reign  was  never  regarded.     The  Louis    d'ors 


weighed  9  dwt.  20  gr.  contained  212.6  gr.  of  pure  gold,' 
and  was  valued  at  i/.  17^.  8^.  Ilerling  :  the  Louis  wei<'hed 
4  dwt.  22  gr.  contained  of  pure  gold  106.3  g""-  and^wai 
valued  at  i8j.  lod.  (lerling.  The  intrinfic  value  of  this 
new  Louis  d'or  (allowance  being  made  for  remedy)  is 
i8.f.  9j</.  fterling;  and  1/.  (lerling  =:  25  livres,  10  fous 
ToLfrnois,  in  gold.  Louis  d'ors  may  be  confidered  as  a 
current  coin  in  moll  parts  of  the  continent  ;  but  in  Eng- 
land  they  are  fold  merly  as  merchandize,  and  their  price 
has  fluftuatcd  from  lis.  6d.  to  21^.  fterling. 

On  one  fide  of  the  coin  is  the  king's  head,  with  his 
name  and  title,  thus  :  lud.  xvi.  d.g.  fu.  et  n.4V. 
BE.K.  ;.  e.  Louis  XVI.  king  of  France  and  Navarre  ;  on 
the  reverfe,  the  arms  of  France  and  Navarre,  with  a  crown 
over  them.  On  the  pieces  coined  before  1786,  there  are 
two  diftinft  fhields  ;  and  on  thofe  coined  fince  1786,  a 
double  fiiield:  the  legend  is,  CHR.  regn.  vi.nc.  i.mper. 
i.  e.  Chrill  reigns,  conquers,  governs  :  under  the  arms  is  a 
letter,  by  which  the  mint  where  the  piece  was  coined  is  dif- 
tinguiihed.  The  double  and  half  Louis  bear  the  fame  irtl- 
prefTion. 

There  are  alfo  white  Louifes,  or  Louis  d'argent,  fome 
of  1 20,  others  of  60  fols  a  piece,  called  alfo  ecus ;  and 
among  us  French  crowns,  half-crowns,  So:.  The  old  ecus, 
coined  before  1726,  were  coined  at  the  rate  of  9  pieces 
to  the  mark  of  10  deniers  22  grains  fine  :  thefe,  like  the 
Louis  d'ors  of  the  fame  period,  after  they  had  ceafed  to  be 
current  in  France,  ftill  prcferved  a  fixed  value  in  fome  parts 
of  Germany  ;  but  they  are  now  fcarcely  in  circulation.  In 
1726,  the  coinage  of  ecus  was  regulated,  and  continued 
without  alteration,  as  follows:  8,i.  ecus  of  6  livres,  or 
i6i  ecus  of  3  livres,  were  to  be  coined  from  a  mark  of 
iilver  1 1  deniers  fine,  with  a  remedy  of  36  grains  per  mark 
in  the  weight,  and  i  of  a  denier  in  the  alloy  :  and  their 
intrinfic  value  is  (allowance  being  made  for  remedy)  4^.  ()\d. 
(lerling;  or,  i/.  ilerUng  z=  25  livres,  3  fous  Tournois,*in 
filver. 

Qn  the  one  fide  of  thefe  is  the  king's  head,  and  on  the 


coined  before  1726,  which  then  pafTed  for  20   livres,  were    other  the  French  arms,  with  tliis  legend,  "  Sit  nomen  Do 

^        '  '        ''       ''  mini  benedittum." 

The  Louis  d'or  is  a  gold  coin  of  Malta.  The 
double,  fingle,  and  half  Louis  d'ors  are  coined  by  the 
grand  mailer  Rohan,  z%.  20,  10,  and  5  fcudi,  copper  or 
current  money.  The  double  Louis  weighs  10  dwt. 
16  gr.,  contains  of  pure  gold  215.3  g""-'  ^"'i  's  valued  at 
1/.  iSj.  \\d.  (lerling.  The  Louis  weighs  5  divt.  8  gr., 
contains  of  pure  gold  108  gr.,  and  is  valued  at  19^.  i^/. 
fterling.  The  demi-!ouis  weighs  2  dwt.  16  gr.,  contains 
of  pure  gold  54.5  gr.,  and  is  valued  at  gj.  -%d  fterling. 
The  finenefs  of  the  gold  coins  of  Malta  undergoes  great 
variation.      Kelly's  Univerfal  Cambill. 

Louis,  Knights  of  St.,  is  the  name  of  a  royal  and  military- 
order,  inllituted   by   Louis  XIV.,    in  addition  to  that  of 


coined  at  the  rate  of  7,Gj  per  French  mark  of  gold 
carats  fine  :  the  remedy  in  the  weight  was  14  grains  per 
mark,  and  the  remedy  in  the  alloy  one-fourth  of  a  carat. 
Thefe  cealed  to  be  a  legal  coin  in  France  as  far  back  as 
1726  ;  but  they  Hill  continued  to  circulate  through  many 
parts  of  Germany  and  Switzerland,  where  they  had  a  fixed 
value,  and  were  known  by  the  name  of  "  Old  Louis  d'ors  :  " 
of  theie  few  are  now  in  circulation.  From  the  year  1726  to 
1785,  Louis  d'ors  were  coined  at  the  rate  of  30  to  the  mark 
of  gold,  22  carats  fine,  with  a  remedy  of  15  grains  in  the 
weight,  and  ij  of  a  carat  in  the  alloy.  Accordingly  be- 
fore 1786,  the  double  Louis  weighed  10  dwt.  1 1  gr.  con- 
tained in  pure  gold  224.9  gr.  and  was  valued  at  i/.  igs.  gld. 
fterling  :  the  Louis  weighed  j  dwt.  ^i  gr.  contained  in  pure 
gold  Ii2.4gr.  and  was   valued  at  i()s. 


...  19^.  I  oi  J.  (lerling  :  and  "  Chriftian  charity,"  which  had  been  founded  by  Henry  III. 

the  demi-louis  weighed  2  dwt.  14^  gr.  contained  in  pure  gold  king  of  France,  in  1693,  in  favour  of  the  maimed  oificers 

56.2  gr.  and  was  valued  at  gs.  ilid.  fterling.     Thefecoins  and  foldiers  of  his  army,  who  had  fignalized  thcmfelves  in 

ceafed  to  be  current  m  France  in   1786.     In  Holland,  Ger-  the  fervice.     This  order  confided  of  eight  great  crofles,  and 

many,  &c.  they  were  called  "  New  Louis  d'ors,"  by  way  of  twenty-four  commanders,  befides  the  king,  who  was  grand 

diftinction   from  thofe  which  we   have  before   mentioned  ;  mailer,  the  dauphin  always  invefted  with  it,  and  the  trea- 

though  thefe  are  now  become  the  old  ones.     The  intrinfic  furer,  recorder,  and  uflicr.     The  badge  of  the  order  was 

value  of  fuch  a  Louis  d'or  (making  the  full  allowance  for  "  a  crofs  of  eight  points  enamelled  white,  edo-ed  with  crold  • 
Vot.  XXU  J  I  °  "     ^ n' 


LOU 


LOU 


in  the  angles  four  fleurs-de-lis;  and  in  the  middle  a  circle, 
within  which  on  one  fide  the  image  of  St.  Louis  in  armour, 
with  the  royal  mantle  over  it,  holding  in  his  right  hand  a 
crown  of  laurel,  and  in  his  left  hand  a  crown  of  thorns,  and 
the  three  pafTion-nails,  all  proper  ;"  with  this  inlcription, 
LUDOVicus  MAGNUS  iNSTiTtiT  1 693  :  On  the  reverie,  "a 
fword  ereCl,  the  point  through  a  clmplet  of  laurel,'  bound 
witli  a  white  ribbon  enamelled,  with  tliis  motto,  bellic.e 
viRTUTis  PK.iJMiLM.  The  grcL't  crofles  had  the  crofs 
pendent  to  a  broad  bright  red  ribbon,  which  ihey  wore 
paffing  fcarfwife  over  the  !eft  flioukler  ai.d  under  the  right 
arm  :  they  alfo  wore  the  like  crofs  embroidered  wiih  gold 
on  the  outfide  of  their  upper  garment.  The  commanders 
wore  the  crofs  pendent  to  a  broad  ribbon,  in  the  famr  man- 
ner as  worn  bv  the  great  erodes-  ;  but  they  have  it  not  em- 
broidered on  their  clothes.  The  knights  wore  a  fmail  gold 
crofs  pendent  at  a  red  ribbon,  fallened  at  a  button-hole  of 
their  coats. 

At  the  time  of  their  inftitntion,  the  king  charged  his 
revenue  with  a  fund  of  three  lumdred  thoufand  livres,  for 
the  penfions  of  the  commanders  and  knights. 

Louis,  Sf.,  in  Geography,  an  ifland  on  the  weft  coaft  of 
Africa,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Senegal  ;  flat,  fandy,  and 
barren.  Its  name  is  derived  from  a  fort  built  by  the 
French.  Both  were  ceded  to  the  Eng'iih  by  the  treaty  of 
Verfailles,  in  176J.  During  the  American  war  it  was 
taken  by  the  French,  and  kept  by  them  after  the  peace  of 
1783.  N.  lat.  16.  W.  long.  16  8. — Alfo,  a  fea-port 
town  on  the  fouth  coail  of  the  ifland  of  Hifpaniola.  It  is 
fltuated  at  the  head  of  a  bay  of  its  name.  N.  lat.  18  16'. 
W.  lor.g.  74-  19'. — Alio,  a  fea-port  town  of  Hifpaniola, 
on  the  north  coalt  ;  ruined  in  1797  by  a  hurricane  ;  5  miles 
S.E.  of  Cape  Fran^ais' — Alfo,  a  tbwn  of  So'ith  America, 
in  the  province  of  Guiana.  N.  lat.  3°  55'.  W.  long.  52' 
30'. — Alfo,  the  capital  town  of  Guadaloupe,  Grand  Terre, 
with  a  fortrefs  ;  3  leagues  S.E.  of  the  Salt  river. — Alfo,  a 
town  on  the  weft;  fide  of  the  river  Miflilippi,  2C  miles  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Miflouri.  It  is  lituated  on  a  pleafant  and 
healthy  eminence,  and  contained,  in  1799,  130  large  com- 
modious houfes,  built  of  ftone,  and  925  iniiabitants,  of 
whom  268  are  flaves..  In  this  year  the  productions  of  the 
fettlement  were  4300  budiels  of  wheat,  10,300  bufhels  of 
corn,  and  1650  pounds  of  tobacco.  The  inhabitants  pof- 
fefll'd  1 140  horned  cattle,  and  215  horfes.  —  Alio,  a  fijiall, 
compaft,  beautiful  ~bay  in  Weft  Florida,  with  about  feven 
feet  water:  the  land  near  it  is  of  a  light  foil,  and  good  for 
pafture.  Formerly  here  were  feveral  fettlers  ;  but  in  the 
year  1767  the  Choiftaw  Indians  killed  their  cattle,  and 
obliged  the.Ti  to  remove. — Alfo,  U  lake  of  Canada,  com- 
jTiencing,  or  rather  terminating  at  La  Chine,  a  village  which 
ftands  at  the  lower  end  of  it.  The  lake  is  about  12  miles  in 
•length,  and  four  in  breadth.  At  its  uppermoft  extremity 
it  receives  a  large  branch  of  the  Utawas  river,  and  alfo  the 
fouth-weil  branch  of  the  river  St.  Lawi-ence,  whicj.i  by  fome 
geographers  is  called  ihe  river  Cadaraqui,  and  by  others  the 
river  Iroquois  ;  but  in  the  country,  generally  fpeaking,  the 
whole  of  that  river,  running  from  lake  Ontario  to  the  gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence,  goes  limply  under  the  name  of  St. 
Lawrence.  At  the  upper  end  of  lake  St.  Louis,  the  water 
is  very  fliallow,  owing  to  the  banks  of  mud  and  fand  wafiied 
up  by  the  two  rivers  ;  and  thefe  banks  are  entirely  covered 
wit-h  reeds,  fo  that  when  a  veflel  fails  over  them,  fne  appears 
at  a  little  diftance  to  be  abfolulely  failing  over  dry  laud. 
This  part  of  the  lake  is  infefted  with  clouds  of  infeds,  fimi- 
lar  to  thofe  which  have  been  co.Timonly  obfcrved  on  various 
parts  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence.  Their  fize  is  about  that 
«f  a  goat ;  their  colour  is  white  ;  and  their  form  fo  delicate, 


that  the  flighteft  touch  dcftroyed  them,  and  reduced  thetn 
to  powder.  Their  wings  are  broad  in  proportion  to  their 
fi/e,  and  fly  heavily  ;  fo  that  it  is  only  when  the  air  is  re- 
markably calm,  that  they  can  venture  to  make  their  appear- 
ance. N.  lat.  45  25'.  W.  long.  73"  20'.  Welds  Travels 
through  Canada,  vol.  ii.  — Alfo,  a  group  of  fmall  iflands  in 
the  river  St.  Lawrence.  N.  lat.  4J  23'.  W.  long.  73  30'. 
— Alio,  a  river  of  America,  which  runs  into  lake  Superior. 
N.  lat.  46   44'.  W.  long  91   52'. 

LoL'is  tk  Maratiham,  St.,  a  town  ofi  the  north  coaft  of 
Bralil,  and  on  the  Atlantic  ocean,  iituatcd  on  the  caft  fide 
of  Mearim  river ;  about  half  way  between  point  Mocoripe 
and  the  mouth  of  the  river  Para. 

LOUIS.A.,  or  Dkoekdy,  a  fea-port  town  of  Sweden,  in 
the  province  of  Nyland,  on  the  north  coaft  of  the  gulf  of 
Finland,  built  in  1745  as  a  frontier  town  towards  Ruflia, 
and  at  lirft  called  Degerby,  but  afterwards  Louifa,  in  1752, 
by  king  Adolphus  Frederic.  It  is  an  open  town,  defended 
towards  the  fea  by  a  fmall  fortrefs.  The  houfes  are  all  of 
wood,  and  of  two  ftories,  painted  with  a  red  colour,  and 
appearing  much  neater  than  the  common  towns  in  Ruflia. 
N.  lat.  60   27'.   E.  long   26    16'. 

Louisa,  a  county  of  Virginia,  adjoining  Orange,  Albe- 
marle, Fluvanna,  Sputtlylvama,  and  Goochland  counties. 
It  is  about  35  miles  long,  and  20  broad,  and  contains  5900 
free  inhabitants,  and  5992  flaves.  Many  parts  of  this 
county  are  covered  with  pine. — Alfo,  a  river  of  Virginia, 
the  head-water  of  Cole  river,  a  fouth-wett  bra'ah  of  the 
Great  Kanhaway.— Alfo,  a  river  of  Africa,  which  runs 
into  the  Atlantic,  S.  lat.  j    10'. 

Louisa  Ch'ilto,  or  Loo/a  Ch'itto,  a  river  of  America, 
which  rifes  on  the  borders  of  South  Carolina,  and  runs  a 
fouth-wefterly  courfe,  through  the  Georgia  Weftern  lands, 
and  joins  the  Miffifippi  juft  below  the- Walnut  hills,  and 
10  miles  from  Stony  river.  It  is  30  yards  wide  at  its 
mouth,  and  faid  to  be  navigable  for  canoes  30  or  40 
league?. 

LOUISBOURG,  the  capital  of  Sydney^  or  Cape 
Breton,  ifland,  m  North  America ;-  fltuated  on  a  point  of 
land,  on  the  fouth-eaft  flde  of  the  ifland.  Its  ftreets  are 
regular  and  broad,  co:)lifting  chiefly  of  ftone  houfes,  with  a 
large  parade,  at  a  little  diftance  from  the  citadel,  the  infide 
of  which  is  a  fine  fquare,  nearly  200  feet  on  each  fide.  On 
its  north  fide,  while  the  French  had  pofleffion  of  it,  ftood 
the  governor's  houfe  and  the  churcli ;  the  other  fides  were 
occupied  by  barracks,  bomb-prcof,  in  which  the  French 
fecured  their  women  and  children  during  ihe  fiege.  The 
town  is  nearly  half  a  mile  long,  and  two  in  circuit.  Its 
harbour  is  one  of  the  fijieft  in  that  country,  being  almoft 
four  leagues  in  circuit,  uitli  fi.x  or  feven  fathoms  of  water 
in  every  part  of  it.  The  anchorage  is  good,  and  fliips  may 
run  aground  without  danger.  Its  entrance  is  rot  above 
300  toifes  in  breadth,  formed  by  two  fmall  iflands,  and  is 
known,  1 2  leagues  out  at  fea,  by  cape  Lorem.bec,  fltuated 
near  the  north-eaft  fide  of  it.  The  interior  oi  the  harbour 
is  more  than  half  a  mile  broad  from  N.W.  to  S.E.  in  the 
narroweft  part,  and  fix  miles  long  from  N.E.  to  S.W.  In 
the  north-eaft  part  is  a  fine  careening  wharf,  fecure  from  all 
winds.  On  the  oppofite  fide  are  the  filhing  ftages,  and  room  for 
2000  boats  to  cure  their  filh.  The  cod-fiiliery  may  be  con- 
tinued from  April  to  the  clofe  of  November.  In  winter  the 
harbonr  is  entirely  frozen,  fo  that  it  may  be  walked  over  ; 
and  it  continues  in  this  ftate  from  the  end  of  November  till 
May  or  June.  The  principal  trade  of  Louiftiourg  is  the 
cod-filhery,  from  which  the  inhabitants  derive  great  profits  ; 
fifli  being  plentiful,  and  deemed  better  than  any  about  New- 
foundland.    This  place  was  taken  from  the  French  in  I74>. 

a.d 


LOU 


LOU 


and  reftored  to  France  by  the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  in 
1748.  It  was  again  captured  by  the  Englifh  in  1758,  and 
its  fortifications  have  been  fince  demolifhed.  N.  lat.  45  55'. 
W.  lo:g.  59    jo'. 

LOUISEOURGH,   in   Pennfylvania.      See   Harris- 

BURGH. 

LOUISBURG,  a  poft-town  of  America,  in  Franklin 
county,  North  Carohna  ;   265  miles  from  Wafhington. 

LOUISIADE,  the  fouthern  coaft  of  a  confiderablc 
ifland  belonging  to  New  Guinea,  fo  called  by  M.  Bougain- 
ville in  1768. 

LOUISIANA,  a  country  of  North  .'\merica,  firll  dif- 
covered  by  Ferdinand  de  Soto  in  1541,  and  afterwards- 
vilited  by  colonel  Wood  in  1654,  and  by  captain  Bolt  in 
1670.  But  the  firft  perfon  who  attempted  to  fettle  in  this 
country  was  M.  de  la  Salle,  who,  in  1683,  traverftd  the 
Mifiifippi ;  and  in  the  following  year  he  repaired  to  France, 
and,  in  confequence  of  tlie  reprefentations  which  he  made  of 
his  difcoveries,  obtained  a  grant  of  four  finall  veflcls  and 
170  men,  with  which  armament  he  fet  fail  for  the  mouth 
cf  the  Miffilippi.  In  16S5  this  fmall  colony,  under  the  di- 
rection of  their  leader,  lauded  in  the  bay  of  St.  Bernard's, 
about  :5oo  miles  weft  of  the  place  of  their  deltination. 
After  ftruggling  with  many  hardiliips,  both  in  their  landing 
and  in  their  endeavours  to  fettle,  fome  of  this  colony  mur- 
dered La  S.die,  and  all  the  reft  periftied,  except  feven  pcr- 
fons,  who  penetrated  through  the  country  to  Canada.  In 
1699,  M.  Ibberville  of  Canada,  a  brave  naval  officer,  having 
obtained  the  patronage  of  the  French  court,  failed  from 
Rochfart  with  two  fhips  and  a  number  of  men,  and  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  firll  French  colony  on  the  Miflilippi. 
This  colony  was  diminifhed,  by  fome  unfavourable  circum- 
ftances  in  1712,  to  28  families.  At  this  time  Crozat,  a 
merchant  of  great  opulence  and  an  adventuring  fpirit,  ob- 
tained the  exclufive  trade  ©f  Louifiana  ;  but  his  plans,  which 
were  extcnfive  and  patriotic,  proving  ineff^eftual,  he  relii;ned 
his  charter,  in  171 7,  to  a  company  formed  by  the  famous 
projedtor  John  Law.  From  this  period  the  country  became 
an  objeft  of  intereft  to  fpeculative  adventurers,  lo  that  in 
I7i8and  1719  a  numerous  colony  of  labourers,  collefted 
from  France,  Germany,  and  Switzerland,  was  conveyed  to 
Louiiiana,  and  fettled  in  a  diftrift  called  "  Biloxi,"  on  the 
ifland  of  Orleans,  a  barren  and  unhealthy  fituation,  where 
many  hundreds  died  through  want  and  vexation.  This  event 
ruined  the  reputation  of  the  country  ;  and  the  colony  having 
languiftied  tili  the  year  1731,  the  company  at  length,  for 
the  fum  of  1,450,000  livres,  purchafed  the  favour  of  fur- 
rendering  their  concerns  into  the  hands  of  the  government. 
The  French  continued  in  quiet  pofleflion  of  Louifiana,  fre- 
quent conterts  with  the  Indians  excepted,  tilbthe  year  1762. 
Among  theie  tribes  of  hoftile  Indians  we  may  reckon  the 
Natchez,  who  appear  in  the  year  17?!  to  have  been  almoft 
wholly  extirpated.  In  1736  and  1740  the  colonifts  were 
engaged  in  bloody  wars  with  the  Cliickafaw  Indians;  but 
thefe,  in  prccefs  of  time,  terminated  in  permanent  peace. 
From  this  time  the  profpeAs  of  the  colonilts  were  brighten- 
ing, as  their  peltry  trade  with  the  Indians  and  their  com- 
merce with  the  Weft  Indies  were  increafing.  Several 
hundred  Canadians  and  recruits  of  inhabitants  from  other 
countries  fettled  on' the  banks  of  the  Miffifippi,  and  imparted 
additional  ilrength  and  profperity  to  the  original  colony. 

Such  wa?  the  ftate  of  the  country,  when  iji  the  year  1764 
the  inhabitants  received  information  that  in  November  1762, 
I..ouifiana,  comprehending  New  Orleans  and  the  whole  ter- 
ritory W.  of  the  Miffifippi,  had  been  ceded  to  Spain  by  a 
fecret  treaty.  This  meafure  incenfed  the  colonifts,  and  was 
vigoroudy  oppofed,  fo  that  complete  pofiefiion  of  the  coun- 


ti7  was  ROt  obtained  by  Spain  till  the  T7th  of  Auguft  1769; 
after  which  event  feveral  victims  were  facrificed,  to  atone 
for  the  delay  of  fubmiflion,  and  others  were  conveyed  away 
to  languifh  out  their  lives  in  the  dungeons  of  tlie  Havannah. 
By  the  treaty  of  peace  in  1763,  which  ceded  Canada  to 
Great  Britain,  the  boundaries  of  the  Bri'ifti  provinces  were  ^ 
extended  fouthward  to  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  and  wcilward 
to  the  Mifiifippi,  and  Louifiana  was  limited  N.  by  Canada, 
and  E.  by  the  Milfifi])pi,  excepting  that  it  incluJed  the 
ifland  of  i\ew  Orleans  on  its  E.  bank.  This  ftate  of  things 
remained  till  the  American  revolutionary  war,  during  which 
Spain  took  from  Great  Britain  the  two  Floridas:  the  United 
States,  according  to  their  prefent  limits,  became  an  inde- 
pendent government,  and  left  to  Great  Britain,  of  all  her 
American  provinces,  thofe  only  which  lie  N.  and  E  of  the 
United  States.  Ail  thefe  changes  were  fanftioned  and  con- 
firmed by  the  treaty  of  1783.  Thus  things  continued  till 
the  treaty  of  St.  Idelfonfo,  Otkober  i,  iSco,  by  which  Spain 
engaged  to  cede  to  the  French  republic,  on  certain  condi- 
tions, the  colony  or  province  of  Louifiana,  with  the  fame 
extent  which  it  adually  had  when  France  poffeiTed  it.  This 
treaty  was  confirmed  and  enforced  by  the  treaty  of  Madrid, 
March  21,  1 801.  From  France  it  paffed  to  the  United 
States  by  thtltreaty  of  the  30th  of  April  iScjfc  In  confi- 
deration  of  this  ceflion,  the  gcvernment  of  the  United 
States  engaged  to  pay  to  the  French  government,  under 
certain  ilipulations,  the  fum  of  60,000,000  francs,  inde- 
pendent of  the  fum  which  fliould  be  fixed  by  another  con- 
vention for  the  payment  of  the  debts  due  by  France  to  the 
citizens  of  the  United  States.  The  boundaries  of  Louifiana, 
as  formerly  poffefled  by  France  and  Spain,  and  now  held  by 
the  United  States,  are  ftated  as  follows  ;  -zi-z.  S.  on  the 
gulf  of  Mexico,  from  the  bay  of  St.  Bernard,  S.W.  of 
the  Mifiifippi  to  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Perdido,  or  Loft  river, 
fo  called  by  the  Spaniards,  becaufe  it  lofes  itfelf  under 
ground,  and  afterwards  appears  again,  and  difcharges  itfelf 
into  the  fea  a  httle  to  the  E.  of  Mobile,  on  which  the  firft 
French  planters  fettled  ;  up  the  Perdido  to  its  fource,  and 
thence  (if  it  rife  hot  N.  of  the  31ft  degree  of  lat.)  in  a 
ftraight  line  N.  to  that  parallel  ;  thence  along  the  fouthern 
boundary  of  the  United  States,  W.  to  the  Mifiifippi  ;  then 
up  this  river  to  its  fource,  as  eftabliflied  by  the  treaty  of 
1783.  Beyond  this  point,  the  limits,  (which  have  never 
been- accurately  afcertained,)  may  be  confidered  as  including 
the  whole  country  between  the  White  Bear  lake,  or  other 
head  of  the  Miffifippi,  and  the  fource  of  the  MiiTouri  ;  and 
between  this  laft  and  the  head  fprings  of  the  Arkanfas, 
Red  river,  and  other  copious  ilreams,  which  fall  into  the 
Miffifippi ;  or,  in  other  words,  Louifiana  may  be  confidered 
as  bounded  N.  and  N.W.  by  the  high  lands,  wh;ch  divide 
the  waters  that  fail  into  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Hudfon's  Bay 
from  thofe  which  fall  into  the  Mifiifippi  ;  W.  by  that  high 
chain  of  mountains,  known  by  the  name  of  the  "  Shining 
Mountains,''  v  hich  may  be  called  the  "  Spine"  or  "  Andes'' 
of  that  part  of  North  America,  and  which  turn  the  waters 
on  the  W.  of  them  to  the  Pacific,  and  thofe  on  the  E.  to 
the  Atlantic  ocean.  In  a  word,  it  embraces  the  w'hole  flope, 
6r  inclined  plain,  fronting  the  S.E.  and  E.  down  which,  the 
various  ftreams  flow  into  the  bed  of  the  Mifiifippi.  On  the 
S.W.  it  is  bounded  by  New  Mexico,  between  which  and 
Louifiana  the  divifional  line  has  never  been  fettled.  Some 
pretend  that  this  boundary  is  a  right  line  from  the  head  of 
Red  river  to  that  of  Rio  Bravo,  and  thence  down  its  chan- 
nel to  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  Others  make  the  Rio  Colerado, 
and  others,  with  greater  probability,  make  the  Rio  Mexi. 
cano,  the    S.W.  boundary    of  Louifiana. 

Louifiana  may  naturally  be  divided  into  the  three  following 
3  I  3  diftricts  ; 


LOUISIANA. 


«'i(lrifls;  lu^.  Eaftcrn,  Lower,  and  Upper  Louifinna.  The 
Eajlern  divifion  comprehends  all  that  part  of  this  territory 
which  lies  E.  of  the  MifTifippi,  boundcrl  S.  by  the  gulf  of 
Mexico,  E .  hv  Perdido  river,  N.  by  the  Miffifiopi  territory,  and 
W.  by  the  MilTifippi  river.  This  divifion  inchulcs  the  idand  of 
New  Orleans,  and  is  watered  by  the  Mobile,  Pafcagoula, 
Pearl,  Boguechito,  Tanfipaho,  and  Amit  rivers,  with 
Thompfon's  creek,  and  Bayou  Sara.  The  whole  coaft,  em- 
bracing the  old  Biloxi  dillrift,  confifts  of  a  fine  white  faiid, 
injurious  to  the  eyes,  and  fo  dry  as  not  to  be  lit  to  produce 
any  thii)g  but  pine,  cedar,  and  fome  ever-green  oaks.  Tlie 
Mobile  river  has  few  li(h,  and  its  banks  and  vicinity  are  not 
very  fertile.  Between  Pafcagoula  and  MilTilippi  rivers,  the 
country  is  intermixed  with  extcnfive  hills,  fine  meadows,  nu- 
merous thickets,  and  in  fome  places  woods  thicktet  with  cane, 
particularly  on  the  banks  of  rivers  and  brooks,  and  proper 
for  agriculture.  Its  coaft,  though  flat,  dry,  and  fandy, 
abounds  with  delicious  ftiell  and  other  li(h,  and  affords  fecu- 
rity  again  ft  the  irivalion  of  an  enemy. 

Loivcr  Louiliana  comprehends  that  part  of  this  territory 
hounded  E.  by  the  MifTifippi  rivi-r,  S.  by  the  gulf  of  Mexico, 
S.W.  and  W.  by  New  Mexico,  N.  by  a  line  drawn  from  the 
Miflllippi  W.,  dividing  the  country  in  which  ftonc  is  found 
from  that  in.Vhich  there  is  none.  This  part  of  Louifiana  is 
watered  by  Red  river,  and  many  others  which  fall  into  the  gulf 
of  Mexico.  On  both  fides  of  the  mouths  of  the  MilTifippi  are 
quagmires,  afFording  a  fafe  retreat  for  water-fowl,  gnats, 
and  mofquitocs,  and  extending  for  more  than  twenty  miles. 
The  wliole  coaft  from  the  Miflifippi,  W.  as  far  as  St.  Ber- 
nard's bay  and  beyond  it,  refcmbles  that  already  defcribed 
of  the  eaftern  divifion  :  and  the  foil  is  barren.  In  afcend- 
ing  the  Miffifippi,  beyond  the  mardies,  are  fome  narrow 
flrips  of  firm  land,  partly  bare  of  trees  and  partly  thickly 
covered  with  them  ;  which  are  fit  for  cultivation.  This  part 
fcems  to  have  been  cither  recovered  from  the  fea,  or  formed 
by  various  materials  that  have  defcended  to  it  ;  and  it  is  not 
unreafonable  to  imagine,  that  in  procefs  of  time  the  river 
and  fea  may  form  another  traft  of  country  like  Lower  Loui- 
fiana. The  principal  river  is  the  Miffilippi  ;  which  fee. 
The  Red  river  has  its  foiirce  not  far  from  that  of  Rio  Bravo, 
or  Rio  del  Norte,  on  which  the  city  of  Santa  Fe  is  built, 
and  in  the  mountain  which  has  the  Springs  of  the  Miffouri. 
On  each  fide  of  this  river  are  fome  fcattered  fettlements,  for 
about  fifty  miles  to  Bayan  Rapide,  in  which  ce  about  loo 
families.  The  land  here  is  not  inferior  to  any  in  the  world 
with  regard  to  fertility  ;  and  for  a  i'pace  of  about  40  miles 
from  hence  to  the  commencement  of  the  Appalufa  pra- 
iries, the  country  is  equally  rich  and  well-timbered.  It  is 
perfeclly  level,  and  the  foil  20  feet  deep,  and  like  a  bed  of 
manure.  Higher  up,  the  banks  and  low  lands  are  of  fimi- 
Jar  quality  witli  the  lands  on  Bayan  Rapide,  the  texture 
of  the  foil  being  fomewhat  loofer  ;  but  there  are  few  fettle- 
ments, till  you  come  to  the  river  Cane  fettlements,  60  or 
70  miles  higher  up  Red  river.  Hence  to  the  village  or 
port  of  Natchitoches,  about  50  miles,  and  25  miles  above  it, 
the  banks  of  one  branch  of  Red  river  are  fettled  like  thofe 
of  the  MifTifippi,  and  the  country  abounds  with  beautiful 
fields  and  plantations,  and  luxuriarrt;  crops  of  corn,  cotton, 
and  tobacco.  (See  Natchitociie.s.  )  The  low  grounds 
of  Red  river,  generally  five  or  fix  miles  wide,  have  an  un- 
commonly rich  foil,  which  is  overflowed  annually  in  the 
month  of  April.  The  crops  of  corn  and  tobacco  are  plen- 
tiful, and  never  fail.  The  foil  is  particularly  favourable  for 
tobacco  ;  an  acre  yields  from  80  to  100  bufttels  of  corn  ;  and 
it  is  no  lefs  produftive  of  cotton.  Two  men,  with  ten  or 
twelve  old  pots  and  kettles,  fupply  the  fett'ement  on  Red 
river  with  fait,  the  fprings  of  which  are  almoft  inexhauftiblc. 


Here  is  likewife  plenty  of  iron  and  copper  ore,  pit-coal, 
ftiell  and  ftone  lime.  The  diflcrent  branches  of  the  river 
the  lakes,  creeks,  and  bayans  furnifti  abundance  of  .very  fina 
fi(h,  cockles,  foft-flielled  turtle  and  ftirimps,  and  in  winter 
great  varieties  of  wild  fowl.  The  country  is  fsr  from  being 
fickly.  The  mofchetto  is  rarely  feen.  The  high  lands  are 
covered  with  oak,  hickory,  afti,  gum,  faffafras,  dogwood, 
grape-vines,  &c.  intermixed  with  (hort-leaved  pine,  and 
interfperfed  with  prairies,  creeks,  lakes,  and  fountains.  Its 
hills  and  vallies  are  gently  varied,  and  the  foil  i.s  generally  a 
ftony  clay.  The  country  on  Red  river  ismoft  valuable,  be- 
ginning about  50  or  60  miles  above  the  upper  fettlements, 
and  extending  4  or  j'oo  miles.  The  low  lands,  about  40 
miles  on  each  fide,  are  remarkably  rich,  interfperlcd  witii 
prairies,  and  beautiful  ftreanis  and  fountains  ;  alfo  quarries 
of  free-ftone,  lime,  flint,  flate,  grit,  and  almoft  every  kind 
of  ftone.  About  jo  miles  from  the  mouth  ot  Red  river, 
Black  river  falls  into  it  on  the  N.  fide,  which  is  a  clear  and 
navigable  ftreum  for  5  or  600  miles  :  about  loo  miles  up- 
wards, it  branches  in  three  different  directions  :  the  eallern 
branch,  called  the  Tenfaw,  is  navigable  for  many  miles, 
awd  affords  rich  land  :  the  middle  or  main  branch,  called 
Wallieta,  is  navigable  500  miles,  and  affords  excellent  lands, 
falt-fprings,  lead-ore,  and  plenty  of  very  good  mill  and  grind- 
ftones :  the  wefterii  branch,  called  Catahola,  runs  through 
a  beautiful,  rich,  prairie  country,  in  which  is  a  large  lake, 
called  Catahola  lake.  On  this  lake  are  falt-fprincrs,  and  it 
abounds  with  fidi  and  fowl.  On  the  river  called  O/.ark  are 
many  valuable  trafls  of  land,  which  is  likewife  the  cafe 
with  refpecl  to  White  river  and  St.  Francois. 

Upper  Louifiana  comprehends  all  the  remainder  of  this 
territory,  and  is  the  largeft  and  moft  valuable  part.  It  is 
bound  ,S.  by  Lower  Louifiana,  on  the  E.by  MilTifippi,  N. 
and  W  by  the  highlands  and  mountains  whu'*  divide  the 
waters  of  St.  Laurence,  Hudfon's  bay,  and  the  Pacific 
ocean,  from  thofe  of  the  Miflifippi.  It  is  watered  by  the 
Red  river,  the  Arkanfas,  St.  Francis,  and  the  MifFoiiri, 
with  a  vaft  number  of  fmaller  llreams  which  fall  into  thefe 
or  the  Miffifippi.  From  the  lower  fcttleinent  at  Sans  la 
Grace,  to  the  upper  fettlement  on  the  Miffouri,  abovt  the 
diftanceof  250  miles,  is  a  country  equal  to  any  part  of  the 
weftern  territory,  containing  a  population  of  joor6o,ooo, 
and  furniftiing  lead  and  iron  mines.  The  foil  is  at  the  bottom 
a  folid  red  clay,  and  this  is  covered  by  a  light  earth  almoft 
black  and  very  fertile.  The  grafs  grows  here  ,to  a  great 
height,  and  towards  the  end  of  September  is  fet  on  fire  ;  and 
in  eight  or  ten  days  after,  the  young  grafs  fhoots  up  half  a 
foot  high.  In  advancing  northwards  towards  the  Arkanfas 
a:;d  St.  Francis,  the  country  becomes  more  beautiful  and  fer- 
tile, abounding  in  various  kinds  of  game,  as  beavers,  &c.  and 
herds  of  deer,  elks,  and  biiflaloes,  from  6  to  100  in  a  drove. 
Here  have  been  alfo  found  Ipecimens  of  rock  cryftal,  plaller 
of  Paris,  lead,  and  iron  ore,  lime-ftone,  and  pit-coal.  It 
has  all  the  trees  known  in  Europe,  befides  others  that  are 
there  unknown.  The  cedars  are  remarkably  fine  ;  the  cotton 
trees  grow  to  fuch  a  fize,  that  the  Indians  make  canoes  out 
of  their  trunks  :  hemp  grows  naturally ;  tar  is  made  from 
the  pines  on  the  fea  coalt  ;  and  the  country  affords  every 
material  for  fhip-building.  Beans  grow  to  a  large  fize 
without  culture  ;  peach  trees  are  heavily  laden  with  fruit  ; 
and  the  forefts  are  full  of  mulberry  and  plum  trees.  Pom- 
granate  and  chefnut  trees  are  covred  with  vines,  whofe 
grapes  are  very  large  and  fweet.  They  have  three  or  four 
crops  of  Indian  corn  in  the  year  :  as  they  have  no  other 
winter  befides  fome  rains.  Here  are  alfo  mines  of  pit- 
coal,  lead  and  copper,  quarries  of  free-ftone,  and  of  black, 
white,  and  jafper-like  marble,  of  which  they  make  their 
6  calumets. 


LOUISIANA. 


CRiumefs.  One  fpecies  of  timber,  which  is  common  from 
th?  mouth  of  the  Ohio  down  the  Miflifippi  fwamp,  is  cotton 
wood,  refembling  the  Lombard7  poplar  in  the  quicknefs  of 
its  growth,  and  the  foftnefs  of  the  timber.  Here  are  nlfo' 
the  papav.'  andblack  afh,  button  vood  or  fycamore,  hickory, 
and  cyprefs;  wild  cherry,  faffafras,  beech,  chefniit,  and  Ber- 
mudian  mulberry  trees.  From  the  Walnut  hills  to  Point 
Coupee,  and  eafterly  15  or  20  miles,  the  whole  country 
ill  its  natural  ftate  is  one  continued  cane-brake.  Tlie  cane 
in  general  is  36  feet  high,  often  42  ;  intenuingled  vvitli  a 
fmaller  fpecies,  which  continue  thence  on  all  the  creeks  to 
the  gulf  of  Mexico. 

Above  the  Nachitoches  are  the  habitations  of  the  Cadoda- 
quiebos  Indians  ;  near  one  of  their  villages  is  a  rich  filver 
mine  ;  another  lies  further  north.  Lead  ore  is  alfo  found 
in  different  places,  and  alfo  iron  ore,  pit-coal,  marble,  (late, 
and  plafter  of  Paris. 

As  to  the  climate  of  this  coimtry,  during  the  winter  the 
weather  is  very  changeable,  generally  throughout  Lower, 
and  the  fonthern  part  of  Upper  Louifiana.  In  fummer  it  is 
re<riilarly  hat.  In  the  latitude  of  the  Natchez,  Fahrenheit's 
thermometer  ranges  from  ij"  to  96".  The  average  degree 
of  heat  is  dated  to  be  14°  greater  than  in  Pennfylvania. 
The  chmate  of  Louiiiana  varies  in  proportion  as  it  ex- 
tends northward.  Its  fouthern  parts  are  not  fubjcit  to  the 
fame  degree  of  heat  as  the  fame  latitudes  in  Africa,  nor  its 
northern  parts  to  the  fame  degree  of  cold  as  the  corre- 
fpondiuiT  latitudes  in  Europe  ;  owing  to  the  thick  woods 
which  cover  the  country,  and  to  the  great  number  of  rivers 
which  interfeft  it.  The  prevailing  difeafes  on  the  lower  part 
of  the  Ohio,  on  the  Miffifippi,  and  throu^Ji  the  Floridas,  are 
bihous  fevers.  In  fome  feafons  tliey  are  mild,  and  are  little 
more  than  common  intcrmittents  ;  in  others  they  are  very 
malignant,  and  approach  the  genuine  yellow  fever  of  the  Well 
Indies. 

The  total  population  of  all  the  parts  or  diflrifts  of  Loui- 
fiana, including  whites,  free  people  of  colour,  and  flaves,  is 
42,375,  of  whom  12,920  are  flaves  But  it  is  apprehended 
that  this  number  is  too  fmall.  The  Spanilh  government  is 
fully  perfuaded  that  the  population  at  prefent  confiderably 
exeeeds  50,000  perfons  The  inhabitants  of  this  country 
are  chiefly  the  defcendants  of  the  French  and  Canadians. 
In  New  Orleans  there  is  a  confiderable  number  of  Englifh 
and  Americans.  The  two  German  coalls  are  peopled  by  tlie 
defcendants  of  fettlers  from  Germany,  and  by  French  mixed 
with  them.  The  three  fucceeding  fettlements  np  to  Baton 
Rouge  contain  moftly  Acadians,  bani(hed  from  Nova  Scotia 
by  the  Englifh,  and  their  defcendants.  The  government 
of  Baton  Rouge,  efpecially  on  the  E.  lide,  which  includes 
the  whole  country  between  the  Ibbcrville  and  the  American 
line,  is  compofed  partly  of  Acadians,  a  few  French,  and  a 
great  majority  of  Americans.  On  the  W.  fide  they  are 
mollly  Acadians  ;  at  Point  Coupee  and  Fauffee  river  they 
are  French  and  Acadians  ;  of  the  population  of  the  Ataca- 
pas  and  Opeloufas,  a  confiderable  part  is  Americans  ;  Nat- 
chitoches, on  the  Red  river,  contains  but  a  few  Americans, 
and  the  reft  of  the  inhabitants  are  French  ;  but  the  former 
are  more  numerous  in  the  other  fettlements  on  that  river, 
vis.  Avoyelles,  Rapide,  and  Ouacheta.  At  Arkanfas  they 
are  moflly  French  ;  and  at  New  Madrid,  Americans.  At 
leaft  two-fifths,  if  noc  a  greater  proportion  of  all  the  fettlers 
on  the  opanifh  fide  of  the  Mifiifippi,  in  the  Illinois  country, 
are  likewife  fuppofed  to  be  Americans.  Below  New 
Orleans  the  population  is  altogether  French,  and  the  de- 
fcendants of  Frenchmen.  The  natives  of  the  fouthern 
part  of  the  MiiTifippi  are  fprightly  ;  they  have  a  turn  for 


mechanics,  and  the  fine  arts  ;  but  their  fyflem  of  education 
is  fo  wretched,  that  little  real  fcience  is  obtained.  Many  of 
the  planters  are  opulent,  indullrious,  and  hoipitable.  There 
is  a  militia  in  Louifiana,  amounting,  as  it  is  faid,  to  about 
10,340.  The  Indian  nations  within  the  limits  of  Louifiana, 
are  as  follow,  according  to  the  flatement  of  the  late 
prefident  of  the  United  States,  Mr.  JefTerfon :  on  the 
E.  bank  of  the  Mifiifippi,  about  25  leagues  above  Orleans, 
are  the  remains  of  the  Houmasor  Red  men,  amounting  to 
about  60  perfons  ;  on  the  W.  fide  of  the  fame  river  are  the 
nniainsof  theTounicas,  fettled  near  and  above  Point  Coupee, 
confiding  of  50  or  60  perfons.  In  the  Atacapas,  on  the 
lower  part  of  the  Bayou  Teche,  about  11  or  12  leagues 
from  the  fea,  are  two  villages  of  Chitimachas,  conGfling  of 
about  100  perfons  ;  the  Atacapas,  properly  fo  called,  dif- 
perfed  throughout  the  di(lric!t,  are  about  100  ;  and  there 
are  about  50  wanderers  of  the  tribes  of  Biloxis  and 
ChoiEfavv's  on  Bayou  Crocodile,  which  empties  into  the 
Teche.  In  the  Opeloufas,  N.W.  of  Atacapas,  are  two 
villages  of  Alibamas  in  the  centre  of  the  di(lri<ft,  con- 
fifting  of  100  perfons  ;  and  the  Conchates  difperfed  through 
the  country  as  jfer  as  the  Sabinas  and  its  neighbourhood,  are 
about  350.  On  the  river  Rouge,  at  Avoyelles,  19  Icaguesfrom 
the  Mifhfippi,  is  a  village  of  the  Biloni  nation,  aniianpther  on 
the  lake  of  the  Avoyelles,  the  whole  including  ahFiut  60  per- 
fons. At  the  Rapide,  26  leagues  frnm  the  Mifiifippi,  is  3 
village  of  ChoSaws,  confiilingof  100  perfons,  and  another 
of  Biloxes,  about  two  leagues  from  it,  of  about  100 
more  ;  and  at  about  eight  or  nine  leagues  higher  np  the  ■ 
Red  river  is  a  village  including  about  50  perfons.  All  il.efe' 
are'  occafionally  employed  by  the  fettlers  as  boatmen.  About 
cio-hly  leagues  above  Natchitoches  on  the  Red  river  is  the 
nation  of  the  Cadoquies,  or  Cados,  who  can  raife  from 
three  to  fo'jr  hundred  warriors,  the  friends  of  the  whites, 
and  efteemcd  the  bravefl  and  moft  generous  of  all  the  na- 
tions in  this  vail  country  ;  they  arc  rapidly  declining  by  their 
intemperance,  and  by  the  attacks  of  the  Ofages  and  Choc- 
taws.  There  are  500  families  of  the  Choftaws,  difperfed 
on  the  W.  fide  of  the  M'fTifippi,  on  the  Ouacheta  and  Red 
rivers,  as  far  W.  as  Natchitoches,  On  the  river  Arkanfas 
is  a  nation  of  the  fame  name,  confift.ng  of  about  260  war- 
riors, brave,  yet  peaceable  and  wel,-difpofed,  attached  to 
the  French,  and  difpofed  to  engage  in  their  wars  with  the 
Chickafaws.  They  live  in  three  villages  at  iS  league-  from 
the  MifTifippi  on  the  Arkanfas  river,  and  the  others  are  at 
three  and  fix  leagues  from  the  firft.  A  fcarcity  of  game 
on  the  E.  fide  cf  the  Mifhfippi  has  induced  a  number  of 
Cherokeei,  ChoCtavs,  Chickafaws,  &c.  to  frequent  the 
neigiibourhood  of  Arkanfas,  where  game  is  flill  abundant, 
where  they  have  contraded  marriages  with  the  Arkanfas, 
and  incorporated  themfelves  with  that  nation.  On  the  river 
St.  Francis,  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Madrid,  S:c.  are  fettled 
a  number  of  vagabonds  from  the  Delawares,  Shawnefe,  Mi- 
amis,  Chickafaws,  Cherokees,  Plorias,  fuppolcd  to  confill 
in  all  of  500  families.  '  Tliey  are  piratical  in  their  difpofitioi', 
attaclit-d  to  liquor,  unfettled  and  vagrant  in  their  habits,  fome 
of  them  fpeak  Enghfl?,  all  underliand  it,  and  fome  of  them 
can  even  read  ancl  write  it.  At  St.  Genevieve,  about  30 
Piorias,  Kafl<al1iias  and  Illinois,  are  fettled  among  the  whites/ 
Thefe  are  the  remains  ef  a  nation,  which  50  years  ago 
could  bring  into  the  field  1200  warriors. 

On  the  Miffouri  and  its  waters,  are  many  and  numerous  na- 
tions, the  bell  known  of  which  are  ;  the  Ofages,  fituated 
on  the  river  of  the  fame  name  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mif- 
fouri, at  about  80  leagues  from  its  confluence  with  it  ;  they 
confill  of  1000  warriors,  who  live  in  two  fettlements  at  no 
great  diftance  from  each  other.     Thoy  are  of  a  gigantic  Ita- 

tur'» 


LOU 


LOU 


tuic  and  well  proportioned,  are  enemies  of  tlic  wliitcs  and  of    they  have  always  been   peaceable  and   friendly.     The  other 
all  olKcr   Indian  nations,  and  commit  depredations  from  the     nations  on  the  Miffifippi,  higher  up,  are  but  little  known  to 


Illinois  to  the  Arkanfas.  The  trade  of  this  nation  is  faid 
to  be  under  an  cxclnfive  grant.  They  are  a  cruel  and  fero- 
cious race,  and  are  hated  and  feared  by  all  the  other  Indians. 
The  confluence  of  the  Ofage  river  with  the  Midbini  is  about 
eight  leagues  from  the  MilTifippi.      Sixty  le.igucs  higher  up 


us.     The   Sac  and  Fox  nations  of  India  iiave  ceded  to  the 
United  States  a  valuable  country,  with  a  front  of  600  miles 
on  the  Mifiiilppi.     It  contains  80,000  fqnare  miles,  and  is 
equal  to  5  1,200,000  acres.     The  treaty  ceding  tiiis  territory, 
was  ligncd  at  St.  Louis,  the  3d   of  Nov.     The    nation   of 
the  MifTouri,  and  on  the  fame  bank,  is  the  river  Kanzas,  and     the  Miflburi,  though  cruel,  treacherous,   and  infolent,  may 
on  it  the  nation  of  th"e  fame  name,  but  at  about  70  or  80     doubtkfs  be  kept  in  order  by  the  United  States,  if  proper 
leagues  from  its  mouth.     It  confills  of  about  250  warriors,     regulations  are  adopted  with   refpeft  to    them.     It  is  faid, 
who  are  as  fierce  and  cruel  as  the  Ofages,  and  often  moled  and     that  no  treaties  have  been  entered  into    by  Spain  witli  the 
ill  treat  thofe  who  go  to  trade  among  them.      Sixty  leagues     Indian  nai  ions  weft  ward  of  the  Miffifippi,  and  that  its  treaties 
above  the  river  Kan/.as,  and  at  about  200  from  the  mouth  of    with  the  Creeks,   Chodlaws,  &c.  are  in  efTcdl  fuperfeded  by 
the  MilFouri,  ftill  oirthe  right  bank,  is  the  Rivierrc  Platte,  or     our  treaty  with  that  power  of  the  27th  OiElober  1795. 
Shallow  river,  remarkable  for  its   qr.ickfands  and  bad  navi-         The  produftions  of  Louifiana  are  iugar,  cotton,  indigo, 
gation  ;  and  near  its  confluence  with  the  Midburi  dwells  the     rice,    furs,    and   peltry,     lumber,    tar,    pitch,    lead,    flour, 
r.ation   of  Oftolados,  commonly  called  Otos,  confifting  of    horfes,  and  cattle.     The  foil  is  fertile,  the   climate    falu- 
abo'.it  200- warriors,  among  whom  are  25  or  30  of  the  nation     brious,  and  the  means  of  communication  between  mod  parts 
of  MilFouri,  who   took  refuge  among  them  about  2^  years    of   the    province  certain,   and  by   water.     The  exports  of 
iincc.      Forty  leagues  up   the  river^Platte   you  come  to  the     Louiliana  amount  in  value  to  2,158,000  dollars  ;  and  the  iin- 
nation   of  Pani-!,  comp-ifcd  of  about  700   warriors  in   four     ports,  in  merchandize,  plantation  utenfils.  Haves,  &c.  amount 
neighbouring  villages  ;  they  hunt  but  little^n.d  are  ill  pro-     to  2\  millions,  the  difl'erence    being  made  up  by  the  money 
vided  v.'ith  lire  arms  ;  they  often  make  war  mi  the  Spaniards     introduced  by  thegovernment,  to  pay  the  expences  of  govern- 
In  the  neighbourhood  of  Sante  Fc,  from  wliicli  they  are  not     ing  and  proteding  the  colony.     The  imports  to  the-  United 
far   diilant.      At  300  leagues  from   the  MiRifippi,  and  100     States  from  Louifiana  and  the  Floridas  amounted  in  1802  to 
From  the  river  Platte   on   the   fame  banks,  are   fituated  the     1,006,214  dollars,  and  the  exports  to  Louifiana  and  the  Flo- 
villages  of  the  Mahas.   They  conli lied,  in  1799,  ef  500  war-     ridas  in  the  fame  year  to  1, 2 24,7 10  dollars.  In  Louifiana  there 
riors,  but  are  faid  to  have  been  almoft  cut  off  lall  year  by  the     are   few  domeflic  manufaftures.     The    Acadians  nianufac- 
fmall-pox.     x\t  50  leagues  above  the  Mahas,  and  on  the     ture  a  little  cotton  into  quilts  and  cottonadcs,  and  in   the 
left  bank  of  the  MilTouri,  dwell  the  Poncas,  to  tin-  number  of    remoter  parts  of  the  province,  the  poorer  planters  fpin  and 
250  warriors,  poffefriiig  in  common   with   the  Mahas,  their     weave  fome  negro  cloths  of  cotton  and  wool  mixed.      In  the 
l^vngnage,  ferocity,  and  vices.     Their  trade  has  never  been  of    city,  belides  the  trades  which  are  abfohitely  neccflary,  there 
much  value,  and  thofe  engiged  in  it  are  expofed  to  pillage     is  a  confiderab  e  manufafture  of  cordage,  and    four  fmall 
and  ill  treatment.     At  the  diiiance  of  450  leagues  from  the     ones  of  fliot  snd  hair  powtler  ;  and  within  a  few  leagues  of 
ZvIifTifippi,  and  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mifl'ouri,  dwell  the     the  town  are  twelve  dillilleries  for  making  taflia,  which  are 
Aricaras,  to  the  number  of  700  warriors,  and  60  leagues     laid  to  dillil  annually  a  confiderable  quantity,  §nd  one  fugar 
above  them,  the  Mandane  nation,  confifting  of  about  700  •  refinery,  which  is, faid  to  make  about  2CO,oonibs.  of  loaf  fngar. 
warriors  likewife.     Thcfe  two  laft  nations  ate  well  difpofed    There  are  no  colleges,  and  but  one  public  fchool,  which  is 


to  the  whites,  but  have  been  the  victims  of  the  Sioux,  or 
Mandowelues,  who  being  themfelves  well  provided  with  fire- 
arms, have  taken  advantage  of  the  dcfeiicelefs  fituation  of 
the  others,  and  have  on  all  occafions  murdered  them  without 
mercy.  No  difcoveries  on  the  MifliDuri,  beyond  the  Man- 
dane nation,  have  been  accurately  detaik'd,  though  the 
traders  have  been  informed,  that  many  navigable  rivers  dif- 
charge   their  waters   into  it,    above  it,  and  that  there  are 


at  New  Orleans.  There  are  a  few  private  fchools  for  chil- 
dren. Not  more  than  half  of  the  inhabitants  are  able  to 
read  and  write.  In  general  the  learning  of  the  inhabit- 
ants does  not  extend  beyond  thofe  two  arts  ;  though  thcv 
feem  to  be  endowed  with  a  good  natural  genius,  and  a  gocd 
and  an  uncommon  facility  of  learning  whatever  they  under- 
take. The  clergy  confills  of  a  bifnop,  who  does  not  refide 
in  the  province,   whofe  falary  of  4000  dollars  is  charged  on 


many  numerous  nations  fettled  on  them.     The  Sioux,  or  the  revenue  of  certain  biflioprics  in  Mexico  and  Cuba  ;  two 

Mandoweffies,   who  frequent    the    country  between  the  N.  canon-',  and  25  curates,  receive  each  from  360  to  480  dollars 

bank  of  the    Milfouri  and    Miffilippi^  are  a  jreat  impedi-  a-year.      At  Orleans  there    is    a    convent  of  Urfulines,  to 

ment  to  trade  and  navigation.     They  endeavour  to  prevent  .which  is  attached  about  1000  gcres  of  land.      Raynal,  Jef- 

all  communication    with  the  nations  higher  up  the  M.fT.iuri,  ferfon,   Morfe. 

to  deprive  them  of  ammunition    and  arms,  and  thus  keep  LOUiSTOWN,  a  town  of  America,  in  Talbot  county, 

them  fubfervient  to  themfelves.  In  the  winter  they  are  chiefly  Maryland,  on  the  W.  fide  of  Tuckahoe  creek  ;  four  miles 


on  the  banks  of  the  Miflburi,  and  maffacre  all  who  fall  into 
their  hands.  Tiiere  are  a  number  of  nations  at  a  diiiance 
from  the  banks  of  the  Mifl"ouri,  to  the  N.  and  S.  c-mcermng 
wliom  but  little  information  has  been  received.     Returning 


N.  of  King's-towi 

LOUISVILLE,  a  port  of  entry,  poft-town  of  Ken- 
tucky, and  capital  of  Jefl"erfon  county,  pleafantly  fituated 
on  thj  Lft  fide  of  the  Ohio,  on  an  elevated  plain  abovethe  Ra- 


to  the  MifTilippi,  and  afcending  it  from  the   Miflouri,  about     pid',  nearly  oppofite  to  Fort  Fenny.  It  commands  a  delightful 


7)  leagues  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  the  river  Moin- 
guna,  or  Riviere  de  Moine,  enters  the  Miflifippi  on  the  v.-eft 
Tide,  and  on  it  are  fituated  the  Ayoas,  a  n.ition  oriijinally 
•from  the  Mitlburi,  fper.king  the  language  of  the  Otacha- 
t.is  ;  it  conllfted  of  200  warrior::  before  the  f.mall-pox  lately 
raged  among  them.  The  Saes  and  .  Renards  dv.'ell  oa  the 
Mirfilippi,  about  300  leagues  above  St.  Louis,  and  frequently 
trade  with  it.;  they  live  together,  and  confided  of  500 
warriors :  their  chief  trade   is   with  Michlhmakinack,  and 


profpeft,  b'jt  the  ftagnatcd  waters  behind  it  render  it  un- 
healthy. It  coniifts  of  three  principal  ftreets,  and  contains 
about  100  houfes,  3  jo  inhabitants,  a  court-houfc,and  gaol ; 
40  miles  W.  of  Frankfort.  —Alio,  the  prefent  feat  of  go- 
vernment in  Georgia,  fituated  in  .leffcrfon  county,  in  the 
lovv-er  didrift  of  the  Hate,  on  the  N.E.  bank  of  the  Great 
Ogeechee  river,  70  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  contains  a 
llate-houfe,  a  tobacco  warehoufe,  and  upwards  of  forty 
dwelling  houfes.  In  the  vicinity  is  fituated  a  libera'ly  en- 
dowed 


LOU 


LOU 


dowed  college;  52  nsiles  S.E.  of  Augufta.  N.  lat.  32'  ^^'. 
W.  long.  82  42  '. 

LOULAY,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Charcnte,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  dif- 
trict  ol  St.  d'Angely,  and  fix  miles  N.  of  it.  The  place 
contains  3  66,  and  the  canton  7 1 6 1  inhabitants,  on  a  territory 
of  167;^  kiliometres,  in  19  communes. 

LOULE',  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  province  of  Al- 
garva,  ou  a  river  of  the  fame  name,  near  the  fca  ;  furrounded 
with  antique  walls,  and  containing  a  caiUe,  hofpitai,  three 
convents,  and  about  4460  inhabitants  ;  nine  miies  N.  of 
Faro.     N.  lat.  37-^8'.      W.  lorg.  7    54'. 

LOULIE\  FRAN90IS,  in  Biography,  a  French  mufician, 
who  published  in  1696  an  ingenious  and  ufefiil  book,  intitbd 
"  Elements  of  Mufic,"  with  a  defcriplion  of  a  chronometer 
to  meafiire  time  by  a  pendulum.  See  CuRONOMiiTER,  and 
its  defcription,  from  this  book,  in  Malcolm,  p.  ^07,  and  in 
1698,  another  book  was  printed  by  Etienne  Roger,  at  Am- 
rterdam,  called  "  A  New  Syilem  of  Mulic,"  by  the  fame 
author.  In  this  work,  beCdes  the  ufual  inftruftions  in  ele- 
mentary books,  he  explains  the  nature  of  tranfpoCtion,  and 
propofes  a  method  of  reducing  a  piece  of  mulic  into  any 
key  different  from  that  in  which  it  was  originally  compofed, 
by  means  of  imaginary  clefs.  See  Trassposition,  and 
Dr.  Pi;pufch's  "  Treatife  on  Harmony." 

LOUNG,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Hindooftan,  in  the 
circar  of  Schaurumpour  ;   28  miles  S.  of  Merat. 

LOU-NGHAN,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  firft  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Chen-li.     N.  lat.  36   42'.     E.  long.   116' 

LOUP,  a  river  of  France,  which  runs  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean. N.  lat.  43- 38'.  E.  long.  ;°  12'. — Alfo,  a  river 
of  Canada,  which  runs  into  the  lake  St.  Pierre.  N.  lat.  46"' 
13'.     E.  long.  73"' 47'. 

Loup,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
Upper  Saone,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  dillridl 
of  Lure  ;  lix  miles  N.W.  of  Luxeuil.  The  place  contains 
1891,  and  the  canton  13,366  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of 
19J  kiliometres,  in  14  communes. — Alfo,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  Two  Sevres,  and  chief  place  of  a 
canton,  in  the  di  drift  of  Parthenay,  near  the  river  Thoue  ; 
nine  miles  N.N.E.  of  Parthenay.  The  place  contains  1649, 
and  the  canton  5968  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  197s  ki- 
liometres, in  nine  communes. 

Loup  de  Salle,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Saone  and  Loire,  near  the  river  Heune  ;  1 1  miles 
N.  of  Chalons  fur  Saone. 

LOUPPE,  La,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Eure  and  Loire,  aad  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the 
dillnft  of  Nogent-le-Rotrou  ;  18  miles  W.  of  Chartres.- 
The  place  contains  1178,  and  the  canton  10,315  inhabitants, 
on  a  territory  of  245  kiliometres,  in  21  communes. 

LOUPTIERE,  John  Charles  de  Relongue,  in 
Biography,  was  born  in  the  diocefe  of  Sens  in  1727  ;  he 
became  a  member  of  the  academy  of  the  Arcadi  at  Rome, 
and  died  in  tlie  year  1784.  He  is  known  by  a  collection 
of  poems  in  two  volumes  i2mo.,  written  with  much  fpirit 
and  elegance  ;  and  by  fix  parts  of  a  Journal  for  ladies  printed 
in  1761. 

LOURDE,'  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Higher  Pyrenees,  and  chief  place  of  a  can- 
ton, in  the  dillrict  of  Argeles  ;  fix  miles  N.  of  Argeles. 
The  place  contains  2741,  and  the  canton  10,418  inhabitants, 
e«  a  territory  of  180  kiliometres,  in  27  communes.  N.  lat, 
43    6'.    E.  long,  o'  i'. 


LOURE,  in  French  Mufic,  a  kind  of  dance,  of  which 
the  tune  is  rather  flow,  and  generally  in  the  meafure  of  \, 
or  fix  crotchets  in  a  bar.  Loure  is  likewife  the  name  of  an 
inllri^ment  refembling  a  bagpipe,  to  the  mulic  of  which  the 
tune  is  danced. 

LOU  RE  R  is  a  verb,  which  implies  fuftaining  and  che- 
rifhing  the  times  of  a  movement,  in  oppofitioii  to  dctachi, 
fcparated. 

LOUREZA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia  ; 
eight  miles  W.  of  Tuy. 

LOURIC'AL,  a  town  of  Portugal,'  in  the  province  of 
Eili-amadura  ;  fix  miles  N.  of  Leyria. 

LOURINHA,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  province  of 
Eiitre  Di:ero  e  Minho  ;  8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Peniche. 

LOURIST.AN.     See  Laihstan. 

LOUROUX-BECONNOLS,  Le.  See  Lorou.x.  The 
place  contains  2018,  and  the  '■anton  6855  inhabitants,  on  a 
territory  of  2274  kiliometres,  in  feven  communes. 

LOUS,  Aa,,  in  Chronology,  the  Macedonian  name  for 
the  4Ji.thenian  month  Hecatombajon,  which  was  the  firll  of 
their  year,  and  anfwered  to  the  latter  part  of  our  June  and 
the  beginning  <rf  July. 

LOUSE,  in  Zoology.  See  Pediculus.  This  crea- 
ture has  lo  tranfparent  a  {hell,  or  fl<in,  that  we  are  able  to 
difcover  more  of  what  palfes  within  its  body,  than  in  moll 
other  living  creatures.  It  has  naturally  three  divilions,  the 
head,  the  breall,  and  the  tail  part.  In  the  head  appear 
two  fine  black  eyes,  with  a  horn  that  has  five  joints,  and  is 
furrounded  with  hair  ftarjding  before  each  eye  ;  and  from  . 
the  end  of  the  nofe,  or  fnout,  there  is  a  pointed  projec^ng 
part,  which  ferves  as  a  Iheath  or  cafe  to  a  piercer,  or  fucker, 
which  the  creature  thruRs  into  the  Ikin,  to  draw  out  the 
blood  and  humours  which  are  its  dellined  food  ;  for  it  has 
no  mouth  that  opens  in  the  common  way.  This  piercer  or 
fucker  is  judged  to  be  feven  hundred  times  fmaller  than  a 
hair,  and  is  contained  in  another  cafe  within  the  firft,  and 
can  be  thruft  out  or  drawn  in  at  plealure.  (Baker's  Micro- 
fcope,  p.  177.)  The  breaft  is  very  beautifully  marked  in 
the  middle,  the  flvin  is  tranfparer.t,  and  full  of  little  pits  ; 
and  from  the  under  part  of  it  proceed  fix  legs,  each  having  five 
joints,  and  their  fkin  all  the  way  refembling  fh;igreen,  ex- 
cept at  the  ends,  where  it  is  fmoolher.  Each  leg  is  ter- 
minated by  two  claws,  which  are  hooked,  and  are  of  an  un- 
equal length  and  fize  ;  thefe  it  ufes  as  we  would  a  thumb 
aiid  a  middle  finger,  and  there  are  hairs  between  thefe  claws 
as  well  as  all  over  the  legs.  Lewcnhoeck's  Arcan.  Nat., 
torn.  ii.  p.  74. 

On  the  back  of  the  tail  part  there  may  be  difcovered 
fome  ring-like  divifions,  abundance  of  hairs,  and  a  fort  of 
marks  which  look  like  the  ilrokes  of  a  rod  on  a  child  that 
has  been  whipped  ;  the  ikin  of  the  belly  feems  like  fhagreen, 
and  towards  the  lower  end  is  very  clear,  aad-  full  of  pits  : 
at  the  extremity  of  the  tail  there  ate  two  femicifcular 
parts,  covered  ail  over  with  hairs,  which  ferve  to  conceal 
the  anus. 

When  the  loufe  moves  its  legs,  the  motion  of  the  mufcles, 
which  ail  unite  in  an  obglon  dark  fpot  in  the  middle  of  the 
breaft,  may  be  diltinguifhed  perfeftly,  and  to  may  the  mo- 
tion of  the  mufcles  of  the  head  when  it  moves  its  horn,^. 
We  may  likewife  fee  the  various  ramificati«ns  of  the  veins 
and  arteries,  which  are  white,  with  the  pulfe  regularly  beat- 
ing in  the  arteries.  But  the  moll  lurprifing  of  all  the  ficrhts 
is  the  periftaltic  motion  of  the  guts,  wliich  i>  continued 
from  the  llomach  down  to  tlie  anus.  Philof.  Tranf. 
N'  102. 

If  one  pf  thefe  creatures,  when  hungry,  be  placed  on 
1  '  tbe 


LOUSE. 


the  back  of  the  hand,  it  will  thruft  its  fucker  into  the  fliin, 

and  the  blood  it  fucks  may  be  feen   pafling  in  a  fine  ftrcam 

to  the  fore-part  of  the  head  ;   where  falling  into  a  roundifh 

cavity,  it  paffes  again  in  a  fine  ftream  to  another  circular 
receptacle  in  the  middle  of  the  head  ;  from  thence  it  runs 
through  a  fmaller  veiTel  to  the  bread,  and  then  to  a  gut 
which  reaches  to  the  hinder  part  of  the  body,  where  in 
a  curve  it  turns  again  a  little  upward.  In  the  breaft  and 
the  gut  the  blood  is  moved  without  intcrmiflion  with  a  great 
force,  efpecially  in  the  gut  ;  and  that  with  fo  ftrong  a  pro- 
pulfion  downward,  and  fuch  a  contraAion  of  the  gut,  as  is 

■very  fiirprifing.     Power's  Mic.  Obf.  g. 

In  the  upper  part  of  the  crooked  afcending  gut  before 
mentioned,  the   propelled   blood    (lands  ftill,  and   feems  to 

•  undergo  afeparation  ;  fome  of  it  becoming  clear  and  water- 
ifh,  while  other  little  black  particles  pafs  downward  to  the 
anus. 

If  a'loufe  be  placed  on  its  back,  two  bloody  darkifh  fpots 

-appear  ;  the  larger  in  the  middle  of  the  body,  the  leffer  to- 
ward the  tail.     In  the  larger  fpot,  a  white  film  or  bl^+dder 

.contrails  and  dilates  upwards  and  downwards  from  the  head 
toward  the  tail,  the   motions  of  which   are   followed  by  a 

■pulfation  of  the  dark  bloody  fpot,  in  or  over  which  the 
white  bladder  feems  to  lie.  This  motion  of  the  fyftole  and 
diaftole  is  beft  feen  when  the  creature  begins  to  grow 
weak  ;  and  on  pricking  the  white  bladder,  which   feems   to 

'be  the  heart,  the  creature  always  inftantly  dies.  The 
lower  dark  fpot  is  fuppofed  to  be  the  excrements  in  the 
guts. 

Lice  have  been  fuppofed  to  be  hermaphrodites,  but  this 
is  erroneous  ;  for  Mr.  Lewenhoeck  difcovered  that  the  males 
have  ftings  in  their  tails,  which  the  females  have  not.  And 
he  fuppfrfeslhe  fmarting  pain  the'e  creatures  fometimes  give 
to  be  owing  to  their  Hinging  witli  thefe  ftings,  when 
made  uneafy  by  preffnre  or  otherwife.  This  accurate  ob. 
ferver  fays,  that  he  felt  hltle  or  no  pain  from  their 
fuckers,  though  fix  of  them  were  feeding  on  his  hand  at 
once. 

The  fame  accurate  obferver  determining  to  know  their 
true  hiftory  and  manner  of  breeding,  put  two  females  into 
a  black  Hocking,  which  he  wore  night  and  day.  He  found, 
on  examination,  that  in  fix  days  one  of  them  had  laid  above 
fifty  eggs ;  and  upon  dilTetling  it,  he  found  as  many  yet  re- 
maining in  the  ovary  ;  whence  he  concludes,  that  in  twelve 
days  it  would  ha%'e  laid  a  hundred  eggs.  Thefe  eggs  na- 
turally hatch  in  fix  days,  and  would  then  probably  have 
produced  fifty  males  and  as  many  females  ;  and  thefe  females 
coming  to  their  full  growth  in  eighteen  days,  might  each  of 
them  be  fuppofed  after  twelve  days  more  to  lay  a  hundred 
eggs  ;  which  eggs  in  fix  days  more,  might  produce  a  young 
brood  of  five  thoufand  ;  fo  that  in  eight  weeks  one  louie 
may  fee  five  thoufand  of  its  own  defcendant  j.  A  loufe  may 
be  eafily  difiecled  in  a  fmall  drop  of  water  upon  a  flip  of 
glafs  ;  and  thus  placed  before  the  microfcope,  it  is  common 
to  find  five  or  fix  eggs  of  a  fize  ready  to  be  laid,  and  fixty 
.or  feventy  others  of  different  bignels.  In  the  male  the 
penis  is  very  remarkably  diftinft,  as  are  alfo  the  teltes,  of 
which  he  feems  to  have  a  double  pair,  as  is  alfo  the  fting, 
the  ftrucf  ure  of  which  merits  a  peculiar  attention.  Lewen- 
hoeck's  Arcan.  Natur.  torn.  ii.  p.  78. 

Many  animals,  both  of  the  quadruped  and  flying  kinds, 
jire  fubjefl  to  lice :  but  thefe  are  of  peculiar  fpecies  on  each 
animal,  and  are  not  at  all  like  thofe  which  infelt  (he  human 
body.  Nay,  even  infefts  are  infefted  with  vermin,  which 
feed  on  them  and  torment  them.  Several  kinds  of  beetles 
arc  very  fubjeft  to  iice  j  buj  particularly  that  kind  called 


thence  the  loufy  Icelk.  The  lice  on  this  are  very  numerous, 
but  will  not  be  fiiook  off.  The  ear-wig  is  often  infefted 
with  lice  juft  at  the  fetting  on  of  its  head  ;  thefe  are  white 
and  fhining  like  mites,  but  they  are  much  fmaller  ;  they  are 
round-backed,  flat-bellied,  and  have  long  legs,  particularly 
the  foremoll  pair.  Snails  of  all  kinds,  but  efpecially  the 
large  naked  kinds,  are  very  fubjecl  to  lice,  which  are  con- 
tinually feen  running  about  them,  and  devouring  tliem. 
Numbers  of  little  red  lice,  with  a  very  fmall  head,  and  in 
(hape  refembling  a  tortoife,  are  often  feen  about  the  legs  of 
fpiders,  and  they  never  leave  the  fpider  while  he  lives,  but 
if  he  be  killed,  they  almoft  inftantly  forfake  him.  A  fort 
of  whitifh  hce  are  very  common  on  humble-bees  ;  they  are 
alfo  found  on  ants  ;  and  many  forts  of  fifties  are  not  lefs 
fubjcft  to  them  than  the  land  animals.  Kircher  fays,  that 
he  has  found  lice  alfp  on  flies.  Baker's  Microfcope, 
p.  182. 

Signior  Redi,  who  has  more  accurately  examined  thefe 
creatures  than  any  other  author,  has  engraved  feveral  fpe- 
cies found  on  different  animals.  He  calls  thofe  found  on 
beafts  lice,  and  thofe  found  on  birds  fleas.  He  is  of  opi- 
nion, that  every  fpecies  of  birds  has  its  peculiar  fort  of  flea, 
different  from  thofe  of  other  birds  ;  and  has  obferved  that 
they  are  hatched  white,  but  that  they  gradually  acquire  a 
colour,  like  that  of  the  feathers  they  live  among,'  yet  they 
ufually  remain  tranfparent  enough  for  a  good  microfcope  to 
difcover  the  motion  of  their  inteftines.  The  kinds  lie  has 
obferved  are  thefe  :  on  the  hawk  three  different  forts  ;  on 
the  large  pigeon,  the  turtle-dove,  the  hen,  the  ftarling,  the 
crane,  the  magpie,  the  heron,  the  lefTer  heron,  the  fwan, 
the  turkey,  the  duck,  the  fea-mew,  the  fmall  fwan,  the 
teal,  the  caftrel,  the  peacock,  the  capon,  and  the  crow,  on 
each  one  fort ;  on  the  moor-hen  three  forts  ;  on  the  wild 
goofe  two  forts  ;  and  on  the  crane,  befide  the  common  one, 
a  white  fort,  marked,  as  it  were,  with  Arabic  charaiSers. 
Men,  he  obferves,  are  fubjeCl  to  two  kinds,  the  common 
loufe,  and  that  called  the  cra^  loufe.  He  alio  found  pecu- 
liar forts  on  the  goat,  the  camel,  the  afs,  the  African  ram, 
the  ftag,  which  has,  like  many  of  the  birds,  two  kinds,  and 
on  the  hon  and  the  tyger.  The  fame  author  has  obferved, 
that  the  fize  of  thefe  creatures  is  not  at  all  proportioned 
to  that  of  the  animal  they  are  to  inhabit,  for  the  ftar- 
ling has  them-  as  large  as  the  fwan.  Redi,  Gen.  Iiil. 
p.  312. 

It  is  obfervable,  that  fome  fort  of  conftitutions  are  more 
apt  to  breed  lice  tlian  others ;  and  that  in  certain  places  of 
different  degrees  of  heat,  they  are  very  certain  to  be  do- 
ilroyed  upon  people,  who  in  other  clifnates  are  overrun  witli 
them.  It  is  an  obfervation  of  Oviedo,  that  the  Spanifh 
failors,  who  are  generally  much  afflifted  with  lice,  always 
lofe  them  in  a  certain  degree  in  their  voyage  to  the  Indies, 
and  luive  them  again  on  their  coming  to  the  fame  degree  at 
their  return  :  this  is  not  only  true  of  the  Spaniards,  but  of 
all  other  people  who  make  the  fame  voyage;  for  though 
they  fet  out  ever  fo  loufy,  they  have  not  one  of  thefe  crea- 
tures to  be  found  after  they  come  to  the  tropic.  And  in 
the  Indies  there  is  no  fuch  thing  as  a  loufe  about  the  body, 
though  the  people  be  ever  fo  uafly.  The  failors  continue 
free  from  thefe  creatures  till  their  return;  but  in  going  back 
they  ufually  begin  to  be  loufy,  after  they  come  to  about  the 
latitude  of  Madeira.  The  extreme  fweats  which  the  work- 
ing people  naturally  fall  into  between  tliis^Jatitude  and  the 
Indies,  drown  and  deftroy  the  lice,  and  are  of  the  fame  ef- 
feft  as  the  rubbing  over  the  loufy  heads  of  children  with 
butter  and  oil.  The  fweat  in  and  about  the  Indies  is  not 
rank  as  in  Europe,  and  therefore  it  is  not  apt  to  breed  lice; 
but  when  the  people  return  into  latitudes  where  they  fweat 

rank 


LOU 


LOU 


rank  again,  their  naftinefs  fubjefts  them  to  the  fame  vifita-  prior  of  Barling's   abbey,  with  the  vicar  and  thirteen  other 

tions  of  thefe  vermin  which  It  ufed  to  have.  ring-leaders,  fuffered  death.     In   this   town  were  anciently 

The  people  in  general,  in  the  Indies,  are  very  fubjeft  to  eftablifhed  three  religions  fraternities,  called  "  The  Guild  of 

lice  in  their  heads,  though  free  from  them  in  their  bodies,  our  BlelTed  "Lady,  the  Guild  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  and  the 


The  reafon  of  this  is,  that  their  heads  fvi'eat  lefs  than  their 
body,  and  they  take  no  care  to  comb  and  clean  them.  The 
Spanifh   negroes  wafh  their  headi  thoroughly   once  every 


Chantry  of  John  of  Louth."  King  Edward  VI.  alienated 
the  funds  of  thefe  guilds,  and  granted  them  for  the  purpofe 
of  eroding    and    endowing   a  free   grammar   fchool.      The 


week  with  foap,  to  prevent  their  being  loufy.     This  makes     lands  then  produced  40/.  per  annum,  but  are  now  let  at  400/. 

.,  r  u  u„.».-_  .!,„_   ^i,„  ,.»t ...u-  -__     One-half  of  the   produce  was  granted  for  a  head  matter'* 

falary,  one-fourth  for  the  ufhcr's,  and  the  remainder  for  the 
perpetual  maintenance  of  twelve  poor  women.  The  truftees 
of  this  foundation  were  incorporated  by  the  name  of  "  The 
warden  and  fix  affiftan's  of  the  town  of  Louth,  and  frce- 
fchool  of  king  Edward  VI.  in  Louth."  Another  free-fchool, 
on  a  very  refpeftable  fcalc,  was  founded  in  purfuance  of  the 
will  ef  Dr.  Mcipletoft,  dean  of  Ely,  bearing  date  Auguft 
17th,  1677.  The  church  of  St.  James  is  a  fpacious  edifice, 
confiding  of  a  nave,  two  aifles,  with  an  elegant  tower  and 
fpire  at  the  weft  end.  The  eaft  end,  which  prefents  a  fine 
elevation,  exhibits  a  large   central  window,  having 


them  efcape  much  better  than  the  other  negroes  who  are 
flaves  there,  for  the  lice  grow  fo  numerous  in  their  heads, 
that  they  often  eat  large  holes  in  this  part. 

M.  de  la  Hire  has  given  a  curious  account  of  the  crea- 
ture which  he  found  on  the  common  fly.  Having  occafion 
to  view  a  living  fly  by  the  microfcope,he  obferved  on  its  head, 
back,  and  (houlders,  a  great  number  of  fmall  animals, 
crawling  very  nimbly  about,  and  often  climbing  up  the 
hairs,  which  grow  at  the  origin  of  the  fly's  legs.  He,  with 
a  fii^.e  needle,  took  up  one  of  thefe,  and  placed  it  before 
the  microfcope,  ufed  to  view  the  animalcules  in  fluids.  It 
had  eight  legs,  four  on  each   fide  ;  they  were  not   placed 


„  _  .  .  ^  -     ,   jj    fix   up. 

very  diftant  from  one  another,  but  the  four  toward  the  head  right  muUions  and  varied  tracery,  with  two  lateral  windows 

were  feparated  by  a  fmall  fpace  from   the   four  toward  the  opening  into  the  aifles.     Internally  the  nave  is  feparated  from 

tail.     The  feet  were  of  a  particular  ftrufturo,  being  com-  the  aifles  by  oftagonal  columns,  the  alternate  fides  of  which 

pofed  of  feveral  fingers,  as   it  were,  and   fitted  for  taking  are  relieved   by  fingle  flutes.      The  chancel,  which  has  an 

raft  hold  of  any  thing  ;  the  two  nearell  the  head  were  alfo  altar  piece  containing  a  pifture  of  the  Dt-fcent  from  the  Crofs 

more  remarkable  in  this  particular  than  thofe  near  the  tail  ;  by  Williams,  is  of  more  modern  date  than  the  body  of  the 

the  extremities  of  the  legs,  for  a  little  way  above  the  feet,  church,  and  is  probably  coeval  with  the  juftly  admired  fteeple. 

were  dry  and  void  of  flefh,  like  the  legs  of  birds,  but  above  The  latter  was  begun  in  the  year   1501,  and  completed  in 


this  part  they  appeared  plump  and  flefhy.  It  had  two  fmall 
horHS  upon  its  head,  formed  of  feveral  hairs  arranged  clofely 
together  ;  and  there  were  fume  other  clufters  of  hairs  by  the 
fide  of  thefe  horns,  but  they  had  not  the  fame  figure ;  and 


fifteen  years.  The  height  was  originally  360  feet ;'  but  the 
flat  ftone  on  the  fummit  was  blown  off"  in  15S7,  and  carried 
with  it  part  of  the  building  into  the  body  of  the  church. 
The  whole  fpire  being  blown  down  Oftobcr  nth,  1634,  the 


toward  the  origin  of  the  hinder  legs  there  were  two  other     prefent  one   was  ereded.     The   tower  part  of  the  lleecle 


fuch  clufters  of  hairs,  which  took  their  origin  at  the  middle 
of  the  back.  The  whole  creature  was  of  a  bright  yellowifli 
red;  and  the  legs,  and  all  the  body,  except  a  large  fpot  in 
the  centre,   were  perfectly  tranfparent.      In  fize,  the  author 


confifts  of  three  ftories  :  each  ftage  terminates  with  elegant 
pediments,  fupported  by  ornamental  corbels ;  in  this  manr.er 
diminifliing  to  the  top,  where  are  four  odlagonal  embattled 
turrets.     At  eighty  feet  from  the  bafe,  round  the  exterior 


believes  it  was  about  5^"5,dth  part  of  the  bignefs  of  the  head     of  the  tower,  runs  a  gallery,  guarded  by  a  parapet  wall ; 
of  the  fly;  he  obferves,  that  it  is  rarely  that  flies  are  found     and  at  the  height  of  170  feet   the  battlements  commence, 
infefted  with  them.     Mem.  Acad.  Par.  1693.  The  top  ftone  projeds  with  a  cornice;  the  height  of  the 

Louse,  Tree.     See  Aphis.  fpire  to  the  crofs  is  141  feet ;  the  total  height  of  the  whole 

Louse,   Wood.     See  Millepedes.  288  feet.     The  living  of  St.  James  is  a  vicarage,  in  the  gift 

'Loxjsv.-'wort,  in  Botany.      See  Pedicularis.  of  a  prebendary  of  Lincoln  cathedral,  to  which  it  was  an- 

LousE-'ifort,   Tello'w.     See  Rhi.nanthus.  nexed  by  the  Conqueror.    The  vicarage  houfe,  which  ftands 

The  Dutch  carry  on  a   trade  with  the  feeds  and  feed-    contiguous  to  the  church  yard,  is  an  old  thatched  building; 
veffels  of  a  fpecies  of  this  plant,  refembling  the  common     and  the  prefent  vicar  has,  in  unifon  w'th  its  appe.irance, 
yellow  meadow  loufe-wort,  to  Germany,  and  call  ii  femen    laid  out  his  garden  in  a  curious  ftyle  of  ingenious  rullicity : 
faradittos i  they  ufe  it  for  deftroying  bugs:  for  this  purpofe,    it  is  denominated  the  hermitage.     In   Louth  was  formerly 
they  boil   a  quantity  of  the  feeds  and  capfules  in  common     another  church,  named  St.  Mary's  ;  it  is  now  total  1)  demo- 
water,  with  which  they  walh  their  wainfcots,  bedftcads,  &c.     liflied;  but  the  church-yard   is   the   place   of  fepulture   for 
where  thefe  infeds  are  lodged  ;  and  thus  they  are  eft'edually    the  town,  as  that  of  St.  James  has  not  been   ufed   for  that 
deftroyed.      Miller.  purpofe  for  forty  years  paft.      The  DiflTenters  from  the  efta- 

LOU-TCHOU,  in  Geography,  a  river  of  Thibet,  which     blifhment   have  three  places  of  worlhip  ;  one  for  Catholics, 
runs  into  the  Sampoo ;   22  miles  S.W.  of  Tankia.        -  .-      ^       .  -  .  ...... 

LOUTESTINA,  a  town  of  Croatia;  12  miles  S.  of 
Creutz. 

LOUTH,  a  large  market  town  in  the  wapentake  of 
Louth  Eike,  in  the  Lindfay  divlfion  of  Lincolnfliire, 
England,  is  fituated  in  a  fertile  valley  at  the  eaftern  foot 
of  the  Wolds,  26  miles  diftant  from  Lincoln,  and  153 
from  London.  It  was  anciently  called  Luda,  from  us 
proximity  to  the  Ludd,  a  fmall  rivulet  formed  by  the 
confluence  of  two  ftreams.     Among  the  few  hiftorical  events 


one  for  Baptifts,  and  one  for  Methodiits.  The  other  prin- 
cipal buildings  are  a  town-hall,  an  aflembly  room,  and  a 
theatre.  The  civil  government  of  the  town  is  vefted  in  the 
warden  and  fix  afliltants,  incorporated,  as  already  mentioned, 
by  Edward  VI.,  who  in  the  fame  charter  granted  two  mar- 
kets to  be  held  on  Wednefdays  and  Saturdays,  and  three 
fairs  to  commence  on  the  third  Sunda'y  after  Eafter,  St. 
James's  day,  and  the  feaft  of  St.  Martin  ;  with  a  particular 
injundion,  that  they  fliould  continue  two  whole  days  after, 
that  the  firll  day  of  each  tair  might  be  appropriated  "  to 
relative  to  Louth,  we  find  that  in  the  rebellion  of  the  year  hearing  the  word  of  God."  Q'jeen  Ehzabeth  gave  to  the 
1536,  occafioned  by  the  fuppreflion  of  the  religious  houfes,  corporation  ihe  manor  of  Louth,  of  which  the  annual  value 
the  inhabitants  took  an  adive  part,  under  Dr.  Mackerel,  was  then  78/.  i+r.  \id.  for  the  better  fupport  of  the  cor- 
who  was  known  by  the  name  of  captain  Cobler,  when  the    porate  dignity  ;  and  fome  additional  privileges  were  granted 


Vol-.  XXI. 


K 


by 


LOU 

by  James  I.  In  the  year  1801,  the  inhabitants  of  Louth, 
as  appears  by  the  return  under  the  population  afl,  were 
4236,  and  the  number  of  houfes  qj-jO  ;  but  a  confiderable 
increafe  has  been  made  fince  that  time.  A  carpet  and 
blanket  manufaftory  has  been  recently  eilablidicd  here,  and 
is  now  in  a  very  profperous  (late  ;  here  is  alfo  a  large  manu- 
factory of  foap,  and  a  mill  for  making  coarfe  paper.  In 
the  year  1761  an  aft  was  obtained  for  cutting  a  canal  between 
Louth  and  the  North  fea.  It  commences  about  half  a  mile 
from  the  town,  and  keeps  parallel  with  the  Ludd,  which 
fupplies  it  with  water ;  leaving  the  river  about  four  miles 
from  the  town,  it  fweeps  to  the  north  and  joins  the  fea  at  a 
place  called  Tetney  lock.  The  undertaking  cod  iz.ooo/., 
which  brings  in  very  good  intcreft.  By  this  channel  velTels 
of  confiderable  burthen  regularly  trade  to  London,  Hull, 
and  feveral  parts  of  Yorklhire,  carrying  out  corn  and  wool, 
and  bringing  home  timber,  coals,  grocery,  &c.  In  Louth 
and  its  vicinity  are  various  fprings  of  a  very  peculiar  nature, 
worthy  of  inveftigation  by  the  philofopher  and  chemift. 

About  a  mile  from  tlie  town  is  the  fcite  of  Louth  Park 
abbey,  which  was  built  by  Alexander,  bilhop  of  Lincoln,  in 
the  year  1139,  and  appropriated  to  Cillercian  monks.  In 
the  time  of  Henry  III.  this  houfe  contained  66  monks  and 
150  converts  or  labourers.  Beauties  of  England  and  Wales, 
vol.  ix.  See  alfo  an  account  of  Louth  Church  and  Plan  of 
the  Town,  publifhed  by  Mr.  T.  Efpin,  a  refpcftable  fchool- 
mafter  of  Louth. 

Louth,  a  county  of  Ireland,  which,  though  ufually 
reckoned  in  Leinfter,  bears  a  great  refemblance  in  many 
partieulars  to  the  adjoining  ones  in  Ulfter.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  the  county  of  Armagh  ;  on  the  N.E.  by  the 
bay  of  Carlingford,  which  feparates  it  from  Down  ;  on  the 
E.  by  the  Irifh  fea  ;  on  the  S.  by  Meath,  and  on  the 
W.  by  this  lad  county  and  Monaghan.  It  is  the  fmalleft; 
county  in  Ireland;  its  greateil  length  being  only  2 1  Irilh 
(near  27  Englifh)  miles,  and  itsbreadih  14  Iridi  (18  Enghfh) 
miles.  The  number  of  acres  in  Irifli  meafure  is  110,750, 
equal  to  173  fquare  miles,  which  in  Englifh  meafure  is  about 
I77,926acres,  or  278  fquare  miles.  Small  as  it  is,  it  contains 
61  parilhes  in  the  diocefe  of  Armagh,  and  its  population 
many  years  ago  was  eftimated  at  57,750.  Louth  is  in 
general  a  rich  and  we'l  cultivated  traft,  in  which  there  is 
very  hltle  wafte  ground,  and  the  population  of  which  is 
very  great.  Though  not  deficient  in  thofe  undulations  of 
the  ground  which  render  a  country  interefting,  it  cannot  be 
called  hilly,  except  in  the  peninfula  between  the  bays  of 
Carhngford  and  Duadalk,  and  on  the  confines  of  Armagh. 
It  is  very  much  under  tillage,  and  more  attention  is  paid  to 
agricultural  improvement  than  in  mod  other  parts  of  the 
ifland,  which  may  in  great  meafure  be  attributed  to  the  ex- 
ertions of  the  late  lord  chief  baron  Forder,  who  is  called  by 
Arthur  Young  ■'  the  prince  of  reformers,''  and  of  his  fon 
the  Rt.  Hon.  John  Forder,  who  has  not  only  followed  up 
his  father's  meafures,  but  in  the  high  public  offices  he  has 
held,  has  been  an  aftive  promoter  of  agriculture  through- 
out Ireland,  by  the  laws  he  propofed  for  its  encourage- 
ment. The  crops  confift  of  wheat,  barley,  oat^s,  flax  and 
potatoes,  and  there  is  alfo  a  great  deal  of  peas  and  red  clover. 
Limcdone  is  found  in  a  fmall  traft  adjoininar  the  county  of 
Meath  in  the  fouth,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Carlingford, 
and  at  Cadletown,  on  the  confines  of  Armagh,  but  not  in 
the  country  between  Drogheda  and  Dundalk.  This  valu- 
able manure  is,  however,  procured  at  a  moderate  expence, 
and  contributes  to  the  improvement  of  the  foil.  At  fome 
depth  in  the  Dogs  under  the  turf  theie  is  fine  white  dielly 
marie  in  great  abundance,  which  is  alfo  found  a  very  ufeful 
manure.  Thofe  who  live  near  the  fea-coad  alfo  avail  them- 
II 


LOU 

felves  of  their  fituation  to  ufe  weeds  which  are  found  there. 
The  mineral  treafures  of  Louth  do  not  feem  to  be  great. 
Some  ochres  and  foap  rock  are  mentioned,  and  formerly  a 
lead  mine  was  wrought  at  Salterdown,  on  the  fea-coad,  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Cadlebelhngham  ;  but  the  riches  of 
Louth  confiCt  in  the  produce  of  its  cultivated  lands.  The 
done  chiefly  found  is  the  fame  as  that  found  in  Armagh  and 
Monaghan,  and  called  wh'injlone,  but  which  differs  from  other 
dones  fo  called.  It  is  hard,  but  not  fo  much  fo  as  to 
ftrike  fire  with  deel.  Sir  C.  Coote  fays,  that  it  contains 
46  parts  of  filica,  22  of  alumine,  28  oxyd  of  iron,  and  four 
of  lime  in  the  JOO  parts.  The  principal  river  of  this 
county  is  the  Boyne,  which  flowing  from  Mearh,  becomes 
the  fouthern  boundary,  about  two  miles  W.  of  Drogheda, 
and  falls  into  the  fea  about  two  miles  below  that  town.  It 
is  a  river  capable  of  afl'ording  great  advantages  to  the  coun- 
try through  which  it  pades.  (See  BoYXE. )  Several  other 
fmall  rivers  crofs  the  county  and  fall  into  the  bay  of  Dun- 
dalk. The  towns  of  Carlingford,  Dundalk,  Drogheda,  and 
CoUon,  have  been  already  noticed  under  their  refpeftive 
names.  Of  thcfe  Dundalk  is  the  affize  town,  and  Drog- 
heda returns  one  member,  fo  that  the  county  has  three  re- 
prefentatives.  There  are  in  Louth  a  greater  number  than 
in  any  other  part  of  Ireland  of  thofe  high  artificial  mounts, 
the  fortreffes  of  early  ages  which  the  Irifh  call  raths,  and 
attribute  to  the  Danes.  In  Wriixht's  Louthiana  will  be 
found  a  full  account  of  thefe  antiquities,  many  of  whicli  are 
noticed  in  different  articles  of  this  work.  Louth  was  early 
colonized  by  the  Englifh  and  was  within  the  Pale.  It  had 
a  large  fhare  of  the  diflurbances  which  have  afBifled  Ireland. 
Beaufort,  Young,   &c. 

Louth,  a  townfhip  of  Upper  Canada,  W.  of  Grantham, 
and  fronting  hke  Ontario. 

LOUTRA,  Great  and  Little,  two  fmall  Greek 
iflands  in  the  gulf  of  Engia ;  feven  miles  N.W.  of  Engia. 

LOVTZOVA,  a  town  of  Ruflia,  in  the  government  of 
Irkutfl't  ;    10  miles  N.E.  of  Verchnei  Udmflc. 

LOU  VAIN,  a  city  of  France,  and  principal  place  of  a 
didrift,  in  the  department  of  the  Dyle.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  is  edimated  at  18,000,  in  two  cantons,  one  con- 
fiding of -17,796  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  875  kiliome- 
tres  in  12  communes,  and  the  other  containing  18,230,  on 
a  territory  of  140  kiliometres,  in  15  communes.  This  city 
was  formerly  the  capital  of  Brabant,  and  as  fome  fay,  pro- 
bably without  fufficient  authority,  totinded  by  Julius  Cosfar,. 
or  by  one  Lupus,  who  lived  long  before  him;  it  i.s  certain, 
however,  that  this  place  was  known  in  the  year  885,  when- 
Godfrey,  duke  of  Normandy,  having  ravaged  the  coun-, 
try,  encamped  near  the  Dyle,  on  the  plain  of  Louvain. 
The  emperor  Arni'.lph  built  a  cadle  about  this  time  to 
defend  the  country  againd  the  Normans,  which  was  called 
"  Loven,"  or  •' le  Chateau  de  Ca:far,"  Csefar's  cadle,  and 
was  a  long  time  the  ordinary  refidence  of  the  dukes  of  Bra- 
bant. Here  Henry  I.  was  affaflinated  in  1038  ;  and  here 
alfo  the  e.mperor  Charles  V.  and  his  fiders,  were  brought 
up  till  the  year  1520;  and  formerly  the  affembly  of  dates 
was  held  here.  It  was  fird  furrounded  with  walls  in  1165, 
and  much  enlarged  in  the  fourteenth  century  by  Wenceflaus 
and  John,  two  dukes  of  Brabant.  It  was  formerly  much 
larger  and  richer  than  it  is  now,  and  its  trade  was  much  more 
extenfive.  At  the  commencement  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury, 4000  houfes  were  inhabited  by  clothiers,  who  em- 
ployed above  150,000  workmen.  It  is  a  traditionary  report, 
that  when  the  weavers  left  off  work,  notice  was  given  of  it 
by  a  large  bell,  that  the  children  might  be  kept  within  doors, 
to  prevent  their  being  thrown  down  and  trampled  to  death. 
Hence  it  became  neceflary  to  have  more  magidrates  than  ii^ 

other 


LOU 

other  cities,  who  alTenibled  in  the  town-houfe,  which  is  a 
beautiful  Gothic  ftiudlure.  In  the  year  1382  the  weavers 
and  other  tradcfinen  revolted  againll  Wencedaus,  duke  of 
Brabant,  and  not  only  threw  17  of  the  magiftrates  out  of 
the  windows  of  the  town-houfe,  but  proceeded  to  commit 
other  afts  of  enormity,  and  to  lay  walle  the  province  :  but 
teing  befieged,  they  fupplicated  for  mercy  and  obtained 
pardon,  the  mod  culpable  only  being  puniflied  ;  ai:d  the 
weavers,  who  inftigated  the  infurreftion,  were  banilhed  ; 
and  mod  of  them  retired  to  England,  where  they  were  well 
received.  As  Louvain,  on  this  occafion,  was  nearly  deprived 
of  commerce  and  inhabitants,  John  IV.  duke  of  Brabant, 
in  the  year  1426,  founded  an  univeriity,  which  was  after- 
wards deemed  the  ornament  and  glory  of  the  place,  and  is 
faid  to  have  refembled  our  Engiifh  univerfities  more  than  any 
other  abroad.  In  this  univerfity  there  are  60  colleges,  which 
have  been  much  admired  for  their  fituation  and  building, 
though  lefs  fumptuous  than  thofe  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge. 
Louvain  had  alfo  a  Dutch  college  for  Roman  Cathohcs,  an 
Enghfh  one  of  Dominican  friars,  an  In(h  one  of  fecular 
priefts,  another  of  Dominican  friars,  and  av.other  of  Fran- 
cifcans.  Here  was  alfo  a  convent  of  Enghfh  nuns,  reckoned 
thebeft  of  any  of  this  nation  in  the  Low  Countries.  The  trade 
of  this  place  at  prelent,  which  is  much  declined  from  what 
it  was  in  the  ancient  days  of  its  profperity  and  glory,  is  not 
very  confiderable,  and  confifts  principally  in  beer,  of  which 
a  great  quantity  is  fent  to  Bruftels,  Antwerp,  Liege,  Tirle- 
mont,  and  other  cities  and  towns.  Louvain  is  ill  adapted 
for  defence  again  ft;  an  enemy,  its  walls  being  nine  miles  in 
circumference,  though  not  a  third  part  of  the  iiiclofed 
ground  has  buildings,  the  vacant  fpace  being  occupied  for 
gardens  and  vineyards.  It  was  taken  by  the  foldiers  of  the 
French  repubhc  by  Dumouricr,  in  their  hafty  progrefs 
through  Brabant,  but  evacuated  March  the  3d,  179.:?.  Lou- 
vain was  anciently  fituated  partly  in  the  diocefe  of  Liege 
and  partly  in  that  of  Cambray  ;  but  when  the  archbifhopric 
of  Malines  was  erected,  it  was  placed  under  that  diocefe, 
and  fo  it  remained  till  its  union  with  France ;  21  miles  S.  of 
Antwerp.      N.  lat.  50'  54'.      E.  long.  4  40'. 

LOUVEGNE  ,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
the  Ourtlie,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  diilrift  of 
Liege.  The  place  contains  1541,  and  the  canton  5925 
inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  170  kiliometres,  in  7  com- 
munes. 

LOUVET,  Petek,  in  Biography,  a  native  of  Reinville, 
near  Beauvais,  flouriflned  in  the  feventeenth  century,  was 
educated  to  the  profeffion  of  the  law,  and  became  mailer  of 
requefts  to  queen  Margaret.  He  was  author  of  feveral 
works,  which  contain  much  ufeful  and  curious  matter,  and 
valuable  to  the  hiftorian.  Of  this  defcription  are  "  The 
Hillory  of  the  Antiquities  of  the  Diocefe  of  Beauvais';" 
"  Nomenclatura  et  Chronologia  Rerum  EcclefialHcarum 
Disecelis  Bellovacenlis  ;"  and  "  Remarks  on  the  ancient 
State  of  the  Nobility  in  the  Beauvafm,  and  of  feveral  French 
Families."     He  died  in  1646. 

LoUVET    DE    COUVRAY,      JOHN     BaPTIST,     OWe     of    the 

members  of  the  French  convention  of  France,  noticed  in 
the  article  Lewi.s  XVI.  He  was  of  the  Briffotine  party, 
and  had  the  courage  to  oppofe  the  favage  Robefpierre, 
when  at  the  very  hei^^ht  of  his  power ;  yet  he  efcaped  the 
flaughter  which  that  tyrant  inflicted  on  a  multitude  of  good 
men,  and  died  in  the  year  1797.,  He  vvas  author  of  a  ro- 
mance, entitled  "  The  Amours  of  the  Chevalier  Faublas;" 
a  political  journal,  called  "  The  Sentinel ;"  "  A  Juililica- 
tion  of  Paris  in  1789  ;"  "  Emily  de  Varmont ;"  and  "  An 
Account  of  himfelf^  and  of  the  Dangers  which  he  had  paffed 
through." 


LOU 

LOUVIERS,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  and 
principal  place  of  a  diflrift,  in  the  department  of  the  Eure, 
12  miles  N.  of  Evreux.  The  place  contains  6500,  and 
the  canton  14,444  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  i  )7^ 
kiliometres,    in   22   communes.     N.  lat.  49'  3'.    E.  long. 

LOUVIGNE'-du-Desert,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Ille  and  Vilaine,  and  chief  place  of  a  can- 
ton, in  the  diftricl  of  Fougeres  ;  8  miles  N.N  E.  of  Fou- 
geres.  The  place  contains  3060,  and  the  canton  13,435 
inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  172!  kiliomet»-es,  in  8  com- 
munes. 

LOUVILLE,  Eugene  d'Aloxville,  in  Biography,  a 
French  mathematician  and  artronomer,  who  flourifhed  in  the 
former  part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  defcended  from  an 
ancient  family,  was  born  in  the  diocefe  of  Chartres  in  the 
year  1671.  He  was  educated  for  the  naval  or  mihtary  pro- 
feflion  :  he  ferved  in  both  capacities,  and  obtained  a  con- 
fiderable rank  in  the  army  of  Philip  V.  king  of  Spain. 
Being  difbanded  upon  the  peace  of  Utrecht,  he  devoted 
himfelf  entirely  to  the  fludy  of  the  mathematics,  and  par- 
ticularly to  the  fcienceof  aftronomy.  About  the  year  171J 
he  went  to  Marfeilles,  for  the  purpofe  of  afcertaining  the 
latitude  of  that  place,  in  order  that  he  might  the  better 
compare  his  obfervations  with  thofe  of  Pytheas,  made  almoft 
two  thoufand  years  before.  In  1714  he  was  admitted  a 
member  of  the  academy  of  fciences  at  Paris,  and  appointed 
aftronomer  at  the  obfervatory  of  that  city.  During  the 
year  1715  he  came  into  England,  in  order  to  obferve  the 
total  eclipfe  of  the  fun  in  that  year,  which  was  to  be  more 
perfe6tly  vifible  in  the  neighbourhood  of  London,  than  in 
any  other  part  of  the  northern  heraifphere.  He  was  novf 
elefted  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society  ef  London  ;  and  on 
his  return  to  his  native  country,  he  apphed  himfelf  moft 
afTiduoufly  to  his  aflronomical  purfuits.  So  intent  was  he 
in  profecuting  his  ftudies,  that  he  became  a  reclufe,  who 
was  never  to  be  fpoken  with  but  during  the  time  when  he 
was  at  his  meals,  and  who  immediately  afterwards  withdrew 
into  privacy.  Notwithftanding  this  temper  of  mind,  he  was 
noted  for  a  delicacy  and  nicenefs  with  refpeft  to  drefs,  and 
articles  for  the  table.  In  the  year  1732  he  was  attacked 
with  a  lethargic  diforder,  which  in  a  fhort  time  terminatf?d 
his  life  and  labours.  He  was  author  of  a  great  number  of 
curious  "  Differtations,"  on  phyfical  and  aftronomical  fub- 
jefts  ;  feveral  of  which  are  inferted  in  the  "  Memoirs  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences,"  and  others  in  the  "  French  Mer- 
cury." Louville  was  a  good  mechanic :  he  pofTeffed  a  fine 
colleftion  of  inflruments,  the  beil  of  which  were  made  with 
his  own  hands.      Moreri. 

LOUVO,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Siam,  feated  on  a 
river  which  runs  into  the  Macon.  The  fituation  is  fo  de- 
lightful, and  the  air  fo  falubrious,  that  the  king  refides 
here  during  the  greatell  part  of  the  year ;  40  miles  S.  of 
Siam.     N.  lat.  14' Si;'.  E.  long.  100"  30'. 

LOUVRE,  in  Aliific,  a  well-known  dance-tune. 

Louvre  was  alfo  formerly  the  name  of  the  royal  palace  at 
Paris. 

Louvre,  Honours  of  the.     See  Honours. 

LOUVRES,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Seine  and  Oife  ;  1 2  miles  N.  of  Paris. 
N.  lat.  49' 3'.  E.  long.  2°  3,-'. 

LOW,  Edwaud,  in  Biography,  organift  of  Chrift-church 
college,  Oxford,  in  the  feventeenth  century.  Anthony 
Wood  fpeaks  of  him  as  "  a  proud  man,  who  could  not  en- 
dure that  any  one  of  the  waits  or  common  muficians  Hiould 
be  allowed  to  play  at  the  weekly  inufic-mectings,  among  re- 
gular profelTors  and  gentlemen  performers."  Low  had 
3  K   2  been 


LOW 


LOW 


been  brought  up  in  Salifbury  cathedral,  and  was  appointed 
organift  of  Chrill-church,  Oxford,  in  1630,  where  he  was 
deputy  mufic  profefTor  under  Dr.  Wilfon  ;  and  upon  his 
quitting  the  univerfity,  Low  was  appointed  his  fucceflor  in 
tiie  profcfTorfhip. 

Low  pubhfhtd,  in  i66i,an  ufeful  httle  book  of  "  Short 
Direftions  for  the  Performance  of  the  Cathedral  Service;" 
which  was  reprinted  in  1664,  under  the  title  of  •'  A  Re- 
view of  fume  (liort  Directions,  formerly  printed,  for  the 
Performance  of  Cathedral  Service,  with  many  ufeful  Addi- 
tions according  to  the  Common  Prayer-book,  as  itis  now 
eitablifhed  :  publiflied  for  the  information  of  fuch  as  are 
ignorant  in  the  Performance  of  that  Service,  and  fhall  be 
called  to  officiate  in  Cathedral  or  Collegiate  Churches  ;  or 
any  other  that  religioufly  defire  to  bearc  a  Part  in  that  Ser- 
vice, by  E.  L.,  Oxon.  1664."  Nothing  of  this  kind  had 
appeared  fince  Marbeck's  book,  in  the  time  of  Edward  VI. ; 
and  as  it  is  now  (1804)  140  years  fince  the  fecond  edition 
of  Low's  little  tradt  was  publidied,  it  fcems  high  time  for 
another  to  be  drawn  up  by  fomc  regular  bred  and  able  or- 
ganift, or  choral  performer,  in  one  of  the  choirs  of  the  me- 
tropolis. 

Low,  at  the  Reftoration,  was  appointed  one  of  the  or- 
ganifts  of  the  chapel  royal.  He  died  in  1682,  and  was  fuc- 
cecded  in  the  king's  chapel  by  Henry  Purcell. 

Low,  Thomas,  a  ftage  finger,  with  an  exquifite  tenor 
voice.  His  firft  profeflion  vras  that  of  a  gold  and  filver-lace 
manufafturer ;  and  he  began  mufic  too  late  to  read  it  as  a 
language,  fo  that  h;  learned  the  fongs,  which  he  performed 
in  public,  by  his  ear  to  the  end  of  his  life.  He  ftood,  how- 
ever, very  high  in  the  favour  of  lovers  of  Englifli  ballads, 
particularly  thofe  of  Dr.  Arne  at  Drury-lane  and  Vauxhall, 
compofed  exprefsly  for  his  voice  and  bounded  abilities.  He 
was  the  rival  of  Beard,  and  gained  as  much  applaufc  by  the 
fweetnefs  of  his  voice,  through  all  his  ignorance,  as  Beard, 
a  regular  bred  mufician,  brought  up  in  the  king's  chapel, 
could  do  by  knowledge  of  mufic,  humour,  and  good 
afting. 

We  wi{h  not  "  to  draw  his  frailties  from  their  dread 
abode ;"  but  we  cannot  help  recording,  as  a  beacon  to 
other  popular  fingers,  that  Low  was  profligate,  extravagant, 
and  unprincipled  ;  which  rendered  the  latter  part  of  his  life 
difgraceful  and  wretched.  From  acquiring  unbounded  ap- 
plaufe,  and  an  income  of  more  than  1000/.  a-year,  he  was 
reduced  to  the  loweft  ftate  of  indigence,  and  degraded  into 
a  chorus  finger  at  Sadler's  Wells,  Cuper's  Gardens,  and 
even  a  ballad-finger  in  the  ftreets. 

Low  Airs,  in  Horfemanjb'ip.  See  Airs. 
Low-5.//,  in  Birding,  a  name  given  to  a  bell,  by  means 
of  which  they  take  buds  in  the  night  in  open  champaign 
countries',  and  among  ftubble  in  Oftober.  The  method  is 
to  go  out  about  nine  o'clock  in  a  ftill  evening,  when  the  air 
IS  mild,  and  the  moon  does  not  (hine. 

The  low-bell  is  to  be  of  a  deep  and  hollow  found,  and  of 
fuch  a  fize,  that  a  man  may  conveniently  carry  it  in  one 
hand.  The  perfon  who  carries  it  is  to  make  it  toll  all  the 
way  he  goes,  as  nearly  as  may  be,  in  that  manner  in  which 
the  bell  on  the  neck  of  a  flieep  tolls,  as  it  goes  on  while  it 
feeds.  There  muft  alfo  be  a  box  made  like  a  large  lanthorn, 
about  a  foot  fquare,  and  hned  with  tin,  but  with  one  fide 
open.  Two  or  three  great  lights  are  to  be  fet  in  this,  and 
the  box  is  to  be  fixed  to  the  perfon's  breaft,  with  the  open 
fide  forwards,  fo  that  the  hght  may  be  call  forward  to  a 
great  dillance  ;  it  will  fpread  as  it  goes  out  of  the  box,  and 
will  diflinftly  (hew  the  perfon  who  carries  it  whatever  there 
is  in  a  large  fpace  of  ground  which  it  extends  over,  and  con- 
fequently  all  the  birds  that  rooft  upon  the  ground.     Two 


perfons  muft  follow  him  who  carries  the  box  and  bell,  one 
on  each  fide,  fo  as  not  to  be  within  the  reach  of  the  light  to 
(hew  themfclves.  Each  of  thefe  is  to  have  a  hand-net  of 
about  three  or  four  feet  fquare,  faftcned  to  a  long  ftick  or 
pole  ;  and  on  which  ever  fide  any  bird  is  feen  at  rooft,  ihe 
perfon  who  is  neareft  is  to  lay  his  net  over  it,  and  take  it 
with  as  little  noife  as  pofiible.  When  the  net  is  over  the 
bird,  the  perfon  who  laid  it  is  not  to  be  in  a  hurry  to  take 
the  bird,  but  muft  ftay  till  he  wiio  carries  the  light  is  got 
beyond  it,  that  the  motions  may  not  be  difcovercd.  The 
blaze  of  the  light,  and  the  noile  of  the  bell,  terrify  and 
ama'/e  the  birds  in  fuch  a  manner,  that  they  remain  ftill  to 
be  taken  ;  but  the  people  who  are  about  the  work  mufl 
keep  the  llrifteft  quiet  and  iUlInefs  that  may  be. 

Some  people  are  fond  of  going  on  this  fcheme  alone. 
The  perfon  then  fixes  the  light-box  to  his  breaft,  and  carries 
the  bell  in  one  hand,  and  the  net  in  the  other  ;  the  net,  in 
this  cafe,  may  be  fomewhat  fmaller,  and  the  handle  Ihorter. 
When  more  than  one  are  out  at  a  time,  it  is  always  proper 
to  carry  a  gim.  It  is  no  uncommon  thing  to  efpy  a  hare 
when  on  this  expedition  ;  and,  in  that  cafe,  it  is  better  to 
flioot  her,  than  to  truft  to  the  taking  her  in  the  net,  for  ftie 
will  very  cafily  efcape  from  that. 

Some  tie  their  bell  to  their  girdle,  and  carry  the  light  in 
their  left  hand,  and  the  net  in  their  right ;  the  light  is  not  to 
be  fo  large  in  this  cafe,  and  the  other  way  is  therefore  rather 
the  better. 

l^ovi-Belkrs,  in  our  Statute-Books,  are  perfons  who  go  in 
the  night-time  with  a  light  and  bell,  by  the  fight  and  noife 
whereof,  birds  fitting  on  the  ground  become  Ihipefied,  and 
fo  are  covered  with  a  net,  and  taken. 

Low  Countries,  in  Geography.  See  Brabant,  Flan- 
ders, and  Netherlands. 

Low  Countries,  School  of  Engraving  of  the.  It  has  been 
deemed  eligible  to  adopt  the  ulual  clafllrtcation,  and  follow 
the  examples  of  the  continental  writers  upon  art,  in  ar- 
ranging our  fchools  of  engraving.  Thofc  writers  have 
thought  proper  to  unite  the  fchools  of  Holland  and  of 
Flanders  under  the  general  head  of  "  I'Ecole  des  Pays  bas  ;" 
and  as  our  Cyclopaedia  had  advanced  beyond  the  letter  D, 
before  it  was  determined  to  clufter  our  biographical  notices 
of  the  profeflors  of  this  art,  m  fchools  and  in  chronologic 
fucceffion,  it  is  prefumed  the  expediency  of  this  arrange- 
ment will  need  no  further  argument  in  its  recommendation, 
or  reafon  for  its  adoption. 

The  literati  and  connoiffeurs  of  the  Low  Countries  have 
not  been  iafenfible  to  the  anxieties  which  ufually  attend  on 
the  patriotifm  of  art  and  fcholarftiip,  and  have  taken  fome 
fmall  part  in  the  controverfy  refpedfing  the  invention  of 
letter-prefs  engraving  and  printing  :  but  the  feeble  preten- 
fions  of  Laurence  Cofter  of  Haerlem  to  this  fancied  honour, 
though  once  ftrenuoufly  afterted  by  Meerman,  by  Bokhorn, 
and  by  Junius,  have  been  patiently  refigned,  and  gradually 
withdrawn  ;  and  the  ftory  of  his  wandering  in  a  wood  near 
Haerlem,  and  printing  from  the  bark  of  trees,  refuted  by 
the  baron  Heinneken,  is  no  longer  lifteued  to  with  the 
fmalleft  degree  of  credit,  beyond  the  fuburbs  of  the  good 
city  of  Haerlem. 

But  the  Low  Countries  may  claim  the  more  worthy 
rivalry,  and  the  more  folid  diftindlion,  of  having  given  birth 
to  fome  of  the  moft  juftly  celebrated  engravers  on  copper : 
and  the  prefcience  and  difplay  of  fuperior  and  original  ikill, 
are  furely  a  more  noble  ground  of  conteft,  than  the  fortuitous 
concurrence  of  cafual  difcovery,  however  important  in  its 
confequences. 

We  have  already  mentioned  the  Gothic  engraving  of  the 
Holy  Virgin,  which  is  in  the  royal  coUedion,  and  other 

prints. 


LOW    COUNTRIES,    ENGRAVERS   OF    THE. 


prints,  that  with  the  molt  (how  of  reafon  have  been  pre- 
iumed  to  be  the  work  of  Coster  (fee  that  article)  ;  but 
if  that  artift,  or  that  perfon  rather,  died  in  the  year  1441, 
as  is  reported,  how  happens  it  that  we  hear  fo  Httle  more  of 
letter-prefs  engraving  in  tlie  Low  Countries  till  the  time  of 
Van  Aflen  and  Peter  Coeck,  who  were  neither  of  them 
born  till  toward  the  clofe  of  the  fifteenth  century  ? 

A  rude  print,  defigned  in  a  ftiff  and  Gothic  ftyle,  and 
executed  in  a  barbarous  talle,  was  fome  years  ago  preferved 
in  the  library  of  the  king  of  France.  It  had  formerly  be- 
longed to  the  celebrated  abbe  Marolles  ;  was  believed  by 
the  connoiffeurs  of  Paris  (perhaps  with  reafon)  to  be  the 
moll  ancient  of  the  Flemifh  produftions  in  this  art ;  and  is 
infcribed,  in  the  old  black  letter,  "  Gheprint  t'Antwerpen 
by  my  Phillery,  de  Figur  Snyder,"  i.  e.  in  Enghfh,  "Printed 
at  Antwerp  by  me,   Phillery,  engraver  of  figures." 

The  fubjeft  of  this  ancient  engraving,  which  appears  to 
be  executed  on  wood,  is  a  female  figure  fitting  with  a  dog 
on  her  lap,  near  whom  are  two  foldicrs  Handing  :  but  if  it 
has  been  inferred  to  be  the  firft,  merely  becaufe  it  is  among 
the  very  rudeft  and  worll  of  Flemifh  produftions,  we  can  by 
no  means  acquielce  in  the  juftnefs  of  fuch  a  criterion  ;  and 
of  Mynheer  Phillery,  the  figur  fnyder  and  printer,  nothing 
further  is  known. 

If  we  except  the  doubtful  claims  of  Phillery,  Lucas  Ja- 
cobs of  Leyden,  Peter  Cocck  of  Alolt,  and  John  Walther 
of  Aflen,  who  were  contemporaneous,  were  the  earliell  en- 
gravers of  the  Low  Countries  with  whole  names  and  works 
we  are  acquainted.  The  former  is  believed  to  have  intro- 
duced into  his  country  the  art  of  engraving  on  copper,  and 
the  method  of  printing  v>'ith  the  rolUng-prefs  ;  and  the  two 
latter,  that  of  engraving  on  wood,  or  fo  as  to  deliver  im- 
preflions  from  the  furface  of  the  work,  and  with  the  letter- 
prefs  ;  and  all,  though  not  the  proclaimed  and  perfonal 
difciples,  were  evidently  the  ftudents  and  imitators,  of 
Wolgemuth,  Schoen,  and  Durer.  The  internal  evidence 
ariCng  from  comparing  their  ilyles  of  art,  with  thofe  of  the 
early  German  mafters,  is  at  lead  as  fatisfaftory  a  proof  of 
fuch  a  fail,  as  could  have  been  derived  from  the  teilimony  of 
contemporary  writers :  for  mere  writers  upon  art,  partly 
from  want  of  practical  knowledge,  and  partly  from  the  mif- 
takes  of  inadvertency,  have  not  unfrequently  recorded 
errors ;  which  errors  fometimes  continue  for  ages  to  be  re- 
peated, and  to  flow  on  through  the  uiual  literary  channels, 
until  they  are  detedled  and  dragged  afliore  by  the  local 
knowledge  and  power  of  profeflional  artifts,  or  the  cul- 
tivated eye  and  matured  judgment  of  unafFeft«d  connoilTcur- 
fliip. 

On  comparing  dates,  it  appears  that  the  birth  of  Jacobs 
was  four  years  pofterior  to  thofe  of  Coeck  and  Walther, 
though  he  preceded  them  in  the  praftice  of  engraving. 

Peter  Coeck,  or  Koeck,  was  born  in  the  year  1490,  at 
Aloft,  in  Flanders,  and  died  in  the  fame  city  A. D.  1550. 
From  Barent  Van  Orley,  of  Brufl^els,  he  obtained  fonie  in- 
ftruftions  in  drawing,  after  which  he  travelled  to  Italy  for 
improvement,  where  he  made  very  confiderable  progrefs  in 
his  ftudies,  and  from  whence  he  made  a  voyage  to  Turkey. 

On  his  return  he  married,  and  fettled  in  his  native  town, 
where  he  enjoyed  a  fmall  penfion  from  the  government ;  but 
his  wife  dying  foon  after,  he  removed  to  Brufl^els,  and  engaged 
to  paint  for  a  company  of  merchants,  who  had  conceived  the 
projeft  of  eftablifliing  a  manufaclare  of  tapellry  at  Con- 
Itantiiiople  under  his  direftion. 

During  his  refidence  abroad,  he  had  m'ade  drawings  of 
that  magnificent  city  and  its  fuburbs  ;  which,  on  the  failure  of 


the  tapellry  fcheme,  he  cut  on  feven  wooden  blocks,  divided 
into  as  many  compartments,  which  being  joined  together, 


make  a  very  large,  long  print,  refembling  a  frieze.     On  a 
tablet  belonging  to  the  firft  block  is  written  in  bad  French, 
"  The  Manners  and  Cuftoms  of  the  Turks,  with  the  Coun- 
tries belonging  to  them,  drawn  from  Nature  by  Peter  Coeck 
of  Aloft,  when    he   was  in    Turkey,  in  the  year  of  Jefus 
Chrift  MDXXXIII.     He  alfo  with  his  own  hand  executed 
thefe  prints  according  to  the  drawings  he  had  made."     And 
upon  a  tablet  in  the  lall  block,  in  the  fame  language  is  in- 
fcribed, "  Mary  Verhulft,  widow  of  the  faid  Peter  d' Aloft, 
who  died  in  the  veer  I J  JO,  caufcd  thefe  figures  to  be  printed 
under  the  grace  and  privilege  of  his  imperial  majefty,  in  the 
year  MCCCCCL 1 1 1 . "  The  principal  fubjeds  of  thefe  block  s 
are,  i.  The  March  of  the  Grand  Seignior  with  his  Janifaries. 
2.  The  Suite  of  the  Grand  Seignior  walking.     3.  A  Turk- 
ifli    Marriage,    with  the    Ornaments   and   Dances    of   the 
Country.     4.    Their    Funeral  Ceremonies,      e.  Their   Re- 
joicings on  the  New  Moon.     6.  Their  Repafts.     7.  Their 
feafaring  and  warlike  Cuftoms. 

After  Coeck  returned  to  his  native  country,  he  married  a 
fecond  time,  Mary  Verhulll,  and  had  a  daughter,  who  af- 
terwards married  his  pupil,  Peter  Breughel  the  elder.  Be- 
fides  many  altar  and  cabinet  piftures,  executed  by  Cocck, 
he  tranflated  from  the  Italian  the  works  of  Sebaitian  Serlio, 
and  Vitruvius  ;  contributed  greatly  to  the  improvement  of 
the  architefture  of  his  country  ;  and  was  lionoured  with  the 
title  of  firft  painter  to  the  emperor  Charles  V. 

Strutt  fays  of  his  engravings,  that  they  contain  a  vaft 
number  of  figures,  executed  with  great  care,  but  not  much 
tafte  :  but  that  they  are  very  curious,  and  were  doubtlefs 
very  eftimable  at  the  time  they  were  performed.  He  ufually 
marked  them  with  his  initials  in  the  form  of  a  monogram, 
which  will  be  found  in  our  P/ate  I.  of  thole  ufed  by  the  en- 
gravers of  the  Netherlands. 

John  Walther  Van  Aflen  was  alfo  born  in  the  year  1490, 
and  in  his  youth  flourilhed  at  Amfterdam,  but  the  events 
of  his  life  are  very  obfcure.  He  engraved  on  wood  with  a 
degree  of  boldnefs  iuperior  to  that  of  the  age  in  which  he 
lived  :  his  invention  was  copious  ;  and  the  heads  of  his 
figures  often  exprefiive.  His  print  of  "  Chrift  praying  in 
the  Garden"  has  been  particularly  admired,  and  very  jullly 
fo,  when  regarded  with  reference  to  the  time  and  place  in 
which  he  lived  :  but  the  forms  of  his  naked,  as  might  be  ex- 
pefted,  are  Gothic,  meagre,  and  ill  drawn. 

Walther  commonly  marked  his  engravings  with  his  ini- 
tials,  combined  in  a  cypher,  and  as  if  infcribed  on  a  tablet, 
as  may  be  feen  in  our  firft  plate  of  the  monograms,  &c. 
ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the  Low  Countries  ;  and  the  bell 
lift  which  we  are  able  to  form  of  his  works  is  as  follows. 

A  fet  of  fix,  of  the  circular  form,  about  nine  inches  in 
diameter,  from  the  Life  and  Paflion  of  Chrift.  They  are 
dated  in  the  years  15 13  and  I5'I4  ;  marked  with  the  cypher 
of  the  artirt  ;  and  each  print  is  furrounded  with  a  fort  of 
Dutch  grotefque  ornament.  Their  fubjefts  are,  "  The 
Scourging  of  Chrift  ;"  "  Our  Saviour  at  Prayer  in  the  Gar- 
den of  Olives,"  wherein  his  three  difciples  are  reprefented 
afleep,  and  the  Jews  are  advancing,  conduced  by  Judas  ; 
(this  is  the  print  diftinguifhed  above  for  its  fuperior  merits  ;) 
"  Chrift  taken  into  Cuftody,  with  St.  Peter  cutting  off 
tlie  Ear  of  the  Servant  of  Malchus  ;"  "  Chrill  bearing 
his  Crofs,''  with  the  proceflion  to  mount  Calvary  ;  "  The 
Crucifixion,''  in  which  St.  John  and  the  holy  women  are 
introduced  at  the  foot  of  the  crofs  ;  and  "  Jefus  laid  in  the 
Sepulchre,''  attended  by  Jofeph  of  Arimathea  bearing  a 
vafe  of  ointment. 

Another  fet  of  feven  plates  i:i  fulio,  each  confifting  of  fix 


different  fubjetls  contained  in  architedlural  compartments, 
with  defcriptions  in  the  Dutch  language.     The  fubjeds  are 

partly 


LOW   COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


partly  hiflorical  and  partly  allegoric  ;  forne  arc  from  the 
Chrillian,  and  others  from  the  heathen  mythology  ;  and  it 
would  be  difficult,  if  it  be  practicable,  to  conncft  the  whole 
on  principle.  The  feveiith  print  is  infcribed  "  Gheprint  tot 
Aemllelredam,  by  Doen  Pieter  toon  in  Enghelenburch,'' 
and  all  are  marked  with  the  monogram  of  the  artill. 

Befide  thefe,  arc  fome  proceffions  ,  of  which  we  know 
not  the  titles  or  number,  fram  the  grarer  of  Walther  of 
Airen,anda  fmall  upright  print  of  an  armed  figure  on  horfe- 
back,  with  the  enfign  of  the  caftle  of  St.  Angclo,  infcribed 
"  St.  Hadrianum.  Amftelodamus  in  ^dibus  Donardi  Petri 
ad  figne  Caltri  Angelica.''  The  whole  are  after  his  own 
compofitions. 

Lucas  Jacobs  of  Lcyden,  the  earlieft  engraver  on  copper 
that  the  Low  Countries  produced,  was  an  honour  to  his 
age  and  country.  His  country  appears  to  have  thought  fo, 
and  hence  in  fome  parts  of  Europe liis  family  name  is  nearly 
loft,  and  he  is  univcrfally  known  by  the  appellation  of  Lucas 
van  Ley  den. 

Lucas  was  born  in  the  year  1494,  and  was  the  fon  of 
Hugues  Jacobs,  a  painter,  but  not  of  much  talent  or  repu- 
tation, and  whofe  chief  glory  has  been  reflefled  from  the 
brightnefs  of  his  fon's  abilities.  Obtaining  a  rudimental  ac- 
quaintance with  art  under  his  paternal  roof,  Lucas  began, 
even  during  the  age  of  adolefcence,  to  diftinguilTi  himfelf  by 
his  drawings  and  his  extraordinary  attempts  in  the  arts  of 
painting  and  engraving.  He  finilhed  his  elementary  lludies 
in  the  fchool  of  Cornelius  Engelbrecht,  who  was  then  in  the 
height  of  reputation.  But  perhaps  his  greatell  happinefs 
as  an  artift,  confifted  in  his  living  at  the  fame  period  with 
Albert  Durer,  between  whom  and  himfelf  the  moft  inti- 
mate and  fincere  fricndfliip,  and  the  utmofl:  freedom  and  li- 
berality of  profeffional  communication,  fubfifted  :  for  Durer, 
who  was  the  fenior  of  our  artifl  by  more  than  twenty  years, 
on  feeing  fome  of  his  youthful  produftions,  is  faid  to  have 
conceived  for  him  the  moft  lively  efteem,  which  gave  birtli 
to  a  correfpondence,  generous  and  difinteretted  at  firft  on 
the  part  of  the  German,  and  which  by  degrees  grew  familiar 
and  friendly  on  botli  tides.  The  biographers  of  Lucas 
have  reported,  that  becweeri  the  age  of  nine  years  and  twelve, 
he  executed  a  print  of  St.  Hubert,  for  which  he  was  re- 
warded by  a  certain  burgomafter  with  as  many  guilders  as  he 
was  years  of  age.  The  prefent  writer  has  not  feen  this  ju- 
venile produftion,  nor  has  he  found  it  mentioned  in  thofe  fo- 
reign catalogues  which  he  has  confulted  of  the  works  of 
our  artift.  He  therefore  prefumes  it  ma)-  have  been  a  copy, 
done  for  praftice  and  improvement  in  the  new  art,  of  the 
juftly  celebrated  work  of  Albert  Durer,  which  is  thus  en- 
titled, and  that  it  was  probably  among  thofe  early  and  fur- 
prizing  produilions  which  called  forth  the  favourable  notice 
of  the  artift  of  Nuremberg,  and  became  the  bafis  of  the 
fubfequent  intimacy  between  Albert  and  Lucas,  which 
ended  but  with  the  life  of  the  former. 

Each  of  thefe  diftinguiftied  artifts  regularly  fent  as  pre- 
fents  to  his  friend,  felefted  imprefjions  (for  the  mercantile 
trickeries  of  proof-taking  and  proof-making  had  not  then 
been  invented)  of  every  engraving  which  he  pablifhed  ; 
and  when  Durer  was  driven  from  Nuremberg  "by  the  ill- 
lemper  of  his  wife,  he  fought  refuge  at  Leyden,  was 
received  by  Jacobs  in  the  moft  cordial  and  affeflionate  man- 
ner, and  to  commemorate  their  mutual  friendfliip,  befides 
painting  each  other's  portraits,  they  executed  a  pidlure  in  con- 
junftion  on  the  fame  pannel. 

It  ftiould  have  been  mentioned  before,  that  Lucas  acquired 
his  knowledge  of  the  ufe  of  the  graver  in  the  workfhop  of  a 
goldfmith  of  Leyden,  and  that  of  the  procefs  of  etching, 
lie  obtained  from  an  armourer  of  that  city,  who  employed 


the  corrofivc  power  of  aquafortis  in  ornamenting  cuiralles, 
and  other  confpicuous  parts  of  plate  armour.  The  prefent 
writer  has,  in  another  work,  ftated  his  conjetlure,  that  the  an- 
cient corroded  fword-blades  of  Syria  and  Damafcus  are  the 
probable  origin  of  the  art  of  etching  on  copper,  and  now 
fufpefts  that  he  may  have  been  miftaken  in  attributing  (as  he 
has  done  under  the  article  Etchinc;)  its  invention  to  Albert 
Durer.  He  now  thinks  it  not  improbable  that  Lucas  im- 
parted this  art  of  corrofion  to  his  friend,  either  by  letter,  or, 
he  fliould  fancy,  during  the  refidence  of  the  latter  at  Ley- 
den, if  there  were  not  grounds  for  fnppofing  that  this  jour- 
ney was  not  imdertaken  until  after  the  year  1516,  when  Du- 
rer's  firft  etching  (of  which  the  fubjeft  is  the  rape  of  Pro- 
fcrpine)  was  produced.  And  he  thinks  fo  the  rather  from 
reflecting  on  the  generally  received  report,  that  the  two  ear- 
lieft of  Albert's  etchings  were  performed  on  plates  of  iron 
or  ftcel  :  yet  Lucas's  etching  of  St.  Catherine,  which  is 
believed  to  be  his  firft  produdliou  in  this  art,  did  not  appear 
until  the  year  1520. 

Lucas  of  Ltyden  was  frank,  generous,  and  urbane,  as 
well  by  nature  as  by  habit  ;  yet  his  generofity  in  fome  in- 
ftances  was  requited  with  ingratitude  ;  and  his  urbanity,  if 
we  miglit  credit  the  tale  which  is  related  below,  did  not  (hield 
him  from  the  (hafts  of  envy  and  malevolence.  Confpicuous 
by  his  rare  and  fingular  endowments,  and  unremitting  ia  his 
habits  of  profeffional  induftry,  the  novelty,  beauty,  and 
number  of  his  publications  could  fcarcely  fail  to  enrich  him. 
Strutt  fays  "he  gained  much  money  by  his  profeffion,  and 
being  of  a  generous  turn  of  mind,  had  not  the  leaft  notion 
of  (hutting  up  his  money  in  his  cheft  ;  on  the  contrary,  he 
fpent  it  freely,  dreffed  well,  and  lived  in  a  fuperior  ftyle." 

To  enjoy  his  popularity,  or  improve  liis  tafte,  he  made  a 
journey  intoZealand  and  Brabant,  at  the  age  of  thirty-three, 
giving  entertainments  to  the  artills  in  moft  of  the  great 
towns  and  cities  through  which  he  pa  (Ted  ;  and  it  is  report- 
ed, that  during  this  journey,  a  flow  poifon,  which  was  fatal 
to  our  artift,  was  adminiftered  to  him  at  one  of  thefe  enter- 
tainments by  a  painter  of  Flu(hing,  who  was  envious  of  the 
fame  which  followed  the  exercife  of  his  various  talents.  But 
the  honour  of  human  nature  (hould  perhaps  incline  us  not 
to  liften  too  readily  to  ftories  of  this  kind.  No  delicacy 
(hould  have  led,  and  no  pardon  was  likely  to  lead,  to  the  re- 
prcffion  of  the  name  of  the  author  of  a  deed  fo  atrocious. 
Yet  he  was  never  pointed  out :  and  it  muft  be  a  flow  poifon 
indeed !   that  is  fix  years  in  effefting  its  purpofe. 

It  feems  more  worthy  of  belief  that  the  real  poifon  of  Lu- 
cas van  Leyden,  confifted  of  a  mixture  of  the  occafional  ex- 
celTes  of  convivial  indulgence,  with  habits  of  intenfe  pro- 
feffional apjMication.  Contrarieties  which  can  never  affimi- 
late,  few  conftitutions  can  endure  ;  and  fo  anxious  and  un- 
remitting was  the  application  of  Lucas,  that  he  found  the 
day  too  (hort  for  his  purpofe,  and  frequently  confumed  great 
part  of  the  night  alfo  in  his  ftudies. 

Even  ^luring  tlie  laft  fix  years  of  his  fife,  wliile  he  lay 
p;ning  under  the  pretfure  of  difeafe,  or  at  leaft  oppre(redby 
a  ficknefs  under  which  ordinary  minds  would  have  languifhed, 
his  induftry  and  love  of  art  were  eminently  confpicuous. 
When  it  was  reprefented  to  )iim  that  fuch  clofe  attention  did 
but  increafe  the  malignity  of  his  diforder,  he  calmly  replied, 
"  I  am  content  it  fhould  be  fo,  fince,  by  my  ftudies,  I  endea- 
vour to  make  my  bed  of  ficknefs  a  bed  of  honour.  An 
artift  can  never  die  in  a  more  fuitable  manner  than  with  his 
pencil  in  his  hand." 

He  died  accordingly  at  the  age  ot  thirty-nine  in  his  native 
city,  and  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1553. 

Befide  engraving  both  on  copper  and  on  wood,  Lucas 
painted  in  oil,  in  diftemper,  and  upon  glafs,  cxcrcifing  the 

latter 


LOW    COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS    OF  THE. 


latter  art  by  a  procefs  that  is  known  to  few  if  any  of  its 
modern  praftitioners.  He  connrionly  marked  his  works 
with  the  fort  of  Gothic  L,  which  will  be  found  in  our  fird 
plate  of  the  monograms,  S:c.  of  the  engravers  of  the  Low 
Countries,  fomctimes  adding  the  date  of  the  year,  and  in- 
fcribing  both  on  a  tablet. 

Vafari  fays,  that  "  perhaps  Lucas  equals  any  of  the  heft; 
artills  in  the  management  of  the  graver;  that  his  hillorical 
fubjects  are  executed  with  great  truth,  and  that  he  knew 
well  how  to  group  his  figures  without  creating  confufion  in 
his  prints  ;"  but  is  certainly  too  loud  in  his  praife,  where  he 
adds,  that  "  he  furpaffed  Durer  in  compofitioi!,  and  fucceeded 
in  reprefenting  aerial  perfpeftive  with  the  graver,  as  well  as 
could  have  been  done  with  the  aflillance  of  colour." 

A  jutter  eftimate  of  his  merits  may  be  found  in  the  bio- 
graphical diftionary  of  our  countryman  Strutt,  who  affirms 
that  his  ity  e  of  engraving  differed  coiiiiderably  from  that 
of  Albert  Durer,  and  feems  evidently  to  have  been  founded 
upon  the  works-of  If|;ael  van  Mecheln.  His  prints  are  very 
neat  and  clear,  but  without  any  powerful  effeft.  The 
ftrokcs  are  as  fine  and  as  delicate  upon  the  objeils  in  the 
front,  as  upon  thofe  in  the  diftances  ;  and  this  want  of  va- 
riety, joined  with  the  feeblenefs  of  the  maffes  of  (hadow, 
give  his  engravings,  with  all  their  neatnefs,  an  unliniihed  ap- 
pearance, much  unlike  the  firm,  fubftantial  efTeft,  which  we 
find  in  the  works  of  Albert  Durer.  He  was  attentive  to 
the  minutiae  of  his  art.  Every  thing  is  carefully  made  out 
in  his  prints,  and  no  part  of  them  is  neglefted.  His  figures 
are  generally  tali  and  thin  ;  the  attitudes  well  chofen,  and 
frequently  graceful  and  elegant.  In  thefe  he  followed  na- 
ture fimply,  without  afFettation.  He  gave  great  character 
and  expreffion  to  the  heads  of  his  figures  ;  but  on  examina- 
tion of  his  works,  we  find  the  fame  heads  too  often  repeated. 
The  hands  and  feet  rather  mannered  than  correct  ;  and  when 
he  attempted  to  draw  the  naked  figure,  he  fucceeded  but 
indifferently.  He  alfetled  to  make  the  folds  of  his  draperies 
long  and  flowing  ;  but  his  fe.male  figures  are  frequently  fo 
excefiively  loaded  with  girdles,  bandages,  and  other  orna- 
mental trappings,  that  much  of  fhe  elegance  of  the  defign 
is  loft  ;  and  that  native  limplicity,  which  is,  as  it  were,  the 
very  foul  of  painting,  is  deilroyed. 

To  Adam  Bartfch  of  the  Imperial  hbrary  at  Vienna,  tiie 
public  is  indebted  for  a  catalogue  raifonne  of  nearly  two  hun- 
dred of  the  engravings  of  this  matter,  all  of  which  are  the 
produce  of  his  own  fertile  invention.  About  twenty  wood- 
cuts have  alfo  been  afcribed  to  him,  but  of  which  he  was  pro- 
bably only  the  defigner.  Mariette,  however,  poflelTed  two 
hundred  and  thirty  of  his  prints. 

As  nothing  like  an  Englifh  catalogue  has  yet  appeared,  we 
fhall  name  as  many  as  we  are  able,  beginning  with  thofe  fub- 
jefts  which  he  has  taken 

From  the  Old  Tejlament .—''■  The  Hiftory  of  the  Creation, 
and  the  Fall  of  our  firil  Parents,"  in  a  fet  of  fix  fine  prints 
of  fmall  folio  fize,  engraven  AD.  1529;  of  which  the  fub- 
are,  i.  God,  (represented  by  the  figure  of  an  old  man,) 
creating  Eve  during  the  Sleep  of  Adam.  2.  God  laying  the 
Injunction  on  Adam  and  Eve  not  to  touch  the  forbidden 
Fruit.  3.  Eve,  feduced  by  the  Serpent,  perfuading  Adam 
to  eat  of  the  Fruit  of  the  Tree  of  Life.  4.  Adam  and  Eve 
expelled  from  Paradife.  5.  Cain  flaying  Abel.  6.  Adam 
and  Eve  deploring  the  Death  of  Abel,  who  is  extended  before 
them.  "  Adam  and  Eve,  Fugitives,  after  being  turned  out 
of  the  terrellrial  Paradife,"  In  4to.  fize.  Lucas  has  treated 
"  The  Trefpafs  of  Eve,"  and  «  The  Death  of  Abel,"  in  a 
different  manner,  on  fix  fmall  plates  ;  "  Lamech  ftanding, 
bending  his  Bow,  and  Abel  fitting  at  the  Foot  of  a  Tree,  with 
'lie  Jaw-bone  of  an  Afs  before  him,"  in  8vo. ;     "  Abraham 


and  the  three  Angels,"  of  quarto  fize ;  "  Lot  and  h» 
Daughters  efcaping  from  the  burning  City,"  a  very  fine  en- 
graving, dated  I<f3o,  companion  to  "  The  Sin  of  Adam 
and  Eve,"  in  fmall  folio  ;  "  Abraham  fending  awaj-  Hagar 
and  Ifhmael/'  a  middhng-fized  plate,  lengthways,  dated 
icio  ;  and  known  among  dealers  by  the  name  of  the  large 
Hagar.  The  fame  fubjett  otherwile  treated,  called  the 
little  Hagar,  of  4to.  fize,  dated  1516.  The  Hiftory  of 
Jofeph,  in  .five  410.  prints,  dated  1512  ;  and  of  which  the 
fubjects  are,  i .  Jofeph  recounting  his  Dreams  to  his  Brethren. 
2.  .Jofeph  folicited  by  the  Wife  of  Potiphar.  3.  The  Wife 
of  Potiphar  accufing  Jofeph.  4  Jofeph  in  Priion,  explain- 
ing the  Dreams  of  the  Officers.  5.  Jofeph  interpreting  the 
Dreams  before  Pharoah.  "  The  Daughter  of  Jephtha  meet- 
ing  her  Father,"  one  of  the  earlieft  productions  of  Lucas, 
engraved  fome  time  about  the  year  1508  ;  "  Dalila  cutting 
off  Sampfon's  Hair,"  "  David  and  Goliah,"  and  "  David 
playing  the  Harp  before  Saul,"  all  in  folio  ;  "  David  fup- 
phcating  in  behalf  of  his  People,"  a  large  print.  The  fame 
fubjeft  differently  treated,  an  etching,  dated  in  1520.  "  So- 
lomon worfliipping  the  Idols,"  in  quarto  ;  "  iifther  before 
king  Ahafuerus,"  a  large  folio  plate  ;  the  proof  of  which, 
in  the  royal  coUeftion  at  Paris,  coft  two  hundred  and  fifteen 
livres,  according  to  the  note  of  P.  Mariette  written  at  the 
back  of  the  print.  «'  Sufannah  and  the  Elders,"  of  410, 
fize,  dated  ijoS. 

Subjeds  from  the  Netv    Tejlament. — "  St.    Joachin3    em- 
bracing St.  Anne,"  dated    1520;    "The  Annunciation," 
"  The  Vifitation,"  both  of  ottavo  fize  ;   "  The  Adoration 
of  the  Magi :"  this  is  efteemed  one  of  the  moft  confiderable 
works  of  the  mafter,  it   is   dated  15  13;  and  of  large  folio 
fize.    "  The  Repole  during  the  FUght  into  Egypt ;"   "  Jefus 
baptized  in  the  River  Jordan,"  a  very  grand  compofition, 
containing  a  very  numerous  affemblaee  of  figures,   and  en- 
graved about  the  year   1510  ;    "Jefus  tempted  by  Satan  in 
the  Defart,"   dated  iJiS,  all  of  quarto  fize  ;   "  The  Refur- 
reCtion  of  Lazarus,"  a  grand  compofition,  engraved  in  the 
year  1508.  foho  (ize  ;    "  The  PafGon  of  our  Saviour,"  re- 
prefented  in  fourteen  plates,  engraved  A.D.  15 2 1,  and  en- 
titled as  follows,  ti/z;.    i .  The  Laft  Supper.     2.  Jefus  on  the 
Mount  of  Olives.     3.  Our  Saviour  feized  in  the  Garden  of 
Olives.      4.  Our    Saviour   taken   before  the    High   Prieft- 
J.  Jefus   reviled.      6.  The   Flagellation.     7.  Jefus  crowned 
with  Thorns.     8.  Jefus  expofed   to   the  People.     9.  Chrift 
bearing  the  Crofs.      10.  The  Crucifixion.      I  i .  The  Defcent 
from   the   Crofs.      }2.  Our   Saviour  laid  in  the  Sepulchre. 
13.  The  Defcent  into  Hell.      14.  The  Refufcitation.     An- 
other fet  of  "The  Paffion  of  our  Saviour,'  in  nine  circular 
plates,  eight  inches  in  diameter.     A  ^and  "  Ecce  Homo,"' 
very  rich  in  compofition,  containing  more   than  a  hundred 
figures,  one  of  the  beft  engravings  of  Lucas,  dated  r^io,  in 
large  folio.     "  Jefus-Chrift  on  the  Crofs,  between  the  two- 
Thieves,"  a  very  fine  print,  nearly  as  rich  in  compofition  as- 
the  preceding,  having  twenty-four  figures  admirably  group- 
ed :  the  gi;od  impreffions  of  this  plate  are  very  feldom  to  be 
met  with,  it  is  dated  15  17, and  in  large  folio.  "Our  Saviour  ap- 
pearing to  Mary  Magdalen  as  a  Gardener," '  both  half  .Sgures, 
placed  before  the  fepulchre,  in  410.  and  dated  1 5 19  r   '*^The 
Return  t  f  the  Prodigal  Son,"  a  folio  print,  admirable  for  the 
fpirited  execution  of  the  back-ground  and  fmall  figures,   en- 
graved A.D.  1510. 

Various  Devotional  Suljeas.—  "  The  Virgin  and  Child,  ac- 
companied by  St.  Anne,"  dated  1516;  "  The  Virgin  and; 
Child,  ftanding  on  a  Bifhop's  Crozier  ;"  "  The  Virgin  and 
Infant  Jefus,"  1514  ;  "A  Holy  F'amily,"  in  quarto; 
"  The  Virgin  and  Holy  Infant,  contemplated  by  two- 
Angels,"  in  quarto.   Jefus  Chrift  and  his  twelve  apoftles,  in  a 


LOW   COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


fet  of  fourteen  plates,  of  oftavo  fize.  The  four  Evangelifts, 
occupied  in  writing  the  gofpel,  lialf-lenf;;th  figures,  in  8vo. 
St.  Peter  and  St  Paul,  half-lfngth  figures,  oftavo  fize. 
Another  plate  of  the  faints  "  Peter  and  Paul,"  in  a  land- 
fcape  ;  a  very  fine  engraving,  dated  1527.  "  The  Conver- 
fion  of  St.  Paul,"  a  very  grand  compofition,  in  large  folio, 
dated  1509.  "  Saint  Clirittopher,"  in  which  he  appears  fit- 
ting at  the  foot  of  a  rock,  on  the  banks  of  a  river  :  on  one 
fide  of  the  faint,  in  the  back-ground,  is  a  hermit,  coming  out 
of  his  cell  with  a  lantern.  This  print  is  one  of  the  earlieft 
produftions  of  Lucas,  done  apparently  about  the  year  1508, 
of  oftavo  fize.  "  Saint  Chriftopher  in  the  Water,  with 
the  Infant  Chrift  on  his  Shoulders,"   a  fniall  print. 

Albert  Durer  engraved  and  publiihed  the  fame  fubjeft  in 
ihe  courfe  of  the  fame  year,  and  it  is  fuppofedthe  two  artitls 
worked  in  concurrence.  "  St.  John  the  Baptift,''  dated 
1513,  "  The  Decollation  of  St.  John  the  Baptift,"  both 
in  oftavo  ;  "  St.  Jerome,"  the  head  furrounded  with  rays 
of  glory,  fitting  in  an  akove,  with  a  fliuU  before  him.  Lucas 
engraved  this  fubjeft  three  times  ;  but  the  print  which  is 
treated  in  the  belt  manner  is  dated  I5'2I,  in  quarto.  "  St. 
Sebaftian,"  in  which  the  holy  martyr  appears  fattened  to  a 
tree,  with  his  body  pierced  by  arrows,  in  oftavo,  engraved 
probably  in  the  year  1508;  "  St.  Antony,"  habited  in  a 
long  robe,  with  ii  monk's  cowl  on  his  head,  and  a  great 
number  of  acceffories,  in  oftavo  ;  "  The  Temptation  of 
St.  Antony,"  where  he  is  reprcfented  feated  on  a  hillock  be- 
tween two  trees,  looking  at  a  figure,  whom  he  perceives  to  be 
a  female  devil,  from  the  horns  flicking  'hrough  her  head 
drefs.  The  back-ground  is  a  mountainous  landfcape,  with 
an  old  caftle  ;  a  very  fine  print,  dated  Ijog,  in  quarto. 
"  St.  Dominic,"  furrounded  by  rays  of  glory,  holding  a 
ftafF,  terminated  by  a  crucifix  :  behind  him  is  a  dog,  holding 
in  his  mouth  a  flaming  torch,  in  oftavo,  engraved  fome  time 
about  the  year  I J 1 4.  "  St.  Gerard  Sagredius,"  a  bilhop 
and  martyr,  his  head  covered  with  an  epifcopal  mitre,  fur- 
rounded with  rays  of  glory  :  he  holds  in  his  hand  a  heart 
pierced  with  an  arrow,  oftavo.  "  St.  Francis  receiving  the 
Stigmatics,"  from  a  crucifix  fufpended  in  the  air:  at  the 
bottom  of  the  print  is  a  Capuchin  monk,  fitting  at  the  foot 
of  a  tree,  in  oftavo.  "  St.  George  liberating  the  Princefs 
of  Antioch,"  whom  he  has  refcued.  In  this,  as  in  many 
other  old  prints,  the  aftion  is  double  :  in  other  words,  two 
points  of  time  are  reprefented,  for  in  the  back-ground  is 
St.  George  combating  the  dragon,  and  the  princefs  chained 
againft  a  rock  ;  engraved  in  1J08.  "  Mary  Magdalen  en- 
tering into  worldly  Pleafures,"  a  celebrated  print,  of  large 
folio  fize,  known  among  the  amateurs  under  the  name  of 
"  The  Magdalen's  Dance  :"  in  one  part  of  the  print  file  is 
reprefented  dancing  with  a  man  to  a  flute  and  tambourin, 
with  various  other  groups  :  lower  down  file  is  reprefented 
on  horfeback,  at  the  head  of  a  troop  of  huntfmen  ;  and  again 
flying  towards  a  wood  with  three  men,  one  of  whom  founds 
a  horn  :  and  towards  the  fummit  of  a  rock  is  the  foul  of 
the  Magdalen  ravilhed  in  the  air  by  four  angels.  This  fine 
print  was  engraved  about  the  year  IC19,  when  the  artill  was 
in  his  meridian.  "  The  Magdalen  in  a  Defert  at  the  Foot 
of  a  Rock ;"  in  the  clouds  is  reprefented  the  eternal  father 
with  a  long  beard,  and  a  tiara  on  his  head.  This  is  without 
date,  but  is  doubtlefs  one  of  the  earlieft  produftions  of 
Lucas,  while  his  powers  of  drawing  and  compofition  were 
yet  feeble,  and  is  better  engraved  than  it  is  defigned.  "  The 
Magdalen  ftanding  on  a  Cloud,  holding  a  Vafe  :"  to  this 
print  has  been  iniftakenly  given  the  appellation  of  "  Pandora 
lettingout  the  Evils  of  the  World  ;"  it  is  datfd  1518,  and  of 
oftavo  fize.  There  is  in  cxiftence  a  print  of  this  fubjeft, 
marked  with  the  initials  I.  V.  M.  which  has  been  attributed 

10 


to  Ifrael  Von  Mecheln  ;  hut,  on  comparifon,  it  appears  to 
be  a  bad  copy  of  the  engraving  by  Lucas,  by  an  unknown 
hand.  "  St.  Catherine,"  a  half-length  figure,  crowned  with 
rays  of  glory,  leaning  on  a  wheel,  with  a  book  and  fword. 
It  is  an  etching,  touched  in  fome  parts  with  the  graver,  and 
dated  1520. 

Profane  Subjeds. — "  Mahomet  fleeping,  with  a  Prieft  mur- 
dered by  his  Side,  and  another  Figure  fteahng  his  Sword," 
a  folio  print,  faid  to  be  one  of  his  earlieft  produftions  ; 
the  feven  cardinal  virtueo,  fitting  figures,  each  crowned 
by  an  angel,  dated  1550,  ii/s.  i.  Faith.  2.  Hope  5.  Charity. 
4.  Prudence.  9.  .Tuftice.  6,  Fortitude.  7.  Temperance. 
"  The  Death  of  Lucretia,"  dated  151  2,  which  print  is  by 
fome  called  "  The  Death  of  Dido,"  in  oftavo  ;  "  The 
Death  of  Pyramus  and  Thifbe  ;"  "  Tiie  Poet  "Virgil, 
iufpended  from  a  Window  in  a  Baflcet,  to  the  Derifion  of 
the  Populace  ;"  a  fmall  folio  print,  executed  with  great 
tafte  and  fpirit,  and  very  correftly  drawn,  and  well  com- 
pofed.  Vafari,  who  fpeaks  very  iiighly  of  this  print, 
fays,  that  "  Albert  Durer  was  fo  feniibly  ftruck  with 
the  merit  of  it,  that  he  afterwards  wifiied  to  concur  with 
Lucas  in  producing  a  pair  ot  prints  that  fhould  correfpond 
in  form,  moral,  and  dimenfions,  to  which  defire  we  owe  the 
celebrated  print  of  "Death's  Horfe."  The  two  prints  do 
correfpond  in  thefe  refpefts :  yet  the  inadvertency  of  Va- 
fari in  this  place,  which  has  been  repeated  by  Huber  and 
Roft,  has  not  hitherto  been  pointed  out.  To  make  any 
thing  credible  of  this  ilory,  the  order  of  the  fafts  and  per- 
fons  muft  be  reverfed  ;  for  the  '<  Death's  Horie"  of  Albert 
Durer  was  produced  to  the  public  in  the  year  1513, 
whereas  Lucas  of  Leyden  did  not  publifii  his  fufpended  poet 
till  1525  And  what  renders  the  non-deteftion  of  this  error 
the  more  furprifing  and  remarkable  is,  that  both  thefe  en- 
gravings bear  their  refpeftive  dates  ;  the  latter  on  a  frag- 
ment of  broken  ftone  at  the  left-hand  corner  of  the  print, 
the  former  immediately  above  the  monogram  of  Albert  on 
his  ufual  tablet. 

The  emulation  muft,  therefore,  have  been  felt  by  Lucas, 
and  his  engraving  of  "  The  Courtezan  fufpending  Virgil  in  a 
Bafliet,"  which,  of  all  his  works,  approaches  neareft,  in  point 
of  ftyle,  to  this  exquifitely  finiflied  print  from  the  graver  of 
Durer,  muft  have  been  produced  accordingly. 

The  recondite  moral  and  meaning  of  thefe  compofitions, 
and  intentions  of  their  authers,  will  then  ftand  thus.  Albert 
Durer  had  produced  a  juftly  admired  engraving,  by  fome 
vulgarly  termed  "  Death's  Horfe."  by  others  "  The 
Worldly  Man,"  but  wherein  a  cavalier,  completely  armed, 
fallies  forth  on  the  bufinefs  of  Death.  His  fteed  is  richly 
harnefled  ;  his  helmet  ftudded  and  wrought  with  ornaments  ; 
and  his  armour,  in  the  fine  irapreffions,  appears  as  if  of  filver, 
and  of  coftly  workmanlhip.  He  is  a  hero,  and  perhaps  in- 
tended by  Albert  for  fome  Alexander,  or  individual  general 
of  renown.  Whilft  he  is  gravely  bent  on  the  purfuit  of 
that  glory  which  arifes  from  the  deftruftion  of  his  fellow 
men,  a  crowned  fpeftre,  which  feems  intended  for  Death, 
croffes  the  warrior's  way  :  he  is  mounted  on  a  male,  holds  up 
an  hour-glafs  with  an  index  before  the  hero,  and  feems  to 
feoff  at  his  puipofe  ;  while  a  frightful  monfter,  with  various 
horns,  like  one  of  thofe  mentioned  in  the  Apocalypfe,  and 
which  is  probably  intended  for  the  Devil,  follows  hard  after 
him,  intent  and  ready  to  fcize  on  his  prey.  The  moral  has 
various  acceffories,  fuch  as  a  lofty  caftle  in  the  back-ground, 
and  a  lizard  crawling  in  the  road,  whofe  allegorical  office  is 
to  warn  man  of  danger.  A  warning  bell,  too,  hangs  from 
the  neck  of  the  mule,  on  which  rides  the  fpeftre,  while  to 
the  capanion  of  the  warrior's  fteed,  the  jinghng  bell  of  Folly 
is  appendant. 

It 


LOW   COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


It  is  altogether  a  profound  piftured  allegory,  worthy  of 
ferious  contemplation,  and  diftatcd  by  the  fame  mufe  who 
afterwards  prompted  Dr.  Young  to  write 

•»  Deaths  (land,  like  Mercuries,  in  ev'ry  way, 
And  kindly  point  us  to  our  journey's  end." 

It  appears  to  the  prefent  writer,  that,  ftruck  with  this  ex- 
traordinary difplay  of  the  various  powers,  as  poet,  painter, 
and  engraver,  of  his  friend  Durer,  the  Dutch  artill  became 
laudably  ambitious  of  defigning  and  executing  a  fit  com- 
panion to  a  production  which  mull  doubtlcls  have  been  very 
popular  ;  and,  accordingly,  inftitutes  and  llimulates  a  com- 
parifon  between  the  love  or  lull  of  conqueft  and  falfe  glory, 
and  that  of  woman,  and  with  much  ingenuity  calls  on  the 
fpedator  to  behold  and  balance  their  abfurd  and  pernicious 
confequences. 

A  piiftorial  comparifon  is  thus  provoked  between  the  moral 
confequences  of  the  abufe  of  two  potent  pafllons  ;  and  if  it 
might  begranted  that  we  perceive  the  little  diftant  figure,  whom, 
in  the  print  of  Lucas,  the  courtezan  fufpends  in  a  baflvet, 
and  expofes  to  the  derifion  of  the  populace,  to  be  the  poet 
Virgil,  the  moral  effefts  wcmld  be  heightened  by  the  reflec- 
tion, that  it  is  the  organ  of  Fame,  and  difpenfer  of  terreftrial 
immortality,  who  is  thus  himfelf  made  to  appear  infamous 
and  ridiculous,  as  in  the  print  of  Albert  it  is  the  deftroyer 
who  is  the  viftim. 

But  of  this  it  requires  that  the  fpedlator  be  informed  by 
Lucas,  or  by  Vafari  ;  for  as  the  coilume  and  charafters  (as 
in  all  the  works  of  this  mailer)  are  perfedlly  Dutch,  no 
other  men  would  dream  that  a  Imall  diftant  head,  covered 
with  the  mitre  of  epifcopacy,  or  the  cap  of  folly,  was  that 
of  the  Mantuan  bard. 

This  engraving  is,  however,  with  regard  to  compofition, 
manual  execution,  high  finifh,  and  aClions  and  expreffion 
of  the  figures  on  the  fore-ground,  particularly  that  of  the 
principal  male  figure,  one  of  the  very  bell  of  the  works  of 
Lucas  van  Leyden. 

To  quit  this  digreflion,  and  refume  our  lift  of  the  fubjefts 
which  he  has  defigned  and  engraved  from  profane  hiftory, 
and  his  own  fancy.  "  Venus,  the  beautiful  Goddefs  of 
Love,"  a  4to.  plate,  dated  1528.  A  folio  plate  of  "  Mars 
and  Venus,"  with  armour  and  an  -attendant  cupid,  was 
executed  during  the  long  illnefs  of  the  artift  ;  as  was  alfo 
«'  The  Goddefs  Pallas,"  armed  with  her  aegis  and  fpear. 
The  latter  was  the  laft  plate  which  he  engraved,  and  it  is 
faid,  that  a  ftiort  time  before  he  died,  he  requefted  to  fee 
it  ;  upon  which  occafion  it  feems  probable,  that  he  ufed 
thofe  remarkable  words,  fo  much  to  his  honour  as  an  artifl, 
which  we  have  cited  in  his  biography.  "  A  military 
Officer  difplaying  a  Flag."  The  attitude  of  the  figure  is 
very  fpirited  and  foldier-hke,  and  the  print  altogether  is 
very  beautifully  finiftied  ;  both  are  of  oftavo  fize.  "  Four 
Soldiers  in  a  Foreft,"  without  a  date,  but  probably  en- 
graven about  the  year  1508.  A  very  fine  print  of  a  young 
man  at  the  head  of  a  party  of  foldiers,  liftening  attentively 
to  a  man,  with  his  hat  in  his  hand  :  on  each  fide  is  repre- 
fented  a  group  of  three  men  converfing.  "  The  Beggars," 
one  of  whom  receives  a  platter  from  the  other  :  the  group  is 
completed  by  a  female  figure,  with  her  hfand  on  her  brcaft. 
This  print  appears  to  have  been  engraven  about  the  year 
1508.  "  The  Promenade:"  the  back-gcound  reprefents  a 
manfion  fituated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  which  terminates 
the  view,  dated  1J20.  "  The  Earl  and  Lady,  with  a 
Falcon  :"  this  is  drily  executed,  and  appears  to  have  been 
engraven"  about  the  year  1508.  "  The  Wood  Nymph," 
ihe  is  walking  with  a  peafaot,  and  another  figure  condui^ting 

Vol.  XXL 


them  ;  all  of  o£lavo  fize.  [Note. — There  is  a  copy  of  the 
Wood  Nymph,  engraved  by  Wicrix  at  the  age  of  twelve.] 
A  man  witli  a  lighted  torch,  condudting  a  female,  followed 
by  a  man  with  a  fabre,  and  a  club  acrofs  his  flioulder :  this 
print  is  very  delicately  executed,  apparently  about  the  year 
IJ08.  A  female  figure  prefenting  a  vafe  to  a  man  ;  the 
landfcape  is  terminated  by  a  mountain,  the  fummit  of  which 
is  crowned  with  an  ancient  caftle,  dated  1520,  of  oftavo 
fize.  "  The  Pilgrims,"  confifting  of  three  figures,  quarto 
fize;  "The  wedding  Ring,"  reprefenting  a  man  giving  a 
ring  into  the  hand  of  a  young  woman,  feated  by  his  fide. 
This  rare  print  is  etched  in  a  firm  ftyle,  dated  in  152^,  and 
diftinguifhed  by  the  neatnefs  of  the  execution,  in  quarto. 
"  The  Fool,"  reprefcnting  a  female  figure,  defending  her- 
felf  from  the  embraces  of  a  fool,  charadlerifed  by  his  drefs 
and  baubles,  both  half-length  figures.  This  is  an  etching, 
nightly  touched  with  the  graver,  and  dated  1520.  "  The 
old  Man  with  a  Bunch  of  Grapes,"  a  half-length  profile. 
This  print  is  admirably  touched,  and  appears  to  have  been 
done  about  the  year  1523,  when  the  artift  was  in  his  meri- 
dian. "  The  young  Trumpeter,"  reprefcnting  a  boy  blow- 
ing a  trumpet,  to  the  found  of  which  two  others  are  danc- 
ing ;  one  of  the  earlieft  produftions  of  Lucas.  "  The 
Woman  and  the  Bitch,"  rcprefenting  a  female  with  her 
head  enveloped  with  drapery,  the  ends  of  which  hang  in 
folds  over  her  body  ;  towards  the  left  are  perceived  the  head 
and  foot  of  a  bitch,  whom  the  lady  is  feeding  with  fruit. 
This  print  is  executed  on  a  white  ground,  and  dated  1509; 
Another  "Woman  and  Dog,"  dated  1510;  "  The  Mufi- 
cians,"  a  very  fine  print,  dated  1524,  confifting  of  a  man 
playing  a  guitar,  and  a  woman  playing  a  violin  ;  "  The 
Surgeon,"  performing  an  operation  behind  the  ear  of  a  pea- 
fant,  whofe  countenance  tells  us  plainly  how  much  he  fuffers, 
dated  the  fame  as  the  preceding;  "  The  quack  Doftor," 
operating  with  an  inftrument  in  the  mouth  of  a  peafant,  who 
with  great  vexation  perceives  that,  during  the  operation,  a 
girl  behind  him  is  emptying  his  purfe  of  its  contents.  This 
print  pofTefles  equal  merit  with  the  two  former,  and  is  dated 
I5'23  ;  all  of  odlavo  dimenfions.  "  The  Milkmaid," 
holding  in  one  hand  her  bonnet,  and  in  the  other  a  pail, 
into  which  fhe  is  about  to  milk  a  cow  held  by  a  peafant. 
This  is  a  very  rare  print,  dated  15 10,  of  quarto  fize. 
"  Uylenfpiegel,"  or  "  L'Efpiegle,"  the  fcarceft  of  all 
the  works  of  this  matter.  It  was  in  the  collcdion  of  the 
king  of  France,  and  miftakenly  faid  by  Marolies,  and  other 
French  connoiffeurs,  to  be  unique.  Baffan  informs  us,  that 
M.  Mariette  had  alfo  an  imprelHon  of  this  plate,  and  feveral 
are  known  to  exiil  in  England.  It  reprefents  a  man  playing 
upon  the  bag-pipes,  carrying  two  children  in  a  balket,  and 
a  woman  with  an  infant  in  her  arms.  It  is  nearly  feven  - 
inches  and  a  half  high,  by  four  inches  and  three  quarters 
wide;  and  has  been  copied  of  the  fame  fize  feveral  times.. 
One  of  the  copies  is  by  Hondius  ;  but  the  bell  has  no  name' 
to  it.     This  rare  print  is  dated  1520. 

Various  Ornaments. — The  profile  of  a  jvarrior's  head  in  a 
medallion,  furrounded  with  ornaments.  It  is  dated  1527, 
and  marked  with  the  letter  L,  on  a  cartouche  at  the  bottom. 
A  compofition  of  ornaments  in  the  talle  of  that  age,  com- 
pofed  of  a  ram's  fltuU  and  two  filh,  dated  1527.  Another 
compofition  of  ornaments,  with  a  Mercur)'  fitting  between 
two  fphinxes,  folio  fize,  dated  IJ2S.  A  pannel  of  orna- 
ments, compofed  of  a  marine  deity  with  a  trident,  fur- 
rounded  by  firens  and  chimerx,  executed  on  a  black 
ground,  in  oftavo,  and  dated  1J28.  "  The  Infant  Wsrc 
riors,  '  one  of  whom  difplays  a  flag,  and  the  other  carries 
a  helmet ;  and  «'  The  Arms  of  the  Citv  of  Levden,"  in  a 
3  L  '  Tnall 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


fmall  circle,  furrounded  by  four  others,  each  containing  a 
genius,  engraved  feme  time  about  the  year  15  lo,  both  of 
oclavo  Cze. 

Portraits The    emperor   Maximilian   I.    with    his   hair 

plaited  and  wearing  a  large  hat.  Lucas  painted  the  por- 
trait when  the  emperor  vifited  Leyden,  but  did  not  engrave 
it  till  the  year  1520,  after  the  death  of  that  prince.  The, 
head  is  entirely  engraved,  and  the  remainder  etched,  and 
flightly  touched  with  the  graver  to  give  it  effeft  ;  in  the 
back-ground  is  a  little  figure  holding  a  fcroll,  marked  with 
the  letter  L.  This  is  the  finelt  portrait  Lucas  ever  en- 
graved ;  very  rare,  and  of  folio  fize.  A  portrait  of  the 
artift  himfelf,  repreft.nted  with  a  hat  on,  and  a  mohair 
doublet  trimmed  with  fur.  This  portrait  was  drawn  and 
etched  by  himfelf  when  he  was  but  twenty  years  of  age  ; 
it  is  touched  in  a  light  fpirited  manner,  and  iiifcrihed, 
"  Effigies  Luck  Lcidenfis  propria  nianu  incifa,"  of 
quarto  lize.  Portrait  of  a  young  man,  half  length,  dreffed 
in  a  cap  and  feathers,  and  pointing  to  a  llcnll  which  he  hold^ 
Hnder  his  robe.  This  portrait  commonly  paiTes  for  that 
of  Lucas  himfelf,  but  it  is  very  unlike  the  former.  Lucas 
is  always  reprefented  with  (hort  plaited  hair,  aiid  this  por- 
trait has  very  long  and  curly  liair  ;  it  is  of  quarto  fize,  and 
engraved  apparently  about  the  year  1525.  There  is  a 
print  attributed  to  Lucas,  of  which  the  fubjeft  is  "  A 
Family  furprifed  by  Death,"  but  it  is  too  poorly  executed 
to  be  really  his  performance  ;  for  in  the  year  1529,  the 
period  when  this  print  was  engraven,  our  artiil  was  in  his 
meridian.  The  drawing  of  it  is  the  beft  part,  but  there  is 
great  want  of  fpirit  and  correflnefs  in  the  contours. 

Martin  Van  Veen  was  born  at -the  village  of  Hemflvirk, 
in  Holland,  in  the  year  1498,  and  till  he  was  eclipfed  in  the 
public  notice,  by  the  celebrated  painter  of  that  name,  was 
called  after  his  native  village.  He  learned  the  rudiments  of 
drawing  from  John  Lucas,  and  of  painting  from  John 
Schoreel,  but  of  the  fubfequent  progrefs  of  his  ftudies, 
there  are  two  accounts  of  an  oppofite  nature.  Strutt  fays, 
that  "  his  early  application  was  attended  with  little  fuccefs, 
and  his  genius  was  clouded  by  an  appearance  of  natural 
dulnefs,  which  feemcd  to  preclude  all  hope  of  his  ever  at- 
taining to  any  reafonable  degree  of  perfection. "  Huber, 
on  the  contrary,  after  feeing  Strutt's  biography  of  this 
artift,  fays,  that  he  imitated  tlie  fty'e  of  his  mafter  Schoreel 
fo  well,  that  he  became  jealous  of  the  i-ifing  talents  of  Van 
Veen,  and  expelled  him  from  his  fchool ;  from  which  it  is 
clear,  that  if  the  fcholar  was  not  a  blockhead,  the  mafter 
was  illiberal. 

Van  Veen,  however,  has  obtained  praife  from  Mariette, 
and  from  Girard  Laireffe,  and  the  eafe  and  accuracy  of  his 
drawing,  and  firmnefs  of  his  contours,  have  been  repeatedly 
commended.  After  quitting  the  fchool  of  Schoreel,  the 
fame  of  Michael  Angclo,  and  the  antique  fculpture,  at- 
Iratted  him  to  Italy,  but  after  ftudying  there  for  fome 
time,  he  returned  to  FlcUand  and  fettled  at  Haerlem,  where 
ie  died  in  the  year  1574. 

Neither  the  engravings  nor  paintings  of  Van  Veen  would 
now  be  much  admired,  being  deficient  in  grace,  expreffion, 
and  harmony  of  chiarofcuro,  but  among  his  contemporaries 
his  works  cor;.ma..ded  rcfpcftful  attention.  They  may  be 
known  by  th'^  m>mogram  which  the  reader  v.  ill  find  in  Plate  I. 
cf  thofe  uicd  by  the  engravers  of  the  Low  Countries. 

Amorg  his  bell  prints  are  "  Judah  and  Taraar,"  and 
"The  Annunciation,"  bo'li  in  410.;  "  Commercial  In- 
duftry,"  in  folio,  and.  "  The  Wife  and  Foolilh  Virgins," 
nearly  of  the  fame  dia-eniions.  The  twelve  plates  of  the 
battles  of  Charles  V .,  which  have  been  attributed  to  him, 


are  from  the  graver  of  Theodore  Coornhaert,  but  were  exe- 
cuted after  his  defigns. 

Dietrich,  or  Theodore  Vander  Staren,  or  Von  Stern,  was 
born  in  Holland,  fome  time  about  tlie  year  1500  ;  the 
time  of  his  death  has  not  been  recorded,  but  it  is  known 
that  he  continued  to  engrave  till  15JO.  He  is  ranked  by 
the  French  in  the  clals  of  little  matters,  and  known  by 
the  appellation  of  the  Mailer  of  the  Star,  becaufe  in  his 
monogram  he  ufed  to  place  a  ftar  between  his  initials, 
as  feen  in  our  lirll  plate  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the 
Low  Countries.  His  compofitions  prove  him  to  have  been 
a  man  of  talent  :  he  has  engraven  many  landfcapes  and  fub- 
jefts  from  facred  hiftory,  after  his  own  defigns.  He  under- 
ilood  tlie  human  figure  tolerably  well,  but  his  proportions, 
like  thofe  of  the  Dutch  people,  are  ftiort  and  heavy  ;  and 
he  often  crowded  his  back-grounds  with  architectural  orna- 
ments. To  his  monogram  he  ulually  added  the  day  of  the 
month  on  which  his  plates  were  publilhed. 

The  following  are  engraved  by  Vander  Staren  from  his 
own  defigns.  "  The  Miraculous  Draught  of  Fifties,'' datt-d  tl 
1523,  in  odlavo  ;  "  Chrift.  walking  on  the  Sea,"  a  fmall  up- 
right ;  "  The  Temptation  of  thrift,"  where  the  Devil  is 
reprefented  with  pointed  ftiocs  ;  a  fmall  upright  p'ate.  A 
very  fmall  plate  of  a  faint  kneeling  before  the  Virgin,  who 
holds  the  infant  Chrift,  dated  1524;  "  St.  Luke  painting 
the  Virgin  and  Cliihl,"  dated  1526,  of  octavo  fize.  A  fo- 
lio plate  of  "  The  Deluge  ;''  marked  D.  Van  Stern,  fee. 
1523  :  and  "  The  Good  Samaritan,"  engraved  AD.  152  J, 
in  oclavo. 

Of  Francis  Babylone,  better  knovs^  by  the  appellation  of 
the  Mafter  of  the  Caduceus,  we  have  various  accounts,  and 
all  ot  them  involved  in  more  or  lefs  of  uncertainty.  He  was 
probably  born  fome  time  about  the  commencement  of  the 
fixtecnth  century,  and,  according  to  Roft  and  Huber,  at  Ley- 
den  :  he  is  iuppofed  to  have  iludied  in  Italy  under  Marc 
Antonio,  or  Gregory  Peins.  The  time  of  his  deceafe  is 
entirely  unknown. 

As  he  neither  affixed  name,  date,  nor  initials  to  his  very 
fingular  prints,  but  fimply  the  fmall  caduceus  which  will  be 
found  in  our  firll  plate  of  the  monograms,  &c.  ufed  by  the 
engravers  of  the  Low  Countries,  his  very  name  is  fcarcely 
fettled,  and  he  has  been  by  fome  writers  called  Ifrael  Mar- 
tin, and  affirmed  to  have  been  the  tutor  of  Albert  Durer, 
Lucas  of  Leydcn,  and  Aldcghever. 

The  mafter  of  the  caduceus  vi*as  quite  original  in  his 
ftyle  of  engraving,  but  it  has  not  been  thought  worthy  of 
imitation,  and  his  prints  are  now  fought  after  by  the  cu- 
rious merely  on  account  of  their  great  rarity.  He  worked 
entirely  with  the  graver:  his  courlesof  lines,  which  are  rarely 
crolTed,  are  rather  feeble  than  delicate  ;  his  extremities 
are  poorly  marked,  and  always  too  large ;  his  draperies  are 
perplexed  with  fmall  and  inelegant  folds,  and  his  heads 
neither  charafteriilic  nor  expreffivc. 

The  principal  works  v.hich  have  been  mentioned  as  bear- 
ing this  myllerious  mark,  are  as  follows.  A  fmall  upright  ' 
plate  reprefenting  "  Apollo  and  Diana."  Another  of  the 
fame  fize,  of  three  men  bound.  "  A  Holy  Family,"  in  a 
fmall  fquare  plate,  half  figures  :  the  Virgin  is  leaning  on  the 
ftump  of  a  tree,  and  the  head  of  Jofeph  is  feen  towards 
the  right  hand  of  the  print.  Another  "  Holy  Family,"  a 
fmall  plate  lengthways,  where  tiie  Virgin  is  reprefented 
feated  at  the  foot  of  a  tree  ;  the.  child  is  ftanding  by  her 
fide;  Elizabeth  is  feated  near  him;  an  angel 'is  playinjj 
upon  a  mufical  inftrument  ;  and  Jofeph  appears  at  the  rigiit 
hand  of  the  print.  "  The  Adoration  of  the  Three  Kings," 
a  fmall  upright  plate  ;  "  St.  Jerom  writing,  with  a  Crucifix 

before 


LOW  COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


before  him,"  a  fmall  plate  lengthways.  Two  fmall  upright 
plates  :  one  rcprefenting  a  man  carrying  a  boat,  and  the 
other,  a  woman  with  a  child  in  her  arms.  Jerome  Hopfer 
has  copied  both  thefe  figures  on  one  plate,  much  larger, 
and  decorated  the  head  of  tlie  woman  with  ftars  and  a  glory. 
"  A  Sacrifice  to  Priapus,"  (which  is  generally  attributed 
to  M.  Antonio,  becaufe  it  has  his  tablet,)  is  copied  fmaller 
by  this  artift,  and  the  indecency  which  appears  in  the 
former  plate  is  here  omitted.  It  reprefents  a  woman  Hand- 
ing by  the  altar,  and  another  oppofite  to  her,  holding  an 
infant  ;  and  an  old  woman's  head  appears  in  the  back- 
ground. Tliis  is  the  only  print  by  this  mailer,  with  which 
we  are  acquainted,  that  does  not  appear  to  have  been  en- 
graven from  his  own  compofition  ;  and  it,  more  than  any 
other  circumftance,  affills  us  in  fettling  his  chronology. 

Cornelius  Matfy?,  or  Metenfis,  was  born  fome  time  about 
the  year  1500,  and  we  believe  in  the  Low  Countries: 
though  he  appears  to  have  refided  much  in  Italy  ;  and  it 
is  not  improbable  that  he  was  the  difciple  of  George 
Peins.  We  have  a  great  number  of  engravings  by  him, 
both  from  his  own  compofuions  and  thofe  of  the  Italian 
painters.  His  ftyle  of  engraving  bears  fuperior  refem- 
blance  to  that  of  Babylone  in  neatnefs  and  delicacy  of  exe- 
cution, but  his  figures  are  much  more  in  the  Italian  talte, 
and  are  not  deftitute  of  elegance  and  proportion.  Strutt 
has  fuppofed  there  were  two  artills  of  thefe  names,  but  the 
foreign  writers  mention  only  one.  His  monogram  will 
be  found  in  our  firft  plate  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of 
the  Low  Countries. 

We  fliall  mention  the  following'  prints  by  this  artift. 
"  Erneft,  count  of  Mansfeld,"  a  print  of  quarto  fize  ;  "  Cleo- 
patra with  the  Afp,"  a  fmall  print,  dated  1550.  An  old 
man  and  tvvo  old  women,  one  of  whom  holds  a  baiket  of 
eggs,  a  fmall  print,  dated  1549.  "Judith  with  the  Head 
of  Holofenies,''  dated  1539.  A  battle,  a  fmall  upright 
plate,  from  G.  Peins.  "  A  HcJy  Family,"  where  the  Vir- 
gin is  reprcfented  holding  the  infant  on  a  cradle,  carefling 
the  little  St.  John,  from  Kaphael,  of  folio  fize.  (This  is  from 
the  fame  pidlure  that  was  afterward  engraven  by  F.  de  Poil'y 
in  France.)  "  The  Miraculous  Draught  of  Fifhes,"  from 
Raphael.  The  Plague,  a  fubjeft  known  in  Italy  under 
tlie  name  of  "  II  Morbetto,''  engraved  by  M.  Antonio, 
and  regraved  by  Cornelius  Met,  with  Ws  monogram,  and  the 
name  of  Raphael,  folio  fize.  "  Chrift  laid  in  the  Sepul- 
chre,"  from  an  etching  by  Parmegiano,  of  quarto  fize. 

Of  Jerome  Bofehe,  or  Bos,  an  ancient  painter  and  en- 
graver of  grotefque  fubjcfts,  we  have  already  treated,  (fee 
the  article  Bos,)  but,  by  miftake,  have  placed  his  death 
in  the  year  1500,  copying  the  error  of  Strutt.  Accord- 
ing to  the  bett  foreign  authorities  he  vi-as  not  born  till 
1498  ;  the  final  period  of  his  life  they  have  not  recorded. 
His  Gothic  manner  of  fubfcribing  his  works  will  be  found 
in  our  Plate  I.  o^  the  monograms,  &c.  ufed  by  the  en- 
gravers of  the  Low  Countries. 

Befides  thofe  of  his  works  which  we  have  already  men- 
tioned, he  engraved  "The  Temptation  ot  St.  Anthony," 
on  wood,  which  being  dated  in  the  year  1522,  corrobo- 
rates the  chronology  which  we  now  offer.  "  The  Miracu- 
lous Vifion  of  the  Emperor  Conllantine,"  in  quarto;  "  Jefus 
baptized  by  John,"  a  folio  print,  with  the  name  of  Bos.  A 
folio  print  rcprefenting  a  number  of  grotefque  figures,  in- 
fcribed,  "  Al  dat  op,"  &c.  ,Ier.  Bol'che.  Another  folio 
print  of  the  fame  kind,  infcribed,  "  Defe  Jeroninius  Bofch; 
drollen."  An  allegorical  print,  of  an  elephant,  infcribed, 
"  H.  Bos  inv."  Paul  de  la  Ilouwe,  cxc.  in  folio. 

Cornelius  Bus,  or  Bofc,  or  Vandcn  Bofch,  was  born  at 
Bois  le-Duc,  in  Flanders,  fome  time  about  the  year  1510. 


In  his  youth  he  went  into  Italy,  and  eftabhrtied  himfelf  st 
Rome,  where,  exclufive  of  his  profeffion  as  an  engraver,  he 
carried  on  a  confiderable  commerce  in  prints.  A  fubjeft 
engraved  by  him,  of  females  at  different  domeflic  employ- 
ments, with  a  German  infcription,  beginning  tlius,  "Alim 
die  ein  from  bidert  Weib  iiberknmpt,  &c."  has  made  M.  de 
Heinneken  think  that  Cornelius  was  a  German,  and  that  in 
Italy  he  changed  his  name  to  Bus  ;  hut  the  general  opinion 
is,  that  he  was  born  where  we  have  Hated  above,  and  that  liij 
true  name  was  Bofch. 

His  ilyle  of  engraving  fometimes  refembles  that  of  Marc 
de  Ravenna ;  at  other  times  that  of  Eneas  Vico.  He  never 
arrived  at  any  fuperior  detrree  of  excellence.  He  worked 
entirely  with  the  graver,  in  a  lliff",  dry,  ftyle,  without  tafte. 
His  drawing  is  by  no  means  correft  ;  neither  are  the  heads 
and  other  extremities  of  his  figures  fufRciently  attended  to  ; 
and  from  the  lights  being  diffufed,  and  the  feeblenefs  of  the 
maffes  of  fhadow,  his  engravings  are  ufually  deftitute  of 
effeft.  He  has  engraved  after  his  own  compofitions  and 
thofe  of  other  mailers  ;  and  he  commonly  marked  Ins  prints 
with  one  or  other  of  the  monograms  which  will  be  found  at- 
tached to  his  name  in  our  firft  plate  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  en- 
gravers of  the  Low  Countries. 

The  following  prints  may  be  reckoned  among  his  beft. 
"  The  Laft  Judgment,''  marked  with  his  cypher,  and  dated 
1530,  of  q-iarto  fize;  "  Lot  and  his  Daughters,"  with  his 
monogram,  dated  i^-jo,  of  folio  fize  ;  "  King  David  jiving 
the  fatal  Letter  to  Uriah,"  dated  1546  ;  "  Our  Saviour 
preaching  to  the  Jews,"  in  folio  ;  "  Venus  oa  her  Car,'' 
in  quarto,  dated  1546  ;  "  Vulcan  in  his  Forge,"  in  folio, 
1546,  all  marked  with  his  cypher  ;  "  Combat  of  the  Cen- 
taurs and  Lapitha?,"  on  two  large  plates,  dated  15,0;  "A 
Monk  feized  by  Death,"  in  quarto,  marked  with  the  mo- 
nogram. An  equeftrian  ftatue  of  Marcus  Aureliu?,  in 
folio,  with  the  monogram.  A  fet  of  fixteen  plates  of  gro- 
tefque arms  and  trophies,  engraved  at  Rome  in  the  years 
ijjo  and  15;^.  Another  fet  of  caryatides  and  therV.ies. 
"  Mofes  receiving  the  Tablets  of  the  Law,"  from  Raphael, 
in  folio,  l^Jt  ;  "Triumph  of  Bacchus,"  a  large  print, 
lengthways,  engraved  on  three  plates  from  Julio  Romano, 
dated  1543;  "The  Entombing  of  Chrift,"  a  folio  plate, 
dated  1554,  from  Francifco  Floris,  marked  "  Corneiiu?  Bus 
fecit  ;"•  "  Mofes  breaking  the  Tablets  of  the  Law,"  foho, 
from  Raphael,  datedljjo. 

Having  already  treated  of  the  family  of  Breughel,  which 
flouriftied  as  painters  and  engravers  at  the  period  now  under 
our  notice  (fee  the  article  Breughel),  it  remains  onlv  to 
add  in  this  place,  that  Peter  B.'-eughel  the  younger,  fur- 
named,  or  rather  «;VZ'-named  "  the  Heililh,"  was  the  princi- 
pal engraver  of  that  family,  and  the  chief  of  his  engravings 
(which  are  fomewhat  numerous,  and  rendered  very  entertain- 
ing by  his  peculiarities)  are  as  follow.  They  are  generally- 
marked  with  a  monogram,  which  will  be  found  in  our  firit 
plate  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the  Low  Coun- 
tries. 

A  large  foho  plate  of  a  village  fete  :  a  banner  is  dif-. 
played  over  the  door  of  a  cabaret,  and  of  the  numerous 
figures  introduced,  fome  are  (kirmilhing,  otliers  rejoicing, 
and  others  quarreUing,  Another  folio  print  of  "  Peafaiits 
rejoicing  ;"  "  The  Feaft  of  the  Archers,''  in  which  the 
banner  of  their  company  is  difplayed  before  an  arbour,  in- 
fcribed "  Dit  isde  Guide."  A  very  rare  wood  engraving  of 
a  mafquerade,  known  by  the  name  of  "  Valentine  and  Or- 
fpn  ;"  "  Mercury  and  Pfyche,"  the  landfcape  part  of  which 
is  a  view  on  the  Rhine  ;  "  Dedalus  and  Icarus,"  companion 
to  the  above,  being  another  view  on  the  Rhine  ;  both  are  in- 
3  L  2  fcribed 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


fcribed   "  Petrus  Breughel  fecit  Romae  1553  ;"  and  all  the 
above  are  of  folio  fjze.  , 

Early  proofs  of  tlie  works  of  Hieronymus,  or  Jerome 
Cock,  are  much  fotight  after  by  the  curious,  but  it  is  on 
account  of  their  fcarcity  and  not  their  merit,  for  his  ftyle  is 
laborious,  poor,  and  fcratchy.  The  praifc  which  Vaiari 
has  laviiiied  on  him,  is  therefore  not  merited.  His  biogra- 
phy we  have  already  fufficiently  detailed,  (fee  the  article 
Cock),  except  that  we  have  there  omitted  to  mention  that  he 
was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the  year  1510.  His  monogram, 
fimilar  to  that  of  Hans  Collaert,  will  be  faund  in  our  firit 
plate  of  thofc  ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the  Low  Countries. 
From  his  numerous  engravings,  we  feleft  the  following  as 
thofe  l^■hich  are  held  in  moll  elleem,  beginning  with  his 

Portraits. — A  pair  of  the  oval  form,  in  4to.  of  Francis  II. 
king  of  France  and  Scotland,  and  Mary  queen  of  Scotland 
and  France.  Anollier  pair  of  Guilavus  and  Maria,  king 
and  queen  of  Sweden.  Another  of  Soliman,  emperor  of 
the  Turks,  and  Camilia  his  daughter,  all  in  ovals,  and  of 
folio  dimenfions.  A  large  folio  plate,  containing  tue  heads  of 
Guide,  Cavaleantes,  Dante,  Boccacio,  Petrarch,  Politian, 
and  Ficinus.  And,  conjointly  with  Wicrix,  a  fct  of  twenty- 
four  of  celebrated  arlifts  of  Germany,  in  folio,  dated 
i572. 

ProceJfimSt  Views,  &c. — A  fet  of  fifty-nine,  entitled 
"  PrsEcipua  aliquot  Romanas  antiquitatis  m-jnumenta  An- 
twerpiae  M.  D.  L.  I.  "  Another  fet  of  twenty,  entitled 
"  Operum  antiquorum  Romanorum  hinc  inde  per  diverfas 
Europe  re^'iones."  "The  Furieral  Proceffion  of  the  Emperor 
Charles  V."  engraved  on  feveral  plates,  and  forming,  when 
palled  together,  a  long  frieze.  A  fet  of  twelve  plates,  en- 
titled «'  Divi  Caroli  V.  ex  multis  prsecipus  vicloriarum 
imagines  1556."  A  fet  of  fifteen,  entitled  "  Compartimen- 
torum  quod  vocant  multiplex  genus  lepidiflimis  hiftoriolis 
poetarumque  tabellis  ornatum,  1^66.  Gedruckt  by  Hiero- 
nymus Cock  in  de  vicr  Winden." 

Hyioiical,  &c. — "  Mofes  with  the  Tablets  of  the  Law  ;" 
«'  St.Chrillophercroffing  the  Water  with  the  Infant  Chrift,'' 
a  fubietl  from  the  life  of  Sylla,  infcribed  "  Quidquid  eft 
hujufmodi  etc.  ;"  "A  Sacrifice  to  Priapus,"  where  the  lacri- 
Scers  are  reprefented  flaughtering  an  afs,  1557  ;  "  Fcemina 
fub  Jove  funt  ;"  Tarquin  and  Lucretia,  "  Tarquinius, 
&c."  An  emblem  of  Vanity,  infcribed  "  Hodie  mihi, 
eras  tibi :"  it  reprefents  the  dead  bodyof  a  young  man  lying 
on  a  table  near  aflcull :  at  the  bottom  of  the  pi-intis  written 
"  Vigilate  quia  etc."  Cock  excud.  ;  all  in  folio. 

Various  SuhjeBs  from  the  Painters  of  the  Lonu  Countries. — 
A  fet  of  fifteen  hillorical  landfcapes,  painted  by  Math?w 
Cock,  and  engraved  by  Jerom,  of  which  the  fubjefts  are  ; 
I.  Abraham  facrificing  Ifaac.  2.  Judah  and  Tamar. 
3.  The  Prophet  Jonas  weeping  over  Nineveh.  4.  The  De- 
parture of  Tobias  with  the  Angel.  5.  The  Flight  into 
Egypt.  6.  The  Baptifm  of  our  Saviour.  7.  Jefus 
tempted  in  the  Defart.  8.  The  good  Samaritan.  9.  Mer- 
cury and  Argus.  10.  Mercury  killing  Argus.  11.  Venus 
mourning  for  the  Lofs  of  Adonis.  12.  Cephalus  and  Pro- 
cris,  1558.  13.  The  wondrous  Labyrinth.  14.  The  Loves 
of  Hero  and  Leander.  15.  Daphne  metamorpho{ed  into  a 
Laurel.  A  large  landfcape,  reprefenting  the  feftival  of  St. 
George,  with  the  banner  of  the  faint,  from  Mathew  Cock  ; 
"  Sampfon  and  Dalilah,"  with  the  temple  of  the  Philif- 
tines  in  the  back-ground,  in  large  folio,  from  Hemflcerck  ; 
•*  Daniel  in  the  Lion's  Den,"  in  the  back-ground  are  the 
Babylonians  lamenting  the  overthrow  of  the  dragon  and 
Bel,  and  the  prophet  Habakkuk  is  conduced  through  the 
air  by  an  angel,  from  the  fame  matter,  in  large  folio.  A 
fet  of  eight,  reprefenting  theiUuftrious  women  of  the  Old  and 


New  Teftaments,  ii/a.  Jael,  Ruth,  Abigail,  Judith,  Efther» 
and  Sufannah,  from  the  old,  and  the  Virgin  Mary  and  the 
Magdalen  from  the  new,  in  folio.  An  allegorical  fubjeft,  re- 
prefenting "  Fraud  and  Avance  ;''  a  bacchanalian  fubjeft 
of  "  Children  dancing,"  both  of  folio  fi/.e,  all  from  Hem- 
llverck  ;  "  Tlie  Refurre£lion  of  our  Saviour,"  from  Breughel 
the  elder,  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Temptation  of  St.  James 
and  St.  Anthony,"  1565,  both  in  folio;  and  from  the  fame 
matter,  "  The  Laft  Judgment,"  with  the  cypher  of  Cock, 
dated  ijyS,  in  large  folio;  "  The  Laboratory  of  an  Al- 
chymitt,"  in  folio  ;  "  The  Carnival,  or  Difpute  between  the 
Fat  and  the  I..can,"  in  two  folio  plates,  dated  1563.  A  fet 
of  twelve  hillorical  landfcapes,  moft  of  them  facred  fub- 
jefts, with  Latin  infcriptions,  of  large  folio  fize,  etched  by 
Jerom  Cock,  all  of  them  from  the  elder  Breughel.  A 
grotefque  compofition  of  "  The  large  Fi(h  devouring  the 
fmaller,"  from  Jerom  Bos  ;  it  is  infcribed  "  Vrinden  dit 
hceftmcn  reel  Jaren  geweten  Dat  de  groote  Viflen  de  cley- 
ncnedlen,"  in  large  folio.  A  large  folio  print  of  "The 
Temptation  of  St.  Anthony,"  inlcribed'  "  Multx  tribu- 
latioiies."  "  St.  Martin  in  a  Boat  with  Devils,"  in  large  folio  ; 
"  A  Dream,"  1561  ;  "  Shrove  Tuefday,"  an  allcgoriciil 
fubjcft,  of  large  folio  fize,  1567  ;  "  De  Blau  Schuyte," 
"  The  Blue  Ship,"  in  large  folio,  all  from  Jerom  Bos; 
"  The  Combat  of  the  Horalii  and  Curiatii,"  after  Franc 
Floris  ;  "  Hercules  ileeping,  affailed  by  Pigmies,"  from  the 
fame  mailer,  both  in  large  folio  ;  "  King  Ahafuerus,  fur- 
rounded  by  his  Court,  inverting  Efther  with  Royalty," 
from  Lambert  Lombard  ;  "  Jefus  with  his  Difciples,  at 
the  Houfe  of  Martha  and  Mary,"  I  <:,l(>,  in  large  folio  ; 
"Jefus  at  Table  in  the  Houfe  of  Simon  the  Pharifee," 
1551,  in  folio;  "The  Refurreftion  of  Lazarus,"  both 
from  the  fame  matter,  in  large  folio,  all  infcribed  H.  Cock, 
exc. 

Subjeas  from  Italian  Maflers. — "  Abraham  offering  up 
Ifaac,''  and  the  angel  appearing  with  a  ram,  from  Raphael, 
1J52,  in  folio;  "The  Nativity,"  from  the  fame  painter, 
in  folio  ;  "  Many  are  called,  but  few  are  chofen,"  in  large 
folio,  from  Andrea  del  Sarto,  dated  IJJS  ;  "  Females 
bathing,"  a  folio  print,  from  Lucas  Penni  ;  "  Captives  re- 
pofing,"  a  frieze  from  Pohdore  ;  "  The  Paflage  through 
the  Red  Sea,"  from  Angelo  Bronzino,  in  folio  ;  "  The 
Vifitation  of  Elizabeth,"  from  Sebaftian  del  Piombo,  in 
folio. 

Jacob  Bofius,  or  Boffius,  furnamed  in  Italy  the  Belgian, 
was  born  in  the  early  part  of  the  fixteenth  century,  but  in 
what  part  of  the  Low  Countries  we  are  unable  to  fay.  He 
ftudied  in  Italy  under  fome  one  of  the  difciples  of  Marc 
Antonio,  but  never  rofe  above  mediocrity.  His  ftyle  is 
neat,  but  wants  both  freedom  and  correftnefs  of  outline. 
The  extremities  of  his  figures  efpecially  are  heavy  and  not 
well  marked. 

He  often  marked  his  engravings  with  two  B's,  Avhich 
(hews  that  he  adopted  the  furnamc  of  Bclgia,  which  was 
conferred  on  him  by  the  caprice  of  the  Itahans.  The  time 
of  his  death  has  not  been  mjntioned. 

Of  his  works  the  following  few  appear  to  include  all  the 
variety  which  Boffius  was  capable  of  exerting,  and  more 
than  he  could  exert  with  credit  as  an  artitt. 

The  portrait  of  Michael  Angelo,  in  odlavo.  Bufts  of 
St.  Thomas  Aquinas,  and  Otho  Truchfefs,  biftiop  of  Albany, 
in  quarto.  "  The  Crucifixion,"  in  folio.  A  fet  of  the 
four  Evangelifts,  after  Blockland,  in  quarto.  "  Jacob's 
myfterious  Dream,"  and  "  St.  Peter  and  St.  John  healing 
the  Cripple"  both  in  folio,  and  after  Raphael.  The  ftatue 
of  Pyrrhus^  king  of  the  Moloffes,  from  the  antique,  in  folio, 

dated 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


dated  iy6z  ;  and"TheBathsof  Dioclefian,''  with  other  views 
of  antiquities  executed  in  conjunftion  with  Ant.  Lafrcri. 

Lambert  Suterman,  or  Suaviu?,  was  born  at  Liege,  in 
Flanders,  in  the  year  15 lo,  and  became  the  difciple  of  Lam- 
bert Lombard,  with  whom  Sandrart  confounds  him  ;  but 
Heinneken  has  removed  all  doubt  on  the  fubjeft,  proving 
that  Lombard  was  merely  a  painter  and  never  uled  the  graver 
at  all. 

Suavius  engraved  many  plates  both  from  his  own  defigns 
and  thofe  of  his  niafter.  His  figures  are  generally  tall  and 
thin  ;  the  outlines  of  the  naked  parts  of  them  are  tolerably 
correft,  but  dry  and  without  dignity.  His  draperies  are 
generally  divided  into  fniall  folds,  which  by  not  being  fuf- 
ficiently  varied  or  contrafted  with  each  other,  form  unpleaf- 
ing  lines.  The  attitudes  of  his  figures  are  feldom  well 
chofen,  or  properly  adapted  to  the  fubjeft,  and  the  manage- 
ment of  the  liglit  and  (hade  by  no  means  commendable.  His 
ftyle  of  engraving  is  very  neat,  and  feems  to  have  been  con- 
trailed  in  the  German  fchools  ;  but  his  mpce  of  defign  dif- 
covers  more  of  the  Itahan  than  the  German  tafte. 

His  engravings  are  numerous,  but  neither  exquifite  nor 
very  rare  ;   we  fliall  mention  the  few  following 

From  Lambert  Lombard. — "  Charity,"  furrounded  by 
eight  children;  "The  Refurreftion  of  Lazarus,"  both  in 
quarto,  dated  1544;  "  Jefus  travelhng  to  Emmaus,  witli 
his  two  Difciples,"  ni  folio ;  "  The  Entombing  of  Chrift,''  in 
quarto  ;  "  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul  healing  the  Sick  ;"  "  The 
Defcent  from  the  Crofs,"  and  "Our  Saviour  refturing  the 
Widow's  Son,"  all  in  folio  ;  "  Pfyche  with  the  Vafe  of  Pro- 
ferpine  and  Juno,"  marked  with  the  name  of  Raphael,  in 
fmall  folio. 

From  his   own  Drawings "  The  twelve   Apofiles,''  in 

quarto.  Two  circular  prmts,  reprefenting  a  prolile  of  our 
Saviour,  and  one  of  the  Virgin  Mary.  A  bull  of  Melchior 
Schets,  in  a  circle,  infcribed  "  Mundus  regitur  opinioni- 
bus,"  1561  ;  Anna  Stralen,  "  Mel  Scheti  conjux,"  1554; 
"  Michael  Angelo  Buonarotus,  nobilis  FlorcnHnus,"  a  circu- 
lar print  ;  and  a  portrait  of  Cardinal  Granvelle,  in  quarto. 
All  '.he  portraits  by  Suavius  are  executed  in  a  very  delicate 
ftyle. 

The  family  of  Goltzius  were  illufirious  in  art.  Hubert, 
the  firft  of  that  name  who  diftinguilhed  himfclf  as  an  en- 
graver, was  the  fon  of  a  pamter  of  Wurtzburg,  but  was 
born  at  Venloo  in  the  year  1520.  Under  the  tuition  of  his 
father  and  of  Lambert  Lombard,  he  acquired  fome  pro- 
ficiency both  in  arts  and  in  letters,  and,  having  to  copy  fome 
drawings  which  had  been  done  from  the  antique,  at  the 
houfe  of  the  latter,  they  excited  in  him  lo  ftrong  a  defire  to 
fee  and  (ludy  from  the  originals,  that  he  forthwith  fet  out 
for  Rome.  After  remaining  fome  time  in  that  dillinguifhed 
metropolis,  he  travelled  homeward  through  Italy,  France, 
and  Germany,  leaving  few  of  the  celebrated  works  of  art, 
or  European  monuments  of  antiquity,  unfeen  ;  and  finally 
edablifhed  himfelf  at  Bruges,  where  he  fucceflively  pub- 
lifhed  thofe  volumes  of  medals,  infcriptions,  and  other  ob- 
jefts  of  antiquarian  refearch,  coUetled  during  his  travels, 
which  are  ftill  fought  after  by  the  curious ;  and  where  he 
died  in  the  year  1583. 

Strutt  fays,  "he  was  twice  married,  and  the  abominable 
croflnefs  and  ill  temper  of  his  fecoiid  wife  (ill  fuited  as 
a  companion  to  a  ftudious  man)  is  faid  to  have  fliortened  his 
days."  Mo!l  of  his  antiquarian  writings  are  compofed  in 
the  Latin  language,  and  were  printed,  as  well  as  their  en- 
graved accompaniments,  in  his  own  houfe. 

Hubert  painted  fome  few  piftures  which  have  been  fpoken 
of  with  commendation,  and  are  valued  for  their  rarity,  but  is 
chiefly  known  as  a  raaa  of  letters"  and  an  engraver.     He  ob- 


tained the  title  of  painter  and  hiftorian  to  Philip  II.  of  Spair, 
to  whom  he  dedicated,  "  Fadi  Romani  ex  antiquis  nuraif- 
matibus  et  marmoribus  sere  expreffi  et  illuflrati ;"  and 
"  Icones  Imperatorum  Romanorum,  et  feries  Auftriacorum, 
&c."  both  in  folio,  and  printed  at  Bruges. 

The  medals  in  thefe  works  are  executed  in  clair  obfiure  ; 
and  it  has  fince  been  copied  and  reprinted  at  Antwerp  by 
Balthafar  Moret,  who  has  added  five  medallions  from  de- 
iigns  by  Rubens,  in  order  to  bring  down  the  feries  to  the 
time  of  Ferdinand  III. 

The  manner  in  which  Goltzius  produced  his  prints  in 
clair  obfcure,  was  by  firft  printing  from  an  outline  etched 
on  copper,  and  afterward  impreffing  the  half  tint  and  deeper 
fhadows  from  the  furfaces  of  blocks  of  wood  and  with  the 
letter-prcfs.  In  this  manner  our  artift  produced  two  other 
works,  adorned  with  numerous  engravings  by  himfelf  and 
.Tofeph  Gietleughen  of  Courtrai,  of  which  the  firft,  printed 
at  Bruges  in  1563,  and  containing  forty-fix  prints,  is  en- 
titled "  C.  Juhus  Cfefar  five  hiftorite  Imperatorum  Caefarum 
Romanorum  ex  antiquis  numifmatibns  reftitutje,  liber  pri- 
mus, Huberto  Goltzio  HerbipoHta  Vanloniano  AuCtore  et 
Sculptore  ;"  and  the  fecond,  containing  two  hundred  and 
thirty-four  engravuigs,  printed  at  Bruges  in  ij66,  bears 
the  title  of  "  Failos  JVIagiftrorum  et  Triomphorum  Roman- 
orum ah  urbe  condita  ad  Augufti  obitum  ex  antiquis  Mo- 
numentis  reftitutos,  Hubertus  Goltzius  Herbipohta  Ven- 
lo\ianus  dedicavit." 

Henry  Golt/.ius  was  a  man  of  more  genius,  though  of  lefs 
refearch,  than  Hubert.  His  father,  John  Goltzius,  was  a 
painter  on  glafs,  of  Mulbrcch,  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Venloo,  where  our  artift  was  born  ru  the  year  1558. 

After  acquiring  fome  knowledge  in  the  rudimental  part 
of  drawing  under  his  paternal  roof,  Henry  was  placed,  firft 
under  Jaques  Leonherd,  and  afterward  became  the  difciple 
of  Theodore  Coornhacrt,  who  taught  him  engraving,  and 
under  whofe  tuition  he  foou  began  to  difcover  very  furprifing 
talents  in  that  novel  and  difficult  art,  notwithftanding  the 
difadvantage  of  a  lame  hand,  which  was  occafioned  by  fall- 
ing uito  the  fire  during  his  infancy. 

Goltzius  afterwards  worked,  for  a  fliort  time,  for  Philip 
Gallc,  but  ii!  confequence  of  domeftic  troubles  and  an  ill 
ftate  of  health,  occafioned  partly  by  his  too  clofe  profcfTional 
application,  was  advifcd  to  travel.  His  defire  of  improve- 
ment coinciding  with  his  medical  advifers,  he  pafled  through 
Germany  into  Italy,  vifiting  Bologna,  Florence,  Naples, 
Venice,  and  Rome,  frequently  alFuming  a  feigned  name,  that 
he  might  with  the  lefs  interruption  apply  himfelf  to  the 
ftudy  of  the  antique  and  \\ie  grand giijlo  of  Michael  Angelo. 
Now  was  the  time  when  whal  the  profeftbr  Fufeli  terms 
the  "  frantic  pilgrimage"  of  artills  to  Italy,  raged  with  cru- 
fading  zeal,  and  no  painter  in  the  eftin^ation  of  the  hyper- 
critics,  might  be  confidered  as  pcrfeft  in  his  art,  who  had  not 
trembled  before  the  Laft  Judgment  of  the  terrible  Michael 
Angelo;  moderation  in  ftyle,  was  infeiifibility ;  and  Golt- 
zius himfclf,  though  a  man  of  difcernmcnt,  became  in fefted 
to  a  certain  degree  with  the  falhiouable  bombaft. 

In  the  genial  climate  of  Italy  his  health  returned,  and  at 
Rome  he  remained  for  fome  years,  producing  there  feveral 
very  excellent  engravings  from  Raphael,  Polidoro,  and  other 
eminent  mafters.  He  finally  returned  to  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, and  eftablifiied  himfelf  at  Haerlem,  where  he  engraved 
many  plates,  of  which  the  fubjeCts  conlift  partly  of  his  own 
corapofitions,  and  are  partly  taken  from  the  drawings  which 
he  copied  from  celebrated  works  of  art  during  his  refidence 
in  Italy,  where,  in  1617,  he  died  at  the  age  of  fifty-nine  years. 
He  married  a  widow  lady  of  Haerlem,  whole  fon  James 
Maetbam  (the  fruit  of  a  former  marriage)  became  (as  we 

fhaH 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


ffiall  hare  occafion  to  notice)  a  diftinguifhed  engraver,  under 
the  inllruAion  of  liis  father-in-law.  He  is  faid  to  have  been 
forty  years  of  age  before  he  began  to  paint.  His  pidlures 
are  few  in  number,  and  their  rarity  jKrliaps  has  railed  them 
to  a  higher  value  tlian  they  might  elfe  have  attained. 

But  we  have  to  fpeak.  of  him  cliiefly  as  an  engraver. 
PofTeffing  conGderable  anatomical  knowledge,  he  drew  the 
human  figures  admirably,  and  articufatfed  the  joints  and  ex- 
tremities with  fupcrior  ikill.  But  conceiving  lymfelf  qualified, 
on  his  return  from  Italy,  to  correft  tlie  littlenefles  and  Gothic 
ftiffncfs  of  his  Dutch  and  German  contemporaries  in  art, 
and  the  taile  which  prevailed  among  the  connoifl'eurs  of  the 
Low  Countries,  he  too  frequently  ran  into  the  oppofite 
extreme,  and  twilled  and  bent  his  fingers  and  his  feet,  fome- 
tim-s  into  abfolute  diftortion,  in-fpita  of  nature  and  his 
own  fupcrior  knowledge.  While  the  mania  lalled,  his  in- 
tended grace  became  real  afieftation,  and  his  grandeur  ridi- 
culous fwaggcring. 

In  order  to  llvew  that  the  revolution  in  ftyle  which  he 
aimed  at  accomplilhing,  was  the  refuit  of  fuperior  powers, 
and  that  it  proceeded  not  from  his  inability  to  emulate  and 
excel,  at  their  own  weapons,  the  heroes  of  Holland  and  Ger- 
many, he  took  a  molt  effcdual  method,  in  the  profecution 
of  which  he  was  eminently  fuccefsful.  '  He  compofcd  and  en- 
graved what  are  termed  his  chef-d'o;uvres,  or  tnajler pieces, 
which  fiiew  the  amazing  verfatility  of  his  talents  ;  and  which, 
though  chiefly  aimed  at  the  reputations  of  Albert  Durer 
and  Lucas  -of  Leyden,  does  not  fcruple  to  provoke  com- 
parifon  alfo,  with  Baffan,  with  Parmegiano,  and  even  with 
Rapliael  himfelf. 

There  had  not  been  \vanting  among  the  connoiffeurs  and 
amateurs  of  the  Low  Countries,  fome  who  inlinuated  that 
Goltzius  deviated  from  the  llyles  of  art  which  had  called 
forth  their  admiration,  becaufe  he  had  fancied  or  found  them 
to  be  inimitable.  No  expedient  could  more  juftly  or  more 
completely  have  filenced  thefe  obfervations,  than  the  contri- 
vance and  execution  of  thefe  fix  large  engravings.  Before 
he  made  public  that  of  which  the  fubjeft  is  "  The  Circum- 
cifion,"  and  which  was  defigned  to  vie  with  Albert  Durer  ; 
and  before  his  general  purpofe  was  known,  he  bellowed  a 
few  years  of  age  on  an  impreffion,  by  means  of  fmokc,  and 
exhibited  it  in  the  prefence  of  a  chofen  few,  who,  to  the  great 
entertainment  and  fecret  fatisfaclion  of  our  artift,  flood  in 
fpcdlacles  and  in  raptures,  before  the  fuppofed  engraving  of 
Albert  Durer.  And,  in  truth,  this  print  fo  very  much  re- 
fembles  the  ver)''  bell  works  of  that  mafter,  both  in  defign 
and  execution,  as  to  be  icarcely  any  impeachment  of  the 
difcernment  of  the  connoiffeurs  who  were  thus  deceived. 

Gohzius  might  now  fearlefsly  publifh  his  mailer-pieces, 
which  he  did  with  extraordinary  fuccefs,  and  in  which,  after 
varying  his  flyle  five  times  in  order  to  imitate  feverally  the 
mailers  above-mentioned,  he  finillies  the'fetof  fix  with  an 
"  Holy  Family,"  v/hich  he  meant  fhould  be  underllood  as 
tiie  improved  flyle  of  Henry  Goltzius,  and  which  clofcs  the 
proceftion,  and  completes  his  triumph, — but  not  the  cata- 
logue of  his  merits. 

He  engraved  portraits  from  his  own  drawings,  in  a  very 
mallerly  manner,  very  taftefully  uniting  excellent  drawing, 
and  vigorous  effeft  of  light  and  fliade,  with  ncatnefs  of  exe- 
ctition.  He  alfo  engraved  from  his  own  compofitions  on 
wood,  in  the  manner  w-hich  is  technically  termed  dare  obfcure, 
or  chiarofcuro,  in  which  he  differed  from  Hubert  Goltzius, 
by  employing  ihree  blocks  of  wood  ;  on  the  firll  of  which  he 
cut  his  outluie  with  great  boldnefs  and  fpirit  ;  the  fecond 
ferved  to  imprefs  the  demi-tints,  the  high  lights  being  cut 
away  ;  and  the  third  the  deeper  fliadows.  In  the  works 
which  he  executed  in  this  way,  the  lights  appear  as  if  em- 


boffed,  and  they  are  en  the  whole  very  mafterly  produc. 
tions. 

The  power  of  Goltzius  over  his  graver,  which  was  the 
chief  inflrument  of  his  art,  and  the  freedom,  boldnefs,  and 
copious  variety  of  combination  with  which  he  hatched  hii 
cou'rfes  of  lines,  is  wonderful,  and  would  have  been  truly 
fafcinating,  had  he  adhered  to  that  pure  and  accurate  ftyle 
of  drawing  which  once  diftinguiflicd  him,  inflead  of  deviating 
into  extravagance  and  eccentricity. 

The  cypher  with  which  he  marked  his  engravings,  when 
he  did  not  fubicribe  his  name  at  length,  may  be  feen  in  our  firll 
plate  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of  tfie  Low  Countries. 

We  begin  our  catalogue  of  his  works,  which  will  probably 
long  continue  to  rank  in  the  very  firfl  clafs  of  the  arts  of  his 
country,  with  his 

Portraits. — A  bull  of  Gertrand  AdriaaufTz  Brederods, 
in  an  oval,  with  an  allegoric  accompaniment  of  two 
tigers  and  a  laurel,  a  very  rare  print  ;  Henry  III.  king 
of  France,  an  oval,  very  rare,  dated  1592  ;  Frederic  II. 
king  of  Denmark,  quarto  fize  ;  William  prince  of  Orange, 
.  in  an  oval,  furrounded  with  a  grotefque  border,  in  folio  ; 
Charlotte  of  Bourbon,  princets  of  Orange,  companion  to 
the  preceding  ;  both  engraved  in  a  very  delicate  flyle  ; 
Theodorus  Coornhcrtius  ad  vivum  dcpiftus  et  acri  incifus, 
ab  H.  Goltzius,  a  very  rare  folio  print  ;  Hans  Bol,  after 
Joannes  Boltius,  a  folio  print,  furrounded  with  ornaments  ; 
John  Stradan,  a  painter  of  Bruges,  in  quarto  ;  Philip  Galle, 
an  engraver  of  Antwerp,  of  the  fame  fize,  dated  1582  ; 
Peter  Forct,  or  Forellus,  a  Dutch  phyfician,  in  odtavo, 
dated  I'fiS  ;  Julle-Lipfe,  a  celebrated  critic,  infcribed 
"  Moribus  antiquis,"  dated  1587  ;  a  half-lengtii  portrait 
of  John  Zurenus,  painted  by  M  Hemfkerck,  in  quarto  ; 
Monfieur  de  la  Faille,  infcribi-d  "  Leges  tueri.  Harm. 
Adolfs.  exc."  in  quarto  ;  Madame  de  la  Faille,  companion 
to  the  above,  (a  young  woman  with  a  llcull  in  her  hand.) 
This  pair  of  portraits  are  executed  with  extreme  delicacy, 
and  are  much  celebrated.  Chrillopher  Plantin,  a  famous 
printer  ;  and  Francis  d'Egmont,  completely  armed,  a  half- 
length  portrait,  both  in  quarto  ;  Robert,  earl  of  Leicefter, 
general  in  the  United  Provinces,  1586,  a  very  fine  print,  in  a 
fmail  oval  ;  S.  Sovius,  infcribed,  "  Bene  agere  et  nil  timere," 
1583,  rare  ;  a  half-length  portrait  of  a  man  meafuring  a 
globe,  infcribed  "  L'homme  propofe,  et  Dieu  difpofe," 
159J.  This  is  believed  to  be  the  portrait  of  Petri,  an 
alfronomer  of  Amllerdam,  in  i2mo.  A  lady  fitting  in  a 
garden  chair,  fuppofed  to  be  the  portrait  of  Catherine  Dek- 
ker,  of  Haerlem,  of  the  fame  fize  ;  bull  of  a  man  with  a  round 
hat,  in  4to.  ;  bull  of  a  female  with  a  hat,  executed  entirely 
with  the  graver  ;  half-length  portrait  of  a  female,  veiled, 
and  covered  with  drapery,  1606,  taftefully  engraven  in  a 
neat  and  elaborate  ftyle  ;  and  the  buft  of  a  man,  with  a  cocked 
hat,  both  of  quarto  fize.  ' 

Various   SubjeOs  from   his  own    Compofitions A  circular 

print  in  quarto,  of  "  Judah  and  Tamar,"  one  of  the 
earliell  engravings  of  Goltzius.  A  fet  of  fix  capital 
prints,  which  we  have  particularly  noticed  in  his  biography, 
and  which  are  known  by  the  name  of  the  majlerpicces  of  Golt- 
zius. I .  The  Annunciation,  in  the  ftyle  of  Raphael.  2.  The 
Vifitation,  in  the  ftyle  of  Parmegiano.  3.  The  Annuncia- 
tion, in  the  ftyle  of  BaiTan.  4.  The  Circumcifion,  hi  the 
ftyle  of  Albert  Durer.  5.  The  Adoration  of  the  Kings.,  in 
the  ftyle  of  L.  of  Leyden.  And  6.  A  Holy  Family,  in  his 
own  flyle,  or,  according  to  fome  critics,  in  the  flyle  of  Bar- 
roccio,  all  of  large  folio  fize.:  it  fhoud  be  known,  that  in  the 
Circumcifion  he  has  introduced  his  own  portrait.  A  very 
rare  print  of  "The  Nativity,"  in  large  folio,  which  is  un- 
finiihed  ;  infcribed  Jac.  Matham,  exc.  1615.  "TheAdo- 
7t  ration 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 

ration  of  the  Kings,"  in  quarto,  rare;   "  The  Slaughter  of    againft  a  fkuU  ;  an  emblem  of  human  vanity,  in  large  quarto 


the  Innocents,"    C.  Vificher  excud.    likewife   very  rare 
and  in  an  unfmifhed  (late,-  a  very  large  folio.     "  A    Repofo," 
H.   Goltzius  fecit,   in    4to.    1589 ;     "  The    Good    Sama- 
ritan,"  H.  Goltzius  fc.  et  excud.  1589;  The  Paffion  of  our 
Saviour,  in   twelve    plates,   H.   Goltz.  fee.    1597,    in  410. 
Tliefe  are  engraven  fomewhat  in  the  ftyle  of  Lucas  of  Ley- 
den.     The  half-length  figures  of  Chriii,  and  thirteen  apoftles, 
with  Latin  infcriptions,  engraved  on  fourteen  plates,  H.  Goft- 
zius  fee.  m  odlavo,   1598.     Another  fet  from  the  fame  ori- 
ginals,  faid  by  Huber  and  Rod  to  be  almolt  as  large  as  life, 
and  the  name  of  each  apoftle-  added  ;  executed  with  very 
bold  courfes  of  lines.     "  The  Adoration  of  the  Kings,"  a 
(ingular  compojltion,  and  a   very  rare   foho  print  ;  "  The 
Infant  Chrift,"  feated   on   a  cufhion   holding  a  globe,  and 
furr.iunded  with  a  glory  of  angels,   a   very  finely  engraved 
plate,  in   410.  dated   1597;   "The  Temptation  of  St.  An- 
tony," and   "  A  Saint,  holding  a  Book,"   (perhaps  Jerome,) 
both  in  quarto.    A  fet  of  fifty-two,  from  the  Metamorphofes 
of  Ovid  :   it  is  believed  that  Goltzius  was  aflifted  by  his  pupils 
in  the  execution  of  this  fet.  Afet  often  of  the  heroes  of  ancient 
Rome,   viz.     1.  The    Horatii   and  Curiatii 
Codes.      :;.  Mutius  Scxvola.     4.  Curtius.     j.  Torquatus 
6.  Corvinus.     7.  Manilas.     8.  Calphurnius.    9  and  10  are 
allegorical  fubjefts.     This  fet  is  executed  with  very  bold 
ttrokesi  and  have  very  fine  back-grounds.     A  circular  print 
of  Venus  relling  againft  a  tree,  and    Ciipid    prefenting  a 
fword,  infcribed  "  Sine  Cerere  et  Baccho,  friget  Venus," 
executed  in  fo  verv  delicate  a  manner,  that  it  forms  a  ftriking 
contraft  with  the  former.     A  fet  of  three  ovals,  reprefenting 

1.  Bacchus  ;  2.  Venus  ;  and  j.  Ceres,  dedicated  to  Cornelius 
of   Haerlem.      Another  fet  of  three   ovals,  of  i.  Pallas; 

2.  Juno  ;  and  3.  Venus,  dated  1596.      A  couchant  Venus, 
f'.irrounded  by  the  four  elements,  perfonified  by  cupids,  an' 
oval  print,  all  of  folio  fize.    "  Mars  and  Venus,  expofed  to 
the  Ridicule  of  the  Gods,"   1585,  in  large  foho.    Three  folio 
plates   of  the    loves  of  the  gods  ;    1.  Jupiter  and  Juno. 
2.  Neptune   and   Amphitrite.       3.   Pluto    and    Proferpine. 
"  Apollo  in  the  Clouds,"  with  an  iafcription  round  his  head, 
158S  ;  "  Pygmalion  and  the  Statue,"   j  593,  all  in  folio.     A 
fmall  oval  print  of  "  Mercury  and  Argus,"   very  rare  ;  the 
nine  mufes,  dedicated  to  John  Sadeler,  dated  1592,  in  foho  ; 
three  folio  circular  prints  of  "  The  Deftinies  ;"  "  The  three 
Graces,"  crowned  with  laurel,  in  folio  ;  a  large  folio  print 
of  "  Apollo  Pythius,  Statua  aiitiqua  Roms,  in  palatio  Pon- 
tificis    Bellevedere,   etc."     "  Hercules  AxlEviKAKOS  In- 
fcriptus  Roman.  Commodus   Imperator.      Statua   antiqua 
Roms,    in  palatio   Pontificis    Bellevedere,  etc."    in    large 
foho,    with   four   Latin   verfes ;    and    "  Hercules   Viftor. 
Statua  antiqua   Romae,  in  palatio  Cardinalis  Farncfii,  etc." 
publiftied  after  the  death  of  Goltzius  by  Herman  Adolf,  in 
large  foho.     Thefe  three  ftatues  form  a  very  beautiful  and 
interefting  fet,  where  the  vigorous  powers  which  dillingui[h 
the  graver  of  Goltzius,  are  exhibited  in   high  perfection. 
"  Hercules  ;"  in  the  back-ground  are  reprefented  fome  of  his 
labours  ;  of  very  large  folio  fize,  dated  1589.    In  this  print 
the  artiil  appears  to  have  intended  to  convey  an  idea  of  god- 
like ftrength,  but  has  run  far  into  the  extravagance  which 
we  have  cenfured  in  his  biography.     "Apollo   playing  on 
his  Lyre,  furrounded  by  the  Mufes,"  a  very  large  print,  dated 
1590.     The  feven  cardinal  virtues  ;   Faith,  Hope,  Charity, 
Jullice,  Prudence,  Fortitude,  and  Temperance  ;  of  quarto 
fize  ;  feated  on  ornamental  architecture.     Three   very  fine 
prints,   in   folio.       Eight  females   embracing,    reprefenting 
human  virtues  in  four  very  fine  folio  prints  ;   "  Labour  and 
Diligence,   (perfonified  by  a  man  and  female,)   embracing," 
a  very  rare  quarto  print,  dated  1582.  A.uaked  infant  relliag 


Chriftian   Prudence,"  reprefented  by  a  drapered  female, 
infcribed  "  Aftute  ferpentes,  et  fimplicitate  columbas,"  a  very 
rare  engravincf,  in  a  fmall  circle  ;  "  The  Blind  leading  the 
Bhnd,"  a   fmall   circle,  very  rare  ;   "The   War  Chariot," 
with  an  explanation   in  French  and  Dutch,  of  large  folio 
fize.    A  young  female,  refufing  the  offer  of  a  rich  old  man, 
followed  by  a  young  one.    A  companion,  of  a  young  man  re- 
fufing an  old  woman,  both  rare  prints,  and  of  folio  dimen- 
fions.  "  The  Dog  of  Goltzius,"  or  "  The  Boy  and  Dog  :" 
it  is  pretended  by  fome  that  the  boy  who  i.s  introduced  is 
the  fon  of  the  Venetian  painter  Theodore  Frifius,  to  whom 
the  print  is  dedicated  ;  and  by  others  that  it  is  the  portrait 
of  the  engraver  himfelf :  it  is  in  large  foho,  an  exquifite 
print,  and  the  good  impreffions  are  now  become  rare  and' 
valuable.     "  Coridon   au  Silvia,"  a  paftoral  fubjed  beauti- 
fully engraven.       A  man  in  a  Spaniili   drefs,  carrying  two 
flowers,  in  folio,  infcribed  "  Sic  tranfit  gloria  mundi,"    An^ 
officer  with  a  halbert,  with  a  battle  in  the  back-ground,  in' 
fol.     An  officer  marching,  and  a  view  of  the  city  of  Prague 
in  the  back-ground,  1587.     A  grand  mountainous  landfcape- 
2.  Horatius     with  fhepherds  tending  their  flocks  in  the  fore-ground  ;  and 
"^  in  which  Dedalus  and  Icaruo  are  feen  in  the  air  ;  a  large  folio 

print,  and  one  of  the  fineft  etchings  by  Goltzius. 

Engravings  on  Wood,  in  Clair-olfcure ,  and  Cameo A  land- 
fcape, with  ruftic  buildings,  and  a  female  drawing  water 
from  a  well,  in  410.  A  landfcape,  with  an  enormous  rock 
on  the  fliore  of  a  raging  ocean,  and  an  hermit  proftrate,  in 
4to.  A  ruftic  fubjedl  with  flieep  feeding,  in  4to.  Half- 
length  portrait  of  a  warrior, ,  with  lance  and  helmet,  in 
foho.  "  Hercules  combating  with  the  Giant  Cacus,"  en- 
graved on  a  fingle  block,  'in  folio.  The  fame  fubjedl  exe. 
cuted  in  clair-obfcure.  A  fet  of  feven  figures  of  heathen 
divinities,  viz.  Jupiter,  Neptune,  Pluto,  Thetis,  Flora,. 
Night,  and  Eternity  ;  thefe  prints  are  in  ovals  of  large  folio 
fize,  and  have  a  very  ftriking  e2"e6t. 

Suhjeds  from  Italian  Majlcrs. — "  St.  Joachim,"  from  a  pic- 
ture  by  Raphael  in  the  church  of  St.  Auguftin  at  Rome,  dated . 
1592,  in  folio  ;  "  The  Triumph  of  Galatea,''  from  a  pic- 
ture by  Raphael,  in  the  Farnefian  gallery.  Eight  divinities 
in  niches,  from  Polidoro ;  •uiz.  Saturn,  Neptune,  Pluto, 
Vulcan,  Apollo,  Jupiter,  Bacchus,  Mercury,  in  folio.  Two 
fybils,  after  antique  ftatues,  in  410.  "  The  Laft  Supper," 
from  a  very  grand  compofition  by  Paul  Veronefe,  dated 
1585  ;  "  The  Marriage  of  Cana,"  after  J.  Salviati,  a  very 
large  engraving,  executed  on  two  plates ;  "  St.  Jerom  me- 
ditating  in  a  Defart,"   from   Palma  the  younger,   in  large 


fol; 

Suljsds  from  various  Maflers  in  the  Low  Countries. — "  The 
Fall  of  our  firft  Parents,"  in  4to.  from  Barth.  Sprano-er, 
1585  ;  "  A  Dead  Chrift,"  fupported  by  an  angel,  from  the 
fame  mafter,  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Celebration  of  the  Nup- 
tials of  Cupid  and  Pfyche  among  the  Gods,"  from  the 
fame  mafter,  executed  on  two  large  plates  ;  "  The  Drao-on 
devouring  the  Companions  of  Cadmus,"  after  Corneille  Cor- 
nehus,  in  folio,  1588  ;  "  Ulyffes  reproving  Irus  before  the- 
Suitors  of  Penelope,"  from  the  fame  mafter,  in  large  folioi 
Large  circular  prints  of  the  four  elements,  reprefented  by 
Tantalus,  Icarus,  Ixion,  and  Phaeton  ;  •'  St.  Paul  fhak- 
ing  off  the  Viper,  in  the  Ifle  of  Melita,"  from  j.  Stradan, 
in  folio  ;  "  Lot  and  his  Family  forfaking  the  burning  City," 
from  Ant.  Blocklant,  dated  1582,  in  large  folio;  and' 
"  The  four  Evangelifts  at  the  Sepulchre  of  Chrift,"  front' 
the  fame  mailer,  1583,  of  large  folio  dimenCons. 

Julius   Goltzius   was  probably  of  the  fame  family  with 
Henry,  but  the  acquifilions  of  genius  are  unalienable,  and 
Julius  attained  to  no  eminence  as-an  engraver.    He  was  ap- 
parently 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 


parently  educated  in  the  fchool  of  the  Galles,  but  of  his 
birth  or  death  there  is  no  record,  though  his  principal  work 
was  executed  in  158 1.  He  engraved  on  copper,  but  his 
objefts  are  ill  drawn  and  tallelefsly  executed.  Great  part 
of  the  figures  in  "  Habitus  Variorum  Orbis  Gentium," 
publilhed  b)'  BoilTard,  is  from  his  hand,  as  are  alfo  "  The 
good  and  bad  Shepherd,"  from  Martin  de  Vos,  and  "  Chrill 
appearing  to  Mary  Magdalen,"  after  Fred.  Sucaris. 

Henry  Van  Cleve,  or  Cleef,  alfo  called  CUvenJis,  was 
born  at  Antwerp  in  the  year  1520,  and  died  in  the  fame 
«iry  in  1  S89.  He  was  the  broiher  of  Martin  van  Cleef, 
whom  Val'ari  confounds  with  Martin  Schoen.  He  ftudied 
in  Italy,  and  befidc  his  proficiency  in  engraving,  became  an 
excellent  landtcapo  painter,  poircffing  great  freedom  of 
touch,  and  producing  an  harmonious  chiarof-curo.  Upon  his 
return  to  his  native  city  in  Hjs,  he  was  elefted  a  member 
of  the  Antwerp  academy  of  painters  :  he  likewife  engraved 
A  great  number  of  plates,  which  he  fonietimes  marked  with 
the  monogram,  which  will  be  found  in  our  firll  plate  of 
thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the  Low  Countries  ;  and  at 
others,  with  "  Henricus  Clivenlls  fecit." 

Among  his  works  the  following  will  probably  be  found 
moil  worthy  of  feleftion.  A  bull  fight,  exhibited  at  Rome, 
before  the  Farnefe  palace,  in  folio.  Two  landfcapcs  and 
figures,  in  folio.  A  fet  of  fix  landfcapes,  intitlcd,  i.  Veneris 
Templum.  2.  Forum  iEmilii.  j.  Teinplum  Fortunse.  4.  Ca- 
loris.  5.  Cataraftes  Tiburti.  6.  Corfu  Infula.  H.  van 
Cleef  fee.  Ph.  Galle  exc.  in  folio.  Another  fet  of  land- 
fcapes :  I.  View  of  abridge  at  Segovia.  2.  A  promon- 
tory at  Campania.  ^.  The  tomb  of  the  Horatii.  4.  A 
view  on  the  lake  of  Aricia,  m  folio.  There  is  alfo  a  col- 
ieftion  of  thirty-five  views  by  this  artilt,  publifhed  under 
the  title  of  "  Henri  a  Cleve  ruinarum  ruriumquc  aliquot 
delineationes  executas,  per  Galleum,"  in  folio. 

Of  his  brother  Martin  van  Cleef  we  know  very  little, 
and  of  his  engravings  nothing,  excepting  that  proftiTor 
Chrill  fays,  they  were  marked  with  a  monkey  feated,  with 
the  letters  V.  C.  upon  its  body,  in  the  manner  reprefented  in 
our  Plate  I.  of  the  monograms,  &c.  ufed  by  the  engravers 
of  the  Low  Countries. 

A  monkey  it  feems,  which  in  England  is  nicknamed 
Jacko,  is  called  Martin  in  Flanders :  combined  with  the 
initials  of  Van  Cleef,  it  therefore  formed  a  kind  of  pun ; 
and  the  age  in  which  thefe  engravers  lived,  is  known  to 
have  been  a  time  when  puns  were  fashionable,  and  paffed  for 
wit.  Martin  van  Cleef,  fometimes  miftaken  for  Schoen,  is 
the  real  Martin  of  Antwerp,  of  Vafari,  and  thofe  Italian 
writers  who  have  copied  his  errors. 

Adrian  Collaert,  the  elder,  an  artift  of  great  merit,  and 
likewife  a  printfeller,  was  born  at  Antwerp  A.  D.  1520. 
He  became  acquainted  with  the  rudiments  of  his  art  in  his 
native  country,  but  made  a  journey  to  Italy,  where  he  re- 
fided  foine  time  in  order  to  perfeft  himfelf  in  his  profefiion. 
He  worked  entirely  with  the  graver  in  a  firm  and  neat  ftyle, 
but  fomewhat  ftiff.  His  malTes  of  hght  are  rarely  well 
managed,  or  flcilfully  blended  with  his  demi-tints,  and  from 
being  too  much  fcattered  and  withoHt  the  neceffary  gra- 
duation, he  rarely  produced  even  a  tolerable  chiarofcuro. 
But  to  compenfate  thefe  defefts  (which  may,  in  part  at 
lead,  be  afcribed  to  the  age  in  which  Adrian  lived),  he  drew 
with  great  ability.  The  heads  of  his  figures  are  frequently 
beautiful  and  charadlerillic,  and  the  other  extremities  well 
marked. 

The  engravings  of  the  elder  Collaert  are  fomewhat  nu- 
merous, and  are  generally  marked  with  a  cypher,  for  which 
fee  our  fii-ft  plate  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of'the 


Low  Countries.  We  feleft  from  them  the  following,  be- 
ginning with  thofe  which  are  done 

Prom  his  own  Compoftl'wns — A  man  and  his  wife  con- 
dufted  by  Death,  dated  1562,  in  l2mo.  An  armed 
warrior,  to  whom  a  feinale  prefents  a  dog,  a  child,  and  a 
cock.  The  four  elements,  with  a  verfe  in  Latin  under 
each,  in  8vo.  A  lit  of  thirty-fix  prints,  in  1 2mo.,  en- 
titled "  Vita  Jefu  Salvatoris  variis  iconibus,  ab  Adriano 
Collaert  exprelTa."  A  fet  of  thirty,  in  4to.  entitled  "  Avium 
vivae  iconcs  in  aere  incific  et  edita:  ab  Adriano  CoUardo." 
One  hundred  and  twenty-five  fubjedls,  entitled  "  Pifcium 
vivse  icones."  Another  fet,  entitled  "  Florilegiumab  Hadri- 
ano  Collaert  cielatum,  et  ab  Piiil.  Gallo  editnm  ;"  in 
twenty-four  4to.  plates.  A  large  folio  plate  from  the 
"  Lall  Judgment"  of  Stradan.  "  St.  Anthony  tormented 
by  Devils  ;<'  and  "  St.  ApoUonius,"  furrounded  by  fubjedls 
from  his  life,  both  of  folio  dimenfions. 

From  'various  Majtcrs. — The  twelve  months  of  the 
year,  from  Jofliua  of  Momper,  of  4to.  fize  :  tlie  fame 
fubjeils  were  copied  by  Callot.  A  fet  of  twelve  beautiful 
horfes  in  various  attitudes,  from  Stradan,  8vo.  plates,  en- 
graved very  delicately.  A  fet  of  chaces  and  fifiiing  parties, 
from  Stradan,  in  4to.  Four  fine  landfcapes  from  H.  van 
Cleef,  entitled  "  Regionum  rurium  varii  atque  amoeni  pro- 
fpeftus."  A  fet  of  hermitcires,  from  M.  de  Vos,  in  the 
engraving  of  which,  Adrian  was  affifted  by  his  fon,  410. 
fize.  "  The  Ifraelitifh  Women  finging  the  Pfalm  of  Praife 
for  the  Deftrudlion  of  the  Egyptian  Hoft  in  the  Red  Sea,"  a 
4to.  plate  from  Stradan  ;  "  Maternal  Love,"  prefumptively 
a  fatirical  print,  its  real  fubjcd  being  a  woman  tearing  her 
child  to  pieces  with  the  fury  of  a  lion,  in  4to.  from  the 
fame  mailer  ;  "  The  Vocation  of  St.  Andrew,"  from  Baroc- 
cio,  in  folio.  This  fubjeft  was  likewife  engraven  by 
G.  Sadeler.  "  The  Myflcry  of  the  Mafs,"  from  Th.  Ber- 
nard ;  "  A  Repofe  during  the  Flight  into  Egypt,"  where 
St.  Jofeph  is  reprefented  gathering  grapes,  from  H.  Golt- 
zius,  dated  158).  The  Annunciations  of  Ifaac,  Sampfon, 
St.  John  the  Baptift,.and  our  Saviour.  St.  Jofeph,  and  the 
Angel  of  the  Shepherds,  from  the  fame  mafter,  ij86,  all 
of  folio  dimenfions.  Thefe  laft  fix  plates  are  reckoned  thp 
bell  engravings  of  Collaert. 

Hans,  or  John  Collaert,  the  fon  of  the  preceding  attill, 
was  born  at  the  fame  place,  in  the  year  1 540.  He  learned 
the  elements  of  art  of  hia  father,  but  afterwards  went  to 
Italy  for  improvement.  He  affifted  his  father  in  mod  01 
his  larger  works,  befides  engraving  a  great  number  of  plates 
himfelf ;  which  he  did  in  a  ftyle  very  much  refembling  that 
of  Adrian.  He  muft  have  lived  to  a  great  age,  for  his 
prints  are  dated  from  ij'jj  to  1622.  He  marked  his 
plates  with  his  initials,  combined  in  a  cypher,  which  will  be 
found  in  our  firft  plate  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the 
Low  Countries,  and  fometimes  his  name  at  full  length. 
Among  his  works  we  fhall  fpecify  the  following,  beginning 
with  thofe 

From  his  own  Compofitions. — Ten  fubjefts  in  410.  dated 
1 58 1,  entitled  "  Monihnm  Eullarum  mauriumque  artifi- 
ciofiflimK  Icones  Joannis  Collaert  opus  extremum."  The 
hiftory  of  St.  Francis,  in  a  feries  of  fixteen  plates,  with 
grotefque  ornaments,  in  410.  "  A  Chrift,"  accompanied 
by  two  other  half-length  figures,  perhaps  intended  for 
Mofes  and  Elias,  in  an  ornamental  border  ;  "  A  Dead 
Chrift;  on  the  Lap  of  the  Virgin,"  infcribed  "  Torcular 
Calcavietc.  Joan  Collaert  fculp.  ;"  "  The  Laft;  Judgment," 
furrounded  with  fmall  fubjefts  from  the  life  of  Chrift,  in- 
fcribed, "  Hunc  veniant  jufti,  etc."  all  of  folio  dimenfions  ; 
"Marcus   Curtiu*  precipitating  himfelf  into  the  Gulf;" 

and 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 


and  "  Peace  and  Charity,"    with  the   motto  "  Pacem  ha- 
bete  ;"  both  of  foh'o  fize. 

From  various  Majlers. — "  St.  John  the  Baptift  preaching 
in  the  Defart,"  a  grand  compofition,  in  folio,  infcribed 
G.  A.  Z.  inventor ;  "  Mofes  Itriking  the  Rock,"  a  large 
print,  lengthways,  from  Lambert  Lombard.  A  great 
number  of  fmall  figures  are  introduced  into  this  print,  and 
they  are  admirably  well  executed  :  the  heads  are  fine,  and 
the  drawing  very  correft.  This  is  confidered  as  one  of  the 
li'  beft  prints  from  the  graver  of  John  Collaert  :  it  was  pub- 
lilhed  by  Jerome  Cock,  1555,  and  is  marked  "  Hans  Col- 
laert fecit."  "  A  Satyr  purfued  by  Females,"  from  J. 
Straden,  in  folio  ;  "  A  female  Centaur  fuckling  her  young  ;" 
and  "  A  Centaur  nurfing  a  young  Bear,"  (companion  lo 
the  laft  ;)  "  Mars  repofing  on  the  Lap  of  Veims,"  in  4to., 
both  from  the  fame  painter ;  "  The  Loves  of  Mars  and 
Venus,"  in  four  plates,  with  Latin  verfes,  in  folio.  From 
Philip  Galle  of  Haerlem.  The  following  prints,  for  the 
miflal  of  Moretus,  from  the  defigns  of  Rubens,  are  much 
fought     after     by     connoiffeurs :      i.     The     Annunciation. 

2.  The  Nativity,    with   the    Adoration  of  the   Shepherds. 

3.  The  Adoration  of  the  Ealtern  Kings.  4.  The  Laft. 
Supper.  5.  The  Crucifixion.  6.  The  Refurreftion. 
7.  The  Afcenfion.  8.  The  Defcent  of  the  Holy  Ghoft. 
9.  The  AlTumption.  10.  An  Aflemblage  of  the  Saints  in 
Heaven.  II.  David  imploring  the  Mercy  of  God  on  his 
People,  afflifted  with  the  Plague.  And,  12.  The  Tree  of 
Genealogy  of  the  Jewifh  Kings  ;  all  in  fmall  folio.  This 
lall  fubjeft  is  very  rare. 

The  following  are  hkewife  from  the  compofitions  of 
Rubens:  "Theology,"  perfonified  by  a  female,  holding  a 
flaming  torch,  on  each  fide  of  whom  is  a  Thermes,  repre- 
fenting  the  old  and  the  new  laws.  Frontifpiece  to  The  Ec- 
clefiaftical  Hiilory  from  the  Birth  of  Jefus  Chrifl  to  the 
Year  1622,  wherein  Religion  is  introduced  holding  a  crofs 
and  tiara.  Frontifpiece  to  The  Lives  of  the  holy  Fathers, 
by  T.  Vaders. 

William  Collaert  was  the  fon  of  John,  and  engraved  with 

fome  abihty.      Of  his  works  we  are  only  acquainted  with 

"  The  Vifitation  of  Elizabeth,"  in  folio  ;  and  a  fet  of  ten 

y       quarto   plates    for    "  BuUarum  Inaurium,    Sec.  Archetypi 

Artificiofi,"  from  the  defigns  of  his  father. 

Theodore  or  Dirick  Volkart  Coornhaert,  or  Cuerenhert, 
was  born  at  Amfterdam  in  the  year  1522,  and  became  one 
of  that  extraordinary  clafs  of  men,  whom  the  world  honours 
with  the  epithet  of  Angular  or  eccentric  wliilft  they  are 
living,  and  rarely  knows  how  to  value  till  they  are  no  more. 
In  other  words,  Coornhaert  was  a  fl:udious  man,  of  various 
and  extenfive  attainments,  and  vvhofe  perceptions  and  reflec- 
tions were  entirely  his  own. 

Befide  cultivating  the  arts  of  defign,  he  diftinguifhed  him- 
lelf  in  various  literary  purfuits ;  was  a  good  poet,  and  at 
leait  an  original  theologian.  In  his  youth  he  travelled  intc 
Spain  and  Portugal ;  but  the  motives  or  refult  of  his 
journey,  which  was  perhaps  connefted  with  fome  diplomatic 
purpofe,  have  not  been  afcertained. 

Returning  to  the  Low  Countries,  he  ellabhfhed  himfelf 
asanartill  and  fcholarat  Haerlem,  of  which  city  he  became 
public  fecretary,  and  was  feveral  times  fent  as  ambaflador  to 
the  prince  of  Orange,  to  whom  he  addrefied  a  mamfelto, 
which  has  been  celebrated,  and  which  was  publidied  by  that 
prince  in  the  year  i  ^66. 

But  unfortunately  for  the  temporal  concerns  of  our  artill, 
he  deemed  that  religion  was  an  affair  between  every  mdi- 
vidual  man  and  his  Creator,  in  which  no  other  man  had  a 
right  to  prefcribe  tenets  of  dodlnne  or  modes  of  faith.  He, 
moreover,  perceiving  how   the  priellhood  degraded  them- 

VoL.  XXI. 


felves  by  worldly  purfuits,  had  the  wifdom  or  the  folly  t* 
maintain,  that  the  channels  of  fpiritual  communication  haa 
become  corrupt  ;  and  that  without  a  fupernatural  miflion, 
accompanied  by  the  power  of  working  miracles,  no  perfon 
had  a  right  to  adminifter  in  any  religious  office. 

Such  direft  heterodoxy  could  not  fail  to  draw  on  him 
violent  and  f  mpaffioned  oppofition  of  the  clergy.  Both  par- 
ties became  heated  by  difputation.  Xhe  priefts  anathema- 
tized ;  and  Coornhaert  proceeded,to  pronounce  that  man  to 
be  unworthy  the  name  of  Chrillian,  who  would  enter  any 
place  of  public  worfliip ;  a  doctrine  which  he  not  only  ad- 
vanced by  words,  but  evinced  the  lincerity  of  his  belief,  by 
abftaining  from  all  churches,  and  from  all  ghoftly  commu- 
nication with  both  Protellants  and  Papiils. 

It  is  neediefs  to  add,  that  his  deilruftion  was  now  com- 
plete. After  being  feveral  times  imprifoncd,  during  the 
progrefs  of  the  controvcrfy,  without  abjuring  his  herefies, 
he  fuffered  the  martyrdom  of  banifliment,  and  died  at  Dcr- 
goude  at  the  age  of  68  years,  perfevering  in  his  religious 
opinions  to  the  laft. 

Coornhaert  had,  early  in  life,  acquired  fome  knowledge  in 
engraving,  among  his  various  purfuits,  and  occafionally 
praftifed  that  art  in  the  way  of  recreation,  and  merely  for 
the  fake  of  the  plcafure  which  he  derived  from  it ;  but  the 
pertmacity  of  his  religious  zeal  having  impoverilhed  him,  he 
was  obliged  tn  have  recourfe  to  engraving  for  his  fupport. 
The  fubjeAs  of  his  prints  are,  for  the  moll  part,  taken  from 
the  facred  writings;  and  his  ftyle,  though  flight,  is  original, 
and  the  feeming  refult  rather  of  intuitive  feeling  than  of 
acquired  knowledge.  He  worked  with  the  graver  alone,  in 
a  loofe  and  open  ftyle,  fo  as  fomewhat  to  referable  pen  and 
ink  drawings. 

Coornhaert  fometimes  worked  in  conjunftion  with  Philip 
and  Theodore  Galle ;  and  it  is  no  fmall  addition  to  his  re- 
putation as  an  artift,  that  he  was  the  inltrudor  of  Henry 
Goltzius,  of  whom  we  have  already  treated.  An  edition  of 
his  writings  was  publithed  in  three  folio  volumes,  40  years 
after  his  death.  Whether  any  complete  edition  had  pre- 
ceded this,  we  are  unable  to  fay. 

Our  catalogue,  which  follows,  of  the  works  of  this  ex- 
traordinary man,  is  unfortunately  very  imperfect.  We 
believe,  however,  that  it  includes  the  moll  favourable 
fpecimens  of  his  talents.  His  plates  are  generally  marked 
with  one  or  other  of  the  two  monograms,  which  will  be 
found  in  Plate  I.  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the  Low 
Countries,  "  The  Defcent  from  the  Crofs,"  in  large  folio, 
after  Lambert  Lombard,  dated  1556  ;  "  Jofeph  explaining 
the  Dream  of  his  Father,  in  the  prefence  of  his  Brethren,'' 
after  Hemfkerck,  dated  1549  ;  the  companion  to  which  is 
"  Jofeph  explaining  the  Dreams  of  the  Prifoners  before 
Pharaoh,"  dated  1549;  both  from  the  fame  mafter,  in  410. 
"  Job  fcourged  by  the  Devil,  and  fcolded  by  his  Wife  ;" 
"  Balaam  mal-treating  his  Afs ;"  both  in  large  folio.  "The 
illector  of  Saxony  defeated  at  Muhlberg  by  the  Emperor 
Charles  V.  j"  and  "  The  Landgrave  of  ^Heife  CaiTel  prof- 
trate  before  Charles  V.;"  all  from  M.  Hemlkerck,  of 
quarto  dimenfions. 

Mark  Guerard,  or  Gerard,  wai  born  at  Bruges  A.D. 
1^30,  and  died  in  England  1590.  He  was  a  proficient 
in  the  various  arts  of  engraving,  architeClure,  and  painting, 
both  landfcape  and  hillorical.  He  alio  drew  and  etched 
animals  with  great  fpirit,  as  is  evinced  in  his  fables  of  .£fop, 
which  are  from  his  own  co.mpofitions ;  and  m  his  fet  of 
eighteen  quarto  plates  of  wild  and  domellic  quadrupeds. 

He  hkewile  delineated  and  engraved  a  plan  of  the  city  of 
Bruges  ;  and  a  fet  of  1 4  oval  prints,  of  the  Paffion  of  Chrift;. 

Of  Crifpin  Vanden  Broeck,  and  his  daughter  Barbara, 
%  M  wha 


LOW  COUNTRIES,    ENGRAVERS    OF   THE. 


who  flourifiicd  about  tliis  period,  we  have  ah-eady  fpoken. 
See  thofe  articles  lefpectivc!)'. 

Beikle  his  ceWhratcd  ch'nirofcuro  of  the  Circumcifion,  wliich 
is  particularized  in  vol.  v.,  Crilpin  engraved  a  fet  of  feven 
folio  plates  of  "  The  Creation  of  the  VVorld,"  or  «'  The  firll 
Week,"  with  Latin  infcriptions,  heijinning  "  Ex  informi 
omnium  ;"  another  ict  from  Bible  hiitory,  beginning  with 
"  Eve  eating  of  the  forbidden  Fruit,''  and  ending  with 
♦'  T!>e  Conftruftion  of  the  Tower  of  Babel,"  in  nine  folio 
plates;  a  fet  of  nineteen,  from  "  The  Life  of  the  Virgin," 
in  folio  ;  a  religious  emblem,  of  our  Saviour  feated,  whilft 
people  are  occupied  in  catching  the  b'ood  that  flows  from 
Jiis  wounds,  in  folio  ;  "  Jefus  Cbrill  on  the  Crofs,  with  the 
Virgin  and  St.  John,"  in  an  ornamented  border.  Botli  the 
lall  are  marked  with  the  cypher  of  the  artiil.  Four  cir- 
cular fubjeciS  in  dair-obfcure,  likewife  marked  with  Ins. 
monogram:  i.  The  Annunciation.  2.  The  Vifitation. 
3.  The  Adoration  of  the  Shepherds.  4.  The  Adoration 
of  the  Kings:  all'of  which  are  very  rare. 

For  the  cyphers  with  which  Broeck  occarionally  infcribed 
his  performances,  fee  Plate  I.  of  the  monograms  of  tiie  en- 
gravers of  the  Low  Co'.mtries. 

In  a  former  volume,  we  have  treated  at  fome  length  of 
the  family  of  De  Fade,  who,  by  tranfplanting  thepraiSice 
of  the  Low  Countries,  contributed  to  improve  our  indige- 
nous ftock  of  Englifh  engraving.  The  principal  works  of 
Crifpin,  the  patriarch  of  that  family.'  are  as  follows  : 

Portraits.  —  Andrea  Uoria,  of  Genoa,  in  fmall  quarto  ; 
the  cleftor,  Frederic  IV.  of  the  fame  fize,  dated  1606; 
Mary,  baronefs  of  Rebourfe  ;  Adolphus,  baron  of  Schwar- 
zenberg  ;  Henry  Frederic,  prince  of  NalTau  ;  Henry  IV. 
king  of  France  ;  Mary  of  Medicis,  queen  of  Henry  IV. 
all  of  quarto  hze  ;  Philip  II.  king  of  Spain  ;  a  bull  of 
Alexander  Farnefe  ;  Axel  Owenftiern,  chancellor  of  Swe- 
den, all  of  folio  fize  ;  a  circular  prmt,  in  quarto,  of  Louifa 
Julia,  countefs  of  NalTuu  ;  lienry  Cxfarius,  juris-conful, 
in  quarto ;  Nicholas  Fontani,  a  phyfician,  in  folio  ;  Charles 
Niel,  a  clergyman,  of  the  fame  fize  ;  M  'Uricc,  prince  of 
Orange,  on  horfeb.ick  ;  Albert,  archduke  of  Auftria,  and 
Maurice,  prince  of  NalTau,  both  on  horfeback  :  in  the  back- 
groimd  of  the  latter  a  camp  aiid  fortvefs  are  introduced  ; 
both  in  large  folio.  Queen  Elizabeth  lumptuoufly  habited, 
in  quarto,  from  a  piilure  by  Ifaac  Oliver;  king  James  I.; 
Henry,  prince  of  Wales  ;  Charles,  prince  of  'Wales,  after- 
wards king  of  England,  both  in  ovals  ;  Anne  of  Denmark  ; 
fir  Philip  Sidney  ;  the  earl  of  Effe.-v,  on  horfeback  ;  Tho- 
mas Percy,  a  celebrated  confpirator,  a  very  rare  print  ;  all 
of  quarto  lizf.  And  fifteen  plates,  entitled  "  Speculum  iliuf- 
trium  feminarum." 

Hijhmcal  Suhje3s  from    his  oivn    Comtroplions "  ,-\dam 

and  Eve,"  wherein  a  dog  is  introduced  ;  "  The  Chafte  S\i- 
fannah,"  infcribed  "  Pietas  et  CaiUtas  ;"  and  Cleopatra, 
infcribed  "  Nee  Pietas  nee  Caftitas,"  as  a  companion  to 
the  former,  both  in  quarto  ;  "Hercules  and  Antjpus,'' in- 
fcribed "  Vitium  ut  fuperas  terra  altius  atiol  ere,"  in  folio  ; 
*'  A  Quarrel  in  the  Interior  of  an  Hotel,"  dated  15*9,  in 
folio.  Three  fmall  circular  buft,';,  reprefentmg  Faith,  Hope, 
and  Charity,  very  fine  engravings.  "  The  F"our  Evan- 
gelifts,"  half-length  circular  prints,  in  oftavo.  Twelve 
plate-s  reprefenting  angels  varioufly  occupied,  of  the  fame 
fize.  Another  fet  uf  twelve,  of  the  Sybils,  infcribed  "  Crif- 
pin de  Pafie,  inv.  Crifpin,  Simcn  et  Magdalen  fc."  in  folio. 
"  The  Seven  liberal  Arts," -and  '■  The  Nine  Mufes,"  both 
in  i2mo.  A  let  of  feventeen,  intitled  •'  Academia  five 
fpeculum  vitse  fcholaflicae. — Cnfpini  PaflTaei,  anno  161 2  " 
"  The  Riding  Academy  of  Antonia  Fleuruiel,"  in  a  large 
folio  Yolump,  executed  in  the  heft  inanuer  of  Crifpin. 


Suhjefls  from  various  Afa//ers.— "The  Twelve  Months  of 
the  'Vear,''  on  fmall  circular  plate'?,  from  M.  de  Vos.  Six 
plates,  comprifing  "  The  Hillorv  of  Tobit,"  from  the  fame 
painter  ;  "  The  Four  Evangehlts.  with  their  Attributes,!*" 
infcribed,  "  Geldorpius  Gorcius  inventor  et  pinx."  in  large 
foHo,  very  fine,  and  in  the  ftyleof  Cornelius  Cort.  "  The 
Annunciation  of  the  Shepherds,"  from  Abraliam  Bloemart  ; 
"  Our  Saviour  on  the  Crofs,  between  the  Two  Thievi^s," 
from  Jod.  de  Winghe,  both  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Judg. 
ment  of  Pari.-,''  from  Crifpin  vanden  Brock,  in  folio  ;  "  The 
Siege  of  Troy,"  from  the  fame  mafter,  in  large  folio  ;  and 
a  fet  of  four  mountainons  landfcapes,  witli  figures,  from 
John  Breughel,  of  folio  fize. 

Crifpin  de  Paffe,  junior,  produced  but  few  prints, 
and  hence  it  has  been  fuppofed  that  he  cither  died  young,  or 
quitted  the  profefTion  Of  engraving. 

The  principal  of  tliefe  are  the  poftraits  of  Frederic, 
cleiftor  palatine,  and  Johannea  Angelius  Werdenhagcn,  f  oth 
from  his  own  drawings,  but  the  date  of  the  latter,  1630, 
fliews  that  he  lived  at  kail  to  the  age  of  thirty  years  ;  and 
three  plates  from  the  HHlor'y  of  Lazarus  A  fourth  plate 
from  this  hiftory,  \vhich  completes  the  let,  was  engraven 
bythe  fenior  de  Pafie. 

The  works  of  William,  the  fecond  fon,  who  refided 
chiefly  in  London,  were  fon:ewhat  more  abundant,  but  con- 
fill  chiefly  of  portraits,  among  which  are  thofe  of  Robert 
Dudley,  earl  of  Leicefter  ;  Robert  Devereux,  earl  of  Effex, 
on  horfeback  ;  George  Villi.-'rs,  duke  of  Buckingham,  alio 
on  horfeback  ;  and  trance^;,  duchefs  of  Richmond,  See.  ; 
all  of  quarto  dimenfions.  King  James  I.,  with  his  family, 
infcribed  "  Triumphus  Jacobi  Regis  Augu''<E  qui  ipfiiis 
fcrolis  ;''  James  I.,  with  prince  Henry  of  Wales  ;  fir  John 
Havwood,  accompanied  by  emblems;  John  George,  duke 
of  Saxony,  alfo  with  emblematical  accompaniments ;  and 
fir  Henry  Rich,  in  an  oval,  are  all  in  folio  ;  and  the  latter 
one  of  the  moil  carefully  finiflied  engravings  of  William  de 
Paffe. 

A  fet  of  the  five  fenfes,  with  each  a  Latin  verfe,  in  quar- 
to;  a  family  of  gypfies,  dated  1621,  in  folio;  and  a  fa- 
mily-piece, fuppoled  to  be  that  of  the  paiatine,  where 'he 
youngcll  child  is  reprefented  playing  with  a  rabbit,  folio 
fize.  For  the  monograms  of  both  thefe  artiRs  fee  oi;r  firll 
plate  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the  Netherlands. 

Simon,  the  yoimgeft  of  the  fons  of  Crifpin,  refided  alfo 
for  fome  time  in  England,  where  he  was  employed  by  Hil- 
liard,  who  was  the  Reynolds  of  his  day,  and  of  whom  Dr. 
Donne  wrote  that  often-cited  paffage, 

"  A  hand,  an  eye,  by  Hilliard  drawn,  is  worth 
An  hiflorie  by  a  uorfe  painter  made." 

For  Hilliard,  Simon  de  Pafie  engraved  the  portraits  of 
moll  of  the  royal  family  of  England.  He  was  afterwards 
employed  by  the  king  of  Denmark,  and  probably  died  at 
Copenhagen.  'Jhe  latell  of  his  works  executed  in  England 
are  dated  161 3.  They  chiefly  confiil  of  portraits,  withfome 
few  devotional  fubjeCls  and  bock  ornaments  ;  and  are  marked 
with  his  initials  combined  in  a  cypher,  which  will  be  found 
in  our  fecond  plate  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the 
Netherlands.  The  principal  portraits  are  thole  of  king 
Jam.es  I.  and  Anne  his  queen,  on  horfeback,  both  in  folio; 
prince  Henry  and  queen  Elizabeth,  boh  in  quarto  ;  Rc- 
bert  Carr,  earl  of  Soir.erfct,  an  oval  print,  in  foho  ;  Frances 
Howard,  countels  of  Soinerfet ;  George  Viliiers,  duke  of 
Buckingham  ;  Francis  Manners,  earl  of  Rutland  ;  fir  Wal- 
ter Raleigh  ;  Thomas,  carl  of  Arundel,  from  Mirevclt  ; 
William,  earl  of  Pembroke,  from  Van  Somer ;  George, 
archbifhop   of  Canterbury,  dated   1616;  Accuna,  carl  ot 

Coi.domare, 


LOW   COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


Condomare,  and  plenipotentiary  to  Philip  IV.  ;  fir  Thomas 
Smith,  ambatTador  to  Ruffia  ;  Mary  Sidney,  countefs  of 
Pembroke  ;  Robert  Sidney,  carl  of  Lifle,  afterwards  earl  of 
Leiceller;  Henry  Wriothefley,earI  of  Southampton  ;  Lamo- 
riil,  prince  of  Gaver,  and  coimt  of  Egmont  ;  Manrice,  prircc 
of  Orange,  all  of  quarto  dimenfions.  Four  whole  length 
portrait-i  of  celebrated  dukes  of  Burgundy,  Joim  de  Valois, 
i'urnamcd  the  Litrepid  ;  Philip  dc  Valois,  furnamed  tlie 
Hardy  ;  Pliilip  the  Good  ;  and  Charles  t!ie  Timid,  very 
rare  etchmgs  ;  the  frontifpiece  to  the  works  of  the  lord 
cliancellor  Bacon  ;  a  print,  entitled  "  Vanitas  vanitatum  et 
omnia  vanita=,''  with  four  verfts  in  the  Dutch  language. 
"  Our  Saviour  with  the  Pilgrims  on  their  way  to  Emmau?," 
in  folio  ;  and  "  A  Holy  Family,"  where  the  infant  Jefus 
is  reprefented  taking  a  grape  from  St.  Anne,  after  Ba- 
roccio,  are  alfo  from  the  graver  of  Simon  de  PalTe. 

The  principal  engravings  of  his  filler  Madehne  we  have 
already  noticed  in  our  article  on  En'GLISJI  Engraving.  Her 
monograms  are  inferted  in  our  Plate  I.  of  thofc  of  the  en- 
gravers of  the  Low  Countries. 

The  family  of  the  Galles  are  more  prominent  than  praife- 
wonhy  in  the  hiftory  of  Flemifli  engraving.  Philip,  the  firft 
of  that  family,  was  born  at  Haerlem  in  the  year  1^5;",  but 
refided  chiefly  at  Antwerp,  where  he  publifhcda  great  num- 
ber of  prints,  and  where  he  died  in  1612. 

Philip  underllood  the  human  figure,  handled  the  graver 
with  facility,  and  difcovered  a  fliare  of  talent,  that,  if 
bro\ight  into  aftion,  and  kept  on  the  ilretch,  might  have 
advanced  the  arts  of  his  country  ;  but  commerce  was  the 
preiiding-  deity  of  the  Low  Countries,  and  he  alone  was 
eftcemed  meritorious  who  became  rich.  The  prelent  writer 
widies  he  were  not  (truck  with  too  much  of  refemblance  in 
this  refpecl;  between  the  Low  Countricj  at  that  time,  and 
England  at  this. 

Galle  appears  to  have  facrificed  all  defire  of  improvement 
to  the  rapid  produdfion  of  thofe  fets  of  mediocre  engravings 
which  from  the  fountains  of  Holland  and  Flanders  began  about 
this  time  to  flow  over  the  reft  of  Europe  :  and  in  effecting 
this  purpofe  he  was,  unfortunately  for  the  progrefs  of  art, 
joined  by  his  own  fons,  and  by  the  families  of  Wicrix  and 
Sadeler.  Strutt  very  truly  obferves  that  in  all  their  works 
we  may  trace  the  fame  ftiff  and  formal  ftyle,  with  little  va- 
riation, and  without  any  attempt  to  add  talle  and  freedom 
t6  correftnefs  of  form,  or  the  fnialleft  erdeavour  to  enlarge 
the  compafs,  or  improve  the  harmony  of  chiarofcuro. 

From  thefe  flight  engravings  of  Phihp  Galle,  which  for 
the  molt  part  are  marked  with  one  or  other  of  the  mono- 
grams, which  may  be  teen  in  our  fccond  plate  of  tlmfe  of 
the  engravers  of  the  Low  Countries,  we  felect  the  follow- 
ing, as  being  molt  creditable  to  his  abilities,  and  lead  un- 
worthy of  the  modern  portfolio. 

A  fet  of  fix,  of  portraits  of  reformers  and  other  diflin- 
gnillied  characters  of  the  fixteenth  century,  viz.  Martin 
Luther,  John  Calvin,  Ulrieus  Zwinglius,  Bilelaldus  Pir- 
cheymer,  Dante,  and  fir  Thomas  More  ;  pcdcltrian  llatue 
of  the  duke  of  Alva  ;  portraits  of  Martin  Hem(l<erck, 
the  paint:er,  and  WiUiam  Philandre,  a  celebrated  architect  ; 
all  in  quarto.  A  fet  of  thirty-four  from  the  life  of  St. 
Catherine.  A  fet  of  fix,  in  folio,  of  Sybils,  &c.  entitled 
"  Jefu  Chrifti  dignitatis  virtutis  et  eflicientiac  prxventus 
Sybillis  X."  after  Blockland.  The  Seven  Wonders  of  the 
World,  in  folio  ;  to  which,  as  an  ei.hth,  Galle  added  the 
Amphitheatre  of  Vefpaftan  at  Rome,  after  M.  Hemfkerck. 
A  fet  of  feven  battles,  from  Stradan  ;  entitled  "  Medicis 
familia:  ge.tarnm  :"  iii  folio.  '*  Our  Saviour  travelling 
with  his  two  Dilciples  to  Emmaus,"  in  large  quarto,  from 
Breughel  5    "The  Death  of    St.  Anue,"    in  large  folio. 


from  the  fame  mailer  ;  « The  Holy  Trinity,"'  a  grand 
compofition,  in  large  folio,  froin  M.  de  Vos.  This  ig 
eftcemed  the  belt  engraving  bv  Phihp.  "  King  Solomon 
fuperintendin*  the  Building  of  the  Temple  of  Jerufalem," 
from  Franc.  Floris ;  "The  Sacrifice  of  Ifaac;"  an4 
"  Mutius  Sccevola,  in  the  Tent  of  Porfenna ;  '  both  from 
the  fame  mailer  :  all  in  large  folio.  , 

Theodore  Galle  was  tlie  eldell  fon  of  Philip,  was  bom 
at  Antwerp  A.D.  1560,  and  having  learned  from  hi« 
father  the  rudiments  of  engraving,  made  a  journey  to  Italv, 
either  with  the  view  of  improving  himfelf  in  his  art,  or  with 
that  of  rendering  the  profits  of  the  print  trade  more  pro- 
duftive  or  more  fecure.  At  Rome  he  engraved  feveral 
plate?,  but  adhered  to  the  ftyle  of  his  father,  though  fur- 
rounded  by  the  finelt  examples  of  fuperior  art. 

After  his  return  to  Antwerp,  he  continued  occafionally 
to  engrave  ;  but  ^rmt-felUng  was  with  him  the  bufinefs  of 
life,  and  he  publilhed  the  works  of  other  artifts,  as  well 
as  his  own.  His  own  have  the  defeits  of  feeblenefs  of 
chiarofcuro,  and  Itiffnefs  of  llyle  :  yet  the  following  prints 
from  his  hand,  will  (hew,  that  in  neatnefs  he  excelled  hi» 
father,  and  was  a  better  draftfraan. 

"  Julius  Lipfius,''  witli  allegorical  accompaniments,  ex- 
plained by  fix  I.,atin  verfes ;  "  St.  Jerome,"  m  his  caveru, 
in  the  aft  of  adoratiun,  both  in  folio,  and  of  the  oval  form. 
A  rare  and  large  folio  fet  of  emblems,  entitled-  "  Lites 
abufus,"  &c.  A  fet  of  fmall  plates  from  "  The  Life  of  St. 
Norbert."  A  fet  of  twenty-eight  ditto,  from  "The  Life  of 
St.  Jol'eph,  and  that  of  the  Virgin  Mary."  A  fet  of  thir- 
teen ditto,  entitled  "  Typus  occafionis  in  quo  reccpta  com- 
moda,  negiefta  vero  incommoda  perfonata  fchemate  pro- 
ponuntur;''  (this  is  from  his  own  defigns,  and  is  now  be- 
come fcarce.)  "  The  youthful  Saviour  contemplating  the 
Crofs  and  Inllruments  of  his  Paffion  ;''  "  St.  John  the  Evan- 
gelilt,"  and  "  St.  Jerome,'"  all  of  oftavo  fize;  a  folio  plate  of 
"  Count  Ugolino  and  his  Sons  imprifoned  in  the  Callle  of 
Pifa,''  from  the  Inferno  of  Dante,  after  J.  Stradan,  a  rare 
print  ;  "  The  Roman  Matrons  befeeching  Coriolanus  to 
relent ;"  "  Tiber  refting  on  his  Urn,  and  the  Veftal  Tucie 
receiving  Water  in  a  Sieve;''  "Cornelia,  the  mother  of 
the  Gracchii,  working  with  her  Women,"  all  of  folio  fize. 
A  frontifpiece,  after  Rubens,  entitled  "  Aug.  Mafcardi,  fil- 
varum.  Lib.  IV.  ;"  and  another  frontifpiece  from  Rubens, 
entitled  "  Las  obras  en  Verio  de  Don  Francifco  de 
Boria  ;"  1654;  both  of  quarto  i;zc. 

Cornelius  Galle,  (commonly  known  bv  the  appellation  of 
the  elder  Cornelius)  was  the  younger  of  the  fons  of  Philip, 
-nd  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the  year  1570.  He  imitated 
his  father's  manner  of  engraving,  and  followed  the  fteps  of 
his  brother  Theodore,  though  with  far  better  fuccefs  as  an 
artilL 

At  Rome  he  refided  a  confiderable  time, and  acquired  there 
that  freedom,  tafte,  and  corredtnefs  of  drawing,  which  are 
found  in  his  bell  works,  and  render  them  fa--  moreellimable 
than  thofe  of  his  relatives.  He  finally  fettled  at  Antwe'rp, 
and  took  a  fhare  in, that  confiderable  commerce  for  prints, 
which  was  carried  on  there  by  the  family  of  Galle.  Among 
other  engravings  from  hi»  hand,  the  following  will  be  found 
more  particularlv  worthy  of  notice. 

Porlraits  of  St.  C.ia'les  Borromeus,  cardinal  and  arch- 
bifliop  of  Milan,  an-oCiagi),"al  print,  in  folio  ;  Phihp  Rubens, 
father  to  ttie  celebrated  painter,  ni  quarto  ;  John  van  Havre, 
and  Mother  Anne  of  Jelns,  a  Carmelite  nun,  in  folio,  both 
after  Rubens;  Artus  Wolf  rt,  a  painter  of  Antwerp,  in  large 
quarto,  from  Vandyke ^  Charles  I.  of  England,  in  an 
emblematic  border,  from  N.  V.  Horll.  in  large  quarto  ; 
Henrietta  Maria,  the  queen  of  Charles  L  (furroSnded  by 
3  M   3  three 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 


three  goddtires,)  in  quarto,  from  the  fame  maftcr  ;  St. 
Antony,  in  folio  ;  and  Leopold  William,  archduke  of 
Aullria  ;  of  the  fame  dimenfions. 

Hiftorical  SubjeHs,  t^ttr  "various  Majiers — "Adam  and 
Eve,"  from  John  Baptilla  Paggi ;  "Venus  carcfiing 
Cupid,''  both  in  large  quarto  ;  "  The  Return  into  Egypt," 
a  circular  plate,  in  large  folio,  from  the  fame  painter ; 
"  Jefus  at  the  Table  of  Simon  the  Pharifee,"  m  folio,  from 
L.  Civoli  ;  "  St.  Peter  baptizing  St.  Prifquc,"  from  the 
fame  painter,  quarto  iize  ;  '  The  Virgin  arul  Infant  Jefus, 
to  whom  St.  Bernard  prefents  a  Laurel  Branch  and  Book,'' 
in  folio,  from  F.  de  Vanni  ;  "  Chrift;  on  the  Crofs,'"  at  the 
bottom  of  which  is  introduced  St.  Francis  and  St.  The- 
refa,  in  large  folio  ;  likewife  from  Vanni.  A  landfcape, 
wherein  Venus  is  reprefented  fallcned  to  a  tree,  whilft  Mi- 
nerva fcourges  Cupid,  in  quarto,  from  Aug.  Caracci  ; 
«'  The  Virgin  and  Child,"  from  Raphael  ;  "  The  Entomb- 
ing of  Chrill,''  in  an  oftagoii,  quarto,  from  the  fame  mailer  ; 
"  A  Statue  of  the  Holy  Virgin,"  in  a  niche,  around 
which  children  are  twining  garlands  of  fruit  and  flowers, 
from  Rubens  ;  "  Judith  beheading  Holofernes,'"  in  large 
folio,  a  capital  print  ;  "The  Four  Fathers  of  the  Church," 
in  folio,  from  the  fame  painter  ;  tliis  plate  was  enlarged, 
but  there  are  impreflions  from  it  of  iis  original  fize,  which 
are  more  highly  valued  by  colleftors,  and  which  are  known 
by  a  black  ftreak  down  either  fide  :  "  Progne  difcovering 
the  Head  of  his  Son  and  Wife,  after  he  had  eaten  their  Bo- 
dies," in  large  folio  ;  as  a  companion  to  "  The  Rape  of 
Hippodamia,''  by  P.  de  Bailliu.  A  naked  figure,  called 
"  The  Colour  Grinder,"  alfo  from  Bailliu,  in  folio  ;  and  a 
print,  entitled  "  Romans  et  Graecs  Antiquitatis  Monu- 
menta,  e  prifcis  Numifmatibus  erefta  per  Hubertum  Golt- 
zium  Antv.  1645." 
^  A  dray-horfe  never  defcends  immediately   from  the  high 

bred  racers  of  Newmarket :  but  mental  endowments  are 
rarely  hereditary.  Cornelius  Galle,  the  younger,  fo  called 
in  contradiftinftion  to  the  Cornelius  of  the  preceding  ar- 
ticle, inherited  engraving  and  print-feUing,  but  not  talent, 
from  his  father.  He  was  born  at  Antwerp  A.D.  1600. 
He  was  educated  under  his  father,  and  endeavoured  to  imi- 
tate his  flyle  of  engraving.  His  mechanical  execution  is 
fometimes  tolerable,  but  his  drawing  very  incorrect.  Strutt 
thinks  that  he  may  have  wanted  the  opportunity  of  ftudying 
in  Italy,  as  his  relations  had  done  :  but  as  thofe  relations  had 
enriched  themfelves  by  trade,  it  is  rather  to  be  inferred 
that  he  wanted  motive  or  inclination  to  travel  thither. 

The  portraits  of  Cornelius  are  fomewhat  fuperior  to  his 
hiftorical  works  ;  and  the  bell  of  his  portraits  are  thofe 
of  the  emperor  Ferdinand  HI.  ;  Mary  of  Auftria,  his 
confort ;  Henrietta  of  Lorraine  ;  and  John  Mieffens,  the 
painter,  all  in  large  quarto,  and  after  Vandyke  ;  a  folio 
plate  of  Jodocus  Chrillophorus  Kup  de  Kupenftein,  (a 
fenator  of  Nuremberg,)  after  Anfclm  van  HuUe;  and 
Oftavius  Piccolomini  of  Arragon,  alfo  in  folio,  with 
a  border  of  fruit  and  flsiwers,  after  the  fame  painter,  &c. 
which  latti-r  is  probably,  on  the  whole,  the  beft  print  of  the 
younger  Cornelius. 

From  his  hiftorical  engravings,  ^the  following  may  be  fe- 
lefted :  "  A  Nativity,  with  the  Angel  appearing  to  the 
Shepherds,"  from  D.  Tenicrs  ;  "  Venus  fuckling  the 
Loves,"  from  Rubens  ;  "  The  Defcent  from  the  Crofs," 
from  Diepenbeck  ;  "  The  Hofpitahty  of  Baucis  and  Phile- 
mon," after  J.  Vandeu  Hoeck,  in  folio  ;  ''  Job  abandoned 
by  his  Friends  and  fcolded  by  his  Wife,"  after  Diepenbeck, 
im  folio  ;  and  a  quarto  -late  from  "  The  Life  of  St.  Do- 
minic," after  Vaiiden  Hoeck. 

Hans  or  John  Bol  was  born  at  Mechlin  in  the  year  1534, 


and  died  at  Amfterdam  in  1593.  His  inclination  leading 
him  to  the  arts,  he  wa';  inftruiled  in  painting  by  a  mafter 
of  no  great  repute,  wliom  he  foon  quitted  ;  and,  going  to 
Heidelberg,  aflifted  the  progrefs  of  his  own  improvement 
by  copying  the  works  of  eminent  arlifts.  His  fubjefls  arc 
chiefly  landfcapes,  with  animals  ;  but  he  likcwjie  painted 
hiftory  and  miniature  with  no  fmall  fuccefs.  Wc  have  by 
him  fome  etchings,  in  a  free  fpiritcd  ftyle,  that  indicate  the 
hand  of  a  mafter  :  thcfe  he  marked  with  a  monogram,  which 
will  be  found  in  Plate  H.  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of 
the  Low  Countries  :  and  among  them  are  "  The  Meeting  of 
Jacob  and  Efau,"  a  quarto  circular  print  ;  "  The  firft  In- 
terview between  the  Servant  of  Abraham  and  Rebecca,"  of 
the  fame  fize  ;  "  The  twelve  Months  of  the  Year,"  circular, 
in  8vo.  ;  two  fets  of  landfcapes,  views  in  Holland,  in 
4to.  ;  and  a  large  print,  lengthways,  rcprefenting  an  aquatic 
divcrfion  in  Holland  :  a  man  appfcars  in  a  boat,  catching  at 
a  goofe,  which  is  faftened  to  a  ftriiig  over  the  river,  and  a 
prodigious  number  of  fpeftators  arc  depicted  upon  the 
banks. 

Cornelius  Cort  was  born  at  Hoorn  in  Holland,  A.D. 
J 536.  After  having  learned  the  iirft  principles  of  drawing 
and  engraving,  (as  Strutt  conjeftures,  from  Coornhaert,) 
he  worked  for  a  time  as  the  afliftant  of  Jerome  Cock,  and 
afterwards  travelled  to  Italy  to  complete  his  ftudies. 

At  Venice,  where  he  was  courteoufly  received  by  Titian, 
he  made  a  long  Hay  :  fome  fay  he  refided  in  the  houfe  of 
Titian.  However  this  may  have  been,  he  engraved  from 
feveral  of  the  piftures  of  that  much  admired  artift,  and  no 
doubt  profited  by  his  inftruclion  and  advice. 

That  his  mind  expanded  in  this  genial  climate  of  art, 
where  Titian  ftioiic  forth,  there  is  indeed  abundant  proof  to 
be  obtained,  by  comparing  his  engravings  after  that  mafter 
with  thofe  frigid  works  after  Hem(l<erck,  which  he  produced 
under  the  influence  of  Germany  and  Jerome  Cock. 

He  began  now  to  engrave  larger  plates,  in  a  bolder  and 
broader  ftyle  than  that  to  which  he  had  hitherto  been  accuf- 
tomed  ;  and  removing  to  Rome,  eftabliftied  there  an  academy 
of  engraving,  in  which  feveral  meritorious  pupils  (among 
whom  was  Agoftino  Caracci)  liftened  with  advantage  to  his 
initrutlions,  and  imitated  his  example  with  fo  much  fuccefs, 
that  Cort  may  with  juftice  be  reckoned  among  thofe  men  of 
genius  who  have  contributed  to  the  enlargement  of  the 
boundaries  of  the  art  itfelf.  But  the  career  of  our  artift, 
though  brilliant,  was  fliort  :  he  died  at  Rome,  in  the  me- 
ridian of  his  reputation,  at  the  age  of  two-and-forty. 

Cort  worked  with  the  graver  only,  in  a  bold  and  m_anly 
ftyle :  his  drawing,  though  fometimes  neglected,  is  gene- 
rally correft  ;  and  his  chiarofcuro  improves  upon  that  of  his 
predeceffors.  Even  in  the  carclefs  paflages  of  his  works,  fo 
much  tatle  and  freedom  prevail,  and  fo  many  indications  of 
found  knowledge,  that  his  negligence  muft  ever  i^e  efteemed 
the  negligence  of  hafte,  and  ot  a  too  eafy  reliance  upon 
the  friendlhip  of  the  fpedtator,  which  he  believes  he  has  con- 
ciliated :   not  that  of  ignorance. 

Baftan,  in  eftimating  his  merit,  praifes  with  juftice  the 
tafte  and  lightneis  of  touch  with  which  he  engraved  land- 
fcape, without  the  affiftaiice  of  etc'tiing  ;  and  adds,  that 
"  he  was  the  beft  engraver  with  the  burin,  or  graver  alone, 
that  Holland  ever  produced:"  an  encomium  which  our 
countryman,  Strutt,  thinks  may  be  a  little  overftramed. 

His  print  of  "  Chrift  praying  in  the  Garden,"  which  is 
probably  engraven  from  his  own  compofition,  is  marked  with 
a  fmall  inftrument,  or  utenfil,  near  the  feet  of  one  of  the  difci- 
ple.'j.  which  is  ufually  taken  for  a  lam^.',  und  has  fometimes  been 
miftakenly  attributed  to  an  old  mafter  who  flourifiied  in  1509. 
On  other  occafions,  according  to  otrutt,    he  marked  his 

2  prints 


LOW    COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS    OF   THE. 


prints  with  the  two  fmall  fighting  cocks,  which  we  have 
copied  m  Plate  II.  of  the  marks,  &c.  iifed  by  the  engravers 
of  the  Low  Countries  ;  though  for  what  reafon  cannot  eafily 
be  imagined,  as  he  was  not  a  Frenchman,  unlefs  it  were  to 
denote  that  thefe  engravings  were  performed  by  Jerome 
Cock  and  himfelf  in  conjundtion. 

The  abbe  Marollcs  polTefred  upwards  of  one  hundred  and 
fifty  engravings  by  this  matter.  Of  thefe  we  are  able  to 
enumerate  the  following,  beginning  with  his 

Portraits. — Cornelius  Cort,  engraved  by  himfelf,  in  a 
quarto  oval ;  a  pair  of  Henricus  II.  Gallorum  rex,  and 
Catherine  de  Medicis,  the  French  queen,  in  ovals  of  large 
quarto  fizc  ;  Don  Juan  of  Auftria  ;  Marc'Antonius  More- 
tus,  a  Roman  citizen  ;  Andrea  Alciati,  all  in  ovals  ;  three 
portraits  engraved  for  J.  Cock,  viz.  Roger  of  Bruflels, 
Theodore  van  Harlem,  and  Joachim  Dionatinfis,  all  artitts  ; 
the  genealogical  tree  of  the  illuilrious  family  of  Medicis, 
with  the  portrait  of  Scipio  Amirato  ;  the  genealogical  tree 
of  the  family  of  Cambi  Importuni  ;  and  two  butts  of  De- 
mocritus  and  HeracHtus,  m  i2mo. 

SubjeSs  from  his  own  Compofilians. — "  The  Birth  of  the 
Holy  Virgin,"  in  folio,  dated  1568;  "The  miraculous 
Conception,"  wherein  the  Virgin  Mary  is  furrounded  by 
allegorical  devices,  dated  1567  ;  "  The  Infant  Jefus  in  the 
Temple;"  "A  Repofe  during  the  Flight  into  Egypt," 
156S  ;  "  A  Holy  Family,"  wherein  St.  Jdfeph  is  repre- 
fented  giving  a  pear  to  the  infant  Chritt  ;  "  The  Latt  Sup- 
per ;"  "  A  Crucifix,"  fupported  by  two  angels,  whdll  others 
are  difplaying  the  tablets  of  the  law,  and  a  clialice  ;  "  The 
Refurreftion  of  our  Saviour;"  "  St.  Theodore  the  Patron 
Samt  of  Venice,  fighting  with  a  Dragon  ;"  "  St.  Catherine 
kneeling  on  the  Inttruments  of  her  Martyrdom,  crowned  by 
two  Angels ;"  "  St.  Verediana,  a  Virgin,  kneeling  before 
an  Altar,  with  a  Serpent  at  her  Feet,"  1570  ;  two  tem- 
peftuous  fea-pieces  ;  a  frontifpiece,  reprefenting  the  Virgin 
feated  between  two  chemitts  ;  "  A  Fawn  placing  a  young 
Bacchus  in  a  Niche;"  "  A  Soldier  carrying  an  Infant;" 
and  "  A  young  Man  feated,  drawing  a  Thorn  from  his 
Foot,"   all  of  folio  dimenfion^. 

SubjeBs  engraved  from  various  Flemifb  Majlers,  before  Cort 
'went  to  Italy. — "  Adam  and  Eve  ;"  they  are  feated  under 
the  tree  of  life,  whiltt  a  ferpent,  with  a  human  head,  prelenls 
an  apple  to  Eve,  fro-^i  Michael  Coxie  ;  "  The  RelurreC'tion 
of  Chritt;"  "  The  Defcent  of  the  Holy  Ghott  ;"  "  Our 
Saviour  accoiipanied  by  Sts.  Peter  and  Paul,"  all  of  folio 
fize,  from  Michael  Coxie  ;  a  leries  of  four  folio  plates,  from 
the  parable  of  "  Dives  and  Lazarus/'  after  Hemikerck  ; 
another  feries  of  four,  from  the  parable  of  "  The  good 
Servant;"  and  the  parable  of  "  The  Vineyard,"  all  from 
the  fame  painter,  in  folio;  a  let  of  fix,  in  folio,  from  '■  The 
Hiftory  of  Noah,"  from  Franc.  Fioris  ;  "  The  Hiftory  of 
Abraham,"  in  a  fet  of  the  fame  number;  "  The  Hiftory 
of  Jacob  and  Rachael,"  engraved  on  fix  plates  in  the  form 
of  a  fan  ;  "  The  Labours  of  Hercules,"  m  ten  folio  plates  ; 
"  Ihe  Hiftory  of  Pluto  and  Proferpuie,  '  in  four  plates  of 
folio  fize;  "The  Triumph  of  Bacchus  and  Venus,"  all 
from  the  fame ;  an  emblematical  fubjeCt  on  the  immorlahty 
of  virtue,  after  Franc.  Fioris,  both  in  Ijrge  folio  ;  "  The 
Defcent  from  the  Crois,"  alter  Van  der  WyOe,  in  folio  ;  a 
ilanding  fig'ire  of  St.  Roch,  from  J.  Speckart ;  and  St. 
Lawrence,  from  the  fame  painter  :  "  St.  Dominic  reading," 
from  B  Spranger ;  "A  HulyFamilv,  lurroimded  with 
Angels,"  from  the  fame ;  "  'i'he  Virgin  crowned  in 
Heaven,"  after  G.  Mottaert ;  and  "  The  Painting  Aca- 
demy,"  after  Strsdan,  all  ot  folio  dimenfions. 

SubjeBs  ingraved  in  Italy  from  various  great  Mailers. 
1.  From    Titian. — "The   Annunciation,"    in    large   folio; 


"  The  Martyrdom  of  St.  Lawrence,  '  of  the  fame  fize; 
another  "Annunciation,"  in  folio  ;  "  The  Holy  Trinity," 
known  by  the  appellation  of  "  the  All-powerful,"  in  large 
folio  ;  "  St  Jerome  reading,"  in  folio  ;  another  folio  plate  of 
"  St.  Jerome,  at  the  Entrance  of  his  Cell,  proftrate  before  a 
Crucifix,"  a  very  rare  print,  omitted  in  Heinneken's  cata- 
logue of  the  works  of  Cort:  a  half  figure  of  "  A  Mag- 
dalen;" another  "  Magdalen  in  the  Defart,  before  a  Cru- 
cifix ;"  "  Tarquin  and  Lucretia,"  folio  fize  ;  "  Diana  and 
Calitta,"  large  folio  ;  "  Prometheus  chained  to  the  Rock  ;" 
and  "  Rinaldo  delivering  Angelica  from  the  Dragon,"  both 
in  large  folio. 

From  Jerom  Mutian. — "  St.  Peter  walking  on  the  Sea ;" 
"  Chriil  crowned  with  Thorns;"  "  Chrilt  bearing,  the 
Crofs  ;"  «  The  Defcent  from  the  Crofs  ;"  "  Jefus  Chrift 
appearing  to  the  three  Maries,  and  St.  John,  on  their  way 
to  Jerufalem  ;"  another  "  Defcent  from  the  Crofs  ;"  "  St. 
Jerom  meditating;"  all  of  folio  dimenfions;  and  "The 
feven  Penitents."  Thefe  are  large  landfcapes,  in  which  are 
introduced  fmall  figures  of  the  faints,  Mary  Magdalen, 
Jerome,  John  the  Baptift,  Hubert,  Onophrom,  Francis 
(ftigmatifed),  and  Francis  (inextacy)  :  fix  of  them  are  up- 
right plates,  and  the  feventh  lengthways. 

From  Julio  Clovio. — "  The  Annunciation  ;"  "  The  Adora- 
tion of  the  Kings  ;"  a  half  figure  of  "  The  Virgin  holding 
the  Infant  Jefus  ;"  and  "  The  youthful  Jefus  preaching  in 
the  Temple  ;"  all  in  folio.  "  Jefus  baptifed  by  .St.  John  in 
the  River  Jordan  ;"  and  "  The  Crucifixion,"  both  in  large 
folio;  "  The  dead  Body  of  our  Saviour,  and  one  of  the 
Maries  kilTing  his  Hand  ;"  "  The  Entombing  of  Chrift," 
in  folio  ;  "  Chrift  appearing  to  Mary  Magdalen,"  of  thg 
fame  fize  ;  "  The  Converfion  of  St.  Paul  ;"  "  Chritt  on  the 
Crofs,"  a  grand  compofition,  both  in  large  folio  ;  and  "  St. 
George  and  the  Dragon,"  in  folio. 

From  Taddeo  Zuccaro. — "  The  Creation  of  Adam  and 
Eve,"  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  youthful  Virgin  prefented  in 
the  Temple,"  in  folio  ;  a  large  folio  plate  of  "  The  Nati- 
vity," a  rich  compofition  ;  "  A  Holy  Family,"  wherein 
St.  John  holds  a  lamb  ;  "  The  Miracle  of  the  five  Loaves," 
both  in  folio  ;  "  The  Body  of  our  Saviour  before  the  Sepul- 
chre," a  grand  compofition  ;  "  The  Defcent  of  the  Holy 
Ghott,"  both  of  large  folio  dimenfions  ;  and  a  folio  print 
of  "  The  Martyrdom  of  St.  Agatha." 

jlfter  Frederic  Zuccaro. — "  Moles  and  Aaron  before  Pha- 
roah  ;"  "  The  Birth  of  the  Virgin  ;"  and  "  The  Con- 
ception of  the  Virgin,"  who  is  iupported  and  crowned  by 
angels  ;  "  The  Annunciation  of  the  Virgin  ;"  "  The  Na- 
tivity," a  grand  compofition,  all  in  large  folio  ;  "  The 
Adoration  of  the  Magi ;''  "  A  Holy  Family,"  where  a  cat 
is  introduced  catching  a  bird  ;  "  The  Flight  into  Egypt ;" 
"  Our  Saviour  tempted  in  the  Wildernefs  ;"  "  The  ^V'oman 
taken  in  Adultery  ;"  "  Jefus  turning  the  Money-Changera 
out  of  the  Temple;"  "  The  Refurrection  of  Lazarus;" 
"  The  good  Samaritan  ;"  "  St.  Peter  chofen  Head  of  the 
Church  ;"  "  Our  Saviour  on  the  Mount  of  Olives  ;"  "  The 
Jews  approaching  our  Saviour  in  the  Garden  of  Olives  ;" 
"  The  Death  of  the  Virgin  ;"  "  The  Coronation  of  the 
Virgin  ;"  "  St.  Lawrence  and  St.  Sixtus,"  furrounded 
with  an  ornamental  border,  ail  of  folio  dimenfions ;  "  The 
Diipute  of  the  Holy  Sacrament,"  in  large  tolio  ;  "  Labour 
arid  Juftice,"  an  emblematical  fubject,  in  lolit).  A  large  fati- 
rical  print  on  the  officers  of  pope  Gregory  XIIL,  rcpre« 
fenting  a  young  man  accufed  by  Calumny  and  proteifted  by 
Innocence,  before  a  judge,  with  the  ears  of  an  als,  [ihe 
whole  of  which  is  taken  trom  Lucian's  defcription  of  a  loft 
picture,  by  Apellcs)  ;  and  another  latirical  print  engraved  on 
two  large  plates  ;  in  the  lower  part  of  the  compolition  is 

introduced 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


'  introduced  a  painter  fitting  at  bis  cafcl,  painting  the  por- 
traits of  certain  celebrated  fiinplctons  of  the  day  ;  in  tlie 
upper  part  fits  Jupiter  on  his  throne,  furrounded  by  all  the 
gods,  protedting  the  arts  and  fciences  ;  a  very  capital  and 
rare  print 

From  Raphael  d' Urhlno. — "  The  Transfiauration,"  from 
the  celebrated  picture  in  tlie  Vatican  ;  "  The  Conteft  be- 
tween the  Romans  and  Pyrrlins,"  known  under  the  appel- 
lation of  "  The  Battle  of  the  Elephants,"  both  of  large 
folio  fize.  A  large  print,  executed  on  three  feparate  plates, 
of  "  The  Viftory  of  Conftantine  over  the  Emperor  Max- 
entius,  at  Ponte-MoUe."  Cert  left  this  plate  unfini(hed  at 
his  death,  but  it  was  afterwards  completed  by  Ph.  Tho- 
mafiin. 

SulijeCis  fr'.m  various  ether  Itnllnn  Mnjlers. — "Mount  Par- 
nallus,"  a  folio  print,  from  Fohdore  ;  "  The  Adoration  of 
the  Shcpher<]s,"  in  larj;e  folio,  from  the  fame  malier  ; 
"  A  Repofe  during  the  Flight  into  Egypt,"  in  folio,  after 
B.  Biifaro  ;  an  unfmifhed  print,  in  folio,  ot  "  The  Apo- 
thcofis  of  St.  Jerom,"  from  the  fame  maftcr  ;  "  The  Vifi- 
tation  of  St.  Elizabeth,"  a  large  folio  print,  from  Marc  of 
t)ieni;a  ;  "  The  Adoration  of  the  Shepherds,"  a  folio  print, 
from  the  fame  matter  ;  another  of  "  'I'he  Adora  ion  ot  the 
Shepherds,"  from  Paris  Romano  ;  '\  The  Virgin  fitting 
near  a  Fountain,  with  the  Holy  Infant,  and  St.  John,"  in 
tfolio,  from  F.  Baroccio  ;  a  folio  print  of  the  "  Baptifin  of 
our  Saviour,"  after  F.  Salviati  ;  "  The  Marriage  of  Cana," 
from  J.orenzo  Sabbatini,  in  folio;  "The  Lall  Supper," 
after  L.^Agrefti  Forlivetano  (there  are  impreffions  of  this 
plate  both  wi'h  and  without  the  mark  of  Cort),  in  large 
folio  ;  "  St.  Stephen  ftoned,"  in  large  folio,  from  Marcel- 
lus  Venuftus  ;  "  St.  Jerome  before  a  Crucifix,"  after  Riccio 
da  Sienna,  m  folio  ;  "  St.  Jerom,  attended  by  two  Angels," 
from  Jacobus  Parmcnfis,  in  folio  ;  "  The  Girdle  of  St. 
Francis,"  after  Caracci,  in  large  folio  ;  a  quarto  print  of 
"  The  Marriage  of  St.  Catherine  ;"  a  folio  print  of  "  St. 
Margaret  of  Cortona,"  from  Tempelta  ;  "  A  Dance  of 
Dryades,"  in  folio,  from  Maitre  Rous,  of  Florence  ;  "The 
three  Dellinies,"  from  Julio  Romano,  in  folio  ;  and  "  The 
Tombs  of  the  Dukes  of  Mantua,"  in  large  folio,  after 
Michael  Angelo.  » 

Of  Philip  de  Sorge,  Sericcus,  or  Sytius,  very  little  is 
known.  Strutt  fpeaks  of  the  few  prints  which  we  (hall 
venture  to  alcribe  to  him,  as  being  the  production  of  two 
artifls :  Roll  and  Huber«are  more  probably  in  the  right,  in 
afcribing  them  to  one.  Sericcus  Ihidied  under  Cornelius 
Cort,  and  afterwards  fettled  at  Rome,  where  it  is  probable, 
from  the  icarcity  of  his  works,  he  died  at  an  early  period 
of  life  ;  but  neither  the  lime  of  his  dcccale,  nor  that  of  his 
birth,  have  been  mentioned. 

His  ilyle  of  engraving,  evidently  formed  upon  tlist  which 
we  may  term  the  Italian  Ityle  of  Cort,  is  open,  vigorous, 
and  free  ;  but  his  knowledge  of  the  figure  was  inferior  to 
tliat  of  his  matter,  and  his  chiarofcuro,  though  not  dif- 
■tordaut,  not  very  forcible. 

We  are  acquainted  with  no  other  of  his  works  than  a  fet 
of  twenty-eight  half-length  figures  of  the  popes  in  chrono- 
logic  lucceflion,  from  the  year  204  to  1568,  the  year  in 
which  they  were  publilhed";  they  are  in  fmall  foho,  and  ex- 
ecuted with  the  graver  only,  in  a  ItifT,  flight  manner.  Pope 
Pius  V.  furrounded  with  emblematical  figures,  defigned  by 
Sericcus  himfelf,  and  engraved  in  a  Ityle  fuperior  to  the 
former.  "  Judith  beheading  Holofernes,"  in  folio,  after 
Julio  Clovio  ;  "  The  Angel  warning  St.  Jofeph  to  depart 
into  Egypt,"  from  C.  Cort,  of  the  fame  fize  as  the  ori- 
ginal ;  "  St.  Francis  receiving  the  Siigmatics,"  in  large 
&I10  ;  "  St.  Jerome  before  a  Crucifi.'i  in  the  Defart,"  fup- 


pofed  to  be  from  Mutian,  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Virgin  and 
Infant  Chrift,"  known  by  the  appellation  of  "  The  Virgin 
of  Silence,"  infcribed  "  Dormiente  puero  Jefu  divina  Mens 
vigilat,"  with  the  name  of  Philip  Sericcus,  dated  1566,  in 
large  folio  ;  a  large  folio  print  of  "  Our  Saviour  on  the 
Ci'ofs,"  with  the  Virgin  and  St.  John  the  Evangclilt,  on 
either  fide  at  the  foot  of  the  crofs,  after  Michael  Angelo; 
and  a  large  foho  print,  vvhicii  is  attributed  to  Soyc,  although 
it  bears  the  name  of  Cort,  reprefenting  "  Prometheus  chained 
to  a  Rock,"  from  Titian's  pifture  in  the  royal  palace  at 
Madrid. 

John  Ditmer,  or  Ditmar,  was  a  native  of  the  Low 
Countries,  and  born  in  the  year  1538,  or  thereabouts.  By 
this  engraver  we  have  a  niiddling-fized  .upright  plate, 
nearly  fquare,  reprefenting  a  figure  of  Chrill  leated  on  the 
clouds,  with  the  fymbolical  animals,  feen  in  vificn  by  the 
prophet  Ezekiel,  and  which  arc  the  ufual  attendants  on  the 
evangclills,  and  angels  bearing  the  crofs,  crown  of  thorns, 
&c.  It  is  execute'd  in  a  ilyle  greatly  refemi.ling  thai  of 
Cort,  but  coarfer,  and  by  no  means  fo  well  drawn  as  the 
works  of  that  matter  generally  are.  This  print  is  after 
Michael  Coxie,  and  is  dated  in  the  year  1574,  nor  are  we 
able  to  fpecify  more  of  the  works  of  this  engraver,  who 
was  apparently  inftrufted  in  his  art  by  Cornelius  Cort. 

Gerard  de  Jode  was  born  ^t  Antwerp  in  the  year  1521, 
and  died  in  the  fame  city  A.D.  1591.  He  was  celebrated 
both  as  an  engraver  and  geometrician,  and  was  the  fon  of 
Cornelius  de  Jode,  a  well-known  geogiapher.  Part  of  hi? 
youth  was  paffed  in  the  fervice  of  the  emperor  Charles  V., 
after  which  he  gave  up  his  attention  entirely  to  the  arts  and 
fciences.  He  engraved  fome  geographical,  and  a  great  num- 
ber of  hiftorical,  plates,  in  the  ityle  of  his  contemporaries 
a!id  countrymen,  Wierix  and  the  CoUaerts,  and  Papillon  f«ys 
that  he  executed  fome  meritorious  ensjraviii'rs  on  \\  ood. 

He  likewife  eftablifned  at  Antwerp  a  jirintfeller's  fliop, 
which,  after  his  death,  was  carried  on  by  his  widow.  Being 
hereditarily  known  as  a  geographer,  in  which  fcience  he  ex- 
celled, he  was  much  encouraged  by  Ortelins,  w  ho  was  fur- 
named  the  Ptolemy  of  his  age,  and  of  whom  we  have  fpoken 
under  the  article  English  Engraving.  The  principal  works 
of  Gerard  de  Jode,  are  a  fet  of  twenty-nine,  of  the  por- 
traits of  the  popes,  in  410.  publidied  in  the  year  1585.  A 
Roman  triumph,  on  twelve  plate>-, -after  Hemlkerck,  in  410. 
A  let  of  thirteen,  intitled  "  Memorabilium,  novi  Tcltamcnti, 
templo  Gellorum  Icones  tredecim  elegantifiimi  ac  ornatif- 
fimi.  Antwerpia  excudebat  Gerard  de  Jode,"  in  folio,  with 
architectural  back-ground,  and  a  very  large  and  well  en- 
graved print,  executed  on  three  plates  of  "  The  Crucifixion," 
after  Michael  Angelo. 

Peter  de  Jode,  the  elder,  was  born  at  Antwerp  A.  D. 
1570,  and  died  in  the  fame  city  in  1634.  He  was  the  ion 
of  the  preceding  artift,  who  mltrufted  him  in  the  knowledge 
of  geometry  and  drawing,  but  he  ftudied  engraving  under 
Henry  Goltzius,  and  afterwards  travelled  to  Italy  and  to 
Paris,  to  improve  his  conneiitions  and  complete  his  profef- 
fional  itudies.  In  Paris  he  remained  forfre  time,  and  with 
the  affidance  of  his  ion,  executed  leveral  plates  there,  which 
were  publiihed  by  A.  Bonenfant.  He  returned  to  Antwerp 
a  few  years  after  the  commencement  of  the  fucceeding  cen- 
tury, where  he  remained  till  the  time  of  his  death. 

The  engravings  of  the  elder  Peter  poflefs  great  merit. 
He  was  an  excellent  draftfman  ;  his  chiaro-fcuro  is  not  in- 
ferior to  that  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived  ;  and  in  his  ma- 
nual execution  he  ufed  the  gnver  alone,  in  a  manner  evidently 
founded  on  the  neater  ftyle  of  Goltzius,  but  not  with  equal 
freedom,  nor  equal  power  of  expreffing  the  variety  of  inb- 

llaiiccc 


Rhine,  in  an  oval,  from  Rubens,  quarto  fize  ;  Philip  III., 
king  of  Spain,  in  an  oval,  froin  Rnbcns ;  Francis  de 
Mcllo,  count  of  Azumar ;  Amhrofe  Spinola,  furnamed 
the  Great  General,  all  of  quarto  dimenfions. 

Hyiarkal,  l^c. — "  The  Virgin  and  Ci  ild,"   from  Titian  ; 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 

ftanccs  which  entered  into  the  compofitions  from  which  his        Among  his  moftefteemed  performances  may  be  mentioned 
pnnts  are  engfraven.  the  iollowing 

He  engraved  both  portraits  and  hiflory  with  fucccfs,  but  Portraits  of  celebrated  artifts,  &c.  after  the  piflures  of 
did  not  excel  in  landfcape.  From  the  whole  of  his  works,  Vandyke,  of  fmall  folio  fize.  Peter  de  Jode,  Junior,  eii- 
which  arc  fimewhat  numerous,  the  connoill'eur  may  fcle£t  graied  by  himfelf ;  Jamesjordaens,  painter  of  Antwerp  • 
the  following  with  advantape.  C.rneliusPcelenbourjr,  painter,  of  Utrecht ;  John  Smellineux, 

The  Portraits  of  Henry  du  Puy,  a  Dutch  philofophcr,  p;>inter,  of  Antwerp  (the  fiefli  of  which  is  etched)  ;  Adam 
in  a  drcle  furnninded  by  a  ferpent,  in  410.  ;  John  Boccacio,  CoRer  ;  Andrew  Colyns  dc  Nolo,  a  (latuarv  of  Antwerp  • 
from  Titian,  in  folio  >.  Fcrdmand,  count  paktinc  of  the  Genevieve  d'Urphe,  the  widow  of  Charks  Alexander,  duke 
"'  .     -         «    .  ^  ~.  ..  of  Croye  ;   Jane   de    Blois  ;    Henry   Liberti,    an   org^.nilt  ; 

John  Tzeniaes,  count  of  Tilly  ;  Albert,  duke  of  Friedland, 
and  count  of  Walienftein  ;  Diodorus  de  Tuldcn,  profefFor 
at  Louvain  ;  Antonio  Tried,  bifliop  of  Ghent;  Charles 
Henri,  biiron  of  Mettcrnich,  in  an  ornamental  border  j,. 
The  Marriage  of  St.  Catherine,"  bo'h  in  quarto.  A  V^uguftus  Adolphus,  baron  of  Trantorf,  furrounded  with 
large  folio  print  of  a  "  Holy  Family,"  in  a  mountainous  an  ornamental  border,  all  of  folio  fize;  Thomas  Ricciardi ; 
landfcape,  both  from  the  fame  painter.  Twelve  prints  of  Simon  Vouct  del,  in  4tn.  ;  Erneft,  count  of  Ifembourg, 
"  The  I^ife  and  Miracles  of  St.  Catherine  of  Sit-nna,"  after  chevalier  of  the  golden  fleece,  a  ha'f-lcngth  portrait,  in 
Frar.ci";  Vanni,  in  folio  ;  "  The  Adoration  of  the  Shep-  armour,  after  Th.  Willeboorts,  in  410.  ;  and  a  folio  print, 
herds,"  likewife  in  falio  ;  "  Chrift  at  the  Himfe  of  Nico-  entitled  "  Petrus  de  Francavilla,  Gall.  Regif  Architeft  et 
demus,"  a  night -piece,  in  large  quarto  ;   "  The  DrcolIaHcn     Sculptor,"  after  J.  Bunel. 

of  St.  .John,"  in  an  oval,  of  oftavo  fize,  a  rare  priiit,  from  Hijlorical  Suljcds. — "  St.  Auguftine,"    bifliop    of   Hip- 

Rubens  ;  "  Our  Savi,)ur  deliveri-  g  tlie  Keys  to  St.  Peter,"  pona,  crowned  by  Religion,  with  other  accefibry  emblems^, 
in  foho  ;  "The  Coronation  of  Si-  Catherine,"  m  folio,  m  folio  ;  "St.  Francis  kneeling  before  a  Crucifix,"  after 
An  ailegoricnl  fubjedt  of  government,  reprefented  by  a  Baroccio,  in  folio  ;  "  A  Holy  Family,"  where  Elizabeth, 
fenvile  crowning  Prudence  with  a  laurel  wreath,  in  410.  St.  John,  and  Zacharias,  are  explaining  a  book  held  by  an 
Another,  of  "  Tiie  Five  Senfs,"  in  fo'io.  The  frontifpiece  angel,  in  large  folio,  from  Titian;  "An  Emblem  of 
to  a  book,  intitled  "  Annaia  of  Flanders,"  by  M.  Siitiro,  Death,"  reprefented  by  an  infant  fleeping  upon  tlie  oround, 
reprefenting  Flanders,  perfonified,  leaning  on  a  pedeftal.  &c.  with  a  llcull  lying  by  his  fide,  a  fmall  plate,  lengthways, 
&c.  in  folio,  all  from  Riibeiis.  Thirty-fix  prints  in  quarto,  from  Arte'mifa  Gentilefca  ;  "  The  Vifitation  of  the  Virgin," 
from  the  "  The  Life  of  Cliriit  ;"  and  "  The  Lafl  Judg-  from  a  piAure  by  Rubens,  in  the  cathedral  at  Antwerp,  in 
nient,"  after  a  piflure  by  John  Coufm,  in  the  church  of  the  large  folio,  a  very  fine  and  rare  print.  A  fine  print  of 
Minims  at  Vincenncs.  The  painter  has  introduced  his  own  "  The  Three  Graces,"  in  large  folio  ;  "  Venus  rifiny  from 
portrait  at  the  left  hand  fide  of  the  print.  This  is  one  of  the  Sea,"  furrounded  by  nymphs  and  tritons,  in.  large  folio;, 
the  iargeit  prints  in  exiftence,  being  engraved  on  twelve  ''  The  Alliance  of  the  E:irth  and  Sea,"  perfiinified  by 
plates !  Cybele  and  Neptune,  a  piate  of  folio  fize,  as  a  companion 

Peter  de  Jode,  the  younger,  the  fon  of  him  who  is  the  to  that  of  "Plenty,"  by  Theodore  van  KefTel,  ail  after 
fubjeft  of  the  preceding  article,  v,-as  born  at  Antwerp,  ac-  Rubins;  "St.  Francis  and  St.  Clara,  worfhipping  the 
cording  to  StMtt  and  the  foreign  authoritie?,  in  the  year  Infant  Chrift,  lying  in  the  Manger,"  half  figures,  wiih  the 
1606.  He  ftudied  under  his  father,  whom  he  furpaffcd  in  effett  of  night,  in  folio,  after  G.  Seghcrs,  the  companion 
talle  and  facility  of  handling  the  graver,  though  he  can  to  which  is"  "  St.  Peter  denying  Chrilt,"  engraven  by  And. 
fcarcely  be  faid  to  have  equalled  him  in  the  drawing  of  the  de  Paulis  ;  "  Chrill  difcourfing  with  Nicodemus,"  half 
naked.  Onr  countryman,  Sirutt,  tliough  generally  not  figures,  with  the  effeft  of  night,  from  the  fame  painter; 
deficient  in  accuracy  of  notice,  has  contributed  to  confufe  "  The  Nativity,"  from  .lordaens,  a  very  fine  and  rare  print,, 
the  chronology  of  this  artift  and  his  father.  He  fays,  "  it  in  large  folio  ;  "  St.  Martin  of  Tours  expelling  the  evil 
does  not  appear  that  the  younger  de  Jode  went  to  Italy,  Spirit  from  a  Demoniac,"  very  large  folio  ;  "Folly  and 
bin  he  certainly  accompanied  his  father  to  Paris,  where  they  Ignorance,"  half  figures,  a  large  folio  plate,  all  trom  Jor- 
engrai-ed  conjointly  a  con!:derab!e  number  of  plates  for  M.  daens  ;  "  St.  Auguttin  furrounded  by  Ancrels,"  a  laro-e  cir- 
Bonefant,  and  le  Sieur  I'Imago,"  which,  if  our  author's  re-  cular  plate,  after  Vandyke;  "  Rinaldo  and  Armida,"  a 
port  of  the  return  of  the  elder  de  Jode  from  Paris  might  be  lar^e  folio  plate,  from  the  fame  mailer,  beimr  the  corn- 
credited,  is  making  the  fon  travel  to  Paris  and  engrave,  panion  to  another  plate,  which  Bailheu  engraved  after  the 
before  he  was  born  ;  forStrutt.in  his  account  of  the  father,  fame  painter;  "  A  Holy  Family,"  where  the  infant  Chrilt 
exprefjly  f.iys,  "  lie  returned  to  Antwerp  about  the  year  is  held  by  St.  Anne,  after  Abr.  van  Diepenbeck.  An 
1601,  where  he  refided  till  the  time  of  his  death."  allegorical  fubjedl  of  '•  Peace,"  and  "  St.  .John  the  Baptift 

Perhaps  the  fenior  de  Jode  Returned  from  his  firft  journey    in  the  Defart,"   from  Van  Mol,  all  large  upright  plates, 
in  1601,  and  afterward,  as  he  did  not  die  till  1634,  made  a         Arnold  de  Jode,   the  fon  of  Peter  de  Jode  the  vounger, 
fecond  journey  to  Paris,  taking  with  him  his  fon.  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the  year  i6j6,  and  was  inftrudcd 

The  prints  of  the  junior  de  Jode  are  numerous,  but  very     by  his  father  in  the  art  of  engraving.      In  his  youth  he  mi-- 
unequal  in  merit.      Bafian  fays  of  him,  that  in  feveral  of  his     grated  to  England,  but  being  no  great  proficient  in  his  art 
engravings    "  he   has  equalled  the   bed   engravers,   and   in     was  not  able   to  contribute  mucli  to  tlie    advancement   of 
otliers  has  funk  below  himfelf."  To  which  Strutt  julUy  adds,     Engiifii  engraving,  though  the  art  in  this  country  was  then  . 
"  he  was,  without  doubt,  a  very  able  engraver,  but  to  place     at  a  low  ebb. 

him  (even  in  his  beft  exertions)  upon  an  equ:ility  with  his  He  refided  here  at  the  time  of  the  great  fire  of  London,, 
contemporaries,  Bolfwert,  Pontius,  and  Vorllermaii,  is,  in  as  may  be  learned  from  an  infcription  beneath  his  print  of' 
my   opinion,   eftimating  his  abilities   at  much  too    high  a    "  The  Infants  Chrilt  and  St.  John  embracing  each  other,"' 


rate.' 


after   Vandyke,  which  runs   thus,    "  Arnoldus   de    Jodej 
8  fculp>! 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 


fculp.  Londini,  tempore  incendii  niaximi."  It  may  be 
worthy  of  note,  that  this  engraving  is  dedicated  to  lir  Peter 
Lely,  who  was  at  that  time  the  pofTcflbr  of  Vandyke's 
pifture. 

It  feems  not  improbable,  that  the  low  ftate  of  Englifh 
latte,  and  paucity  of  artifts  at  that  period,  enabled  Arnold 
to  live  with  more  profit  and  confequent  comfort  in  this 
country  than  in  his  own,  for  his  talents  were  very  indifferent, 
and  by  no  means  comnienfurate  to  his  early  opportunities 
of  acquiring  profefiional  information. 

It  may  be  fufficient  to  mention  the  following  prints  from 
his  graver,  of  which  the  portraits  will,  generally  fpeaking, 
be  found  the  belt. 

The  Portraits  of  fir  Peter  Lely,  in  large  folio,  from  a 
pifture  by  fir  Peter  himfelf ;  Alexander  Browne,  (prefixed 
to  his  Ars  Pidtoria,)  m  fmall  folio,  from  J.  Huyfmans  ; 
Catherine  Howard,  duchefs  of  Lenox,  &c.  in  folio,  after 
Vandyke  ;  cardmal  Palavicini,  in  410.  after  Titian. 

Hifioucal,  l^c. — "  Mercury  inllrufting  Cupid,"  in  fmall 
folio,  from  Correggio,  engraved  in  London,  and  dated 
1667;  "A  Magdalen,"  a  half-length  figure  from  Van- 
dyke. The  folio  print  after  Vandyke,  mentioned  in  his 
biography  above  ;  and  a  landfcape  after  L.  de  Vadder,  in 
foUo. 

In  the  fixteenth  century,  the  orthography  of  proper 
names,  as  well  as  that  of  words,  appears  to  have  been  ejfr- 
tremely  unfettled.  On  the  continent,  as  well  as  in  this 
ifland,  men  fpelled  varioudy,  as  they  vanoufly  eltimated  the 
powers  of  letters,  and  Printing  was  as  yet  too  young  to 
have  erefted  a  ftandard. 

John  Wierix,  Wierx,  Wierinx,  or  Wirings,  (for  thus 
capricioully  has  the  orthography  of  this  name  varied  from 
itfelf,)  was  born  at  Amfterdam,  in  the  year  ijjo.  His  love 
for  the  arts  appears  to  have  manifefted  itfelf  at  a  very  early 
period  of  his  life.  We  know  not  from  whom  he  learned 
the  firft  principles  of  drawing  and  engraving  ;  perhaps  he 
owed  them,  as  well  as  his  fubfequent  progrefs,  principally  to 
kis  own  application  and  patient  indullry.  He  ftudied  the 
works  of  Albert  Durei"  very  attentively,  and  built  his  tafte 
upon  them  ;  but  from  too  clofe  and  fervile  a  mode  of  copy- 
ing them,  he  contrafted  a  ftiffnefs,  of  which  he  never  di- 
Telted  himfelf.  There  is  little  or  no  originality  in  his  prints. 
His  genius  feems  to  have  been  confined,  and  he  was  fearful 
of  venturing  beyond  the  bounds  of  a  copyift.  The  incom- 
parable neatnefs  of  his  works  executed  with  the  graver 
only,  gives  them,  however,  a  value  with  the  curious  col- 
leftor,  which  is  encreafed  by  the  correftnefs  of  his  drawing, 
and  the  manner  in  which  the  extremities  of  his  figures  are 
marked,  proves  the  great  attention  he  muft  have  paid  to  that 
part  of  his  profeffion.  His  works  are  exceedingly  muhi- 
farious,  confilling  of  devotional  fubjefts  of  various  kinds 
and  fizes  ;  from  which  the  following  may  be  felefted  as 
affording,  on  the  whole,  the  mod  fatisfadory  fpecimens  of 
his  abilities. 

Portraits  of  Rodolpho  II.  emperor  of  Germany  ;  PhiHp 
William,  prince  of  Orange,  in  4to  ;  Eleanor  of  Bourbon, 
princefs  of  Orange  ;  James  I.  of  England,  with  his  queen, 
whole  lengths,  a  I'mall  upright  plate,  very  fcarce  ;  Philip  II. 
of  Spain;  Catherine  of  Medicis,  wife  of  Henry  II.  ; 
Henry  III.  of  France  ;"  and  the  countefs  of  Verneuil,  all 
of  quarto  dimenlions  ;  the  laft  is  a  companion  to  the  por- 
trait of  Henry  IV.  engraven  by  Goltzius. 

Subjeds  from  his  own  Compofuions.- K  fmall  print  of 
"  Chrill  and  the  Virgin  ;''  "  The  Refurreclion,"  in  udavo; 
"The  Jefuit  Martyrs,"  in  4to.  with  an  explanation;  :.n 
allegorical  fubjeft.   called   "  The  Penitent  Heart,"    with 


Dutch  infcriptions ;  "  The  Magdalen,"  at  the  entrance  of 
a  cell,  reading  before  a  crucifix,  a  very  beautifully  finifhed 
print,  both  of  quarto  dimenfions ;  an  allegorical  print, 
called  "The  Redemption  of  Man,"  in  folio;  and  "The 
four  Elements,"  of  the  fame  fize. 

Sulje&s  from  •variotu  Majlers — i^  fmall  Satyr,  from 
Albert  Durer,  engraven  by  Wierix  at  the  early  age  of 
twelve,  in  lamo  ;  "  Adam  receiving  the  forbidden  Fruit 
from  Eve;"  a  fmall  upright  plate,  laborioufly  copied  from 
the  celebrated  print  of  the  fame  fubjeft  by  Albert  Durer. 
It  is  dated  1566,  and  Weirix  has  added  his  own  age,  which 
was  only  fixteen  ;  "  St.  Hubert  at  the  Chace,  proilrate  be- 
fore a  Crucifix,"  a  very  fine  copy  from  Albert  Durer, 
(whofe  cypher  it  bears,)  in  lai-ge  folio;  "  St.  Jerom  in 
Meditation,"  a  very  good  copy,  done  at  the  age  of  thir- 
teen, in  folio  ;  "  The  Marriage  of  St.  Catherine,"  after 
Dennis  Calvaert,  in  quarto;  "The  Sacrifice  of  Ifaac," 
from  M.  de  Vos  ;  "  Ehas  tranflated  to  Heaven  ;"  "  Chr.ft 
taken  from  the  Crofs,"  after  Otho  Vanius  ;  "  Tiie  Laft 
Judgment,"  from  Michael  Angelo,  a  fine  copy  from  the 
print  by  Martin  Rota  ;  and  another  "  Dead  Chnll,"  after 
Bernardino  Pafferi,  all  of  folio  dimenfions. 

Hieronymus  or  Jerome  Wierix,  was  alfo  born  at  Amfter- 
dam in  the  year  1551,  and  is  believed  to  have  been  the  bro- 
ther of  John,  of  whom  he  learned  the  principles  of  drawing 
and  engraving,  and  imitated  his  ftyle  with  fo  much  precifion, 
that  it  would  be  a  matter  of  the  utmoft  difficulty  to  dilUnguifti 
tiie  works  of  the  one  from  thofe  of  the  other,  were  it  not  for 
the  marks  with  which  they  are  infcribed.  The  prints  of  Je- 
rom  poftefs  the  fame  extraordinary  neatnefs,  which  we  admire 
in  thofe  of  John,  are  as  corredtly  drawn,  equally  deficient  in 
tafte  and  freedom,  and  equally  the  refnit  of  careful  labour. 

Jerom  Wierix  marked  his  plates  with  his  initials,  or  a 
monogram,  which  will  be  found  in  our  fecond  plate  of  thofe 
ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the  Low  Countries.  His  works 
are  ftill  more  numerous  than  thofe  of  his  elder  brother ;  and 
thofe  moft  worthy  of  efteem,  are  the  foUowing. 

Portraits  of  the  emperorCharlemagne,  in  octavo,  decorated 
with  imperial  ornaments  ;  Henry  of  Bourbon,  king  of  Na- 
varre; queen  Elizabeth  of  England;  Sigifmond  III.  of  Po- 
land ;  Alexander  Farnefe,  duke  of  Parma;  and  fir  Francis 
Drake,  all  of  very  fmall  fize  ;  John  Coropi  Becani,  a  phy- 
fician,  holding  a  flcuU,  in  folio  ;  De  Conftain,  and  G.  Ober- 
ichie  Delpheus,  alfo  in  folio, 

SiibjeHs  from  his  onvn  Compojttions. — "  St.  Francis," 
in  i2mo.  ;  "St.  Cecilia,"  in  quarto;  "  St.  Anthony, 
held  by  the  Devil,"  in  i2mo.  ;  "  St.  Bruno,"  in  octavo; 
"  St.  Charles  Borromeus,"  of  the  fame  fize  ;  "  St.  An- 
thony and  St.  Francis,  to  whom  the  Virgin  prefents  the 
Infant  Chrift  ;"  "  The  Holy  Virgin  fuckling  the  Infant 
Jefns  ;"  "  The  Virgin  Handing  on  a  Crefcent,  with  the 
Holy  Infant  furrounded  with  Rays  of  Glory,"  both  in 
12010.;  "The  Miraculous  Conception;"  "The  Death 
of  Lucretia  ;"  "  The  four  Monarchies  of  the  World,"  on 
four  quarto  plates  ;  "  Chrift  on  the  Crofs  fufpended  from  a 
Vine,  lurrounded  by  four  Saints,"  all  of  quarto  fize  ;  an- 
other "  Chrift  on  tlie  Crofs,  in  the  midft  of  a  Vine,  fur- 
rounded  with  Rays  of  Glory,"  the  crucifix  is  fupported  on 
a  bunch  of  grapes,  which  is  held  by  the  two  Ifraelitifti  fpies 
of  the  bible,  an  odd  conceit,  in  8vo. 

Sul'jetls  from  various  Mqftsrs. — "A  dead  Chrift,  fupported 
upon  the  "Lap  of  the  Virgin,"  after  John  Mabufe  ;  •'  Chrift 
receiving  little  Children,"  from  Crilpin  van  den  Broeck  ; 
"  Chrift  on  the  Crofs,"  at  the  bottom  of  v.hich  is  intro- 
duced the  king  David,  St.  Paul,  and  St.  John  the  Baptift, 
after  the  fame  mafter  ;  "  A  Holy  Family,"  where  St.  Ca- 

therine 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


therine  is  introduced  kidinij  the  feet  of  the  infant  Jefiis, 
after  Dennis  Calvaert  ;  "  The  Death  of  the  Virgin,"  from 
Otho-Vaenius  ;  "  Chrift  at  the  Table  of  Simon  the  Pha- 
rifee,"  after  the  fame  painter,  all  of  folio  dimenfions  ; 
"  Death  and  Satan,"  combating  for  a  tree,  while  a  faint 
and  the  holy  Virgin  are  imploring  Jefus  Chrill  to  preferve  it, 
after  H.  van  Balen,  in  oftavo  ;  "  The  Globe  of  the  Earth 
near  its  Dellnicxion,  upheld  by  .lefus  Chrift  and  the 
Virgin,"  in  oftavo  ;  "  The  oppofite  Roads  to  Heaven, 
and  to  the  Infernal  Regions,"  in  quarto,  from  the  fame 
painter;  "  Our  Saviour  crowned  with  Thorns,"  after  G. 
Moftaert,  in  folio ;  "  Jefus  Chrill  on  the  Crofs,  worfhipped 
by  two  Angels,  in  the  Clouds,"  on  one  tide  of  the  crofs. 
is  introduced  the  Virgin,  and  on  the  other  St.  John,  whilft 
the  Magdalen  embraces  the  crofs;  (this  is  efteemed  tlie  hnell 
print  from  the  graver  ofjcrom;)  "Enoch  tranflatcd  to 
Heaven,"  after  M.  de  Vos,  in  folio  ;  "  The  Death-bed  of 
the  Juft,"  in  large  folio,  from  Amb.  Franck  ;  "  Jefus 
baptifed  by  John,"  after  H.  Hondius,  in  folio,  a  iiiie  en- 
graving ;  "  The  Vifions  of  Daniel,"  after  Van  Haecht,  in 
quarto  ;  "  Jupiter  defcending  to  Danae,  in  a  Shower  of 
Gold,"  from  the  fame  painter  :  a  very  capital  print,  after 
Lucas  Romanus,  of  "  The  Refurreclion  of  Chrift,"  in 
large  foho  ;  and  another,  from  the  fame  painter,  of  "  The 
Scourging  of  Chrift,"  whig!)  Strutt  pronounces  one  of  his 
largeft  and  belt  engravings,  though  not^fo  neat  as  his  other 
works. 

Antony  Wierix  was  the  younger  brother  of  Jerome  and 
John,  and,  in  general,  adopted  the  fame  neat  and  laboured 
ftyle  of  engraving,  efpecially  when  he  worked  upon  fmall 
fubjefts  ;  but  fome  of  his  larger  prints  are  executed  with 
more  freedom  ;  which,  of  courfe,  adds  greatly  to  their  in- 
tereft,  in  the  eftimation  of  perfons  of  tafte.  Antony  drew 
as  correctly  as  his  brother,  and  employed  his  gra%'er  upon 
the  fame  fort  of  fubjefts  ;  often  indeed  working  conjointly 
with  Jerome.     We  fhall  mention  the  following 

Portraits,  (all  of  which  are  very  fmall,)  pope  Clement 
VII.  ;  Phihp  Emanuel,  of  Lorrain,  duke  of  Mercoeur  ; 
Ifabella,  of  Auftria,  daughter  of  Phihp  II.  of  Spain; 
Robert  Bellarmin,  cardinal  ;  and  Albert  of  Auftria,  arch- 
bifhop  of  Toledo,  and  governor  of  the  Low  Countries,  in 
quarto. 

Subje8s  from  his  oiun  Compojitions. — Saints  "  Therefa," 
in  oftavo  ;  and  "  Sebaftian,"  in  folio  ;  "  St.  Dominic 
receiving  a  Rofary  from  the  Holy  Virgin  ;"  "  The  Virgin 
Mary  ;"  and  "  The  Marriage  of  St.  Catherine,"  both  in 
I2mo.  ;  "  The  Litany  of  the  Virgin,"  in  eight  leaves,  of 
oftavo  fize  ;  "  The  Virgm  and  Child,  to  whom  the  eternal 
Father  difplays  the  Inftruments  of  the  Paftion,"  in  i2mo.  ; 
•'  The  purified  Souls,"  with  French  and  Latin  verfes,  in 
oftavo  ;  "  Chrift  furrounded  with  the  Reprefentations  of  the 
Sufferings  of  various  Martyrs,"  in  quarto  ;  "The  Emblems 
of  future  Rewards  and  Punilhments,"  in  oftavo  ;  and  "  St. 
Jerom  praying,  accompanied  by  two  Angels,''  in  quarto  ; 
one  of  the  bell  engravings  by  Antony  Wierix. 

Engravings  from  various  Painters. — "Abraham  facrificing 
Ifaac,"  and  "  The  Adoration  of  the  Kings,"  both  in  folio, 
and  from  M.  de  Vos.  Four  plates  in  quarto,  reprefenting 
the  Hiftory  of  the  prophet  Jonas.  "  Refignation,''  per- 
fonified  by  a  female,  faftened  to  a  rock,  holding  a  crucifix, 
■while  an  angel  crowns  her  with  laurel,  from  J.  de  Backer, 
in  folio  ;  "  A  Repofe  during  the  Flight  into  Egypt," 
where  St.  Jofeph  is  reprefented  holding  a  bunch  of  grapes, 
after  Cam.  Procacini,  in  folio,  executed  in  a  bold  broad 
ftyle  ;  "  The  Death  of  St.  Francis,"  in  folio,  from  the  fame 
painter;  asd  "  The  Life  of  Chrift,"  towhich  is  added  "The 
Death  and  AfFumption  of  the  Virgin  Mary,"  vvithexplana- 
VoL.  XXI. 


tions,  forming  a  fet  of  fifty-nine  prints  in  folio,  engraved 
conjointly  by  the  three  brothers,  John,  Jerom,  and  Antony. 
Abraham  de  Bruyn,  or  Brun,  was  born  at  Antwerp 
in  the  year  1540  ;  and  eftablifh'-d  at  Cologn.  On  account 
of  the  finallneis  of  his  prodeftions  he  has  been  ranked  ia 
that  clafs  of  artifts,  which  is  diftinguifned  by  the  appellation 
of  the  !ilt/f  nuiflers,  and  feems  hardly  to  have  merited  even 
the  diftinftion  which  he  attained  ;  for  his  prints  are  evi. 
dcnily  rather  the  produftions  of  labour  ^nd  affiduity,  than 
of  genius.  The  lights  in  them  are  fcattered  and  unharmo- 
ni7,ed,  which  deftroy  the  effeft,  and  give  them  a  cold,  me- 
tallic  appearance,  and  his  drawing  is  incorreft.  It  is  true, 
Rembrandt  had  not  yet  dawned,  and  inattention  to  the  chia- 
rofcuro  has  been  termed  by  the  apologills  of  iuch  artifts  as 
Bruyn,  "  ratlier  the  fault  of  the  age,  than  the  profefTor  ;" 
and  notwithftanding  thefe  dcfefts,  the  worksof  this  artift  are 
much  fought  after  by  connoifleurs.  The  two  monograms, 
which  he  affixed  to  his  prints,  will  be  found  in  our  fecond 
plate  of  thole  ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the  Low  Countrie*  ; 
and  his  beft  engravings  are  entitled  as  follows  : 

Portraits  of  the  eleftor  palatine,  Philip  Louis,  and  Ann 
his  wife  ;  Albert  Frederick,  duke  of  Pruflia ;  William,  duke 
of  Juliers,  and  Mary  his  dtichefs ;  John  Sambucus,  phyfician 
(a  wood  engraving)  ;  "  Carolus  nonus  Francorum  Rex  ;" 
and  Anne  of  Auftria. 

Hijiorical,  &c. — "  Mofes  and  the  burning  Bufti,"  in 
quarto  ;  "  The  Four  Evangelifts,"  "  Chrift  and  the  Wo- 
man of  Samaria,"  and  "  A  Philofopher,"  with  a  fcroll, 
both  in  oftavo.  A  fet  of  feven  fmall  plates  of  "  The 
Planets,"  and  another  fet  of  "  The  Five  Senfes ;"  a 
folio  print,  entitled  "  Imperii  ac  Sacerdotii  ornatus,  diver- 
farum  gentium  ve.ftitus  ;"  another  of  the  fame  fize,  entitled 
"  Diverfarum  gentium  armatura  equeftris,  1577  ;"  a  fet  of 
forty-nine,  infcribed  "  Omnium  fere  gentium  imagines,"  &c. 
quarto  fize.  Seventy-fix  plates,  of  figures  of  knights  on 
hoifeback,  in  oftavo.  A  fet  of  friezes,  of  the  various  modes 
of  hunting  and  hawking,  marked  with  his  two  cyphers. 
Twelve  plates  of  animals,  in  quarto  ;  "  Pyramus  and 
Thifbe,"  after  Franc.  Floris  ;  "  The  Refurreftion  of  La- 
zarus," from  Crifpin  vanden  Broeck,  both  in  quarto  ;  and 
a  fet  of  fmall  arabefque  ornaments. 

Nicholas  de  Bruyn  was  born  at  the  fame  place  with  the 
former  artift,  of  whom  he  was  the  fon,  and  of  whom  he 
learned  the  rudiments  of  his  art ;  though  he  did  not  imitate 
him  either  in  his  ftyle  of  engraving,  or  the  fmallnefs  of  the 
prints  which  he  executed.  He  rather  copied  the  ftyle  of 
Lucas  Jacobs  of  Leyden,  whofe  works  he  appears  chiefly 
to  have  ftudied  ;  and  engraved  large  plates,  which  he  exe- 
cuted entirely  with  the  graver,  in  a  very  neat  but  laboured 
ftyle.  His  prints  evidently  prove,  that  he  had  more  fertility 
of  invention  than  tafte,  and  he  wanted  judgment  to  felcft 
fuch  forms  only,  as  were  beautiful  or  luited  to  the  occafion. 
His  compofitions  are  generally  crowded  with  figures,  but 
from  the  following  caufes  his  effefts  are  feeble  ;  the  lights 
are  too  much  diffufed,  and  the  breadths  of  fhadow  by  no 
means  fufiicient  to  relieve  the  principal  objefts  from  thofe  at 
a  diftance ;  in  conlequence  of  which,  the  whole  appears 
confufed  and  unfiniftied.  His  drawing  is  carefully  attended 
to  ;  but  it  is  rather  mannered  than  correft.  The  heads 
of  his  figures  are  frequently  very  expreflive  ;  yet,  amidft  all 
the  difadvantages  which  this  artift  laboured  under,  much 
fterling  merit  is  coni'picuous  in  his  produftions.  The  cy- 
phers, with  which  he  marked  his  plates,  will  both  be  found 
in  our  fecond  plate  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the 
Low  Countries  :  and  amongft  his  works  we  lliall  feleft  the 
following  as  being  moft  worthy  of  notice. 

From  his  own  Compojitions. — "  Adam  and  Eve  in  Para- 
3  N  dife," 


LOW   COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


dife,"  in  large  folio  ;  "  Adam  and  Eve  eating  of  the  for- 
bidden Fruit ;"  "  The  grand  Fellival  of  the  Jews,  after  fix 
Years  Bondage  ;"  "The  King  Balac,  communing  with  the 
Prophet  Balaam  ;"  "  The  Prophet  Jeremiah,"  in  a  land- 
fcape;  "  The  Vifion  of  Ezekicl;"  "  David  .and  Goliah  ;" 
and  "  Abij^ail  meeting  David  ;"  both  with  landfcape  back- 
grounds ;  "  Solomon  and  the  Queen  of  Sheba  :' '  "  Solomon 
adoring  the  Idols  ;"  "  The  Dream  of  Nebuchadnezzar  ;" 
"  Daniel  in  the  Lion's  Den  ;"  "  Sufannah  and  the  Elders;" 
"  Sufannah  judiiicd;"  "  Two  old  Men  iloned  to  Death  ;" 
"  The  Nativity  of  our  Saviour  announced,  to  the  Shep. 
herds  ;"  "  The  Adoration  of  the  Eaftern  Kings  ;"  "  A 
Repofe  during  the  Fhght  into  Egypt  ;"  "  The  Slaughter 
of  the  Innocents  ;"  "  St.  John  preaching  in  the  Defart  ;" 
"  Our  Saviour  preaching  on  the  Mount  ;"  "  The  Centurion 
imploring  the  Help  of  Jefus  Chrill  ;"  "  The  Entry  of  Chria 
into  Jerufalem  ;"  "  Our  Saviour  on  his  way  to  Mount  Cal- 
vary ;"  "  The  Crucifixion  ;"  '■  The  Refurreftion  ;"  "  St. 
Paul  preaching  ;"  "  St.  Hubert  perceiving  a  Crucifi.x  be- 
tween the  Horns  of  a  Stag  ;"  '<  Orpheus  charming  the  Ani- 
mals with  his  Lyre."  Peafants,  with  their  children,  regaling; 
a  landfcape,  into  which  is  introduced  lions,  tygers,  and 
ftags  ;  a  large  company  of  Spaniards  in  a  foreft  ;  all  thefe 
are  of  large  foho  fize  ;  a  fet  of  fix  prints,  in  odlavo,  for 
goldfmiths,  from  fables ;  twelve  plates  of  animals  for  a 
book  of  quadrupeds  ;  and  two  fets  of  thirteen  each,  of 
birds  and  filhcs. 

Subjeds  from  various  Majlers. — "  St.  John  preaching  in 
the  Wildeinefs,"  from  Lucas  of  Leyden  ;  "  A  Miracle  per- 
formed at  the  Tomb  of  St.  James,"  a  Spanifh  apoftle,  from 
the  fame  painter  ;  "  The  Golden  Age,"  from  Abr.  Bloe- 
mart;  this  is  confideredas  his  fined  print,  and  was  admirably 
copied  in  a  fmall  circle  by  Theodore  de  Brye  ;  "  Abraham 
facrificing  Ifaac,"  after  Giles  Coninxlo  ;  "  The  Predic- 
tions of  the  Prophet  Ifaiah  ;"  "  The  Judgment  of  Midas," 
a  fine  landfcape,  with  figures,  all  from  the  fame  painter  ;  a 
village  fair,  from  Dav.  Vinckenbooms ;  a  landfcape,  with 
a  caftle  ;  a  view  of  a  garden,  with  buildings,  and  figures 
dancing,  both  from  the  fame  painter  ;  a  flag  hunt,  after 
John  Breughel  ;  a  fine  landfcape,  into  which  is  introduced 
the  fibjedl  of  "  Mofes  defending  the  Daughters  of  Jethro," 
after  Hans  Bol.  ;  "  St.  Cecilia,"  accompanied  by  other 
faints,  copied,  with  fnme  alteration,  from  Raphael;  "The 
Four  Seafons,"  from  M.  de  Vos  ;  and  an  armed  knight 
on  horfeback,  preceded  by  an  allegorical  figure  on  horfe- 
back,  and  follo.vedby  the  devil  on  fjot,  copied  from  what 
is  commonly  termed  "  The  Worldly  Man"  of  Albert  Du- 
rer;    all  are  of  folio  dimenfions. 

The  family  of  the  Sadelcrs  make  a  very  confiderable 
figure  in  the  annals  of  engraving  :  yet  are  they,  unlefs  we 
fhould  except  Giles,  lefs  illuilrious  by  the  charatter  of  th..'ir 
works  as  engravings,  than  vrorthy  of  notice  on  {iccount  of 
their  number,  fubjefts,  and  the  period  at  which  they  were 
performed. 

Hans  or  John  Sadeler  was  born  at  Bruflela,  A.D.  1550. 
His  father  is  believed  to  have  been  an  armourer,  or  work- 
man in  iron  and  Heel ;  for  the  firll  employment  that  is  known 
to  have  been  exercifed  by  John,  w.is  to  engrave  ornaments, 
&;c.  upon  thofe  metals,  in  order  to  their  being  inlaid  with 
the  precious  metals.  Hence  Florence  le  Conite  terms  him 
a  dtimafqu'meiir  of  iron  ;  a  word  which  probably,  at  that 
time,  was  the  proper  technical  denomination  oi  that  parti- 
cular branch  of  the  armourer's  profi-fiion,  and  which  is  per- 
haps derived  from  Damafcus,  where  arms  have  been  fabri- 
cated with  fimilar  ornaments  from  a  very  early  period. 

It  appears,  however,  that  our  artill  did  not  confine  him- 
felf  to  the  fcroU-work  and  heraldic  ornaments,  which  were 


prevalent  at  the  time,  but  applied  himfclf  with  requifite  di- 
ligence, at  an  early  period  of  life,  to  the  (ludy  of  the  human 
figure,  of  which  he  evinced  an  accurate  knowledge  ;  though, 
in  confequence  of  early  tuition,  and  the  Flemifli  and  Ger- 
man examples  which  had  been  placed  before  him  for  imita- 
tion, he  drew  in  a  (liff  and  mannered  (lyle. 

From  thefe  early  {hackles,  lunvevcr,  which,  till  Rubens 
appeared,  Flanders  \inwittingly  forged  for  all  her  fons, 
Sad'.-ler  in  a  great  meafure  emancipated  himfelf,  when  he 
came  to  ilrengthen  his  faculties  by  breathing  the  purer  at- 
mofphere  of  art  that  circulated  in  Italy. 

He  did  not  at  once  travel  from  Brufills  to  Italy,  but 
publifhed  fevcral  of  his  earlier  engravings  at  Antwerp  ;  from 
whence,  in  the  year  1588,  he  went  to  Frankfort,  and  con- 
tinued to  travel  over  ^reat  part  of  Germany,  in  order  to 
obtain  inftruftion  from  the  bed  mafters  who  were  then  living 
in  that  country.  At  Munich  he  remained  a  few  years, 
where  his  merit  being  made  known  to  the  duke  of  Bavaria, 
he  was  very  gracioufiy  received  ;  and  that  nobleman  made 
him  a  prefent  of  a  chain  of  gold.  From  Munich  he  went  to 
Verona ;  from  thence  to  Venice,  and  afterwards  to  Rome  ; 
bnt  not  meeting  vvitli  the  encouragement  he  expefted  from 
the  pope,  he  returned  to  Venice,  where  he  eltablifhed  him- 
felf, and  died  in  that  city  of  a  fever,  in  the  year  1600.  It 
is  uncertain  from  whom  he  firft  learned  the  art  of  engraving  ; 
but  it  appears  that  he  availed  himfelf  of  tlie  inllruftions  of  a 
variety  of  mafters.  His  earliell  produdtions  have  much  of 
that  iliffnefs,  not  only  in  drawing,  but  in  point  of  manual 
execution,  which  eclipfes  the  merit  of  the  old  engravings  of 
the  German  fchool.  It  is  true,  that  after  he  refided  in 
Italy,  he  made  a  confiderable  improvement  in  his  ftyle  of 
engraving,  efpecially  in  the  landfcape  parts  of  his  plates  ; 
but  he  never  entirely  divellcd  himfelf  of  the  habit  he  at  firft 
acquired.  He  worked  with  the  graver  only,  in  a  clear 
neat  ftyle ;  but  his  plates  were  never  highly  finifhed.  We 
fee  in  them,  however,  the  hand  of  a  very  able  artift,  much 
correftncfs  of  drawing,  and  great  exprefllon.  His  en- 
gravings are  exceedingly  numerous  ;  and  though  a  complete 
colleftion  of  them  is  rarely  to  be  feen,  detached  prints  and 
fets  of  prints  are  by  no  means  uncommon.  They  are  ulually 
marked  with  his  initials  combined  in  a  cypher,  for  which 
fee  Plale  II.  of  tiiofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the  Nether- 
lands. The  following  are  thofe  which  are  held  in  moil 
eftimation. 

Portraits.  —  Orlando  Laffus,  mailer  of  the  chapel  of 
William,  duke  of  Bavaria,  in  8vo.  ;  Sigtfmond  Feyerabend, 
a  famous  printer  of  Frankfort-on-the-Manie,  in  410.  ; 
George  Hoefnagle,  an  artift  of  Antwerp,  and  one  of  the 
coadjutors  of  Ortelius  the  geographer,  an  engraving  of 
merit,  in  410.  ;  her  royal  highnets  Mary  de  Medicis,  queen 
of  France  and  Navarre  ;  Charle.",  prince  of  Sweden  and 
duke  of  Sudermania;  Chrillopher,  baron  of  Teuffenpach, 
from  J.  ab.  Ach.,  all  in  4to.  ;  a  three-quarter  portrait  of 
Herdefianus,  a  celebrated  juris  coniuke,  with  twelve  Latin 
verfes,  in  folio  ;  a  profile  of  Martin  Luther,  in  folio  ;  Otho 
Henry,  count  of  Schwarzenberg,  and  counfellor  of  William 
of  Bavaria,  fitting  at  a  table,  in  large  foiio  ;  an  hiltoncal 
portrait  of  Clement  VIII.,  in  an  oval  ;  and  St.  John  Capif- 
tranus,  a  monk  of  the  order  of  St.  Francis,  both  of  folio 
fize. 

Various  Sets. — "  The  Creation  of  the  World,"  cnm- 
meni  ing  with  the  forming  of  the  fun  and  moon,  and  ending 
with  the  exile  of  Adam  and  Eve  from  Paradife,  in  a  fet  of 
eight,  after  Crifpin  Vanden  Broeck ;  a  fet  of  fix,  con- 
taining the  hillory  of  Adam  and  Eve,  and  Cain  and  Abel, 
after  Michael  Coxie ;  fixteen  fubjects  from  the  book  of 
Genefis,  with  Latin  verfes,  from  Martin  de  Vos ;   "  The 

Life 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


Life  of  Chrift,"  from  the  fame  painter ;  a  fet  of  hermits, 
engraven  conjointly  by  the  two  Sadelcrs,  from  the  fame 
painter.  This  fet  is  much  efteemed,  partly  on  accoimt  of 
the  romantic  variety  of  the  back-ground  landfcapes.  A  fet 
of  twelve  landfcapes  of  the  months  of  the  year,  from  P. 
Steevent ;  "  The  four  Parts  of  the  Day,"  after  Theod. 
Bernard;  "The  four  Seafons,"  with  Latin  verfes,  after 
H.  Bol,  all  of  folio  dimenfions. 

Hijlorical  Sithjeas. — "  The  Virgin  and  holy  Infant  afleep, 
and  an  Angel,"  from  Carracci,  in  4to.;  "  The  Fcaft  of 
Dives,"  after  BafTan  ;  "  Jefus  at  the  Houfe  of  Martha  ;" 
and  "  Jefus  with  the  two  Difciplcs  at  Emmaus."  Thefe 
three  prints  are  commonly  known  arriong  colleftor-;  by  the 
appellation  of  "  Sadeler's  Kitchens."  "The  Angel  appearing 
to  the  Shepherds,"  a  night-piece  ;  three  plates  of  "  The 
Nativity,"  treated  in  different  ways,  all  of  folio  fize,  from 
Baffan,  and  a  fourth  of  the  fame  fubje£l  from  Polidore  de 
Caravaggio,  in  large  folio;  "  St.  Jerome  praying,  in  his 
Cell,  before  an  Image  of  the  Virgin  ;"  "  Mary  Magdalen 
praying  in  a  Cell,"  both  very  fine  engravings,  after  Giles 
Mollaert ;  "  The  patriarchal  Family  of  Enoch,"  in  a  very 
fine  landfcape  ;  "  St.  Roch  and  his  Dog,  with  two  Pil- 
griiTis,"  both  in  folio,  from  the  fame  painter  ;  "  Jefus  calling 
litt'.e  Children,"  in  large  folio,  from  J.  de  Winghe  ;  "  Bac- 
chus feated  on  a  Tub,  accompanied  by  Love  and  Mufic  ;" 
"  St.  Paul  at  Corinth,  at  the  Houfe  of  Aquila,"  all  in 
large  folio,  from  the  fame  matter;  "  The  Annunciation," 
from  Pietro  Candido ;  "  The  three  Maries  at  the  Se- 
pulchre;"  and  "  St.  Mary  the  Egyptian,"  all  in  4to. ; 
"  The  Lafl:  Supper,"  in  folio  ;  "  The  Virgin  and  Infant 
Chrift,  worfhipped  by  St.  Stephen  and  St.  Lawrence,"  in 
large  folio,  all  after  Candido  ;  "  The  Martyrdom  of  St. 
LTrfula,"  in  large  folio,  from  the  fame  painter;  "  The  Na- 
tivity," after  Hans  von  Achen,  in  410.  ;  "  The  Death  of 
our  Saviour  ;"  "  The  Virgin  and  Infant  Jefus,  with  the 
Magdalen  killing  his  Feet,  behind  them  is  St.  Jofeph," 
both  in  4to.  ;  "  The  Virgin  and  Infant  Chrift  feated  on  a 
'  Throne,  with  the  two  St.  Johns  and  Angels,"  in  folio,  after 
the  fame  painter;  "  A  Repofe  during  the  Flight  into 
Eg}'pt,"  from  Chriftopher  Schwann,  in  folio  ;  "  The  Cru- 
cifixion," with  the  Virgin  and  St.  John  al  the  foot  of  the 
crofs ;  "  The  Pafllon  of  our  Saviour,"  in  feven  large  folio 
plates  ;  "  The  Laft  Judgment,"  in  large  folio,  a  very 
capital  print ;  "  A  Courtefan  fitting  by  a  Fountain,  playing 
the  Lute,  wiihing  to  attract  the  Attention  of  a  Youth, 
whom  a  Sage  is  condufting  another  way,"  in  folio,  all  from 
Schwarz  ;  "  The  penitent  Magdalen,"  from  Frederic  Suf- 
tris,  in  folio ;  "  Jefus  appearing  to  the  Magdalen  as  a 
Gardener,"  in  folio;  "The  Annunciation,"  in  4to.  ;  a 
whimfical  compofition  of  "  A  holy  Fanjily,  '  with  angels 
in  the  air,  carrying  the  materials  for  the  church  of  Jefuits  at 
Munich,  in  folio  ;  "  Hercules  between  Vice  and  Virtue, 
with  Jupiter  in  the  Clouds,"  in  large  folio,  all  from  Siillris  ; 
*'  The  good  Shepherd,"  from  H.  Bol ;  "  The  mercenary 
Shepherd,"  from  the  fame;  "  The  four  Seafons  ;"  a  land- 
fcape, where  three  herons  are  introduced  in  the  air,  from 
Pai:l  Bril ;  "  The  four  Seafons,"  from  Bol ;  a  pair  of  land- 
fcapes, and  a  mountainous  landfcape,  with  a  caftle  on  a 
»ock,  all  after  Bril,  in  folio  ;  "  Msn  furprifed  by  the  Ad- 
vent of  the  Deluge,"  and  "  Man  furprifed  by  the  Arrival 
of  the  Day  of  Judgment,"  a  companion  to  the  former,  both 
from  Th.  Bernard,  m  large  folio,  two  of  the  moft  celebrated 
and  beft  engravings  by  this  artift  ;  "  The  Son  of  God  fitting 
at  the  right  Hand  of  his  Father,  in  the  Clouds,  attended  by 
the  Holy  Ghoft,  the  Archangel  Michael,  and  other  An- 
gela," after  a  pifture  by  Antonio-Maria  Viani  at  Munich, 


a  very  fine  and  rare  print ;   and  "  A  View  of  tte  City  of 
Venice  and  Bucentaure,"  both  in  large  folio. 

Raphael  Sadcler  the  elder,  was  born  at  Bruffels  in  the 
year  i  555,  and  was  the  younger  brother  of  John.  Like 
him,  Raphael  was  originally  a  Damafqmncur  of  iron  and 
fteel,  a  profeflion  which  is  now  ivjcomc  obfoletc  ;  and 
like  him,  travelled  through  Germany  to  Italy  for  his  im-' 
provement  in  art,  and  finally  fettled  at  Venice. 

Whether  Raphael  followed  .John,  or  the  brothers  accom- 
panied each  other  to  Italy,  is  uncertain  ;  but  he  continued 
to  refide  at  Venice,  having  a  joint  (hare,  as  is  believed,  v.ith 
his  brother,  in  a  commercial  eftabliHimcnt  there,  till  the 
time  of  his  death,  which  happened  in  the  year  1616. 

When  he  was  about  the  middle  period  of  life,  it  was 
found  that  his  application  to  engraving  had  weakened  his 
fight ;  jjainting,  he  thought,  required  lefs  optical  exertion, 
and  in  this  art  he  fought  and  found  refuge,  till,  the  ftrength 
of  his  eye-fight  returning,  he  refumed  the  graver. 

With  his  fuccefs  as  a  painter,  we  are  not  acquainted. 
His  engravings  greatly  refemble  thofe  of  his  brother  ;  he 
underllood  the  human  figure  exceedingly  well  ;  his  extre- 
mities are  in  general  flcilfully  marked,  and  his  hiftorical  heads 
are  charatleriftic  and  expreffive.  His  portraits  too,  of  which 
he  executed  feveral,  poflefs  a  confiderable  fhare  of  merit. 

The  Sadelers,  John  and  Raphael,  often  worked  in  con- 
junftion,  and  produced  a  great  number  of  plates.  Sepa- 
rate portraits  of  them  of  quarto  dimenfions,  were  engraved 
and  publi(hed  by  Cornelius  Waumans,  with  French  infcrip. 
tions  beneath. 

Of  the  engravings  of  Raphael,  the  following,  generally 
fpeaking,  will  be  found  moft  worthy  of  feleftion. 

Portraits.  —  Paulus  V.  Pont.  Max.  in  fmall  folio  ;  St. 
Charles  Borromeus,  cardinal,  in  folio  ;  Erneft,  archbifliop  of 
Cologn,  in  folio  ;  Leopold  of  Auftria,  bifhop  of  Salzbourg, 
and  Pafiau,  after  H.  Keffel,  in  4to.  ;  Leopold,  archduke  of 
Auftria,  biftiop  of  Ratifbon,  in  folio  ;  John  Dietmar,  abbe 
of  Furttenberg,  in  folio  ;  Hypolyte,  Guarinonius,  Dr.  of 
Medicine,  in  4to.  ;  Philip  de  Monte,  mufical  direftor  to  the 
emperor  Rodolph  IT.,  in  8vo.  ;  Ferdinand,  archduke  of  Auf- 
tria, in  a  4to.  oval  ;  and  Charles-Emanuel,  duke  of  Savoy, 
on  horfeback  ;  after  John  Carrara,  in  large  folio. 

liijlorkal,  from  •various  Majlirs. — Four  fubjecls  from  the 
Lifeof  the  Holy  Virgin  ;  i.  The  Salutation.  2.  TheVifita- 
tion.  5.  The  Marriage.  4.  The  houfliold  Management  of 
the  Virgin,  in  i2mo.  A  fet  of  twenty-eight  from  the  Life 
and  Paflion  of  our  Saviour,  in  i2mo.  ;  "  Mary  Magdalen  at 
the  Sepulchre,  with  Sts.  John  and  Peter,"  after  Jod.  de 
Winghe,  in  4to. ;  the  voluptuous  life  of  Sardanapalus,  fur- 
rounded  by  his  women,  in  410  ;  "  Lot  and  his  Daughters," 
in  a  fine  landfcape,  in  large  folio,  both  after  the  fame 
painter;  "A  Holy  Family,"  confifting  of  the  Virgin  and 
Child,  Elizabeth  introducing  the  infant  St.  John,  St.  Jofeph 
reading,  an  angel,  and  two  half  figures,  in  folio,  from  Hans 
von  Achen  ;  "  The  Entombing  of  Chrift,"  in  an  oval,  of 
folio  fize  ;  "  Two  Angels  in  the  Sepulchre,  with  the  Body 
of  our  Saviour,"  in  folio  ;  "The  Refurredlion,"  infcribed 
"  Chrifti  de  morte  triumphus,"  a  circular  print,  in  folio  ; 
(thefe  three  prints  are  very  much  efteemed  ;)  "  The  Mag- 
dalen in  a  Cell,"  with  a  crofs  in  her  hand,  reading  a  book, 
fupported  by  a  Ikull,  in  4to.  ;  "  Love  carefling  the  Mufes 
of  Painting  and  Mufic,"  in  4to.  ;  "The  Judgment  of 
Paris,"  a  grand  compofition,  all  after  Von  Achen,  in  folio  ; 
"The  Nativity  of  our  Saviour,"  after  Matth.  Kager,  io 
4to.  ;  "  St.  Cunegonde,  attefting  his  Innocence  ;"  and  "  St. 
Elizabeth  relieving  the  Poor,"  both  in  folio,  and  from  the 
fame  painter  ;  "  The  Virgin  and  Child,"  with  St.  Jofeph, 
3  N  2  and 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


and  two  angels  prcfentinj;  fruit,  in  fmall  folio  ;  a  half  figure 
of  ihe  Virgin,  with  the  holy  infant  on  a  cufhion,  in   4to.  ; 
"  The   Virgin  and   Child  crowned,"    in  folio,    both   after 
Candidus ;  "  St.  Francis,"   (in  the  hack-ground  is  a  figure 
proftrate  before  a  crucifix,)    in  folio  ;  and  "  The  Immacu- 
late Conception,"  both  in  folio,  and  after  Candidus  ;  "  The 
Virgin    feated    under   a   Canopy,"    prefenting    the   infant 
Chrift  to   a  high-priefl,  accompanied  by  many  other  figures, 
in   large  folio,  from  the  fame  painter  ;  "  The  Refiirreftion 
of  Lazarus,"  after  J.  Rotenliamer,  in  folio  ;  "The  Mar- 
riage of  St.  Catherine,"  in  a  landfcape,  from  Henry  Golt- 
zius,  in  folio  ;   "  God  appearing  to  Cain,  after  the  Murder 
of  Abel,"   fromM.  deVos;  "  The  Dead  Chrill,"   attended 
by  the   three   Maries,   St.  John,  and   two   angels   holding 
torches,    after    Stradan  ;    "  Venus,  Bacchus,   and   Ceres," 
infcribed    "  Sine  Cerere  et  Baccho  friget  Venus.  Gil.  Coig- 
iiet  inv.  ;"    "The  Uncertainty  of  Life,''    e.Kcniplified  by 
Death  feizing  a  lady  at  a  grand  repaft,   after  Stradanus  ; 
"  Chrid  on   the  Crofs,  attended   by  St.  .lohn  and  the   two 
Maries,"  from  the  younger  Palma,  all  of  folio  fize  ;  "  The 
Virgin  fuckling  the  Infant  Jefus,"   furrounded  by  a  garland 
of  flowers,  in   4to.    from  Carracci  ;    "  A   Holy   Family," 
where  the  infant  Jefus  has  one   knee  on  his  cradle,  and  the 
other  on   his  mother's  lap,  while   St.  John  prefents  him   a 
little  crofs :   the  back-ground  prefents  a  mountainous   land- 
'   fcape,  in  folio,  from  Raphael.    A  fine  circular  print  of  "  The 
Annunciation,"  a  poetical  compofition,  after  F.  Zuccaro, 
in  folio;   "The  Adoration   of  the  Kings,"   in  folio,  after 
Baffan;"  Jefus  at  Table  with  the  Pilgrims  to  Emmaus,"  after 
the  fame  painter  ;  a  female  milking  a  cow,  and  giving  drink 
to  a  little  boy,  in  folio,  known  by  the  appellation  of  "  The 
Little  Milk-woman,"  in   folio  ;  "  The   Four   Seafons,"  in 
folio,  engraved  by  Raphael  in  conjunftion  with  his  brother 
John,  all  from  Baffan  ;  "  The  Four  Seafons,"  after  J.  Stra- 
dan,   in   folio.       Six    landfcapes,    ornamented   with   rocks, 
wood,  and  water,   after  P.    Steevens,  in   410.     Two   wild 
landfcapes,  after   Matth.   Bril,   in  folio.      Four  landfcapes, 
with  the  hi  (lory  of  the  good  Samaritan,  in  folio,  from  P.  Bril. 
_  Four  land.^capes  from  the  fame  painter,  in   folio.      Another 
fet   of  four,    aft^r   the   fame.     A   fet   of  fix   emblematical 
figures,  infcribed  "Amor,"   "  Nuptia,"  "Labor,"   "Ho- 
nor,"   "  Arma,"  and    "  Venatio,"  after   Martyn  de  Vos. 
A  fet  of  four  allegorical  fubjefts,  on  the  four  tempeiaments 
of  man,   in   folio,   from   de  Vos.     A  fet  of  faints,  entitled 
"  Bavaria  fanfta,"  and  "  Bavaria  pia,"  in  folio,  after  Matth. 
Kager,  engraved  by  Raphael  the  elder,  and  his  fon  of  that 
name.     And  "  The  Battle  of  Prague,"  engraved  on  eight 
plates,  in  folio,  extremely  rare,  and  marked  with  the  name 
of  Raphael  Sadeler. 

Egidius,  or  Giles  Sadeler,  was  born  at  Antwerp 
AD.  1570,  and  died  at  Prague  in  1629.  He  was  the 
nephew  and  difciple  of  the  two  preceding  artifls,  and  fol- 
lowing their  ileps,  travelled  through  Germany  and  Italy, 
refiding  awhile  in  thofe  cities  where  art  flourilhed,  for  his 
improvement. 

He  was  afterwards  invited  to  Prague  by  the  emperor  Ro- 
dolphus  II.  who  gave  him  a  pcnfion,  which  was  afterwards 
continued  by  his  fucceffbrs,  tlie  emperors  Matthias  and  Fer- 
dinand II.  He  handled  the  graver  with  more  facih'ty,  tafte, 
and  freedom  than  his  uncles,  and  reprefcnted  the  textures  of 
his  objefls  with  more  feeling  than  had  hitherto  been  dif- 
played,  unlefs  by  the  very  firft  artiils  of  the  German  fchool. 
He  treated  portraits  and  hiftorical  fubje£ls  in  a  broad  free 
llylc,  and  harmonized  and  oppofcd  his  lights  and  fhadows 
in  fo  judicious  a  manner,  that  it  produced  forcible  elfeft, 
without  blacknefs. 


He  generally  drew  correftly,  but  in  the  fubjcdls  he  en- 
graved after  Spranger,  the  contours  of  his  figures,  in  con- 
formity with  the  extravagant  ftyle  of  that  mailer's  defign, 
are  overcharged  ;  he  excelled  both  in  portrait  and  land- 
fcape ;  and  was  called  by  his  contemporaries  the  phoenix  of 
engraving.  The  following  remarks  from  the  pen  of Watelet, 
which  he  intended  fliould  be  applied  to  the  whole  family,  are 
more  particularly  applicable  to  Giles.  "  It  is  allonifliing  the 
fuccefs  with  which  the  Sadelers  have  engraved  landfcape  with 
the  graver  ;  the  old  trunks  of  trees  have  all  the  freedom  of 
the  pencil,  and  playfiilnefs  of  etching  ;  and  it  is  iir.pofllble 
to  leprefenl,  in  any  better  way,  falls  of  water,  rocks,  and 
the  depths  of  forells  :  tlic  various  weeds  and  plants  which 
are  introduced  on  the  fore-grounds  are  extremely  like  nature, 
and  the  buildings  and  back-grounds  are  executed  with  fo 
much  tade,  that  it  reprefll'S  our  regret  for  the  difcouragement 
of  etching."  From  the  numerous  engravings  of  this  matter, 
the  following  will  be  found  vsorthy  of  feleftion. 

Portraits.  —  Burckhard  de  Bcrliehing,  privy-coimfellor 
of  the  emperor  Rodolphus  II.  ;  Chrillopher  Guarinonius 
Fontaru:,  phyfician  to  the  emperor  Rodolphus,  a  very  ex- 
cellent and  rare  print  ;  John  George  Gxdalmaiin,  juris  con- 
fulte ;  Joachim  Huber,  counfellor ;  Jacob  Chimarrliaeus, 
grand  almoner  to  the  emperor;  the  cardinal  of  Dietrich- 
ilein,  biihop  of  Olniutz  ;  Otto  de  Starfchedel,  counfellor  to 
the  eleftor  of  Saxony,  all  of  quarto  fize  ;  William  Angelic, 
plenipotentiary  to  Henry  IV.,  in  folio  ;  John  Matthew 
Warenfels,  counfellor;  Adam,  baron  of  Trautmanfdorf ; 
Siegfried  de  Kolonitfch  ;  Ferdinand  de  Kolonitfch ;  the 
three  ambaffadors  from  the  fophi  of  Perfia  to  the  emperor 
Rodolphus,  TOz.  Mechti  Kuli,  Beg  Sinai  Chaen,  and  Cu- 
chein  Olhbeg,  all  in  folio  ;  Torquatus  Taffo,  a  very  rare 
print,  in  4to.  ;  Oftavins  Strada,  antiquary,  in  <)to.,  rare; 
Peter  Breughel,  the  elder,  in  tolio  ;  Martin  de  Vos  ;  Si- 
gifmond  Bathori,  prince  of  Tranfvlvania  ;  Michael  Voivode 
of  Walachia,  in  an  oval  ;  Charles  de  Longiievai,  count  of 
Buquoi,  all  in  folio  ;  buft  of  the  emperor  Matthias,  fur- 
rounded  with  allegorical  figures  and  infcriptions  ;  a  pair  of 
the  emperor  Matthias,  a  three-quarter  figure,  and  its  com- 
panion, the  emprefs  Anne,  both  in  large  rolio  ;  a  large  up- 
right print  of  the  emperor  Rodolphus  on  horfeback  ;  the 
emperor  Ferdinand  II.  on  liorffback,  with  various  em- 
blematical figures  and  infcriptions,  in  two  large  piates, 
joined  ;  an  allegorical  fubjecl  on  the  marriage  of  the  emperor 
Ferdinand  with  Eleanor  of  Mantua,  in  folio  ;  and  an  alle- 
gorical fubjeft  on  the  protection  given  to  the  fine  arts  by 
the  emperor  Rodolphus,  a  very  fine  print,  in  large  folio. 

Suhjeds  from  his  oivn  Compojlt'ions. — A  fet  c-f  twelve,  of 
angels  with  the  inltruments  of  the  pafijon  of  our  Saviour, 
in  linall  410.  ;  a  fet  of  tour,  of  the  Evange'iils,  in  4to. ;  a 
fet  of  fifty-two  views  in  Rome,  entitled  "  Vefligi  delle  An- 
tichita  di  Roma,"  in  folio;  a  landfcape  and  figures,  a  rare 
print,  in  Svo.  ;  "  The  Burning  of  Troy,"  an  etching  in 
410.;  a  building  with  niches,  introducing  the  four  feafons  ; 
"  Charity,"  with  three  children,  both  in  folio  ;  "  Narciffus 
admiring  himfelf  in  a  Fountain,"  in  large  folio;  "  Pan  and 
Syrinx  preparing  to  bathe,"  in  folio;  "St.  Seballian 
dying,  with  the  Angel  extrafting  the  Arrows  from  his 
Side,"  in  large  folio;  "  St.  Dominic  receiving  the  Infti- 
tutioQS  of  his  Order;"  "  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul  ;"  "  The 
Scourging  of  Chrift  ;"  "  The  Crucifixion,"  all  in  large 
folio  ;  and  a  grand  compofition  of  "  The  Hall  of  Prague," 
on  two  plates,  a  very  capital  engraving. 

H'ljlor'ual,  ^c.  after  -uariBus  Maflcrs. — "  The  holy  Virgin 
fuckling  the  Infant  Chriit,"  from  a  picture  by  Raphael,  in 
the  Florentine  Gallery,  known  by  the  appellation  of  "  Ma- 

fS  donni 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 


donna  della  Segiola  ;"  "  The  Angel  appearing  to  the  Shep- 
herds," after  BalTan,  in  foho  ;  "  St.  Chriilopher  bearing  the 
Infant  Chrift  on  his  Shoulder  ,"  in  tolio  ;  "  The  Murder  of 
the  Innocents,"  in  large  folio,  from  Tintoretto;  "The 
Call  of  St.  Peter,"  after  F.  Barroccio  ;  "  Chrill  carried  to 
the  Tomb,"  a  fine  print,  arched  at  the  top,  from  the  fame 
painter;  "The  Scoiirgingof  Chrift,"  from  Jofeph  d'Anpinas; 
«'  The  Martyrdom  of  St.  Sebailian,"  after  the  youDger 
Palma  ;  "  The  rich  Man  in  Hell,  and  the  poor  one  in  I  lea- 
ven," from  the  fame  painter  ;  "Angelica  and  Medora,"  writing 
on  the  bark  of  a  tree,  from  Carlo  Cjliari,  all  in  large 
folio  ;  "  Efclavonia,"  a  young  female,  elegantly  apparelled, 
from  Titian,  in  folio;  an  allegorical  print  on  the  death  of 
the  wife  of  Sprangcr,  accompanied  with  a  medallion  ;  "  The 
three  Maries  going  to  the  Sepulchre  ;"  "  The  Arts  and 
Sciences  triumplung  over  Ignorance  and  Barbarifm  ;" 
"  Hercules  and  Omphaie  ;"  "  Venus  and  Cupid,"  all  in 
large  fo'io,  after  Spranger  ;  "  The  Annunciation,"  after  de 
Witt,  in  large  folio  ;  "  Reward,"  a  winged  figure.  ft.anding 
on  a  globe,  infcribed  "  Dat  Deus  o:nne  Bopum  ;"  an 
obehflv  with  the  armour  of  the  count  of  Mansfeld,  infcribed 
"  Sum  Uiibra  Alarum  Aquila:,"  both  in  large  folio;  two 
bufts  of  angel;,  after  Albert  Durer ;  two  fine  heads  of 
youths;  "The  Virgin  and  Child,"  in  a  landfcape,  fur- 
rounded  by  aninrals ;  in  the  back-ground  is  introduced  the 
Annunciation  of  the  Shepherds,  engraved  with  great  deli- 
cacy ;  "  Chrill  b.-'aring  the  Crofs,"  all  after  Albert  Durer, 
in  folio  ;  "  Judith  with  the  Head  of  Holofernes,"  from 
H.  von  Achem  ;  "  The  Adoration  of  the  Shepherds  ;" 
"  The  Virgin  and  holy  Infant,  careffing  the  little  St.  John," 
all  in  folio,'  from  the  fame  painter  ;  "  Minerva  introducing 
Painting  to  the  Mufes,"  a  grand  compofnion,  in  the  talle  of 
Spranger,  in  large  folio,  from  Ab.  Ach  ;  and  four  fubjects 
fro:i;  the  Life  of  the  Virgin,  v'l-z.  "  The  Annunciation," 
"  The  Vintation,"  "  The  Circumcifion,"  and  "The  Af- 
fumption,"  after  J.  Speccard,  in  folio. 

LanJj'capss.  — A  fet  of  fifteen,  from  John  (commonly 
called  Velvet )  Breughel,  in  folio,  in  which  are  introduced, 
1.  St.  Jerome  before  a  crucifix.  2.  A  repole  during  the 
flight  into  Egypt.  3.  Tobit  with  the  angel.  4.  Our  Sa- 
viour tempted  in  the  wildernefs.  5.  St.  Francis  Itigmatifed. 
6.  A  fifh-market  on  the  fea-coall.  7.  A  view  of  a  gulf, 
with  company  on  the  fhore.  S.  A  llage-coach  driving. 
9.  A  windmill  and  village  on  the  banks  of  a  river.  10.  A 
company  of  gypfies.  1 1 .  A  flone  and  a  wooden  bridge, 
with  two  pilgrims.  12.  Two  travellers,  one  cf  whom  is 
repofing.  13.  A  woody  landfcape.  14.  Soldiers  defcend- 
ing  a  mountain.      15.  A  ferry-boat. 

Various,  from  Paul  Bril,  in  foUo- — A  mountainous  land- 
fcape, into  which  is  introduced  a  repofe  during  the  flight 
into  Egypt  ;  "  A  Hermit  reading  in  his  Cell,"  in  a  land- 
fcape ;  two  bridges  of  wood  and  Itone  ;  a  mountainous  land- 
fcape,  ornamented  with  cattle  and  figures;  fix  vievis  in 
Italy,  with  buildings  and  cattle  ;  fix  landfcapes,  into  which 
are  introduced  the  twelve  months  of  the  year,  very  capital 
engravings. 

Landfcapes  from  Roland  Savery. — A  fet  of  fix  views  in 
B'lhemi-i,  witli  mills,  water,  and  wood,  in  fmall  4to.  ;  an- 
other let  of  fix,  in  Bohen-ia,  with  catarafts,  travellers,  &c. 
in  fmail  folio;  anoiher  fet  o'  fix:  I.  Villagers  regaling 
under  a  trellis-arbour.  2.  Buildings  on  the  banks  of 
a  canal.  3.  A  flag-hunt.  4.  Labourers  on  the  top  of 
a  moui.tain.  5.  A  goat-herd  rep<>fing  near  a  cafcade. 
And,  6.  A  warrener,  in  folio.  A  fet  of  five  grand  land- 
fcapes, from  '.he  mountiins  of  Tyrol,  in  folio,  with  cata- 
ra£;s,  figures,  &.c.  ;  and  two  others,  of  rock  and  forell 
fcencry,  alfo  from  the  mountains  of  Tyrol. 


From  Pietro  Stephar.i. — A  fet  of  four  rich  landfcapes,  of 
the  feafons,  in  large  folio  ;  a  fet  of  eight  fine  landfcapes, 
with  wind-milb,  figures,  &c.  in  large  folio;  and  another 
fet  of  twelve,  in  folio,  of  the  months  of  the  year. 

Of  the  fame  family,  but  of  merit  fomewhat  inferior,  were 
Jooll  or  Juftus,  Philip,  and  Raphael  Sadeler  the  younger, 
who  were  feverally  inllrucled  by  their  parents,  and  worked 
mechanically  in  the  fame  (lyle,  merely  multiplying  the  num- 
ber of  prints,  without  advancing  in  the  fmalleft  degree  the 
general  claims  or  capabilities  of  their  art. 

Juftus  was  the  fon  of  John,  and  his  beft  performances  are 
certain  portraits  of  the  family  of  Gon/ague,  and  an  odd  fort 
of  Dutch  "  Holy  Family,"  from  Rottenhamer,  wherein 
the  holy  Virgin  is  rcprefented  fwaddling  the  infant  Saviour, 
while  an  angel  is  ftrangely  bufied  in  warming  his  linen. 

Raphael  Sadeler,  the  younger,  was  the  fun  of  the  Raphael 
whom  we  have  mentioned  above,  andoccafionally  alGftcd  his 
father  in  his  prufelTion,  particularly  in  engraving  the  fet  of 
Bavarian  faints.  H?  alfo  engraved  "  Venus  and  Adonis," 
a  fmill  upright,  from  Titian,  and  "The  four  Evangclifts," 
from  P.  Candidus,   with  other  devotional  fubjcfts. 

Philip  was  the  degenerate  fon  of  Giles.  A  Mark  Sadeler 
has  alfo  been  mentioned,  but  is  believed  to  have  been  only 
the  publilher  of  the  works  of  his  more  ingenious  relations. 

Among  the  caprices  of  fortuit.-iu?  biography,  it  has  been 
the  fortune  of  fome  who  have  benefited  mankind,  to  have 
their  merits  p^ifs  unrecorded.  Von  Londerfel,  on  the  con- 
trary, though  not  of  firft-rate  talent,  has"  been  celebrated 
under  two  names,  both  by  Papillon  and  by  Stnitt. 

He  appears  to  have  been  a  native  of  Holland,  born  about 
the  middle  of  the  fixteenth  century,  and  to  have  beea 
chiefly  engaged  in  the  execution  of  letter-prefs  engravings, 
in  a  reat  and  d'-licate  ftyle,  refembling  that  of  Virgil  Soils, 
and  which  are  marked  fometimes  with  one  and  at  other 
times  with  the  other  of  the  two  monograms,  which  will  be 
found  in  Plate  II .  of  tliofe  of  the  fch.^ol  of  the  Low  Countries. 

It  is  not  unlikely  that  thefe  two  marks  may  have  given 
rife  to  the  leparation  of  his  works  into  thofe  of  Ahafuerus 
Lardfeld,  and  Ahafuerus  Londerfel.  That  he  was  related 
to  the  John  Von  Londerfel,  of  whom  we  fhall  treat  here- 
after, is  highly  probable.  From  the  fmallnefs  of  his  pro- 
duftions,  of  which  the  greater  number  adorn  the  bocks  that 
were  publilhed  at  Antwerp  about  this  period  ;  he  i.'i  claffcd 
among  the  little  mailers,  but  his  engraving  of  "  The  Lad 
Supper"  is  on  a  fomewhat  larger  fcale. 

Among  the  books  which  he  thus  decorated,  are  the  4fo. 
edition,  in  the  French  language,  of  ■'  The  Travels  of  Ni- 
cholas de  Nicolay  into  I'urkey,"  printed  at  Antwerp  in 
1576,  and  the  large  Herbal  of  Matthias  de  Lobel.  Detached 
fuhjects  from  the  holy  fcriptures  are  fometimes  to  be  met 
with,  which  probably  belong  to  a  bible,  m  which  Londerfel 
at  leaft  alhfted  in  the  produftion  of  the  engravings. 

Charles  de  Mallery  was  bom  at  Antwerp  A.D.  1571^  ; 
it  is  not  known  of  whom  he  learned  the  rudiments  of  draw- 
ing and  ergraving,  but  from  the  great  refemblance  his  flyle 
bears  to  that  of  the  two  Wierixes,  it  is  probable  he  (ludied 
in  their  fchool.  He  was  a  very  laborious  artill,  and  ei  graved 
a  great  number  of  devotional  fubjeCls,  animals,  and  book, 
orntimc:  ts. 

He  worked  with  the  graver  onlv,  and  fo  exceedingly  neat, 
that  he,  in  fome  inilances,  equalled  the  moft  laboured  per- 
formances of  Jerom  and  Antiiony  Wierix.  But  then  he  did 
not  draw  fo  corrcflly  ,  fo  that  witli  inferior  powers  as  an  ar- 
ti/i,  he  fecnis  to  have  pofTtfl'td  the  fame  fliare  of  patience  and 
attention,  and  manual  fliill.  He  had  the.  honour  of  having 
his  portrait  twice  paint(  d  by  Vandyke,  both  were  fuc- 
cefsful  pidurcs,  and  the  prints  after  them  by  Vorfterman  and, 

Morin, 


LOW  COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF  THE, 


Morin,  are  well  known.  In  the  colk-ftion  of  the  abbe  MaroUes 
were  three  hundred  and  forty-three  of  the  engravings  of  Mal- 
lery;  among  the  bell  of  which  may  be  mentioned  "The  Ado- 
ration of  the  Kings,"  in  l2mo.;  "The  youthful  Saviour,"  in 
a  landfcapc,  accompanied  by  two  angels  ;  "  The  Canaanitifh 
Woman  ;"  "  A  Crucifix,"  held  by  a  man  furrounded  with 
allegorical  figures  ;  "  St.  Francis;"  and  "St.  Jacintha," 
in  i2mo.  ;  "The  Holy  Family,"  accompanied  by  a  Mag- 
dalen, in  4to.  ;  "  Clu-ill  among  the  DoAors,"  in  i2mo.  ; 
various  heads  of  Chrill,  the  Virgm  Mary,  the  apoftles, 
faints,  &c.  Some  of  the  plates,  for  the  great  hunts  by 
Stradan,  which  were  produced  in  conjunftion  with  the 
Gallcs,  Collaerts,  &c.  in  410.  The  hiltory  of  the  filk 
worms  (which  were  brought  by  two  monks  into  Europe), 
on  fix  middUng-fized  plates,  lengthways,  from  J.  Stradan, 
entitled  "  Vermis  Sericus  ;"  a  bull  of  "  St.  Anthony,"  in 
an  hiftorical  border,  after  Stradan  ;  the  fable  of  "  The  Man, 
his  Son,  and  his  Afs,  going  to  the  Fair,"  in  four  4to.  plates  ; 
and  various  plates  of  horfes,  for  a  book  entitled  "  De  la 
Cavalerie  Francaife,"  in  410  ,  from  the  fame  painter. 

Having  already  treated  of  the  education  and  general  merits 
as  an  artift  of  Paul  Bril,  of  Antwerp,  who  performed  fome 
fpirited  etchings  of  landfcape  fcenery  about  the  period  now 
under  our  review,  it  remains  but  to  mention  fuch  of  his 
etchings  as  are  held  in  moll  i-equefl  among  connoifTeurs. 
Thefe  are  all  of  folio  dimenfions,  and  arc  known  by  the  fol- 
lowing defignations  :  a  pair  of  views  in  the  Campania  of 
Italy,  with  rocky  fore-grounds,  adorned  with  buildings,  &c. 
dated  1590  ;  another  pair,  infcribcd  "  Paulus  Bril  inv.  et  fee. 
Vicenzo  Cenoiformis  Roma:  ;"  another  view  in  the  Cam- 
pania, of  the  upright  form  ;  four  landfcapes  belonging  to 
a  fet,  of  which  the  remainder  are  engraved  by  Nieulandt. 
Sandrart  mentions  alfo  a  large  and  grand  engraving  by  this 
artift,  of  which  the  fubjert  is  a  view  in  the  Campo  Vaccino. 
For  further  information  refpetting  this  artill,  fee  the  article 
Bril  in  our  fifth  volume. 

Chriftopher  Van  Sichem  was  born  in  Holland  in  the 
year  1580,  and  refided  chiefly  at  Amfterdam.  He  was  in- 
ftrufted  in  the  principles  of  engraving  by  Goltzius,  from 
whom  he  copied  fome  good  portraits.  The  merit  of  his 
engravings  on  copper,  cunfiils  principally  in  the  neatnefs  of 
their  executions,  but  thofe  on  wood,  after  his  mailer,  are 
engraved  in  a  bold  ftyle,  and  often  pofTefs  a  good  effeft, 
though  he  wanted  tafte.  His  monogram  will  be  found  in 
our  fecond  pkte  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the  Low 
Countries. 

The  moll;  confiderable  work  he  executed  is  intitled 
"  Iconia  Haerefiarcharum,"  &c.  It  confiits  of  a  great  num- 
ber of  fmall  upright  plates,  of  the  principal  reformers  of 
the  church,  is  engraved  from  his  own  defigns,  and  was  pub- 
lilhed  at  Amfterdam  in  1609. 

On  Copper. — A  profile  of  Johannes  Calvinua  Nouioduni, 
holding  a  book,  furrounded  with  an  hiftorical  border; 
David  Georgius  Delphis,  in  Batavia,  pcrniciofillima;  feftx 
auftor  ;  Durch  Chnftop  Von  Sichem,  Formjchncidcr  und 
Kupfirjlecher  (i.  e.  cutter  of  wood,  and  engraver  of  copper)  ; 
Rob.  Dudleus,  Leyceftriae  comes  ;  Francis  Valefins,  dux 
Alengon  ;  the  emperor  Charles  V.  in  the  imperial  coftume, 
infcnbed  "  Carolus  quintus  Impcrator  Cajiar  Auguftus;" 
and  queen  Elizabeth,  in  regal  attire  ;  all  of  quarto  dimen- 
fions. The  two  latter  portraits  hare  been  by  fome  attri- 
buted to  Charles  Van  Sichem.  Chriftopher  alfo  engraved 
the  whole-length  portraits  of  the  earls  of  Holland  and 
Zealind,  in  folio,  from  drawings  by  himfelf. 

On  Wood. — A  fet  of  twelve  hiftorical  fubjcfts,  in  i2mo. 
rare  ;  "  Efther  before  King  Ahafuerus,"  in  410.  from  Lucas 
of  Leyden  ;  "  The  Adoration  cf  the  Shepherds,"  after  Ab. 

f  II 


Bloemart;  "The Circumcifion," after H.  Goltzius;  "Judith 
with  the  Head  of  Holofernes,"  all  in  4to.  ;  "  St.  Cecilia 
playing  on  the  Organ,"  and  four  other  figures  finging  ;  buft 
of  a  man,  with  a  hat  and  feathers,  all  from  the  fame  painter  ; 
buft  of  an  African  prince,  with  a  helmet  ornamented  with 
diamonds  and  feathers,  from  J.  Matham  ;  a  fet  of  four, 
reprefenting  Judith,  Sifera,  David,  and  Sampfon,  from 
H.  Goltzius  ;  and  a  fet  of  four,  reprefenting  the  Evange- 
lills,  with  a  hiftory  of  their  lives  in  Dutch  ;  very  meritorious 
prints  :  all  the  latter  are  of  folio  dimenfions. 

The  baron  Hcinneken  mentions  two  other  Dutch  engra- 
vers of  the  name  cf  Van  Sichem  (■uiz.  Cornelius  and 
Charles)  ;  and  Papillon  and  Baflan,  the  latter  copying  and 
magnifying  the  error  of  the  former,  has  given  ideal  exift- 
ence  to  a  third. 

Cornelius  is  often  confounded  with  Chriftopher,  but  was 
of  interior  talent.  He  was  of  the  fame  family,  and  flou- 
riftied  about  forty  years  afterwards. 

Of  laborious  induftry,  and  as  if  pleafureable  ftimuli  rarely 
reached  his  mind,  he  fcraped  together  not  fewer  than  600 
fubjefts  of  figures  of  holy  perfocages,  fcripture  hiftories, 
and  legendary  tales,  which  he  engraved  in  a  ftiff  and  heavy 
ftyle,  but  many  of  them  were  copies  from  prints. 

Charles  was  alfo  of  the  fame  family,  and  engraved  both 
on  copper  and  on  wood,  but  his  prints  merit  not  much  atten- 
tion.     Their  feveral  monograms  will  be  found  in  Plate  II. 

Jacques  de  Gheyn,  or  Ghein,  the  elder,  was  born  at 
Antwerp  in  the  year  1565,  and  died  in  1615.  He  learned 
the  elements  of  painting  of  his  father,  who  was  a  painter  on 
glafs  ;  and  engraving  he  ftudied  under  Henry  Goltzius. 
He  fuccefsfully  imitated  the  manner  of  his  mailer,  and 
worked  with  the  graver  only,  in  a  bold  free  ftyle,  which 
manifefts  the  great  command  he  had  of  that  inftrument. 
He  drew  corretlly  and  frequently  with  much  tafte ;  but  all 
his  works  want  efteft,  from  the  lights  being  fcattered,  and 
too  equally  powerful  ;  neither  are  the  niaflcs  of  fhadow 
fufficiently  broad,  nor  well  harmonized.  The  number  of  his 
engravings  amount  to  one  hundred  and  feventy.  He  likcwife 
painted  flowers  and  fmall  figures  with  confiderable  ability. 
The  monogram  of  this  artift  will  be  found  in  Plate  II.  of 
thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the  Low  Countries.  Among 
his  works  the  following  are  moll  worthy  of  notice. 

Po/-/;-i2;/j.— Tycho  Brahc,  the  celebrated  Danifti  aftrono- 
mer ;  Abraham  Gokevius,  a  famous  antiquary  of  Amfter- 
dam ;  Hugo  Grotius,  the  Itill  more  famous  philofopher ; 
and  Philip  de  Marnex,  a  diftinguiftied  Calvinittic  reformer, 
all  in  8vo.  ;  Cofmo  de  Medicis,  who  is  here  called  "  The 
Father  of  his  People,"  a  circular  print  ;  Sigifmond>  Mala- 
tefta,  a  military  officer  ;  and  Joannes  Bafilowitfch,  auto- 
crator  of  Ruilia,  all  in  4to. 

SubjeUs  from  his  own  C ompqfit'wns . — "  Vanity,"  repre- 
fented  by  a  fem.ale  figure  at  her  toilet  ;  "  Mary  Magda- 
len," a  fmall  oval ;  two  fmall  medallions  of  Mars  and 
Venus  ;  "  A  Giply  telling  a  young  Woman  her  Fortune," 
in  folio  ;  "  The  Statue  of  Laocoon  and  his  Sons,"  in  large 
folio;  "  A  Lion  couchant,"  with  a  landfcape  back-ground, 
a  very  rare  oval  print,  in  folio.  A  fet  of  ten,  very  rare 
and  celebrated  prints,  in  fmall  folio,  of  Mafques.  The 
twelve  firft  Roman  emperors,  a  fet  of  circular  prints  in 
quarto,  very  much  fought  after  ;  "  The  Sabbath,  or  Ren- 
dezvous of  Sorcerers  and  Sorcerefles  ;''  a  large  folio  print, 
engraved  on  two  plates. 

Siibjdts  after  "various  Painters. — The  Paffion  of  our  Sa- 
viour,  a  fet  of  fourteen,  engraved  in  coojundlion  with  his 
pupil  Zechariah  Dolendo,  after  Van  Mander,  in  oftavo  ; 
"  The  Twelve  Sons  of  Ifrael,"  half-length  figures,  after 
Karl  van  Mander,  in  quarto  ;    two  emblematical  fubjefts, 

on 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 


on  the  folly  of  thofe  people  who  fpend  their  time  and 
money  in  purfuit  of  pleafure,  on  two  large  plates  ;  "  The 
Ereftion  of  Babel,  and  Confufion  of  Languages,''  in  large 
folio  ;  »  The  Adoration  of  the  Trinity,"  in  folio ;  "  The 
Judgment  of  Midas,"  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Prodigal  Son," 
a  very  fine  print,  in  large  folio,  all  from  Karl  van  Mander  ; 
"The  Crucifixion,"  a  grand  compofition  ;  and  "  The  Ap- 
ple of  Difcord  thrown  among  the  God?,''  both  in  large  fo- 
lio, and  after  Vanden  Broeck.  A  fet  of  four,  in  circles, 
of  the  Evangelifts,  after  H.  Goltzius,  in  quarto  •  "  The 
Empire  of  Neptune,''  a  circular  print,  in  folio,  after  Guil. 
Telcho.  A  fet  of  twelve,  reckoned  among  the  very  bell  of 
the  engravings  of  our  artift,  of  the  g-uards  of  the  em- 
peror Rodolphus  II.  after  Henry  Goltzius;  "The  An- 
nunciation," after  Abr.  Bloeraart  ;  "  A  Repofe  during  the 
Flight  into  Egygt,"  in  a  circle  ;  "  Chri'l  preaching  to  the 
Multitude  ;"  and  "  The  Miracle  of  the  Loaves  and  Fifhes," 
(of  the  oval  form, )  are  all  in  folio,  and  after  the  fame  mafter  ; 
"Daniel  in  the  Lion's  Den,'  and  "Diana  changing  Ac- 
tion to  a  Stag,''  after  Th.  Bernard,  in  folio  ;  and  "  Po- 
lyphemus, -'^  cis,  and  Galatea,"  in  Hill  larger  folio,  after  Cor- 
nelius  de  Harlem. 

Jacques  de  Ghein,  the  younger,  was  of  the  fame  family 
with  the  preceding  artiil:,  and  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the 
year  1610.  He  travelled  to  Italy,  and,  as  is  fuppofed, 
became  the  dilciple  of  Antonio  Tempefta,  whofe  llyle  of 
etching  he  imitated  with  no  fmall  fuccefs  :  he  fometimes 
worked  in  conjunftion  with  Coryn  Boel,  and  marked  his 
prints  with  his  name  at  length,  fometira  -s  with  the  addition 
of  "  Ju  ior." 

Among  hi-  works  may  be  mentioned  with  diftinftion,  the 
portraits  of  Francis  I.  at  the  battle  of  Pdvia,  after  A. 
Tempefta  ;  and  that  of  the  emperor  Charles  'V.  on  horfe- 
back,  accompanied  by  his  general  officers,  at  the  battle  of 
Muhlherg,  bo'h  in  fol.o.  He  alfo  engraved,  in  co 'cert 
with  C'ryn  B"el,  the  plates  for  "  The  Life  of  the  Em- 
peror Charles  V."  after  Tempeda. 

Gull  aume  de  Ghein  was  alio  3  native  of  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, b'lt  of  wh:it  part  is  uncertain,  and  was  !iorn  fome  time 
about  the  year  1610.  Prefumptively  he  was  of  the  fame 
family  with  Jacques.  He  travelled  to  Paris  and  ftudied  there, 
or,  at  leaft,  praclifed  engraving,  under  J.  de  Blow,  for 
whom  he  engraved  two,  wa.  *' Spring,"  and  "Summer,'' 
of  the  four  feafons,  perfonified  fomewhat  ridiculoufly,  by 
female  figures  attired  in  the  French  collume  of  the  age  of 
Louis  XIII.  Here  alfo  he  engraved  the  portrait  of  Louis 
XIV.  when  a  youth  ;  he  is  reprefented  on  horfeback,  and 
attired  for  the  chafe ;  and  that  of  the  duke  Bernard,  of 
Weymar,  alfo  on  horfeback  ;  both  are  of  large  folio  dimen- 
iions,  and  engraved  in  a  ftyle  which  bears  ftrong  refemblance 
to  that  of  Abraham  Bofle. 

Louis  de  Vadder  was  born  at  BrufTels  in  the  year  1560. 
He  was  the  ftudent  of  Nature  alone  :  at  leaft  he  has  ac- 
knowledged no  other  inftrudlor,  and  no  other  has  been  re- 
corded ;  and  paintfd  and  etched  landfcape  with  much  abi- 
lity :  he  was  particularly  fuccefsful  in  his  reprefentations  of 
Morning,  and  often  introduced  the  rifing  fun  diifipating  the 
dank  vapours  of  Night,  and  tinging  the  tops  of  the  moun- 
tains, and  other  lofty  objects,  with  golden  luftre.  His  ftyle 
of  etching  is  fph-ited  and  free,  much  refembling  that  of 
Van  Uden  ;  and  among  his  beft  prints  will  be  found  afraall 
village  fcene  The  fame  fcene,  with  falconers  preparing 
to  fet  forth  oa  their  morning's  diverfion  ;  and  a  folio  land- 
fcape, with  the  effect  of  a  ftorm ;  which,  in  addition  to  the 
name  of  Vadder,  bears  that  of  Vorftermans  ;  from  which 
circuinibince  it  may  be  prefumed  that  the  latter  artift  either 


affifted  in  etching  it,  or  worked  upon  the  plate  afterwards 
with  the  graver. 

Gilbert  van  Veen,  or  Vaenius,  was  born  at  Leyden  in  th^ 
year  1566,  and  died  at  Antwerp  in  1628.  He  was  the 
brother  of  Otho  Vxnius,  a  celebrated  painter  of  portraits 
and  hiftory,  who  was  the  inftruftor  of  Rubens. 

Gilbert  worked  with  the  graver  only,  in  a  flyle  greatly  re- 
fembling that  of  Cornelius  Cort ;  and  from  the  number  of 
engravings  that  he  produced  after  the  Itahaii  maftcrs,  it 
has  been  interred  that  he  travelled  with  Otho  into  Italy. 
His  engravings  are  flight,  but  his  outline  is  good  ;  his  heads 
exprefhve,  and  his  hands  and  feet  marked  in  a  ftyle  that 
fhews  the  foundiiefs  of  his  knowledge,  and,  as  Strutt  fays, 
does  him  honour. 

In  the  year  161 2,  we  find  him  living  at  Antwerp,  where, 
in  the  courfe  of  that  year,  he  publiftied  "  The  Emblems  of 
Horace,"  after  his  brother's  defigns ;  and  fliortly  after,  a 
fet  of  plates,  of  which  the  fubjefts  are  taken  by  Otho, 
from  the  "  Life  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas,''  a  meritorious 
v,-ork,  engraved  under  the  influence  of  a  fupcrintending 
fimplicity,  perfeftly  homogeneous  with  the  ftyle  of  his  bro- 
ther's defigns,  and  which  fhewed  that  they  were  brothers  in 
mind,  as  well  as  by  confanguinity. 

The  principal  works  of  this  artift  are  the  Potlraits  of 
Erneil,  duke  of  Bavaria,  in  a  medallion,  fupported  by 
Fame  ;  John  of  Bologna,  and  Alexander  Farnefe,  after 
Otho  Vmius,  furrounded  with  allegorical  figures,  all  of 
foli )  fize. 

Of  his  Hy}orkal  IVorks  may  be  mentioned,  "  The  Em- 
blems of  Horace,'  in  quarto  ;  "The  Emblems  of  divine 
and  piofane  Love  ;"  and  "  The  Life  of  St.  Thomas  Aqui- 
nas,'' all  after  Otho  Vaenius  ;  "  The  Four  Seafons,"  from 
Raohael  del  CoUe,  in  folio  ;  "  The  Marriage  of  Ifaac  and 
Rebecca,"  in  a  frieze,  compofed  of  five  folio  plates,  after 
Balth.  Peruzzi,  a  very  rare  and  capital  work  ;  "  The  Vi- 
fitation  of  St.  Elizabeth,''  in  folio,  from  Baroccio  ;  and 
"  Our  Saviour  crucified,  attended  by  the  Virgin  and  St. 
John,"  in  large  folio,  after  the  fame  mafter. 

Bartholomew  Dolendo  was  born  at  Leyden  A.D.  i^G6, 
and  became  the  dilciple  of  Henry  Goltzius.  He  worked 
entirely  with  the  graver  in  an  open  ftyl?,  fomewhat  refem- 
bling the  flighter  works  of  his  mafter,  but  was  much  his 
inferior,  both  as  an  engraver  and  diaftfman  ;  yet  it  is  faid, 
that  Gerard  Douw  learned  the  £ril  principles  of  drawing 
from  Dolendo. 

He  marked  his  engravings  with  one  or  other  of  the  cy- 
phers which  may  be  feen  in  Plate  II.  of  thofe  ufed  by  the 
engravers  of  the  Low  Countries,  and  his  aiotl  efteemed 
produtiions  are  "  The  Prophet  J.inas  thrown  into  the  Sea," 
which  is  companion  to  "  The  Prophet  Jonas  afleep  under 
his  Gourd,"  in  circles;  "A  Dutch  Village  Fete,''  in 
quarto  ;  "  Adam  and  Eve  receiving  the  forbidden  Freit," 
after  Karl  van  Mander,  in  quarto  ;  "  Jefus  appearing  to 
Mary  Magdalen  as  a  Gardener,"  in  folio,  from  his  own 
compofirion  ;  "  The  Holy  Family,''  and  "  St.  John  preach- 
ing in  the  Defart,''  botli  in  foho,  after  M.  Coxie  ;  "  Py- 
ramus  and  Thifbe,"  after  C.  vanden  Broeck,  in  quarto  ; 
"  Jupiter  and  Ceres,"  after  B.  Spranger,  in  large  folio; 
and  "The  Aft^umption  of  the  Holy  Virgin,''  alfo  in  large 
folio. 

Zachaiiah  Dolendo  was  born  at  Leyden  in  the  year  1  j6~, 
he  was  related  to  the  preceding  artift,  and  learned  the  ele- 
ments of  his  art  of  Jacques  de  Ghein.  He  drew  correctly, 
and  was,  in  no  reipeft,  inferior  to  his  mafter.  We  have,  by 
his  hand,  a  number  of  portraits  which  are  equal  to  tholje  of 

Wieris  j 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 


Wierix ;   his  monotrram  will  be  found  in  Plate  II.  of  thofe 
ufed  by  the  Low  Country  engravers. 

*  From  his  works  we  (hall  feletl  the  foUowinej,  as  being 
mod  worthy  of  elleem  : — William,  prince  of  Orange,  a 
half-length  figure  in  armour,  in  a  quarto  oval,  and  finely  en- 
graved ;  "  Andromeda  chained  to  a  Rock,"  from  his  own 
corapofition  ;  "  The  Virgin  feated  on  a  Throne,  crowned 
by  two  Angels,"  after  Jac.  de  Ghein,  both  of  quarto 
fize  ;  "The  Crucifixion,"  in  large  folio,  irom  tlie  fame 
painter  ;  "  Adam  embracing  Eve,  whillt  {he  receives  the 
Apple  from  the  Serpent,"  after  Spranger  ;  "St.  Martin 
dividing  his  Mantle  between  two  Beggars,''  from  the  fame 
painter,  in  quarto  ;  "  The  Continence  of  Scipio,"  a  cir- 
cular print,  from  Ab.  Bloemart,  both  in  quarto;  and  a  let 
of  "The  Heathen  Gods  and  Goddeffes,"  from  H.  Golt- 
zius.  His  naked  Andromeda  is  a  well-drawn  figure, 
with  the  head  and  extremities  marked  in  a  mallerly  ftyle. 
Of  the  two  Dolendos,  who  were  probably  brothers,  it  may 
fafely  be  afferted,  that  Zachariah  was  the  fuperior  artill.  The 
time  of  his  death  has  efcaped  notice  :  if  that  of  his  birth 
has  been  truly  regiilered  by  Huber,  he  could  have  been 
only  in  his  fourteenth  year  (which  is  fcarcely  credible)  when 
he  produced  his  excellent  portrait  of  prince  William  of 
Orange,  for  the  print  bears  the  date  of  158 1. 

The  family  of  Bloemaert  attained  a  juftly  founded  cele- 
brity as  engravers,  during  the  period  which  is  now  under 
our  review  :  for  an  account  of  them  the  reader  is  referred  to 
the  article  Bloemaert,  in  our  fourth  volume. 

James  Matham  was  born  at  Haerlem  in  the  year  1571. 
As  we  have  already  ftated,  he  became  the  fon-in-law  and 
pupil  of  Henry  Goltzius,  in  confequence  of  his  widowed 
mother  marrying  that  diftinguithed  artift.  during  the  ado- 
lefcence  of  James.  Advifed,  no  doubt,  by  his  tutors,  he 
travelled  to  Italy  to  complete  his  ftudies,  and  in  that  coun- 
try produced  a  confiderable  number  of  engravings  :  yet  after 
his  return  he  continued  to  work  under  the  eye  and  the 
direftion  of  Goltzius,  and  though  he  produced  many  va- 
luable prints,  they  poffefs  little  originality  as  engravings, 
being  executed  in  the  ftyle,  or  rather,  in  the  munner  of  his 
father-in-law,  whom,  however,  Matham  never  equalled  in 
correftnefs  of  outline,  or  in  tafte,  or  in  the  fcience  which 
enabled  Goltzius  to  adapt  his  powers  to  the  feveral  occa- 
fions  which  called  them  forth.  In  (hort,  though  his  manual 
command  of  the  graver,  which  was  the  fole  inftrument  of 
his  art,  evinced  extraordinary  (kill,  yet,  like  motl  imitators, 
in  feizing  the  groder  part  of  the  art  of  Goltzius,  he  let  the 
effence  efcape.  His  numerous  engravings,  however,  have 
been  valued  by  mod  coUeftors,  and  are  principally  as 
follows. 

Portraits. — A  buft  of  -Philip  Winghius,  after  H.  Golt- 
■zius,  in  oftavo  ;  a  buft  of  T'leeft  al  van  den  Velde,  in  an 
hiftorical  border,  in  quarto  ;  and  Nicolas  Bulius,  alfo  in 
•quarto  ;  Abraham  Bloemaert,  in  folio,  after  Paul  Morelfen; 
Michael  Angelo  Buonaroti,  in  folio  ;  Philip  William, 
prince  of  Orange,  after  Mirevelt  ;  and  Henry  of  NalFau, 
priilte  of  Orange,  both  in  large  folio. 

jifter  various  Italian  Majlers. — "  The  Statue  of  Mofes," 
a  fitting  figure,  after  Michael  Angelo  ;  and  the  "  Statue 
of  Chrift,"  from  the  fame  mafter,  both  in  folio  ;  "  A  Holy 
Family,"  where  the  Virgin  is  reprefented  carrying  the 
infant  Chrift,  accompanied  by  St.  Anne,  after  the  pidture 
of  Raphael,  which  was  prefented  to  Charles  II.  of  England, 
by  the  republic  of  Holland ;  "  Mount  Parnaffus,  with 
Apollo,  the  Mufes,  and  the  Poets,"  both  in  large  folio; 
♦'  A  Holy  Family,"  accompanied  by  St.  Catherine,  after 
Titian,  in  foho ;    "  The  AUiance  of  Venus,   Ceres,  and 


Bacchus,"  from  the  fame  painter  ;  "  The  Vifitation  of  the 
Virgin,"  a  rich  compofition,  after  F.  Salviati,  in  large 
folio;  "The  Saviour's  Feet  anointed,"  a  circular  print, 
after  Thaddeus  Zuccaro  ;  "  Chrift  on  the  Mount  of 
Olives,"  both  in  folio  ;  "  The  Nativity,"  and  "  The  Af- 
fumption  of  the  Virgin,"  grand  compofitions  from  the 
fame  painter,  in  very  large  folio  ;  "  The  Adoration  of  the 
Kings;"  "Chrift  heahng  the  Sick;"  "The  Refurrec- 
tion  of  the  Widow's  Son,"  all  grand  compofitions,  after 
Zuccaro,  of  large  folio  fize  ;  and  "  The  Vifitation,"  after 
P.  Veronefe,  a  circular  print,  alfo  in  large  folio. 

Various fubjetls,  after  Golt%'ius. — "  The  Fall  of  our  Firft 
Parents  ;"  "  The  Holy  Family,"  with  St.  Elizabeth  ; 
"  Chrid  on  the  Crofs,"  at  the  foot  of  which  is  St.  John 
and  the  Virgi;:  ;  "  Chrift  appearing  to  the  Magdalen,  in 
the  Garden,"  all  of  folio  dimenfions  ;  "  Jefus  at  liable  with 
hisDilciples  at  Emmaus  ;"  "St.  Luke  painting  the  Virgin," 
in  large  foho  ;  "  Venus  requefting  Cupid  to  aim  an  Arrow 
at  Pluto,"  in  quarto  ;  "  The  Loves  of  the  Gods,"  t/z. 
I.  Jupiter  and  Europa.  2.  Phoebus  and  Leucothoe. 
3.  Mars  and  Venus.  And  4.  Hercules  and  Dcjanira,  en- 
graved as  a  fet  ;  "  The  four  Seafons,"  in  circles  ;  "  The 
three  Chriftian  Virtues,"  Faith,  Hope,  and  Cliarity,  all  in 
folio  ;  "  Tlie  feven  Cardinal  Virtues,"  in  quarto  ;  and  "  The 
Seven  mortal  Sins,"  in  folio  ;  "  Tlie  Picture  of  Ccbes,"  or 
"  The  Type  of  Human  Life,"  a  very  large  compofition, 
engraved  on  three  plates,  in  a  very  fine  ftyle. 

Hijlorkal,  after  various  Painters. — "  Abraham  difmiffing 
Hagar,"  ia  fulio  ;  "The  Annunciation,"  in  half  figures; 
"  The  Adoration  of  the  Shepherds,"  all  in  folio;  "  The 
Parable  of  the  Sower,"  with  a  laiidfcape  back-ground,  in 
large  folio  ;  "  The  Virgin  in  a  Glory,"  and  her  head  fur- 
rounded  with  feven  ftars,  the  crown  of  immortality,  in 
folio;  "  St.  Veronica  and  St.  Suaire,  with  two  Angels," 
in  large  folio  ;  "  St.  Stephen  kneeling  ;"  "  The  Loves  of 
Jupiter  andDanae;"  and  "  The  Loves  of  Cupid  and  Pfyche," 
all  in  folio,  from  Ab.  Bloemaert  ;  "  Samplon  alleep  on  the 
Lap  of  Dalilah,"  after  Rubens,  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Holy 
Women,  weeping  over  the  dead  Body  of  Chrift,"  after 
Jer.  Franck,  in  folio  ;  "  The  Crucifixion,"  after  Albert 
Durer,  known  by  the  appellation  of  "  The  Grand  Cal- 
vary a  I'accolade,"  large  and  rare;  "Venus  afleep,  furprifed 
by  Satyrs,"  after  Rotteiihamer,  in  quarto  ;  and  a  let  of 
five  very  rare  prints,  after  Peter  Van  Aertfen,  (called 
,  by  the  French  Peter  tlie  Long)  ;  namely,  i.  The  Poulterer 
and  Fruiterer.  2.  Six  Women  and  a  Man,  furroundcd  with 
Provifions  of  all  kinds.  3.  The  Kitchen  of  the  wicked  rich 
Man.  4.  Jefus  and  his  Difciplcs,  in  the  Kitchen  at  Em- 
maus. And  5.  The  Toafter  ;  of  which  fet  it  is  very  dif- 
ficult to  meet  with  goad  impreflions. 

Theodore  Matham  was  the  fon  and  pupil  of  the  pre- 
ceding artift,  and  was  born  at  Haerlem  in  the  year  1600. 
He  travelled  into  Italy,  where  he  (ludied  in  the  fchool  of 
Cornehus  Bloemaert,  and  in  conjunftion  with  him,  Perfyn, 
Natalis,  and  other  artifts,  he  engraved  the  llatues  of  the 
Juftinian  palace.  He  did  not  work  with  the  graver  only, 
but  fometimes  made  ufe  of  the  point ;  moft  of  his  works 
confift  of  portraits,  many  of  which  are  executed  in  a  man- 
ner which  does  honour  to  the  artift  ;  among  his  works  we 
(hall  mention  the  following  as  being  moft  worthy  of  the 
notice  of  the  colleftor. 

Portraits. — Michael  le  Blon,  agent  of  the  queen  of  Swe- 
den, after  Vandyke;  Jooft  van  de  Vondel,  a  Dutch  poet, 
after  Sandrart ;  Jodocus  Larenus,  a  reforming  minifter ; 
Vopifcus  Fortunatus  Plempius,  dotior  of  medicine  ;  D. 
Gerardus  Voffius,  Canonicus  Cantuarienfis,  after  Sandrart ; 

Cafpar 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS    OF   THE. 


Cafpar  Barlaeus,  doftor  of  medicine  ;  four  fine  portraits, 
after  John  Spilbcrg  ;  •viz..  i.  Philip  William,  count  pala- 
tine of  the  Rhine  ;  2.  Wolfgang  William,  count  palatine ; 
^.  Catherine  de  Medicis,  and  4.  Stephen  Vacht,  dean  of 
Sarten  ;  Claude  Saumaife,  after  Dubordieu  ;  Henricus  Re- 
gius, Philof.  et  Med.  from  H.  Bloemaert,  all  of  folio  fize  ; 
and  D.  Leonardus  Marius  Grezanus,  in  large  folio,  from 
Moyart. 

HiJloriu!l,.i^c "  The  Virgin  and  Child,  with  St.  Joim," 

after  Baflan  ;  far  the  coUeftion  of  engravings  from  the 
piftures  in  the  cabinet  of  M.  Reynot ;  "  A  Holy  Family," 
a  grand  compofition,  after  Joachim  Sandrart,  in  large  folio; 
"  Sainte  Be^ga,  the  Daughter  of  Peflin,  duke  of  Brabant," 
from  Van  Eyck,  in  folio  ;  "  Aftson  metamorphofed  into  a 
Stag,"  in  folio  ;  "  The  Body  of  Chrift,  taken  from  the  Crofs 
by  St.  John  and  Jofeph  of  Arimathea,"  a  very  large  plate  ; 
and  "  The  Allegory  of  Virgil,"  from  Jooft  van  Vondel,  in 
quarto. 

Adrian  Matham  was  alfo  of  Haerlem,  related  to  Theo- 
dore and  James,  and  born  fome  time  about  the  beginning 
of  the  feventeenth  century,  but  he  was,  on  the  whole,  in- 
ferior to  thofe  artifts  in  merit.  He  worked  with  the  graver 
only,  imitating  the  elder  de  Ghein,  but  was  always  behind 
him,  nor  can  it  be  necelFary  to  dwell  on  his  demerits. 

He  engraved  part  of  the  plates  for  the  large  folio  volume, 
which  was  publifhed  at  Antwerp  in  1628,  and  entitled 
"  Academic  del'Efpee;"  "The  Golden  Age,"  from  Golt- 
zius,  in  large  folio  ;  '■'  An  old  Man  prefenting  his  Purfe  to 
a  young  Female,"  (a  large  upright)  from  the  fame  mafter  ; 
♦'  A  Group  of  itinerant  Muficians,"  after  A.  Vander  Vcnne, 
in  folio  ;  '■  A  Combat  between  fix  grotefque  figures,  with 
culinary  Implements,"  from  the  fame  painter :  his  other 
works  are  lefs  worthy  of  notice. 

He  alfo  engraved  portraits,  among  the  beft  of  which  are 
thofe  of  Pieter  Bor  Chriftiaenfz,  a  Dutch  hiftorian,  after 
Frank  Hals ;  and  D.  Sibrandus  Sixtius  Oiftervirius,  after 
N.  Moyart,  both  in  foho. 

Herman  Muller  was  a  native  of  Holland,  but  we  know 
not  the  precife  time  or  place  of  his  birth.  If  he  frequented 
the  fchool  of  Henry  Goltzius,  which  appears  very  doubt- 
ful, though  it  is  afierted  by  Strutt,  it  muft  have  been  be- 
fore the  peculiar  ftyle  of  that  artift  was  formed,  and  con- 
fequently  before  his  migration  to  Italy.  He  worked  in 
conjundion  with  Cornelius  Cort,  in  the  earher  part  of  the 
career  of  that  artift,  for  Jerome  Cock.  The  fole  inftru- 
ment  of  his  art  was  the  graver,  which  he  handled  with 
tolerable  precifion,  but  not  much  freedom  ;  and  iu  his  beft 
works  his  drawmg  is  performed  with  care.  In  his  later 
works,  he  aimed  at  the  bold  and  free  ftyle  of  Goltzius, 
which  had  by  this  time  excited  the  furprife  of  moft  of  his 
contemporaries  and  the  admiration  of  fome,  but  in  this  en- 
deavour our  artift  was  not  very  fuccefsful. 

His  engravings  are  numerous  and  not  uncommon  ;  they 
are  marked  with  one  or  other  of  the  three  monograms,  Sor 
which  fee  our  Plate  II.  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of 
the  Netherlands.  Among  them  may  be  diftinguiftied  '•  The 
three  Deftinies,"  and  ">  Cleopatra,"  after  Cornelius  de 
Harlem;  "  Lucretia,"  after  C.  Kettel,  (an  upright) 
"  St.  Cecilia,"  in  which  plate  it  may  be  feen  he  has  at- 
tempted to  embolden  his  ftyle.  A  fet  of  four  of  "  The  Car- 
dinal Virtues,"  after  Martin  Hemil^erk  ;  another  fet  of 
*'  The  fix  Commandments  of  God,"  illuftrated  by  fubjedls 
from  bible  hiftory,  from  the  defigns  of  thfe  fame  painter, 
and  fome  other  bible  fubjedts  which  range  in  fets,  with  cer- 
tain works  from  the  gravers  of  the  Sadelers  and  Galles, 
from  J.  Stradan  and  M.  de  Vos,  of  various  foho  dimenfions. 
Vol.  XXI. 


John  Muller,  of  the  fame  family,  was  an  artift  of  more 
vigorous  powers.  He  was  born  in  the  year  IJ70,  as  is 
fuppofed  at  Amfterdam,  but  how  he  ftood  related  to  Her- 
man is  not  known.  His  vigour,  however,  as  an  artift,  was 
not  wifely  employed,  like  that  of  an  Hercules  ;  but  rather 
extravagantly  la>Tiftied  ;  he  fwaggered  like  a  giant  of  ro- 
mance. Studying  under  Henry  Goltzius  at  his  worft 
period,  hs  learned  to  exceed  even  his  exceftes.  He  caught 
the  enthufiafm  of  that  great  artift,  but  fell  fiiort  of  him  in 
judgment  and  variety.  "  The  modefty  of  Nature,"  was 
with  Muller  as  with  Spranger,  entirely  out  of  the  queftion, 
and  the  more  he  could  "  Out-herod  Herod"  in  his  manual 
execution  and  ftyle  of  defign,  (efpecially  when  engraving 
after  Bartholomew  Spranger,)  the  better  he  appears  to  have 
pleafed  himfelf. 

Hence  fome  of  his  extravagancies  are  fcarcely  lefs  ludi- 
crous than  others  are  ferioufly  furprifing.  Watelet  fays  of 
him,  that  "  he  handled  the  graver  with  the  greateft  freedom, 
and  will  ever  be  worthy  of  the  attention  of  thofe  artifts 
who  wifti  to  diflinguifti  themfelves  in  the  mechanical  part  of 
engraving  ;  but  they  muft  learn  to  fubdue  the  audacity  of 
his  ftyle.  It  is  very  difficult  to  employ  lefs  work  thaa 
Muller,  in  rendering  the  textures  of  objefts,  2nd  he  always 
worked  his  plates  up  to  a  good  tone.  He  underftood  the 
human  figure  vi'ell,  but  from  engraving  much  after  Adrian 
van  Vries  and  Bartholomew  Spranger,  acquired  a  mannered 
habit  of  drawing,  which  particularly  difcovered  itfelf  in  his 
hands  and  feet." 

To  this  eftimate  of  his  merits,  Strutt  adds,  "  the  faci- 
lity with  which  he  handled  the  graver,  for  he  worked  with"" 
that  inftrument  only,  cannot  be  fufliciently  expreGTed  ;  his 
works  mull  be  feen  to  convey  a  proper  idea  of  it  to  the 
mind,  yet  if  in  freedom  of  execution  he  equalled  his  mafter, 
in  every  other  requifite  he  fell  far  ftxort  of  him,"  &c. 

That  Solomon  Muller  was  of  the  fame  family  with  Her- 
man  and  John,  as  Strutt  has  conjeftured,  appears  very 
doubtful,  if  not  altogether  an  error.  He  fometimes  wrote 
his  name  Miller,  and  is  fo  utterly  deftitute  of  the  talent  and 
enthufiafm  of  the  MuUers,  that  he  appears,  from  his  fmall 
Bible  prints,  which  v.-ere  produced  about  the  period  now 
under  our  review,  rather  to  have  copied  the  worft  of  the 
Wierixes,  with  equal  neatnefs,  but  with  deeper  dulnefs. 

Of  the  engravings  of  John  Muller,  the  moft  diftinguiflied 
are  the 

Portraits  of  Bartholomew  Spranger,  a  kindred  fpirit, 
whom  Muller  terms,  in  the  infcription  beneath,  "  M.  Piclor 
ceieberrimus,"  it  is  dated  in  1597,  is  in  folio,  and  after  Joab 
ab  Ach  ;  Everhardus  Reidanus,  eomitis  Guilhelmi  Naf- 
favoy  Confiliarius  ;  Maurice,  prince  of  Orange ;  John 
Neyen,  of  Antwerp,  laying  his  hand  on  a  fltuU ;  Arabrofe 
Spinola,  the  celebrated  general,  in  large  folio,  both  from 
Mirevelt  ;  Chriftian  IV.,  king  of  Denmark,  from  Ifacks  ; 
Albert,  archduke  of  Auftria,  from  Rubens,  a.id  its  com- 
panion, Ifabella,  infanta  of  Spain,  from  the  lame  painter, 
in  large  folio. 

Subjecfs  from  his  own  Compofitions. — "  The  Baptifm  of 
Chrift,  celebrated,  in  Heaven,"  in  folio  ;  "  An  Ecce 
Homo,"  furrounded  by  angels,  a  circular  plate,  in  large 
folio  ;  "  Balthafar's  Foaft,"  and  "  The  Adoration  of  the 
Kings,"  two  very  capital  plates,  in  large  folio,  very  much 
fought  after  by  connoiffeurs  ;  "  Chilo,  the  Spartan  Philo- 
fopher,"  and  "  Harpocrates,  the  God  of  Silence;"  two 
heads  as  large  as  hfe,  engraved  in  a  very  bold,  vigorous 
ftyle. 

'  Subjects  from  various   Mafias. — "    H  agar  in  the   Defart, 

comforted  by  an  Angel,"  in  quarto  ;  "  Lot  and  his  Daugh- 

3  O  ters," 


LOW   COUiNfTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF   THE. 


ters,"  in  large  folio,  slmoft  fquarc  ;  "  The  Nativity,"  with 
eight  Latin  veifes,  in  large  toho  ;  "  The  Holy  Family," 
attended  by  two  angels,  in  folio  ;  "  A  young  Hero,  con- 
duced by  Hercules  and  Scipio  to  the  Temple  of  Glary," 
in  quarto  ;  "  Venus  attended  by  Nymphs  and  Satyrs,"  in 
folio  ;  "  A  Satyr  dreffing  the  wounded  Foot  of  a  young 
Fawn,"  in  quarto  ;  "  Venus  and  Mercury,"  with  four  Latin 
verfes,  in  folio  ;  "  Ceres,  Bacchus,  and  Venus,  before  a 
Fire,"  in  large  folio  ;  "  Mercury  and  Minerva  arming  Per- 
feus,"  a  very  fine  engraving,  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Goddefs 
Bellona,''  engraved  on  two  large  plates,  and  dedicated  to 
the  archduke  Matthias;  "  Pfyche  contemplating  Cupid 
aflcep,''  io  large  folio,  all  from  B.  Spranger  ;  "  The  Re- 
furreftion  of  Lazarus,'  after  Ab.  Blocmart,  a  very  capital 
print  ;  "  The  Murder  of  Abel,"  after  Cornelius  of  Haer- 
iem  ;  "  The  Difcomfiture  of  Irus,  before  the  Suitors  of 
Penelope,"  in  large  folio  ;  "  Arion  mounted  on  a  Dolphin," 
in  krge  folio;  "  Fortune  diltnbuting  her  Gifts,"  a  large 
and  grand  compofition,  engraved  on  two  plates,  all  from 
Cornelius  of  Haerlem  ;  "  The  Martyrdom  of  St.  Sebaftian," 
after  Jean  von  Aehen  ;  a  very  large  engraving,  performed 
on  three  plates,  of  "  The  Race  of  the  Sabines,"  from  a 
compotitlon  in  wax  by  Adrian  van  Urics  ;  "  Mercury  and 
Pandora,"  in  large  folio,  from  a  group  in  bronze,  by  the 
fame  extravagant  artill  ;  and  a  fet  of  fevtn  circular  plates, 
entitled  "  The  Works  of  Creation,"  after  Henry  Goltzius. 

Paul  Moreelfe,  or  Moreelfen,  was  born  at  Utrecht  in 
the  year  1571,  and  died  in  the  fame  city  in  1638.  He 
iludicd  painting  under  Michael  Mirevelt,  whom  he  foon 
equalled,  and  fucceeded  in  portraits,  hillorical  fubjecls, 
and  arcliiteiSture  ;  the  latter  is  fufSciently  telHfied  by  the 
gate  of  St.  Catherine,  in  the  city  of  Utrecht,  which  was 
built  from  his  delign.  He  ftudied  during  fume  time 
in  Italy,  and  we  have  by  him  fome  excellent  wood  cuts 
in  chiarofcuro,  executed  on  three  blocks ;  the  firll  for 
the  outline,  which  is  cut  in  a  very  fpirited  llyle  ;  the 
fecond  for  the  dark  fhadows  ;  and  the  laft  for  the  demi- 
tints.  Thefe  prints  have  a  light  airy  appearance,  the  hatch- 
ings by  this  artill  being  performed  with  great  deUcacy. 
They  are  drawn  in  a  flight,  but  mafterly  manner,  and  the 
union  of  the  feveral  tints  produces  an  agreeable  effcft.  He 
ufually  marked  his  plates  with  a  monogram,  which  will  be 
found  in  our  fecond  plate  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of 
the  Low  Countries. 

Of  the  engravings  on  copper  by  this  artiit  we  are  only 
able  to  fpecity  the  two  iollowing,  which  are  both  in  folio. 
*'  Cupid  with  feveral  dancing  Figures,'  and  "  The  Death 
of  Lucretia." 

John  Sacnrecam  was  born  at  Leydea  in  the  year  1570. 
lie  lluJied  the  elements  of  engraving  iucceffively  under 
Henry  Goltzius  and  jan.es  de  Gheyn.  Pofleffed  by  the 
infatuation  in  favour  of  clear  and  fleck  lines,  which  was 
falhionable  at  the  time,  he  appears  never  to  have  reforted  to 
etching,  but  executed  his  plates,  which  are  fomewhat  nu- 
merous, with  the  graver  alone.  He  bandied  that  inllru- 
ment,  however,  with  great  facility,  und  hii  ftyle  is  at  once 
free,  clear,  neat,  foft,  and  dehcate,  but  his  chiarofcuro  is 
deficient  in  vigour. ' 

He  appears  to  have  underftood  drawing  belter  than  he 
always  praftifed  it,  as  may  be  feen  by  comparing  the  plates 
which  he  has  engraved  after  his  own  compofitions,  with  thofe 
which  he  hase.tecuted  after  piitures  by  other  mailers.  The 
outlines  in  the  former  are  generally  much  more  corrtft,  and 
they  are  for  that  reafon  iougtit  after  by  connoiffeurs  with 
more  anxiety. 

Some  of  his  prints  a'c  large.  Their  number  is  eflimatod 
by  riotcn:  le  Comtc  at  one  huiidtcil  and  thifty-iwo,  wlu^h 


they  probably  fomewhat  exceed  :  among  them  we  (hall  men.- 
tion  the  following  as  being  moft  worthy  of  the  notice  of  the 
colleftor.  The  artill  ufually  affixed  to  them  one  or  other 
of  the  two  monograms,  given  in  our  fecond  plate  of  thofe 
ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the  Netherlands. 

Portraits. — Carl  van  Manden,  after  Goltzius,  in  quarto  ; 
John  Cefaree,  painter  and  philofopher,  a  rare  print,  in  folio  ; 
John  de  la  Cliumbre,  writing  mailer,  alter  Franc.  Hals  ; 
and  Peter  Hogebert  Hornanus,  a  poet  and  phyfician,  fur- 
rounded  witli  allegorical  figures,  after  C.  van  >ianden,  both 
in  folio. 

SubjeBs from  hh  own  Compofitions. — "  Sufannah  and  t!ie 
Elders,"  a  fmall  oval  ;  "  Deborah  Handing  at  the  Foot  of  a 
Rock,"  perhaps  fingiiig  or  meditating  her  celebrated  canticle,^ 
in  folio  ;  "  Hercules,  between  Minerva  and  Venus,"  a  folio 
print,  nearly-  fquare  ;  "  Lycurgus  giving  Laws  to  the  Spar- 
tans," and  exemplifying  the  advantages  of  good  edueatio?i, 
from  the  habits  of  two  dogs,  in  folio  ;  "  The  ^siife  a';d 
foolilb  Virgins,"  on  five  plates,  with  nine  Latin  verfes  ;  very 
capital,  and  executed  in  fo  delicate  a  ilyle,  that  the  plate 
foon  wore  under  the  hand  of  the  printer,  and  it  is  therefore 
difficult  to  meet  with  a  good  impreflioii  ;  in  folio.  A  large- 
allegorical  fubjeft,  relating  to  the  government  of  the  leven 
United  Provinces  under  the  houfe  of  Orange,  reprefented 
by  a  proceflion  attended  by  Concord  and  other  political  vir- 
tues, in  large  folio.  Another  allegorical  fubjeCl,  relating  to 
the  government  of  the  Low  Countries  by  the  infanta  Jia- 
bella.  That  princefs  herfelf  is  reprefented  llanduig  under  a 
tree  on  the  right  hand.  Both  very  rare  prints.  And  a  re- 
prefentation  of  a  large  whale,  which  was  thrown  upon  the 
coaft  of  Holland,  with  thirty-two  Latin  verfes  ;  a  very  fine 
and  rare  print. 

Subjects  after  varieus  Painters. — "  The  Fall  of  our  firft 
Parents,"  in  quarto,  after  Henry  Goltzius  ;  "  Lot  and.  his 
two  Daughters,"  in  folio  ;  "  Judith  with  the  Head  of  Hc- 
lofernes  ;''  "  Sufannah  furprifed  by  the  Elders  ;"  The  fix 
penitent  women  of  the  New  Teftament,  i-iz.  i.  Mary  Mag- 
dalen. 2.  The  Woman  of  Samaria.  3.  The  Woman  of 
Cana.  4.  The  Woman  taken  in  Adultery,  j.  The  Woman 
with  the  Hemorrhoids.  And  6.  The  paralytic  Woman  :  with 
Latin  explanations  ;  in  quarto.  A  let  of  three,  1.  Ceres, 
worfhippedby  Labourers;  2.  Venus,  worfliipped by  Lovers  ; 
and  3.  Bacclius,  worfhipped  by  Drinkers,  in  large  fclio  ; 
very  fine  and  rare  prints.  "  The  Union  of  Ceres,  Bac- 
chus, and  Venus,''  in  folio  ;  "  Venus  and  Cupid, V  in 
quarto  ;  "  Diana,  with  her  Nymphs,"  in  a  fet  of  three 
plates,  each  containing  two  figures  ;  "  Diana  difoovering 
the  Incontinence  of  Calillo  ;"  "  Andromeda  delivered  by 
Perfeus  ;"  •'  The  Five  Senfes,"  in  quarto  ;  "  The  Seven 
Planets  ;"  the  three  marriages,  vt%.  "  The  Marriage  for 
Interell  ;"'  "  Tne  Marriage  for  Paffion,"  and  "  The  Mar- 
riage of  true  Aflettiun,"  in  quarto  ;  a  painter  drawing  the 
portrait  of  n  icmaie  kneeling  before  a  mirror,  known  by  the 
name  of  "  The  Painter,"  in  folio  ;  all  from  Henry  Goltzius. 
"  The  Life  of  Adam  and  Eve,"  after  Abr.  Bloemart, 
on  fix  plates,  in  folio.  The  hiftory  of  the  prophets  Elilha 
and  Elijah,  four  folio  plates.  "  Elijah  with  the  Widow  of 
Sarepta;''  "  The  Annunciation  of  the  Shepherds,"  both  is 
lirge  folio  ;  "The  Prodigal  Son,"  with  a  laudfcape  back- 
ground, in  folio  ;  "  Vertumnus  and  Pomona,"  and  "  The 
Rape  of  Ganymede,"  both  in  lar^^e  foiio  ;  all  from  Abra- 
ham Bloemart.  ".  Mars  and  Venus,"  with  four  Latin  verfes, 
from  P.  Ifaacs,  in  quarto  ;  "  The  Bath  of  Diana,"  from 
Moreelfen,  commonly  called  "  The  Great  Bath  of  Diana," 
to  diilinguilb  it  frcmthe  former  one  after  the  compcfitiOR  of 
Saenredam  himlelf  ;  "  Judith  putting  the  Head  of  H0I0-' 
femes  in  a  Bag  held  by  her  Servant,''  in  folio,  from  Lucai 
4  ®f 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS 


OF  TFIE. 


*f  LeySen  ;  "  Deborah  nailing  the  Head  of  Slfera,"  in 
folio,  from  the  fame  painter  ;  "  The  Meeting  of  Eleazar 
and  Rebecca,"  after  Carl  van  Mander,  in  large  folio  ; 
"  David  witli  the  Head  of  Goliah"  on  his  fword,  from  Lu- 
cas of  Leyden  ;  "  The  Daughter  of  Herodias  dancing  at 
the  Feftival  of  Herod,"  after  C.  van  Mander  ;  "  The  Nati- 
vity," a  grand  compofition  ;  and  "  Paul  and  Barnabas  refuf- 
ing  the  Sacrifice  of  the  Inhabitants  of  Lyflra,"  a  grand  com- 
pofition, all  in  large  folio,  after  the  fame  painter  ;  "  Adam 
and  Eve  in  the  terreftrial  Paradife,"  in  folio,  from  Corne- 
lius of  Haerlem  ;  "  Sufannah  and  the  Elders  ;"  "  St.  John 
preaching  in  the  Wildernefs  ;"  "  Paris  and  Oenone  cutting 
their  Names  on  the  Bark  of  a  Tree  ;''  "  Angelica  and  Mc- 
dora  engraving  their  Names  on  a  Beech  Tree  ;''  "  Vertum- 
ntjsand  Pomona  ;"  all  in  folio,  from  the  fame  painter.  "  The 
Grotto  of  Plato,''  a  celebrated  parable,  Shewing  that  mod 
mortals  prefer  darknels  to  light,  with  twelve  Latin  vcrfes, 
from  C.  of  Haerlem,  in  large  folio  ;  a  very  fine  print,  both 
in  compofition  and  execution.  A  wounded  general,  carried 
by  his  toldiers,  formerly  fuppofed  to  be  Scipio,  but  as  the 
coftume  of  the  figures  is  Grecian,  and  not  Roman,  it  is 
more  probably  "The  Death  of  Epaminondas  ;"  it  is  en- 
graved after  a  drawing  by  Goltzius.  '"  The  Redemption 
of  Rome  by  the  Dictator  Camillas,"  after  a  drawing  by 
Goltzius  ;  both  of  folio  fize.  In  the  latter  print,  the  ^ha- 
rafters  of  the  Romans  and  Gauls  are  finely  contrafted.  A 
fet  of  eight  foho  plates,  dedicated  to  the  duke  of  Aque- 
.parte,  of  "  The  Hiftory  of  the  Unfortunate  Niobe  and 
her  Children,"  from  the  drawings  of  Goltzius  after  Cara- 
vaggio  ;  wkh  Latin  verfes,  very  rare.  The  pitlures  form  a 
frieze  in  the  palace  of  Buffjl,  at  Rom^.  "  Tlie  Entomb- 
ing of  Our  Saviour,"  after  Michael  Angelo  ;  and  "  Our 
Saviour  at  the  Houfe  of  Levi  the  Publican  ;"  executed  on 
five  plates,  from  the  pitlures  of  Paul  Veronefe  in  the  church 
of  'St.  Paul  at  Rome,  of  large  folio  fize,  and  very  rare. 

Peter  Serwouters,  or  Shcrwouter,  was  born  at  Antwerp 
in  the  year  1574,  where  he  always  relided.  He  worked 
in  a  clear  neat  ilyle  with  the  graver  only,  but  without  much 
tafte.  His  plates  are  not  fufficiently  finiihed  to  produce  a 
pleafing  eifeA,  nor  accurate  enough  to  bear  critical  exami- 
nation. 

From  among  his  works,  which  are  not  numerous,  the  fol- 
lowing may  be  dillinguilhed  as  lead  unworthy  of  the  notice  of 
the  coUeftor.  A  fet  of  ten  fubjefts  of  Chafes,  after  D. 
Vinckenbooms,  in  fmall  folio,  lengthways  ;  "  The  Fall  of 
our  firft  Parents,"  of  which  the  artifts  of  the  Netherlands 
appear  to  have  thought  their  countrymen  could  not  be  too 
often  reminded.  In  the  prelent  inftance,  French  and  Dutch 
Terfes  lend  their  aid  in  imprefling  the  religious  leffon,  and 
the  whole  forms  a  large  folio  print.  "  Sampfon  killing  the 
Lion^"  "David  killing  the  Bear;"  and  an  emblematical 
plate,  reprefenting  in  the  front  a  Dutch  merry-making,  with 
figures  dancing,  and  a  cottage  in  the  back-ground,  from  the 
door  of  which  a  man  and  his  wife  are  ilTuing  forth  to  oppole 
a  man  with' a  drawn  fword;  all  in  folio,  from  the  fame 
pai.iter.  Serwouters  alfo  engraved  part  of  the  plates  for 
Thibault's  "  Academic  de  I'Efpce,"  in  folio,  publilhed  at 
Antwerp  A.  D.  1628.  The  monogram  which  this  artill 
fonietimes  affixed  to  his  prints  will  be  found  in  PJate  III. 
of  thole  ufcd  by  the  engravers  of  the  Low  Countries. 

John  von  Londerfeel  was  born  at  Bruges  in  the  year  15  So. 
He  worked  entirely  with  the  graver,  in  a  lliff  dry  Ityle, 
greatly  refembling  that  of  Nicholas  de  Bruin,  whofe  difciple 
he  probably  was.  However,  his  prints  are  not  without 
Xome  fhare  of  merit  ;  and  are  fought  after  by  connoitTeurs. 

He  marked  his  plates  in  various  ways,  fo.metimes  with  his 
Aaitials,  combined  as  in  our  Pljle  IV.  of  the  monograms,  5cc. 


ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the  Lowr  Countries,  or,  at  other 
times,  J.  Lond.  or  J.  Londer  fee.  Among  his  works,  we. 
fiiall  feiecl  the  following  as  being  mod  worthy  of  the  atten- 
tion of  the  coUeftor.  The  theological  virtues.  Faith,  Hope, 
and  Charity,  perfonified  by  female  figures,  with  a  landfrape 
back-ground;  the  Five  Senfes charafterifed  by  figures,  feated 
in  a  landfcape,  both  in  large  folio,  and  apparently  from  his 
own  defigns.  A  woody  landfcape  with  hunters;  and  one  with 
the  fable  of  Apollo  and  Daphne,  both  in  folio,  from  Jac. 
Savery  ;  "  The  difobedient  Prophet  devoured  by  a  Lion  ;" 
"  Tobit  journeying  with  the  Angel;"  "Jacob  tending 
the  Flocks  of  Laban,"  with  landfcape  back-grounds; 
"  St.  John  in  the  Wildernefs,"  a'l  in  large  folio,  and  after 
G.  Hondecoter  ;  "  The  good  Samaritan  ;"  "  The  blind 
Warrior;"  "  The  Woman  with  the  Haemorrhage;'  and 
"  Abraham  facrificing  Ifaac,"  all  after  Giles  Coninxloo. 
A  perfpeftive  view  of  the  interior  of  the  church  of  St. 
John  de  Lateran  at  Rome,  after  Hendrick  Arts,  (a  painter 
with  whofe  name  we  are  otherwife  unacquainted.)  The 
following  are  all  after  D.  Vinckenbooms ;  "  Saul  anointed 
King  of  the  Hebrews  ;"  "  The  Rape  of  Tamar  ;  "  "The 
Prophet  foretelling  to  Jeroboam  the  Divifion  of  his  King- 
dom ;"  "  Sufannah  fiirprifed  by  the  Elders  ;"  "  The 
Temptation  in  the  Wildernefs ;"  "  The  Saviour  praying 
on  the  Mount  of  Olives  ;"  "  The  Maries  approaching  the 
Holy  Sepulchre;"  "  Diana  and  AAaeon  ;"  and  "  The 
Plealurcs  of  Summer."  The  latter  is  a  meritorious  land- 
fcape, and  they  are  all  of  large  folio  fizcs. 

•Tohn  Bara,  or  Barra,  was  a  native  of  Holland,  born  A.D. 
1572.  He  emigrated  to  England,  and  in  the  year  1624 
was  refiuing  in  London.  His  llendcr  talents,  however, 
merit  not  much  attention.  His  inilrument  was  the  graver,  ' 
and  that  only  :  his  "rvori  may  be  truly  fo  termed,  being  en- 
tirely without  the  vivacioufnefs  of  art,  and  charafterized  by 
all  the  tamencfi  and  coldnefs  of  manual  labour,  in  which 
refped  the  word  imitator  of  the  worll  of  the  Sadelcrs  did 
not  outdo  him. 

Of  the  engravings  of  Barra,  it  may  be  quite  fufficient  to 
mention  the 

Poi'traits  of  prince  Maurice  of  Naffau  and  Orange ; 
Charles  II.,  elector  of  Saxony  ;  Joachim,  count  of  Ortem- 
berg  ;  and  Lodovicus,  duke  of  Richmond  and  Lenox,  the 
latter  of  which  was  engraved  in  this  country. 

Hi/lorkal  SuijeNs,  tfc. — "  Phaeton's  fatal  Requed  to 
Apollu,"  introduced  in  a  landfcape,  of  folio  fize.  Four 
other  landl^capes  in  quarto,  in  which  are  introduced  the 
pilgrims  to  Emmaus,  and  different  events  in  the  hiilory  of 
Tobit.  Two  hiftorlcal  landfcapes  from  the  dory  oi  "  Su- 
fanna  and  the  Elders;"  "  The  Parable  of  the  Sower;" 
"  Herodias  receiving  the  Head  of  John  the  Baptid,"  all  in 
quarto.  The  lad  fubjecl  is  from  J.  van  Achen.  "  Time 
and  Truth"  is  from  Paulus  ab  Edstis,  and  is  a  fmall  up- 
right, as  is  alio  "  Bathftieba  at  the  Bath." 

Nicholas,  or  Claus  Coeck,  is  fcarcely  more  worthy  of 
notice  than  him  whom  we  have  jud  difniiifed.  He  was  of 
Leyden,  born  m  the  year  1576,  and,  according  to  the  baron 
Heinneken,  dudied  under  Frank  Floris,  though  his  en- 
graving appears  rather  to  contradidl  this,  and  to  point  t<» 
Cornelius  Cort  as  his  niader.. 

Of  his  works,  which  ars  not  numerous,  it  may  be  fuffi- 
cient to  name  "  The  Four  Elements,"  perfanified  by  half- 
length  fi2;"res,  and  "  The  Judgment  of  Midas,"  all  after 
Carl  van'Mander,  and  of  folio  dimenfions. 

Gidiert  van  Breen,  or  Van  Brecht,  was  born  in  HoJland 
fome  time  about  the  year  1576.  He  worked  entirely  with 
the  o-raver,  and  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  trie  difciple  of 

3  O   2  jUK-oS 


LOW   COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


James   de   Gheyn.      His   engravings  are  not    deftitute    of 
merit,  tboujjh  inferior  to  thole  of    his   matter. 

From  among  them  the  connoifTeur  may  with  advantage 
feleft  the  Portraits  of  James  I.  of  England,  his  queen, 
and  the  young  prince  of  Wales,  on  the  lame  (folio,) 
plate.  A  fet  of  fix  fmall  prints  of  "  The  Life  of  a 
Libertine,"  prefumptively  from  his  own  compofitions, 
"  The  Marketers  with  Fowls  and  Eggs,"  after  Claufe 
Coeck  ;  "  Envy  dripping  the  Clothes  from  the  Back  of  a 
Lady,"  after  the  fame  author,  both  in  fmall  folio.  A  fati- 
rical  print,  wherein  certain  perfons  are  bufily  employed  in 
walhing  an  angry  jack-afs.  A  pair,  in  the  firft  of  which 
two  young  libertines  are  diflipating  their  wealth,  and  in  the 
fecond  are  reduced  to  want  and  mifery,  in  quarto,  and  after 
Van  Mander.  An  inllrumental  concert,  after  SbraiTen.  A 
fet  of  fmall  friezes  of  fea-ports,  with  (hipping,  &c.  after  C. 
Nicolai. 

Whether  the  Nicholas,  or  Claus,  Braen  or  Breen,  who  is 
mentit  ned  by  Balfan,  was  related  to  the  preceding  artilt,  we 
know  not.  They  have  by  feme  writers  been  confounded 
together  ;  but  Nicholas  appears  to  have  been  of  the  fchool 
of  Saenredam,  and  was  the  author  of  a  fet  of  four  ovals  from 
compofitions  by  himfelf,  of  which  the  fubjefts  are,  Samfon, 
Sifera,  Judith,  and  David,  (David  is  here  the  llrippling, 
and  bears  the  head  of  Geliah).  He  alfo  engraved  "  A  Peni- 
tent Ma5;;dalen,"  after  James  Matham,  in  folio  ;  and 
*'  Chrift  conduced  to  Calvary,"  alfo  in  folio,  and  after 
Tintoretto. 

William  van  Swanenbourg,  or  Swanenburch,  was  born  at 
Leyden  in  the  year  1581.  He  was  the  difciple  of  Saen- 
redam, and  did  honour  to  his  mailer  and  himfelf,  by  the 
freedom  and  vigour  of  his  engraving.  Abram  Bofle  recom- 
mends his  prints  to  lludcnts  in  the  art,  on  account  of  the 
beauty  of  his  touch  :  yet  it  muft  be  confeffed  that  the 
drawing  of  Swanenbourg  is  mannered  and  defeftive  ;  and  if 
fludents  fhouid  imitate,  where  it  is  applicable,  tlte  boldnefs 
of  his  handling,  and  his  dexterity  of  touch,  they  (hould 
afpire  to  piu-er  delineations  of  form. 

He  affixed  to  his  engravings  a  monogram,  for  which,  fee 
Plate  IL  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the  Netherlands. 
We  fhall  fpecify  the  following  prints  from  the  graver  of 
Swanenbourg,  as  being  moll  worthy  of  the  attention  of  the 
tonnoilTeur. 

Portraits. — Abraham  Bloemart,  in  an  ornamented  border  ; 
Janus  Hautenus,  iecretary  of  Leyden,  both  in  4to.  ;  Daniel 
Heinfius,  proteffor  of  Leyden  ;  John  Heurnius,  doftor  of 
medicine  at  Leyden;  John  William,  duke  of  Cleve;  Maurice, 
prince  of  Orange  and  Naflau  ;  Erneft  Cafimir,  count  of 
Naffau,  frem  P.  Moreelfen,  in  large  foho ;  and  Petrus 
Jeanninus,  eques,  banc  maximi  viri  efRgiem  ex  vultu  es- 
preffit  Michael  Mirevelt,  &c.  in  folio. 

Hijlorical,  i^c.  after  various  Painters. — "Jacob  defrauding 
his  Brother  outof  Ifaac's  Bleffing  ;"  and  "The  Refurreftion 
of  Our  Saviour,"  both  from  P.  Moreelfen,  in  large  folio. 
A  ruftic  fellival  at  the  entrance  of  a  village,  after  Vincken- 
booms,  in  large  felio.  "  The  Judgment  of  Paris,"  from 
M.  Mirevelt ;  "  Perfeus  refcuing  Andromeda,"  after  Saen- 
redam, in  folio  ;  "  The  Adoration  of  the  Shepherds,"  after 
Abr.  Bloemart,  in  fmall  folio  ;  "  The  Six  Penitents,"  in 
folio,  mz.  Saul,  St.  Peter,  St.  Paul,  Zaccheus,  Judas  If- 
cariot,  and  the  Magdalen.  "  St.  Jerome  in  the  Wilder- 
nefs  ;"  "  The  Repentance  of  St.  Peter."  Three  fubjefts 
emblematical  of  Piety,  Riches,  and  Vanity,  in  fmall  foho, 
all  from  Bloemart.  "  Lot  and  his  Daughters  ;"  and 
"  Jefas  at  Table  with  the  Pilgrims  at  Emmaus,"  both  from 
Rubens :  and  a  fet  of  fourteen,  commencing  by  "  Jefus 
Chrift  carrying  the  Crofs,"  and  ending  with  "  The  Laft 


Judgment,"  entitled  "  Thronus  Jufticiae.  Hoc  ell  optimoa 
Jullicix  traftatus  eletliffimis  quibufque  exempUs  judiciariis 
aeri  incifis  illullratus.  Joachim  Uytenwael,  pinx.  G. 
Swanenburch,  fculp.  1605,  1606." 

Cornelius  Boel  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the  year  1576. 
He  was  of  the  fame  family  with  Peter  Boel,  the  eminent 
painter  of  animals  and  flowers,  but  ftudied  engraving  ap- 
parentlv  in  the  fchool  of  the  Sadelers.  He  made  little  uie 
of  any  other  inftrument  than  the  graver,  which  he  handled 
with  ability  in  a  clear  and  neat  ftyle. 

Boel  engraved  a  fet  of  fmall  owl  plates  for  the  fables  of 
Otho  Vxnius,  which  were  infcribed  with  Latin,  Englilh,  and 
Italian  verfes,  and  publilhed  at  Antwerp  in  1608.  "  The 
Lafl  Judgment,"  from  a  compofition  by  himfelf,  in  fmall 
folio,  and  the  portrait  of  Henry,  prince  of  Wales,  in  an 
ornamented  border,  and  of  quarto  fize. 

From  this  latter  plate,  and  the  infcription  beneath  the 
frontifpiece  to  the  large  folio  Bible,  which  was  publilhed 
here  by  royal  authority  in  the  year  i6n,  which  infcription 
runs,  "  C.  Boel  fecit,  in  Richmont  ;"  it  is  inferred  that 
our  artill  vifitcd  England  about  the  middle  period  of  his  life. 
But  hi;i  principal  and  great  work  was  a  fet  of  eight  large 
plates,  from  Antonio  Tempella,  of  which  the  fubjefts  are 
"  The  Battles  of  Charles  V.  with  Francis  L" 

The  family  of  Hondius  or  de  Hondt  was  numerous,  and 
fome  of  them  of  dillinguiflied  merit  in  the  arts.  Joll,  or 
Jodocus,  was  the  fon  of  Oliver  Hondius,  a  very  ii.genious 
artill  of  Ghent,  where,  in  the  year  1563,  our  artill  was 
born,  and  where  he  pafled  his  youth  in  the  fuccefsful  ftudy 
of  fome  branches  of  the  mathematics  ;  but  the  intelline  com- 
motions which  agitated  that  city,  about  the  period  that  Joll 
attained  the  age  of  manhood,  occalioned  him  to  feek  refuge 
in  England. 

Here  he  foll»wed  various  purfuits,  as  various  occafions 
called  forth  and  developed  the  variety  of  his  talents.  He 
made  mathematical  inftruments,  fabricated  types  for  letter- 
prefs  printing,  and  engraved  maps  and  charts.  Here  alfo 
he  married  in  the  year  1586,  and  had  feveral  children.  He 
afterwards  removed  to  Amfterdam,  and  died  there  A.D. 
1611. 

Jodocus  alfo  engraved  a  few  portraits,  which  are  neatly 
executed,  though  in  other  refpefts  their  intrinfic  merit  is 
not  confiderable  :  among  them  are  the  celebrated  Englilh 
navigators,  Thomas  Cavendilh  and  fir  Francis  Drake.  The 
latter  is  a  large  plate,  and  is  commended  by  Strutt. 

From  an  artill,  hovs'ever,  fo  varioufly  employed  as  Hon- 
dius wasi  no  man  expefts  exquifite  engravings ;  the  place  of 
his  refidence  being  England,  and  the  time,  the  clofe  of  the 
fifteenth  and  the  commencement  of  the  fixteenth  centuries. 
He  fometimes  marked  his  plates  with  the  cypher,  which 
may  be  feen  in  Plate  HI.  of  thefe  of  the  engravers  of  tiie 
Low  Countries ;  and  at  others,  with  a  hound  barking,  and 
infcribed  "  fub  cane  vigilante;"  which  hound  is,  in  taft,  a 
pun  upon  his  family  name. 

Befide  what  we  have  mentioned  above,  Jedocus  engraved 
the  charts  for  Drake's  Voyages,  and  feveral  of  the  maps 
for  Speed's  CoUeftions,  in  large  folio,  which  latter  are  in 
general  embellilhed  with  figures ;  and  Flerent  le  Comte 
mentions,  among  the  works  of  this  engraver,  a  large  per- 
fpeftive  view  of  London,  publilhed  at  Amfterdam  in  1620  ; 
but  Strutt  very  reafonably  infers  a  millake  either  in  tlie 
engraver's  name,  or  the  date  of  this  print. 

Henry  Hondius  the  elder,  fo  called  in  contradillinftion  to 
him  of  whom  we  fhall  fpeak  hereafter,  was  born  at  Duffel 
in  Brabant,  A.D.  1576,  and  died  at  the  Hague  in  1610. 
Whether  he  was  the  fon  or  brother  of  Jodocus  has  been  dif- 
puted,  but  is  not  known. 

He 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF  THE 


He  appears  to  have  lludied  in  the  fcliool,  and  to  have 
contrafted  the  ftiffnefs  of  Jerome  Wierix,  but  pofllfles  not 
liis  corredlnefs.     His  principal  engravings  are  the 

Portraits  of  Cornelius  Cort,  Henry  de  Clave,  Giles  Co- 
ninxloo,  and  Hans  Holbein,  (all  painters ;)  John  Bugen- 
hagcn,  Pliilip  Melanfthon,  John  Wickliffc,  John  Knox, 
John  Calvin,  and  Jerome  Savonarole,  (celebrated  reformers,) 
all  in  4to. 

Hijlorical,  i^c.  —  "  The  Judgment  of  Solomon,"  and 
"  The  Woman  taken  in  Adultery,"  both  after  Carl  von 
Mander ;  "  A  Flcinifli  Recreation;"  a  fet  of  "five  engrav- 
iiigs,  reprefentmg  the  celebration  of  St.  John's  day,  at 
Menlebeck,  near  Brufil-la,  by  healing  the  lick,  both  from 
P.  Breughel  the  droll ;  ^nd  "  Mufarum  Officia,"  or  the 
Mufcs  giving  a  concert  on  mount  Parnaffus,  an  agreeable 
compofition,  though  the  expreflion  of  the  heads  is  rather 
common,  after  Th.  Zucckero,  all  of  folio  dimenfious. 

Henry  Hondius  the  younger  is,  with  better  rcafon  than 
Henry  the  elder,  believed  to  have  been  the  fon  of  Jodocus, 
and  to  have  been  born  in  London, — according  to  Huber, — 
;n  1580,  which  is  unfortunately  fonr  years  before, —  ac- 
cording to  Strutt, —  his  father  was  married.  He  is  fup- 
pofed  by  Strutt  to  have  iludied  under  his  father,  and  to 
have  applied  himfclf  v.lth  dihgence  to  the  art  of  engraving. 
His  prints  are  neat,  but  difcovcr  little  art. 

Befide   fir^idiing  fome  plates  which  had  been   begun  by 
Jodoc'.is,  the  following  are  enumerated  among  his  works. 
Portraits  of  Bernard,  duke   of  Saxe  Wcymar,  in   folio  ; 

na  large  head  of  queen  Ehzabeth  ;  James  I.  of  England, 
dated  i6o8;  William,  prince  of  Orange,  after  Alex. 
Cooper,  dated  1641  ;  Ferdinand,  emperor  of  Gerniany,  in 
4to.,  dated  1634  ;  and  fir  Francis  Drake,  in  folio. 

Land/capes,  h'ljiorical  Subjeds,  Isfc. — A  fet  of  the  four 
feafons,  after  Paul  Bri!,  dated  1643  ;  another  fet  of  the 
four  feafoBS,  confilling  of  landfcapes,  adorned  with  various 
architecture,  after  P.  Stephani,  both  ni  folio  ;  a  fet  of 
twelve  landfcapes  of  the  months  of  the  year,  m  which  are 
introduced  feaionable  occupations  and  diverlions,  in  large 
folio  ;  two  print?  reprefentmg  drunken  peafants,  with  land- 
fcape  back-grounds  ;  two  grotefque  fnbjefts  of  fools,  &c. 
both  after  P.  Breughel ;  "  Chrill  going  to  Emmaus  ;"  and 
"The  Shipwreck  of  St.  Paul,"  a  companion  to  the  former, 
both  from  Giles  Mollaert,  all  of  folio  fize  ;  "  Tobit  fiihing, 
attended  by  an  Angel ;"  "  St.  John  the  Baptift  preaching 
in  the  Wildernefs ;"  and  a  view  of  the  Hague,  a  rare  print, 
all  from  Giles  de  Saen,  in  large  folio. 

The  younger  Henry  vifited  Holland  about  the  time  of  his 
arrival  at  manhood,  or  a  little  before,  and  refided  at  the 
Hague.  Here  he  engraved  the  view  of  that  town,  which 
we  have  mentioned  above  ;  and  here,  in  the  year  1600,  was 
born  his  fon  William  or  Guillaume  Hondius. 

WiUiam  acquired  the  rudiments  of  engraving  under  his 
paternal  roof;  from  whence  he  removed  to  Dantzic,  and  to 
the  Hague,  and  became  diftinguiflied  by  the  merit  of  his 
portraits,  of  which  he  engraved  a  conliderabie  numbe.-. 

His  cypher  may  be  feen  in  Plate  111.  of  thofe  of  the  en- 
gravers of  the  Low  Countries  ;  and  his  molt  remarkable  por- 
traits are  thofe  of  himfelf,  after  Vandyke,  with  the  addi- 
tion of  "  Chalcographus  HagE  Comitis ;"  Francis  Frank 
the  younger,  painter  of  Antwerp,  after  the  fame  mailer, 
both  in  folio  ;  prince  Maurice  of  Auftria,  an  excellent  print, 
probably  from  a  drawing  by  Hondius  himfelf;  Ladif- 
iaus  IV.  of  Poland,  infcribed  "  W.  Hondius  fecit  1637  ;" 
Theodore  ab  Werden  Burgio ;  Berhard,  duke  of  Saxe 
Weymar,  all  prefumptively  drawn  by  himfelf;  Henry 
Cornelius  Longkius,  after  Mytens ;  Jean  Cafimir,  king  of 


Poland  ;  Charles,  prince  of  Poland  and  bifhop  of  Brelfaar, 
both  after  D.  Scultz  ;  and  Louifa  Maria  de  Gonzague, 
queen  of  Poland,  after  Jufte  d'Egmont,  bearing  the  name 
and  addition  of  "  Wilhcl  Hondius  Chalcographus  Regius," 
from  which  it  appears  that  our  artiil  enjoyed  the  honour  of 
being  engraver  to  the  king  of  Poland. 

Abraham  Hondius,  the  juftly  celebrated  painter  of  ani- 
mals, was  of  the  fame  family  with  the  preceding  artifts  ;  for 
whofc  biography  and  general  merit  as  an  artiil,  fee  HoNr 
Dius,  Abraham.  He  etched  a  few  plates  in  a  flight, 
fpiritcd,  and  pamter-like  ftyle,  yet  with  fom.c  degree  of 
neatnefs,  of  which  the  fubjcfts  are  the  huntings  of  various 
beads  of  chace  ;  tliefe  afford  very  (Iriking  examples  of  animal 
expreflion,  efpecially  when  their  pallions  are  roufed  to  fury. 
His  folio  prints  of  "  A  Boar  Hunt,"  and  "  The  Chace  of 
a  Wolf,"  are,  in  this  rcfpeft,  admirable  works,  and  are 
probably  his  bell;  productions  in  this  mode  of  art. 

With  the  fixteenth  century  arofe  the  genius  of  Rubeng, 
which  has  gilded  the  fine  art  of  the  Netherlands  with  un- 
fading glory,  and  even  tinged  with  its  radiance  the  ethics 
and  theology  of  Europe.  His  biography  and  extraordinary- 
merits  as  a  painter  will  be  treated  under  the  article  Ruekxs, 
Sir  Peter  Paul.  He  etched  a  few  plates,  of  which  the 
merits  are  not  tranfcendental,  though  they  evince  the  power- 
ful and  free  hand  of  a  mafter  ;  but  he  effetted  a  revolution 
in  painring,  and  indeed  may  be  faid  to  have  given  a  new 
coiiilitution,  more  eflentially  free  than  that  which  preceded 
it,  to  tlie  arts  of  his  country,  as  our  fubfequent  pages,  de- 
voted to  the  progrefs  of  engraving  in  the  Low  Countries, 
will  attefl. 

The  etchings  of  Rubens  are  performed  in  a  flight  and 
bold  ilyle,  from  his  own  compofitions :  "  St.  Francis  d'Af- 
iize  receiving  the  Stigmata,"  in  4to. ;  "  The  penitent  Mag- 
dalen," ditto;  "  St.  Catherine,"  with  the  initruments  of 
her  martyrdom,  &c.  defisined  for  a  ceiling,  and  one  of  the 
belt  of  the  etchings  uf  Rubens,  of  folio  fize  ;  "  The  com- 
munication of  Light,"  a  fmall  upright :  the  plate  being 
afterwards  finifned  with  the  graver,  either  by  Paul  Pontius 
or  Lucas  Vorllerman,  impreflions  of  the  etc!,;--^,  as  it  came 
from  the  hand  of  Rubens,  are  exceedingly  rj.re  aiiu  valuable. 
The  compofition  coniills  of  a  boy  hghting  a  candle  at  an- 
other, which  is  held  by  an  old  woman.  Thefe,  and  the 
portrait  of  an  Englifli  minifter,  a  fmall  head,  in  an  oval 
border,  are  all  the  prints  with  which  we  are  acquainted, 
proceeding  from  the  etching-needle  of  this  very  diftinguiflied 
matter. 

With  the  vigorous  and  original  powers  of  Rubens,  co- 
operated by  the  fine  taile  of  Vandyke,  and  roufed  by  the 
trumpet  that  founded  forth  their  fame,  Bolfwert,  the  Vor- 
ftermans,  and  Pontius  girded  their  loins,  and  leaped  forth 
candidates  of  high  enterprife  and  extraordinary  promife,  in 
the  race  of  hiitorical  and  portrait  engraving. 

The  belt  of  the  engravers  of  Italy,  with  Marc  Antonio 
at  their  head,  had  added  truth  of  charadter  to  exquifite 
purity  of  outline.  The  heroes  of  the  German  fchool,  led 
on  by  Martin  Schoen  and  Albert  Durer,  had  exprefled  the 
textures  of  the  various  furfaces  or  fubftances  which  adorn 
the  face  of  nature,  with  nice  difcrimination  ;  and  had  made 
fome  fuccefsful  approaches  toward  a  vigorous  and  har- 
monious chiaro-fcuro.  It  remained  for  Bolfwert,  Pontius, 
and  the  Vorltermans,  the  champions  of  the  Netherlands,  to 
polTcfs  themfelves  of  their  trenches,  and  complete  the  cir- 
cumvallation  of  engraving  :  and  this  they  accomphfhed, 
aided  by  the  commanding  judgment  and  exquifite  talle,  and 
ftimulated  alfo  by  the  fuccefsful  example,  of  Rubens  and 
Vandyke. 

To  deeper  and  richer  tones  than  had  heretofore  been  pro- 
duced. 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 


dueed,  they  added  a  talent  of  rendering  local  colour  in  the 
abftraft,  which  they  poflefled  and  exercifod  in  enviable  per- 
fedion. 

Lucas  Vorderman  the  elder  was  born  at  Antwerp,  AD. 
-15S0,  and  at  firll  (ludied  painting  in  the  fchool  of  Rubens  ; 
"  but,  counielled  by  his  mailer,  who  had  remarked  the  true 
bent  of  his  geniu",  he  quitted  the  pencil  for  the  graver. 
He  greatly  dillinguilhed  himfelf  as  an  engraver  before  he 
■quitted  the  Low  Countri'J?,  in  particular  by  the  prbdutlion 
of  his  print  of  "  The  Adoration  of  the  Eaftcrn  Kings," 
after  Rubens  ;  which  is  pi-onounccd  by  Huber  to  be  one 
of  the  ilncft  engravings  that  was  ever  executed,  and  is  indeed 
a  print  of  tranfcendent  merit.  But  Vorflerman  is  of  the 
number  of  thofe  artills  who  were  attracted  to  the  court  of 
London,  by  the  talle  and  patronage  of  Charles  L;  and  as 
he  contributed' largely  to  the  advancement  of  Englilh  en- 
graving, the  reader  will  find  fuch  of  the  fubfequent  events 
of  his  life,  as  are  of  importance  to  art,  detailed, -and  accom- 
panied by  a  general  eftimate  of  his  merits,  in  our  account  of 
the  Origin  and  Progfffs  of  En'GIJ.'ih  Engraving.  A  moi-e 
copious  lift  of  the  bell  works  of  fo  dillinguillied  an  artift 
than  we  were  then  enabled  to  offer,  is  now  I'ubmitted  to  the 
admirers  of  legitimate  engraving. 

iucas  commonly  figned  his  plates  with  a  cypher,  for 
■W'hich  fee  Plate  111.  of  thofe  u fed  by  the  engravers  of  the 
Low  Countries. 

Portraits  after  Vandyke. — Peter  de  Jode  ;  Charles  de 
Mallery  ;  James  Callot  ;  Theodore  Galle  ;  Wencellaus 
■Coeberger  ;  Deodatus  del  Mont  ;  Peter  Stevens  ;  John 
Vin  Mildeit  ;  Hubertus  Vanden  Eynden  ;  Lucas  Van 
•Uder.  ;  Cornellius  Sachtleven  ;  Horatius  Gentilefcius  ;  and 
John  Livens,  all  diftinguillied  artills,  in  folio  ;  Ifabclla 
■Clara  Eugenia,  infanta  of  Spain  ;  Gallon,  of  France,  duke 
of  Orleans,  brother  to  the  king  of  France ;  Ambrolius 
■Spinola,  goveinor-general  of  the  Low  Countries  ;  Wolf- 
gang William,  count  palatine  of  the  Rhine,  and  duke  of 
.Bavaria;  Francis  of  Moncade,  count  of  OlTona;  Nicolas 
Fabricius,  of  Peirefe  ;  Alfonfo  Perez  de  Vivcro,  count  of 
•Fuenfalds  ;  Thomas  Howard,  earl  of  Arundel,  all  of  folio 
•dimenlions  ;  Nicolas  Roccokxius,  an  amateur  of  Antwerp  ; 
one  of  the  fined  portraits  of  Vorllerman,  in  large  folio. 

Portraits  after  -various  other  Majlers — A  bull  of  P'ato, 
after  an  antique  marble  ■;  bull  of  Seneca  the  philofopher, 
alfo  after  an  antique  ;  a  pair  of  Cofmo  of  Medicis,  and  Lo- 
renzo of  Medicis,  in  circular  borders  ;  pope  Leo  X.,  an 
oftagon  plate  ;  Julius  Lipfius,  Ifcanus  ;  and  Claudius 
Maugis,  abbe  of  St.  Nicholas,  from  Ph.  de  Champagne, 
all  of  4to.  fize  ;  John  de  Serres,  after  N.  Van  der  Horft, 
xn  4to.  ;  Conllantine  Hughens,  fecretary  to  the  prince  of 
•Orange  ;  John  Livins,  del.  ;  a  bull  of  tl.e  emperor 
Charles  V.  and  the  conftable  of  Bourbon,  both  from  Titian, 
IB  folio  ;  another  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  after  a  copy 
•by  Rubens,  from  Titian  ;  Charles  de  Longueval,  count  of 
Bufquoi,  after  Rubens,  a  very  fine  and  rare  print,  in  large 
•folio. 

Hfiyrical,  after  varioas  Painters. — "  The  Holy  Fa- 
mily," on  a  black  ground  (engraved  in  England),  after 
Raphael  ;  "  The  Entombing  of  Chrift,"  and  "  St.  George 
on  Horleback,"  both  from  the  fame  painter,  in  folio  ; 
■"  Chrill  in  the  Garden  of  Olives,"  after  Caracci,  in  large 
■folio  ;  "  The  Virgin  and  Holy  Infant,"  worshipped  by  two 
-pilgrims,  ia  folio,  after  Michael  Angelo  ;  "  The  Adorati(Dn 
•of  the  .Shepherds;'"  the  fame  fubjeft  differently  treated; 
"  The  Adoration  of  the  Eallern  Kings,"  a  very  fine  and 
'Xare  print  ;  a  repetition  of  the  fame  fuhjeft,  all  in  large 
ibiio ;  "  The  Holy  Family,"  accompanied  by  St.  Anne  ; 
.another  "Holy  Family,"  where  ihe  infant  Chrift  carefles 


his  mother  ;  "  The  Virgin  and  Holy  Infant"",  aecompa'nied 
by  St.  John  ;  "  Ctefar's  Tax,  or  the  Tribute  Money,"  all 
in  folio  ;  "  The  Defcent  from  the  Crofs,"  in  large  folio  ; 
(the  beft  impreffions  of  this  plate  are  infcribed  C.  Van 
Mtrlen)  ;  "  The  Angel  appearing  to  the  Holy  Women  ac 
the  Sepulchre  of  Chrill,"  in  folio  ;  "  St.  Francis  receiving 
the  Stigmatics  ;"'  "  The  Martyrdom  of  St.  Lawrence," 
both  in  large  folio  ;  "  Mary  Magdalen  throwing  away  her 
JeweLs  ;"  the  frontifpiccc  of  a  book,  intitled  "  A  general 
Ecclefiatlical  Hillory,  from  the  Birth  of  Jefus  Chrill  to  the 
Year  1624,"  in  folio,  all  after  Rubens.  "  The  Flagel- 
lation of  our  Saviour,"  in  large  folio,  after  G.  Seghers ; 
"  The  Death  of  St.  Francis,"  after  the  fame  painter  ; 
"  St.  Ignatius  of  Loyola  ;"  "  The  Fable  of  the  Satyr  and 
his  Gueft,  who  blew  hot  and  cold  with  the  fame  Breath," 
after  Jac.  Jordaens,  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Chace  of  a  Bear," 
after  Snyders  ;  and  "  A  Vocal  Concert"  of  fix  perfons, 
among  whom  a  girl  is  playing  the  guitar,  after  A.  Coder, 
both  of  folio  dimenfions. 

Contemporary  and  compeering  with  the  elder  Vorderman, 
were  the  Bolfwerts.  The  biography  of  thefe  was  inferted 
in  our  fourth  volume  before  our  prefent  arrangement  in 
fchools  was  determined  on  (fee  Bolswerf,  Adam,  or 
BoE'rius,  and  Sheltiu.s)  ;  but  of  the  works  of  artifts  fo 
illultrious,  it  has  been  judged  proper  to  add  a  more  co- 
pious lift  for  the  information  of  colleftors,  omitting  thofe 
which  are  already  before  the  reader  in  vol.  iv.  The  mono- 
grams with  which  thefe  artills  feverally  marked  their  per- 
formances,  mav  be  feen  in  our  third  plate  of  thofe  ufed  by 
the  engravers  of  the  Low  Countries. 

Worts  of  Boetius.  a  Bolf'wert. — The  portraits  of  Adatn 
Salbout,  with  the  motto  "Omnia  Vanitas ;"  a  pair  of 
ditto  of  John  Bergman,  (a  celebrated  Jefuit,)  kneeling 
before  a  flcull  ;  and  St.  Alo'ife  Gonzaga,  kneeling  before 
a  crucifix,  both  in  folio  ;  Guillaume  Louis,  comte  de 
NalTau,  and  (its  companion)  the  corpfe  of  the  fame  no- 
bleman lying  in  date,  dated  1618,  and  after  M.  Mirevelt, 
in  folio  ;  a  fet  of  feventy-feven  fmall  plates,  from  defigns  by 
Bolfwert  himfelf,  done  to  accompany  "  The  Life  of  Chrift;'* 
another  fet  of  fmall  book  plates,  alfo  from  his  own  defigns, 
engraved  for  a  myilical  work,  entitled  "  Le  Pelerinage." 

Hijlorical  SubjeHs  after  various  Mafers. — "  The  Adoratioa 
of  the  Shepherds,"  after  Abr.  Bloemart  ;  "  A  Repofe 
during  the  Flight  into  Egypt  ;"  both  in  large  folio.  A 
fet  of  four  landfcapes,  and  fourteen  plates  of  animals,  in 
4to.  both  from  the  fame  mader  ;  "  Jefus  at  the  Houfe  of 
Martha  and  Mary,"  a  rich  compofition,  after  J.  Goiemar, 
a  very  large  plate,  very  much  fought  after ;  "  Death  and 
Time,  conquering  Men  and  Animals,"  in  folio,  after  D. 
Viiickenbooms  ;  •'  Adam  and  Eve  in  the  terreftrial  Para- 
dife,"  furrounded  with  animals,  a  very  fine  engraving  from 
the  fame  painter.  Thefe  three  prints  are  very  rare,  and 
much  fought  after  by  colleftors.;  and  "  The  Judgment  of 
Solomon,"  a  large  folio  plate,  after  Rubens. 

The  moft  elleemed  works  of  Sheltius  a  Bolfwert,  omit- 
ing  thofe  mentioned  in  the  Cyclopaedia,  vol  iv.  and  beginning 
with  his  lamlfcapLs,  are  as  follow  :  — The  landfcapes  of 
Sheltius  are  indeed  very  furprifing  performances.  When 
we  conlider  the  pifturefque  ruggednefs  of  his  rocks,  and 
boles  of  treeSj  and  the  freedom  and  loofenefs  of  his  foliage, 
it  feems  fcarcely  credible  that  fo  high  a  degree  of  excel- 
lenoe  in  this  department  of  the  art  (hould  have  been  attained 
by  the  ufe  of  the  graver  alone  ;  yet  in  all  his  landfcapes  not 
a  line  of  etching  appears.  Nor  is  our  wonder  lefs  excited 
when  we  contemplate  the  tones,  rich  or  exquifite  as  the 
various  occafions  required,  which  Bolfwert  has  here  pro- 
duced, more  perfeAly  vibrating  -with  thofe  of  the  original 

pii^tures  : 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 


pifttires :  we  had  almotl  faid  than  thofe  of  any  other  land- 
fcape-engraver  whatever.  But  certainly,  in  this  re^ft,  no 
engraver  has  fiirpafled  him. 

A  large  landfcape,  wherein  is  introduced  a  lion-hunt,  with 
a  cavalier  overthrown  and  another  coming  to  his  refcne.  This 
is  one  of  the  fineft  engravings  of  the  whole  fet.  A  grand 
mountainous  fubjeft,  with  romantic  falls  of  water,  into  which 
IS  introduced  theeffeft  of  a  ftorm,  and  the  fable  of  the  hofpi- 
tality  of  Philemon  and  Ba'.icis  towards  Jupiter  and  Mercury. 
The  companion  to  which  is  a  fea-ilorm  and  fliipwreck  ;  the 
fore-ground  is  occupied  by  mariners  who  have  efcaped  the 
wreck,  and  are  kindling  a  fire  on  the  (liore.  (This  print  is 
commonly  called  the  "  Tempell  of  Eneas.")  A  foreft- 
fcene,  into  which  is  introduced  the  fable  of  iVIeleager  and 
Atalanta  ;  the  champaign  of  Maliues,  with  haymakers  ; 
a  large  landfcape,  with  animala.  in  a  ftable,  and  a  female 
filhng  a  pig's-trough  with  food.  (This  laft,  completing 
the  fet,  is  engraved  by  P.  Clouet.)  A  landfcape  with  ruined 
edifices,  and  two  women  carrying  balkets  in  the  fore-ground. 
Ruins  on  a  plain,  with  various  ruitic  figures.  A  landfcape, 
in  the  fare-ground  of  which  is  a  wooden  bridge,  with  a 
fiiepherd  and  flock.  A  champaign  country,  witli  two  wo- 
men in  the  fore-ground,  one  of  whom  carries  a  balket,  and 
the  other  a  rake  ;  a  rainbow  is  reprefented  in  the  clouds. 
Sun  fet,  with  a  man  bringing  horfes  to  water,  aiid  a  land- 
fcape, with  the  effect  of  mooii-light. 

Devotional  SiilijeSs,  l^t.  fiom  his  s-wn  Defgns. — "The 
Infants  Chriit  and  St.  John  playing  with  a  Lamb  ;"  "  The 
Virgin  and  Infant  adeep  ;"  "  The  Virgin  fuckling  the 
Holy  Infant  ;"  "  A  Statue  of  the  Virgin,  with  her  Hands 
orofied  on  her  Bolom  ;"  all  in  2mo.  "  The  Virgin  and 
Child  in  the  Air,  attended  by  Angels  and  Cherubim ;" 
•'  The  Virgin  carelTed  by  the  Infant  Chrill,  with  St.  Jo- 
feph."  Twelve  figures  of  faints,  half-length.  Another  fet 
of  twelve  of  faints,  ali  in  Svo.  '■  A  Hermit  proitrate 
before  a  Crofs  ;''  "  The  Mother  of  Grief,  piercing  her 
Bofom  with  a  Sword;"  "  Jefus  Chrill  trinmpiiing  over 
Death  ;•"  both  in  foho.  "  St.  Barbara,  a  Virgin-Martyr  ;'' 
"  St.  Staniflaus  Koflca,  kneeling  before  an  Altar  ;"  "  St. 
Francis  Borgia;"  "  St.  Alphonfo  Rodriguez  ;"  •' R.obcrt 
BcUarmin,  at  a  Bureau  ;"  "  Leonard  LefTius  ;"  all  in  large 
folio.,  "  The  refigned  Death  of  a  Saint,"  and  "  Dreadful 
Death  of  a  Sinner,"  two  folio  prints.  An  embkmatical  fnb- 
jeft- relating  to  prince  Ferdinand,  the  governor  of  the  Low 
Countries,  in  large  folio.  "  A  Thefis,"  dedicated  to  Sigif- 
mond,  kind  of  Poland,  on  two  large  plates.  The  frontif- 
piece,  and  five  other  plates  for  Thibault's  Fencing  Aca- 
demy, in  large  folio,  and  a  rare  print,  .  entitled  "The 
Difpute  between  the  Fat  and  the  Lean,"  in  large  folio. 

Portraits  after  fir  Jlnthmy  Vundyke. — Sheltius  a  Bolfwcrt; 
Andrea  Van  Ertvelt  ;  Martin  Pepyn  ;  Adrian  Brouwer  ; 
and  John  Baptifta  Bartc  ;  (all  diftinguilhed  artills  ;)  Juftus 
Lips,  an  hillorian ;  Albert,  prince  of  Aremberg,  Biirban- 
•fon,  &c.  ;  Maria  Rutenj  the  wife  of  Vandyke:;  Margaret 
.  of  Lorrain,  duchefs  of  Orleans  ;  V/illiam  de  Vos  ;  and 
Sebafiian  V.rank  ;  painters,  all  of  folio  din.enfions. 

Hijlorical  Suljeds  after   Vandyke "  Maria  Mater  Die, 

or  the  Virgin  in  Extafy,"  in  foho  ;  "  The  Virgin  with  the 
Infant  Chriil  on  her  Knees,  .attended  by  St.  John,  and  an 
Angel  with  a  Crown,"  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Vu-gin  con- 
templating the- Infant  Chrift  on  her  Lap,  accompanied  by  a 
■Saint  holding  a  palaa  Branch  ;"  "  The  Virgui  feated,  with 
the  holy  Infant  alleep  in  her  Arms,  with  St.  Jofeph,"  both 
cf  folio  fize  ;  another  "  Holy  Family,  attended  by  Angels;" 
"  TVie  Elevation  of  the  Crofs  on  Mount  Calvary  ;"  "  Chrill 
i>a  the  Crofs,"  at  the  foot  of  which  are.  St.  Dorainic  and 


St.  Catherine   of  Sienna,  both  in    large  fcKo  ;    and    "  A 
Drvwiken  Silenus,  attended  by  Bacchanals  and  Satyrs/'  in 

folio^ 

Hijor'rcal,  after  •various  Maflers. — "  Chrift  on  the  Crofs'," 
with  St.  John  and  the  holy  women  at  the  foot,  afttr  Jor- 
dacns  ;  "  Argus  lulled  to  deep,"  with  Mercury  prepariiii^ 
to  behead  him  ;  "  The  Infant  Jupiter,"  with  a  iiyicph, 
milking  the  goat  Amalthea,  accompanied  by  a  fatyr  playing 
the  tambourine,  both  in  large  folio.  The  two  latter  are 
the  fincit  of  Bollwert's  engravings  after  Jac.  Jiirdacns.  A 
family  concert,  infcribed  "SooD'Oude  fongen,  Soo  pipen  de 
Jongen."  "  Pan  holding, a  Badcet  of  Fruit,  accompanied  by 
Ceres  crowned  with  Wheat,  and  a  Figure  blowing  the  Horn," 
both  in  folio,  and  from  .Tordacns.  Impreffions  of  the  latter  arc- 
become  very  r.ire  ;  "  The  holy  Salutation,"  after  Gerard 
Seghers.  "The  Returnfrom  Egypt,"  v.'heretlie Infant  Chriit 
appears  walking  between  St.  .lofeph  and  the  Virgin  ;  "  The 
Virgin  appearing  to  St.  Ignatius  of  Loyola  ;"  "  St.  Francis 
Xavier  tempted  by  Satan,  and  comforted  Iiy  the  Apparition 
of  the  Virgin  and  Child  ;"  "  The  Denial  of  St.  Peter,"  m  an 
afiemblageof  foldiers,  playing  at  cards  ;  and  its  companion, 
"  The  Smokers,"  two  very  capital  prints  in  large  folio,  after 
G.  Seghers  ;  "  A  Concert,"  after  Theodore  Rombout, 
being  the  companion  to  one  of  the  fame  fubjcft  engraved  by 
Vorllerman,  after  Coilcr  ;  "  The  Virgin  and  holy  Infant," 
(who  holds  the  globe  of  the  earth,)  after  Erafmu&Qiiclinus  ; 
"  The  Communion  of  St.  Rofe,"  after  the  fame  painter  ; 
"  The  Body  of  Chrill  on  the  Lap  of  the  Virgin,"'  after 
Diepenbeck  ;  .  and  "  The  Crucifixion  of  three  Jefuits  at 
Japan,"  after  the  fame  painter,  all  of  large  folio  dimen- 
fions,  . 

Hiftoricn],  Ij^c. after  Rubens. — "  The  Annunciation,"  the 
bed  impreffions  of  which  are  marked  with  the  nam.e.of  Van- 
den  Enden  ;  "  The  Return  from.  Egypt  ;"   "  The  E.xecu- 
tioner  giving  the  Head  of  St.  John  the  Daptill  to  Herodias," 
in  folio  ;  "  Chrill  crucified  between-  the  two  Thieves,"  in 
folio;   "  A  Crucifixion,"  wherein  a   foldier  is  piercing  the 
fide  of  Chrill  ;   St.  John  and  the  Virgin  are  (landing  at  the 
foot  of  the  crofs  ;  a  very  beautiful  engraving,  executed  in  a 
bcld.llyle,  in  large  folio ;  "  A  Crucifixion,"  with  the  city  of 
Jerufalem  in  the  back-ground  ;  and  another  engraving  of  the 
fame  fubjeft,  both  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Body  of  Chrill  on  the 
Lap  of  the  Virgin,  with  St.  Franci8,"in  large  folio  ;  "  The 
Refurr^ftion,"   and  "  The  Afcenfion  of  Chnll,"   two   large 
folio  plates;  "The  Trinity,"  where  ChrilUs  reprefented  dead, 
a  fore-fhortened  figure  fupported  by  the  Deity  ;  "  The  four 
Evangelills,"  in  large  folio  ;  "The  Triumph  of  theChurch," 
a  large   folio   plate    nearly  fquare  ;   "  The   Deftrurtion   of 
Idolatry,"  a  Wge  print  lengthways,, on  two  plates  ;  "  The 
Fathers  of  the  Church,  furrounding  St.  Clare,  with  the  Sa- 
craments," a  large  folio  plate  nearly  fquare  ;  "  The  im.ma- 
culate -Conception  of  the  Virgin,''   a  circular  print  in  large   ■ 
folio  ;  another  "  Affumption   of  the  Virgin,"   where  a  dif- 
ciple  raifes    a  flone  at  the  mouth  of  the  fepukhre  ;  "  The 
Virgin  embraced  by  the  Infant  Chrift,"'  "  The  Infant  Chrill 
on  a  Table  careffing  his  Mother  ;''  "  The  Virgin,  with  the 
holy    Infant  on   her   Lap,  holding  a  Globe  and  Sceptre  ;'* 
"The.  Holy  Family,"   where  the  infants  Chrill  and  John 
are  playirg  with  a  Jamb  ;  and  four  other  engravings  of  the 
fame  fubjeil,  in  large  folio ;  *'  St.  Francis  Xavier  ftanding 
before  a  Crucifix,"  in  folio  ;  and  its  companion   "  St.  -Igna- 
tins  of  Loyola,"   before   the  name    of  Jefus,    furrounded 
with  rays  of  glory  ;  "  St.  Cecilia  playing  on   the  Organ," 
a  diftinguilhed  plate,  thefirft  imprcfBons  of  which  are  infcribed 
G.  Hendrix.  Thofe  where  the  name  cf  Witdoeck  is  fubfti- 
tutcd  for  that  of  Bolfwert  are  retouched,  aad  of  very.  infe.  . 

lior  . 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OE  THE. 


rior  value.  "  St.  Therefa  interceding  at  the  Feet  of  Chrift, 
for  the  Souls  in  Purgatory,"  in  large  folio.  Nymphs  and 
fatyrs  laden  with  fruit  and  game,  half  figures,  commonly 
called  "  The  Return  from  thcChace,"  in  folio.  "  A  drunken 
Silenus,"  fupported  by  a  fatyr,  and  another  figure.  The 
impreflions,  with  the  name  of  Bolfwert  only,  without  the 
addrefs-,  are  die  earlieft  and  bell.  "  The  Continence  of 
Scipio,"  in  large  folio.  Thofe  imprefTions  are  the  bell  with 
the  name  of  Hendrix.  "  A  triumphal  Arch,"  in  honour  of 
Ferdinand,  cardinal-infanta  of  Spain,  and  governor  of  the 
Low  Countries,  in  large  folio,  and  "  Jefns  Chrift,  the  two 
.Virgins,  four  Angels,  and  many  other  holy  Perfons,"  en- 
graved by  S.  a  Bolfwert  and  Corn.  Galle,  and  infcribed  with 
the  name  of  Hendrix,  in  folio. 

Paul  dc  Pont,  or  Pontius,  the  third  of  our  celebrated 
chalcographic  triumvirate  of  the  Netherlands,  was  born  at 
Antwerp  A.  D.  1596,  and  became  the  dileiple  of  the 
elder  Vorfterman,  both  mafter  and  pupil  being  at  the  time 
befriended  and  improved  by  the  frequent  counfel  and  advice 
of  Ruljens.  The  bell  works  of  Pontius,  and  which  form 
the  bans  of  his  well  founded  celebrity,  are  free  graphic  tranl- 
lations  from  the  originals  of  that  great  mailer,  in  the  ac- 
complidiment  of  which  he  united  preciliou  of  touch,  with  a 
nice  perception  of  form,  charadter,  and  expreflion.  His 
manual  power  and  command  of  the  graver  was  fcarcely  in- 
ferior to  that  of  his  contemporary  Bolfwert,  and  if  in  tafte 
he  was  inferior  to  Vorfterman ;  in  a  juft  and  even  penetrating 
obfervation  of  the  peculiar  merits  of  the  pidure  before  him, 
and  the  principles  upon  which  thofe  excellencies  were  pro- 
duced and  connefted,  he  was  inferior  to  neither.  Care,  ob- 
fervation, feeling,  were  pre-eminently  his;  and  hence  the  truth 
and  vigour  of  his  hiftorical  heads.  Genius,  and  profound 
knowledge  of  the  human  figure,  certainly  belonged  in 
higher  degrees  of  perfeftion  to  Vorfterman  and  the  Bolf- 
werts. 

In  commenting  on  the  produdlions  of  this  illuftrious  tri- 
umvirate, a  foreign  critic  of  eminence  dwells  with  juft  em- 
phafis  on  the  negleft  and  the  importance  of  afcertaining 
what  ought  to  be  elleemed  principle  in  engraving,  as  well  as 
in  all  other  arts  that  are  with  propriety  fo  termed  ;  and 
when  we  call  to  mind,  and  apply  the  well-founded  apliorifm 
of  Hippocrates,  that  "  art  is  long,  Ufe  fhort,  opportunity 
fleeting,  and  even  experiment,  fometimes  fallacious,"  it  may 
well  fecm  extraordinary  that  among  the  critics  and  connoif- 
feurs  of  the  Low  Countries,  nothing  was  done  towards 
afcertaining  and  publicly  explaining  the  merits  of  thefe  admi- 
rable engravers,  and  that  in  any  part  of  Europe,  fo  little  has 
been  done  in  this  art  toward  afcertaining  principle  at  all.  The 
art  of  the  ftatuary,  and  the  fiftcr  art  of  painting,  have  been 
cultivated,  and  have  flourifhed  under  the  mild  apd  cheering  in- 
fluence of  fettled  laws ;  their  aftual  progrefs,  as  well  as  oc- 
cafional  retrogradations,  are  known  and  un^derftood  :  while 
engraving  has  been  doomed  to  the  undetefted  endurance  of 
the  wildeft  anarchy  ;  of  hcentious  and  contradictory  prac- 
tice ;  and  merit,  demerit,  and  mediocrity,  have  alike  had 
their  hour  of  idle  gazing,  and  have  alike  fleeted  from  that 
fteady  critical  comment  which  (hould  have  marked  the  ftages 
of  the  progrefs  of  the  art. 

Some  writers  have  idly  aflerted  that  Rubens  occafionally 
worked  on  the  plates  of  thefe  artifts.  The  fact  is,  (as  we 
have  reported  in  our  fhort  notice  of  the  etchings  of  this 
mafter),  that  Rubens  had  fo  little  pretenfions  of  this  kind, 
indeed  was  fo  far  from  pofteffing  any  power  over  the  graver, 
that  the  few  touches  that  were  wanting  after  corrofion,  to 
the  completion  of  his  plates,  were  fupplied  by  his  friends 
Vorfterman,  Bolfwert,  or  Pontius.     The  error  has   origi- 


nated from  its  having  been  the  cuftom  of  thefe  artifts,  for  Ru- 
bens to  revife  and  touch  from  time  to  time  upon  trial-proofs 
that  were  taken  to  afcertain  the  engraver's  progrefs:  in  doing 
which,  as  thefe  engravers  worked  after  Rubens  and  Van- 
dyke, with  the  freedom  and  fellow-feeling  of  friends,  not 
with  the  fervility  of  (laves,  it  was  fometimes  found  necef- 
fary  to  vary  the  chiarofcuro  from  the  original  piftures,  m 
order  that  when  the  local  colours  were  abllrafted,  tlie  fpec- 
tator's  perceptive  faculties  fliould  be  impreiTed  or  operated 
upon,  in  a  fimilar  manner,  and  conlequently  his  mind  af- 
fefted  in  the  fame  way,  as  by  the  combinations  of  colour  with 
light  and  (hade  in  the  original  pictures  :  for,  paradoxical 
though  ic  may  appear,  it  is  clear  that  thefe  men  of  genius 
thought  and  felt  thus  upon  the  f\ibjeft,  nor  is  it  lefs  clear  to 
thofe  wlio  ftudioully  compare  the  engravings  of  thefe  mailers 
with  Rubens'  original  piftures,  that  they  were  right  in  fo 
thinkin"-. 

o 

The  following  engravings,  from  the  hand  of  P.  Pontius, 
are  defervedly  held  in  confiderable  eftimation. 

Porlrails  after  Vaiidyhe. — Paul  Pontius,  engraved  by 
himfelf ;  fir  Peter  Paul  Rubens  ;  James  de  Breuck,  archi- 
tedl  ;  John  Wildens  ;  John  vans  Ravellein  ;  Palamede  Pa- 
lamcdelTcn  ;  Theodore  Vanioo  ;  Theodore  Ronibouts  ;  Ge- 
rard Honthorft  ;  Henry  van  Balen  ;  Adrian  Stalbent  ; 
Gerard  Segher  ;  Simon  de  Vos  ;  Daniel  Mytens  ;  Gafpar 
de  Crayes  ;  and  Martin  Pcpyn  ;  all  celebrated  artiils  of 
Antwerp.  Gafpar  Gevartius,  juris-conlulte  ;  and  Nicholas 
Rockok,  niagiftrate  of  Antwerp  ;  John  van  den  Wouwer, 
counle'.ior  to  the  king  of  Spain  ;  C^far  Alexander  Scaglia, 
abbe  of  Staphard  ;  Guftavus  Adolphus,  king  of  Sweden  ; 
Mary  of  Medicis,  queen  of  France  ;  Emanuel  Frocas  Pe- 
rera,  count  of  Feria  ;  Francis  Thomas,  of  Savoy,  prince 
of  Carignano  ;  John,  count  of  NafTau,  general  to  the  king 
of  Spain  ;  Don  Alvarez,  marquis  of  Santa  Cruz,  and  go- 
vernor of  the  Low  Countriet;  ;  Don  Carlos,  of  Colonna,  (a 
Spamih  general  ;)  Don  Diego  Philip  de  Gufman,  marquis 
of  Leganez,  and  Spanidi  general  ;  Mary,  princefs  d'Arem- 
berg  ;  Henry,  count  de  Berghe ;  Cornehus  van  den  Geeft; 
and  Balthafar  Gerbier,  minifter  from  the  court  of  Spain  to 
that  of  England,  all  of  folio  aimenfions  ;  Frederic  Henry, 
prince  of  Orange  ;  and  Francis  Thomas  of  Savoy,  prince  of 
Carignano,  both  in  large  folio. 

Portraits  after  Ritlcns. — Sir  Peter  Paul  Rubens  ;  Gafpar 
Gevaerto,  juris-confulte ;  Ladiflaus  Sigifmond,  prince  of 
Poland  and  Sweden,  all  in  folio  ;  Philip  IV.  king  of  Spain; 
and  its  companion,  Elizabeth  of  Bourbon,  his  queen,  (the 
beft  impreflions  of  thefe  portraits  are  before  the  name  of 
G.  Hendrix,  was  inferted  ;)  Ehzabeth  Clara  Eugenia, 
infanta  of  Spain  ;  Ferdinand,  cardinal,  infanta  of  Spain, 
and  governor  of  the  Low  Countries  ;  Gafpar  Gufman, 
duke  of  Olivares,  a  very  fine  portrait,  done  from  a  copy  by 
Rubens,  of  a  pifture  of  Velafquez,  all  in  large  folio  ;  and 
a  fet  of  three,  in  folio,  very  fine  and  rare  portraits,  of  Chrif- 
toval,  marquis  of  Callel-Rodrigo  ;  Manuel  de  Moura  Cor- 
tereal,  marquis  of  the  fame  place  ;  and  a  Spanifh  lady, 
adorned  with  a  necklace  of  precious  ftones  ;  the  mother  of 
Manuel  of  Callel-Rodrigo. 

Portraits  from  •various  other  Painters.  —  Raphael  d'Urbino, 
in  the  collume  of  his  age  ;  Ambrofius,  count  of  Homes, 
after  F.  de  Nys  ;  Abel  Servien,  count  de  la  Roche  des 
Aubins,  and  miniller  plenipotentiary  to  the  court  of  Mun- 
fter,  after  Anf  van  HuUe  ;  and  John  de  Heem,  a  painter 
of  Utrecht,    after  John  Lyvins,  all  of  folio  dimenfions. 

Hijlorical  Subjects,  after  Rubens. — "  Sufanna  furprifed  by 
the  Elders;"/  "The  Adoration  of  the  Shepherds,''  (a  cir- 
cular plate,)  both  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Slaughter  of  the 
1 1  Innocents,'' 


LOW  COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


Innocents,"  a  very  large  print,  lengthways,  on  two  plates; 
"  The  Prefentation  in  the  Temple,"  a  fine  plate  ;  "  Chrili 
bearing  his  Crofs  ;''  an  allegorical  piece,  known  by  tbe  ap- 
pellation of  «  The  Chrift  of  the  Clenched  Fill,"  becaufe 
one  of  the  angels  who  are  overthrowing  Sin  and  Death  has 
his  fill  clenched,  a  very  fine  engraving;  "The  Madre  Do- 
lorofa,  or  Dead  Body  of  Chrili  on  the  Lap  of  the  Holy 
Virgin,"  and  "  The  Dcfcent  «f  the  Hely  Glioft,  or  Mi- 
racle of  the  Cloven  Tongues,"  all  of  large  folio  fize  ; 
"  The  Holy  Spirit  fubduing  the  Flelli,"  (an  allegorical 
fubjeft,)  a  very  rare  print,  in  folio:  a  large  folio  print, 
called  "  Rubens's  Epitaph,"  from  a  pifture  in  the  church 
of  St.  James,  at  Antwerp.  The  fubjeft  is  a  religious 
allegory,  in  which  Rubens  himfelf  appears  in  the  cha- 
racter of  St.  George.  A  head  of  Chrili,  in  an  oval,  of 
foho  fize  ;  "  The  AlTi.mption,"  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Co- 
ronation of  the  Virgin,"  one  of  the  latter  engravings  of 
Pontius,  in  folio  ;  "  The  Virgin  fucklingthe  Infant  Jefus," 
a  rare  print,  in  oflavo  ;  "  The  Holy  Family,''  where  the 
Infant  Jefus  is  careffing  his  mother,  half-length  figures  ; 
"  Chrift  appearing  to  St.  Roch,"  with  "  Eris  in  pefte 
Patronus"  infcribed  on  a  banner,  a  fine  print,  and  engraved 
from  a  pifture  which  is  efteemed  among  the  very  fineft  of 
the  works  of  Rubens ;  a  very  large  and  rare  engraving,  in 
which  real  and  allegorical  perfonages  are  oddly  afTociated, 
a  la  Rubens,  for  the  fake  of  complimenting  the  princes 
of  the  houfe  of  Aultria  and  the  Cordeliers  ;  and  a  very 
large  upright  print,  of  "  The  Difpute  between  Neptune 
and  Mmerva,"  dedicated  to  pope  Urban  VIII. 

Hiflorkal,  i^c.  after  various  Painters. — "  The  Flight  into 
Egypt,"  after  Jac.  Jordaens,  (the  beft  impreffions  of  the 
engraving  are  before  the  name  of  Bloteling  was  inferted  ;) 
"The  Feftival  of  the  Kings"  after  the  fame  painter,  a 
fine  engraving  ;  "  The  Adoration  of  the  Kings,"  after 
Gerard  Seghers,  all  in  large  folio ;  "  The  Virgin  and  Holy 
Infant,  accompanied  by  St.  Anne,"  in  folio  ;  "  St.  Francis 
Xavier,  prollrate  before  the  Virgin  and  Child,"  a  circular 
print;  "St.  Sebaftian,  and  an  Angel  drawing  an  Arrow 
from  his  Side,"  all  from  G.  Seghers  ;  "  The  Dead  Body 
of  Our  Saviour  on  the  Lap  of  the  Virgin,'  or,  "Madre 
Dolorofa,"  after  Vandyke,  all  in  large  folio  ;  "  St.  Her- 
manus  Jofeph,"  from  a  pifture  painted  for  the  Jefuits  of 
Antwerp,  and  now  in  the  royal  gallery  at  Vienna  ;  "  St. 
Rofalia,  receiving  a  Crown  from  the  Infant  Jefus,"  both 
from  the  fame  painter,  in  foho  ;  "  The  Holy  Family,"  after 
John  van  Hack  ;  and  "  The  Entombing  of  Chrift,"  after 
Titian,  in  large  folio. 

Of  merit  very  inferior  to  that  of  his  father,  was  Lucas 
Vorfterman  the  younger;  he  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the 
year  1600,  and  learned  the  elements  of  engraving  under  his 
paternal  roof.  He  alfo  praftifed  the  art  of  drawing  por- 
traits from  the  life.  But  though  he  fcarcely  reached  above 
mediocrity  in  either  art,  his  productions,  of  which  the  fol- 
lowing are  thofe  moft  worthy  of  efteem,  are  fought  after 
by  the  curious. 

Lucas  Vorfterman,  the  father,  from  Ant.  Vandyke,  in 
folio;  "The  Virgin  Mary,"  ftie  is  reprefented  in  the 
clouds,  and  furrounded  by  angels  ;  "  Chrift  crowned  with 
Thorns,  and  mocked  by  the  Jews,"  both  in  quarto,  after 
Vandyke;  "The  Trinity,''  after  Rubens,  in  folio;  the 
fable  of  "  The  Satyr  and  his  Gueft,  who  blew  hot  and 
■-old,'  in  large  folio,  nearly  fquare,  after  Jacques  Jorda- 
ens ;  part  of  the  plates  for  the  large  folio  "  "Treatife  on 
Horfemanftiip,'  by  the  duke  of  Newcaftle  ;  feveral  of  the 
plates  from  the  gallery  of  the  archduke  Leopold,  at  Bruf- 
fels,  which  v/ere  publilhed  by  David  Teniers,  the  younger: 
and  part  of  the  coliedion  of  drawings  of  Nicholas  Lanier, 

Vol  XXI. 


a  mufician  and  amateur  of  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  Thi« 
latter  fet  is,  perhaps,  the  beft  part  of  the  works  of  the 
younger  Vorfterman. 

Peter  Soutman  was  born  at  Haerlem  in  the  year  1580, 
or  not  long  afterward,  and  became  the  difciple  of  Rubens. 
Befide  etching  and  engraving,  he  painted  both  hiftory  and 
portraits  with  fuccefs,  and  was  patronized,  not  only  in 
Flanders,  but  alfo  in  Germany  and  Poland. 

We  have  a  great  number  of  prints  by  this  artift,  both 
from  his  own  compofitions  and  thofe  of  other  painters,  par- 
ticularly his  great  niafter,  Rubens.  They  are  for  the  moft 
part  etched,  and  with  great  fpirit,  not  all  in  the  fame  ftyle, 
but  under  the  influence  of  the  different  notions  and  feelings 
which  from  time  to  time  appeared  to  have  prevailed,  as  he 
endeavoured  to  explore  the  capabilities  of  a  new  art,  in 
which  the  practice  of  his  predeceffors  and  contcmporarie* 
fhewed  him  that  there  remained  much  to  difcover.  He  is 
like  an  early  voyager,  who  fometimes  warily  coafts  the  lands 
whicii  others  have  touched  at  before  him,  and  fometimes 
with  better  hopes  and  bolder  navigation  pufhes  forth  into 
unknown  regions,  obfcurely  guided  by  the  dubious  bear- 
ings of  the  headlands  which  he  fancies  he  has  defcried. 
Watelet  fays  his  ftyle  is,  in  fome  inttances,  contrary  to  the 
theory  of  the  art,  though  as  no  fyftem  of  principle  was 
then  fettled,  or  is  even  yet  afcertained,  he  can  only  mean 
that  in  thofe  inftances  it  is  oppofite  to  the  prafticc  of  cer- 
tain engravers,  whofe  works  had  obtained  the  praife  of  fuch 
reputable  and  eftablifhed  connoifi"eurs  as  Watelet  himfelf.  He 
continues,  "  but  his  prints  always  convey  an  idea  of  the 
foftnefs  of  flefh,  and  the  colouring  of  the  piilures  from 
which  they  are  taken.  He  engraved  in  a  pure  ftyle,  with 
the  fame  merits  and  faults  as  I  have  remarked  in  his  etch- 
ings."  And  Strutt,  with  perhaps  a  perception  fomewhat 
clearer  of  Soutman's  intentions,  informs  his  readers  that 
"  Soutman  feems  to  have  aimed  at  giving  a  ftriking  elfeft. 
by  keeping  all  the  maffes  of  light  broad  and  clear ;  but  by 
carrying  this  idea  too  far,  almoft  all  his  prints  have  a  flight 
unfinillied  appearance,  though  the  engraving  is,  in  itfelf, 
fufficiently  neat.  There  is  the  ftyle  (of  drawing)  of  the 
mafter  in  the  treatment  of  the  heads  and  other  extremities  of 
his  figures,"  &c.  &c. 

For  the  fake  of  not  difconnefting  thofe  artifts  who  moft  dif- 
tinguiftied  themfelves  by  their  attainment  of  that  particular 
merit  which  moft  llrongly  charafterifes  the  fchool  of  the 
Netherlands,  and  who  fliould  therefore  be  contemplated  to- 
gether, we  have  placed  Soutman  a  httle  behind  his  chro- 
nological rank  ;  but  it  ftiould  be  recollefted  to  his  credit, 
that  Vorfterman  was  his  fellow  pupil,  and  that,  in  all  pro- 
bability, the  enterprifing  prow  of  our  artill,  and  the  beacons 
he  fet  up,  at  once  ftimulated  and  taught  Pontius  and  the 
Bolfwerts  when  and  where  to  launch  forth,  and  how  to 
traverfe,  with  leaft  danger,  the  unfathomed  ocean  of  their 
art. 

Of  the  engravings  of  Soutman,  it  may  be  fuffieient,  is 
this  place,  to  mention  the  following. 

Portraits. — Joannes  Wolferdus  de  Brederod,  gener.  Mar- 
fchalcus  Belgii  confederati ;  Gerard  von  Honthoril  pinx  ; 
the  armouries  of  Orange  Naffau,  furrounded  with  trophies 
and  allegorical  figures  ;  the  frontifpicce  to  the  portraits  of 
the  counts  of  Flanders;  Soutman  pinx.  et  fculp.  ;  theem- 
paror  Adolphus  of  Nalfau  ;  the  em.profs  of  Ferdinand  II,, 
queen  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia,  both  from  Van  Sompel ; 
John  the  Intrepid,  count  of  Flanders ;  and  Phihp  IV.  king 
of  Spain  and  the  Indies,  all  in  large  folio. 

Hijhrical,  i^c. — "  The   Fall  of  the  Damned,"  a  large 

upright,  after  Rubens,  the  early  impreffions  of  which  are 

known  from  thofe  fubfequently  printed,    by  their  havina 

3  P  bee^ 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 


been  taken  before  tlie  addrefs  of  the  junior  Bouttats  was  in- 
fcribcd  Ijeneath  the  plate ;  "  The  Defeat  of  the  Army  of 
Sennacherib  by  the  exterminating  Angel,"  alfo  after  Ru- 
bens, and  in  large  folio ;  "  Jcfus  grving  the  Keys  to  St. 
Peter,"  from  Raphael;  "The  miraculous  Draught  of 
Fifhes,"  from  Rubens,  all  in  large  folio;  "The  Lalt  Sup- 
per," a  very  long  print,  engraved  on  two  plates,  from  the 
celebrated  picture  of  Da  Vnici,  in  the  refeftory  of  the  Do- 
ininicaiis  at  Milan,  engraved  through  the  medium  of  a 
dra«fing  by  Rubens ;  "  Chrill  on  the  Crofs,"  after  Ru- 
bens, of  which  plate  it  is  very  uncommon  to  find  a  good 
imprefTion  ;  "  Chrifl.  laid  in  the  Sepulchre."  The  firit  im- 
prefiions  of  this  plate  being  very  faint,  Widoeck  worked 
afterwards  on  the  plate,  to  give  it  more  effect.  "  The 
Creation  of  a  Billiop,"  all  in  folio;  "  The  Rape  of  Pro- 
ferpine ;"  "  The  Triumph  of  Venus,"  in  large  folio  ;  and 
"  A  drunken  Silenus,  '  fnpportcd  by  a  fatyr  and  a  negrefs, 
all  after  Rubens ;  "  The  Grand  Sultan  on  Horfeback,"  at- 
tended by  his  principal  oificers  at  the  head  of  his  army,  in 
folio,  from  a  piAure  by  Soutman  himlelf ;  a  fet  of  four 
large  hunting  pieces,  nasnely,  the  chace  of  a  lion  and 
lioneis,  ditto  of  a  wolf,  ditto  of  a  boar,  and  ditto  of  a 
crocodile  and  hippopotamus,  engraved  on  two  plates,  all 
after  Rubens ;  "  A  couchant  Venus,"  after  Titian  ;  and 
•'  St.  Francis  kneeling  before  a  Crucifix,"  from  Michael 
Angelo,  both  of  folio  lize. 

Sneyders  was  flourifliing  at  this  period,  and  contributed 
to  the  advancement  of  engraving  by  a  book  of  animals, 
which  he  etched  with  a  degree  of  truth  and  animation  cor- 
refponding  with  what  we  beheld  with  fo  much  pleafure  in 
his  pitlures.  His  etchings  confilt,  we  believe,  of  fixteen 
plates,  which  are  not  all  of  the  fame  dimenllons.  For  the 
biography  of  this  extraordinary  artift,  fee  the  article 
Sneyders,  Francis. 

John  Vredifnan  Frifius  was  born  at  Leuwarde  in  the  year 
1527.  He  was  an  architeft  of  loine  talent,  as  well  as  an 
engraver  ;  and  is  the  defigner  of  the  arch  erefted  at  Ant- 
werp, in  honour  of  the  triumphal  entry  of  Charles  Vt  and 
Lis  fon.  The  principal  engravings  of  the  elder  Frifius  are 
•ontained  in  a  book  of  fepulchral  monuments,  which  are 
prefumptively  from  his  own  defigns.  The  work  was  pub- 
lifhed  at  Antwerp,  A.D.  1563.  His  ilyle  confifts  of  a 
coarle  and  heavy  mixture  of  etching,  with  the  work  of  the 
graver. 

Related  to  the  above  artift  were  John  EiUart  Frifius  and 
Simon  Frifius  :  the  former  is  the  author  of  fome  few  por- 
traits, among  which  are  thofe  of  Henry  IV.  of  France,  and 
Henry  of  NaiTau,  prince  of  Orange  ;  both  of  which  are 
folio  dimenfioDS. 

But  Simon  Frifius  was  an  artift  of  abilities  very  fuperior 
to  thofe  of  his  relatives.  He  was  born  at  Leuwarde  in 
Fxiefland,  A.D.  1580,  and  learned  the  rudiments  of  en- 
graving of  EiUart,  or  of  Vredifnan.  He  handled  the 
etching-needle  with  great  tafte  and  facility  ;  and  his  etchings 
are  now  become  rare,  and  are  much  fought  after.  Abram 
Boffe  fay.<!,  "  Simon  Frifius  handled  the  point  with  great 
ireedom,  and. his  hatchings  pofiefs  the  firmnefs  and  neatnefs 
of  engraving."  He  adds,  (what  we  do  not  Very  well  un- 
derftand,)  that  "  this  artift  made  ufe  of  a  foft  kind  of 
■varnilh,.  iuch  .as  is  ufed  by  refiners  in  the  feparation  of 
laetals." 

He  fometimes  fubfcribed  his  plates  with  "  F.  fecit;" 
ard  at  others,  with  his  initials  "  S.  F. ;"  and  his  beft  prints, 
are  a  fet  of  heads  of  the  fybils  and  faints,  in  4to.,  from  his 
own  defigns;  a  fet  of  portraits,  after  H.  Hondius,  in  fmall 
folio  ;  a  large  collection  of  folio  landfcapes,  after  Matthew 
Briil,  entitled ."  Topogiaphia  variorum  Regionumj"  two 


landfcapes,  from  Henry  Goltzius,  of  which  the  fubje£t  of 
one  (of  4to.  fize)  is  a  cottage  and  figures  on  the  fca-ftiore, 
the  other  is  an  architectural  landfcape  in  foho,  with  figures, 
in  the  introdudlion  and  execution  of  which  Frifius  was  par- 
ticularly excellent ;  another  iandfcape,  in  which  is  intro- 
duced the  ftory  of  Tobit  and  the  angel,  after  P.  Laftmann  ; 
another,  with  the  flight  into  Egypt ;  and  a  very  rare  Iand- 
fcape, delicately  engraven,  wherein  are  buildings  and  ruftic 
figures,  in  large  folio. 

James  Foiiguieres  and  Jodocus  de  Momper,  or  Mompert, 
were  both  born  at  Antwerp  in  the  year  15S0.  For  an  ac- 
count of  their  merits  as  landicape  painters,  fee  their  names 
refpeclively.  Both  occafionally  practilcd  wich  fuccefs  the 
art  of  ctchirg ;  working  from  their  own  compofitions. 
Fouguicres'  eicliings  are  not  numerous,  and  confilt  of  fmall 
landfcapes  :  Mompert's  are  fomewhat  l;u-ger,  and  one  in 
particular,  which  is  now  become  rare,  is  a  large  folio  land- 
Icape,  a  rocky  icene,  and  etched  in  a  very  bold  llyle,  quite 
in  the  extreme  of  boldncfs. 

Adrian  Stalbent  Was  alfo  of  Antwerp,  and  contemporary 
with  Fouguieres  and  Mompert.  He  refided  for  fome  years 
in  England,  from  whence  he  returned  rich  ;  though  it  may 
reafonably  be  fnfpedted  whether,  at  this  period,  his  riches 
could  have  been  obtained  in  this  country  by  painting  and 
etching  landfcapes.  He,  however,  continued  to  paint  and 
etch  in  the  city  of  Antwerp,  until  he  attained  to  upwards  of 
fourfcore  years  of  age. 

Of  his  etchings,  the  beft  with  which  we  arc  acquainted  is 
a  foho  landlcape  of  the  ruins  of  a  magnificent  Englilh  abbey, 
with  fiieep  on  the  fore-ground ;  it  is  infcribed  "  Adrianus 
van  Stalbent  fecit  in  aqua  forti." 

James  William  Delft  was  the  fon  of  William  James,  of 
whom  we  have  fpoken  in  our  account  of  the  Origin  and  PrO' 
gt-e/s  of  English  Engraving.  He  was  born  in  the  year 
1619,  at  Delft,  and  died  in  the  fame  city  in  1661.  He 
learned  the  elements  of  painting  and  engraving  of  his  father, 
vvhofe  ftyle  he  always  copied,  and  which,  with  the  fimilarity 
of  their  names,  has  occafioned  their  works  to  be  often  con- 
founded. He  engraved  a  fet  of  portraits  in  ovals,  of  folio 
fize,  of  which  the  following  are  the  moft  remarkable  : 
Charles  I.  of  England;  queen  Elizabeth;  Ferdinand  1\. 
emperor  of  Germany  ;  Frtdcrick,  palatine,  king  of  Bo- 
hemia ;  Frederick  Henry,  prince  of  Orange,  count  ot  Naftaii 
Katzenellenbogen  ;  Gultavus  Adolphus,  king  of  Sweden  ; 
James,  king  of  England;  Louis  XIII.  of  France;  Axel 
Oxenftiern,  a  Svvedilh  miniller ;  Philip  HI.  of  Spain; 
Philip  IV.  of  Spain  ;  Ambrofius  Spinola  ;  and  Vladiflas  IV. 
king  of  Poland. 

John  Savary,  or  Savery,  was  born  at  Courtray  in  the 
year  1580.  He  ftudied  engraving  under  Hans  Bol,  refided 
during  moft  part  of  his  life  at  Amfterdam,  and  was  related 
to  John  and  Roland  Savery,  who  were  both  painters,  and 
to  Solomon  Savery  the  engraver,  of  whom  we  ftiall  next 
proceed  to  fpeak. 

The  following  engravings  are  all  we  can  fpecify  by  the 
hand  of  this  artift,  who  was  alfo  a  Iandfcape  painter  :  a  fet 
of  fix  mountainous  landfcapes,  with  figures,  in  4to.,  after 
Nic.  de  Clerc  ;  a  ftag  hunt,  with  a  landlcape  back-ground, 
ill  folio  ;  the  ftory  of  Sanipfon  killing  the  lion,  introduced  in 
a  Iandfcape,  in  large  folio  ;  and  a  w  oody  fcene,  with  a  water- 
fall, in  folio. 

Solomon  Savery  is  believed  to  have  been  a  native  of  Am- 
fterdam :  the  time  of  his  birth  we  have  not  afcertained  ;  but 
as  his  engravings  were  produced  from  the  year  1620  to  1640, 
he  was  perhaps  tl?e  fon  and  pupil  of  John  Savery,  whom  we 
have  jnft  difmiifed.  He  is  fuppcfed  to  have  pafTed  fome 
years  of  his  life  in  England  ;  a  luppofition  which  appeai-s  to 
J  be 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


be  confirmed  by  the  circumftance  of  his  principal  works 
be  n^  portraits  of  the  public  charaiSers  of  this  country. 
But  be  this  as  it  may,  his  merits  were  very  coiifiderable. 
He  handled  his  graver  with  tafte,  and  a  degree  of  fltill  wh.ich 
had  not  then  been  exceeded ;  and  exprcfTed  the  texture- 
of  the  various  objefts,  which  he  reprefentcd,  v/i;h  nice 
difcrimination  ;  of  which  his  portrait  of  John  Speed  the  liif- 
torian,  among  feveral  others,  affords  a  pleafing  and  fatis- 
faftory  proof.  Kis  portraits  are  probably  his  bed  per- 
formances, though  his  hillorical  fubjedls  are  not  without  a 
confiderable  (hare  of  merit. 

Among  thefe  may  be  diftinguifhed  king  Charles  I., 
■wherein  Savevy  appears  to  have  engraved  the  face  from  a 
pifture  by  Vandyke,  and  to  have  added  the  high-crowned 
hat,  and  compofed  the  other  accompaniments ;  Thomas, 
lord  Fairfax,  and  Speed  the  chronicler,  of  which  we  have 
Ipokcn  above,  have  alfo  their  heads  covered  with  hats,  to 
which  circumftance  our  engraver  appears  to  have  been 
partial,  as  giving  effeiS:  to  the  faces  of  his  portraits,  and 
affording  fqope  for  the  exercife  of  his  manual  power  over  his 
graver. 

His  bell  hiftorical  works  are,  "  Chrift  expelling  the 
Money-changers,  Sec.  from  the  Temple,"  in  lar.je  folio, 
from  Rembrandt;  feventeen  plates  for  Ovid's  Metamor- 
phofes  ;  and  a  feries  of  fmall  plates  of  frieze  proportions,  of 
"  The  Entry  of  Mary  de  Medicis  into  Amfterdam." 

James  de  Bie,  or  de  Bve,  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the 
year  ijSi,  and  not  only  diftingui;1:ed  himfelf  as  en  engraver, 
but  alfo  as  a  draftfir.an  asd  an  antiquary.  He  lludicd  on- 
graving  in  the  fchool  of  the  Colberts,  and  fuccefsfuUy  imi- 
tated their  ttyle  ;  finiflting  his  plates  entirely  with  the  graver 
in  a  neat,  clear,  and  determined  manner. 

De  Bye  drev.-  correftly.  The  heads  of  his  figures  poffefs 
confiderable  accuracy  of  character  and  expreflion,  and  their 
hands  and  feet  are  well  marked  ;  bnt  from  his  lights  being 
fo  much  fcattered,  and  his  fhadows  fomewhat  feeble,  his 
chiarofcuro  is  by  no  means  powerful.  His  prints,  how- 
ever, may  rank  with  thofe  of  the  bell  early  Flemifh  mafters. 
He,  with  his  contemporary  Battilla  Barbe,  afTuled  the 
CoUaerts  in  engraving  "  The  Life  and  Paffion  of  Chrift," 
fiom  Martin  de  Vos.  The  work  confitts  of  fifty  plates,  of 
which  N  i8,  (■'  The  heahng  of  Peter's  Mother-in-Law,") 
and  N  30,  ("  The  Refurreclion  of  Lazarus,")  are  fine 
fpecimens  of  the  abilities  of  de  Bye,  efpecially  the  latter. 

He  alfo  engraved  the  medals  of  the  Roman  emperors, 
from  the  cabinet  of  the  duke  d'Arfchot,  which  were  ori- 
ginally publifhed  in  the  year  1617,  and  of  which  an  edition 
was  reprinted  at  Berlin  in  1705  ;  a  -medallic  hiftory  of  the 
kin^-s,  queens,  and  dauphins  of  France  ;  another  fet  of  the 
portraits  of  the  kings  of  France,  from  Clovis  to  Loui.-.  XHI., 
copiiiling  of  fixty-four  plates,  of  which  fifty-eight  are  por- 
trait's ;  the  genealogy  and  portraits  of  the  houfe  of  Croix, 
on  fixtv  folio  plates  ;  the  portrait  of  Francis  I.  of  France,  in 
folio,  afcer  M.  de  Vos  ;  and  a  fet  of  metaphyfical  perfonifi- 
cations  from  his  own  defigns,  publilhcd  at  Paris  in  164J, 
with  esplanationi;  by  J.  Baadouin. 

Mark  and  Nicholas  de  Bye  were  of  the  fame  family  with 
our  artift,  but  are  not  worthy  of  much  notice  asv  engravers. 
Mark  performed  fome  etchings,  after  P.  Potter  and  M. 
Gerard  ;  and  Nicholas  engraved  portraits,  among  the  beft 
of  which  is  Charles  IX.  king  of  France. 

Peter  Lallman  was  born  at  Haerleni  in  the  year  1581. 
He  was  an  hiftorical  uainter  of  merit,  and  is  reported  to 
Mave  been  one  of  the  inftrufiors  of  Rembrandt.  Laftman 
etched  fes'eral  plates  after  his  own  compofitions,  in  a  very 
good  talle,  which  are  at  prefent  very  rare  :  of  thefe  we  can 
only  fpecify  two,  the  fubjetts  of  which  are  "  Judah  and 


Tamar,"  introduced  into  a  landfcape,  in   fmall  folio ;  aiij 
a  female  veiled,  reclining  in  a  bower,  in  4.to. 

Nicholas  Laftman  was  the  fon  of  Peter,  and  born  at 
Haerlem  in  1619.  He  was  inftruflod  in  the  elements  of 
printing,  and  the  general  rudiments  of  art,  by  John  Pinas ; 
and  it  is  probable  he  learned  engraving  from  Saenredam. 
Among  other  things,  he  engraved  the  portrait  of  Carl  von 
Mander,"  after  Saenredam,  in  4to.  ;  "  Our  Saviour  in  the 
Garden  of  Olives,"  after  his  father,  in  large  folio ;  "  St. 
Peter  delivered  from  Prifon  by  the  Angel,"  after  J.  Pinas  ; 
and  its  companion,  "  The  Martyrdom  of  St.  Peter,"  both 
in  fmall  folio  ;  "  The  Good  Samaritan,"  from  a  pifture  by 
himfelf,  is  probably  his  chef-d'auvre.  The  ftory  is  intro- 
duced in  a  very  piflurefque  landfcape,  towards  the  right 
fide  of  which  appears  a  ftone-bridge  over  a  river,  along 
which  the  uncharitable  priell  and  Levite  are  walking. 
"  This  print  is  very  little  known,  though  it  deferves  great 
attention  from  the  tafte  and  beauty  of  the  execution."  So 
fays  Huber :  but  what  we  have  not  witneffed,  we  cannot 
confirm  ;  and  what  we  have  feen  from  the  graver  of  Laft- 
man, though  neat,  are  taftelefs  produftionf. 

For  the  biography  and  extraordinary  merits,  as  painters, 
of  the  two  Tenicrs,  fee  the  articles  Texiers,  David,  the 
elder,  and  the  younger.  They  each  produced  feveral 
etchings  from  their  own  compofitions,  which  go  to  fhew 
that  very  great  painters  may  pofiibly  m.ake  but  indifferent 
engravers.  By  this  is  not  meant  that  their  etchings  are  de- 
void of  fire  and  freedom  ;  but  that  they  fall  fhort  of  what 
might  naturally  be  expefted  from  the  high  reputation  which 
is  juftly  attached  to  the  name  of  Teniers,  and  particularly 
in  that  paftoral  elegance  of  touch  and  handling,  which  con- 
fers poetic  charms  on  their  painted  village  feilivities,  in 
fpite  of  the  caprices  of  faftiion,  and  the  royal  French  tafte 
of  Louis  XIV.,  who,  when  an  admirable  picture  of  the 
younger  Teniers  was  placed  before  him,  is  reported  to  have 
turned  round  and  fald  to  his  firtl  valet-de-chambre,  "  Qu'on 
m'ote  ces  magots !"  which  of  courfe  was  echoed  in  the  ap- 
plaufes  of  the  whole  French  court. 

The  etchings  of  the  Teniers  find,  however,  a  very  proper 
and  indeed  indilpenfable  place  in  the  port-folios  of  thofe 
connoifTeurs,  who  collect  the  productions  in  fine  art  of  the 
Netherlands.  As  both  the  father  and  fon  marked  their 
prints  with  the  fame  cypher,  which  will  be  found  in  Phte  III. 
of  the  monograms,  &c.  ufcd  by  the  engravers  of  the  Low 
Countries,  it  is  not  cafy  to  diltinguifti  them  ;  but  the  fol- 
lowing are  generally  afcribed  to  Teniers  the  elder ;  "  A 
Pilgrim,  with  his  Staff  and  Chaplet,"  in  i2mo. ;  "  A  Pea- 
fant  feated,  applying  a  Plafter  to  his  Hand  ;"  "  A  Peafant 
feated  at  Table,  with  a  Crutch  and  Glafs  ;"  another  pea- 
fant with  a  fnr  hat  on  ;  and  one  with  a  pipe;  "  An  old 
Woman,  with  a  Chaplet;  and  "  An  old  Man  and  Doj;  ;" 
"  A  Man  with  a  Staff;"  a  fet  of  four,  of  peafants,  half- 
length  ;  "A  German  Kitchen;"  another  fet  of  peafants, 
fmoking  and  playing  at  bowls,  all  ot  oclavo  fize  ;  and  a 
quarto  print,  called  "The  Bowl  Players." 

And  to  the  junior  Teniers  are  afcribed,  "  A  Peafant 
fmoking,"  he  is  feated  on  a  cheft,  and  in  company  wkh 
another ;  a  landfcape,  with  cottages  and  peafants  con- 
verfmg ;  another  landfcape,  with  four  peafants  converfing; 
"  Villagers  feated  round  a  I'irc,  infide  a  Cabin,"  witli  the 
effedl  of  moon-light,  all  in  8vo.  ;  two  prints  of  peafants 
travelling;  "  Peafants  (tooting  at  a  Mark  ;'  '^  The  Tempt- 
ation of  St.  Antony;"  "  A  Flemilh  Feftival ;"  "  A  Vil- 
lage Entertainment;"  three  heads,  apparently  portraits, 
namely,  an  old  man  with  an  hoiir-glafs,  an  old  man  playing 
on  a  flute,  and  a  ladv  holding  a  (lower,  fmall  upright  piates  ; 
"  The  Infide  of  a  Cottage,"  with  a  dead  calf  hanging  up, 
_;  P  2  and 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 


and  a  man  and  a  woman  (landing  by  tlic  fuk  of  it,  a  fmall 
plate  lengthways. 

John  Baptilta  Barb6  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the  year 
1585.  He  iludicd  engraving  in  the  fcliool  of  the  Wcirixcs, 
and  after  attaining  a  competent  maftery  of  the  graver,  and 
fucccfsfully  imitating  the  dry  and  elaborate  neatnefs  ofhisin- 
ftruftors,  he  travelled  to  Italy  for  improvement. 

No  artift  of  that  day,  with  genuine  profeffional  objefts  in 
view,  covjd  travel  to  Italy  altogether  in  vain.  Barbe  made 
confiderable  improvement  in  his  knowledge  and  tafte  of 
forms,  but  was  not  able  to  emancipate  himfelf  from  the 
fliackles  of  his  earlier  education. 

Accordingly  we  find  that  in  his  latter  engravings,  though 
his  fio-ures  are  drawn  with  tolerable  correftnefs,  and  his  ex- 
tremities well  marked,  his  chiarofcuro  is  flat  and  pov/erlcfs, 
and  his  manual  execution  painfully  neat,  dry,  and  infipid. 
He  worked  with  the  graver  only  ;  fometimes  defigning  and 
inventing  his  own  fubjefts ;  and  at  others,  working  after 
the  originals  of  other  mailers. 

Of  the  former  kind  are  "  The  Annunciation,"  infcribed 
"  Spiritus  Sanftus  ;"  "  The  Nativity,"  infcribed  '<  Pcperit 
Filium  ;"  "  The  Arrival  of  the  holy  Virgin  and  St.  Jofepli 
at  Bethlehem  ;"  "  The  holy  Virgin  and  Child,"  furrounded 
by  a  garland  of  flowers,  and  infcribed  "  Beatus  Venter/' 
&c.  ;  "  Jefus  Chrift  on  the  Mount  of  Olivesf"  "Our 
Saviour  with  the  Difciplcs  at  Emmaus ;"  "  The  Cruci- 
fixion," infcribed  "  Protie  Fili  mi,"  &c. ;  "  St.  Ignatius 
kneeling  before  an  Altar  ;"  and  a  fet  of  four  emblematical 
fubjeds,  entitled  "  The  Chnftian  Virtues,"  all  of  fmall 
dimenfions. 

After  various  other  Majlers. — Barbe  engraved  "  The  Holy 
Virgin  fitting  at  the  Foot  of  an  ancient  Monument,  with 
the  Infant  Chrid  and  Jofeph,"  in  fmall  folio,  after  J.  B. 
Paggi,  (one  of  his  bell  prints)  ;  another  "  Holy  Family," 
in  4to.  after  Rubens,  alfo  in  the  improved  ftyle  of  our  en- 
graver, and  certainly  a  meVitorious  work  ;  the  proof  im- 
preffions  of  which  (taken  before  the  name  of  Rubens  was 
infcribed  on  the  plate),  are  rare,  and  bear  a  high  price.  A 
fet  of  twenty-four  in  i2mo.  of  the  Life  and  Miracles  of 
Father  Gabr.el  Maria,  founder  of  the  Anncnciades,  after 
Ab.  van  Diepenbeck  ;  and  "  The  Holy  Virgin  feated  on  a 
throne  with  the  Infant  Chrift,"  after  Francifco  Frauk,  in 
fmall  folio,  and  efteemed  one  of  the  mafterpieces  of  our 
artift. 

William  van  NieulaHt  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the  year 
1585.  He  became  the  difciple  of  Roland  Savery,  but 
after  quitting  his  mailer  he  went  to  Rome,  and  refided 
three  years  m  that  city  with  his  countryman  Paul  Bril. 
He  afterwards  returned  to  the  Low  Countries,  and  took  up 
his  refidence  a"  Amllerdam,  where  his  pitlures  were  held  in 
high  eftimation,  and  where  he  died  in  the  year  1635. 

Nieulant  etched  fevcral  plates  of  landicapes,  both  from 
his  own  defigns  and  thofe  of  Paul  Bril.  They  are  executed 
in  a  flight  free  ftyle,  and  often  worked  upon  afterward  with 
the  graver,  to  harmonife  the  lights,  and  ftrengthen  the 
malTes  of  ftiadow. 

Among  the  etchings  of  this  artift,  the  following  are  held 
m  raoft  eftecm,  -vn.  a  fet  of  fixty,  of  views  in  Italy,  orna- 
ir.ented  with  figures.  Tv.-o  landfcapes  with  ruins,  into  one 
of  which  is  introduced  the  ftory  of  the  good  Samaritan, 
and  in  the  other  Tobit  and  the  angel,  both  in  folio, 
from  P.  Bril.  Two  marine  fubjefts,  one  with  ftiepherds  on 
the  fea-fhore,  and  the  other  with  veffels,  and  a  fortrefs  on  a 
rock,  from  the  fame  painter;  "  The  Ruins  of  the  Temple 
of  Juno,  in  the  Capitol ;"  "  The  Ruins  of  the  Temple  of 
Venus  ;"  "  A  View  of  the  Triumphal  Arch  of  Septimus 
SeveruSj"  all  in  folio ;  and  the   three  bridges   acrofs  the 


Tiber,  with  views  of  the  city  of  Rome,  engraved  on  three 

large  plates,  from  hij  own  drawings. 

William  fhould  not  be  confounded  with  Adrian  van  Nieu- 
lant,  a  latidfcape  painter  of  fome  eminence,  who  was  likewife 
a  native  of  Antwerp,  and  who  died  at  Amftcrdam  in  the 
year   1601. 

Peter  HolRein  was  born  at  Haerlem  in  the  year  1582,  and 
refided  in  Holland  at  the  commencement  of  the  fcventeenth 
century.  He  occafionally  praclitcd  the  art  of  painting  on 
glafs  ;  but  was  chiefly  an  engraver  of  portraits,  among  the 
chief  of  which  are  a  fet  of  twenty-fix  of  the  plenipotentiary 
minifters  of  Munfter  ;  John  Saenredam,  and  Jacob  vander 
Burchius,  both  in  ovals  ;  Fabius  Chifi,  a  negotiator  for 
peace  from  Weftphalia,  afterwards  pope  Alexander  VII.  ; 
John  Erneft  Pictoris,  a  counfcUor  of  the  eleflor  of  Saxony  ; 
all  of  4to.  fize  ;  John  Hiiydecooper,  burgomafter  of  the 
city  of  Amfterdam;  .lohn  Reyner,  hiftoriogrKphcr  for  Mun- 
fter ;  Conftantius  Sohier ;  and  Albert  Vinkcnbrink,  a 
fculptor  of  Amfterdam  ;  all  in  folio. 

Cornelius  Holftein  was  likewife  born  at  Hafrlem  in  the 
year  1620,  and  was  the  fon  of  the  preceding  arlill,  ot  whona 
he  learned  the  elements  of  art.  He  painted  hillory  with  a 
moderate  degree  of  fuccefs.  He  likewife  eiicraved  fome 
fubjetts  from  his  own  defigns,  and  fcveral  of  the  plates  for 
the  cabinet  of  Gerard  Reynft,  a  magittrate  and  connoifTcur 
of  Ainllerdam.  Yet  of  his  engravings  we  are  able  to  nam^- 
only  the  following :  a  bacchanalian  fubjeft,  of  children  at 
play,  forming  a  long  frieze,  engraved  on  fix  plates,  a  very 
rare  print  ;  and  a  female  feated,  ornamented  with  jewels, 
fuppofed  to  be  the  portrait  of  Ifabella,  marchionefs  of 
Mantua,  from  a  pifture  by  Correggio,  or  Julio  Romano  ; 
engraved  on  a  large  folio  plate  for  the  cabinet  of  Reynfl. 

Peter  van  der  Borcht  was  born  at  Bruffels  in  the  year 
1540.  The  period  of  his  life  has  not  been  recorded,  but 
he  appears  to  have  refided  in  his  native  city,  except,  perhaps, 
occafionally  in  that  of  Antwerp,  til!  fome  years  after  the 
commencement  of  the  fucceeding  century. 

He  acquired  fome  reputation  in  landfcapc  painting,  but 
applied  himfelf  to  etching  with  ftill  greater  affiduity,  and 
produced  a  confiderable  number  of  prints,  moft  of  which 
may  be  properly  termed  hiftorical  landfcapes.  They  art- 
etched  with  little  care,  in  a  rough  and  licentious  kind  of 
ftyle,  and  the  figures  which  are  introduced  are  by  no  means 
corredtly  drawn. 

Though  the  works  of  this  artift  manifeft  great  fertihty  of 
invention,  they  evince  no  very  profound  knowledge  of  com- 
pofition,  nor  perception  of  the  fufceptibilities  of  the  en- 
graver's art,  and,  therefore,  but  httlc  judgment.  He 
ufually  marked  his  prints  with  his  initials,  or  a  monogram, 
which^will  be  found  in  our  third  plate  of  thofe  ufed  by 
the  engravers  of  the  Low  Countries. 

Of  the  numerous  works  of  this  artiil,  it  may  fuffice 
to  mention  the  following : — The  Hillory  of  Elias  and 
Elijah,  in  ovals  of  4to.  fize.  A  fet  of  landfcapes,  with 
fubjefts  from  the  New  and  Old  Teftanicnts,  in  410. 
Rural  feftivals,  in  folio  ;  a  company  of  archers  re^ 
galing ;  a  peafant's  wedding,  both  in  folio.  A  land- 
scape with  the  hiftory  of  Hagar  and  Ifhmael,  in  large 
folio  ;  a  folio  print,  entitled  "  Emblemata  facra  e  prseci- 
puis  utriufque  Teflamenti  hiftoriis  concinnata  ;"  and  a  fet 
of  one  hundred  and  forty  plates,  from  Ovid's  meta- 
morphofes,  in  4to.  ;  printed  and  publifhed  at  Antwerp  by 
Theodore  Galle. 

Henry  van  der  Borcht,  the  elder,  was  born  at   Bruffels, 

A.D.  1583,  and  died  at  Frankfort  in  1 660,  where  his  family 

were  obliged  to  feek  an  afylum  from  the  political  troubles 

which  agitated  their  native  country.     His  {atbcr,  on  dilcover- 

I  ing 


LOW    COUNTRIES,    ENGRAVERS    OF    THE. 


ing  his  taftc  for  the  arts,  placed;him  under  Giles  Valkenbourg, 
from  w!iom  he  learned  the  rudiments  of  art,  and  whom  he 
afterward  accompanied  to  Italy. 

Italy  was  at  that  period  at  once  the  grave  and  conferva- 
tory  of  ancient  art ;  and  fculptural  wonders  were  every  day 
dug  from  the  ruins  of  the  claflical  ages.  The  knowledge 
and  opportunities  of  vander  Borcht  during  his  refidence  in 
that  country,  enabled  him  to  form  a  collection,  which  the 
Enghfh  earl  of  Arundel  had  afterward  the  honour  of  pur- 
chaiing. 

From  Italy  our  artift  returned  to  Frankenthal,  where  he 
refided  fome  time,  and  afterwards  migrated  to  England,  but 
finally  returned  to  the  Netherlands.  His  portrait  was  en- 
graven by  Hollar,  from  a  piAure  by  his  fon,  who,  being  of 
the  fame  name  as  his  father,  is  often  confounded  with  him  ; 
but  the  engravings  which  are  moft  generally  afcribed  to  the 
former,  are  "  The  Holy  Virgin  and  Child,''  after  Parme- 
giano,  engraved  at  London  in  1637,  in  fmall  folio.  "A 
Dead  Chrill,  before  the  Entrance  of  the  Sepulchre,"  1114^0. 
after  a  copy  b)'  Parmegiano  trom  Rafphael's  original,  in  the 
Arundelian  coUeftion.  And  a  fet  of  twenty-two  in  fmall 
folio,  of  which  the  fubjects  difplay  the  entrance  of  the 
eleftor  palatine  Frederic,  with  Ehzabeth,  the  princefs  royal 
of  England,  into  Frankenthal.  It  was  accompanied  with 
defcriptions  by  Miroul,  and  was  pubUlhed  in  the  year 
1613. 

Henry  vander  Borcht,  the  younger,  was  born  at  Franken- 
thal in  the  year  1620,  and  was  the  fon  of  the  preceding 
artift.  At  an  early  period  of  life  he  appears  to  have  dif- 
covered  talents  both  as  an  artift  and  an  antiquary.  The 
earl  of  Arundel,  when  on  his  travels,  found  Henry  at 
Frankfort,  and  fent  him  into  Italy  to  Mr.  Petty,  who  was 
then  coUefting  art  and  antiquities  for  his  lordfhip,  and  hence 
he  was  retained  in  the  fervice  of  that  nobleman  as  long  as 
he  lived. 

After  the  death  of  his  patron,  Van  der  Borcht  was  em- 
ployed by  the  prince  of  Wales,  (afterwards  Charles  II.) 
and  lived  in  efteem  at  London,  but  afterwards  returned  to 
Antwerp,  where  he  died  at  an  advanced  age.  The  portrait 
of  Vander  Borcht,  the  younger,  was  engraved  by  Hollar, 
after  J.  Meyfens,  and  his  monogram  will  be  found  among 
thofe  of  our  engravers  of  the  Low  Countries. 

The  following  engravings,  which  are  chiefly  from  the 
ArundeUan  colledion,  are  attributed  to  him.  "  Abraham 
entertaining  the  three  Angels,"  after  Louis  Caracci ;  "  The 
Infant  Chrift  embracing  St.  John,"  copied  from  a  print  by 
Guide  ;  "  A  female  Figure  offering  a  Cup  to  another  who  is 
kneeling,''  after  Correggio  ;  and  "  Apollo  and  Cupid,"  in 
an  oval ;  all  of  410.  fize.  This  artift  ufed  a  monogram,  for 
which  fee  our  Plate  III.  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of 
the  Low  Countries. 

Count  Henry  Goudt,  of  whom  we  fhall  next  treat,  is 
among  the  rare  inftances  that  art  may  boaft,  and  that  For- 
tune in  her  caprice  has  allowed  us  to  exhibit,  the  tenour  of 
whofe  life  and  purfuits  is  in  diredt  hoftihty  to  an  un- 
generous and  immoral  maxim,  which,  promulgated  by  the 
proad  and  unfeeling  among  lax  philofophers,  has  obtained 
but  too  much  credit  and  currency  throughout  Europe. 

The  maxim  to  which  we  here  allude,  is,  that  the  goad- 
ings  of  fhe  iron  (which  fophiftry  has  mifnamed  the  golden) 
fpur  of  neceflity  is  indifpenfable  to  the  due  progrefs  of 
genius.  Count  Goudt  was  born  in  affluent  circumftances, 
and  of  a  noble  family,  and  yet  became  a  great  artift,  as 
well  as  an  exemplary  man. 

Among  that  clafs  of  fociety,  toward  which  meritorious 
profeffors  of  the  fine  arts  are  allowed  to  look  for  patronage 
and  encouragement,    are  fome— always  more  confiderable 


from  their  rank  and  infectious  example,  than  from  then- 
numbers— that  would  juftify  the  perverfion  of  riches  and 
of  rcafoning,  by  perverting  Nature  alfo,  and  who,  miftak- 
ing  what  might  pofiibly  be  applicable  to  the  exertions  of 
•mere  manual  iiiduftry,  for  the  fprings  of  mental  cxpanfion, 
imagine,  and  inculcate  with  all  the  luxurious  languor  of  in- 
finite complacency,  that  the  plants  of  genius  thrive  beft  in 
a  rugged  foil ;  that  the  chilling  damps  of  poverty  fupply 
the  ardours  of  talent  ;  that  ftarvation  is  the  very  pabulum 
of  ability  ;  and  that  mind  foars  the  higher  for  being  chained 
to  the  earth.  Before  thefe  intellectual  arithmeticians  of 
exquifite  feeling  and  refined  liberality,  proceed  to  calculate 
by  what  inverle  ratio  of  difcouragement  the  apotheofis  of 
genius  may  be  confummated  in  the  cxtinftion  of  its  final 
fpark,  it  might  be  well  for  them  to  attend  to  the  leading 
traits  which  mark  the  life  of  this  diftinguilhed  enoraver. 

Henry  de  Goudt,  knight  of  the  palatinate,  and  ufually 
called  (but  whether  by  courtcfy  or  by  right  we  are  igno- 
rant) count  Goudt,  was  born  of  a  noble  family  at  Utrecht, 
in  the  year  1 5  85. 

Among  the  few  profeflions  which,  from  the  ftate  of  Euro- 
pean manners  and  philofophy,  are  allotted  to  gentlemen  of  a 
certain  rank,  young  Goudt  obferved,  that  in  the  army  officers 
were,  by  the  very  nature  of  the  tenure  by  which  they  held 
their  commiffions,  obliged  to  refign  the  nobleft  charafteriftic 
of  their  nature  as  men, — namely,  the  privilege  of  judging 
for  themfelves ;  and  refign  it  too,  in  cafes  touching  the  lives 
and  liberties  of  others,  which  of  all  poffible  cafes  are  the 
moft  interefting  and  important  to  minds  of  feeling.  Young, 
and  aftive-mindod,  but  tender-minded,  as  he  was,  he  could 
not  but  perceive,  that  foldiers  became  at  once,  from  the  effen- 
tial  natiue  of  military  fervice,  that  degraded  rank  of  beings, 
which  philofophic  patriotifm  itfelf  reluctantly  glances  at,  and 
almoft  fears  to  caD  the  flavifh  inftruments  of  the  deftruftion 
of  their  fellow  men.  A  ftate  of  fociety,  and  a  principle 
of  mental  and  corporeal  occupation,  which  converts  the  hor. 
ror  of  philanthropy  into  the  bafis  sf  merit ;  which  requires 
that  men,  for  the  fake  of  being  termed  mihtary  officers, 
and  the  falfe  glory  that  accrues  from  it,  fhould  abdicate 
their  own  natural  rights  and  powers  of  reafoning  on  the 
juftice  of  the  caufes  of  national  quarrel  in  favour  of  heredi- 
tary rulers,  however  feeble-mmded,  or  ignorant,  or  ill  advifed, 
was  not,  could  not  be,  the  voluntary  choice  of  a  mind  at- 
tuned to  the  harmonies  of  art  and  nature. 
-  In  the  church,  our  uncontaminated  youth  faw,  that  though 
religion  was  not  denied  to  be  an  affair  between  individual 
man  and  his  Creator,  yet  that  no  public  teacher  might  think 
and  acl  for  himfelf,  unlefs  he  voluntarily  embraced  the  tram- 
mels  of  epifcopacy,  without  incurring  the  reproach  and  the 
penalties  of  heterodoxy. 

The  law  was  repulfive,  ifiafmuch  as  principle  was  rather 
overwhelmed  and  endangered,  than  recognized  and  refreftied, 
and  fuftained,  in  acts  of  memory  and  the  fophifms  of  rhe- 
toric. 

Of  the  ftudy  and  pradlice  of  medicine,  Goudt  might  with 
juftice  think  much  more  favourably  :  yet,  to  produce  good, 
was  better  than  to  remedy  evil.  But  in  preferring  and  fol- 
lowing the  proper  objefts  of  imitative  art,  to  which  it  may 
have  been,  that  the  natural  bent  of  his  genius  ftill  more  inclined 
him  than  this  procefs  of  ratiocination,  he  anticipated  the  lofty, 
and  independent,  and  virtuous,  fatisfaftion  of  contributing 
the  utmoft  of  his  pleafuiable  exertions,  free  from  the  re- 
ftraints  of  human  tyranny,  to  the  pleafure  and  improvement 
of  his  countrymen  :  and  as  he  could  do  this  with  dignity 
and  d-light,  he  hefitated  not  long  in  refolving  to  become  an 
artift  ;  and  with  this  view,  and  ample  means  of  accomplifh- 
ing  his  object,  he  fet  forth  on  his  travels  to  Italy,  at  that 
1  i  time 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF   THE. 


time  the  great  iiicropoUtan  temple,  the  fanftified  centre  of 
pilgrimage,  where,  from  all  parts  of  the  civilized  world,  met 
the  devotees  ot  art. 

The  wonders  of  Rome,  the  miracles  of  art  which  he  there 
beheld,  called  forth  all  his  eiithiiiiaf'.Ti ;  but  taught  him  to 
hope  humbly.  He  applied  himfelf  with  afilduity  to  the 
praclical  iludy  ot  art ;  and  drew  diligently  m  the  Roman 
fchools  :  but  under  what  matter  he  learned  the  rudiments 
of  engraving  is  not  known.  Nor  is  it  furpriling  that  the 
progrefs  of  his  improvements  was  rapid  ;  for  this  will  ever 
be  liie  cafe  ivherf  the  mind  of  a  ihident  is  operated  upon 
by  pleafurable  ilmiuli  alone,  and  is  free  from  the  rellraints 
and  pecuniary  obftrudlioiis  by  which  the  advancement  of  a 
large  majority  ot  artiils  is  fadly  retarded. 

In  this  great  metropolis,  furrounded  and  pervaded  as  it  is 
"by  an  highly  falubrious  atmofphere  of  art,  every  mind  de- 
voted to  fuch  purfuits,  freelv  infpires  and  imbibes  what  is 
congenial  to  its  nature.  Adam  EKliiemer  of  Franckfort, 
of  whom  we  have  treated  in  vol.  xiii.,  had  been  ftudying 
there  for  fome  years  whi-n  our  young  artilt  arrived,  and  the 
admiration  with  which  he  beheld  the  works  of  that  great 
painter,  gradually  brought  them  acquainted. 

Another  circumftance  contributed  much  to  increafe  their 
intimacy.  The  misfortunes  of  EKhiemer  had  been  pitied, 
but  not-rehcvod.  Goudt  had  the  happinefs  of  releafing  him 
from  prifou,  and  of  becoming  at  once  the  firm  friend,  pupil, 
and  generous  henefaftar  of  the  man  in  the  world,  to  whom, 
of  r.ll  others,  he  looked  up  with  the  mofl  heartfelt  reve- 
rence. 

From  this  period  he  ftudied  ur;der  the  direftion  of  El- 
{hiemer,  and  appears  to  have  exclulively  devoted  himfelf  to 
the  taflc  of  engraving  after  his  piftures.  We  know  not  of 
a  (ingle  work  of  Goudt's  that  is  engraved  after  any  othe* 
mafter. 

From  this  period,  too,  his  peculiar  talent  for  engraving 
began  to  develope  itfelf.  By  comparing  nature  with  the 
exquifite  produftions  of  his  mafter,  he  formed  an  original 
ftyle  of  engraving,  in  moll. (though  we  thirik  not  in  all)  re- 
fpefts  perredlly  homogeneous  with  that  of  Elfhieiner's  paint- 
ing, and  v.'hich  difcovers  deep  and  clear  infight  into  the 
recondite  energies  of  the  engraver's  art.  No  man  before 
Goudt  had  produced  thofe  bright,  fudden,  and  power- 
ful eflefts  of  chiaro-fcuro,  which  we  behold  with  fo  much 
gratification  in  his  fire,  moon,  and  torch,  lights,  from  wh'ch 
the  engravers  of  the  prefent,  and  of  after  ages,  may  flndy 
with  advantage.  No  man,  like  EKhiemer,  had  dipped  his 
pencil  in  the  depth  of  night,  and  in  the  dawn  of  morning. 
And  no  man  before  Goudt,  and  fcarcely  any  fince,  lias  been 
able  to  fuggeft,  in  his  engravings,  the  lliades  between  du- 
bious and  pclitive  colour  wliich  tlien  prevail. 

His  "  Aurora"  is,  in  this  refpeft,  a  perfect  mailer-piece. 
The  fcene  is  a  bird's-eye  view,  or  rather  a  view  from  an 
eminence,  over  a  hilly  and  extenfive  country  :  bi.l  the  frcfh- 
nefs  of  a  fummer's  morning,  at  the  early  hour  of  day-break, 
is  rendered  with  poetic  feHcity.  It  is,  in  the  words  of  Gray, 
an 

• "  incenfe-brcathing  morn." 

^nd  the  charmed  fpeftator  fees  the  miftn  exhaling,  and 
liilens  wiri  a  poet'^  ear  to  the  hymn  of  inanimate  nature. 

All  had  hitherto  been  enjoyment  with  connt  Goudt. 
As  Virtue  beckoned  him  forward,  Pleafure  attended  his 
fteps,  and  ftrewed  his  path  with  flov\-ers.  But  earth  is  not 
■heaven,  and  fublunary  happinefs  is  rarely  of  long  conti- 
Auanee.  It  was  the  ill  fortune  of  our  artilt  to  Hve  during 
the  Aurora  of  rational  philofophy,  when  fir  Francis  Bacon 
hid  npt  fhonc  forlhj  and  my  fiery  and  credulity  were  not  dif- 


fipated.  He  remained  at  Rome  as  long  as  EKliiemer  lived  ; 
but  on  his  return  to  Utrecht,  a  fuperllitious  female,  by 
whom  he  was  beloved,  the  Medea  of  the  town,  believing  in 
the  occult  virtues  of  herbs  and  minerals,  when  combined 
with  judicial  allrology,  to  controul  or  infiame  the  paflions, 
adminiflered,  at  an  entertainment,  what  was  termed  a  love 
potion,  which  (he  fatally  believed  would  have  the  efTeft  of 
fixing  his  affeftions  on  hrrfclf ;  and  thus  literally  poifoned 
his  cup  of  delight.  He  was  from  this  time  afiiidted  with  a 
fpecies  of  delirium,  or  idiutilm,  of  the  mod  melancholy 
charafter,  under  which  he  Ijnguiflied  for  foir.e  confiderable 
time,  and  at  length  died  ia  his  native  city,  at  the  age  of 
forty-five. 

It  has  bce'i  remarked  as  extraordinary,  but  is  probably 
only  an  ordinary  denotation,  and  refult  of  the  mafter-paflion, 
that  though  the  mind  of  Goudt  was  loft  to  every  other  in- 
tereft  ;  yet,  whcn^iine  art  became  the  fubjecl  of  convcrfa- 
tiori,  he  would  difcourie  upon  it  in  a  very  rational  manner. 

By  thofe  who  do  not  narrowly  examine  his  prints,  it  vrill 
fcarcely  be  credited  that  the  graver  was  the  fole  inftrument 
of  his  art,  fo  remarkably  loofe  and  free  is  his  delineation 
of  the  forms  of  uncultivated  oLjefts.  A  ftriking  inftance 
of  this,  may  be  fecn  in  the  vine-leaves,  and  other  foliage,  near 
the  door  of  the  cottage  where  Ceres  is  drinking  from  a 
pitcher.  His  effefts  are  always  powerful,  and  his  (liadows 
produced  by  neat  and  numerous  crofs-hatchings  ;  fo  that  in 
very  dark  receflfes  he  fometimes  has  not  fewer  than  five 
courf.-s  of  lines.  In  commenting  on  the  above  print,  Strutt 
obferves,  tliat,  "  confidering  tue  precifion  v.-ith  which  he 
executed  his  engravings,  the  freedom  of  handling  the  graver, 
which  may  be  difcovercd  in  them,  is  very  afloniftiing.  The 
weeds,  and  other  parts  of  the  fore-ground  in  that  admirable 
print  of  Ceres,  are  very  finely  exprefTed.  The  heads  of  the 
figures  are  correftly  drawn,  and  the  other  extremities  are 
managed  in  a  judicious  manner.  The  powerful  and  flriking 
effedl  of  this  engraving  cannot  be  properly  dcfcribed.  The 
very  deep  (hadows  are  perhaps  rather  too  fudden  upon  the 
ftrong  hghts  in  fome  few  inftances  ;  but  in  the  fine  impref- 
fions  this  is  by  no  means  fo  confpicuous  as  in  thofe  after  the 
plate  had  been  re-touched." 

His  engravings,  from  the  elaborate  neatnefs  and  care  be- 
ftowed  on  tliem,  could  have  been  but  (lowly  produced  ; 
when  we  refleS,  too,  that  his  object  was  to  excel  other 
men  in  the  merit,  not  the  number  of  his  pnnts ;  that  he 
followed  this  art  only  for  the  pleafure  it  aflbrded,  aad  did 
not  engrave  when  his  mind  was  not  attuned  to  the  purfuit, 
it  will  not  appear  furprifing  that  the  v.umber  of  his  perform- 
ances fliculd  be  fo  fraall. 

The  following  feven  are  generally  enumerated  as  being 
the  whole  of  his  works  ;  they  are  all  after  the  p.iintings  of 
his  friend  Elthiemer ;  but  the  coUeflion  of  Mariette  con- 
tained nine,  which,  at  a  public  auftion  at  Pans,  were  fold 
for  two  hundred  and  feventy  livres. 

I .  The  Ceres  mentioned  above,  in  fmall  upright  folio,  which 
is  by  fome  diftingiiifhed  by  the  title  of  "  The  Sorcery  ;" 
2.  The  Flight  into  Egypt,  in  folio;  and  a  laiidfcape  (uith 
fmall  figiires )  in  which  the  efFefts  of  fire-light  and  moon-light 
are  contrailed  v/ith  great  flciil :  the  liars  alfo  fiiine  forth,  and 
the  mahiSM  is  faintly  difcernible.  3.  Another  landfcape,  in 
fmall  folio,  in  v;hich  the  angel  and  Tobit  are  introduced. 
The  weeds  on  the  fore-ground  of  this  engraving,  and  the 
br-'.nches  of  the  trees  in  front,  as  well  as  the  foliage  and 
weeds  hanging  from  them,  are  beautifully  expreiTed.  On 
this  print  an  obfervaticn  has  been  made  which  is  applicai^le 
alfo  to  feveral  palTages  in  the  other  engravings  of  Goudt ; 
na.nely,  that  he  tails  w  the  diilam  woods,  which  grada:e  one 

from 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 


from  another,   and  require  that  freedom  of  determination 
which  etching  alone  can  give. 

Of  the  fubjecl  of  "  Tobit  and  the  Angel,"  there  arc  two 
prints  by  this  inafter.  In  the  firft,  Tobit  is  dragging  the 
fifh  along  ;  in  the  fecond,  which  is  of  410.  fize,  he  holds  the 
fifh  under  his  arm,  whilft,  with  Rapliael,  he  is  crofTing  a 
ftreamof  water  by  means  of  ftepping-llones.  J.  Baucis  and 
Philemon  entertaining  Jupiter  and  Mercury,  in  4to.  dated 
1612. 

6.  The  Aurora,  upon  which  we  have  commented  above, 
and  7.  A  ver^'  fmall  oval  print  of  "  The  DctoUation  of  St. 
John  the  Baptift,"  arc  all  theengravirgs,  by'this  mafter,  with 
which  we  are  acquainted,  and  the  lail,  which  is  of  the  leaft 
intrinfic  value,  is  by  far  the  fcarceft.  Perliaps  the  additional" 
two  that  were  in  the  collection  of  Marielte  were  nothing 
more  than  juvenile  attempts  of  our  artitt. 

Of  Robert  Vander  Vocrft,  the  meritoriuos  rival  of  Vor- 
fterman,  we  have  already  treated  at  fome  length.  (See 
English  Engnrjltig,  Origin  and  Progreji  of.)  He  was 
a  native  of  Arnheini,  and  born  in  the  year  1596. 

Michael  Natalis  wa?  born  at  Licgem  the  year  1589.  He 
was  iaftruded  in  drawing  by  Joachim  Sandrarl,  but  learned 
the  rudiments  of  engraving  at  Antwerp  of  Charles  Mallery. 
From  Antwerp  he  travelled  to  Rome,  where  he  joined  Cor- 
nelius Bloemart,  Theodore  Matham,  and  Regnier  Perfyn, 
(all  artiiU  from  the  Low  Countries),  and  affilled  them  in 
completing  the  ftatues  and  bulls  of  the  Juftinian  gallery, 
conlilliiig  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  prints.  Stimulated  by 
emulation,  and  affiiled  i:i  his  iludies  by  Bloemart,  Natalis 
now  made  conquerable  progrefs  in  his  art.  He  engraved 
many  other  plates  from  the  pictures  of  the  great  matters  of 
Italy  ;  and  after  his  return  to  Flanders,  was  invited  to  Paris, 
where  he  refided  a  confiderable  time.  Natalis  engraved 
fomewliat  in  the  ilyle  of  Bloemart  :  his  prints  have  merit  ; 
yet  the  fquare-grained  mode  of  execution,  to  which  he  was 
partial,  does  not  happily  exprefs  fleth  or  drapery,  but  is 
rather  adapted  to  the  reprefentation  of  itone. 

When  he  quitted  this  open  fquare  manner,  which  was 
very  feldom,  his  prints  were  mellow  and  foft  ;  but  the  heads 
of  his  figures  want  character,  and  the  other  extremities  are 
but  indiiFerently  drawn.  He  frequently  combined  his  ini- 
tials in  a  monogram,  for  which,  fee  Plate  III.  of  thofe  ufed 
.by  the  engravers  of  the  Netherlands.  His  portraits  are  the 
mod  efteemt- d  productions  of  his  graver,  from  which  we  (hall 
felecl  the  following  as  being  moil  worthy  of  the  reader's 
attention. 

Porlra'tti. — Jofephus  Juftinianus  Benedifti  Filius  ;  Jacob 
Catz,  a  Dutch  poet ;  Eugenius  d'Alamond,  bifhop  of  Ghent, 
in  large  folio  ;  Maximilian  Emanuel,  eleftor  of  Bavaria, 
after  his  firft  mafter  ;  Joach.  Sandrarl ;  and  Frederic,  count 
of  Merode,  both  in  large  folio  ;  Gabriel  Maria,  theologift, 
from  Abr.  van  Diepenbeck  ;  Erneftine,  princefs  of  Ligne, 
and  countefs  of  NalTau,  from  Ant.  V^andyke  ;  and  the  mar- 
quis del  Guaft  as  Mars,  with  his  mittrefs,  in  the  character  of 
Venus,  after  Titian,  all  in  folio. 

Hijlorlcal,  after  various  Majlers. — "  The  Holy  Family," 
from  Raphael,  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Virgin  and  Child, 
with  Jofeph  feated  behind,  leaning  his  Head  on  his  Hand," 
after  Andrea  del  Sarto,  in  folio  ;  "  The  Holy  Family," 
a  grand  compofition,  from  Pouffin,  in  large  folio  :  the  firft 
imprenions  are  before  the  nudity  of  the  infant  was  covered 
with  linen.  "  The  Extacy  of  St.  Paul,"  from  a  pifture  by 
the  fame  painter,  belonging  to  the  cabinet  of  the  kings  of 
France  ;  "  The  Holy  Family,  with  Angels  fcattering 
Flowers  over  the  Head  of  the  Infant  Chriit,"  from  Seb. 
Bourdon  ;  "  The  Marriage  of  St.  Catherine,"  from  the 
fame  painter,  all  in  large  folio  ;  "  St.  Bruno  at  his  Devo- 


tion,"  after  Bertholet  Flemel ;  «'  The  AlTembly  of  illuf- 
trious  Ecclefiaftics,"  a  large  print,  lerigthways,  engraved  on 
four  plates,  from  the  fame  painter  ;    "  Mary  \Va(hinp-  the 


in  folio  ;  and  an  allegorical  Thefis,  dedicated  to  the  emperor 
Ferdinand  III.,  on  two  large  plates,  all  from  the  fame 
mailer. 

.John  Valdor  was  born  at  Liege  in  the  year  1590,  and 
refided  during  the  greater  part  of  his  life  at  Paris.  He 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  a  man  of  any  genius,  or  of 
much  talent  :  he  wanted  that  animation  which  is  neceflary  to 
form  a  great  artift  ;  inftead  of  which,  in  him  was  fubftituted  a 
painful  laborious  attention  to  the  neatnefs  and  prec-ifion  of 
the  mechanical  part  of  his  plates,  and  in  this  refpedt  he  has 
fucceeded,  fo  as  in  fom.e  inftances  to  excite  our  furprife. 
In  France  he  engraved  part  of  the  plates  for  a  book,  en- 
titled "  The  Triumphs  of  Louis  the  Juil,"  a  work  which 
confills  of  forty-nine  engravings,  and  which  was  printed  at 
Paris  A.  D.  1637,  in  one  folio  volume  ;  the  few  following 
are  likewife  by  his  hand,  all  fmall  upright  plates  ;  "  Jefua 
lihus  Dei  ;"  "  Ecce  Ancilla  Domini ;"  "  St.  Catharine  ;" 
"  Regnum  Mundi  ;"  "  Jefu  Chrifti  ;"  "  Virgo  Gratia  Va- 
lentina  Miraculis  Clara  ;"  "  The  Head  of  St.  Ignatius  of 
Loyola,",  the  face  of  which  is  fo  neatly  executed,  that  the 
dots  which  blend  the  lights  with  the  fhadows,  are  hardly 
perceptible  to  the  naked  eye :  and  "  A  Holy  Family  re- 
pofing,"    in  folio,  from  Herm.  Swanevelt. 

Cornelius  Schut  was  born  at  Antwerp,  A.D.  IC90,  and 
died  in  the  fame  city  in  1660.  He  was  the  dilciple  of 
Rubens,  and  painted  hillorical  and  poetical  fubjeAs  with 
much  fuccefs.  Schut  likewife  handled  the  point  in  a  very 
free  fpirited  ftyle,  refembling  tlvitof  Cafliglione,  but  bolder 
and  more  determined.  The  drawing  of  the  naked  parts  of 
his  human  figures  is  often  incorreft,  but  the  charafters  of 
his    heads    are  generally    exprelTed  in  a  mafteriy  manner. 

From  his  numerous  etchings  we  feleEt  the   following  : A 

let  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-three  prints  of  various  fiib- 
jefts  and  dimeiifions,  from  his  own  defigns  ;  four  Virgin 
Maries,  half-length  figures,  in  i2mo.  ;  "  The  Holy  Fa'- 
mily,  accompanied  by  St.  John  ;"  "  The  Virgin  and  Holy 
Infant  ;"  «^  thrill  on  the  Mount  of  Olives  ;"  "  The  Vir- 
gin furrounded  with  Rays  of  Glory,  and  worthipped  by 
the  Saints  of  Paradife,"  ail  in  folio  ;  "  Mars,  Venus,  and' 
Flora,"  a  fmall  upright  oval ;  and  its  companion,  "  Bacchus, 
Ceres,  and  Pomona;"  "A  Sacrifice  to  Venus;"  "The 
Triumpii  of  Peace,"  and  "  The  Triumph  of  Neptune,"' 
all  of  folio  fize;  and  "  The  feven  liberal  Arts,"  a  fet  of 
eight  middlisig-fized  plates,  lengthways. 

This  artilt  is  fometim.es  confounded  with  his  nephew  Cor- 
nelius  Schut,  who  was  direftor  of  the  Academy  at  Seville, 
and  a  portrait  painter  of  fome  reputation  ;  but  tlie  latter  is 
not  known  to  have  engraved  at  all. 

Cornehus  de  Wael,  or  Waal,  was  born  at  Antwerp  in 
the  year  1594,  and  died  at  Genoa  in  1662.  His  father  was 
a  painter,  and  he  learned  the  elements  of  art  under  his 
paternal  roof  ;  but  afterwards  travelled  to  Italy,  and  ftudied 
under  various  mailers.  He  painted  battles,  landfcapes,  and 
hiftorical  fubjefts,  with  great  fuccefs ;  and  was  patronifed 
both  by  Philip  III.  and  the  duke  of  Arfchot. 

De  Wael  engraved  feveral  of  his  own  compofitions  in  a 
very  fpirited  ftyle  ;  his  figures  have  much  expreffion,  and  are 
very  correctly  drawn,  and  his  chiarofcuro  is  better  than  that 
of  the  majority  of  his  contemporaries.  Among  his  beft 
etchings  are,  a  fet  of  feven,  intitled  "  Ilbri.  D.D.  Gui- 
lielmo  Vander  Stradan,   venullas  hafche  imagines,  C.  de 

Waei 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


Wael  amoris  dicat."  i.  Reprefents  a  fountain  playing  on 
fome  figures  who  are  running  to  a^oid  it.  2.  Hunters 
halting  at  an  inn  door.  3.  Peafants  beating  an  overladen 
afs.  4.  A  quack  doftor  (hewing  fpecimens  of  his  ikill 
at  the  door  of  a  tavern.  5.  Peafants  before  an  alehoufe 
door.  6.  A  man  on  an  afs,  and  fpeftators  laughing  at 
him.  7.  An  alTembly  of  people  of  rank  of  both  fexes  ; 
and  a  tennis-court  with  peafants  fightmg  ;  a  fmall  plate 
lengthways. 

CorneUus  had  a  nephew,  John  BaptiRa  de  Wael,  who 
engraved  feveral  of  the  pictures  of  liis  uncle,  and  among 
tliem  "  The  Life  of  the  Prodigal  Son,"  in  eight  fmall 
Mpright  plates. 

Lucas  Van  Uden  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the  year  1595, 
and  became  a  very  didinguilhed  painter  and  engraver  of 
landfcape.  He  was  inftruded  by  his  father,  who  was  alfo 
an  artiil,  but,  by  his  accurate  obfervation  of  nature,  Lucas 
foon  furpalfed  him  in  merit.  He  particularly  ftudied,  and  was 
happy  in  reprefenting,  the  various  effefts  of  fun-fhine,  from 
the  firft  dawn  of  morning  till  his  light  feebly  glimmers  in 
the  evening  horizon.  Rubens  faw  his  landfcapes  with  ad- 
miration, and  tametimes  peopled  them  with  figures,  while 
Van  Uden  returned  the  favour  by  occafionally  painting  the 
landfcape  back-grounds  of  that  great  mailer.  His  llcies  and 
diftances  are  beaatifully  clear  and  finely  toned,  while  of  his 
trees  it  has  been  faid  that  their  foliage  was  fo  loofely  pendant, 
that  it  feemed  fwayed  by  the  motion  of  the  air. 

Van  Uden  etched  many  of  his  own  compofitions,  and 
fome  few  plates  from  thofe  of  other  painters,  with  great 
delicacy,  fpirit,  and  freedom.  Huber  thinks  that  his  prints 
merit  not  lefs  praife  than  his  piiilures.  Among  them  may 
be  diftinguilhed  three  pair  of  fmall,  but  beautiful,  land- 
fcapes, confining  of  village  fcenery  adorned  with  trees  and 
figures.  A  landfcape  of  padoral  character,  on  the  tot'e- 
ground  of  which  is  a  piping  Ihepherd  with  his  flock.  A 
landfcape  with  a  wooden  bridge  and  two  windmills.  A  land> 
fcape  adorned  with  travellers,  with  a  woody  fore-ground,  and 
the  city  of  Antwerp  in  the  back-ground.  A  landfcape 
with  figures  carrying  a  litter,  in  folio.  Four  fine  land- 
fcapes after  Rubens,  in  fmall  folio,  the  earlieft  impreffions  of 
which  are  without  the  name  of  the  painter,  i.  A  landfcape, 
and  figures  converfing.  2.  Cows  in  a  river,  and  a  man 
bringing  horfes  to  drink.  3.  A  landfcape,  with  water, 
cows,  and  figures.  And  4.  A  landfcape,  in  which  are  two 
women  with  bafliets.  A  landfcape,  into  which  a  holy  family  is 
mtroduced  ;  and  another  with  the  goed  Samaritan,  both  in 
folio,  after  Titian. 

Of  that  well-known  and  very  diftinguilhed  artift,  Jacques 
Jordacns,  we  have  already  treated  as  a  painter  in  our 
nineteenth  volume.  ( See  Jordaens.)  His  biographers 
have  ftated,  that  his  early  marriage  prevented  that  journey 
to  Italy,  which  was  at  the  time  etleemed  an  alinolt  indif- 
penfable  part  of  the  education  of  an  artift.  Whatever 
caufe  kept  him  at  home,  taught  him  to  depend  lefs  upon 
other  men,  and  more  upon  nature  and  himfelf,  and  to  this 
it  is  probable,  that  if  we  owe  his  low  choice  of  fubjeds, 
we  owe  alfo  the  vigour  by  which  his  produdions  are  cha- 
raderized. 

His  etchings  are  haftily  performed,  but  glow  with  the 
fire,  and  teem  with  the  intelligence  of  a  mafter.  Accord- 
ing to  Hecquet,  who  has  favoured  the  public  with  a  cata- 
lotrue  raifonee  of  the  works  of  Jordaens,  they  are  thirty- 
three  in  number,  and  Huber  has  juftly  regretted  "that  they 
are  not  more  numerous,  as  they  rank  with  the  fineft  pro- 
diidions  of  the  Flemifti  fchool." 

In  colleding  thefe  etchings,  which  are  all  from  compo- 
fitions  by   Joi-daens  himfelf,  the    connoiffeur  will  bear  in 


mind,  that  the  earlieft  and  bell  irapreflions  are  infcribed  with 
the  words  "  cum  privclegio." 

Of  the  thirty-three  prints  mentioned  by  Hecquet,  we 
are  only  able  to  enumerate  "  The  Flight  into  Egypt," 
dated  1652;  "  Jefus  Chrift  expelling  the  Money-Changers 
from  the  Temple;"  "The  Defcent  from  the  Crofs ;" 
"  Mercury  beheading  Argus ;"  "  Jupiter  and  lo ;"  "The 
Infant  Jupiter  fuckled  by  the  Goat  Amalthea  ;"  "  A  Pea- 
fant  arrelling  an  Ox  by  the  Tail,  aniidll  a  great  Concourfe 
of  Spedators."  Thefe  are  all  in  fmall  folio,  and  engraved 
in  the  courfe  of  the  fame  year,  namely  1652.  "Saturn 
devouring  his  Children  ;"  a  very  rare  4to.  plate,  without 
any  name  or  cypher,  is  alfo  attributed  by  moll  connoifteurs 
to  the  hand  of  Jordaens. 

John  Percelles,  the  pupil  of  H.  Cornelius  de  Vrooms, 
was  born  at  Ley  den  in  the  year  1597.  His  fon  Julius  was 
a  native  of  the  fame  city,  and  both  excelled  in  painting  and 
engraving  fhipwrecks,  and  other  marine  fubjeds.  From  the 
circumftance  of  the  works  of  the  father  and  fon  being 
marked  with  the  fame  initial  letters,  fome  confufion  has 
arifen  ;  nor  is  it  known  whether  to  attribute  the  twelve 
fmall  fea  views  which  bear  thefe  initials,  to  John  or  Ju- 
lius. 

Another  fet  of  twelve  in  folio,  of  which  the  fubjeds  are 
the  Dutch  navy,  are  etched  in  a  fomewhat  broader  ilyle, 
and  are  moft  likely  the  performance  of  the  elder  Percelles, 
being  infcribed  "  Notatas  a  famofiffimo  Navium  Pidore 
Johannes  Percelles,"  without  any  feparate  mention  of  the 
engraver's  name. 

Roland  Rogman,  or  Roghman,  was  alfo  born  at  Leyden 
in  the  year  I5'97,  and  died  there  in  1685,  or  1686.  He 
was  an  original  artiit ;  he  ftudied  under  no  mafteo,  but 
formed  his  ftyle,  both  of  painting  and  etching,  from  the 
ftudious  contemplation  of  nature  only.  His  piftures  are 
fpoken  of  with  great  commendation,  and  he  etched  feveral 
landfcapes,  whicli  confift  chiefly  of  views  in  Holland  and 
the  Low  Countries,  in  a  Iketchy,  but  mafterly  ftyle. 

Among  them  may  be  diftinguiftied  "  A  View  of  the 
Caftle  of  Zuylen,"  in  folio  ;  a  pair  of  ditto  with  bridges 
and  canals,  &c.  in  4to.  A  fet  of  four  mountainous  land- 
fcapes and  figures,  in  4to. ;  and  another  pair  of  town  views, 
in  folio. 

Gertrude  Rogman  is  believed  to  have  been  of  the  fame 
family  with  Roland,  after  whofe  pidures  ftie  executed  feveral 
engravings,  among  which  is  a  fet  of  four  in  fmall  folio,  of 
the  domeftic  occupations  of  the  fair  fex. 

The  family  of  Van  de  Velde  are  of  great  celebrity  in  the 
annals  of  fine  art.  Efaias,  or  Ifaiah,  was  born  at  Leyden, 
A.D.  1597.  He  became  tha  difciple  of  Peter  Deneyn. 
With  what  talent  he  painted  landfcapes  and  battles  will  be 
fpoken  of  in  our  biography  of  Van  de  Velde,  as  a  painter. 
His  etchings,  which  are  executed  with  confiderable  firmnefs 
and  intelligence,  are  rare,  and,  what  is  much  better,  are  of 
intrinfic  value.  A  landfcape,  with  peafants  drinking  on  the 
fore-ground,  in  foho.  Another  of  quarto  fizle,  with  a  bridge 
and  round-tower,  in  which  is  introduced  a  Ihepherd  and 
fliepherdefs  tending  their  flocks.  Another,  with  cottages 
among  ruined  architedure  ;  and  another  of  paftoral  cha- 
rader,  with  a  ftiephf  rd's  hut  near  the  fore-ground,  of  folio 
dimenfions,  are  all  we  are  able  to  enumerate  of  the  cngravingfi 
of  Ifaiah  Van  de  Velde.  He  fometimes  combined  his  initials 
in  a  monogram,  which  will  be  found  in  Plate  III.  of  thofe 
ufed  by  the  artifts  of  the  Low  Countries. 

John  Van  de  Velde,  brother  of  Ifaiah,  was  born  in  the  fame 
city,  and  in  the  following  year  ;  and  though  a  painter  of 
great  merit,   is,   perhaps,   better   known    by  his  excellent 

engraving? ; 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


engravings ;  which  are  numerous,  and  are  executed  in  two 
diftinft  and  very  different  ftylcs. 

The  etchings  he  produced  are  very  bold  and  determined. 
The  hghts  are  kept  broad  and  clear ;  but  perhaps  the 
(liadows  may,  in  fome  inftances,  want  ttrength  ;  however, 
the  hand  of  the  flcilful  mafter  is  evident  in  all  of  them  ;  and 
the  fniall  figures  which  are  occafionally  introduced,  prove 
the  geodnefs  of  his  tafle,  by  the  fpirited  manner  in  which 
they  are  executed. 

His  other  ftyle  of  working  was  with  the  graver,  affifted 
occafionallv  with  the  dry  point  ;  thefe  prints  are  exceflively 
neat  and  laboured,  and  rcfembic  thofe  of  count  Goudt  in 
the  vigour  of  their  general  effects  ;  they  conliit  chiefly  of 
fcenes  by  candlelight,  and  fuch  fubjects  as  require  great  depth 
of  (hadow  ;  yet,  with  all  the  merits  which  they  pofTefs,  they 
are  not,  on  the  whole,  equal  to  his  etchings  ;  for  whatever 
advantages  may  appear  to  be  gained  in  neatnels  and  toning, 
are  loll  in  their  want  of  that  fpirit,  lightnels,  and  freedom 
by  which  his  etchings  are  characlerifed. 

The  following  will  probably  be  found  mod:  worthy  of  the 
attention  of  the  connoifleur :  beginning  with  his  portraits  : 
John  Van  de  Velde,  himfelf,  in  large  quarto  ;  Jacob  Matham, 
from  P.  SoutmaiiS  ;  John  Torrentinus,  a  very  line  and  rare 
print,  in  large  quarto  ;  John  Crucius,  a  clergyman  of  Haer- 
lem,  of  the  fame  fize  ;  Michael  Middelhoven,  F.  Hals, 
pinx.  in  quarto  ;  John  Acronius,  theologian,  in  folio  ; 
Jacob  Zafiius,  archdeacon  of  Haerlem,  in  folio,  both  trom 
the  fame  painter ;  John  Oven,  (engraved  in  mezzotinto)  ; 
John  liaccius  Pontanus,  hiftoriin,  both  in  410.  ;  Charles, 
duke  of  Troppau  and  Jaegerndorf,  in  folio  ;  Ohver  Crom- 
well, a  very  rare  portrait,  in  large  folio  ;  and  Lawrence 
Cofter,  of  Haerlem,   with  a  long  Latin  inlcription,  in  4to. 

Hlftorical  Land/capes- — "  The  Adoration  of  the  Kings," 
after  P.  Molyn.  In  this  engraving  the  effedl  of  night  is  well 
managed.  "  The  Magic  Lanthorn,"  after  the  fame  painter  ; 
"  The  good  Samaritan  ;"  "  An  Old  Woman  frying  Pan- 
cakes, and  Boys  eating  them,"  all  in  fmall  4to.  ;  "  A  Pea- 
fant  and  his  Wife  gomg  to  Market,  at  Day  break,  with 
Cows  and  Goats,"  in  folio  ;  a  landfcape  with  ruins,  and  a 
cow-herd  tending  cows,  in  oftavo  ;  "  The  Mountebank  ex- 
pofing  his  Medicines,"  a  capital  print ;  "  The  Gamefters," 
with  a  ftriking  candle-light  efFed,  both  in  folio  ;  "  A  vil- 
lage Feftival,"  a  verj'  rich  compofition  ;  two  landfcapes, 
one  reprefenting  buildings  and  travellers  by  moonlight,  the 
other  fun  rife,  and  travellers  ;  two  landfcapes,  one  with 
figures  fiihing  bv  moonlight,  and  villagers  warming  them- 
felves  by  a  large  fire,  the  other  travellers  by  fun-rife,  in 
folio;  four  fubjecls  from  the  Hillory  of  Tobit,  in  4to.; 
the  four  parts  of  the  day  ,  very  beautifully  finifhed  plates  ; 
the  four  elements,  after  W.  Bugtenwegh,  in  folio,  with 
very  fine  effetls ;  the  four  feafons,  in  large  folio  ;  a  different 
compofition  of  the  fame  fubjefts,  in  large  folio  ;  the  twelve 
months  of  the  year,  in  quarto  ;  another  let  of  the  fame  fub- 
jefts,  engraved  in  a  broader  ftyle  ;  a  champaign  country  in 
Holland,  with  robbers  attacking  a  coach  at  the  entrance 
of  a  wood ;  a  champaign  in  Italy,  with  buildings  and 
water,  after  P.  Molyn  the  younger,  or  the  chevalier  Tem- 
pefla,  both  in  large  folio  ;  an  open  country,  with  ruins  and 
travellers,  in  folio  ;  the  bridge  of  St.  Mary  at  Rome,  in 
large  folio  ;  a  view  of  the  callle  of  Eruxelles,  a  very  large 
and  rare  print  ;  and  a  fet  of  landfcapes,  intitled  "  Play- 
fante  Landfchappen,"  all  of  folio  dimi  nfions. 

Adrian  Van  de  Veldc  was  born  at  Amfterdam,  A.D. 
1639,  and  di^d  in  the  fame  city  in  1672.  He  was  the  ne- 
phew of  John,  whom  we  have  jutl  difmiffed,  and  the  difciple 
of  Wynants.  As  a  painter  he  will  be  treated  of  in  a  future 
volume. 

Vol.  XXI. 


To  fpeak  of  him  as  an  engraver,  we  have,  by  this  mafter, 
a  fet  of  twenty  etchings,  executed  in  a  very  free  ar.d  fpirited 
ftyle,  of  cattle  and  peafantry.  Another  fet  of  ten  plates  of 
groups  of  cows  and  other  domeftic  animals,  with  a  bull  for 
the  title  page ;  three  plates  of  fheep ;  the  return  from 
hunting,  in  quarto  ;  a  large  landfcape,  lengthways,  and 
a  fmaller  one  of  the  fame  form,  enriched  with  hillorical 
figures,  both  rare  prints,  but  the  latter  by  much  the  rareft. 

John  Miel  was  born  in  a  village,  near  Antwerp,  in  the  year 
1599,  and  died  at  Turin  in  1664.  He  learned  the  rudi- 
ments of  art  of  Gerard  Seghers,  and  afterwards  travelled  to 
Italy  for  improvement,  where  he  lludied  in  the  Ichool  of 
Andrea  Sa'cchi. 

By  contemplating  the  bell  works  of  the  Italian  mafters, 
he  by  degrees  emancipated  himfelf  from  the  trammels  of  his 
earher  education,  and  formed  a  ftyle  of  art  for  himfelf,  in 
which  the  general  characlenftics  of  thofe  of  Flanders  and 
Italy,  were  happily  blended. 

Th'i  talents  of  Miel,  and  the  reputation  which  followed 
and  brightened  their  exercile,  induced  Charles  Emanuel, 
duke  of  Sdvoy,  to  invite  him  to  Turin.  Under  the  patron- 
age of  this  nobleman  he  remained  five  years,  and  the  duke 
was  fo  fond  of  our  artilt,  that  he  inverted  him  with  the  order 
of  St.  Maurice,  and  prefented  him  with  a  diamond  crofs  of 
great  value  ;  notwithllandmg  which  favours,  he  languifhed 
in  vain  to  return  to  Rome.  Rome  was  the  place  where  he 
had  beheld  thofe  objeAs  that  firil  expanded  his  mind  with  the 
pleafures  of  art.  Hence  his  wifties  to  return  thither,  and 
hence  the  regret  which  is  by  fome  fuppofed  to  have  fhortened 
his  days.  If  he  gained  honours,  he  had  facrificed  liberty  and 
independence  attheir  fhri!)e,anddid  not,  therefore, enjoy  them. 

Miel  etched  feveral  plates  from  his  own  compofitions  in  a 
very  mafterly  ftyle  ;  and  the  figures  which  he  occafionally 
introduced  are  drawn  with  great  fpirit  and  freedom. 

Among  thefe  are  "  The  AfTumption  of  the  Virgin  Mary;'' 
'•  The  Holy  Family;'  four  palloral  fubjeds,  with  fhepherds 
and  cattle,  beautifully  executed,  in  quarto,  and  an  unknown 
number  of  battles  and  flvirmifhes  for  Strada's  Wars  of 
Flanders. 

Philip  Verbeck,  or  Verbecq,  a  Dutch  engraver  of  (lender 
talent,  was  born  fome  time  about  the  clofe  of  the  fixteenth 
century.  He  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  having  etched  fome 
plates  in  a  fcratchy  manner,  which  bears  inferior  refemblance 
to  the  ftyle  of  Rembrandt. 

Inferior,  as  is  this  refemblance,  it  has  led  fome  coUetlors 
into  the  error  of  purchaling  his  works  and  placing  them  in 
their  Rembrandt  portfolios.  Gerfaint  firfl  informed  them 
of  their  miftake,  and  by  comparing  Verbecq's  etchings  with 
thofe  of  Rembrandt,  not  only  the  name  or  cypher  of  the 
former  artift  may  be  obferved,  but  the  dates  alio  of  his  en- 
gravings, which  ftiew  that  he  was  anterior  to  Rembrandt, 
and  therefore,  at  leaft,  not  a  copyill. 

The  following  are  all  we  are  able  to  fpecify  from  the  hand 
of  this  artift,  and  which  are  much  fought  after.  "  Efau 
felling  his  Birth-right;"  "An  eaftern  Kmg,  feated  on  his 
Throne,  with  a  Supphant  kneeling  before  hira,"  bothin4to; 
"  A  Shepherd,  feated  at  the  Foot  of  a  Tree ;"  a  buft  of  a 
young  lady  in  a  bonnet  and  pelifTe  ;  and  a  three-quarter  por- 
trait of  a  nobleman  in  a  tartan  and  feathers,  (companion  to 
the  above,)  all  in  fmall  ovals. 

Rodermondt,  Rottermondt,  or  Rottcrmans,  with  whofe 
Chriftian  name  we  arc  unacquainted,  was  alfo  of  Holland,  and 
born  in  the  year  1600.  He  etched  feveral  portraits  and  fome 
other  plates  much  in  the  manner  of  the  preceding  artift,  and 
with  at  leaft  equal  freedom  and  fpirit.  Among  thefe  are  fir 
Wilham  Waller,  major-general  of  the  parliamentary  army, 
with  a  battle  in  the  back-ground,  after  C.  Janfen;  John  the  fe- 
3  Q        *  ■     cond, 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


cond,acel#bratedLatin  poet,  a  very  rare  print,  infcribed"  Jo- 
annes fcciindus  Hagienfis  Poeta.  Rodcrmont  fecit,"  in  large 
4to.  ;  a  three-quarter  view  of  a  man  with  a  curly  beard, 
(this  print,  which  is  not  above  mediocrity,  is  in  the  ftyle  of 
Rembruiidt ;  by  Gerfaint  it  is  attributed  to  Verbecq,  and 
by  Bartfch  to  Rodertnonl) ;  and  "  David  praying,"  with 
his  harp  and  turban  befide  him,  in  410. 

Peter  van  Sompel,  or  van  Sompelin,  was  born  at  An- 
twerp in  the  year  l6co  ;  and  became  the  pupil  of  Soutman, 
whofe  ftyle  he  always  copied.  He  drew  correal/,  and 
treated  the  naked  parts,  and  efpecially  the  extremities  of  the 
human  iigure,  -.vitli  intelligence.  He  engraved  in  a  neat 
laboured  llyle,  efpecially  his  portraits  after  Vandyke  and 
Rubens,  among  which  the  following  will  be  found  moll 
■worthy  of  notice. 

Portraits. — Paracelfus,  the  celebrated  phvlician,  in  folio; 
the  emperor  Adolphus  of  NafTau,  in  large  folio  ;  Maiianna 
tie  Bavaria,  wife  of  the  emperor  Ferdinand  ;  Henry,  count 
of  Naflau,  and  Philip  of  Naflau,  prince  of  Orange,  both 
in  large  folio  ;  and  all  from  Soutman.  The  emperor 
Charles  V.,  frura  Rubens  ;  cardinal  Ferdinand,  brother  of 
Philip  IV.  governor  of  the  Low  Countries,  from'Van- 
tiyke;  Ifabella  Clara  Eugenia,  infanta  of  Spain;  Gallon 
John  Baptilf,  duko  of  Orleans,  brother  of  Louis  XIH. 
and  Margaret  his  wife,  all  from  Vandyke.  Philip  the 
Hardy,  duke  of  Burgundy,  from  Van  Eyk ;  Frederic 
Henrv,  of  Naffai:,  from  G.  Hontlioril ;  all  of  large  folio 
dimenfions. 
'  Hifiorical  Siiljeas. — "  Chrift  on  the  Crofs,"  a  large 
upright  plate,  arched  at  the  top  ;  "  Chnlt  Gnung  with  the 
Pilgrims  at  Emmaus,''  in  folio,  nearly  fquare  ;  "  Erich- 
tonius  in  the  BaO^et,  difcovered  by  Aglaurus  and  his  Sif- 
ters," all  from  Rubens,  and  "  Ision  deceived  by  Juno," 
from  the  fame  painter  ;  all  in  large  folio. 

William  de  Leeuw  was  born  at  Antwerp,  A.D.  1600. 
and  fiouriflied  in  the  Netherlands  in  1650.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  Soutmans,  but  did  not  engrave  in  his  ftyle  ;  inftead  of 
which  he  employed  fhort  playful  ftrokes,  which  produced  a 
pifturefque  effect,  united  With  a  tolerably  good  chiarofcuro. 
Moll  of  his  engravings  are  from  Rubens  or  Rembrandt, 
but  in  a  fet  of  large  landfcapes  after  Nieulandt  he  has  quite 
altered  his  manner  of  execution,  and  engraved  the  ground 
and  Iky  m  a  manner  fo  delicate,  that  it  requires  good  eyes 
to  dillinguilh  it  from  a  tint  of  Indian  ink. 

De  Leeuw  commonly  marked  his  prints  with  his  initials,  or 
a  monogram,  which  will  be  found  in  P!ate\l\.  of  thbfe  ufed 
by  the  engravers  of  the  Low  Countries.  The  following  are 
afeleclion  of  his  bell  works  :  "  Lot  and  his  Daughters,"  in 
foho  (the  bed  impreffions  of  this  place  are  before  the  name 
of  C.  Dankerts  was  inferted) ;  "  Daniel  in  the  Lion's  Den," 
in  large  folio ;  the  Holy  Virgin  kneeling-,  Uipported  by 
angels,  commonly  called  "  The  Virgin  of  Grief,"  a  very 
rare  print,  in  folio;  "  The  Martyrdom  of  St.  Catherine," 
a  very  fine  and  rr.re  print,  all  after  Rubens,  and  a  fet  of 
four  chafes,  from  the  fame  painter,  namely,  the  chace  of 
a  lion  and  lionefs ;  ditto  of  a  wolf;  ditto  of  a  wild  boar; 
ditto  of  a  crocodile  and  hippopotamus ;  all  in  very  large 
folio.  •' Tobit  and  his  Wife,"  in  fjlio,  from  Rembrandt. 
This  print  is  executed  in  a  very  good  talle,  and  has  a  fine  ef- 
fect. "  David  playing  the  Harp  before  King  Saul ;"  a  half- 
length  profile  of  Rembrandt's  wife,  both  in  large  folio : 
the  portrait  of  a  female  veiled,  at  the  bottom  of  the  print 
''Marianne"  is  infcribed  in  capital  letters  ;  aU  after  Rem- 
brandt. A  you.ig  man  habited  in  a  cloak,  and  a  hat  and 
feathers,  in  Imall  folio ;  "St.  Francis  meditating,"  a  half- 
length  profile,  from  Livens,  in  folio.  And  the  following 
fet  iu  krge  folio,  fr«cQ  Nieulandt,  wbic!»  are  very  rare  ami 


beautifully  executed.  A  view  in  the  Tyrol,  with  water, 
calcades,  and  travellers.  Another  fcene  in  the  mountains 
of  Tyrol,  with  travellers  on  horfeback  ;  to  the  right  a 
high  mountain  is  crowned  with  the  ruins  of  a  temple,  and 
On  the  plain  below  is  a  hermitage  and  two  figures.  A  land- 
fcape  of  the  fame  character  as  the  former,  with  wood  and 
water  ;  cows  feeding  on  a  plain  and  the  effect  of  fun-fet. 
And  another  with  filhers,  and  men  on  horfeback  :  on  an 
eminence  towards  the  right  is  a  church,  and  on  the  plain  be- 
low a  village  and  (heep  feeding. 

John  Louys,  or  Loys,  was  born  at  Antwerp,  A.D. 
1600,  he  was  the  dlfciple  of  Soutman,  and  engraved  chiefly 
after  the  pid'.u'cs  of  Rubens  and  Vandvkc.  There  is  a 
very  fine  engraving  by  him,  with  a  powerfi'l  chiarofcuro, 
of  "  The  Refurredtion  of  Lazarus,"  from  J.  Livens,  which 
is  generally  and  juftly  regarded  as  his  mallcrpiece.  From 
among  the  works  of  this  artift,  the  following  are  moll  worthy 
of  feleftion. 

Portraits. — Phihp  the  Good,  duke  of  Burgundy,  from 
Soutman  ;  Lous  XIII.  of  France,  from  Rubens,  and  its 
companion,  Ann  of  Auftria ;  Philip  IV.  king  of  Spain, 
from  Rubens,  and  its  companion,  Elizabeth  of  Bourbon, 
his  queen  ;  and  Francis  '^homas  of  Savoy,  prince  of  Carig- 
nano,    from  Ant.  Vandyke  ;  all  of  large  foho  dimenfions. 

HiJlor!cal,lsfc. — "  The  Refuireftion  of  Lazarus,"  ^which 
is  mentioned  above  ;)  "The  Repofe  of  Diana,  or  the  Re- 
turn from  the  Chace,"  from  Rubens  ;  "  The  Iniide  of  a 
Flemilh  Cottage,  with  a  Wom.an  fcouring  a  Cauldron,"  after 
Ollade  ;  "  Peafants  regaling,''  and  "  The  Chefnut 
Seller,"  after  the  fame  mafler,  all  in  quarto  ;  and  "  The 
Interior  of  a  Dutch  Kitchen,"  in  which  the  principal  ob- 
ject is  a  dead  pig  hanging  up;  in  folio,  after  W.  Kalf. 

Jonas  Suyderhoef,  of  Leyden,  was  another  of  the  dif- 
ciples  of  Soutman,  born  in  the  fame  year  with  the  pre- 
ceding artitl,  but  of  very  fuperior  abilities. 

Suyderhoef  purfued  the  llyle  of  engraving  which  had 
been  invented  or  adopted  by  his  mafler,  but,  by  degrees, 
far  furpafl'ed  him  in  the  foftnefs  and  beauty  of  his  finidiing,  1 
He  had  the  art  of  uniting  great  force,  as  well  as  harmony 
of  chiarofcuro,  with  conllderable  neatnefs  of  execution,  and, 
where  his  fubjedt  required  it,  with  great  exaftitude  of  de-, 
tail.  His  engravings  are  jullly  held  in  elleem  by  the  ex- 
perienced colledtor,  and  by  all  men  of  tafle.  His  portraits, 
of  which  he  executed  a  confiderable  nurr.ber,  are  exceed- 
ingly beautiful,  and  probably,  on  the  whole,  fuperior  to  his 
hillorical  works.  His  practice  was,  to  bring  them  very 
forward  in  the  etchifig,  and  afterwards  flrengthen  them, 
where  deeper  fliadows  were  required,  with  the  graver  ;  im- 
parting to  them,  at  the  lame  time,  amenity  of  tone,  and 
greater  accuracy  of  refemblance.  Perhaps  we  ought  to 
except  from  this  general  preference,  his  "  Treaty  of  Mun- 
fter,"  rfttr  Gerard  Terburgh,  which  is  truly  an  hittorical 
engraving,  though  it  confifls  of  an  affemblage  of  the  por- 
traits of  the  moll  celebrated  flatefmen  of  Europe,  and  cf 
the  age  when  that  important  treaty  was  concluded.  The 
exquifite  pidnre,  from  which  this  plate  was  engraven, 
which  form  its  rare  merits,  and  its  importance  as  a  diplo- 
matic and  hifiorical  event,  ought  always  to  adorn  a  royal 
or  a  national  gallery,  was  lately  brought  to  this  country,  by 
Mr.  de  la  Hante,  and  is  probably  Hill  in  Pail-mali,  in  that 
gentleman's  poffefTion.  Not  only  the  perfon  and  drcfs  of 
every  plenipotentiary  who  was  prefent  on  that  memorable 
occafion,  are  here  pourtrayed  with  the  utmofl  delicacy  of 
finifh,  but  the  place  of  meeting  alfo,  with  every  minutis 
of  coflume. 

The  profeffional  diligence  of  Suyderhoef  was  fearcely 
inferior  to  his  extraordinary  merit :    this  merit  has,   to  a 

6  c-rtain 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 

certain  extent,  been  appreciated  through  Europe,  and  fine    at  Rotterdam  in  the  year  1600,  and  always  refided  in  that 

impreflions  of  his  bed  works  are,  in  confequence,  become    city.     lie  painted  convcrfational   fubjcfts   and   landfcapes. 

extremely  Hire.   Marietta's  collection  of  his  works  amounted 

to  one  hundred  and  eleven  :   nor   are  we   certain  that  Ma- 

riette  had  collefted  the  whole.      From   among  tlicle,  it  may 

he  ufeful  to  dillin^uifli  the  following,   as   thofe   which  are 

more  eminently  worthy  of  the  reader's  notice. 

Portraits. — Maximilian,  archduke  of  Auftria,  in  large 
folio  J  Philip  III.  of  Spain,  in  fmaller  folio  ;  Albert,  arch- 
duke of  Auftria,  and  governor  of  the  Netherlands  ;  and  his 
dnchefs,  Ifabella  Clara  Eugenia,  infanta  of  Spain,  in  large 
folio,  all  after  fir  P.  P.  Rubens  ;  Charles  I.  of  England, 
and  his  queen  Henrietta  Maria  ;  and  Francis  de  Moncado, 
count  of  Orfonna,  all  m    large   folio,  and  after  Vandyke  ; 


He  likewife  etched,  in  a  good  ityle,  fome  few  fubjedts 
from  his  own  defigns,  of  which  we  are  able  to  mention  only 
the  following. 

A  pair,  reprefenting  "  Young  Villagers  carrying  Poul- 
try to  Market  ;"  a  fet  of  feven,  of  "  The  Coliume  oP 
Noblemen  ;"  a  fet  of  fix,  of  "  The  Coftutne  of  La- 
dies," all  in  oi'.tavo  ;  and  a  fet  of  ten  landlcapes  with  ruins, 
trcw,  and  figures,  entitled,  "  Verfcheide  Landfckapjcs.' 
Buytcnweg  marked  his  plates  cither  with  a  monogram, 
which  will  be  found  among  thofe  of  the  engravers  of  the 
Loiv  Countries,  or  vnth  hia  name  at  length. 

George  Henry  Scheyndel,  or  Van   Schiendel,  was  a  na- 


the  emperor  Maximilian  I.  and  his  emprefs  Maria,  botb  in  tivc  of  Holland,  the  contemporary  of  Buyteiiweg,  and  we 
folio,  and  after  Lucas  of  Leyden  ;  duke  John,  and  duke  prcfume  was,  like  him,  eilablifhed  at  Rotterdam.  He  en- 
Charles  of  Burgundy,  after  Soutman,  of  large  folio  dimcn-  graved  in  a  very  neat,  fpirited  llyle,  very  nearly  refembling 
lions;  Aldus  Swalmius,  an  old  man  with  a  long  beard,  from  that  of  Callot.  His  landfcapes  poflefs  great  merit,  and  arc 
Rembrandt  ;   Rene  Delcartes,  the  celebrated  piiilofopher,  ornamented  with  excellent  little  figures. 

from  F.  Hals  ;  Van  Bloemaerts,  a  half-length,  feated  at   a  Scheyndel   marked   his  prints   with   his  initials  G.  V.  S. 

table,  with  books  and  a  crucifix  ;  beneath  is   a   long  Latin  We  have,  by  him,  "  A  Company  of  Peafants,  feated  before 

infcriptinn,   after   Van   Spronck  :    Mark   Zucrius  Boxhor-  a  Houfe  Door  ;"  another  "  Company  of  Peafants,  with  a 

nius,  of  Bcrgenopzoom,  profeffor  at  Leyden,  from  Diibor-  young  Pig  and  Chickens  ;''   "  A  Dijntift,  at  a  Fair;"  "The 

dieu  ;  Adrian  Heerebond,  profeffor  of  philofophy,  from  the  Execution  of  a  Criminal,"  all  in  i  2mo.  ;  "  A  Village  Fair," 

lame  painter  ;  Jacob  Maeftcrtius,  juris  conlidte  at  Leyden,  in  odlavo  ;  another  "  Village  Fair,  with  a  Conjuror,"  of  the 

from  Van  Negre  ;  Andreas  Rivetus,  profeffor  of  theology  lame  fize  ;  a  winter  hndfcape,   with   Waiters  ;   a  landfcape, 

at  Leyden  ;   Claude  Saumaife,   a  famous  critic,    both  from  with  a  water-fall  ;  another  landfcape,  with  a  bridge,  figures 

the  fame  mafter  ;   Noah  Smaltius,  a  celebrated   furgeon  of  and  animals  ;  a  fet  of  four  views  of  a  caltle,  oue  of  which 


;  "  A  drunken  Bacchus,   fupported  by  a  Satyr     fame  fubjeil  otherwife  treated  (though  not  lefs  fuccefsfuUy, ) 
,"  a  fmall  upright   plate,   hulf  figures  ;   "  The     both  in  tolio  ;  comprife  perhaps  the  whole  of  his  etchings. 


Haerlem,  after  Th.  Pas  ;  Albert  Kuperus,  doctor  of  medi- 
cine at  Leyden,  after  D.  liailly  ;  John  Coccejus,  profeffor 
of  theology  at  Leyden,  from  De  Vos  ;  Conftantine,  tutor 
of  prince  Maurice  of  Naffau,  after  Baudrigcen  ;  Abraham 
Heydanus,  a  ftiepherd  of  Leyden,  from  Schooten  ;  Daniel 
Heinfius,  a  Dutch  hiftorian,  from  Marck  ;  Anna  Maria 
Schurman,  celebrated  for  her  tafle  and  knowledge  of  the 
arts  and  fciences,   from  J.   Livens  ;    John    Beenius,  theolo- 

fian,  from  J.  Vliet  ;  Julius  de  Beyme,  profeffor  of  law  at 
.eyden;   and  Pierius  Winfemius,  profeffor  of  hiilory,  both 
without  the  painter's  names,  and  all  of  folio  dimenfions. 

Hijlorkal,  i^c.  after  various  Majlers. — '■  The  Fall  of  the 
Damned,"  a  large  upright  print,  engraved  on  two  plates, 
from  Rubens ;  "  The  Virgin  Mary,  with  the  Infant  Jcfus 
embracing  her,"  ui  quarto  ;  "  A  Bacchanal,"  a  fmall  plate, 
lengthways  ; 
and  a  Moor, 

Cliace  of  the  Lions,"  in  large  folio,  very  fine  and  rare,  all 
after  Rubens  ;  a  compofition  of  "  Satyrs  playing  with 
Tygers,"  the  befl  jmpreffions  of  which  have  a  forcible  and 
fine  effect,  after  De  Laer,  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Return 
from  a  Country  Excurfion,"  in  larije  folio,  after  Berghem  ; 
"  The  Conclufion  of  the  Peace  at  Munlter,"  containing  the 
portraits  of  nil  the  plenipotentiaries  who  were  there  afl'embled, 
a  large  folio  plate,  after  Terburgh,  very  fine  and  rare  ;  "  A 
Quarrel  of  Dutch  Peafants,"  in  large  folio,  after  the  fame 
painter;  another  "  Quarrel  of  Pealants,"  after  Van  Oftade, 
containing  many  figures  ;  "  The  four  Burgomailers  of  Am- 
iterdam,"  a  folio  plate  after  Th.  Keyfer ;  "Three  Old 
Women  regaling,"  from  the  fame  malter,  in  an  oval  of 
folio  fize  ;  "  Three  Peafants  feated,  one  of  whom  plays  the 
Violin,"  a  fine  and  rare  print  in  folio;  "Peafants  gaming," 
in  folio  ;  "  Peafants  regaling  at  the  Door  of  an  Alehoufe," 
in  folio,  all  from  Van  Oltade  ;  "  The  enraged  Drink- 
ers," in  large  foho,  from  De  Witt ;  "  Peafants  quar- 
relling," in  folio ;  and  "  Peafants  dancing  at  an  Ale- 
houie,"  commonly  called  "  The  Ball,"  in  large  folio,  all 
aftf  r  De  Wit. 

William  de  Butenweg,  or  Van  Buytenweck,  was  bom 


has  alfo  a  windmill  ;  a  fet  of  eleven  landfcapes,  with  Dutck 
infcriptions,  all  in  quarto  ;  a  fet  of  the  coftume  of  the 
Grecians  and  Turks,  in  oCtavo  ;  and  a  fet  of  the  habits 
of  the  countrywomen  of  the  feveral  cantons  of  Holland, 
twelve  fmall  upright  plates,  from  Buytenweg. 

Peter  de  Molyn  was  born  at  Haerlem  in  the  year  1600. 
For  an  account  of  his  merits  as  a  painter,  as  well  as  thofe 
of  his  mure  celebrated  fon,  fee  the  article  MoLv.v,  &c. 

Molyn  etched  fome  few  plates  from  his  own  compofitions, 
in  a  good  taffe,  which  are  chiefly  remarkable  for  their 
ftriking  effects  of  chiarofcuro,  and  are  s-ery  much  fought 
after  by  connoiffeurs.  A  let  of  four  landfcapes  ornamented 
with  very  good  figures,  in  folio  ;  another  let  of  four  fine 
landfcapes,  with  cattle  and  figures,  in  large  quarto  ;  the 
ftar  of  Bethlehem,  with  a  very  fine  night  effed,  and   the 


cliings 
All,  except  the  laft,  are  marked  P.  Molyn  fecit. ;  but  by  fome 
writers  the  two  latter  are  faid  to  be  by  J.  van  de  Velde. 

This  artill  marked  his  engravings  with  his  initials,  in  the 
form  of  a  monogram,  which  will  be  found  in  our  Plate  111. 
of  thole  ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the  Netherlands. 

The  works  oi  this  artift  have  been  confounded  by  Strntt 
with  thofe  of  his  fon  Peter  Molyn  the  younger,  who 
is  better  known  by  his  cognomen  Tempefta. 

The  younger  Molyn  was  alfo  a  native  of  Haerlem,  born 
in  the  year  1637,  and,  according  to  fome  of  his  biographers, 
was  the  pupil  of  Snyders,  whefe  manner  of  painting  Lett 
firft  imitated. 

Either  the  whirlwind  of  his  violent  pafTions,  or,  as  fome 
have  expreffed  it,  his  genius,  which  Ud  him  to  the  ftudy 
of  llornis  at  fea  and  other  difmal  fceiies,  obtained  for  hini 
the  diflinrtive  addition  of '/(v?;/'r//i3 ;  he  was  otherwife  nick- 
named Piciro  Mulier,  for  a  much  worfe  realon,  but  which 
ftill  has  reference  to  the  ungovernable  and  tempciluous  cha- 
racter of  his  mind.  He  caufed  his  wife  to  be  alfaffinatedk 
in  order  that  he  might  be  at  liberty  to  n.arry  a  young  ladr 
of  Genoa,  with,  wiioin  he  was  paffionately  in  love. 

However  viliaiaous-this  critjie,  and  however  incoicpatibV 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF   THE. 


with  the  purfuits  of  art,  Molyn  (lands  conviftctl  of  the  full 
amount  of  its  enormity.  He  was  difcovertd,  fei/ed,  im- 
prifoned,  tried,  and  capitally  condemned.  The  greatnefs 
of  his  merit,  however,  as  an  artift,  caufcd  his  fentence  to 
be  mitigated.  He  ranfomed  his  life  with  the  lofs  of  his 
liberty,  endured  an  imprifonment  of  fixteen  years,  and  in 
all  probability  would  have  ended  his  days  in  captivity,  but 
that  the  bombardment  of  Genoa  by  Louis  XIV.  afforded 
■  him  an  opportunity,  which  lie  failed  not  to  embrace,  of 
efcaping  to  Placentia. 

During  his  confinement,  he  confoled  himfelf  with  his 
profeffional  purfuits,  and  probably  executed  fome  of  the 
engravings  which  have  been  aicribed  to  him.  Of  thefe  we 
are  only  able  to  particularife  one  which  is  in  a  ftyle  refcm- 
bUng  that  of  the  elder  Molyn  and  John  van  de  Velde,  the 
fubjeft  is  a  niafquerade  by  candle-light,  with  a  fort  of  mock, 
proceflion  in  the  back-ground.  Tempefta  died  in  the  year 
1710. 

Albert  Flamen  was  born  in  the  year  1600,  but  in  what 
part  of  Flanders  we  are  unable  to  fay.  He  acquired  fome 
reputation  as  a  painter  of  landfcape  and  IHll-life,  but  from 
the  number  of  excellent  prints  he  produced,  is  better  known 
as  an  engraver.  At  one  period  of  his  life  he  refided  at 
Paris. 

His  prints  are  for  the  moft  part  etchings,  performed  in  a 
mailerly  and  fpirited  ftyle,  and  finifhed  with  fmall  affillance 
from  the  graver.  They  are  marked  with  the  monogram 
which  may  be  feen  in  our  Piste  HI.  of  tliofe  ufed  by  the 
engravers  of  the  Low  Countries,  and  conlill  principally  of 
four  fets  of  various  fidt,  with  landfcape  back-grounds,  of 
fea-pons,  &c.  engraved  on  forty-eiglit  plates  ;  a  fet  of 
feven  landfcapes  and  figures;  a  fet  of  four  views  ofConflans, 
Pernay,  Marconfli,  and  the  Port  a  I'Anglois,  all  in  large 
quarto  ;  and  a  folio  print  of  the  encampment  at  the  Faux- 
bourg  de  St.  Victor. 

Claas,  or  Nicholas,  Wieringen,  was  born  at  Haerlem 
fome  time  about  the  commencement  of  the  feventeenth  cen- 
tury. He  was  fent  to  fea  in  his  youth  ;  employed  much 
of  his  time  in  ftudying  marine  objecls ;  and  after  making  a 
few  voyages,  fettled  on  fliore,  and  became  a  painter  and 
engraver  of  (hipping  and  other  marine  fubjefts. 

His  prints  confift  of  etchings  wliich  difplay  much  talent 
and  feeling  for  art,  and  the  fubjects  of  which  are  fea  views 
and  landfcapes,  either  drawn  from  iiature  or  engraved  from 
his  owncompofitions;  a  fet  of  fix  landfcapes  of  village  fcenery, 
with  ruftic  figures,  &c.  in  quarto,  are  very  excellent  plates, 
and  are  all  we  are  able  to  fpecify  of  the  works  on  copper 
of  this  mafter. 

Contemporary  with  Wieringen  was  Claas,  or  Nicholas, 
Moojaert,  or  Mooyaert  of  Holland,  the  happy  imitator  of 
EKhiemer,  and  the  inftrutlor  of  Berghem.  Vander  Does, 
Koningh,  and  Weenix.  The  name  of  this  artift  has  been 
varioufly  fpelled,  and  his  hiftory  is  obfcure  ;  BafTan  firft  calls 
him  Nicolas  Moojaert  of  Amfterdam,  and  afterward  Claas 
Moyard,  a  Dutch  painter. 

He  etched  feveral  plates  in  a  ftyle  bearing  fome  refem- 
blance  to  that  of  Rembrandt,  and  as  far  as  is -known, 
worked  entirely  from  his  own  compofitions.  Among  his 
beft  prints  are  a  fet  of  fix  plates  of  animals,  etched  in  ap- 
parent imitation  of  Swaneveldt ;  "  Lot  and  his  Da"ghters," 
in  that  of  Elfhiemer,  and  a  landfcape  with  cows  and  (heep, 
of  various  quarto  dimenfioas. 

Chriftian  Louis  Moyart  was  a  native  of  the  Netherlands, 
the  time  and  place  of  whofe  birth  are  not  known,  but  who 
was  refiding  and  praftifing  engraving  in  the  city  of  Amfter- 
dam in  the  year  1630. 
-    Among  a  few  uther  works  of  no  very   extraordinary 


merit,  he  produced  a  fet  of  monftrous  allegorical  compli- 
ments, of  folio  dimenlions,  wherein  Hercules  and  Minerva 
appear  quite  out  of  their  element,  and  which  is  entitled  '•  An 
emblematical  Ilillory  of  Queen  Mary  de  Medicis."  Moy- 
art marked  his  plates  with  a  monogram  which  will  be  found 
in  our  Plate  HL  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the  Lowr 
Countries. 

Mathew  Montague,  otherwife  Plattenberg,  was  born  at 
Antwerp  in  the  year  i6oo,  and  died  at  Paris  in  1666.  He 
went  at  an  early  age  to  Italy,  and  made  a  long  (lay  at  Flo- 
rence, where  he  engraved  in  concert  with  his  countryman 
•John  Affelin.  From  thence  he  journeyed  to  Paris,  where, 
for  reafons  which  we  are  unable  to  ftate,  he  changed  his 
name  from  Plattenberg,  to  Plattemontagne,  and  afterwards 
to  Montague.  He  painted  (hipping,  fea-views,  and  land- 
fcapes, in  a  very  good  Ilyle,  and  acquired  great  reputation. 
Montague  likcwifc  etched  fome  few  plates  of  landfcapes 
and  fea-views,  from  his  own  pifturea,  in  a  ftyle  refeinbling 
that  of  Fouquieres ;  of  which  the  principal  are  as  follow  ; 
a  landfcape  with  buildings  and  figures ;  a  fea-port,  with 
veftels  and  figures,  both  of  folio  lize  ;  a  pair  of  circular 
prints,  one  reprelenting  velfels  on  the  fea,  and  a  hght-houfe 
on  a  mountain;  the  other  a  landfcape  with  wood  and  water; 
a  pair  of  landfcapes,  one  of  which  is  ornamented  with  figures 
cutting  wood  ;  the  other  a  canal  with  watermen,  and  a  vil- 
lage, all  in  folio  ;  and  another  pair,  one  of  which  has  a 
village,  trees,  and  three  fmall  figures  on  the  fore-ground  ; 
the  other  conlills  of  ruins  and  trees,  without  figures,  in 
quarto  ;  they  are  all  marked  M.  Montagne  in.  et  fee. 

Nicolas  Montagne,  the  fon  ot  Mathew,  was  born  in  the 
year  1631,  and  died  at  Paris  in  1706.  He  ftudied  painting 
under  Philip  Champagne,  to  whom  he  was  related  ;  and 
engraving  under  Morin,  whole  ftyle  he  improved  upon.  He 
painted  portraits  and  hillory  with  fuccefs,  and  in  1681  he 
was  chofen  profefTor  of  painting  of  the  Royal  Aca'demy  at 
Paris.  The  moft  confidurable  work  he  engraved  was  a  fet 
of  portraits,  on  which  v.e  find  his  name  infcribed,  Nicolas 
de  Plattemontagne.  He  drew  the  human  figure  very  cor- 
reftly,  and  his  plates  pofTefs  a  very  agreeable  effeft  ;  we 
(hall  mention  the  following  only,  "  Oliver  de  Callella,"  a 
lieutenant-general,  killed  at  the  fiege  of  Tarragone  in  1644, 
in  large  folio ;  "  St.  Genevieve,"  a  whole  length  figure,  after 
Ph.  de  Champagne,  in  folio  ;  and  "  A  dead  Chrill,"  from 
the  fame  painter  ;  the  figure  is  finely  drawn,  and  the  flefti 
executed  with  dots  only,  but  the  back-ground  and  drapery 
are  finifhed  with  ftrokes  in  a  bold  and  free  Ilyle,  and  is  alto- 
gether a  print  of  confiderable  merit. 

William  Akerfloot  was  born  at  Haerlem  foon  after  the 
commencement  of  the  feventeenth  cenfury.  Under  whom 
he  ftudied  is  not  known,  nor  are  his  works  entitled  to  rank 
above  mediocrity. 

He  engraved  portraits  and  hiftorical  fubjefts,  and 
among  others  the  following  ;  Frederic  Henry,  prince  of 
Orange,  in  folio  ;  AmeUa,  princefs  of  Orange,  between  her 
daughters,  with  a  cattle  and  figures  in  the  back-ground, 
both  after  A.  van  der  Venne  ;  "  Chrift  in  the  Garden  of 
OHves,"  after  H.  Hondius  ;  "  Chrift  loaded  with  Chains," 
after  P.  Molyn;  "  The  Denial  of  St.  Peter,"  after  the 
fame  painter  ;  and  a  large  cartouche,  with  vefTels  on  the 
fea,  all  in  folio. 

Mofes  Uytenbroeck,  furnamed  Little  Mofes,  was  born 
at  the  Hague  iu  the  year  i6oo.  It  is  prefumed  he  was 
the  difciple  of  C,  Poelenbourg,  in  whofe  ftyle  he  compufed, 
and  fometimes  fo  exactly  imitated  him,  that  his  pictures 
have  been  fold  for  the  works  of  that  artift.  He  painted 
landfcapes,  which  he  ufually  embellilhed  with  fubjefts  taken 
from  the  Greek  and  Roman  poets.     We  have  by  this  mafter 

many 


LOW    COUNTRIES,    ENGRAVERS    OF   THE. 


many  engravings  of  landfcapes  from  his  own  compofitions, 
they  are  executed  in  a  tafteful  fpirited  ilylc,  but  the  figures 
which  he  fomctinnes  introduced  are  incorreftly  drawn. 
We  fhall  mention  the  following  as  being  moft  worthy  the 
notice  of  the  colledlor ;  "  Diana  difcovering  the  Incontinence 
of  Califto,"  in  4to.  ;  and  its  companion,  "  A  Female  fhow- 
ing  to  her  Child  Tobit  blind,  feated  at  the  Door  of  his 
Houfe,"  very  beautiful  engravings  ;  "  Hagar  in  the  Dcfart 
comforted  by  an  An^el ;"  "  Mercury  and  Argus,"  both 
in  4to  ;  a  fet  of  "  The  Hiftory  of  Tobit,"  in  four  land- 
fcapes ;  a  fet  of  fix  landfcapes  with  hiftorical  figures  ;  a  fet 
of  fix  landfcapes  ornamented  with  buildings,  figures,  and 
animals,  in  the  ftyle  of  Poelenbourg ;  a  fet  of  four  with 
ruins  and  figures,  all  of  quarto  dimenfions  ;  three  landfcapes 
with  various  animals,  in  quarto,  nearly  fquare ;  "  The 
Flight  into  Eijypt,"  a  palloral  and  poetic  fubjeft,  of  a  fhep- 
herd  and  his  flock  entertained  by  a  mufe  ;  a  (hepherd  and 
fhepherdefs  taking  refuge  in  a  cave,  from  a  violent  ftorm  ; 
another  pattoral  fubjed.  with  a  fliepherd  in  the  antique 
drefs  feated,  furrounded  by  animals,  all  in  large  quarto  ; 
and  a  folio  print  of  Hercules  preventing  Cacus  from  ilealijig 
his  cows  and  horfes,  the  figures  in  which  are  in  the  antique 
ftyle  ;  thefe  two  laft  prints  are  very  rare. 

J.  G.  Blacker,  or  Bleker,  was  born  at  Haerlem  fome 
time  about  the  year  1606.  He  engraved  a  confiderable 
number  of  print^,  both  from  his  own  compofitions  and  thole 
of  other  matters,  in  an  intelligent  and  fpitited  ftyle. 

Blecker  marked  his  plates  in  various  ways,  which  has 
given  rife  to  miftakcs,  for  Heinneken  calls  him  John  Gafpar, 
and  Florent  le  comte,  Cornelius  ;  which  has  led  our  country- 
man Strutt  into  the  error  of  making  two  artifts  of  the  name 
of  Blecker,  one  of  whom  he  calls  Cornelius,  and  gives  him 
the  monogram,  for  which  fee  our  third  plate  of  thofe  ufed 
by  the  artifts  of  the  Netherlands.  The  following  are  among 
the  beft  of  his  works. 

From  his  cwn  Compojitions. — A  landfcape  with  the  meeting 
of  Jacob  and  Rachael  ;  a  landfcape,  into  which  is  introduced 
the  meeting  of  Abraham's  fervant  with  Rebecca.  He  has, 
in  this  inftance,  worked  upon  the  etching  to  harmonize  ir 
(efpecially  upon  the  heads  of  his  figures)  with  the  point  of 
the  graver,  fcratching  upon  the  copper,  in  a  (lyle  fomethi'  g 
like  that  which  Worlidge  afterwards  adopted  ;  but  he  has 
by  no  means  fucceeded.  "  Two  Peafants  travelling  in  a 
Cart  ;"  another  engraving  of  the  fame  fubieft  ;  "  A  Car- 
riage flopping  before  an  Inn  door,  with  Horfes  feeding  ;" 
"  A  Peafant  feated,  obferving  a  Girl,  who  is  milking  a 
Cow,"  all  of  folio  fize  ;  a  landfcape  with  animals  ;  another 
landfcape,  with  a  woman  on  horleback,  both  in  4to.  ;  and 
two  others,  in  which  animals  and  a  pipii.g  (hepherd  are  in- 
troduced, both  in  folio. 

The  follo'wing  are  after  Pnelenbourg. — "  Jacob  and  Laban 
parting  their  Flocks  ;"  "The  Lyitrians  attempting  to  fa- 
erifice  to  Sts.  Paul  and  Barnabas"  both  in  large  folio  ;  and 
"  Chrift  on  the  Crofs,"  at  the  foot  of  which  appears  the 
Virgin  and  difciples,  in  folio,  three  very  capital  engravings. 

The  Viffchers,  whom  we  now  approach,  were  a  very 
diftinguiflied  family  of  artifts,  and  who,  by  the  number  and 
extraordinary  merits  of  their  engravings,  have  conferred 
much  honour,  ;nd  no  fmall  advantage,  on  their  country. 

Cornelius  Viftcher  was  born  in  Holland,  A.D.  1610,  he 
was  the  difciple  of  Soutman,  but  foon  furpafled  him  in 
merit.  M.  W.,.:e!et  truly  fays,  (in  his  Diftionary  of  En- 
graver?,]  that  very  few  artifts  combined  etching  and  engrav- 
ing with  fo  much  tafte,  or  fo  well  imitated  with  the  graver 
alone,  all  the  playful  pifturefquenefs  of  the  point,  as  Cor- 
nelius Viftcher.  He  drew  with  great  talte,  ana  the  com- 
pofitions which  he  made  for  many  of  his  engravings,  fuf&- 


ciently  prove  the  extenfivenefs  of  his  genius,  and  hie  powers- 
of  combination.  His  etchings  are  free  and  delicate ;  but 
his  works  with  the  graver  mu.'l  excite  the  admiration  of 
every  tafteful  beholder.  His  mode  of  performance  with 
that  inftrumcnt  was  as  fingular,  as  the  effeiEl  he  produced  was 
pidlurcfque  and  beautiful.  Among  the  engravings  from  his 
own  compofitions  that  of  "  The  Rat-Catcher,"  "  The 
Bohemian  Woman,"  "  Gellius  de  Bouma,"  and  "  The 
Cat,"  deferve  the  preference  ;  in  the  Bohemian,  the  rough 
freenefs  of  the  etching  needle  is  finely  contrafted  with  the 
ftiining  fmoothnefs  of  the  lines  produced  with  the  graver. 
The  portrait  of  Bouma  is  yet  more  exquifite  and  furprifing, 
his  old  and  wrinkled  flcin  being  engraved  in  a  manner  which 
is  peculiarly  ch^raftcriftic  of  the  laxity  and  feeblenefs  of  the 
decaying  mufcles  and  flirivelling  integuments  of  old  age,  par- 
ticularly about  the  chci-ks  ard  temples  ;  the  nofe  (fa)'S 
Huber)  appears  like  flelh  itfelf,  and  the  mouth,  which  is 
partly  concealed  by  the  beard,  feems  to  be  alive,  as  do  alfo 
the  eyes,  the  execution  of  which  is  beautifully  clear,  and 
expreffive  of  the  dimmed  brightnefs  of  a  mind  which  time  is 
eclipfing.  The  fame  nice  feeling,  accuracy  of  difcrimina- 
tion,  and  p  iwer  over  ttie  iiiftruments  of  his  art,  marks  the 
execution  of  his  celebrated  Rat-catcher,  in  which  the  fhining 
face  as  well  as  negro  features  and  complexion  of  the  youni"- 
African,  are  admirably  depicted,  and  the  mafter  rat-catcher 
with  his  furred  cap,  and  highly  characterillic  habiliments, 
rat  cage,  '  &c.  and,  above  all,  his  animated  phyfiogncmical 
countenance,  which  together  mark  the  profoundeil;  of  adepts 
in  the  mylteries  of  his  craft,  are  exprefied  with  that  broad 
and  general,  and  therefore  ftrong,  refemblancc  to  nature, 
which  all  eyes  rauft  have  feen,and  is  finiftied  with  the  utraoft. 
vivacity  of  touch. 

Cornelius  was  an  engraver  of  truly  original  powers  ;  he 
was  a  man  of  a  felf-willed  character  of  mind,  and  perhaps 
fhould  not  have  endeavoured  to  copy  the  feelings,  and  trans- 
fufe  the  forms,  which  had  originated  in  the  minds  of  other 
artifts.  It  is  acknowledged  that  his  engravings  after  the 
Italian  painters,  are  of  inferior  merit  to  thofe  which  are 
after  nature  and  his  own  compofitions ;  the  plates  which 
were  executed  for  ''the  cabinet  of  Reynft,"'  are  arv.ong 
his  earlier  performances,  nor  did  he  fucceed  fo  well  as  -Vorf- 
terman,  Pontius,  and  the  BollVerts,  in  engraving  after 
Rubens  ;  yet  he  claims  to  be  ranked  among  the  firit  artifts 
of  his  country,  for  genius  always  fhould  be  eftimatcd,  not 
by  its  freedom  from  defects,  but  by  the  dimenfion  of  its 
merits. 

Among  his  beft  uorks,  the  coUeftor  may  reckon  the  fol- 
low'ing  ;  thoie  who  would  fee  a  more  copious  catalogue,  may 
confult  Baflan's  Dictionary  of  Engravers. 

Portraits. — Cornelius  Viftcher,  in  a  fugar-loaf  hat  ;  an- 
other portrait  of  ViiTcher,  with  the  fame  kind  of  hat,  and  a 
cloak,  bo'.h  in  410.  ;  Andrea  Deonyfzoon,  called  among 
print  dealers,  '  the  man  with  the  piftol,"  becaufe  a  fmall 
carbine  or  piltol  with  feveral  gun  locks  appears  in  tiie  back- 
ground ;  this  print  is  one  of  the  fineft,  and  the  moft  rare,  of 
the  engravings  of  this  mafter,  but  perhaps  the  very  Icarceft 
of  all,  and  certainly  the  moft  intrinfically  valuable  of  his 
portraits,  is  that  of  Gelhus  de  Bouma,  minilter  of  Zut- 
phen,  aged  leventy-feven  years  ;  William  de  Ryck,  an  ocu- 
lift  of  Amfterdam  :  this  portrait,  and  the  preceding,  are 
fometimes  called  "  The  great  Beards,"  and  are  uncommonly 
fine,  all  of  folio  fize  ;  a  bilhop  feated  at  a  table,  with  a  cru- 
cifix, &c.  half  length  ;  John  Merius,  the  paftor  of  Span- 
broeck,  both  in  large  folio  ;  Cornehus  Vofberg,  the  paftor 
of  Spaerwouw,  in  folio,  a  very  fine  and  rare  print  ;  John 
Wachtelaer,  an  ecclefiattic  of  Utrecht,  in  large  folio  ;  Wil- 
liam van-den  Zande,  theologift,  in  an  oval  border  ;  Adrian 

Motman, 


LOW   COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS    OF   THE. 


Motman,  accompanied  by  cheruBs,  a  (IcuU,  and  a  cenfer  ; 
John  Boelenfz,  in  an  oval  border,  witb  "  Sanftitato  et  Doc- 
trina"  infcribcd  on  aftreamcr  ;  Adrian  Pauw,  knight  of  the 
order  of  St.  Michael ;  David  Peiterz  de  Vries,  chief  mafter 
of  the  artillery  in  the  Dutch  States,  very  rare;  Jodiua  Von- 
del,  a  Dutch  poet,  half  length,  all  of  folio  iize  ;  Jacob 
Werterbacn,  lord  of  Brandwick,  &c.  half  length,  in  an  oval 
border,  octavo  fize,  very  rare  ;  Alexander  VII.  fovereign 
pontiff,  with  the  motto  "  Juftitia  et  Veritatc"  on  a  car- 
touch  fupported  by  children  ;  Coppenol,  commonly  called 
the  writer,  bccaufe  he  holds  a  pen  ;  Peter  Scriveriiis,  a  phi- 
lofopher  of  Haerlem,  (of  this  engraving  it  is  uncommon  to 
meet  with  a  good  imprefTion)  ;  John  de  Paefs,  holding  a 
piirfc,  and  a  cartonch,  on  which  is  written  his  occupation  of 
an  exchange  broker,  all  in  folio  ;  an  etching  of  an  old 
woman,  commonly  fuppofed  to  he  the  mother  of  VilTcher  ; 
another  portrait  of  the  fame  perfon,  with  a  bomict  on,  botii 
of  quarto  fize  ;  Robert  Junius  of  Rotterdam,  a  clergyman, 
in  an  oval  border,  "  Palmidas  pinx."  in  folio  ;  Conlhmtine 
Huygens,  nobleman  of  Zuylichcm,  father  to  the  celebrated 
mathematician  of  tl-.at  name,  a  fine  and  rare  print  ;  a  bult 
of  Peter  GafTendi,  in  an  octagon  border,  with  Latin  vcrfes  ; 
both  in  4to.  ;  William  of  NalTan,  foil  of  Frederic  Henry, 
prince  of  Orange  ;  Mary,  cldeft  daughter  of  Charles  t. 
wife  of  the  former,  both  in  large  folio,  from  Hondthorft  ; 
Clirifliana,  daughter  of  Gullavus  Adolphus,  and  queen  of 
Sweden  ;  Frederic  William,  eleftor  of  Brandenburg  ; 
Charles  Louis,  palatine  of  the  Rhine,  and  eleftor  of  i3a- 
varia  ;  Charles  II.  of  England,  all  after  Hondthorll  ;  Janus 
Douza,  lord  of  Northvvick,  and  of  fome  celebrity  as  a  philo- 
fophcr,  all  of  large  folio  dlmenfions.  And  two  very  rare 
portraits,  which  we  do  not  find  fpecified  in  the  catalogue  of 
Hecquet,  -viz.  Francis  William,  bifliop  of  Ofnabruck ;  and 
Louis  Cutz,  theologian,  both  in  ovals,  of  410.  fizc. 

Hijforkal,    l^c.  from  his  oiun  C ompofit'ions . — "  The   Four 
Evangelifts,"  half  lengths,  with  attributes,  in  folio  ;   "  The 
Pancake  Woman,"  a  large  folio  plate,  the  bell  impreffions 
of  which  are  before  the  name  of  Clement  de  Jonghe  was 
affixed  to  it  ;  the  fecond  bell,  before  that  of  .John  VifTcher. 
It   wns   afterwards  retouched   by  BalTan,  and  t!ie  name  of 
John  VilTcher  crafed  ;  but  the  lall  imprefiions  are  eafily  dif- 
tinguiflied  from  the  firft  by  their  palpable  inferiority.     "  The 
Rat-Catcher,"  the  firll  impreffions  of  which  were  taken  be- 
fore the  name  of  Clement  de  Jonghe  was  affixed  to  it ;  "The 
Bohemian  or  Gypfey  Woman,"   with  three  children,  to  one 
of  \yhom  (lie  gives  the  breaft,  all  in  large  folio  ;  the  name  of 
Viflcher,  in  the  earlieil  impreffions  of  the  latter  plate,  is  upon 
the  margin  at  the  bottom.     It  was  afterwards  obliterated  to 
make  room  for  the  infcription,    and   affixed  to  the  upper 
part  of  the  plate  ;  "  The  Interior  of  a  Cabaret,"   with  a 
party  of  five  men  fmoking  and  drinking,  in  folio  ;    "  The 
Antiquary,"  reprefeuting  an  amateur  in  his  cabinet,  looking 
over  his  curiofities,  in  large  folio.     By  fome  this  is  niillakenly 
faid  to  be  from  a  pifture  by  Reynll,  and  others  attribute  it 
to  Correggio.     Charles  Gullavus,  king  of  Sweden,  and  his 
queen,  accompanied  by  a  great   crowd  of  perfons,  and  an 
old  man  reading  a  paper  ;  "  The  Coronation  of  the  Queen 
«f     Sweden,"     infcribed     "  C.irolus    Gullavus  : — Hedwig 
iileonora  ;"  all  of  large  folio  fize  ;  a  boy  holding  a  candle, 
and  a  girl  with  a  moiife  trap,  in  which  is  a  moufe  :  this  print 
19   ufually  called  "  The   Moufe  Trap,"  in  4to.     A  figure 
lying  on  a  tomb,  above  which  Chrill  appears  with  cherubs, 
beneath  is  a  bas-relief  with  two  genii  placing  a  ferpent  on  a 
fliuU  crowned  with  laurel ;  above  is  infcribed  "  Fortiter,  fed 
fuaviter,"  in  large  folio.     A  cat  fleeping,  with  a  rat  before 
her,  in  4.to  ;  a  cat  fleeping  upon  a  napkin,  a  very  fmall  plate 
Jengthways,  This  print  is  exceedingly  rare,  and  at  the  auction 


of  Mariette's  colleftion,  it  fold  for  the  fum  of  three  hundred 
and  fixty-one  livrcs. 

hi/iotical,  i^c.  a/tr  various  Italian  Majlers. — "  The  Angel 
commanding  Abraham  to  quit  his  Country,  and  iojourn  in 
the  Land  towards  which  he  points,"  from  Baifan;  "Abraham 
at  Sichem,and  God  appearing  to  him  in  a  Dream,"  from,  the 
fame  painter;  "Sufannah  and  the  Elders,"  from  Guido.  Tiie 
bull  of  a  woman  with  her  liand  upon  her  breall,  a  very  fine 
print,  thought  to  be  from  Parmegiano,  all  in  folio  ;  '.'  Chrilt 
carried  to  the  Tomb  ;"  "  The  Refurrettion,"  after  P.  Vero- 
nefe,  infcribed  "  Ego  et  Pater  unus  fumus,"  in  large  folio  ; 
"  The  Holy  Family,"  where  the  infant  Chrilt  is  on  the  lap 
of  the  Virgin,  and  St.  John  prefeiits  fruit ;  thought  to  be 
from  Palma  ;  "  The  Holy  Family,"  in  which  the  infant 
Chrill  is  playing  with  flowers  on  the  lap  of  his  mother,  and 
in  the  back-ground  is  Tobit  brought  by  an  angel ;  and  an- 
other "  Holy  Family,"  where  St.  John  prelents  a  pear  to 
the  infant  Chrill,  both  without  the  painters  names,  and  all 
of  folio  dimcnlion.s. 

Suhjeds  from  Fkmijl   Maflers. — "  The   Lall  Judgment," 
after  Rubens,  a  fine  engraving,  on  two  large   folio   plates  ; 
"   The    Holy    Virgin    and    Infant     Chrilt    iurrouiided    by 
Angels,"     alter   the  fame  painter,    in  large   folio  ;     "  St. 
Francis    d'AfCfe    receiving    the    Infant    Chrilt    from    the 
Virgin,"  in   large  folio  ;  "  Achilles  difcovered  by   Ulyfles 
at   the   Court  of  Lytomedes,"    in    large  folio.       At    the 
time    Viifcher   engraved  this   plate    he   was   under  the  di- 
redlion  of  Soutman.     A  hoy  lighting  his  candle  from  that 
of  a    woman   with    a    balket,  in   large   qaarto  ;    all    from 
Rubens.     A   man   playing  the  violin,  accompanied  by  live 
children,  from  Van  Ollade,  a  very  fine  engraving,  of  which 
it  is   very  difficult    to  find  a  good    impreliion.     An  etch- 
ing of  the  fame  fubjett,  marked   "A.   Van   Ollade   pinx. 
C.  Viifcher  fecit,  aqi  a  furti."     The  interior  of  a  fmoking- 
room,  with  fix  men,  a  woman,  and  two  children  ;  all  in  lirge 
folio.     The  bell    imprefiions   ot  this    plate  arc  before   the 
names  of  VifTcher  and   Ollade  were  inferted.     A  fmoking- 
room,  with  two  men  and   a  woman  drinking  ;  a    man    and 
woman  in  a  public  houlc,  on  whole  faces   drunkennefs  and 
vulgarity   arc  depiited  molt  admirably  ;  both  from  Ollade. 
A   party  of  five   men   in  an  alehoufe,  one  of  whom  plays 
the    violin,    whilll   the  others    fing,    from  Ad.    IJrouwcr, 
both  m  folio.     A   furgeon  performing  an  operation  on   a 
man's  foot,  in  folio  ;  from  the  fame  matter.     Three  very  fine 
prints,  after  P.  van  Laer  ;  iiiz.   i.  The  pillol-fliot,  or  the 
coach    robbed ;    in    folio.     2.    An  attack    on    a    convoy. 
3.  The  lime-kiln  ;  both  the  lall  in  large  folio.     A  party  of 
hunters  on  horfcback,  with  liounds,  &c.  from  P.  de  Laer  ; 
and  its  companion,  a  man  featcd  on  the  banks  of  a  river,  in 
which  women  are  waflung.     A  huullcape  with  a  moonlight 
effedt,  which  expofes    two   robbers  making   off  with  their 
booty,  after  having  knocked  down  a  man  ;  and  its  compa- 
nion, a  rural    fubject    of  a  man   and  woman  tending  fheep, 
both    in  large   folio,  from  de  Laer ;  and  two  fcts   of  fi^ur 
foho  plates,  each  after  Berghem,  ot  which  the  fubjeCts  are 
landfcapes,  adorned  with  ruins  and  rullic  figures. 

The  merits  of  John  Viflcher,  as  an  engraver  of  landfcape, 
cattle,  and  ruUic  figures,  were  not  lefs  original  and  extra- 
ordinary than  thofe  of  his  brother  Cornelius.  He  was  born 
at  Araiterdam  in  the  year  1636,  and  has  been  fpoken  of  as 
a  painter  as  well  as  an  engraver.  His  pictures  we  have  not 
feen,  and  his  engravings  alone  are  fufficient  to  entitle  him  to 
the  fame  he  fo  jultly  enjoys. 

With  artill-hke  regard  to  the  demands  of  theclafs  of  fub- 
jedts  which  chiefly  engaged  his  abilities,  a  much  larger  por- 
tion of  his  engravings  is  performed  with  the  etching-point 
than    in    thofe    of  Cornelius,  which   initr'xiient  he  handled 

vcilh 


LOW   COUNTRIES,    ENGRAVERS    OF  THE. 


with  the  utniod  freedom  and  pifturefque  playfulnefs.  Ber- 
{;hem,  of  whom  we  fliall  pn.'fcntly  Ipeak,  and  of  whom  wo 
have  treated  in  vol.  iv.  was  a  paftoral  painter,  and  no  man 
to  this  hour  has  tranflated  the  poetry  of  Bcrghem's  painting, 
with  more  fuccefs  tiian  John  Viflcher,  iiniefs  Laurent,  an 
Engiifh  engraver,  who  died  young  at  Paris,  might  be  ex- 
cepted. 

Trees,  efpccially  thofe  of  thorny-charadlered  foliage,  fnch 
as  Derghem  painted  ;  broken  ground ;  the  rough  hides  of 
cattle,  in  all  their  wild  varieties;  mofly  rocks,  and  the 
crumbling  furfaces  of  ruined  edifices,  he  treated  with 
fmgnlar  feeling  and  felicity,  b'ending  a  painter's  and 
slmoll  a  natnralift's  knowledge  of  the  details  oi  the  forms  of 
fuch  objefts,  with  an  engraver's  talle  and  manual  power  of 
execution.  Shallow  brooks,  in  which,  dillurbed  by  ford- 
ing cattle,  tlie  funfliine  glitters,  as  .long  as  prints  can  be 
preierved,  will  continue  to  fparkle  with  the  merits  of 
Viifcher,  while  his  deeper  ftrearas  and  lakes  reflect  the  me- 
ridian glow  of  his  reputation. 

Middiman,  as  v/cU  as  many  other  modern  engravers,  ap- 
pear to  have  formed  th»ir  ftyles  of  etching  grafiy  ground, 
and  rocks  patched  with  lichens,  from  contemplatnig  the 
prints  of  this  mafler,  and  no  man  better  than  he  imparted 
truth  of  charafter  and  animal  expreflfion  to  cows,  horfes, 
afTes,  goats,  Iheep,  and  all  '.he  various  tribes  of  domeftic 
animals  which  his  great  mafter  Berghem  delighted  to  paint, 
and  therefore  painted  fo  well  ;  or  difplayed  on  paper  vvitli  a 
readier  hand  the  rufticities  of  Ol^ade. 

The  portraits  of  John  Vifrcher.  with  which  we  {hall  com- 
mence  our  li!t  of  his  fupcrior  performances,  fhew  that  he  oc- 
cafionally  handled  the  graver  with  fcarcely  lefs  freedom  and 
tafte  than  the  etching-needle. 

Portrni'.s. — John  de  Viterbogaert,  from  a  drawing  by 
Viifcher  himfelf,  in  quarto  ;  Peter  Prochns,  a  minifter  of 
Amilerdam,  after  Van  Noort ;  Thadeus  Lautman,  paftor 
of  La  Have,  after  J.  de  Bane,  both  in  folio ;  Abraham 
vonder  Hulll;,  vice-adnairal  of  Holland,  in  large  folio; 
Petrus  Paulus  Rubens,  an  etching  from  Vandyke ;  Mi- 
chael de  Ruyter,  admiral  of  Holland,  H.  Berckmans 
pinx.  ;  both  in  folio ;  a  man  with  his  hair  drefftd,  after 
C.  Viffcher.  in  quarto  ;  and  a  negro  fliooting  an  arrow  from 
a  bow,  after  the  fame  mafter,  in  folio. 

After  OJlade, — A  company  of  peafants  under  a  trellis- 
work,  gaming  ;  '■  Ruftic  Economy,"  where  a  man  is  winding 
ofFcotton,  and  his  wife  fpinning  it  ;  "  A  ruftic  Party,"  com- 
poled  of  twyo  fmokers,  and  an  old  woman  and  child  ;  "  Pea- 
fants rejoicing  ;"  "  A  Skirraifh  before  tiie  Door  of  a  Ta- 
vern ;"  "  A  Peafant's  Wedding,"  infide  of  an  alehoufe  ; 
and  a  drunken  peafant  putting  his  hand  on  the  bofom  of  a 
woman,  all  of  folio  dimenfions. 

Aftir  Ber(;hein. — Several  peafants  dancing  in  a  cottage, 
commonly  called  "  The  Ball,"  in  large  folio  ;  a  beautiful 
landfcapc,  ornamented  with  figures  and  animals,  and  Us 
companion,  a  mountainous  landfcape,  with  a  man  and  horfe 
fravell:ng  ;  "  Summer,"  in  large  folio  ;  a  landfcape,  with  a 
man  clad  in  goat'd-flcin,  on  horfeback,  in  folio  ;  and  its  com- 
panion, a  girl  milking  a  goat,  in  a  landfcape  ;  a  pair  of 
paftoral  fubiecls,  in  one  of  which  is  a  fhepherd  meditating, 
w  the  other  a  woman  milking  a  goat,  and  a  piping  fhepherd. 
The  four  parts  of  the  day,  Aurora,  Meridies,  Vefpcr, 
and  Nox,  beautiful  landfcapcs,  ip  large  folio.  A  fet  of  four 
large  folio  etchings  of  landfcapes,  in  which  the  figures  in- 
troduced are  ;  i.  A  man  on  a  mule.  2.  A  woman. 
3.  A  fhepherd  guiding  his  flock.  And  4.  A  mule  loaded 
with  pea-hens.  A  fet  of  fix  landfcapes;  i.  Men  flioeing 
an  afa.  2.  Two  women  and  a  dog,  one  of  whom  is  carry- 
•Bg  a  fack.     3.  A  fhepherd  on   an   als,  driving  his   fheep. 


4.  A  woman  carrying  faggots,  and  a  peafant  on  horfeback. 

5.  A  peafant  on  an  afs  leading  a  cow.  6.  An  old  man  with 
a  beard,  fitting  againft  a  wall,  in  folio.  A  fet  of  four,  the 
title-page  of  which  is  a  monument  or  tomb.  2.  A  fhepherd 
playing  the  bag-pipes.  3.  A  fhepherd  and  his  dog  fording 
a  brook.  And,  4.  A  boy  carrying  faggots;  in  fohc 
Another  fet  of  landfcapes,  of  which  tlie  title-page  is  a  foun- 
tain or  watering-place  for  cattle,  with  a  woman  milking  a 
goat.  2.  A  (liepherd  wrapped  in  his  cloak,  with  a  ftick. 
3.  A  fliepherd  fcated  on  a  lullock,  and  another  in  paftoral 
converfation.  4.  A  woman  on  an  afs,  and  a  girl  Handing 
befide  her  ;  all  in  folio.  Four  other  fets,  of  various  numbers 
of  landlcapcs,  with  fimilar  ruftic  figures  introduced  ;  all  of 
folio  dimenfions.  And  the  ornamental  decorations  of  various 
geograi)hical  charts,  for  which  Berghem  fupplied  the 
defigns. 

From  other  painters  of  cottage  fcenery,  he  engraved  a  fet 
of  eight  prints  of  figures  and  animals,  after  H.  du  Jardin  - 
a  fet  of  four  large  folio  prints,  after  P.  de  Laer,  which  have 
beeti  attributed  by  fome  to  Cornelius  Viffcher,  though  with 
better  foundation,  by  others  to  John.  They  confiH  of 
1.  A  party  of  beggars  playing  ;it  cards,  furrounded  by  a 
crowd  of  fpertators,  2.  A  woman  on  horfeback  guiding 
cows,  near  whom  is  a  man  who  has  difmounted  to  drink  out 
of  his  hat.  5.  An  hoftlcr  bufied  at  an  inn-door  ;  near  which 
is  a  Ikble  with  horfes  feeding.  4.  A  forge,  with  a  man 
fhoeing  a  horfe,  and  others  converfing-. 

After  P.  li*ouvermans . — A  viftualling  tent,  and  horfemen 
flopping  to  drink ;  another  vidualling-tent,  with  men  ca- 
rouling  ;  horfemen  diverting  themfelves  before  their  tents, 
and,  as  ufual  in  the  compofitions  of  Wouvermans,  a  white 
horfe  with  trappings  ;  all  in  large  folio.  A  fet  of  four  in 
folio,  of  I.  The  marfhalling  of  an  army,  with  a  horfe  on  the 
fore-ground.  2.  A  viftuailing  tent.  3.  A  party  of  tra- 
vellers.    4.  A  riding-fchool. 

A  fet  of  twelve  after  G.  van  Goyen,  of  landfcapes  and 
fca-pieces,  enriched  with  various  buildings  and  figures,  in 
quarto  ;  and  another  fet  of  twelve  wild  landfcapes,  and 
marine  fubjefts  in  Italy,  after  Herman  Swaneveldt,  which 
are  very  interelting,  and  adorned  with  figures ;  muft  con- 
clude our  lift  of  the  works  of  this  meritorious  artift. 

Lambert  Viffcher,  the  brother  of  Cornelius  and  John,  was 
born  at  Amfteidam  in  the  year  1634,  and  died  at  Rome, 
whither  he  had  travelled  for  improvement  or  employ,  and 
where  he  engraved  in  conjunction  with  Bloemaert,  Spierre,  and 
others,  from  the  pitturesof  Pietro  da  Cortona,  in  the  palace  of 
Pitti,  at  Florence.  He  engraved  both  portrait  and  hiftorv, 
working  with  the  graver  alone,  but  did  not  poffefs  any  very- 
great  ihare  of  merit.  The  following  are  a  felcdlion  of  the 
beft  of  his  produtlions. 

Portraits. — Stanitlaus  Lubienitz,  M.  Scheitz  pinx.  ;  John 
Rutgerfius,  counfellorof  Guftavus  Adolphus,  both  of  quarto 
fize  ;  Chriilopher  de  KannenS'rg,  privy  counfcilor  to  the 
eleftor  Frederic  William  of  Brandenburg  ;  Maria,  Thcrefa 
of  Auftria,  queen  of  France,  from  VanLoo;  all  in  folio. 
Charles  Rabeniiaupt,  baron  of  Sucha,  and  liei:tenant-gene- 
ral  of  Holland;  John  de  Wit,  the  diftinguiflied  peufion.ary, 
and  patriot  of  Holland  ;  and  Cornehus  Tromp,  vice-admi- 
ral of  Holland,  F.  Bol  pinx.  ;  all  of  large  folio  dimenfions. 
H'ljlar'ual,  iifc. — "  The  Gencroiity  of  Seltucus  to  An- 
tiochus,"  from  P.  da  Cortona ;  and  "Virtue  dcliverinjr 
young  Man  from  ti'.e  Embraces  of  Voluptuoufnefs, 
large  folio,  from  the  fame  painter. 

Nicholas  John  Viifcher  was  of  the  fame  family  as  the  pre- 
ceding artifts,  and  born  at  Amfterdam  fome  tim.e  about  the 
year  1580.  We  have  by  him  a  confiderable  number  of 
etchings,  executed  in  a  free  agreeable  ftyle  ;  he  partioilarly 

fucceeded 


a 
ill 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE 


fucceeded  in  fmalllandfcapcs,  with  figures  and  animals.  He 
likewife  engraved  a  few  portraits,  which  he  marked  with  his 
name  at  length,  or  fomctimes  with  a  moriojrram,  compofed 
of  C.  and  V.  for  Claus  or  Claas,  being  the  Dutch  abbre- 
viation of  Nicholas,  and  which  will  be  found  in  Plate  III. 
of  thofe  ufed  by  the  engravei-s  of  the  Low  Countries. 

The  following  of  his  engravings  are  moil  worthy  the  at- 
tention of  the  coUeftor.  William  Laud,  Archbifliop  of 
Canterbury  ;  Charles  L  of  England,  in  a  large  round 
hat,  both  ni  4to.  ;  John  Calvin,  in  folio  ;  Didier  Erafmus 
of  Rotterdam,  from  Hans  Holbein  ;  .lames  H.  of  England, 
and  James,  duke  of  Monmouth  and  Buccleugh,  both  in 
large  folio. 

Etchings. — '•  The  Tab^e  of  Cebes,"  an  allegorical  fubjeft 
on  human  lite,  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Execution  of  the 
State  Criminals,  of  the  Seft  of  Arminians,  at  the  Hague," 
in  folio  ;  two  landfcapes  with  Dutch  callles,  in  large 
folio ;  and  a  view  of  the  caflle  and  environs  of  Loven- 
fteyn,  which  was  ufed  as  a  prifon.  At  the  bottom  of  the 
print  is  a  perfpetlive  view  of  the  caltle  in  the  form  of  a 
frieze  ;  and  on  each  fide  a  medallion.  This  is  a  folio  print, 
very  rare,  and  beautifully  executed. 

Peter  Nolpe  was  born  at  the  Hague,  A.  D.  1601.  The 
circumllances  of  his  life  are  rather  obfcure,  but  his  works 
prove  him  to  have  been  a  man  of  talent.  He  is  fpoken  of 
as  a  painter  ;  but  apparently  his  engravings  are  far  more  nu- 
merous than  his  piftures.  He  worked  with  the  point  and 
graver,  and  generally  united  them  ;  but  fome  of  his  plates 
are  executed  with  the  graver  only,  which  inftrument  he 
handled  with  much  more  facility  than  tafte.  He  engraved  por- 
trait, hillory,  and  lahdfcape,  but  excelled  mod  in  the  latter, 
for  he  was  but  imperfectly  mailer  of  the  human  form,  whereas 
his  landfcapes  poifefs  a  certain  air  of  boldnefs  and  freedom, 
which  manifeft  a  praftifed  hand,  though  not  a  mind  of  pro- 
found information. 

The  moll  valuable  of  his  works  are  the  portraits  of  John 
Adler  Salvius,  a  miniller  plenipotentiary  to  the  court  of 
Sweden,  in  410.  A  fet  of  eight  horfemen,  in  8vo.  ;  very 
rare  etchings.  A  fet  of  eighteen  etchings  of  beggars,  in 
4to.  after  Qnaft,  of  whom  we  fliall  fpeak  anon,  and  treated 
in  his  manner.  "  The  Angel  delivering  St.  Peter  from 
Prifon,"  after  J.  V.  Vucht,  in  folio  ;  "  Judah  and  Tamar," 
in  a  landfcape  of  large  folio  fize.  The  fame  figures  he  after- 
wards introduced  into  a  landfcape  of  a  much  fmaller  fcale. 
"  An  Inundation,"  occafioned  by  the  burllmg  of  a  water- 
bank.  This  is  a  very  fcarce  print,  executed  with  much 
"  force.  "  Daniel  in  the  Lion's  Den,"  after  Blanchard ; 
"  The  Voyage  of  his  Majelly,  the  King  of  Great  Britain, 
to  the  Coafts  of  Holland."  An  emblematical  print  on  the 
marriage  of  the  prince  of  Orange,  with  the  princefs 
Mary  of  England.  A  fet  of  fix  landfcapes',  after  'Van 
Nieulant.  Six  ditto,  which  are  efteemed  beautiful,  after 
Rogman,  all  in  folio.  The ;#bmainder  are  of  larger  folio  di- 
menfions.  A  view  of  the  guard-houfe  at  Amftcl,  near  Am- 
rterdam  ;  eight  of  the  months  of  the  year,  which  are  very 
beautiful,  with  fine  efFefts.  A  fet  of  the  four  feafons;  an- 
other of  the  four  elements,  from  Peter  Potter  ;  "  The  Pro- 
phet Elias,  with  the  Widow  of  Sarepta  ;"  "  St.  Paul  the 
Hermit  fed  in  the  Wildernefs  by  an  Eagle,"  both  in  large 
folio  ;  and  .1  very  capital  print,  engraved  on  five  plates,  after 
C.  Molyn  the  y-junger,  of  "The  Cavalcade  made  by  the  Citi- 
zens of  Amllerdani,  on  the  Entrance  of  Mary  of  Mcdicis  ;" 
fome  of  which  he  marked  with  a  monogram  which  is  copied  in 
Plate  III  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  arcills  of  the  Netherlands. 

Peter  Quad.  There  is  a  certain  fanciful  quaintncfs  about 
this  artill,  of  a  diverting  kind.  The  grotelque  quirks  of 
his  morricc-dancing  beggars  are  perfectly  homogeneous  with 


the  twirUng  Q's  in  his  various  monograms,  and  makes  qi 
anticipate  fomething  entertaining  ui  the  hillory  of  his  privsatc 
life,  of  which  alas !  we  know  nothing,  but  that  he  was 
born  at  the  Hague  in  the  year  1602,  and  was  the  intimate 
friend  of  Nolpe,  whom  wc  have  jaft  difmilfed. 

He  defigned  and  engraved  groups  of  peafants,  battles, 
beggars,  and  barbers'  (hops,  and  even  in  his  battles  there  is 
fomething  aUied  to  drollery.  His  talents,  in  many  refpefts, 
were  but  little  inferior  to  thole  of  Callot,  with  whom  he 
was  contemporary,  and  to  whom,  in  the  management  of  his 
tools  and  ftyle  of  engraving,  he  bore  a  remarkable  re- 
femblance. 

The  monograms  of  Quad  may  be  feen  in  Plate  III.  of 
thofe  of  the  engravers  ot  the  Netherlands,  and  his  principal 
works,  are,  "  Fyf  finnen  te  Koop,"  (or  the  five  fenfes) 
in  oftavo,  dated  1638  ;  the  four  feafons,  perfonified  by 
grotefque  ligures,  in  quarto.  A  fet  of  twelve  plates  of 
Capriccio  and  grotefque  figures,  in  8vo.  Another  fet  of 
Capriccio,  of  whicli  the  fubjedts  are  beggars,  old  women, 
and  oddities,  fuperfcribed  on  the  title  page  "  Tis  all  ver- 
vart  Gaeien  :"  this  fet  confifts  of  twenty-fix  plates  in  4to. 
Another  fet  of  ten  quarto  plates  of  beggars,  with  quizzical 
names  and  correfpondiug  landfcape  back-grounds;  and  a  fet 
of  twelve  plates  in  4'0.  of  whimfical  modes  and  fafliions,  in 
the  talte  of  the  noblelfe  of  Callot. 

Francis  Vander  Steen  was  born  at  Antwerp,  A.  D. 
1604,  and  having  in  his  youth  loll  the  ufe  of  one  of  his 
legs  by  an  acciilent,  his  parents  thought  of  fine  art  as  a 
profitable  or  pleafant  occupation  ;  and  if  a  corredt  judgment 
may  be  formed  by  his  luccefs,  moll  probably  the  former; 
for  he  obtained  high  patronage,  though  he  polfeffed  not 
much  merit.  The  archduke  Leopold  afligned  him  a  pcn- 
ilon,  which  was  continued  by  Ferdinand  III- 

His  engravings,  however,  of  which  the  following  are  the 
chief,  find  their  way  into  the  port-folios  of  thofe  who  col- 
left  the  produftions  of  this  fchool,  either  on  account  of  their 
fubjefts  or  fnppofed  merits. 

Portraits Cornehus  Cort,    in  8vo. ;  Theodore  Coorn- 

haert,  in  410.,  both  celebrated  engravers  ;  Andrea  del 
V'aulx,  or  'Vallenfis,  profeffor  at  the  academy  of  Louvain, 
in  4to.  ;  and  George  Seballian  Lubomirflii,  count  of  Wif- 
niez,   Herdt.  del ;  in  folio. 

Hyiorical,  ISjc.  after  ■various  Majlers. — "  The    Holy  Fa- 
mily," where  the  intant  John  prefents  flowers  to  Chrift,  trom 
Titian;  "  The  Holy  Family,"   with   St .  Jofeph  fealed  on  a 
fack.  This  fubjeft  is  called  in  Italy  "La  Madonna  del  Sacco," 
from  Andrea  del  Sarto,  and  has  fince  been  engraved  by  Bar- 
tolozzi  and  by  Raphael  Morj^hen.    "  The  Dream  of  Michael 
Angelo,"    from   Michael  Angelo  ;    "  Soldiers   playing   at 
Cards,"   from  Manfredi,  all  in   folio  ;    "  A  Man   holding  a 
Flagijon  and  a  Cup,  in  company  with  another  Man,"  in  410. ; 
"  A  Peafar-it  leated,  reading  the   Newfpaper,  whilll  an  old- 
Woman  careffes   him  with  one  Hand  and  holds  a  Pot  of  Beer 
in  the  other  ;''  "  A  Village  Party."  of  quarto  fize  ;  "  The' 
Mifer  and  his  Wife  counting  their  Gold,"    in  folio,  allaftcr' 
Teiiiers  ;   "  A  drunken    Silenus    fupported   by  Satyrs  and 
Bacchanals,"  from  Vandyke;  "  ACupid  forming  a  Bow  from 
the  Club  ot  Hercules,"  after  Correggio,  in  foiio.     At  the 
bottom  of  the  print  are  two  children,  one  of  whom  cries  and 
the  other  laughs.    "  Jupiter  and  lo  ;"  "  The  Rape  of  Ga- 
nymede."     Thefe  three  engravings  are  very  rare,  from  the 
piftures  of  Correggio  in   the  gallery  of  Vienna,  and  at  the 
fale  of  Mariette's  coileftion   were  fold  for  two  hundred  and- 
fifty  livres.      "  The    Martyrdom    of  eleven   thoufand  Vir- 
gins," engraved  on   four  plates   from  the  drawings  of  Van- 
Hoy,  after   the  original  piftures   by  Albert  Durer  ;   "  St.- 
Pepin  and  St.  Begue,"    half-length  figures  on   the  famo- 

plate. 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS    OF   THE. 


plate,  from  drawings  by  Rubens,  after  the  piftures  by  Van 
Eyck  ;  and  the  portico  of  the  picture  gallery  at  BrufFels!, 
commonly  called  "  The  Gallery  of  Teniers,"  from  Van 
Hoy,  all  of  folio  fize. 

Hans  or  John  Witdoeck,  Withouc,  or  Witdouck,  was 
born  at  Antwerp,  A.  D.  1604.  He  was  among  tlie  num- 
ber of  artifts  who  enjoyed  the  friendlhip  and  inllruAions  of 
Rubens,  and  leems  to  have  entirely  devoted  himfelf  to  en- 
graving the  piftures  of  that  great  mafter.  Witdoeck  did 
not  well  underlland  the  human  figure,  for  the  naked  parts 
are  but  indifferently  exprefled,  the  extremities  ar-e  heavy, 
and  the  markings  of  the  joints  are  not"  properly  determined. 
Neither  is  the  mechanical  part  of  his  engravirig  lefs  excep- 
tionable. It  proves  that  he  had  very  little  command  of  the 
graver,  or  did  not  fufficiently  lludy  that  part  of  the  art  to 
produce  a  clear  and  agreeable  effect.  Notwithftanding  thcfe 
faults.  Baffan  has  praifed  him,  and  the  prints  wtiich  he  exe- 
cuted under  the  eye  of  Rubens  in  chiarofcuro,  poffefs  a 
tolerable  effeft. 

The  following  engravings  from  the  hand  of  this  mafter, 
are  thofe  which  are  moft  worthy  the  notice  of  the  collector. 
A  pair  of  bulls  of  "  Cicero"  and  "  Demofthenesi,"  in  folio  ; 
*'  Melchizedeck  prefentiiig  Bread  and  Wine  to  Abraham 
and  his  Followers  ;"  "  A  Nativity,"  both  in  large  folio, 
from  Rubens.  This  latter  plate  underwent  feveral  alte- 
rations, chiefly  to  add  to  the  effeft.  The  firft  impreffions 
are  without  the  addrefs  of  Com.  Coeberch,  the  fecond 
liave  the  addrefs ;  after  which  the  plate  came  into  the 
hands  of  S.  Bolfwert,  who  engraved  on,  and  improved 'it 
very  much.  He  effaced  the  name  of  Coeberch,  and 
inferted  his  own.  "  The  Adoration  of  the  Kings,"  in 
large  folio,  from  Rubens.  This  print  likewife  under- 
went feveral  alterations  in  the  effect.  "  The  Elevation 
of  the  Crofs,"  a  large  print  lengthways,  from  Rubens,  on 
three  plates  ;  "  Chrift  at  Table  with  his  two  Difciples  at 
Emmaus,"a  large  folio  plate,  nearly  fquare.  There  are  fome 
few  impreffions  of  this  plate,  with  the  addition  of  a  tint  from 
a  wooden  block  ;  but  thefe  are  very  rare.  "  The  Affump- 
tion  of  the  Virgin,"  a  very  fine  and  rare  print,  in  large  folio, 
of  which  thofe  impreffions  that  are  marked  C.  Van  Mulen 
are  retouched.  "  The  Virgin  and  Infant  Chrift,"  in  an  oval 
border ;  "  The  Holy  Family,"  where  the  Virgin  is  repre- 
fented  fuckling  the  Infant  Jefus.  The  be  ft  impreffions  of 
this  engraving  have  the  addrefs  of  Moermans.  Another 
"  Holy  Family,"  here  the  Holy  Infant  is  rcprefented 
afleep  on  the  bofom  of  his  inother,  all  of  folio  fize  ;  "  St. 
Ildefonfe  receiving  a  Chafuble  from  the  Holy  Virgin,"  a 
very  fine  and  rare  print,  in  large  fofio  ;  "  The  beheading  of 
St.  Juftus  ;"  and  "  St.  Ceciha,"  both  in  large  folio,  and  all 
after  Rubens. 

■/Ijter  Cornelius  Schut. — ".ludithand  Holofernes;"  "The 
Holy  Family  ;"  «'  The  Virgin  on  a  Crefcent  ;"  «  The 
Virgin  feated  in  a  Landfcape,  furrounded  by  Angels;' 
"  The  Virgin  and  Chrift,  accompanied  by  St.  John  and 
Angels,''  all  in  folio  ;  and  "  St.  Nicholas  appearing  to  the 
Emperor  Conilantine,  and  delivering  three  Tribunes  from 
Prifon,"  in  large  folio. 

Remoldus,  or  Rombaiit  Eynhouedts,  was  born  at  An- 
twerp in  the  year  1605,  in  which  city  he  always  refided.  His 
plates  are  executed  with  a  firm  dark  point,  and  in  a  ftyle  which 
he  had  the  art  of  varying  and  adapting  to  thofe  of  the  feveral 
painters  after  whom  he  engraved.  His  drawing,  though  not 
always  equally  correft,  is  very  fpirited,  and  his  maffes  of  light 
and  fhade  very  well  preferved.  His  principal  engravings 
are  after  Rubens  and  Schut,  but  he  likewife  engraved  fome 
fubjefts  for  "  The  Cabinet  of  Teniers." 

We  (hall  fpecify  the  following  from  the  hand  of  this  artift  : 
Vol.  XXI. 


"  A  dead  Chrift,"  after  Palma  the  younger ;  "  Chrift  rifing 
from  the  Tomb,"  after  the  elder  Palma  ;  "  The  Adoration 
of  tlie  Kings,"  after  Rubens,  very  rare  ;  "  The  Refurreftioa 
of  Chrift,"  from  the  fame  painter  ;  "  The  Fathers  of  the 
Church,"  and  "  St.  Clare  holding  the  Holy  Sacrament  ;"  all 
of  folio  fize.  "  The  Virgin  feated,  furrounded  by  Saints  ;" 
"The  Chapel  where  Rubens  was  entombed,"  in  410.; 
"  St.  Gregory,  between  Prudence  and  Courage,  leaning  on 
a  Staff;"  above  is  a  pifture  of  the  Virgin  and  Chrift,  and 
angels  holding  wreaths  of  fruit,  after  Rubeni,  in  large 
folio.  "  St.  Chriftopher,"  in  folio,  after  the  fame  painter; 
"St.  Peter"  and  "  St.  Paul,"  in  folio;  "  Cambyfes,  King 
of  Perfia,"  who  liaving  ordered  an  evil  judge  to  be  flayed 
alive,  caufed  his  fkin  to  be  fprcad  upon  the  feat  of  juftice, 
and  placed  the  fon  of  the  culprit  upon  it,  making  him 
judge  in  his  father'.^  jtead  ;  a  fmall  fquare  plate.  "  Peace  and 
Happinefs,"  Peace  is  crowned  by  Victory,  andisfupported  by 
Power  and  Jufti.c,  accompanied  by  other  al  egorical  figures, 
all  after  Rubens  ;  "  St.  Ann,"  in  folio  ;  "  The  Affump- 
tion  of  the  Virgin  ;"  and  "  The  Martyrdom  of  St.  George  ;" 
both  in  large  folio,  after  Schut. 

Peter  Clouet,  Clowet,  or  Clouvet,  was  bom  at  Antwerp, 
A.D.  1606  ;  he  learned  the  elements  of  art  in  his  native 
country,  and  afterwards  went  to  Italy  fcr  improvement, 
where  he  ftudied  under  Spierre  and  Bloemaert.  He  returned 
by  way  of  Pari.',  where  he  remained  and  exercifed  his  pro- 
feffion  for  fome  time,  but  finally  fettled  at  Antwerp. 

He  worked  entirely  with  the  graver  in  a  clear  firm  ftyle, 
not  a  little  refembhng  that  of  P.  Pontius.  His  prints  are 
generally  deficient  in  middle  tints,  and  therefore  in  harmony, 
and  though  full  of  colour,  and  boldly  engraven,  from  too 
equal  a  diftribution  of  the  fhadows,  and  the  hghts  being  too 
much  fcattered,  they  lofe  a  great  part  of  their  effedt.  How- 
ever, his  prints,  cfpecially  thofe  after  Rubens,  are  much 
fought  after.  He  exercifed  his  art  both  on  portraits  and 
hiftory  ;  and  the  following  is  a  felection  of  his  moft  merito- 
rious engravings  : 

Portraits. — Peter  Aretin;  Nicolas  Coffin  ;  ThomasaKem- 
pis  ;  Ferdinand  Cortez  ;  Amerigo  Vefpucci  ;  and  Francis 
de  Malherbe  ;  all  of  quarto  fize,  and  without  the  names  of 
the  painters.  Michael  Boudwyns,  a  phyfician  of  Antwerp  ; 
William  Cavendifti,  duke  of  Newcaftle,  on  horfeback,  both 
in  folio,  from  Diepenbeck  ;  Chriftopher  Vander  Lamen,  a 
painter  of  Antwerp  ;  Theodore  Rogiers,  a  goldfmith  of 
Antwerp  ;  Charles  Scribanius,  a  Jefuit  of  Antwerp  ;  Ann 
Wacke,  holding  a  plume  of  feathers  ;  and  Henry  Rich, 
count  of  Holland  ;  all  after  Vandyke,  in  folio. 

Hiflorical,  i^c.  after  various  Majters "  The  Defcent  from 

the  Crofs,"  from  Rubens,  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Epitaph 
of  Rubens,"  in  folio  ;  «  The  Death  of  St.  Antony,"  a 
fine  and  irare  print,  in  large  folio  ;  "  St.  Michael  vanquifti- 
ing  the  Devil,"  in  foho  ;  "  A  Converfation  between  feveral 
Lovers  in  a  Garden  :"  the  beft  impreffions  have  Flemifti 
verfes  beneatli,  but  thofe  with  French  are  likewii'e  much 
fought  after.  This  converfation  piece  is  a  very  fine  and 
rare  print,  in  large  folio.  A  ftanding  female  figure,  in 
folio ;  a  winterfcape,  with  a  cottage,  and  the  fnow  falling, 
belonging  to  a  fet  of  fix,  the  other  five  of  which  were 
engraved  by  S.  Bolfwert,  all  after  Rubens.  "  The  Vir- 
gin luckling  the  Infant  Chrift,"  after  Vandyke,  in  large 
folio  ;  and  "  A  Party  at  Table,"  where  the  mafter  and 
miftrefi  are  crowned  with  laurel  ;  "  The  Family  of  the 
Duke  of  Newcafte,"  after  Diepenbeck,  in  folio. 

Albert  Clowet,  or  Clouet,  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the 

year  1624.     He  was  nephew  to  the  preceding  artift,  and 

went  to   Italy  to  ftudy  under  C.  Bloemaert.     During  hit 

refidence  at  Rome  he  engraved  a  confiderable  number  of 

3  R  plates. 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 


plates,  and  among  them  feveral  of  tlic  portraits  for  tlie 
L,ives  of  the  Painters,  by  Bellori,  which  were  printed  in 
that  city,  A.D.  1672.  He  always  worked  witli  the  gra- 
ver in  a  neat  ftyle,  imitating,  in  his  hiftoriiral  works,  with 
tolerable  fuccefs,  that  of  C.  Bloemaert.  His  portraits  are 
fomctimes  in  theilyle  of  Mellan,  at  others  in  that  of  F.  de 
Poilly,  and  fometimes  in  that  of  Nanteiiil  ;  though  by  no 
means  equal  in  merit  to  the  works  ol  thofe  great,  mailers, 
t'ither  in  drawing,  cffeft,  or  mechanical  execution. 

Among  various  other  Portraits,  he  has  executed  a  colleftion 
entitled  "  Effigies  Cardin;il.  nunc  viveutium,"  which  were 
publifhed  at  Rome  by  J.  Rofli.  The  following  are  likewifc 
by  him. 

Nicolas  Pouflln  ;  Antony  Vandyke  ;  the  cardinal  A  zzo- 
lifius,  from  Vonet ;  cardinal  Jacob  Rofpigliofi,  from  J.  M. 
Morandi;  cardinal  Charles  Rofetti;  cardinal  Francis  William 
de  Wartenberg  ;  Maximili:in,  count  of  Wolfegg ;  and  the 
medallion  of  pope  Alexander  VH.  fupported  by  the  car- 
dinal virtues  ;  all  of  quarto  dimcnfions. 

Hijlorkal,  i^c. — "  St.  John  de  la  Croix,"  the  flrft  infti- 
tutor  of  the  order  of  Carmehtes  ;  Lazaro  Baldi,  pinx.  in 
large  folio;  "  The  Statue  of  the  Happy  Umiliana,"  after 
a  drawing  by  Baldlnucci ;  "  The  Sepulchral  Monument  of 
Pope  Paul  HI."  from  Dom.  Barriere,  both  ■"  folio  ;  "  The 
Obelift  placed  on  an  Elephant,  erefted  on  the  Place  of  Mi- 
nerva," after  G.  L.  Bernini,  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Myfte- 
rious  Conception  of  the  Virgin,"  after  P.  Cortona,  engraved 
on  two  plates,  very  fine  and  rare  ;  "  A  Combat  of  Horfe- 
Soldiery,"  after  Jac.  Courtois  ;  and  a  large  print,  engraven 
on  four  plates,  of  "  The  Battle  of  Jofliua,"  after  William 
Courtois,  brother  to  the  preceding  artill. 

A  much  more  extraordinary  artill  is  now  to  be  introduced 
to  the  reader's  notice.  Of  wild,  vigorous,  and  original 
powers,  both  as  painter  and  engraver.  Paid  Rembrandt 
Gerretz,  or  Van  Rhyn,  gave  a  new  impetus  to  art,  and 
efFefted  a  revolution  in  talle,  of  which  the  eifecls  will  long 
continue  to  be  felt. 

The  profeffor  Fufeli,  by  a  grand  metaphor,  which  fpeaks 
whole  pages  in  praife  of  the  talents,  powers,  and  influence  of 
our  artift,  fays,  that  the  frantic  pilgrimage  of  painters  to 
Italy  ceafed  at  the  apparition  of  the  two  meteors  of  art, 
Peter  Paul  Rubens  and  Rembrandt  Van  Rhyn.  Both  Fufeli 
and  the  profeffor  Opie  (who  was  too  foon,  alas  I  lofl  to  his 
country)  have  ju'.Uy  eftimated  and  defervedly  praifed  the 
merits  of  Rembrandt  as  a  painter,  and  they  will  doubtlefs 
be  not  lefs  faithfully  reported  in  this  work,  when  the  writer, 
to  whofe  pen  is  confided  our  biography  of  painters,  ihall 
arrive  at  his  name.  In  this  place  he  will  be  treated  as  an 
engraver  ;  yet  if  the  prefent  writer  fhould  any  where  be 
thought  to  trench  on  the  province  of  painting,  let  it  be 
recolleiled,  that  of  two  arts  fo  intimately  connefled  as 
painting  and  engraving,  and  which  call  forth  and  exercife 
the  fame  energies  of  mind,  how  difEc.ilt,  how  almoll  impof- 
fible  it  is,  to  write  feparately  and  to  write  well. 

Rembrandt  was  the  fon  of  Herman  Gerretz,  a  miller  of 
the  neighbourhood  of  Leyden,  and  was  born  A.D.  1606, 
in  his  father's  mill,  which  flood  on  the  banks  of  the  Rhine, 
between  the  villages  -of  Leyerdorp  and  Koukerk.  A  fpot 
which  became  intereiling  from  being  the  birth-place  of  fo 
great  an  artill  as  Rembrandt,  became  doubly  intereiling 
when  brought  to  our  view  by  the  magic  of  his  pencil.  A 
picture  of  this  mill,  which  was  once  in  the  Choifeuil  Collec- 
tion, is  now  in  the  gallery  of  William.  Smith,  efq.  M.P.  for 
Norwich.  It  reprefents  a  very  early  hour  of  morning,  and 
perhaps  the  figures  which  are  introduced  may  have  other 
local  allufions,  of  which  the  meaning  is  now  lolt,  to  the 
time  and  circumilance  of  his  birth. 


Finding  that  he  pofTelTed  an  enquiring  and  capacious  mind, 
Herman  fent  young  Rembrandt  to  the  college  at  Leyden, 
where  his  reigning  paffion  for  fine  art,  and  his  difi  clination 
for  all  other  lludies,  were  foon  manifell.  Other  maflers  were 
accordingly  provided  to  inllrudl  liim  in  the  elementary  prin- 
ciples of  art  ;  and  Rembrandt  iludied  fucceflively  under 
Van  Sccotens,  Peter  Laftmann  (an  engraver  of  whom  we 
have  already  treated),  James  Pcnas,  and  James  Van  Zwa- 
ncnbourg. 

How  a  man  of  fo  great  genius  came  to  feek  inftruftion 
from  fo  many  mailers,  it  were  difficult  to  fav,  and  Hill  more 
difficult  to  think  that  they  did  not  encumber  his  progrefs  ; 
but,  perhaps,  to  the  variety  of  their  advice,  we  may  in  part 
owe  the  originality  of  Rembrandt.  He  did  not,  probablvj 
remain  long  enough  under  the  direflion  of»  any  one  of  them, 
to  trammel  his  habits,  or  overwhelm  or  ftultify  thofe  feelings 
and  perceptions  of  nature,  which  are  the  genuine  and  free 
inlets  to  lofty  and  original  attainments  in  art. 

Hence  Rembrandt  has  been  compared  to  Shakefpeare  ; 
and  hence,  like  another  wild  poet  whom  •'  Leyden  aids  nt> 
more,  with  many-Ianguagcd  lore,"  and  who  voluntarily 

*' leaves  the  lofty  Latian  drain. 

Her  ilately  prole,  her  verfe's  charms, 
To  hear  the  clafli  ol  rufty  arms ;" 

he  allowed  that  the  ancients  were  "  pretty  fellows  in  their 
day,"  but  would  point  with  farcallic  air  to  the  walls  of  his' 
ftudy,  which  were  hung  round  with  fiiits  of  armour,  rich 
fluffs,  and  the  pidlurefque  dreffes  of  various  ages  and  na- 
tions, and  fay  "  thefe  are  7ny  antiques." 

Both  Rembrandt  and  his  wife  have  been  accufed  of  an 
over-weening  fondnefs  for  money.  She  fold  his  engravings 
that  he  might  not  be  interrupted  in  his  profefTional  purfuits  ; 
and  underttanding  the  "  tricks"  of  pnntfellers,  w-as  too  much 
of  a  "  traveller"  to  allow  herfelf  to  be  impofed  upon  by 
them.  It  is  faid  that  a  confiderable  fortune  was  thus  ac- 
quired, xwhich  devolved  to  an  only  fon,  Titus,  to  whom 
nature  was  as  niggardly  in  her  gifts,  as  fhe  had  been  pro- 
digal to  the  father.  The  mean  propenfities  of  Titus  have 
been  mentioned,  and  his  inability  to  avail  himfelf  of  his 
father's  inltruftions  in  art ;  but  the  amount  of  his  fortune 
has  never  been  flated,  and  has  probably,  by  unrefledting 
readers,  been  much  over-eftimated. 

One  of  the  mofl  valuable  paragraphs  in  Strutt's  Difti- 
onary  of  Engravers,  is  that  which  he  has  written  on  the 
prints  of  Rembrandt ;  becaufe  while  it  defcribes  their  me- 
rits with  the  fellow  feeling  of  an  engraver,  it  marks  the 
difference,  which  cannot  be  too  ilrongly  marked,  or  too 
often  repeated  in  the  public  ear,  between  mere  rarity  and 
intrinfic  worth  ;  the  want  of  which  dilcrimination,  more, 
perhaps,  than  any  other  caufe,  has  been  the  bane  of  engrav- 
ing :  retarding  its  progrefs,  by  keeping  us  too  intent  upon 
nominal  and  extrinlic  value,  and  too  rcgardlefs  of  thofe  in- 
trinfic qualities,  which,  as  men  of  tafle,  fhould  alone  engagx; 
our  attention. 

He  fays,  "  His  prints,  which  are  partly  etchings,  and 
partly  engravings,  performed  with  the  graver  in  a  fingular 
manner,  have  all  that  freedom  of  touch,  fpirit,  and  greatnefs 
of  efFcft,  difcoverable  in  his  paintings,  fuppofing  them  to  be 
aflilled  by  the  vai-iety  of  colours.  Confidering  the  great 
quantity  of  etchings  he  made,  we  cannot  fuppofe  they 
fhould  be  all  equally  well  executed,  or  equal  in  value. 
However,  (according  to  the  common  courfe  of  things,  on 
which  an  imaginary  value  may  be  railed  by  accidental 
caufes,)  they  are  not  always  his  bell  prints  which  produce  the 
greatell  prices ;  but  thofe  that  are  the  fcarrell.  Thus  we 
frequently  fee  a  print  of  great   intrinfic   worth  in  itfclf,  if 

confidcred 


LOW  COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 


confulcred  as  a  beautiful  fpecimcn  of  the  abilities  of  an  ar- 
tift,  thrown  afide  for  no  other  fault  than  that  of  being  too 
ealily  obtained  ;  vvhil|l  another,  which  perhaps  is  rather  a 
difgrace  than  an  honour  to  him,  is  purchafed  at  an  extra- 
vagant price,  and  anxiouOy  prefcrved  becaufe  it  is  unique. 
It  is  merely  owing  to  this  caprice,  that  fo  many  trifling 
alterations  in  the  prints  of  Rembrandt,  rather  than  a  proper 
examination  of  their  real  merit,  iiicreafe  or  diminifh  the 
worth  ot  the  fame  print.  I  myfelf,  commiflioned  by  an 
eminent  colleftor,  gave  fix-and-forty  guineas  for  the  great 
Coppenol,  with  the  white  back-ground,  that  is,  before  it 
was  tiiiirnv'd  ;  when,  the  fame  evening,  at  the  fame  fale,  I 
bought  a  moll  beautiful  impreffion  of  the  fame  print  finifhed, 
dillinguifhed  by  having  a  black  back-ground,  &c.  which 
had  an  addrefs  to  Rembrandt  at  the  bottom,  written  by 
Coppenol  himfelf  (for  he  was  a  writing-mafter  of  Amftcr- 
dam,  and  this  print  is  his  portrait,)  for  fourteen  guineas 
and  a  half.  In  the  fccond  inftance,  I  exceeded  my  com- 
miffion  by  the  half  guinea  ;  in  the  firft,  I  did  not  reach  it 
by  nearly  twice  ten  guineas.  It  cannot  be  realonably  fup- 
pofed,  that  fuch  a  difference  could  exitl  between  two  good 
impreflions  of  the  fame  plate ;  and,  fpeaking  as  an  artift, 
I  ihouid  certainly  have  taken  the  laft  in  preference  to  the 
firil." 

The  "  flngular"'  manner  of  which  Strutt  fpeaks,  appears 
to  have  been  (hrewdly  gueffed  at  by  Watelet  and  Bartfch, 
who  fay,  that  "  it  would  be  difficult  to  difcover  the  way 
in  which  Rembrandt  worked :  he  certainly  made  great  ufe 
of  the  dry  point,  which  he  fometimes  fcraped  but  ffightly, 
and  the  burr  partially  ftopping  up,  or  blending  with  the 
lines,  refembled  a  wafh,"  yet  poffeffed  more  warmth  and 
richnefs.  The  dry  point  which  Rembrandt  ufed  was  either, 
as  Strutt  has  fuppoled,  the  pent  of  a  graver,  or  it  was 
fuch  a  dry  point,  as  has  fince,  in  our  own  country,  been 
much  ufed  by  Worlidge..  namely,  cylindrical  fleel  wire, 
whetted  to  a  triangular  point. 

But  the  great  wonder  of  his  art,  as  an  engraver,  is  his 
chiarofcuro.  He  feems  to  have  been  born  to  ihew  us  how 
much  intereft  could  be  excited  in  a  print  without  drawing, 
or  any  attempt  at  rendering  local  colour  in  the  abllrafi,  by 
mere  dint  of  compoiition  and  chiarofcuro,  and  chiefly  of  the 
latter.  Or,  more  ftriftly  fpeaking,  to  fhew  us  with  how 
little  drawing,  and  how  entirely  without  the  refinement  of 
feleftion,  in  regard  to  forms,  a  powerful  chiarofcuro  may 
be  kept  together,  and  brought  to  operate  on  our  imagina- 
tion and  judgment. 

In  the  dilpsfition  of  his  lines,  he  feems  to  have  been 
guided  by  no  principle,  but  the  fpontaneous  feeling  of  the 
moment  ;  yet  a  certain  tatl  of  mind  always  attended  him, 
and  imparted  ftyle  to  his  works. 

It  was  probably  from  this  fpontaneoufnefs  of  feeling, 
which  in  his  prints  llands  inftead  of  ftudy,  that  we  fee  fo 
many  variations  in  fome  of  his  plates  ;  which  appear  to  have 
been  fuddenly  thought  of,  and  promptly  executed  from 
time  to  time,  juil  as  his  mufe  infpired.  At  leaft,  this  is  a 
more  artill-like,  as  well  as  natural  fuppofition,  than  that  his 
own  avarice,  or  that  of  hh  wife,  prompted  theft-  alterations 
(which  have  become  fo  great  objefts  of  connoiffeurfliip) 
with  the  folc  view  of  obtaining  the  money  which  the  addi- 
tional fale  produced.  What  man  who  maintains  the  con- 
trary opinion,  has  proved  that  Rembrandt  altered  his  plates 
for  the  worfe  ?  Yet  this  is  abfolutely  neceffary  to  the  fup- 
port  of  the  mercenary  fide  of  the  argument. 

The  genius  of  Rembrandt  was  univcrfa!,  and  whatever 
the  iubject  of  his  engravings,  whether  hillory,  landfcape, 
or  portrait,  all  are  marked  by  the  fame  energetic 
truth ;  the  fame   wild  graces  ;    the  fame  forcefuj  phiaro- 


.'curo.  He  painted  and  engraved  what  he  faw,  and  did  not 
attempt  to  generalife  his  objefls  by  any  procefs  of  abftrac. 
tion,  or  accommodate  or  quahfy  them,  by  what  he  might 
fuppofe  others  had  imagined.  The  learned  precepts  of  his 
prcdeceflors,  fuch  as  that  art  fhould  render  men  as  they 
ought  to  be,  not  as  they  are,  were  difregarded  or  defpifed 
by  Rembrandt,  and  fo  ftrong  is  the  internal  evidence  of 
his  works,  or  fo  perfuafive  his  powers,  that  no  fpeftator 
can  entertain  a  doubt  that  his  portraits,  whether  of  perfons 
or  places,  are  tranfcripts  of  Nature,  executed  under  a  firm 
conviftion  that  where  (he  was  pidlurefque,  according  to  his 
view  of  the  capabilities  of  art,  flie  was  as  (he  ought  to  be. 

The  prints  of  this  mailer  are  dated  from  the  year  1628 
to  1659  :  their  number,  when  added  to  that  of  his  piftures, 
is  furprifing,  and  atteds  at  once  his  profefliopal  diligence, 
and  the  rapidity  of  his  powers.  Mariette  polfeffed  three 
hundred  and  feventy-five  fubjefls  :  Yever,  of  Amfterdam, 
and  Gerfaint  of  Paris,  in  a  defcriptive  catalogue  which  he 
formed,  have  enumerated  more,  and  Mr.  Daulby,  of  Liver. 
pool,  as  the  prefent  writer  has  been  informed,  more  ftill : 
fo  that  their  precife  number  is  probably  not  known.  It  is 
fcarcely  neceflaiy  to  add  that  no  engravings,  in  their  rare 
ftages,  or  fine  imprelTions,  have  been  fought  after  with  more 
avidity. 

Of  himfel.^,  Rembrandt  has  engraved  no  fewer  than 
twcnty-feven  portraits,  to  diflingui(h  which  from  each  other, 
by  means  of  words  alone,  might  not  be  eafy.  One  holds 
a  pencil,  and  is  more  carefully  finiffied  than  the  red  :  another 
is  in  a  fort  of  Perfian  habit,  with  an  oval  border  ;  in  another, 
his  wife  alio  is  introduced,  and  moil  of  them  are  of  quarto 
dimenfioiis. 

From  the  reft  of  his  works,  the  following  may  be  felefted 
with  advantage. 

Suljeas  from  the  Old  Tfjlarner.i .—"  Adam  and  Eve  in 
the  terrefti-ial  Paradife,"  rare  ;  "  Abraham  fending  away 
Hagar  and  Ilhmael ;"  «  Abraham  and  Ifaac,"  arched  at 
the  top,  all  in  quarto  ;  "  Jofeph  recounting  his  Dreams  to 
his  Father,  in  the  Prefence  of  his  Brethren  ;"  "  Jacob 
mourning  for  the  Lofs  of  Jofeph  ;''  «  Jofeph  folicited  by 
the  Wife  of  Potiphar,"  in  oftavo  ;  «' Mordccai  conduftei 
in  Triumph  by  Haman  ;"  and  «'  The  Angel  Raphael  dif- 
appearing  before  Tobit  and  his  Family,"  both  in  large 
qua-to. 

Suhjeds  from  the  Netu  Tijlament. — "The  Annunciation 
of  the  Shepherds,"  with  a  very  myfterious  fentiment  and 
povN-erful  chiarofcuro,  in  folio  ;  "  The  Adoration  of  the 
Shepherds,"  in  large  quarto ;  "  The  Circumcifion  of 
Chrift,"  with  an  extraordinary  good  effedl  ;  "  The  Prc- 
fentation  in  the  Temple  ;"  •'  The  Flight  into  Egypt," 
both  in  i2mo. ;  another  "  Flight  into  Egypt,"  executed  iu 
his  more  fcratchy  (lyle,  in  quarto;  another  "Flight  into 
Egypt,"  in  the  (lyle  of  EKluemer,  in  folio,  a  very  much 
elleemed  print  ;  "  The  Holy  Family,"  where  the  Virgin  is 
reprefentcd  feated  in  an  eafy  chair,  and  flic  and  the  Infant 
appear  affeep  ;  "  Jefus  preaching  to  the  Multitude,"  all  in 
quarto;  "  Ctefar's  Tribute  Money,"  in  i2mo.;  "  Chrill 
turning  the  Money-Chans/ers  out  of  the  Temple;" 
"  Chrill  and  the  Woman  of  Samaria,"  a  circular  print  ; 
another  of  "  Chriit  and  the  Woman  of  Samaria,"  iii 
quarto,  a  very  fine  brilliant-toned  engraving  ;  "  The  Rc- 
iurreclion  of  Lazarus,"  a  circular  print,  with  a  powerful 
eff'edl,  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Refurrcftion  of  Lazams,"  a 
fmaller  print  than  the- former  ;  "  Chrift  healing  the  Sick," 
a  famous  print,  known  by  the  name  of  "  The  hundred 
Florins ;"  an  "  Ecce  Homo,"  a  very  grand  compoiition. 
and  a  very  capital  engraving ;  "  Chrift  taten  from  the 
Croff,"  attended  by  the  Magdalen  and  the  Holy  Virgin,  (a 
3  R  -  companion 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


companion  to  the  former  print  ;)  "  Jefus  Chrift  prefented 
to  the  People  by  the  High  Priell  ;"  and  its  companion, 
"  The  Crucifixion  of  our  Saviour,"  all  of  large  folio  fizc  ; 
(there  are  many  impreflions  of  this  enj;raving,  with  various 
alterations:)  "The  Entombing  of  Chrill,"  in  quarto; 
"  Chrift  with  his  two  Difciples  at  Emmaus,"  in  folio  ;  en- 
graved with  broader  ftrokes  than  is  common  in  his  prints ; 
"  The  Good  Samaritan  arriving  at  the  Inn  with  the 
wounded  Man  ;"  a  very  fine  engraving,  in  folio  ,  "  Saints 
Peter  and  John  healing  the   paralytic  Man  ;"   "  St.  Phihp 


Beggars. — A  beggar  in  rags,  leaning  on  a  flick  ;  ther 
profile  of  a  beggar,  in  the  ftyle  of  thofe  of  Callot ;  another 
in  the  fame  ilyle  ;  an  old  beggar  woman  foliciting  charity. 
Lazarus  K!ap,  a  dumb  beggar,  fcated  on  the  ground,  with 
his  flick  between  his  legs,  in  8vo.  :  this  is  engraved  in  a 
broad  ftyle,  and  is  very  rare ;  a  beggar  feated  on  the 
ground,  covered  with  rags,  in  his  countenance  is  pidlured 
extreme  mifery  ;  beggars  at  the  door  of  a  houfe  receiving 
charity  :  the  group  is  compofed  of  an  old  man,  a  young 
woman  with  an  infant  at  her  back,  and  another  child,  in  4to. 
This  print  is  the  moil  interefting,  and  the  befl  executed  of 


baptifing   the   Eunuch  of  Queen   Candace  ;"    and   "  The 

Death  of  the  Virgin,"  a  very  fine  forcible  engraving,  both  the  whole  fet 
of  folio  fize.  Various   Figures,  aciulemical,  l^c.  —  A    young   man    and 

Pious  Subjeds.  — "  St.  Stephen  ftoned  ;"   "  St.  Jerome,"  female   in    bed,    furrounded    with  curtains,    very  rare ;    a 

engraved    when   Rembra»dt    was    in   his   meridian;     "St.  fliepherdefs  feated  at  the  foot  of  a  rock,  making  a  garland 

Jerome  at  rk'votion,"   all  in  o£l.avo  ;"  St.  Jerome  writing,"  of  flowers,  and  a  young  fliepherd  lying  near  her,  playing  the 

with  fpeftacles  on,  in  quarto  ;   "  St.  Jerome,"  an  unfiiiiftied  flute,  in  4to.,  a  very  rare  engraving  ;  "The  Draughtfman,'' 


plate,  the  compofition  of  which  is  rich,  and  the  finiflied 
part  admirable  ;  "  St.  Francis  at  Devotion  :"  great  part  of 
this  plate  is  unfiniftied,  and  the  prints  are  very  rare. 

Hifiorical  and  Allegorical  Suhjetls. — "  The  Hour  of 
Death,"  an  allegory  on  the  vanities  of  the  world  ;  "  Youth 
furprifed  by  the  Arrival  of  Death,"  reprefented  by  a  young 


reprelenting  a  man  drawing  from  a  caft  of  a  female,  fur- 
rounded  with  other  models :  this  print  in  Holland  is  known 
by  the  name  of  "  The  Statue  of  Pygmalion  ;"  and  if  it  had 
been  finiftaed  as  well  as  it  was  begun,  would  have  bten  very 
fine,  in  folio  ;  "  The  Bath,"  reprefenting  figures  bathing, 
in  4to.  ;    "The  Woman  and  the  frying  Pan,"   in  folio; 


manjand  girljwalking  together,  and  a  figure  of  death  ftarting    "  Venus  at  the  Bath."     It  has  been  remarked,  that  Rem- 

"'^  ■"'■  brandt  was  not  very  liappy  in  drawing  naked  figures ;  but 
here  he  has  given  his  Venus  the  charaftcr  of  a  goddefs,  in 
large  410. 

Land/capes. — A   fmall   landfcape,    engraved   with    great 
freedom,  of  trees  and  a  houfe  ;  "  The  Bridge  of  Six,"   with 


on  them  ;  "  Medea,  or  the  Marriage  of  Jafon  and  Creufa," 
reprefenting  the  interior  of  a  temple  and  the  ftatue  of  Juno, 
a  very  careful  engraving,  in  folio ;  "  The  Star  of  the 
Kings,"  a  ceremony  ufed  in  Holland  on  certain  nights, 
during  which  a  lanthorn   is   fattened  to   the  end  of  a  long 


ftick.       The  print  is  in  quarto,  and  has  a  ftriking  effedl  of    figures  on  it,  in  folio  ;  a  view  of  Amfterdam,  a  very  good 


night.  A  pair  of  "  Lion  Hunting."  A  chace  of  Hons,  in 
one  of  which  a  Turk  is  combating  a  lion,  and  another 
hunter  is  overthrown  ;  "  The  Wandering  Muficians,"  com- 
monly called  "  The  Blind  ;"  it  reprefents  an  old  man  and 
boy  playing  the  bagpipes.  "  The  little  Spanifli  Gipfey," 
reprefentin,x  an  old  woman  in  a  wood,  converfing  with  a 
young  perfon  of  diftinftion  ;  "  The  Rat-Catcher,"  repre- 
fenting an  old  man  with  a  ftick,  accompanied  by  a  boy  with 
rats  in  a  trap,  all  in  quarto  ;  "  The  little  Goldfmith," 
a  man  occupied  in  forming  a  fmall  figure  of  Charity,  in 
izmo.  with  a  very  fine  tone  ;  "  The  Pancake  Maker,"  an 
old  woman  frying  pancakes,  furrounded  with  children,  one 
of  whom  is  crying  at  a  dog,  in  oft avo,  engraved  in  a  very 
delicate  ftyle  ;  "  The  Jew's  Synagogue,"  reprefenting  two 
doftors  of  the  law  converfing  ;  in  the  back-ground  is  a  fy- 


engravmg  ;  a  landfcape,  with  a  village  and  fpire,  on  the 
fore-ground  of  which  is  introduced  a  hunter  with  two 
hounds,  very  rare,  in  folio ;  a  very  rich  and  celebrated  land- 
fcape, known  by  the  name  of  "  The  three  Trees,"  with 
the  eff^eft  of  rain,  in  foho  ;  a  very  highly  finiflied  landfcape, 
into  which  is  introduced  a  girl  with  pails,  and  a  dog ;  a 
landfcape,  with  wood,  water,  and  buildings  ;  thi?  engraving 
is  very  rare  and  Angular,  being  wafhed  with  Indian  ink, 
which  gives  it  the  appearance  of  a  drawing.  A  pair  of  land- 
fcapes,  one  with  a  coach  in  it,  with  a  view  of  a  city  and 
two  windmills ;  the  other  is  a  mountain  fcene,  with  wood 
and  water,  in  410.,  in  the  form  of  friezes,  both  waflied  with 
Indian  ink  ;  a  landfcape,  arched  at  the  top,  of  a  village, 
with  peafants  before  a  cottage  in  the  fore-ground  :  it  has  a 
very  grand  cffeft.    Another;  village  fcene,  arched  at  the  top, 


nagogue.    "  The  Nail  Cutter,"  a  young  woman  feated,  and  with  a  fquare  tower  introduced,  and  two  fmall  figures  feated 

an  old  woman  on  the  ground   cutting  her   toe-nails,   a  very  on  the  ground;  a  landfcape,  with  two  cottages,  and  animals 

rare  print  ;   "  The  Schoolmafler,"  in  oftavo  ;   "  The  Quack  feeding  on  a  meadow  ;  on  the  fore-ground  a  figure  is  intro- 

Do6tor,"   taking  drugs  from  a  baflcet,    in    i2mo.,   a   very  duced  drawing:   this  engraving  is   known  by  the  name  of 

fparkling  engraving;    "The   Peafant,    with   his  Wife  and  "  The  Landfcape  Painter."  A  landfcape,  executed  with  the 

Child,"  an  unfiniftied  print  ;     "The  Jew   with    the  Large  dry  .point,  called  "  The  Clufter  of  Trees,"  among   which 

Hat,"  leaning  on  a  ftick,  engraved  in   a  free,   but  decifive  is  introduced   a  foldier's  hut ;    a  landfcape,  arched  at  the 

manner  ;   "  The  Onion  Woman,"  reprefenting  a   miferable  top,  known  by  the  name  of  "  The  Hay  Stack,"  towards 

old  woman,  with  her  feet  on  a  chaffing-difti,  anxibus  to  fell  the  right  is  a  village  and  wood,  and  a  flock  of  fheep  guided 

a  rope  of  oniors,  all  in  oftavo  ;  "  The  Attrologer,"  an  old  by  a  fliepherd,  all  in  410.  ;   a  large  landfcape  of  an  oblong 


man  in  a  profound  (leep,  fitting  at  a  table  with  a  candle,  a 
globe,  and  books  :  in  his  right-hand  he  holds  a  pen,  and  his 
fpetfacles  in  the  other  ;  a  quarto  plate,  with  a  very  fine 
effeft.  "  The  Philofopher"  in  his  apartment,  contemplating 
a  globe  by  candle  light,  has  a  very  brilliant  effeft,  in  i  znio.  ; 
"  A  Man  meditating,"  feated  at  a  table,  above  which  a 
lamp  is  fixed  againft  thj  wall,  which  throws  a  glimmering 
light  on  all  arouni'  in  quarto  ;  "  The  Perfian,"  a  man  in  a 
hat  and  feathers,  '..itii  d  cloak  on,  in  oftavo,  engraved  in  a 
very  delicate  ftyle  ;  "  The  Skaiter,"  a  man  fl<aiting  with  a 
bundle  acrofs  his  fhoulder,  in  oiSavo,  a  very  free,  delicate 
engraving,  rare. 


form,  reprefenting  a  cottage  wirh  a  Itream  running  before 
it,  over  which  is  a  wooden  bridge,  and  a  country  girl 
crofllng  it :  in  the  back-ground  is  a  town,  and  a  river,  which 
winds  to  the  fore-ground,  where  a  man  is  introduced 
angling,  with  a  child  befide  him ;  its  companion  is  1  land- 
fcape of  the  fame  fize  and  form,  of  a  canal  and  .i  ""''ge  tree, 
by  the  fide  of  which  a  cottage  is  reprefented  with  two  chiK 
dren  at  the  door  :  in  the  back-ground  is  a  village  and  a 
windmill.  "  The  Obelilli,"  a  very  well  finiflied  landfcape, 
of  a  circular  form,  of  an  obclifk  and  a  village,  wiili  water, 
in  4to.  ;  "  The  Windmill,  or  Birth-place  of  Rembrandt," 
with  his  father's  houfe ;  a  view  of   the  champaign  of  the  rt> 

2  ceiver 


(  I 


LOW    COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF   THE. 


ceiver  Utenbogaerd  :  towards  the  right  hand  of  the  print  is 
a  canal,  with  buildings,  and  two  villages  in  the  back-ground, 
both  in  large  4to. 

Portraits  of  Men, — An  old  man,  with  a  long  grey  beard, 
a  very  fine  portrait,  though  left  unfinifhed  at  the  death  of 
Renibr.indt.      G.    F.    Schmidt    purchafed    the    plate    and 
finifhed  it.     A  man  with  a  chain  and  crofs,  in  the  aft  of 
writing  ;     John  Antonides    vander  Linden,    profelFor   and 
doftor  of  medicine  at  the  univeriity  of  Leyden,  in  his  robes 
of  ceremony,  a   very  fine  uortrait ;    James  Silvius,  clergy- 
man of  Amfterdam,  in  robes  trimmed  with  fur,  feated  at  a 
table,  all  in  ^.to. ;  a  young  man  feated,  meditating  :  he  has 
on  a  robe  trimmed  with  fur,  in  8vo. ;   the  Jew  Manafleh 
Ben  Ifrael,  a  commentator  on  many  of  the   vifions  of  the 
prophets  :   I'.e  is  reprefented  with  a  pointed  beard,  and  a  hat 
with  a  large  round  border.    Doftor  Fauftus,   (whom  Ger- 
faint  calls    Fautricus,)     a  profile,  down   to    the    waift,    is 
drefled  in  a  robe,  and  wears  a  white  hat :  he  is  in  the  aft  of 
examining  magical  charafters,  a  very  rare  portrait.     Renier 
Anfloo,  an  anabaptift,  feated  before  a  table,  writing,  with  a 
hat  on  ;   his  gown  is  bordered  with  fur.     This  is  the  moil: 
finifiied  and  the  fined  portrait  we  have  from  the  point  of 
Rembrandt.     Clement  de  Jonge,  a  print-feller,  feated  in  an 
eafy  chair,  with  a  hat  on,  and  his  hair  plaited  :  this  plate  is 
arched  at  the  top.     Abraham  France,  an  amateur  of  en- 
gravings, feated  at  a  table,  examining  a  print ;    the  elder 
Haring,  with  a  leathern  cap  on  ;   the  younger  Haring,  fon 
of  the  preceding,  feated;  John  Lutma,  a  famous  goldfmith 
of  Groningen,  one  of  the  fineil  portraits  of  Rembrasdt :  he 
holds  in  his  hand  a  little  figure  of  metal,  all  in  410.     John 
Affelin,  a  painter  of  Antwerp,  known  in   Holland  by  the 
name  of  "  Crabbetje,"   or  little  John:   it  is  a  half-length 
portrait,  with  long  hair,  and  a  hat  on  :  before  him  is  a  table, 
with  a  paletce  and   books,   in  folio.     Ephraim    Bonus,   a 
Jewirti  phyfician,  with  a  hat  on,  in  the  aft  of  defcending  a 
ftair-cafe.     This  is  one  of  the  beft  of  Rembrandt's  portraits, 
all  in  4to.     Utenbogardus,  a  minifler  of  Holland,  in  an  oval, 
oil  an  oftagon  plate :   he  is  feated  at  a  table,  with  an  open 
book  before  him,  and  has  on  his  head  a  leathern  cap,  in  folio. 
John  Cornelius  Silvius,  in  an  oval,  around  which  is  infcribed 
"  Spes  mea  Chriftus.    Johannes  Cornely  Sylvius.    Amftelo- 
damo  bat.  funftus   S.  S.   Minit!^.   aos  45  et  6.  menfes.     In 
Frifia,  in  Tyemarum  et  Phirugura  aos  4,"   &c.     Utenbo- 
gaerd,  the  banker  and   receiver  of  the  dates  of  Holland, 
commonly  called  "  the  gold-weigher ;"  the  little  Coppenol, 
the  Dutch  writmg-mader ;   the  great  Coppenol,  both  very 
rare  prints,  all  in  folio;  the  lawyer  Tolling,  a  very  fine  and 
rare  portrait :   he  is  reprefented  feated  at  a  table  with  books, 
in  large  4to.     The  burgomafter,  John  Six  :    this  celebrated 
portrait  is  very  rare,  and  fold  at  Mr.  Grode's  fale,  fome 
years  fince,    for  five-and-thirty  guineas.     It  is  faid,  there  is 
an  imprelTion  of  this  plate  without  the  names  of  the  burgo- 
mafter or  Rembrandt,  in  folio. 

Iiieal  Heads  of  Men. — An  eaftern  figure,  with  a  little  cap 
on,  and  ihort  hair,  covered  with  a  fur  gow  n  ;  a  profile, 
with  a  turban  on  ;  an  eaitern  figure,  with  a  long  beard,  in 
a  turban,  very  rare.  Thefe  are  all  marked  "  Rembrandt 
Venetiis,  1^)35  :"  and  it  is  faid  that  he  fo  marked  uhem,  to 
make  the  amateurs  believe  that  he  had  been  at  Venice.  Bud 
of  a  man  with  a  (liort  curly  beard,  in  a  black  gown  ;  buft 
of  an  old  man,  with  a  long  beard,  whofe  head  is  reclining  as 
if  he  fiept ;  an  old  man,  with  a  long  grey  beard,  and  very 
little  hair  on  his  head,  habited  in  a  long  robe,  in  8vo.  ;  a 
young  man,  half-length,  in  profile  ;  bud  of  an  old  man,  v^ith 
a  fquare  cut  beard,  with  a  velvet  cap  on  ;  a  man,  witli  muf- 
tachios,  half-length,  with  a  hat  on,  and  a  gown  trimmed 
with  fur  ;  a  half-lengtk  portrait  of  a  man  feated,  at  an  eafel 


painting,  infcribed  "  W.  Droft,"  mod  probably  the  por- 
trait of  Rembrandt's  pupil,  Drod,  very  rare  ;  the  bud  of  a 
young  man,  with  long  hair,  engraved  on  a  white  ground, 
fuppofed  to  be  Titus,  the  fon  of  Rembrandt,  in  410.,  rare; 
a  half-leiigth  profile  of  a  man,  with  the  phyfiognomy  of  a 
negioc,  with  a  turban  on,  in  410. ;  a  philofopher,  with  a 
fable,  a  long  fquire  bearded  head,  with  a  fur  cap  on. 

Femak  Portraits.— K  three-quarter  view  of  a  young 
Jewefs,  feated,  in  folio  ;  the  little  Jcwefs,  newly  married, 
three-quarter,  with  long  hair  hanging  on  her  dioulders ;  two 
portraits  of  old  women,  in  black  veils,  very  highly  finidied, 
in  4to. ;  "  The  Reader,"  a  young  woman  feated  at  a  table, 
reading,  a  very  good  engraving  ;  and  its  companion,  an  old 
woman,  reading,  in  410.  ;  a  half-length  profile  of  a  lady 
with  her  hair  dreffed  with  beads,  in  8vo.  ;  an  old  woman, 
with  her  hair  dreffed  in  the  eadern  ftyle,  feated.  It  is  en- 
graved in  fo  delicate  a  dyle,  that  a  clear  impreflion  is  feldom 
met  with.  A  bud  of  the  mother  of  Rembrandt,  with  her 
hair  dreded,  in  a  black  veil ;  an  old  woman  afleep,  reding 
her  head  on  her  hand,  dreded  in  a  turban  ;  bud  of  an  old 
woman,  three-quarters,  in  a  black  veil,  engraved  in  a  broad 
dyle,  in  i2mo.,  very  rare  ;  the  profile  of  a  young  girl  in  a 
hat :  die  holds  a  baflcet  acrofs  one  arm,  and  a  purfe  in  the 
other  hand.  A  nearly  profile  head,  in  a  veil  turned  up,  and 
a  feather,  in  8vo.  ;  an  old  woman  with  fpeftacles,  a  half- 
length  profile,  reading,  a  very  fpirited  engraving,  and  very 
rare. 

Studies  and  Sietehes,  yc— Several  ftudies  engraved  on  the 
fame  plate,  among  others  we  difcover  a  head  of  Rembrandt 
himfelf ;  a  clump  of  budies,  furrounded  with  a  wall,  a  horle, 
and  feveral  heads,  very  rar#  ;  dudy  of  fix  heads,  among 
which  is  the  wife  of  Rembrandt ;  ditto  of  five  heads  of  men  ; 
ditto  of  three  female  heads,  a  very  fpirited  engraving ;  a 
plate  of  itudies  of  various  heads  and  figures ;  fet  of  ditto, 
among  which  we  didinguidi  the  head  of  Rembrandt,  with 
other  figures  :  this  is  very  freely  engraven,  and  is  one  of  the 
rared  of  the  dudies  of  Rembrandt.  A  very  tadeful  un- 
finidied  engraving  of  various  objefts,  and  a  tree,  very  in- 
definite, in  i2mo. ;  profiles  of  three  old  men's  heads,  in  8va. 
All  the  preceding  are  of  quarto  fize. 

Doubtful  Suhjeffs. — "  King  David  kneeling,  at  Devotion, 
crowned  ;"  "  A  Repofe  during  the  Flight  into  Egypt," 
with  the  effect  of  night ;  the  Holy  Family  are  feated  on  a 
bank  at  the  foot  of  a  tree,  to  which  is  fadened  a  lanthorn, 
which  cads  a  glimmering  light  over  the  whole  fcene,  in 
oftavo.  "  Jefus  Chrid  taken  to  Calvary,"  a  very  rich 
compofition  ;  "  A  Skirmidi,  or  Village  Fair,"  a  very  fine 
engraving,  in  a  flight  dyle  ;  on  the  fore-ground  is  a  rat- 
catcher holding  a  baflcet  on  the  end  of  a  long  dick,  with 
rats  in  it.  A  buft  of  a  man,  w.tii  a  bandolier  on  his  dioulder, 
with  a  double  clafp  of  precious  Itones  ;  "  The  Pen  maker," 
an  old  man  feated  at  a  de{l<,  with  fpeftacles  on,  mending  his 
pen ;  "  The  young  Scholar,"  feated  on  a  done  at  the  foot 
of  a  tree  writing,  very  rare  ;  bud  of  an  old  man  laughing, 
with  a  little  hat  on  :  this  is  executed  entirely  with  the  dry 
point,  and  finifhed  in  a  very  good  dyle,  all  in  410.  Klaas 
van  Ryn  feated,  with  a  long  beard,  inlcnbed  on  the  mar- 
gin w^ith  his  name,  in  1 2mo. ;  and  three  dromedaries,  fol- 
lowed by  two  camels,  with  eadern  trappings,  engraved  in  a 
free  fpirited  dyle. 

John  Lievens,  Livens,  or  Lyvyns,  was  born  at  Ley- 
den in  the  year  1607.  He  became  the  pupil  of  George 
van  Schooten,  and  afterwards  of  Peter  Laltman.  He  ex- 
celled principally  in  painting  portraits,  but  likewile  exe- 
cuted fome  hidorical  piftures  with  great  fuccefs.  In  the 
year  1630,  he  came  into  England,  where  he  refided  threa 
years,  and  painted  the  portraits  of  Charles  I.,  the  queen,  the 

prince 


LOW   COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


prince  of  Wales,  and  feveral  of  the  nohility.  Lievcns  made 
a  confidcrahle  number  o.f  engravings  and  etchings,  fomcwhat 
in  the  ilyle  of  .Rembrandt,  fcarccly  lefs  piilurefque,  but 
coarfer,  and  in  general  lefs  fniifhod  ;  but  he  always  managed 
his  cliiarofcuro  (o  as  to  produce  a  very  good  effeft. 

Adam  Bartfch  informs  us,  that  Lievens  drew  more  cor- 
retlly  than  Rembrandt,  (which  he  might  eafily  do,)  but 
did  not  engrave  in  fo  pidurefque  a  (lyle :  thole  plates  which 
he  meant  to  fm\(\\  highly  ho  execnted  with  a  very  delicate 
touch,  and  fometimes  he  ufed  to  hatch  fo  clofe,  that  the 
aquafortis  bit  his  hnes  nearly  into  a  blot  ;  for  inftance,  thofe 
which  are  on  the  fore-ground  of  "  The  Refurrcdlion  of 
Lazarus."  It  does  not  appear  that  this  artift  made  much 
nfe  of  the  dry  point,  but  frequently  ufed  the  graver  to 
llrengthen  the  ftrolces.  His  print  of  St.  Jerome  is  ftrongly 
retouched  with  that  tool,  and  two  of  his  fined  portraits, 
thofe  of  Daniel  Heinfius,  and  Jacques  Gouter,  are  wliolly 
executed  with  the  graver ;  tliey  are  in  a  very  pifturefque 
ftyle,  and  bear  fome  refemblance  to  etching.  He  marked 
his  prints  either  with  his  initials,  or  his  name,  which  he 
fometimes  fpelled  Lyvyns.  The  following  are  a  fcleftion  of 
thofe  engravings  by  this  mafter,  which  are  moll  worthy  the 
•notice  of  the  coUeiftor. 

Portraits  and  Heads. — Doftor  Ephraim  Bonus,  a  half 
figure  feated  ;  Jood,  or  Julius  Vondel,  a  Dutch  poet  ; 
Daniel  Heinfius,  profeffor  of  hiftory  and  politics  at  Ley- 
den  ;  Jacobus  Gouter,  the  Englilh  mufician,  a  half  figure, 
with  a  lute,  all  in  folio  ;  an  old  man  with  his  head  fliavcd 
and  a  long  beard,  taken  for  the  portrait  of  Conrad  Leo- 
nard, an  early  preacher  of  the  gofpt-1  in  Greece  ;  the  pro- 
file of  an  old  man,  with  a  long  beard  ;  bull  of  a  man  with 
a  turban  on,  very  fine,  after  Rembrandt ;  ditto  of  a  man, 
■with  long  hair ;  half-length  figure  of  a  woman,  with  long 
hair ;  bull  of  a  young  man,  with  an  open  robe,  in  the  Ilyle 
of  Rembrandt,  all  in  quarto  ;  ditto  of  a  man,  with  a  bonnet 
on,  in  the  tafte  of  Rembrandt,  in  i2mo;  profile  of  an  old 
man,  with  a  Ihort  beard  ;  profile  of  an  old  man,  with  a 
long  and  pointed  beard  ;  a  half-length  portrait  of  an  old 
man  feated,  all  in  quarto ;  bull  of  an  old  man,  with  a  fliort 
beard  and  bald  head,  in  oftavo ;  ditto  of  a  Perfian,  with  a 
cap  and  robe  ;  ditto  of  a  man,  with  curly  hair ;  profile  of 
a  man,  with  a  hat  on  ;  ditto  of  an  old  man,  with  a  little 
cap  on  ;  ditto  of  an  old  woman,  with  a  veil  on,  in  the  ilyle 
of  Rembrandt ;  ditto  of  a  young  woman,  with  a  pearl 
ornament  on  her  head  ;  profile  of  a  woman,  with  her  hair 
faUing  on  her  flioulders  ;  head  of  a  young  woman,  with  the 
charaiiler  of  a  negro,  all  in  l2mo.  ;  bud  of  a  Capuchin, 
with  a  long  pointed  beard,  and  a  hat  and  mantle,  in 
folio. 

H'l/lorical,  ef^.— "The  Virgin  and  Infant  Chrill,"  with 
St.  Joleph,  and  various  other  figures,  in  o£lavo  ;  "  The 
Virgin  and  Infant  Chrift,"  to  whom  (lie  prefents  a  pear; 
"  The  Refurreftion  of  Lazarus,"  a  grand  compofition,  in 
folio  ;  "  St.  John  the  Evangeliil  feated  at  the  Foot  of  a 
Tree,  with  a  Book,"  in  quarto  ;  "  St.  Jerom  feated  in  his 
Cell,  holding  a  Crucifix  and  a  Skull,"  in  folio  ;  "  St.  Fran- 
cis in  his  Cell,  meditating,"  in  large  quarto  ;  "  The  An- 
chorite," or  St.  Francis,  differing  very  little  from  the  pre- 
ceding engraving,  in  quarto  ;  "  St.  Anthony  feated,  with 
a  long  Beard,  and  a  Capuchin  Cowl,"  in  folio,  very  rare  ; 
"  Mercury  and  vVrgus,"  iu  large  quarto  ;  "  Jacob  perform- 
ing a  Sacrifice ;"  an  eaftern  figure  in  a  cloak  ;  bull  of  a 
man  in  eaftern  attire,  with  a  chain  round  his  neck,  in  folio, 
both  on  fhadowed  grounds  ;  bull  of  a  man  with  long  curly 
hair  falling  on  his  fhoulders,  in  large  410.  ;  an  engraving 
of  three  trees,  without  any  back-ground,  in  folio  :  both 
•tliefe  engravings  are  executed  on  wood,  but  do  not  poflefs 


any  great  fliare  of  merit.  "  Death  ftriking  two  Peafantr-," 
who  are  reprcfented  gaming  and  quarrelling,  of  folio  fize. 

Erafmus  Quellinus  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the  year 
1607,  and  died  in  the  fame  city,  in  the  cloiller  to  whicli 
he  had  retired  in  1678.  He  (hewed  an  inclination  early 
in  life  for  the  arts,  and  (ludied  under  Rubrns  :  he  became 
an  hillorical  painter  of  confiderable  merit,  and  likewifc  exe- 
cut.'d  feme  landfcapes  in  a  very  mafterly  ftylc.  Quellinus 
etched  fome  plates  from  his  own  compolitions  and  thofe  of 
Rubens,  of  which  it  may  be  fuflieient  to  fpecify  the  fol- 
lowing :  Erafmus  Quellinus,  which  was  puhlillied  with  an 
account  of  his  life  in  the  French  language,  in  quarto  ;  a 
folio  landfcape,  with  a  dance  of  fatyrs  and  children,  rare  ; 
"  Sampfon  killing  the  Lion,"  in  quarto,  from  Rubuns ; 
and  "The  Holy  Virgin  and  Child,"  in  foho,  after  Rubens. 

Hubert  Quellinus  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  1608  ;  he 
was  of  the  fame  family  as  the  preceding  artill,  and  brother 
to  Artus  Quellinus  the  fculptor.  Hubert  engraved  fcme- 
v.-hat  in  the  Ilyle  of  Soutman,  bringing  his  plates  very  for- 
ward in  the  etching,  and  finifliing  them  with  the  graver  in 
a  very  neat  pleafing  (lyle. 

He  ufnally  marked  thofe  plates  which  he  engraved  from 
the  fculpture  of  his  brother  with  the  initials  of  Artus,  as 
well  as  his  own.  The  following  are  feledted  from  the  works 
of  this  artift  as  being  mod  worthy  of  attention. 

A  fet  of  the  ilatues  which  his  brother  Artus  executed 
in  marble,  for  the  Stadthoi;fe  of  Amilerdam,  after  the 
drawings  of  John  Bcnnokel,  in  a  folio  volume.  The  por- 
trait of  Artus  Quellinus,  aifo  in  folio;  a  fulfome  piece  of 
adulation  offered  to  Philip  IV.  of  Spain,  who  is  reprefentcd 
on  his  throne,  furrounded  by  allegorical  virtues,  &;c. ;  "  The 
Judgment  of  Solomon  ;"  "The  L'giflator  Zaleucus  redeem- 
ing the  Penalty  of  his  Son  ;"  "  The  Province  of  Holland," 
perlonified  and  furrounded  with  emblematical  figure.s  ;  and  a 
fet  of  twelve  plates  of  naval  and  military  triumphs,  and  oflicr 
decorative  ornaments  of  the  Sladthoufe  at  Amftcrdam,  all 
of  folio  dimenfions. 

Theodore  van  Thulden,  of  Dutch  anceftry,  was  born  at 
Bois-le-Duc  in  the  year  1607  ;  but  became  the  difciple  of 
Rubens,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Paris,  and  affillt-d  in  his 
grand  undertaking  of  the  Luxembourg  gallery. 

He  painted  a  few  other  pidlures  which  are  defervedly 
held  in  elleem,  and  etched  a  confiderable  ntimber  of  plates 
in  a  firm,  clear,  and  determined,  but  flight  ilyle. 

In  his  praife  as  an  engraver,  much  cannot  be  faid.  His 
chiarofcuro  is  but  feeble;  to  exprcfiion  of  the  textures  of 
fubdances,  he  gave  little  heed,  and  his  drawing  is  fo  man- 
nered, that  the  fpeclator  of  obfervation  eafily  traces  in  his 
prints  the  fame  hand,  though  working  alter  very  difierent 
niaftcrs. 

He  engraved  the  principal  events  in  the  life  of  St.  Jolin 
of  Matha,  in  a  fet  of  twenty-four  (mall  folio  plates,  from 
pidlures  with  which  he  adorned  the  church  ot  the  Mathurins 
at  Paris;  "The  Hillory  of  Ulyffes,"  on  fifty-eight  fniall 
plates,  from  the  pittures  of  Primaticcio  at  Fontrtinbleau  ; 
"  The  triumphal  F^ntry  of  the  Infanta  Ferdinand  into  the 
City  of  Antwerp,"  on  eight  folio  plates,  after  Rubens; 
a  fet  of  fix  fmaller  plates,  Irom  the  parable  of  "  The  Pro- 
digal Son,"  after  the  fame  mailer,  befide  other  works  of 
inferior  importance. 

Janus,  or  John  Lutma,  was  a  goldfmlth  of  Amfterdam, 
who  didinguilfied  himfelf  by  the  invention  of  a  new  mode  of 
art,  which  had  its  day  of  novelty,  and  was  for  a  time  popu- 
lar among  fuperficial  connoifieurs ;  it  was  termed  Opus 
Mallei,  being  performed  with  a  hammer,  and  fmall  pointed 
punches,  which  made  an  imprefiion  upon  the  copper,  and 
by   being   repeated   as  occalion  requirfd,  the  (hadows  were 

8  formed 


LOW    COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF   THE. 


formed  eitlier  darker  or  fainter,  at  pleafure.  The  burr, 
whiL-ii  was  neced'arily  raifcd  upon  tlie  fuiface  of  the  copper 
by  fuel)  an  operation,  was  not  entirely  removed  by  the 
fcraper  ;  and  in  tlie  early  imprefllons,  is  the  means  of  pro- 
ducing a  foft  and  agreeable  efFeft.  He  eneraved  fo;ir  plates 
in  this  ftyle,  which  are  as  follows  :  Janus  Lnttna  ;  John 
Lutm?,  his  father;  the  poet  Vondel  ;  and  P.  C  Hooft, 
the  hiftorian,  all  of  them  in  folio,  and  apparently  from  his 
o«'n  drawings. 

John  Lutr.ia,  the  fon  of  the  preceding-  artift,  was  born 
at  Amfterdam,  A.D;  1609.  He  was  likewife  a  goldfmith, 
and  executed  fomc  few  plates  ;  among  others  the  following  : 
the  portrait  of  John  Lutma  the  father,  habited  in  a  robe 
bordered  with  ermin,  holding  fpeftacles  and  a  pencil  ;  por- 
trait of  himfelf,  feated  at  a  table,  drawing  ;  he  has  on  a 
broad  brimmed  hat,  which  overfliadows  his  face  :  this  print 
is  very  rare,  both  in  folio ;  and  a  view  of  a  large  fountain 
with  {lati:es,  and  the  Antonine  column,  with  fome  other 
ruins  at  Rome.  It  is  firft  etched  in  a  coarfe,  bold  (lyle, 
and  the  (hadows  are  worked  upon  with  a  fine  mezzotinto 
tool.  7"he  cffeft  produced  by  this  mixture  is  confufed  and 
heavy,  but  not  altogether  difaijreeable  to  the  eye. 

James  Lutma  was  of  the  fame  family,  and  alfo  refided 
at  Amfterdam  ;  by  this  artift  we  have  a  fet  of  twelve  mid- 
dling-fized  upright  pla'es  of  ornamental  fliields  and  foliage, 
etched  in  a  neat  llyle  and  finiflied  with  the  graver  ;  likewife 
the  portraits  of  the  three  L  itmas,  marked  "  John  Lutma  of 
Oiide  inv.  James  Lutma  fecit,  aqua  forli." 

Adrian  Brouwer,  fc  celebrated  for  his  attainments  in  art, 
and  his  wild  and  immoral  habits,  executed  a  few  plates  about 
this  period,  of  fuch  fubjefts  as  he  ufually  painted.  (For  his 
biography,  fee  the  article  Brouwf.r.)  His  principal  etcl.:- 
ings,  which  are  executed  with  much  fpirit,  freedom,  and 
tafte,  and  are  generally  fubfcnbed  with  his  initials,  are,  a 
party  of  four  peafants,  infcnbed  "  T'fa  orienden,"  &c.  ; 
a  rufiic  dance,  where  a  female  is  playing  the  flute,  infcnbed 
"  Lultig  fpcll,'"  &c.  both  in  folio  Three  peafants  fmoking, 
infcribed  "  Wer  aent  fmoken,"  in  fmall  folio  ;  a  drunken 
party  of  four  rullics  ;  two  peafants  in  converfation  ;  a  droll 
fmoking  party,  conlilHng  of  a  man,  a  woman,  and  an  ape, 
infcribed  "  Wats  dit  voor  en  gcdrocht,"  &c.  ;  a  ruftic 
baker  making  cakes,  a  circular  print  ;  a  peafant  lighting  his 
pipe,  and  a  fet  of  fix  of  male  and  female  peafantry  ;  all  of 
quarto  dimerfions. 

Solonvn  Koninck  was  born  at  Amfterdam  in  the  year 
l6oq,  and  was  the  fon  of  Peter  Koninck,  a  celebrated  con- 
roifleur  and  jeweller  of  that  city,  who  at  the  age  of  twelve 
placed  his  fon  under  David  Colyn,  to  learn  the  rudin-ents 
of  drawi'ig  ;  he  afterwards  ftudied  fucceffively  under  Francis 
Verns::do  and  Nicholas  Moyart,  and  became  a  painter  and 
engraver  of  fonie  eminence.  He  etched  feveral  fubjetts  in 
the  ftyle-  of  Rembrandt,  after  his  own  deCgns  ;  ot  which 
the  following  conltitute  the  more  eftimable  part.  A  head  in 
profile,  of  an  old  man  with  a  long  be.ird  ;  ditto  of  an  old 
man,  in  euftcrn  attire,  with  mutlaciiios  ;  a  companion  to  the 
preceding,  but  engraved  in  a  much  more  delicate  manner  ; 
a  three-quarter  bud  of  an  old  man  with  a  furred  hat  ;  an 
old  man  leated  in  an  eafy  chair,  at  devotion,  a  very  fine  en- 
graving ;  bud  of  a  venerable  looking  old  man,  witha  beard  ; 
and  a  landfcape  with  cottages,  all  ot  quarto  fize. 

Nicholas  Berghem  alfo  performed  fome  etchings  about  this 
time,  which  confift  chiefly  of  what  may  be  termed  Italian  and 
Dutch  paftorals,  and  beam  with  tafte  and  intelligence.  It 
is  believed  that  all  his  prints  are  folcly  the  refult  of  aqua- 
fortis and  the  etching-point,  and  that  his  plates  were  never 
touched  with  the  graver.     They  are  all  from  his  own  com- 


pofitions,  and  for  themoft  part  appear  like  tranfcripts  from 
the   flcvtch-book,  wherein  he  drew  atiimals  from  nature. 

The  etchings  of  Berghem,  like  his  pictures,  delight  by 
the  found  and  intimate  knowledge  of  drawing  and  chiarofcuro, 
wluch  they  difplay  or  imply  ;  and  the  exquifite  feeling  which 
every  where  attends  his  touch,  and  which  feoms  almofl, 
fpeaking  without  figure  or  hyperbole,  like  aftual  contaft  be- 
tween mind  and  its  objeft. 

Thcfe  are  the  qualities  which  impart  fuch  truth  of  texture 
and  charafter  to  his  various  A)mcftic  animals,  whether  rough 
or  fmooth-coated  ;  fuch  piclurcfquenefs  to  his  graffy  grounds 
and  earthy  and  rocky  banks,  and  fuch  importance  to  his 
trifles. 

For  the  biography  of  this  artift,  fee  Berghem,  Nicho- 
las. In  conformity  with  our  general  plan,  we  fliall  here 
add  fome  account  of  his  principal  engravings,  referring 
thofe  who  may  wifh  for  more  particular  information,  to  the 
catalogue  of  Henry  de  Winter,  which  was  pubhfhed  ia 
Holland  in  the  year  1767. 

Six  fets  in  fmall  quarto,  of  fix  prints  each.  Thefe  are 
performed  with  all  the  fire  and  fervour  of  Berghem,  and 
each  fet  confifts  of  five  plates  of  animals,  and  an  appropriate 
title  page,  by^  which  the  fet  is  known,  e.  gr.  there  is  "  The 
Milk-man"  fet,  "  The  Shepherdefs"  ict,  "  The  Goatherd" 
fet,  fee  &c.  The  title-pages  are  all  infcribed  with  the  fol- 
lowing words,  which  fhew  that  they  are,  as  we  have  before 
furmifed,  the  probable  contents  of  the  f!<etch-book  in  which 
our  artift  was  accuftomed  to  draw  from  nature  ;  -vn.  "  Ani-- 
malia  ad  vivum  delineata  et  aquaforti  ceri  impreffa  Audio  et 
arte  Nicolai  Berchemi."  A  fet  of  five  folio  landfcapes, 
which  are  diftinguifhed  from  each  other  by  the  figures  and 
cattle  which  are  introduced,  and  which  are  as  follow : 
I.  A  Peafant  feated  playing  on  the  Flute.  2.  A  Group 
of  Cattle,  with  a  Woman  and  Child  crofling  a  Rivulet. 
3.  A  Shepherd,  with  Sheep  and  various  Cattle.  4.  A 
ruftic  Gi'l  on  an  Afs,  flopping  for  Refreftiment  at  an  Ale- 
houfe  Door.  5.  A  Shepherd  on  horfeback,  reading  to  a 
Woman  on  an  Afs,  as  they  flowly  travel.  A  fet  of  four,  ia 
quarto,'  viz.  I.  A  Landfcape,  with  Oxen,  and  a  Woman 
milking  a  Cow.  2.  Another  with  three  Horfes  and  two 
Cows,  with  a  Shepherd  in  the  Back-ground.  3.  Another 
with  two  Cows,  and  fome  Goats.  4.  Another  with  an  Afs,. 
Goats,  and  a  Shepherd  ;  and  a  fet  of  fix  fmall  plates,  which 
are  very  rare,  and  uncommonly  fine,  of  heads  of  rams  and 
goats. 

Detached  Suljfds  vf  Berghem. —  \  cow,  in  folio,  the  earliefl 
imprtffions  of  which  have  tiie  name  of  Berghem  in  italics ; 
a  famous  print  of  a  cow  watering,  in  foiio  ;  a  landfcape 
with  two  cows  lyicig  down,  and  another  Handing  on  the  fore- 
ground ;  a  landfcape  with  cows,  and  a  man  on  an  afs  ;  a 
landfcape,  with  a  fhepherd  on  an  afs,  driving  goats,  in  the 
back-ground  a  woman  is  introduced  with  a  baficet  on  her  head, 
all  in  folio  ;  a  woman  wafhing  her  feet  in  a  brook,  and  a  man 
beliind  her  leaning  on  a  ftick,  with  other  ruftic  figures  r.nd 
animals,  in  large  folio  ;  a  landfcape,  with  a  man- Itandirg 
playing  the  flute,  and  a  woman  feared  on  the  ground  near 
him,  a  rare  print,  in  folio  ;  and  its  companion,  a  Ihcpherd, 
and  his  wife  feated  fuckling  her  child,  a  very  rare  print ;  and 
a  boy  feaied  on  an  afs,  fpeaking  to  another  boy,  who  holds 
a  pair  of  bagpipes. 

The  beauty  and  value  of  the  works  of  this  mafter  depend 
much  upon  the  imprellions,  and  early,  good,  and  well  pre- 
fervcd  imprefTions  are  now  become  very  icarce. 

The  author  of  the  Abecedario,  mifled  by  the  cypher 
of  Berghem,  which  the  reader  will  find  in  our  Phtc  HI. 
of  the  monograms  of  the  engravers  of  the  Netherlands,  has . 

fiilka 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS    OF    THE. 


fallen  into  the  error  of  calliii^^  him  Cornelius  Berchcm.  Flo- 
rent  le  CoHjte  has  alfo  fuppofed  that  there  were  two  artifts 
of  this  funnanie,  one  of  whom  he  calls  Cornelius  ;  whereas 
the  letter  C  in  Bcrgliem's  cypher  llands  forClaus,  the  com- 
mon abbreviation  of  Nicholas'  among  the  nations  of  the 
continent. 

Herman  Zacht-Lceven,  or  Sachtleeven,  was  born  at 
Rotterdam,  AD.  1609,  and  died  at  Utrecht  in  16S5.  He 
was  the  difciple  of  John  van  Goyen,  and  became  a  landfcape- 
painter  of  great  eel  ;brity.  He  etched  fome  few  plates  in  a 
free  and  intelligent  ;  le  from  his  own  compolitions,  of  which 
the  following  are  t  bell  ;  a  landfcape  and  cattle  ;  a  moun- 
tainous landfcape,  .  ith  figures  and  water;  both  in  quarto. 
A  fet  of  fix  landfcapes,  the  firft  of  which  is  executed  by 
Ag.  Winter,  and  the  remainder  by  Sachtleeven,  in  quarto; 
and  a  landfcape,  wr.h  two  elephants,  in  folio. 

Cornelius  Sachileeven  w  ,s  the  younger  brother  of  Her- 
man, mentioned  in  the  preceding  article,  and  was  born  at 
Rotterdam  in  the  year  igi2.  He  painted  in  the  ftyle  of 
Brouwer  and  Teniers,  commonly  fclcCting  fuch  fubjedts 
as  village  parties,  foldiers  regaling,  &c. 

This  artift  likewife  etched  feveral  plates  from  his  own  com- 
pofitions  in  a  flight  fpirited  ftyle  ;  amongft  which  the  follow- 
ing are  thofe  which  are  held  in  moft  ellecm.  "  The  Five 
Senfes,"  intitled  "  De  vyf  Smnen,  wt  ghebelt  door  Cor. 
Sachtleeven."  A  fet  of  twelve  fmall  plates  of  animals;  and 
a  landfcape,  with  animals  and  a  goatherd,  of  quarto  fize; 
executed  in  a  broad  and  pifturefque  ftyle. 

John  George  van  Vliet  was  born  at  Delft  in  the  year 
1610  ;  and  was  one  of  the  moft  fuccefsful  of  the  difciplei 
and  imitators  of  Rembrandt.  He  executed  a  confiderable 
number  of  etchings,  fome  of  which  poffefs  great  merit,  par- 
ticularly thofe  from  the  drawings  and  piclures  of  his  great 
matter.  They  are  exceedingly  powerful  in  effeft  ;  the  fha- 
dows  being  dark,  and  the  lights  broad  and  clear  ;  but  his 
figures  in  general  are  very  incorreft,  the  extremities  badly 
marked,  and  the  draperies  heavy. 

Van  Vliet  ufually  etched  his  plates  with  a  very  delicate 
point,  afterwards  ftrengthening  tliem  with  aqua-fortis  and  the 
graver.  His  plates  are  well  worthy  the  obfervation  of  fuch 
artifts  as  wifti  to  make  a  proper  diftribution  of  hght  and 
fhade  an  efTential  part  of  their  ftudy.  At  the  fale  of  Ma- 
rietta, a  complete  fet  of  his  works  was  fold  for  one  thou- 
fand  and  feventy-five  livres.  He  commonly  marked  them 
with  his  name,  or  a  monogram,  whicii  will  be  found  amongft 
thofe  of  the  engravers  of  the  Netherlands.  The  following 
are  the  moft  worthy  the  attention  of  the  connoifTeur. 

Portraits  and  ideal  Heads. — Buft  of  a  man,  from  Rem- 
brandt;  an  Oriental  head,  drefled  in  a  turban,  and  diamond 
•rnament  ;  head  of  a  warrior  ;  profile  of  an  old  man,  with 
his  hands  clafped,  looking  upwards  ;  ditto  of  an  old  man 
with  a  grey  beard  and  a  leathern  cap  ;  ditto  of  a  man  with 
muftachios,  and  a  fur  bonnet  and  mantle  ;  all  in  folio.  Buft 
of  an  old  man  with  muftachios,  habited  in  a  mantle  ;  Pro- 
file of  an  ofBcer,  with  a  hat  and  feathers,  both  in  quarto  ; 
and  a  beautifully  finilhed  plate  of  an  old  woman  reading,  her 
head  is  covered  with  drapery  which  falls  on  her  (houlders, 
in  folio  ;  all  from  the  pitlures  of  Rembrandt. 

Hijlorical,  iffe. — "  Lot  and  his  Daughters,"  a  foho  print, 
in  which  the  chiarofcuro  is  remarkably  well  managed. 
"  The  Baptifm  of  the  Eunuch  of  Queen  Candace,'' agrand 
compofition,  of  which  good  impreflions  are  very  rare,  in 
large  folio  ;  "  St.  Jerom  kneeling,  at  Devotion,"  a  very  line 
print ;  all  from  Rembrandt,  and  in  folio.  "  St.  Jerom 
reading,"  from  a  picture  by  Van  Vliet  himfelf  ;  "  Ifaac  dif- 
coveringhis  Miftake  in  having  given  his  Bleffing  to  Jacob  ;" 


"  Sufanna  furprifed  by  the  Elders,"  bo'th  from  Livens,  in 
large  folio  ;  "The  Refurreclion  of  Lazarus,"  from  his  ov.rii 
compofition,  in  large  folio.  John  Louys  copied  this  print, 
and  his  copy  is  niperior  to  the  original.  "  The  Ballad- 
finger,"  who  is  rcprefented  in  a  village  ftrect,  furrounded 
with  ruftics,  in  folio  ;  "  The  Rat  Seller,"  in  quarto  ;  four 
figures  in  Spanifti  ;ittirc,  playing  at  trictrac  ;  a  woman  and 
chil  1  liftening  to  a  man  who  is  feated  on  a  bafl<et  turned 
upfide  down  ;  "  Tlie  Philofophcr  reading,"  with  a  remark- 
ably fine  effeiH  ;  "  Tlie  Mathematician  wrilin;;  by  Candle- 
light," all  in  quarto  ;  "  An  Orgie  of  Pcafants,"  a  very  good 
compofition,  of  fix  figures,  in  folio  ;  all  from  his  own 
defigns. 

Ferdinand  Bol  was  born  at  Dordrecht  in  the  year 
i6to,  but  lived  and  died  at  Amfterdam,  where  lils  parents 
came  to  refide  when  he  was  but  three  years  old  He  ftudied 
in  the  fchool  of  Rembrandt,  and  attained  great  celebrity  as 
a  painter  of  hiltory  and  portraits.  He  executed  a  confider- 
able number  of  plates  in  a  bold  free  ftyle  ;  the  lights  and 
ftiadows  are  broad  and  powerful,  which  renders  the  chiaro- 
fcuro of  Bol  particularly  ftrikiiig  ;  but  his  prints  want  that 
lightnefs  of  touch  and  admirable  tafte  which  thofe  of  Rem- 
brandt poffefs  in  fuch  high  perfection.  The  following  are  a 
felection  of  the  bcft  engravings  of  Bol,  and  are  nearly,  if 
not  quite,  as  much  fought  after  as  thofe  of  Rembrandt. 

Po'tr.iits  and  Heads. — Half-length  portrait  of  a  young 
man,  with  a  hat  on  ;  portrait  of  an  officer,  both  in  4to. 
Half-length  portrait  of  a  man,  with  a  hat  and  feathers ;  a 
young  woman  with  a  cap  and  feathers,  in  an  oval ;  both  in 
8vo.  The  woman  and  the  pear,  being  a  portrait  of  a  young 
female  in  a  veil,  prefenting  a  pear,  a  very  fine  print,  in 
410.  An  old  man  feated,  habited  in  a  fur  robe,  in  large 
4to.,  a  rare  print.  A  very  fpirited  half-length  engrav- 
ing of  an  old  man,  with  a  cap  on.  And  a  buft  of  an  old 
man  habited  in  a  fur  robe,  in  an  oval  of  quarto  fize,  very 
rare. 

HiJloricaU  ^c. — "  A  Philofopher  in  his  Study,"  with 
globes,  books,  &c.  and  a  very  fi;ie  effeft  ;  "  A  Philofopher 
reading."  An  old  man  feated  before  a  table,  on  which  arc 
placed  globes  and  books.  This  print  is  commonly  known 
by  the  name  of  "  The  Aftrologer,"  all  in  4to.  A  family 
in  a  room,  confifting  of  a  man,  woman,  and  child  fucking, 
known  by  the  name  of  "  The  Chamber  of  the  Accoucheur" 
in  folio  ;  "  Abraham's  Sacrifice,"  arched  at  the  top,  in  large 
folio  ;  "  Hagar  and  Iftimael  in  the  Defart,"  in  folio  ;  "  The 
Sacrifice  of  Gideon,"  reprefented  at  the  moment  when  the 
angel  lights  the  facrifice,  in  the  back-ground  is  the  altar  of 
Baal,  in4t().;  and  "  St.  Jerom  contemplating  a  Crucifix," 
in  a  circle  of  folio  fize. 

The  events  of  the  life  of  Dirick  or  Theodore  Stoop  are 
very  obfcure.  He  was  born  fomewhere  in  Holland  in  the 
year  1610,  or  thereabouts,  but  how  he  acquired  his  great  abi- 
lity in  painting  and  etching  is  not  known.  His  etchings  are 
from  his  own  compofitions,  are  performed  in  a  very  neat  and 
pifturefque  ftyle,  and  are  much  and  defervedly  celebrated, 
and  highly  valued. 

His  principal  work  is  a  fet  of  twelve  plates  in  fmall  folio, 
of  which  the  fubjefts  are  horfes,  dogs,  and  peaiantry, 
engaged  in  various  rural  occupations,  and  marked  D. 
Stoop,  fee. 

Rodrigo  Stoop  was  the  younger  brother  of  Theodore, 
and  was  born  in  Holland,  A.  D.  1 61 2.  According  to  . 
the  author  of  "  An  En"ay  towards  an  Englifti  School  of 
Painters,"  the  baptifmal  name  of  this  artift  was  Peter,  but  he 
always  placed  the  initial  R  before  his  family  name,  and  is 
called  Rodrigo  by  the  continental  writers.     He  came  into        1 

England 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


In:;?aTid  with  queen  Catherine,  and  refided  here  till  the  time 
of  his  death,  which  happened  in  1 686. 

This  artul  engraved  feveral  plates,  after  his  own  compo- 
fitions  and  thofe  of  Barlow.  They  are  executed  with  great 
fpirit,  in  a  ilyle  which  docs  him   much  credit,  but  wo  can 


to  the  emperor  Leopold,    and  had  a  confiderable  penfica 
allowed  him  by  that  prince. 

Thomas  etched  feveral  plates,  in  a  bold,  free,  and  fpirited 
ftyle,  which  are  much  fought  after  by  colleftors,  among 
which  the  following  may  be  reckoned  the  Left.     "  Mercury- 


only   fpecify "  the  following ;    A   fet    of    eight,    views  of  conduding  a   Gholl   before  Hecate  ;"  "  A  Lady   at  her 

Lilbon,  dedicated  to  queen  Catherine  ;  another  fet  of  eight.  Toilette  ;"    "A  Shepherd  carefling  a  Shepherdefs  ;"  «  A 

reprefcnting  the  proceffion  of  queen  Catherine  from  Porlf-  Satyr  offering  Violence  to  a  Shepherdefs  ;"  all  of  410.  fize, 

mouth  to    Hamoton  Court,    dated    1662;  and    feveral  of  from  his  own  defigns  ;  and  a  palloral  fubjed,  compofed  of 

the  plates  for   Ogilbv's   edition    of  /Efop's  Fables,  pub-  hx  figures,  three  men  and   three  women,  one  of  the  former 


lirtied  in  1678,  after  Barlow.     Thcfe   are  flight  hafty  per- 
formances. 

Anthony  van  der  Does  was  born  at  the  Hague  in  the 
year  '610.  He  chieny  engraved  portraits;  if  he  was  not 
the  difciple  of  I'aul  Poiiliu?,  he  imitated  his  (lyle  ;  and 
although  he  never  equalled  that  great  matter,  yet  his  bcft 
engravings  poflfefs  a  confiderable  (hare  of  merit.  He  en- 
graved moft  of  the  plates  for  a  colle£lion  of  portraits  of 
the  ilhillrious  men  of  the  feventecnth  century,  publidied  at 
Amfterdam,  many  of  which  are  dated  1649.  .Among  his 
bell  portraits  are  thofe  of  Gerard  Cock,  a  plenipotentiary 
to  the  court  of  Ofnabruck  ;  George  Wagner,  plenipoten- 
tiary to  the  court  ot  Ofnabruck,  both  in  folio,  after  Anfelm 
Van  Hull ;  Ferdinand,  cardinal  infanta  of  Spain,  and  go- 
vernor of  the  Low  Countries,  after  Diepenbeck,  in  large 
folio ;  the  marquis  of  CalUe-Rodrigo,  after  Rubens,  in 
large  4to.  ;  Francis  de  Mello,  fmall  folio  ;  Francis  de  Mello, 
on  horfeback,  in  folio,  from  .1.  Buffart. 

And  of  his  Hijlorical  Prints,  the  moll  efteemed  are  "  A 
Magdalen,"  half  figure,  in  4to.,  from  Vandykej  "A 
Miracle  performed  by  St.  Francis,"  after  Diepenbeck ; 
"  A  Madonna  and  Child,"  after  Erafmus  Quellinus;  and 
•'  A  Holy  Family,"  from  the  fame  painter,  both  in  folio. 
The  Holy  Family  is  accompanied  by  two  angels,  one  of 
whom  is  ilrangeiy  employed  in  warming  linen  for  the  child, 
whilft  the  other  makes  its  bed.  Of  the  remainder  of  this 
family  of  artifts,  we  have  already  treated  in  vol.  xii.  See 
Does,  Jacob  and  Simon",  Vander. 

An  account  of  the  lives  and  works  of  Cornei.iu.s  Bega, 
and  Leon'.\rd  CoogheN',  (which  fliould  clfe  have  been  in- 
troduced in  this  place,)  will  alfo  be  found  under  thofe  lieads 
refpeflively.  The  plates  of  the  former,  imprefTions  from 
which  are  much  fought  after  by  connoiffeurs,  have  recently 
been  purchafed  and  republifhed  by  a  foreign  print  merchant, 
with  defcriptions  in  the  French  and  Dutch  languages.  They 
amount  to  thirty-four  plates  cf  humorous  and  vulgar  ruf- 
ticity. 

Edward  Eckman,  or  Ecman,  was  born  at  Mechlin  in  the 
year  1610.  He  was  a  moll  excellent  engraver  on  wood, 
and  copied  many  of  Callot's  prints,  even  imitating  the  free 
ftyle  of  that  matter  with  great  fuccefs.  The  dillant  parts 
of  his  engravings  are  very  neatly  executed  ;  and  the  perfeft 
forms  of  the  imalleft  figures  exceedingly  well  preferved. 
Among  other  engravings  by  him,  is  the  reprefentatiou  of  the 
fire-work  upon  the  river  Arno,  from  Callot,  which  Papillon, 
who  has  certainly  judged  well  in  this  inttance,  calls  an  admi- 
rable print,  adding,  that  it  is  impoffible  to  find  a  more  deli- 
cate engraving  on  wood. 

Eckman   engraved   alfo    from    Louis  Bufink,    Abi-aham 


is  pliiying  upon  the  bagpipes,  m  folio  ;  likewife  from  his 
own  invention.  Tlie  two  latter  are  compofed  fo  much  in 
the  ftyle  of  Rubens,  that  fome  authors  have  attributed  their 
invention  to  him,  but  without  foundation. 

John  Troyen,  or  Van  Troyen,  was  3  native  of  the  Low 
Countries,  and  born  A.  D.  1610.  He  produced  feveral 
etchings  from  the  pi(Sures  of  Italian  roaflern,  coHefted  by 
D.  TenierS,  for  the  gallery  at  Brufiels.  They  are  executed 
in  a  (light,  coarfe,  incorreft  ftyle,  but  his  prevailing  tones 
of  light  and  (liade  arc  tolerably  good. 

The  following  are  the  beft  part  of  them.  "  Salome  pre- 
fenting  the  Head  of  St.  John  to  the  Daughter  of  Herod," 
after  L.  da  Vinci  ;  "  The  penitent  Magdalen  ;"  after  Cor- 
reggio  ;  "  The  Adoration  of  the  Kings,"  after  P.  Veronefe  ; 
"  Jefus  Chrift  healing  the  Sick,"  from  the  fame  painter; 
four  fubjeclfs  of  "  The  Seafons,"  after  Baflan,  all  in  folio  ; 
and  a  grand  compofition,  in  large  folio,  after  L.  Pordonna, 
of  "The  Entombing  of  Chrift." 

Peter  Lifebetius,  or  Van  Leyfebetten,  was  the  contem- 
porary ot  Van  Troyen,  and,  like  liim,  was  employed  in  en- 
graving part  of  the  gallery  of  Teniers.  His  plates  are  ex- 
ecuted in  a  coarfe  and  incorrect  ftyle  ;  among  them  are  a 
portrait  of  David  Teniers,  fenior,  in  4to.,  from  Van  Mol ; 
"  Diana  repofing,"  attended  by  an  old  woman,  after  Titian  ; 
"The  Marriage  of  St.  Catherine,"  after  P.  Veronefe  ; 
"  The  Vilitation  of  Elizabeth,"  after  Palma  the  elder ;  "  The 
Virgin  at  Prayers,  and  St.  John  carefled  by  the  Infant  Sa- 
viour," after  the  younger  Palma;  "  Cupid  prefenting  Venus 
with  Fruit ;"  and  "  Diana  and  Endymion,''  after  Paris  Bor- 
donna,  all  of  foho  fize.  The  two  laft  are  remarkably  ill 
drawn,  and  the  reft  reach  not  above  mediocrity. 

John  MeyfTens,  or  Mytens,  was  born  at  Bruffels  in 
the  year  1612.  He  learned  the  principles  of  painting  from 
Anthony  Van  Obilal,  and  afterwards  became  the  difciple 
of  Nicholas  vander  Horft.  He  painted  both  hiftorical 
fubjedts  and  portraits,  but  was  moft  fuccefsful  in  the  latter. 
He  refided  at  Amfterdam,  where  he  publilhed  feveral  collec- 
tions of  engraved  portraits,  not  only  from  his  own  paintings 
but  thofe  of  Vandyke,  and  a  variety  of  other  mafters. 
Meyffens  engraved  and  etched,  and  we  have  by  him  a  col- 
lection of  portraits  which  he  publilhed  in  1649.  Pjofper 
Merchand,  in  his  hiftorical  dictionary,  mentions  a  book  of 
portraits  by  this  artill,  (hkewife  publidied  by  himfelf,) 
which  is  become  very  rare,  on  the  frontifpiece  of  which  is 
the  name  of  "  Speckkraemer."  They  are  in  general 
greatly  inferior  to  what  might  have  been  expeded  from  his 
hand,  and  do  not  do  him  much  credit  as  an  artill.  Of  thefe 
mediocre  performances,  it  may  be  fufficient  to  fpecify  tlie 
following,  which  are  rather  valued  on  account  of  the  pic- 
tures from  xvlience  they  are  engraven,  than  on  account  of  the 


BolTe,  and  others.     The  number  of  his  prints  is  faid  to  be  merits  of  the  engraver. 

one  hundiva  and  five.  Porirait    of   himfelf;   Henry  de   Keyfer,    architefl   and 

John  Ttiomas   was'  a  native   of  Afpres,  and  born   in  tlie  fculptor  ;     Guido    Rheni  ;     Daniel    Scghers,    Jcfuit,    and 

year  1610.      He  was  a  (uccelsful  pupil  of   Rubens,  and  af-  flower  painter,  from  Livens  ;  Cornelius  de  Bie,  from  Eraf- 

terwards,  in  company  with  his  fellow  ftudent  Diepenbeck,  mus  Queliinus  ;   WilSam   de  Nieulandt,    painter,  from   the 

went  10  Italy,  where  he  met  with  great  encouragement  from  fame  mailer  ;   Mary  Ruten,   the  wife  of  Vandyke  4  "The 

the  bilhop  ot  Metz.     In  1662  he  was  intitled' firft  painter  Virgin  and  Child,"  half  figures,  from  Titian,  all  in  4to.  And 

Vol   XXL  3S                                 "  Mdeagcr 


LOW   COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


"  Meleager  prerenting  the  Boar's  Head  to  Atalanta,"  from 
■Rubens,  in  folio. 

Cornelius  Mcyflens  was  the  fon  of  John,  and  born  at 
Antwerp,  A.  D.  1646.  He  learned  the  elements  of  art 
under  his  paternal  roof,  but  removed  from  thence  to  Vi- 
enna, where  he  remained  fome  years.  Fie  fecnis  chiefly  to 
have  been  employed  by  his  father  in  engraving  portraits, 
which  he  executed  entirely  with  the  graver  in  a  ItilF,  lallelefs 
ftyle.  His  bell  prints  have  no  great  merit  to  recommend 
them,  and  the  red  are  mere  flovenly  performances,  evidently 
executed  in  a  hurry.  The  moll  co.ifiderable  work  we  have 
by  this  artid  is  a  fet  of  portraits  of  the  emperors  of  the  houfe 
of  Aullria,  in  folio,  entitled  "  EtTigies  Imperatorum  domus 
Aullriaca:,  delineatx  per  Joannen  MeylTens,  et  acri  in- 
fculpts  per  Filium  fuum,  Cornehum  Meyifcns."  This 
proves,  beyond  contradiftion,  that  he  was  the  fon  of  John, 
and  not  the  nephew,  as  BaiTan  affirms.  His  work  of  next 
importance  is  in  folio,  and  entitled,  "  Les  Effigies  des  Sou- 
verains  Princes  et  Dues  de  Brabant."  In  thefe  he  was 
ainiled  by  Peter  de  Jode,  Wanmans,  Van  Schupcn,  and 
other  artills.  OcVavius,  duke  of  AreaBurgli  ;  >:\ntonius 
Barberinus,  Cardinalis  Camcrius,  both  in  410  ;  Rinaldo 
Principe  Ellenfe,  cardina'e  protettore  della  Corona  di 
Francia,  in  folio  ;  Giovanni  de  Witt,  Signor  di  Linfchoten, 
&c.  Penfionario  di  Olandia  ;  Cafparus  Keidtwerdius,  Pallor 
Ecclefiac  Vcfala,  from  B.  D.  Meyes  ;  and  David  Conte  di 
WeidenwoliT,  Signor  di  fon  et  Enfegg  ;  S.  B.  Van  Dry- 
•vveghen  delt.  all  of  folio  dimenfions,  may  alfo  be  admitted 
into  coUeAions  of  the  fchool  of  the  Netherlands. 

Marc  de  Bye  was  born  at  the  Hague  in  1612,  of  a  noble 
family  ;  he  palTed  fome  of  the  years  of  his  youth  in  the 
army  of  the  Dutch  repubhc,  and  became  a  member  of  the 
Academy  of  Arts  in  1664. 

He  learned  the  principles  of  painting  of  James  vander 
Does,  painted  animals  with  all  the  truth  and  tafte  of  that 
mafter,  and  etched  feveral  fets  of  plates,  of  which  the  fub- 
jefts  were  wild  and  domeftic  animals,  in  a  very  neat  fpiritcd 
ilyle,  after  Paul  Potter  and  Marc  Gerard. 

The  followmg  may  be  felctled  with  advantage  from  the 
refi.  of  his  works  :  Two  fets  of  eight  quarto  plates,  each  of 
horned  cattle,  after  P.  Potter  ;  another  fet  in  quarto,  from 
the  lame  painter  ;  a  fet  of  eight,  of  goats  and  (heep  ;  a 
fet  of  fixteen,  of  goats;  a  fet  of  fixteen,  of  lions,  bears, 
wolves,  leopards,  &c.  after  the  fame  painter  ;  and  a  fet  of 
lixteen,  of  "  The  Natural  Hillory  of  the  Bear,"  in  dif- 
ferent countries,  after  Marc  Gerard,  very  rare  prints,  in 
quarto. 

Francis  vanden  Wyngaerde  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the 
vear  1612,  a:id  eftabhihed  himfelf  in  that  city  as  an  en;jraver 
and  print-merchant.  His  works  prove  him  to  have  been  a 
man  of  ability  ;  his  etchings  are  executed  in  a  flight  and 
free,  but  mailerly  Ityle,  and  are  much  fought  after  by  con- 
noifleurs.  Among  thofe  which  are  the  moll  worthy  of  at- 
tention, are  the  following  : 

'•■  Sampfon  kilhng  the  Lion,"  from  Rubens,  in  410.  ; 
*'  Jefus  Chrift  appearing  to  Mary  Magdalen  in  the  Garden," 
in  folio  ;  "  The  Marriage  of  Thetis  and  Peleus,"  in  large 
folio  ;  a  bacchanalian  fubicft,  where  Bacchus  is  reprefented 
drinking  from  a  cup,  into  which  a  bacchanal  is  fqiieeziiig 
grapes,  a  fine  and  rare  print,  in  large  folio  ;  "  Soldiers  re- 
gahng  in  an  Alehoufe  ;"  all  after  Rubens.  "  The  Entomb- 
ing  of  Chrift,"  after  A.  Vandyke,  both  in  folio  ;  "  Achilles 
dilcovered  at  the  Court  of  Lycomedes,"  after  the  fame 
painter,  in  folio  ;  "  The  Return  from  Egypt,"  in  which 
the  Holy  Virgin  appears  in  a  ftraw  hat,  from  J.  Thomas,  a 
iine  engraving,  in  large  foho  ;  "  Peafants  fmoking  and 
tkinking  before  an  Aiehoiife  Door,"  from  'I'eniers ;  "  The 


Temptation  of  St.  Anthony,"  from  his  own  compofition,  a 
very  rare  print ;  two  women,  one  of  whom  is  contemplating 
a  flccping  infant  by  candlelight,  after  Callot  ;  and  its  com- 
panion, a  female  leaning  on  a  fliull  before  a  looking-glafs, 
after  the  fame  mafter,  all  of  folio  dimenfions. 

Reynier,  or  Remigius  Nooms,  better  known  by  his  cog- 
nomen Zeeman,  was  br.rn  at  Amilcrdam  in  the  year  1612. 
He  was  originally  a  failor,  but  having  an  innate  love  and 
natural  talent  for  fine  art,  he  accuftomed  himfelf  to  imitate 
on  paper  what  he  law,  and  by  purfuing  this  mode  of  ftudy 
in  the  fchool  of  nature  alone,  gradually  became  a  marine  . 
painter  and  engraver  of  confiderable  rank  and  abihty. 

It  flioidd  be  known  that  the  Dutch  word  zeeman  is  fyno- 
nimous  wi'h  feaman,  or  mariner,  As  the  imitative  powers 
of  l/je  failor  difclofed  thenifelves,  his  countrymen  could  not 
but  heboid  his  productions  with  fome  degree  of  pleafing 
wonder,  nor  was  due  encouragement  withheld.  At  one 
period  of  his  life  he  accepted  an  invitation  to  Berlin,  and" 
if  we  may  judge  from  twelve  of  his  engravings  of  flilpping, 
&c.  which  were  publilhed  here  by  Tooktr,  he  refided  for 
a  time  in  London,  but  finally  returned  to  Amfterdam,  where 
he  executed  a  confiderable  number  of  plates  from  his  own 
defigns,  in  a  bold  and  intelligent  fi.yle.  They  confift  of 
fhipping  and  marine  views,  ornamented  with  good  figures, 
and  clofed  by  back-grounds,  wliich  are  often  beautifully  ex- 
ec\ited  and  appropriately  introduced. 

Of  thefe,  the  moft  important  are,  a  fet  of  eight  naval 
fubjefts,  entitled  "  Qu -Iques  Navires,"  &c.  dated  1632,  in 
4to. ;  another  fet  of  fix,  of  views  of  public  edifices  on  the 
fi;a-fliore,  and  the  yatcli  which  travels  between  Haerlem  and 
Amfterdam,  in  folio  j  a  fe:  of  twelve,  of  ihipping,  naval 
arfenals,  &c.  in  folio,  publiflied  in  London  by  A.  Tooker  ; 
four  Dutch  fea-ports,  in  folio,  entitled  "  Raan  Poortie ;" 
"  St.  Antoni's  Poort  ;"  "  Regihi-rs  Poort  ;"  "  Saaghmeu- 
lins  Poortie  ;"  dated  1636.  Another  fet  of  four,  of  Dutch 
fea-ports,  alio  in  folio  ;  "  The  I'our  Elements,"  in  8vo.  ; 
a  pair  of  "  The  Fanxbourg  of  St.  Marcian  ;"  and  "  The 
Porch  of  St.  Bernard,"  at  Paris ;  a  fea-fight  with  fliips  on 
fire,  and  another  marine  fubjefl,  with  two  fliips  engaging,  all 
of  foho  dimenfions,  and  from  compofitions  by  the  engraver 
himfeif. 

Henry  Snayers,  or  Sneyos,  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  tlie 
year  16 1 2,  and  always  refided  in  his  native  city.  Of  whom 
he  learned  engraving  is  uncertain,  btit  he  evidenily  imitated 
the  llyles  of  P.  Pontius  and  the  Bolfwerts.  His  prints,  as 
is  believed,  are  the  lole  pruduftion  of  the  graving  tool  ;  he 
drew  correttly,  and  much  of  the  charafter,  exprcflion,  and 
fpirit  of  the  original  pictures  after  which  he  worked,  are 
infufed  into  his  tranflations. 

When  engraving  after  Rubens,  his  prints,  of  which  the 
following  are  the  bell,  bear  ftrong  refemblunce  to  thole  of 
Scheltius  a  Bolfwert. 

The  portraits  of  Adam  Van  Oort,  after  Jordaens,  and 
prince  Robert,  count  palatine  of  the  Rhine,  after  Vandyke  j 
"  The  Holy  Virgin  and  Infant  Saviour  appearing  to  St." 
Alanus  of  Rupe,  "  a  rare  print,  in  large  folio,  and  pre- 
fumptively  after  a  compofition  by  Snayers  himfelf ;  "  The 
Holy  Virgin  feated  and  furrounded  by  Saints,"  in  large 
fulio  ;  "  The  Fathers  of  the  Church  dt bating  the  Queftion 
of  Tranfubltantia'.ion,"  of  very  large  folio  dimenfions  ;  "  St. 
Francis  d'Affife  receiving  tiie  Sacrament  of  Extreme  Uiic- 
tion,"  all  after  Rubenv  ;  and  "  Sampion  de.ivered  to  the 
Philiflines,"  after  Vandyke,  alfc  in  large  folio. 

Alexander  Voet,  or  Voert,  the  young'r,  was  a  native  of 
Antwerp,  and  born  in  the  year  1613.  Ht  was  probably 
the  difciple  of  Paul  Pontius,  ,.  hof-  fty.e  he  triquentiy  imi- 
tated, but  not  with  any  very  gre.1l  luccels.     There  is  a  want 

'  cf 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


of  efPed,  and  an  incorreftnefs  of  outline,  even  in  his  bed 
works,  though  engraved  very  neatly.  He  executed  a  con- 
fiderablc  number  of  plates,  after  Flemifh  mailers,  but  more 
particularly  after  Rubens  ;  the  beft  of  which  are  as  follows  : 
"  Judith  and  Holofernes,"  in  large  folio  (the  earlieft  im- 
preflionrf  of  which  are  before  the  name  of  C.  Galle  was 
inferted)  ;  "  The  Return  from  Egypt,"  in  folio  ;  "  The 
Virgin  and  Child,"  to  whom  angels  prefent  a  balket  of 
fruit,  in  f»lio  ;  "  The  Martyrdom  of  St.  Andrew,"  a  fine 
print,  in  large  folio  ;  "  St.  Auguilin,"  rare,  in  large  folio  ; 
"  St.  Agnes  with  a  Lamb,"  in  folio  ;  "Seneca  in  the 
Bath,  bidding  Farcwel  to  his  Friends  ;"  "  Roman  Charity," 
both  in  folio;  •'  A  Satyr  with  Fruit,"  accompanied  by  a 
bacchante,  in  large  folio,  all  after  Rubens  ;  "  Folly,"  after 
Jac.  Jordaens  ;  "  The  Card-Playcrs,"  after  Corn,  de  Vos, 
both  in  large  folio  ;  and  "  Chrift  bearing  the  Crofs,"  a 
capital  print  after  Vandyke,  engraved  on  three  plates. 

Peter  Bail'u,  or  Balliu,  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the  year 
1614.  He  learned  the  rudiments  of  painting  in  his  native 
country,  after  which  he  went  to  Italy  for  improvement, 
■where,  in  conjundlion  with  other  artifts,  he  was  employed 
in  engraving  the  Jullinian  Gallery.  On  his  return  to  An- 
twerp, in  the  year  1635,  '^^  ^'^^  much  patronized,  and  his 
engravings  are,  by  many  coUeftors,  held  in  ao  fmall  efteem. 
Huber  dalTes  him  among  the  fu-ft  engravers  of  his  age. 
His  works  exhibit  fome  talent  in  the  art  of  expreffing  the 
textures  of  various  furfaces,  and  his  chiarofcuro  poflefles 
confiderable  force  ;  yet  his  heads  are  feldom  expreflive  or 
beautiful;  and  the  extremities  are  heavy  and  not  wcU marked. 
He  engraved  both  portrait  and  hiilory,  and  executed  his 
plates  entirely  with  the  graver.  Among  his  moll  efteemed 
works  are  the  following  : 

Portraits. — Louis  Pereira,  and  Claude  de  Chabot,  envoys 
to  Munller,  both  in  410.  without  the  name  of  the  painter; 
John  Leuber,  counfellor  of  Drefden,  from  A.  van  Woef- 
bergen  ;  pope  Urban  VHL  giving  his  benediftion  ;  the 
four  heads  of  the  church — St.  Jcrom,  St.  Auguilin,  St. 
Ambrofe,  and  St.  Gregory,  all  in  folio  ;  Jacob  Backer,  a 
painter  of  Holland,  in  4to. ;  and  John  Bylert,  a  painter  of 
Utrecht,  both  from  his  own  piftures ;  Albert,  prince  and 
count  of  Arenberghe,  in  large  folio,  from  Vandyke  ;  Lucy 
Peraye,  countefs  of  Carlille  ;  Anthony  of  Bourbon,  count 
of  Morel,  fon  of  Henry  IV.  ;  and  Honorus  Urphee,  count 
of  Novi  Catlellie,   &c.  all  in  folio,  from  Vandyke. 

H'ljlvrica!  SubjeSs  after  •various  Italian  Majlers. — "  Helio- 
dorus  chafed  from  the  Temple  by  Angels  ;"  a  very  large 
upright  print,  engraved  on  two  plates,  after  a  drawing  by 
Van  Lint,  from  Raphael's  pifture  in  the  Vatican  ;  "  A 
dead  Chritl  lying  on  the  Knees  of  the  Virgin  Mary  ;" 
a  large  upright  plate  from  An.  Carraci ;  "  The  Archangel 
Michael  overcoming  the  Dasmon,"  after  Guido  ;  "  The  Re- 
conciliation between  Jacob  and  his  Brother,"  after  Rubens, 
all  in  large  fuho  ;  "  Chrill  in  the  Garden  of  Olives;" 
"  The  expiring  Magdalen,"  fupported  by  angels,  both  in 
folio ;  The  Rape  of  Hijipodamia,  or  the  Combat  of  the 
Centaurs  and  Lapitha;,"  in  large  foHo,  all  after  Rubens  ; 
"  A  Holy  Family,"  after  Theodore  Rombout,  in  folio  ; 
"  Mary  Magdalen  and  St.  Francis  at  the  Feet  of  Chriil  ;" 
"The  Virgin  in  the  Clouds,"  both  in  large  folio,  from 
Vandyke;  "  Rinaldo  and  Armida,"  in  large  folio,  after 
"the  fame  painter  (the  companion  was  engraved  by  P.  de 
Jode)  ;  "  Sufannah  at  the  Bath,"  after  Martyn  Pepyn  ; 
"  The  Flagellation,"  after  Diepenbeck  ;  "  Chrill  crowned 
with  Thorn.i,  '  after  the  fame  painter';  "  The  Itivefttion  of 
the  Crofs,  before  St.  Helena,"  af:er   Van    Lint;  "The 


Emperor  Theodofius    holding    the   Crofs   before   St.  Am- 
brofe," altej  tlie  fame  painter,  all  in  large  folio;  "  Jefus 


Chrid  failened  to  a  Column,"  attended  by  angels,  with  the 
inilruments  of  the  paiTion,  after  John  Thomas,  in  folio  ; 
and  "  St.  Anaftalius  feated  in  a  vaulted  Apartment  read- 
ing," after  Rembrandt,  a  folio  print,  with  a  fine  effeCft  of 
light  and  fliadow. 

John  van  Akcn  was  born  in  Holland,  A.D.  1614,  and 
was  the  fellow-ftudent  of  Bamboccio.  He  has  frequently 
been  miftaken  for  John  van  Aaclicn,  of  Cologne,  the  Utter 
of  whom  did  not  engrave. 

The  following  etchings,  from  the  hand  of  Van  Aken,  are 
free  and  maderly,  and  in  a  ftyle  much  refembhng  tjiat  of 
J.  Both. 

A  fet  of  fix  horfes,  with  landfcape  back-grounds,  in  8vtf; 
marked  J.  V.  Aken,  fecit.  M.  de  Heinneken  likewife  cites 
the  two  following  :  a  landfcape,  where  a  horfe  appears  in 
the  fore-ground  faddled,  and  a  man  leated  on  the  ground  be- 
hind it,  with  only  liis  back  feen,  and  towards  the  left,  another 
man  with  his  hat  on.  This  is  very  fcarce  ;  and  four  fine 
mountainous  landicapesj  ornamented  with  figures,  wood,  and 
buildings,  in  folio,  both  marked  with  his  name,  to  which  is 
added  fecit  ;  and  in  the  latter  H.L.  inventore. 

John  Almelovcn  was  born  in  Holland  in  the  year  1614. 
He  was  a  painter  as  well  as  an  engraver  ;  the  latter  pro- 
feflion  he  exercifed  chiefly  for  the  bookiellers,  but  with  great 
credit  to  himfelf.  His  etchings,  of  which  the  fubjea,*  are 
principally  landfcapes,  abound  with  freedom  and  intelli- 
gence. Of  thefe  it  may  be  fufficieut  to  mention,  in  this 
place, 

The  Portrait  of  Gilbert  Voetius,  marked  J.  Aln'eloven, 
inv.  et  fee.  ;  a  fet  of  twelve  views  of  towns  and  villages, 
ornamented  with  figures ;  a  fet  of  fix  mountainous  land- 
fcapes, with  figures,  and  the  fonr  feafons,  from  Herman 
Saftleven,  all  in  quarto. 

Matthew  Borrekens,  or  Borekens,  was  the  contemporary 
and  friend  of  the  preceding  artill,  and  relided  at  Antwerp. 
He  worked  chiefly  with  the  graver,  in  a  neat  tlyle,  refembling 
in  manual  execution  that  of  P.  Pontius,  but  his  drawing  is 
far  lefs  correal. 

The  principal  parts  of  his  works  are  the  copies  he  made 
from  Bolfvvert,  and  other  eminent  engravers,  for  Vandett 
Eaden,  of  which  the  bell  are  as  follows : 

Portraits  oi  Augullus  Carpzou,  plenipotentiary  of  Fre- 
deric William,  duke  of  Saxony,  Anfelme  van  Hulle  pinxit,  in 
folio  ;  Gerard  Schepeler,  plenipotentiary  of  the  peace  of 
Olnabruck,  from  the  fame  painter ;  the  prelate  Chrillopher 
Buthens,  after  Diepenbeck,  all  in  folio. 

Ilijlorical  SuiJeSs,  Iffc. — "  Mary  Magdalen  embracing  the 
Crucifix,"  accompanied  by  the  Virgin  and  St.  John,  after 
Vandyke,  in  very  large  folio;  "The  Virgin  Handing  upon 
a  Globe,  treading  on  a  Serpent,"  in  foUo,  after  Rubens  ; 
"  St.  Francis  Xavier,"  and  "  St.  Ignatius  of  Loyola,"  all 
in  folio  ;  "  St.  Barbara,"  in  large  folio,  a  very  rare  print ; 
all  from  Rubens.  '•  Jelus  Chrill  bound,"  furrounded  with 
angels  bearing  the  inllruments  of  the  paffions  ;  "  The  good 
Shepherd,"  "  The  Myilery  of  the  Mai's,"  both  in  large 
folio  ;  and  the  frontifpiece  to  "  Butkins's  Trophies  of  the 
Duchy  of  Brabant,"   in  folio  ;  all  after  Diepenbeck. 

Andrea  Stock  was  born  in  Holland,  A.D.  1616,  and 
refided  the  greater  part  of  his  fife  at  Antwerp.  He  was 
the  pupil  of  Jacques  de  Gheyn,  and  imitated  his  llyle  with 
tolerable  fuccefs.  His  profeffional  talent  was  of  a  general 
nature.  He  engraved  portrait,  landfcape,  and  hiltorical 
fubjedls,  but  can  fcarcely  be  faid  to  have  rileu  above  medi- 
ocrity. 

His  bell  prints  are,  the  Portraits  of  Albert  Durer,  in  4"o. 

after  Thomas  Vinidor  de  Bologne  ;   Ha::s  Holbein,  from  a 

picture  by  that  mailer,  in  4to. ;  Lucas  of  Leyden,  from  a 

3  S  2  pifture 


LOW   COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF   THE. 


pifture  by  himfelf,  in  4(0. ;  Peter  Snayers,  afler  Vandyke, 
ill  folio;  "Abraham  iacrilicinj;  Ifaac,"  a  brge  upright, 
after  Rubens ;  "  Tiie  twelve  Months  of  the  Year,"  after 
John  Wildens ;  and  a  fet  of  eight  landfcapes,  after  Paul 
Bril,  all  of  quarto  dimcnfions.  Thefe,  wij:h  the  "  Acade- 
mie  dp  I'Epce"  of  Thibault,  which  was  publiflacd  at  An- 
twerp, will  probably  afford  fufficient  fpecimens  of  the 
various  talents  of  this  engraver. 

Antonio  Waterloo  was  born  among  the  fcenes  which  he 
fo  admirably  reprcfcnted,  in  the  fiiburbs  of  Utrecht,  in  the 
year  1618.  Tiie  events  of  jiis  life  are  very  little  known, 
but  none  who  have  talle  and  fenlibility  to  appreciate  his 
merits,  can  read  and  rcflcft  on  that  little,  without  wonder 
and  regret.  Though  born  to  a  comfortable  patrimony,  and 
bleffcd  with  an  excellent  genius,  he  died  in  a  miferablc  ftate, 
as  is  reported,  in  one  of  the  liofpitals  of  Utrecht,  at  the 
age  of  forty  ! 

This  feems  reproachfnl  either  to  fociety  or  to  Waterloo 
iiimfelf;  but  reproaches  may  well  be  allowed  to  fink  in 
filence,  when  we  know  not  where  they  ought  to  attach. 
Great  talent  is  often  eccentric,  and,  to  all  but  the  eye  of 
philofophy,  will  feem  to-  frtoot  madly  from  the  focial  orbit  : 
that  the  undeviating  fons  of  Coinmcrcc^nu'Hild  turn  from  a 
bright  prodigy  to  a  barometer  or  a  weather-cock,  is  per- 
fedtly  natural ;  meanwhile  the  meteor  glares  and  expires. 
Eartli  is  illumined,  but  are  the  merchants  enriched  ? 

Hundreds  of  dealers  have  anialTed  fortunes,  and  others 
will  for  centuries  continue  to  amafs  fortunes  by  felling  the 
works  of  an  artift  of  our  own  country,  who  kept  fcliool  in 
Bunhill  row,  and  difpofed  of  his  Paradife  Loft  for  almoft 
nothing..  Hundreds  have  in  like  manner  enriched  them- 
tlves  by  dealing  in  the  works  of  Waterloo,  who  languiihed 
and  died  in  an  hofpital. 

"  Father  forgive  them,  for  they  know  not  what  tliey  do," 
is  a  divine  prayer,  which  intelligent  Chriftians,  in  pity  to  ig- 
norance, cannot  too  often  repea,t.  Neither  know  tliey  whom, 
nor  what,  they  negleft. 

Averting  our  attention,  then,  from  the  private  life — the 
frail  and  mortal  part — of  this  great  artift,  to  works  that  will 
live  and  be  admired  as  long  as  engraving  (liall  endure,  we 
have  to  obferve,  that  he  was  rather  an  engraver  who  occa- 
fionally  painted,  than  a  painter  who  occalionaUy  engraved ; 
for  while  h:s  plates  are  numerous,  hi?  pi£lnres  are  very  few. 
For  an  account  of  his  merits  in  the  latter  art,  the  reader  is.' 
seferred  to  the  article  Waterloo. 

If  he  had  any  tutor  in  engraving,  it  has  efcaped  reco)-d. 
The  woods,  the  winding  roads  and  villages  in  the  environs 
,  of  Utrecht,  appear  to.  have  been  hisftudy,  and  of  many  of 
thsfe  his  etchings  are  faithful  portraits,  rendered  with  a- 
maftcr's  hand  and  poet's  fenfibility.  The  frankncfs  and 
beauty  of  his  ftyle,  fhew  that  he  read  the  book  of  nature 
with  intuitive  readinefs ;  and  that  the  charaftcr  which  was 
occult  to  others,  was  to  him  eafy  and  familiar. 

Gilpin  fays,  that  "  Waterloo  is  a  name  beyond  any  other 
in  landfcape.  His  fubjefts  are  perfe611y  rural.  Simplicity 
is  their  charafteriftic.  He  feledfs  a  few  humble  objeds.  A 
coppice,  a  corner  of  a  forell,  a  winding  r(.)ad,  or  a  itrag- 
ghng  village  :  ixor  docs  he  always  introduce  an  otTskip.  His 
compofition  is  generally  good,,  and.  his  light  often"  well  dif- 
t»-ibuted  ;  but  his  chief  merit  lies  in  execution,  in  which  he 
is  a  confummatc  mafter.  Every  objcft  that  he  touches  has 
the  character  of  nature ;.  but  he  particularly  excels  in  the 
foliage  of  trees." 

But  Waterloo  fometimcs  compofcs  ideal  landfcapes  of  a 
gratid  and  impreffive  charafter,  though- Hill  under  the  influ- 
ence of  the  fame  prefiding  fimplicily.  The  fcenes  to  whiclv 
'tiiiffic  romance,  or  the  fobliraitics  of  Loly  writ  have  ilimu» 


lated  his  imagination,  appear  to  have  been  produced  with  z^ 
little  effort,  as  the  forell  glades,  or  rulliy  and  fecluded  pools, 
overhung  with  alders,  or  pidfurefque  knolls,  which  he 
doubtlefs  drew  and  etched,  jull  as  he  faw  them  in  nature. 

Of  this,  his  "  Tobias  and  the  Angel"  may  ferve  as  an 
inftance,  of  which  the  revejrend  writer  above  quoted  has,  in 
another  place,  written  as  follows.  "  The  landfcape  I  mean 
is  an  upright,  near  twelve  inches  by  ten.  On  the  near 
ground  Hands  an  oak,  which  forms  a  diagonal  through  the 
print.  The  fecond  diltance  is  compofed  of  a  riling  ground, 
connefted  with  a  rock  which  is  covered  with  flirnbs.  The 
oak  and  the  llirubs  make  a  vifla,  through  which  appears  an 
cxtenfivc  view  into  the  country.  The  figures,  which  con- 
fift  of  an  angel,  Tobias,  and  a  dog,  are  defcending  a  hill, 
which  formr,  the  fecond  dillance.  The  print,  with  this  de- 
fcription,  cannot  be  miftaken.  The  compofition  is  very 
plealing.  The  trees  on  the  fore-ground,  fpreading  over  the. 
top  of  the  print,  and  (loping  to  a  point  at  the  bottom,  give 
the  beautiful  form  of  an  inverted  pyramid,  which,  in  trees 
efpecially,  has  often  a  line  efTeft.  To  this  form,  the  in- 
clined plane  on  which  the  figures  ftand,  and  which  is  beau- 
tifully broken,  is  a  good  conlraft.  The  rock  approaches- 
to  a  perpendicular,  and  the  dillance  to  an  horizontal,  line- 
All  together  make  fnch  a  combination  of  beautiful  and  con- 
trailing  lines,  that  the  whole  is  very  pleafing.  The  kecpino- 
is  well  preferved.  The  fecond  and  third  diftanccs  are  both 
judicioufly  managed.  The  light  i&  well  difpofed.  To  pre- 
vent heavincfs  it  is  introduced  upon  tlie  tree,  both  at  the 
top  and  at  the  bottom  ;.  but  it  is  properly  ii-pt  down.  A 
mafs  of  fliade  fucceeds  over  the  fecond  diftance,  and  the 
water.  The  light  breaks  in  a  blaze,  on  the  bottom  of  the 
rock,  and  maffes  the  whole.  The  trees,  (hrubs,  and  upper 
pare  of  the  rock  are  happily  thrown  into  a  middle  tint. 

"  Perhaps  the  cffeft  of  the  diftant  country  might  have  beca 
better,  it  the  light  had  been  kept  down  ;  leavin:^  only  one 
eafy  catching,  light  upon  the  tovm  and  the  rifing  ground  on 
which  it  Hands. 

"  The  execution  is  exceedingly  beautiful.  No  artift  had  a  ' 
happier  manner  of  exprefiing  trees  than  Waterloo  ,•  and  the 
tree  before  us  is  ore  of  his  capital  worlfLS.  The  (hape  of  it 
we  have  already  criticifed  :  the  bole  and  ramifications  are  as. 
beautiful  as  the  fivipe.  The  foliage  is  a  raafter-piece.  Such 
a  union  of  ftrcngth  and  lighuiefs  is  rarely  found.  The  ex- 
tremities are  touched  with  great  tendernels ;.  the  Itrong, 
maffes  of  light  are  relieved  into  fhadovs  equally  ftrong ; 
and  yet  eafc  and  f.iftncfs  are  preferved.  The  tore-ground  is. 
highly  enriched  ;  an* indeed  the  wh  ,le  print,,  and  every  part 
of  it,  is  full  of  art  and  full  of  nature."- 

Thefe  remarks  from  ihs  pen  of  Mr.  Gilpin,  on  the  To- 
bias of  Waterloo,,  are  fo  pertinent,  and  fo  applicable  to  the 
generality  of  his  works,  that  it  is  only  neceflary  to  add  that  , 
tlic  mode  in  which  thefe  extraordinary  prints  v,-erc  produced,, 
i.s  fimply  etching,  whirh  he  is  fnppofed  to  have  worked  up 
to  fo  powerful  an  efFeft  of  chiarofcuro  with  his  etching 
needle,  by  mere  dint  of  drawing  and  the  various  pretfure  of 
his  hand,,  as  to  render  aWJIoppwg  out  (as  it  is  termed)  of  his- 
lighter  tints,  unnecelfary.  His  plates  are  believed  to  have  ■ 
been  hit  in  (or  corroded)  at  one  operation  of  the  aquafortis,, 
and  not  to  have  been  touched  afterward  with  either  graver 
or  point.- 

iSome  of  the  foreign  writers  on  art,  to  whom  we  are  in- 
debted for  defcriptive  catalogues  of  the  worlcs  of  Waterloo, 
are,  however,  of  a  different  opinion,  and  affert,  that  after 
the  procefs  of  corrolion,  he  ftrengtiiened  and  enriched  his 
tones,  and  efpecially  the  boles  and  branches  of  his  trees,, 
with  the  graver. 

The  prcfent  writer,  from  tlie  comparifons  which  he  has( 

been. 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS    OF  THE. 


been-  able  to  make  between  various  iniprefTions,  and  his 
knowledge  of  the  manner  in  which  engraved  plates  wear 
under  the  hand  of  the  printer,  is  inclined  to  believe,  that 
ti>e  darkeft  parts  of  Waterloo's  plates,  which  are  generally 
the  over(hadowed  boles  and  branches  of  his  trees,  would  of 
courfe  begin  to  wear  lirll:,  (from  the  ridges  of  copper  in 
fuch  parts  being  either  exceedingly  minute,  or  entirely  cor- 
roded awav)  and  would  confequently  vi'ant  retouching  be- 
fore any  other  parts  began  perceptibly  to  we-r,  which  re- 
touching was  at  that  time  always  performed  with  the  graver, 
the  art  of  rdnting  being  unknown. 

Hence,  in  coUeetiiig  the  works  of  this  mailer,  it  is  of  the 
utaioft  importance  to  attend  to  the  goodnefs  of  the  im- 
prcffions  ;  for  the  demand  for  them  has  been  fo  great,  and 
the  plates  have  in  confequence  been  fo  frequently  retouched, 
that  the  latter  prints  are  altogether  unworthy  of  the  name 
of  Waterloo.  You  fee  in  them,  indeed,  the  general  forms 
of  the  objefts,  but  every  trace  of  the  elegant  freedom  and 
fpontaneous  grace  of  the  mailer,  is  irrecoverably  gone : 
back-grounds  and  fore-grounds  are  jumbled  together,  and 
in  fome  inftance*  nothing  is  left  but  a  few  llrong,  HifF,  un- 
meaning lines  on  a  faint  and  unintelligible  ground. 

The  "high  eftimation  in  which  the  works  of  this  jnflly  cele- 
brated landfcape  engraver  has  ever  been  held,  have  occa- 
fioned  frequent  republications  of  his  plates,  and  Huber, 
Roil,  and  Adam  Bartfch,  of  the  imperial  library  at  Vienna, 
have  written  defcriptive  catalogues  of  them,  of  which  the 
following  lift  is  an  abridgment.  The  cypher  which  Water- 
loo fumetimes  affixed  to  his  etchings,  m.ay  be  feen  in  Plate  I. 
of  the  monograms,  &;c.  of  the  engravers  of  the  Netherlands. 

Vicivs  and  Compofit'ions. — A  pair,  of  a  ruined  building, 
and  a  woodv  recefs  with  two  peafants.  A  fet  of  four,  ■viz. 
the  hermitage  ;  the  padage  of  the  rclcka  ;  the  httlc  water- 
fall ;  and  the  mountain  bridge,  all  in  oftavo.  A  fet  of 
twelve,  in  quarto  ;  viz.  the  iilhennan's  return  ;  the  ar- 
rival of  travellers,  at  a  country  inn  ;  the  ruftic  well  ;  the 
village  mill  ;  the  village  church  ;  tlie  cailie  on  the  bank  of 
a  river  ;  the  little  bridge,  with  three  anglers  ;  the  four  pea- 
fcnts  ;  view  on  the  road  to  Schevelingen  ;  the  fifher.rian,  (a 
river  fcene  ;)  the  two  towers,  (another  river  fcene)  ;  and  a 
palloral  landfcape,  on  the  fore-groimd  of  which  are  a  goat, 
ram,  and  ewe,  which  Bartfch  has  attributed  to  Marc  de  Bye. 
The  mill  dam,  and  the  entrance  to  a  foreft,  a  pair  in  quaito, 
are  two  of  Waterloo's  early  performances,  coarfely  exe- 
cuted, and  evidently  done  before  his  powers  had  attained 
to  maturity.  Another  fet  of  twelve,  of  which  t'ne  fubjefts 
are,  i.  The  fruit  trees.  2.  T!ie  church-yard.  3.  The 
cottage.  4.  A  view  on  the  fea-(hore,  on  the  middle  ground 
of  which  is  a  village  fpire.  5  Another  view,  with  two 
fi'lk.-rmeM,  6.  Anotlier  view,  with  cattle  and  figures  in  a 
boat..  ■].  Tile  traveller  and  two  trees.  8.  A  paftoral  fcene, 
with  fheep  and  a  fhepherd  crolfmg  a  brid^^'e.  9,  The  de- 
fcrted  village.  10.  The  inhabited  village  ;  three  peafants 
are  here  rcpofing  on  a  fore-ground  hillock.  1 1.  The  fentry 
box.  And  11  The  ftone  bridge.  Another  fet  of  fix,  in 
quarto;  TOa  i.  A  foreft  fcene,  with  travellers.  2.  A  river 
fcene,  called  "  tiie  llttlj  bridge."  3.,  Sheep  fording  a  ftrcam. 
4.  The  boys  and  a  dog,  drinking  at  a  brook.  5  and  6,  Paf- 
toral landfcapes,  with  (hepherds  repofing  under  trees,  &c. 
A  pair  of  cottage  fcenery,  in  quarto,  with  the  effefts  of 
moonhght  and  twilight,  of  the  upright  form.  A  fet  of 
fix,  in  quarto;  t'/z.  i.  The  rock  biidge,  over  a  mountain 
torrent.  2.  The  travellers  converfmg.  j.  .V  cottage  fur- 
rounded  with  trees.  4.  The  oak,  (imder  which  a  male 
and  female  pealant  are  converfmg.)  J  and  6.  Views  from 
nature,  vith  travellers  and  their  dogs.  Another  fet  of  fix, 
ef  the  fame  dimenfions  ;  v'rz.  i  ..The  hermit's  chapel.  2.  The 


loaded  afs.  3.  The  deeping  peafant.  4.  The  ftreamlet. 
J.  The  mountains.  And  0.  iThe  wooden  bridge.  Anotjier 
fet  of  fix,  denoted  as  follows:  i.  Tlie  foreft  traveller. 
2.  The  cottage,  overdiadowed  with  trees.  3.  The  entrance  ' 
of  a  wood.  4.  The  gate.  5.  The  knotty  tree.  And 
6.  The  foreft  river.  Two  other  fets,  in  quarto,  of  fix  fub- 
jefts,  each  coni'ifting  chiefly  of  rural  and  foreft  fcenery. 
(^It  is  to  be  remarked  of  tliefe,  and  of  Waterloo's  works, 
in  general,  that  while  their  real  merits  and  beauties  rcfide 
in  the  landfcape,  colleftors  have,  with  little  fenfibility  or 
refledlion,  denominated  them  from  the  figures  which  they 
contain,  (which  are  •the  worft  parts  of  Waterloo  ;)  fo  that  a 
grand  mountain  fcene  with  rocks  and  cataraiSs,  is  fome- 
times  knov/n  by  the  filly  title  of  the  boy  and  dog,  or  the 
milk-maid.]  A  fet  of  fix  grand  landfcapes  of  larger  di- 
menfions, entitled,  I.  The  double  cafcadc.  2.  The  caftle 
and  cataraft,  or  triple  cafeade.  3.  Rocks  and  mountains, 
with  three  figures  on  tlie  fore-ground.  4.  A  wild  mountain 
fcene.  5.  The  grand  waterfall.  And  6  C<-ttagers  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain.  Another  fet  of  fix,  viz.  the  temple, 
with  a  cupola  and  waterfall  in  the  middle  ground.  2.  The 
rock  bridge.  3. The  large  tree,  with  four  figures.  4.  Huntf- 
men  in  a  foreft.  5.  A  paftoral  fcene,  with  a  ftiepherd  and 
his  flock.  6.  A  watermill,  with  a  cowherd  and  cattle. 
Another  fet  of  fix,  in  large  quarto  ;  wz.  I.  A  plain,  with 
clumps  of  trees.  2.  The  wildfowl  hunter.  3.  The  return 
from  the  chace.  4.  The  travellef-  by  twilight,  a  foreft  fcene. 
y.  A  river  fcene,  with  boys  bathing.  6.  A  foreft  glade, 
with  figures  repofing.  Another  fet  of  fix,  in  large  quarto, 
all  of  which  are  views  from  nature,  chiefly  of  villager.*:^ 
but  the  names  of  the  places  have  not  yet  been  mentioned. 
A  fet  of  twelve  beautiful  landfcapes  in  fmall  folio;  vix.- 
I.  A  garden  fcene.  2.  Ruir.s  of  a  city,  with  figures  and 
cattle-  on  the  fore-ground.  3.  The  two  bridges,  (one  of 
which  is  of  ftone,  and  the  other  of  wood.)  4.  The  caftle 
and  rock.  j.  The  two  travellers.  6.  The  city  gate.  7.  A 
river  fcene.  with  two  ftone  bridges.  8.  A  (liepherd  con- 
dufting  his  j%ck  acrofs  a  ftone  bridge.  9.  A  water-m.ill  in- 
a  wood.  ic.  The  dcirts  of  a  foreft,  with  a  falconer  and 
greyhounds.  11.  The  pointed  tower,  a  foreft  fcene,  with 
fportfmcn  repofinc;.  12.  Another  foreft  fcene,  with  three- 
large  trees  on  the  fore-ground.  Another  fet  of  fix,  in  large 
folio,  of  foreft  fcenery,  with  rivulets  and  ruftic  bridges,  all 
of  which  are  believed  to  be  views  from  nature,  of  places 
not  named.  Another  fet  of  fix,  in 'large  folio,  and  of  great 
beauty,  which  are  numbered  and  named  as  follows  ;  I.  A; 
country-inn,  with  pedlars  refting.-  2.  A  champaign  country, 
with  figures  in  converfation.  3.  A  woodland  fcene,  with 
two  very  fmall  figures.  4.  Two  trees  on  the  bank  of  a- 
ftream,  with  an  open  gate.  5.  Another  woodland  fcene, 
viewed  from  a  corn-field.  6.  A  plantatioij  of  young  trees,;^ 
vrith  a  fleeping  (hepherd  an  the  fore-ground.  A  fet  of  fix  ■. 
large  upright  landfcapes  ;  viz.  I.  The  large  windmill,  fo 
called,  but  the  mill  itfeif  is  at  a  diftance,  and  tlie  near  ob- 
jcfts  are  an  old  houfe  furrounded  with  trees,  and  on  the 
left  a  wooden  chapel.  2.  A  woodland  fcene,  with  two 
peafants  and  a  dog.  5.  A  mountain  fcene,  with  a  road 
winding-  over  a  wooden  bridge,  towards  a  foreft.  4.  A 
village  fcene,  with  a  woman  and"  children  repofing  on  the 
fore -ground.  '5;  The  entrance  of  a  wood,  with  two  travel- 
lers repofing,  and  a  horfcman  advancing  from  among  the 
trees.  6.  A:  other  woody  Icene,  with  a  cliurch  fpire  in  the 
diftance:  A  fet  of  fix  compofi:ions  in  large  folio,  and  of  the 
upright  form,-  with  poetical  fubjtcls  introduced  from  thc- 
hea  then  mythology;  i-;s.  i.  Alpljoiis  and  Arethula.  a.Apoilo 
piirfuinL.  Daphne.  3.  Mercury  enchanting  .Argus.  4.  Pan 
purfuing  Syrinx.  5.  Venus  and  Adonis.  And  6.  The  death. 

i  of 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 


of  Adonis.  Another  let  of  fix  liiftorical  landfcapes,  in 
large  folio,  with  fiibjctls  from  the  Old  Tellarnent  ;  <vlz. 
I.  Abraham  difmifiing  Ha^ar  and  Iflimael.  2.  Ifhmael 
laiigutlliina;  in  the  defart,  is  comforted  by  an  angel.  3  The 
deatli  of  the  difobedient  proph'^t.  4.  Tebias  and  the  an- 
gel, upon  which  wo  have  commented  at  length.  5.  Zippo- 
rah  kneeling,  executing  the  divine  commands  on  the  Ion  of 
Mofes.  And  6.  The  prophet  ITlijah  fed  by  ravens  in  the 
w-ilderncfs^  all  of  which  are  very  grand  compolUions,  and 
executed  in  the  higiieil  tallc  of  Waterloo. 

Egbert  van  Pandoren  was  born  A.D.  1606.  He  refided, 
during  great  part  of  hij  life,  at  Antwerp,  but  he  olten 
added  the  word  Haerlemtnfis  to  his  name,  from  which  we 
may  infer  that  he  was  a  native  of  Haerlem.  He  worked  en- 
tirely  with  the  graver,  in  a  (lifF  formal  ftyle  ;  and  Tiis  prmts 
have  neither  harmony  of  effeft ,  nor  correftnefs  of  drawing 
to  recommend  them.  The  following  are  feleiScd  from  thofe 
moft  worthy  of  notice  :  God,  an  angel,  a  man,  and  the 
Devil,  or  "  The  Hillory  of  Sicknefs  and  Medicine,"  from 
Henry  Goltzius,  in  quarto,  very  rare  ;  "  The  Virgin  Mary 
interceding  with  Chnll  for  the  Salvation  of  Mankind,"  after 
Rubens,  in  folio  ;  "  The  Four  Evangelills,''  half  figures, 
after  P.  de  jode  ;  "St.  Louis,  Birtiop  of  Thouloufe,"'  after 
the  fame  painter.  Part  of  the  plates  for  a  large  folio  vo- 
lume publidicd  at  Antwerp,  1628,  entitled  *' Academic  de 
I'Epce,''  bv  G.' Thibault,  all  of  folio  fize  ;  fix  engravings 
of  quarto  fize,  of  horfes,  from  Ant.  Tempelta  ;  "  Maurice, 
prince  of  Orange,  on  horfcback,"  after  the  fame  painter, 
in  large  folio  ;  and  "Pallas"  "Juno,"  and  "Venus,  "after 
Spranger,  in  circles  of  foho  fize. 

Theodore  van  Keflel  was  born  in  Holland,  A.D.  1620, 
and',  it  is  probable,  was  related  to  the  Keffels,  who  were 
painters  of  no  fmall  repute  in  that  country.  His  works, 
which  are  rather  numerous,  confill  chiefly  of  etchings  ; 
and  (when  he  did  not  attempt  to  draw  the  human  figure,) 
are  by  no  means  devoid  of  merit,  but  frequently  are  exe- 
cuted in  a  firm  and  free  llyle.  He  etched  a  fmall  folio 
volume  of  vafes  and  ornamental  compartments,  confifting 
of  eight  parts,  from  the  defigns  of  fir  Adam  de  Viane,  with 
his  portrait  at  the  beainmng.  They  were  publifiied  at 
Utrecht  by  his  (on,  Chriflopher  de  Viane  ;  and  almoft  all 
the  plates  are  marked  with  the  monogram  of  the  inventor, 
formed  by  an  A  and  V  joined  together,  and  the  initials  of 
the  engraver's  names,  T.  V.  K.  to  winch  f.  or  fee.  is  fome- 
times  added:  thefe  initials  are  commonly  joined  together  m 
a  manner  reprefented  in  P.W  HI.  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  en- 
gravers of  the  Low  Countries.  Several  of  the  plates  for 
the  gallery  of  Teniers,  and  alfo  the  following,  were  exe- 
cuted by  Van  Keflel ;  viz.  an  etching  of  the  portrait  cf 
the  emperor  Charles  V.  after  Titian,  in  quarto  ;  "  St. 
Gregory  meditatmg,''  a  half-length  figure,  executed  with 
the  graver,  T.  Wilbontius  inv.  ;  "  A  Repofe  during  the 
Flight  into  Egypt,"  after  Glorgione ;  "  Chrift  and  tlie 
Woman  of  Samaria;"  "  The  Woman  taken  in  Adultery," 
bo;h  from  Caracci  ;  "  Sufannah  and  the  Elders,"  after 
Guido  ;  "  The  Holy  Virgin  worrtiipped  by  Angels,''  after 
Vaiidyke,  all  of  folio  dimenfions  ;  an  allegorical  iubjeft,  re- 
prefenting  "  Abundance,"  in  large  folio  ;  the  companion  to 
which  v\as  engraven  by  P.  de  Jcde,  both  after  Rubens.  A 
fet  of  four  baf -reliefs,  after  the  fame  painter,  reprefenting 
I.  The  triumph  of  Galatea.  2.  A  Triton  embracing  a  fea 
nymph.  3  A  nymph  in  the  ar.Tis  of  a  fea  god.  And  4.  A 
fawn  feated  near  a  rock,  with  two  children  and  a  goat. 
■«'The  Hunting  of  the  Caledonian  Boar,"  a  large  plate 
lengthways,  is  from  the  fame  mafter :  a  man  wheeling  a 
barrow  of  peas  and  beans,  with  a  man  and  woman  driving 
COBS,  in  the  back-ground.     A  lacdfcape,  the  communion 


to  the  preceding,  into  which  is  introduced  a  girl  with  milk- 
pails,  both  in  large  folio,  are  alfo  from  Rubens.  A  fet  of 
battles  and  (kn-miflies  of  banditti,  after  P.  Snayers,  in  fo- 
lio, dated  1656,  muft  conclude  our  felettion  from  the  works 
of  this  engraver. 

Abraham  Conrad,  orConradus,  was  a  native  of  Holland, 
and  born  in  the  year  1620.  Under  what  mailer  he 
liudied  is  not  known.  He  engraved  hiltory  and  portraits, 
but  chiefly  tiie  latter ;  many  of  which  are  from  his  own 
drawings,  and  prove  him  to  have  been  an  artill  of  confider- 
able  ability. 

His  mode  of  engraving  is  various,  and  free  from  bigotry 
to  any  particular  ityle:  fo[nttimes  he  imitated  that  of  Liieas 
Vorderman  with  great  fucccfs,  and  at  others,  a  llyle  l«)me- 
what  rcfembling  fome  of  the  heads  by  Rembrandt,  but  Hill 
more  reiembhng  that  which  has  fince  been  adopted  by  our 
countryman  V\'orlidge  ;  employing  etching,  or  the  work  of 
the  graver,  or  dry  needle,  as  occalion  appeared  to  him  to 
require. 

The  Portraits  of  Chriftopher  Love ;  Jacob  Triglandc,  a 
profelfor  of  the  univerfity  of  Leyden  ;  Thomas  Mourios,  of 
Canterbury,  after  D.  Boudringeen  ;  and  Godefroid  Hotton, 
pallor  of  the  French  church  at  Amfterdam,  after  H.  Moir- 
mans  ;  generally  efteemed  the  very  belt  of  the  engravings 
ot  Conrad,  all  of  folio  dimenfions. 

Of  h:s  iyi/?or;W  works,  '' The  Flagellation,"  and  "The 
Crucifixion  of  our  Saviour,"  both  in  folio,  and  after  Die- 
penbeck,  are  all  we  are  able  to  fpecify. 

Having  already  treated  of  the  biography  of  Bartolomco, 
fee  Breemberg  ;  it  remains  only  to  mention  in  this 
place,  that  the  llyle  of  his  etchings  is  fcarcely  lefs  mafterly 
and  intelligent  than  that  of  his  pictures.  They  are  much 
lought  after  by  collectors,  and  good  imprelTions  are  by  no 
means  common.  His  mark,  when  he  did  not  fign  his  name 
at  length,  was  B.  B.  F.  and  fometimes  two  B's,  in  the 
way  (hewn  in  Plats  IV.  of  monograms  ufed  by  the  en- 
gravers of  the  Netherlands. 

We  have  by  the  hand  of  this  artill,  a  fet  of  twenty-four 
landfcapes,  with  figures  and  animals,  entitled  "  Verd  hiden 
verfallen  Gebouden,"  with  an  etching  of  the  portrait  of  the 
artill,  publilhed  in  o6tavo,  and  alio  in  quarto.  Another  let 
cf  twelve,  entitled  "Antiquites  de  Rome."  A  landi,.ape, 
marked  with  his  cypher.  "  Joleph  diftributing  Corn, 
during  the  Famine  in  Egypt,"  in  large  folio  ;  and  its  com- 
panion, "The  Martyrdom  of  St.  Lawrence."  There  are 
many  good  copies  from  the  two  lall  fubje£ts,  particularly 
thofe  etched  by  Bifchop. 

Henry  Naiwinck,  Naiwyncx,  or  Naiwikex,  of  Utrecht, 
according  to  foire  authors,  was  the  difciple  of  Bartolomeo. 
He  was  a  landfcape  engraver  of  confiderable  merit  :  he 
painted  alfo,  and  in  the  cabinets  of  the  connoifieurs  of 
riolland,  are  drawings  in  Indian  ink  by  this  artill,  which 
are  performed  with  much  care,  and  alfo  witli  feeling  and 
tafte. 

His  reputation,  however,  was  chiefly  founded  on  his 
etchings  of  landfcape.  He  caught  the  mantle  of  Waterloo: 
he  was,  perhaps,  fomewhat  kls  free  and  painter-like,  but 
with  regard  to  evennefs  of  tones,  and  what  is  termed  en- 
graver-hke  execution,  improved  on  his  prototype. 

His  works  are  faithful  leprefentations  of  Nature,  and  the 
feeling  and  delicacy  which '  every  where  accompanies  his 
etching-needle,  has  occafioned  his  prints  to,  be  much  fought 
after  both  by  artiits  and  collectors. 

Of  his  etchings  we  are  only  acquainted  with  fixteen,  of 
which  the  earlicil  and  beft  impreflioas  are  known  to  dealers 

by 


LOW  COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF  THE 


fay  their  having  heen  taken  before  the  nam?  of  Clement  de 
Jonghe  wa5  iiuerted  as  the  publifher  ;  they  form  two  fets  in 
large  quarto. 

Thefirft  fet  contains,  i.  A  foreft-fcene  with  afore-ground 
of  oaks.  2.  A  river-fcene  with  trees,  &c.  3.  A  rocky 
fcene  uath  -.vood  and  water.  4.  A  mountainohs  landfcape 
ivlth  a  wooden  bridge  towards  the  left.  j.  Another  moun- 
tainous landfcape  with  wood  and  water.  6.  A  canal,  or 
river,  winding  through  a  rocky  country.  7.  A  rivcr-fcene 
Vkith  a  vilkge  churcli  in  the  back-ground.  8.  Trees  and 
water,  with  a  mountainous  dii'.ance. 

The  fecond  fet  confifts  alfo  of  eight  fubjefts  of  fimilar 
general  character,  chiefly  of  mountain  fcenery. 

Naiwinck  alivays  etched  from  his  own  piftures  or  draw- 
ings, and  very  rarely  introduced  any  figures  into  his  land- 
fcapes. 

Herman  Swanevclt,  or  Swanefeld,  furnamed  Herm.an 
{i.e.  t/jf  Hermit),  of  Ifaly,  was  born  at  Voerden,  in  Holland, 
A.D.  1620,  and  died  at  Rome  1690.  He  was  the  dilciple 
of  Gerard  Douw,  but  ioon  quitted  the  fchool  of  that  m.af- 
ter,  and  migrated  to  Italy,  where  he  placed  himfelf  for  a 
while  under  the  inftrudtions  of  Claude  of  Lorraine. 

But  like  all  artills  of  original  powers,  he  was  much  lefs 
indebted  to  any  in!i;ruclor  fir  his  acquirements,  than  to  his 
own  unremitting  lludies  from  nature. 

The  reclufe  life  vvhichhe  led  in  Italy,  and  the  long  and  foli- 
tary  rambles  which  he  took  in  that  claflical  and  romantic  coun- 
try, for  the  fake  of  enjoying  nature,  and  contemplating  land- 
fcape at  its  pureft  fources,  obtained  for  him  the  cognomen 
of  the  hermit,  which,  generally  fpeaking,  is  well  fuilained 
in  his  works,  by  the  retired  gloom  of  his  choice  of  fub- 
jecls. 

For  an  account  of  his  merits  as  a  painter,  the  reader  is  re- 
ferred to  the  article  Sw.-iNEVELx.  As  an  engraver,  he  was 
original,  bold,  and  free,  always  working  from  his  own  pic- 
tures and  drawings,  which  are  either  cumpofitions  or  views 
from,  nature,  and  which  he  enriched  with  figures  and  cattle, 
that  for  drawing  and  appropriate  introduction  far  exceed 
tho.'e  of  his  mailer  Claude. 

The  general  characleriilics  of  his  landfcapes  are  wildnefs 
and  fublimity.  He  has  more  of  breadth  and  ordonnance, 
or  the  ftudied  graces  of  landfcape  compofition,  than  Wa- 
terloo, and  more  of  mechanifm  in  his  mode  of  execution, 
but  lefs  of  fine  feeling  and  tafte.  His  chiarofcuro  is 
grander,  but  he  pofiefll-s  lefs  fcnfibility  to  the  fimple  graces 
of  nature  when  viewed  in  detail.  Swanevelt  is  more  fym- 
metrical  and  wifely  arranged,  Waterloo  more  fpontaneous. 
If  Swanevelt  is  more  epic,  Waterloo  is  more  pafloral. 
The  latter  etched  what  was  before  him  without  any  feeming 
effort ;  the  former  went  abroad  tojfudy,  and  ftudied  with 
effed. 

The  engravings  of  Swanevelt  are  fomewhat  numerous, 
and  are  much  fought  after  ;  fo  that  good  impreffions  are  by 
no  means  common.  Thofe  mod  worthy  of  the  attention  of 
the  coUeftor  are  as  follows : 

A  fet  of  eighteen  rural  fubjefts,  with  figures  and  Italian 
buildings,  in  ovals,  entitled  "  Varis  campeftri  fan'.afise  a 
Hermano  Swanevelt  invent,  et  in  lucem  editas  ;"  a  fet  of 
thirteen  Italian  landfcapes,  including  a  dedication  to  Gedeon 
Tallement,  in  fmall  quarto  ;  a  fet  of  twelve  Italian  land- 
fcapes, enbvened  with  figures,  and  entitled  "  Diverfes  Veucs 
dedans  et  dehors  de  Rome,  deflinees  par  Herman  van  Swane- 
velt, dediees  aux  Vertueux,"  in  quarto  ;  a  fet  of  feven,  of 
domeftic  animals,  with  landfcape  back-grounds,  in  fmall 
quarto  ;  a  fet  of  four  mountainous  landfcapes,  enriched 
with  figures  of  nymphs  and  fatyrs,  in  410. ;  four  landfcapes, 


into  which  are  introduced  hiflorical  fubjefts,  ilz.  "  Abraham 
receiving  the  three  Angels;"  "The  Angel  conducting 
Tobit ;"  "  Elias  in  the  Wilderncfs  comforted  by  an  Angel ;" 
and  "  The  Angel  encouragihg  Tobit  to  take  the  Fifh,"  all' 
of  quarto  fize  ;  a  fet  of. fix  Italian  landfcapes  with  figures  ; 
another  fet  of  the  fame  number,  with  remarkable  buildings 
and  figures  ;  four  landfcapes,  in  each  of  which  the  Flight 
into  Egypt  is  variouHy  reprefented  ;  four  views  of  the 
Apennii^es,  with  rultic  figures,  all  of  folio  dimenfions  ;  a 
fet  of  four  landfcapes  with  figures  and  animals,  in  fmali 
folio  ;  fix  landf  apes,  forming  a  feries,  into  wliich  the  hiftory 
of  Venus  and  Adonis  is  introduced,  in  large  folio  ;  and  a  fet 
of  four  wild  landfcapes,  with  legendary  fubjefts,  in  large 
filio,  viz.  "  St.  Jerome  meditating  before  his  Cell ;"  "A 
Satyr  oiiering  Fruit  to  St  An;hony  in  the  Defart  ;" 
"  St.  Anthony  regaling  his  Friend  Sc.  Pacome  ;"  and  "  The 
Death  of  the  Magdalen.'". 

Aldert  van  Everdiiigen  was  born  at  Alkmaer,  in  Hol- 
land, A.D.  1621,  and  died  in  the  fame  city  in  1675.  He 
frequented  fucceffively  the  fchools  of  Roland  Savery  and 
Peter  Molyn,  both  of  whom  he  foon  furpaffed.  During  a 
voyage  in  the  North  fea,  he  was  thrown  by  a  tempeft  on  the 
coaft  of  Norway,  where  he  refided  upwards  of  twelve 
months,  and  employed  his  time  in  ftudying  the  wild  and 
romantic  charafter  of  the  landfcape  fcenery  of  that  country. 
He  etclied  with  the  fame  piclurefque  feelmg  and  talle  with 
which,  as  we  ha»e  already  ftuted  (fee  Eveiidinge.v)  he 
painted,  and  among  his  works  are  a  let  of  one  hundred  fmall 
views  in  Norway,  executed  with  admirable  variety,  pecu- 
liar characleriibc  wildnefs,  and  as  much  vigour  of  geniu* 
as  the  calcades  of  Tivuli,  by  Salvator  Rofa.  Mod  of  his 
engravings  are  of  Norwegian  fubjefts,  and  are  marked  fome- 
times  with  his  initials,  and  at  others  with  his  name  at 
length. 

Believing  that  there  is,  in  our  language,  no  defcriptive 
catalogue  of  the  works  of  this  artift,  we  ihall  proceed  to  fpe- 
cify  thole  moll  worthy  of  admiration. 

A  pair  of  fmall  oval  landfcapes  of  rural  chara£ler  ;  a  pair 
of  very  fmall  upright?,  one  reprefenting  a  foreil  with  four 
figures  in  the  Norwegian  collume,  the  other  a  champaign 
country  with  a  cottage  ;  four  fmall  mountainous  landfcapes 
with  figures  and  water  ;  four,  in  octavo,  etched  in  a  very- 
free  flyle,  of  cottages  and  figures. 

Another  fet  of  four,  in  octavo,  of  cottages  and  figures  ; 
three  marine  fubjeils  with  veflels  and  figures,  in  4to. 

Six  mountainous  landfcapes,  with  figures,  trees,  wind- 
mills, cottages,  &c.  in  4to. 

A  fet  of  three,  in  quarto,  one  reprefenting  a  windmill  and 
fluice  ;  the  fecond  a  perfpeClive  view  of  a  village  and 
church  ;  the  third  is  of  wild  character,  with  three  peafants 
and  a  dog  on  the  fore-grround. 

A  pair,  in  quarto,  one  reprefenting  a  mountainous  fcene 
with  fir  trees  and  a  hermitage  ;  the  other  cottages  and  trees, 
with  a  fwineherdand  two  hogs  in  the  fore-ground. 

Two  woody  iandlcapes,  of  quarto  fize,  in  one  are  rocka 
on  the  fore-ground  and  cottages ;  the  other  is  a  cottao-e- 
fcene,  with  a  man  and  woman  in  converfation.  The  four 
lall  are  (contrary  to  the  cuilom  of  Everdingen)  length- 
ways. 

A  pair  of  landfcapes,  in  quarto,  of  rocky  charaSer,  with 
fir  trees  and  figures  ;  in  the  fecond  two  figures  are  feated  at 
the  foot  of  a  rock,  one  of  whom  writes  on  a  llcne  the  name 
of  Everdingen. 

A  pair  of  mountainous  landfcapes  ;  in  one  of  them  is  a 

wooden  bridge  communicating  from  oiie  rock  to  another  ; 

the  other  is  a  ftone  bridge  communicating  with  very  lofty 

6  rocks, 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 


rocks,  acrofs  which  a  pc(]h\r  is  travelHng,  in  the  middle- 
ground  a  man  is  feated,  who  appears  to  be  drawing. 

A  pair  of  woody  landfcapee,  in  quarto,  with  cottages ; 
on  the  road  towards  the  left  hand  are  two  figures  and  a 
horfe  ;  the  other  is  a  rncky  fcene  with  trees,  in  the  back- 
ground is  a  view  of  the  fea. 

A  pair  of  ditto,  with  the  cffeft  of  night ;  one  of  them  is 
a  rocky  fcene  with  a  cottage  and  figures  ;  the  other  is  an 
iramenfe  pile  of  rocks  crowned  with  wood,  all  of  quarto 
liz.e. 

A  pair  of  ditto,  one  of  which  reprefents  a  monument  ; 
the  other  a  cottage  and  pcafants. 

A  pair  of  ditto,  one  is  a  farm-yard  with  poultry  and 
figures  ;  the  other  confifts  of  piles  of  various  trees  cut  down 
for  building,  with  two- pcafants,  all  in  quarto. 

A  forell  fcene,  a  river  is  winding  through  the  fore-ground, 
over  which  an  old  oak  fpreads  its  horizontal  arms.  Of 
this  engraving  there  are  two  fets  of  impreflions,  one  being 
lefs  than  the  other  by  a  third  part. 

A  woody  fcene  with  cottages  and  figures,  in  the  fore- 
ground is  a  waterfall  with  figures  angling. 

A  beautiful  cafcade  formed  down  the  fide  of  a  mountain 
by  water  which  turns  a  mill;  towards  the  right  a  peafant  is 
feated  on  tiie  Itump  of  a  tree. 

A  large  wooden  bridge  with  a  peafant  croffing  it ;  in  the 
middle  diilance  is  a  cottage  and  church  fpire,  with  a  per- 
fpeftive  view  of  a  town. 

A  mountainous  landfcape  with  a  watermill ;  on  the  fore- 
ground are  three  figures. 

A  mountainous  fcene  ;  on  the  middle  plain  is  a  cottage 
with  oaks  and  fir  trees. 

A  landfcape  ornamented  with  very  tafteful  figures ;  towards 
the  right  is  a  monument  in  the  antique  ftyle,  with  columns 
of  the  Doric  order. 

And  a  landfcape,  on  the  fore-ground  of  which  is  a  Gothic 
■temple,  towards  which  a  great  number  of  figures  of  both 
fexes  are  crowding  ;  towacfls  the  right  is  a  chapel  fur- 
mounted  with  a  ft  at  ue  of  St.  Nicholas,  all  of  large  quarto 
-fize.  , 

Thefe  laft  eight  prints  are  the  moft  capital  of  the  engravings 
of  Everdingen.  He 'likewife  publiflied  a  fet  of  one  hundred 
views  in  Norway,  and  a  fet  of  fifty-fix  octavo  plates,  from  his 
own  defigns,  from  a  book  entitled  "  The  Tricks,  or  De- 
ceits of  the  Fox,"  which  was  written  by  Henry  d'Alk- 
inaer. 

Nicholas  Lauwets^as  born  at  Leufe,  in  Hainault,  in  the 
year  1620,  but  ellabhdied  himfelf  and  pubhfhed  his  en- 
graviiigs  -at  Antwerp.  He  emirlated  the  merits  of  the 
/chool  of  Rubens,  and,  as  Strutt  thinks,  ftudied  under  Paul 
'T»ontiuf,  whofe  ftyle  of  engraving  he  for  the  moft  part  imi- 
tated, working  with  the  graver  alone.  He  was,  however,  by 
no  means  equal- to  tha't  great  mafter,  either  in  his  knowledge 
of  forms,  powers  of  dehneation,  or  excellency  of  handling. 

Lauwers  engraved  after  feveral  of  the  Flemidi  matters,  but 
'his  beft  prints  are  decidedly  thofe  which  are  from  the  pi£lures 
of  Rubens,  of  which  the  chief  are  as  follow^ 

"  The  Adoration  of  the  Eaftern  Kings,"  of  the  upright 
form;  "The  Ecce  Homo,"  of  the  fame  form.  {Note. — In 
the  latter  imprefTions  of  this  plate,  the  name  of  Lauwers  is 
erafed,  and  that  of  Scheltius  a  Bolfwert  fubilituted  in  its 
Jl.ead,  which  is  probably  the  trick  of  fome  Dutcli  dealer, 
which  has  been  put  in  execution.,  in  order  to  enhance  the  nc- 
minal  value  of  the  imprefTions..)  " 'I'he  Defeent  from  the 
"Crofs,"  of  the  fanr-.e  form,  and  "  A  Dead  Chrill  0:1  the  Lap 
of  tlie  Virgin  iMary,''  all- of  folio  dimenfions.  "The 
'Triumph  of  the  New  Law"  is  a  very  large  and  fine  print, 
lengthways,  which  Lauwers  has  engraved  on  two  plates,  and 


is  alfo  after  Rubens,  as  well  as  his  portrait  of  IfabcUa,  in- 
fanta of  Spain. 

There  are,  however,  fome  few  exceptions  to  our  general 
aftertion  that  the  beft  works  of  this  mailer  are  after  Rubens. 
His  large  print  of  "  Baucis  and  Philemon  entertaining  Ju- 
pitcr  and  Mercury,"  (which  Strutt  has  miftakenly  attri- 
buted to  his  brother  Conrad,)  is  after  Jordaens,  and  may 
certainly  be  claffcd  among  his  very  beft  productions.  His 
"  Holy  Virgin  and  Child,"  and  "  St.  Agabus,"  after 
Diepenbeck,  and  his  "  St.  Cecilia,"  and  "  Interior  of  a 
Cafearet,"  after  Se;!;hcrs,  have  alfo  confiderable  merit. 

Conrad  Lauwers  was  the  elder  brother  of  Nicholas,  and 
worked  much  in  the  fame  ftyle,  with  the  graver  only,  but 
with  Ibmewhat  inferior  powers.  He  was  born  at  Leufe  in 
the  year  ifiij,  but  rer;ded principally  at  Antwerp. 

'1  he  Fortraiti  of  Acrtus  Qucllinus,  an  architeft,  after 
J.  de  Decyts  ;  Peter  Verbrugghen,  a  fculpior,  after  E. 
Quellinus  ;  Marius  Ambrofius  Capdlo,  biftiop  of  Antwerp, 
after  Diepenbeck  ;  and  Father  Antony  Vigier,  afterj.  Cof- 
fiers,  may  be  reckoned  among  the  beft  works  ol  Conrad.  And 
his 

ITiJlor'ical  prints  of  moft  rep-.itatioii  are,  "  The  Prophet 
Elijah  vifited  by  an  Angel  in  the  Dcfart,"  a  lai-ge  tipright 
folio;  and  "  Chrift  bearing  the  Crofs,"  both  after  Rubens  ; 
"  The  Baptifm  of  the  Emperor  and  Emprefs  of  Monomo- 
tapa  ;"  "  The  Great  Crucifixion,"  after  .1.  Coflius,  in  large 
foli.)  ;  and  "  The  Holy  Family,"  in  a  landkape  after  Schia- 
vone. 

Coryn  or  Querin  Boel,  defcended  from  Cornelius,  and 
was  related  to  Peier  Boel,  the  painter.  Probably,  as  there 
is  only  three  years  difference  in  the  dates  of  their  birth,  he 
was  the  elder  brbthcr  of  the  latter. 

Coryn  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the  year  1622.  He  went 
to  BruiTels  to  work  for  the  publication  which  is  commonly 
called  the  Gallery  of  Teniers,  which  was  produced  under  tlie 
patronage  of  the  archduke  Leopold.  He  worked  with  the 
graver  and  etching  needle,  but  chiefly  with  the  latter,  his 
ftyle  of  handling  which,  was  coarfe,  heavy,  and  by  no  means 
corrcft  with  regard  to  the  forms  of  his  objects. 

Yet  he  had  the  addrefs  to  feleft  good  originals  to  engrave 
from,  and  his  works  are  therefore,  we  prefume,  held  in  fome 
requell.  The  moll  important  of  thefe  are,  "  The  Eagle  of 
Jupiter  tranfporting  Ganymede  through  the  Air,"  after 
Michael  Angelo  ;  a  landfcape  after  Giorgione,  in  which  are 
introduced  a  knight  armed  with  a  poignard  kneeling  before 
a  female  ;  "  The  Adoration  of  the  Shepherds,"  after  Titian  ; 
"  Adam  and  Eve  fitting  within  an  Arbour  of  Paradife," 
after  Paduanino  ;  "  Venus  and  Adonis,"  after  Schiavone  ; 
"  The  Rape  of  Europa,"  after  Titian  ;  "  The  Relurreclion 
of  Lazarus,"  after  the  elder  Pal  ma :  "Diana  and  her 
Nymphs  bathing,"  after  the  fame;  "  Perfeus  delivering 
Andromeda,"  after  Domenico  Fetti,  all  of  folio  dimenfions. 
And,  after  Teniersthe  elder,  "  The  Barber-furgeon  Apes," 
and  "Cats  performing  a  Concert  ;"  "  The  Vilhge  Fete," 
with  Dutch  peafantry  playing  at  nine'pins  ;  "  The  Interior 
of  a  Flcmifli  Cabaret,"  with  a  joyous  company  of  drinkers 
and  fmokers,  all  in  folio  ;  and  a  pair  of  410.  fize,  of  half- 
length  figures  of  Dutch  peafantry. 

Wallerant  Vaillant,  (who  is  flightly  mentioned  in  our  ac- 
count of  Englisu  engraving  ?s  the  coadjt:tor  of  prince  Ru- 
pert,) was  born  at  I^iide,  111,  Flanders,  A.D.  1623,  and  died 
at  Amfterdam  in  1677.  He  was  the  eldeft  of  five  brothers, 
who  all  of  them  attained  {'one  reputation  in  the  arts.  Wal- 
lerant wen:  to  Antwerp,  and  ftudied  under  Erafmus  Qi.ielli- 
nus  ;  he  excelled  in  portrait  painting,  and  met  with  great 
encouragement  ;  for  having  fuccefsiully  painted  the  portrait 
of  the  emperor  Leopold,  his  occupation  incrcafed  fo  rapidly 

that 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS  OF  THE. 


tliat  lie  foon  acquired  a  competent  income.  Ke  accompanifj 
tiie  Marechal  do  Grammoiit  into  France,  where  lie  com- 
pleted his  fortune,  and  after  a  (lay  of  four  years  returned  to 
the  Netherlands,  and  fettled  at  Amflerdam.  He  was  an  en- 
graver of  :nerit,  particularly  in  mezzotinto  ;  and  made  fome 
conliderable  improvement  in  that  branch  of  art,  but  the 
grounds  of  his  plates,  when  compared  with  modern  produc- 
tions in  mezzotinto,  were  indifferently  laid,  and  the  lights 
uneven,  particularly  where  they  were  much  fcraped.  The 
moll  important  of  his  works  are  as  follow. 

Portraits  and  Subjects  from  his  O'-^n  Defgr.s. — His  own 
poi-trait,  and  that  of  his  wife,  in  oval  borders,  both  in  folio  ; 
prince  Rupert  ;  another  half-length  of  prince  Rupert,  read- 
ing, both  in  4to.  ;  John  Frobenius,  a  printer  of  Bafle,  after 
Holbein,  in  folio  ;  fir  Antony  Vandyke,  feated,  in  large 
folio  ;  Siniac,  a  miniature  painter,  in  fmall  folio  ;  Hardouin 
de  Perefis  de  Beaumont; archbilbop  of  Paris ;  Cornelius  tSta- 
dus,  rector  of  theGymnafe  at  Amilerdam  ;  Conrad  Hoppe, 
a  reformer  of  Amfterdam  ;  a  young  man  feated,  reading, 
fuppofed  to  be  the  portrait  of  Andrea  Vaillant,  (a  fine  and 
rare  engraving);  Baarent  Graa',  a  painter  of  Amilerdam, 
all  of  folio  dimenfions,  (the  firll  imprefiicns  of  the  latter 
plate  were  printed  in  brown  ;)  Hum.phredus  Henchman, 
epiic.  Lond.  "  An  old  Woman  (hewing  a  Letter  to  a 
young  One  ;"  "  A  young  Man  returned  from  Hunting,  with 
a  Hare  and  Wild  Fowl,"  both  in  large  folio  ;  "  Our  Sa- 
viour kneeling,  furrounded  with  Angels  bearing  the  Inftru- 
nients  of  his  Paflion,"  in  4to.  ;  "  St.  Chrillopher  carrying 
the  Infant  Chrill  acrofs  an  Arm  of  the  Sea,"  with  the  effetl 
of  night,  in  large  410.  ;  Leopoldus,  Dei  gratia.  Roman  ; 
Joannes  Philippus,  Mogunt  ;  Carolus  Ludovicus,  conies 
palat.  Rheni  et  eleift.  ;  and  Sopliia,  comit.  palat.  Rheni, 
all  in  folio ;  thefe  four  lait  portraits  are  executed  with 
the  graver,  and  are  very  rare. 

Hijiorical,  ISjC.  after 'oarhus  Majlers. — "  St.  Barbara,"'  a 
half  figure,  after  Raphael,  in  Svo.  ;  "  Judith,"  after  Gnido, 
in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Holy  Family,"  after  Titian  ;  "  The 
Temptation  of  St.  Anthony,"  after  C.  Procaccini ;  bud  of 
a  warrior,  after  Tintoretto  ;  "  St.  Jerome,"  after  a  pidure 
by  Jac.  Vailhnt,  all  of  folio  fize  ;  "Venus  lamenting  the 
Death  of  Adonis,"  in  large  folio,  from  Eraimus  Quellinus  ; 
a  group  of  three  figures,  after  Terburgh,  in  folio;  "A 
young  Man  painting  at  his  Eaft-1,"  after  Metzu  ;  "  Two 
Boys,"  after  Fr.  Hals  ;  "  A  Child  carefilng  a  Dog,"  after 
Vandyke  ;  "  A  Peafant  and  his  Wife,"  after  Teniers ; 
"  The  Prodigal  Son,"  after  Marc  Gerard  5  "A  Party  of 
Gamblers,"  after  the  fame  painter  ;  "  Judith,"  and  "  Jael," 
from  Gerard  de  Lairefle  ;  ;'  A  Party  of  Peafants,"  one  of 
whom  is  fmoking,  from  Corn.  Bega  ;  "  A  Company  of 
Peafants,"  with  a  woman  and  child,  after  the  fame  painter  ; 
.  "  A  Party  of  Peafants  iinging,"  from  Ad.  Brouwer  ;  "  Two 
Peaiants  fmoking,"  from  the  fame  painter ;  "  A  Trum- 
peter Pigeon,  delivering  a  Letter  to  a  Lady,"  after  Wil. 
Mieris  ;  and  "  The  Gold  Weigher,"  after  Rembrandt,  all 
ol  folio  dimenfions. 

Bernard  Vaillant  was  born  at  Lifle,  andwasthepupilofhis 
brother  Wallerant,  whom  he  accompanied  in  his  travels  to 
Frankfort  and  to  Paris.  He  gained  confiderable  reputation 
as  a  crayon  painter,  and  fcraped  fome  of  his  ewn  compoli- 
tions  and  portraits  in  mezzotinto,  which  he  figned  with  his 
initials.     Among  them  are  the 

Portraits  of  John  Lingelbach,  from  Sohwarz  ;  Paul  Du- 
four,  after  a  picture  by  his  brother  ;  Efaias  Clement,  mi- 
uirter  at  Rotterdam  ;  Charles  de  Rochfort,  minifter  of  the 
French  church  at  Rotterdam  ;  Paul  Dufon,  a  preacher  at 
J^eyden  ;  and  heads  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Pa«l,  allXrom  his 
cvn  drav.'ings. 

Vol.  XXL 


Andrea  Vaillant  was  the  youngcH  of  the  five  brothers,  and 
ihidied  engraving  at  Paris,  after  having  learned  the  elerr.ents 
ol  art  of  his  cldeil  brother.  He  engraved  but  few  plates, 
among  which  are  the  portraits  of  .^loifi lis  Bcrilaqua,  patriarch 
of  Alexandria,  in  large  folio;  and  John  Eriiefl  Schraden, 
irifpefior  of  the  Gymnafium  at  Berlin,  in  4to. 

Francis  Pool!  was  born  at  Haerlcm  in  the  year  1624,  and 
learned  the  elements  of  art  of  John  Pooft  a  painter  on  glafs. 
In  1647  he  went  in  the  fuite  of  prince  Maurice  of  Nadau  to 
America,  where  he  redded  for  fome  years,  employing  a  large 
portion  of  his  time  in  painting  and  drawing  from  nature. 
After  his  return  to  the  Low  Countries,  he  made  a  confi- 
derable number  of  etchings,  in  a  mafterly  ilyle  ;  among  which 
is  a  fct  of  views  of  Brazil,  from,  his  own  drawings  ;  "  View 
of  the  Gulf  of  All  Saints  in  America  ;"  "View  of  Cape  St. 
Auguftin  ;"  and  "A  Vitw  of  the  1  Hand  of  Thamaraca," 
all  in  large  folio  ;  the  three  latter  are  very  capital  engravings, 
and  are  now  become  rare. 

Cornelius  Coning,  or  Koning,  was  Lorn  at  Haerlem, 
A.D.  1624.  He  is  among  thofe  artifts  who  are  but  little 
known,  and  who  dcftrve  to  be  known  better.  A^^e  have  fome 
portraits  of  the  iliullrious  men  of  the  fixteenth  century,  en- 
graved by  him  in  a  firm  and  pleafing  (ly'e ;  but  can  only 
fpccify  the  following  few  ;  Laurent  Colier,  the  printer  of 
Haerlem,  from  J.  V.  Cainpen  ;  Martin  Luther,  the  reformer, 
both  in  large  folio  ;  Dicrk  Piiilius,  theologian  ;  Menno 
Simons  ;  and  Adrianus  Tttrodius,  of  Haerlem,  from  P. 
Grebber  ;  and  fome  of  the  princes  of  Friefland,  after  An- 
diceflin,  which  we  are  not  able  to  detail,  all  in  folio. 

Bernard  Baleau,  or  Bailhi,  or  Van  Balen,  was  a  native  of 
the  Low  Countries,  who  flourilTied  at  Rome  during  the 
latter  half  of  the  feventeenth  century,  but  the  events  of  his 
life  are  obfcure,  and  we  are  not  acquainted  with  his  birth- 
place ;  he  worked  entirely  with  the  graver,  in  a  heavy  ftyle, 
and  his  portraits,  which  are  tlie  chief  of  his  works,  have  ro 
great  (hare  of  merit,  either  with  refpecl  to  drawinj;,  or  the 
execution  of  the  engraving.  The  following  are  the  moft  im- 
portant. 

,  Portraits  of  cardinal  Urfini,  who  was  chofen  pope  in  the 
year  1672  ;  Canute,  ki-g  of  Denmark,  after  C  Panig  ; 
"  Our  Saviour  between  St.  Aicanta  and  Mary  Magdalen,"' 
from  Lazaro  Baldi  ;  "  St.  Mary  Magdalen  de  Pazzio," 
from  the  lame  painter,  all  of  folio  fize  ;  "  St.  Peter  of  Al- 
cantara, to  whom  the  Virgin  and  Infant  Saviour  are  appear- 
ing," from  the  fame  mailer  ;  and  the  five  faints  canonized 
by  Clement  X.  'Si-z..  "St.  Cxjetan;"  "St.  Francis  Borgia;" 
"St.  Philip  Benitius;"  "'St.  Louis  Bertraiidti!  ;"  and 
"  St.  Rofa,  with  ti-.e  Infant  Chri!l,"  all  in  large  folio,  after 
Ciro  Ferri.  This  artill  hkewife  engraved  many  of  the  plates 
for  a  work  intitled  "  ElTigit  s  Cardinal,  nunc  vivcntium." 

Paul  Potter,  the  very  celebrated  painter  and  etcher  of 
animals  and'landfcape,  was  born  ?.t  Enkhuifen  in  the  year 
1625.  He  was  the  fon  and  difciple  of  Peter  Potter,  a 
painter  of  inconfiderable  talents,  but  is  far  lefs  indebted  for 
his  extraordinary  attainments  to  his  father's  inftruclions, 
than  to  his  own  afliduous  iludy  of  nature.  No  artift  has 
(hewn  more  fcnfibihty  to  the  beauties  of  rural  landfcape 
fcenerv,  or  more  Ciify  and  thorough  knowledge  of  the  forms 
and  colours  of  thofe  animals  which  coiillitute  its  moll  bril- 
liant ornament  ;  the  Ilyle  of  none  is  more  fimple,  original, 
and  unlophiiljcated.;  the  genius  of  none  (hcne  with  a  brighter 
ray,  for  the  (hort  day  of  his  glory,  over  the  pailoral  and 
domeilic  Xcenery  of  his  native  country.  He  died  at  Am. 
ftcrdam  x\.  D.  1654,  at  the  early  age  of  twenty-nine  years. 

The  works  of  Paul  Potter  are  held  in  very  high  ellima- 
tion.  His  etchings  are  greatly  and  jullly  admired  for  the 
ie,fte,   fgirit,  and  simplicity  of  ftyle  which,  are  difplayed  in 


T 


ther,. 


LOW    COUNTRIES,    ENGRAVERS    OF    THE. 


them';  and  coUcflors  often  pay  large  fums  for  fine  impref- 
fioiis  of  them. 

His  prints  ar«  original  works,  /.  e.  done  immediately  from 
his  own  compolitions  and  Itiidies  from  natnre,  and  are  not 
numerous.  But  we  are  uncertain  whether  or  not  the  fol- 
lowing rtiort  lift  contains  the  wliole  of  his  engravings. 

A  fet  of  five,  in  fmall  foho,  of  various  horfes,  with  land- 
fcape  back-grounds.  A  fet  of  eight,  in  quarto,  of  cows  and 
bulls,  fi:c.  A  mountainous  landlcape,  with  a  pcaiant  driving 
cattle,  a  very  fine  and  rare  print,  in  folio.  Another  very 
beautiful  landfcape,  in  which  a  fliephcrd,  furroundod  by  his 
(lock,  is  playin<r  on  his  pipe,  alfo  of  folio  dimenfions  ;  and 
a  fet  of  fmall  plates  of  plants  and  flowers. 

Nicholas  Ryckmans,  or  Richmaus,  was  born  at  Antwerp 
in  the  year  1620.  He  was  probably  the  difciple  of  P.  Pon- 
tius, whofe  (lylc  he  imitated,  or  ratlier  tried  to  imitate.  He 
worked  with  the  graver  only,  in  a  neat  but  llifT  manner,  and 
the  outlines  of  tlie  naked  parts  of  his  figures  (the  extremities 
efpecially),  arc  exceedingly  incorreft.  The  following  arc 
among  the  bed  of  his  works,  which  the  merit  of  Rubens, 
rathir  tlinu  his  own,  have  recommended  to  public  notice. 
"  The  Adoration  of  the  Wife  Men,"  from  Rubens,  in  large 
folio  ;  the  firll  impreffions  of  which  are  prior  to  the  inler- 
tions  of  the  addrefs  of  either  Gafpcr  Huberti,  or  Corn, 
van  Merlen.  "  The  Entombing  of  Chriil  ;"  "  A  Head 
of  Clirill  ;"  and  "  The  Holy  Family,"  very  rare,  all  in 
folio  ;  "  Ulyffes  difcovering  Achilles  at  the  Court  of  Lyco- 
■medes,"  in  large  folio  ;  "  Our  Saviour  and  his  Thirteen 
ApotUes,"  half  figures,  on  a  fet  of  fourteen  leaves,  in  quarto, 
all  after  Rubens  :  and  a  work,  intiiled  "  Palazzi  di  Ge- 
iiova,  raccolta  e  defignati  da  P.  P.  Rubens."  It  is  divided 
into  two  parts,  reprcfenting  the  plans,  elevations,  and  fcftions 
of  the  principal  palaces  and  churches  at  Genoa :  th.e  firll 
part  contains  feventy-two  plates,  and  the  fecond  fixty-feven. 
It  was  firft  printed  at  Antwerp  in  1622,  and  reprinted  in 
1652,  and  is  of  large  folio  dimenfions. 

Cornelius  van  Caukcrken  was  born  at  Antwerp,  A.  D. 
1625,  where  he  eilablilhed  a  print-fhopof  refpcQability,  and 
engraved  feveral  plates  from  Rubens  and  other  mailers. 
He  worked  entirely  with  the  graver,  in  a  heavy,  laboured 
ftyle,  without  much  tafte.  He  ufually  crofTed  his  fecond 
ftrokes  fquarely  upon  tiie  firft,  which  mode  of  engraving 
requires  more  exquifite  handling  of  the  graver  than  Cauker- 
ken  pofielTjd,  to  render  the  ettc6t  agreeable.  His  lights 
are  generally  too  much  covered  ;  and  his  drawing  is  very 
defeftivc.  However,  fome  of  his  beft  prints  are  by  no  means 
devoid  ef  merit :  among  which  number  the  following  may 
be  reckoned. 

Portraits. — Peter  Snayers,  of  Antwerp,  from  Van  Heil  ; 
Tobias  Verhaefl,  a  landfcape  painter,  from  Olho-vxnius  ; 
Peter  Meerte,  a  portrait  painter  of  Bruffels  ;  Robert  van 
den  Hoeck,  a  painter  of  camps,  from  Gonzales  Coques  ; 
Jolin  de  Carandolet  ;  Francis  de  Faino,  baron  de  .Limajo  ; 
Charles  van  den  Bofch,  bifhop  of  Bruges,  in  an  oval,  with- 
out the  names  of  the  painters,  all  of  quarto  fize  ;  and 
Charles  II.  of  England,  with  a  back-ground  by  Hollar,  in 
large  folio. 

Hjjlorkal,  life,  after  various  Majlcrs. — "  A  dead  Chrift 
lying  on  the  Ground,  with  his  Head  on  the  Lap  of  the 
Virgin,"  after  Caracci  ;  "  A  dead  Chriil,  fupported  by 
the  Holy  Virgin  and  St.  John,"  after  Vandyke  ;  "  The 
Defceiit  of  the  Holy  Si)irit ;"  "  Charity  with  three  Chil- 
dren,'" both  from  the  fame  painter  ;  "  Roman  Charity," 
after  Rubens,  a  plate  much  to  be  preferred  to  the  otiier 
engravings  of  Caukerkeu,  and  of  which  it  is  uncommon  to 
find  good  imprelTions  ;  "  St.  Anne  and  the  Virgin,"  after 
Rubens,  in  folio,  a  rare  print  ;    "  The  Martyrdom  of  St. 


Lievin,"  birtiop  of  Ghent,  after  Rubens,  in  large  folio  (thofc 
impreffions  are  the  beft  with  the  addrefs  of  Hollander)  ;,• 
and  "  A  Female  fuckling  a  Child,"  in  folio,  from  Ab. 
Diepenbeck. 

Phihp  Fruyticrs  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the  year  1625,- 
He  was  originally  an  oil  painter,  but  afterwards  preferred 
water-colour,  and  greatly  excelled  in  miniature  painting. 
His  works  chiefly  confill  of  portraits  and  convcrlatiiins,. 
which  he  executed  in  a  very  mallerly  ftyle. .  His  heads  are 
very  exprefTive,  and  his  draperies  well  drawn.  Rubens  waif 
fo  much  pleafed  with  this  painter,  that  he  and  his  family  fat 
to  him  ;  and  the  pifture  of  them,  which  he  painted,  was- 
conlidered  as  his  mafter-piece. 

I'ruytiers  likewife  excelled  in  etching,  which  he  performed 
in  an  intelligent  ftyle,  worthy  of  a  great  painter;  and  gene- 
rally produced  powerful  effefts  of  chiarofcuro.  His  en- 
gravings are  not  numerous,  nor  are  we  able  to  fpecify  more 
than  the  following 

Porlrails  of  Godofredi  Wendelini,  a  philofopher  of  the 
feventeentli  century,  in  folio  ;  Marcus  Ambrofius  Capello,. 
tifltop  of  Antwerp;  Jacob  Edelherr  of  Louvain,  both  in-- 
large  folio ;  Hedwige  Elconora,  queen  of  Sweden ;  and. 
an  emblematical  fubjecl  on  the  birth  of  the  Virgin,  in  folio,, 
all  from  his  own  pictures. 

For  an  account  of  the  merits  of  John  Fyt  as  a  painter, 
fee  vol.  xvi.  part  ii.  He  flouriflied  at  the  period  which  is- 
now  niider  our  review,  and  etched  fome  few  plates  of  animals 
with  his  accuftomed  feeling  and  vigour,  of  which  the  follow- 
ing  is  a  lift.  A  fet  of  eight,  in  quarto,  of  various  animals. 
And  a  let  of  feven,  comprifing  the  title,  with  a  dedication 
to  Don  Carlo  Guafco,  marchefe  di  Solerio,  &c.  Sec.  of  dogs, 
\'--ith  landfcape  back-grounds,  in  fmall  folio.  Few  painters^ 
have  produced  etchings  in  a  more  feeling  and  animated  llyle 
than  this  fet  is  executed. 

Henry  Bary  was  a:  native  of  Holland,  born  A. D.  1626. 
His  ftyle  of  engraving  feems  to  have  been  formed  from 
Undying  the  prints  of  Cornelius  VifTcher  ;  and  the  imi- 
tation appears  moil  evident  in  his  portraits  ;  efpecially 
thofe  wnich  he  has  executed  in  his  neatell  manner.  In, 
drawing,  tafte,  and  harmony  of  chiarofcuro,  he  is  fre- 
quently deficient;  yet  fometimes  he  has  difcovej-ed  much 
mechanical  fl<ili,  and  feems  to  have  handled  his  graver  with; 
facilit.y.  One  of  his  beft  and  moft  finiihed  prints  is  "  Sprino-- 
and  Summer,"  perfonified  by  two  children,  a  fmall  up- 
right plate,  from  Vandyke,  and  executed  as  a  companion  to 
the  "Autumn  andWinter,"  engraved  by Munichuyfcii,  after- 
G.  Laireffe.  This  plate  is  executed  entirely  with  the- 
graver,  in  a  clear  neat  ftyle,  and  Ihews  his  management  of- 
that  inftrument  in  the  moft  ftriking  light.  Among  the  bell 
of  his  remaiiiing  engravings  are  the  following. 

Portraits  'without  the  Names  of  the  Painters — Dirk  and- 
V/alter  Grabeth,  painters  on  glafs  ;  Adrian  Hcerebond,  a 
philofopher;  Hieroaymus  van  Bevcrnink  ;  Didicr  Erafmus 
of  Rotterdam,  ail  of  quarto  fize;  Wilhelm  Jofcph,  baron 
of  Ghent,  and  admiral  of  Holland  ;  Rogibout  Hagcrbeets,, 
both  in  folio  ;  Anitius  Maniius  Severinus  Boetius,  in  quarto  ; 
Jacobus  Taurinus  ;  the  count  John  of  VValdftein,  both  111- 
folio  ;  and  the  duchefs  de  la  Valiere,  in  large  folio. 

Portraits  Jigried  iviih  the  Names  of  the  Painters — Hugo- 
Grotius,  after  Mich.iel  Jaiifon  Mireveldt  ;  Cornelius  Ket- 
tels,  the  painter,  from  a  pifture  by  himfelf,  both  in  quarto  ;. 
Jacob  Backer,  the  painter,  after  G.  Terburgh,  in  an  oval  of 
folio  fize  ;  John  Schellhammer,  minifter  of  Hamburgh  -^^ 
John  Zas,  a  reformer  of  Gouda,  from  Chr.  Pierfon  ;  Jacob- 
Batelicr  ;  and  Arnold  Guftermans,  from  VV'efterbaen,  all  in 
folio  ;  Michael  de  Ruyter,  the  D  Jtch  admiral,  after  F.  Bo!  ;. 
admiral  Vlugh,  after  B.  vander  Helft,  bu:h  in  large  folio  j. 

Lea 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS    OF   THE. 


Leo  van  Altzcma,  a  Dutch  hillorian,  after  J.  de  Bane,  in 
lari;e  folio  ;  and  George  de  JNIey,  a  celebrated  theologian, 
after  Coan  Diemen,  in  folio. 

Hijlorkal,  Isfc. — "Neptune,"  a  quarto  plate,  engraved 
from  Bary's  own  conipofition.  An  allegorical  litlc  page 
to  a  work  by  Leo  van  Aitzenea,  after  Seemer,  in  folio.  A 
woman  fuckling  an  infant,  without  the  painter's  name,  ai:d 
perhaps  dcfigned  by  himfelf.  A  pair  of  peafantry,  in  quarto, 
after  A.  Brouwer ;  the  country  houfe-keeper,  after  P.  van 
Aerften,  in  fulio.  A  pair,  intitled  "  Take  Care  of  the 
Water!"  and    "Wine  makes  the  People  infolent,"  after 

F.  Mieris,  each  infcribed  alfo  with  four  Dutch  verfes,  in 
folio  ;  and  "  A  Youth  dreffed  in  a  Hat  and  Feathers,"  after 

G.  Terburgh,  alfo  in  folio. 

John  Munnickhuvfen,  or  Munichuyfen,  was  a  native  of 
Fiiedand,  born  A.  D.  1636.  He  relided  at  Flanders,  and 
executed  a  conliderable. number  of  meritorious  works  with 
the  nrraver,  among  which  are  the  following 

Portraits  of  Hendrick  Dirckfen  Spiegel,  a  burgo-mafter, 
a  very  fine  engraving,  from  J.  M,.  Limburg  ;  Francis  Bur- 
mann',  profeflbr  of  theology  at  Utrecht,  from  C.  Maas  ; 
Gerard  Brandt,  preacher  at  Rotterdam,  from  iVI.  Mufcher, 
all  in  folio  ;  Peter  Zurendonk,  rector  of  the  Ljtin  fchool 
of  Amfterdam,  from  David  Plaats,  in  large  folio  ;  John 
van  Wayen,  preacher  at  Middleburg ;  Daniel  Gravi,  a 
clergyman  of  the  fame  place,  from  Z.  I51yhof,  both  in  large 
folio  ;  Peter  van  Staveren,  a  clergyman  of  Ley  den,  from 
Wilhelm  van  Mieris,  in  folio ;  admiral  Van  Tromp,  of 
Holland,  a  fine  portrait,  from  D.  A.  Piaffe,  in  large  folio  ; 
and  the  companion  to  Bary's  "Spring  and  Summer;" 
reprefenting  "Autumn  and  Winter,"  perfonified  by  chil- 
dren, after  Vandyke. 

Hercules  Zeghers,  or  Zegers,  was  born  at  Utreciit  in 
the  year  1625.  He  is  fpoken  of  by  the  author  of  "  Lives 
of  the  Dutch  Painters,  &c."  (Defchamps),  as  having  been 
an  artift  of  fertile  invention,  but  an  unfortunate  exemplifica- 
tion of  the  fcriptural  text,  that  "  the  race  is  not  to  the 
fvvift,  nor  the  battle  to  the  ftrong,  nor  riches  to  men  of  un- 
derftanding,  nor  favour  to  men  of  flcill." 

He  both  painted  and  engraved  landfcape.  The  above 
writer  fays,  that  his  compolitions  are  very  rich,  and  much 
yaried ;  and  that  he  commonly  reprefcnted  very  extenfive 
fcenes,  with  far  diilant  horizons,  but  met  with  no  patronage 
or  encouragement.  Nor  was  he  a  whit  more  fortunate,  in 
this  refpeft,  in  his  etchings,  which  foon  ilTued  forth  from 
tlie  retail  fhops,  as  wrappers  to  other  commodities. 

The  prefent  writer  has  not  feen  any  of  the  works  of 
Zeghers,  and  is  inclined  to  think  that  Defrhamps  may  have 
overrated  his  merits.  It  is  not  eafy  to  jelicve  that  at 
Utrecht,  in  the  feventeenth  century,  good  prints  would 
have  been  depreciated  to  the  value  of  wafte  paper ;  or  if 
a  foiitary  inftance  or  fo,  of  fuch  depreciat-on  had  occurred, 
that  very  circumftance  would  have  advanced  meritorious  en- 
gravings to  fome  public  notice,  which  mufl  have  led  towards 
appreciation,  and  have  finally  benefited  the  arlill,  however 
obfcure,  in  fpite  of  the  crafty  practices  of  the  print-dealers. 

That  Defchamps  was  not  very  obfervant  as  a  connoiffeur, 
nor  very  correct  as  a  writer,  may  be  inferred  from  his  ftate- 
mcnt,  that  Zeghers  d'tfcovered  the  fccret  of  printing  in 
colours  upon  canvas  :  where,  for  difcovered  the  fecret,  we 
fliould  read,  had  recourfe  to  the  expedient ;  and  for  canvas, 
according  to  the  baron  Heinneken,  we  fnould  read  paper. 

The  concluding  anecdotes  related  of  this  artiit  are  pro- 
bablv  more  worthy  of  credit  and  of  regret.  Hercules  made 
a  laft,  and,  according  to  Delchamp^,  a  ftupendous  effort, 
ipanng  neither  time  nor  pains,  nor  any  kind  of  exertion  of 
which  he  was  capable,  and  produced  an  admirable  land- 


fcape, of  which  he  offered  th*  engraved  plate  for  fale  to  a 
print-dealer.  The  dealer  advifeii  him  to  convert  his  plate 
into  fnufT-boxes ;  and  the  ar'.ift  heard  with  indignation  that 
he  would  purchafe  ic  at  no  higher  rate  tiian  the  value  of  the 
copper.  Zeghers  took  back  his  landfcape,  and,  vowing 
that  each  impreflion  fhould  fell  for  as  much  as  the  dealer  had 
offered  for  the  plate,  deilroyed  his  engraving  in  a  paroxyfm 
of  difappointment.  The  artift  thus  verified  his  vow,  and 
the  dealer  loft  his  bargain  ;  but  two  proofs  had  been  taken 
from  the  plate,  and  they  were  purchafed  at  the  price  of 
fixteen  ducats  each. 

Nothing  certain,  however,  can  be  inferred  from  thi.<! 
anecdote,  without  feeing  one  of  the  two  imprefTions  from  this 
plate,  or  hearing  fome  more  faithful  report  of  its  merits 
tiian  Defchamps  appears  to  have  been  qualified  to  give ; 
fince  we  know  not  who  were  the  purchafcrs :  and  the  ig- 
norant part  of  the  tribe  of  collectors,  will  often  freely  giie 
thofe  funis  for  rarity,  which  they  withhold  from  meritoriotis 
exertion. 

Unable  longer  to  endure  the  fcorn  and  the  negledt  with 
which  he  was  treated  by  the  dealers  and  the  public,  this  un- 
fortunate artift  addicted  himfelf  to  drinking ;  and,  one  day 
returning  to  his  houfe  in  a  ftate  of  intoxication,  fell  down 
ftairs,  and  fo  materially  injured  himfelf  that  he  died  in  a  few 
hours. 

It  is  almoft  fuperfluous  to  add,  that  tlie  works  of  Zeghers 
arc  very  fcarce.  In  the  public  hall  at  Drefden  are  fifteen  of 
his  pictures ;  and  another  is  mentioned  by  Houbracken, 
vol.  ii.  p.  136. 

Gerard  Vaick,  the  fervant,  and  afterwards  the  brother- 
in-law,  of  Bloteling,  was  born  at  Amfterdam  in  the  year 
1626.  But  both  thefe  grtills  migrated  to  England;  and 
the  reader  will  find  an  account  of  them,  and  their  works,  in 
our  account  of  the  Origin  and  Progrefs  of  English  En- 
graving. 

Cornelius  van  Dalen  the  younger  was  born  at  Antwerp 
in  the  year  1626.  He  was  the  fon  of  a  print-feller  of  the 
fame  baptifmal  name,  and,  out  of  diftindtion,  always  added 
the  word  junior  to  his  name.  He  is  faid  to  have  learned  en- 
graving of  Cornelius  VifTcher  ;  but  his  ftyle  varied  front 
time  to  time,  refembling,  as  occafion  appeared  to  him  to 
reqiiire,  thofe  of  Lucas  Vorfterman,  P.  Pontius,  S.  Bolf- 
wert,  and  other  mafters.  A  fet  of  antique  ftatues,  en- 
graved by  him,  are  in  a  bold,  free  ftyle,  as  if  founded  upon 
that  of  Goltzius :  others,  again,  feem  imitations  of  that  of 
F.  de  Poilly.  In  all  thefe  different  manners  he  has  fuc- 
ceeded  ;  and  they  manifeft  the  extraordinary  verfatility  of 
his  powers,  and  great  command  he  had  of  the  graver :  for 
he  worked  with  that  inftrument  only. 

He  engraved  a  great  variety  of  portraits,  fome  of  which 
are  very  valuable,  and  form  the  beft,  as  well  as  the  larger 
part  of  his  works.  He  did  not  fucceed  fo  well  in  drawing 
the  naked  parts  of  the  human  figure  :  his  outlines  are  heavy, 
and  frequently  incorre£l ;  and  the  extremities,  the  feet  efpe- 
cially,  are  feldom  weU  marked.  The  following  are  feleCted 
from  his  beft  engravings : 

Portraits. — Queen  Catherine  of  Medicis,  feated,  a  very- 
fine  engraving,  in  large  fo'io  ;  Francis  Deleboe  Sylvius,  a 
phyfician,  C.  V.  Dalen  del.  ;  John  Ruppert  van  Groenen- 
dyck,  the  burgomafter  of  Leyden  ;  Jacob  Baudes  Heertoot 
WafTenaer,  lieutenant  and  admiral ;  the  old,  old,  very  old 
man,  Thomas  Parr,  aged  one  hundred  and  fifty-two,  all  of 
large  folio  fize ;  Efaias  Dupre,  the  theologian,  from  D. 
Baudrigeen  ;  Anna  Maria  Schierman,  with  fix  Latin  verfes, 
after  Van  Ceulen  ;  Andrea  Rivetus,  profeffor  of  theology  ; 
Frederic  Spanheim,  from  Van  Negre,  profeflbr  of  theology, 
all  in  folio  ;  James,  duke  of  York  and  Albany,  from  Si-n. 
•^  T  3  LutticTinys  j 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


Luttichiiys ;  Charles  II.  of  England,  companion  to  the 
preceding,  from  the  fame  painter ;  John  Maurice,  prince  of 
Naffau,  after  Gov.  Hinck  ;  Maarte  Harpertfz  Tromp,  the 
Dutch  admiral,  after  Livens  ;  four  very  fir.e  portraits,  after 
Titian,  from  the  cabinet  of  Reynft,  "viz.  Peter  Aretine, 
.Tohn  Boccace,  George  Barherelli,  and  Sebatlian  del  Pi- 
ombo,  all  of  large  folio  dimenrion,<i. 

Hijlorical,  isfc. — "  Tlie  Adoration  of  the  Shepherds;" 
"  Tiie  Virgin  and  Infant  Ctiriil,"  both  in  410.;  an  alle- 
gorical engravincf,  rcprcfenting  a  fatyr  leading  an  afs,  and 
a  woman  and  child  lying  near  a  cock,  in  4to. ;  "  The  four 
Fathers  of  the  Church,"  after  Rubens,  in  folio,  exicuted 
in  the  llylc  of  P.  Pontius  ;  "  The  Graces  embeljifliing  a 
Statue  of  Nature,"  atter  the  fame  painter,  a  large  lipright 
print  on  two  plates.  In  the  e.\ecution  of  this  print,  he 
leems  to  have  had  an  eye  to  the  neater  works  of  S.  Bolf- 
wert.  "  A  Shepherd  crovirning  a  Shepherdefs  with  Flowers," 
after  Caltelyn,  in  4to. ;  "  The  Holy  Virgin  prefcnting  the 
Breaft  to  the  Infant  ChriH,"  after  Hinck;  "Venus  and 
Cupid  ;"  and  a  head  of  a  ncgrefs,  both  from  the  fame  jjainter, 
all  in  folio  ;  "  The  four  Elements,"  reprefented  by  children, 
in  ovals  of  quarto  fize  ;  a  concert  of  four  perfons ;  "  Gior- 
gione,"  in  large  fijlio,  from  the  cabinet  of  Reynll ;  and  "Th.e 
iVIonument  of  Admiral  Van  Tromp,"  after  a  marble  group 
by  Verhullt,  a  very  rare  print,  in  large  folio. 

Nicholas  van  Hole,  or  Van  Hoy,  was  born  at  Antwerp 
in  the  year  1626.  He  was  but  an  indifferent  engraver ;  but, 
at  the  death  of  Francis  Leux,  was  entitled  cabinet  painter 
to  the  emperor  of  Germany.  In  conjunftion  with  Steen, 
Offenback,  and  other  artifts  equally  indifferent  with  himfelf, 
he  engraved  the  colleftion  of  pifturcs,  whicli  D.  Teniers 
the  younger  made  for  Leopold,  archduke  of  Auftria.  This 
colleftion  was  publiflied  at  Antwerp  in  the  year  1660,  in 
folio,  confining  of  two  hundred  and  forty-three  prints,  and 
is  ufually  known  by  the  name  of  the  Gallery  of  Teniers. 
The  following  engravings  are  likewife  by  him :  "  The 
Virgin  and  Holy  Infant,  with  St.  Jerome,"  after  Baroc- 
cio,  in  4to. ;  "  Chrifl  and  the  Woman  of  Samaria,"  after 
Raphael ;  "  The  dead  Body  of  Chnll  extended  on  the 
Earth,  and  the  Vu-gin  prollrate  before  it,"  from  D.  Fetti ; 
and  "  Apollo  and  the  Mufes  on  Mount  Parnaffus,"  after 
Tintoretto,  all  of  folio  fize. 

Richard  Collin  was  born  at  Luxembourg  in  the  year 
1626.  He  went  to  Rome  to  ftudy  under  Sandrart,  from 
v.-hofe  drawings  he  engraved  feveral  plates.  He  afterwards 
returned  to  Antwerp  ;  from  whence  removing  to  Bruffels, 
he  was  honoured  with  the  title  of  engraver  to  the  king  of 
Spain.  But  in  his  engravings  he  feldom  exceeded  medio- 
crity. There  is  a  portrait  of  this  artift,  with  a  long  infcrip- 
tion  in  bad  French.  The  following  are  fome  of  his  beil 
engravings  : 

Portraits  of  Artus  Ouelllnus,  a  flatuary  of  Anitlerdam  ; 
John  Philip  van  Thielen,  a  flower-painter,  both  from  E. 
Qucllinus,  in  4to. ;  Joachim  Sandrart ;  Cornelius  Hazart, 
a  controvcrtift,  both  in  folio;  Bartholomew  Murillo,  the 
celebrated  painter  of  Spain;  Chriflian  Albert,  bifhop  of 
Lubeck,  both  in  large  folio ;  Anna  Adelhildis,  uxor  prin- 
cipis  de  la  Tour  et  Taxis ;  Claude  Francis  de  la  Viefville, 
abbe  of  Louvaine,  in  large  folio ;  Arnold  John  Philip  de 
Raet  van  Voont,  knight  of  the  order  of  Chriit  ;  and  the 
thirty  portraits  of  the  faints  of  mount  Carmel,  all  in  large 
folio. 

Hijlorical,  iifc. —"  Etther  before  King  Aihafuerns,"  in 
large  folio,  from  Rubens  ;  "  Chrifl  carrying  the  Crofs," 
after  Van  Diepenbeck,  in  folio  ;  "  St.  Arnold,"  after  tlie 
fame  painter ;  and  "  The  Sepulchral  Monument  of  Peter 
Pafqual,"  both  in  4to, 


Francis  van  Neve,  or  de  Neve,  v.-as  born  at  Antwerp, 
A.D.  1627.  He  ftudied  the  works  of  Rubens  and  Van- 
dyke, and  afterwards  travelled  to  Italy.  He  became  a 
landfcape-painter  of  confiderable  merit,  and  fucceeded  re- 
markably well  in  introducing  fmall  figures  into  his  pi6\ures. 

On  his  return  to  his  native  city,  Van  Neve  etched  a  coufi- 
derable  number  of  landfcapes,  into  which  he  introduced 
hiftorical  figures  with  much  judgment.  They  are  executed 
in  a  flight,  bilt  intelligent  ilyle  ;  the  cfTefls  are  very  agree- 
able, and  they  are  ail  from  his  own  compoiltions,  proving  at 
once  the  excellency  of  his  tafle,  and  the  fertility  of  his  ge- 
nius. Tiie  following  are  fcledled  from  his  work?-,  as  being 
the  mall  meritorious. 

A  pair  of  mountainous  landfcapes  with  buildings,  and 
.figures  in  the  colUime  of  the  Grecians  ;  a  pair  of  landfcapes  of 
the  faine  character,  with  an  angler  and  two  other  figures  in 
one,  the  other  has  a  large  tree  and  a  river  in  the  fore-ground, 
and  a  man  tending  flieep  at  a  dillance  ;  a  pair  of  palloral 
landfcapes,  with  figures  in  the  drefs  of  Arcadian  fliepherds  ; 
a  pair  of  landfcapes,  into  one  of  which  is  introduced  Diana 
and  Endymion,  and  in  the  other  Venus  and  Cupid  ;  and 
another  is  Venus  repofing  on  the  banks  of  a  river,  and 
Cupid  fwimming  in  it  ;  a  pair  of  hiilorical  landfcapes,  in  one 
of  which  is  Narcifl'us  admiring  himfelf  ;  and  the  other  is  a 
pafloral  fcene,  with  a  fliepherd  playing  the  tabor,  accom- 
panied  with  his  flock  ;   all  of  folio  dmienfions. 

Henry  Verfchunng  was  born  at  Gorcum  in  the  year 
1627.  He  learned  the  rudiments  of  art  under  Theodore 
Govert/,,  whofefchool  he  quitted  to  ftudy  under  John  Both. 
From  Utrecht,  where  Both  refided,  he  went  to  Rome, 
where  he  frequented  the  public  academy,  and  travelled  fuc- 
ceffively  to  Florence  and  to  Venice.  In  1655  '^^  returned  to 
his  native  country,  where  he  painted  battles,  f].;irmillies,  and 
fubjefts  of  that  kind,  with  great  fuccefs  ;  he  always  imitated 
nature  with  much  truth,  and  his  compofitions  abound  with 
wild  variety  and  charafteriftic  fpirit. 

Verfchuring  executed  a  conliderable  number  of  flight 
etchings  of  fliirmifhcs,  mihtary  furprifes  and  purfuits,  from 
his  own  compofitions,  of  which  the  prefent  writer  is  unable 
to  fay  more  than  that  they  are  very  Icarce. 

This  artift  was  drowned  in  a  tempeft  at  fea,  on  the  twenty- 
fixth  of  April,  1690. 

Joh.n  or  Jofhua  Offenbcck  was  born  at  Rotterdam  in  the 
year  162",  and  became  a  landfcapeand  cattle-painter,  whofe 
merits  will  be  treated  under  the  article  Ossenbeck. 

He  travelled  fuccefTively,  either  for  patronage  or  improve- 
ment, to  Frankfort,  Mayence,  Ratifbon,  and  Vienna,  find  in 
the  courfe  of  his  proftflional  career,  executed  a  confiderable 
number  of  etchings  in  a  free  and  painter-like  ftyle.  Huber 
thinks  they  are  the  produftion  of  his  leifure,  but  it  may 
fairly  be  prefumed  that  at  leail  thofe  which  he  executed  fcr 
the  gallery  of  Teniers  were  done  as  much  for  profit  as  for 
plea lure. 

Among  thefe  are  "  The  Death  of  the  Children  of  Niobe," 
after  Pahna  ;  "  The  Children  of  Ifrael  gathering  Mantua  in 
the  Defart,"  after  Tintoret  ;  "  Orpheus  charming  the 
Brutes,"  and  "The  Four  Seafons,"  all  after  Balfan,  and  of 
folio  fize.  Oflenbeck  is  thought  to  fucceed  better  in  etch- 
ing after  the  piilures  of  Baffan,  than  thofe  of  any  other  maf-  • 
ter,  and  liie  laft-mentioncd  are  among  his  very  beft  prints. 

For  other  publications  he  produced  two  fets,  of  twelve 
quarto  plates  each,  from  his  own  compofitions,  of  which  one 
fet  confifts  chiefly  of  animals  ;  "  A  View  of  the  Campo 
Vaccino,"  at  Rome^  and  "  The  Cafarella,  near  the  Gate  of 
St.  Sebaftian,"  in  the  fame  city  ;  "  A  Boar-hunt,"  after  Bam- 
boccio,  and  the  chateau  of  M.  de  Wenzelboiu'g,  drawn 
prefumptivcly  by  himfelf,  all  of  folio  dimcnfions. 

8  A  fet 


LOW   COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


A  fet  of  fix  large  upright  folio  etchings,  entitled  "  The 
Gallery  of  Wenzclbourg,"  and  after  Salvator  Rofa,  Peter 
de  Laer,  ard  St.  Vlicger,  are  of  great  variety;  and  "The 
Reprefentation  of  a  grand  FeiHval  given  at  Vienna,"  after 
a  picture  by  Akx.  Lartucci,  in  large  folio,  is  alfo  among  the 
fincll  and  rarcll  engravings  of  this  mailer. 

Adrian  vander  Kabcl,  or  Cabel,  was  born  at  Ry  fwick,  near 
the  Hague,  A.D.  1631.  He  was  the  difciple  of  John  van 
Goyen,  but  appears  to  have  formed  his  (lyle  partly  from 
ftudying  the  works  of  Salvator  Rofi.  He  painted  and 
etched  landfcapes,  which  were  fometin.es  of  partoral,  and  at 
others  of  marine  charafter,  all  of  which  he  iludied  from  na- 
ture, and  imitated  her  with  great  accuracy. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Gilpin  juftly  remarks  of  his  etchings,  that, 
"  in  thofe  which  he  has  Ihidied,  and  carefully  executed,  there 
is  great  beauty.  His  manner  (llyle)  is  loole  and  mallerly. 
His  prints  want  effeft,  but  abound  in  freedom.  His  trees 
are  often  particularly  well  managed  :  and  his  fmall  pieces  in 
general  are  the  beit  of  his  works.' 

Among  thefe  may  be  diilinguifhed  a  fet  of  fix  quarto 
landfcapes,  ornamented  with  figures  and  ruined  edifices  ; 
another  fet  of  thirty  of  mountainous  characler,  with  rocks, 
catiles,  and  cataraits  ;  another  fet  of  four,  alfo  of  romantic 
charatter,  adorned  with  figures  and  ruined  fabrics,  in  folio  ; 
a  pair  of  landfcapes  of  the  fame  general  characler,  alfo  in 
folio  ;  and,  in  larger  folio,  another  pair  of  "  St.  Jerome  in 
tlie  Defart,"  and  "  St.  Bruno,"  or,  accordina^  to  Strutt, 
"  St.  Anthony,"  alfo  in  a  wild  and  favage  landfcape.  It  is 
remarkable,  that  in  the  latter  plate  the  figure  of  the  faint  is 
engraved,  without  any  crofs-hatchings,  in  the  ftyleof  Mellan, 
and  if  Strutt's  conjeclure  be  right,  is  inferted  by  fome  other 
artift.  The  two  latter  prints  are  probably  therareft,  though 
not  the  bed,  of  the  prints  of  Vander  Kibel,  who  died  at 
Lvons  in  the  year  1695. 

Jeremiah  Falck,  or  Falk,  was  born  at  Dantzic  fome 
time  about  the  year  i6jo.  In  his  youth  he  travelled  to 
Paris,  and  Iludied  under  Chaveau,  but  fettled  afterwards  in 
Holland,  where  he  etched  and  engraved  feveral  plates  for 
the  cabinet  of  Reynil,  in  confequence  of  which  he  is 
generally  ciafled  with  the  engravers  of  the  Low  Countries. 
He  worked  both  with  the  etching-needle  and  the  graver,  and 
engraved  hillory  and  portrait  with  confiderable  fuccefs.  In 
the  courfe  of  his  life  he  vifited  the  courts  of  Denmark  and 
Sweden,  but  finally  eftablilhed  himfelf  at  his  native  city  of 
Dantzic,  where  he  died  at  an  advanced  age. 

The  number  of  his  plates  that  are  fiibfcribed  with  his 
name,  v/ilh  the  addition  of  "  Van  Stockholmia,"  Ihew  that 
he  mud  have  remained  in  Sweden  for  fome  years,  and  have 
given  rife  to  the  fufpicion  of  Strutt,  that  he  was  a  native  of 
that  country.  His  llyle  of  engraving  is  vigorous  and  free, 
and  his  drawing  tolerably  correct,  but  his  chiarolcuro  is  de- 
fective in  harmony. 

The  Abbe  MaroUes  was  in  pofieffion  of  ninety-three  en- 
gravings  from  the  hand  of  Jeremiah  Fakk,  from  which  the 
following  may  be  felecled,  as  affording  the  bell  fpecimens 
of  his  abilities  ;  •viz.  the  Portraits  of  Tycho  Brahe,  infcribed 
"  Non  habere  fed  effe  ;"  William  Blaeu,  the  difciple  of 
Tycho  Brahe,  a  celebrated  geographer,  both  in  folio,  and 
from  drawings  by  himfelf;  Conftantine  Ferbor,  of  Ham- 
burgh, after  Ad.  Boy  ;  Andrea  de  Lelzno  Lefczynflci, 
bifhop  of  Kaminiec,  infcribed  J.  Falk,  Polonius  fc. ;  queen 
Chriilina  of  Sweden  ;  Peter  Gembici,  bifhop  of  Cracovie, 
all  after  his  own  drawings ;  Hans  Schack,  a  Danifii  general, 
after  C.  van  Mander  ;  Louis  de  Geor,  after  David  Beck  ; 
Leonard,  count  of  Torftenfohn  ;.  Axel,  count  of  Oxeniliern  ; 
AxelLiiio,  afenator  of  Sweden;  Adolphus  Johan,  prince  pa- 
latiae;  Charles  Guftavus,  prince  of  Sweden,  all  after  D.  Beck, 


and  in  folio  ;  and  Adrian  Spiegelius,  for  the  folio  edition  of 
his  works,  which  was  publiflied  at  Amllcrdam,  A  D.  1045. 
Hiftorical,  Sifr.— A  fet  of  "  The  four  Evangcliils,"  haif- 
length  figures,  in  quarto;  "  A  Concert  of  Mufic,"  confid- 
ing of  four  performers,  after  Gnercino,  engraved  for  the 
cabinet  of  Reynft,  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Virgin  and  infant 
Chrid,  accompanied  by  St.  John,"  after  J.  Stella,  in  folio  ; 
"The  Cyclops  at  the  Forge,"  after  Michael  Angelo; 
"  Efau  difpofing  of  his  Birthright  to  Jacob,"  after  Tinto- 
retto ;  "  A  Man  and  Woman  Tinging,"  from  a  pifture  at- 
tributed to  John  Lys,  in  folio  ;  "  The  old  Coquet  at  her 
Toilette,"  from  the  fame  painter;  and  "  St.  John  preaching 
in  the  Defart,"  after  Bloemart,  a  very  capital  engraving, 
both  in  large  folio.  The  lall  five  engravings  were  for  the 
cabinet  of  Reynd. 

John  Hackacrt,  the  landfcape-painter  of  Amderdam,  of 
whom  we  have  treated  in  our  vol.  xvii.  etched  a  few  plates, 
about  this  period,  with  much  ability,  and  in  a  dyle  refembling 
that  of  Waterloo. 

Of  thefe  the  chief  are  a  fet  of  fix  quarto  plates  of  fimple 
rural  fcenes,  apparently  views  from  nature.  They  are  etched 
■with  tafte,  and  No.  4.  is  particularly  beautiful. 

Daniel  Stoppendael  of  Holland  was  born  in  the  year  l()30 
In    his   dyle  of  engraving  he  was  a  follower  of  CorneUus 
Viffcher,  but,  like  oihtrfol/ozvtrs,  was  always  beiiind. 

His  principal  engravings  are,  a  portrait  of  Erafmus  read- 
ing, on  a  pededal,  in  large  folio  ;  a  fet  of  twelve  of  figures 
and  animals,  in  quarto,  dated  1651  ;  a  coUeftion  of  lixty 
views,  entitled  "  Les  delices  die  Diemen  Meer,"  engraved 
from  his  own  drawings,  and  another  fet  of  thirty-four  views 
in  Holland,  all  of  quarto  dimenfions. 

B.  Stoppendael,  or  Stoependaal,  was  the  countryman, 
and  contemporary  of  Daniel.  Whether  they  were  related 
is  uncertain.  He  migrated  to  England  with  William  HI. 
and  his  principal  works,  which  are  now  become  fcarce,  re- 
cord the  events  of  the  revolution,  which  placed  William  and 
Mary  on  the  throne  of  thele  kingdoms. 

"  An  Attack  of  a  Convoy  of  Provifions  ;"  the  robbery- 
of  a  coach,  commonly  known  by  the  title  of  "  The  Pidol 
Shot,"  and  "  The  Lime-kiln,"  were  engraved  by  Stoppen- 
daal,  after  Viffcher's  prints  from  Bamboccio,  and  are  at  pre- 
fent  more  fought  after  than  the  originals.  "  The  Depar- 
ture of  V/illiam  III.  ;"  «  The  Arrival  of  that  Prince  in 
England  ;"  "  His  Coronation  ;"  and  "  His  Opening  of 
the  Parhament,"  are  of  folio  fize,  and  from  defigns  by  the 
engraver  himfelf. 

Frederic  Henry  van  Hohe  was  born  at  Haerlem,  A.D. 
1O30,  but  migrated  to  England,  and  refided  cl,iefly  in  Lon- 
don, \Yhere  he  was  employed  by  the  bookfellers,  and  chiefly 
by  John  Duntqn.  His  abilities  were  not  confiderable,  but 
at  a  period  when  few  engravings  appeared  that  were  fuperior 
to  his,  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  thofe  of  Van  Hove 
fiiould  have  been  held  in  fome  degree  of  ellimation. 

His  prints  are  dated  from  1648  to  1692,  in  which  lalt 
year  he  executed  the  portrait  of  king  William  on  horfcback, 
which  was  prefixed  to  "  The  Epitome  of  War."  His  belt 
engraving,  according  to  Strutt,  is  the  portrait  of  Jacob 
Cornells,  a  raiddling-fized  upright  plate  arched  at  the  top, 
from  C.  Viffcher,  whofe  dyle  of  engraving  he  has  imitated 
with  fome  little  fuccefs.  The  prcdudtions  of  his  graver 
were  chiefly  portraits,  among  wliich  are  thofe  of  fir  Ed- 
mundbury  Godfrey,  in  folio  ;  and  fir  Matthew  Ha!e,  in 
quarto.  He  engraved  this  lad  portrait  twice,  but  thc'fmalleft 
is  the  mod  efteemed.  Several  frontifpieces  and  book  orna- 
ments, and  many  of  the  plates  for  Quarles's  Emblems,  are 
alfo  among  the  prints  of  Van  Hjvc. 
The  Bouttats  were  a  numerous  family  of  painters  and 

engravers. 


LOW    COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF   THE. 


•entrravers.  Frederic  was  born  at  Antwerp  A.D.  1650, 
and  liad  twenty-fonr  children,  of  wliom  twelve  were  edu- 
cated to  different  branches  of  fine  art.  Frederic  publiflied 
the  works  cf  other  engravers  as  well  as  his  own,  and 
•mav  del'erve  more  credit  in  the  annals  of  commerce  (if  fuch 
there  be)  than  can  be  allowed  him  in  thofe  of  art.  He 
.worked  with  the  graver  only,  in  a  neat  but  dry  ftyle  ;  his 
works  arc  numerous,  and  confilt  chiefly  of  portraits,  but 
their  merits  are  fmall.  From  among  them  the  following 
may  be  felecled  with  advantage. 

The /Porl raits  of  J.  Baptitl  van  Heil,  a  portrait-painter 
of  Bruffels  ;  Daniel  van  Heil,  a  landfcape-painter  ;  and  Leo 
A'an  Heil,  an  architeft,  from  piftures  by  J.  Baptitl  van 
Heil;  David  Ryckaert,  from  a  pidlure  by  himfelf;  Charles 
Emanuel,  duke  of  Savoy  ;  Charles  Gafpar,  elcilor  of 
Treves  ;  Chnltina,  queen  of  Sweden  ;  Oliver  Cromwell  ; 
Frederic-William,  elector  of  Brandenburg;  John  George, 
tledlor  of  Saxony,  all  in  quarto. 

Of  his  Hijlorical  engravings — "  The  Holy  Virgin,  with 
.St.  John  and  the  Infant  Saviour;"  apd  "  A  Card  Party," 
from  a  delign  by  himfelf,  are  alone  worthy  of  notice. 

Gafper  Buuttats  was  a  younger  brother  of  Frederic, 
■who  worked  chiefly  for  the  Dutch  bookfeilers.  His  prints 
.confift  chiefly  of  etching,  which  he  performed  without 
tade,  in  a  tame  and  rapid  llyle. 

Befide  his  book-plates,  which  we  fliall  not  ciuimerate,  he 
engraved  a  few  of  larger  dimenfions,  among  which  are, 
«'  The  Mafl'acre  of  the  Huguenots  ;"  "  The  Affaffination  of 
Henry  IV.  of  France  ;"  and  "  The  Decollation  of  the 
.Counts  Nadafti  and  Cerini,  and  the  Marquis  Franciflani," 
all  of  large  folio  fi/.e,  wliich,  as  they  are  without  painters* 
jiames,  are  perhaps  defigned  by  himfelf ;  and  "  A  Provifion 
Tent,"  after  Wouvermans,  alfo  in  folio. 

Gerard  Bouttats  was  of  the  fame  family,  and  was  born 
A.D.  1634,  at  Antwerp.  He  travelled  during  his  youth 
to  Vienna,  where  he  became  engraver  to  the  univerfity. 
His  works  rife  not  above  mediocrity,  and  conCft  principally 
x>f  portraits  from  his  own  drawings  :  among  them  are 
Adanius  Mund.s  ;  Antonio  d'Aument  ;  Charles  Jofeph, 
archduke  of  Aullria;  and  Don  Peter,  king  of  Portugal, 
all  of  quarto  fize. 

His  beft  Hijhvical  prints  are,  "  The  Name  of  Jefus  ;" 
and  "  The  Refurreclion  of  our  Saviour,"  both  in  quarto. 

Philibert  Bouttats  was  likewife  a  native  of  Antwerp,  and 
one  of  the  fons  of  Frederic.  His  engravings  are  inoftly 
portraits,  but  are  deflitute  of  merit.  Among  them  is  pope 
Innocent  XI.  in  large  folio  ;  the  dauphin,  fon  of  Louis 
XIV.  ;  and  its  companion,  Mary-Ann  Viftoria  of  Ba- 
varia, both  in  folio  ovals  ;  Elizabeth  Charlotte,  ducliefs 
of  Orleans  ;  William-Henry,  prince  of  Orange  ;  Chrif- 
tian  V.  king  of  Denmark  ;  Herman  Werner,  bifliop  of 
Paderborn,  in  a  circle;  Alexander  Sidney,  ambaflador  ; 
John  Sobicfl<i,  king  of  Poland,  all  in  folio  ;  and  a  Thifis, 
with  the  portrait  of  the  birtiop  of  Munfter,  in  large  folio. 
We  pafs  over  Peter  Balhafar,  and  the  remainder  of  this 
family,  as  too  inconhderable  to  be  worthy  of  the  reader's 
attention. 

Adrian  Lomelin  was  born  at  Amiens  in  the  year  1636. 
He  lludied  the  art  of  engraving  at  Antwerp,  and  always 
refided  there.  He  worked  with  the  graver  only,  and  handled 
it  very  indifl^erently,  but,  unfirtunately,  feveral  of  the  ca- 
pital pidures  of  Rubens  f-ll  into  the  hands  of  this  engraver, 
and  his  works  are  liere  fpccified  chiefly  on  account  of  the 
merits  of  the  originals. 

However,  tome  of  his  portraits  after  Vandyke  are  not 
wholly  deititute  of  merit,  and  from  thefe  the  following  may, 
nitL  advantage,  be  felefted. 


•Charles  I.  king  of  England  ;  Ferdinand  of  Auftria,  go. 
vernor  of  the  Low  Countries  ;  Jacob  le  Roi,  lord  of  Her. 
baix  ;  John  Charles  de  la  Faille,  a  Jefuit  of  Antwerp  ; 
Alexander  de  la  Faille,  an  Antwerp  fenator  ;  Zegher  van 
Houtfum,  of  Antwerp  ;  Adrian  Stevens,  an  ecclefiaftic  ; 
John  Malderus,  bifliop  of  Antwerp  ;  John  de  Wael ;  and 
John  Baptifta  de  Bilthoven,  an  Antwerp  Jefuit.  This  lad 
is  reckoned  the  very  beft  of  the  portraits  of  Lomelin  :  all 
are  after  Vandyke,  and  of  folio  dimenfions. 

HsJhncaU  &f. — "  Abigail  apjieafing  David  ;"-"  The 
Adorariiin  of  the  Eaftern  Kings;"  "  The  Cirtumcilion  ;" 
"  The  Baptifm  of  Chrift  ;"  ''Mary  wafliing  the  Feet  of 
Clirill  ;"  "  Chrifl;  appearing  to  Mary  Magdalen  ;"  "  The 
Trinity  ;"  "  The  Triumph  of  Charity  ;"  "  Time  unveil- 
ing Truth  and  conquering  Herefy  ;"  "  The  Affumption  ;" 
"  The  Virgin  and  Infant  Saviour,"  attended  by  St.  Do- 
minic, and  various  otliers,  all  of  large  folio  fize;  "St. 
Cecilia,"  in  folio  ;  "  The  Judgment  of  Paris,"  in  lar^e 
folio,  all  after  Rubens;  "  Chrill  taken  in  the  Garden," 
from  Vandyke  ;  and  "  The  Holy  Virjjin,"  with  the  youth- 
ful Saviour  prefeiiting  a  crown  to  four  fathers  of  the  church, 
in  folio,  after  Diepenbeck. 

Nicholas  Pitau,  or  Pitliau,  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the 
year  1633.  He  was  the  fon  and  pupil  of  James  Pitau. 
He  travelled  to  Paris  A.D.  1660.  Baffan  erroneoufly  in- 
forms us  that  he  was  born  in  1664  at  Antwerp  ;  and  Wa- 
telet  fays  at  Paris  in  1633  ;  Huber  and  Martini  correft  thefe 
millakes,  and  from  other  authorities  it  appears  certain  that 
he  was  at  Paris  the  time  we  have  mentioned  above,  and 
died  there  fome  time  about  the  year  1676.  His  flyle  of 
engraving  nearly  refembles  that  of  Francis  de  Poilly,  though 
his  Itrokes  are  more  vigorous.  His  drawing  is  in  general 
tolerably  corrcft,  but,  at  times,  is  rather  heavy,  efpecially 
ill  the  extremities  of  his  figures.  He  worked  with  the 
graver  only,  and  appears  to  have  handled  that  inftrument 
with  much  facility  ;  but  from  the  famenefs  of  manner  with 
wliich  he  has  treated  his  figures,  draperies,  and  back-grounds, 
the  effect  ®f  his  prints  is  cold  and  filvery.  Watelet,  who 
generally  writes  with  more  tafte  and  feeling  than  almoft  any 
other  of  the  foreign  critics  on  engraving,  praifes  him  fome- 
what  too  high'y,  when  he  afferts  that  "  Pitau's  engraving 
of  the  Holy  Family,  after  Raphael,  is  a  chef-d'oeuvre,  both 
for  the  beauty  of  the  execution,  the  purity  of  the  drawing, 
and  the  ftrength  and  juftnefs  of  the  effett.  The  character 
of  Raphael  has,  perhaps,  never  been  fo  faithfully  tranflated 
as  in  this  print,  which,  by  amateurs,  has  been  preferred  to 
the  famous  engraving  of  the  Saint,  by  Edelinck,"  which 
is  .after  tl'.e  fame  celebrated  mafter. 

This  artill  engraved  both  portraits  and  hiftorical  fubjefts, 
and  the  following  are  feleflcd  from  his  bell. 

Portraits. — St.  Francis  of  Sales,  bifhop  and  prince  of 
Geneva  ;  Louis  Henry,  duke  of  Bourbon  ;  Oliver  Crom- 
well, after  Vander  Werf,  all  in  folio  ;  Alexander  VII.,  after 
P.  Mignard,  in  large  folio  ;  Vincent  de  Paule,  founder  of 
the  congregation  of  the  Miffion  of  St.  Lazarus,  after  Sim. 
Fran(^ois,  in  folio  ;  James  Fabier  du  Bulay,  mafter  of  the 
court  of  Requcfts  ;  and  Henry  Louis  Hubert  de  Mont- 
mort,  of  the  French  Academy,  both  in  ovals  of  folio  fize  ; 
Theodore  Bignou,  mafter  of  the  court  of  Req'uefts,  all  after 
Ph.  de  Champagne  ;  Peter  Seguier,  chancellor  of  France, 
from  N.  de  Platte  Montagne,  in  large  folio  ;  Prioh,  author 
of  the  F.-cnch  Hillory  ;  Alexander  Paul  Pitau,  counfeilor, 
both  in  folio  ;  Gafper  de  Fieubet,  chancellor  ;  Nicholas 
Colbert,  in  large  folio,  all  after  C.  le  Febure  ;  Louis  XIV. 
of  France  and  Navarre  ;  the  dauphin,  fon  of  Louis  X1V« 
both  from  le  Febure  ;  and  an  anonymous  portrait  of  a  man, 
lialf-lengthj  after  John  Daret,  all  of  large  fiolio  fize. 

4  Hijlorical^ 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS    OF  THE. 

Nijlorical,  i!fc. — "  The  Holy  Family,"  after  Raphael,  in  John  le  Ducq  was  a  native  of  the  Hague,  and  born  fn- 
Jblio  ;  "The  Entombing  of  Cliriil,"  after  L.  Caracci,  in  the  year  1636.  He  learned  the  rudiments  of  paintincf  of' 
large  folio  ;  "  The  Virgin  with  the  Infant  Saviour  read-  Paul  Potter,  vvhofe  ftyle  he  imitated  with  much  fiiccefs. 
iiig,"  in  an  oval,  after  Guerchino ;  "A  dead  Chrill,  In  1671  I,e  Ducq  was  made  direftor  of  the  academy  of 
with  Angels  weeping  over  him,"  from  the  fame  painter  ;  painting  at  the  Hague,  and  enjoyed  the  reputation  of  a  good 
a  iialf  figure  of  "  The  Virgin  with  the  Infant  Clnilt,"  in  artiil  ;  but  after  fome  years  he  quitted  the  arts,  and  entered- 
folio;  "  Jefus  Chrill  in  the  Clouds,  with  St.  John  and  the  th»  military  fervicc.  I..C  Ducq  executed  feveral  etchings- 
Virgin  interceding  for  S.t.  Bruno,"  in  large  folio  ;  "  Chrift  from  his  own  defigns,  with  much  intelligence  and  precilion  ;- 
and  the  Woman  of  Samaria  ;"  "  The  penitent  Magdalen  ;"  among  which  is  a  fet  of  eight  quarto  plates,  of  dogs,  dated- 
"  The  Ci)un<il   of  St.  Sulpitius  ;"   and   "  The  Holy  Fa-     1654. 

niily,"  ail  after  Ph.  de  Champagne,  and  of  folio  fize.  Romyn  or  Remain  de  Hooghc  was  born  at  the  Hague  in- 
Another  "  Holy  Family,"  wherein  an  angel  is  prcfcnting  the  year  1638  ;  and  being  a  man  of  genius,  and  of  g-eat 
the  infant  Saviour  with  a  baflcct  of  flowers,  after  Villcquin  ;  fertility  of  mveution,  foon  dilUnguiflied  himfclf  both  as  a 
and  a  large  Thefis,  after  Seb.  Bourdon.  d.figncr  and  engraver.      His  llyle  of  art  was  firgular  and- 

Charles  or  Karel  du  Jardin  was  born   at  Amfterdam  in     extravagant ;  but  the  furprife  which  his  deligns  excited-,  and- 
the  year  163  J,  and  died  at  Venice  in   1678.      He  was  the     the  imprcflion  which  their  novelty  made  on  the  public  mind,  . 
difciple  of  Paul  Potter,  or,  as  fome  authors  affirm,  of  Ber-     occafioned  his  compofitions  to  be  much  fought  after  ;  and  he- 
ghem ;    and   after   iludying    for  fome    years   in-  his   native    compofed   and   engraved   many  of  the   frontifpieces  to  the- 
country,  made  a  voyage  to  Italy,  under  the  pretext  of  ac-     books  which  were  at  that  time  printed  in  Holia:;d-. 
companying  a  friend  to  Livourna.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Gilpui  fays  of  him  :   "  Romain  de  Hooghe 

Here  he  was  fo  well  pleafed,  either  wi'li  the  climate  and  is  inimitable  in  execution.  Perhaps  no  mailer  etches  in  a 
Jandfcape  fcenery,  or  the  patronage  which  Italy  afforded  freer  and  more  fpirited  manner :  there  is  a  richnefs  in  it, 
him,  that  he  continued  there  for  the  remainder  of  his  life,  likewife,  which  we  feldom  meet  with.  His  figures,  too. 
As  a  painter,  we  haw  already  treated  of  the  merits  of  Du  arc  ofttn  good;  but  his  compofition  is  generally  faulty  :  it 
Jardin.  Both  as  painter  and  engraver,  he  added  fparhling  is  crowded  and  confufed.  He  linows  little  of  the  efTcft  of 
force  to  the  tafre  and  touch  of  Berghem.  He  underllood  light .  There  is  a  flutter  in  him,  too,  which  hurts  an  eye- 
the  anatomy  of  domeftic  animals,  perhaps  better  than  Potter  accu  Homed  to,  and  pleafed- with,  fimplicity." 
or  Berghem.  He  drew  with  the  utmoft  freedom,  though  His  prints  are  generally  eith&r  hiftorical  or  allegoric  ;  -and- 
his  drawing  is  ftriStly  correct.  He  copied  nature  limply  an  ong  them,  "  I'he  Deluge  at  Gceverden"  (which,  as  Mr. 
and  exaftly,  though  not  lervilely  ;  and  has  given  us  net  only  Gilpin  fays,  is  finely  defcnbed)  has  excited  much  notice, 
the  form,  but  the  charatterillic  peculiarities  alfo,  of  each:  This  Deluge  at  Coeverden  is  a  fmall  folio  print,  and  is 
animal.  He  never  indeed,  like  Hondiut,  animates-  his  crea-  properly  an  hiflorkal  land/cape.  De  Hooghe  had  here  a 
tion  with  the  violence  of  favage  fury  r  his  geniv:s  takes  a  cowitry  to  defcribe,  and  s.  Jlory  to  tell.  The  country  is  the 
milder  turn.-  In  his  print?,  all  is  quietnels  and  repofe.  environs  of  Coeverden,  a  Dutch  town,  with  an  immenfe 
His  dogs,  after  their  exercife,  lie  llretchcd  at  their  eafe  •,.  bank  thrown  up  again II  the  fea  ;  the  ftory  is  the  ruin  of  that'- 
and  the  languor  of  a  meridian  fun  commonly  prevails  through  bank,  which  was  broken  through  in  three  places  by  the  vio- 
tlie  piece.  His  compofition  is  beautiful ;  and  his  execution,  ler.ce  of  a  llorm.  The  fubjeft  was  great  and  difficult,  and 
though  neat,  is  fpirited.,  tl;e  artift  has  acquitted  himfelf  in  a  mafterly  manner.     The 

Some  of  his  prints  are  of  quarto,  and  others  of  folio,  di-     tov\  n  of  Coeverden  fills  the  diftant  view:    the  country  is 
menfion-; ;  but  they  are  generally  met  with,   bound  togtthtr     overfpread  with  a  deluge,  the  iky  with  a  tempeft,  and  the  - 
in  a  folio  volume,  which  is  highly  and  juftly  valued  by  all     bleaches  in  the  bank  appear  in  all  their  horror.     The  com- 
perfons  of  tafle,  and  c«nli!ls  of  fifty  leave?.      His  fubjcdfs     por;tioii,  in   the  diftant  and  middle  parts,  is  as  pleafing  as 
are  gentralh/  landfcapes,  or  paftoral  converfations,  in  which     I'uch  an  extenfive  fubiefl  can  well'  be.     An  elevated  lionzon- 
cattle   arc  often   the  principal  objeds.     Of  that    uhich  is     u-as   necefiary  to   give  a  dillinft  view  of  the  whole.     The 
.  placed  the   lifih  in   the  volume,  the    Rev.   Mr.  Gilpin  has     light  is  thrown  over  the  landl'cape  in  good  mnlTcs  ;.  and  the 
written  :   "  The  defign,  though  humble,  is  beautiful.     The     degree  of  flutter,  which  Mr.  Gilpin  feems  to  cenfure-above,  . 
two  dogs  repofing  at  noon,  after  the  labour  of  the  morning,     was  here  congenial  to  the  fuljeft.      The  exprefflon  of  the 
the  implements  of  fowling,    the  ficlitious  hedge,    and   the     figures,  of  the  horfes  efpcc!-«l!y,  is  very  ftrong :  thofe  which 
ibop-hoL?5  through  it,  all  correfponff,  and  agreeably  tell  the    the  driver  is  turning,  to  avoid  the  horrid  chafm  before  him, 
little  hillory  of  the  day.     The  compofition   alfo  is  good,     are  imprelfed  with  th>  wildell  character  of  terror  ;  and  in- 
The.  nets  and  fowling-pieces  are  judicioujly  r,dded,  and  make    deed  the  whole  fcene  of  diftrefs,  and  the  horrible  confufion 
an  ag-eeable  Ihape  with  the  dogs.     The  hedge  adds  another    in  every  part  of  it,  are  admirably  defcribed. 
pyramidal    form.       The    light    is    well    dillributed.       The         The  execution,  though  gcod,  is  inferior  to  that  of  .fome 
drawing  and  espreffion  are  pure  nature,,  and  the  execution    others  of  the  works  of  De  Hooghe;  and,  with  rlie  fore- 
elegant  and  malterly.''  ground,   a   popular  critic   finds  the   following  fault ;    The 
RuYSDAEL,   (for  an  account  of  the,  charafter  of  whofe    fpirit,  he  ftiys,  which  the  artill  has  maintained  through  ths- 
merits  as  a  painter,  fee  that  article,)  executed,  about  this    reit  of  the  piece,  feems  here  to  flag  : -whereas- here  he  (iKHiii 
period,  fome  very  malterly  etchings  :.  they  are  wight,  but    have  clofed  the   whole   with  fome. noble -eonfufion,    which' 
very  pifturefque,  and  may  be  confidered  as  beautiful  Ikctchcs     would  have  fet  off  the  diftant  parts,  and  llruck  the  fpeClatop 
from  nature.     The  following  are   a  feleCtion  of  the  beft  :     with  the  llrongcit  images  of  hoiTor.      Inftead  of  this-,- we  are 
a  very  Icarce,  woody    landlcape,    of  very  delicate    execu-    prefcnted    vvith  a   few  pigs   and   calves   floundering  in   the 
tion,  in  fmall  4to. ;  a  fea-view,  with  veifels,  and  a  mountain    water.     The  thought  fcems  borrowed  from  Otid.  ,  In  the. 
towards  the  left,  crowned  with  trees  and  buildings,  in  4to.  ;    midli  of  a  world  in  ruins, 

a. cottage  embofomed  in  trees,  with  a  wooden  brid;re,  and  a  <t  \t  .  1.,.,....  :„.«_  „ „  ■> 

r     °      ■,    ,         •     r  ,  3   •         1        ,  '^n    ,  "  Mat  lupus  inter  ove?. 

pea!a.".t  and  dog,  m  tolio,  executed  m  a  broader  Ityle ;  a 

foreft  fcene,  in  folio;   and  a  laiidfcape  of  wild  cWaifter,        Among  the  numerous  productions  of  thfs  artiir,  the  fo].- 

with  a  hovel  on  the  defccut  of  a  liill,  in  foUo,  lowir"  ave  the  mult  diflinguillu-d;  Servati.s  Galiceui,  R:>. 

ter.odaHienli&, 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS    OF  THE. 


•teroBamenfis  Batavus,  in  folio  ;  admiral  Michael  Adriaenfz  the  fame  charafter,  and  alfo    in  4to  ;  a  fet  of  four  moiin- 

dc    Ruytor,    a   very    fine   portrait,  in   largo   folio;    "The  taiiious  laiidifapcs,   with  water   and  buildings ;   four  gard.-n 

Army  of  William  III.  at  tiie  Battle  of  the  Boyne,"  and  a  views   with  figures   and    ftatnes,  in  4.0  ;  a  jiair  of  very  fine 

medallion  of  himfclf  and  qnecn  Mary,  in  large  folio  ;  "  Wil-  Italian    views,    ornamented   with   fignres    and   ilatnes  ;   an 

linm  Henry,  prince  of  Orange,  on  Horfeback,  accompanied  Italian  garden,  with  fonntains  and  figures  ;  a  large  laudfcape 

by  the  young  Princes,  entering  the  City  of  Amfterdam  ;"  with    a   waterfall;  and  a  rocky   fcene  with    water,     all    of 

an  allegorical   fubjeft,  relating  to  prince  William  Henry  ;  large  folio  dimenfions,  are  generally  reckoned  to  be  his  very 

anotkcr  allegory,  in  compliment  to  Leopold  II.;    "The  bell  prodvidtions. 


Marriage  of  WilUani,  Prince  of  Orange,  with  the  Princefs 
Tvlary ;"  "  The  Entry  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  into  Lon- 
don ;"  «  The  Coronation  of  William  III.  in  Weftminfter 
Abbey;"  "  The  Flight  of  .Tames  II.  into  France;" 
"  Louis  XIV.  receiving  Barnes  at  St.  Gennains  ;"  "The 
Siege  of  Vienna  by  the  Turks  ;"   "The  Return  of  John  III. 


James  Neefs  was  born  at  Antwerp,  A.  D.  i6jo,  and 
was  probably  related  to  Peter  Neefs,  the  celebrated  painter 
ot  architefture.  He  worked  principally  with  the  graver, 
and  handled  it  with  great  facility.  He  drew  the  liuman 
figure  with  fome  degree  of  correftnefs,  but  in  a  mannered 
ftyle.     The  charaflers  which  he  has  given  to  the  heads  of 


king  of  Poland,  after  dcfeatiiig  the  Turks  ;"  ;  "  The  Siege    his  figures,  efpecially  when   they   required  alfo  an  animated 
of  Rochefter,"  and  "  Taking  of  the  Fort  of  Sheernefs,"    exprellion,  is  often  exaggerated. 


both  fubjeCls  on  one  plate;  "  The  Excefles  committed  by 
the  French  Soldiers  at  Bodegrave,  and  other  Places  in  Hol- 
land ;"  <'  The  Defeat  of  the  French  at  Hochlladt  in  1704," 
with  the  medallions  of  prince  Eugene  and  the  duke  of  Marl- 
borough, all  of  large  folio  fize  ;  "  The  taking  of  Conftan- 
tinople  by  the  Turks,"  in  folio  ;  "  The  Jews'  Synagogue 
at  Amfterdam  ;"  "  The  taking  of  Nerva  by  Charles  XII. 
in  the  Year  1700;"  "  The  City  of  Gran,  affaulted  by  the 
Imperialiils,"  both  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Battle  of  St. 
Denis,"  on  two  large  plates ;   "  The  Prince  of  Orange  de- 


He  engraved  both  portrait  andhiftory,  and  his  bed  work--, 
though  faulty  in  the  above  refpefts,  have  much  merit  on  the 
wiiole.  The  following  ace  feledled  as  tieing  moft  worthy 
the  attention  of  the  colledor. 

Portraits. — Jofcph  Bergaigne,  a  Roman  prelate,  from 
Th.  van  Thulden  ;  Gafpar  Nemius,  bifliop  of  Antwerp, 
from  G.  Seghers  ;  John  Tollenario,  a  Flemifii  .Tefuit,  from 
P.  Fruytiers  ;  Francis  Snyders,  the  painter,  the  plate  of 
whi(,-'i  was  etched  by  Vandyke,  and  finilhcd  witli  tlie  graver 
by  Neefs  ;  Anthony  de   Taffis,  from  Vandyke  ;  tlie  mar 


clared   Stadtholder  of   Holland  ;"    "  The   Arrival  of  the  chionefs  of  Barlemont,  and    countefs   of  Egmout  ;  Jofhua 

Prince   of  Orange  at   London   in    1688,"    in  large  folio;  de  Hertoghe,  a  niinifter  of  his  Catholic  majeily  at  Rati.'bo!! ; 

twelve  plates,  illuftrative  of  the  fafhions  of  the  feventeenlh  Martin    Ryckaert,  landfcape  painter  at  Antwerp,  all  from 

century,  invented  by  De  Hooghe,  in  410.  ;  "  The  Deluge  Vandyke  ;  Jaan  Dolenaris,  Jefuit  and  author  of  the  Spc- 

at  Coeverden,"     in  folio,   (the  plate  on  which  we  have  com-  culum  Vanitatis,  after  Ph.  Fruylier.^,  all  of  folio  fize. 
inented  at  fome  length)  ;  "  The  Entry  of  Louis  XIV.  into         H'ljhrkal,  l^c. — "  The  Fa'l  of  the  Damned  ;"  "  Melchi- 

Dunkirk,"  a  large  print,  lengthways,  on  two  plates,  from  zedeck  prefenting  Bread  and  Wine  to  Abraham;"  "  Chrift  ■ 

Vander  Meulen  ;    "  Charles  II.   king  of  Spain,  defcending  on  the  Crofs,"  all  in  large  folio  ;  "  St.  Aiiguftin,"  in  folio  ; 

from  his  Carriage  to  pay  Homage  to  the   Hoft,"  in  folio,  "  The   Martyrdom  of  St.  Thomas  ;"   "  The  Judgment  of 

from   De  Hooghe's  own  compofition  ;   "  Tiie  Mafiacre  of  Paris;""       —     ~  •         .      .  _  . 


the   two   De  Witts,"  in  folio  ;  an  emblematical  print,  ex-     folio 

pofing  the  vices  of  the  monks  and  other  ecclefiaftics  of  the     king  of  Spain  crowned  by  two  genii 


."  "  The  Triumph  of  Galatea,"  very  rare,  all  in  large 
;  "  Philippus  Prudens,  Antwcrpia,"  reprefenting  the 
of  Spain  crowned  bv  two  jrenii,  in  folio  ;   "  The*Car- 


Romilh  church,  a  middling-fized  plate,  lengthways,  with 
the  name  of  Loggan  affixed  to  it,  though  it  is  evidently  the 
work  of  De  Hooghe,  who,  fearful  perhaps  of  affixirg  his 
own,  name,  fathered  this  engraving  upon  a  foreign  artill ; 
and  "  The  Fair  at  x^rnheim,"   in  large  folio. 

Abraham  Genoels,  furnamed  Archimedes,  was  born  at 
Antwerp  in  the  year  1638.  He  learned  the  rudiments  of 
art  of  Jacques  Backreel,  and  afterwards  travelled  to  Paris 
for  improvement,  where  he  was  employed  by  Le  Brun  and  De 
Seve,  and  v.'here  a  royal  penfion.and   apartments  in  the  Go- 


dinal  Infanta  of  Spain,"  in  folio,  all  after  Rubens ;  a  woman 
with  rnilk  pails,  and  ancther  with  a  baflcet  on  her  head  ; 
"  Jefus  Chrift  and  tlie  fix  Peiutcnts,"  after  Seghtr?-,  i:i  large 
folio  ;  "  Job  mal-treated  by  his  Wife,"  in  folio  ;  "  The 
Martyrdom  of  St.  Lievens  ;"  "  Jefus  Chrift  appearing  to 
Mary  Magdalen,"  in  large  folio,  after  Seghers  ;  "  Chriil 
before  Piiate,"  after  Jordaens  ;  "  The  Satyr,  or  the  Gucit 
who  blew  Hot  and  Cold,"  in  large^folio  ;  "  A  Shepherd 
and  Shepherdefs  at  rural  Diverfion,"  both  after  the  fame 
painter,    in  fofo  ;  and    "  St.  Roch   inteiceding   for    thc.fe 


belins  were  affigned   him.     From   the  French  metropolis,    afflicled  with  the  Plague,"  after  Erafmiis  Quellinus,  in  folio. 


Genoels  travelled  to  Italy,  the  common  theatre  of  improve- 
ment, and  after  ftudying  there  awhile  returned  to  Paris,  with 
the  reputation  of  an  excellent  artill.  In  1682  he  vifited  his 
native  city,  where  he  died  at  an  advanced  age.  Genoels  exe- 
cuted a  eonfiderable  number  of  etchings  of  landfcapes  in  a  free 
mafterly  ftyle,  ornamented  with  very  good  figures  and  ani- 
mals ;  a  eonfiderable  number  ef  them  are  from  his  own  defigns, 
and  the  large  ones  are  particularly  excellent.   His  compofition 


Anthony  Francis  Baudins,  or  Baudouins,  was  born  at 
Dixmude  in  the  year  164O,  and  died  at  Paris  in  1700.  He 
was  the  difciple  of  Vander  Meulen,  and  con-difciple  of  Van 
Hugtenbourg.  He  etched  in  a  bold,  free  ftyle,  not  unlike 
that  afterwards  adopted  by  Chatelain.  Baudins  executed  a 
great  number  of  plates,  moft  of  them  from  Vander  Meulen  ; 
the  belt  of  which  are  as  follows  :  a  fet  of  fix  landfcapes,  in 
fmall  folio  ;    a  fet  of  fix,  with   buildings  and  figures,  dedi- 


is  in  general  good,  though  perhaps,  in  fome  inllances,  a  little     cated  to  Ph.  de  Champagne,  in   large  folio  ;  a  let  of  eight, 


too  much  crowded  with  objeds.  His  prints  (hould  be 
viewed  as  engraved  Jketches,  not  as  tranilations  of  finifhed 
pictures.  This  is  the  limit  of  their  pretenfion,  and  thus  re- 
garded they  are  beautiful  produdtions.  The  monogram  of 
this  artift  will  be  found  in  Plate  IV.  of  tliofe  ufed  by  the 
artifts  of  the  Netherlands. 

The  following  are  a  feledtion  of  the  works  of  Genoels.     A 
pair  of  mountainous  landleapes,  with  figures  and  monuments 


of  buildings  and  figures  ;  a  hunt  of  hinds,  dedicated  to  the 
marquis  ot  Louvois  ;  a  ftag  hunt,  a  very  rich  compofition  ; 
a  large  landfcape,  into  which  is  introduced  the  m.arch  of  the 
king  to  Vincennes,  dedicated  to  Le  Brun  ;  a  lar.dfcape, 
witli  the  march  of  the  queen  to  Veriaille^',  dedicated  to  the 
duke  de  Noailles  ;  a  view  ef  Befan^on,  on  two  plates; 
view  of  the  city  of  Ardres,  in  Picardy  ;  view  of  the 
city  of  Gray   in    Franche  Compte  ;   the  city  of  Bethune  in 


an   the  antique  tafte,  in  4to  ;   three  pair  of  landfcapes   of    Artois,  on   two  plates ;  a    view   of    St. 


Lawrence   de  l.i 
Roche, 


LOW   COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF    liiE. 


Roche,  in  Franche  Compte  ;  the  caftle  of  Jeux,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Franche  Compte  ;  the  caftle  of  Verfailles,  a? 
it  was  formerly  ;  another  view  of  the  fame  calUe  as  it  is 
at  prefent  j  the  caftle  of  Vincennes  on  the  pari-  (Idc-  ; 
the  caftle  of  Fontainbleau,  on  two  plates  ;  and  two  line 
Italian  garden  views,  after  Genocls,  all  of  them  of  very 
large  folio  dimenlions. 

Michael  Mouzin,  or  Mofyn,  was  born  at  Amfterdam  in  the 
year  1636  In  the  execution  of  his  plates  he  united  the  point 
and  die  graver,  but  not  fuccefsfuUy,  for  his  ftyle  is  heavy 
and  laboured,  and  his  drawing  incorreCl.  The  following 
areextradled  from  his  works  as  being  moft  worthy  of  notice. 
Admiral  van  Wafienaer,  of  Holland,  in  410.  oval  ;  ad- 
miral Ruyter,  after  H.  van  Aide,  in  folio  ;  Cornelius  de 
Witt,  after  the  fame  painter,  in  large  folio ;  John  van 
Galen  ;  a  Dutch  admiral,  from  Livens,  in  largo  folio  ;  a 
couchant  Venus,  after  Jae.  Ad.  Backer  ;  the  four  ele- 
ments under  the  empiie  of  Venus,  from  Holftein,  in  large 
folio  ;  a  group  of  children  dancing  to  the  mulic  of  a 
tambourin  and  triangle,  played  by  a  woman  and  fatyr  ; 
another  group  of  three  children  dancing ;  and  a  fatyr 
prefenting  a  bunch  of  grapes  to  a  female  and  child,  all  after 
Holftein,  in  folio. 

Jacob  van  Meurs  was   born  at  Amfterdam,  A.  D.  1640, 
but  is   rather  an  obfcure  artift.      He  chiefly  engraved  book 


Claudius  de  Lingendes,  in  4to.  ;  Joannes  Veriufius, 
doftor  of  theology,  after  X.oir  ;  Samuel  Bochart  ;  Gilles 
Menage,  from  de  Pilles;  and  Nicholas  le  Camus,  all  in  folio; 
Rcnai'd,  cardinal  of  Elle,  and  biftiop  of  Reggio,  in  large 
folio  ;  Anne  de  Courtenay,  confort  of  Maximilian,  duke 
of  Sully  ;  Francis  Pithou,  juris  confulte,  and  Peter  Pjthon, 
his  brother,  all  in  folio ;  Anthony  Chaffe',  prior  of  the 
monaftcry  of  St.  Vcdaft  ;  Peter  Mercier,  a  general,  all  in 
folio  ;  Francis  Villani,  hifliop  of  Tournay,  from  L.  Fran- 
cois ;  Anne  Adolphme,  baronefs  of  Pauterfen,  from  the 
lame  painter,  both  in  large  folip  ;  Claude  Bazin  of  Befon, 
from  le  Febuie,  in  folio  ;  Louifa  Mary  Armand  de 
Simianes,  coiintofs  of  Lyons  ;  Louis  le  Pelletier,  a  parlia- 
mentary minifter,  from  Nicholas  de  Largilliere ;  Francis 
van  Meulcn,  the  painter;  and  the  prince  of  Wales,  both 
from  the  lame-  painter ;  Juliu?,  cardinal  Mazarine,  from 
Nic.  Mignard  ;  Louis  XIV.  in  a  laurel  border  of  oval 
form,  from  le  Brun ;  the  chancellor  Seguicr,  from  le 
Brun  ;  Maximilian  Henry,  eleftor  of  Cologne,  from  Bar- 
tholet  Flamael  ;  Bernard  de  Foix,  duke  of  Valette,  from 
P.  Mignard  ;  Fliilip  Defpont,  doftor  of  theology,  from 
his  own  painting,  all  of  large  fol  o  dimenlions. 

Hijlorktd,  Isfc. — "  The  Holy  Virgin  feated,  with  the 
Infant  Chrift,"  in  an  oval  border  of  olive  leaves,  after 
Raphael,  dated  1661,  in  foho  ;  "  The  Holy  Family,  with 


plates  and  ornaments,  and  fome  few  portraits  in  a  neat  ftift"     St.  John,  who    holds  a  Dove,"   from  Seb.  Bourdon.     The 


ftyle,  among  which  are  portraits  of  iTicliolas  Copernicus, 
the  altronomer  ;  Sibrandus  Fran(;ifcus  Eydelfchemicus, 
trom  T.  Faber,  both  in  4to.  ;  profefTor  George  Calixtus, 
in  folio  ;  Henry  van  Dieft,  doftor  of  theology,  from 
Glauwe,  in  a  quarto  oval,  and  Charles  II.  of  England,  in 
folio,  from  Ant.  Vandyke. 

Levinus  Cruylius,  or  Lewin  Cruyl,  was  born  at  Ghent  in 
the  year  1640,  but  embraced  the  ecclefiaftical  life,  and  re- 
fided  at  Rome.     He  drew  and  etched  a  conliderable  number 


earlieft  imprefhons  are  before  the  nudity  of  the  infant  was 
covered  with  drapery.  "  The  Holy  Family,"  after  Gafpar 
de  Crayer  ;  another  "  Holy  Family,"  the  fame,  except 
that  the  figure  of  St.  Jofcph  is  crafud ;  "  St.  Sebaftian, 
with  an  Angel  drawing  an  Arrow  from  his  Body  ;"  after 
Vandyke,  all  in  large  folio  :  and  "  King  David,"  after 
Ph.  Champagne,  in  folio. 

The  reader  has  probably  already  perceived  that  we  are 
now  arrived  at   a   period,    when   the   natural  operation  of 


of  views  in  Rome,  enriched  with  figures  and  buildings  in  a  commerce  had  tamed  down  engraving  to  the  trading  level, 
very  intelligent  pleafing  ftyle.  Many  of  his  drawings  were  and  an  engraver  rarely  appeared  in  the  Low  Countries 
engraved  by  Julius  Tefta,  and  we   have  alfo   fome  very  fine     worthy  of  particular   notice,  though  ivortmm  of  that  pro- 


etchings  by  himfelf,  that  are  marked  with  a  monogram 
which  will  be  found  in  Plate  IV.  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  en- 
gravers of  the  Low  Countries.  Of  tbofe  the  chief  are  a 
fet  of  twenty-three  views  of  Rome,  ancient  and  modern,  in 
large  folio  ;  and  another  very  large  fet  of  Roman  views, 
with  buildings  and  figures. 


fellion  fwarmed  both  in  Holland  and  in  Flanders. 

The  principle  of  the  rapid  acquifition  of  pecuniary  pro- 
fit, wliich  is  the  main  fpring  of  trade,  feems  to  be  effen- 
tially  at  variance  with  all  the  nobler  purfuits  of  art  and  fci- 
ence.  An  extraordinary  artift: — a  phenomenon — may  in- 
deed now  and  then  appear  under  luch  circumftaaces;    as 


Peter  Phihppe,  an  artift  of  fmall  account,  was  a  native  of    Mr.  Bird,  in  our  own  times,  has  ftepped  majeftically  forth — 
Holland,  born  fome   time  about  the   year  164c.     He  en-     the  painter  of  pathetic  fentiment — from  the  tea-board  ma- 
graved  portraits,  among  which  the  following,  thougli  with-     nufaftories  of  Birmingham ;  but  the  gener;J  principles  of  trade 
out  poflefling  much  merit,  are  probably  the  beft.  are  not  to  be  the  lefs  regarded  as  deftruftive,  or  at  leaft  deeply 

A  half-length  of  Louis  Henry,  prince  of  Naffau,  in  folio;     injurious  in  their  tendency,  to  all  lotty  intellectual  effort, 
ince  Henry  Charles  de  la  Tremouille,  after  Vander  Bane ;     and  all  philofophical  enquiry  into  thofe  principles,  on  which 
~  -------       -      improvement  in  art   and  fcience  maybe  perpetuated.     To 

be  exercilVd  with  honour  and  advantage  to  a  nation,  fine 
art  has  ever  required  a  nobler  impulfe  and  more  foftering 
care,  than  the  fhort-tightednefs  of  commerce  has  been  in- 
clined or  prompted  to  beftow.  The  golden  eggs  of  art 
arc  never  laid  fall  enough  for  the  cupidity  of  dealers.     And 


prince  . 

the  aftembly  of  the  States  General  of  Holland,  after  J. 
ToornfleS  ;  and  a  Dutch  banquet,  after  the  fame  painter, 
all  of  large  folio  fize. 

Peter  van  Schuppen  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the  year 
1623.  Of  whom  he  learned  the  earlier  rudiments  of  art 
is    not   known,    but    he  completed    his  ftudies   at   Paris, 


whither  he  was  invited  at  the  fame  time    with  Edelinck,  by  the  Cyclopedia  might   blufh  to  detail  the  records  of  fome 

the  minifter  Colbert.     His  juvenile   talents    muft  therefore  engravers,   wlio   found  a  degree  of  favour  and  proteftion 

have  been  of  high  promife.  with  the  printftllers,  which  the  word  patronage  was  fome- 

At  Paris,    he  very  judicioufly  placed    himfelf  under  the  times   proftituted   to  exprefs,  merely  becaufe  they  nuorhcd 

inftru:tion  of  Nanteuil ;  here   he  became  juftly   celebrated  cheap,  and  worked  fulimr//Ively. 


both  for  the  number  and  merit  of  his  engravings,  and  here 
he  died  at  an  advanced  age,  A.  D.  1702. 

He  engraved  a  confiderable  number  of  portraits,  chiefly 
from  his  own  drawings,  and  in  a  ftyle  wliich  proves  him  to 
have  been  a  man  of  confiderable  talent.  The  following  are 
a  feleftion  of  his  beft  portraits,  I'ome  of  which  are  very  fine. 

Vot.XXI, 


Among  thefe  obfequious  tools,  the  engraver  who  would 
be  content  to  afford  the  merchant  the  largeft  (hare  of  profit, 
it  became  his  intereft  to  hold  forth  to  the  public,  or  to  that 
part  of  the  fenfelefs  herd  on  whom  Fortune  fhowers  her  fa. 
vours  in  her  moments  of  caprice,  as  the  beft  artift.  Dif 
heartened  by  preferences  lo  unprincipled,  the  engraver  of 
^.;  U  modeil 


LOW   COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


modeft  merit  would  retire  in  fiJence,  and  either  change  his 
pro*"  ffion,  or,  if  he  were  unable  to  do  this,  would  look 
round  for  refuge  wliere  he  might. 

Several  of  thofe  of  the  Low  Countries,  who  lived  at  this 
period,  fought  an  afylum  in  England.  Bouyed  up  by  hope, 
perhaps  attrafted  by  falfo  reprefentations  of  our  national 
tafte  or  profperily,they  failed  hither  over  a  feaof  Difappoint- 
ment.  They  imagined  an  Hefperian  garden,  and  found  a 
fterile  wafle.  They  cfcaped  from  the  rapacity  of  one  fet 
of  dealer',  to  drudge  under  tafl<-mallers  that  were  more 
taltelefs,  and  probably  not  lefs  inexorable  ;  and  that  fine 
ethereal  mental  cflenee,  which  is  the  fpirit  of  art,  was  eva- 
porated, partly  by  the  ardours  of  trade,  and  partly  by  the 
agitations  of  political  revolution. 

We,  therefi-re,  fhall  pafs  flightly  over  the  dregs  of  Dutch 
engraving,  with  fomc  regret  on  account  of  the  nature  of 
chronologic  annals,  and  referve  the  remains  of  our  parti- 
cular attention  for  Houbraken,  /^  udenaerd,  Pmit,  and  a 
few  other  artifts  of  deferved  celebrity,  with  which  mud  be 
clofed  our  account  of  the  icliool  of  the  Low  Countries. 

Conrad  Waumanj  was  born  al  Antwerp  in  the  year  1 630, 
and  becamv  the  dil'ciple  of  Peter  Bailliu.  He  unfortunately 
imitated  his  mailer,  when  much  better  models  might  have 
been  found,  and  his  drawing  is  not  lefs  incorrett,  and  his 
(Jyle  of  handling  his  graver  fcarcely  a  whit  more  principled. 
Yet  he  is  the  engraver  of  a  confiderable  number  of  plates, 
which  collettors  have  thought  worthy  of  fome  attention. 
The  chief  of  thefe  are  the 

Portraits  of  John  Both,  (the  landfcape  painter  and  en- 
graver,) after  Willars  ;  Herman  Saftleeven  ;  David  Bailie 
of  Leyden,  and  Cornelius  Janfen,  both  from  piftures  by 
that  diftinguilhed  artill,  and  all  of  410.  dimenfions.  Li 
folio  he  engraved  the  marquis  of  Mirabelle  ;  Emily,  prin- 
cefs  of  Orange  ;  Frederic  Henry,  prince  of  Orange,  clad 
in  armour;  and  Maria  Clara,  princefs  de  Croye;  all  after 
Vandyke. 

Hijlorical,  &c  — "  The  Defcent  from  the  Crofs,''  in  large 
folio  ;  "  The  AfFumption  of  the  Virgin,"  in  4ta.  ;  "  The 
Holy  Virgin  and  Infant  Saviour,"  in  folio;  "  The  Holy 
Family  with  the  abbe  Alexander  Scaglia  receiving  the  Bene- 
diction of  St.  John  ;"  and  "  Venus  and  Mars,"  in  large 
folio  ;  all  after  Rubens. 

The  family  of  Danckert,  or  Dankerts  of  Antwerp,  though 
they  mamtained  their  ftation  as  dealers  in  that  commercial 
city  for  upwards  of  a  century,  were  as  artifts,  and  fpeak- 
ing  of  them  in  the  aggregate,  fcarcely  of  fuperior  preten- 
fions  to  thofe  of  Waumans. 

Cornelius  was  born  at  Amrterdam  in  the  year  1561,  and 
eftablifhed  himfelf  as  a  printfeller  at  Antwerp  fome  time 
about  the  middle  period  of  his  life.  In  his  youth  he  pro- 
duced a  few  meritorious  prints,  but  (either  by  choice  or 
neceffity)  his  talents  as  an  artilt  were  gradually  abforbedby 
the  craft  and  folicitudes  of  trade. 

The  Portraits  of  Guftavus  Adolphus,  king  of  Sweden  ; 
Jacob  WafTenaer,  carl  of  Obfdam  ;  Cornelius  de  Wit ;  John 
Cafimir,  count  of  Nadau  ;  John  Calvin  ;  and  Peter  Moli- 
nsus,  all  of  folio  dimenfions,  are  among  the  bed  of  his 
engravings  ;  to  which  the  coUeAor  may  add  the  following 
few  Hijlorical  plates. 

Equeltrian  figures  of  "  Ninus,"  "  Cyrus,"  "  Alex- 
ander," and"C2:far,"  with  emblematical  accompaniments, 
in  large  folio.  A  fet  of  "  The  Seven  Planets;"  another  of 
«'  The  Seven  Wonders  of  the  World  ;"  another  of  "  The 
Twelve  Sybils,"  in  large  quarto,  all  from  his  own  deCgns  ; 
and  "  Meleager  prefenting  the  Boar's  Head  to  Atalanta," 
from  Picou 


born  at  Antwerp  fomc  time  about  the  commencement  of  the 
feventeenth  century.  He  was  educated  to  engraving,  but 
he  was  educated  alfo  to  commerce,  and  fucceeded  his  father 
as  a  printfeller. 

He  engraved  portrait  and  landfcape,  mingling  in  his 
technical  praftice  the  work  of  the  etching  needle  with  that 
of  the  graver.  In  his  ftyle  of  treating  Tandfcapes,  pafto- 
rals,  and  cattle,  he  imitated  Berghem  and  VifTcher,  but  pre- 
fcnted  us  with  little  more  than  the  caput  mortimm  of  their 
abilities.  He  gradually  fell  into  a  dry  and  heavy  habit  of 
crofling  his  firlt  courfes  of  lines  with  fquare  fecond  courfes, 
and  the  talle  and  intimate  knowledge  of  forms  by  which 
thofe  great  mailers  are  dillinguiftied,  were  in  Dankerts  ut- 
terly extindl. 

He  engraved  chiefly  after  Berghem,  and  his  beft  produc- 
tions are  "The  Hartcngaft,"  or  Stag-liunt  ;  "  Het  Vin- 
kebaantze,"  or,  the  Bu-d  Catcher,  both  in  large  folio.  A 
fet  of  four  large  landfcapcs  of  palloral  fubjetfs,  of  which 
one  has  the  effeA  of  moon  light.  Another  fet  of  four,  with 
cattle  and  figures,  of  fumewhat  fmall  dimenfions.  Another 
fet  of  fix,  of  fimilar  fubjefts,  and  a  fet  of  four,  in  folio, 
of  which  the  title-page  bears  the  infcription  "  Danckert 
Danckerts  fee.  et  exc."  cut  on  a  ftone,all  from  the  piftures 
of  Berghem. 

Of  his  Hijlorical  prints  we  need  only  mention  "  The 
Departure  of  Charles  II.  for  England  ;"  "Venus,  Cupid, 
and  Satyr,"  and  a  fountain  with  fifhermen.  There  is  alfo 
a  print,  which  bears  his  name,  of  a  curious  cryllal  vale, 
which  was  found  in  the  treafury  at  Vienna  ;  and  his  mod 
elleemed  portraits  are  thofe  of  Charles  II.  of  England, 
and  Bernard,  earl  of  Martenitz. 

,Iohn  Danckerts  was  of  Anilterdam,  and  of  the  fame  fa- 
mily with  the  preceding  artift  ;  the  year  of  his  birth  has 
not  been  recorded,  but  foon  after  the  middle  of  the  feven- 
teenth century  he  emigrated  to  England,  where  he  en- 
graved feveral  plates  after  Titian  and  other  mailers,  and 
where  he  is  faid  to  have  produced  the  defigns  for  the 
Englifh  tranflation  of  Juvenal,  which  were  engraven  by 
Hollar. 

Juflin  Danckerts  was  of  the  fame  family,  and  was  alfo  a 
printfeller  of  Amfterdam.  He  engraved  the  portraits  of 
William,  prince  of  Grange,  and  Cafimir,  king  of  Poland  ; 
a  Venus  and  fleeping  Cupid,  and  a  fet  of  the  feven  gates 
I  of  Antwerp ;  more  than  which  it  would  be  needlefs  to 
fpecify  of  works  fo  utterly  vvorthlefs  as  produtlions  of  art. 

Henry  Danckerts  was  brother  to  John,  and  was  likewife 
educated  an  engraver,  but  quitted  tliat  profefiion  to  take  up 
the  pallet  and  pencils.  He  excelled  in  painting  landfcape, 
and  travelled  to  Italy  for  improvement,  where  he  refided 
during  fome  time  ;  from  thence  he  came  into  England,  and 
was  patronized  by  Charles  II.  who  employed  him  to  paint 
views  of  the  royal  palaces,  and  the  lea-ports  of  England 
and  Wales.  Thefe  works  are  dated  1678  and  1679.  At 
the  difcovery  of  the  Popilh  plot,  being  a  Roman  Catholic, 
and  probably  a  fuipefted  charadler,  he  returned  to  Amfter- 
dam, where  he  foon  afterwards  died. 

The  following  are  the  moll  important  of  his  engravings  : 
Portraits  of  king  Charles  II.  ;  Ewald  Screvelius  ;  and 
Chriftian  Rompf,  (both  phyficians  to  the  prince  ol  Orange,) 
in  large  folio  ;  a  fet  of  the  fea-ports  and  palaces  of  Eng- 
land, and  a  large  view,  engraved  on  three  plates,  of  the  Y 
at  Amllerdam. 

Simon  Vlieger  was  born  at  Amfterdam  in  the  year  1612. 
He  ftudied  painting  under  Vandcr  Velde  the  younger,  and 
excelled  in  reprefenting  landfcapes  and  fea-views.     This 


ar- 
tift likewife   etched    feveral  paltoral  fubjefts,   ornamented 
Danckert  Dankerts  was  tb«  fon  of  Cernelius,  aad  was    with  figures  and  animals,  in  a  ftyle  which  combined  that  of 

1 1  Rembrandt 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


Rembrandt  with  the  fpirit  of  Van  Uden.  The  mark  which 
he  frequently  affixed  to  his  engravings  will  be  found  in  our 
Pliite  IV.  of  thofe  ufed  by  the  artilla  of  the  Netherlands  : 
and  the  following  is  a  feloftion  of  his  bell  works. 

A  landfcape,  with  a  barge  unlading  on  the  banks  of  a  river; 
a  pair  of  landfcapes,  with  trees,  water,  and  figures,  in  quarto, 
executed  in  a  very  delicate  ftyle ;  a  fifh-market,  with  figures ; 
a  Dutch  inn  ;  a  landfcape,  with  water  and  ruins  ;  and  an- 
other landfcape,  with  a  number  of  turkies  on  the  fore- 
ground, all  of  folio  fize. 

Valentine  le  Febrc,  or  Le  Febure,  was  born  at  Bruffels 
in  the  year  1642.  In  his  youth  he  went  to  Venice  to  ftudy 
the  works  of  Titian  and  Veronefe,  and  acquired  fome  re- 
putation as  a  painter.  But  his  engravings,  in  general,  are 
feeble,  and  want  harmony  ;  and  the  naked  parts  of  his 
figures  are  heavy  and  mannered.  He,  however,  handled  the 
point  with  great  facility,  and  produced  good  effefts  of  chiaro- 
fcuro. 

In  the  year  1680,  a  fet  of  fifty  engravings,  by  this  artift, 
appeared  at  Vienna,  entitled  "  Opera  feleftiora,  qux  Titi- 
anus  Vecellius  Cadabrienfis,  et  Paulus  Calliari  Veronenfis 
invencrunt  ct  pinxerunt  ;  qiiasque  Valentinus  le  Febre 
Bruxellenfis  delineavit  et  fculpfit."  In  16S2,  another  edi- 
tion was  pubhfhed,  and  in  1749  a  third,  with  the  plates 
retouched  by  John  Adam  Schweighart,  of  Nuremberg. 

John  Francis  Milet,  furnamed  Franclfco,  was  born  at 
Antwerp  in  the  year  1644.  ^^  ^^^^  *^f  French  extrac- 
tion, and  becoming  the  difciple  of  Lorenzo  Frank,  was  in- 
ftrufted  to  imitate  the  learned  and  admirable  ftyle  of 
Pouffin. 

He  became  a  painter  and  engraver  of  epic  and  heroic 
landfcape  ;  travelled  to  Paris,  and  from  thence  to  England, 
where  he  left  fome  tellimonials  of  his  merit  as  an  artitt.  On 
his  return  to  Paris  he  was  elefted  a  profefTor  in  the  French 
academy,  and  ended  his  days  in  that  metropolis,  in  the  year 
1680,  leaving  behind  him  feveral  children,  of  whom  two 
became  pointers. 

The  engravings  of  Francifco  are  juftly  regarded  with 
fome  intereft  by  connoiiFeurs.  D'Argenville  mentions  the 
fubjetls  of  only  three,  but  the  following  are  all  after  his 
compofitions,  and  have  every  appearance  of  being  the  pro- 
■duSions  of  the  fame  hand. 

An  heroic  landfcape,  with  Egyptian  edifices,  "The  Nile, 
and  Mofes  floating  in  the  Ark  of  Bultufhes."  Another, 
with  the  ftory  of  Cephalus  and  Procris ;  a  mountainous 
fcene,  with  buildings  and  figures  in  the  tafte  of  Pouffin  ; 
another  with  paftoral  figures  ;  another  with  figures  bathing  ; 
another,  in  which  is  introduced  the  ftury  of  the  woman 
of  Canaan ;  an  Italian  garden  fcene  with  a  bridge  and 
;  figures,  and  a  pair  of  upright  landfcapes,  with  ruined  build- 
ings and  figures  in  the  coftume  of  antiquity,  all  of  large 
folio  dimenlions. 

Cornelius  Vermeulen  was  barn  at  Antwerp  in  the  year 
1644.  He  travelled  to  Paris  for  profcllional  improvement, 
and  refided  there  for  fome  years,  but  at  length  returned  to 
his  native  country,  and  died  there  in  1702. 

He  handled  the  graver  with  judgment,  his  chiarofcuro  is 
tolerably  good,  and  his  Ityle  of  manual  execution  poffelTes 
confiderable  neatnefs  and  clearnefs ;  but  he  did  not  under- 
fland  the  human  figure  correftly  enough  to  excel  in  hillori- 
cal  fubjefts,  and  hh parlmits  are  therefore  his  belt  works. 

From  thefe  the  collector  may  with  advantage  feleft  thofe 
of  queen  Elizabeth  ;  Anne  Bo'eyn  ;  Catherine  Howard  ; 
and  Oliver  Cromwell,  all  after  Vander  Werf ;  John  Bap- 
tifta  Boyer  d'Aquilles;  Louis de  Clermont,  bilhop  of  Leon; 
Henry  Meyercron,  envoy  to  the  court  of  Denmark  from 
France,  all  in  fulio ;  Maria  Louifa  d' Orleans,  duchefs  of 


Montpenfier,  in  an  oval ;  Louis  de  Luxembourg,  marftial 
of  France  ;  Peter  Vincent  Bcrtim  ;  Bardo  Bardi  Magalotti, 
a  Florentine  gentleman  ;  Jofeph  Rocttiers,  a  medal  engraver, 
all  from  H.  Rigaud ;  Philip  V.  of  France ;  Maximilian 
Emanuel,  elcftor  of  Bavaria  ;  Nicholas  de  Latinat,  marfhal 
of  France  ;  Agnes  Frances  Lelouchier,  countefs  o(  Arco, 
all  after  J.  Vivier,  in  large  folio  ;  Louis  Urban  le  Fevre  de 
Caumartin,  mafter  of  the  Requefts,  from  F.  de  Troy,  in 
folio ;  Francis  Brunct,  prefidcnt  of  the  grand  council,  and 
Mezetin  Angelo  Conltantine,  both  after  the  fame  painter ; 
Maria  Louifa  de  Taffis  and  Nicholas  vander  Borcht,  both 
after  Vandyke. 

Thefe  are  his  principal  portraits,  which  are  all  of  folio 
dimenfions.  His  few  A^orjiru/ engravings  that  arc  worthy 
of  notice,  are  "  Erigone,  with  Bacchus  under  tlie  Form  of 
a  Bunch  of  Grapes,"  in  folio,  after  Guido.  On?  of  Ru- 
bens's  Luxembourg  gallery,  from  the  Life  of  Queen  Mary 
de  Medicis,  and  a  courtly  allegory  of  "  Louis  XIV.  con- 
quering Herefy,''  from  a  marble  group,  by  Le  Conte, 
both  of  folio  fize. 

Adam  van  Zylvelt  was  born  at  Amilcrdam,  A.D.  164c  ; 
under  what  mafter  he  ftudied  is  not  known,  but  he  evidently 
imitated  the  ftyle  of  John  Vificher.  His  principal  works 
confift  of  portraits,  in  the  execution  of  which  he  rarely  went 
beyond  mediocrity,  and  of  thefe  the  chief  are  Coornhaert 
the  engraver,  in  4:0.  ;  Stephen  le  Moine,  a  theologian  of 
Leyden  ;  Chriftophcr  Wittichus,  profefTor  of  the  Leydeii 
academy,  and  Herman  Witfius,  a  theologian  ;  all  from 
J.  Heyman,  and  all  of  folio  fize. 

Albert  Meyeringh  was  a  painter  and  engraver  of  land- 
fcape and  ornament.  He  was  born  at  Amlterdara  in  the 
year  1635,  and  died  in  that  city  in  1714. 

Albert  learned  the  rudiments  of  art  of  his  father  Fre- 
deric Meyeringh,  but  owed  the  dcgice  of  excellence  to 
which  he  attained  rather  to  his  own  genius,  and  his  friend- 
ffiip  with  Polydore,  who  was  his  fellow  ftudent.  In  his 
youth  he  travelled  through  France,  and  from  thence  to  Italy 
for  improvement.  Here  he  firft  became  acquainted  with 
Polydore,  and  here  for  ten  years  the  two  friends  purfued 
their  ftudies  together. 

Meyeringh  now  returned  to  Holland,  and  was  much  em- 
ployed in  painting  the  ceilings  and  other  decorative  parts  of 
various  public  edifices.  He  alf*  painted  landfcape,  and 
etched  feveral  foho  plates,  all  from  his  own  compofitions,  in  a 
free  and  painter-like  ftyle.  Their  fubjefts  confift  chiefly, 
like  thofe  of  the  etchings  of  his  friend  Polydore,  of  rocky- 
mountains,  cataradls,  and  other  romantic  landfcape  fcenery, 
adorned  with  cattle,  figures,  and  ruined  edifices. 

Of  the  fuperior  merits  and  general  biography  of  John 
Glauber,  the  reader  will  find  an  account  under  the  article 
Polydore.  The  etchings  of  this  mafter  are  performed  in 
a  flight  ftyle,  and  their  chiarofcuro  is  but  feeble.  Yet  are 
they  valuable,  on  account  of  the  claffic  or  paftoral  beauties 
of  his  compofition. 

He  in  general  etched  after  his  own  piflures,  but  he  pro- 
duced one  claffic  landfcape  with  rocks  and  waterfalls  after 
Pouffin,  and  his  allegorical  fet  ef  the  revolutions  of  the 
four  great  nations  of  antiquity,  which  is  intitled  "  Statum 
Afl'yriorum,  Perlarum,  Graecorum,  et  Romanorum,"  is  after 
Gerard  Lairefi'e,  as  is  alfo  "  Abilhag  before  David."  All 
the  prints  of  Polydore  are  of  folio  dimenfions. 

John  Biffchop,  or  Epifcopiii's,  was  born  at  the  Hague  in 
the  year  1646,  and  died  at  Amilerdam  in  16S6.  He  owed 
his  excelleiice  as  an  artift  entirely  to  his  own  genius,  having 
never  ftudied  under  any  mafter.  He  made  defigns  in  dil- 
temper  with  great  tafte,  and  which  are  beautifully  finifhed ; 
and  his  etchings  are  very  much  eftcemed  by  conuoiffeurs, 
3  U  2  tliey 


raiiding  ;"  "  Two  Horfe  Soldiers  difmounting  before  a  Vic- 
tualling Tent,"  both  in  folio  ;  "A  Halt  before  an  Inn  ;" 
"Departure  for  Hunting;"  "A  Combat  of  Horfe  Sol- 
diers ;"    another  "  Combat  of  Cavalry  ;"  and  "  The    Im- 


LOW    COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   GF    THE. 

they  arc  harmonifed  with  the  graver,  and  though  flight,  are  Albert  of  Chevrcufe,  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  City  of  LifTc, 
free,  intelligent,  and  plcafing,  He  imparts  riclmefs  to  his  inverted  by  the  French  Army,"  on  two  large  folio  pbtes ; 
tones,  and  roundnefs  to  his  figures,  far  beyond  what  is  "  The  taking  cf  Dole,"  in  large  foHo,  on  two  plates ; 
ufually  done  with  the  joouit,  lo  little  afTifted  as  it  is  m  the  "  The  March  of  Louis  XIV.  and  his  Retinue,  over  the 
prints  of  Biffchop  by  the  graver.  His  figures  in  general  Pont-neuf  to  the  Palace,"  in  large  folio  ;  all  after  Van  der 
are  drawn  with  ability,  yet  in  a  mannered  rather  than  a  cor-  Meulen.  "  The  Battle  between  the  French  and  Germans 
reft  ftyle.  The  extremities,  indeed,  are  not  always  well  in  Italy,"  in  large  folio,  after  D.  Hoogllraten  ;  and  "  The 
marked,  nor  his  heads  equally  expreflive  or  beautiful.  grand  Procefliou  of  Horfes  in  Holland,"  dedicated  to  Fre- 
His  molt  conliderable  worfe  is  intitled  "  Paradigmata  gra-  deric  William,  fon  of  the  king  of  Pruffia,  in  large  folio, 
phices  variorum  artiphicum  tabuiis  jEneis,"  H^ague  1672,  Thefe  two  laft  are  etched,  and  then  harmonifed  with  the 
in  fobo.  Two  editions  of  this  work  were  publillied  in  the  graver,  and  are  very  capital  performances. 
fame  year,  one  by  the  artirt,  confifting  of  one  hundred  and  Mezzotinlos  from  his  own  Defigns. — "  Two  Cavaliers  ma- 
two  plates ;  the  other  contains  one  hundred  and  thirteen,  "'  ' 

and  was  publifhed  by  Nic.  Viffcher.   As  they  differ  effentially, 
the  curious  are  generally  deiirous  of  poflefllng  both. 

The  mark  ufed  by  this  artill  was  a  J  and  E,  becaufe  he 
latinifed  his  name,  fubftituting  Epifcopius  for  Biffchop :  this     perial  Cavalry  fighting  againd  the  Turks,"  all  in  large  folio 

Peter  Schcnck  was  one  of  thofe  who  regarded  engraving 
as  a  trade,  or  means  of  obtaining  money,  merely  ;  and  on 
whom  it  IS  fruitlefs  to  dwell.  He  was  born  at  Elberfeld, 
A.D.  164J  ;  became  a  printfeller  of  Amfterdam,  and  died 
at  Leipfic  in  1711. 

While  he  continued  to  engrave,  he  was  a  mere  working- 
man  of  induttry.  Sometimes  he  fcraped  mezzotiMto  por- 
traits; and  fometimes  he  etched  views  ;  but  both  were  very 
indifferentlv  performed.  Thofe  of  his  produftions  which  are 
beif  entitled  to  notice,  are  the 

Mczzofintos  of  Petrus  Schenck,  after  J.  P.  Feuerling,  in 
folio  ;  another  portrait  of  Peter  Schenck,  fcated  at  table 
with  his  wife,  in  large  folio  ;  Martin  Luther  ;  Gottifried 
Keck,  after  D.  Richtcr  ;  Gerard  Lairefle  ;  Philip  Jacob 
Spener,  theologift  ;  John  Oleraris  ;  Peter  de  Witt,  a  di- 
vine, after  Muris  ;  Simon  Schynvoet,  an  architeft  of  Am- 
iterdam  ;  William  Henr)',  prince  of  Orange  ;  Charles  XI. 
fieci-ee,  &c.  ;  and  was  employed  by  prince  tugcne  to  and  Charles  XII,  kings  of  Sweden;  bull  of  the  Virgin;  "A 
paint  and  engrave  the  battles  and  fiegcs  he  fo  fortunately  Criminal  confeffing  to  a  Monk;'  "  A  young  Woman  con- 
coridufted.  This  artift  not  only  charafterifed  the  different  felling  to  a  Monk;"  "  Death  playing  the  Violin,  and  pre- 
nations  he  reprefented  by  the  coftume,  but  by  the  general 
phyfiognomy  of  his  figures. 

He  likewife  etched  a  confiderable  number  of  plates  in  a 
flight,  fpirited  ftyie,  with  great  freedom,  and  in  a  way 
which  manifells  the  hand  of  a  mailer.  The  figures,  horfes, 
and  other  principal  objeds,  are  executed  with  peculiar  feel- 
ing and  ability. 

The  work  which  he  executed  from  the  piftures  which 
be  painted  for  prince  Eugene  is  ufually  bound  up  in  a 
large  foho  volume,  with  biftorical  explanations  by  M.  J. 
Dumont.  They  were  publithed  at  the  Hague  in  1725, 
on  the  frontifpiece  is  infcribed  "  Dcffeintes  et  gravees  en 
taille  douce,  par  le  Sieur  Jean  Huchtenbourg."  This  work 
is  curious  and  confiderable,  but  is  not  confidered  as  con- 
taining his  beft  engravings  ;  he  likewife  fcraped  mezzotinto 
a  good  deal,  but  his  performances  in  that  art  are  not  fo 
good  as  his  etchings ;  and  it  is  very  difficult  to  find  good 
imprcfiions. 

When  this  artift  did  not  fign  his  name  at  length,  he  fub 


monogram  will  be  found  in  PIcite  IV.  of  thofe  ufed  by  the 
artiils  of  the  Netherlands. 

The  remainder  of  the  engravings  by  BilTchop,  are 
"  Chrift  and  the  Woman  of  Samaria,"  in  large  folio,  after 
Annibale  Caracci  ;  "  Jofeph  diftributing  Corn  to  the 
Egyptians,"  in  large  foHo,  from  Bartholomew  Bru'.berge  ; 
"  The  Martyrdom  of  St.  Lawrence,"  its  companion,  from 
the  fame  painter.  A  large  book  from  the  dravvings  of  the 
great  marters  ;  and  a  book  of  ftatues. 

John  van  Hugtenburg,  or  Huchtenbourg,  was  horn  at 
Haerlem,  A.D.  1646,  and  died  at  Amfterdam  in  1733. 
He  ftudied  painting  under  John  Wyck,  and  afterwards 
went  to  Italy  for  improvement,  and  refided  a  coiiliderable 
time  at  Rome.  On  his  return  he  vilited  Paris,  and  often 
painted  on  the  fame  canvas  with  Van  der  Meulen,  though 
his  ftyle  bears  refemblance  to  that  of  Wouvermans. 
Hugtenburg  excelled  in  painting  battles,  encampments, 
&c.  ;    and   was   employed    by    prince    Eugene    to 


fenting  himfelf  to  a  Man,"  infcribed  "  Mortis  in^rata  Mu- 
fica,"  bU  of  folio  fize. 

John  vander  Bruggcn  was  another  who  merged  the  artift 
in  the  tradefman.  He  v.'as  born  at  Brufiels,  A.D.  1649  ' 
and  worked  for  fome  time  in  his  native  country,  but  after- 
wards went  to  Paris,  where  he  eftablifhed  liimfelf  as  a  print- 
feller.  In  1698  he  publifhed  the  works  of  La  Page,  with 
the  portrait  of  that  artift  engraved  by  himfelf  in  mezzotinto, 
after  Largilliere. 

There  is  a  great  number  of  mezzotinlos  by  Vander  Brug- 
gen,  which,  though  not  entirely  deftitute  of  merit,  are  fueh 
as  do  hini  no  great  honour  as  an  artift.  The  mark  which  he 
frequently  ufed  will  be  found  in  our  Plate  IV.  of  thofe  ufed 
by  the  engravers  of  the  Low  Countries. 

The  following  are  the  molt  important  of  his  engravings. 
The  portrait  of  himfelf  after  Largilliere  ;  Antony  Vandyke  ; 
and  the  portrait  of  Louis  le  Grand,  all  in  foho.  "  The  Gold 
weigher,"  after  Rembrandt;  "An  old  Woman  weighing 
Gold  ;"   "A  Man  feated,  with  a  Goblet  in  his  Hand  ;"  A 


ftitHted  his  initials,  in  the  manner  expreffed  in  Phte  IV.  of    Man   leaning   againft  a   Table,  and   a  Woman   behind   him 


thofe  ufed  by  the  engravers  of  the  Netherlands.  The  fol- 
lowing are  confidered  as  fome  of  his  beft  engravings. 

"Travellers  halting  before  a  Forge,"  in  folio;  "Wil- 
liam III.  reviewing  his  Army  near  Arnheim,"  in  large  folio  ; 

fet   of  eight  oval  prints,  in  4to.,  reprefeming   marches. 


fcolding;"  "A  Man  feated  under  a  Tree  lighting  his  Pipe;" 
"  A  Man  fleeping,  and  another  ftanding  near  him  ;"  "  Cu- 
pid and  Pfyche  ileeping  ;"  a  large  fkull,  infcribed  "Me- 
mento mori  ;"  "  An  old  Man  in  a  Public-hcufe,,  with  a 
Girl  playing  the  Flute  ;"   "  A  Party  of  Peafants  in  a  Pub- 


encampments,  battles,  &c.  ;  a  fet  of  four  mountainous  land-    lic-houfe,  fmoking  and  drinking  ;"  both  the  latter  are  after 
fcapes  with  figures  ;  "  Hunters  refting,"   in  a  woody  land-     Teniers  ;  and  all  are  of  quarto  dimcnfions. 
fcapc,  in  large  foho  ;  all  from  his  own  piftures.     "  A  com-         Sufanna   vander  Bruggen  was  doubtlefs  related  to  this 
hat  of  Cavalry,"   in  large   folio,  after  Van  der   Meulen;     artift,  and  engraved  fome  few  plates  of  no  great  merit,  after 
smother  "  Combat  of  Cavalry,"  dedicated  to  duke  Charles    Vandyke  and  Rubens. 

.Toha 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


John  Luycken,  or  Luyken,  wns  born  at  Amfterdam  feme 
tirne  about  the  middle  of  the  feventeenth  century,  and  died 
:n  that  city  in  the  year  1712.  He  ftudied  the  arts  under 
Martin  Zaagmoelen.  Baffan  fays  of  his  prints,  "  we  remark 
in  them  a  fertility  of  genius,  joined  with  great  fpirit,  judg- 
ment, and  facility  of  execution,  he  is  the  Callot,  the  Delia 
Bella,  and  the  Le  Clerc  of  Holland."  But  this  is  fayiog  a 
jrreat  deal  too  much.  He  neither  drew  fo  corredly,  nor 
etched  in  fo  clear  and  determined  a  llyle  as  either  of  thofe 
diftinguiihed  engravers.  It  is  true  there  are  few  of  his 
prints,  into  which  he  has  not  introduced  a  great  number  of 
figures,  but  the  groups  are  feldom  artfully  managed  ;  the 
lights,  for  want  of  harmony,  and  b^-ing  too  much  icattered, 
confufe  the  fubjeift,  and  fatigue  the  eye.  This  is  fpeaking 
of  them,  however,  only  comparatively  ;  confidering  them  by 
themfelves  they  pofTefs  great  merit. 

He  chiefly  engraved  after  his  own  defigns,  and  the  moil 
confiderable  of  his  works  is  the  large  bible,  which  was  pub- 
liflied  by  IVIontier  in  two  folio  voluuies,  and  the  following. 

A  fet  of  "  The  Ten  Commandments,"  in  8vo.  ;  a  fet  of 
feventeen,  of  "The  Hiftory  of  Lapland  and  Finland,"  in 
4to.  ;  a  fet  of  feventeen  views,  &c.  which  accompany  the 
Eaftern  Travels  of  M.  Thevenot,  in  410.  Tlie  hillory  of 
William  III.  king  of  England,  m  8vo.  ;  "  The  Republic  of 
the  Hebrews,"  in  twenty-eight  plates,  in  8vo.  and  410. 
"  The  Theatre  of  Martyrs,"  from  the  time  of  Jefus  Chrill, 
to  modern  times,  in  a  fet  of  one  hundred  and  five  plates,  in 
4to.  ;  "The  Prophet  Jonas,  preaching  to  the  Ninevites," 
in  large  folio ;  "The  Affairination  of  Henry  IV.  of  France," 
in  folio  ;  "  The  Flight  of  the  Reformers  at  the  Revocation 
of  the  Edift  of  Nantes,"  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Malfacre 
of  St.  Bartholomew,  or  the  Death  of  admiral  Coligny,"  a 
very  capital  print,  engraved  on  two  large  folio  plates. 

Gafpar,  or  Cafpar  Luycken,  was  the  fon  of  John  Luy- 
ken, mentioned  in  the  preceding  article,  and  was  born  at 
Amfterdam  in  the  year  1660.  He  learned  engraving  from 
his  father,  and  defigned  and  engraved  a  confiderable  number 
of  plates;  but  his  works  are  neither  fo  numerous  nor  fo  mij- 
ritorious  as  thofe  of  his  father,  whofe  ftyle  he  imitated. 
Among  them  the  following  will  probably  be  found  moft  wor- 
thy of  feledion.  "  St.  Francis  Xavier  preaching  before 
the  Emperor  of  Japan  ;"'  "  The  Jefuit  MifTionaries  obtaining 
Audience  of  the  Emperor  of  China  ;"  "  The  Emperor  Jo- 
feph  I.  receiving  the  Holy  Sacrament ;''  "  The  Miracle  of 
the  Five  Loaves,"  all  of  large  folio  fize  ;  "  The  Twelve 
Months  of  the  Year  ;  '  "  The  Four  Seafons;"  and  "  The 
Grand  Roman  Cabinet ;"  all  in  folio. 

Paul  van  Somer  was  born  in  Holland,  A.D.  1649.  He 
refided  during  fome  time  at  Paris,  and  afterwards  came  to 
London.  He  etched,  engraved,  and  fcraped  in  mezzotinto, 
but  his  works  in  either  art  do  him  no  great  credit ;  among 
them  the  following  are  moft  worthy  of  attention. 

"  Tobit  burying  the  Dead,"  in  large  folio,  from  Sebaf- 
tian  Bourdon;  "  Mofes  found  in  the  Ark  of  Bulrulhes," 
after  Pouflin  ;  "  The  Baptifm  of  our  Saviour,"  after  the 
fame  painter,  both  in  folio  ;  "  Nil  placet,  &c."  or  the  fable 
of  the  old  man  and  his  als,  after  GrifEer,  on  a  fet  of  fix 
folio  plates. 

From  hisonvn  Compofitions. — "The  Holy  Family  ;"  "The 
Adoration  of  the  Shepherds,"  both  in  folio  ;  "  A  Ruftic 
Converfation  of  Four  Peafants,"  in  large  folio.  The  four 
parts  of  the  day,  on  4to.  plates,  mz.  "  The  Morning,"  (Ce- 
phalus  at  thechace;)  "  Noon  Day,"  (Arethufa  bathing  in 
the  river  Al.pheu3  ; )  "  The  Afternoon,"  (Diana  and  Ac- 
teon  ;)  at/d  "The  Evening,"   ( Py ramus  and  Thifbe.) 

The  two  following   are  in  mezzotinto.     "  The  Ceuntcfs 


of  Meath,"  after  Mignard  ;  and  «  An  Officer  and  Girl  in 
converfation,"  both  in  folio. 

John  van  Somer  was  born  in  Holland  in  the  year  1640, 
and  was  probably  related  to  Matthias  van  Somer,  who,  ac- 
cording to  profeflbr  Chrift,  engraved  a  fet  of  landfcapes. 
John  engraved  in  mezzotinto,  and  with  the  graver,  but  did 
not  much  exceed  mediocrity.  The  following  are  fome  of 
his  bcft  productions.  Antony  Gregatus,  profelTor  of  theo- 
logy at  Heidelberg  ;  Daniel  Sachfe,  theologift,  both  in  410. ; 
Charles  Louis,  eleftor  of  Bavaria  ;  Michael  Adria.itfz,  ad- 
miral of  the  United  Provinces,  a  fine  portrait,  in  large  folio, 
from  Du  Jardin  ;  "  Tliree  Peafants  drinking  in  an  Ale- 
houfc,"  from  J.  Both;  "Dutch  Smokers,"  after  Oftade ; 
"  A  Dutch  Concert,"  from  Teniers ;  "  A  Man  filbng  his 
Pipe,  and  a  Girl  drinking,"  from  Gerard  Terburgh,  all  in 
folio  ;  "  The  Angels  appearing  to  Abraham,"  in  large 
foho,  from  Laftman  ;  and  "  A  Party  of  Pleafure,"  from 
his  own  defign. 

S.  A.  Van  Lamfweerde  was  a  native  of  Utrecht,  born 
fome  time  about  the  year  1650  ;  but  he  appears  to  have 
been  an  artift  of  no  great  merit.  He  engraved  portraits 
fomewhat  in  the  ftyle  of  Suyderhoef,  among  which  the  fol- 
lowing  are  moft  worthy  of  notice. 

Francis  Gomarius,  a  theologian  of  Bruges,  in  folio ; 
Henry  Alting  d'Embden,  a  theologian  of  Heidelberg,  in 
4to.  ;  Anna  Maria  Schurman,  in  folio  ;  Cyprian  Regnier, 
a  juris  confulte,  at  Utrecht,  after  Gerard  Duffeit  ;  and 
Charles  de  Maets,  profeflbr  of  theology  at  Utrecht,  after 
Hendrick  Bloemaert  ;  both  in  large  folio. 

John  Lamfvelt  was  born  at  Utrecht  in  the  year  1660. 
He  was  probably  a  difciple  of  Romain  de  Hooghe,  whofe 
ftyle  he  has  tried  to  imitate.  His  principal  works  are  por- 
traits, part  of  which  he  engraved  for  the  hiftory  of 
Louis  XIII.,  by  Michael  le  VafTor,  among  which  the  fol- 
lowing  are  the  moft  important.  A  Head  of  Oliver  Crom- 
well, in  an  oval  of  quarto  fize  ;  John  de  Wit ;  Conielius 
Pieterfzoon  Hooft  ;  George  Caflander  ;  Hubert  Duifhuis, 
of  Rotterdam  ;  all  rare  and  much  fought  after  by  connoif- 
feurs  ;  and  a  large  folio  engraving  of  "  The  Siege  of 
Tournay,  by  the  duke  of  Marlborough  and  prince  Eu- 
gene." 

John  Verkolie  was  boru  at  Amfterdam  in  the  year  1650, 
and  died  at  Delft  in  1693.  He  became  an  artift  owing  te 
an  accident  he  met  with  in  his  youth,  which  obliged  him  to 
keep  his  bed  for  three  years,  during  which  time  he  amufed 
himfclf  with  copying  pifturcs  and  drawings  :  he  acquired 
the  rudiments  of  perfpeftive  from  books,  and  he  foon  tried 
to  paint  in  oil,  without  any  other  inftruftions.  He  after- 
wards became  the  difciple  of  John  Lievens,  and  ftudied  with 
afliduity  the  piftures  of  Van  Zylc.  Verkolie  refided  at 
Delft,  where  he  was  obliged  to  employ  great  part  of  his 
time  in  painting  portraits,  but  he  hkewife  fucceeded  in 
hiftorical  and  converfational  fubjefts.  He  amufed  himfelf 
with  fcraping  in  mezzotinto,  which  was  then  but  recently 
difcovered ;  and  the  prints  which  he  executed  are  much 
fuperior  to  what  might  have  been  expedted  at  fo  early  a 
period.  The  following  Portraits  are  fome  of  his  beft  pro- 
dudions  in  that  art. 

Himfelf,  after  De  Leeuw,  in  8vo.  ;  Steffan  Wolters,  from 
P.  Kneller,  in  quarto  ;  Jofias  van  de  Kapelle,  a  clergyman 
of  Lcyden ;  Cornehus  van  Ackcn,  a  clergyman  of  Delft  j 
William  Henry,  prince  of  Orange ;  and  Hortenfia  de 
Mancini,  duchefs  of  Mazarin,  after  Lely,  all  in  folio. 

Various  Htjlorical  SubjeSs,  \Sfc — "  Jupiter  and  Cilifto,"' 
from  G.  Netfcher,  (the  companion  to  "  AShcpherdand  Shep- 
kerdefs,"   by  G.  Valck,  from  the  fan:>e  painter)  ;    "  Venus 

and 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS    OF  THE. 


and  Adonis,"  from  his  own  compofition,  companion  to"Ce- 
phalus  and  Procris,"  engraved  bv  Broedelct,  after  Gerard 
Hoet;  "  Venus  and  Cupid  ;"  "  Pan  and  Flora  ;"  "A 
young  Man  and  Girl  converfnig,"  from  Ochtenvelt,  ail  of 
folio  fize. 

Nicholas  Verkolic  was  born  at  Delft  in  1673,  and  was  the 
fon  of  the  preceding  artift.  He  became  tin-  pupil  of  his 
father,  and  lucceeded  in  painting  hiftorical  fubjefts  and  por- 
traits. He  was  alfo  celebrated  for  his  Indian  ink  drawings, 
which  he  finilhed  with  great  delicacy.  Nicholas  learned  the 
art  of  mezzotinto  icraping  from  his  father,  ant!  praftifed  it 
with  rtill  more  fuccefs.  The  following  are  fome  of  his  bell 
engravings. 

Portraits. — Nicholas  Verkolie,  from  a  pifture  by  himfelf ; 
the  painter  drawing  from  a  model  ;  the  amateur  Moelards 
with  f  folio,  all  in  quai  to  ;  .Tohn  Peter  Zomer,  a  con- 
noiffeur,  holding  a  print  ni  his  hand,  from  A.  Booner.  Some 
few  impreffions  were  taken  from  this  plate,  without  the 
print,  which  is  held  by  Van  Zomer  ;  b\it  thefe  are  exceed- 
ingly rare  ;  Martin  van  Bockelin,  from  his  own  pifture ; 
and  Bernacd  Picart,  after  Nattier,  all  in  folio. 

Various,  from  his  oiun  Dijigns,  and  after  ether  Mailers. — 
"  The  Holy  Family,"  after  A.  vander  WerfF  ;  "  Diana  and 
Endymion  ;"  and  its  companion,  "  Bacchus  and  Ariadne," 
both  in  folio;  "A  Shepherd  careffing a  Shepherdefs,"  in  large 
folio,  all  after  G.  Netfcher  ;  "  An  Entertainment  in  a 
Garden,"  in  folio,  after  J.  B.  Weninx  ;  "  Two  Men  drink- 
ing and  fmoking,''  after  A.  Matham,  in  large  folio  ;  "  A 
Youth  afieep  on  a  Girl's  Lap,"  from  his  own  defign  ;  "  A 
young  Girl  and  her  Lover  having  their  Fortunes  told.'" 
"  An  old  Man  feated  in  a  Garden,  with  a  Girl,  who  holds 
a  Miniature  in  her  Hand,"  both  in  folio.  Heads  of  a  man 
and  woman  laughing  ;  a  lap-dog  playing  on  a  chair ;  and 
two  dogs  at  play,  all  in  quarto,  very  delicate  engravings. 

Solomon  Savery  was  born  at  Amlterdam  foon  after  the 
middle  of  the  17th  century,  and  by  fome  writers  is  faid, 
with  great  probability,  to  have  refidcd  during  part  of  his 
life  in  England.  Under  what  mafter  he  ftudied,  if  \inder 
any,  is  not  known  ;  but  he  handled  his  graver  with  a  degree 
of  vigour,  feehng,  and  charafteriftic  touch  which  proclaims 
origii  al  powers.  The  mechanical  exaftnefs  and  regularity 
of  his  hatchings,  he,  with  great  addrefs,  rendered  fubfervient 
^o  his  art  of  exprefhng  the  feveral  furfaces  which  fo  beau- 
tifully diverfify  the  ample  face  of  nature  :  his  chiarofcuro  is 
fufficiently  pcnverful  ;  and  if  the  graver  was  not  the  fole  in- 
ftrument  of  his  art,  he  very  rarely  employed  the  point. 

He  produced, a  few  hiftorical  fubjetts  ;  but  his  chief  (ex- 
cellence lay  in  portrait  engraving,  and  he  feems  to  have  been 
partial  to  fuch  heads  as  were  covered  with  hats,  either  be- 
caufe  he  engraved  the  high-crowned  hat,  which  was  then  in 
fafhion,  with  confiderable  ability,  or  becaufe  he  believed 
that  fo  broad  a  mafs  of  darknefs  which  thefe  hats  afforded, 
gave  effedl  to  his  faces. 

lAh  principal  Portraits  are  thofe  of  doftor  Camphuyfen, 
furrounded  by  an  olive  wreath,  and  three  allegorical  figures, 
after  C.  Cadeyn  ;  Simon  Epifcopius,  and  Andrea  Calvius, 
after  Cuyp  ;  Ifaac  Saaly  of  Ziriczee  ;  John  Speed,  the 
Englifli  chronicler,  with  his  hat  on,  a  very  excellent  plate  ; 
king  Charles  L  with  a  high-crowned  hat,  the  face  of  which 
portrait  is  believed  to  have  been  taken  from  a  pifture  by 
Vandyke,  and  the  hat  and  the  other  accompaniments  added 
by  Savery  himfelf;  and  Thomas,  lord  Fairfax,  alfo  with  a 
hat  on,  all  of  folio  fize. 

Hijlorieal  Subjeas,  i^c. — "  Chrift  expelling  the  Money- 
lenders from  the  Temple,"  in  large  foho.  A  man's  head 
with  mujlachios  and  fliort  curly  hair,  both  after  Rembrandt, 


A  errand  entertainment  given  oh  the  water,  in  honour  of 
Mary  of  Medicis,  after  S.  Vlieger,  (which  belongs  to  a  fat 
of  engravings  that  were  publilhed  at  Amfterdam  in  the  year 
1633,  and  entitled  "  Medicca  Hofpes.")  A  grand  procef- 
fion,  in  large  folio,  after  M.  de  Jonghe  ;  and  a  fet  of  feven- 
teen  etchings,  of  whi  h  the  fubjeCls  are  taken  from  Ovid's 
Metamorpholes,  after  F.  Cleyn. 

Thomas  Wyck,  The,  dore  Maes,  Julius  Fran5ois,  (fur- 
named  Norizoiiti),  Louis  Deyller,  Charles  de  Moor,  and 
Richard  and  John  van  Orley,  were  Dutch  and  Flemifti 
painters,  who  lived  al  this  period,  fome  of  whom  performed 
a  few  etcliings,  and  others  of  whom  fcraped  a  few  mez- 
zotintos. 

The  etchings  of  Wyck  are  fmall,  but  free  and  delicate. 
Fourteen  of  them,  which  were  in  tli-;  poffeniou  of  Mariette, 
and  were  fold  at  his  anction  for  three  hundred  and  fix  livres 
and  fix  fous,  are  probably  all  that  Wyck  ever  produced. 
They  confill  of  pafti>ral  and  military  fubjefts,  and  are  all 
from  his  own  compolitions. 

In  thofe  of  Maes,  much  of  painter-like  intelhgence  may 
be  difcerned.  "  The  Holy  Virgin  and  Infant  Chrift,  at- 
tended by  two  Ang.ds  ;"  and  a  fet  of  fmall  plates,  of  cavalry 
(liirmifhing,  &c.  are  all  that  we  know  of  from  the  needle 
of  this  artift. 

The  elcliings  of  Horizonti,  like  thofe  beautiful  water- 
colour  piftures  with  fardiftant  and  fweetly-painied  horizons, 
from  wliich  he  obtained  his  cognomen,  are  landfeapes  in 
which  Tivoli  and  the  Campania  of  Italy  are  frequent 
features. 

Deyller  filled  up  fome  of  his  hours  of  feclufion  with  etch- 
ing and  mezzotinto  fcraping  ;  and  his  produftions  in  thefe 
arts  partake  of  the  charatter  of  his  genius  as  a  painter,  of 
which  we  have  already  treated.  Among  them  is  a  fet  of 
four  landfeapes,  in  rather  a  grand  ilyle,  of  quarto  fize, 
which  are  rare  and  much  efteemed. 

The  excellence    of  De  Moor   lay    in    portraiture.     He  , 
etched,  in  a  fpirited  manner,  the  heads  of  his  mafter,  Gerard 
Douw,  Van  Goyen,  and  Mieris,  and  he  alfo,  according  to 
Baffan,  fcraped  a  few  plates  in  mezzotinto,  of  which  we 
know  not  the  fubjefts. 

Richard  van  Orley  was  born  at  Bruffels,  A.  D.  1652, 
and  died  in  the  fame  city  in  1732.  He  learned  the  element* 
of  art  of  his  father,  who  was  a  landfcape  painter  of  no  great 
eminence.  He  began  by  painting  miniatiires  ;  but  feeling 
a  delire  to  gain  a  more  elevated  Hation  in  art,  he  ftudied 
in  the  fchools  of  defign  with  great  affiduity,  and  became  an 
hiftorical  painter  of  no  mean  talent. 

He  likewife  executed  a  confiderable  number  of  etchings 
in  a  flight  coarfe  ttyle,  and  which,  in  fome  inftances  at  leaft, 
are  defeftive  in  point  of  drawing  ;  among  them,  the  follow- 
ing are  the  moll  meritorious. 

"  The  Marriage  of  Joleph  and  the  Virgin,"  after  Lucas 
Giordano,  in  folio  ;  "  The  Fall  of  the  rebel  Angels,"  a 
large  folio  print,  from  Rubens  ;  "  A  drunken  Bacchus, 
fupported  by  Satvrs,"  from  the  fame  painter  ;  and  "  Ver- 
tumnus  and  Pomona,"  ?11  in  folio.  A  fet  of  twelve,  in 
oftaro,  from  Guarini's  "  Paftor  Fido."  A  fet  of  twenty, 
eight  folio  plates,  lengthways,  taken  from  the  New  Tefta- 
raent,  from  drawings  by  John  van  Orley. 

John  van  Orley  was  the  brother  of  Richard,  and  did  not 
diftinguifti  himfelf  lefs  as  an  artift  ;  he  frequently  made 
drawings  from  pifturcs  for  the  latter  to  engrave  after ;  and 
likewife  aflifted  in  engraving  the  fet  from  the  New  Teila- 
ment,  after  his  own  defigns. 

John  Gole  was  born  at  Amfterdam  about  the  year  1660, 
He  worked  with  the  gravet  in  flrokes,  and  fcraped  feveral 

mez- 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS    OF   THE. 


mezzotintos.  His  works  are  numerous,  but  not  very  edi- 
mable.  On  the  whole,  thofe  appear  to  be  the  bed  which 
are  executed  with  the  graver.  A  few  of  the  belt  of  his  en- 
gravings, in  each  manner,  are  fpecilied  below. 

Line  Engraving. — Charles  XI.,  king  of  Sweden  ;  the 
duchefii  de  la  Valliere ;  the  imfortunate  Grand  Vizier ; 
Kara  Muftapha  ;  Mahomet  IV.,  emperor  of  the  Turks  ; 
Abraham  Hellenbrock,  a  clergyman  ;  the  head  of  a  man 
of  letters,  in  an  oval  ;  Nicolas  Colviiis,  a  clergyman  of 
Amfterdam,  after  B.  Vaillant,  all  of  folio  fize. 

Mez,zotinto  Engravings. — Bernard  Somer  ;  .John  Oyers  ; 
and  Jacnb  Gole  juris  confulle),  the  latter  after  D.  Plaes  ; 
George  Au'^uftus,  prince  royal  and  eleftor  of  Brunfwick, 
after  Hirlman  ;  Charles  III.  king  of  Spain  ;  admiral  Van 
Tromp  ;  Charles,  landgrave  of  HofTe-Cafiel  ;  Balthafar 
Becker,  author  of  the  Enchanted  World;  "Peafantsfmoking 
round  a  Fire,"  after  Oftado. .  "  A  Group  of  three  Peafauts 
in  an  Ale-houfe,  one  of  whom  plays  the  Violin,"  after 
Brouwer  ;  "  The  Tooth-drawer,"  after  Teniers,  all  in  folio  ; 
"The  School-mafter,"  after  Jiemflcerck  ;  r^rtd  "  Heraclitus 
deploring  the  Mifery  of  hiuiian  Nature,"  after  C.  Dufart, 
both  in  quarto. 

John  Groenfvclt,  or  Groenvelt,  was  born  at  the  Hague 
in  the  year  165O.  He  etched  a  coufiderable  number  of 
plates,  after  Berghem,  Van  Goyen,  Lingelbach,  and  other 
mafters,  which  are  much  elleemed  ;  atid  a  few  portraits,  in 
which  the  faces  are  ahnoil  entirely  ilippled.  His  general 
ftyle  of  manual  execution  is  neat,  but  finnewhat  IlifF :  and 
the  following  are  fpecified  as  being  fome  of  the  beft  of  his 
engravings. 

"  Dorothea,  countefs  of  Sunderland,"  after  Vandyke,  in 
folio  ;  "  A  Girl  with  a  Cat,"  after  Bloemaert,  in  q;'arto  ; 
"  The  .Adoration  of  the  Eaftern  Kings,"  after  P.  Veronefj; 
"  Chrift  before  Pontius  Pilate,"  after  Andrea  Schiavone  ; 
and,  "  .-V  Man  aileep  on  a  Tub,"  all  of  folio  lize  ;  a  fet  of 
fix  landfcapes,  after  .Berghem  ;  and  another  let  of  four, 
after  the  fame  mafter,  of  quarto  fize,  the  fubjetts  of  which 
are  various  palloral  incidents. 

Arnold  Houbraken  was  born  at  Dordrecht  in  the  year 
1660,  and  died  at  Amderdam  in  17 19.  He  ftudied  under 
various  mafters,  and  laftly  under  Samuel  de  Hoogllraeten  ; 
he  painted  portraits  and  hiftorical  fubjefts  ;  and  is  the  author 
of  a  work  in  the  Dutch  language,  entitled  "  The  Great  Thea- 
tre of  the  Dutch  and  Fleinifli  Painters,  by  Arnold  Houbra- 
ken, with  their  portraits,  engraved  by  himfelf."  According  to 
our  countryman  Strutt,  Honbrakfn  came  into  England,  and 
made  drawings  from  the  pictures  of  Vandyke,  which  were 
afterwards  engraven  by  Peter  van  Gunft,  and  he  received 
one  hundred  guilders  for  every  drawing.  He  executed  fe- 
veral  flight  etchings,  with  great  inteUigence,  from  his  own 
defigns  ;  which  are  riuch  fought  after  by  amateurs.  His 
heads  of  the  painters  ,ire  engraven,  with  much  tafte,  in  orna- 
mental borders,  with  feveral  on  one  plate  ;  and  the  follow- 
ing  are  likewife  by  him  :  .-^  fet  of  etchings  of  boys  and 
vafes  ;  "  Vertumnus  and  Pomona  ;"  an  emblematical  fub- 
jeft,  reprefenting  three  women  looking  at  a  child  in  a  fort 
of  bafl<et,  or  cradle,  encircled  by  a  ferpent  ;  and  "  The 
Difciples  at  Emmaus,"  in  the  llyle  of  Rembrandt,  all  in 
quarto,  and  from  his  own  compofitions. 

James,  or  Jacob  Ploubraken,  was  an  engraver  of  admirable 
talent,  to  whom  England  is  largely  indebted  for  perpetuat- 
ing, and  diffufing  through  Europe,  the  portraits  of  feveral 
of  her  moft  illuilrious  poets,  ftatefmen,  and  warriors.  He 
was  born  at  Dordrecht  in  the  year  1698.  and  was  the  fon 
of  Arnold,  of  whom  we  have  treated  in  the  preceding  ar- 
ticle.    He  dated  many  of  his  productions  from  Amfterdam, 


which  feems  to  affprd  evide^^rtce  of  his  long  refidenee  there 
but  he  died  in  his  native  city  in  the  year  1780.  ' 

Houbraken  had  no  other  maflcr  than  his  father,  but  his 
genius,  and  the  ftudy  which  he  beflov.ed  on   the   belt  por- 
traits of  Nanteuil  and  Edelinck,   fupcrfeded  inftruftion,   or 
rendered  it  fuperfluous.      Strutt  thinks,  and  with  much    of 
the  appearance  of  reafon,  that  he  formed   his   ftyle   of  en- 
graving   more    particularly,  by  an  attentive   ftudy   of  that 
portrait  of  Le  Brun,  which  is  engraved   by  Edelinck,  and 
prefixed  to   his  battles  of  Alexander.      However   this  may- 
have  been,  his  very  high  rank,  as  an  engraver  of  portraits, 
was  foon  acknowledged  througli    Europe,   and  has    called 
forth  the  juft  encomiums  of  Watelet,  of  Gilpin,  of  Martini, 
and  of  Strutt.     In  the  colledtion  of  portraits   of  iliuftrious 
men,  which  was  publiftied  in  London  by   J.  and  P.  Knap- 
ton,  which    perhaps,    on    the   whole,  may  be  efteemed  the 
principal  work  of  Houbraken  ;  the  furrounding  accompani- 
ments  arc   faid    to    have    been    defigned  and  engraven    by 
Gravelot.    Thefe  accompaniments  are  etched  with  confider-- 
able  tafte  and  energy,   and  form   an  harmonious  and  very 
agreeabk  contraft,  to  the  rich  and  deep-toned   foftnefs  and 
more  elaborate    execution    of  the  portraits    themfclves,   to 
which  they  are  kept  in  due  fubordination.      In  fome   of  hig 
foreign  produaions,  however,   Houbraken  has   himfelf  op- 
poled,   in  a  fimilar  manner,  though   not  perhaps  with  quite 
equal   fuccefs,  the   pifturefque    wildnefs   and  roughnefs  of 
etching,  to  the  more  poliftied  fweetnefs  and    mello\.nefs   of 
his  dry  needle  and  graver,  and  even  in  the  laCcd  ruffs  and 
other  ornamental  parts  of  the   drcfles   of  his 'Enghfh  por- 
traits,  he  has  contrived  to  mingle  a  fmall  portion   of  etch- 
ing  with  enviable    fuccefs.      But   his  chief  ftrength    lay  in 
the  truth  and  taile  of  his  drawing,  and   the  vigour  and  de- 
licacy with    which,  as    occallon  "required,    he   handled  his 
graver.  Sometimes,  in  the  fame  production,  may  be  beheld  the 
boldeft  c(,urfes  of  mellow  lines, — as  in  the  armour  of  his  por- 
trait of  the  marquis  of  Montrofe,  after  Vandyke, — blended 
and  harmonized,^ witii   admirable   addrefs,   with  the  utmoft 
fweetnefs  and  deucai  y  of  execution  in  the  face  and  hair. 

The  monarch,  or  parhament,  who  could  prevent  engravers 
from  affixing  their  names  to  any  other  than  their  own  pro- 
duftions,  would  probably  perform  a  moft  effential  fervice 
to  engraving  as  an  art.  The  demai.ds  of  commerce  will 
have  the  matter  othcrwife.  Tiie  cupidity  of  gain,  in  all 
trading  places,  fuUies  the  purity  of  an  honourable  love  of 
fame,  and  damps  the  ardour  of  difinteretted  exertion.  In 
the  age  and  country  in  which  it  was  the  fortune  of  Hou- 
braken to  be  placed,  he  was  almoft  of  neceffity  fubjetl  to 
this  ba:  eful  influence  :  and  his  name  accordingly  appeai-s  to 
fome  engravings  that  are  certainly  in  parts,  if  nht  alto- 
gether, the  produftions  of  inferior  men.  He  who  would 
meafure  the  true  ftandard  of  the  merits  of  this  diftinguilhed 
artift,  or  form  a  juft  eftimate  of  his  attainments,  fhould 
look  at  early  impreffions,  (not  fucli  as  are  now  common 
in  the  London  ftiops,  and  taken  from  the  retouched  plates,) 
of  the  portraits  of  tir  Thomas  More,  Hambden,  Schomberg, 
the  earls  of  Arlington  and  Eedford,  the  duke  of  Richmond, 
and  fome  others  in  the  fame  valuable  volume. 

Strutt  is  more  critically  obfervant  in  commeutintr  on  the 
worlds  of  Houbraken,  than  in  moft  other  parts  of  his  bio- 
graphical diftionary.  He  details  the  intcreft  with  which  he 
rrgarded  thefe  portraits,  with  feeling;  and  exemplifies  the 
companfon  which  he  made  between  Houbraken  and  thofe 
admired  portrait  engravers  who  ftand  foreinoft  in  the  fchool 
of  France,  by  an  elegant  analogy. 

After  admiring  the  foftnefs  and  delicacy  of  execution, 
good  drav.'ing,  and  fine  tafte,  which  are  difplayed  in  the 
works  of  Houbraken,  he  fays,  "  If  his  bell  performances 

bave 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS    OF    THE. 


havf  fver  be.-ii  turpaffed,  it  is  in  the  mafterly  determination 
of  the  featuics,  which  we  find  in  the  works  of  Nanteuil, 
EdeHnck,  and  Drevct :  this  gives  an  animation  to  the  coun- 
tenance, more  cafily  to  be  felt  than  defcribcd.  From  liis 
fchcitudc  to  avoid  the  appearance  of  an  outhne,  he  feems 
freqnently  tn  have  neglcfted  the  httle  niarpnedes  of  light  and 
fhadow,  which  not  only  appear  in  Nature,  but,  like  the  acci- 
dental femitoncs  in  mulic,  raife  a  pleafing  fenfation  in  the 
mind,  in  proportion  as  the  variation  is  jndiciaufly  managed. 
For  want  of  attention  to  this  eifential  beauty,  many  of  his 
celebrated  produdions  have  a  milty  appearance,  and  do  not 
ftrikc  the  eye  with  the  force  we  might  expeft  when  we  con- 
fider  the  excellence  of  the  engraving." 

The  biographer  here  certainly  touches  his  inflrument  with 
a  finger  of  exquifite  feehng  :  yet,  as  the  wild  mufic  which 
fhould  accompany  and  aid  the  varying  fcntimcnt  of  mental 
emotion,  is  of  a  diilinft  charaftcr  from  that  Lydian  mea- 
fure  and  thofe  dulcet  tones,  that 

-"  Sooth  the  foul  to  pleafure  ;" 


fo  Struttmuft  not  be  fuppofed  to  mean  that  one  particular 
ftyle  of  engraving  is  fuited,  in  preference  to  all  others,  to 
portraits  of  every  kind,  and  engraved  after  whatever  painter. 
The  prefent  writer  entertains  little  doubt  but  that  the  femi- 
demi  dillinftions  which  he  perceives  between  the  ftyles  of 
different  engravers,  analogous  to  thofe  which  are  noted  in 
mufic,  will  one  day  be  fo  generally  felt  and  underftood  by 
profeiibrs,  and  finally  by  the  public  at  large,  as  to  become 
the  fubjeft  of  critical  admeafurement  and  animadverfion ;  and 
when  that  day  of  pleafure  (hall  arrive,  the  foftnefs  and 
fweetnefs,  and  delicate  indefinity  which  addrefles  the  fancy 
rather  than  the  fenfe,  which  confers  that  exquifite  meking 
roundnefs  to  which  female  and  infantile  beauty  is  fo  much 
indebted  ;  which  may  be  traced  in  the  ftyle  of  Houbraken, 
and  which,  in  our  own  times,  has  played  among  the  zephyrs, 
the  loves,  and  the  graces  of  Cipriani  and  Bartolozzi,  will 
be  as  much  admired,  when  properly  introduced,  as  the 
more  energetic  touches  of  manly  charafter  and  expreffion, 
or  "  little  (harpncfTes"  which  our  Englifh  critic  has  de- 
fcribed  with  a  feeling  fo  technically  juft. 

Comparifons  might,  doubtlefa,  be  feverally  inftituted 
with  advantage  to  our  critical  knowledge  of  portrait  en- 
graving, between  the  Dutch  artift  and  thofe  great  orna- 
ments of  the  French  fchool  whom  Strutt  has  named,  but 
it  would  perhaps  lead  us  into  too  wide  a  field  for  the  prefent 
occafion.  To  compare  him  with  Drevet  alone  :  his  works, 
though  lefs  elaborate,  are  fcarcely  lefs  highly  finifhed,  and 
are  more  mellow  and  free.  Drevet  feemed  always  approxi- 
mating toward  an  ideal  ftandard  of  perfeftion  in  which 
cxaftitude  fhould  blend  with  truth  and  the  graces,  and 
the  peculiar  tafte,  and  even  the  redundant  ornaments  of 
Rigaud,  the  portrait  painter  of  a  (howy  and  luxurious, 
rather  than  a  tafteful  age,  are  feduloufl)  rendered  ;  Hou- 
braken, dif^uifing  every  appearance  of  folicitude,  is  always 
mallorly  and  free,  and  always  like  the  painter  after  whom 
he  works,  whether  it  be  Holbein,  Vandyke,  or  Lely.  Dre- 
vet trunfcended  all  his  predecelTors,  and  left  pofterity  to 
wonder  at  his  powers  of  execution,  and  defpair  of  attaining 
them  -.  Houbraken  is  more  praftically  meritorious  ;  when 
we  iee  one  of  his  portraits,  we  believe,  as  we  admire  it,  that 
the  fame  hand  and  mind  might  have  accomp!i{hed  many, 
whereas,  when  we  behold  the  St.  Bernard,  or  archbifliop  of 
Paris,  of  Drevet,  we  think  that  fcarcely  lefs  than  a  life 
could  have  been  bellowed  on  them,  and  that  he  who  has 
engraved  thefe  plates  has  done  enough  for  one  man,  if  he  has 
done  no  more.  If  Drevet  appears  to  defy  competition,  he 
does  fo  with  a  ftretch  of  careful  attention,  and  a  (hare  of 


manual  and  vifual  power,  which  we  cannot  but  admire,  where- 
as Houbraken  is  always  eafy,  and  always  fuccefsful,  when 
he  does  not  allow  a  lubftitute  to  handle  his  graver.  He  ap- 
pears, in  his  works,  to  have  lived  to  be  eminently  and  ex- 
tenfively  ufefnl  ;  the  fpeftator  cannot  regard  one  of  his 
portraits,  without  fuppofing  that  he  muft,  or  knowing  that 
he  might,  have  done  many  ;  becaule  he  perceives  that  tlie 
artiit  knew  tiie  point  where  an  high  degree  of  excellence 
might,  with  practical  advantage,  (lop  (hort  of  the  elaborate 
precillon,  and  recondite  beauty  of  executive  detail,  which  is 
difplayed  in  the  portraits  of  Drevet. 

The  following  lilt  contains  the  whole  of  the  works  of 
Houbraken  with  which  we  are  acquainted. 

Portraits  in  Folio. — A  half-length  of  himfelf,  after  Quink- 
hard,  dated  1749  ;  Arnold  Houbraken,  the  father  of  Jacob  ; 
WiUiam  VIH.  landgrave  of  Heffe  Cafill  ;  Jacob  van 
Hoorn,  who  married,  for  the  fourth  time,  at  the  age  of 
ninety-feven,  a  young  woman  of  twenty-three  ;  and  its  com- 
panion, his  laft  wife,  Jacoba  van  Scliled  ;  Albert  Seba,  of 
Erzeel,  in  Ooilfrife,  member  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Curiofities  at  Amllerdam  ;  John  Burmar.n,  doftor  of  me- 
dicine ;  Francis  Burmann,  of  Utrecht,  theologian  ;  Gufta- 
vus  WiUiam,  baron  of  Imhof  ;  Peter  Mufchenbroeck, 
profellor  of  medicine  at  Leyden,  all  after  Quinkhard  ; 
George,  lord  Anfon,  after  J.  Wanderlaar  ;  Ferdinand  van 
Collen,  a  burgomafter  of  Amfterdam  ;  Gerard  Arnoult,  a 
burgomafter  ;  Herman  Alexander  Roell,  theologian,  both 
from  the  fame  painter  ;  Peter  Burman,  profeifor  at  Utrecht, 
after  Herman  vander  My,  or  Myn  ;  Jerome  Gaubius,  a 
phyfician;  John  Conrad  Rucker,  a  juris  confulte,  both  from 
the  fame  painter;  George  I.  king  of  England  ;  Thurlow, 
fecretary  to  Oliver  Cromwell ;  and  Thomas,  lord  Fairfax, 
both  after  Cooper ;  Catherine  Howard,  queen  of  Hen- 
ry Vni.  ;  fir  Thomas  More,  the  chancellor,  both  from 
Holbein,  the  toter  a  Tery  celebrated  engraving  ;  William 
James  Sgravefande,  a  mathematician,  after  Vandyke  ;  Wil- 
liam Ruffell,  duke  of  Bedford,  from  the  fame  painter  ; 
George  Villiers,  duke  of  Buckingham,  after  C.  Johnfon  ; 
Sigbert  Havercamp,  profeffor  at  Leyden,  after  F.  Mieris ; 
Mary  Stuart,  conforl  of  WiUiam  III.  prince  of  Orange, 
after  G.  Nctfcher  ;  John  de  Witt,  grand  penfionary  of  Hoi- 
land,  from  C.  Netfcher  ;  John  Rodolphus  Facfcli,  of  Bafle, 
from  J.  R.  Huber ;  lieutenant-general  Talmafh,  after  fir 
Godfrey  Kneller ;  Anthony,  duke  of  Shaftelbury,  after  fir 
Peter  Lely  ;  Mary  Louila,  of  Helfe  Caffel,  from  B.  Ac- 
cama  ;  Henrietta  Wolters,  from  a  pifture  bv  herfelf;  Cor. 
nelius  Frooft,  the  painter  of  Amfterdam  ;  Jacob  Compo 
Weyerman,  from  C.  Frooft  ;  Nicholas  Verkolie,  from  a 
pifture  bv  himfelf;  Herman  Schyn,  fchoolmaller,  from 
Henrietta  Wolters,  called  Van  Peene,  all  in  quarto ;  Chrif- 
tian  Gottlieb  Glafey,  after  P.  Salice  ;  John  Mannekemolen, 
after  Schouman  ;  the  czar,  Peter  the  Great ;  William  VHL 
landgrave  of  Heffe  Caifel ;  and  William,  prince  of  Orange, 
all  of  folio  dimenlions. 

Hiftorical,  life,  after  C.  Frtiojl. — "  The  Grandmother," 
from  the  cabinet  of  Pinto,  at  Amllerdam,  in  large  folio : 
"  Avarice  deceived,"  from  the  cabinet  of  Vander  Mark,  of 
Leyden,  in  folio  ;  "  The  FelUval  oi  St.  Nicholas,"  from 
the  cabinet  of  Muilman,  at  Amfterdam  ;  "  The  Cymbal 
Player,"  a  grand  compofition,  from  the  cabinet  ot  Vcrf- 
churing  ;  '■  The  Fair  at  Amllerdam,"  from  the  cabinet  of 
Neyman  ;  "  Tartuffe,  the  Iiiipoftor,"  from  the  cabinet  of 
Braamcamps,  all  in  large  folio.  And  the  two  following  for 
the  Drefden  gallery  ;  "  Daniel  Barbaro,"  a  Venetian  noble- 
man, after  P.  Veronefe,  in  ftjio  ;  and  •'  The  Sacrifice  of 
Manoah,"  in  krge  folio,  after  Rembrandt. 

John  van  Vianen,   of  Amfterdam,  was  alfo  a   portrait 
t  2  f  ngrayer^ 


LOW  COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


engravei",  but  of  talents  very  inferior  to  thofe  of  Hou- 
lirakcn.  He  was  born  in  the  year  1660.  He  drew  por- 
traits from  the  life  in  ^  manner  which  has  the  reputation  of 
accuracy,  but  his  ftyb  of  engraving,  though  neat,  is  talle- 
kfs. 

Among  his  portraits  are  thofe  of  John  Turretin,  of  Ge- 
neva ;  Auguflus  Pfeiffcr,  of  Lubec  ;  and  Simon  de  Vries, 
from  drawings  by  Vianen  himfelf ;  and  Frederic  William  I. 
king  of  Prulfia,  in  cameo,  with  ornamental  accompaniments, 
after  J.  Goeree,  all  of  folio  dimenfions. 

Vianen  alfo  engraved  and  publifhed  feveral  views  of  his 
native  city  of  Amllerdam. 

Wilhehn,  or  William  Swidde,  was  born  in  the  province 
of  Holland,  A.D.  1660.  He  probably  iludied  under  one 
of  the  VifTchers.  Soon  after  his  pupillage  he  travelled  to 
Sweden,  where  he  obtained  patronage,  and  where  he  pro- 
bablv  pafTed  the  remainder  of  his  lite. 

He  both  drew  and  engraved  landfcape  in  a  very  pleafing 
ftyle,  in  which  delicacy  is  united  with  fpirit,  and  his  name 
and  works  have  the  honour  of  defcenduig  to  polleruy  with 
thofe  of  PufFendorf,  for  the  firft  edition  of  whofe  hfe  of 
Charles  Gullavus,  of  Sweden,  Swidde  produced  the  engrav- 
ings, and  alfo  for  "  Suecia  Antiqua  et  Hodierna." 

The  reft  of  his  prints  are  generally  found  in  fets,  of  v/hich 
there  is  one,  of  twelve  views  of  towns  and  cities  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Friedand  ;  another  fet  of  fix  beautiful  engravings, 
entitled  "  Verfcheyde  landfcliapjes  feer  aardig  getckent 
door  D.  Dalens,  geetft  door  W.  Swidde,  et  uytgegeven  door 
N.  VilTcher  ;"  and  another  fet  of  iix  mountainous  land- 
fcapes,  with  ruined  edifices,  cattle,  and  figures,  in  fmall 
folio,  alfo  after  Dalens. 

John  de  Leeuw,  the  portrait-engraver,  is  worthy  of  fmall 
notice.  He  was  born  at  the  Hague  foon  after  1660,  and 
was  probably  defcended  from  William  de  Leeuw,  of  whom 
we  have  already  treated. 

Inconjunftion  with  John  Lamfvelt,  he  engraved  the  por- 
'  traits  for  "  The  Hillory  of  Louis  XHL"  by  Michael  le 
Vaffor.  He  alfo  engraved  the  portrait  of  John,  duke  of 
Marlborough,  which  is  infcribed  wuh  the  motto  "  Veni,  Vidi, 
Vici,"  in  folio  ;  a  very  neat  portrait  of  Karolus  Niellius,  in 
quarto  ;   Jofeph  Juftus  Scaliger  ;  and  Cowley,  the  poet. 

Robert  van  Audenaerd,  or  Oudenord,  was  born  at  Ghent, 
A.D.  1O6;.  The  name  is  provincial,  and  means  literally 
of  OudcntrJ,  of  which  place  the  father  of  our  artift  is  be- 
heved  to  have  been  a  native. 

Robert  applied  himfelf  to  the  fludy  of  art  at  a  very  early 
period  of  life,  under  the  direftion  of  Van  Cleef,  and  other 
Flcmifh  mailers.  He  afterwards  travelled  to  Rome  for  im- 
provement, and  was  received  into  the  Academy  of  Carlo 
Maratti. 

At  this  period  he  is  fpoken  of  with  praife  as  a  painter  ; 
but  we  ihall  here  confidcr  him  only  as  an  engraver.  His 
early  progrefs  in  the  latter  art,  was  interrupted  by  an  aft 
of  profeflicnal  indifcretion,  which  is  thus  related  by  Strutt. 
"  He  frequently  ufcd  to  amufe  himfelf  at  his  leiture  with 
the  point ;  and  being  pleafed,  as  it  fhould  feem,  with  a 
fl<etch  of  his  matter,  reprefenting  the  marriage  of  the  Vir- 
gin, he  etched  a  plate  from  it,  of  which  Carlo  Maratti  knew 
nothing,  until  the  impreffions  being  circulated  about,  he 
accidently  faw  one  of  them  in  a  print-fhop,  and  by  enquiry, 
foon  difcovered  its  author.  Audenaerd  telt  fevorely  the 
effefts  of  his  refeiitment,  which  he  carried  to  fuch  an  height, 
that  he  forbade  him  to  approach  hi;;  fchool,  declaring  he 
would  never  fee  his  face  again."  Maratti,  however,  though 
warrm  in  his  refcntment,  was  not  implacable,  and  the  prefent 
writer  would  willingly  afcribe  the  reconciliation  which  aftcr- 
VoL.  XXL 


ward  took  place  between  the  mafter  and  difciple,  to  the 
interceflion  of  Giaconio  Frey. 

Frey  (as  we  have  relatpd  in  our  biography  of  that  very 
diftinguiitied  artift),  was  the  liberal  friend  and  fellow  ftu- 
dent  of  Audenaerd,  and  with  the  energy  and  indifcretion, 
poifeffed  the  gcnerolity,  of  genius  ;  every  principle  of  fym- 
pathy  muft,  tlicrefore,  have  operated  with  him  in  obtaining 
the  forgivcnefs  of  his  mafter,  and  the  return  of  his  friend. 

It  fcems  not  improbable  that  the  alliduity  of  Audenaerd 
was  quickened  by  this  occurrence,  for  he  foon  made  fo  great 
progrefs  in  engravmg,  that  Maratti  was  extremely  pleafed, 
poured  forth  his  inward  feelings  relpecting  his  art,  ere  they 
were  mcilowwd  into  principle,  in  the  prefence  of  his  two 
favourite  pupils  ;  and  many  of  h.is  belt  piAures  were,  at 
his  own  inrtance,  put  into  the  hands  af  Audenaerd  to  en- 
grave. In  particular,  it  was  by  his  recommendation,  which 
has  fince  been  perceived  to  have  its  foundation  in  the  foundeil 
theory,  that  the  two  fellow- Undents  learned  to  incorporate 
fo  large  a  portion  of  etching  as  we  behold  in  their  hiftorical 
prints,  with  the  work  of  the  graver. 

On  tliis  point,  Strutt  judicioufly  fays,  "  the  plates  which 
were  done  by  this  artilt  entirely  with  the  graver,  are  not 
equal,  in  my  opinion,  to  thole  where  he  alfo  ufed  the  point ; 
they  arc  cold  and  dellitute  of  effeft,  and  often,  from  his 
great  folicitude  to  avoid  an  outline,  his  draperies  appear 
heavy,  and  want  (liarpnefs  in  the  folds.  The  fame  heavinefs 
appears  alfo  in  his  heads  and  other  extremities,  and  all  the 
naked  parts  of  the  figure  in  general,  as  I  thmk,  will  readily 
be  allowed  on  examination  of  that,  which  reprefents  "  The 
Affumption  of  the  Virgin,"  from  Carlo  Maratti,  a  middling- 
fized  upright  plate,  vvith  this  infcription,  "  Quafi  aurora 
confurgens  ;"  whigli,  if  compared  with  the  flight  etching 
of  "  Hagar  and  Khmael,"  from  the  fame  mafter,  I  think  the 
fpirit  of  the  latter  will  well  repay  the  want  of  that  neatnefs 
which  is  found  in  the  former.  Audenaerd  certainly  poifefied 
great  knowledge  of  the  human  figure,  and  his  drawing  is  fel- 
dom  incorreft." 

During  his  ftay  in  Italy,  cardinal  Barbarigo,  with  be- 
coming regard  for  the  fame  of  his  anceftry,  engaged  our 
artift  to  engrave  the  portraits  of  the  dillinguiftied  men  of 
that  family,  with  emblematical  accompaniments. 

The  work  confifts  of  one  luuidred  and  fixty-five  plates, 
and  for  fome  years  remained  imperfect  on  account  of  the 
death  of  the  cardinal,  but  at  length  the  five  plates  which 
were  wanting  to  its  completion,  were  engraved  at  the  expence 
of  one  of  his  defcendants,  and  the  work  appeared  at  Padua, 
in  large  folio,  accompanied  by  certain  Latin  poetry,  in  the 
year  1762  ;  fince  which  period  it  has  been  fold  at  the  Bar- 
barigo palace,  at  the  price  of  twelve  fequins. 

After  i-efiding  feventeen  years  in  Italy,  Audenaerd  re- 
turned to  his  native  city,  where  he  died  in  1743,  being 
fourfcore  years  of  age.  Wc  fabjoin  a  lift  of  his  belt 
engravings. 

Portraits. — Cardinal  SacrilTanti ;  cardinal  Turufi  ;  and 
cardinal  Ottoboni,  all  from  J.  B.  Gauli ;  cardinal  Francis 
Barbarini,  alter  Carlo  Maratti ;  cardinal  Henry  de  hi 
Grange  d'Arquien,  aftei;  Defpontes;  cardinal  Jofepk 
d'Archinto  ;  cardinal  Andrea  di  Santa  Croce,  both  from 
Jofeph  Pafleri ;  and  father  Francis  Caraccioh,  worftiippiiisj 
the  facrament,  after  And.  Procaccini,  all  of  folio  fize. 

Hijlorkal,  ISc.  after  Carlo  Alaratli.—"  Hagar  in  the 
Defart ;"  "  Abraham  oifering  his  Son  Ifaac  ;"  "  Abra- 
ham's Servant  meeting  Rebecca  ;"  "  David  with  Goliah's 
Head;"  "The  Celebration  of  the  Victory  of  David;"' 
"  Bathiheb^  at  the  Bath  ;"  "  The  Annunciation  ;"  "  Thi? 
Adoration  of  the  Magi,"  an  etching  ;  "  The  Flight  inlu 
Egypt ;"  "  A  Repofe  during  the  Flight  into  Egypt,"  all 
3X  13 


LOW   COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 

'n  folio  ;  "  Chrill  on  the  Mount  of  Olives,"  in  large  folio ;  Peter  van  Giinft  was  born  at  Amfterdnm  in  the  year  1667. 
*'  Chrid  on  the  Crofs  ;"  "  The  Body  of  Chrift  on  the  Knees  This  artill  poffcned  infinitely  more  patience  than  good  tafte. 
"of  his  Mother,"  accompanied  by  St.  John  and  the  holy  He  worked  with  the  graver  only,  in  a  ftyle  which  feems 
women  ;  "  The  Death  of  the  Virgin  ;"  "  The  Aflumption  evidently  formed  upon  the  works  of  the  Drevets.  His  firft 
of  the  Virgin,"  after  a  picture  in  the  cathedral  of  Urbino,  and  fecond  courfes  of  lines  are  eijiially  neat,  and  equally 
all  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Death  of  St.  Jofeph,"  an  etching  powerful,  which  gives  them  a  cold,  filvery  effeiS.  The 
in  folio;  "The  Virgin  diftributing  the  Rofary  to  the  folds  of  his  draperies,  though  not  ill  drawn,  are  marked  too 
Nuns,"  commonly  called  "  Our  Lady  of  the  Rofary  ;"  harlhly,  efpecially  upon  the  outlines  of  the  lighter  parts  of 
"  The  penitent  Magdalen  ;"  "  The  Martyrdom  of  St.  them.  His  flefh  is  generally  extremely  neat,  and  linilhed 
Blaife;"  "  St.  Anthony  of  Padna  kiffing  the  Foot  of  the  with  fmall  dots;  but  the  lights  are  too  much  covered, 
Infant  Saviour ;"  "St.  Philip  of  Neri ;"  "  James  I.  king  which  makes  them  appear  heavy  and  laboured  ;  and  he  drew 
of  Italy,  received  among  the  Gods  ;"  "  The  finding  of  Ro-  but  incorreftly.  His  portraits  are  by  far  the  bell,  as  well 
mulu6  and  Remus,"  all  in  large  foho ;  "  Daphne  purfued  as  the  molt  numerous  of  his  works ;  but  they  arc,  in  a  great 
by  Apollo,"  after  a  pifture  in  the  cabinet  of  the  king  of  meafure,  liable  to  the  fame  objeftions  as  his  hillorical  tub- 
France,  on  two  large  plates.  jefts.     The  following  are  feleCted  from  his  works,  as  being 

Hijiorical,  i^c    after  ■various  Italian  Majlers. — "  The  Na-  of  the  mod  importance  : 

tivity  of  our  Savionr,"  after  P.  da  Cortona,  in  large  folio  ;  Portraits.  —  Urbain  Cherreau,  from  John  Petitot.     This 

a  fet  of  five  etchings  from  "  The  Life  of  St.  Bibiene,"   the  i.s  believed  to  be  the  only  print  engraved  after  that  mailer, 

fourth  and  fifth  are  from  ftatues  by  Bernini,  the  remainder  who  was  a  celebrated  enaiiiel  painter.     Cornelius  de  Witt ; 


from  P.  da  Cortona  ;  a  group  of  "  Atalanta  and  Hippo- 
mene,"  after  Bernini ;  "  The  Rape  of  the  Sabines,"  from 
John  de  Bologna ;  "  St.  de  Facunda,"  after  Hiac.  Brandi, 
all  in  folio  ;  "  The  Birth  of  the  Virgin,"  from  Annib.  Ca- 
racci ;  "  The  Flagellation,"  and  "  Supplication  of  St. 
Andrew,"  both  in  large  folio;  and  "  St.  Andrew  tranf- 
ported  to  Heaven,"  in  folio,  all  from  Dominichino  ;  "  The 
Holy  Family,  with  St.  Lvike  painting  the  Portrait  of  the 
Virgin  Mary,"  after  M.  A.  Francefchini  of  Bologna  ; 
"  The  Anger  of  Achilles,"  a  large  engraving  on  three 
plates,  dedicated  to  pope  Innocent  XI I.,  and  after  J.  B. 
Gauli ;  and  a  very  rare  and  large  engraving  of  an  allegorical 
thefis,  in  which  the  fame  pope  appears  feated  on  a  throne, 
or  m  the  cliair  of  St.  Peter,  overcoming  herefy,  &c.  :  it 
alludes  alfo  to  the  converfion  of  Frederic  Auguftus,  and 
contains  medallions  of  that  prince  and  queen  Chriflina  of 
Sweden. 

Arnold  van  Wefterhout  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the  year 
1666.  After  learning  the  rudiments  of  en^jraving  of  his 
father,  he  journeyed  to  Italy,  and  remained  for  fome  time 
at  Florence,  ftudying  his  art  under  the  patronage  of  the 
archduke  Ferdinand,  from  wlience  he  removed  to  Rome,  in 
which  metropolis  he  remained  till  the  year  1730,  which  was 
that  of  his  death.  His  plates  are  executed  with  the  graver 
only,  in  a  neat,  clear  ftyle  ;  but  his  chiarofcuro  is  feeble, 
and  the  outlines  of  his  figures  are  not  always  correft.  He 
engraved  a  confiderable  number  of  plates  from  his  own  com- 
pofitions,  and  fome  few  after  other  mailers,  among  which 
the  following  are  mod  worthy  of  attention. 

Portraits. — Michael  Angelo  Zamburinus,  fuperior  of  the 
Jefuits,  after  Odati ;  Julius  de  Arrighettis,  fuperior  of  the 
order  of  the  Servites,  after  Dio.  Godin,  both  in  4to. ;  car- 
dinal James  Antony  Moriga,  after  L.  David  ;  and  prince 
Rofpoli,  in  an  oval,  from  the  fame  painter,  both  in  folio. 

Hijiorical.,  (jfc.  after  various  Majlers. — "  St.  Peter  No*' 
lafque  borne  through  the  Clouds  by  two  Angels,"  and 
"  ViAory,"  both  from  his  own  compofitions ;  a  female, 
vnth.  a  unicorn,  in  a  landfcape  back-ground,  after  Caracci, 
in  4to. ;  "  The  Defcent  from  the  Crofs,"  after  Daniel  de 
Volterra,  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Virgin  and  Child,"  after 
Carlo  Maratti ;   "  St.  Paul  preaching  at  Athens,"  after  J 


Charles  de  St.  Evremond,  after  Parmentier,  all  m  410. ; 
Balthafar  Bekkcr  of  Amftcrdam,  author  of  the  Enchanted 
World,  after  Webber ;  Jahacob  Saporteu,  a  famous  rabbi 
of  Amfterdam  ;  Francis  Valentine  of  Dordrecht,  an  eccle- 
fiallic,  after  A.  Houbraken  ;  Frederic  Dekker,  doftor  of 
medicine  at  Leyden,  after  C.  de  Moor,  all  of  folio  dimen- 
fions  ;  Salomon  van  Til,  theologian,  from  the  fame  painter, 
in  large  folio  ;  Hero  Siberfma,  a  clergyman  of  Amlterdam, 
from  Bo'Jaud;  John  William  Trifo,  prince  of  Naflau,  after 
B.  Vaillant ;  Boris,  prince  of  Kurakin,  miniller  of  the 
Ruffian  dates,  after  Kneller ;  Didier  Erafmus  of  Rotter- 
dam, after  Holbein  ;  Mary,  queen  of  England,  after  Van- 
der  Werff ;  Mary  Stuart,  queen  of  Scotland  ;  Frederic, 
palatine,  king  ol  Bohemia ;  Elizabeth,  his  queen  ;  James  I. 
of  Great  Britain  ;  Hugh  Latimer,  bilhop  of  Worceder  ; 
Francis  Junius,  painter  and  author,  all  after  Vander  Werff; 
head  of  William  III.  of  England,  after  J.  Brandon,  all  of 
folio  fize ;  Charles  II.  of  England,  after  F.  Stampart,  in 
large_ folio;  John  Chiuxhill,  duke  of  Marlborough,  after 
Vander  Werff;  a  ftt  of  ten  portraits,  of  Charles  I.,  his 
queen,  and  the  Englifh  nobihty  of  both  fexes  of  his  court, 
whole  length  figures  from  Vandyke  ;  and  a  fet  of  nine,  of 
"  the  Loves  of  the  Gods,"  after  Titian,  all  in  large  folio. 
The  fame  fet  was  engraved  in  mezzotinto  by  J.  Smith. 

Bonaventura  Overbeck,  furnamed  Romulus,  was  born  at 
Amderdam  in  the  year  1667,  and  died  in  the  fame  city  in 
1706.  He  was  the  difciple  of  G.  LairefTe,  and  publiihed 
three  folio  volumes,  (entitled  "  Rehquise  antiqua:  Urbis 
Romx,")  of  the  antiquities  of  Rome;  to  whicli  city  he 
travelled  three  times,  to  make  the  neceflary  dudies  from 
nature,  after  which  his  plates  were  etched  :  and  hence  he 
obtained  the  cognomen  of  Romulus.  His  engravings  are 
much  admired  for  their  firmnefs  of  ftyle,  and  judicious  dif- 
tribution  of  light  and  fhade,  and  were  publifhed  at  Rome 
in  the  year  1709;  but  prefumptively  there  was  an  earlier 
edition. 

Ifaac  Mouchcron  was  likewife  a  native  of  Anifterdam, 
and  born  in  the  year  1670.  He  was  the  fon  of  Frederic 
Moucheron,  an  admirable  landfcape  painter,  of  whom  he 
learned  the  rudimental  principles  of  art ;  but  at  the  age  of 
twenty-four,  travelled  to  Rome  for  improvement,  where  he 


B.  Lenardi ;  "  The  Mufes  protefting  the  Monuments  of  made  a  great  many  drawings  of  Tivoh,  and  other  places  in 

fine  Art  from  the  Ravages  of  Time,"  all  in  folio,  from  the  and  about  Rome.     After  his  return  to  Amftcrdam,  he  foon 

fame  painter ;  "  The  Elevation  of  Virtue,  and  DeprcfTion  became  known  by  his  excellent  lansJfcapes,  enriched  with 

of  Vice,"  dedicated  to  Lazari  Pallavicini,  in  large  folio;  figures  and  animals,  which  are  held  in   the  highed  edima- 

"  A  Woman  kneeling,  crowning  an  Eagle,  accompanied  by  tion.     This  artijt  executed  a  confiderable  number  of  etch- 

Pegafus,"  perhaps  the  mufe  of  Pindar,  after  S.  David,  in  ii^gs,  in  a  very  delicate  dyle ;  the  moft  important  of  which 

folio.                                             ,  are  a  fet  of  twenty-fix  folio  plates,   entitled  "  Views  of 

2  Heemlled, 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


Heemfted,  in  the  Province  of  Utrecht,  drawn  and  engraved 
by  J.  Moucheron,  and  publiflied  by  the  Widow  of  Nicholas 
Viflcher,  with  the  Permifiion  of  the  States  General." 
They  arc  accompanied  with  French  and  German  letter-prcfs. 
Four  garden  views,  with  ruins  and  ii^urcs  in  the  antique 
ftyle ;  another  fct  of  four,  of  the  fame  character,  in  large 
folio,  from  his  own  drawings ;  four  hmdfcapes,  with  build- 
ings and  figures,  entitled  "  Einige  Landfchapen,  gefchildert 
door  G.  Pouflin  in  Ronien,  in  t'Koper  gebracht  door  J. 
Moucheron  in  Amilerdam,"  in  foho  ;  and  a  landfcape,  men- 
tioned by  Baflan,  of  which  we  know  neither  the  title  nor 
defcription. 

Matthew  Pool  was  born  at  Amfterdam  in  the  year  1 670, 
but  ftudied  engraving  at  Paris,  where  he  refided  for  fome 
years.  He  afterwards  returned  to  his  native  comitry,  where 
he  married  the  daughter  of  Barent  Graat,  and  engraved  a 
confiderable  number  of  plates  after  various  mailers,  in  a 
ftyle  refembling  that  of  Bernard  Picart.  The  moll  im- 
portant of  his  engravings  arc  as  follows  :  Petrus  Hogen- 
betius,  phyfician  and  poet  ;  Barent  Graat,  the  father-in-law 
of  our  artill ;  "  Jupiter  fuckled  by  the  Goat  Amalthea," 
fifter  B.  Graat,  all  in  folio;  "  Cupid  caught  in  a  Net  by 
Time,"  after  Guerchino,  in  an  oval ;  a  bacchanalian  fub- 
'jeft,  after  Pouffin  ;  a  fet  of  twelve,  after  Rembrandt,  all  in 
4to  ;  a  fet  of  one  hundred  and  three,  entitled  "  The  Cabinet 
of  the  Art  of  Sculpture,  by  Van  Boffuet,  engraven  by  M. 
Pool,  from  the  Dra,wings  of  B.  Graat,"  in  folio;  and  the 
three  large  burlefque  reprefentations  of  the  ceremonies  prac- 
tifed  by  the  Dutch  painters  at  Rome,  on  the  reception  of 
a  member  into  the  fociety,  called  "  Schilderbent,"  from 
drawings  by  Barent  Graat,  after  the  original  piftures  by 
Dominique  van  Wynen,  all  in  large  folio. 

James  Coelmans  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  the  year  1670, 
and  died  at  Aix,  in  Provence,  in  175^.  He  was  the  dilciple 
of  Cornelius  Vermeulen,  and  was  invited  to  Aix  by  M.  de 
Boyer  d'Aguilles,  to  engrave  his  collcftion  of  piftufes,  in 
conjuniftion  with  Sebaftian  Barras.  This  fet  of  engravings 
was  finidied  A.D.  1709,  but  was  not  publilhed  till  1744. 
It  is  the  moil  confiderable,  and  the  bell  of  the  works  of 
Coelmans,  though  the  plates  are  executed  chiefly  with  the 
graver,  in  a  dark  heavy  ftyle,  deftitute  of  harmony. 

The  drawing  of  the  naked  parts  of  the  human  figure  is 
defective,  and  the  exprefiion  of  the  heads  is  likcwife  but 
poor.  The  fet  of  engravings  above  mentioned,  conl'ift  of 
one  hundred  and  eighteen,  from  which  the  following  are 
felefted  as  being  the  moft  important. 

Portraits. — Donna  Olympia  Maldachini  ;  the  niece  of 
pope  Innocent  X.  from  a  picture  by  Jofephin  ;  the  miilrefs 
of  Alexander  Varotari,  furnamcd  Veronefe,  from  a  piclure 
by  that  painter,  both  in  quarto  ;  a  head  of  Paul  Veroneie, 
painted  by  himfelf,  in  folio  ;  Qonradus  Ruten,  from  Bronk- 
horft,  in  quarto  ;  Francis  de  Malherbe,  after  Finl'onius 
Belga ;  Vmcent  Boyer,  comte  d'Aguilles,  Sec.  from  a 
picture  by  le  Grand ;  and  John  Batifta  Boyer,  comte 
d'Aguilles,  &c.  after  Plyacinthus  Rigaud,  all  of  folio 
dimenfions. 

HifloricaU  yc  — "  The  Holy  Family,"  with  a  landfcape 
back-ground,  from  F.  Maflbli  Parmenfis,  in  large  folio ; 
"  St.  Dominique  pafiing  the  Holy  Writings  through  the 
Fire,  without  damaging  them,"  after  Fr.  Vanni  ;  "  The 
firft  Interview  of  Rachael  and  Jacob,"  after  Michael  An- 
--elo  ;  and  its  companion  "  Laban  recompenfing  Jacob  with 
Rachael,"  from  the  lame  painter;  "  Jacob  quitting  Laban," 
a  fine  compofition,  after  Caftiglione  ;  a  very  rich  compoli- 
tion  of  rauficians,  dancers,  drinkers,  &c.  furrounded  with 
whatever-can  add  to  the  luxury  and  fupport  ot  mankind, 
infcribed  "  Omnia  vanitas,"  from  the  fame  painter;  "  Diana 


and  Aftseon,"  from  Otlovasnius,  all  of  large  folio  Cze  ; 
"  Lot  and  his  Daughters  flying  from  Sodom,"  after  Ru- 
bens, in  folio  ;  the  interior  of  a  Gothic  church,  with 
figures,  after  Stcenwyck,  in  quarto  ;  "  A  Satyr  drinking 
from  a  Vafe,  which  is  fupported  by  a  Cupid,"  accompanied 
by  a  nymph,  who  feems  to  fay,  that  is  enough  !  and  \% 
probably  intended  for  Temperance,  after  Pouflin  ;  "  The 
Martyrdom  of  St.  Bartholomew,"  after  Seb.  Bourdon  ; 
"  Mount  Parnaftus,"  a  rich  compofition,  from  Euftace  ie 
Sueur,  all  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Flight  into  Egypt,"  after 
P.  Puget  ;  "  The  Murder  of  the  Innocents,"  from  Claude 
Spierrc,  both  in  folio  ;  and  a  head  of  ''  The  Holy  Virgin," 
after  Seb.  Barras,  in  large  quarto. 

Albert  Haelwegh  was  a  native  of  the  Netherlands,  and 
born  about  the  year  1670.  In  1690,  he  refided  at  Copen- 
hagen ;  but  was  afterwards  invited  to  Denmark,  where  he 
engraved  a  confiderable  number  of  portraits,  in  a  ftiff",  dark 
ftyle,  but  which,  for  fome  reafon  with  which  we  are  not 
acquainted,  are  collefted  with  fome  degree  of  avidity  by 
the  foreign  connoilTeurs.  Of  the  works  of  Haelwegh,  the 
following  are  moft  worthy  of  notice  ;  Louis,  landgrave  of 
Hefle  Caffel,  from  S.  Duarte;  Joachim  de  Gerfdorf,  of 
Synbyholm  ;  Otten  Krag  de  Woldberg ;  Gundee  Rofen- 
krantz  de  Winding ;  Frederick  Ratz  de  Tygeilrup  ; 
Peter  de  Reetz  de  Tygeftrup  ;  and  Magnus  Kaas  de  S'of- 
ring,  all  Danifh  fenators,  from  Albert  Wachters,  in  folio  ; 
Sophia  Amelia,  queen  of  X)enmark  and  Norway,  in  large 
folio  ;  Chrillian,  count  de  Rantzou,  earl  of  Brandenbourg, 
a  fine  portrait,  in  large  folio,  both  from  the  fame  pain'er ; 
the  frontifpiece  to  the  "  Flora  Danica"  of  Simonis  Pauli, 
with  a  portrait  of  the  author,  after  Carl  van  Mander,  in 
quarto  ;  and  "  The  Four  Seafous,"  from  the  fame  painter, 
alfo  in  quarto. 

Francis  Pilfen  was  born  at  Ghent  in  the  year  1676, 
and  became  the  pupil  of  Robert  van  Audenaerd.  There 
are  very  few  prints  by  the  hand  of  this  artift,  ai.id  the  fol- 
lowing are  all  we  can  fpecify.  "  The  Holy  Virgin  fuck- 
ling  the  Infant  Chrift,"  after  Rubens,  in  odtavo ;  "The 
Converfion  of  St.  Bavon,"  a  grand  compofition,  arched  at 
the  top,  after  Rubens,  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Judgment  of 
Midas,"  after  the  fame  painter  ;  and  "  The  Martyrdom  of 
St.  Blaize,"  from  Gafpar  de  Crayer,  both  in  folio. 

Abraham  Rademacker  was  born  at  Amfterdam,  A.D. 
1675,  and  died  at  Haerlem  in  1735.  He  became  an  ex- 
cellent landfcape  painter  and  engraver,  without  any  in- 
ftructions,  having  never  ftudied  under  any  mafter. 

Rademacker  drew  in  Indian  ink,  and  painted  in  diftem- 
per,  many  views  in  Holland,  which  he  embellifhed  with 
figures  and  animals ;  he  alfo  etched  a  colleftion  of  views  in 
the  United  Provinces,  in  a  very  niafterly  ftyle  ;  it  con- 
tains three  hundred  prints,  and  was  pubhft.ed  at  Amfter- 
dam in  1 73 1,  in  two  quarto  volumes. 

Francis  Harrewin  was  born  at  Bruflels  in  the  year  i68i. 
He  was  the  difciple  of  Romyn  le  Hooghe,  and  engraved  a 
confiderable  number  of  plates  from  his  own  compoiltions, 
and  thofe  of  other  mafters.  Among  his  works  is  a  fet  of 
the  caftles  and  villas,  for  le  Roy's  account  of  the  Brabant 
family,  which  was  pubhftied  in  1699;  and  alfo  the  follow, 
ing  portraits  of  Henry  de  Lorraine,  duke  of  Guife  ;  Mar- 
garite  de  Valois,  both  in  odtavo ;  Albert,  archduke  of 
Auftria,  a  whole  length  figure  at  prater  with  St.  James; 
its  companion  Ifabclla,  infanta  of  Spain,  alfo  kneehng, 
while  St.  Margaret  is  prefenting  her  with  a  wreath  of 
flowers,  both  very  rare  prints  in  large  folio,  and  after  Ru- 
bens. Two  folio  views  ot  the  houfe  of  fir  P.  P.  Rubens,  at 
Antwerp,  after  Van  Croes,  may  alfo  be  reckoned  among 
the  beft  produdions  of  Harrewin. 

3X2  Francis 


LOW   COUNTRIES,  ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


Francis  Je  Wilde  was  a  native  of  Holland,  born  fome  and  was  fo  much  iiiterelled  in  the  general  profperity  of  the 
time  about  the  year  1680;  according  to  Hiiber,  but  pro-  fine  arts  of  his  native  country,  that  he  became  one  of  the 
bably  at  a  fomewhut  earlier  period,  fince  the  etchings  of  mod  diftinguifhed  and  ilrenuous  advocates  in  Amflerdam  for 
his  daughter  were  publifhed  in  170^.  He  refidcd  at  the  creftion  of  a  public  drawing  academy  in  that  city. 
Amllerdam,  where  he  etched  and  publilhed  "  The  Angels  Wandtlaar  paid  great  attention  to  the  (ludy  of  anatomy, and 
appearing  to  Abraham;"  "  The  Birth,"  or  "  Triumph  of  was  acquainted  with  the  three  greateil  anatomical  profefTors  of 
Venus  ;"  views,  of  a  fea-port,  and  the  city  of  Chalons,  the  age,  namely  Ruyfch,  Kant,  and  Albinus,  for  the  great 
a  landfcape  with  reapers,  and  fome  few  other  fubjedts,  both  work  of  the  latter  of  whom  he  engraved  the  large  anatomical 
hiftorical  and  landfcape,  which  are  believed  to  be  all  from  figures,  fo  much  and  fo  juftly  admired.  They  were  drawn 
kis  own  compofitions.  His  etchings  are  performed  in  a  from  the  fubjeCts  themfelves  by  Wandelaar  under  the  infpec- 
pleafmg  and  fpirited  (lyle,  and  the  above  were  publidied  tion  of  Albinus,  who  appears  to  have  directed  him,  though, 
early  in  the  eighteenth  century.  copying  from  dead    and    flayed    fubjcifls,  to  f.vell   out    the 

De  Wilde  aifo  acquired  fome  celebrity  by  his  colleftion  mufcles  to  the  natural  plumpnefs  of  living  and  ftrong  men. 
of  antique  gems,  which  were  etched  by  his  daughter  Mary,  The  plates  are  engraved  m  a  clear  llyle,  well  adapted  to  the 
on  fifty  quarto  plates,  and  publilhed  at  Amilcrdam,  in  the  occafion,  and  were  firft  pnbliihed  in  the  year  1  74.7.  The 
year  which  is  mentioned  above.  work  appeared  under  the  title  of  "  Tabiilas  fcclcti  et  mufcu- 

.Fiihu  Admiral,  or  P Admiral,  was  born  at  Leyden,  A.D.  lorum  corporis  hmnani,"  and  was  foo.c  tranflated  iiuo 
16S0.  Under  whom  he  ftudied  is  not  known,  but  his  in-  Englifh,  and  the  plates  copied  by  Grignion,  Raveiict, 
genuity  was  very  confiderable,  and  he  employed  much  of  Scotin,  and  otliers.  Wandelaar  likcwifc  painted  portraits  on 
his  lime  in  engraving  natural  hiftory  and  anatomy.  The  pafteboard ;  and  drew  with  great  ability  in  red  and  black 
anatomical  plates  which  he  engraved  for  the  work  of  the  chalks,  frequently  copying  the  pi£tureo  of  the  old  mailers, 
celebrated  Ruyfch  are  held  in  great  cftimation,  and  his  The  following  engravings  alfo  are  by  him.  A  fct  of  twelve 
other  mod  important  work  is  engraved  from  liis  own  cabinet  quarto  plates,  of  "  The  Bir-h,  Life,  and  Death  of  Our 
of  infefts,  tcvcolleft  and  arrange  which  occupied  thirty  years  Saviour;''  the  portrait  of  Herman  Bocrhaave,  profeflTor  of 
of  his  life,  excepting  that  portion  of  his  time  which  was  medicine  at  the  Leyden  academy,  in  folio  :  and  two  oftavo 
necefiarily  fpent  in  his  profellional  purfuits  as  an  engraver,  plates  of  "  The  Grand  Emir  and  his  Wife  ;  or  King  and 
This  colkftion  was  engraved  on  tv/enty-four  plates,   and     Queen  of  the  wandering  Arabs." 

publiflied  by  I'Admiral  himfelf  in  1746.  Jacob  Folkema  was  born    at  Docknm,  in  Friefland,  in 

A.  van  der  Laan  was  born  at  Utrecht  in  the  year  1690.  the  year  1692,  and  eilablillied  himfelf  at  Amllerdam,  v.here 
He  travelled  to  France,  and  remained  there  fome  years,  he  died  A. i).  1767.  He  ftudied  engraving  under  his  father, 
during  whicli  time  he  was  chiefly  employed  by  the  Parilian  and  produced  a  great  number  of  plates,  of  which  fome  are 
bookfellers.  afcer  Picart,  and  others  from  his  own  compofitions.     They 

The  moll  confiderable  work  we  have  by  this  artift,  is  a  confiil  chiefly  in  fuiall  portraits,  and  vignettes  for  books, 
fet  of  landfcapes,  many  of  which  are  of  the  heroic  and  This  artift  had  a  filler  Anne,  who  painted  miniatures  with 
clafiical  fubjcfts  which  were  painted  and  drawn  in  Germany  fome  fuccefs  ;  and  likewlfe  made  fome  few  etchings, 
and  Italy,  by  Polydore.  They  are  etched  in  a  very  deli-  The  moll  cfteemed  of  the  engravings  of  Folkema  are,  an 
cate  ilyle,  but  on  clofer  examination  they  appear  to  want  emblematical  fubjecl  on  the  death  of  the  prince  of  Orange, 
precifion.  William  IV.  ;   "  Time  unveiling  a  Bull  of  Francis  Rnbelais," 

This  artift  alfo  engraved  a  good  number  of  plates  after  furrounded  with  allegorical  figures,  in  quarto,  an  odd  coin- 
Van  der  Meulen,  among  which  are  the  frontilpiece  for  pofition.  A  lion  and  dog  llceping  ;  and  its  companion,  a 
Ryer's  Alcoran,  in  quarto  ;  the  portraits  of  Lawrence  lion  and  cat  fleeping,  in  fclio.  The  portraits  of  Michael 
Coft.er  of  Haerleni,  in  folio  ;  a  burlefque  hunt  ot  dwarfs,  Cervantes  de  Saavt-dra,  from  G.  Kort ;  John  Ens,  pro- 
in  large  folio ;  and  two  large  folio  plates  of  "  The  Vv'hale  felTor  of  theology  at  Utrecht,  after  Colla  ;  Petrus  de  Maf- 
Fifiiery."  tricht,  profelTor  of  theology  at    Frankfort,  from  the  fame 

Peter  Bout  was  a  native  of  Bruflels,  and  was  born  painter;  Humphry  Prideaux,  dean  of  Norwich,  after  E. 
in  the  ye.ir  1690.  He  painted  converfational  fubjefts,  Seeman  jun.  all  in  quarto.;  Snethlagius,  an  eccleliaftic  of 
and  always  introduced  the  figures  in  the  landfcapes  of  Amflerdam,  from  Anne  Folkema,  in  folio;  and  "  The 
Bodevvyns.  There  are  fome  flight  etchings  by  the  hand  Martyrdom  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,"  in  large  folio,  after 
of  this  artift,  from  his  own  compofitions  ;  among  which  Nicolo  del  Abbale,  for  the  Drefden  colledtion. 
the  following  are  the  moil  important.  A  fet  of  four  land-  Jacob  de  Wit  was  born  at  Anifterdam  in  the  year  1695', 
icapes,  two  of  which  are  winter  fcenes  with  ikaiters,  the  and  died  in  the  fame  city  in  1754.  He  was  fucceflively  the 
third  a  poll  chaife  flopping  at  the  door  of  an  inn,  and  the  difciple  of  Albert  Spires,  a  portrait  painter,  and  Jacob  van 
fourth  is  a  marine  fubjeft,!  n  folio.  Halen,  an  hiftorical  painter,  but  he  greatly  conduced  to  his 

A.  F.  Bargas  was  the  countryman  and  contemporary  of  own  improvement,  by  Iludying  the  piftures  of  Vandyke  and 
Bout.     He  executed  fome  few  etchings- of  landfcapes  in   a     Rubens.     De  Wit  painted  hillory,  and  excelled  in  painting 


in  imitation  of  bronze  and  marble  baflTo -relievo.      In  the  year 
171  2,  which  muft  have  been  while  he  was  yet  a  youth  of 


free  and  fpirited  ftyle,  both  from  his  own  compofitions  and 

thofe  of  P.  Bout ;  which  he  ulually  marked  with  the  letters 

A.  F.  CO-   biued  in  a  cypher,  and  placed  before  his  name. 

Among  thefe  are  a  fet  of  fix  views  of  towns,  villages,  &c. 

embelhflied  with  figures  from  his  own  defigns  ;  and  a  fet  of    or  aflifted    Punt  in  engraving.     He  likewife  et 

four  after  P.  Bout,  fiz.    "  A  Fi(h  Market ;"  "  The  Bride     other  plates  in  a  free  intelligent  ftyle,  among  whicl 


feventeen,  he  made  drawings  from  the  ceilings  in  the  Jcfuits' 
church  at  Antwerp,  by  Rubens,  fome  of  which  he  engraved, 

~"    "    "  "     died  a  few 

h  are  "  The 


conducted  to  Church ;"  "  A  Country  Wedding  ;'"  and 
"  A  Village  Fair,"  all  of  folio  dimenfious.  This  laft  fet  was 
publifhed,  both  with  and  without  the  names  of  the  artifts. 

John  Wanderlaar,  or  Wandelaar,  was    born  at  Anifter- 
dam  in  the  year  1692.     He  ftudied  the  principles  of  draw- 


Floly  Virgin  and  Infant  Saviour,"  in  fmal!  quarto  ;  and  a 
fet  of  four  of  groups  of  cupids  and  genii,  varioufly  en- 
gaged, in  large  quarto  ;  the  latter  fet  are  probably  his  very 
bell  produftions  in  this  art. 

John  Punt  was  born  at  Amflerdam  in  the  year  1 7 1 1 .     He 


ing  and  engraving  under  Folkema  and  WiUiam  van  Cauwen  j    ftudied  engraving  under  Van  der  Laan,  and  the  art  of  paint- 


ing 


LOW  COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS   OF  THE. 


inp  in  imitation  of  bafTo  relievo,  under  Jacob  de  Wit.  He 
alfo  painted  hillory  in  a  ftyle  which  bears  (Irong-  refemblance 
to  that  of  Tcrveftin,  and  after  the  agL-  of  fifly-iive  executed 
feveral  ceilings  ;  but  we  hare  here  to  treat  of  him  only  as  an 
engraver. 

In  his  folio  prints  from  the  compartments  of  the  eieiin^s 
of  thejefuits'  college  at  Antwerp,  Punt  difcovcrs  admirable 
tafte  and  flvill.  Perhaps  in  the  works  of  no  engraver  what- 
ever, maybe  fern  better  examples  of  the  bold  fore-fhortening 
of  Rubens,  whofe  knowledge  ef  the  pcrfpedive  of  objects, 
wlicn  feen  from  beneath,  and  efpeci;illy  tliat  of  the  human 
figure,  is  admirably  difplaycd  in  thefe  ceilings,  and  is  not 
le(s  admirably  rendered  in  the  engravings,  through  the  me- 
dium however  of  drawings,  which  we  have  already  mention- 
ed, and  which  muft  in  all  probability  have  been  excellent,  by 
J.  de  Wit. 

Punt  is  one  of  tliofe  artifls  whofe  genci-al  reputation  in  the 
world  has  been  bv  no  means  in  proportion  to  their  merits. 
Struct,  as  the  prefent  writer  conceives,  could  not  have  feen 
his  produftions,  or  could  only  have  feen  thofe  few  plates 
ivhich,  though  they  bear  his  name,  are  evidently  the  work  of 
fome  inferior  artift,  for  he  calls  him,  with  a  tone  of  ac- 
quiefcence  in  the  deficiency  of  his  fame,  "  a  Dutch  engraver 
of  no  great  note  ;"  and  Huber  and  Martini  have  fallen  into 
another  error  refpefting  him,  (as  will  be  noticed  below,)  which 
has  alfo  tended  to  deprive  him  of  fome  portion  of  his  jull 
meed  of  reputation. 

Regarding  his  "  Mofes  on  the  Summit  of  Pifgah  ;"  his 
"  Queen  of  Sheba  in  the  Prefence  of  Solomon  ;"  his  "  Na- 
tivity of  Chrift,"  or  any  other  of  the  beil  of  this  feries  of 
engravings  from  the  ceiling  of  the  Jtfuits'  college,  we  fcarce- 
ly  know  whereto  look  for  an  hiftorical  engraver  whoaccom- 
pliilied  more  fuccefsfully,  \rhat  he  evidently  aimed  at ;  or  who 
has  imparted  to  his  works  more  of  the  appearance  of  finiili 
with  the  reality  of  flightnefs.  Other  men  may  proceed  in 
the  produftion  of  more  operofe  works  by  careful  obferva- 
tioa  and  patient  induftry  ;  a  weil-prattifed  hand,  guided  by 
tiie  vivid  and  fpontanecus  feeling  of  a  tafleful  mind,  is  alone 
adequate  to  the  produftion  of  fuch  prints  as  thefe.  The  art 
of  leaving  broad  mafles  of  white  paper,  without  the  lead 
appearance  of  baldnefs,  crudenefs,  or  chalkinefs,  Punt 
pofTeffed  in  an  exemplary  degree  ;  and  notwithftanding  his 
-  flightnefs,  his  tones,  when  required  to  befo,  are  iweet,  hazy, 
and  aerial,  in  the  upper  parts,  and  it  fhould  be  remem- 
bered that,  in  thefe  celebrated  ceilings,  the  perfpeftive 
points,  of  fight  and  diftance,  are  not  in  theh6rizon  but  in  the 
Leavens,  while,  in  the  lower  part,  his  engraving  is  rich,  mel- 
low, and  vigorous.  In  "  The  Adoration  of  the  Magi," 
and  "  St.  Michael  expelling  the  rebellious  Angels,"  thefe 
qualities  are  more  efpecially  obfervable.  In  the  latter  the 
rolling  clouds,  and  fmouldering  fmoke,  and  bickering  flame, 
as  well  as  the  nudities,  wings,  fliield,  and  drapery  of  the 
figures,  are  treated  in  a  viry  fuperior  ftyle.  His  metal 
vafes,  armour,  and  other  fuch  objefits,  have  alfo,  though 
done  with  fmall  labour,  a  peculiarly  polifhed  and  gh'.tering 
charailer,  and  all  the  various  objefts  that  enter  into  thefe  fe- 
veral compofitions  are  harmonized  Vith  artf\il  fimphcity,  and 
in  each  are  fo  thoroughly  incorporated,  that  all  evidently  ap- 
pears to  be  the  produftion  of  the  fame  hand  and  mind  ;  and 
that  mind,  at  no  time  languid  ;  but  always  animated,  rapid, 
in  full  poffcflion  of  itfelf,  and  carrying  the  fpectator  of  talle 
I       along  with  h. 

The  chiarofcuro  of  Punt  is  broad,  bold,  and  harmonious  ; 
his  lights  are  bright ;  his  fliadows  and  reflexes  cleared  and 
enriched  by  vigorous  touches  of  the  graver,  and  his  moll 
delicate  tints  are  firm.  His  ftyle  of  manual  execution,  gene- 
rally fpeaking,  confifts  of  naafterly  courfes  of  lines  firmly 


etched,  or  freely  engraven  :  fo  freely,  that  the  dextrous  iir»- 
corporation  of  thefe  two  modes  of  art  are  in  his  works 
much  to  be  praifed.  Sometimes  he  throws  a  fecond,  and 
fometimes  a  third  courfe  of  engraved  lines  acrofs  his  etch- 
ing with  the  utmotl  freedom,  as  may  be  feen  in  the  drape- 
ries, clouds,  groimd,  and  other  paflages  of  his  works  ;  and 
upon  other  occafions,  as  in  metallic  and  other  (l|ning  or 
polifhed  fubft^nces,  he  employs  an  interline,  always  adapt- 
ing his  hatching,  fo  as  to  charailerize,  in  proportion  to  their 
relative  degrees  of  importance  in  the  compofition,  the  feve- 
ral textures  of  the  furfaces  to  be  expreffed. 

Iluber  and  Martir.i  ftate  that  of  the  fet  of  engraving* 
from  the  compartments  of  the  ceiling^  of  the  collegiate 
church  of  the  Jefuits,  ten  were  etched  by  Jacob  de  Wit, 
namely,  "  The  Fall  of  the  rebel  Angels;"  "  The  Afcen- 
fion  of  Elias  ;"  "  Etther  before  Ahafuerus  ;''  "  The  Na- 
tivity;" "  The  Triumph  of  St.  Jofeph  ;"  "The  Temp- 
tation," "  RefurreCtion,"  and  "  lAfccnfion  of  Chrift," 
and  "  The  Affumption"  and  «  Coronation  of  the  Holy 
Virgin." 

Now,  thefe  ten  engravings  exhibit  two  fuch  diftinft  and 
almoft  oppofite  ftyles  of  etching,  that  they  cannot  all  be 
the  produftion  of  the  fame  artift.  It  is  further  obfervable, 
that  the  whole  fet  of  thirty-fix  bear  the  name  of  De  Wit  as 
the  draughtfman  who,  in  the  firlt  inftance,  made  tliofe  co- 
pies from  the  ceilings  of  Rubens,  from  which  the  plates 
were  engraven, — one  only  of  thofe  ten  mentioned  by  Huber 
and  Martini  bears  the  addition  of  "  aquaforti"  to  the  words 
"  J.  de  Wit  delineavit,"  and  that  one  is  "  The  Temptation 
of  Chriil  in  the  Defart,"  which  is  etched  in  a  ftyle  very  in- 
ferior to  "  The  Fall  of  the  rebel  Angels,"  and  thofe  other  fub- 
jefts  which  are  enumerated  above;  anotiier,  which  isinfcribed 
"  De  Wit  aquaforti,"  is  "  Abraham  oficring  up  Ifaac," 
which  is  not  mentioned  by  thofe  author;  as  being  the  pro- 
duftion of  his  etching-needle.  On  the  whole,  we  are  there- 
fore led  to  claim  all  the  moil  meritorious  of  thefe  engravings 
for  John  Punt,  and  to  conclude  that  Huber  and  Martini 
muft,  in  this  inf|ance  at  leaft,  have  written  at  random. 

The  works  of  this  artift,  with  which  we  are  acquainted, 
are  the  portraits  of  Joanna  Koerten  Block,  as  a  medal- 
lion with  attendant  genii,  and  Jacques  de  Roure  of  An- 
twerp, from  a  pifture  bv  himfelf,  both  in  quarto.  A  fet  of 
forty  fmall  folio  plates,  of  which  the  fubjefts  are  taken  from 
I.,a  Fontaine's  fables,  after  the  defigns  of  d'Oudry,  pub- 
lifhed  in  175S  and  1759  ;  a  fet  of  thirty-fix  folio  plates  frofn 
Rubens'  ceilings  of  the  collegiate  church  of  the  Jefuits  at 
Antwerp,  prefaced  by  an  hillorical  portrait  of  this  great 
painter,  with  allegorical  accompaniments  defigned  by  De 
Wit.  "  The  Afcenfion  of  Our  Savioui,"  engraved  after 
Sebaftian  Rica,  for  the  work  which  is  entitled  "  The 
Drcfden  Gallery;"  "The  Enghfli  Coach,"  after  G.  van 
der  Myn,  both  in  large  folio  ;  "  The  Guard-Houfe  of  the 
Dutch  Officers,"  after  C.  Trooft  ;  engraved  for  the  cabi- 
net of  M.  Braamcamp  at  Amfterdam,  by  Punt  and  Tanje, 
and,  by  the  fame  engravers  in  coiijunftion,  "  The  Declara- 
tion of  Love,"  and  "  I'he  Propofal  of  Marriage,"  both, 
after  Trooil,  and  of  folio  dimenfions. 

John  Louis  KrafTt  was  born  at  BrufTels,  A.  D.  1710.  In 
1733,  he  pubhflied  a  book,  intitled  "  Trefor  de  Fables 
choifies  des  plus  excellens  Mythologiftes,"  containing  one 
hundred  and  fifty  of  his  engravings.  And  afterwards  the 
portraits  for  the  hiflory  of  the  houfe  of  Aullria,  which  was 
publilhed  in  three  folio  volumes  at  Bruftels,  in  1744.  This 
artift  likcwife  etched  five  fubjefts  after  Rubens,  which  are 
fpccified  in  the  catalogue  of  the  works  of  that  mailer,  all 
of  which  are  very  rare  ;  and  alfo,  '■  Job  furrounded  by  his 
Friends  and  Lis  Wife  ;"  "  Chriil  giving  tks  Kays  to  St» 

Peter ;" 


LOW   COUNTRIES,   ENGRAVERS    OF   THE. 


Peter  ;"  •■  Chrift  with  Nicodemus,"  (half  fijrures,)  all 
from  Rubens  ;  "  Jupiter  and  Danae,"  from  a  drawing  by 
Rubens,  after  Titian,  all  in  4to.  ;  "  Venus  and  Cupid," 
from  a  drawmg  by  Rubens,  after  Giorgione  ;  "  St.  Martin 
dividing  his  Cloak  with  the  Beggar,"  after  Vandyke,  in 
large  foUp ;  "  The  Village  Goatherd,"  and  "  Country  Con- 
veriatioj^"  both  in  folio  ;  and  a  Itormy  fea  view,  in  large 
folio,  all  from  Teniers.  ^ 

Krafft  heightened  fome  of  the  impreffions  from  his  en- 
gravings with  white  chalk,  which,  from  the  difBcnlty  of 
preferving  fuch  works,  are  now  become  rare  and  va- 
luable. 

Cornelius  Trooft  was  born  at  Amfterdam  in  the  year  1697, 
and  died  in  the  fame  city  in  1750.  He  was  the  pupil  of 
Arnold  Boonen,  and  befides  engraving  both  in  lines  and 
mezzotinto,  he  painted  portraits,  fancy  fubjefts,  and  hiftory, 
and  was  furnamed  the  Watteau  of  Holland,  from  the  fparfc- 
ling  delicacy  of  his  touch,  and  purity,  and  beauty  of  his 
colom-ing.  The  etchings  of  this  mafter  are  much  fought 
after  for  their  truth  and  brilliancy ;  he  likewife  fcraped  feveral 
fubjefts  in'  mezzotinto,  among  which  are,  a  bull  of  an 
old  man  with  a  long  beard,  and  a  girl  drawing,  both  in 
4to  ;  the  portrait  of.  Pietro  Locatelli  da  Bergamo,  and 
that  of  Vlaming,  the  poet,  with  two  Dutch  verfes  beneath, 
both  i-n  large  folio,  and  all  from  his  own  drawings  and 
paintings. 

Phihp  Endlick,  or  Endehck,  was  born  at  Amfterdam 
A.  D.  1700.  He  was  the  difciple  of  Bernard  Picart,  and 
always  refided  in  the  place  of  his  nativity.  The  following 
portraits  are  engraven  by  him,  frem  his  own  drawings,  and 
are  executed  in  a  firm  ftyle.  John  Taylor,  the  celebrated 
oculift,  of  London  ;  Herlry,  count  of  Moens  ;  John  Philip 
d'Almerie,  governor  of  the  ifle  of  St.  Martin  ;  John  Gofe- 
wyn  Eberhard  Alllien,  John  Noordbeck,  Peter  Holle- 
beck,  and  Leonard  Beels,  all  clergymen  of  Amfterdam,  of 
folio  fize. 

Peter  Tanje  was  a  native  of  Amfterdam.  He  was  born 
in  the  year  1700,  and  died  in  the  fame  city  .in  1760.  Tanje 
was  a  laborious  artift,  and  engraved  a  great  number  of 
portraits,  vignettes,  &c.  But  his  moft;  confiderable  work 
is  five  plates,  from  the  famous  windows  of  St.  .Tohn's 
church  at  Gouda,  and  he  likewife  worked  for  the  Drefden 
gallery.  The  following  are  felefted  from  his  engravings,  as 
being  moft  worthy  the  attention  of  the  connoifleur. 

Portraits. — Peter  Tanje,  from  J.  M.  Quickhard  ;  John 
Maria  Quickhard,  both  in  folio  ;  Martin  Luther,  from 
Lucas  Cranach,  in  410.  ;  Benjamin  de  Briffac,  an  ecclcfiaf- 
tic  of  Amfterdam,  from  L.  F.  du  Bourg  ;  Charles  Lin- 
naeus, profeflbr  of  botany  atUpfal;  John  Ofterdyck  Scheht, 
doftor  of  medicine  at  the  Utrecht  academy,  after  Quickhard; 
Albert  Vogft,  theologian  ;  John  Beukelman  de  Honn,  an 
ecclefiaftic,  from  P.  M.  Brafler  ;  John  van  Marie,  an  ec- 
clefiaftic  of  Rotterdam,  after  Curland  ;  Thomas  Philip  de 
Boflu,  cardinal  and  archbiftiop  of  Mechlin,  from  Snyers, 
all  in  folio ;  Lawrence  Heifter,  furgeon ;  and  Henry 
Ulhonn,  phyfician  ;  two  medallions  on  the  fame  plate,  from 
Quickhard  in  4to.  ;  William  van  Haren,  regent  of  Frief- 
land,  from  Akem.a,  in  an  oval ;  William,  prince  of  Orange, 
from  F.  de  la  Croix  ;  Geprge  H.  of  England,  from  Faber  ; 
Charles  VH.  of  Germany;  Chriftina,  queen  of  Sweden, 
from  Seb.  Bourdon  ;  Guftavus  Reinbeck,  doftor  of  theo- 
logy, from  Pefne  ;  and  M.  Fagel,  after  G.  J.  Xavery,  all 
in  folio. 

For  the  Gallery  of  Dre/dcn. — A  man  with  a  book,  from 
Correggio,  known  by  the  name  of  "The  Phyfician  of  Correg- 
gio/'  in  large  folio ;  a  woman  in  a  bonnet,  after  Rubens, 
in  foho  ;    "  A  dead  Cb-ift,"  from  F.  Salviati ;   "  Children 


dancing  before  the  Ahar  of  Love,"  from  Albano,  both 
in  large  foho  ;  "  Card  Players,"  after  Michael  Angelo  j 
"  Tarquin  and  Lucretia,"  from  Lucas  Jordaens,  both  in 
folio  ;  "  Jofeph  and  the  Wife  of  Poliphar,"  half  figures, 
from  Carlo  Cignani  ;  and  a  portrait  of  a  man,  after  Rem- 
brandt, half  length,  both  of  folio  fize. 

H'tJloricaU  ^c- — "  The  Temptation  of  Job,"  after  Trooft, 
in  4to.  ;  "  The  Court  of  Law,  of  the  Peafants  of  Puiter- 
vcen,"  for  the  cabinet  of  M.  Ploos  van  Aniftcl  ;  and  its 
companion,  "  The  wicked  Tavern-keeper  at  Puiterveen  ;" 
"  Falfe  Virtue  or  ftiam  Sorrow  ;"  and  its  companion,  "  The 
Tutor  deceived,"  all  in  folio  ;  "  The  Philofophers,  or  the 
runaway  Girl ;"  "  The  fick  Chamber  of  the  Dutch  ;"  and 
"  The  Marriage  of  Chlorus  and  Rofetta,"  all  in  large  folio, 
after  Trooil. 

Peter  van  Bleeck  the  younger  was  born  in  the  year  1703, 
fomcwherc  in  Flanders,  but  for  the  greater  part  of  his  life 
refided  in  England,  and  died  in  London  A.  D.  1764.  He 
was  a  mezzotinto  fcraper,  and  the  fon  of  Richard  van  Bleeck, 
a  portrait  painter  ;  he  always  added  the  word  junior  to  his 
name  or  cypher,  for  which  fee  Plate  IV.  of  thofe  ufed  by 
the  artifts  of  the  Netherlands. 

Moft  of  his  works  are  portraits,  and  are  executed  in 
a  ftyle  not  inferior  to  that  of  John  Sinith.  The  following 
are  fome  of  the  moft  important.  Richard  van  Bleeck, 
from  a  pi6\ure  by  himfelf;  Francefco  du  Quefnoy,  from 
A.  Vandyke  ;  Paul  Rembrandt  van  Ryn,  from  a  pifturc 
by  himfelf ;  Eleanor  Gwin,  from  fir  Peter  Lely  ;  Mrs. 
Cibber  in  the  charafter  of  Cordelia  ;  Mrs.  Clive,  in  the 
charafter  of  Phillida  ;  the  comedians.  Griffin  and  Johnfon, 
in  the  characters  of  Tribulation  and  Ananias,  all  from  hi:i 
own  drawings  ;  and  "  The  Virgin  with  the  Infant  Saviour," 
after  Vandor  Werff.  The  four  lafl  are  in  large  foho,  the 
reft  fomewhat  fmaller. 

Arthua  Schouman  was  born  at  Dordrecht  in  the  year 
1 7 10,  and  ftudied  the  principles  of  art  under  Adrian  vander 
Burg.  Pie  became  a  painter  of  fome  repute,  and  in  1748, 
he  ettabliftied  himfelf  at  the  Hague,  where  he  continued  to 
exercife  his  various  talents  in  crayon  and  water  colour, 
painting;  etching;  mezzotinto  fcraping  ;  and  engraving  on 
cryftal,  till  toward  the  clofe  of  the  century. 

Among  his  beft  prints  are  a  fmall  etching  of  St.  Francis  ; 
a  man's  head  with  muftachios,  in  410  ;  and  a  lady  at  her 
toilette,  in  4to.  ;  Saartze  Jans,  after  Trooft,  with  fix  Dutch 
verfes ;  a  mezzotinto  engraving  in  folio,  and  a  party  of 
amateurs  at  the  houfe  of  a  painter,  alfo  after  Trooft,  and  of 
4to.  fize. 

Simon  Fokke  was  born  A.D.  1712  at  Amfterdam,  and 
ftudied  engraving  under  John  Cafpar  PhiKps.  He  was  a 
man  of  patient  mduftry  and  unremitting  appli-jation,  but 
of  little  tafte,  and  no  genius.  The  greater  part  of  his 
works  condfts  of  fmall  portraits  and  vignettes,  which  he 
executed  for  the  Dutch  bookfellers  with  confiderable  neat- 
nefs.  In  the  large  hiftorical  v.'orks  which  he  attempted  he 
was  far  lefs  fuccefsful. 

Among  his  bell  produftions  are  the  portraits  for  a  work, 
intitled  "  Portraits  hifloriques  des  Hommes  illuftres  du 
Dannemarc  ;"  it  was  publiflied  in  1746,  in  4to. :  and  alfo  the 
prints  for  another  work,  intitled  "  Arrivement  et  Sejour  de 
L.  A.  S.  S.  et  R.  Monfeigneur  lo  Prince  Stadholder  Here- 
ditairedes  PaysBas,  et  de  Madame  fonefpoufe,  a  Amfterdam 
le  30  de  Mai  et  jours  fuivans,  en  176S."  Of  his  fingle 
prints  upon  a  larger  fcale,  the  following  are  to  be  preferred. 
A  portrait  of  himfelf,  in  4to.  ;  a  view  of  the  Y  before 
Amfterdam,  in  folio  ;  "  The  Statue  of  the  Prince  of  Naf- 
fau  Weibourg,"  from  Haag  ;  "  Jacob  keeping  the  Sheep 
of  Laban,"  from  the  Drefden  gallery,  after  Efpagnoletto; 

"  Women 


L  O  W 


LOW 


«  Women  bathing,'-'  after  Troofl;  ;  a  burlefquc  on  the  death 
of  Dido,  in  the  Dutch  llyle,  after  the  fame  painter  ;  a 
landfcapc,  with  the  effcdl  of  winter,  after  P.  Breughel  ;  a 
view  of  the  port  of  Livourna,  after  Vernet  ;  and  its  com- 
panion, a  view  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Narni  in  Lombardi, 
from  the  fame  painter,  all  in  folio. 

Jiirian  Cootwick,  or  Kootwyck,  was  originally  a  gold- 
fmith,  and  born  at  Amfterdam  in  the  year  1714.  He  ex- 
celled in  drawing  with  Indian  ink  and  crayons,  and  en- 
graved after  many  of  the  old  mailers,  with  fonie  ability. 
A:i  old  woman  feated,  with  a  paper  in  her  hand,  m 
imitation  of  a  drawing  in  black  and  white  chalks ;  another 
of  the  fame  fubject,  a  man  feated,  with  his  hat  on  his 
knees  ;  a  (hepherd  playing  the  flute,  accompanied  by  a 
fhepherdefs ;  a  landfcape ;  the  fame  landfcape  with  al- 
terations  ;  a  pair  of  landfcapes  ;  a  pair  of  rulHc  fubjcfts, 
with  cows  ;  and  a  loaded  afs,  are  all  believed  to  be  after  his 
own  drawings. 

He  alfo   engraved   a  fea  view,  after  Lud.  Backhuyfen, 

which  is  very  rare  ;  a  vei-y  highly  finifhed  engraving  of  the 

fame  fubjecl:  ;  a  paftoral    fubjeft,  with    a  flicpherd  and  his 

.  flock,  after  Berghem  ;  and  a  fet  of  three  of  cows  and  an  afs, 

after  P.  van  Bloemen. 

Jacob  vander  Schley  waTlikewife  a  native  of  Amfterdam, 
and  born  in  the  year  17 15.  He  was  one  of  the  beft  of  the 
pupils  of  Bernard  Picart,  under  whom  he  lludied  till  the 
death  of  that  artift,  and  afterward  finifhed  mod  of  the  plates 
wWch  were  left  imperfeft  by  hiin. 

The  greateft  part  of  the  engravings  of  Schley  are  vig- 
nettes, portraits,  and  other  book  ornaments,  which  he  ex- 
ecuted in  the  fl;yle  of  his  mafter  :  the  following  are  fome  of 
the  bed  of  them. 

'•  An  Emblem  of  Divine  Juftice;"  John  Baptifta  Boyer, 
marquis  d'Argens,  from  Th.  van  Pee  ;  Antonio  Bernard 
Prevot,  almoner  to  the  prince  of  Conti,  both  in  4to.  ;  Ber- 
nard Picart,  furrounded  with  allegorical  figures,  defigned 
by  Schley  himfelf  in  folio  ;  Henry  de  la  Tour,  vifcount 
Turenne  ;  and  "  The  Combat  between  Jarnac  and  Chataig- 
neraye,"  both  fmall  plates,  and  from  drawings  by  the  en- 
graver himfelf. 

Peter  Spruyt  was  bopi  at  Antwerp  in  the  year  1720. 
He  was  a  man  of  fome  talent,  and  etched  feveral  plates, 
amonglt  which  are  the  following,  all  after  Rubens. 

*'  Sufannah  furprifed  by  the  Elders  ;"  •'  The  Rape  of 
Orythia  ;"  "  The  Continence  of  Scipio  ;"  and  a  group  of 
children  with  wreaths  of  flowers,  all  of  folio  fize. 

C.  Exfliau  was  a  native  of  Holland,  whom  Brandes  mif- 
takenly  fuppofesto  have  been  an  Englifliman.  Hewa^  born 
in  the  year  1730,  and  became  one  of  the  moll;  fuccefsful  of 
the  numerous  imitators  of  Rembrandt,  after  whofe  piAures 
and  prints  he  chiefly  engraved. 

Among  his  beft  works  are,  the  head  of  an  old  man  with 
a  beard  and  large  round  hat,  executed  by  means  of  mezzo- 
tinto  combined  with  etching  ;  head  of  an  old  man  with  a 
beard  and  fliort  hair,  both  fmall ;  "  Jofeph  accufed  by  the 
Wife  of  Potiphar,"  a  large  folio  print,  with  a  ftriking 
chiarofcuro;  "  The  Storm  and  Ship,"  wherein  are  the  apof- 
tles,  alfo  dillinguiflied  by  its  very  grand  efi'eft,  all  after  Rem- 
brandt 5  a  girl  with  a  bafl<et  of  dherries,  accompanied  by 
two  boys,  IS  after  Rubens. 

Chriitina  Chalon  was  born  at  Amfterdam  in  iTie  year 
1749.   She  was  diilinguifhed,  frorrt  a  very  early  period  of  life. 


two  diftinguiftied  painters  of  the  fame  name,  wrfio  are  now 
praftiilng  their  art  with  fo  much  credit   to  themfelves,  and 
benefit  to  the  public,  in  this  metropolis.     There  are  prints 
from  her  hand  which  were  produced  at  the  very  early  age  of 
ten  years  ;   in  particular  one,  containing  three  fifjures,  a  pro- 
mif5ng  and  honeft  earncft  of  her  future   attainments.     She 
engraved  both  in  lines  and  in  imitation  of  crayons,^    In  the 
latter  mode   of  art,  her  print  of  a  fcuUion    in   converfation 
with    two   children,    is    ftippled    with    fufficient   neatnefs. 
Among  her  beft   works  in  lines  are  two  pair   of  heads   in 
fmall  circles ;   "  The  Entrance  to  School ;"   "  The  Inferior 
of  a  Village  School,"  and  fome  other  plates,  of  which  the 
fubjefts  are  various  incidents  of  domeftic  converfation,    and 
Dutch  rufticity. 

We  are  now  arrived  at  the  time  which  gave  birth  to  an 
engraver  of  the  Low  Countries,  who  is  ftill  living,  following 
his  profeffional  purfuits  in  England,  and  known  to  theprefent 
writer.  Ever  regardful  of  the  public,  he  ftops  fliort  with  a 
diftruft  of  his  own  feelings,  which  may  not  be  thought  un- 
becoming, at  the  name  of  Mr.  Anthony  Cardon. 
Low  Flanl  and  Hemifphere.  See  the  fubflantive?. 
Low  IJland,  in  Geography,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the  Eaft  Indian 
fea,  near  the  S.  coaft  of  Cumbava.     S.  lat.  9    i'.     E.  long. 

Low  Green  Point,  a  cape  on  the  E.  coaft  of  the  ifland  of 
Sumatra.     S.  lat.  7  '  12'.      E.  long.  106  '. 

Low,  in  the  Manege — To  carry  Low.     See  Carrying. 
Low  Mafs.     See  Mass. 
Low  Style.     See  Style. 
Low  Water.     Sec  Water. 
Low  Wines.     Sec  Lo-zu  Wines. 

LOWCOOTY,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Hindooftan,  in 
Bahar  ;  eight  miles  W.  of  Mongir. 

LOWDEBA,  a  town  of  Hindooftan,  in  Allahabad  ;  24 
miles  S  S.W.  of  Allahabad. 

LOWE,  Peter,  in  Biography,  a  furgeon  of  the  fixteenth 
century,  was   born  in   Scotland.     In   a  work,  entitled  "A 
Difcourfe  on  the   whole  Art  of  Chirurgery,"  publilhed  at 
Glafgow  in   1612,  he  acquaints  his   readers,  that   he  had 
pra6tifed  twenty -two  years  in  France  and  Flanders  ;  that  he 
had  been  two  years  furgeon-major  to  the  Spanifli  regiment  at 
Paris  ;  and  had  then  followed  his  malter,  the  king  of  France 
(Henry  IV.)  fix  years  in  his  wars.     In  the  title  page  of 
his  book,  he  calls  himfelf  doctor  in  the   faculty  of  furgery 
at  Paris,  and  ordinary  furgeon   to  the  king  of  France  and 
Navarre.     It  does  not  appear  how  long  he  bad  rcfided  at 
Glafgow  ;  but  he  mentions  that,  fourteen  years  before  the 
publication  of  his  book,  he  had  complained  of  the  ignorant 
perfons   who   intruded  into  the    praftice   of  furgery,    and 
that  in  confequence  the  king  (of  Scotland)  granted   him  a 
privilege,  under  his  privy  feal,  of  examining  all  praiElitioncrs 
in  furgery  in  the  weftern  parts  of  Scotland.     He  refers  to  a 
former  work  of  his  own,  entitled  "  The  Poor  Man's  Guide," 
and  fpeaks  of  an  intended  publication  concerning  the  difeafes 
of  women.      His  epitaph  in   the   cathedral  church-yard  of 
Glafgow  (fee  Pennant's  Tour  to  the   Hebrides,  p.  134.) 
is,  however,  dated   i6l2,  in  December  of  which  year  the 
work  juft  mentioned  was  publiftied  ;  fo  that  he  was  probably 
prevented  by  death  from  fulfilhng  his  intention.     Thp  "  Dif- 
courfe on  Chirurgerv"  appears  to  have  been  in  efteem  ;  for 
the  fourth  edition  of  it  was  printed  in  London  in  1 654.     It 
is,  indeed,  copious,  plain,  and  methodical ;  full  of  references 


by  her  talents  and  love  for  the  fine  arts,  and  was  inflruftert  to  ancient  and  modern  authors ;  and,  in  fait,  like  the  ma 
in  that  of  engraving  by  Van  Amltel,  and  Sarah  Trooft.  The  jority  of  books  of  ihofe  time-s  is  more  founded  on  authority 
final  period  of  her  life  has  not  been  recorded,  and  flie  may  than  obfervation.  Ames  mentions  another  work  of  his  with 
perhaps  be  ftill  living.  the  following  title,  "  An  eafy.  certain,  and  perfeft  Method  to 

Chriftina  is  believed  to  be  of  the  fame  family  with  the    cure  and  prevent  the  Spanifti  ficknef*  ;  by  Peter  Lowe, 

dottor 


LOW 


LOW 


<loAor  in  the  Faculty  of  Chirurgerie  at  Paris,  Cliirurgeon    entitled  "  Diatribas  Thoirrae  Willifil  M.D.  et  Prof.  Oxon. 


to  Henry  IV."  London  1596,  410.     Aikiu's  Biog.  Mem. 
of  Med. 

LOWEN,  in  Geography,  a  royal  town  of  Silefia,  in  the 
county  of  Glatz,  the  inhabitants  of  which  are  chiefly  em- 
ployed in  turning  ;  ij  miles  W.of  Glatz.  N.  lat.  50' 13'. 
E.  long.  16'  3'. 

LoWEN,  Lohen,  or  Leivin,  a  town  of  Silcfia,  in  the  prin- 
cipahty  of  Brieg,  on  the  Neifie  ;  nine  miles  S.E.  of  Brieg. 
N.  lat.  50°  40'.     E.  long.  17^  33'. 

LOWENBERG,  or  Lemberg,  a  town  of  Sllcfia,  in 
the  principality  of  Jauer,  near  the  Bober  ;  25  miles  W.  of 
Jaucr.     N.  lat.  ji°  5'.     E.  long.  15°  42'. 

LOWENDAHL.Ulric-FredericWoldemar,  CoHB/ 
of,  in  Biography,  a  celebrated  general,  was  born  at  Ham- 
burgh in  the  year  17C0.  His  fatlicr,  grand  marlhal  and  mi- 
nifter  of  the  king  of  Poland,  eleftor  of  Saxony,  inured  him 
to  arms  when  he  was  only  thirteen  years  old.  He  rofe  gra- 
dually in  the  army,  and  ferved  in  feveral  campaigns,  expofed 
to  the  dangers  and  fatigues  of  warfare,  proving  himfelf,  on 
all  occafioivs,  worthy  of  the  rank  he  held,  by  his  valour  and 
prudence.  In  1 721  the  king  of  Poland  gave  him  the  com- 
mand of  his  horfe-guards  and  a  regiment  of  infantry  ;  his 
leifure  time  he  employed  in  the  profound  ftudy  of  guiuierV 
and  fortification,  and  in  1728  he  was  made  field-marlhal  and 
infpeftor-general  of  the  Saxon  infantry.     After  the  death  of 


de  Febribus  Vindicatio  adverfus  Edm.  de  Meara  Ormondien- 
fem  Hibern.  M.D."  8vo.,  a  work  of  confiderablc  learning 
and  force  of  argument,  but  not  witliout  fome  fallacies,  as 
he  afterwards  himfelf  admitted.     But    his  mod  important 
work  was,  his  "  Traftatus  de  Corde,  item   de  molu  et  ca- 
lore  Sangiiinis,  et  Chyli  in  eum  tranfitu,"  which  was  firil 
printed  in  London  in  1669.     In  this  work  the  ftrufture  of 
the  heart,  the  origin  and  courfe  of  its  fibres,  and  the  nature 
of  its  aition,  w-ere  pointed  out  with   much  accuracy  and  in- 
genuity.    He  likewife  demonRrated  the  dependance   of  its 
motions  upon  the  nervous  influence,  referred  the  red  colour 
of  the  arterial  blood  to  the  aftion  of  the  air  upon   it  in   the 
lungs,  and   calculated  the  force  of  tlie  circulation,  and  the 
quantity  and  velocity  of  the  blood  paffing  through  it.     In  a 
word,  this  treatife  was  one  of  the  molt:  important  contribu- 
tions of  the  time  to  anatomical  and  phyCological  improve- 
ment.    The  work  excited  particular  notice,  in  coufcquence 
of  the  chapter  on  the  transfullon  of  blood  from  the  vodels  of 
one  living  animal  to  thofe  of  another,  which  the  author  had 
firft  performed  experimentally  at  Oxford,  in  February  1665, 
of  which  fome  account  had   been  laid  before  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, and  printed  in  the  Philof.  Tranfadtions  1(166,  through 
the  requeft.  of  tlie  Hon.  Robert  Boyle.     He   fubfequently 
praflifed  the  transiuilon  upon  an  inlane  perfon  before  the 
Royal  Society.     Lower  claims  the    merit  of  originality  in 
this  matter ;  but  the  experiment  had  certainly  been  luggefted 


the  king  he  dillinguillied  himfelf  in  the  defence  of  Cracow  ;  j^^^^g  before   by  Lilc-utus  (which  fee),  and 'it  is  a  matter  of 

in  the  following  campaigns   he  commanded  the   Saxon  aux-  jifpute  with  whom  the  thought  firll   originated.     It  is   al- 

iliaries  on  the  Rhine  under  prince  Eugene,  and  he  had  a  chief  lo^^^^d,  however,  that  the  French  lirR  tried  tlic  experiment 

command  at  the  ftorming  of  Otchakof.     In  1743  he  entered  upon  the  human  fubject.     But    it  were  ufelefs  to  enter  into 

the  fervice  of  the  king  of  France,  and   was  for   fome  years  ^j^^  queftioii  ;  iince  experience  foon  decided,  that  the  opera- 


aftively  employed  in  the  war  in  which  that  monarch  was  en- 
gaged. In  1747  he  attained  the  fummit  of  his  glory  as  a 
belieging  general,  by  making  a  fwecp  of  feveral  towns  of 
Flanders,  concluding  with  that  of  Bergen-op-Zoom,  which 
had  been  deemed  impregnable.  Immediately  after  the  cap- 
ture of  this  laft  place  Lowendahl  was  declared  a  marlhal  of 
France.  He  now  retired  from  the  aftive  fcenes  of  war,  and 
diftinguiihed  himfelf  as  a  wortiiy  eftimable  charaifler  in  pri- 
.Tate  life,  equally  agreeable  and  inllruftive  in  converfatio-.i,  and 
furnidied  with  a  variety  of  knowledge.  He  was  converfant 
with  many  languages,  and  devoted  a  large  portion  of  his 
time  to  reading.  He  died  at  the  age  of  fifty-five.  His 
name  had  been  fome  time  enrolled  among  the  honorary  mem- 
bers of  the  Academy  of  Sciences.     Moreri. 

LOWENDOLL.^R,  or  Lyondoll.^r,  a  Dutch  filver 
coin,  valued  at  42  flivers,  or  a  little  more.  This  coin  is  -J 
of  the  ducatoon,  weighs  17  dwts.  I4grs.,  and  is  valued  at 
43. 07*/.  in  fir  I.  Newton's  Table  of  AfTays,  &c. 

LOWENSTEJN,  in  Geography,  a  town  and  capital  of 
a  county,  which  is  a  fief  annexed  to  Wurtemberg  ;  nine 
miles  E.S  E.  of  Hejlbron.     N.  lat.  49-  6'.      E.  long.  9   28'. 

LOWER,   RiCKAJiB,  in    Biography,    an  eminent   phy- 


tion  was  attended  with  pernicious  confequcnces,  and  it  w; 
therefore  exploded.  Lower  had  removed  to  London  foon 
after  the  commencement  of  thefe  experiments,  and  in  1667 
had  been  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  of  the  Collcg  : 
of  Phyficians.  The  reputation  acquired  by  his  publication- 
brought  him  into  extenfive  practice  ;  and  after  the  death  ot 
Dr.  Willis,  he  was  confidcred  as  one  of  the  ablell  phyfician.s 
in  London.  But  his  attachment  to  the  Whig  party,  at  iIk- 
time  of  the  Popifh  plot,  brought  him  into  dilcrcdit  at  court, 
fo  that  his  praftice  declined  confiderably  before  his  death, 
which  occurred  in  January  1690-91.  He  was  buried  at  St. 
Tudy,  near  his  native  place,  in  Cornwall,  where  he  had  pur- 
chafed  an  eftate.  In  addition  to  the  writings  above-men- 
tioned, he  communicated  fome  papers  containing  accounts  of 
anatomical  experiments  to  the  Royal  Society  ;  a  fmall  traft 
on  catarrh,  which  was  added,  as  a  new  chapter,  to  the  edi- 
tion of  the  treatife  de  Corde  of  1680  ;  and  a  Letter  on  the 
flate  of  medicine  in  England.  Gen.  Biog.  Eloy  Did. 
Hift.  de  la  Med. 

LowEK,  To,  in  S^a  Language,  is  to  eafe  down  gradually, 
exprefled  of  fome  weighty  body,  which   is   fufpended  by 

„    ,   ,  tackles  or  other  ropes,  which  being   jlackened,  Uiffer  the 

Jician  and  anatomift,  was  born  at  Trcmere,  in  Cornwall,  body  to  defcend  as  flowly  or  expedilioufly  as  the  occafion  re- 
about  the  year  1631.  He  was  defcended  from  a  good  quires.  Hence  lowtr  haiuljonuly,  and  lower  f/if^r/)',  are  op- 
famiJy,  and  received  a  liberal  education,  being  admitted  as  pofed  to  one  another  ;  the  former  being  the  order  to  lower 
king's  fcholar  at  Weftminller.  fchool,  and  thence  elefted  to  gradually,  and  the  latter  to  lower  expeditioully. 
Chrjft-church  college,  m  Oxford,  in  1649.  After  the  l„,^.j.^  Allonvafs  Creek,  in  Geography,  a  townfhip  of 
ufual  courfe  of  univerfity  ftuQ.es,  he  took  the  degree  of    ^^^^^-^^^^  ;„  ^^Xem  county.  New  Jerfcy. 

Lower  Creek,   a  river  of  America,  in  the  weftern  terri- 
tory, which  riiRS  into  the  Ohio.     N.  lat.  40"  9'.     W.  long.  - 

43'' 


M.A.in  165:5,  and  then  turned  his  attention  to  medicine. 
He  became  acquainted  with  the  celebrated  Dr.  Willis,  who 
employed  him  as  a  coadjutor  in  his  diffections,  and  found 
him  fo  able  an  afliilant,  that  he  afterwards  became  his  Itcady 
friead  and  patron,  and  introduced  him  into  practice.  In 
1665,  Lower  took  the  degrte  of  M  D.  ;  and  in  the 
iixas  year  puihlliei  a  defence  of  Dr.  Willis's  work  on  fevers, 


Lower  Dullin,  a  townfhip  of  America,  in  Philadelphia 
county,  Pennfylvania,  containing  1495  inhabitants. 

Lower  Landing,  or  Ecift  Latuliiig,  lies  on  Niagara  river. 

Upper 


LOW 


LOW 


Upper  Canada,  oppofite  to  Queenftown  on  the  Niagara-fort 
fide. 

Lower  Marlhorovgb,  a  poft-town  of  America,  in  Mary- 
land, 30  miles  fronii  Annapolis,  and  1 2  from  Calvert  court- 
houfe. 

Lower  Milford,  a  towndiip  of  America,  in  Burk's  county, 
Pennfylvania. 

Lower  Penn's  K'ecl,  a  townfKip  of  America,  in  Salem 
county,  New  Jerfey. 

Lower  ff^eau  Tazuns,  lie  in  the  territory  N  \V.  of  the 
Ohio,  20  miles  below  Rippacanoe  creek,  at  its  mouth  in 
Wabafh  river. 

Lower,  in  Rural  Economy,  a  term  provincially  applied  to 
a  lever  in  fome  places. 

LOWERING,  in  the  DiflllUry,  a  term  ufed  to  exprefs 
the  debafing  of  the  llrength  of  any  fpirituous  liquor  by  mixing 
water  with  it.  The  ilandard  and  marketable  price  of  thefe 
Lquors  are  fixed,  in  regard  to  a  certain  ftrength  in  them  called 
proof ;  this  is  that  ftrength,  which  makes  them,  when  fliook 
in  a  phial,  or  poured  from  on  high  into  a  glafs,  retain  a  froth 
or  crown  of  bubbles  for  fome  time.  In  this  ftate  fpirits  con- 
fift  of  about  half  pure  or  totally  inflammable  fpirit,  and  half 
water  ;  and  if  any  foreign  or  home  fpirit  is  to  be  expofed 
to  fale,  and  is  found  to  have  that  proof  wanting,  fcarce  any 
one  will  buy  it,  til^it  haj  been  diililled  again  and  brought  to 
that  ftrength  ;  and  if  it  is  above  that  ftrength,  tlie  proprietor 
ufually  adds  water  to  it  to  bring  it  down  to  that  ftandard. 
This  addition  of  water,  to  debafe  the  ftrength,  is  what  is 
called  lowering  it.  People  well  acquainted  with  the  goods 
■will  indeed  buy  fpirits  at  any  ftrength,  only  lowering  a  fam- 
ple  to  the  proof  ftrength,  and  by  that  judgmg  of  the  ftrength 
of  the  whole  ;  but  the  generality  of  buyers  will  not  enter 
into  this,  but  have  it  all  lowered  for  them. 

There  is  another  kind  of  lowering  in  pratlice  among  the 
retailers  of  fpirituous  liquors  to  the  vulgar  :  this  is  the  re- 
ducing it  under  the  ftandard  of  proof.  They  buy  it  proof, 
and  afterwards  increafe  their  profit  upon  it,  by  lowering  it 
with  water  one-eighth  part.  The  quantity  of  fpirit  is  what 
they  generally  allow  themfelves  for  the  addition  of  water ; 
and  whoever  has  the  art  of  doing  this,  without  deftroying 
the  bubble  proof,  as  this  is  ealily  done  by  means  of  fome  ad- 
dition that  gives  a  greater  tenacity  to  the  parts  of  the  ipirit, 
will  deceive  all  that  jv.dge  by  this  proof  alone  ;  that  is,  very 
nearly  all  who  are  concerned  in  the  ipirit  trade.  Such  an  ad- 
ditional quantity  of  water  as  one-eighth  makes  the  fpirit  tafte 
fofter  and  cooler,  and  will  make  many  prefer  it  to  the 
ftronger  fpirit,  which  is  hotter  and  more  fiery  ;  but  unlefs 
the  fpirit,  thus  lowered,  were  tolerably  clean,  or  the  proof  be 
fome  other  way  prefervcd,  the  addition  of  the  water  lets  loofe 
fome  of  the  coarfe  oil,  which  makes  the  liquor  milky,  and 
leaves  a  very  naufeous  talle  in  the  mouth.  Shaw's  Effay  on 
Diftillery. 

The  w-ay  to  judge  of  fpirits  not  being  thus  lowered  or 
debafed  in  ftrength,  is  to  examine  them  by  the  eye  and 
tongue  ;  and  in  buying  a  quantity  of  proof  goods,  fuch 
ihould  always  be  chofen  as  are  clean,  thin,  and  light,  ar.d 
have  a  good  crown  of  froth,  which  goes  off^in  large  bubbles, 
fuch  as  tafte  foft  and  uniform,  and  are  not  high  flavoured, 
of  an  alkaUne  guft)  nor  acrid  and  fiery,  but  loon  quit  the 
tongue. 

Lowering  the  Flag.     See  Flag. 

LOWES  Water,  in  Geography,  a  lake  of  England,  in 
the  county  of  Cumberland,  about  fix  miles  in  circumference  ; 
10  miles  S.  of  Cockcrmouth. 

LOWEST  Region.     See  Region-. 

LOWESTOFF,  in  Geography,  a  market-town  and  parifh 
in  the  hundred  of  Mutford  and  Lothingland,  on  the  coall  of 

Vol.  XXL 


Suffolk,  England.  For  a  confiderable  period  it  wag  deno- 
minated Lothnwiftoft,  as'  fome  think,  from  Lothbroch,  a 
noble  Dane,  who  landed  in  this  neighbourhood  about  the 
year  864,  and  'w'l/la,  a  half  hide  of  land.  This  derivation  of 
its  name  is  extremely  doubtful.  The  town,  however,  is  cer 
tainly  of  much  eariicr  origin.  Mr.  Gillingwater,  in  hia  "Hif- 
tory  of  Loweftoft,"  fays  it  can  be  traced  back  to  a  period 
anterior  to  the  fourth  century.  This  town  has  fuffered 
much  from  the  plague  at  dilTerent  periods,  particularly  in  the 
years  1:48  and  1547.  It  has  likewife  fuHained  frequent 
pimidering  and  dep^redations,  on  account  of  the  attachnxei.t 
of  its  in!ial)itants*to  the  caufe  of  royalty. 

The  fituation-of  this  town  is  lofty,  and  exhibits  a  fine 
and  commanding  appearance.  It  extends  about  a  mile  ia 
length,  and  confifts  chiefly  of  one  principal  ftrcct,  running 
in  a  gradual  defcent  from  north  to  fouth,  which  is  inter- 
fetted  by  feveral  fmaller  ftrtets  or  lanes  from  the  weft. 
The  whole  is,  in  general,  well  paved,  and  many  of  the 
houfes,  having  been  lately  rebuilt  in  the  modern  llyle,  give 
the  town  an  appearance  of  great  neatnefs.  From  its  fitua- 
tion  and  expofure  to  the  northern  ocean,  over  which  it 
commands  an  extenfive  pn  fpeft,  it  enjoys  a  moft  falubrious 
air,  keen,  but  bracing.  On  the  declivity  of  the  cliff  a  num. 
ber  of  hanging  gardens  are  formed,  which  are  intcrfperfed 
with  alcoves  and  fummer-houfes.  At  the  foot  of  thefe 
gardens  is  a  long  arrangement  of  fiftiing-houfes,  extending 
the  whole  length  of  the  town.  Between  thefe  and  the 
beach  ftand  the  boats  employed  in  the  herring- fifiiery,  which 
is  thechieffupportof  thetown,  70,000  barrels  being  exported 
from  hence  every  feafon.  fiere  are  alfo  two  hght-houfes, 
conveniencies  for  boat-building,  and  accommodations  for 
bathing.  A  confiderable  number  of  families  refort  here  for 
the  benefit  of  the  falt-water.  Befides  thefe  fources  of  wealth 
to  the  inhabitants,  there  is  a  tolerable  mackarel  fifliery,  whicli 
commences  in  May  and  continues  till  the  latter  end  of  June, 
and  fupplies  the  adjacent  markets,  as  well  as  the  metropolis. 
A  fmall  china  manufaclory,  and  a  ropery,  alfo  belong  to 
the  town. 

The  church,  fituated  about  half  a  mile  weft  from  the 
town,  is  a  very  fine  building,  in  the  pointed  ftyle  of  archi- 
tecture, and  confills  of  a  nave  with  two  fide  aifles.  The 
prmcipal  entrance  is  by  a  ftately  porch,  on  the  fouth  fide  of 
which  are  three  niches,  the  centre  one  intended  for  the  re- 
Cijption  of  a  ftatue  of  St.  Margaret,  the  faint  to  whom  the 
church  is  dedicated.  The  chancel  is  particularly  neat  and 
elegant.  The  font,  which  is  very  ancient,  is  afcended  by 
three  Hone  fteps,  the  upper  one  bearing  an  infcriptior,  but  fa 
much  corroded  as  to  be  almoft  unintelligible,  li  is  fur- 
rounded  by  three  rows  of  faints,  each  row  containing  twelve 
ficrures,  and  is  otherwife  finely  adorned  by  carved  work. 
Mr.  Whifton,  the  friend  of  fir  ll'aac  Newton,  and  fome  time 
profelTur  of  mathematics  in  the  univerfity  of  Cambridge, 
from  which  he  was  expelled  for  his  Arian  principles,  was 
long  vicar  of  this  church.  This  town  had  likewife  for- 
merly three  chapels  of  eafe,  but  only  one  of  them  now  con- 
tinues to  be  ufed.  There  are  dillenting  mecting-houfeS 
here  for  Methodifts  and  Prefbyterians.  A  theatre  was  credcd 
in  1790. 

Loweftoff  is  protefted  by  ftrong  batteries  on  the  fea.^de. 
From  its  extenfive  fiftiery,  it  is  a  good  nurfery  for  feamcn, 
and  has  given  birth  to  feveral  eminent  naval  officers.  A 
great  fea-fight  took  place  off  this  town  on  the  3d  of  J^nne, 
1665,  between  the  Britiih  fleet  under  the  duke  of  York, 
and  the  Dutch  fleet,  which  was  commai.dcd  by  admirals 
Opdam  and  Van  Tromp,  in  which  the  latter  were  defeated 
with  the  lofs  of  eighteen  ftiips  taken  and  fourteen  funk. 
In  this  adlion,  admiral  fir  Thomas  Alien,  a  native  of  this 
3Y  to.vn. 


LOW 


LOW 


>ovm,  particulr\rly  diflingiiidiej  fiimfelf.     In  the  vicinity  of 
Lowelioflf  formerly  flood  the  village  of  Newton,  wliich  has 
,    been  entirely  fwallowvd  up  by  the  fea. 

Lnweftoff,  according  to  the  parliamentary  retflrns  of 
1800,  contained  572  hruifes,  and  2^  ;2  inhsbitants.  The  mar- 
ket is  held  on  Wednefday,  and  liic  fairs  on  the  12th  of  May 
and  19th  of  Odlober.  A  very  full  hiilory  of  this  town  has 
been  piiblilhed  under  the  following  title,  "  An  hiftorical 
Account  of  the  ancient  Town  of  LoweftofF,  with  cur- 
fory  Remarks  on  the  adjoining'  Parilhes,  and  a  j^reneral  Ac- 
count of  the  Ifland,  by  Edm.  Gilhngwatcr,  410.  1790." 

LOWHILL-  a  lowndiip  of  Am>'rira,  in  Northampton 
county,  Ponnfylvania,  containing  5^45  inhabitants. 

LOWITZ,  GiiORGE  MoiUTZ,  m  Biography,  profeffor  at 
Gottingen,  and  member  of  the  Imperial  Academy  of 
Sciences  at  Peterfburgh,  was  born,  in  1722,  at  Fiirth,  near 
Nuremberg.  He  was  put  apprentice  to  the  trade  of  a 
goldfmith,  and  by  his  expertnefs  in  the  biifincf'i,  he  was 
enabled  afterwards  to  conftru6t  and  improve  mathematical 
inftruments,  with  the  ufe  of  which  he  was  well  acquainted. 
He  now  turned  his  attention  to  fcience,  and  made  a  very 
vincommon  progrefs  in  mathematics  and  natural  philofophy. 
In  1748,  hs  diftmguifhed  himfelf  by  conftrufting  two  charts 
of  the  folar  eclipfe,  which  was  to  take  place  in  the  following 
July.  He  afterwards  obferved  the  eclipfe  with  great  ac- 
curacy, by  a  new  method  of  his  own  invention.  Next  year 
he  publilhed  a  chart  reprefenting  the  folar  eclipfe  announced 
for  the  8tli  of  .Tanuary,  1750,  as  it  would  appear  to  the  in- 
habitants of  Peterfburg,  Rome,  Berlin,  Nuremberg,  Lif- 
bon,  &c.  During  thefe  years  he  had  been  employed  in  the 
education  of  young  perfons,  and  in  I  75 1  he  was  appointed 
profeffor  of  mathematics  and  natural  philofophy  in  the 
Egidian  feminary  at  Nuremberg,  and  was  entrulled  with 
the  care  of  the  obfervatory.  On  his  entrance  into  this  new 
office  he  pronounced  an  oration  on  the  advantages  which 
might  be  derived  from  the  ftudy  of  the  higher  branches  of 
■jnathemalics,  which  was  printed  in  1752.  He  publifhed  in 
the  fame  year  an  account  of  various  experiments  on  the  pro- 
perties of  the  air,  which  he  employed  as  a  guide  in  his  lec- 
tures. About  this  time  he  removed  to  Gottingen,  and  was 
made  profeffor  of  praSical  mathematics,  with  a  falary  of 
■four  hundred  dollars.  Having  little  to  do  as  profeffor,  he 
filled  up  his  vacant  hours  in  writing  papers  on  various  ufeful 
fubjefts  ;  the  greater  part  of  thefe  were  read  before  the 
Royal  Society  of  Gottingen,  and  they  added,  in  a  con- 
fiderable  degree,  to  his  reputation.  He  was  at  the  fame 
time  employed  by  the  Cofmological  Society  in  conftrufting 
globes  ;  but,  after  a  time,  conceiving  his  fervices  had  not 
been  fufficiently  remunerated,  he  quitted  the  fociety  with 
difp-u!l.  After  this  he  was  appointed,  by  the  Hanoverian 
government,  direftor  of  the  obfervatory,  an  ofBce  which  he 
refigned  in  1764,  together  with  the  profefforfhip  ;  and  he 
now  refided  at  Gottingen  as  a  private  individual.  He  foon 
found  that  his  means  were  infufficient  for  his  fupport :  his 
affairs  became  embarraffed,  and  his  lituation  would  probably 
have  been  forlorn,  had  not  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at 
Peterfburg  invited  him  into  Ruffia  for  the  purpofe  of  ob- 
ferving  the  tranfit  of  Venus,  which  was  to  take  place  in  the 
year  1769.  In  a  fhort  time  after  this  he  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  in  the  adronomical  de- 
partment, and  he  was  ordered  to  repair  to  Surjef,  a  fmall 
town  on  the  river  Ural,  a  few  miles  froin  the  Cafpian  fea, 
the  place  deftined  for  obferving  this  curious  phenomenon. 
This  miffion  he  accomplifhed  in  the  completeft  manner,  and 
publifhed  an  account  of  it  in  the  year  1770.  He  then  pro- 
ceeded, in  the  month  of  September,  by  the  Cafpian  fea,  to 
Aftrachan,  and  having  determined  the  geographical  pofition 


of  that  city,  he  repaired  to  feme  other  places  for  the  like 
purpofes.  He  was  next  engaged  in  furveys  for  a  new  canal, 
which  he  continued,  at  diflerent  periods,  till  the  month  of 
Augufl,  1774,  when  the  whole  undertaking  was  unfor- 
tun.  tely  flopped  by  a  iudden  and  unexpefted  irruption  of 
fome  rebel  troops.  Lowitz,  and  his  friend  and  affiftant, 
betook  ihemfelves  to  places  which  they  hoped  would  afford 
them  fhelter  and  fecurity.  The  latter,  after  burying  his 
books,  inflruments,  and  other  property,  fought  for  fafety  in 
the  fortrcfs  of  Dnietriefflc,  from  whence  he  proceed^•d  to 
Aftrachan.  Lowitz,  with  his  family,  fet  out  for  the  Ger- 
man  colony  of  Dobrinka,  but  unfortunately  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  rebel  chief,  who  put  him  to  death  in  the  moll 
barbarous  manner.  His  wife  and  fon  were  fuffered  to 
efcape  after  they  had  been  plundered  of  the  beit  part  of  their 
property  :  but  Lowitz's  books,  papers,  and  inftruments, 
having  been  depofited  in  an  unoccupied  houfe,  were,  by 
good  fortune,  preicrved.     Gen.  Biog. 

LOWK,  \a  Agriculture,  a  provincial  term,  lignifying  to 
weed  corn,  or  other  crops  fown  broadcaft. 

LO\VKOW,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Volhynia  ;   10  miles  E.  of  Zytomiers. 

LOWLANDS,  a  denominati'n  applied  to  the  fouthern 
difln6ts  of  Scotland,  in  contradiftinition  to  the  High- 
lands  ;  which  fee.  The  inhabitants  of,  thefe  different 
diftriCls  differ  from  each  other  in  language,  manners,  and 
drefs  ;  but  the  difference  has  been  gradually  decreufing. 
Tlie  language,  manners,  habits,  and  drefs  of  the  gentle.iieii 
in  the  Low  Countries  refemble  thofe  of  their  Englifh  neigh- 
bours, with  whom  they  have  frequent  intercourfe.  ThC 
peafantry  and  middle  clafs  are  fober,  induftrious,  and  good 
economifls  ;  hofpitable  and  difcreet,  intelligent,  brave,  fleadv, 
humane,  and  benevolent.  Their  fidelity  to  one  another  is 
a  flriking  feature  in  their  character.  In  their  mode  of 
living  and  drefs  there  are  fome  peculiarities,  but  thefe  are 
gradually  wearing  out.  Within  thefe  few  years  the  ufe  of 
pottage,  and  bread  of  oatmeal,  is  almoll  di.ufed  among  the 
commonalty,  and  tea,  wheaten  bread,  and  animal  food,  are 
as  common  on  the  north  as  on  the  fuuth  of  the  Tweed.  See 
Scotland. 

LOWMAN,  Moses,  in  Biography,  was  born  in  London 
in  the  year  1679.  He  was  O'lginally  intended  for  the  pro- 
feffion  of  the  law,  was  educated  accordingly,  and  entered  ' 
a  ftudent  in  the  Middle  Temple.  When  he  attained  to 
years  of  manhood,  he  abandoned  the  law,  and  determined 
to  qualify  himfelf  for  the  office  of  minilbr  among  the  Pro- 
tefbant  diffenters.  With  this  view  he  proceeded  to  Holland, 
and  purfued  his  fludies  at  Utrecht  and  Leyden,  and  on  his 
return  in  1710  he  was  chofen  affiftant  preacher  to  a  diffent- 
ing  congregation  at  Clapham,  of  which  he  was  afterwards 
elefted  pallor.  In  this  conneftion  he  continued  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life,  difchai'ging  the  duties  of  his  ftation 
with  conilancy  and  regularity,  elteemed  and  beloved  by  his 
flock,  and  highly  refpeded  by  thofe  who  knew  him.  As  an 
author,  his  iirft  publication  was  in  1740,  and  intitled  "j\ 
DilTertation  on  the  Civil  Government  of  the  Hebrews,  in 
which  the  true  Defign  and  Nature  of  th^ir  Government  are 
explained,  and  the  Juftice,  Wifdom,  F«d  Goodnefs  of  the 
Mofaical  Conftitutions  vindicated,  &c."  In  1745,  he  pub- 
lifhed ''  A  Paraphrale  and  No^es  upon  the  Revelation  of 
St.  Jolm,"  winch  is  held  in  high  eltimation  by  the  moll 
judicious  critics.  The  next  work  of  Mr.  Lowman  was 
upon  Jewifh  antiquities,  intitled  "A  Rational  of  the  Ritual 
of  Hebrew  Worlhip,  &c."  Befides  thefe,  he  printed  a 
finall  traft  concerning  "  The  Demonllration  of  a  God,  from  ,  , 
the  Argument  a  priori,"  and  a  fermon  on  Popery.  ,He 
died  in  1752,  in  the  73d  year  ef  his  age.     As  he  was  a  firm 

believer 


I.  o  w 


LOW 


believer  in  the  Chrillian  revelation,  fo  he  had  imbibed   the" 
fpirit  which  it  recommends  ;    and  thofe  virtues  and  duties 
■which    he    inculcated    upon    others    he    carefully    praftifed 
himfelf.      Ciojr    Brit. 

LOW^DSITZ,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the 
circle  of  Leitmeritz  ;  four  miles  W.S.W.  of  Leitmeriiz. 
N.  lat.  50    50'.      E.  long.  14"  9'. 

LOVVOWECH,  or  Neustat,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of 
Warfaw;    ^3  miles  W.  of  Pofen. 

LOWREY,  a  town  of  Hlndooflan,  in  the  circar  of 
Gohnd  ;   36  miles  E.S.E.  of  Raat. 

LOWTAIAH,  a  town  of  Algiers  ;  27  miles  S.  of 
Tubnah. 

LOWTH,  William,  in  B'wgrnphy,  a  learned  Englifh 
divine  and  commentator  of  the  fcriptures,  fon  of  an  apo- 
thecary, was  born  in  the  parifli  of  St.  Martin's,  Ludgate, 
in  the  city  of  London,  in  the  year  1661  :  he  was  inftrufted 
in  the  clafTics  at  Merchant  Taylors'  fchool,  and  made  fuch 
progrefs  iii  them  that  he  was  deemed  fully  qualified  for 
the  univerfity  before  he  was  quite  fourteen  years  of  age, 
and  was  accordingly  elefted  from  thence  into  St.  John's 
college,  Oxford,  in  1675.  ^^^  took  his  <iegree  of  M.  A.  in 
1683,  and  proceeded  bachelor  of  divinity  in  1688.  His 
firil  publication  was  "A  Vindication  of  the  divine  Autho- 
rity  and  Infpiration  of  the  Old  and  New  Teftament,''  in 
anfwer  to  Le  Clerc's  famous  five  letters  on  this  fubjeft. 
This  work  attracted  public  notice,  and  he  was  appointed 
chaplain  to  Dr.  Mew,  bilTiop  of  Winchefter,  and  ihortly 
promoted  to  a  prebend  in  th;  cathedral  church  of  that  fee, 
and  to  a  redory  in  Hampfiiire.  Mr.  Lowth  ne.^t  publish- 
ed a  fmall  piece,  which  has  been  very  frequently  reprinted, 
entitled  "  Directions  for  the  profitable  reading  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures,"  Sec.  In  17 14  he  publilhed  two  fermons,  and 
alfo  "  A  Commentary  on  the  Prophet  Ifaiah,"  in  quarto, 
which  was  followed,  in  1718,  by  "A  Commentary  on  the 
Prophet  Jeremiah."  In  1 723  he  gave  the  world  his  "  Com- 
mentary on  the  Prophet  Ezekiel,''  and  foon  after  one  on 
Daniel,  and  the  minor  prophets.  Thefe  illuitrations  of  the 
prophecies  were  afterwards  collected  in  a  folio  volume,  as  a 
continuation  of  biihop  Patrick's  Commentary  on  the  other 
parts  of  the  Old  Teliament,  in  which  form  they  have  been 
frequently  reprinted.  Mr.  Lowth,  though  an  able  fcrip- 
ture  expofitor,  was  a  good  general  fcholar,  and  furnillied 
Dr.  Potter,  afterwards  archbifliop  of  Canterhiury,  with  notes 
on  Clemens  Alexandrinus,  which  were  publilhed,  with  the 
author's  name  to  each,  in  the  doftor's  edition  of  that  father. 
He  communicated  to  Dr.  Hudfon  remarks  on  Jofephus,  of 
which  that  editor  availed  himfelf,  and  acknowledged  his 
obligations  in  the  preface  to  his  edition  of  the  Jewifli  hillo- 
rian.  To  the  labours  of  Mr.  Lowth  many  other  learned 
men  and  valuable  writers  have  been  indebted,  befides  thofe 
above  referred  to.  He  died  in  1732,  being  in  tile  leventy- 
third  year  of  his  age.  He  was  ditlinguiihed  for  unafFedted 
piety,  a  mod  exemplary  zeal  in  the  difcharge  of  the  palloral 
functions,  and  for  an  unremitting  defire  of  being  ufcfnl'  to 
his  pariihioners.     Biog.  Brit. 

Lowth,  Robert,  fon  of  the  preceding,wasborn  at  Win- 
chefler  in  the  year  1710.  Here  he  was  educated  in  gram- 
mar learning  at  the  fchool  founded  by  William  of  Wykeham, 
in  which  he  acquired  an  accurate  knowledge  of  the  Greek 
and  Roman  claffics,  and  made  confiderable  progrefs  in 
oriental  hterature.  Even  at  fchool  he  difcovered  a  poetical 
genius,  and  among  other  pieces  which  he  wrote  at  that 
perio'd,  was  a  beautiful  poem  on  "  The  Genealogy  of 
Chriit,"  as  it  is  reprefented  on  the  eaft  window  of  Win- 
chefter  college  chapel ;  and  another,  which  appeared  in  tlie 
twenty-third  volume  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  entitled 


"  Catherine's  Hill,"  the  place  where  the  Winchefter  fcho- 
lars  are  allowed  to  play  on  hofidays.  In  1 7 28,  he  was 
fent  to  New  coihge,  Oxford,  of  which  inflitution  he  was 
eledted  a  fellow  iti  1734:  took  his  degree  as  M.A,  in 
1737,  and  was,  in  1741,  elected  profeffor  of  poetry  in  the 
univerfity  of  Oxford.  In  the  difcharge  of  the  duties  of  this 
office  he  delivered  his  "  Prslefliones"  on  Hebrew  poetry, 
which  will  be  noticed  more  at  large  hereafter.  His  firft 
preferment  in  the  church  was  the  redtory  of  Ovingdon,  in  ' 
Hampfhire,  to  which  he  n-as  prefented  by  bifhop  Hoadly. 
In  1748,  Mr.  Lowth  accompanied  Mr.  LcRgo,  afterwards 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  to  Berlin,  uho  went  to  that 
CO  .rt  in  a  public  charafter,  and  with  whom,  from  his.  ear- 
liell  years,  he  lived  on  ter.i.s  of  the  moll  uninterrupted 
friendihip.  In  the  following  year  be  undertook  the  charge 
of  the  fons  of  the  duke  of  Devonftiire,  as  travelling  tutor 
on  the  continent.  The  duke  was  fo  thoroughly  fatisfied 
with  the  conduft  of  Mr.  Lowth  in  this  office,  liiat  he  after- 
wards proved  his  fteady  friend  and  patron.  In  1 750  he 
was  appointed  archdeacon  of  Wincheder,  and  three  year* 
after  he  was  prefented  to  the  reftory  of  Eaft  Woodhay, 
in  the  county  of  Southampton.  lii  17^3  he  publiflied  his 
work  already  mentioned,  entitled  "  De  facra  PoeC  He- 
brieorum  Praeleftiones  Academicse  ;"  of  which  he  gave 
the  public  an  enlarged  edition  in  1763,  in  two  volumes  8vo. 
The  fecond  volume  confills  of  additions  made  to  the  work 
by  the  celebrated  Michaelis.  This  work,  though  entitled 
oiily  "  Ledtures  on  Hebrew  Poetry,"  will  be  found  '<  An 
excellent  compendium  of  all  the  betl  rules  of  talie,  and  of 
all  the  principles  of  compofition,  illullrated  by  the  boldcft 
and  moll  exalted  fpecimens  of  genius,  which  antiquity  has 
tranfniitted  to  us,  and  which  have  fcldom  fallen  under  the 
infpection  of  rational  criticilm.  But  thefe  lectures  teach 
us  not  only  tafte,  but  virtue  ;  not  only  to  admire  and  revere 
the  fcriptures,  but  to  profit  by  their  precepts.  The  au- 
thor has  penetrated  into  the  very  fanftuaries  of  Hebrew- 
literature  ;  lie'has  inveRigated,  with  a  degree  of  precifion 
which  few  critics  have  attained,  the  very  nature  and  cha- 
racter of  their  compofition  :  by  accurately  examining,  and 
cautioufly  comparing  every  part  of  the  lacrcd  writings  ;  by 
a  force  of  genius,  which  could  enter  into  the  very  defign 
of  the  authors ;  and  by  a  comprehenfivenefs  of  mind,  whick 
could  embrace,  at  a  fingle  view,  a  vaft  feries  of  correfpond» 
ing  palTages,  he  has  difcovered  the  manner,  the  fpirit,  the 
idiom  of  the  original,  and  has  laid  down  fuch  axioms  as 
cannot  fail  to  facilitate  our  knowledge  and  underllan'ding  of 
the  fcriptures."  Such  is  the  opinion  of  this  work  given 
by  the  tranflator  of  i',  the  late  Dr.  George  Gregory. 
Subjoined  to  the  "  Prileftiones"  is  "  A  fhort  Confutation 
of  Bifhop  Hare's  Syllem  of  Hebrew  Metre,''  In  the  year 
1754,  the  univerfity  of  Oxford  honoured  the  author  with  t'ne 
degree  of  doCtor  of  divinity,  and  in  the  following  year  he 
was  nominated  firft  chaphiin  to  the  marquis  of  Hartington, 
lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland.  Thither  he  accompanied  that 
nobleman,  and  was,  in  a  fliort  time,  offered  the  biihopric  of 
Limerick,  which  however  he  exchanged  for  fome  prefer, 
ment  in  the  county  of  Durham,  in  his  own  country.  In 
1 758,  Dr.  Lowth  preached  a  fermon  at  Durham,  on  Free 
Enquiry  in  Matters  of  Religicn,  which  has  been  frequently 
reprinted.  In  the  fame  year  he  pubhdied  his  "  Life  of 
Wykeham,  Lilhop  of  Wincheiler,"  and  founder  of  the  col- 
leges  in  which  lie  had  received  his  education.  His  next 
piece  has  been  exceedingly  popular  in  our  fchools,  though 
now  generally  fuperfcded  by  a  work  of  the  fame  kind  by 
Mr.  l.,indley  Murray,  w's.  "  .'\n  Introdudtiou  to  Engliih 
Grammar.''  Paffmg  over  a  coiitrovcrfv  between  Dr.  Lowth 
and  Dr.  Waiburton,  which  did  not  rcHc^  mr.cli  credit  on 
"  ■       3  V  2  tUa 


L  O  W 


L  O  X 


the  ancrry  tempers  of  the  difputants  ;  we  may  obferve  tliat 
Dr.  Lowth  was  elcfted  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  at 
Gottingen  in  the  year  1765,  and  in  tlie  following  year  he 
was  promoted  to  the  fee  of  St  David's,  and  almoft  imme- 
diately tranflated  to  the  bifhopric  of  Oxford.  In  this  hip;h 
ofBce  he  remained  till  the  year  1777,  when  he  fucceeded 
Dr.  Terrick.  in  the  fee  of  London,  in  1778  he  publidied 
the  laft  of  his  literary  labours,  entitled  "  Kaiah  :  Anew 
Tranflation,  with  a  preliminary  DifTertation,  and  Notes, 
critical,  philological,  and  explanatory."  His  defign,  in 
this  work,  was  not  only  to  give  an  exaft  and  faithful  re- 
prefentatioii  of  the  words  and  fenfe  of  the  prophet,  by  ad- 
hering clofely  to  the  letter  of  the  text,  and  treading,  as 
nearly  as  may  be,  in  his  footlleps ;  but,  moreover,  to 
imitate  the  air  and  manner  of  the  author,  to  exjjrefs 
the  form  and  fafliion  of  the  compofition,  and  to  give  the 
Enghfh  reader  fonie  notion  of  the  peculiar  turn  and  call 
of  the  original.  This  verfion,  excellent  in  itfelf,  was  not 
entirely  faulllefs,  and  the  miftakes  were  pointed  out  by 
Michael  Dodfor,  efq.  (See  Dodson.)  In  1779  the  bilhop 
ivas  called  on  to  preach  a  fermon  before  the  king  at  the 
Chapcl-royal,  on  A!h-Wednefday,  in  which  he  attacked 
the  opponents  to  the  minillerial  fyftem  of  goverimicnt, 
among  whom  was  the  celebrated  Dr.  Richard  Price,  who 
defended  himfelf  with  energy  and  fpirit.  In  1781  bifhop 
Lowth  was  engaged  in  a  law  fuit  with  Lewis  Difney 
Ffytche,  efq.,  concerning  the  kf^ality  of  general  bonds  of 
refignation,  which,  if  Dr.Towers's  llatementof  the  cafe  be  at 
all  accurate,  was  highly  difcreditablc  to  his  lordlhip  :  fuffice 
it  to  fav,  that  in  this  cafe  the  decifions  of  the  courts  of 
law,  almoll  unanimoufly  pronounced,  were  unexpe-ftedly 
reverfed  by  the  houfe  of  lords,  by  a  fmall  majority  of  one, 
and  of  tl-.e  numbers  who  voted  on  this  occafion  fourteen 
were  bidiops,  and  as  fuch  parties  in  their  own  caufc.  (See 
Dr. Towcrs's  Obfervations  on  the  Caufe  between  the  Bilhop 
of  London,  and  L.  D.  Ffytche,  efq.)  In  17S3  the  bidiop 
was  fixed  on  to  fucceed  archbifliop  Cornwallis,  but  on  ac- 
count of  his  advanced  age  he  thought  proper  to  decline  the 
high  honour  of  the  archbifhopric  of  Canterbury.  In  tlie 
latter  years  of  his  life  he  endured  a  great  degree  of  fut- 
fering  from  that  dreadful  diforder,  the  llone,  v  hich  he  bore 
with  fortitude  and  refignation  to  the  divine  will.  He  ex- 
perienced alfofome  of  the  mod  painful  ftrokts  of  calami- 
ties which  a  father  can  experience,  in  the  lofs  of  affectionate 
children.  In  1768  his  eldeft  daughter  died  at  the  age  of 
tliirteen,  of  whom  he  was  paflionately  fond,  and  whofe 
<ieath  he  deplored  in  the  following  exquifitely  beautiful 
epitaph,  which  is  infcribed  on  her  tomb: 

Cara,  vale,  ingenio  praftans,  pietate,  pudore, 

Et  plufquam  nata:  nomine  cara,  vale. 
Cara  Maria,  vale.      At  veniet  fclicius  sevom 

Quando  iterum  tecum,  fim  modo  dignus,  ero. 
Oara,  redi,  l;Eta  turn  dicam  voce  paternas, 

Eja,  age  in  amplexus,  cara  Maria,  redi, 

!n  lySjj,  his  feconj  daughter,  as  (he  was  preliding  at  the 
*ea-table,  fuddenly  expired.  Hiseldcll  fon  alfo,  of  whom 
he  wa'  led  to  form  the  highell  expeftati  ins,  was  linrried  to 
the  grave  in  the  bloom  of  youth.  His  lordfhip  died  at 
Fiilham  in  17R7,  having  nearly  completed  the  77th  year  of 
Lis  age.  Of  oifhop  Lov.th'o  extenfive  learning,  fine  talie, 
and  peculiar  qualifications  for  the  ftation  which  he  tilled,  lie 
lias  left  abundant  proofs.  While  his  amiable  manners  ren- 
•leied  hi:n  an  ornament  to  the  high  rank  in  which  l.e  moved, 
and  endeared  him  to  all  with  v. hom  he  converfed,  his  zeal 
for  the  e'lablLlied  religion  of  the  country  nude  him  an- 
xious to  promote  to  places  of  trail  and  dignity  fuch  cler- 


gymen as  he  knew  were  beft  qualified  to  fill  them.  Hf 
united,  in  an  eminent  degree,  the  qualities  of  the  gentle- 
man with  thofe  pf  the  fcholar  :  he  converfed  with  elegance, 
as  he  wrote  with  aceuracy.  His  heart  was  tender  and  fym- 
pathetic.  He  polfefled  a  mind  which  felt  its  ow"  llrength, 
and  decided  on  whatever  came  before  it  with  promptitude. 
In  thofe  trials  where  aillidlion  was  to  be  fuffered  or  fubdued 
he  behaved  as  a  man  and  a  Chriftian.  His  piety  had  ni> 
tinfture  of  morofenefs  ;  his  charity  no  leaven  of  ollcntatiou. 
The  bilhop  was  author  of  fome  fermons,  preached  on  parti- 
cular  occalions,  and  of  many  poetical  pieces,  fome  of  which 
have  been  frequently  reprinted  ;  the  titles  of  which  will  be- 
found  in  the  General  Biography. 

LOWVILLE,  in  Geography,  a  poll-town  of  America, 
in  Oneida  county,  New  York  ;  550  miles  from  Waih- 
ingtoii. 

LOWYA,  a  town  of  Hindooftan,  in  Bahar ;  ij  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Bettiah.     N.  lit.  26  '  35'.     E.  long.  84    43'. 

LOXA,  or  lojA,  called  by  Abulfeda  Lufchah,  an  ir- 
regularly built  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of  Grenada, 
fituated  partly  on  the  declivity  and  partly  at  the  foot  of  3 
hill  near  the  Xenil,  about  five  leagues  VV.  of  Grenada, 
and  taken  from  the  Moors  in  1486.  It  contains  three  pa- 
rifhes,  four  convents,  four  hofpitals,  a  bridge,  and  the  ruins 
of  a  ca^le  ;  together  with  a  falt-work  and  a  copper  forge. 
It  is  the  chief  town  of  a  corregidorad  ;  the  country  about 
it  is  pleafing,  fertile,  and  full  of  olive  tree?,  gardens,  or- 
chards, fine  fruit  trees,  and  flowers.  In  the  vicinity  are 
immenfe  numbers  of  hares  and  rabbits.  Near  the  town,  to- 
wards  Grenada,  are  a  fmall  plain  and  a  valley,  both  fown 
with  corn,  flax,  and  hemp,  and  producing  alfo  a  great 
quantity  of  vegetables.  N.  lat.  37"  i8'.  W.  long.  4  18'. 
It  contains  about  8000  inhabitants. 

LoxA,  or  Ltija,  a  town  of  South  America,  the  capital 
of  a  jurifdiftion  of  the  fame  name,  in  the  province  of  Quito, 
founded  in  the  year  154C,  by  captain  Alonfo  de  Mercadillo, 
and  refembling  in  ex'ent,  form,  and  buildings,  the  city  of 
Cuenga  ;  but  the  temperature  of  the  air  is  confiderably 
hotter.  Befides  two  churches,  Loja  has  feveral  convents, 
a  nunnery,  a  college  of  Jefuits,  and  an  hofpital.  In  its 
diftrift  are  14  villages,  and  within  the  territory  of  its  jurif- 
diftion  is  produced  the  famous  fpecific  for  intermitting 
fevers,  well  known  by  the  name  of  Cafcarilla  de  Loja,  or 
Quinquina.  (See  CASC.i.uiLLA  and  Cinchona.)  Thcjurif- 
diftioii  of  Loja  derives  alio  great  advantage  from  breeding 
the  Cochineal;  which  fee.  The  inhabitants  of  Loja,  known 
over  the  whole  province  by  the  name  of  Lojanos,  do  not 
exceed  10,000  fouls;  though  formerly,  when  the  city  was 
in  its  greatell  profperity,  they  were  much  more  numerous. 
Their  charafter  is  much  better  than  that  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Cuenga  ;  and  befides  their  affinity  in  culloms  and  difpofi-- 
tion  to  thofe  of  the  other  villages,  they  cannot  be  reproached 
■with  the  charailer  of  being  llotliful.  In  this  jurifdittion 
fuch  numerous  droves  of  horned  cattle  and  mules  are  bred, 
that  it  fupplics  the  others  of, this  province,  and  that  of 
Piura  in  Valles.  The  carpets  alio  manufadlured  here  are 
of  futh  remarkable  finencfs,  that  they  find  a  ready  fale 
wherever  they  are  fent.  The  corregidor  of  Loja  is  governor 
of  Yaguarfongo,  and  principal  alcalde  of  the  mines  of 
Zaruiiia ;  but  the  pod  of  governor  of  Yaguai'fongo  is  at 
prefent  a  mere  title  without  any  jurifditlion  ;  part  of  the 
villages  wbich  formed  it  being  loft  by  the  revolt  of  the 
Indians,  and  the  others  added  to  the  government  of  J<ien  ; 
fo  that  the  corregidor  of  Loja  enjoys  only  thofe  honours  in- 
tended to  preferve  the  remembrance  of  that  government. 
The  town  of  Zaruoia,  in  the  jurifdiclion  of  which  are  mines 
of  gold,  has  prelented  the  corregidor  of  Loja  with  the  title 


L  O  X 

ef  its  alcalde  major.  It  was  one  of  the  firft  towns  founded 
in  this  province,  and  at  the  fame  time  one  of  the  molt  opu- 
lent;  but  it  is  at  prefent  in  a  mean  condition,  owing  chiefly 
to  the  decay  of  us  mines,  on  which  account  moll  of  the 
Spanilh  families  have  retired,  fome  to  Cuen9a,  and  others  to 
l,oja  ;  fo  that  at  prefent  its  inhabitants  are  faid  not  to  ex- 
ceed 6000.  The  declenfion  cf  thele  mines,  which  is  owing 
to  the  negligence  of  thofe  that  are  concerned  in  working 
them,  more  than  to  a  fcarcity  of  tiie  metal,  has  been  dif- 
advantageous  to  the  whole  department  of  Loja  ;  and  con- 
fequently  diminiilied  tiie  number  of  its  inhabitants.  S.  lat.  4'. 
W.  long.  79~  14'. 

LoxA,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of  Savolax  ; 
108  miles  N.  of  Nyllot. 

LOXARTHRUS,  (from  m|o.-,  oblique,  and  <x.pp,,  a 
joint,)   in  Surgery,   deformity  of  a  joint. 

LOXIA,  \n  Natural  H'lflory,  a  genus  of  birds  of  the 
order  pafle:es,  of  which,  according  to  Latham,  there  are 
eighty-five  fpecies  ;  but  in  the  lail  edition  of  Gmelin,  tliere 
are  an  hundred  fpecies  enumerated  and  defcribed.  This 
latter  arrangement  wd'  Ihall  follow  in  the  prefent  article. 
The  elTential  charafter  is  as  follows :  the  bill  is  ftrong, 
thick,  convex,  rounded  at  the  bafe  ;  the  lower  mandible  is 
bent  in  at  the  edge  ;  the  noftrils  are  fmall,  and  round  at  the 
bafe  of  the  bill  ;  the  tongue  is  trunca'.e.  The  familiar  name 
of  this  genus  is  grnjhiah. 

In  the  loxia,  cniberiza,  and  fringilla  genera,  both  man- 
dibles are  moveable,  by  which  means  they  are  able  to  Hiell 
and  break  in  pieces  the  feeds  they  feed  upon.  Of  this 
numerons  tribe  there  are  but  live  fpecies  that  are  Britilli, 
which  will  be  noticed  by  afterilks  prefixed  to  the  fpeciiic 
names. 


Species. 

*  CuuviROSTRA  ;  Common  cnf^-bill.   Mandibles  crofTrng 
each  other;  body  varying  in  colour;  wings  and  forked  tail 
brown.      Linn,     Le  bcc-cro'ife,   BrifT.      Shrhl-apple,  or  crofs- 
hill,  Willoiigiibv.      This  is  the  moll  remarkable  bird  of  the 
whole  genus.     Both  mandibles  are  hooked,  and  turned  dif- 
ferent ways,  fo  that  they  do  not  meet  in  a  point.     The  bill, 
however,  is  not  uniformly  in  the  fame  diredlion  :  in  fome  in- 
.  dividuals   the   under  mandible  is   twilled   to   the   right,    in 
others  to  the  left  fide  ;  a  circumllance  tliac  has  been  noticed, 
to  prove  that  the  variation  in  the  bill  is  rather  ownig  to  cer- 
tain ufes  to  which  it  is  applied  by  the  bird,  than  to  any  fixed 
appointment  in  nature.     This  fpecies  is  found  fometimcs  in 
Britain,  though  it  is  not  by  any  means  a  conllant  vifitor  in 
thefe    iflands.       It    inhabits    more    generally   the    northern 
countries   of   Europe,  efpecially.  fome   parts  of  Germany, 
Switzerland,   Rufiia,  Sweden,   &c.    where   it  is   permanent 
the  whole  year.      Birds  of  this  fpecies  migrate,   from  un- 
known caufes,  into  other  countries,  not   regularly,  but  in 
the  courfe  of  feveral  years.     They  inhabit  the  pir.e  forefts, 
and  feed  upon  the  cones ;   for  the  fcahng  of  which  their  bills 
are  admirably  formed.   This  bird  is  obferved  to  hold  the  cone 
in  one  rlaiv,  like  the  parrot ;  and  to  have- all  the  actions  of 
that  bird,  when  kept  in  a  cage.      It  is  laid  to  make  its  neft 
in  the  very  higlieft  parts  of  the  fir  trees,  faflening  it  to  the 
branch  with  the  refinous  matter  which  exudes  from  the  trees. 
Mr.  Latham  fays,  "  I  have  never  heard  of  its  breeding  in 
England,  but  know  one  inftance  of  its  being  (hot  at  large 
in  the  middle  of  fummer.     I  have  been  told  that  they  have 
done  great  damage  in  orchards,  by  tearing  the  apples  to 
pieces  for  the  fake  of  the  feeds,  the  only  part   they  delight 
in.     Many  are  taken  with  a  bird-call  and  bird-hmc,  and 
others  by  a  horfe-hair  noofe  fixed  to  a  long  fifhihg-rod :  for 
fo  intent  are  they  on  picking  out  the  feeds  of  the  cone,  that 


L  O  X 

they  will  fuffcr  thcmfclves  to  be  taken  by  the  noofe  being 
put  over  the  head. 

There  are  two  varieties :  the  one  reddiTh,  head  fcarJct ; 
the  other  larger,  bill  thicker  and  fhortcr.  The  male  is  red, 
varied  with  brown  and  green,  and  is  faid  to  change  its 
colours  thrice  a  year ;  the  female  is  olive-green,  mixed  with 
brown. 

Lkucoptera  ;  White-winged  grolbeatc.  Mandible* 
crofling  each  other  ;  feathers  whitifli,  edged  with  red  ;  rump 
pale  red ;  vent  whitilh  ;  tail  and  wings  black,  the  latter 
with  two  white  bands.  It  inhabits  North  America ;  is 
about  fix  inches  long.  The  bill  is  of  a  horn  colour ;  legs 
are  brown.  Latham  received  fpecimens  both  from  Hud- 
Ion's  Bay  and  New  York. 

Psnr.vcE.v  ;  Parrot-billed  grofbeak.  Olive  colour ; 
quill  and  even  tail-feathers  edged  with  ycllowilh  ;  lower 
mandible  much  (liorter.  The  plumage  in  the  female  is  not 
unlike  that  of  the  male,  except  the  head,  which  is  the  fame 
as  the  other  parts  of  the  body,  with  a  mixture  of  yeUowifh- 
grey  about  the  fides  of  the  head.  It  inhabits  the  Sandivich 
iflands. 

*  COCCOTIIRAU.STES  ;   Hawfinch.     This  is  le  gros-bec  of 
Bridon,  and  is  rather  larger  than  the  foregoing  fpecies.      It 
is  of  a  chefnut-a(h  colour  ;  wings  with  a  white  line,  having  the 
middle  quill-feathers  rhombic  at  tlie  tips  ;  tail-feathers  black 
at  the  bafe  of  the  thinner  web.     The  female  is  lefs  bright  in 
colour  ;  the  part  between  the  bill  and  the  eye  is  grey,  inllead 
of  black.     This  may  ferve  as  a  general  deltription',  but  the 
colours   vary   very   much.       This   fpecies,    thoucrh    ranked 
among  the  Britilh  birds,  vifits  thefe  kingdoms  occafionaliv, 
and  for  the  moll  part  in  winter,  and  has  never  been  known 
to  breed  here.      It  is  more  plentiful  in  France,  where  it  mav 
be  feen   in  abundance  about  the  beginning  of  April  ;  and 
foon  after  makes  its  neft  between  the  fork  of  the  branches- 
of  trees,  about  ten  or  twelve  feet  from  the  ground.     It  is 
compofed  of   fmall  dry  fibre?,  intermixed  with  liverwort, 
and  lined  with  finer  materials.     The  e?;gs  are  of  a  roundifh 
fhape,  of  a  blueidi-green,  fpotted  with  olive-brown,  with  a 
few  irregular   black  markings^nterfperfed.      It  is  alfo  com- 
mon in  Italy,  Germany,   Sweden,  and  the  wellern  parts  of 
RufFia,  where  the  wild  fruits  grow  :    in  the  reft  of  the  em- 
pire they  are  exceedingly  fcarce,  except  beyond  lake  Baikal, 
where  they  arrive  from  the  fouth  in  great  plenty,  to  feed  on 
the  berries  of  a  tree  peculiar  to  that  country.      From  the 
fticn  Jth  of  the  bill,  it  cracks  the  ftones  of  the  fruit,  of  the 
haws,  cherries,  &c.  with  the  greatell  eafe. 

*  Eksixleator  ;   Pine  grolbeak.      Gros-bec  de  Canada, 

BrilTon.     Le  dur-bec,   Buffon.      Gnalejl  bullfinchi  Edwards. 

AVings  with  a   double  white  line;  tail-feathers  all  black; 

head,  neck,  brcaft,  and  rump,  in   the   young  bird  red,  in 

the  old  bird  yellow;  female  olive,  or  greenilh-brown.  with 

here  and  there  a  reddilh  or  yellowifli  tinge,  but  chiefly  at 

the  top  of  the  head.      It  frequents  the  moft  northern  parts 

of  this   kingdom,    being  only  met  v.ith   in    Scotland,  and. 

efpecially  the  Highlands,  where  it  breeds,  and  inhabits  the 

pine-foreih,  feeding  on  the  feeds  like  the  crofs-bill.      It  is 

found  in  all  the  pine-forefts  of  Siberia,  Lapland,  and  t!ic 

northern  parts  of  Ruflia  \.  common  aliout  St.  Peter.'burgh 

in  the  autumn,  and  is  caught  in  great  plenty  at  that  time 

for  the  ufe  of  the  table,    returning  north   m   the   fpring-. 

Thefe  birds  are  like  wife  common  in  the  northern  parts  of 

America,  and  appear  at  Hudfon's  Bay  about  the  moDth  of 

May,  to  which  place  they  are  faid  to  come  from  the  fouth,. 

and  are  obferved  to  feed  on  the  buds  of  the  willow. 

Macuoura  ;    Long-tailed  grofticak.     Black  ;    band  on     • 
the  wings  and  back  rcd*ii(h-yellow  ;  tail  long,  wed<^ed.     Ih- 

habita 


I.  O  X  I  A. 


h-.bits  Africa,  near  the  Senegal.  It  is  about  feven  -uches 
long  ;  the  bill  and  legs  are  black. 

Aurea;  Gold-backed  grolbeak.  B'ack  ;  hack  golden  ; 
wing-coverts  pale  brown,  fpotled  with  black  ;  legs  blueilh. 
t  inhnbits  Benguclo. 

RumciLLA ;  Caiicafian  grofboak,  fo  called  froin  the 
Caucafian  mountains  which  it  inhabits.  It  is  about  eight 
inches  long.  Scarlet,  fpotted  with  v\hite;  belly  and  vent 
rofy  ;  greater  wing-coverts  brown  ;  tail  black  ;  feathers  of 
the  body  cinereous  at  the  bafe,  giving  the  plumage  a  waved 
appearance. 

*  Pyrhuula  ;  Bullfinch.  Le  BouvrcuU,  BrifTon.  The 
bill  of  this  bird  is  of  a  dark  horn  colour,  the  upper  mandible 
hooked,  and  projects  over  the  lower,  which  is  roundifli,  like 
a  parrot's  ;  top  of  the  head,  feathers  round  the  eye,  and  a 
fpot  under  the  beak,  of  a  dark  blue  gloffy  black  ;  the  hind 
part  of  the  neck  and  the  back  are  grey  ;  the  throat  and 
bread  are  of  a  beautiful  flefii-coloured  red  ;  belly  and  vent 
white,  as  is  the  rump  ;  quill-feathers  and  tail  black  ;  wing- 
coverts  blue-black,  the  Icfs  ones  tipped  with  white;  legs 
very  fliort  and  black.  The  female  is  black  on  the  head, 
flight-featiicrs,  and  tail  ;  bread  and  under  parts  of  a  reddifh- 
brown  ;  the  rump  whitilh.  There  are  three  other  varieties  : 
I.  Entirely  black.  2.  White,  back  with  a  few  black 
fpots.      3.   White;  head,  neck,   bread,  and  belly  rofy. 

Thefe  birds  are  very  troublefome  vilitors  to  the  orchards 
and  gardens,  in  the  fpring  of  the  year  ;  feeding  on  the  buds 
of  cherries,  plums,  and  other  fruit-trees.  They  retire  to 
woods  and  clofe  cover,  to  build  their  neds  in  May.  They 
have  no  fong  in  the  date  of  nature,  but  are  readily  taught 
fme  notes  of  mufic,  and  even  to  fpeak.  Females  are  made 
as  perfeft  as  males  in  mufical  tunes.  They  form  a  flight 
ned  of  twigs  laid  crodways,  and  lay  four  egfgs. 

Cahdixalis  ;  Cardinal  grolbeak  ;  Virginian  nightingale. 
Le  gros-bec  de  Virginie,  Bridon.  Creded,  red;  frontlet 
black  ;  bill  and  legs  blood-red  ;  bill  and  legs  pale  rofy  ; 
cred,  when  ereft,  pointed.  The  female  differs  from  the 
male,  being  modly  of  a  reddifli-brown.  This  fpecies  is  met 
with  in  feveral  parts  of  North  .\merica,  and  lias  obtained 
the  name  of  nightingale,  on  account  of  its  line  fong.  In 
the  fpring,  and  mod  part  of  the  fummer,  it  fits  on  the  tops 
of  the  highed  trees,  finging  early  in  the  morning,  fo  loud 
as  to  pierce  the  ears ;  frequently  kept  in  cages,  in  which  it 
fings  through  the  year :  lomctimcs  it  is  quite  mute  for  a 
time,  and  again  redlefs,  hopping  from  perch  to  perch,  and 
finging  alternately.  It  inhabits  North  America  ;  feeds  on 
grain  and  Indian  corn,  which  it  hoards  up. 

Carlfoxi.  Red  ;  chin  black  ;  rump,  tail,  wings,  and 
legs  brown.  Inhabits  the  iflands  of  the  Indian  fea  ;  it  re- 
fembles  tRe  cardinalis,  but  is  not  creded. 

BoETOKEKSis  ;  Indian  grodieak.  Creded,  red  ;  frontlet 
red  ;  bill  and  legs  yellow  ;  the  toes  are  long  ;  claws  diarp, 
pointed  ;  wing-coverts  black.  It  inhabits  India,  and  is 
about  eight  inches  long. 

Madagascariensis  ;  Madagafcar  groftieak.  Red,  ocu- 
lar band  black,  back  fpotted  witlf  blackidi  ;  the  bill  alfo 
is  black;  wings  and  tail  brow.',  edged  with  olive.  It  is  about 
five  inches  and  a  half  long,  and  inhabits  Madagafcar.  The 
young  birds  at  fird  are-olive,  and  do  not  arrive  at  the  red 
colour  but  by  degrees.  ^ 

Mexicana  ;  Mexican  grofbeak.  Red  ;  wings  and  tail 
black.  It  inhabits  New  Spain,  and  is  about  fix  inches  and 
a  half  long. 

Brasiliana  ;  Brafilian  grofbeak.  Brown  ;  beneath  red- 
dilh,  with  fpots  annulate  with  black  ;  head  and  middle  of  th« 
belly  red  j  crefccnt  on  the  nape  and  tip  of  the  tail  white  j 


the  bill  is  of  a  fledi  colour  ;  wings  and  tail  black  ;  wing- 
coverts  and  lecond.iry  quiU-tcathers  reddilh  at  the  tips.  It 
ij  found  in  B.'-azil. 

DoMlNKAN.\;  Le  gros-lec  dii  Brefil,  Briffun  ;  yfin-rican 
lullfinch,  WiUoughby.  Black  ;  head  and  chin  fcaikt  ;  bread, 
belly,  and  edge  of  the  quill-feathcrs  white  ;  the  neck  is 
blackifli  above  ;  back,  rump,  and  wing-coverts  grey  a  little 
fpotted  with  blai  k  ;  vent  and  fides  of  the  neck  whitidi ; 
wings  and  tail  black  ;  legs  cinereous.  It  inhabits  Brazil, 
There  is  a  varieiv  ;  cinereous,  beneath  fnowy  ;  fore  part 
of  the  head  and  ihroat  red  ;  tail-featlicrs  black  edged  with 
cinereous,  the  outmod  white  on  the  outer  edge.  It  is 
about  the   fize  of  a  lark. 

Cuct)LLAT.\  ;  Creded  Dominican  grofbeak.  Cinereous  ^ 
creded  ;  head  and  chin  fcarlet  ;  breail  and  bel'y  white  j  tail 
long,  the  lateral  feathers  blackifii.  This,  wliich  by  Latham 
is  reckoned  a  variety  of  the  Dominicana^  and  which  is  about 
the  fame  fize,  inhabits  Brazil. 

SiBlRiCA  ;  Siberian  grolbeak.  Size  of  a  linnet,  but 
fuller  of  feathers.  Bill  lomewhat  longer  than  that  of  a  bull- 
finch  ;  round  the  bafe  of  it  the  featli'A'S  are  of  a  deep  purple  ; 
head  and  back  in  iome  birds  of  a  deep  vermilion  ;  in  others 
of  a  rofe-colour  marked  with  blown,  as  in  the  linnet  ;  the 
under  parts  paler,  and  not  fpotted.  The  female  and  young 
birds  are  of  the  colour  of  a  linnet,  with  a  tinge  of  red  on 
the  belly  and  rump. 

This  is  a  mod  beautiful  fpecies.  and  inhabits  the  bufliy 
fhrubs  about  the  rivers  and  twrrents  of  the  foulhern  moun- 
tains of  Siberia,  and  particularly  about  lake  Baikal;  fond 
of  the  feeds  of  the  bhieifh  and  other  mngworls  ;  it  is  a 
redlefs  bird,  and  in  winter  unites  into  fmall  flocks,  and  keeps 
in  warmer  fituations  among  the  flirubs. 

ViRGiNiCA  ;     Yellow-beUied    grofbesk.       Head,     neck, 
middle  tail-feathers,  and  body    beneath   red  ;  belly  yellow  j . 
nape,  lower  part  of  the  back,  wings,  and  lateral  tail-feathers 
olive.     The  bill  is  yellow,  and  the  bird   is  fourtd  in  Vir- 
ginia. 

Cristata  ;  Creded  grodjeak.  Whitilli,  front  is  creded  ; 
the  rump  and  legs  are  red  ;  middle  tail-ftjathers  very  long. 
It  inhabits  Ethiopia,  and  is  one  of  the  larged  of  itb  tribe. 
Cred  and  bread  in  the  male  red,  female  white. 

EuvTllROCF.i'ii.iLA  ;  Paradife  grofbeak.  Le  cardinal 
d' Angola,  Brilfon  ;  Sparrow  of  Paradife,  Edwards.  Pale 
afii ;  head  pnrplifh ;  brcait  fpotted  with  wiiite  ;  bill  and 
legs  fiefli  colour  ;  chin  red  ;  body  beneath  ;  a  double  ob- 
lique band  on  the  wings  white.      It  inhabits  Angola.  .    " 

Maj.\  ;  White-headed  gn.fbeak.  Brown;  head  white. 
It  inhabits  Malacca  and  China,  and  is  about  four  iiiclies 
long.  The  head  and  neck  are  whitifh,  and  fo  alfo  are  the 
fecond  and  fourth  quill-feathers. 

Flavicans  ;  Yellow  grofbeak.  Back  greenidi  ;  head 
tawny  ;  the  wings  and  tail  are  of  a  greenitb-yellow.  It  is 
the  fize  of  a  canary,  bird,  and  is  an  inhabitant  of  Afia. 

BoN'.\RlEN'.sis  ;  Marigold  grofoeak.  Head  and  neck 
blue  ;  body  abpve  blackilh,  beneath  yellow  ;  belly  and  vent 
fulphur  ;  wings  and  tail  blackilh,  edged  with  blue.  It  in- 
habits Buenos  Ayrcs,  where  it  is  rarely  feen  till  September  ; 
it  frequents  cultivated  places  and  gardens  ;  feen  in  pairs,  and 
apparently  very  much  attached  to  each  other  ;  feeds  on 
grafs  and  on  feeds.  The  bill  is  blackifli  ;  the  legs  are  red- 
dilh ;  claws  fliarp,  curved,  grooved,  the  hind-one  very 
large. 

Okyzivoh.v  ;  Java  groflieak.  Le  gros-lec  cendre  de  la 
Chine,  BrifTon  ;  Padda,  or  Rice  bird,  Edwards.  Cinereous; 
temples  white ;  bill  red.  It  inhabits  China,  Java,  and 
Africa,  is  five  inches  long,  and  very  dedruiSive.  to  rice 
plantations.     The  female  has  the  bill  and  eye-lids  very  pale 

redj 


L  O  X  I  A. 


rci,  and  wants  tlie  whhe  on  the  cheeks ;  but  the  edge  of 
the  wing  is  white  ai  well  as  the  under  tail-covtrts.  It  is 
tlijught  to  be  a  Chinefe  bird,  by  its  being  often  met  with 
in  the  paper  hangings  of  that  country.  Latham  thinks  this 
tlie  more  likely,  as  he  has  feen  it  among  foine  Chinefe  paint- 
in~s,  in  uhich  it  bore  the  Eiame  of  '■  Hung-tzoy." 

Fl\bei.l^fkra  ;  Fan-tailed  grofbeak.  This  fpecies  is 
the  fize  ot  a  fparrow  ;  length  about  five  inches.  Bill  Itout 
and  du/lcy  ;  the  upper  parts  of  the  body  are  reddifti-iroivn, 
))alell  on  the  rump  ;  the  under  the  fame,  but  fomcwhat 
paler,  and  more  inclined  to  red  ;  quills,  tail,  and  legs  dulky. 
One  of  thcfc  birds  had  a  grey  bread  and  belly.  They  in- 
liabit  Virginia,  where  they  are  called  fan-tails,  and  con- 
tinually carry  the  tail  fpread  in  an  horizontal  dircftion. 

P.\sicivoka;  Wliite-winged  grofbeak.  Black;  fpuri- 
ous  wings  black  ;  bill  flelh-colour.  It  inhabits  Africa,  and 
is  feven  inches  and  a  half  long. 

Mal.^cca  ;  Ma'acca  grolheak.  Bay  ;  head  and  belly 
black  ;  bill  blue ;  the  breall  and  flanks  are  white ;  and 
the  legs  are  brown  It  inhabits  Java  and  China,  and  is 
rather  more  than  four  inches  long.  There  is  a  variety 
that  is  ferruginous,  head  and  lower  part  of  the  neck 
Lhch. 

Molucca  ;  Molucca  grofbeak.  Browniih  ;  head,  throat, 
and  t  iil-feathers  black  ;  the  bill  is  black  ;  hind-head 
'.  ro'.vn  ;  rump  waved  white  and  black  ;  wings  and  legs 
bi'own.      It  inhab;ts  the  Molucca  ifles. 

PuNCTL'LARiA  ;  Cowry  grofbeak.  Bay;  belly  black, 
fpotteJ  with  white  ;  the  bill  and  legs  black  ;  hind-head 
and  back  reddifli-brown  ;  breall  and  flanks  black,-  with 
hearted  vvhi^e  fpots,  m;ddie  of  the  belly  and  vent  white. 
It  inhabits  Java. 

UsDULATA ;  Eaflern  grofbeak.  Brown-red,  beneath 
waved  with  brown  ;  the  tad  is  a  pale  rcd-afh.  It  i  habits 
Afia  ;  is  fix  inches  long.     The  bill  is  fhort  and  flrong. 

Ho!inE.vCE.\  ;  Yellow-rumned  grofbeak.  Tawny  ;  tem- 
ples white  ;  tail  and  brealt  black.     Inhabits  India. 

SANCUiNiaosTRis ;  Red-billed  grofbeak.  Crey,  be- 
neath white  ;  bill  and  legs  red  ;  ttie  front  and  face  arc 
black  ;  breatl  ai^d  belly  pale  ochre  ;  the  feathers  are  fome- 
tinics  bhckifh  in  the  middle  ;  wtngs  and  tail  brown.  It  in- 
habits fome  parts  of  Africa  and  Afia. 

AsTRiLD  ;  Waxed-bill  grofbeak.  Brown  waved  with 
Wackiih ;  bill,  orbit,  and  brealt  fcarlet.  It  inhabits  the 
Canaries,  America,  and  Africa  ;  is  about  four  inches  long  ; 
hides  itfelf  under  grafs  and  herbs,  and.  feeds  on  feeds. 
There  are  two  other  varieties,  -viz.  i.  Rump  and  vent 
fcarlet.  2.  Beneath  rofy-white ;  crown,  neck,  and  back 
'blue  ;  a  fcarlet  band  acrofs  the  eyes. 

I.EUCURA  ;  White-tailed  grofbeak.  Bill  and  legs  red  ; 
liead  and  wing-coverts  cinerenis  ;  back  yellow  ;  brealt  and 
belly  ycllowifh  ;  tail  white,  the  outmoll  feathers  black.  It 
inhabits  Brazi',  and  is  three  inches  long. 

CyANE.\  ;  Angola  blue  grofbeak.  Blue  ;  wings  and 
tail  black  ;  the  bill  is  of  a  lead-colour,  irides  hazel^  legs 
Wack.     It  ifthabits  Angola. 

ViRES-s.  Greeniih  ;  Ihoulders  blue  ;  wings  and  tail  black, 
«dged  with  green.     It  mhabi"s  Surinam. 

Akgolexsis  ;  Angila  grofbeak.  Black-blue  ;  belly  fer- 
TUj^inous  ;  wings  with  a  white  fpot  ;  the  bill  is  black  ; 
■wings  edged  with  white  ;  legs  purplifh-flefh-colour.  Found 
in  and  near  .Angola. 

Ferruginea  ;  Brown-headed  grofbeak.  Head  and  chin 
brown  ;  body  above  black,  beneath  ferruginous  ;  even  tail 
and  quill-feathers  black,  edged  with  yellow  ;  the  bill  is  of 
a  horn  colour,  and  the  legs  are  pale  ;  its  length  is  about  fix 
ischcs* 


Melakuiia  ;  Grey-necked  grofbeak.  Head  and  tail 
black ;  neck  above  brown  ;  throat  and  vent  grey  ;  belly 
reddifh  ;  vent  white  ;  quill-feathers  black,  the  primaries  near 
the  tip,  and  the  fecondaries  on  the  inner  edge,  are  white.  It 
inhabits  China,  and  is  the  fize  t>f  the  hawfinch.  The  head 
of  the  female  is  grey. 

Auuantia;  Orange  grofbeak.  Ora-igc  ;  crown  black  ; 
quill  and  tail-feathers  black,  edged  wilh  orange  The  female 
has  the  whole  head,  and  forc-part  of  the  neck,  black  ;  the 
under  part  of  the  body  white  ;  the  rcfl  of  the  body  orange 
but  lefs  bright  ;  and  the  quills  edged  with  grey.  It  inha- 
bits the  ifle  of  Bourbon,  but  fome  fpecimens  have  been  feiit 
from  the  Cape. 

ToRRiDA  ;  White-billed  grofbeak.  Black  ;  breafl  and 
beily  bay ;  middle  tail-feathers  very  long.  It  inhabits  South 
America. 

LiNEOLA  ;  Lineated  grofbeak.  Black  ;  the  frontal  line 
and  temples  are  white.  The  body  above  is  black-blue,  and 
beneath  it  is  white;  bill  black,  with  a  white  fpot  above  the 
upper  mandible ;  tail  is  forked ;  quill-feathers  black,  the 
primary  white  at  the  anterior  bafe.  It  is  found  \a  many 
parts  of  Afia  and  Africa. 

Ha.mburoia;  Hamburgh  grofbeak.  Head  and  neck 
chefnut  above;  chin,  band  in  the  middle  of  the  white  throat, 
and  rounded  tail,  brown  ;  l)ack,  breaft,  and  rump  yellowifn- 
brown,  fpotted  with  black  ;  belly,  vent,  and  two  bands  on 
the  wing-coverts,  white.  It  is  about  fix  inches  long  ;  inha- 
bits Hamburgh  and  its  neighbourhood;  feeds  on  infedts,  and 
climbs  trees  like  a  creeper. 

Me.xicana  ;  Yellow-headed  grofbeak.  Spotted  with 
brown ;  front,  chin,  rump,  and  eye-brows  pale  yellow. 
It  inhabits  New  Spain,  and  is  nearly  fix  inches  long. 

*  Chloris;  Greenfinch.  This  is  a  well-known  bird  ;  the 
colour  is  a  yellowifh-green,  paleft  on  the  rump  and  breaft, 
and  inclining  to  white  on  the  belly  :  the  quills  are  edged 
with  yellow,  and  the  four  outer  tail-feathers  are  yellow 
from  the  middle  to  the  bafe  ;  the  bill  is  pale  brown  and 
flout  ;  and  the  legs  are  fleth- colour.  The  female  incline* 
more  to  brown. 

The  greenfinch  is  common  in  Great  Britain,  and  makes  • 
its  neft  in  fome  low  bufli,  hedge,  &c.  corapofed  of  dry 
grafs,  lined  with  hair  and  wool  ;  the  fema'e  lays  five  or 
fix  eggs,  marked  at  the  larger  end  with  red-brown  :  fhe  it 
fo  anxious  and  careful  of  her  charge  during  incubation, 
that  file  is  often  taken  on  the  iiell.  The  male  takes  his 
turn  in  fitting  on  the  eggs.  The  greenfinch  foon  becomes 
tame  ;  even  old  birds  are  familiar  almoll  as  foon  as  they  are 
caught.  It  is  apt  to  grow  blind,  hke  the  chaffinch,  if  much 
expofed  to  the  fun  ;  it  flies  in  troops  in  winter,  and  lives 
five  or  fix  years. 

It^is  common  in  many  parts  of  Europe,  but  in  RufTia  it 
is  rarely  feen,  and  never  in  Siberia,  hence  it  is  imagined 
that  it  fhifts  its  quarters  according  to  the  fcafcn.  It  is 
common  in  the  northern  parts  of  England  and  in  many 
parts  of  Scotland. 

Sinensis;  Chinefe  grofbeak.  Head  and  neck  greenifh- 
grey  ;  back  pale  brown  ;  primary  quill-feathers,  the  firfl 
half  yellow,  lower  part  black  ;  ficondiTies  within  black, 
without  grey,  vent  yellow.     It  inhabits  China. 

BuTYRACEA;  Yellow-fronted  grofbeak.  Greenifh;  head 
and  back  fpotted  with  black,  beneath  yellow  ;  bill,  tail, 
quill-feathers,  and  legs  black.  The  front,  eye-brows, 
and  temples  are  yellow  ;  fpots  on  the  female  brown  aini 
the  tail  tipt  with  white.  It  is  found  in  India  and  at  the 
Cape. 

Do.MiNENSis;  St.  Domingo  grcfbeak.  Greeti-brown,  be- 
neath pale  rufous,  fpotted  with  brown ;  veut  and  area  cf 


L  O  X  I  A. 


the  tyes  white  ;  wings  black  ;  tail  and  legs  brown.     It  in- 
habits St  Domingo. 

Afkicana  ;  African  grofbcak.  Varied  with  preenidi- 
brown  and  grey,  bent-ath  white  ;  breall  varied  with  brown  ; 
primary  quill  and  lateral  tail-feathers  edged  with  rcddidi- 
while,  tlic  outmoil  with  a  white  fpot.  Inhabits  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope. 

Hvpox.^NTiiA  ;  Sumatra  grofheak.  Yellowifii  ;  front 
and  eye-brows  pale  yellow,  quill  and  tail-feathers  black, 
edged  with  yellowilh.      Inhabits  Sumatra. 

C.WADESSIS  ;  Canada  grofbeak.  Le  gros-bec  di  Cayenne, 
BrilTon.  Size  of  a  houfe-fparrow  ;  bill  afh-colour,  and 
the  edges  of  it  fomewliat  projefting  in  the  middle  ;  the  up- 
per parts  of  the  plumage  olive-green  ;  the  under  paler,  and 
luclininc;  to  yellow  ;  the  feathers  I'ound  the  bafe  of  the 
bill,  and  the  chin,  blacky  the  legs  are  grey.  It  inhabits 
Cayenne  and  Canada,  as  its  different  names  figuify. 

)5uLPHURATA  ;  Brimftone  groflieak.  Olive-brown  ; 
throat  and  belly  pale  yellow  ;  eye-brows  yellow  ;  it  is  about 
fix  inches  in  kngth,  and  inhabits  in  (locks  near  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  frequents  tl;e  banks  of  rivers,  and  builds  a 
pendulous  neft,  with  a  long  neck  beneath,  in  trees  and 
ihrubs. 

Flavinentkis  ;  Yellow-bellied  grofbeak.  Olive  fpot- 
ted  with  brown,  beneath  yellow  ;  quill  and  tail-feathers 
brown,  edged  with  olive  ;  above  the  eyes  a  yellow  ftripe  ; 
the  rump  is  olive  coloured  ;  tail  forked  ;  legs  grey.  Inha- 
bits the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  There  is  a  variety  ;  hind- 
head,  cheeks,  and  chin  cinereous. 

■Coi.LAiiiA  ;  Nun  grofljeak.  Yellowilh  ;  bread  and  col- 
lar yellow  ;  temples  black.  There  is  a  variety  with  a 
broader  collar.      Inhabits  India  and  Angola. 

Grisea  ;  Grey  grofoeak.  Blue-grey,  neck  and  front 
white  ;  bifl  and  claws  brown,  legs  reddilh. 

Bevgai.f.S'SI.s  ;  Le  moineau  de  Bengale,  Briffon.  I'lUoiv- 
headed  Indian  fparroiu,  Edwards.  Btngal  grojbeah,  Linn. 
Grey  ;  crown  yellow,  temples  whitifh  ;  belly  whitifli  ;  fpot- 
ted  with  brown.  "  This  bird,"  fays  fir  William  .Tones,  '♦  is 
exceedingly  common  in  Hindooftan  ;  he  is  ailonifliingly  fen- 
fible,  faithful,  and  docile  ;  never  voluntarily  deferting  the 
place  wht-re  his  young  are  hatched,  but  not  averfe,  like  moft 
other  birds,  to  the  fociety  of  mankind  ;  ardeafily  taught  to 
perch  on  the  hand  of  his  mailer.  In  a  Hate  of  nature  he 
generally  builds  his  nelt  on  the  higheft  tree  he  can  find  ; 
efpecially  on  the  Pa'myra,  or  on  the  Indian  fig-tree,  and  he 
prefers  that  which  happens  to  overhang  a  well  or  a  rivulet  : 
he  makes  it  of  graft;,  which  he  weaves  like  cloth,  and  fliapes 
like  a  bottle,  fufpending  it  firmly  on  the  brancliL'S  ;  but  !o 
as  to  rock  with  the  wind,  and  placing  it  with  its  entrance 
downward,  to  fecure  it  from  the  birds  of  prey.  Its  neft 
iifually  confifts  of  two  or  three  chambers  ;  and  it  is  popu- 
larly believed  that  he  lights  them  with  fire-flics,  which  he  is 
faid  to  catch  alive  at  night,  and  confine  with  moift  clay  or 
with  cow-dung.  That  fuch  flies  are  often  fuund  in  his  neft, 
where  pieces  of  cow-dung  are  alfo  ftuck,  is  indubitable  ; 
bat  as  their  light  could  be  of  little  ufe  to  him,  it  feems 
probable  that  he  only  feeds  on  them.  He  may  be  taught 
with  eafe  to  fetch  a  piece  of  paper,  or  any  fmall  thing  that 
his  mailer  points  out  to  him.  It  is  an  attelled  faft,  that  if  a 
ring.be  dropped  into  a  deep  well,  and  a  Cgnal  be  given  to 
him,  he  will  fly  down  with  amazing  celerity,  catch  the  ring 
before  it  touches  the  water,  and  bring  it  up  to  his  raafter 
with  apparent  exultation  ;  and  it  is  confidently  afferted,  that 
if  a  houfe,  or  any  other  p'ace,  be  (hewn  to  him  once  or  twice, 
he  will  carry  a  note  thither  immediately  on  a  proper  fignal 
being  made.  The  younr  Hindoo  women  at  Benares,  and  in 
.    other  places,  wear  very  thin  plates  of  gold  called  I'lcas, 


(lightly  fixed,  by  way  of  ornament,  between  their  eye-brows; 
and  when  they  pafs  through  the  ftrects,  it  is  not  uncommon 
for  the  you  hful  libertines  who  amufe  thcmfelves  witli  train- 
ing theft  birds,  to  give  them  a  fignal  which  they  underftand, 
and  fend  them  to  p'uck  the  pieces  of  gold  from  the  fore- 
heads of  their  millrefies,  which  they  bring  in  triumph  to 
their  lovers. 

MALABAnicv  ;  Malabar  grofbeak.  Cinereous  ;  quill  and 
tail-feathers  black  ;  chin  and  vent  white  ;  the  bill  is  black. 
It  inliabits  India. 

AFit.\  ;  Black-bellied  groflieak.  Beneath  black  ;  head, 
flanks,  and  tail-coverts  yellow  ;  wings  and  tail  brownifh. 
It  is  found  in  Africa. 

Caffka.  Tilack,  quill-feathers  brown  ;  fliowlders  red  ; 
plumage  filky  ;  bill  brown-a(h  ;  quill-feathers  at  the  edges 
and  coverts  white  ;  tail  longer  than  the  body  ;  legs  grey. 
It  is  of  the  fize  of  a  bull-finch,  and  inhabits  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope. 

ToTTA.  Quill  and  tail-feathers  all  black,  the  very 
tips  white ;  the  body  is  of  a  brownifli  colour,  but  be- 
neath is  a  pale  orange  ;  front  greenilh-brown  ;  it  has  fix 
primary  quill-feathers;  eight  fecor.dary  ;  ten  tail-feathers 
beneath  footy  ;   (hanks  yellowilh  ;  legs  black. 

Indica  ;  Afh-headed  grofbeak.  Blackifh,  beneath 
whitilh  ;  head  and  neck  cinereous  ;  tail  tipt  with  white. 
Inhabits  India  ;  is  very  imall  ;  and  has  blue  legs  and  bill. 

Asiatic'A  ;  Afiatic  grofbeak.  Reddilh-afn,  beneath 
cinereous  ;  belly  pale  red  ;  head,  greater  wing-covsrts, 
quill-feathers,  and  tip  of  the  tall  black.  It  inhabits  China, 
and  is  the  fize  of  a  bull-finch.  There  is  a  variety ; 
bluei(h-afli ;  head,  wing^,  and  tail  black  ;  quill  and  two 
middle  tail-feathers  and  tip  of  the  tail  black. 

Canoka  ;  Brown-cheeked  grofbeak.  Dirty  greenifh, 
beneath  cinereous  ;  cheeks  brown,  furroundcd  with  a 
yellow  fringe."   It  inhabits  Mexico,  and  fings  charmingly. 

Lineata  ;  Radiated  grofbeak.  Black,  beneath  white  ; 
fides  of  the  body,  and  bafe  of  the  primary  quill-feathers, 
tranfverfely  ftreaked  with  white  and  black. 

Perlata  ;  Pearled  grofbeak.  Black,  beneath  brown  ; 
near  the  tail  varied  with  white  and  black.  It  inhabits 
Africa. 

Fasciata  ;  Fafciated  grofbeak.  Brownifh,  with  black 
crefcents ;  quill-feathers,  tail,  and  cheeks  brown,  under 
the  chin  a  broad  red  band  ;  the  bill  is  blueifli-grey, 
and  the  le^^s  are  of  a  flefli-colour.      It  inhabits  Africa. 

Cantans  ;  Warbling  grofbeak.  Brown,  tranfverfely 
lined  with  blackifli,  beneath  white  ;  tail  brown,  wedged.  ■ 
It  inhabits  Africa,  and  is  about  four  inches  long.  A 
variety  of  this  fpecies  has  a  yellowifli  belly  ;  chm  and 
fides  waved  white  and  blackifh,  and  is  named  the  Gambia 
grofbeak. 

Mklanocepiiala  ;  B!ack-headed  grofbeak.  Pale  yel- 
low ;  head  black  ;  bill  cinereous  ;  throat  and  irides  black; 
legs  blue-afli.  It  is  about  fix  inches  long,  and  inhabits 
Gambia. 

Erytiiromeas.  Red  ;  head  and  chin  black  ;  the  bill  is 
black,  white  at  the  bafe ;  tail  rounded.  Female  above 
greenifh-orange,  mixed  with  red,  beneath  orange  ;  quUl-fca- 
thers  olive,  the  outer  edge  rufous. 

Coronata  ;  Black-crefted  grofbeak.  Scarlet,  beneath 
blue  ;  crefl  on  the  head  and  fpot  in  the  middleof  the  throat 
black.     It  inhabits  America. 

Cana  ;  Cinereous  grofbeak.  Hoary;  quill  and  tail- 
feathers  brown,  legs  red;  bill  cinereous;  greater  quill-fea- 
thers white  at  the  bafe,  blackifh  at  the  tips  ;  tail  blackifh, 
edged  with  paleafli  ;  legs  flelh  colour. 

rillLlPPlNA;     Philippine    grofbeak.      Brown,    beneath 
j^  yellowifhn 


L  O  X  I  A. 


yellowidi-wliite  ;  crown  and  bread  pale  yellow  ;  chin 
brown.  The  female  has  the  upper  parts  brown,  margined 
with  rufous  ;  rump  of  this  lad  colour  ;  legs  yellowifh. 
Thefe  inhabit  the  Pliilippine  idands,  and  are  noted  for  making 
a  moil  curious  nell,  in  form  of  a  long  cylinder,  fwelling 
out  into  a  globofe  form  in  the  middle.  This  is  compofed  of 
the  tine  fibres  of  leaves,  and  fallened  by  the  upper  part  to 
the  extreme  branch  of  a  tree.  The  entrance  is  from  be- 
neath ;  and  after  afcending  the  cyhndei*^s  far  as  the  globu- 
lar cavity,  the  true  nellis  placed  on  one  fide  of  it,  where, 
fays  Latham,  this  little  architeft  lays  her  eggs,  and  hatches 
her  brood  in  perfcft  fecurity.  There  are  three  divifions  in 
the  nell;  of  this  bird  ;  the  iiril  is  occupied  by  the  male,  the 
fecond  by  the  female,  and  the  third  contains  the  young  ;  in 
the  firft  apartment,  where  the  male  keeps  watch,  while  the 
female  is  hatching,  a  little  tough  clay  is  placed  on  one  fide, 
and  on  the  top  of  this  clay  a  glow-worm,  which  is  faid  to 
afford  it  Inhabitants  light  in  the  night-time. 

There  is  a  variety  of  this  fpecies.  Tail  and  quill-feathers 
greenifh-brOwn,  edged  with  yellow.  Inhabits  Abyffinia. 
This  makes  a  nell  fomewhat  like  the  former,  of  a  fpiral 
fliape,  not  unlike  that  of  a  nautilus.  It  fufpcnds  it,  like 
the  other,  on  the  extreme  twig  of  fome  tree,  chiefly  one 
that  hangs  over  fome  Hill  water  ;  and  always  turns  the  open- 
ing towards  that  quarter  from  whence  leail  rain  may  be  ex- 
pected. 

Abyssintca  ;  Afeyffinian  grofbeak.  Yellowidi  ;  crown, 
temples,  tliroat,  and  breaft  bla^k  ;  (boulders  blacklfh  ;  quill 
and  tail-feathers  brown,  edged  with  yellow.  It  inhabits 
Abyffinia  ;  fize  of  the  hawfinch  ;  makes  a  pyramidal  pendent 
nell,  the  opening  of  which  is  on  one  fide,  facing  the  eafl  ; 
it  is  divided  in  the  middle  by  a  partition,  and  the  nell  is 
within  this  cavity  en  one  fide  ;  by  this  means  it  is  fecure 
from  the  intrufion  of  fnakes,  fquirrels,  monkies,  and  other 
mifchievous  animals,  and  defended  from  the  wellerly  rains, 
which  lafl;  for  feveral  months  almoi  unceafingly.' 

Pensills  ;  Penfile  grofbeak.  Green  ;  head  and  throat  yel- 
low ;  ocular  band  green  ;  belly  grey  ;  vent  rufous-red  ;  bill, 
legs,  tail  and  quill-fe.ithers  black,  the  lall  edged  with  green. 
This  fpecies  inhabits  Madagafcar;  is  the  fize  of  a  houfc-fpar- 
row  ;  conllrufts  its  penfile  r.eft  of  ftraw  and  reeds,  Ihaped 
like  a  bag,  with  an  opening  beneath,  on  one  fide  of  which 
is  the  true  nell.  The  bird  does  not  choofe  a  new  fituation 
every  year,  but  fallens  a  new  neil  to  the  end  of  the  lall ; 
fometimes  as  far  as  five,  one  hanging  from  another  ;  builds 
in  large  focieties,  and  brings  three  young  ones  at  each 
hatch. 

A  bird  fimilar  to  this  is  mentioned  in  Kxmpfer's  Hillory 
of  Japan,  which  makes  the  nell  near  Siam,  on  a  tree,  with 
narrow  leaves  and  fpreading  branches,  the  fize  of  an  apple- 
tree  ;  the  nefl  in  the  ffiape  ot  a  purfe,  with  a  long  neck, 
made  of  dry  grafs  and  other  materials,  and  fufpended  at  the 
end  of  the  branches  ;  the  opening  always  to  the  north-well. 
The  hiftorian  fays  he  counted  fitty  on  one  tree  only  ;  and 
defcribes  the  bird  itfeli  as  being  like  a  canary-bird  in  colour, 
but  as  chirping  like  a  Iparrow. 

SociA  ;  Soci;ible  grolbeak.  Rufous  brown,  beneath 
'  ellowilh  ;  frontlet  black  ;  tail  fhort.  This  fpecies  inhabits 
the  interior  parts  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  :  they  live  to- 
gether in  va!t  tribes  under  one  common  roof,  containing  fe- 
veral nells,  wliich  are  built  on  a  large  fpecies  of  mimofa  ; 
ibis,  from  its  fize,  its  ample  head,  and  llrong  wide  Iprcad- 
iiig  branches,  is  well  calculated  to  admit  and  fupport  their 
dwellings.  Tlie  tallnels  and  fmoothnefs  of  its  trunk 
are  alio  a  perfedl  defence  againft  the  invafions  of  the 
ferpent  and  the  monkey  tribes  ;  in  one  tree  defcribed 
by  a  very  intelligent  traveller,  Mr.  Paterfon,  there  were 
Vol.  XXI. 


fcvcral  hundi-ed  nefts  under  one  general  roof.  It  is  defcribed 
as  a  roof,  becaufe  it  rcfemblcs  that  of  a  thatcned  houfc,and 
projcfts  over  the  entrance  of  the  n^ft  below  in  a  firgubr 
manner.  "  The  induftry  of  thefe  birds,"  fays  this  author, 
"  feems  almoll  equal  to  that  of  the  bee.  Throughout  the  d-^y 
they  feem  to  be  biifily  employed  in  carrying  a  fine  fpecies 
of  grafs,  which  is  the  principal  material  they  ufe  for  the 
purpofe  of  erctting  this  extraordinary  work,  as  well  as  for 
additions  and  repairs.  Though  my  fliort  (lay  in  the  country 
was  not  fufficieiit  to  fatisfy  me  by  ocular  proof  that  they 
added  to  their  nell  as  they  annually  increafed  m  number-;  ; 
Hill,  from  the  many  trees  which  I  have  feen  borne,  down  by 
the  weight,  and  others  which  I  have  obferved  with  their 
boughs  completely  covered  over,  it  would  appear  that  this 
is  really  the  caie.  When  tl:e  tree,  which  is  the  fupport  of 
this  ai^rial  city,  is  obliged  to  give  way  to  the  increafe  of 
weight,  it  is  obvious  that  they  are  no  longer  protedled,  and 
are  under  the  necefiity  of  building  in  other  trees.  One  of 
thcle  dcferted  nplls  I  had  the  curiofity  to  break  down,  to 
inform  myfelf  of  the  internal  ftruclure  of  it  ;  and  found  it 
equally  ingenious  with  that  of  the  external.  There  are 
many  entrances,  each  of  which  forms  a  regular  ilreet, 
with  nefts  on  both  fides,  at  about  two  inches  diilance  from 
each  other.  The  grafs  with  which  thoy  build  is  called  the 
Bolhman's  grafs,  and  I  believe  tlie  feed  of  it  to  be  their  prin- 
cipal food  ;  though,  on  examining  their  nefts,  I  found  the 
wings  analogs  of  different  infefts.  From  every  appearance 
the  neft  which  I  diffeded  had  been  inhabited  for  many  years, 
and  fome  parts  of  it  were  much  more  complete  than  others. 
This,  therefore,  I  conceive  to  amount  nearly  to  a  proof  that 
the  animals  added  to  it  at  different  times,  as  they  found  ne- 
cefi^ary  from  the  increafe  of  the  family,  or  rather  of  the 
nation  or  community." 

Striata  ;  Striated  grolbeak.  Brown,  ftreaked  with  fer- 
ruginous, beneath  white  ;  throat  black.  About  the  fize  of 
a  wren.      It  inhabits  Bourbon. 

Zeylonica  ;  Ceylon  grofbeak.  Ferruginous  brown,  be- 
neath purple,  waved  with  black  ;  front  and  rump  blueifh. 
Inhabits  Ceylon. 

Ludoviciaka  ;  Louifiana  grofbeak.  Black  ;  breafl, 
belly,  band  on  the  wings,  and  bafe  of  the  quill -feathers  white. 
Inhabits  North  x-^merica,  and  is  about  fix  inches  long.  There 
is  another  variety  with  a  rofy  breafl. 

Maculata  ;  Spotted  grofbeak.  Feathers  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  body  black,  fpotted  with  white  towards  the 
tip,  of  the  lower  part  whitilh,  llreakcd  with  black  ;  quill 
and  tail-feathers  whitifh  on  the  outfide.  It  inhabit* 
America. ' 

Obscura  ;  Dufl<y  grofbeak.  Middle  of  the  throat,  and 
double  band  on  the  wing-coverts  white  ;  quill-feathers  green, 
flanks  white,  fpotted  with  brown  ;  feathers  of  the  head, 
neck,  and  back  edged  with  brown.  Inhabits  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  New  York. 

Hudsonica;  Hudfon's  Bay  grofbeak.  Brown;  belly- 
white,  fides  fpotted  with  brown  ;  wing-coverts  with  two  red 
bands.  It  inhabits  Hudfon's  Bay,  from  whence  it  derives 
its  name.  It  has  ftrong  bill  and  legs  ;  feathers  of  the  back 
and  rump,  fecondary  quills  and  tail-feathers  edged  with  palf 
rufous  ;  tail  a  little  forked. 

Capensis  ;  Cape  grofbeak.  Blackifli-brown  ;  rump  ar.d 
wing-coverts  pale  yellow.  There  is  a  variety  with  feathers 
above  brownifh,  in  the  middle  fpotted  vnth  black,  beneatk 
whitifh,  fpotted  with  black.  The  bill  and  legs  black  j 
feathers  of  the  head  fliort,  and  in  breeding  time  filky ; 
wings  chefnut,  edged  with  grey  ;  greater  quill-feathert 
edged  with  yellow,  back  fometimes  pale  yellow.  Inhabits 
^  Z  Coraniacd?! 


L  O  X 


L  O  Y 


Coj-omandel  and  the  Cape  ;  is  found  chiefly  in  thickets  near 
rivci-s ;  eggs  cinereous,  fpotted  with  black. 

Nigra  J  Black  grofbeak.  Le  houvreml  nolr  du  Mexique, 
Briflbn  and  Buffon.  Liatlf  hlnct  hulljinch,  Catefby,  Albin. 
&c.  This  fpecies  is  of  the  fize  of  a  bullfinch  ;  the  bill 
is  blnck,  itout,  and  deeply  notched  in  the  middle  of  the 
upper  mandible  ;  plumage  black,  except  a  little  white  on 
the  fore -part  of  the  wing,  and  b:\fe  of  the  two  firll  quills  ; 
legs  black.     Inhabits  Mexico. 

CuAssiuoSTKis  ;  Thick-billed  grofbeak.  Black  ;  bafe 
of  the  quill-feathers,  and  middle  tail-tcathers  in  the  middle 
white  ;  legs  whitifli  ;  the  bill  is  thick  and  yellovvilh. 

Rkgull'.s  ;  .Crimfon-crefted  grolbeak.  Bill  very  thick 
and  (Irong.  There  was  a  fine  fpecimen  of  this  bird  in  the 
Leverian  mufseum. 

Americana  ;  Black-brealled  grofbeak.  Black  ;  be- 
neath white  ;  peftoral  band  black;  wings  with  a  ^double 
white  band  ;  tail  rounded;  legs  brown.  It  inhabits  Ame- 
rica. 

CyT.RULEA  ;  B'ue  grofbeak.  Le  houvreuU  bleu  de  la 
Caroline,  Briffon.  This  fpecies  is  the  lize  of  the  bullfinch  : 
bill  half  an  inch,  llout,  and  bro%vn  ;  the  bafe  of  it  furrounded 
with  black  feathers,  which  reach  on  each  fide  as  far  as  the 
eye  ;  the  whole  plumasre  befides  is  of  a  deep  blue,  except 
the  quills  and  tail,  which  are  brown  with  a  mixture  ot  green, 
and  acrofs  the  wing-coverts  a  baud  of  red  ;  the  legs  are 
dufky.  The  female  is  brown  with  a  little  mixture  of 
blue. 

"  I  fufoeft,"  fays  Latham,  "  this  to  be  Bancroft's  bird, 
which  he  fays  is  (l^y-btue,  with  the  outer  edges  of  the  quills 
and  tail  crimfon  ;  and  the  more  fo,  as  I  have  lately  met  with 
one  from  Cayenne,  which  had  tlie  chin,  as  well  as  round 
the  bill,  black,  and  both  the  flioulders,  fome  of  the  wing- 
coverts,  and  the  edges  of  the  fecondaries,  marked  with 
reddifh." 

Uri.x;  Grenadier  grofbeak.  Grey;  bill,  front,  and  belly 
black  ;  neck  and  rump  tawny ;  fometimes  the  wings  are 
white,  and  the  tail  is  brown.  It  is  the  fize  of  a  fparrow  ; 
inhabits  Africa,  and  is  found  chiefly  in  marfhy  grounds  and 
among  the  reeds.  The  neft  is  formed  with  fmail  twigs,  fo 
clofely  interwoven  with  cotton,  as  not  to  be  penetrated  in 
any  weather.  It  is  divided  into  two  compartments,  of  which 
the  upper  is  for  the  male,  and  the  lower  for  the  female  and 
the  young. 

Flaminoo.  White  ;  head,  neck  and  breaft,  and  belly 
rofy.  Inhabits  Upfal ;  refembles  the  bullfinch;  bdl  and 
legs  reddifh  ;  feathers  of  the  frontlet  blackifh  at  the  tips  ; 
third  and  fourth  quill-feathers  and  fpot  on  the  rump 
black;  tranfverfe  line  on  the  wings  and  upper  furface  of  the 
tailfooty. 

ViOLACEA  ;  Purple  grofbeak.  Le  bou-vreiul  violet  de 
Bahama,  BrifTon.  Black  fparro'w,  Raii  Syn.  This  is  the 
fize  of  the  fparrow  ;  bill  is  black  ;  plumage  violet  black, 
except  the  irides,  a  ftreak  over  the  eye,  the  chin,  and  the 
▼ent,  which  are  red  ;  legs  dulky  grey.  Where  the  male  is 
black,  the  female  is  brown,  and  the  red  is  not  fo  bright  ;  it 
inhabits  the  Bahama  iflands,  Jamaica,  and  the  warmer  parts 
of  America 

Gross.\  ;  White-throated  grofbeak.  Blueilh  hoary  ; 
throat  and  tail-feathers  blackifh  ;  chin  white  ;  bill  red.  In- 
habits America. 

MiNrM.\  ;  Dwarf  grofbeak.  Brown  ;  beneath  teflace- 
ous  ;  primary  quill-feathers  at  the  bafe  and  fecondaries  on  tlie 
hind-part  white.  This  fpecies  is  very  fmall  ;  it  inhabits 
Surinam. 

FuscA ;  Brown  grofbeak.  Le  petit  bouvreull  nolr  d  /IjVique, 
BrifTon.      Size  of   a  canary   bird ;    bill   fliort    and    thick, 


and  of  a  lead  colour  ;  the  head  and  upper  parts  of  the 
body  brown  ;  the  under  of  a  pale  afli-colour  ;  vent  pure 
white ;  the  quills  dulky  black  ;  the  bafe  of  eight  of  the  middle 
quills  white  ;  tail  the  colour  of  the  quills,  with  palifli  ends; 
legs  pale.  It  is  an  inliabitant  of  Africa,  and  is  met  with  al 
Bengal. 

GuTT.VTA.  Brown  ;  breafl;  black  ;  bill  and  rump  red  ; 
fides  of  the  body  black  fpotted  with  white.  It  inhabits  NcVv' 
Holland. 

Septentrioxalis;  Northern  grolbeak.  Black;  wings 
with  a  white  fpot.  Inhabits  Scandinavia  ;  refembles  the 
bullfinch. 

MiN'tJTA  ;  Minute  grofbeak.  Grey  ;  rump  and  belly 
beneath  ferruginous  ;  fome  quill-feathers  on  each  fide  white 
at  the  bafe  ;  tail  entire.  It  inhabits  Surinam  and  Cayenne  ; 
is  very  fmall,  aftive,  and  bold  ;  frequents  inhabited  places, 
and  feeds  on  feeds  and  fniit.  Bill  and  legs  brown  ;  cries  like 
a  fparrow  ;  makes  a  roundifli  nell,  compofed  of  a  reddifli 
herb,  and  placed  on  the  trees  which  it  frequents. 

Blcoi.oR  ;  Orange-bellied  grofbeak.  Brown ;  beneath 
red  :  another  variety  ;  brownifh,  beneath  white  ;  chin  forae- 
what  ferruginous.  Inhabits  India;  the  bill  is  whitifh  and 
legs  are  brov.'n. 

Pr.\.ssixa  ;  Red-rumped  grofbeak.  Olive-green,  beneath 
yellowilh  hoary,  rump  pale  red  ;  legs  yellow.  This  is  the 
defcription  of  the  male  ;  the  female  of  a  variety  is  olive 
brtiwn,  beneath  yellowilh  hoary  ;  rump  pale  red  ;  legs 
yellowifh. 

Thidactyla;  Three-toed  grofbeak.  Le  Gwfso  Ballto, 
Buffon.  Bill  tootlied  on  the  edges;  the  head,  throat,  and 
fore-part  of  the  neck  of  a  beautiful  red,,  which  is  pro- 
longed in  a  narrow  band  quite  to  the  vent  ;  the  upper  part 
of  the  neck,  back,  and  tail  black  ;  the  wing-coverts 
brown,  edged  with  white  ;  quills  brown,  with  greenilh 
edges  ;  legs  dull  red  ;  the  wings  reach  half  way  on  the  tail ; 
the  toes  three  only,  two  before  and  one  behind. 

This  inhabits  AbylTiuia  ;  frequents  woods,  and  is  a  foli- 
tary  fpecies;  feeds  on  kernels  and  feeds,  which  it  breaks  with 
the  greateft:  eafe  with  its  bill.  Latham,  Lewin,  Gmelin's 
Linnaeus,  &:c.  &c. 

LOXOCARYA,  in  Botany,  from  K'^'^;,  ollique,  and 
KKfMv,  a  nut.  Brown  Prodr.  Nov.  Holl.  v.  i.  249.  This 
genus  is  leparated  from  Rejllo,  folcly  on  account  of  its 
having  an  undivided  llyle,  and  a  fruit  of  one  cell,  which  is 
as  it  were  a  third  part,  or  one  lobe,  of  that  of  RcJlio.  We 
prefume  to  think  this  difliuiSion  fcarcely  fnfficieiit.  One 
ipecies  only  is  mentioned. 

1^.  cliurea  ;  found  by  Mr.  Brown  in  the  foiith  part  of 
New  Holland. 

LOXODROMIC  Table.     See  Tablk. 

LoxoDRo.Mics,  the  art  or  method  of  oblique  lailing,  by 
the  loxodroniy,  or  rhumb. 

LOXODROMY,  Loxodromia,  fn-med  of  AoJo.;,  ob- 
lique, and  l^rjjj.rj:,  courfe,  the  line  which  a  fliip  defcribes  in 
falling  oa  the  fame  collateral  rhumb. 

The  loxodromy,  called  alio  the  loxodromic  line,  cuts  all 
the  meridians  in  the  lame  angle,  called  the  loxodromic  angle. 
This  line  is  a  fpecies  of  the  logarithmic  ipiral,  defcribed  on 
the  furface  of  the  fphere,  having  the  meridians  for  its 
radii. 

LOYAL,  in  the  Manege.  A  horfe  is  fald  to  be  loyal, 
that  freely  bends  all  his  force  in  obeying  and  performing  any 
manege  he  is  put  to  ;  and  does  not  defend  himfelf,  or  refill, 
uotwithilanding  his  being  ill  treated. 

A  loyal  mouth  is  au  excellent  mouth,  of  the  nature  of 
fuch  as  we  call  mouths  with  a  full  relt  upon  the  hand. 

LOYALSOCK  Creek,  in  Geography,  a  river  of  Ame- 
rica, 


L  O  Y 


L  O   V 


rica,  in  Norllmmberland  county,  Pennfylvania,  whicli  runs 
into  the  W.  fide  of  the  branch  of  Sufqiiehannah  river,  from 
the  N.E.  ;  26  miles  from  Sunbury.  It  is  navigable  20  or 
;o  miles  up  for  batteanx  of  10  tons.  N.  lat.  41  ij'.  W. 
long.  77    i'. 

LOYHA,  a  fmali  ifland  on  the  E.  fide  of  the   gulf  of 
Bothnia.      N.  lat.  65    6'.     E.  long.  25  . 

I..OYOLA,  Ignatius  di:,  in  Biography,  celebrated  as 
the  founder  of  the  order  of  Jcfuits,  was  defcended  from  a 
noble  Spanidi  family,  and  born  in  1491,  at  the  ciflle  of 
Loyola,  in  the  province  of  Gnipufcoa,  whence  he  derived 
his  fnrname.  At  an  eariy  age  he  was  appointed  page  at 
the  court  of  Ferdinand  and  I'abella,  a  id  was  iliewn  diftin- 
guiflied  marks  of  favour.  ■  Bnt  the  indo'ence  and  famenefs 
of  a  cciirtier's  life  did  not  accord  with  young  Loyola's 
aclive  difpofition  ;  he  panted  for  fame,  and  to  attain  to  a 
confpicLioiis  fituation,  he  determined  to  enter  into  the  army. 
He  was  taken  under  the  patronage  of  the  dnke  de  Najara, 
a  grandee  of  Spain,  a  foldier  of  high  reputation,  and  under 
his  aufpices.  he  palfed  through  different  degrees  of  mihtary 
rank,  and  difcovercd  on  all  occalions  great  courage,  and  a 
ilrong  attachment  to  the  fervice.  His  morals,  which  had 
been  corrupted  at  court,  were  not  reformed  in  the  army, 
.vhere,  following  the  example  of  thofe  about  him,  he  ad- 
dicted himfelf  to  the  licentioufnefs  too  prevalent  in  the  mi- 
litary life ;  he  was,  however,  poffelTed  of  a  high  fenfe  of 
honour,  was  frank,  difinterefted,  and  generous,  and  much 
beloved  by  thofe  who  lervej  under  him.  In  lj'2r,  he  had 
the  command  of  the  citadel  of  Pampclunn,  thirn  befieged  by 
the  French,  and  after  difplaying  the  utmoll  valour  in  re- 
pulfing  the  enemy,  he  was  in  a  moment  difabled  by  a  fevere 
wound  in  the  left  leg,  and  by  a  cannon  (hot  which  broke 
his  right.  Tlie  garrifon  having  thus  loll  the  example  of 
their  leader,  furrendered  at  difcretion.  The  French  paid 
every  attention  to  Lovola,  and  as  foon  as  he  was  in  a  Hate 
fit  to  be  moved,  they  fent  him  in  a  litter  to  his  native  place. 
It  was  a  conliderable  time  before  a  cure  was  effetted,  and 
during  that  period  he  happened  to  have  no  other  fource  of 
amufement  than  what  he  found  in  reading  the  lives  of  the 
faints,  the  effect  of  which  on  his  mind,  was  to  infpire  him 
with  a  delire  of  emulating  the  glory  of  the  mod  celebrated 
among  them.  From  this  time  he  refolved  to  renounce  the 
vanities  of  the  world,  to  vilit  the  Holy  Land,  and  to  de- 
vote himfelf  to  an  auftere  religious  life.  Hence  he  imder- 
took  a  pilgrimage  to  our  lady  of  Montferrat,  to  hang  up 
his  arms  near  her  altar.  His  zeal  at  this  time  was  without 
all  bounds  ;  he  attempted  to  take  away  the  life  of  a  perfon 
who  fuggefted  a  doubt  whether  the  Virgin  Mary  had  re- 
mained pure  and  immaculate  after  her  delivery.  Having 
arrived  at  Montferrat,  he  adopted  a  new  method  of  confe- 
crating  himfelf  to  the  fervice  of  the  Virgin  ;  he  flripped  off 
his  clotlics,  which  he  gave  to  a  poor  man,  put  on  a  coarfe 
garment  of  fackcloth,  girded  himfelf  with  a  cord,  from 
which  was  fufpcnded  a  gourd  for  carrying  water,  put  a 
matted  fhoe  on  one  foot,  which  had  not  yet  recovered  the 
injury  produced  by  his  wounds,  leaving  the  other  naked 
and  his  head  expofed  to  the  violence  of  the  weather,  and 
lubliituling  in  the  place  of  his  lance  a  plain  crab-tree  ftaff. 
Thus  equipped,  he  prefented  himfelf  before  the  altar  of  the 
Holy  Virgin,  hung  his  military  weapoiis  on  a  pillar  near  the 
altar,  and  watched  all  night,  fometimes  kneeling  and  fome- 
timts  tlanding,  devoting  himfelf  as  a  champion.  Early  in 
the  following  morning  Loyola  departed  on  foot  for  Man- 
refa,  three  leagues  from  Montferrat,  intending  to  go  through 
•I  courle  of  penance,  by  way  of  preparation  for  his  expedi- 
tion to  the  Holy  Land.  He  underwent,  for  the  fpace  of 
twelve  months,  the  mod  rigorous   mortifications   of  every 


kind,  after  which  he  commenced  his  labours  of  fpiritual  m- 
hortation,  both  in  private  families  and  in  public  places,  and 
in  a  very  (hort  time  he  publillied  his  book  entitled  "  Spiri- 
tual Exercifes."  Loyola,  intent  upon  vifiting  the  Holy 
Land,  embarked  for  Italy,  and  proceeded  to  Rome  to  ob- 
tain the  pope's  bleffing,  which  he  obtained  from  Adrian  VI. 
with  leave  to  puifue  his  pilgrimage  to  Jerufalem.  After 
vifiting  the  fcenes  of  our  Saviour's  principal  tranfaftions  in 
that  city,  and  the  furrounding  country,  and  going  through 
the  exercifes  ufually  performed  by  pilgrims,  Loyola  formed 
the  defign  of  remaining  in  Pak-lHne,  for  the  purpofe  of 
devoting  himfelf  to  the  convcrfion  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Eaft.  This  defign  he  communicated  to  the  father  guardian 
of  the  Francifcans,  by  whom  he  was  referred  to  the  father- 
provincial,  who,  aware  of  the  danger  of  the  enterprife, 
refufed  his  confent,  and  fent  Loyola  back  to  Europe.  At 
Barcelona  he  commenced  a  courfe  of  fchool  learning,  which 
he  completed  in  two  years,  and  then  went  to  the  univerfity 
of  Alcala  de  Henares,  where  he  fuffcred  himfelf  to  be 
diverted  to  other  objedls  belides  literature,  and  of  courfe 
made  but  a  mean  progrefs  in  his  ftudies.  He  had  taken  as 
his  model  the  works  of  Thomas  a  Kempis,  which  he  was 
perpetually  reading.  He  fpent  a  confiderable  portion  of 
his  time  in  the  fervice  of  the  lick,  in  begging  excurfions, 
and  in  inftructing  and  exhorting  the  people.  Loyola  had 
now  affociated  himfelf  with  four  companions  who  imitated 
his  plans  of  life,  and  looked  up  to  him  as  a  matter  and 
leader.  Their  different  drefs,  and  extraordinary  manner  of 
living,  induced  multitudes  to  become  their  followers  :  this 
awakened  the  jealoufy  of  the  inquifitors,  who  iniUtuted  en- 
quiries relative  to  Loyola's  doflrine  and  behaviour,  and 
having  found  that  he  was  a  believer  in  the  found  faitli,  he 
was  difmiffed.  After  this  he  v^'as  fome  time  imprifoned  <,n 
the  fafpicion  of  having  perfuaded  a  lady  of  rank  and  her 
daughter  to  undertake  a  long  pilgrimage  barefoot.  Being 
liberated,  he  went  to  Salamanca,  and  was  a  fecond  time 
imprifoned  through  the  interference  of  the  Dominican 
monks,  who  were  jealous  of  his  popular  exertions  in  a  reli- 
gious courfe.  He  was  now  determined  to  abandon  his 
native  country,  where  he  was  fubjeCl  to  fo  many  hindrances 
in  what  he  conceived  the  way  of  his  duty  :  he  accordincrly 
went  to  Paris  in  1528,  where  he  re-commenced  the  fludy  of 
the  Latin  language  at  Montague  college ;  went  through  a 
courfe  of  philofophy  in  the  college  of  St.  Barbara,  and 
ftudied  divinity  under  the  Dominicans.  His  zeal  in  inftruft- 
ing  others  expofed  him  to  trouble  in  Paris,  as  it  had  dene 
in  the  Spanilli  univerfities,  and  he  narrowly  efcaped  whip- 
ping in  St.  Barbara's  college-hall.  No  fuffering  had  the 
effeft  of  cooling  his  zeal  ;  he  formed  an  affociation  among 
the  fcholars  of  that  college,  the  members  of  which  took  a 
vov.-  to  conform  to  a  flridt  religious  difcipline,  and  to  engage 
in  a  new  undertaking  for  promoting  the  interefts  of  the 
Catholic  faith.  They  agreed  to  preach  in  public  places, 
and  in  every  place  where  they  could  obtain  permiflion,  re- 
commending the  beauty  and  rewards  of  virtue,  and  pointing 
out  the  deformity  and  punifliments  of  vice,  and  this  in  a 
fimple  evangelical  manner,  without  the  vain  ornaments  of 
eloquence  ;  that  they  (hould  inffrucl  children  in  the  Chrif- 
tian  doClrine,  and  the  principles  of  right  conduft,  and  that 
they  (hould  receive  no  money  for  exercifing  their  functions, 
but  be  governed  in  all  their  proceedings' by  a  view  to  the 
glory  ot  God.  The  fociety  thus  formed  was  to  be  deno- 
minated "  The  Company  of  Jefus.  "  Loyola  was  now 
anxious  to  obtain  the  approbation  of  the  pope,  in  order 
that  a  new  inilitution  might  be  formed  under  his  fanction. 
His  holinefs,  Paul  III.  referred  the  petition  .of  Loyola  to 
the  committee  of  cardinals,  who  violently  oppofed  the  efta- 

3  Z  2  blifliment 


L  O  Z 


L  U  B 


blifhment  of  fnch  an  order,  rcprefcntiiig  it  not  only  as  nn- 
npcelTary  but  extremely  dangerous.  He  again  threw  him- 
felf  at  the  feet  of  the  pope,  and  propofed  that  bcfidcs  the 
three  vows  of  poverty,  ehaftity,  and  monallic  obedience, 
which  are  common  to  all  the  orders  of  regulars,  the  members 
of  his  fociety  (hould  take  a  fourth  vow,  of  obeilience  to  the 
pope,  binding  thcmfelves  to  go  whitherfoever  he  fhould 
command  for  the  fervice  of  religion,  and  without  requiring 
any  thing  from  the  holy  fej  for  their  fuppOrt.  This  was  a 
propofnl  which  the  pope  could  not  rejeft  ;  lie  confirmed 
tlie  inlUtution  of  tlie  Jefuits  bv"  a  bull,  granted  the  mod 
ample  privileges  to  the  members  of  the  fociety,  and  ap- 
p->inted  Loyola  to  be  the  firll  general  of  the  order.  (See 
our  article  .Iesuits.)  In  I  550,  he  was  defirous  of  refigning 
his  office  of  general,  but  the  fociety  would  not  confent  to 
the  meafure,  and  he  retained  it  till  his  death  in  1556,  when 
he  was  in  the  fixty-fi:<th  year  of  his  age.  Before  that  event, 
he  had  fecn  his  order  Ipivad  over  the  grcatelt  part  of  the 
old  and  new  worlds,  and  ho  had  ellablilhed,  in  the  (hort 
fpace  of  lixtecn  years,  twelve  large  provinces,  containing 
at  lead  an  hundred  colleges.  He  was  beatified  by  pope 
Paul  v.,  and  in  1622  he  was  canonized  by  Gregory  X\\ 
Bayle.     Moreri.      Robert  fon,  and  art.  Jefuits. 

LoYOL.v,  in  Geography,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  the 
province  of  Guipufcoa,  formerly  belonging  to  the  family  of 
Ignatius,  four.der  of  the  order  of  Jefuits.  See  Jesuits.— 
Alfo,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  the  audience  of  Quito; 
50  miles  S.  of  Loxa. 

LOZE,  a  river  of  Congo,  in  Africa,  which  runs  into 
the  Atlantic,  navigable  for  boats,  but  having  no  harbour  at 
its  mouth.     S.  lat.  7    95'. 

LOZENGE,  or  LozANGE,  in  Geometry,  a  kind  of  pa- 
rallelogram, or  quadrilateral  figure,  confiliing  of  four  equal 
and  parallel  lines  or  fides,  whofe  angles  are  not  right,  but 
whereof  two  oppufite  ones  are  acute,  and  the  other  two  ob- 
tufe  ;  the  diflance  between  the  two  obtufe  ones  being  always 
equal  to  the  length  of  one  fide. 

Scaligcr  derives  the  word  lozenge  from  laurengla ;  this 
figure  refembling,  in  fome  refpefts,  tliat  of  a  laurel  leaf. 
In  geometry,  it  is  ordinarily  called  rkombits  ;  and,  when  the 
fides  arc  unequal,  rhoinboidcs. 

LozENGK,  in  Heraldry,  is  a  rhombus,  or  figure  of  equal 
fides,  but  unequal  angles ;  refembling  a  quarry  of  glafs  in 
our  old  windows  ;  placed  ereft,  point-ways.  It  is  in  this 
figure  that  all  unmarried  gentlewomen  and  widows  bear 
their  coats  of  arms  ;  becau;e,  as  fome  fay,  it  was  the  figure 
of  the  Amazonian  Ihield  ;  or,  as  others,  becaufe  it  is  the 
ancient  figure  of  the  fpindle 

The  lozenge  differs  from  the  fitjil,  in  that  the  latter  is 
narrower  in  the  middle,  and  not  fo  fharp  at  the  ends. 

LoZEXGES,  among  JewelLrs,  are  common  to  brilliant 
and  rofe  diamonds.  In  the  former  they  are  formed  by  the 
meeting  of  the  fkill  and  ftar-facets  on  the  bezi!  :  in  the  lat- 
ter, by  the  meeting  of  the  facets  in  the  horizontal  ribs  of 
the  crown. 

Lozenge  is  alfo  a  fort  of  medicine,  made  into  fmall 
pieces,  to  be  held  or  chewed  in  the  mouth  till  they  are 
melted  there  ;  the  fame  with  what  are  othcrwife  called  tro- 
ihifcl.   troches. 

LOZERE,  in  Qengraphy,  one  of  the  nine  departments 
of  the  fouthern  region  of  France,  compofed  of  Gevaudan 
and  part  of  the  Cevennes,  N.  lat.  44°  30',  S.E.  of  Can- 
tal,  and  S.  of  the  Upper  Loire,  18  French  leagues  long, 
and  15  broad,  contains  5390  kiliomctres,  or  269  fqiiare 
leagues,  and  155  927  inhibitants.  It  is  divided  into  three 
diilrifts,  24  cantons,  and  193  communes.  The  dillrifls  are 
Marvejols,   including  60,750  inhabitants;  MenJe,  52,813; 


and  Florae,  42,364.  Its  capital  is  Mende.  Its  contri- 
butions amount  to  'fM)'2,']-]G  fr.  and  its  expences  to  179,687 
fr.  The  northern  dilhifts  confift  partly  of  granite  moun- 
tains ;  towards  the  middle  of  the  department  the  hills  are 
calcareous  ;  and  in  the  fouthern  part  the  Cevennes  are  com- 
pofed of  fchlllus.  A  confiderable  proportion  of  this  terri- 
tory is  not  fiifceptible  of  culture.  The  chief  produfts  are 
barley,  flax,  hemp,  fruits,  and  paftures  for  flieep.  Here  are 
mines  of  iron,  copper,  lead,  and  antimony,  with  mineral 
fprings. 

LOZICZE,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Biellk;    56  miles  S.W.  of  Biel/lt. 

LOZZI,  a  town  of  the  illaud  of  Corfica  ;  II  miles 
N.W.  of  Corte. 

LOZZO.atown  of  Italy,  in  the  Paduan  ;  Smiles  S.S.W. 
of  Padua. 

LU,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  Marengo  ; 
8  miles  W.  of  Alexandria. 

Lu,  in  Chinefe  Miific,  implies  a  key.  Dividing  the  oc- 
tave into  12  feir.itones,  they  give  the  name  of  lu  to  eacli,  nu- 
Bieriollv.      See  Chinese  Mu.sic. 

LUA,  in  Geogrnphy,  a  river  of  the  ifland  of  Cuba, 
which  runs  into  the  fea  ;  25  miles  N.E.  of  Cape  Cruz. — 
Alio,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  the  province  of  Oman,  on  tha 
coail  ;    10  miles  N.  of  Sohar. 

Lu.4,  in  Mythology,  a  Roman  divinity  mentioned  by 
Livy,  lib.  viii.  and  invoked  in  war.  The  name  is  fuppofed 
to  be  derived  iro-m  here,  to  expiate. 

LUABO,  in  Geography,  a  river  on  the  W.  coaft  of 
Africa,  a  branch  of  the  great  river  Zambezi,  which  fe- 
parates  from  it  at  the  diftance  of  30  leagues  from  the  fea. — 
Alfo,  an  ifland  fituated  between  the  Luabo  and  Zam.bezi. 

See  MOCMIANGA. 

LUANA  Point,  a  cape  on  the  S.  coaft  of  Jamaica. 
N.  lat.  182'.     W.  long.  77' 50'. 

LUANCO,  a  town  of  Spam,  in  Afturia,  near  the  W. 
coaft  ;    20  miles  N.  of  Oviedo. 

LUANZA,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  the  country  of  Moca- 
ranga,      S.  lat.  17^  15'.     E.  long.  33    30'. 

LUA  RCA,  a  fea-port  town  of  Spain,  on  the  N.  coaft, 
in  the  province  of  Afturias  ;   30  miles  N.W.  of  Oviedo. 

LLTBAD,  a  town  of  Afiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia,  on  a 
lake  of  the  lame  name,  21  miles  long,  and  four  broad  ;  7  miles 
S.  of  Burfa. 

LUBAN,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Novogrodek  ;   20  miles  S.E.  of  Sluck. 

LuRAN,  or  Louban,  one  of  the  Philippine  ifiands, 
ab»ut  12  miles  in  circumference. 

LUBA  RTO  W,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Volhynia ;  36  miles 
W.  of  Berdiczow. 

LUBASZYN,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Miiiflc  ;   52  miles  E.  of  Minfk. 

LLTBAT,  a  town  of  Afiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia;  28 
miles  W.  of  Burfa'. 

LUBATCPIOW,  a  town  of  Auftrian  Poland,  in  Ga- 
licia  ;    16  miles  N.  of  Lemberg. 

LUBBFCKE,  or  Luthicke,  a  town  of  Weftphalia, 
in  the  county  of  Minden,  confiliing  of  about  258  dwell- 
ing-lioufes,  wl'.ich  obtained' the  privileges  of  faints  in  1270, 
and  was  furroiinded  with  ramparts,  ditches,  and  walls.  This 
town  enjoys  feveral  immunities,  and  particularly  a  territo- 
rial jurifdiilion  over  a  confiderable  diflrift.  Its  chief  trade 
coi'.fifts  in  yarn  and  linen,  breeding  of  cattle,  and  brewing 
of  beer.  It  has  fuftained,  at  feveral  times,  great  damage 
by  fire  ;    14  miles  W.  of  Minden. 

LUBBEN,  or  Lubio,  a  town  of  Lower  Lufatia,  fitu- 
ated on  the    Spree,  in   a  circle   to   which  it  gives  name ; 
0  36  miles 


L  U  B 


L  U  B 


36   mUes   S.   of  Berlin.     N.  lat.  51*  37'.      E.  long.  ij° 

45'- 

LUBBERT,  SiBRAXD,  in  Biography,  a  theological  pro- 

feiTor  and  divine,  was  born  at  Langoworde,  in  Friefland, 
about  the  year  T5J6.  He  ftudied  in  the  colleges  of  Bre- 
men and  Wittemberg.  He  afterwards  went  to  Geneva, 
and  diligently  attended  the  ledlures  of  Beza,  Cafaubon,  and 
Fraacis  Portus.  From  Geneva  he  went  to  Newftadt,  and 
attended  the  leftures  of  the  learned  Zachary  Urfinus,  who, 
after  a  time,  recommended  him  as  his  own  fuccefibr  as  pro- 
feffor  of  logic,  an  honour  which  he  declined,  and  accepted 
foon  af"er  an  invitation  to  become  pallor  of  a  congregation 
at  Embden.  The  duties  of  this  office  he  difcharged  with 
fingiilar  fidelity  and  zeal  In  1584,  he  removed  to  Frief- 
land, and  was  appointed  preacher  to  the  governor  and  de- 
puties of  the  ftates  of  that  province  ;  alfo  profeflbr  of  di- 
vinity in  the  new  univerfity  of  Franeker.  He  went  to 
Heidelberg,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the  degree  of  doftor 
of  divinity,  and  then  returned  to  his  profeflbrihip,  which 
he  occupied  %vith  reputation  nearly  forty  years.  During  this 
period  he  was  often  en-ployed  in  very  important  affairs.  He 
died  at  Franeker  in  1625,  at  the  age  of  fixty-nine.  He 
was  author  of  many  learned  pieces  againil  Bellarmin  :  he 
pub'ifhed  a  work  sgainft  Sociiius,  and  he  wrote  againil  Ar- 
minius,  Vorftius,  Grotius,  and  the  other  defenders  of  the 
caufe  of  the  Remonilrants.  His  la(l  work  was  a  commen- 
tary on  ;he  Catechifm  of  Heidelberg.      Bayle.      Moreri. 

LUBCZ,  in  Geography,  2:  town  of  RufEan  Lithuania; 
2J  miles  N.  of  Novogrodck. 

LUBECK,  a  city  of  Germany,  one  of  the  three  cities 
of  the  Hanfeatic  league,  acknowledged  a?  fuch,  together 
with  Hamburgh  and  Bremen,  in  the  definitive  treaty  of  in- 
demnities, 25th  of  February  1803,  with  the  guarantee  of 
their  jurildiclion  and  perpetual  neutrality.  It  is  alfo  one 
of  tlie  college  of  imperial  and  free  cities.  It  is  fituated 
within  the  limits  of  Holftein,  on  the  navigable  river  Trave, 
communicating  by  feveral  ll  reams  with  the  Baltic  and  Ger- 
man ocean.  The  town  (lands  on  the  two  declivities  of  a 
long  hill,  moderately  high,  the  eaftern  part  extending  to- 
wards the  navigable  river  Wackenitz,  and  the  weftern  to- 
wards the  Trave.  Befides  walls  and  towers,  it  is  a'fo  fur- 
rounded  by  ftrong  ramparts,  and  wide  moats.  The  ftreets 
are  for  the  mod  part  fteep,  and  the  houfes  built  of  (lone, 
and  o'd  fathioned,  the  doors  being  fo  large  as  to  admit  car- 
riages into  the  hail,  which  ferves  frequently  for  a  coach-houfe. 
The  ellabhihed  religion,  ever  fince  the  year  1530,  has  been 
Lutheranifm.  It  has  four  parochial  churches,  as  well  as 
the  cathedral  of  an  ancient  fee.  The  archbifhopric  of 
Lubeck  lies  in  that  part  of  the  duchy  of  Holftein,  which 
was  anciently  called  "Wagria."  Its  fee  was  firtl  erected 
by  the  «mperor  Otho  I.  at  Oldenburg,  in  95!,  for  the  con- 
v^fion  of  the  Wer.ds,  or  Veneti,  who  inhabited  this  coun- 
try, and  transferred  to  Lubeck  in  the  year  1164.  The 
reformation  of  the  dioctfe  was  begun  under  bifhop  Henry 
©f  Bocholt,  and  being  promoted  by  bis  fucceffors,  was  ac- 
eomplifhed  in  1561.  The  bifhop  of  Lubeck,  though  a 
prince  of  the  empire,  yet  in  the  college  of  princes  fat 
neither  on  the  fpiritual  nor  temporal  bepch,  but  on  a  par- 
ticular bench  placed  crofs-ways,  and  laid  there  for  him  and 
the  bifhop  of  Ofnabruck,  when  a  Lutheran.  He  hsd  alfo 
a  vote  among  the  princes  of  the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony. 
The  cathedral  (lands  in  the  imperial  city  of  Lubeck  :  but  is 
invelled  with  no  authority.  The  chapter  confifts  of  thirt)  per- 
foDS,  who,  with  the  exception  of  four  Roman  Catholics,  are  all 
Lutherans.  When  the  indemaities  were  fettled  at  Ratifbon  in 
i8c2,  it  was  decreed  that  the  bifhopric  with  its  chapter 
ihould  be  fecularifcd  in  favour  of  the  duke  of  Oldenbarg  : 


referving  only  the  property  within  the  city,  which  was  to  be 
added  to  the  domain  of  the  city.  Lubeck  was  once  the 
chief  city  of  the  Hanfeatic  league,  which  fee  ;  but  this  ho- 
nour now  belongs  to  Hamburgh.  On  the  fpot  where  it 
now  Hands  was  formerly  a  town  named  "  Bncu ;"  but 
when  this  was  dcmolifhcd,  about  the  year  1144,  Adolphus 
II.,  count  of  Holftein  and  Schauenburg  laid  the  founda-' 
tion  of  this  city,  which,  in  proccfs  of  time,  became  fo  fa- 
mous. In  iij6  the  town,  which  had  fufiered  much  front 
fire,  B*as  given  by  count  Adolphus  to  duke  Henry, 
which,  being  rebuilt,  he  erefted  into  a  free  port,  and  con- 
ferred upon  it  a  municipal  riglit  of  great  importance. 
This  was  confirmed  in  1188,  by  the  emperor  Frederick  I., 
and  afterwards  by  fucceeding  emperors.  In  1 276,  the  whole 
city,  five  houfes  excepted,  was  deftroyed  by  fire.  Lubeck 
has  various  manufaclures,  and  its  trade  Ts  very  confiderable, 
partly  owing  to  the  commodioufnefs  of  its  fituation.  The 
quay  of  Lubeck  is  on  the  river  Trare,  which  fa'ls  into  the 
fea  at  the  diftance  of  14  miles,  and  admits  vefTels  from  iro 
to  200  tons  burden,  and  fometimes,  but  rarely,  300.  Mr. 
Coxe  obferved  about  120  hierchant  fhips  deilined  to  Ruffia, 
Sweden,  and  Denmark.  The  trade,  however,  is  chiefly 
a  trade  of  commiiTien,  drawing  from  Ru(ria,  Sweden,  and 
Denmark  their  raw  commodities,  and  fupplying  them  with 
wines,  filks,  cloth,  and  (leel  ware.  The  export?,  partly 
by  Lubeck,  and  partly  by  Hamburgh,  are  grain,  (lax,  hemp, 
hops,  wax,  honey,  cattle,  butter,  cheefe,  fruits,  feathers, 
dried  geefe,  tallow,  hnfeed,  wool,  and  timber.  Lubeck, 
according  to  Hoeck,  contains  30,000  inhabitants.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1806.  N.  lat.  53'  J2'.  E.  long. 
10'  40'. 

Lubeck,  or  Luboi,  an  iflahd  in  the  Ead  Indian  fea, 
near  Madura.  Its  diftance  W.  of  Tonikaky  is  about  113 
leagues  ;  and  W.  from  the  iflands  of  Saiembo  3 1  leagues. 
S.  lat.  J-  43'.      E.  long.  1 1 2"  44'. 

LUBEN,  a  fmall  town  of  Silefia,  with  large  fuburbs, 
in  the  principality  of  Lignitz  :  here  is  a  Lutheran  col- 
lege ;  12  miles  N.  of  Lignitz.  N.  lat.  51°  22'.  E.  long. 
16     15'. 

LUBENAU,  or  LuBXOw,  a  town  of  Lower  Lufatia, 
in  the  circle  of  Calau,  on  a  fmall  river  which  runs  into 
the  Spree,  the  chief  place  of  a  barony  \\\xh  a  chateau ; 
15  miles   S.S.E.  of  Lubben.     N.  lat.  51'  53'.      E.  long. 

13 '52'- 

LUBE RS AC,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Correze,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  diftrict 
of  Brives  ;  8  miles  W.  of  Uzerche.  The  place  contains 
3087,  and  the  canton  10,351  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of 
247^  k'iiometres,  in  13  communes. 

LUBIEN,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Warfaw  ;  26  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Pofen. 

LUBIENIETZKT,  Stanil.\us,  in  Biography,  a  cele- 
brated Unitarian  rainifter  in  the  17th  century,  was  bom  at 
Racow  in  the  year  1623.  He  was  educated  with  great 
care,  and  his  father  introduced  him,  in  due  time.,  to  perfons 
of  refpeftability  and  confequence  in  the  (late.  About  the 
year  164S  he  was  admitted  into  the  minillry  by  .the  fynod  - 
of  Czarcow,  and  appointed  pallor  of  a  church  of  that 
name.  This  fituation  he  was  obliged  to  quit  in  J655,  upon 
the  irruption  of  the  Swedes  into  that  neighbourhood,  and  » 
in  the  following  year  he  retired  with  hii  family  to  Cracow. 
Here  he  employed  much  of  his  time  with  the  other  mi- 
niflers,  in  frequent  falling,  prayer,  and  preaching  ;  and  for 
the  benefit  of  the  Hungarian  Unitarians,  who  came  thithec 
with  prince  Ragot(ki,  he  frequently  preached  in  the  Latia 
language.  While  he  continued  at  Cracow  he  was  much 
noticed  by  the  king  of  Sweden,  who  did  luoi  the  honour 


L  U  B 


L  U  B 


•f  admitting  him  to  his  table.  After  that  city  fell  again 
into  the  hands  of  the  Poles,  in  1657,  he  followed  the 
Swedifh  garrifon,  with  two  other  Unitarians,  to  fupplicate 
that  they  and  friends  of  the  fame  rehgious  perfuafion, 
who  had  placed  thcmfelves  under  his  protection,  might  be 
comprehended  in  the  anineily  to  be  granted  at  the  conclu- 
fion  of  the  peace  with  Poland.  This  was  not  granted,  and 
finding  that  there  was  no  hope  of  remaining  in  fafety  in  his 
native  country,  he  went  to  Copenhagen,  in  1660,  to  feek 
an  afylum  from  the  king  of  Denmark  for  his  perfocuted 
brethren  who  liad  been  banifhed  from  Poland.  He  received 
kind  treatment  from  his  majelly,  who  could  do  nothing 
more  than  promife  to  connive  at  their  fettlement  at  Al- 
tena.  Thus  circumftanced,  he  thought  it  advifable  to  re- 
turn to  P(>nicrania,  and  arrived  at  Stettin  in  1661.  Perfe- 
cution  followed  him  to  this  place,  and  he  was  obliged  to 
remove  to  Hamburgh,  where  he  diredled  his  family  to  join 
him  in  the  year  1662  :  from  this  city  he  was  driven  by  the 
fame  fiend  in  1667,  and  took  refuge  again  at  Copenhagen. 
He  now  hoped  there  Was  a  profpeft  of  a  peaceful  fettle- 
ment, becaufe  the  magiftrates  of  Fredericktburg  confented 
that  the  Unitarians  (hould  refide  in  their  town,  and  enjoy, 
without  moleftation,  the  private  exercife  of  their  religion. 
He  therefore  removed  to  that  city,  and  invited  his  bamflicd 
brethren  to  join  him,  fparing  no  pains  nor  coll,  that  he  might 
fettle  and  provide  for  them  there.  Scarcely,  however,  had 
they  taken  quiet  polfenion  of  their  new  abodes,  when  they 
were  banifhed  from  the  city,  and  even  the  dominions  of  the 
prince  to  whom  the  city  belonged.  Lubienietzki  was  ill  at 
the  time  when  he  received  the  order,  but  promifed  to  obey  it 
as  fpeedily  as  poffible.  Before,  however,  he  could  be  re- 
moved, poifon  was  adminiftered  to  him  in  his  food,  to  which 
two  of  his  daughters,  as  well  as  himfelf,  fell  facrifices, 
while  his  wife,  who  had'  eaten  very  fparingly,  narrowly 
efcaped  the  fame  fate.  He  died  in  1675,  about  the 
age  of  fifty-two.  He  wrote  many  books,  the  greater 
number  of '  which  was  not  printed.  The  principal  pub- 
liflied  work  was  entitled  "  Theatrum  Cometicum,"  in 
two  vols,  folio,  which  contains  a  minute  hillorical  account 
of  every  fingle  comet  which  had  been  feen  or  recorded 
from  the  deluge  to  the  year  1665.  At  the  time  of  his 
death  he  was  engaged  in  writing  "  A  Hiltory  of  the 
Reformation  in  Poland,''  which  was  printed  in  Holland  in 
1685,  in  8vo,   with  an  account  of  the  author's  life. 

LUBIN,  Augustine,  an  able  geographer  in  the  feven- 
teenth  century,  was  born  at  Paris  in  the  year  1624.  He 
entered,  at  an  early  age,  among  the  religious  of  the  re- 
formed order  of  St.  Auguftine,  and  was  diltinguifhed  by  his 
proficiency  in  literary  purfuits,  particularly  in  ancient  and 
modern  geography,  and  in  facred  and  profane  hillory.  He 
paffed  through  all  the  offices  of  his  order,  and  his  fcien- 
tific  fkiU  was  rewarded  with  the  poll  of  geographer  to  the 
king.  He  died  at  Paris  in  1695.  -^'^  principal  works 
are  "  Martyrologium  Romanum,  cum  Tabulis  Geographicis 
et  notis  Hiftoricis;''  "Tabula  Sacrne  Geographies;,  five 
Notitia  Antiqua,  medii  Temporis,  et  nova,  Noniinum 
utriufque  Teltamenti  ad  Geographiam  pertiilentium  ;"  being 
a  kind  of  diftionary  to  all  the  places  mentioned  in  the 
bible;  "  Geographical  Tables  ;"  "  Tlie  Hiliory  of  Lap- 
land," tranflated  from  Scheffer  ;  "  The  Geographical  Mer- 
cury,"  &c. 

LuBiN,  ElLU.iRD,  was  born  at  Wefterftede,  in  the  county 
of  Oldenburg,  of  which  place  his  father  was  miniller.  He 
ftudied  at  feveral  German  univerfities,  and  acquired  an  cxaft 
knowledge  of  the  Greek  language,  with  the  branches  of 
fcience  ufually  taught  in  thofe  feminaries.  He  was  ap- 
pointed profeffor  of  poetry   in   the   univcrfity  of  Roftock 


in  1595,  and  ten  years  afterwards,  was  promoted  to  the 
profeffoifliip  of  divinity.  He  wrote  notes  on  Anacreon, 
•Tiivenal,  Pcrfius,  S:c.  His  principal  work  was  entitled 
"  Phofphorus  de  Caufa  prima  et  Natura  Mali,''  printed  at 
Rollock  in  1596.     He  died  in  1621.     Bayle. 

J.,UBIN1A,  in  Botany,  was  named  by  Commerfon,  the 
French  botanill,  in  honour  of  his  friend  the  chevalier  de 
St.  Ijubin,  who  dilUnguifhed  himfelf  formerly  at  the  fiege 
of  Madras,  and  was,  it  fecm^,  in  the  confidence  of  Hyder 
Ally.  What  pretenfions  the  chevalier  had  to  commemo- 
ration, as  a  votary  of  fcience,  does  not  appear,  nor  wai 
Commerfon  very  felecl  in  the  diftribution  of  fuch  honours. 
Juffieu,  who  mull  liave  feeji  fpecimens,  paffed  over  the 
plant  and  the  name  in  filcnce.  Lamarck  refeired  it  to  Ly- 
fimach'ia.  Venten.  Jard.  de  Celf.  96. — Clafs  and  order, 
Pcniandria  Monogyn'ia.    Nat.   Ord.   Lyfimachiic,  JufT. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  in  five  deep,  ovate, 
rather  unequal  fegments,  with  membranous  edges,  perma- 
nent. Cor.  of  one  petal,  nearly  falver-lliaped,  llightly  ir- 
regular ;  tube  funnel-lhaped,  the  length  of  the  calv.x  ;  limb 
in  five  deep  obtufe  fegments,  the  two  lovvermofl  rather  the 
fmallell.  Slam.  Filaments  five,  awl-fhaped,  inferted  into  the 
lower  part  of  the  corolla,  equal,  the  length  of  the  tube  ; 
anthers  cre£l,  oval,  two-lobed.  Pi/l.  Germen  fuperior,  al- 
mo'l  glcbular,  fmcoth  ;  ftyle  cylindrical,  the  lengih  of  the 
flamens,  permanent  ;  ftigma  finiple,  obtufe.  Peric.  Cap- 
fule  rouudifh-oval,  crow  ned  by  the  ftyle,  with  five  notches 
at  the  top,  of  one  cell,  not  burfting.  Seeds  numerous, 
roundifh,  comprefild,  rough.  Receptacle  central,  ovate, 
fomewhat  compreded,  unconnefted  with  the  capfule  except 
at  the  bafe,  from  which  it  feparates  as  the  feeds  ripen. 

Eff.  Ch.  Corolla  falver-lhaped,  irregular.  Caplule  ovate, 
not  burfting,  crowned  with  the  ftyle,  of  one  cell.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, attached  to  a  central  receeptacle. 

1.  L.  fpatulata.  "Vent.  Jard.  de  Celf.  t.  96.  (Lyfima- 
chia  mauritiana ;  Lamarck  Diet.  v.  3.  372.  Illuftr.  r. 
1980.) — The  only  known  fpecies.  Native  of  the  iile  dc 
Bourbon.  M.  Cels  appears  to  have  had  it  in  cultivation. 
The  root  is  faid  by  Ventcnat  to  be  bienni?,!,  and  the  floivers 
to  be  produced  in  the  beginning  of  fummer.  This  plant  has 
fomething  of  the  afpeft  of  Convohuhis  tricolor,  but  i.-; 
firmer,  and  quite  fmooth.  The  woody  Jlcm  produces  a 
few  fimple  branches,  a  fpan  long,  clothed  with  numerous, 
fcattered,  fpatulate,  obtufe,  entire,  rather  flefliy  leaves,  above 
an  inch  long,  tapering  down  into  a  bordered  footftalk. 
Flowers  axillary,  folitary,  on  fimple  flalk?,  half  as  long  as 
the  leaves.  Calyx  dark  brown,  dotted  with  black,  white 
at  the  edge.  Corolla  yellow,  nearly  as  broad  as  that  of 
Lxfimachia  nemorum. — Capfule  when  prefled  burfting  ir- 
regnlarly,  fomctimes  at  the  fides,  fometimes,  according  to 
Ventenat,  into  two  or  four  apparent  valves.  Lamarck  fays 
it  has  five  valves,  but  he  perhaps  judged  from  the  notches 
at  the  top.  The  fruit  therefore,  and  the  irregular  corolla, 
mark  this  genus  as  fufficiently  dillinft  from  J^vfimachta ; 
to  which  may  be  added,  on  tlie  fcore  of  habit,  its  alternate, 
not  oppofite  or  whorled,  leaves. 

LUBISCHAW,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  PrufCa,  in 
the  province  ot  Poniereha  ;   18  miles  S.  of  Dantzic. 

LUBISCHMAT,  a  town  of  Pruflia,  in  tlie  palatinate 
of  Culm  ;   5  miles  E.  of  Thorn. 

LUBLENIETZ,  or  Lubenskv,  a  town  of  Silcfia,  iu 
the  principality  of  Oppeln  ;  19  miles  E.  of  Oppcln.  N.  lat. 
50' 39'.    E.  long.  18"  42'. 

LUBLIN,  a  city  of  Poland,  and  capital  of  a  palatinate 
of  the  fame  name  ;  part  of  which  is  annexed  to  the  new 
country  of  Galicia.  It  is  furrounded  with  a  wall  and  ditch, 
and  though  not  very  large,  its  caftlc,  whicii  is  built  on  a 

high 


LUC 

Mgh  rock,  is  feated  on  the  river  Byftzrna,  in  a  pleafant  and 
fertile  country.  This  town  contains  msny  churches  and 
convents  ;  and  in  its  fuhnrbs  are  many  Jews,  who  arc  ac- 
commodated with  a  fpacious  fynagogne.  It  lias  three  fairs 
in  the  year,  one  of  which  lads  a  month  ;  and  they  are  fre- 
quented by  German,  Greek,  Armenian,  Arabian,  RulTian, 
Tnrkifh,  and  other  traders  and  merchants.  Tlie  chief  tri- 
bunal for  Little  Poland  was  formerly  held  here,  together 
with  a  provincial  diet  and  a  court  of  judicature.  Lublin  is 
diftant  8j  miles  S.E.  of  Warfaw.      N.  lat.  51    6'.    E.  long. 

LUBNEKI,  a  town  of  Sa«io.jitia  :  10  miles  N.  of  Mied- 
niki. 

LUBNL  a  town  of  Ruffia,  in  tlie  governn'.ent  of  Kiev, 
on  the  Sula  ;   8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kiev.      N.  lat.   jo'.     E. 

lo»g-  5-    54'- 

LUBOK,  commonly  called  the  Baviaan,  or  Baboon,  an 
ifland  in  the  Eail  Indian  fea,  not  far  from  the  coall  of  Java, 
not  large,  but  extremely  populous.  Seventy  or  eighty 
veffels  are  continually  pading  to  and  fro  between  this  iiland 
and  the  coafts  of  Java  and  Borneo. 

LUBOLO,  a  province  of  Angola,  in  Africa,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Coanza. 

LUBOMLA,  a  town  of  Auftrian  Poland,  in  Galicia  ; 
32  miles  E.  of  Chelm. 

LUBOZ,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  palatinate  of  No- 
vogrodek  ;    16  miles  N.E.  "of  Novngrodek. 

LL^BRONG,  or  Teshoo-Loomboo,  a  town  of  Thibet, 
and  refiJence  of  Telhoo  Lama,  capital  of  that  part  of  the 
country  which  is  immediately  fubjeft  to  his  authority,  is 
iituated  in  N.  lat.  29'  4'  20",  and  E.  long  89"  7'.  This  is 
a  large  monafterv,  confilting  of  three  or  four  hundred  houfes, 
tlie  habitations  of  the  Gylongs,  befides  temples,  maufoleums, 
and  the  palace  of  the  fovereign  pontiff;  in  which  are  com- 
preliended  alio  the  refidence  of  the  regent,  and  the  dwellings 
of  all  the  fubordinate  officers,  both  ecclefiallical  and  civil, 
belonging  to  the  court.  It  is  included  within  the  hollow 
face  of  a  liigh  rock,  and  has  a  fouthern  afpeif.  Its  buildings 
are  all  of  Hone,  none  lels  than  two  ftories  high,  flat-roofed, 
and  covered  with  a  parapet,  riling  confiderably  above  the 
roof,  compofed  of  heath  and  brufhwood,  inferted  between 
frames  of  timber,  which  form  a  ledge  below,  and  are 
faihioned  above  into  a  cornice,  capped  with  mafonry.  All 
the  houfes  have  windows  ;  that  in  the  centre  projecting  be- 
yond the  walls,  and  forming  a  balcony  :  they  are  not  doled 
with  fliutters,  but  black  mohair  citr:ains.  The  principal 
apartment  in  the  upper  ilory  has  an  opening  over  it,  covered 
with  a  moveable  fhed,  which  ferves  the  purpofe  of  fometimes 
admitting  light  and  an-,  and  in  the  winter  feafon,  occa- 
iionally,  the  grateful  warmth  of  the  fun.      Turner's  Tibet. 

LUBUNGAN,  a  town  on  the  north  coall  of  the  iiland 
of  Mindanao. 

LUBWACH,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bifhopric  of 
Bamberg  ;  8  miles  N.E.  of  Bamberg. 

LUBZ,  or  LuBiT?;,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Mecklen- 
'"^■"gi  23  miles  S.S.W.  of  Gullrow.  N.  lat.  53- jo'.  E. 
long.  12  . 

LUC  EN  Diois,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
the  Drome,  and  chief  place  oi  a  canton,  in  the  diltridt  of 
Die,  icated  on  the  Drome  ;  9  miles  S.  of  Die. 

LUCALA,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Angola,  on  a  river  of 
the  lame  name,  whi-^h  runs  into  the  Coanza  ;  30  miles  N.E. 
of  Maflangano. 

LUCAN,  in  Biography,  a  celebrated  Roman  poet,  was 
born-  at  Corduba,  in  Spain,  about  the  year  39  before  the 
Chriftian  era.     His  father,  .-^nnxus  Mela,  a  Roman  knight, 


LUC 

was  the  youngefl  brother  of  Seneca  the  philofopher  ;  and 
his  mother,  Acilia,  was  daughter  of  Acilius  Lucanus,  an 
eminent  orator.     Lucan  was  brought  to  Rome  during  the 
firll  months  of  his  infancy,  and  was  committed,  at  a  very 
early  age,  to  the  care  of  the  ableft  mailers  in  grammar  and 
rhetoric.      He  fludicd  philofophy  under  the  lloic  Cornutus, 
from  whom  he  derived  the  lofty  and  free  drain  of  fentiment 
by  which  he  is  fo  much  dillinguifhed.     It  is  faid  lie  com- 
pleted his  education  at  Athens.      Seneca,  then  tutor  to  the 
emperor  Nero,  ol)tained  for  him  the  office  of  qucllor  :  he 
was  foon  after  admitted  to  the  college  of  augurs,   and  con- 
fidercd  to  be  in  the  full  career  of  honour  and  opulence.     He 
gave  proofs  of  poetical  talents  at  a  very  early  age,  and  ac- 
quired reputation   by  feveral  compofitions ;  a  circumllance 
that  excited  the   jealoufy  of  the  emperor,  who  valued  him- 
felf  on  his  powers  as  a  poet  and  mufician.     Lucan  even  ven- 
tured to  recite  one  of  his  own  pieces,  in  competition  with 
Nero  ;  and,  to  the  furprife  of  every  one,  the  judges  decided 
in  favour  of  Lncan.      From  this  period   Nero  regarded  the 
poet  with  all  the  malignity  of  a  vanquifhed  rival,  and  made 
ufe  of  his  power  in  forbidding  him  a-gain  to  repeat  any  of  his 
verfes  in  public.     In  the  confpiracy  againil  the  tyrannical 
emperor,  Lucan  took  a  part :   the  plot  was  difcovered,  and 
he  was  apprehended  among  the  other  confpirators.     Tacitus 
and  other  authors  have  accufed  him  of  the  pufdlanimity  of 
endeavouring  to  free  himielf  from  pumlhiiient,  by  accuting 
his  own  mother,  and  involving  her  in  the  crime  of  which  he 
was   guilty.      Mr.    Hayley  has   endeavoured  to   refcue   his 
name  from   fo   terrible   a   charge,    by  obferving   and  com^ 
menting  on  the  fail,  that  the  mother  of  Lucan  was  palled 
over   without   punidiment  :   hence  he  inferred,  that  no  evi- 
dence exided  of  her  having  been  charged  by  her  fon,  but 
popular  rumour ;   becaufe  it  is  well   known   that  no  other 
perlon,     however   didantly    implicated    in    the    confpiracy, 
efcaped  without   fome  kind   of  penalty.     At  any  rate,  his 
confedions  were  of  no  avail,  and  his  mind  recovered  its  firm- 
nefs  for  the  concluding  fcene.     No  favour  was  granted  him 
but  the  choice  of  the  death  he  would  die  ;  and  he  chofe  the 
fame  which  had  terminated  the  life  of  his  uncle  Seneca.     His 
veins  were  accordingly  opened  ;  and  when  he  found  himielf 
growing  cold  and  faint  through  lofs  of  blood,  he  repeated 
fome  of  his  own  lines,  dcfcribing  a  wounded  loldier  finking 
in  a  I'lmilar  manner:   thefe  were  the  lall  words  which  he  ut- 
tered.     He  died  in  the  year  65,  and  in  the  27th  year  of  his 
age.      Of  the  various  poems  of  Lucan,  none  but  his  Phar- 
laiia   remain,  which  is  an  account  of  the  civil  wars  between 
Citlar  and  Pompey,  but  is  come  down  to  us  in  an  unfinilhed 
Hate. '   Its  title  to  the  name  of  an  epic  poem  has  been  dil- 
puted  by  thofe  critics,   who,  from  the  examples  of  Homer 
and  Virgi!,  have  maintained   that  machinery,  or  the  inter- 
vention of  fupernatural  agency,  is  effential  to  that  fpecics  of 
compolition.     As  to  the  merits  of  the  poetry  itfelf  there  are 
various  opinions.      Lucan  certainly  pofledes  neither  the  tire 
of  Hoiner,  nor  the   n-.elodious  numbers  of  Virgil.      If  he 
had  lived   to   a  maturer  age,    his  judgment  as   well   as  his 
genius  would  liavt  been  improved,  and  he  might  have  claimed 
a  more  exalted  rank  among  the  poets  of  the  Augudan  age. 
His    expreffions,    however,     are    bold    and    animated ;     his 
poetry  entertaining  ;  and  it   has  been  aderted  that  he  was 
never  perufed  without  the  warmed  emotions,  by  any  whole 
minds  were  in  unilon  with  his  own.      The  bell  edition  of  the 
Pharfaha  is  the  Variorum,  Leyd.  B.  8vo.,  1669.     The  edi- 
tionsby  Oudcndorp,  1738  ;  by  Burman,  1740;  by  Bent  ey, 
1760;  and  by   Barboii,    1767,  are  in   good   edeem.     The 
Phartaha   has   been   trandated   into   Engliih   verfe    by   Mr. 
Nicholas   Rowe.      There  was  no  Delphin  edition   of  this 

poem, 


LUC 


LUC 


poem,  devoted  to  the  Iiitercfts  of  liberty  ;  but  it  was  one  of 
the  firft.  pieces  of  ancient  literature  that  was  pubhlhed  during 
the  French  republic,  by  Didot,  i«  a  fplendid  folio. 

LuCAN,  in  Gsography,  a  village  of  the  county  of  Dublin, 
Ireland,  pleafantly  fituated  on  the  banks  of  the  LifTey.  It 
is  remarkable  for  a  fulphureous  medicinal  fprina;,  which  is 
much  frequented.     It  is  65  miles  W.  from  Dublin. 

LucAN,  /ll,  a  town  of  Afiatic  Turkey,  in  Aladulia  ;  15 
miles  E.  of  Maralch. 

LUCAN  AS,  a  jurifdiftion  of  the  diocefe  of  Guamanga, 
in  the  viceroyalty  of  Peru,  commencing  about  25  or  30 
leagues  S.W.  of  Guamanga.  Its  temperature  is  cool  and 
.  moderate.  The  parts  of  the  former  breed  large  droves  of 
all  forts  of  cattle  ;  and  thofe  of  tlie  latter  are  fertile  in  grain, 
herbs,  and  fruits.  It  alfo  abounds  in  valuable  filver  mines, 
in  which  the  riches  of  Peru  chiefly  conlilt  ;  and  by  thefe 
means  it  becomes  tiie  centre  of  a  very  extenfive  commerce  ; 
great  numbers  of  merchants  refovting  liither  with  their  goods, 
and  others  for  purchafing  iuch  provifions  as  their  own  re- 
fpe&ive  countries  do  not  afford,  for  which  they  give  in  ex- 
change ingots  and  pinnas  of  filver. 

LUCANIA,  in  Ancient  Geography,  a  province  of  Italy, 
bounded  on  the  i-.orth  by  Campania  and  Apul^i!,  on  the  eall 
by  Sinus  Tarentinus,  on  the  fouth  by  Brutium,  and  on  the 
weft  by  the  Tufcan  fea.  A  rid^e  of  the  Apennines,  running 
from  north  to  fouth,  divides  this  province  into  two  parts. 

LUCANUS,  in  Natural  Hlflory,  a  genus  of  infefts  of 
the  order  coleoptera  :  antenna:  clavate,  the  club  compreflTed 
and  divided  into  fliort  peftinate  leaves ;  jaws  projeding  be- 
yond the  head,  fo  as  to  refemble  horns,  toothed  ;  two  pal- 
pigerous  tufts  under  the  lip. 

This  genus  diflers  chiefly  from  the  ScahaBjEUS,  (to 
which  the  reader  is  referred,)  in  having  the  jaws  confider- 
ably  elongated,  fo  as  to  give  the  appearance  of  a  pair  of 
denticulated  horns  ;  while  the  antenna;  terminate  in  a  laterally 
flattened  tip,  divided  on  the  interior  fide  into  feveral  lamellae. 
There  are  twenty-fix  fpecies,  of  which  four  are  Britilh, 
tvhich  will  be  noticed  by  alleriflcs. 

Species. 

Alces.  Jaws  exferted,  four-toothed  at  the  tip.  It  in- 
habits feveral  parts  of  Afia.  The  head  is  large,  depreffed, 
black,  finuate  on  each  fide ;  jaws  longer  than  the  head, 
compreffed  at  the  tip,  and  armed  with  a  itrong  tooth  in  tiie 
middle  within. 

GiRAFi'A.  .Taws  exferted,  deprcfled,  with  many  dif- 
ferent fi  zed  teeth;  lip  rounded.  Inhabits  Afia.  The  jaws 
are  likewife  very  long  ;  the  teeth  at  both  ends  larger  ;  thorax 
with  an  unequal  margin  ;  body  black. 

*  Cervus  ;  Stag-beetle,  or  llag-chaffer.  Jaws  exferted, 
forked  at  the  tip  ;  a  fmall  branch  near  the  middle  within. 
It  is  the  largeft  of  all  the  European  coleopterous  infcfts, 
fometimes  meafuring  nearly  two  inches  and  a  half  in  length, 
from  the  tip  of  the  jaws  to  the  end  of  the  body.  Its  general 
colour  is  a  deep  chefnnt,  with  the  thorax  and  head,  which 
is  of  a  fquarifh  form,  of  a  blacker  call  ;  and  the  jaws  are 
often  of  a  brighter  or  redder  chefnut  colour  than  the  wing- 
ftjells  ;  the  legs  and  under-parts  are  coal-black ;  and  the 
wings  which,  except  during  flight,  are  concealed  under  the 
ftiells,  are  large,  and  of  a  fine  pale  yellowifli-brown.  This 
remarkable  infedl  is  chiefly  found  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
oak-trees,  delighting  in  the  fwcet  exfudation,  or  honey-dew, 
ft  frequently  obferved  on  the  leaves.  Its  larva,  which 
perfectly  refembles  that  of  the  genuine  beetles,  is  alfo  found 
in  the  hollows  of  oak-trees  ;  refiding  in  the  fine  vegetable 
iiaottid  ufually  feen  in  fuch  cavities,  and  feediag  on  the  fofter 


parts  of  the  decayed  wood.  It  is  of  a  vfry  confiJerablc 
fize,  of  a  pale  ycllowilh  or  whitifh-brown  colour;  and  when 
itretched  out  at  full  length,  meafures  nearly  four  inches.  It 
has  been  fuppofed  by  Roefel,  that  thcfe  larva  were  the 
cajji  of  the  ancient  Romans,  which,  according  to  Phny, 
were  in  high  ellecm  as  an  article  of  luxury.  What  renders 
this  fuppolition  the  more  probable  is,  that  the  larvj;  of  a 
fpecies  of  cerambyx,  as  well  as  of  a  curcnlio,  are  well 
known  to  be  greatly  admired  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  Well 
Indian  iflands,  and  are  frequently  coUedted  at  a  great  ex- 
pence,  as  "a  highly  delicate  difli,  being  broiled  or  fried  for 
that  purpofe.  When  arrived  at  its  full  fize,  which,  ac- 
cording to  fome,  is  hardly  fooner  than  the  fifth  or  fixth 
Year,  it  forms,  by  frequently  turning  itftlf,  and  moilleiiing 
it  with  its  glutinous  faliva,  a  fmooth  oval  hollow  in  the  earth, 
in  which  it  lies  ;  and  afterwards  remainnig  perfectly  lliU  for 
the  fpace  of  nearly  a  month,  divells  itfclf  of  its  ikin,  and 
commences  pupa  or  chryfalis.  It  is  now  of  a  fhorter  form 
than  before,  of  a  rather  deeper  colour,  and  exliibits,  in  a 
llriklng  manner,  the  rudiments  of  the  large  extended  jaws 
and  broad  head,  fo  confpicuous  in  the  perfect  infeft  :  the 
legs  are  alfo  proportionably  larger  and  longer  than  in  the 
larva  ftate.  The  ball  of  earth,  in  which  this  chryfalis  is 
contained,  is  confiderably  larger  than  a  hen's  egg,  and  of  a 
rough  exterior  furface,  but  perfeftly  fmooth  and  polifficd 
within.  The  chryfalis  lies  about  three  months  before  it 
gives  birth  to  the  complete  infeft,  which  ufually  emerges  in 
the  months  of  July  and  Augull.  The  time,  however,  of 
this  infedl's  growth  and  appearance  in  all  its  ftates  varic-3 
much,  according  to  the  difference  of  feafons.  It  is  not  very- 
uncommon  in  many  parts  of  England. 

The  commonly  fuppofed  female  differs  fo  much  in  ap- 
pearance from  the  male,  that  it  has  by  fome  authors  been 
confidered  as  a  dillinft  fpecies.  It  is  not  only  fmaller  than 
the  former,  but  totally  dellitute  of  the  long  and  large 
ramified  jaws  ;  inilead  of  which  it  has  a  pair  of 'very  fliort 
curved  ones,  flightly  denticulated  on  their  inner  fide  :  the 
head  is  alfo  of  confiderably  fmaller  diameter  than  the  thorax. 
In  point  of  colour  it  refembles  the  former.  Among  thofe 
who  confider  it  as  a  diftinft  fpecies  m»f  be  numbered  the 
ingenious  Mr.  Marlhain,  F.L.S.,  who,  in  his  "  Entomo- 
logia  Britannica,"  alRires  us  that  the  real  female  infedl  ex- 
tremely refembles  the  male,  but  is  fmaller,  and  wants  the 
larger  denticu'ation  on  the  inner  fide  of  each  horn.  The 
generally  fuppofed  female  he  diftinguiflies  by  the  title  of 
"  Lucanus  inermis." 

Saiga.  Jaws  exferted,  many-toothed  ;  lip  abbreviated, 
emarginate.  Inhabits  America.  Body  depreflfed,  fmooth, 
black  ;  jaws  hardly  forked  at  the  end. 

Elaphus.  Jaws  exferted,  one-toothed,  forked  at  the 
tip  ;  lip  deflefted,  conic  ;  hind  margin  of  the  head  much 
elevated,  emarginate.  Female  kfs  ;  the  jaws  not  exferted. 
Inhabits  Virginia. 

Caprkolus.  Jaws  exferted,  the  middle  denticles  dif- 
ferently Ihaped,  forked  at  the  tip.  Inhabits  Germany.  It 
is  about  half  the  fize  of  the  cervus  above  delcrlbed ;  jaws 
with  two  thick  approximate  lobed  denticles  in  the  middle  ; 
body  black. 

Da.ma.  Jaws  exferted,  two-toothed  within,  as  long  as 
the  head.  Inhabits  Virginia.  A  variety  has  jaws  entire  at 
the  end  ;   thighs  ferruginous. 

Femoratijs.  Jaws  exferted,  three-toothed;  body  black  ; 
thighs  ferruginous.  It  inhabits  Cayenne.  The  head  is 
plain,  almoll  without  lip  ;  thorax  more  duflty ;  the  fore 
margin  fulvous,  ciliate ;  the  hind  margin  two-toothed  eacij 
fide;  fcutel  fulvous,  filky. 


LUC 


LUC 


Bison.  Jaws  exferted,  many-toodied  ;  thorax  and  fticlls 
edged  with  red.  Inhabiis  America.  Edge  of  the  thorax 
rufous,  with  a  black  line. 

Gazella.  Jaws  two-toothed  within  ;  body  black  ; 
(hells  edged  with  teltaceous.  Inhabits  Siani.  The  jaws 
are  fhort ;  head  with  a  fmall  plate  before  the  eyes  ;  hind 
edge  of  the  thorax  notched  on  each  fide ;  flianks  angular, 
grooved. 

Lama.  Jaws  exferted,  three-toothed,  {horter  than  the 
head;  thorax  angular.     Inhabits  India. 

SwTLRAi.i.s.  Jaws  exferted,  thrcc-toothed  at  tlie  bafe 
within  ;  body  teftac^ous,  with  a  dorfal  black  line  ;  the  head 
IS  teftaceons,  with  a  bfack  margin  and  dorfal  line,  which  is 
bind  at  the  tip;  thorax  teftaceous,  with  a  black  dorfal  line 
and  fpot  each  fide  at  the  bafe. 

CAfilN'ATU.s  Depreffed ;  thorax  unarmed,  fhortcr  than 
the  head,  the  hinder  angles  excavated  ;  abdomen  very  fliort  ; 
breafl:  ending  behind  in  an  acute  angle.      Inhabits  India. 

*  Paralleli.epipedus.  Jaws  with  a  lateral  elevated 
tooth  within  ;  body  depreffed.  It  inhabits  Europe,  Body 
black,  very  fmall :  female  with  a  double  prominent  dot  on 
the  head. 

Tene75R0ide.s.  Jaws  lunate,  one-toothed  ;  bo<!y  black  ; 
thorax  margined  ;  fliells  fubllriate.  Inhabits  Ruffia.  Ab- 
domen pitchy. 

Cacuroides.  J^s  incurved,  with  a  thick  differently 
fliaped  tooth  within ;  {hells  pun£l«red,  (lightly  downy ; 
thorax  a  little  grooved ;  (hanks  ferrate.  It  inhabits  Van 
Diemen's  land. 

*  Caraboide.s.  Blueifh ;  jaws  lunate;  thorax  mar- 
gmed  :  varies  in  being  greeHifh,  with  reddith  legs  and  ab- 
domen.     Inhabits  Europe. 

PiCEUS.  Black,  fmooth,  ftriate  ;  antennae,  abdomen,  and 
legs  pitchy.     Inhabits  Sweden. 

Capensis.  Exfeutellate,  black;  body  depreffed  ;  thorax 
ftriate.     Found  in  Chili,  South  America. 

PiLMUs.  Exfeutellate,  black ;  (hells  vifith  puntlured 
grooves.     Inhabits  the  Cape.     ■ 

Taeandus.  Scutellate,  black,  very  fmooth  ;  jaws  ex- 
ferted, three-toothed_  at  the  tip,  two-toothed  on  the  inner 
fide.     Inhabits  Africa. 

Antilope.  Jaws  exferted,  edged  on  the  inner  fide,  the 
upper  margin  two-toothed,  but  the  lower  five-toothed ; 
body  brown,  nearly  fmooth.  Found  in  different  parts  of 
Africa. 

BuB.iLUS.  Black  ;  jaws  bifid  ;  one  part  projefting,  fnb- 
lunate,  three-toothed  within  ;  the  other  larger,  defletted, 
arched  entire.     Inhabits  Georgia. 

In'terruptus.  Antennae  arched  ;  body  black,  with  a 
recumbent  fpine  on  the  crown  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  remote  ; 
thorax  and  (hells  ciliat^,  with  rufous.  Inhabits  America 
and  the  Welt  India  iflands,  under  rotten  fugar-canes.  This 
is  the  pafFalus  interruptus  of  Fabricius. 

Den'tatus.  Antennae  arched  ;  head  many-tootheJ ; 
thorax  punftured  at  the  fides ;  thorax  and  abdomen  remote. 
Found  m  the  ifland  of  Guadaloupe.  This  is  the  paffalus 
dentatus  of  Fabricius. 

MiNUTUS.  Antennz  arched;  tliorax  and  abdomen  re- 
mote, ferruginous ;  (hells  teftaceous.  This  is  the  palTalus 
minutus  of  Fabricius,  and  is  found  in  the  South  American 
iflands.  The  body  is  much  depreffed,  hardly  larger  than  a 
loafe  ;  jaws  exferted,  (hort,  unarmed,  pointed  ;  (liells  hardly 
flriate. 

Dr.  Shaw  mentions  a  highly  elegant  fpecies,  that  has 
lately  been  difcovered  in  New  Holland,  which  difiers  from 
the  reft  in  being  entirely  of  a  beautiful  golden  green  colour, 
with  flioit,  fliarp-pointcd,  denticulated  jaws  of  a  brilliant 

Vol.  XXI. 


copper  colour.  The  whole  length  of  tlie  infecl  ia  rather 
more  than  an  inch.  Gmelin's  Linn.  Shaw's  Zoology. 
Donovan. 

LUCAR,  am-^^ng  the  Romans,  an  appellation  givca  to 
the  money  expended  upon  plays  and  public  (howB. 

LucAK  Je  Barinmeda,  St.,  in  Gcagraphy,  a  decayed  fea- 
port  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of  Seville,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Guadalquivir,  the  key  of  Seville,  with  a  good  har- 
bour, but  difficult  of  accefs  on  account  of  a  rock  in  the 
water.  A  whole  fleet  may  lie  fecnrely  in  tha  road.  Thr  chief 
article  of  its  trade  is  fait ;  13  miles  N.  of  Cadiz.  N.  lat. 
36    4^'.  W.  long.  6-  27'. 

LuCAK  de  Guadiana,  St.,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Seville,  fituated  on  the  Guadiana,  on  the  contines 
of  Portugal,  and  defended  by  towers  and  baftions.  The 
tide  flows  up  to  the  town,  fo  as  to  bring  fmall  veffels  into  its 
harbour;  64  miles  W.  of  Seville.  N.  lat.  37'^  30'.  W. 
long.  7=  25'. 

LucAR  le  Mayor,  St.,  a  town  of  Spam,  in  the  province 
of  Seville,  on  the  Guadiamur  ;   10  miles  W.  of  Seville. 

LUC  ARIA,  an  ancient  feaft  celebrated  by  the  Romans. 
Sext.  Pompeius  obfcrve.-!,  that  the  lucaria  were  folemnized 
in  the  woods,  where  the  Romans,  defeated  and  purfued  by 
the  Gauls,  retired,  and  concealed  themfelves.  The  word, 
according  to  Feftus  and  Sext.  Pompeius,  comes  ircmlucus, 
a  grove  or  "Wood.  Varro  derives  it  from /ar^,  the  ablative  of 
the  word  lux,  light  and  lilcrty.  But  the  former  etymology 
feems  the  more  natural. 

It  was  held  in  the  month  of  July,  in  memory  of  the 
afylum  they  found  m  the  wood,  which  was  between  the 
Tybei*  and  the  road  called  Via  Salaria. 

LUCAS,  TuDENSis,  in  Biography,  a  Spanifh  writer  and 
prelate,  who  flouriflied  in  the  thirteenth  century,  was  firft  a 
deacon  in  the  church,  and  afterwards  bifhop  of  Tny,  a  city 
of  Gallicia,  whence  he  has  his  furname.  He  travelled  into 
feveral  parts  of  the  eaft  and  other  countries,  for  the  purpofe 
of  obtaining  information  concerning  the  rehgion  and  cere- 
monies of  different  nations;  and  was  raifed  to  his  bifhopric 
by  pope  Gregory  IX.  His  principal  work  was  "  A  Trea- 
tife  againft  the  Albigenfes."  He  w&i  author,  likewife,  of 
"  The  Life  of  St.  Ifidure  of  Seville  ;"  and  he  made  con- 
fiderable  additions  to  "  The  Chronicle  of  St.  Ifidore." 
Gen.  Biog. 

Lucas,  Francis,  a  learned  divine,  who  flourifhed  in  the 
fevcnteenth  century,  was  a  native  of  Bruges,  was  educated 
at  Louvain,  attained  to  the  degree  of  dodlor,  and  was 
made  dean  of  the  church  of  St.  Omer's.  He  died  in  1619. 
He  was  profoundly  (liilled  m  the  Greek,  and  in  all  the  ori- 
ental languages  ;  and  was  an  expert  judicious  critic.  He 
wa.s  the  author  of  "  Notationes  in  facra  Bibha,  quibus 
variantia  difcrepantibus  Loca,  Exemplaribus  fummo  Studio 
difcutiuntur,"  4to.,  1580 ;  "  Commentaria  in  Evangel." 
in  J  vols.,  folio  ;  "  Notae  ad  varias  Ledliones  in  Evangel.  ;" 
"  Concordantice  Lutinorum  Bibliorum  .y ulgatae  Editionis," 
and  of  many  other  learned  works. 

Lucas,  P.mjl,  a  celebrated  traveller,  was  born  at  Rouen 
m  1664.  He  felt  an  early  inclination  to  travel  into  foreign 
countries,  which  he  gratified  by  feveral  tours  through  the 
Levant,  Egypt,  Turkey,  and  other  parts.  He  brought 
back  a  rich  treafure  of  medals  and  other  curiofities  for  the 
king's  cabinet,  who  ordered  him  to  draw  up  an  account  of 
his  travels,  and  who,  jn  1714,  nominated  him  one  of  his 
antiquaries.  He  was  afterwards  employed  by  the  duchefs 
of  Burgundy.  In  1723  he  took  another  voyage  to  the 
Levant,  by  order  of  Lewis  XV.,  and  collected  many  cu- 
rious and  valuable  manufcripts  and  medals.  From  this 
period  to  1736  he  lived  a  life  of  repofe;  but  in  the  laft 
±  A  named 


LUC 


LUC 


named  year  he  vifiteJ  Spain,  a  country  which  he  had  never 
before  fecn,  and  was  well  received  by  the  king,  who  en- 
gaffcd  him  to  arrange  his  cabinet  of  medals  :  but  during  this 
employment  he  was  taken  ill,  and  died  in  1737,  at  t\v-  ;ige 
of  fevc  ity  two.  He  was  author  of  a  work,  entitled,  "  Tra- 
vels of  Paul  Lucas,"  in  fevcn  volumes.  In  four  of  them  is 
an  account  of  his  voyage  to  the  Levant,  to  Greece,  Aila 
Minor,  Macedonia,  and  Africa.  His  travels  in  Turkey, 
Afia,  Syria,  Palellinc,  and  Egypt,  were  publiflied  at 
Rouen,  in  three  volumes. 

Lucas,  Richard,  a  native  of  Wales,  was  born  at  Prcf- 
teigne,  in  Radnorfhire,  in  the  year  1648;  and  ivhen  he 
had  laid  a  good  foundation  in  grammar  learning,  he  was 
fent  to  the  univerfity  of  Oxford,  and  entered  a  Itudent  at 
Jefus  college  in  1664.  He  took  his  degree  of  arts  in  1668, 
and  in  1672  ;  and  was  fome  time  mafter  of  the  frec-fchool 
at  Abergavenny,  in  Monmouthfhire.  From  this  place  he 
removed  to  London,  and  obtained  the  vicarage  of  St. 
Stephen's,  Coleman-itrcet, and  became  lefturer  of  St.  Olaves, 
Southwark,  in  1683.  In  1691  he  took  his  degree  of  doftor 
of  divinity,  awd  was  inllalled  prebendary  of  Wcftminller  in 
1696.  Soon  after  this,  an  inlirmity  which  he  had  ex- 
perienced in  his  eyes,  from  his  youth,  deprived  him  totally 
of  his  fight.  He  died  in  17 15,  at  the  age  of  fixty-feven, 
and  was  buried  in  Weftminiter  Abbey.  He  was  highly 
valued  by  his  contemporaries  for  his  piety  and  learning  ;  and 
his  writings  have  tranfmitted  his  name  with  honour  to  pof- 
tcrity.  Of  thefe  the  moft  important  is  his  "  Inquiry  after 
Happinefs,"  in  two  volumes,  8vo.,  which  has  gone  through 
many  editions.  It  is  remarkable  that  it  was  compofed  by 
the  author,  after  he  had  loft  his  fight,  and  was  rendered  in- 
capable of  pubUc  fervices.  His  other  works  are  "  PraiSical 
Chriftianity,"  and  "  The  Morality  of  the  Gofpel ;"  "  A 
Guide  to  Heaven  ;"  "  Five  Volumes  of  Sermons,"  and 
fome  fmaller  pieces.  He  tranflated  into  the  Latin  language 
"  The  whole  Duty  of  Man,"  which  was  printed  in  1680. 
Biog.  Brit. 

Lucas,  Si.,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the 
province  of  Guatimala  ;  12  miles  E.  of  Guatimala. — Alfo, 
a  fmall  ifland  near  the  coail  of  Mexico,  in  Salinas  bay. 
N.  lat.  to-  15'.    W.  long.  85"  22'. 

LUCAU,  or  Lucca,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Saxony, 
in  the  principality  of  Altenburg  ;  8  miles  N.N.W.  of  Al- 
tenburg.  N.  lat.  51^  6'.  E.  long.  13  iS. — Alfo,  a  town 
of  the  duchy  of  Carinthia,  near  the  Geil ;  32  miles  E.  of 
Brixen. 

LUCAYA  I.SLAUDS.     See  Bahama. 

LUCAYO,  one  of  the  Bahama  illands  ;  20  miles  long, 
and  five  broad.     N.  lat.  27^  25'.     W.  long.  78^ 

LUCAYONEQUE,  one  of  the  Bahama  iflands ;  75 
miles  long,  and  five  or  fix  broad,  but  of  an  irregular  form. 
N.  lat.  27^     W.  long  77-  ;;o'. 

LUCCA,  a  fmall  republic  of  Italy,  on  the  coaft  of  the 
Tufcan  fea,  in  N.  lat.  43"  50'.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  the 
late  duchy  of  Modena  ;  on  the  S.W.  by  the  Mediterranean ; 
and  every  where  elfe  by  Etruria.  It  is  computed  to  be 
upwards  of  35  miles  in  length,  and  from  15  to  20  in  breadth, 
and  to  contain  288  fquare  miles,  and  within  its  extent  one 
city,  150  villages,  and  120,000  inhabitants,  of  whom,  it  is 
ftiid,  that  from  20,000  to  30,000  are  able,  on  occafion,  to 
bear  arms.  The  Luccanefe  are  the  moil  induftrious  people 
of  Italy,  and  no  fpot  of  ground  is  left  uncultivated ;  the 
hills  being  covered  with  vines,  olives,  chefnut,  and  mulberry 
trees,  while  the  meadows  near  the  coaft  nonrifh  numerous 
cattle  ;  but  the  country  does  not  produce  corn  fufficient  for 
the  confumption  of  its  inhabitants.  Oil  and  filk  are  the 
ckief  exports  of  Lucca,  and  their  motto  is   LibertjIS,  a 


goddefs,  rarely  found  more  amiable  than  here.  Lucca  was 
anciently  a  Roman  colony  ;  v.-hen  the  Lombards  overran 
Italy,  it  became  tributary  to  them  ;  afterwards  it  was  an- 
nexed to  the  dominion  of  the  Franks,  and  from  them  the 
emperors  of  Germany  claimed  its  fovcreignty.  In  the 
reign  of  Charles  IV.  it  became  an  independent  ftate,  and 
has,  during  three  centuries,  maintained  its  hberty,  under 
the  proteftion  of  fome  foreign  power.  In  the  recent  revo- 
lutions of  Italy,  this  ftate  adopted  a  conllitution  fimilar  to 
the  French  ;  and  it  is  now  a  principality,  with  the  addition 
of  Mafia  Carrara,  and  Garfagnana. 

Lucca,  the  capital  of  the  fore-mentioned  principality, 
and  the  refidence  of  the  government,  is  delightfully  fituated 
in  a  plain,  terminated  by  eminences,  and  diverfified  with  vil- 
lages, feats,  fummer-houfes,  vineyards,  meadows,  and  corn- 
fields. This  city  is  regularly  fortified  with  eleven  baftions ; 
its  circuit  is  about  a  league  ;  it  is  well-built,  and  the  ftreets, 
though  irregular,  are  broad  and  well  paved.  Situated  near 
the  river  Serchio,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Pifa,  it  contains  a  ftate- 
palace,  within  whicii  is  a  large  arfenal,  a  Gothic  cathedral, 
with  a  richly  furniflied  chapel,  25  churches,  40  convents,  and 
about  40,000  inhabitants  ;  among  whom  are  many  artifts 
and  manrifafturers,  efpecially  in  filk  and  gold,  and  filvcr 
ftufFs.  The  bifiiop  holds  immediately  of  the  pope,  and  is 
entitled  to  the  pallium,  or  crucifix,  as  an  archbifhop.  In 
the  cathedral  is  a  volo  fanto,  or  wooden  crucifix,  to  which 
a  peculiar  veneration  is  paid.  In  the  year  1799,  the  French 
entered  this  city,  and  impofed  upon  it  a  contribution  of 
2,000,000  liyres.  They  feem  to  have  taken  it  under  their 
proteftion,  and  to  allow  it  its  freedom.  N.  lat.  43°  J4'. 
E.  long.  10"  34'. 

Lucca,  a  river  of  Afia,  which  rifes  in  Perfia,  and  runs 
into  the  Indus,  about  18  miles  above  the  conflux  with  the 
Chunaub. 

LtJCCHESI,  Andrea,  in  Biography,  a  native  of  Venice, 
and  maeftro  di  cappella,  in  1772,  to  the  eleftor  of  Cologne. 
A  pleafing  compofer,  whofe  motets  were  frequently  fnng  by 
Manfoli,  and  other  great  fingers  in  the  cliurches  of  Italy, 
and  whofe  fymphonics  were  much  efteened,  even  in  Ger- 
many, where  they  have  been  brought  to  the  greateft  per- 
feftion.  In  1767,  he  compofed  a  cantata  for  a  grand  fef- 
tival  given  to  the  duke  of  Wirtemburg  at  Venice.  ' 

LUCCI,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citra  ;   \  miles  S.  of  Bifignano. 

LUCCOS,  a  river  of  Morocco,  anciently  called  Lveos, 
which  runs  into  the  Atlantic  at  Laracha. 

LUCE,  St.,  a  clutter  of  fmall  iflands  in  the  Indian  fea, 
near  the  eaft  coaft  of  Mad^gafcar.  S.  lat.  24'-'  30'.  E. 
long.  47^  40'. 

Luce,  Eau  de.     See  Eau  de  Lues. 

LUCE  A,  in  Geography,  a  bay  or  harbour,  on  the  N. 
fide  of  the  ifland  of  Jamaica,  into  which  run  two  rivers, 
called  Eaft  and  Weft  Lucea  ;  14  miles  Wi  of  Montego  bay. 
N.  lat  18=  28'.     W.  long.  78' 9'. 

LUCENA,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of  Cordova, 
in  which  are  ten  convents  ;  29  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cordova. 
N.  lat.  37°  32'.  W.  long.  4"  29'. — Alfo,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Valencia  ;   18  miles  N.E.  of  Scgorbe. 

LUCENAY  l'Eveque,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Saone  and  Loire,  and  chief  place  of  a 
canton,  in  the  diftricl  of  Autun  ;  7  miles  N.  of  Autun. 
The  place  contains  804,  and  the  canton  (>i68  inhabitants, 
on  a  territory  of  25'o  kiliomctrcs,  in  12  communes.  N.  lat. 
47°  5'.     E.  long.  4-'  20'. 

LUCERA,  an  ancient,  inconfiderable,  manufadturing 
town  of  Naples,  capital  of  the  provicce  of  Capitanata, 
and  fee  of  a  bifltop,  fuffragan  of  Benevcnto  ;    containing 

four 


LUC 

four  churches  and  nine  monaiteries,  and  pleafantly  fituated 
on  an  eminence  in  a  plain,  near  the  middle  of  the  province, 
"about  7J  miles  N.E.  of  Naples.  The  jurifdiftion  of  the 
province  is  held  here,  and  the  manufadure  is  cloth.  N.  lat. 
41*"  28'.  E.  long,  ij^  16'. — Alfo,  a  town  of  Naples,  in 
Calabria  Citra  ;   7  miles  S.  of  Cofenza. 

LUCERIUS,  in  Mythology,  a  name  given  to  Jupiter,  as 
Luceria  was  given  to  Juno,  as  the  deities  which  gave  light  to 
the  world. 

LUCERN,  inCeographyt  a  canton  of  Switzerland,  bound- 
ed on  the  W.  and  N.  by  Bern,  en  the  E.  by  Zurich  and 
Schweitz,  on  the  S.  by  Underwalden  and  Bern,  lying  in  N. 
lat.  47"  10'  ;  being  from  30  to  50  miles  from  N.  to  S.,  and 
from  25  to  30  in  breadth,  and  containing  100,000  inhabitants, 
who  are  chiefly  employed  in  agriculture.  The  fouthern  parts 
of  this  canton  are  chiefly  mountainous,  and  furnilh  for  ex- 
portation cattle,  hides,  cheefe,  and  butter.  The  northern 
diilriil  is  fruitful  in  corn,  wliich,  being  more  than  fufficient 
for  the  confumption  of  the  canton,  allows  of  a  confl;ant 
exportation  from  the  weekly  market  held  in  the  town,  to 
which  the  inhabitants  of  the  fmall  canton  refort  for  the 
purchafe  of  that  and  of  other  neceffaries.  This  commerce, 
together  witrh  the  paflage  of  the  merchandize  for  Italy,  is 
the  chief  fupport  of  the  town,  and  might  be  much  improved 
and  augmented,  confidcring  its  advantageous  iituation  ;  for 
the  Reufs  ifl'ues  from  the  lake,  pafles  through  the  town, 
and,  having  joined  the  Aar,  falls  into  the  Rhine. 

Lucern,  originally  fubjeft  to  the  houfe  of  Auftria,  was 
QXpofed  to  the  inroads  of  Uri,  Schweitz,  and  Underwalden, 
when  thefe  cantons  had  feized  their  independence.  Her 
commerce  to  Italy  was  interrupted  ;  her  fairs  unfrequented  ; 
and  her  citizens  compelled  to  be  continually  under  arms, 
in  order  to  prote£i  their  territory  from  inceflant  depreda- 
tions. Under  thefe  circumftances,  the  Auftrians  loading 
the  citizens  with  exorbitant  taxes,  Lucern  made  her  peace 
with  the  confederate  cantons  ;  and,  expelling  the  Auftrian 
party,  entered  into  a  perpetual  alliance  with  Uri,  Schweitz, 
and  Underwalden,  and  became  a  member  of  the  Helvetic 
union.  The  accefEon  of  Lucern  gave  additional  credit  and 
power  to  the  confederacy,  and  enabled  it  to  refill  all  the 
efforts  of  a  great  and  implacable  enemy.  In  1386,  Leopold, 
duke  of  Auftria,  invaded  the  canton  with  a  numerous  army  ; 
when  the  combined  troops  gained  a  bloody  vidlory  at  Sem- 
pach,  in  which  Leopold  loft  his  life. 

The  government  of  Lucern  was  entirely  ariftocratical,  or 
rather  oligarchical.  The  fovereign  power  refided  in  the 
council  of  100,  comprifing  the  fenate,  or  little  council.  The 
great  council  w'a^  the  nominal  fovereign  ;  but  the  whole 
power  aftually  relided  in  the  fenate,  confifting  of  36  mem- 
bers, who  were  formed  into  two  divifions,  exercifing  the 
ofSce  by  rotation.  The  adminiftration  of  the  current  af- 
fairs, the  care  of  the  police,  the  management  of  the  finances, 
and  the  whole  executive  power,  refided  in  the  fenate,  which 
fat  conftantly  ;  whereas  the  fovereign  council  was  aflembled 
only  upon  important  occaiions.  The  fenate  had  cognizance 
of  criminal  caufes ;  but  in  cafe  of  capital  condemnation  the 
fovereign  council  was  convoked,  in  order  to  pronounce  the 
fentence.  In  civil  caufes,  an  appeal  lay  from  the  fenate  to 
the  fovereign  council,  which,  in  reality,  was  a  matter  of  mere 
foFra,  as  it  was  an  appeal  from  the  fenators  in  one  court,  to 
the  fame  fenators  in  another.  The  influence  of  the  fenute 
over  the  fovereign  council  was  abfolute  ;  for  they  conftituted 
above  a  third  of  that  body,  chofe  their  own  members,  con- 
ferred the  principal  charges  of  government,  and  nominated 
to  the  ecclefiatlical  benefices,  which  are  confiderable  ;  nearly 
two-thirds  of  the  revenue  of  the  canton  belonging  to  the 
clergy.     From  a  view  of  this  conftitution,  it  appears,  that 


LUC 

when  the  fpirit  of  the  conftitution  is  oligarchical,  all  lawi 
enacted  for  the  purpofe  of  counteraAing  the  power  of  the 
nobles  are  mere  cyphers.  However,  m  fome  inftanres, 
the  authority  of  the  nobles  is  controuled ;  for,  in  declaring 
war  and  peace,  forming  new  alliances,  or  impofing  taxes, 
the  citizens  were  to  be  affemblc-d,  and  to  give  their  confent. 
Lucern,  being  the  firft  in  rank  and  power  among  the  Ca- 
tholic cantons,  was  the  refidence  of  the  pope's  nuncio,  and 
all  affairs  relating  to  religion  were  difcufiVd  in  the  annual 
diet,  which  aflembled  in  the  town,  and  which  was  compofed 
of  the  deputies  ofthofe  cantons. 

Lucern,  though  an  oligarchical  ftate,  manifefted,  at  the 
time  of  the  French  revolution,  an  averfion  from  all  innovation. 
The  people  appeared  to  be  fatisfied  with  their  goverr.ment, 
and  refifted  all    attempts  to  effeft  a  change.     During    th« 
progrefs  of  the  revolution,  Lucern  afted  with  great  fpirit, 
and  was  inclined  to  join  in  defence  of  her  own  iiidependence, 
as  well  as  in  fupport  of  the  Helvetic  union.     Even  after  the 
furrender  of  Bern  and  the  dcfertion  of  Zurich,  a  numerous 
body  of  peafants  demanded  the  re-eftablilhment  of  the  an- 
cient government,  and  joined  the  troops  of  the  fmall  cantons 
to  refift    the    entrance    of   the  French  ;    and    the     whole 
canton  did  not  acquiefce  without  much  oppofition  and  blood- 
flied.     At  length    a    corps    of    Frendi,   after  a  Ihort    in- 
veftment,  entered  the    town  of  Lucern,    a-nd   reduced  the 
people  to  unconditional  fubmiflion.     Soon  after  this  event, 
Lucern  became  the  feat  of  the  new  Helvetic  government. 
According  to  the  conftitution  of  the  29th  of  May,   1801, 
Lucern  was  one  of  the    17   departments,   or  cantons,  into 
which  Switzerland  was  divided  :  it  retained  its  former  extent 
and    deputed  five   reprefentatives   to  the    diet.     Near  the 
town  of  Lucern  is  mount  "  Pilate,"  formerly  called  Mons 
Pikatus,    from    the   Latin    word  pilea,  becaufe   its   top   is 
generally   covered  with  a    cloud   or  cap.     This  word  has 
been  corrupted  into   "  Pilatus,"    whence    fome  have   ridi- 
culoufly  contended  that  Pontius  Pilate,   after  having  con- 
demned  our  Saviour  to  death,   was  feized    with   remorfe, 
m^de  an  excurfion  into  Sviitzerland,   and  drowned  himfe'f 
in  a  lake  at  the  top  of  the  mountain.     At  the  elevation  of 
5000  feet,  and  in  the  moft  perpendicular  part  of  this  moun- 
tain, near  the  pafture  of  Brunlen,  is  obferved,  jn  the  middle 
of  a  cavern  hollowed  in    a  black  rock,  a  coloflal  ftatiie, 
which  appears  to  be  of  white  ftone.     It  is  the  figure  of  a 
man  in  drapery,  leaning  one  elbow  on  a  pedeftal,  with  orx 
leg  crofled  over  the  other,  and  fo  regularly  formed,  that  it 
can  fcarcely  be  a  lufus  naturae.     This  ftatue  is  called  "  Do- 
minic" by  the  peafants,  who  frequently  accoft  it  from  the 
only  place  in  which  it  can  be  feen,  and  when  their  voices  arc 
re-echoed  from  the  cavern,  they  fay,  in  the  fimplicity  of 
their  hearts,   "  Dominic  has  anfwered  us."     It  is  difficult 
to  imagine  by  whom,  or  in  what  manner,  this  itatue  could 
be  placed  in  a  fituation  which  has  hitherto  proved  inaccef- 
fible  to  all  who  have  endeavoured  to  approach  it.     This  is, 
perhaps,  one    of  the  highell  mountains  in   Switzerland,   if 
eftimated  from  its  bafe,   and  not  from  the  level  of  the  fca  ; 
its   elevation   abos-e  the  lake  being  more  than    6000  feet. 
Soon  after  the  French  took  poflefiion  of  Lucern,  general 
Brune  erefted,  with  great  fuleranity,  the  ftandard  of  hberty 
on  the  top  of  mount  Pilate  ;  thus,  as  Coxe  fays,  conferring 
on   the  Swifs  the  (hadow,  while  he  deprived  them  of  the 
fubftance  of  freedom.      Coxe's  Switzerland,  vol.  i. 

Lucern,  the  capital  of  the  abovc-delcribed  canton,  a 
fmall,  tolerably  built,  walled,  trading  town,  containing  about 
3300  inhabitants,  and  agreeably  fitu:ited  on  a  plain  almoil 
environed  by  hills,  at  the  efflux  of  the  Reufs  from  the  lake 
of  Lucern,  and  at  the  N.W.  extrpmiry  of  the  lake  ;  30 
miles  S.W.  of  Zurich,  and  40  E.  of  Bern.  The  cathedral 
4A  2  and 


LUC 


L  u  c: 


and  Jefuiti'  church  are  the  only  public  buildings  worthy  of 
notice;  but  they  are  overloaded  with  rich  ornaments,  and 
difgraced  by  bad  paintings.  In  the  cathedral  is  an  organ  of 
fine  tone,  and  extraordinary  fize ;  the  centre  pipe  is  40  teet 
long,  near  three  in  diameter,  and  weighs  iioo  pounds.  The 
bridges  which  Ikirt  the  town,  round  the  edge  of  the  lake, 
are  the  fafhionable  walks  of  the  place,  and  remarkable  for 
their  length  ;  being  covered  at  the  top,  and  open  at  the 
fides,  they  afford  a  conllanc  view  of  the  delightful  and  ro- 
mantic country  ;  they  are  decorated  with  coarfe  paintings, 
reprefenting  tlie  liiilories  of  the  Old  Tedament,  the  battles 
of  the  Swifs,  and  the  dance  of  Death.  In  the  Waffer- 
thiirm  tower,  the  Ireafure  of  the  republic  is  depofited. 
The  nrfenal  is  well  furnilhed  with  arms.  This  place  is  a 
thoroughfare  from  Italy  by  mount  St.  Gothard  ;  but  it  has 
no  manufaftures  of  confequence,  and  little  commerce.  Of 
late  the  principles  of  toleration  have  been  better  underllood 
and  more  widely  diffufed  than  they  were  formerly,  and  a  lite- 
rary fociety  has  been  etlablilhed  for  the  promotion  of  polite 
learning.  The  lake  is  bounded  towards  the  town  of  Lncern 
by  cultivated  hills  floping  gradually  to  the  water,  contralled 
on  the  oppofite  fide  by  an  enormous  mafs  of  tarren  and 
craggy  rocks.  N.  lat.  46'  56'.  E.  long.  8  6'.  See  the 
preceding  article. 

LucERN,  Lake  of,  called  the  Waldftaetter  fee,  or  lake  of 
the  four  cantons,  conlills  of  feveral  branches  and  gulfs,  dif- 
tinguilhed  by  pai'ticular  names,  and  affording  variety  of  tine 
fernery.     See  Lake. 

LuCERX,  in  Botany.  See  Meuicago. 
LucEHN',  in  /Igriculture,  a  plant  of  the  artificial  grafs 
kind,  chiefly  cultivated  as  a  green  food  for  cattle,  and  which 
affords  a  larger  produce  than  mofl  other  forts  in  proportion 
to  the  extent  of  land.  It  is  knovvn  among  botanilts  by  the 
name  of  medicago  fati-va,  and  is  the  alfafa  of  the  Spaniards, 
and  the  grand  trefle  of  the  French.  It  has  a  perennial  root, 
and  an  annual  ftalk,  which  rifes  full  three  feet  high  in  good 
land,  and  is  fiirnifhed  at  each  point  with  trifoliate  leaves,  tiie 
lobes  of  which  are  fpear-fliaped,  about  an  inch  and  a  half 
long,  and  half  an  inch  broad,  fawed  towards  the  (lalks. 
The  flowers  grow  in  fpikes,  which  are  from  two  to  near 
three  inches  in  length,  Handing  upon  naked  footftalks  two 
inches  long,  rifing  from  the  wings  of  the  ilalks :  they  are 
of  the  pea-bloom,  or  butterfly  kind,  of  a  fine  purple  colour, 
and  arc  fucceeded  by  coniprclfed  moon-fhaped  pods,  which 
contain  feveral  kidney-fhaped  feeds.  It  flowers  in  June,  ajid 
its  feed  ripens  in  September. 

There  are  feveral  varieties  of  lucern,  as  thofe  with  violet- 
coloured  flowers,  with  yellow  flowers,  with  yellow  and 
violet  flowers  mixed,  and  with  variegated  flowers  ;  but 
the  editor  bf  Mr.  Miller's  Diftionary  obferves,  that  they 
are  only  variations  of  the  fame  plant,  arifing  accidentally 
from  the  feed.  However,  neither  the  yellow  nor  the  varie- 
gated flowered  lucern  is  ever  fo  ftrong  as  that  with  pur- 
ple flowers  ;  and  cannot  of  courfe  be  fo  profitable  to  the 
culrivator. 

It  may  be  remarked,  that  Columella  efteemed  this  plant 
as  the  choicell  of  all  fodder,  becaufe  it  lafted  many  years, 
and  bore  being  cut  down  four,  five,  or  fix  times  a  year. 
In  his  opinion  it  enriched  the  land  on  which  it  grew,  fat- 
tened the  cattle  fed  with  it,  and  was  often  a  remedy  for  fick 
cattle.  About  three-quarters  of  an  acre  of  it  is,  it  is  fup- 
pofed,  abundantly  fiifiicicnt  to  feed  three  horfes  during  the 
whole  year.  But  tliough  it  was  fo  much  efteemed  by  the 
ancients,  and  has  been  long  cultivated  to  advantage  in  France 
and  Switzerland^  it  has  yet  found  no  great  reception  in  this 
country,  though  it  will  fucceed  here  as  well  as  in  either  of 
10 


the  above  countries,  being  extremely  hardy,  and  capable  of 
refilling  tiie  cold  of  our  climate. 

In  the  Synopfis  of  Hufh^ndry,  it  is  noticed,  that  it  is 
not  till  within  thefe  thirty  years  that  this  gruls  has  been 
much  in  repute  with  the  farmer,  though  it  was  known  in 
England  long  before  that  time:  but  the  cultivation  of  it 
was  chiefly  confined  to  gentlemen  who  raifcd  it  on  their  own 
dcmefncs  ;  for  the  hufbandmen,  being  v^-ell  convinced  of  the 
extraordinary  care  required  to  prepare  the  land  for  the 
growth  of  i,  were  deterred  from  embarking  in  a  bufinefs 
which  feemed  to  be  attended  w'itli  much  expcnce,  and  con- 
tented themfelves  with  raifiug  green  fodder  from  their  tares 
and  clover,  le.iving  the  cultivation  of  this  ufefnl  grafs  tg  their 
landlords,  who  could  better  fpare  the  money  for  that  pur- 
pofe.  But  now  that  its  virtues  are  better  known,  and  the 
method  of  raifing  it  more  perfeftly  underflood,  there  are 
few  farmers,  who  do  not  choofe  to  fow  fome  acres  of  it,  to 
fupply  their  horfes  with  a  whulefome  and  laftincr  feed 
tin-onghout  the  fummer.  The  feed  is  of  a  paler  calt  than 
that  of  clover,  and  rather  larger  in  fize.  It  is  annually 
provided  from  Holland  by  the  feedfmen,  and  fold  at  dif- 
ferent prices,  from  one  to  two  Ihillings  or  more  per  pound, 
according  to  circumllances. 

Soil — In  refpeft  to  thcfoils  that  are  moil  fuitable  to  the 
culture  of  this  plant,  they  are  all  thofe  of  the  more  deep, 
rich,  and  dry  kinds,  as  thofe  of  the  found,  meliuw,  loamy, 
and  landy  delcriptions ;  but  on  fuch  as  are  retentive  of 
moiilure,  it  fhould  not  be  attempted,  as  the  roots  of  the 
plants  are  liable  to  be  greatly  injured,  if  not  wholly  de- 
itroyed,  by  the  ftagnation  of  water  about  them.  Weepino- 
gravelly  lands,  and  all  fuch  as  are  not  well  drained,  are  of 
courfe  improper  for  this  fort  of  culture.  Mr.  Young  fug- 
gelts,  that  "  the  foils  that  fuit  lucern,  are  all  thofe  that  are 
at  once  dry  and  rich.  If  they  poffcls  thefe  two  criteria, 
there  is  no  fear  but  they  will  produce  large  crops  of  lucern. 
A  friable  deep  fandy  loam  or  chalk,  or  wfrite  dry  marly  bot- 
tom, is  excellent  for  it.  Deep  putrid  fands,  warp  on  a  drv 
bafis,  good  fandy  loam  on  chalk,  dry  marie  or  gravel,  all  do 
well :  and,  in  a  word,  all  foils  that  are  good  enough  for 
wheat,  and  dry  enough  for  turnips  to  be  fed  on  the  landj  do 
well  for  lucern.  If  deficient  in  fertility,  they  may  be  made 
up  by  manuring,  but  he  never  yet  met  with  any  land  too 
rich  for  it." 

Preparation. — The  author  of  the  Syflem  of  Agriculture 
remarks,  that  "in  the  preparation  of  the  land,  the  foil 
fhould  be  always  brought  into  as  fine  a  condition  of  mould 
as  poffible.  This  may  be  effected  by  repeated  ploughing 
and  harrowing,  and  the  previous  growth  of  fuch  forts  of 
crops  of  the  green  kind  as  have  a  tendency  to  clean  and 
render  the  land  more  fine  and  -mellow."  In  this  intention 
Mr.  Young  advifes  the  taking  of  two  crops  of  turnips, 
carrots,  or  cabbages,  either  in  fucccflion,  or  alternating  with 
each  other,  the  turnips  in  the  heavier  loams  being  eaten  off 
upon  the  land  in  the  fecond  autumn  before  it  is  ploughed  up. 
In  either  of  thefe  cafes,  from  tiie  hoeing  and  conftant  cul- 
ture which  is  necellary  while  the  crops  are  upon  the  lard,  it 
will  be  left  in  a  fuitable  itate  of  cleannefs  and  friability. 
"  Others  recommend  fallowing  as  a  better  praftice,  the  root 
weeds  of  every  kind  being  carefully  picked  out  in  the  dif- 
ferent ploughings.and  harrowings.  From  the  great  length 
of  time  the  ground  mufb  remain  unemployed  in  this  miode  of 
preparation,  it  is  probably  only  capable  of  being  praftifed 
with  advantage  where  the  lands  are  heavy  and  very  full  of 
weeds."  But  whatever  mode  is  employed,  the  land  muft  be 
rendered  perfeftly  clean  before  this  fort  of  crop  is  ventured 
upon  it. 

And  it  is  requifite,  that   before   the  feed  is   put  in,  the 

mould 


L  U  C  E  R  N. 


mould  (hould  be  rendered  perfeftly  fine  by  ploughing  it  over 
as  frequently  as  may  be  neceflary,  and  breaking  it  well  down 
by  occafional  harrowing.  It  will  feldom  be  necefiary  to 
nnakc  ufe  of  manure  ;  but  where  the  land  is  found  to  ftand 
in  need  of  it,  the  application  is  bed  made  with  the  firft  of 
the  green  crops.  The  objeA  to  be  conllantly  kept  in  view 
in  this  bufmefs,  is  chiefly  that  of  rendering  the  land  per- 
feftly clean  from  weeds,  and  at  the  fame  time  highly  mellow 
and  friable. 

Nature  and  Quantity  of  Seed. — As  feedfmen  are  apt  to 
keep  their  feeds  from  year  to  year,  it  may  be  necefTary  to 
apprife  the  farmer,  that  that  which  is  perfeftly  fresh,  is  the 
moft  proper  for  being  fown,  as  moll  fmall  feeds  vegetate  in 
the  mod;  perfeft  manner  when  new. 

And  with  refpeft  to  the  quantity  of  feed.  Dr.  Dickfon 
has  ftated  that  the  proportion  that  is  neceflary,  ia  variable 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  land,  and  the  manner  in 
which  the  cr.  p  is  cultivated.  In  the  broad-call  method, 
from  eighteen  to  twenty  pounds  may  be  proper,  while  in 
that  of  the  drill,  it  will  be  confiderably  lefs,  according  to 
the  diitances  at  which  the  operation  is  performed.  In  two 
feet  equidiftant  rows,  the  ufual  allowance  is  about  flx 
pounds  ;  in  thofe  of  eighteen  inches  about  eight  pounds  ;  in 
thofe  of  twelve  inches,  ten  or  twelve  pounds ;  and  in  nine- 
inch  rows,  fixteen  or  eighteen  pounds  may  be  neceflary, 
though  Mr.  Young  only  recommends  from  twelve  to  fifteen 
pounds  for  the  acre. 

Time  and  Manner  of  Soiuing. — In  his  fyftem  of  agriculture, 
the  fame  writL-r  ftates,  that  "  the  moll  proper  feafon  for 
putting  this  fort  of  crop  into  the  ground,  is  as  early  as  can 
be  done  in  the  fpring  months,  as  in  this  way  the  plants  maj' 
be  fully  ellabliihed  before  the  feafon  becomes  too  hot.  The 
latter  end  of  March,  for  the  mcfre  fouthern  diftrifts,  may  be 
the  moft  proper  period;  and  the  beginning  of  the  following 
month  for  thofe  of  the  north.  When  fown  late  there'  is 
niore  danger  of  the  plants  being  deftroyed  by  the  fly,  as  has 
been  obferved  by  Mr.  Tull.  If  the  plants  be  intended  to 
be  tranfplanted  out  in  the  garden  method,  it  will  alfo  be  the 
bell  praftice  to  fow  the  feed, bed  as  early  in  the  fpring  as  the 
frofts  will  admit,  in  order  that  the  plants  may  be  flrong,  and 
fit  to  fet  out  about  the  beginning  of  Auguft." 

In  regard  to  the  mode  of  fowing  or  putting  in  the  crop, 
this  writer  alfo  fuggeils,  that  "  ft  fliould  vary  with  the 
circumltances  of  the  foil,  and  the  mode  of  after-manage- 
ment that  can  be  adopted  with  the  moft  convenience.  Where 
much  attention  cannot  be  beftowed  on  the  bufinefs  of  hoe- 
ing and  keeping  the  crop  cle^,  the  beft  method  is  that  of 
fowing  the  land  broad-caft  ;  though  in  this  method  the  crop 
may  not  laft  fo  long  in  the  ground.  But  in  cafes  where  the 
crops  are  capable  of  being  kept  in  a  fufficiently  clean  condi- 
tion by  repeated  hoe-culture,  the  drill  may  be  more  advifable, 
particularly  in  narrow  diftances.  The  praftice  of  tranf- 
planting  can,  perhaps,  only  be  done  in  particular  cafes,  on 
fmall  pieces  of  deep  land  that  are  in  great  heart,  and  require 
the  plants  in  confrquence  to  ftand  thin  and  regular  upon  the 
ground,  as  in  thefe  modes  they  become  large  and  of  vigor- 
ous growth.  In  foils  that  are  inclined  to  moifture  at  fome 
depth  below  the  furface,  it  ma)-  be  a  ufeful  method  of 
keeping  the  roots  of  the  plants  from  being  injured  by  their  . 
penetrating  too  deeply,  as  is  more  the  cafe  when  the  plants 
rife  from  feed.  The  feed  may  be  fown  either  alone  or  with 
grain  crops,  in  the  fame  manner  as  clover  ;  each  method  has 
its  advocates,  and  it  is  probable  that  they  may  be  ufeful  un- 
der different  circumftances,  as  in  the  deeper  and  more  fertile 
forts  of  land  the  firft  may  be  the  moft  beneficial  method,  and 
in  thofe  of  the  lighter  and  lefs  deep  kinds  the  latter  ;  as  in 
the  deep  forts  of  land  there  may  be  lefs  lofs  of  time  in  pro- 


curing the  green  produce  for  horfcs  or  other  forts  of  ftock, 
as  well  as  a  greater  certainty  of  the  crop  fucceeding.     But 
in  the  lighter  and  more  porous  foils,  by  being  fown  with  com, 
the  plants  may  be  better  protefted  in  theii  early  growth,  as 
well  by  the  {hade  as  the  moifture  that  will,  in  that  way,  be 
preferved.      Some  indeed  fpeak  of  its  fujierior  utility  on  the 
ground  of  long  experience,  in  its  being  better  preferved  from 
the  fly.     Wherever   this  mode  is   made    ufe   of,  the   grain 
fliould,  however,  be  Town    thinner  than  is  ufually  the  cafe, 
in  proportion  as  the  foils  are  more  rich.    Oats  are  preferable 
to  barley  for  the  purpofe,  as  being  lefs  liable  to  lodge,  efpe- 
cially  when  fown  thin.     From   five   or   fix   pecks  to  three 
bufliels,  fown  as  evenly  as  poflible,  may  be  the  beft  propor- 
tions, the  fmaller  quantity  being  neceflary   on    the  richeft 
foils."     Mr.  Young  remarks,  that  "  the  greatell  fuccefs  by 
far  that  has  been  knov/n  is  by  the  broad-caft  method,  which 
is  nearly  univerfal  among  the  beft  lucern  farmers,  even  among 
men  who   admire  and  praftife  the   drill  hulbandry  in  many 
other  articles.      But   as  they  moftly   (not  all)  depend  on  fe- 
vere  harrowing  for    keeping  their   crops    clean,  which  is  a 
troublefome  and  expenlive  operation,  he  ftill  ventures  to  re- 
commend drilling,  but  very  different  drilling  from  that  which 
has  been    almoft    univerfally    praftifed,  ■m%-  at  dillances  of 
eighteen  inches  or  two  feet.     Objeftious  to  thefe  wide  inter- 
vals are  numerous.     If  kept    clean  hoed,  the   lucern  licks 
up  fo  much  dirt,  being  beaten  to  theearrh  by  rain,  &c.  that 
it  is  unwholefome,  and  the  plants  fpread  fo  into  th-fe  fpaces 
that  it  muft  be  reaped,  which  i>  a  great  and  ufelefs  expence. 
For  thefe  reafons,  as  well  as  for  fuperiority  of  crop,  he  re- 
commends drilling  at    nine  inches,  which,  in  point  of  pro- 
duce, mowing,  and  freedom  from  dirt,  is  the  fame  as  broad- 
caft  ;  and  another   advantage  is,  that  it  admits  a  fcarifying 
once  a  year,  which  is  much  more  powerful  and  effeftive  than 
any  harrowing.     Thefe  fafts  are  fufficient  to  weigh  fo  much 
with  any  reafonable  man,  as  to  induce    him   to    adopt  this 
mode  of  driUing,  as  nearer  to  broad-caft  by  far  than  it  is  to 
drills  at  eighteen    or    twenty- four   inches,  which  open  to  a 
quite   different  fyftem,    and   a   fet   of  very    different   evils. 
Nine-inch  rows  might  pra3ically,  but  not  literally,  he  con- 
fidered  as  broad-caft,  but    with   the    power  of  fcarifying." 
And  in   regard  to  "  the  material  point,  of  with  or  without 
corn,  two  confiderations   prefent   themfelves.     One  is,  the 
extreme  liability  of  lucern   to    be   eaten    by  the  fly,  which 
does  great  mifchief  to  many  crops,   when  very  young,  and 
againlt   which   the    growing   corn  is  fome  proteftion.     The 
value  of  the  barley  or  oats  is  another  objeft",  and  not  to  be 
forgotten.    It  is  alfo  gained  in  the  firft  year's  growth  of  the 
lucern,  which  is  very  poorly  produftive,  even  if  no  corn  be 
fown,  fo  that  he  muft  own  himfelf  clearly  an  advocate  for  drill- 
ing it  among  corn,  either  between  the  rows  of  nine-inch  bar- 
ley, or  acrofs  drilled  barley  at  a  foot  ;  perhaps  the  latter  is 
the    bell    method,  as   there   is   lefs   probability  of  the  crop 
being  laid,  to  damage  the  lucern.     The    quantity   of  feed- 
corn  fhould  alfo    be  fmall,  proportioned  to   the  richnefs  of 
the   land  ;  from  one   bufhcl    to    a   bufhel  and    a  half,  ac- 
cording to  the  fertility  of  the   foil;  another  fecurityagainft 
the  mifchief  of  lodging.     If  thefe  precautions  are  taken,  it 
would  be  prefumptuous  to  fay  that  fuccefs  muft  follow,  that 
being  always,  and  in  all  things,  in  other  hands  than  our's  ;  feed 
may  prove  bad,  the  fly  may  eat,  and  drought  prevent  vege- 
tation, but,  barring  fuch  circumftances,  the  farmer  may  reft 
fatisfied  that  he  has  done  what  can  be  done  ;  and  if  he  does 
fucceed,  the  advantage  will  be  unqueftionable." 

In  the  broad-caft  mode,  in  every  cafe,  as  foon  as  poflible 
after  the  grain  has  been  fown  and  harrowed  properly  in,  the 
lucern  feed  fhould  be  immediately  put  in  in  that  mode,  by  a 
regular  even   caft  over  the  fine  furface,  covering  it  with  a 

hght 


L  U  C  E  R  N. 


light  feed-harrow,  but  it  (hould  not  be  too  deeply  covered 
in,  two  inches  being  fully  fufficient.  In  the  drill  methcui,  the 
fame  fyilcm  Ihould  be  followed,  the  luceni  feed  being  drilled 
in  immediately  after  the  corn  has  been  put  into  the  foil. 

It  need  hardly  be  noticed  that  the  plats  of  ground  fown 
for  thcpurpolc  of  railing  plants,  to  befet  out  in  the  garden 
method  of  culture,  Ihould  always  be  without  grain,  or  other 
forts  of  crops,  in  order  that  they  may  admit  of  having  the 
plants  properly  thiinied  out  and  kept  clean,  and  in  a  vigor- 
ous ilate  of  growth,  for  being  fet  out  with  the  moll  ad- 
vantage and  fuccefs  poflible. 

With  regard  to  the  proper  df<lance  of  the  rows,  it  may 
in  addition  be  obferved,  where  the  drill  mode  of  culture  is 
praftifed,  it  fliould  probably  depend  upon  the  ftatc  and  cir- 
cumllances  of  the  foils.  Mr.  Kent  advifes  two  feet  as  the 
bell  dillance  in  all  cafes  ;  while  others  think  equal  diftances 
of  a  foot  in  rich  foils,  fuch  as  are  worth  from  thirty  to  forty 
fhillings  the  acre,  and  nine  inches  in  thofe  that  are  oi  inferior 
fertility,  as  from  fifteen  to  twenty  fliillings  the  acre,  the 
heft  general  dillances.  On  foils  of  lefs  value  it  is  probable 
that  this  culture  can  feldom  be  had  recourfe  to  with  much 
benefit  to  the  farmer.  The  lail  dillance  approaches  much  to 
the  broad-call  method,  which  is  contended  by  fome  as  the 
mod  appropriate  in  almoil  all  cafes,  and  of  courfe  Tt'may 
be  preferable,  as  it  admits  of  being  plowed  between  by  a 
fuitable  plough,  in  the  room  of  the  harrowed  methodj  and 
the  obfervations  made  above  are  decidedly  in  favour  of  the 
method. 

In  whatever  method  this  fort  of  feed  may  have  been  fown, 
it  is,  when  good,  quick  in  its  vegetation,  beginning  to  fprout 
in  the  courfe  of  a  week,  and  foon  fpreading  the  plants  over 
the  furface  of  the  land.  And  the  fooner  it  obtains  its 
rough  leaf  the  better,  as  it  is  then  like  turnip-plants,  out  of 
danger  of  being  dellroyed  by  the  fly.  But  before  thefe 
plants  arrive  at  this  ilate  of  growth,  they  are  liable,  efpe- 
cially  in  dry  feafons,  to  be  much  injured,  if  not  wholly  con- 
fumed,  by  the  ravages  of  the  fame  fort  of  infedl  as  that 
which  is  fo  detrimental  to  the  turnip  crops.  "  Where  the 
greatell  part  of  the  plants  are  injured  in  this  way,  the  au- 
thor of  "  Praiflical  Agric alture"  thinks  it  is  probably  the 
bell  method,  when  the  crop  has  been  put  in  alone,  to  plow 
up  the  land,  and  fow  it  down  again  with  frefh  feed,  as  foon 
as  poflible.''  And  this  he  fuppofes"  is  an  advantage  which 
the  fowing  the  crop  alone  has  over  that  of  putting  it  in  with 
thofe  of  other  kinds  " 

ylftcr  Culture It  may  be  ftated  in  regard  to  the  after- 
management  of  this  grafs,  that,  as  the  economy  of  the  plant 
is  fuch  as  to  render  it  incapable  of  being  grown  with  much 
advantage,  where  other  forts  of  plants,  whether  of  the 
grafs  or  weed  kind,  are  apt  to  annoy  it  ;  much  care  and  at- 
tention Ihould  of  courfe  be  employed  in  keeping  it  clean  and 
free  from  the  intrulion  of  all  fuch  vegetable  produdlions. 
This,  the  fame  author  thinks,  "  may  be  effefted  in  different 
ways,  according  to  the  methads  in  whitji  the  crop  has 
been  raifed.  Where  the  broad-cail  plan  has  been  purfued, 
little  is  neceffary,  where  the  land  has  been  properly  prepared 
after  the  grain  crop  has  been  removed,  except  keeping  all 
forts  of  heavy  flock  from  coming  upon  it.  In  a  dry  feafon, 
if  there  be  occafion,  the  field  may  however  be  fed  a  little  by 
calves,  and  other  very  light  flock,  but  they  fhould  never  be 
kept  long  upon  the  plants  at  one  time.  When  the  fecond 
cutting  has  been  made  in  the  following  year,  if  any  grafs 
fliows  ilfelf  the  land  fhould  be  harrowed  over  in  a  moderate 
manner,  by  a  harrow  which  is  not  too  heavy  nor  too  long  in 
the  tineSj  lWO  or  more  times,  as  may  be  neceffary  in  different 
dire(£lioi.3,  the  graffy  matter  being  collefted  by  a  fmall  light 
implement  of  the   fame   kind,  and  removed  from  the  land. 


This  bufinefs  fliould  be  executed  as  foon  in  the  early  part  o 
the  fpring  as  the  nature  and  flate  of  the  ground  will  admitj 
as  dry  a  perio4.  as  poflible  being  taken  for  pertorniing  the 
work.  In  the  fucceeding  years  tuo  fuch  hai  rowings  may 
be  frequently  required,  one  in  the  early  part  ot  the  fpring 
feafon,  and  the  other  in  the  clofe  of  fummer.  Lut  in  thefe 
cafes,  efpecially  where  there  is  much  grafs  app.-iuing.  a 
much  heavier  fort  of  harrow  flioidd  be  made  ule  of."  In 
the  25th  vol.  of  the  Annals  of  Agric:ilture,  one  is  sdvifed 
of  fuch  a  weight,  as  is  fufficient  for  four  horles,  aiiii  which 
does  not  fprcad  more  than  four  or  five  feet  ;  but  in  1.  nit  cafes, 
efpecially  where  the  work  is  fo  frequently  pertorm^-d,  one 
that  requires  lefs  draught  may  be  adequate  to  ihe  [mrpoie, 
as  where  fuch  large  heavy  harrows  are  employt  .1,  iherii 
is  much  danger  in  injuring  the  crowns  of  the  plants,  and 
thereby  caufing  their  dellruftion  ;  whereat  by  the  ufe  of  the 
lighter  ones,  they  are  moftly  much  benefited  tr'.ui  the  mould 
being  ftirred  about  their  roots.  After  thefe  oj^erations,  as 
in  the  above  cafe,  the  weeds  fhould  be  brou.ht  together, 
and  removed  from  the  ground.  When  the  crops  are  thin  and 
patchy,  feed  in  proportion  to  the  deficiencies  fhould  be  fown 
over  fuch  places  befoie  the  harrowings  comn.ince  caclrtime. 
In  every  cafe  the  roller  fliould  be  applied  iir.mediateiy  after 
the  operation  has  been  performed,  noi  only  for  the  purpofe 
of  comprefling  the  mould  at  out  the  roots  of  ilie  plants,  but 
to  render  the  furface  perfectly  level  and  fit  for  the  fcythe. 
In  this  method  of  culture,  "  where  the  produce  is  not  to 
fome  extent,  it  is  probably  bettfr  to  feed  the  crop  by  light 
cattle-flock  in  the  autumn  than  mow  it." 

In  refpeCl  to  the  dri  1-fown  lucern,  it  is  recommended, 
"  w'here  the  rows  are  fufficiently  evident,  in  the  autumn 
feafon,  after  the  grain  has  been  fecui\  d,  th:it  a  fmall  fliim 
Ihould  be  psfled  between  them,  in  order  to  extirpate  all  the 
weeds  and  graffy  materials,  as  well  as  to  loofen  the  mould 
about  the  roots. of  the  plants,  and  that  they  may  be  ren- 
dered more  perfectly  clean,  the  hand-hoeing  of  the  plai-.ts 
in  the  rows  :  and  that,  in  the  fucceeding  year,  fliU  more 
particular  attention  to  the  ufe  of  the  fhim  and  hoe  will  be 
requifite.  The  bufinefs  fliould  be  begun  as  early  as  the  flate 
of  the  foils  will  fafely  admit  of  its  being  executed  :  being 
continued  occallonally  in  fuch  a  manner,  as  to  induce  the 
cultivator  to  leave  it  again  for  the  produttion  of  this  grafs. 
In  fituations  where  fuch  grounds  could  be  conveniently 
flooded  or  covered  with  water  occafionally,  they  might 
therefore  be  very  advantageoufly  converted  into  good  mea- 
dow or  grafs-lands ;  a  fort  of  application  that  has  long" 
fince  been  recommended  by  De  Serres,  a  French  writer  ot 
great  refpeflability  :  when  fuch  lands  are  pcrfeftly  broken 
up,  they  afford,  in  mofl  cafes,  admirable  crops  of  the  grain 
kind  :  oats,  as  being  leafl  injured  by  a  luxuriant  growth, 
may,  in  general,  be  the  molt  advifable  as  the  firfl  crop." 

It  has  been  advifed,  "  as  a  good  rule  in  thefe  cafes,  to 
give  good  hoeings,  either  of  the  horle  or  hand  kinds,  as 
foon  as  weeds  appear  every  time  after  the  crops  are  taken 
off.  If  the  plants  are  perfeftly  ftraight  in  the  rows,  which 
fliould  always  be  the  cafe,  a  fliim  may  be  had  reconrfe  to 
with  the  greatell  benefit,  as  it  may  be  drawn  fo  clofely  to 
the  plants,  as  in  a  great  meafure  to  fave  the  expence  of 
hand-hoeing,  as,  in  fuch  cafes,  it  will  be  only  neceffary  to 
extirpate  the  weeds  or  natural  grals  plants  that  may  have 
ellablillied  themfelves  among  the  lucern  plants  in  the  rows, 
which  is  capable  of  being  effefted  in  a  very  complete  man- 
ner by  the  ufe  of  a  pronged  hand-hoe.  And  it  is  further 
recommended  never,  by  any  means,  to  fuffer  fields  of  this 
fort  to  become  weedy,  under  the  fuppofition,  that  the  pro- 
duce may  not  cut  well,  or  be  free  from  dull  ;  as  where  it 
is  of  fufficiently  vigorous  growth,  and  of  a  fuitable  dillance 
II  in 


L  U  C  E  R  N. 


in  the  rows,  according  to  the  natare  of  the  land,  there  can 
be  no  reafon  for  fuch  an  injurious  praAice,  as  it  is  only 
where  the  planting  is  executed  at  larger  diftances  than  the 
•  condition  of  the  foil  will  permit,  that  any  inconvenience  can 
be  experienced  in  this  way." 

It  may  be  ftated,  that  "  where  hand-hoeing  ts  the  method 
chiefly  dependsd  on  for  keeping  crops  of  hicern  in  a  proper 
(late  of  culture,  much  of  the  bufinefs  may  be  performed 


Nearly  double  this  is  fometimcs  made  by  foiling  clover. 

Number  of  Cuttings  and  Manner  of  Cutting. — In  a  late  prac- 
tical work,  it  is  ftated  that,  "  as  this  is  one  of  the  moft 
forward  of  the  artificial  gralTes,  it  frequently  attains  a 
fufficient  growth  for  the  fcythe  towards  the  end  of  April, 
or  beginning  of  the  following  month  ;  and  in  foils  that 
are  favourable  for  its  culture,  will  be  in  a  ftate  of  readinefs 
for  a  fecond  cutting  in  the  courfe  of  a  month  or  fix  weeks 


by  women,  or  even  children,  and  the  expence  be   thus  con-     longer,   being  capable   of  undergoing  the  fame  operation 


fiderably  leffened." 

Application  of  Manure. — In  cafes  where  the  foils  on  which 
this  plant  is  grown  are  not  of  confiderable  fertility,  the  oc- 
cafional  appUcation  of  manure  may  be  of  great  advantage, 
in  thickening  and  increafing  the  quantity  of  crop  ;  for  this 
life  clean  well  rotted  dung  is  probably  by  mucii  the  beft 
manure,  as  where  earthy  compofls,  afties,    or  foot  are  em 


at  nearly  fimilar  diftances  of  time,  during  the  whole  of  the 
fummer  feafon.  In  this  laft  fort  of  foil,  with  proper  ma- 
nagement, in  the  drill  method,  it  has  been  found  to  rife  to 
the  height  of  a  foot  and  a  half  in  about  thirty  or  forty 
days,  affording  five  full  cuttings  in  the  fummer.  But  in  the 
broad-caft  crops,  in  the  opinion  of  fome,  there  are  fcldom 
fo  many  cuttings  afforded  in  the  feafon,  three  or  four  being 


ployed,  they  are  apt  tg  promote  the  growth  of,  or  bring  more  common,  as  the  growth  is  fuppofed  to  be  lefs  rapiif 
up  graffes  too  much  ;  the  latter  are,  however,  fometimes  than  by  either  of  the  other  modes:"'  this  is,  however 
fown  over  the  crop  in  the  winter  feafon.     The  dung  is  ad-     contradifted  by  other  cultivators,  who  have  beftowed  niuch 


vifed,  in  the  25th  vol.  of  the  Annals  of  Agriculture,  to  be 
applied  in  the  quantity  of  about  tv.enty  tons  to  the  acre, 
every  five  or  fix  years.  Mr.  Kent,  however,  thinks  it  a 
better  practice  to  put  a  flight  coat  on  annually  in  the  fpring 
feafon.     As  much  expence  might  be  incurred  in   the  cul- 


care  on  the  fubjecl,  as  will  be  evident  hereafter.  A^nd  it  is 
ftated,  that  "  in  order  to  have  new  fucccfGons  of  this  grafs 
conftantly  becoming  ready  to  be  cut,  it  has  been  re- 
commended, for  the  purpofe  of  foihng,  to  have  the  broad- 
cail  plantations  formed  into  fo  many  divifions,  as  that 


ture,  eftabliftiment,  and  after  management   of  tliis    fort  of  of  them  may  be  cut  daily,  as  about  iixty  ;    and  thofe  of 

crop,  in  order  to  infure  a  favourable  produce,  the  farmer  the  drilled,    and  tranfplanted  kinds,    into    from  thirty  to 

(hould  not  too  haftily  attempt  it,  till  he  has  found  how  far  forty,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  land,  confumin?  them 

it  will  fuit  his  convenience  and  other  circumllances.  in   the   fame   manner.     Thefe  cuttings    muft,   however,  be 

Expences  cf  Cultivation. — The  various  expences  attending  varied  in  proportion  to  the  differences  in  the  growth  of  the 

it,  as  ftated  by  different  writers  before  the  late   rife  in  the  crops,  and  the  confumption.     The  mpft  economical  mode  of 


price  of  labour,  are  thus  given,  as  well  as  the  profit  in 
foiling  horfes.  At  prefent,  however,  a  third  more  may  be 
added,  and,  in  fome  cafes,  much  more. 


£. 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 


Expences. 

Two  fpring  ploughings  extra  -           -       - 

Harrowings  -  - 

Eight  pounds  of  feed              -  -          - 

D  ruling              -                 .  -               . 

HorfS-hoeing  in  autumn 

Hand-hoeing  ditto           .  .               . 

Firft  year 

Annual  Expences  afterwards. 

To  rent,  titit:,  a:,  1  rates 
Four  horle-hoeings 
Three  hai. d-hoeings 

Five  mow.igs  -  .  .  . 

Raking  tcgether 
Loading  a. id  carting  home 
Manunng,  to  amount^^r  annum 

Clear  pi-ofit    • 


Profit  '.1  th:  PraSice  of  Soiling  Horfes. 
By  keeping  five  horfes,  from  beginning  of  l     £. 
May  to  middle  of  October,   at  zs.  6d.    >    14 
per  horie,  per  week  -         -         -      J 


d. 

o 
6 
o 
6 
6 
o 


I    18     6 


£. 
i 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 


d 

o 
o 
o 
6 
o 
6 
o 


4 

<; 

0 

9 

18 

6 

J4 

7 

6 

d. 

6 


14    7     6 


cutting  the  produce  is,  without  doubt,  by  means  of  the 
fcythe,  though  ihe  reaping-hook  has  been  made  ufe  of  by 
fome  ;  after  being  cut,  the  food  fhould  be  conveyed,  as  foon 
as  polTible,  to  the  animals :  this  may  be  done  by  a  light 
cart,  or  large  barrow,  made  for  the  purpofe,  according  to 
the  fcale  on  which  the  bufinefs  is  conducted.  One  cutting 
in  the  day  is  only  adviftd  by  fome,  but  as  there  is  a  lofs  as 
well  as  injury  dune  to  all  forts  of  green-cut  food  by  keep- 
ing, even  for  a  few  hours  in  hot  feafons,  it  may  be  a  better 
praflice  to  have  two  cuttings  in  the  day,  efpecially  when 
the  weather  is  warm,  and  the  lucern  at  no  g^eat  diftance.; 
befides,  the  food  is  eaten  better  when  quite  frefh." 

Falue  and  Application  of. — It  is  ftated,  that  "  the  produce 
of  this  fort  of  crop,  in  converting  it  to  the   purpofes  of 
foiling  cattle,  u'ill  ncccfl'arily  be  different  under  different  cir- 
cumftances,  but   an   acre  can  feldom,   when  under  proper 
culture  and  management,  fupport  lefs  than  from  three  to 
five  or  fix  horfes,  or  other  cattle,  during  the   fix  fummer 
months,  the  profit  of  which  cannot  be  lefs  than  from   fevcn 
to  ten  or  twelve    pounds.''     "  And   in  lettino-   it   remain 
for  hay,  which  is  lefs  advantageous,  in  three  mowings,  an 
acre,  where  the  crop  is  good,  will  feldom  afford   lefs   than 
from  three  to   five  tons  of  dry  bay.     In  Mr.  Arbuthnot's 
trials,  as  ftated  in  Mr.  Young's  Tour,   the   produce  was 
four  loads,  but  in  thofe  of  others,  on  rich  grounds,  it  was 
five.     It  is  hkewife  remarked,  that  "  in  making  this  fort 
of  plant  into  hay,  the  fame  direflions  fliould  be  attended  to 
as  for  clover ;  the  lefs  the  produce  is    lliaken    about   the 
better,  provided  it  be  fuflicientiy  quickly  dried,  as  the  leaves 
will  be  more  fully  preferved  in  the  ftems,  and  the  hay,  of 
courfe,   more   valuable.       From   its   greater  fucculence,  it 
will,  in   common,    require  rather   more    time  than  clover, 
or  faintfojn,  in   making  into   hay.      As   this   Jort  of  liay 
is  held  in  lefs  eftimation  than  that  of  either  of  the  above 
graffes,  it  .Qiould  always  be  confumed  at  home  by  the  farm 
horfes,  or  other  flock  ;  and  that  of  the  other  forts  fent  for 
fale.-' 

But 


L  U  C  E  R  N. 


But  the  principal  and  mod  advantageous  praftice,  in  the 
application  of  hiccrn,  is  tliat  of  foiling  horl'cs,  neat  cattle, 
and  hog^  ;  yet  as  a  dry  fodder,  it  may  alfo  be  capable  of  af- 
fording much  aifillance  in  many  cafes  ;  and  as  an  early  food 
for  ewes  and  lambs,  be  of  great  value  in  particular  cafes. 
"  As  this  plant  bears  repeated  cutting,  better  rhan  moft  of 
thofe  of  the  artificial  gv\l-  Ivind,  fprings  ni  a  more  quick  and 
expeditious  manner,  and  affords  a  healthy  nutritions  food,  it 
mull  be  of  valt  utility  to  the  farmer,  where  horfes  and  calile 
form  a  large  part  of  his  ftock  ;  with  horfes  in  this  way,  it 
has  been  found  by  fome,  as  ftated  in  the  fourth  volume  of 
Mr.  Young's  Eallern  Tour,  '  to  anfwer  better  than  any 
other  fort  of  green  food  that  has  been  tried.  The  number 
of  cuttings  that  it  admits  of,  being  on  different  foils,  and 
under  different  modes  of  culture,  from  about  three  to  five, 
affording  a  produce  of  green  herbage  adequate  to  the  fup- 
port  of  from  three  to  four  or  five  horfes,  for  a  period  of 
nearly  fix  months  in  the  fummer  feafon,  as  has  been  feen 
above  ;'  and  though  much  of  this  vafl  advantage,  in  the 
fupport  of  thefe  animals,  may  with  propriety  be  afcribed  to 
the  economy  of  the  confumption  of  the  food,  that  unavoid- 
ably takes  place  in  this  excellent  practice,  the  real  produce 
in  green  food,  is,  without  doubt,  larger  than  in  niofl  other 
grals  crops.  The  broad-cafl  crops,  in  the  trials  of  fome 
cultivators,  appear  to  have  been  more  profitable,  in  this 
mode  of  confumiug  tlie  produce,  than  thjfe  of  either  the 
drilled  or  tranfplanted  methods  of  culture  ;  in  the  praflice 
of  Mr.  Hall,  the  former  fupported  from  four  to  live  horfes 
for  twenty -fix  weeks,  while  the  tranfplanted  crop,  in  rows 
two  feet  afunder,  only  afforded  produce  fufficient  for  the 
keeping,  of  three.  And  in  thofe  of  Mr  Clayton,  in  the 
broad-caft  meth.-d,  without  grain,  five  horfes  were  kept 
from  the  middle  of  May  tdl  Michaelmas,  while  that  drilled 
in  equidillant  rows,  at  the  diltanee  of  eighteen  inches,  only 
fupported  four."  There  are  many  other  fafts,  that  lead 
to  the  fame  conclnfion.  "  On  very  rich  foils,  the  drilled 
lucern  will,  without  doubt,  when  the  plants  are  kept  per- 
fedlly  clean,  and  the  mould  well  ftirred  between  the  rows, 
and  laid  to  tlieir  roots,  aflord  an  abundant  produce,  perhaps 


more  fo  than  in  the  broad-caft  ;  but  to  do  this,  great  atten- 
tion in  the  culture  mull  be  beftowcd."  And  in  "its  appli- 
cation, in  the  foiling  of  cows,  and  other  forts  of  cattle,  in 
tin:  foid  yards,  and  in  the  feeding  and  fattening  of  oxen,  its 
importance  is  equally  great.  It  is  found  that  in  foiling 
cows,  the  proportion  of  this  fort  of  food,  confumed  in 
twenty-four  hours,  is  from  about  lixty  or  feventy,  to  up- 
wards of  a  hundred  pounds,  in  thofe  which  are  of  the  mid- 
dling-fized  kinds;  an  acre  maintaining  in  the  proportion  of 
about  four  for  twenty  wetks.  In  other  trials,  larger  pro- 
portions of  ftock  have  been  kept  by  this  praiSlicc."  In 
feeding  cattle  with  this  fort  of  food,  it  is  obfcrved,  that 
"  in  its  green  Hate,  care  is  neceffary,  however,  not  to  give 
the  animals  too  much  at  a  time,  elpecially  when  it  is  moift, 
as  they  may  be  hoven  or  blown  with  it,  in  the  fame  way  as 
with  clover."  The  trials,  it  is  added,  that  have  been  made 
in  fattening  bullocks  or  other  cattle  v-ith  this  green  fodder, 
are  not  numerous,  but  they  are  fufficicntly  fo  to  prove  its 
utility  in  fuch  application.  In  Mr  Young's  trials,  cattle 
have  been  found  to  increafe  faft  in  flefli  by  it,  ])aying  at  the 
rate  of  four  fhiilings  and  fixpence  a  head  per  week,  which 
is  conlidered  as  a  great  proof  of  the  value  of  the  plant  in 
this  view.  Its  fuperiority  to  tares  is  prodigious.  It  has 
alfo  been  confidered  of  the  greatelt  value  in  this  view,  in 
Ireland,  by  Mr  Herbert,  after  much  experience  of  it.  The 
great  power  which  it  poflcffes  in  fattening  is  rendered  indeed 
fufficicntly  evident,  by  the  fudden  eff-els  wliicli  it  produces 
in  this  wav,  in  foiling  horfes  ;  in  moft  inftances  they  get  into 
high  condition,  in  a  fhort  time  becoming  "  tat,  without  oats 
or  hay,"  in  fome  cafes.  And  "  fheep  have  hkewife  been 
fattened  on  this  green  food  with  great  fuccefs,  in  Mr.  Bald- 
win's trials."  Alfo,  "  in  foiling  hogs  in  the  fold  yards,  it 
has  been  attended  with  confiderable  fuccefs  and  it  has  been 
fuggetted  that  as  thefe  animals  do  not  bite  fo  clofely  as  (heep, 
they  may  be  admitted  upon  the  crop  with  fafety." 

And  the  advantage  of  this  mode  of  application  over  that 
of  making  the  crops  into  hay,  and  their  cxpence,  produce, 
and  profit,  are  ftated  by  Mr.  Young  in  this  way. 


Average  of  Five 

Crops. 

• 

Sails. 

Application. 

Expenccs. 

Produ(?> 

Crofit. 

Light  fandy  loam 

Rich  black  loam 

Good  loam              .         .         - 

Good  loam              -         .         _ 

Rich  deep  fandy  loam 

Averages      .         -         .         . 

Soiling      - 

Soiling 

Soiling 

Hay 

Soihng 

£.     s. 
I       14 

3     15 
3       3 
3     I' 

d. 

6 
8 
0 
6 

I 

£.      s. 

13  ° 
11       5 

14  7 
9      ^ 
7       ° 

d. 
0 
0 
6 
0 
••i 

£. 

1 1 
6 

10 
5 
3 

s. 

5 

4 

12 

16 

'3 

d. 
6 

■  4 
6 
6 

3      8 

1 1 

10       8 

8 

7 

10 

5 

1 
1 

Further,  the  refult  of  the  comparative  experiment  made 
by  Mr.  Anderton  with  this  crop,  and  thofe  of  burnet  and 
laintfoin,  as  ftated  by  the  fame  writer  in  his  Eaftern  Tour, 
(liews  its  fuperiority  over  them  clearly. 

Lucern,  at  four  cuttings,  green,  produced  159 

Burnet  -  -  -  -         84 

Saintfoin  -  -  -  -       82 

And  the  advantages   of  making    them  into   hay,  are  thus 

ftated  : 

One  cutting  of  each. 
Lucern,  in  grafs,  57^  lb.  in  hay,  22  lb. 

Burnet,  in  ditto,  25 i  7 

Saintfoin,  in  ditto,        29^  _—  g 


Although  lucern  crops  fhould  not  be  clofely  fed  down  with 
fheep,  it  is  not  improbable  but  that  "  in  particular  cafes  they 
may  be  applied  as  an  early  green  feed  for  ewes  and  lambs  with 
great  utility  and  convenience,  as  they  may  be  rehcd  on  for 
this  fort  of  feed  much  fooner  than  any  of  the  other  kinds  of 
artificial  grafs  crops,  efpecially  in  foils  of  the  rich,  dry,  and 
warm  defcriptions,  being  often  ready  for  this  purpofe  foon 
after  the  middle  of  March,  affording  a  good  bite  through 
the  whole  of  the  following  month  ;  the  moll  difficult  period 
for  the  providing  of  fuitable  fupport  for  this  kind  of  ftoek. 
The  benefit  in  the  healthy  growth  and  imnrovement  of  the 
lambs  in  this  mode,  will  much  more  than  counterbalance  any 
lofs  fuftained  in  the  firft  cut,  for  the  foiling  of  horfes.     The 

{heep 


LUC 


LUC 


fieep  (liou'd  not,  however,  remain  on  longer  tlian  while  the 
frefh  fhoots  are  eaten  down  "  And  it  is  concluded  on  the 
<4'liole.  that  "  thoucjh  this  plant  is  capab'e  of  being-  tluis  ufc- 
fnlly  applied,  conlidering  the  great  expenccs  which  arc  nc- 
cefliiry  in  raifing  and  keeping  liicern  crops  in  a  llate  of  pro- 
duiflion,  and  their  affording  bnt  little  prodnce,  cfpccially 
when  fown  without  corn,  for  the  two  firll  years,  nolwith- 
ftanding  they  appear  to  yield  a  great  advantage  in  the  prac- 
tice of  foiling  animals  ;  it  is  probable  that  much  of  the  profit 
depends  upon  the  method  of  confuming  triem,  and  not  on 
that  of  the  particularly  advantageous  nature  of  the  plant. 
Its  fujieriority  to  clover,  when  tlie  differences  in  the  expcnces 
of  their  culture,  and  other  circunnit-fnces,  are  fairly  brought 
into  view,  will  not  perhaps  appear  fo  great  as  many,  on  a 
fuperficial  obfervation,  may  have  fuppofed.  The  point  in 
which  it  mod  materially  excels  that  alrnoll  invaluable  plant, 
IS,  the  duration,  or  time,  which  it  lafts  in  the  ground,  after 
being  once  introduced,  continuing  from  ten  to  fifteen  and 
even  twenty  years,  according  to  the  (late  and  nature  of  the 
•foil  and  the  attention  that  is  bellowed  in  the  after  manage- 
ment. This  is  a  circumftance  of  the  firll  importance,  in 
cafes  where  the  cultivator  widiea  to  avoid  the  trouble  and 
expence  of  grain  crops,  as  he  can  keep  a  fuitable  extent  of 
land  under  this  crop,  for  the  purpofe  of  foiling  his  llock 
without  them,  while  with  clover  it  is  utterly  impoffible. 
Where  the  proportion  of  land  is  fmall,  and  the  quantity  of 
cattle  and  horfe  tlock  difproportionately  large,  it  is  a  plant 
■admirably  calculated  for  the  cultivator's  purpofe,  when 
grown  convenient  to  the  farm-yards,  and  kept  in  due  order 
by  proper  cultivation.  In  has  alfo  been  recommended  on 
dairy  farms,  as  of  great  utility  in  fupporting  the  cows,  and 
increafing  the  quantity  of  milk.  Where  the  foils  are  fuit- 
able, a  few  acres  under  this  grafs,  round  the  houfe,  mull  in 
<nlnio(l  all  cafes  be  valuable  for  the  purpofe  of  early  green 
food." 

The  advantages  of  cultivating  lucern  are  confulered  by- 
Mr.  Young  fo  extremely  great,  that  the  "  agriculturill 
fhoulJ,  he  thinks,  determine  at  all  events  to  have  fufficient  at 
the  leall,  for  the  fummer  fupport  of  all  his  teams,  and  other 
horfes  ;  and  if  in  addition  to  this  quantity,  he  provides  alfo 
for  thus  feeding  much  other  flock  in  his  farm-yard,  he  will 
find  it  a  mod  profitable  praAice." 

Braking  up  old  Lucern  Grounds. — It  has  been  already  fug- 
gelled,  that  "  on  attempting  to  break  up  lands  that  have 
been  long  under  this  fort  of  crop,  it  has  been  fomctimes 
-found,  from  the  great  ilrength  of  the  roots  of  the  Incern 
plant?,  and  the  confequent  difficulty  of  dellroying  them,  that 
they  hav-e  been  reilored  in  fuch  a  manner,  as  to  induce  the 
cul:ivator  to  leave  them  again  for  the  produdlion  of  this 
grafs."  And  that  in  fituations  where  fuch  grounds  could 
be  conveniently  flooded  or  covered  vi-ith  water  occalionally, 
they  might  be  very  advantageoufly  converted  into  good  niea- 
do-.v  or  grafs  lands.  Afore  of  application,  that  has  long 
fince  been  recommended. 

In  cutting  lucern  crops,  the  author  of  the  Farmer's  Ca- 
!eidar  fuggells  that  it  (hould  always  be  perfornied  in  a  lon- 
gitudinal direftion  of  the  drills,  or  rows,  or  of  the  field,  in 
order  that  ,a  fcarifying  may  be  given  to  the  young  growth  b*. 
fore  it  is  too  far  advanced.  And  the  fame  writer  remarks, 
that  this  fort  of  crop  requires  much  manure,  for  though  on 
good  land  it  may  afford  a  good  produce,  without  fuch  appli- 
cation ;  to  carry  its  cultivation  to  the  highell  flate  of  per- 
fection, "  not  only  of  product  but  alio  of  clear  projlt,"  it 
ihould  have  plenty. 

But  though  this  fort  of  plant  is  feldom  liable  to  be  injured 
by  the  froft,  in  the  fouthern  diilritla  of  the  kingdom,  where 
ii  is  the  moll  extenfively  cul:ivat€d}  »  writer  in  an  ufefiil  pe- 

VoL.  XXI. 


riodical  work,  complains  that  in  an  experiment  of  bis,  in 
w  iiich  the  lucern  was  drilled  about  a  foot  diflant  in  the  rows, 
it  deltroyed  every  plant.  "A  few  indeed,  (fays  he,)  at 
diftant  intervals,  recovered  in  the  fpring,  and  grew  very  de- 
cently, pufhing  out  long,  flrong,  and  carrot  roots  ;  but 
their  number  was  fo  inconfiderabic,  and  the  weeds  fo  abun. 
dant  and  luxuriant,  that  it  became  nccefTary  to  plow  all 
down."  In  this  cafe  the  land  does  not  feem  to  have  been  in 
a  proper  (late  of  either  preparation  or  heart  for  the  growth 
of  this  fort  of  crop.  And  it  is  fuggeflcd,  that  in  giving  thij 
fort  of  food  to  cow,=,  it  is  neccdary  to  have  the  precaution 
of  letting  it  be  made  ufe  of  the  day  after  it  is  cut,  and  not 
the  fame  day,  as  in  this  cafe  the  animal  is  liable  to  fwell.  In 
his  trials  it  was  found  that  a  large  cow  confumed  about 
eighty-four  pounds  of  this  food  in  twenty-four  hours,  and 
that  if  more  be  given,  the  animal  will  probably  wafle  if. 
And  it  is  added,  that  the  butter  made  from  milk  produced 
from  this  fort  of  food,  is  equal  to  any  made  from  cows  fed  on 
the  befl  meadows  and  paflures. 

LUCERNA,  in  G-.ography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Po,  lately  belonging  to  Piedmont,  in  the 
province  of  the  Four  Vallies,  to  one  of  which  it  gives  name  ; 
five  miles  S.W.   of  Pinerolo. 

Lucern.!,  in  Ickthyology,  a  fpecies  of  Tr'tgla ;  which 
fee. 

LUCERNARIA,  in  Natural  Hi/lory,  a  genus  of  the 
Vermes  MoUufca  clafs  and  order.  Body  gelatinous,  w-riiikled, 
branched  ;  mouth  placed  beneath.  There  are  three  fpecies, 
which  inhabit  the  Nr;r:l;crn  leas,  and  live  among  the  "  fuel" 
and  "  ulva>,"  generally  adhering  firmly  to  their  habitation, 
and  rarely  changing  their  abode  ;  they  feed  on  polypes,  or 
onifci  ;  the  body  is  commonly  headlcls  and  eyele'fs,  with 
granulated  tubercles. 

Species. 

QuADRtcORNi-s.  Bcdy  long  coiled,  with  four  forked 
arms  tentaculate  at  the  tip.  Inhabits  fuci,  and  feeds  on 
polypes.  The  body  is  without  liead  or  eyes,  brown,  pel- 
lucid, quadrangular,  each  angle  running  into  an  arm,  the 
br.inches  of  which  are  terminated  by  a  fafciculus  of  thirty 
or  forty  tentacula  ;  tail  fl.xuous  in  the  middle  and  difpofcd 
in  numerous  plaits  and  folds,  thickened  at  the  bafe  and  ta- 
pering gradually,  obtufe  at  the  tip,  and  cxtcnfile,  like 
the  tentacula:  ;  mouth  white  with  cinereous  flrii,  and  four- 
toothed. 

PllRYGlA.  B^dy  long  papillous,  with  numerous  globe- 
rlferous  arms  deflected  into  an  hemifphere  ;  fixed  at  the  bafe 
by  a  byfTus  or  mafs  of  filaments.  This  is  found  in  the 
Greenland  feas  at  a  confiderable  depth,  and  feldom  changes 
its  abode.  Body  varying  in  Ihape,  about  half  an  inch  long, 
reddidi  with  white  globules  and  papilhe  ;  neck  cretf,  exfer- 
tile,  and  befet  with  numerous  exlertile  papilla;  ;  arms  ihort, 
flender,  and  entaii'.ded  together. 

Auricula.  Ilefembhng  an  oil-tlail<  ;  neck  round,  the 
lower  extremities  dilated  and  furrounded  with  eight  fafciculi 
of  tentacula.  This  fpecies  is  likewife  found  in  the  Green- 
land leas,  adhering  very  firmly  to  the  largell  uIv.t,  frcni 
which  it  rarely  moves  ;  feeds  on  oni.''ci,  and  is  about  an 
inch  and  a  haif  long.  iJody  black  or  rcddifh,  rarely  chi-f- 
niit-brown  with  a  gold  tii  ge,  lubricofe,  ghbrous,  the  mar- 
gin furrounded  with  eight  granulate  tubercles,  refemb.'intr  fo 
many  fafciculi  of  tentacula,  containing  about  fixty  in  each  ; 
thefe  are  black  tipt  with  white  ;   mouth  white. 

LUCE RNATES,  in  the  Ecchf.ajlkal H-Jlcry,  a  term  uf-d 
by  the  primitive  Chriltians  for  canticles,  which  they  fiing  i:i 
their  iiudurnal   aiTemblics  ;  probably  from  thefe  rites  being 
erfortred  by  kmp-ligbt. 

4  B  LUCKNOV.* 


\ 


LUC 


LUC 


LUCHNOW  Hiu.s,  in  GsograpSy,  a  range  of  motrn- 
taiiis  ill  HiiiJoollan,  between  the  circars  of  Kuttunpour 
and  GooncUvaiia  ;  the  patlajre  over  wliich  is  eallcd  "  Luch- 
now  Pals,"  and  is  lituattd  about  eight  miles  W.  of  Ky- 
ragur. 

LUCHO,  a  town  of  the  principality  of  Pbnierelia  ;  t: 
miles  S.W.  of  Dant/,ic. — Alio,  a  town  of  the  principality 
of  Luneburg,  on  the  Jetze,  in  a  moilt  foil,  fo  tiiiit  moll  of 
the  houfes  are  eroded  on  piles  ;  40  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lune- 
burg.    N.  lat.  52    5^'.     E.  long.  II-  17'. 

LUCHOWICZE,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  Novogrodek  ;  40  miles  8.S.E.  of  Novogrodek. 

LUCIA,  St.,  or,  as  it  is  called  by  the  French,  iV.  /lloitfe, 
from  its  having  been  difcovered  on  6t.  Lucia's  day,  one  of 
the  Charaibf  or  Caribbee  illands  in  the  Well  Indies,  about 
27  miles  in  lengtli  from  N.  to  S.,  and  12  broad.  In  this 
ifland  are  feveral  hills,  two  of  which  are  remarkably  round 
and  high,  and  faid  to  have  been  volcanoes.  At  the  foot  of 
thefe  hills  are  fine  vallies,  well-wateredy  and  having  good 
foil,  that  produces  trees,  the  timber  of  which  ferves  the 
planters-  of  Martinico  and  Barbadoes  for  building  their 
houfes  and  windmills.  The  ifland  alfo  fupplies  plenty  of 
cocoa  and  fuftic.  The  air,  fanned  by  the  trade  winds, 
which,  by  the  arrangement  of  the  hills,  are  admitted  into 
the  ifland,  and  thus  moderating  the  heat,  is  reckoned  falu- 
brious.  The  ifland  has  feveral  good  harbours  and  bays, 
which  afford  commodious  anchorage ;  particularly  the 
"  Little  Careenage,"  which  is  accounted  the  beil  in  all  the 
Caribbces,.  and.  which  induced  the  French  to  prefer  it  to  the 
other  neutral  iflands.  This  harbour  pofleffes  feveral  advan- 
tages, luch  as  its  depth,  the  excellent  quality  of  its  bottom, 
and  its  convenient  careening  places.  Thirty  fliips  of  the 
line  may  lie  here  flieltered  from  hurricanes,  without  the 
trouble  of  mooring  tiiem.  As  to  the  other  harbours,  the 
winds  are  always  favourable  for  going  out,  and  the  largell 
fquadron  may  be  in  the  offing  in  lefs  than  an  hour.  In  the 
illand  are  nine  parillies,  eight  to  the  leeward,  and  only  one 
to  the  windward.  A  high  road  is  made  round  the  ifland, 
and  two  others  which  crofs  it  from  E-.  to  W,,  and  tluis  af- 
ford an  ealy  conveyance  of  the  commodities  of  the  planta- 
tions to  the  barcadsres.or  landing  places.-  In  the  year  1769, 
the  free  inhabitants  of  the  ifland  a  1  ounted  to  2^24;  the 
flavei  to  10,270.  Of  cattle  it  Viad  1IS19  horned  beads,  and 
^378  Iheep,  belides  59S  mules  and  liorfes.  Its  plantations 
confilled  of  1,279,680  plants  of  cocoa;  2,463,880  of  cofl'ee  ; 
68 1  IquariS  of  cotton  ;  and  25-4  of  I'ngar  canes:  16  fugar 
works  were  actually  at  work,  and  1.8  nearly  completed. 
Its  produce  yielded  112  oooA,  which  was  capable  of  being 
improved  to  500,000/.  After  the  Engllfh  had  been  fettled 
for  fome  time  in  this  ifland,  the  Charaibes,  inlkigatcd  by  the 
French  in  the  year  1638,  either  kflled  or  drove  from  the 
ifland  the  Englilh  fettlers  with  their  governor.  When  the 
eivll  wars  broke  out  in  England,  a  party  of  French  arrived 
here,  under  a  perfon  named  Rouflielan,  well  provided  with 
ttores  and  ammunition.  Rouflelan  recommended  hlmfelf  to 
the  Charaibes,  lo  that  he  and  his  colony  carried  on  an  ad- 
vantageous trade  ;  but  upon  his  death  in  16J4,  he  was  fuc- 
ceedtd  by  La  Riviere,  who  with  his  whole  colony  was 
maiiacred  by  the  Charaibes.  It  is  needlefs  to  recount  the 
attempts  made  by  the  French,  and  alfo  by  the  Engllfli  in 
1672,  and  at  a  later  period  in  1723,  to  obtain  and  preferve 
a  lettlenient  ki  this  Ifland.  At  lengthy  vyhen  the  Engllfli. 
were  compelled  to  rehnq^uifli  all  hopes  of  obtaining  this  and 
other  ifl.inds  by  force,  St.  Vincent,  D»minlca,  Tobago, 
and  St.  Lucia  were  declared  neutral  by  the  treaty  of  Aix- 
ia-Chapelk  In  1748  ;  and  thole  who  remained  of  the  ancient 
propcicturs  were  left  m  mimolelled  poll'eflioii.     Tile  treaty 


of  neutrality  was  no  fooner  concluded,  than  both  Englilli 
and  French  appeared  did'atisficd  with  the  arrangement 
they  had  made.  The  Eriglifli,  in  particular,  difcovered, 
that  by  acceding  to  the  compromile,  they  had  given  up 
St.  Lucia,  an  ifland  worth  all  the  rell,  and  to  which,  it 
mull  be  owned,  they  had  fome  colourable  pretenfions, 
founded  on  a  treaty  entered  into  with  the  Charaibeaji  in- 
habitants in  1664,  600  of  whom  attended  an  armament  that 
was  lent  thither  by  lord  WiUoughby,  and  adtually  put  the 
Engllfli  pulillcly  and  formally  into  polTeflion.  By  the  peace 
ol  Paris,  February  1763,  the  three  iflands  of  Dominica, 
St.  Vincent,  and  Tobago  were  afligned  to  Great  Britain  ; 
and  St.  Lucia  to  France  in  full  and  perpetual  fovereignty  ; 
the  Charaibes  not  being  oivce  mentioned  in  the  whole  tranf- 
aftlon,  as  If  no  fuch  people  exilled.  Tlic  Engllfli  took  this 
ifland  in  the  year  1779,  but  rellored  it  at  the  peace  in  17S3  ;. 
it  was  retaken  b.y  the  Engllfli  in  1794,  rellored  in  179^, 
and  retaken  in  1796;  rellored  and  recaptured  iu  1803. 
N- lat.  13    37'.      W.  long.  60    30'. 

LueiA,  St.,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  the  valley  of  Demoiia  ; 

feveii  miles  N.  of  MefDjia Alfo,  a   town  of  the  ifland  of 

Corlica  ;  fix  miles  N  E.  of  Corte.~Al£o,  one  of  the  fraaller 
Cape  Verd  iflands,  about  24  miles  in  length,  high  and 
mountainous-.  On  the  E.  lide  is  a  harbour,  defended  by 
two  fmall  illands,  which  afford  good  flicker  and  anchorage. 
N.  lat.  16'  46'.  W.  long.  24  30'.  — Alfo,  a  town  of 
South  America,  in  the  government  of  Buenos  Ayres,  011 
the  E.  lide  of  the  river  Plata;  140  miles  N.  of  Santa  Fe. 
— Alio,  a  town  of  Brazil,  m  the  government  of  Goyas, 
on  the  river  Tocantins.  S.  lat.  12°  ao'. — Alfo,  a  town  of 
South  America,  in  the  government  of  Buenos  Ayres,  on 
the  Parana;  110  miles  S.  of  Corientes. — Alfo,  a  town 
of  Peru,  in  the  governnient  of  Are(|uipa  ;  50  miles  S.E.  of 
Arequlpa.  — Alio,  a  town  of  South  .America,  in  theaudiencf 
of  Quito,  on  the  Daiilc  ;  35  ml!es  N.N.W.  of  GuayaquiL 
— Alio,  a  town  ot  Italy,  in  the  Trevifan  ;  20  miles  E.S.E^ 
of  Treviglo. — Alfo,  a  river  of  Africa,  which  runs  into  the 
Indian  fea  ;  S.  lat.  28  . — Alfo,  a  river  of  America,  in  Eall 
Florlds,  which  runs  S.E.  along  the  E.  lide  of  the  peninfula, 
and  communicates  inland  with  the  Indian  river. 

Lucia  Bay,  St.,  a  bay  on  the  E.  coall  of  the  ifland  of 
Borneo.      N.  lat.  4    16'.      E-long    117    18'. 

LUCIAN,  in  Biography,  a  dillinguiCied  Greek  writer, 
a  native  of  Saniofala,  on  the  banks  ot  the  Euphrates,  was- 
born  in  the  reign  of  Trajan,  of  mean  parentage,  and  in  his 
youth  was  placed  with  his  uncle  to  learn  the  art  of  a  lla- 
tuary.  Having  no  genius  for  the  profelfion,  and  failing  of 
fuccefs  in  fome  of  lus  iirll  attempts,  he  withdrew  from  his 
mailer,  and  went  to  Antioch,  where  he  engaged  in  literary 
iludles,  and  embraced  the  protfiiou  of  a  pleader.  He  re- 
ported, that  he  was  induced  to  tliis.  ftep  by  a  dream,  ia 
which  Learning  feemed  to  draw  him  to  her,  and  to  promife 
to  his  efforts  fame  and  immortality.  He  was  foon  difguiled 
with  the  contention  of  the  bar,  and  confined  hlmfelf  to  the 
prailice  of  eloquence  as  a  fophill  or  rhetorician,  in  which, 
capacity  he  vilited  feveral  foreign  countries,  particularly 
Greece,  Italy,  Spain,  and  GauL  Theemperar  M  Aurelius 
was  fenlible  of  his  great  merit,  and  appointed  him  regiller 
to  the  Roman  governor  of  Egypt.  Jrie  dud  about  the 
year  A.D.  180,  wlien  he  had  attained  the  great  age  of  go. 
The  works  of  Luclajii,  which  ai-e  imnierou.s,  and  written  in. 
the  Attic  dialed,  conhll  chiefly  of  dialogues,  in  which  he 
introduces  different  charaftcrs  wit'.i  much  dramatic  pro- 
priety. His  llyle  is  eafy,  iimple,  elegant,  and  animated, 
and  he  has  llored  his  compolitlons  with  many  lively  fenli- 
nients,  and  much  of  the  true  Attic  wit.  Flis  frequent  ob- 
fcenities,    aad  his   vulgar  manner  of  expofing   to  ridicule 

aljBulL 


LUC 

almoft  every  kind  of  religion,  have  drnwn  upon  liini  tlie  ccn- 
fiire  of  moralifts  in  all  ages.  The  bell  editions  of  Liician's 
works  are  tliofe  of  Bourdelct,  Paris  l6iy;  of  Grxviiis, 
Amil.  1687  ;  of  Reitziiis,  Amll.  1743,  and  the  Bipontine 
•edition  in  10  vols.  1789 — 9^. 

'Lucian,  (de  eleft.  feu  Cygnis,)  is  the  only  ancient  writfr 
ivho  has  dr.rcd  to  dcuibt  of  the  mufical  abiHties  of  fwans.  He 
tells  us,  with  his  ufual  pleafantry,  that  he  tried  to  afcortain 
the  faft,  by  making  a  voyage  on  the  coalis  of  Italy  ;  and 
relates,  that  being  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  the  Po,  he  and 
his  friends  had  the  curioiity  to  fail  up  that  river,  in  ord -r 
to  afl^;  the  watermen  and  inhabitants  concerning  the  tragical 
fate  of  Phaeton  ;  and  to  examine  the  poplar?,  defcendants 
of  his  fillers,  whom  they  cxpcfted  to  fhed  amber  inflead  of 
tears  ;  as  well  as  to  fee  the  fwans  rcprefent  the  friends  of 
this  unfortunate  prince,  and  hear  them  fing  lamentations  and 
forrowful  hymns,  night  and  day,  to  his  praife,  as  they  n fed 
to  do  in  the  charafter  of  muficians,  and  favourites  of  Apollo, 
before  their  change.  However,  thcfe  good  people,  who 
never  had  heard  of  any  fuch  metamorphofes,  freely  con- 
fefTed,  that  they  had  indeed  fometimes  feen  fuans  in  the 
marlhes  ne^r  the  river,  and  had  beard  them  croak  and  fcream 
in  fuch  a  difagreeable  manner,  that  crows  and  jays  would 
be  firens,  compared  with  them,  in  a  mufical  capacity  ;  but 
that  they  had  never  even  dreamed  of  fwans  finging  a  fingle 
note  that  was  pleafing,  or  fit  to  be  heard. 

LuriAN,  a  Chriftian  martyr  in  the  fourth  century,  is 
fuppofed  to  have  been  a  native  of  Antioch,  of  which  place 
he  became  a  prelbyter.  He  was  a  pious  and  learned  man,  very 
eloquent,  and  well  flcillcd  in  the  knowledge  of  the  fcripturcs. 
He  publifhed  an  edition  of  the  St-ptuagint,  with  correAions, 
fuggefted  by  a  collation  of  ancient  copies,  which  veriion 
was  generally  ufed  in  Jerome's  time  by  the  churches  from 
Conftantinople  to  Antioch.  He  publiflied  alfo  an  edition  of 
the  New  Tcllament,  the  canon  of  which  appears  to  have 
been  much  the  fame  with  that  of  other  Chrillians.  Jerome 
does  not  commend  thefe  editions  ;  he  depreciates  Lucian's 
Septuagint  in  comparifon  with  Origen's.  It  is  certain  that 
Lucian  was  in  high  elleem  with  the  Arians  of  the  fourth 
century,  and  on  that  account  it  has  been  fuppofed  that  he 
adopted  their  principles;  thouoh  he  is  claimed  on  the  other 
fide  as  the  advocate  of  the  doclriue  of  the  Trinity  ;  but  Dr. 
Lardner,  who  has  examined  the  qneflion  with  his  ufual  dili- 
gence, candour,  and  impartiality,  obferves,  "  Whether  Lu- 
cian's opinion  concerning  the  Trini'y,  particularly  con- 
cerning the  Word,  was  the  fame  with  that,  which  is  now 
reckoned  orthodox,  or  not,  which  is  a  point  not  calily  de- 
termined ;  we  have  fecn  other  accounts  of  him  which  are 
iinquelHoned  ;  and  all  mull  be  fatisfied,  that  he  was  a  pious, 
learned,  and  diligent  man  ;  that  he  believed  Jefus  to  be  a 
divine  teacher  and  the  Chrift."  During  the  pcrfecution  of 
the  Chriflians  iti  the  reign  of  Maximin,  Lucian  was  appre- 
hended, and  condufled  to  Nicoraedia,  where  the  emperor 
then  was.  Here  he  was  commanded,  in  the  prcfence  of 
the  monarch,  to  renounce  the  Cbridian  faith  ;  this  he  not 
only  refufed,  but  delivered  an  able  and  very  eloquent  defence 
of  it,  of  which  the  fallowing  is  given  in  Lardner  :  "  It  is  no 
fecret,  faid  he,  that  the  God  whom  v.-e  ClirilHans  worfhip, 
is  the  one  God  declared  to  us  by  Chrift,  and  by  the  Holy 
Gholl  infpired  in  our  hearts.  I  own,  that  w:  alfo  once 
trufted  in  gods  of  our  own  making,  but  Almiglity  God, 
commiferating  the  errors  of  mankind,  fent  his  wifdom  into 
this  world  clothed  in  fledi  to  teach  us  the  knowL-dgc  of 
God,  who  made  the  heavens  and  the  earth,  who  is  eternal 
and  inviriblc.  He,  moreover,  gave  us  a  rule  of  life,  and 
<lclivered  to  us  the  precepts  of  rightcoufnefs  ;  he  taught  us 
to  praflife  fobriety,  to  rejoice  in  poverty,  to  be  very  meek, 


LUC 

to  bewflling  to  fnfPer,  to  preferve  the  purity  of  our  minds. 
To  be  patient  at  all  times.  He  likewife  foretold  the  thing* 
that  have  fince  happened  to  us  ;  that  we  fliould  be  brought 
before  kings  and  rulers,  and  be  flaughtered  as  victims  ;  for 
which  .caule  alfo,  though  he  was  immortal,  as  being  the 
Word  and  Wifdom  of  God,  he  yielded  himfelf  to  death, 
that,  whilft  he  was  in  the  body,  he  might  fet  us  an  example 
of  patience.  Nor  did  he  deceive  ns  by  dying,  but  on  the 
third  day  rofe  again,  being  innocent  and  unfpotted,  and  un- 
dergoing death  only  that  be  might  overccme  it  by  rifing 
again.  Thefe  things  are  well  attelled,  and  a  large  part  of 
the  world  now  acknowledge  the  truth  of  them."  Upon 
this  he  was  fent  to  prifon,  and  fpeedily  put  to  death,  but 
in  what  manner  is  not  known.  He  was  buried  at  Hele- 
nopolis.      Lardner,  vol,  iii.  edit.    1788. 

LUCIAN  A,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Seville  ;  eight  miles  W.N.W.  of  Ecija. 

LUCIANANO,  a  town  of  Etruria ;  12  miles  W.  of 
Cortona. 

I-UCIANISTS,  or  LucA>nsTS,  a  religious  feft,  fo 
called  from  Lucianus,  or  Lucanus,  a  heretic  of  the  fecond 
century,  being  a  difcipie  of  Marcion,  whofe  errors  he  fol- 
lowed, adding  fome  new  ones  to  them. 

Epiphanius  fays,  he  abandoned  Marcion  ;  teaching,  that 
pe  jple  ought  not  to  marry  for  fear  of  enriching  the  Creatorx 
and  yet  other  authors  maintain,  that  he  held  this  error  in 
common  with  Marcion,  and  other  Gnollics.  He  denied 
the  immortality  of  the  foul  ;  afferting  it  to  be  material. 

There  was  another  fcft  of  Lucianilts,  who  appeared  fome 
time  after  the  Arians.  They  taught  that  the  Father  had 
been  a  Father  always,  and  that  he  had  the  name  even  before 
lie  begot  the  Son  ;  as  having  in  him  the  power,  or  faculty 
of  generation  ;  and  in  this  manner  they  accounted  for  the 
eternity  of  the  Son. 

LUCIANO,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Callile  ;    19  miles  W.  of  Civdad  Reel. 

LUCID  Intervals,  the  fits  of  lunatics,  or  maniacs,; 
wherein  the  phrenzy  leaves  them  in  poffefllon  of  their  reafon. 

It  is  faid,  lunatics  are  capable  of  making  a  will  in  their 
lucid  intervals. 

LUCIDA  ConoN.'R,  in  /IJIrommy,  a  fixed  ftar  of  the-. 
fecond  magnitude,  in  the  noriliern  crown.  See  Corona" 
Borealls. 

LuciDA  Hydra.     See  CoR  Hydra. 

LuciDA  Lyrt,  a  bright  liar  of  the  firft  magnitude,  in 
the  conllellation  Lyra. 

LLICIDO,   vSt.,  in    Geography,    a    town    of  Naples,   in 
Calabria  Citra  ;    I  I  miles  W.N.W.  of  Coleiiza. 
■  LUCIDUM  SEPTiiM.     Sec  SEi-ru.M. 

LUCIFER,  in  Aftronomy  and  Mythology,  a  name  given 
to  the  planet  Venus,  when  rtie  appears  in  the  morning  be- 
fore fun-rife. 

Lucifer,  in  Biography,  a  celebrated  bidiop  of  Cagliari, 
the  metropolitan  city  of  the  iHand  of  Sardinia,  fl.nuriflied  in 
the  fourth  century.  He  was  one  of  the  deputies  fent  by 
pope  Libcriu";  to  Milan,  in  the  year  354,  at  the  lime  when 
the  emperor  Conllantius  had  fummoned  a  council  for  th; 
purpofe  of  condemning  Athanafuis.  Lucifer,  and  Eufebius, 
bifhop  of  Verceil,  adiiered  moll  ftrenuoully  to  the  ciufc  of 
Athaiiafiu?,  which  fo  enraged  the  emperor  that  he  banlflied 
them  into  the  Eall.  I.,ucifer  was  fent  to  a  city  in  Syria, 
from  whence  he  •.as  removed  to  Eleuthcropolis  in  Palelline. 
Here  he  wrote  two  books,  in  defence  of  Athanafius  and  his 
fupportcrs,  with  fo  much  boldnefs,  or  perhaps  violence, 
that  St.  Jerome  fays  he  mull  at  the  time  have  made  up  his 
mind  to  the  fufiering  of  martyrdom.  Thefe  books  he  not 
only  made  public,  but  fent  a  copy  of  them  to  Conflantius,. 
4  B  2  in 


LUC 

in  his  own  name.  The  emperor,  amazed  at  lus  intrepidity, 
defired  them  to  be  returned  to  the  bifliop,  in  ord'jr  thut  he 
might  have  an  opportunity  to  acknowledge  or  tu  difavow 
them.  The  preintc  avowed  hinifiU'  the  author,  and  know- 
ing the  probable  confequtnces,  laid  lie  was  ready  to  fuffer 
death  in  defence  of  what  he  had  written  and  done.  Alha- 
nafius  fc-nt  him  a  letter  of  thanks  for  the  fervice  which  he 
had  performed  for  the  Catholic  canfc,  and  recjuelling  a  copy 
of  his  works,  which  he  either  tranllatcd  hlnih-lf,  or  caufed 
to  be  tranihited  from  the  Latin  into  Greek.  On  the  death 
of  Conrtantins,  I.ncifer  recovered  his  liberty  and  came  to 
Antioch,  v.'here  the  Catholics  were  divided  into  two  parties. 
Lucifer  widened  the  breach  already  made,  by  joining  \  itli 
the  opponents  of  the  bilhop  of  Mlktns,  who,  tlfnigh  a 
Catholic,  was  ordained  by  billiops  fiifpecled  of  Arianilni, 
and  had  communicated  with  them,  and  ordiiined  a  Prolbyter 
amon"-  the  mal  contents  to  the  epifcopal  ofllee.  This  ftcp 
was  condemned  by  his  friond,  and  formerly  fellow  fnn"erer 
Eufebius,  who  had  been  fint  to  Antioch  by  tlie  fynod  of 
Alexandria,  witli  the  view  of  re-eilablilhing  the  peace  of  the 
church.  But  Lucifer  determined  to  maintain  what  he  had 
done,  and  withdrew  from  the  communion  of  Eufebius,  and 
he  formed  a  party,  called  after  himfelf  Luciferians,  who 
refolved  to  avoid  all  commerce  or  fellowdiip  with  thofe 
bhhops  who  had  declared  themfelves  in  favour  of  the  Arians. 
With  this  refolution  he  went  into  Sardinia,  and  thereby  pro- 
duced a  fchifm  in  the  church,  which  at  firll  fpread  widely, 
but  did  not  obtain  numerous  adherents,  and  does  not  ap- 
pear to  have  out-lived  the  century.  Lucifer  died  about  tiie 
year  370.  His  works  are  written  in  a  harfh  and  barbarous 
ftyle.  According  to  Lardner,  they  conlill  very  mucli  of 
palTages  of  the  Old  and  New  Teilament,  cited  one  after 
another,  which  he  quotes  with  marks  of  the  greateft  refped. 
He  farther  adds,  that  the  works  of  this  prelate  have  not  yet 
been  publillied  with  all  the  advantage  that  might  be  wilhed. 
The  titles  of  thefe  works  are  "  Ad  Conllantimim  Impcra- 
torem,  lib   ii.  ;"   "  De   Regibus   Apollatieis  ;"   "  De   non 


conveiiiendo   cum   Heretic 


■  De   non   parcendo  Dehn- 


quentibus  in  Deum  ;"  "  Quod  moriendum  fit  pro  Filio 
Dei  ;'  and  "  Epillola  brevis  ad  Florentium."  They  were 
eollecfed  together,  and  publiflicd  at  Paris  by  John  Till, 
bilhop  of  Meaux,  in  1568.  Gen.  Biog.  Larduer,  vol.iv. 
edit.  1788.     Moreri. 

LUCIFERA,  in  Mylhoh^,  a  furname  given  to  Diana, 
under  which  title  fhe  was  invoked  by  the  Greeks  in  child- 
bed. She  was  reprefented  as  covered  with  a  large  veil,  in- 
terfperfed  with  Itars,  bearing  a  crefcent  on  her  head,  and 
holding  in  he"  hand  a  lighted  flambeau. 

LUCIFERIANS,  a  religious  fed,  who  adhered  to  the 
fchifm  of  Lucifer,  bifhop  of  Cagliari,  in  the  fourth  century, 
who  was  banifhed  by  the  emperor  Conftantius,  for  having 
defended  the  Nic^ne  doftrine  concerning  the  three  perfons 
in  the  Godhead. 

St.  AiiguHine  feems  to  intimate,  that  they  beheved  the 
foul,  which  th-y  confidered  as  of  a  carnal  nature,  to  be 
tranfmitted  to  the  children  from  their  fathers.  Theodoret 
fays,  that  Lucifer  was  the  author  of  a  new  error.  The 
Luciferians  increafed  mightily  in  Gaul,  Spain,  Egypt,  &c. 
The  oceafion  of  the  fchifm  was,  that  Lucifer  would  not 
allow  any  ads  he  had  done  to  be  aboliflied.  There  were 
but  two  Luciferian  bilhops,  but  a  great  number  of  priells 
and  deacons.  The  Luciferians  bore  a  peculiar  averfioii  to 
the  Ari.ms. 

LUCILIUS,  C.MU.?,  in  B'wgraphy,  a  Roman  poet,  was 
born  at  Suefia,  in  the  country  of  ihe  Aurunci,  about  the 
year  148  B.C.  He  was  of  a  good  family,  and  in  tlie 
Numantinc   war  bore   erms    under   Scipio   Af.'icanus   the 


LUC 

younger,  with  whom,  and  his  friend  Lslius,  he  lived  in  terms, 
of  frienddiip.  He  is  looked  upon  as  the  founder  of  latire, 
and  as  the  firll  conhderable  writer  of  fatires  among  the 
Romans.  From  Horace,  who  refers  to  them  feveral  times 
in  liis  own  fatires,  it  appears  tliat  he  imitated  the  old  Greek 
comedians  in  marking  out  by  his  cenfure  individuals  noto- 
rious for  their  vices,  even  thofe  of  the  very  hig!iell  ranlc- 
Tiiough  fupcrior  to  his  poetical  predecedbrs  at  Rome,  and 
though  he  wrote  with  great  roughnefs  and  inelegance,  he 
gained  many  admirers.  By  Horace  he  is  compared  to  a 
river  which  rolls  upon  its  waters  precious  faiid,  accompanied 
with  mire  and  dirt.  Of  his  tliirty  books  of  verfes  only  a 
few  fcattered  fragments  arc  come  down  to  modern  times. 
He  died  at  Naples  about  tlie  year  B.C.  105.  His  frag- 
ments have  been  colleded  and  publilhed,  with  notes  by 
Francis  Douza,  in  quirto.  'i'liey  are  alio  given  in  Mat- 
taire's  "Corpus  Poetarum." 

LUCINxA,  oi  lux,  lii^ht,  in  I\IythoIogy,  a  deity  who  pre- 
fided  over  the  labour  of  women  and  the  birth  of  children. 
This  title  is  foir.etimes  given  to  Diana,  but  moll  commonly 
to  .luno. 

LUCIO,  St.,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Etruria  ;  14  miles 
E.S.E.  of  IjCghorn. 

LUCIOPERCA,  in  hhlhyoh^y,  a  fpecies  of  Pcrca; 
which  fee. 

LUCIPARA,  or  Ll'SII'AUA,  in  Geography,  a  fmal!  bar- 
ren ifland  in  the  Ealt  Indian  fea,  near  the  S.  coall  of  the 
illnnd  of  Banca.   S.  lat.  .?^  14'.   E.  long.  106    20'. 

LUCrrO,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  county  of  Mchfe  ; 
1 1  miles  N  E.  of  Molife. 

LUCIUS  I.,  pope,  in  B'logvnphy,  fucceejed  to  the  high 
dignity  upon  the  death  of  Cornelius  in  the  year  252,  and 
after  a  Ihort  pontificate  he  is  fiippofed  to  liave  died  in 
March  253.  He  was  baniihed  Rome  im.nediately  after  his 
ordination,  under  the  reign  of  Gailiis  ;  but  he  foon  refurned 
to  the  great  joy  of  his  flock,  who  crowded  to  meet  him. 
St.  Cyprian  wrote  him  a  letter  of  congratulation,  in  which 
he  obferves,  that  he  was  periiaps  recalled  to  be  immolated 
in  the  iight  of  his  flock,  that  they  might  be  encouraged  and 
animated  by  his  Chriflian  conllancy  and  refolution.  Cy- 
prian in  another  place  calls  him  a  martyr,  neverthelefs  we 
have  no  account  of  the  manner  of  his  death,  and  hence  it 
has  been  thcnight  that  the  cxpivfiion  made  ufe  of  by  this 
father  is  not  to  be  underdood  llric^ly  and  lileraliy. 

Lucius  II.  pope,  raifed  to  that  dignity  on  the  death  of 
Celelline  II.  in  1 144,  was  a  native  of  Bologna,  who  em- 
braced the  ccclefiaflical  life  among  the  canons  of  St.  Au- 
gulline.  In  112J  he  was  created  a  cardinal,  and  appointed 
librarian  of  the  Roman  church.  After  this  he  was  nomi- 
nated the  chancellor,  and  twice  was  fent  papal  legate  into 
Germany.  A  fhort  tiir.e  before  the  death  of  Innocent  II. 
the  Romans  threw  off  the  papal  yoke  in  temporal  matters, 
relloring  the  fenate,  and  creating  their  own  magiilrates,  to 
wiiom  they  would  yield  obedience.  In  this  attempt  to 
recover  their  ancient  liberties,  they  perfil'ed  after  the  elec- 
tion of  Lucius,  whom  they  acknowledged  for  lawful  pope, 
but  would  not  ovrn  him  for  their  fovtreign.  They  con- 
tended that  it  was  inconfillent  with  the  profeflion  of  the 
clergy,  that  they  fliould  poffefs  lordfhips,  ellatcs,  and  tem- 
poral dominion,  and  that  they  ouglit  to  content  themfelves 
with  fuch  decent  fublillence  as  they  might  derive  from 
voluntary  tythcs  and  oblation?.  To  Lucius,  as  their  bilhop, 
they  paid  all  due  refpedt  ;  but  foon  after  his  election,  ilu-y 
veiled  the  patrician  dignity  in  one  of  their  own  body,  ai:d 
fubmittcd  to  him  as  their  prince.  Lucius  took  every  me- 
thod to  oppofe  their  plans  ;  he  fought  alfillance  from  Con- 
rad, king  of  Germany,  and  when  he  was  rcfufed,  he  put 

himfelf 


LUC 


LUC 


tiimfelf  at  the  head  of  liis  own  troops,  and  marched  againll  the  ftcond  and  third  of  the  name  of  Lucius.  The  former, 
the  Capitol,  where  the  fcnate  was  llttlng.  His  forces  were  as  he  afccnd.-d  in  batile  array  to  affault  the  Capitol,  was 
dL'feated  and  hia.fclf  wounded  with  a  (lone,  which  tcrmi-  (truck  on  the  temple  by  a  (lone,  and  expired  in  a  fe'.v  dayf. 
nated  his  hfe  in  a  few  days,  after  a  pontificate  of  about  The  latter  was  feverely  wounded  in  the  perfons  of  his  fcr- 
eleven  or  twelve  months.  Some  of  his  letters  are  extant  vants.  In  a  civil  commotion  feveral  of  his  priefts  had  been 
in  the  loth  vol.  of  the  0)lled.  Concil.  ;  and  two  in  the  made  prifoners,  and  the  inhuman  Romans,  referving  one  as  a 
fecond  vol.  of  Caluze's  Mifcel.  guide  for   his  brethren,   put  out  tlicir  eyes,  crowned  them 

Lucius  II  I,  pope,  a  native  of  Lucca,  was  educated  to  witli  ludicrous  mitres,  mounted  them  on  adi-s  with  their 
the  chvu-ch,  and  af:er  varicjus  degrees  of  preferment,  he  was  faces  to  the  tail,  and  extorted  an  oath,  that  in  this  wretched 
created  cardinal  by  Iimocent  II.  Cy  Adrian  IV.  he  was  condition  they  fiiould  ofi'er  themfelves  a>  a  lefTon  to  the  head 
font  k;^.ite  into  Sicily  ;  after  this  pope  Alexander  III.  ap-  of  the  church."  Bower.  Moreri.  Gibbon,  vol  xii. 
pointed  him  legate  to  the  emperor  Barbaroffa,  and  on  the  Lucius,  \n  Ichthyology,  a  fpecies  of  Efox  ;  which  fee. 
death  of  Alexander  in  il8[,  he  was  raifed  to  the  holy  fee.  Lutiu.s  Marlnus,  the  Sea-pike,  a  name  given  by  fome  au- 
He  was  tlie  iirft  pope  who  was  cledted  by  the  carJina's  thors  to  the  fiili  more  ufually  called  the  inerlucius,  and  ia 
a'one,  to  the  cxchilion  of  the  people  and  clergy,  who  had    Englifli  the  hnhc.   See  Gadu.s. 

hitherto  taken  a  part  in  the  choice  of  a   new   pope.      To-         Lucius  Marlnus  is  alfo  ufed   by  many  authors   for   the 
wards   the  clofe   of  the   year   1182,  a   quarrel   took   p'ace  fuilis,  calhA  z[(o  hy  iomQ  fphyr^na.' 

between  the  pope  and  the  Romans,  owing  to  his  refutd  to  Luciu.s  Tcinjlru,  the  Land-pike,  in  Zoology,  the  name  of 
comply  with  fome  culloms  which  had  been  obfc-rved  by  all  a  very  lingular  Ipccies  of  American  lizard,  wliich  has  the 
his  predeceffors.  The  people  broke  out  into  infurieftion,  fliape,  fcales,  &c.  of  the  pike-filh  ;  ia  the  place  of  the  fins 
and  drove  him  out  of  the  city,  purfuing  him  from  one  of  that  fifh  it  has  four  legs,  but  thefc  are  fo  weak  and 
Urong  hold  to  another,  till  he  retired  for  fafety  to  Verona,  flender  that  it  makes  no  ule  of  them  in  walking,  but  crawls 
At  firft  he  was  ably  kipported  by  the  emperor,  who  ordered  along  upon  the  ground  in  the  manner  of  a  fnake,  and  draws 
Chriltian,  archbifhop  of  Mentz,  to  march  in  his  defence  at  its  legs  after  it  ;  it  grows  to  about  fifteen  inches  Ion"-,  with 
the  head  of  a  powerful  army.  This  prelate  footi  reduced  a  proportionable  thicknefs  ;  it  is  all  over  covered  with  fmall, 
all  the  llrong  holds  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Ro.me,  and  fo  ilrong,  and  gloffy  fcales,  of  a  filver  grey.  In  the  night  they 
haraffed  the  Romans,  that  they  were  ready_  to  receive  the  retire  into  holes  and  caverns,  and  make  a  very  difagreeable 
pope  on  his  own  terms,  when  the  death  ct  Chrillian  pro.  and  loud  noife,  much  louder  than  the  croaking  of  frogs.  They 
duced  a  fudden  alteration  in  th;  flate  of  affairs  ;  and  the  feldom  llir  out  of  their  holes,  unlefs  in  the  diilk  of  the- 
Romans,  feeling  their  power,  became  more  determined  than  evening;  and  if  they  are  ever  met  with  in  the  day-time^ 
ever  in  their  oppofition.  Lucius  fent  nuncios  to  all  Chrif-  their  llrange  motion  furprifes  all  who  fee  them, 
tian  princes  and  billiops  to  gather  contributions;  large  fums  LUCKAMPOUR,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Bengal  ; 
were  gained  which  he  fpent  in  bribing  the  leaders  of  the    70  miles  N.W.  of  Midnapour. 

oppofing  parties,  and  then  ventured  to  return  to  Rome.  LUCKAU,  or  LuccA,  a  town  of  Lower  Lufatia,  in  a 
A  fecond  infurreftion  drove  his  holinefs  to  Anagni,  whence  circle  of  the  fame  name,  on  the  river  Preile,  containing  four 
he  went  into  Lombardy,  to  implore  the  proteftion  of  the  churches,  a  Latin  fchool,  and  an  hofpital  ;  49  miles  N.  of 
emperor,  who  was  at  that  time  on  his  march  into  Italy,  for  Drefdcn.  N.  lat.  51"  Ji'.  E.  long.  13  40'. 
the  purpofe  of  holding  a  council  at  Verona.  In  1184  the  LUC  KENS,  a  town  of  Swede-),  in  the  province  of  Dron- 
council  was  opened,  and  the  pope  preferred  his  complaints  theiin  ;  2;  miles  S.S.W.  of  Drontheim. 
againft  the  Romans,  painting,  in  the  ilrongell  colours,  die  LUCKENWALDE,  a  town  and  principal  place  of  a 
enormities  wliich  they  had  perpetrated  ;  and  they  were,  with-  circle,  in  the  duchy  of  Magdeburg  ;  50  miles  E.  of  Magde- 
out  helitation,  declared   enemies   of  the  church.     To   this    burg.     N.  lat.  52   6'.      E.  long,  l^j  3'. 

council  is  to  be  tr.aced  the  origin  of  the  inquifition  againll  LUCKERCOOT,  a  town  of  Hmdoollan,  in  Guzerat  ■„ 
heretics.      For   not   only   were   the   Albigenl'es   condemned    30  miles  E.  of  Godra. 

and  anathematifed  anew,  under  different  names,  but  all  who  LUCKIA,  a  town  of  Hindootlan,  in  Oude  ;  40  miles 
fhould  admit  them  into  their  houfes,   fuffer  them  in   their    N.E.  of  Gooracpour. 

territories,  or  afford  them  any  fort  of  relief  Under  the  LUCKIDAUR,  a  town  of  Bootan  ;  40  miles  N.  of 
fame  fentence  were  included  all  thofe  who  held  or  taught  Beyhar,  46  geographical  miles  in  horizontal  dillance  from 
different  doctrines  from  thofe  held  and  taught  by  the  Ro-    Taffafudon.     N.  lat.  26   56'. 

man   church.      Some  grounds  of  difpute  arofe  between  the         LUCKIGATCHY,  a  town  of  Bengal  ;    lomileaN.E- 
emperor  and  the  pope,  as  well  with  refpcA  to  the  rcinllate-    of  Kifhenagur. 
ment  of  certain   billiops   who  had  been  fufpcnded  ;  as  alfo         LUCKINPOUR,  a  town  of  Hindonffan,  in  the  circar 

on   account   of  the  pope's  refiifal   to   crown  the  emperor's    of  Cicacole  ;   24  miles  N.  of  Cicacole Alfo,  a    town   o£ 

fan  Henry,  and  to   give   him    the   title  of  emperor.^    The    Hindoollan,  m  Surgooja  ;    10  miles  S.W.  of  Surgooja. 


pope,  however,  was  not  willing  to  proceed  to  a  direft  rap- 
ture with  the  emperor,  and  the  bulinefs  in  difpute  was  fuf- 
pended.  In  11 S4,  we  find  Lucius  preffing,  with  great 
earneftnefs,  the  Chrillian  princes  to  fend  powerful  fuccours 
to  the  alTiftance  of  their  friends  and  brethren  in  the  Holy 
Land.  While  he  was  prom<)ti.=ig,  to  the  utmofl  of  his  power, 
a  new  crufade,  he  died  at  Verona  in  November  1184,  after 
a  pontificate  of  little  more  than  four  years.  He  is  com- 
mended   for    prudence,    piety,    and    unblemifhed    manners. 


LUCKIPOUR,  a  town  of  Bengal  ;  40  miles  S  E.  of 
Calcutta Alfo,  a  town  of  Bootan  ;  55  miks  S.  of  Taf- 
fafudon.— Alfo,  a  town  of  Hindoolfan,  in  Bengal;  35 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Comillah. — Alfo,  an  ifland  in  the  mouth  ut 
the  river  Ganges,  about  nine  miles  long  and  two  broad.  N. 
lat.  22'  27'.  E.  long.  90'  48'. — Alfo,  a  town  of  Bengal, 
on   an   ifland  of  the  fame  name  ;  50  miles  S^  of  Dacca. 

LUCKMIPOUR,  a  town  of  Hindoolbn,  in  Bahar  ;  30 
miles    E.  of  Bahar. — Alfo,  a   to,vn    of    Beng&l  ;  32  mile9 


Two  of  the  "  Letters,"  and  a  "  Decree"  of  this  pope's,  are 

to  be  found   in   the  loth  vol.  of  the  Collea.  Concil.     Mr.    ^-^  ^-  "'   Curruckpour. 

Gibbon,  fpeakiiig  of  the  2d  and  3d  Lucius,  fays,  "lean-        LUCKNADANG,  a  town  of  Goondwana  ;  88   miles 

not  forget  the  fu.Terings  of  two  poiuifTs  of  the  fame  age,    N,  of  Nagpour. 

LUCK. 


LUC 


LUC 


LUCKNORE,  a  town    of  HinJooftan,  in  Baliar  ;   2S 
milrs  S.  of  Patna.     N.  lat.  1^°  8'.     E.  long.  85^  16'. 
LUCKNOUTI.     See  Gouk. 

IvUCKNOW,  a  circarof  Hindooflan,  in  Oude,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Kairabad,  on  the  E.  by  Oiide  circar,  on  the  S. 
by  Manickpour,  aiid  on  the  W.  by  Canage ;  about  75 
miles  long,  and  45  broad.     The  capital  is  Lucknow. 

I^UCKNOW,  a  hirge  and  populous,  but  irregular  and  in- 
elegant, city  of  Benga',  capital  of  the  fore-meutioned  circar, 
and  of  the  ftibah  of  Oude,  iituated  on  the  Goomty,  which 
runs  on  the  N,  iiJe  of  the  town,  and  is  navigable  for  boats 
of  a  common  iize  at  all  feafons  of  the  year  ;  founded  by 
iatfchman,  or  Lacman,  and  rebuilt  by  Bikarmadjit,  king 
of  Oude.  The  fpot  on  which  the  founder  relidc-d  is  pre- 
ferved  in  remembrance  by  a  mofque,  ei-efted  for  this  pur- 
•pofe  by  Aurungzebe.  This  is  a  very  ancient  city,  and  mo- 
derately ex  ten  five  ;  many  of  the  houfes  are  of  bnck,  but 
the  greateil  pr.rt  confifts  of  mud  walls,  covered  with  tiles, 
and  built  on  fcattcred  eminences,  fo  that  the  afcents  and 
defccnts  are  numerou's  and  fatiguin,;  ;  and  the  ftreets  are 
narrow  and  filthy,  no  care  being  taken  to  preferve  them 
clean.  Moll  of  the  old  palaces  were  deftroyed  by  Suja  Dowla, 
and  others  erefted.  The  magnificent  edifices  are  few.  The 
lioufcs  of  the  merchants  are  conllruiSted  of  brick,  and  are 
lofty  and  ftrong.  Lucknow  is  diftant  from  Allahabad  127 
mi'.es ;  from  Agimere  428  ;  from  Arcot  1147  ;  from  Bahar 
388  ;  from  Cabul  1118  ;  from  Dacca  790;  from  Dowla- 
tabad  7 28  ;  from  Golconda  794  ;  from  Gwalior  211;  from 
Oude  or  Fyzabad  85;  from  Patna  316  ;  from  Seringapatam 
1201  ;  from  Vifiapour  920.  N.  lat.  26 '52'.  E.  long. 
81^  14'. 

LUCKO,  or  LuzK,  a  city  of  Ruffian  Poland,  capital 
of  the  palatinate  of  Volhynia,  with  a  callle,  where  the 
bifliop  of  Vo'hvnia  refided,  and  where  the  Jefuits  had  a 
college  ;  it  is  alfo  the  rcfidence  of  a  Ruffian  bilhop,  and 
I'.as  a  provincial  diet,  and  court  of  judicature  ;  200  miles 
E.N  E.  of  Cracow.     N.  lat.  jo^  40'.     E.  long.  25  '  19'. 

LUCKOUR,  a  town  of  Hindooftan,  in  the  circar  of 
Sohajeuour  ;   2  3  miles  S.  of  Sohajepom-. 

LUCKUMRY,  a  town  of  Meckley  ;  3;  miles  W.  of 
Munnypour. 

LUCO,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Ultra  ;  nine 
•miles  S.S.W.  of  Celano. 

LUC  ON,  a  town  of  France,  and  fee  of  a  bithop  before 
■the  revolution,  in  the  department  of  the  Vendee,  and  chief 
place  of  a  canton,  in  the  dill  rift  of  Fontenoy  le  Coftite  ; 
15  miles  from  it.  It  is  filuated  on  a  canal,  about  fix  miles 
in  length,  communicating  witli  the  fea.  The  environs  are 
luarfliy,  and  the  air  is  unwhnlefome.  The  place  contains 
2630,  and  the  canton  8572  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of 
332^  kiliometres,  in  Jo  communes.  N.  lat.  46°  29'.  W. 
long*.  i'4'.  . 

LugoN',  or  Luzon,  fometimes  called  MaiiUla.  from  its 
capital,  is  the  largeft  and  molt  important  of  the  Philippine 
ifles,  being  more  than  feven  decrees,  or  near  500  Britifii  miles 
in  length,  and  about  100  of  medial  breadth.  This  ifland  is 
pervaded  in  its  length  by  a  liigh  chain  of  mountains  towards 
the  eall,  fo  that  its  interior  parts  are  difficult  of  accefs  ;  and 
the  examination  of  it  is  alfo  redrained  by  the  jealonfy  of  the 
.Spaniards.  It  is  alfo  traverfed  by  the  branches  of  a  confi- 
fidcrablc  river,  on  the  banks  of  which  the  capital  is  feated  ; 
and  Its  lakes  are  numerous,  the  largcll  of  which  isthefource 
of  the  river  M.inilla.  Several  volcanoes  occur  in  this  ifland, 
nor  are  earthquakes  uncommon.  Its  foil  is  uncommonly 
fertile,  and  its  produfts  are  gold,  copper,  and  iron.  Such 
is  the  feriilitv  of  the  foil,  t'aat  rice,  which  in  other  coun- 
tries requires  m.ucL  culiiv.ition.  grows  every  wliere  with  little 

I 


or  no  attention,  and  even  in  the  higheft  mountains,  witlwnt 
being   watered.     Of  rice  they  have  different  kinds,   fomc  of 
which  requires   four  or  (we  months  between  the  fowing  and 
the  harveil,  and  fome  which  is   fown  and  reaped   within  40 
days.      Although  they  have  no  wheat  but  that  which  is  im- 
pni  ted,  the  foil   is   very  capable  of  bearing  it,  as  appeared 
by  an  experiment,  in  which  one  bufliel  produced  130.     The 
grafs  grows,  the  trees  bud,  blolTom,  and  bear  fruit  all  the 
year,  not  only   in  the  gardens  but  on  the  mountain'!.     The 
richcft  fruits  of  the  Well  Indies,  as  well  as  of  the  Eaft,are 
here  abundant,  and  fome  that  are  found  no  where  elfe.      Here 
are  40  different    forts  of  palms,  the    molt  excellent   cocoas 
and  cafiia,  the    fugar-canc  and  cotton    of  peculiar  beauty. 
In  the  mountains  are  found  wild  cinnamon,   wild   nutmegs, 
ebony,   fandal    wood,  together    with   excellent    timbi  r    for 
building  and  Ihipping.      Gold  is   found  upon  the  mountains 
in  every  part  of  the   ifiaiid,   walhcd  out  of  the  e:!rth  by   the 
heavy  rains  ;  in  the  mould  of  their  vallies,  carried  down  by 
their  rivulets ;  and    in    the  fand    and   mud   of  their    lakes, 
brooks,  and   rivers.      The  Spaniards  obtain  about  1 000  or 
I  JOG  pounds   weight  every   year,  as  a  tribute    of  the  .inha- 
bitants.    All  kinds  of  cattle  abound,  fo  that  a  large  fat  ox 
does  not  coll  above  four   pieces  of  eight.      Civet-cats  are 
alfo  very  common,  and  their  civet  is  highly  valuable.     Amber- 
gris  is  alfo  tiirown  on  their  coaflis  in  prodigious  qunnti-ies. 
The  natives,  who  are  of  a  mild  charatler,  are  called  Taga's, 
like  all  thofe  of  the  Philippines,  and  feem   to   be  of  Malay 
origin.     They  are  tall  and  well  made,  wearing  only  a  kind 
of  ihirt,  with  loofe  drawers  ;   but  the  drefs  of  the  women  is 
chiefly  a  large  mantle,  and    their  black    and  beautiful  hair 
fometimes   reaches  the  ground  ;  their  complexion  is  a  deep 
t%wny.     Their  houfes  are  of  bamboo   covered    with    palm 
leaves,  railed  on  pillars    to  the  height  of  eight  or   ten   feet. 
The  chief  food   is  rice,  which  is   often    eaten    with  failed 
fifii.     M.  Sonnerat  has  given  fome  account    of  the   interior 
part  of  the  country,  as  far  as  he  was  able    to   penetrate  it. 
At  the  dillance  of  about  a  day's  journey  from   the  capital, 
he  found    himlelf  buried  in   woods,  no  habitation    nor    ap- 
pearance  of  cultivation  prefenting  themfelves   to    his  view. 
Some  fcattered  Indians,  liaving  their  fhoulders  covered  with 
the  Hvins  of  wild  goats,  tiie  rell    of  the  body  being  naked, 
with  a  bow  in  their  hands  and  arrows   on  their  back,  were 
difcovered.     Their  looks    were  haggard,  and  their  counte- 
nances very  unprepodl'lfing.     They  feemcd  to  be  timid  and 
difpofed  to  flee  from  the  face  of  man,  and   even   from  one 
another.   They  have  no  focicty  ;  they  are  folitary  wanderers  ; 
Hopping   when   niglit  overtakes   them,  and  fleeping  in   the 
holl.nvs  of  trees.     They  have  no  families,  and  they  feem  to 
be  conftrained  merely  by  inftinft  to  fue  the  females  whom 
chance    has    tlirown   in    their  way.     After    travcrfing    the 
wood  above-mentioned,  M.  Sonnerat  was  led  to  a  large  lake, 
in  tlie  middle  of  which  is    an   ifland,  where  fome  Indian  fa- 
milies have    taken   refuge  ;  here    they    live   by  fiflung,  and 
preferve  thei-  liberty,  fnffering  no  one  to  land  on  the  place, 
which  ferves  them  for  an  afylum.     On  the  E.,S.E.  the  lake 
is  bounded  by  high  mountains  ;  the  foil  is  fertile,  and  there 
are   many  fruit   trees  ;  and  hence  Manilla   is  fupplied  with 
fruit.      Tiiefe   mountains    are  inhabited   by  a  mild   fet   of 
people,  who  employ  themfelves  in  making  mats,  cloth,  and 
different  works  with    the   abacca,  a    kind  of  banana  which 
bears  no  fruit,  and  of  which   the  filaments   are  very  llrong. 
Thefe  people    have  laws,  and   punilh  crimes,  the  chief,  in 
their  ellimation,  being  adultery.      On   the  other  fide  of  the 
mountains,  which    bound  ihe  lake  on  the  E.S.E.,  are  im- 
menfe  plains,  traverfed  by  large  and  deep  rivers,   which  dif- 
fufe  fertility.      Here  are   a  few   fcattered   villages  inhabited 
by  men,  without  morals,  .  witliout  virtue,   without  equity  ; 

who 


LUC 


LUC 


who  fear  each  other,  and  having  no  proteftion  from  laws,  trufl 
to  the  force  of  arms  alone  for  their  fafety.   In  a  word,  they  live 
in   perpetual  diftrult  and  dread  of  one  another.      Nevcrthe- 
lefs,  fays  our  traveller,    the  arts  have   reduced   this    favage 
nation,  without  foftening  their  ferocious  manners.      Culumba 
was  the  nnme  of  one  of  the  largell  villages  polfefled  by  this 
favage  tribe ;  and  on  the  d;iy  of  hisarrival  the  people  had  a 
grand  fellival,   uhich  they  celebrated  with  divers  fpedlacles. 
Part  of  thefe  fpeclacles  was  the  exhibition  of  a  tragedy,  and 
this  was  preceded  by  a  cock-light,  and  by  other  games,  at 
which  large  funis  were  won    and  loll.     Two    leagues  from 
Columba,  in  a  village  of  lefs  extent,  was  a  rivulet,  whofc 
water  was   hot  and  boiling  ;   and  yet  on   the  banks  of  this 
rivulet  were  vigorous  Ihrubs ;  one  of  thefe  fhrubs  was  an 
"  agnus  callus,"  and  the  two  ethers  "afpalatus."       The 
Spaiiifh  governor,  conceiving  that  thefe  waters  poITefs  fome 
good    qualities,    has  conllriifted  near  them   feveral  baths. 
Fi:h  were  found  fwimming  in  this  water,  the  heat  of  wliich 
was  fo  great,  that  our  author  could  Hpt  touch  it.      In  tlie 
interior  of  the   country,  he   fays,   there  are   many  nations, 
which  the  Spaniards  have  in  vain  endeavoured  to  fubdue.   No 
force  is  fiifficient  to   fubjugate  them  ;  but  they  fly  to  a  dif- 
tant  afylum,  and  there   it  is  faid  they  fvvear  an   implacable 
hatred  againft  the   opprelfors   of  their  country,  meditating 
and  preparing  means  of  venjjeance.      From  thence  they  ifTue 
in    meaa  boats ;    but  fortified  by  courage,    and    animated 
by  hatred,  they  dare  to  approach  the  gates  of  the  capital. 
Their  incurhons   are  a  fucceflion    of  pillages,   murders,   ra- 
vages, and  rapes.     On  leaving  the  village,  traverfed  by  the 
rivulet  of  hot  water,  our  author  took  an  eafterly  route,  and 
after  tiiree  hours'  journey,    found  himfelf   in  an  immenfe 
plain,  which  was  watered  and  rendered  fertile  by    a   rivulat 
of  clear,  hght,  and  wholefome  water,  that  defcended  from 
the  top    of    a  neighbouring  mountai;;.      Larsje    meadows 
were  enamelled  with     flowers,  whofe  variety  of  colour  and 
perfume  deligiued  eqnally  the  fight    and    the  fmell.      The 
inhabitants  were  friendly  and  hofpitable. 

In  fome  provinces  of  this  illand  there  are  Pintadoes,  that 
is,  painted  negroes,  whi^fe  perfons  are  tall,  llraight,  llrung, 
and  active,  and  difpofition  excellent  ;  and  to  the  blacks, 
fuch  as  we  have  defcribed,  who  live  in  the  mountains  and 
thick  woods,  the  Spauiards  have  given  the  name  of  Negril- 
loes  ;  they  are  a  rude  ar.d  barbarous  people.  In  the  moun- 
tains, near  fprings,  and  in  caves  plealantly  fituated,  there  is 
a  nation  called  the  liayas,  or  Tinghianos,  who,  as  fome 
fuppofe,  are  defcended  from  the  Japaiiefe,  as  free  as  the  Ne- 
grilloes,  but  differing  from  them  in  difpofition  and  charac- 
ter;  for  they  are  not  only  very  brave,  but  very  courteous 
and  humane.  I'his  ifland  is  divided  into  provinces,  mod 
of  which  are  under  thf  junfdiction  of  the  Spaniards.  The 
principal  are  the  Balayan,  in  which  are  2500  tributary  In- 
dians ;  in  that  of  Camarinas  is  th?  city  of  New  Caceres,  the 
fee  of  a  bifliop.  Paracale  contains  7000  Indians,  who  pay 
tribute  to  Spain  ;  ti\is  province  abounds  in  mines  of  gold 
and  other  morals,  and  of  valuable  load-llones.  In  Cagayan 
are  9000  tributaries  ;  but  the  richefl  and  molt  populous  pro- 
vince is  faid  to  be  that  of  lilocos,  whofe  coail  extends  up- 
wards of  90  miles.  There  are  feveral  others,  fuch  as  Pan- 
gafian,  Bahi,  lialacan,  &c.  N.  ht,  12°  48'  to  iS^  48'. 
E.  long.  120"  6' to  124    10'.      See  M.VKILLA. 

LUCOTT.A.,  a  fmal  ifland  in  the  Ealt  Indian  fea,  near 
the  W.  coaft   of  Sumatra.      N,  lat.    i    43'.      E.  long.  97 

LUCRETIA,  in  Biography,  a  dillingiifhed  Roman 
Jady,  was  the  wife  of  Codaiinus,  a  relation  cf  Tarqui-:, 
king  of  Rome.     Her  accon:pliihmenls  proved  fatal  to  her  ; 


and  thepraifes  whicha  numberof  young  nobles  at"  A  rdea,  who 
were  attached  to  the  Roman  army,  among  whom  were  Colla- 
tinus  and  the  fons  of  Tarquin,  bellowed  upon  the  domeftic 
virtues  of  their  wives  at  home  was,  in  truth,  productive  of 
a  revolution  in  the  Hate.  While  each  was  waim  with  wine, 
it  was  agreed  that  they  (hoiild  inllantly  take  their  horfe?,  and 
go  to  Rome  to  afcertain  the  fadl  how  the  wife  of  each  was 
employed.  The  hdies  of  the  Tarquins  were  found  palling 
the  night  with  their  friends  and  relatives  at  a  banquet,  but 
Lucretia  v.'as  employed  in  the  n.idll  of  her  female  fervants, 
and  Iharing  their  domellic  labours.  The  beauty  and  inno- 
cence of  Lucreti.1,  who  received  her  huftand  and  the  young 
princes  with  the  ir.oil  e.^quiiite  female  grace,  made  fuch  an 
imprtfTion  upon  Stxtus  Tarquinius,  th«it  he  refolved,  at 
whatever  expence,  to  gratify  the  guilty  and  infamous  paflion 
whieli  he  had  conceived.  In  a  few  days  after,  he  left  the 
camp  in  fecreey,  and  came  to  the  houfe  of  Lucrelia,  who 
entertained  and  lodged  him  with  a  noble  and  unfufpedling 
hufpitality  ;  but,  in  return  f  r  her  kindnefs,  in  the  dead  of 
the  night  he  introduced  himfelf  to  the  virtuous  lady,  who  re- 
futed to  his  intreatie.';,  what  her  fear  and  (liatre  granted  to 
his  favage  threats.  She  fubraitted  to  the  cruel  wretch, 
whom  he  not  only,  with  a  drawn  fword,  threatened  to  mur- 
der, but  to  blall  alfo  her  reputation,  by  kdling  one  of  her 
flaves,  and  putting  him  in  her  bed,  that  an  apparent  criminal 
connexion  might  feera  to  have  met  with  its  defervcd  punifli- 
ment.  Tarquin  left  her  in  triunqih,  but  his  exultations  were 
(h'ort-livcd  ;  flie,  who  had  loil  her  honour,  had  nothing  left 
in  life  of  any  value  :  (lie  alfembled,  in  the  morning,  her  huf- 
band,  her  father,  and  nearell  relatives,  revealed  to  them  the 
indignities  (he  had  fuffered,  entreating  them  to  avenge  her 
wrongs,  at  the  fame  time  declaring  that  (lie  was  refolved  to 
expiate  her  own  fault  by  a  voluntary  death.  To  their  in- 
treaties,  their  arguments,  and  remonftrances,  (he  turned  a 
deaf  ear,  and  while  tliey  were  inventing  new  reafons  why  die 
ought  to  live  to  bear  tellimony  againll  the  monller,  flie  drew 
a  dagger  that  fhehad  concealed  for  the  purpjie,  and  plunged 
it  into  her  heart.  Hiftorians  have  given  the  accounts  fome- 
what  difierent  ;  our  account  is  that  of  Livy,  but  all  agree 
that  the  melancholy  cataftrophe  was  the  inim.ediate  caule  of 
the  expulfion  of  the  Tarquins,  and  the  cliange  of  the  Roman 
form  of  government. 

LUCRETIUS,  Titus  Carus,  a  celebrated  Roman 
poet  and  phiiofopher,  born  about  the  year  96  B.C.,  was 
fent  at  an  early  age  to  Athens,  where  he  is  iaid  to  have  llu- 
died  under  Ztno  and  Plixdrus.  Here  he  imbibed  the  phi- 
lulophical  tenets  of  Epicurus  and  Empedocles,  which,  at 
that  period,  prevailed  at  the  great  feat  of  Greek  learning : 
thefe  and  otlier  doctrines,  popular  among  the  literati,  he  af- 
terwards explained  and  elucidated  in  his  celebrated  work,  en- 
titled "  De  Rerum  Natura  ;'*  it  contains,  in  faCi,  the  firll 
complete  and  accurate  ilalement  of  the  Epicurean  philofo- 
phy  in  the  Latin  language.  In  this  poem  the  writer  lias 
controverted  all  the  popular  notions  of  healhenifm,  and  even 
thofe  points  which  are  fundamental  in  every  fyilem  of  reli- 
gious faith,  the  exiftence  of  a  firfl  tanfe,  by  whofe  power 
all  things  were  and  are  created,  and  by  whofe  providence 
they  are  fupportcd  and  governed.  Neverthelefs,  the  mallerly 
genius  and  n  affcfted  elegance  of  the  poet  are  every  whsre 
confpicuous  ;  his  huiguage  and  verfification  iometimcs  p.'.r- 
take  of  ;he  rudenefi  of  an  early  period  of  literature,  and  in 
the  argumentative  parts  uf  his  work,  the  poet  is  frequently 
di.Hlcuit  to  be  underllood  ;  but  where  tl-.e  fubjccl  admits  of 
elevated  feaiimeiU  and  deieriptive  beauty,  no  Roman  poet 
has  taken  a  loftier  (light,  or  exhibited  more  fpirit  and  fubii- 
mity  ;  the  tame  aiiimated  Ibain  is  fupportcd  almoll  through- 
out 


LUC 


LUC 


OHt  entire  books.  Virgil  fluified  him,  and  lias  borrowed 
much  of  his  diclioii.  This  poem  ,v.ss  written  and  finiflicd 
while  the  poet  laboured  under  a  violent  delirium,  occafioncd 
by  a  philtre,  which  the  jealoufy  of  his  niillreis  or  his  wile 
had  adniinillered.  Tlie  morality  of  Lucretius  is  generally 
pure,  but  many  of  his  deferiptions  are  licentious.  The  ab- 
furdities  and  inipioty  of  his  philofophy  cannot  in  this  coun- 
try, and  in  this  age,  be  accounted  dangerous  ;  and  pcrfons  of 
high  integrity  and  thcgreatell  refpeftability  have  become,  in 
modern  times,  the  editors  and  commentators  ef  Lucretius'3 
poem.  The  bell  editions  are  thoie  of  Creech,  8i'o.  1695, 
Oxon.;  of  Havercamp,  Lugd.  B.  4to.  1725,  and  of  ihe 
celebrated  Gilbert  Waktiield,  Lond.  3  vols.  410.  The  la!l 
is  exceedingly  rare,  on  account  of  the  fire  which  detlroycd 
the  greater  part  of  the  imprclTion.  Mr.  Good,  the  tranf- 
lator  of  the  poem,  and  wliofe  work  was  publifhed  in  iPoj, 
has  taken  advantage  of  this  circumftance,  and  has  given  tlie 
■entire  text  from  NIr.  Wakefield's  edition,  which  had  Lecn 
collated  and  printed  with  the  utmoll  care  by  that  learned  and 
much  to-be-lamented  cl.iffical  fcholar.  In  the  tranflation  jult 
referred  to,  there  arc,  befides  elaborate  annotations,  a  criti- 
cal account  of  the  principal  editions  and  tranflations  of  liia 
author,  a  hiflory  of  the  poet,  a  vindication  of  his  charafler 
and  pliilcifophy  from  vulgar  mifreprefentation,  and  a  compa- 
rative llatcment  of  the  rival  fyitems  of  philoibphy  that 
flourifhedin  the  time  of  Lucretius.  Tn  this  poem  the  tranf- 
lator  imagines  he  has  difcovered  the  indiiclive  method  of  the 
illullrious  Bacon  ;  part  of  the  fublime  phylics  of  fir  I.  New. 
ton,  and  various  chemical  difcoveries  of  our  own  days,  in 
3  farprizing  degree  anticipated,  as  to  their  principles  and 
many  important  refults. 

LUCRINO,  in  Geography,  a  lake  near  Naples,  anciently 
celebrated  for  its  green  oylters  and  other  fifh,  feparated  from 
the  fea  by  an  artificial  bank.  In  the  year  ijjS,  an  earth- 
quake formed  a  mountain  near  two  miles  in  circumference, 
and  200  feet  in  height  ;  conlifling  of  lava,  burned  ftcnes, 
fcoria,  &c.  which  left  no  appearance  of  a  lake,  but  a  morafs 
lilled  with  grafs  .-'.nd  rufhes. 

LUCULLEUM  M.MtMon,  in  the  Natural  Hi/lory  of 
ih:  Aiicisnts,  the  nam.e  of  a  hard  ttony  kind  of  marble,  of 
a  good  fine  black,  and  capable  of  an  elegant  polifh,  but 
little  regarded  from  its  want  of  variegations.  When  freflt 
broken,  it  is  feen  to  be  full  of  fmali,  but  very  bright  ibining 
particles,  appearing  like  fo  many  fmall  fpangles  of  tjlc. 
It  had  its  name  from  the  lloman  coniiil  Lucui  us,  who  firll 
brought  it  into  ufem  that  city.  It  is  common  in  Italy,  Ger- 
many, and  France.  We  have  much  of  it  imported,  and 
our  artificers  call  it  the  Namur  marble,  the  Spaniards  call  it 
marble  of  Bu^a. 

LUCULLIAN  G.VMF.s,  in  ^intiqu'Uy,  were  annual 
games  decreed  by  the  province  of  Afia,  about  ;he  year  70 
before  Chrill,  in  honour  of  the  exploits  of  Lucullus. 

LUCULLUS,  LlciL's  Liciniis,  in  Biography,  a  Roman 
commander,  who  has  been  celebrated  for  his  tondnefs  for  lux- 
ury, as  well  as  for  his  miHtary  talents,  was  born  about  the  year 
115  before  the  Chritlian  era,  and  being  well  educated,  he 
foon  dillinguifhed  himfelf  by  his  proficiency  in  the  liberal 
arts,  particularly  in  eloquence  and  philofophy.  As  a  mili- 
tary man,  he  was  firft  noticed  with  applaufe  in  the  Marfian 
war,  and  was,  on  account  of  his  good  conduft,  made  an  edile. 
He  was  employed  by  Sylla  in  many  important  concerns,  and 
during  the  fiege  of  Athens  was  fent  by  that  commander  into 
Egypt  and  Lyhia,  to  procure  a  fupply  of  (hips.  With  re- 
fpeft  to  king  Ptolemy  he  was  unfuccefsful,  but  he  pleaded 
the  caufe  of  his  employer  with  more  effeft  in  other  places, 
and  coUeifled  a  fleet,  with  which  he  gave  two  defeats  to  that 

8 


of  Mithridates,  and  convoyed  Sylla's  troops  from  the  Thra- 
cian  Clierfonefus.  After  the  peace  he  was  appointed  quteilor 
in  Afia,  and  prxtor  in  Africa,  in  which  offices  he  rcndersd 
himfelf  illuftrious  by  his  love  of  juftiee,  moderation,  and 
humanity.  He  was  raifed  to  the  confulfliip  when  he  was 
about  forty  years  of  age,  and  entrufted  with  the  care  of  the 
Mithridatic  war  ;  his  firll  prowefs  was  confpicuous  in  refcu- 
iiig  his  colleague  Cotta,  whom  the  enemy  had  belieged  in 
Chalcedonia.  This  was  foon  followed  by  a  celebrated  vic- 
tf  ry  over  the  forces  of  Mithridates,  on  the  borders  of  the 
Granicus,  and  by  the  conquell  of  all  Bithynia.  His  viclo- 
ries  by  fea  were  as  great  as  tliofe  by  lard,  and  Mithridates 
was  driven  with  great  lofs  towards  Armenia,  to  the  court  of 
Tigrancf,  his  father-in-law.  His  flight  was  quickly  difcovcr- 
ed,  and  Lucullus  crofled  the  Euphrates,  and  gave  battle  to 
the  vaft  army  which  Tigranes  had  adembled  to  fupport  the 
caufe  of  his  fen.  It  is  not  eafy  to  give  entire  credit  to  the 
account  of  the  numbers  faid  to  have  been  flain  on  this  occa- 
fion,  but  the  flaughter  muft  have  been  prodigious,  when 
Plutarch  eflimates  that  not  lefs  than  ico.coo  foot,  and 
55,000  borfe  foldiers  loll  their  lives  in  this  battle  ;  and  this 
at  the  expence  of  a  very  few  Roman  lives.  Lucullus  is  re- 
prefetited  by  Plutarch  as  having  paid  much  attention  to 
dreams  and  auguries,  yet  he  certainly  exhibited,  at  the  fame 
time,  an  avowed  contempt  of  vulgar  fuperftition,  for  being 
admoniflied  by  fome  of  his  officers  not  to  give  battle  on  that 
dav,  being  the  anniverfary  of  a  great  defeat  fullaincd  by  the 
Romans  from  the  Cimbri,  he  replied  to  the  monitor,  "  I 
alfo  will  make  this  a  day  to  be  remembered  by  after-ages." 
The  taking  of  Tigranocerta,  the  capital  of  Armenia,  was 
the  confequence  of  the  viclory,  and  Lucullus  there  obtained 
the  greater  part  of  the  royal  Ircafures.  This  continued  fuc- 
ctfs  rendered  the  commander  haughty  and  imperious,  and 
hischanged  manners  were  offei.five  to  the  foldiers,  and  dif- 
pleafing  to  tliofe  who  adhered  to  the  caufe  of  Rome.  He 
was  accufed  in  the  fenate  with  defigiiedly  protrafting  the 
war  for  his  own  emolument,  and  difconteiits  proceeded  fb 
far  that  he  was  fupeifedcd,  firll  by  the  conful  Glabrio  ;  af- 
ter which  Pompey  was  fent  to  fucceed  him,  and  to  ccr.t'nue 
the  Mithridatic  war.  His  interview  with  Lucullus  began 
withafts  of  mutual  kindnefs,  and  ended  in  the  moll  deter- 
mined enmity.  Lucullus  was  however  permitted  to  retire  to 
Rome,  and  iCoo  foldiers,  who  had  (hared  his  fortune  and 
his  glories,  were  allowed  to  acc<)mpany  him.  At  Rome  he 
was  coldly  received,  and  he  obtained  with  difliculty  a  triumph 
which  was  claimed  by  his  fame,  his  f'-ccelfes,  and  his  vido- 
ries.  This  was  the  term.ination  t  f  his  military  glory,  he 
retired  to  the  enjoyment  of  eafe  and  peaceful  loeiety,  and  no 
lunger  interclled  himfelf  in  the  comm.otions  which  dillurbed 
the  tranquillity  of  Romie.  He  now  adopted  a  life  of  luxu- 
rious profufion,  fcarcely  parallelled  by  a  private  citizen  in  any 
^geor  couiury,  but  under  the  direction  of  a  refined  talle, 
and  not  excluding  the  rational  pleafurcs  of  literature.  He 
coUeclcd  a  fplendid  library,  which  he  threw  open  to  all  pcr- 
fons of  learning  and  curiofity.  It  was  particularly  the  re- 
fort  of  the  Greeks  who  vifited  Rome,  and  whom  he  treated 
with  great  hofpitality,  delighting  to  converfe  with  tliem  on 
topics  of  philofophy,  with  all  the  dodlrines  and  lefts  of  which 
he  was  thoroughly  converfant.  He  was  himfelf  principally 
attached  to  the  doftrinesof  the  old  academy,  the  defence  of 
which  is  put  into  his  mouth  by  Cicero,  in  a  dialogue  enti- 
tled "  Lucullus."  Toward  tl:e  clofe  of  his  life,  Lucul- 
lus fell  into  a  delirium,  and  he  died  in  about  the  fixty-eightii 
year  of  his  age,  and  «as  much  regretted  by  the  Roma'!  peo- 
ple, who  doubtlefs  had  tailed  the  fruits  of  hia  munificence  : 
they   would  willingly  have  given  him  an  honourable  funeral 

in 


L  U  D 

in  the  Campus  Martins,  but  their  offers  were  rejefted, 
and  he  was  privately  buried  by  his  brother  at  Tufcuhim. 
Luculhis  has  been  admired  for  his  many  accomphfiiments,  but 
he  has  been  ceiifured  for  his  feverity  and  extruvagance.  The 
expences  of  liis  table  were  immoderate  ;  liis  halls  were  dif- 
tinguifhed  by  the  different  names  of  the  gods,  and  when 
Cicero  and  Pompey  attempted  to  furprife  liim,  they  were 
aftoniihed  at  the  coftlinefs  of  a  fuppcr  which  had  been  pre- 
pared upon  the  word  of  I,ucullus,  who  had  merely  faid  to 
his  fcrvant  that  he  %vould  fup  in  the  hall  Apollo,  In  his  re- 
tirement I^ucullus  was  fond  of  artificial  variety  ;  fubterra- 
neous  caves  and  paffages  were  dug  under  the  hills  on  the  coail 
of  Campania,  and  the  fea-water  was  conveyed  roimd  the 
houfe  and  pleafure-grounds,  where  tht,  iiihes  flocked  in  fuch 
abundance,  that  at  his  death  they  were  fold  for  a  very  large 
fum  ot  money.  LucuUus  may  rank  among  the  great  men  of 
E.ome,  both  for  his  civil  and  military  qualifications.  He  was 
alfo  eftimable  in  many  points  of  moral  chaiadler  ;  he  was 
generous,  humane,  mild,  and  equitable.  He  was  a  perfect 
ir.after  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages,  and  employed 
himfelf  feme  time  in  compofing  a  concife  hillory  of  the 
Marfi  in  Greek  hexameters.  Such  are  the  charafteriftics  of 
a  man  who  meditated  the  conqueil  of  Parthia,  and  who 
mijrht  have  difputed  the  empire  of  the  world  with  a  Csfar 
«r  Pompey,  if  his  fondnefs  for  retirement  had  not  withdrawn 
him  from  the  reach  of  ambition. 

LUCUMA,  in  Botany,  the  Peruvian  name  of  the  Lin- 
jisean  Achras  tpammaja,  which  Juffieu  has  feparated,  under 
this  appellatioB,  as  a  dillincl  genus  ;  chiefly,  as  it  appears, 
on  account  of  the  flowers  being  pentandrous  and  five-cleft, 
and  the  corolla  globofe  rather  than  bell-(haped.  The  feeds 
.moreover  are  round  or  angular,  not  of  that  eUiptical  com- 
preflcd  form,  with  the  peculiar  long  fear  of  attachment, 
which  charafteriz.es  Ach>-as  ;  fee  that  article.  See  alfo 
JulT.  152,  ^w^SapQla  Achras,  G^rtn.  t.  104. 

LUCY-LE-Bois,  in  Geo^-aphy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Yonne,  and  chief  p'ace  of  a  canton,  in 
the  diftrift  of  Avallon.  The  place  contains  830,  and  the 
canton  7886  inhabitant;?,  on  a  territory  of  242^  kiliometres, 
in  16  communes. 

LUCZAY,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  palatinate  of 
WiV-a;    16  miles  S.  of  Breflaw. 

L/UCZYNCZ,  a  town  of  Pi  land,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Brac'aw  ;  48  miles  W.S.W.  of  Braclaw. 

LUDAIA,  a  town  and  dillrift  of  the  ifland  of  Java,  near 
the  S.  coaft. 

I.UDAMAR,  a  Moorifh  country  of  Africa,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  the  Great  Delert,  on  the  E.  by  Bambarra  and 
Beeroa,  on  the  S.  by  Kaarta,  and  on  the  W.  by  Jaffnoo. 
It  is  governed  by  a  Mahometan  prince.  The  country  is  not 
fertile;  the  principal  article  of '..rade  is  fait,  which  they  pro- 
•  cure  from  the  Great  Defert,  and  exchange  for  flaves,  to  be 
difpofed  of  to  the  Europeans.  The  capital  is  Benowm,  or 
Bcnown.  N.  lat.  15  to  16-.  W.  long.  5^  to  8^  The 
Moors  of  this,  and  the  other  ilate.-f  adjoining  the  country  of 
the  negroes,  refemble  in  their  perfons  the  Mulattoes  of  the 
Weft  Indies,  to  fo  great  a  degree  as  not  eafily  to  be  dif- 
tinguifhed  from  them  ;  and  in  reality,  the  prefent  generation 
feems  to  be  a  mixed  race  between  the  Moors  (properly  fo 
called)  of  the  north,  and  the  Africans  of  the  fouth  ;  pof- 
feffing  many  of  the  wortl  qualities  of  both  nations.  By 
thefe  Moors  Mr.  Park  was  taken  captive,  and  confined  for 
fome  weeks  at  Benowm.      See  Moors. 

LUDDINGHAUSEN,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
fcifhopric  of  Manlier,  on  the  Stever  ;  12  miles  S.^tW.  of 
Munfter.     N.  lat.  51"  4c'.     E.  long,  ■i'-'  36'. 

Vol.  XXI. 


L  U  D 

LUDE,  Le,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
the  Sarthe,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  diftriftof  La 
Fleche.  The  place  contains  3018,  and  the  canton  1 0,3 76  in- 
habitants, on  a  territory  of  2375  kiliometres,  in  10  com- 
munes. 

LUDENSCHEDE,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  county 
of  Mark,  the  principal  trade  of  which  confifts  in  the  manu- 
fadure  of  iron  ;  28  miles  N.E.  of  Cologne.  N.  lat.  51^ 
8'.      E.  long.  7  -  42'.     ,  •* 

LUDER,  a  to)vn  of  Germany,  in  the  bifhopric  of  Fulda, 
the  feat  of  a  jurifdiclion  ;   fi.K  miles  W.N.W.  of  Fulda. 

LUDGERSHALL,  or  Lucgeh.shai,I,,  a  market  and 
borough  town  in  the  hundred  of  Amefbury  and  county  of 
Wilts,  England.  In  the  year  i8co  this  place  contained 
109  houfes,  and  47 1  inhabitants,  mod  of  whom  are  employed 
in  agricultural  purfuits.  Ludgerfhall  is  a  borough  by  pre- 
fcription,  and  fent  members  to  all  the  parliaments  in  the  reign 
of  Edward  I.  The  returns  were  afterwards  irregular,  till 
the  ninth  year  of  Henry  V.,  fince  which  time  it  has  con- 
tinued to  be  reprefented  by  two  members.  Like  the  gene- 
rality of  fmall  boroughs,  this  has  occafioned  fome  parlia- 
mentary inveiligation,  and  inft^ances  of  bribery  and  corruption 
have  been  proved  againll  its  members.  About  feventv  per- 
fons, who  are  freeholders,  or  leafe-holders,  in  the  borough, 
have  the  privilege  of  voting.  The  principal  objedl  of  cu- 
riofity,  or  hiltorical  intereft,  in  this  town,  is  its  caftle  ;  a 
fmall  fragment  of  which  only  remains.  According  to  a  le- 
gendary account,  but  which  is  not  entitled  to  much  credit, 
this  fortrefs  was  erected  by  king  Lud,  and  thence  obtained 
the  name  of  Lud-gars-hall.  Stow,  in  his  Annals,  relates  that 
Richard  I.  gave  this  caftle,  with  another  at  Marlborough,  in 
the  fame  county,  to  his  brother  John,  in  the  firft  year  of  his 
reign.  Gough,  m  his  additions  to  Camden's  Britannia, 
ftatcs  that  it  belonged  to  "  Geofrey  Fitz-Piers,  the  wealthy 
chief-jurtice  of  England,  and  earl  of  EflTex."  It  was  pof- 
feffed  by  this  family  till  the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  when  Jol- 
Ian  de  Nevill  was  appointed  its  governor.  In  the  reign  of 
Edward  III.  the  manor,^caIllc,  &c.  were  veiled  in  John, 
lord  Molins,  who  obtained  a  grant  from  that  monarch  to 
impark  the  woods  with  1 00  acres  adjoining.  See  Grofe's 
Antiquities  of  England,  and  Britton's  Beauties  of  Wilt- 
lliire,  vol.  ii.  p.  156,  Sic.  Weft  of  this  town  is  Chid- 
bury,  or  Shidbury  hill,  faid  to  be  the  higheft  eminence  in 
Sahfbury  plain.  Its  fummit  is  inclofed  with  an  entrench- 
ment, which  is  deep,  and  which  Aubrey  attributes  to  the 
Britons.  From  the  top,  a  ditch  extends  down  the  northern 
flope,  and  terminates  at  the  bottom,  where  the  inequahty  of 
the  ground  Ihews  that  a  permanent  encampment,  or  town 
formerly  exifted.  The  open  downs  in  this  part  of  the 
county  abound  with  barrows,  or  tumuli  of  various  fizes, 
and  encampments.  See  Stukeley's  Account  of  Stonehenge, 
and  Hoare's  Ancient  Wiltftiire. 

LUDHANA,  a  town  of  Hindooftan,  in  the  circar  of 
Sirhind,  on  the  Setledge  ;  1 8  miles  N.W.  of  Sirhind.  N. 
lat.  30'  2'.     E.  long.  74-  57^  . 

LUDHOA,  a  town  of  Sweden,  ia  Eaft  Bothnia;  3$ 
miles  S.E.  of  Braheftad. 

LUDI  CiRCENSEs.     See  Circen.ses; 

LuDl  Oereales.     See  Cereales. 

LuDI  Florahs.      See  Florales. 

LuDi  Juvmiks.     See  December. 

IjUniTrojivis.     See  Tkojani. 

LUD  I  A,  in  Botany,  from  luJo,  to  fport.  The  name 
was  given  by  Commcrlon,  as  Juffieu  informs  us,  becaufe  na- 
ture, to  ufe  a  common  exprelfion,  /forts  remarkably  in  the 
fliape  of  the  leaves  ;  which  in  the  young  {hrnb  are  minute, 
4  C  ivitk 


L  U  D 


L  U  D 


with  fpinous  teeth,  but  in  the  adult  one  much  larger,  and  en- 
tire.— JuiT:  34J.  Lamarck  Dift.  v.  3.  612.  Illuftr. 
t.  4^6.  Wilid.  Sp.  PI.  V.  2.  1129.— Clafs  and  order,  Po/y- 
anJr'ui  Mono^yma.     Nat.  Ord.   Rofacet,  Ju(l'. 

Gan.  Cti.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  of  one  leaf,  in  from 
fo;ir  to  fevcn  deep,  nearly  equal,  roundifh,  fprcading, 
{ringed  fegments,  permanent.  Cor.  none.  Stam.  Filaments 
iiumc-rous,  thread-(haped,  inferted  into  the  receptacle,  twice 
or  thrice  the  length  of  tiie  calyx  ;  anthers  roundidi,  of  two 
lobes.  Pijl.  Germen  fuperior,  fcffiie,  ovate  ;  ftyle  co- 
lumnar, fcarcely  fo  long  as  the  (lamens  ;  ftigma  obtufe, 
throe  or  four-cleft,  more  or  lefs  deeply.  Per'ic.  Berry  dry, 
globole,  tipped  with  the  permanent  ftyle,  and  ilanding  on 
tie  refltxed,  deformed,  permanent  calyx,  of  one  cell.  Seeds 
nu;nerouS,  fomewhat  angular. 

Eff.  Ch.  Calyx  in  ieveral  deep  fegments.  Corolla  none. 
Siigma  three  or  four-cleft.  Berry  dry,  fuperior,  of  one 
cell,  with  many  feeds. 

Obi.  This  genus  is  evidently  moft  nearly  allied  to  Prock'ia, 
and  wherever  the  latter  is  placed,  in  a  natural  or  artificial 
lyilem,  this  muft  go  along  witli  it.  Both  feem  to  belong  to 
the  Icofandrta,  but  they  have  been  univerfallv  clafTi-d  in  Po- 
lj:intl>u!.  Jacquin  indeed  aflerts  that  the  ftameus  of  his  Ludia 
tiiberciilala  are  inferted  into  the  receptacle  ;  but,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  Proch'ia  Inte^rifoliu,  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  2.  1 2 14,  is 
as  truly  icofandrous  as  the  ftrawberry  or  any  other  plant  can 
poflibly  be,  though  Lamarck's  figure,  C.  465.  f.  2,  does  not 
expreis  it.  Hu  has,  moreover,  made  the  ferratiires  of  the 
leaves  too  ftrong,  they  being  very  (hallow  in  the  original. 

I.  L.  hcterophylhi.  Lamarck  n.  i.  t.  466.  f.  I,  2. — 
Leaves  of  the  adult  (hrub  obovate,  coriaceous,  fhining  ;  of 
the  young  one  fharply  toothed.  Stigma  flightly  notched. — 
Gathered  by  Commerfon  in  the.  ifland  of  Mauritius,  where 
it  is  called  Boh  Jans  ecorce,  or  tree  without  bark.  Lamarck 
delcribes  and  figures  the  young  (hrub  with  fmall  roundifh 
/eaves,  fumiflied  with  ftrong  fpinons  teeth,  fomewhat  like 
Qjtercus  cocdfera,  or  Malfigbia  cocc'ifcra.  Jiiffien  alfo  relates 
the  fame.  We  have  feen  no  fpecimens  in  this  ftate.  Our's 
is  an  adult  one,  with  coriaceous,  obovate,  obtufe  or  emargi- 
nate,  entire,  alternate  leaves,  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  half 
long,  broad,  veiny,  and  ihining,  paler  beneath,  on  ftrong 
footftalks,  half  an  inch  in  length  ;  fee  Lamarck's  fig.  i. 
We  find  no_y?/^;;/rtj.  The Jlo'zvers  are  axillary,  fohtary  or  in 
pairs,  on  fliort,  thick,  fcarred  ftalks,  with  numerous,  mi- 
nute, imbricated,-  roundifh  concave  braHeas  at  the  bafe  of  the 
Halks.  The  rfl/)'.r  is  green,  finely  downy.  5to«raj  long  and 
flender.  Style  ihort,  eredt  and  thick,  with  a  flightly  notched, 
very  little  enlarged,  Jligma- 

-  2.  L.  tnyrt'tfolia.  Lamarck  n.  2.  t.  466.  f.  3.  — Leaves 
ovate,  nearly  entire.      Style  fomewhat  curved.      Stigma  with 

three    notches Native  of  the    ide  of  Bourbon. — This  is 

v/hat  Juflieu  intends  when  he  fays  the  leaves  of  the  increafing 
Jhrub  (in  Lutlia)  are  like  myrtle  or  box,  and  entire  ;  as  how- 
ever the  fpecimens  are  in  flower,  Lamarck  judged  them  to 
be  arrived  at  perfection,  and  a  diftinft  ipccies  from  the 
above;  efpecially  as  thejlyle  is  fomewhat  incurved,  and  the 
ftigma  has  only  three  notches,  inftead  of  four.  We  are  to- 
tally unable  to  form  any  decided  opinion  on  the  fubject. 
The  leaves  of  the  prcfent  plant  are  much  fmallcr,  thinner,  and 
generally  more  pointed  than  in  the  former  ;  but  we  perceive 
here  and  there  among  them  rudiments  of  teeth,  and  miiuite 
Ipines,  as  if  they  were  in  »  progrefTive  ilate  from  one 
(liape  to  tlie  other.  Neither  arc  the  differences  indicated  in 
thejryle  zndjligma  very  (Iriking  or  decided.  '  We  are  there- 
fore moll  inchned  to  adopt  the  opinion  of  Juflieu,  that  the 
prefent  is  only  the  advancing,  or  firft -flowering,  ftate  of  tlie 


above  very  extraordinary  fpecies.  We  have  moreover  a  fpe- 
cimen,  gathered  by  Commerfon  in  Madagafcar,  which  is 
e\'rdently  intermediate  in  the  form,  margin,  and  texture  of 
its  leaves,  betwixt  this  myrtifolia  and  the  adult  heterophylla. 

j.  L.  feJfiUflora.  Lamarck  n.  3.  (L.  tuberculata  ; 
Jacq.  Hort  Schoenbr.  v.  1.  59.  t.  1 12.) —Leaves  elliptic, 
lanceolate.  Stigma  deeply  three-cleft.  —  Native  of  tlie  ifland 
of  Mauritius.  It  flowered  under  Jacquin's  obfervation,  in 
the  Itove  at  Schoeubrun,  in  June  and  July,  and  formed  im- 
perfeft  fruit,  which  he  thought  did  not  agree  with  Juffimi's 
charafter,  and  which  Willd^.-now  ha.«,  from  his  figure, 
defcribed  as  being,  in  this  fpecies,  a  berry  of  three  cells,  with 
folitary  feeds.  But  we  prelumc  nothing  can  be  judged  from 
fuch  an  abortion.  \Ve  ihould  have  preferred  Jacquin's  fpe- 
citic  name  to  Lamarck's,  as  the  flowers  are  rarely  feffile,  had 
it  not  been  equally  applicable  to  both  the  former.  This  is  a 
fmall  tree,  with  drooping,  fubdivided  branches.  Leaves 
fcattered,  (talked,  more  or  lefs  elliptical,  but  rather  irre- 
gular in  fhape,  coriaceous,  veiny,  fmooth  and  Ihining,  both 
lldes  nearly  of  the  lame  hue.  /V'owwj  axillary,  folitary;  ia 
our  fpecimen  nearly  as  much  ftalked  as  in  the  above.  Calyx 
all  over  very  downv.  Germen  large,  and  rather  elevated. 
Style  divided,  almolt  half  v.-ay  down,  into  three  blunt  cloven 
ftjgmas. 

LUDITZ,  in  Geography,  a'town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Saatz. 

LUDLOW,  Edmu'N'd,  in  Biography,  a  diftinguiftied 
leader  of  the  repubhcan  party  in  the  civil  wars  of  Charles  I., 
fon  of  fir  Henry  Ludlow,  knight,  was  born  about  the  year 
1620,  and  received  his  academical  education  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, Oxford,  whence  he  removed  to  the  Tc-mple  to  lludy 
the  laws  and  conftitution  of  his  country.  His  father  was 
reprefentative  for  Wlltdiire  in  the  Long  parliament  of  1640, 
and  having  joined  the  party  in  oppofition  to  the  court  mea- 
fures,  Edmund  adopted  the  fame  principles,  and  entered  into 
a  miHtary  alTociation  among  the  ftudents  of  law,  with  whom 
he  joined  the  army  as  one  of  the  life-guards  of  the  earl  of 
Ellex.  In  this  fituation  he  was  prefent  at  the  battle  of  Edge- 
hill,  in  which  it  appears  that  he  endured  much  perlonal  fa- 
tigue and  fuffering.  Speaking  of  the  night  after  ths 
battle,  he  fay.s,  "  No  man  nor  horfe  got  any  meat  that  night, 
and  I  had  touched  none  fince  the  Saturday  before  ;  (this  was 
Monday,)  neither  could  I  find  my  fervant,  v/ho  had  my 
cloak,  fo  that  having  nothing  to  keep  me  warm  but  a  fuit  of 
iron,  I  was  obliged  to  wtlk  about  all  night,  which  proved 
very  cold  by  reafon  of  a  fiiarp  froft."  And  he  farther  adds, 
"  when  I  got  meat,  I  could  fcarcely  eat  it,  my  jaws,  for  want 
of  ufe,  having  loft  a'moft  their  natural  faculty."  Soon  after 
this,  Ludiow  raifed  a  troop  of  horfe,  which  he  commanded 
at  the  liege  of  Wardour  caftle.  Of  this  fortrefs,  when 
taken,  he  was  made  governor,  and  he  held  it  ten  months 
againll  all  the  efforts  of  the  king's  party,  till  it  was  battered 
to  ruins.  He  was  taken  prifoner  on  its  furrender,  but  was 
foon  exchanged,  and  then  appointed  by  the  parliament  Ihe- 
riff  of  the  county  of  AVilts.  He  tock  a  commiffion  un- 
der fir  William  Waller,  was  prefent  at  the  fecond  battle  of 
Newbury,  and  at  fcveral  other  important  actions,  in  which 
he  difplayed  equal  valour  and  good  conduft.  When  the 
leaders  of  the  prcfbyterian  party  were  throvi-n  out  of  power 
by  the  felf-dcnying  ordinance,  Ludlow  feceded  with  them, 
and  remained  without  public  employment  till  he  was  chpfen, 
in  1645,  knight  of  the  thire  for  the  county  of  Wilts,  in  the 
place  of  his  father,  who  died  two  years  before.  At  this  pe- 
riod the  plans  of  Cromwell  began  to  be  developed,  and 
Ludlow  was  one  of  thofe  who  oppofed  them  with  the  greateil 
firmnefs  and  opennefs.     He  appears  to  have  afted  with  prin- 

4  eiple. 


LUDLOW. 


«iple,  and  his  meafures  were  all  the  refiilt  of  integrity  and 
konour.  He  was  one  of  the  king's  judges,  and  foon  after 
that  event,  Cro-nweli,  to  keep  him  out  of  the  wa)',  caufed 
him  to  be  nominated  lieutenare-general  of  horfe  in  Ireland, 
and  one  of  the  commiflioners  for  civil  affairs.  After  the 
death  of  Ireton,  the  chief  command  of  the  army  devolved 
on  Ludlo.v,  !)Ut  as  he  continued  to  oppofe  the  ambitious 
projefts  of  the  protestor,  he  was,  in  a  very  fluirt  time,  fu- 
perfedcd.  He  was  afterwards  impriloned,  but  being  ad- 
mitted into  the  prefence  of  Cromwell,  he  vindicated  his  own 
condudl  and  the  repub  ican  principles  on  which  lie  adted  with 
great  freedom  and  prefence  of  mind,  and  could  not,  by  any 
mea  'S,  be  induced  to  make  any  engagement  for  future  fub- 
BiiiTion.  When  Richard  was  declared  proteftor,  Ludlow, 
with  other  republicans,  joined  the  army  party  of  Walling- 
ford-houfe,  and  was  i^ulruniental  in  'the  reiloration  of  the 
Long  parhament,  in  which  he  took  his  former  feat  ;  was  ap- 
poinced  one  of  the  committee  of  fafety,  and  had  llkewil'e  the 
command  of  a  regiment.  He  was  again  fent  to  Ire'and  as 
commander-in-chief  of  the  forces  there,  and  his  firft  care 
was  to  fix  the  oiEcers  in  the  intereft  of  parliament.  When 
he  found  things  taking  a  decided  turn  towards  monarchy, 
he  haftened  to  London  with  a  view  of  preventing  this 
change,  and  when  lie  found  the  effort  hopelefs,  and  that 
the  tide  of  pub'ic  inclination  in  favour  of  a  kmg  was  irrefift- 
ible,  he  began  to  confider  of  his  own  fafety.  His  name  was 
not  among  the  leven  excepted  in  the  bill  of  indemnity  ;  never- 
tllelcfs,  the  proc  amation  refpedting  the  perfons  wlio  fat  in 
judgment  on  the  late  king  Charles  filled  him  with  juil  appre- 
henfion,  and  notwithilanding  the  ri  monftranccs  of  his  friends 
to  the  contrary,  he  determined,  as  Iiis  fafeft  courfe,  to  with- 
draw from  the  kingdom.  He  landed  at  Dieppe  in  1660, 
whence  hf  proceeded  to  Geneva,  where  he  was  joined  by  twis 
other  perfons  who  had  likewife  been  judges  of  the  late  king, 
but  thinki-.gthem(elves  not  fufficiently  feciire  they  witiidrew 
into  Switzerland.  Even  here,  the  vengeance  of  the  royal 
far^dy  purfaed  the  regicides,  fome  of  whom  were  a6tually 
affaffinated  by  the  agen's  of  the  Englilh  government  ;  an 
attempt  was  made  aganll  the  life  of  Ludlow,  but  being  dif- 
covered,  he  evaded  the  blow,  and  paffed  the  remainder  ot  his 
life  in  "-he  neighbourhood  of  Berne,  highly  refpected  and 
elleemed  by  the  magiltrates  and  people  of  that  city,  as  well 
for  his  private  virtues  as  his  public  character.  In  1689  he 
ventured  to  come  over  to  England,  and  appear  openly  in 
London  ;  but  a  motion  being  made  in  thehoule  of  commons 
for  an  addrefs  to  the  king  to  iffue  a  proclamatio.i  for  his  ap- 
prehenfion,  he  returned  to  the  continent,  and  clofed,his  life 
in  exile,  at  the  age  of  feventy-three.  A  monument  was 
erected  to  his  memory,  in  the  principal  chnrch  at  Vevay,  by 
his  widow,  who  had  been  the  faithful  and  courageous  part- 
ner in  all  liis  fortunes.  Edmund  Ludlow  was  undoubtedly 
one  of  the  pureil  and  moll  difintereltcd  perfons  who  flou- 
riihed  in  thofe  times.  He  was  equitable  and  humane,  calm 
and  fedate,  yet  refolute  ;  virtuous  without  aufterity,  and 
pious  without  fanaticifm.  His  '«  Memoirs"  were  firft  printed 
at  Vevay,  in  two  vols.  8vo.  1698,  to  which,  in  the  follow- 
ing year,  another  volume  was  added.  They  were  reprinted 
in  one  volume  folio,  London  1751  ;  to  this  edition  was  added 
"  The  Cafe  of  king  Charles  L,"  drawn  up  by  John  Cook, 
folicitor  to  the  high  court  of  juftice  on  his  trial.  In  the 
fame  year,  the  work  was  printed  in  three  vols.  i2mo.  at 
Edinburgh.  An  edition  in  4to.  was  publiflied  in  1771. 
The  "  Memoirs"  contain  an  account  of  the  author's  own 
tranfaClions  during  the  civil  wars,  and  tlis  fubfequent  pe- 
riod, together  with  many  particulars  relative  to  the  general 
iiiiiory  of  the  times,  written  in  a  clear,  interelting,  and  unaf- 


feftcd  ftyle.  Biog.  Brit.  Ludlow's  Memoirs,  three  vols. 
l2mo. 

Ludlow,  in  Geography,  a  market-towTi,  fituated  in  the 
hundred  of  Munflow,  and  county  of  Salop,  England.  It 
(lands  on  an  eminence  at  the  jiinftion  of  the  rivers  Tcme  and 
Corvc,  in  a  fertile  and  pifturefque  di Uriel,  and  commands  a 
variety  of  beautiful  profpedts.  The  ancient  Britifh  name  of 
this  place  was  Dinan  Llyt  Tyuifog,  or  the  Pnnct's  Paliict. 
Hence  it  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  the  refidcnce  of  fome 
prince  of  tlie  country,  prior  to  the  fubjeilion  of  Wales  by 
Edv.'ard  I.  This  town  extends  about  a  mile  in  lei  gth,  and 
in  its  broade.1  part  is  fomewhat  more  than  half  a  mile  in  that 
diredlion.  It  was  formerly  furrounded  by  a  wall,  fome  part 
of  which  is  ftill  Handing,  but  in  a  ftate  of  great  dilapidation. 
Towers  were  placed  at  certain  dillances,  and  there  were  for- 
merly feven  gates,  of  which  only  one  now  remains.  The 
ftreets  are  modly  wide,  and  well  paved,  and  lie  in  a  diverging 
and  inclined  direction  from  the  highe'.l,  or  central  part  of  the 
town.  The  houfes,  in  general,  prcfent  rather  an  elegant 
appearance,  and  are  more  regularly  difpofed  than  in  molt  in- 
land towns  of  the  fame  antiqui'y.  They  are  chiefly  occupied 
by  families  of  independent  fortune,  who  arc  attradled  by  the 
healthful  fituation  of  the  place.  Gloves  conllitute  the  prin- 
cipal manufadlure,  befides  which,  however,  there  is  a  confi- 
derable  trade  in  the  tanning,  timber,  and  cabinet  making 
lines.  A  number  of  perfons  are  likewife  employed  in  the 
various  branches  of  mechanifm.  There  are  four  markets 
during  the  week,  but  the  moll  important  one  is  Iieid  on  Mon- 
day, and  is  well  fupplied  with  every  article  neceflary  for  the 
fuppurt  of  man. 

Ludlow,  according  to  the  parliamentary  returns  of  i8or, 
contained  804  iionfes,  and  3897  inhabitants.  It  >vas  incor- 
porated by  ct. alter  in  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.  The  go- 
vernment is  now  veiled  in  a  recorder,  two  bai  iffs,  two  ca- 
pital ji:flices,  twelve  a.dermen,  twenty-five  common  coun- 
cilmen,  a  town  clerk,  a  corot.er,  and  ieveral  other  inferior  offi- 
cers. The  elcdion  of  the  baihffs  is  ufually  attended  with  a 
degree  of  magnificence  and  fplendour  far  furpaffing  the  fame 
ceremony  in  other  towns  of  fimilar  extent.  The  quarter- 
feffions  are  held  here  before  the  recorder  and  juliices  of  the 
town,  who,  in  former  times,  had  the  power  of  inflifting 
capital  punilhments,  but  all  criminals  liable  to  deat'i  are  now 
removed  to  the  county  gaol  at  Shrewlbury.  Ti.ere  is  a 
court  of  record  every  week,  in  which  the  recorder  and  baihffs 
fit  as  judges.  Tliis  place  fends  two  members  to  parliament, 
who  are  chofen  by  the  common  burgeffes,  amounting  to  about 
5C0  in  :. umber. 

Several  cf  the  public  buildings  of  Ludlo  v  are  remarkably 
neat  ftruclures.  The  churcli,  fituated  in  the  highell  portion 
of  the  town,  is  a  very  fpac.ous  and  elegant  edifice,  in  the 
form  of  a  crofs,  and  feems  to  have  been  built  in  the  reigns  of 
Henry  VII.  and  Vlil.  In  the  centre  riles  a  lof:y  Iquare 
tower,  embattled  at  the  top,  and  very  handfomely  embel- 
liihed.  This  tower  adds  in  no  fmall  degree  to  the  beauty  of 
many  of  the  views  from  the  neighbouring  country.  The  prin- 
cipal entrance  to  the  church  is  under  a  large  hexagonal  porch. 
The  nave  is  divided  from  its  aides  by  lix  lofty  pointed  art  hes  on 
each  fide.  The  choir  is  of  large  diinci.fions,  and  lighted  by 
five  lofty  pointed  windows  on  each  fide,  and  one  at  the  eall 
end,  which  occupies  the  whole  breadth,  and  nearly  the 
whole  height  of  the  clioir.  This  great  window  is  entirely 
filled  with  painted  glafs,  reprcfentitig  chiefly  the  legend  of 
St.  Lav.rence,  the, patron  (aint  of  the  church.  On  each 
fide  of  the  choir  ilands  a  chantry  chapeL  That  on  the  north 
exhibits  fome  very  fplendid  remnants  of  painted  glafs,  pour- 
traying  the  ftory  of  tlic  ring  prefented  by  feme  pilgrims  to 
4C  2  Edward 


LUDLOW. 


^dwaid  tlie  coiife{ror  ;  whicli  pilgrims  the  legend  recites 
were  mm  of  Ludlow.  The  whole  of  this  noble  church  is 
ceiled  w;th  fine  oak,  and  enibolliflicd  with  carving.  It  is  228 
feet  in  length,  and  7  ^  in  breadth.  In  the  chancel  are  many- 
fine  monuments  of  the  lords  prefidents  of  the  council  of 
Wales,  who  refided  in  the  neighbouring  caftle.  A  variety 
of  tombs  likewife  appear  in  the  church-yard,  adjoining  to 
which  Hands  an  alms-heufe,  founded  in  14^6,  by  Mr.  .lohn 
Hofier,  merchant,  for  aged  wii\ows  and  widowers,  and  re- 
built by  the  corporation  in  1758.  Another  alms-houfe, 
fituated  at  the  bottom  of  Corve  llreet,  was  founded  in  the 
year  1590.  The  grammar-fchool,  ereiited  by  Edward  IV. 
in  Mill-llreet,  is  a  very  excellent  inftitution,  where  both  the 
ancient  and  modern  languages  are  taught.  Nearly  in  the 
centre  of  tlie  town,  at  the  top  of  Broad  ftivet,  ftands  the 
crofs,  a  handfome  ftone  building,  with  rooms  over  it  ufed  as 
a  public  fehool.  The  market-houfe,  in  CalUe-ftreet,  is  a 
lariTe  building  ;  beneath  which  is  an  area,  lerving  as  a  corn- 
market,  and  the  upper  rooms,  which  are  very  extenfive,  are 
ufed  for  corporation  meetings,  balls,  aflemblies,  &c.  The 
guild-hall,  where  the  quarter  fcflions,  &c.  are  held,  is  a  neat, 
commodious,  modern  ilrufture,  and  to  the  welt  of  the 
church  ibnds  a  range  of  buildings,  called  the  College. 
There  is  likewife  aprifon,  named  Goalford's  tower. 

But  the  objett  of  greatcll  intereft  in  I.udlow,  and  that  to 
which  it  owes  its  celebrity  and  importance,  is  its  caftle, 
which  ftands  on  a  bold  wooded  rock  at  the  north-weft  angle 
of  the  town.  It  was  founded,  according  to  the  generally  re- 
ceived opinion,  by  Roger  de  Montgomery,  about  the  year 
1130,  though  fome  writers  maintain  it  to  be  of  earlier  ori- 
gin. Much,  however,  was  added  by  others  at  different  pe- 
riods, particularly  by  fir  Henry  Sidney.  Robert  de  Be- 
lefme,  grandfon  of  the  founder,  having  engaged  in  rebellion 
againft  Henry  I.  it  was  feized  by  that  monarch.  The 
caftle,  now  made  a  princely  refidence,  was  greatly  aug- 
mented in  the  ftrength  of  its  fortifications,  and  fupplied 
with  a  numerous  garrifon.  In  the  reign  of  king  Stephen  it 
was  befieged  in  confequencc  of  the  governor,  Gervas  Paga- 
nel,  having  been  induced  to  efpoufe  the  caufe  of  the  emprefs 
Matilda.  With  refped  to  the  event  of  the  fiege,  different 
accounts  are  handed  down  to  us  by  hiftorians,  fome  afterting 
that  the  king  fucceeded  in  reducing  it,  and  others,  that 
finding  it  impregnable,  he  was  compelled  to  abandon  the  at- 
tempt. Speed  fays,  that  the  governor,  repenting  of  his  con- 
duA  in  withdrawing  from' his  allegiance,  propoled  a  capitu- 
lation ,  highly  advantageous  to  the  garrifon,  which  was 
joyfully  accepted.  Daring  this  fiege,  Stephen  gave  a  fig- 
nal  proof  of  his  perfonal  bravery,  in  refcuing  prince  Henry 
of  Scotland,  who  had  advanced  too  near  the  walls,  and  had 
been  caught  from  his  horfe  by  a  grappling  iron,  faftened  to 
the  end  of  a  rope.  In  the  troublefome  reign  of  Henry  III. 
the  ambitious  Simon  Montfort,  earl  of  Leiccfter,  feized  upon 
this  caftle,  in  conjtBidtion  with  Llewellin.  From  this  period 
nothing  remarkable  happened  till  the  time  of  Henry  VI. 
when  it  was  held  by  Richard  duke  of  York,  who  laid  claim 
to  the  crown.  Having  affembled  an  army  of  t«n  thoufand 
men  in  the  Marches,  he  drew  up  a  dfchiration  of  allegiance 
to  the  king,  pretending  that  this  large  army  was  only  raifed 
for  the  fecurity  of  the  public  peace.  Time,  however,  dif- 
clofed  ihc  perfidy  of  his  views ;  for  no  fooner  was  he  informed 
of  the  defeat  of  lord  Audley  at  Bloreheath.  but  he  threw 
off  the  mdlk,  avowed  his  pretenfions  to  the  throne,  and 
appointed  the  caftle  of  Ludlow  as  a  place  of  rendez- 
vous for  his  adherents.  Upon  this,  the  king's  forces 
advanced  to  Ludford,  a  vill  at  a  little  diftance  from  hence. 
The  king's  troops  preparing  for  the  attack,  the  duke's  forces 


began  to  difband.  Sir  Andrew  Trollop  likewife  went  over 
to  the  royal  ftandard  with  a  large  boJv,  whereupon  the 
duke  and  his  two  fons,  with  the  earl  of  Warwick  and  other 
chiefs,  fled  with  precipitation.  Edward,  his  eldeft  fon,  ob- 
tained pofleffion  of  Ludlow  in  the  courfe  of  the  war,  and 
upon  his  accellion  to  the  throne  repaired  it,  and  made  it  the 
court  of  his  fon  the  prince  of  Wales.  Here  the  latter, 
after  his  father's  death,  was  proclaimed  king  before  he  re- 
moved to  London,  at  the  inftigation  of  his  uncle,  Gloceftcr, 
whofe  barbarous  uiurpaVion  is  not  paralleled  in  the  atuials  of 
England.  Arthur,  fon  to  Henry  VII.  fixed  his  refidence 
at  this  caftle,  and  held  a  court  here  with  vail  fplendour  and 
magnificence  after  his  marriage  with  Catharine  of  Arragon, 
afterwards  the  wife  of 'Henry  VIII.  At  this  time  the 
court  of  the  Marches  for  the  principality  of  Wales  was 
eftabliftied  here,  and  continued  for  many  ycar.^  with  much 
grandeur  and  lolemnity.  The  power  of  this  court  was  very 
extenfive,  and  conlilled  of  a  lord-prefident,  as  many  couniel- 
lors  as  the  prince  plealed,  a  fecretary,  an  attorney,  a  folici- 
tor,  and  four  juftices  for  the  counties  of  Wales.  King 
Charles  I.,  when  prince  of  Wales,  vifited  this  caftle.  It 
war.  next  diftinguifiied  by  the  reprefcntation  of  the  cele- 
brated Mafquc  of  Comus  in  1634,  during  tlie  prefidency 
of  John  carl  of  Bridgewater.  This  exquifite  effufion  of 
Milton's  genius  was  founded  on  a  real  incident.  The  two 
fons  of  tlte  earl,  and  his  daughter  lady  Alice,  being  on  their 
way  from  a  houie  belonging  to  their  family  in  Hcrefordlhire 
to  Ludlow, 

"  To  attend  their  father's  ftate 
And  new  intrufted  fceptie," 

were  benighted  in  Haywood  foreft,  where  the  lady  was  loft 
for  a  fliort  time.  The  adventure  being  related  to  the  earl 
on  their  arrival  at  the  caftle,  Milton,  at  the  requeft  of  his 
friend  Mr.  Henry  Lawes,  v,lio  taught  mufic  in  the  family, 
wrote  the  Mafque.  Lawes  fet  it  to  mufic,  and  performed 
the  charafter  of  the  attendant  fpirit  ;  the  lady  herfelf  play- 
ing the  part  wliicli  ftie  had  already  adcd  in  real  life.  The 
patronage  afforded  to  the  mufe  of  Milton,  at  this  period, 
by  the  earl  of  Bridgewater,  does  great  honour  to  that 
nobleman. 

During  the  civil  wars  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  this 
caftle  was  for  fome  time  kept  as  a  garrifon  for  the'king.  In 
1645,  a  fmall  part  of  the  royal  army  was  defeated  in  this 
neighbourhood,  and  on  the  9th  of  ,Iunc,  in  the  following 
year,  the  fortrefs  w?.s  furrendered  to  parliament.  After  the 
reftoration,  the  celebrated  Samuel  Butler,  fecretary  to  the  earl 
of  Carbery,  then  appointed  lord  prefident,  wrote  here  a  great 
part  of  his  incomparable  poem  of  Hudibras.  From  this 
period  nothing  remarkable  happened  till  the  reign  of  Wil- 
liam and  Mary,  when  the  court  of  the  Marches  was  dif- 
folved  by  aft  of  parliament,  being,  as  therein  recited,  "  a 
great  grievance  to  the  fubjeft."  After  this  event  the  caftle 
gi-adually  fell  into  decay,  and  was  defpoiled  of  its  curious 
and  valuable  ornaments.  In  the  days  of  its  profperity  it  ^ 
feems  to  have  been  one  of  the  moft  extenfive  and  fuperb  ba- 
ronial fortreftijs  in  Europe.  It  commands  grand  and  exten- 
five profpefts,  and  is  ilrongly  environed  by  embattled  walls 
of  great  height  and  thicknefs,  with  towers  placed  at  con- 
venient diftances.  That  portion  of  it  which  lies  neareft; 
the  town,  was  likewife  defended  by  a  deep  ditch.  The 
whole  was  divided  into  two  diftinft  parts  or  courts,  one  of 
which  contained  the  palace  and  lodgings,  and  the  other  the 
court  of  judicature  and  records,  ftables,  tardeii,  and  other 
offices.  Tlie  former  conftituted  what  was  properly  denomi- 
nated the  Caftle,  and  the  latter  was  called  the  Green  or  Bar- 
6  bican. 


L  U  D 


L  U  D 


tican.  This  noble  fabric  now  prefcnts  a  tnars  of  magnifi- 
cent ruins,  retaining,  however,  ample  affiiranccs  of  its  former 
o-lory.  Of  the  chapel,  a  circular  building,  in  the  inner 
court,  is  all  that  remains.  Over  feveral  of  the  ftable  doors 
tlie  arms  of  Elizabeth  and  the  earl  of  Pembroke  are  llill 
vifible,  and  over  the  inner  gate  of  the  ca'lle  are  the  arms  of 
the  Sidney  familv,  with  an  infcription  beneath.  Along  the 
iijes  of  the  eminence  on  which  thefe  fplcndid  ruins  are 
feated  are  fome  public  walks,  which  vere  laid  out  in  1772,  at 
the  iniligation  of  the  countefs  of  Powis.  Part  of  l.udlow 
caftle  h'as  been  recently  occupied  by  Lucien  Buonaparte,  his 
family,  and  fuite,  who  are  prifoners  of  war  in  this  country. 

The  neighbourhood  of  Ludlow  abounds  with  gentlemen's 
feats  and  agreeable  villages.  In  the  village  of  Bromelicld 
are  the  remains  of  a  cell  of  Benedicline  monks,  formerly 
belonging  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Peter,  Gloceller.  Tliefe  ruins 
ftand  on  a  delightful  fituation  within  the  grounds  of  Oak- 
ley park,  the  refidence  of  the  dowager  lady  Clive.  Richard's 
caftle  lies  about  three  miles  from  Ludlow.  The  town  con- 
tiguous was  originally  called  Gayton  or  Boytane,  but  the 
luftre  of  the  callle  afterwards  echpfed  that  name,  and  it  is 
now  called  by  the  fame  appellation  as  the  caftle.  This  was 
once  a  place  of  confiderable  importance,  as  is  evident  from 
feveral  old  records  prior  to  the  time  of  Henry  IL  when 
it  began  to  decay,  in  fpite  of  the  exertions  of  the  noble 
family  of  Mortimer  to  fupport  its  declining  ftate.  Softie 
part  of  the  keep  and  walls  of  the  caftle  are  ilill  remaining. 
About  four  miles  N.W.  of  the  town  is  Dowton  catlle,  the 

feat  of Knight,  efq.,  brother  to  R.  P.  Knight,  author 

of  a  poem  called  "  The  Landfcape,"  and  of  feveral  other 
literary  productions.  This  gentleman  built  an  irregular  and 
finguiar  manlion  here,  and  called  it  a  cattle.  He  alfo  laid 
out  the  grounds,  immediately  adjoining  the  houfe,  in  a  llyle 
correfponding  to  his  theoretical  principles  of  the  picturcfque. 
On  this  fubjed  both  Mr.  Knight  and  his  friend  Mr.  Price 
have  publilhed  fome  eifays.  The  grounds  and  woods  of  this 
dcmefne  are  particularly  bold,  grand,  and  diverfilied.  See 
the  Ludlow  Guide  by  J.  Price,  i8mo.  1797.  Alfo  an 
Hiftorical  Account  of  Ludlow  Caftle,  &c.  by  W.  Hodges, 

Li'Dl.ow,  a  townfhip  of  America,  in  Hampftiire  county, 
Mafrachufctts,  90  n>iles  W.  of  Bofton ;  incorporated  in 
1784,  and  containing  650  inhabitants. — Alfo,  a  townfhip  on 
Black  river,  Windfor  county,  Vermont,  containing  410  in- 
habitants, 10  or  12  miles  W.  of  Weathetsfield,  on  Conuec- 
ticdt  river. 

LUDOLF,  Job,  in  Biography,  a  learned  orientalift, 
born  in  1624  at  Erfurt,  in  Tluiringia,  was  educated  in  the 
univcrfity  of  his  native  place,  paying  particular  attention  to 
the  ftudy  of  jurifprudence  and  of  the  learned  languages, 
efpecially  thofe  of  the  Eall.  With  the  view  of  farther  im- 
provement he  travelled  into  foreign  parts,  and  was  from 
home  during  fix  years,  when  he  returned  to  Erfurt,  where 
he  exercifed  the  funAions  of  a  counfellor  for  nearly  twenty 
jears  of  his  hfe.  He  frequently  afhlted  at  the  diets  held 
^pon  the  fubjeft  of  the  contefts  between  the  dukes  of 
Saxony  and  the  archhilhops  of  Mentz.  At  length,  weary 
of  public  bufmefs,  he  obtained  leave  to  retire,  and  chofe  for 
the  place  of  his  retreat  the  city  of  Frankfort  on  the  Mayne: 
but  fcarcely  had  he  fettled  his  family,  when  the  elctlor  pa- 
latine placed  liim  at  the  head  of  his  finances.  In  his  fervice 
he  made  two  jourr.ies  to  France,  where  he  confulted  the  li- 
braries of  Paris,  in  order  that  he  might  make  fome  advances 
in  his  favourite  ftudies.  At  length  he  returned  to  Frankfort, 
and  employed  himfelf  in  finilhing  and  revifing  the  different 
works  wliich  he  had  compofed.  He  died  in  1704,  univer- 
fally  eftcemed ;  he  has  been  charadlerized  as  equally  fitted 


for  the  difpatch  of  public  bufinefs,  and  the  retired  purfuits 
of  the  clofet.  He  was  author  of  a  great  number  of  works, 
of  which  the  principal  are,  "  Hiftoria  ./Ethiopica,"  folio ; 
"A  Commentary  on  the  fame;"  and  an  "Appendix."  In 
thefe  works  the  hiftory,  religion,  and  manners  of  the 
Ethiopians  are  detailed  at  length.  He  alfo  publiftied  an 
"  Abyffinian  Grammar  and  Didtionary,''  folio;  "Diflerta- 
tio  de  Locuftis,"  folio  ;  "  Fafti  Ecclefiae  Alexandrina:  ;" 
"  De  Bello  Turcico  feliciter  Conficiendo."     Moreri. 

LuDOLF,  Hknky  William,  nephew  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Erfurt  in  the  year  l6jj.  He  was  well  educated, 
and  was  particuL'rlyinftrudlcd  in  the  Oriental  languages. 
He  was  a  man  well  calcu'ated  for  public  bulinefs  as  well  as 
deeply  learned  :  he  obtained  the  poft  of  fecretary  to  the  envoy 
from  Chriftiaii  V,  king  of  Denmark  to  the  court  of  Great 
Britain,  who  recommended  him  to  prince  George  of  Den- 
mark, by.vhom  he  was  appointed  focretaryin  16S0.  This  fitu- 
ation he  held  iome  years,  till  a  very  violent  fever  rendered 
him  incapable  of  difcharging  its  duties,  when  he  retired 
wit  a^handfome  penfion.  As  foon  as  his  health  would  per- 
mit he  fet  out  on  his  travels  to  foreign  countries.  He  firft 
went  to  Ruflia,  and  having  foon  acquired  its  language,  he 
met  with  a  polite  reception  from  the  natives,  and  being  a 
good  performer  in  mnfic,  he  had  the  honour  of  difplaying 
his  accompliftiments  in  this  art  before  the  czar  of  Mofcow, 
to  the  furprize  and  delight  of  that  prince.  The  various 
knowledge  which  he  difcovered  in  his  converfations  v.-ith  the 
Ruffian  clergy  led  them-  to  confider  him  as  a  prodigy  of 
learning.  He  arrived  in  London  in  1694,  when  he  under- 
went an  operation  of  cutting  for  the  ilonc  Having  re- 
covered, he  applied  himfelf  to  the  compofition  of  "  A  Ruf- 
fian Grammar;"  intended  for  the  ufe  not  only  of  traders 
and  travellers,  but  of  the  natives  themfelves,  by  exhibiting 
the  principles  of  their  language  in  a  more  regular  form  than 
had  been  laid  down  before.  This  work  was  printed  at  Ox- 
ford in  1696.  Ludolf's  curiofity  led  him  next  into  the  Eall, 
that  he  might  obtain  information  concerning  the  llate  of  the 
Chriftian  church  in  the  Levant.  He  arrived  at  Smyrna  In 
November  1698,  whence  he  went  to  Jaffa,  from  Jaffa  to 
Jctufalem,  and  from  thence  to  Cairo.  As  foon  as  Ludolf 
had  returned  to  England,  his  retleftions  on  the  deplorable 
ilatc  of  Chrittianity  among  thole  who  profeffed  that  religion 
under  the  Turkifli  government,  induced  him  to  undertake  an 
impreffion  of  the  New  Tellament  in  the  vulgar  Greek,  and 
to  prefent  it  to  the  members  of  the  Greek  church.  He  was 
very  defirous  that  the  Proteilant  powers  of  Europe  fliould 
eftabllfli  a  kind  of  college  at  Jcrufalem,  and  that  the  per- 
fons  felefted  for  fuch  an  inftitution  fhould  not  be  devoted  to 
the  prt>pagation  of  the  peculiarities  of  any  particular  fyftems 
concerning  which  Proteftants  differ  among  themfelves,  but 
united  by  an  agreement  in  the  fundamental  principles  of  the 
gofpel,  and  by  univerfal  love  and  charity.  In  the  year 
1709,  I.,udolf  was  appointed  by  queen  Anne  one  of  the 
commiflioners  for  managing  the  money  collefted  for  the  re- 
lief of  the  Palatines,  who  had  been  driven  from  their  native 
country.  He  died  in  1710.  He  was  author  of  feveral 
works  befides  his  "  Ruffian  Grammar,"  which  were  col- 
lefted and  publilhed  in  the  year  1712.      Gen.  Biog. 

LUDOLFfA,  in  Botany,  a  genus  of  Adanfon's, 
(Families  des  Plantes,  v.  2.  244.)  named  by  him  after 
Michael  Matthias  Ludolff,  author  of  a  catalogue  of  the 
plants  of  the  garden  at  Berlin,  where  he  was  profeffor 
of  Botany  and  Materia  Medica,  and  where  his  book  was 
printed  in  1746.  He  publiflied  alfo  a  German  Pharmaco- 
peia in  1734;  and  wrote  on  the  lubjeft  of  botanical  clalTi- 
fication,  in  the  Mem.  de  l'Ac:id.  de  Berlin  lor  1745,  "I'cre, 
according  to  Hallcr,  he  rejeds  the  llamens  as  well  as  the 

cotyle- 


L  U  D 

cotyledons  for  the  purpofes  of  arrangement.  We  liave  not 
fecn  this  treatife.  What  he  offers  relative  to  this  matter  and 
others,  at  tlie  end  of  his  work  iirft  mentioned,  gives  no  ex- 
alted idea  of  his  judgment.  The  above  name  has  never  been 
ellablifhed,  the  plant  of  Adanfon  being  elleemed  a  Tctrago- 
nia.  It  is  curious  that  Boehmer,  in  his  difTertation  upon 
plants  named  after  botanills,  fuppofes  the  Ludolfia  to  have 
been  called  after  Job  Ludolf,  author  of  the  Hi/icria  JEth'io- 
pica,  being  ignorant,  as  it  fcems,  of  the  exiitence  of  the 
Cerlin  profeflor ;  but  we  can  have  no  doubt  that  Adanfon 
meant  to  commemorate  the  latter. 

LUDSCHliN,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Priiffia,  in 
•Oberland  ;   7  miles  E  S.E.  of  Marianwcrder. 

LUDSWIGSBURG,  a  town  of  Wunemberg,  contain- 
ing two  elripcls,  one  for  Roman  Catholics  and  another  for 
Lutherans,  and  a  fine  pidure  gallery,  a  pleafant  garden,  and 
-an  old  cattle.  Ttie  manufactures  of  this  place  are  clo!h, 
damailc  hnen,  and  marble  paper;  16  miles  S.  of  Heilbron. 
N.  lat.  48    54'.      E.  long.  9°  18'. 

Thougli  Stuttgard  was  m  1772  llic  nominal  capital  of  the 
duchy  ot  Wiirtemherg,  it  had  not,  for  the  preceding  ten 
years,  been  tlie  refsdonce  of  its  fovereign.  And  ihoiigh 
<the  operas  and  mnlicai  ellabliflimetits  of  this  prince  ufed 
to  be  the  moit  fplendid  in  Europe,  during  the  (even  years' 
direftion  of  Jomelli,  they  were,  ;it  the  time  jull  mentioned, 
but  the  (liadow  of  what  they  hadhven.  In  Burncy's  Ger- 
man Tour,  there  is  a  lift  of  his  ferene  highnefs's  mufical 
cilablilhments,  at  their  moft  flourifiiing  time,  as  well  as  at 
that  of  their  declenfion. 

In  1 77 1  he  had  two  new  ferious  operas,  the  one  com- 
pofed  by  Jomelli,  and  the  other  by  Sacchini,  entirely  at  his 
own  expence.  The  theatre  is  immenfe,  and  is  open  at  the 
back  of  the  ftsge,  where  there  is  an  amphitheatre  in  the 
open  an-,  which  is  iometimes  filled  with  people  to  produce 
effefts  in  perfpeftive.  It  is  built,  like  all  other  German 
theatres,  on  the  Italian  model. 

The  prince  svho  reigr.cd  in  1772  was  hin.felf  a  good 
harpiicliord  player;  Emanuel  Bach  dedicated  to  his  high- 
nefs  the  bed  book  of  fix  fonatas  which  he  ever  compoled, 
printed  at  Nurcmburg.  At  one  time  this  duke  had  in  his 
fervice  three  of  the  grc-ateit  performers  on  the  violin  in 
Europe  ;  Ferari,  Nardiui,  and  Lolli :  on  the  hautbois,  the 
two  PLif,  and  Schwartz,  a  famous  baftbon,  with  Walther 
on  the  French  horn,  and  Jomelli  to  compofe,  for  the  beft 
ferious  ami  comic  fingers  of  Italy.  At  Srlitude,  a  favourite 
country  palace,  a  confervatorio  was  eftablifhed  for  the  edu- 
.cation  of  two  hundred  poor  and  deferted  male  children  of 
proraifing  talents ;  Qf  ihefe  a  great  number  were  taught 
mufic,  and  from  thcfe  his  highnefs  had  already  drawn  feveral 
excellent  vocal  and  inltrumental  performers  for  his  t'iieatre  ; 
fome  were  taught  the  learned  languagnes  and  cultivated 
poetry  ;  others  were  initiated  into  the  practice  of  the  ftage, 
as  aclors  and  dancers.  At  Ludfwigfbu'g  the^  was  a  conler- 
vatorio  for  a  hundred  girls,  who  were  educated  in  the  fame 
mannei-,  and  for  the  fame  purpofes.  The  building  con- 
ftrufted  at  Solitude  for  the  reception  of  the  boys,  has  a 
front  of  fix  or  feven  hundred  feet.  It  ufed  to  be  the  fa- 
vourite amufement  of  the  duke  to  vifit  the  fcliool,  to  fee 
the  children  dine  and  take  their  leffons. 

L.UDUS  Helmontii,  fo  called  from  Van  Helmont, 
who  extolled  its  medicinal  virtues,  in  Natural  Hijlory,  an 
opaque  foflil  of  an  irregular  (hape,  but  of  a  very  regular  and 
fingular  internal  ftruCture.  It  is  of  an  earthy  hue,  and  al- 
ways divided  into  feparate  mafles,  by  a  number  of  veins  of 
a  different  colour,  and  purer  matter  than  the  fefl.  Thefe 
maffes,  into  which  it  is  divided,  are  fometimes  fmall  and 
jrelty  reguiarly  fi^ ured ;  in  which  cafe,  they  are  called  tall 


L  U  D 

or  hit,  d'tci ;  but  they  are  more  FrequpntJy  of  no  regular 
(hape  at  all.  There  are  others  of  them  cruitated,  or  com- 
pofed  of  many  coats,  difpofcd  one  over  another  about  a 
central  nucleus.  In  thefe  the  f^pta,  or  dividing  veins,  are 
very  thin  and  fine,  in  the  others  thicker. 

Thefe  fepta  were  ufed  in  medicine,  being  given  in  nephri- 
tic complaints,  as  it  lias  been  faid,  with  fuccefs  :  the  dofe 
from  a  fcruple  to  a  drachm. 

LUDWIG,  Christian  Theophilus,  in  Biography, 
was  born  in  Silefia  in  1709,  and  educated  for  the  medical 
profelTion.  Having  a  ftrong  bias  towards  natural  hiftory, 
he  was  appointed  to  accompany  Hebcnitreit  in  his  expedi- 
tion to  the  north  of  Africa.  (See  Hebe  ;.streit. )  Soon 
after  his  return  in  17^3,  lie  became  Piofeffor  of  Medicine 
at  Leipfic.  The  firit  thefis  defended  there  under  his  prefi- 
dency,  in  1736,  related  to  the  manner  in  which  marine 
plants  are  nouriflied.  Thefe  he  fhewed  to  differ  effentially 
from  the  generality  of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  as  not  de- 
riving their  noiirifhment  by  the  root.  In  1737  he  publifhed 
a  Programma  in  fupport  of  the  doftrine  of  the  fexes  of 
plants,  from  his  own  obfervations  upon  the  date  palm.  Two 
years  afterwards  he,  neverilielels,  advanced  fome  objeftions 
to  the  Linnaean  fyflem  of  arrangement  by  ihe  organs  of  im- 
pregnation, under  the  tit'e  of  Obfa-vat'iones  in  Methoduni 
Plantarum  Sexualem  Cel.  Linmfi.  This  work  begins  with 
much  jull  commendation  of  Linnasns,  and  even  wi:h  great 
admiration  of  his  fyttc.ii  ;  accompanied  however  by  an  at- 
tempt at  depriving  !iim  of  the  merit  of  originality,  by  in- 
finuating  that  thrs  fyftem  had  been  "  indicated  by  others  ;" 
without  faying  by  whom.  Thefe  words  are  underlined  by 
Linnxus  in  his  own  copy  of  the  difTertation.  They  are  as 
little  to  the  purpofe  as  the  fimilar  charge  of  plagiarifm 
brought  againll  the  iuimortal  Harvey.  He  proceeds  to  de- 
tail various  difficulties  and  millakes,  which  occurred  to  him 
in  his  fcrutiny  of  this  fyftem,  fome  of  which  relate  to  mat- 
ters of  opinion,  others  to  anomalies  or  variations  in  Nature 
herfelf.  His  remarks  however  are  free  from  afpcrity  or 
ihiberality.  He  chiefly  fail.";,  in  point  of  judgment,  when 
he  blames  Linnasus  for  making  any  particular  charadler  im- 
portant in  one  genus  or  family,  and  not  in  all  ;  not  perceiv- 
ing that  the  very  effence  of  Ikiil,  in  technical  diicrimination 
and  arrangement  of  natural  productions,  confifts  in  difcover- 
ing,  in  each  particular  cafe,  what  is  the  moft  effential  for 
the  purp>,fe  in  view.  We  do  not  f..e  why  his  differtations, 
"  de  m'muendU  plar.larum  gener'tbus"  publifhed  in  1 737,  and 
"  de  mimundis plantarum fpec'u'biis,"  in  1740,  fiiould  be  deemed 
inimical  to  Linnasus,  to  whom  he  gives  full  credit  for  hav- 
ing eftabliflied  the  fureft  principles  for  the  advancement  of 
botany,  though  he  criticifes  him  here  and  there  in  the  de- 
tail of  their  application.  He  alfo  wilhes  to  indicate  fome 
fources  of  difcrimination,  which  Linnaeus  has  lefs  regarded, 
for  the  accomphfliment  of  the  fame  objeAs  ;  particularly 
mentioning  the  anatomy  of  plants.  He  points  out  the  co- 
lours of  flowers  as  fometimes  affording  permanent  fpecific 
diftinjtions,  though  Linnaeus  has  in  general  difcarded  them 
from  his  charadteis.  It  muft  be  allowed  that  Ludwig,  irf 
this  and  other  inftances,  feems  prompted  by  a  defire  to  dif- 
fer and  to  find  fault  ;  for  Liiina;u?  himfelf  founds  his  pri- 
mary divifions  of  fpccies  in  Mefmbryanthemum  and  Cnapha- 
Hum,  no  matter  whether  judicioufly  or  not,  upon  this  very 
circumftance.  Such  critics  however  are  ufeful  to  fcience, 
as  they  promote  enquiry  and  examination.  Ludwig  ;>.iftly 
blames  Limijeus  ftjr  confounding  the  bulbous  Fumari^  as 
one  fpecies,  and  he  may  alfo  be  correct  in  fome  other  remarks. 
The  Inte  lord  Bute  has  well  obferved,  that  Ludwig,  like 
Haller,  was  only  a  Linnu;an  in  difguife,  having  frequently 
applied  principles  in  unifon  with  his,  if  not  imbibed  from 

Mm, 


L  U  D 

Mm,  to  build  fyftems,  and  toexercife  criticifm,  againft  him. 
Ludwijr,  in  1756,  1758,  and  1759,  puJjliflied  three  dif- 
fertations  on  the  colours  of  flowers,  tending  to  (hew  their 
vanablenefb !  If  he  has  in  one  inllance  fu^Qrelled  an  example 
to  the  contrary,  he  is  in  that  furely  moll  unfortuvate.  Hal- 
ler  fays  he  points  out  the  Fraxiiiella  (Didamnus  albus  of 
Linnaeus)  as  a  cafe  in  which  colour  makes  a  fpecific  dif- 
ference. As  this  plant  is  frequently  raifed  from  Iced,  and 
the  progeny  differs,  under  every  body's  eyes,  in  having  fome 
white-flowered  plants,  perhaps  in  every  crop,  we  prefume 
the  qncjlion  may  be  readily  decided ;  whetlrcr  tiie  Icfler 
White  Fraxinella,  figured  in  Rivinus,  Fl.  Pentap.  Irr. 
t.  1  ;5,  be  a  dilHnCt  fpecies,  of  which  we  fee  little  probabi- 
lity, or  a  variety  in  fize  as  well  as  colour.  Rivinus  himfelf 
fays  the  common  one,  t.  134,  is  cither  red  or  white. 

Ludwig  publilhed  is  I7^?7  his  Defiuitloues  Pluntarum,  in 
8vo.  for  tlie  ufe  of  his  pupils.  In  this  the  genera  of  plants 
are  arranged  in  a  method  fuppofed  to  be  natural,  founded 
on  the  corolla  in  the  firll  place,  the  fubordinate  charafters 
being  taken  from  the  fruit.  The  generic  dillinftions  are 
derived  from  the  herbage,  floiver,  fmell,  taile,  colour,  or 
any  thing  that  came  in  the  author's  way  ;  certainly  with  no 
advantage  whatever  over  the  laws  and  praclicc  of  Linna:us, 
but  rather  evincing,  at  every  ftep,  the'  fuperiority  of  the 
latter  to  the  vague  fcheme  of  his  opponent.  In  another 
little  volume  of  Ludwig,  the  ^phcri/mi  Botanic!,  pubhdied 
in  if^S,  the  afl"ertion  of  his  being  "a  Linna;an  in  difguife" 
is  llronc;ly  juftitied.  In  vain  does  the  writer  try  to  forget 
the  Ph'iUf'jphia  Botan'tca,  and  to  feek  originality,  at  any 
rate,  by  wandering  from  its  light.  In  vain  does  he  extol 
the  fyllera  of  Rivinus  in  preference  to  all  others.  He  is 
brought  back  by  his  own  iudgment,  in  fpite  of  hi-.nfelf,  at 
every  ftep  ;  and  as  he  could  never  give  the  lead  degree  of 
popularity  to  the  fyftem  he  extolled,  the  flighted  "iludy  of 
his  works  will  fliew  it  to  have  been  a  mill-llone  about  his 
own  neck.  Boehmer  gave  a  new  and  improved  edition  of 
the  Dejiiihioms  Plantarum  in  1 760.  Vv'hether  any  ufe  is 
mad:-  of  this  work  at  prefent,  among  the  various  botanical 
fchools  on  the  Continent,  we  have  never  heard,  but  we  be- 
lieve it  has  fallen  into  oblivion. 

In  17.1.2,  and  again  in  17,7,  our  author  publilhed  his 
Injl'ituihnes  Hyiorko-Phyfici  Rsgul  Vegef.aliUs,  in  8vo.  ;  ftill 
in  purfuit  of  novelty  rather  than  of  ti-uth.  he  veje£ls  the 
I.innoean  diilinttions  between  animals  and  vegetables,  found- 
ing the  charafteriilic  mark  of  the  latter  on  the  fuppofed 
propuilion  of  their  fluids  through  a  cellular  texture,  and 
not  through  a  vafcular  fyftem  as  in  animals.  This  diftinc- 
tion  is  now  known  to  have  no  foundation.  In  this  work  at 
length  even  the  difguife  of  a  Linnjsan  is  aimoft  laid  afide,  a 
fyllem  of  arrangement  being  propofed  in  which  the'  ftamens 
.and  ftyles  make  an  elfen'.ial,  if  not  a  leading,  feature.  The 
favourite  old  fyftem  of  Ri.vinus  ftil!  takes  precedence,  though 
it  ferves  only  as  an  additional  impediment  in  the  way  of 
natural  affinities,  which  defeft  is  in  fome  meafure  concealed 
by  the  primary  characters  not  being  ftrifily  followed. 
Thus,  though  Eryngium  is  violently  feparated  by  its  inflo- 
refccnce  from  its  natural  allies,  Iberis  is  filently  left  amongft 
the  Tdrapetuli  regulares.  The  Umbdlaii  are  kept  together 
by  tht-ir  inflorefcence,  in  fpite  of  the  diverfity  ef  their 
flovi-ers,  as  to  regularity  or  irregularity  ;  a  difficulty  which 
Rivinus  had  previoufly  been  obliged  to  overlook.  It  is 
remarkable  that  our  author,  in  thus  profefi"edly  adopting 
the  principles  of  Rivinus  and  Linnaeus  combined,  and  dif- 
claiming  as  he  does,  p.  86,  all  pretenfions  to  originality, 
never  mentions  thofe  perfons  from  whom  he  had  long  ago 
aflerted  that  Linnaeus  borrowed  his  fyftem.  This  volume 
may  therefore  b«  confidered  as  a  tacit  tribute  of  refpett  to 


L  U  D 

the  illuftrious  Swede,  arifing  from  its  author's  progrefs  irt 
judgment  and  experience.  He  had  no  motive  to  withhold 
this  tribute,  as  Lmn^us  never  relented  nor  repelled  his  at- 
tacks. The  latter  fays  in  a  letter  to  Haller,  "  I  have  read 
the  Characlers  of  Dr.  Ludwig  entirely  through.  He  has 
given  very  great  attention  to  the  fubjeA  ;  but  I  wifh  the 
authors  whom  he  chiefly  follows  may  not  have  led  him 
aftray.  All  that  comes  from  Boerhaave  is  not  oracular. 
I  every  day  au8;ment  or  correft  my  own  characters,  which 
are  nothing  but  generic  dcfcriptions,  and  therefore  differ 
trom  th'jfe  of  Ludwig  and  Tournefort,  as  a  fpecific  name 
(or  definition)  differs  from  the  dtfcription  of  a  plant.  Both 
are  neceffary  in  Botany."  Ep'tjl.  ad  Halhrum  v.  i.  312. 
We  give  this  paifage  entire,  becaufe  Haller  in  his  index 
fays  Linnajus  here  "  carps  at  Ludwig,"  than  which  furely 
nothing  can  be  more  unjuft. 

Our  author  began,  in  1760,  to  publilh  impreffions,  chiefly 
of  medicinal  plants,  taken  from  the  dried  fpccimen  with 
printer's  ink,  or  with  finoked  paper,  in  folio,  under  the 
title  of  Eclypa  VcgelaViUum,  which  he  continued  from  time 
to  time.  8uch  impreffions  give  undoubtedly  a  correct  out- 
hne,  at  leaft  if  the  plant  be  fully  difplaytd,  but  the  reft  ii 
a  mafs  of  confuflon  ;  efpecially  as  the  more  elevated  parts, 
which  fliould  be  light,  are  neceffanly  the  darkeft.  He 
wrote  alfo  occafionaliy  on  medico-botanical  fubjects,  as  on 
the  etfeds  of  extraiA  of  Stramonium,  and  of  the  Belladonna, 
or  Deadly  Nightfhade,  in  the  epilepfy.  His  opinion  feems 
not  to  have  been  favourable  of  either. 

Ludwig  died  at  Leipfic  in  1773,  aged  64.  He  left  a 
fon  named  Chriftian  Fredrick,  born  in  1 751,  who  became 
Profeffor  of  Natural  Hiftory  in  the  fame  univerfity,  and  is 
the  author  of  various  trafts  on  Botany,  Anatomy,  and  Phy^ 
fiology.— Ludwig's  Works.  Hall.  Bibl.  Bot.  Dryandr. 
Bibl.  Banks.      S. 

LUDWIGIA,  in  Botany,  named  by  Linnaus  in  honour 
of  Chriftian  Theophilus  Ludwig,  Profefi'or  of  Medicine  in  the 
univerfity  of  Leipfic.  (See  the  preceding  article  Ludwjg 
C.T.)  Linn.  Gen.  60.  Schreb.  83.  Wiild.  Sp.  PI.  v.  i. 
672.    Mart.  Mill.  Dia.  v;  3.    Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  i! 

265.     Jufl".  319      Lamarck  lUuftr.  t.  77.     Gxrtn.  t.  31. 

Clrffs   and   order,  Tetrandria  Alonogynia.     Nat.  Ord.    Caly- 
eantham,   Linn.  Onagrx,  Juff. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  fuperior,  of  one  leaf,  p.^rmanent, 
cloven  into  four,  lanceolate,  widely  fpreading  fegments, 
equal  in  le:igth  to  the  corolla.  Cor.  Petals  four,  inverfely 
heart.ftiapcd,  flat,  greatly  fpreading,  equal.  Stam  Fila- 
ments four,  awl-fliaped,  creit,  Ihort  ;  anthers  fimple,  ob- 
long, ereft.  Pijl.  Germen  inferior,  quadrangular,  clothed 
with  the  bafe  of  the  calyx  ;  ftyle  cylindrical,  as  long  as  the 
ftamens ;  ftigma  flightly  four-fided,'  capitate.  Perk.  Cap. 
fule  of  four  valves,  the  partitions  oppofite  to  the  valves. 
Seeds  numerous,  fmall.  Recept.  colum'nar,  membranaceous, 
four-winged  ;  wings  at  the  angles  of  the  partitions,  bearing 
feed  at  each  fide. 

Efi".  Ch.  Corolla  of  four  petals.  Calyx  four-cleft,  fupe,. 
rior.  Capfule  fquare,  inferior,  of  four  cells,  and  many 
feeds. 

1.  L.  altermfol'ia.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  173.  Trew,  Rar.  p  2. 
t.  2.  (Lyfimachia  non  pappofa,  flore  luteo  majore  ;  Pluli». 
Aim.  t.  203.  f.  2.) — Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate.  Stalks 
axilL-u-y,  fingle-flowered.  Stem  erecl,  angular.  Calyx- 
leaves  remarkably  large. — Native  of  Virginia,  and  feiit  from 
thence,  to  Miller,  by  Dr.  Dale  before  175c.  It  flowers  in 
June  and  July. — Root  annual.  Stem  about  a  foot  high,  up- 
right, branching.  Flowers  folitary,  fmall  ai.d  'yellow». 
fituated  at  the  bafe  of  the  leaf-ftalks. 

2.  L.  hlrfuta.  Willd.  n.  2.  Lamarck  Didt.  v.  3.  614 . 

Leaves 


L  U  E 


L  U  E 


Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate.  Flowers  axillary,  folitary, 
nearly  fefTile.  Stem  round,  dill'ufe. — A  native  of  Soutli 
Carolina. — Lamarck,  obferves  that  this  is  very  nearly  albed 
to  the  lall  fpecies  in  the  iorm  and  arrangement  of  its  leaves. 
The  whole  plant  however  is  hairy.  Stem  woody,  cylindri- 
cal, branched.  Leaves  alternate,  oblong-lanceolate,  entire. 
Flowers  folitary,  axillary,  on  fiich  fliort  ilalks  as  to  be 
nearly  feffile,  furnifhed  at  their  bafe  with  two  oppoiite,  very 
long  brafleas.  Fniil  lefs  angulated  than  in  the  other 
fpecies. 

3.  L.ji/y^jEO/Wt'.f.  Willd.  B.  3.  Lamarck  Dift.  V.  3.  614 — 
Leaves  alternate,  linear-lanceolate.  Flowers  axillary,  foli- 
tary. Germen  very  long. — A  native  of  niarlhy  ground  in 
the  I  fie  of  France. — This  is  faid  particularly  to  rcfcmble 
Ji/fficfti  in  its  habit,  whence  the  fpccitic  name. — Stem  about 
a  tout  and  half  high,  ftirubby,  branched.  Leaves  alternate, 
fcattered,  pointed,  entire.  Flowers  folitary.  Petals  yel- 
low, the  lengtli  of  the  calyx. 

4.  L.  oppofitifoHa.  Linn.  Syft.  Veg.  ed.  14.  161.  Willd. 
r.4.  (L.  perennis  ;  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  173  ) — Lower  leaves  op- 
pofite,  lanceolate.  Stem  ditFufe. — A  native  of  the  Eail 
Indies. — Stems  procumbent,  fix  or  eight  inches  long. 
Branches  nearly  all  radical.  Leaves  fmooth,  entire,  llriated, 
three  or  four  pair  of  the  lower  ones  only  oppofite,  the  rell 
alternate.   Flowers  yellow.    Petals  (horter  than  the  calyx. 

5.  L.  erigata.  Linn.  Syll.  Veg.  ed.  14.  161.  Mant.  40. 
Willd. n.  5.  (L.triflora;  LamarckDift. v.  3.  615.)  — Leaves 
oppofite,  lanceolate.  Stem  ereft. — A  native  of  the  Fall 
Indies.— /J so/  annual.  Stem  a  foot  high,  herbaceou.";.  Leaves 
on  footftalks,  quite  entire,  fmooth.  Flowers  fo  fmall  as 
to  be  fcarcely  villble. 

L.  rc/if/w,  Swart z,  Ind.  Occ.  v.  i.  273,  proves,  by  a 
fpecimen  from  himfelf,  to  be  Ifnardia  pahtllris  of  Linuteus, 
as  'Willdenow  mentions.         , 

Michaux,  in  his  Fl.  Boreal  Amer.  v.  i.  87,  defines  nine 
fpecies  as  natives  of  North  America,  chiefly  Carolina,  of 
none  of  which  we  have  any  precife  information.  They  are 
called  n'ltula,  pednncuhfa,  microcarpa,  angiiJlifoUa-,  (which  he 
fuppofes  to  be  ramuftjpind  of  Waller,)  juffino'ides,  (taken  for 
^i'r.'/rrfnj  of  Walter, )  macrocarpa,  (which  is  the  alternlfolia 
of  Linnaeus,)  v'lrgata,  mollis,  and  nipitata.  The  lall  is  faid 
to  be  fuffrit'ieofn  of  Walter. 

LUDWIGSBURG,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Anterior 
Pomerania,  on  the  coall  of  the  Baltic  ;  five  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Griefswalde. 

LUDWIGSTAT,  a  town  of  the  principality  of  Culm- 
bach  ;   13  miles  S.  of  Saalfeld. 

LUDWIGSTEIN,  a  town  of  the  principahty  of  Heflc 
Rhinfels  ;    14  miles  E.  of  Caifel. 

LUDWIGSTHAL,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  famous 
for  its  iron  forges  ;  about  one  mile  from  Dutllingen. 

LUDWIGWALL,  a  town  of  Prufiia,  in  Natangen  ; 
four  miles  S.  of  Konigfberg. 

LUC,  St.,  the  chief  town  of  the  captainfhip  of  Petagues, 
in  the  north  divifion  of  Brafil. 

LUES,  in  a  general  fenfe,  is  ufed  for  a  difeafe  of  any 
kind. 

LuE.s,  in  a  more  particular  fenfe,  is  reftrained  to  conta- 
gious and  peftilential  dileafes. 

Lues  Venerea,  the  venereal  difeafe  ;  called  alfo  morbus 
galUcus,  fyphilis,  morbus  tieapolitanus,  morbus  eiphrojijius,  is'c. 
In  French,  la  maladie  vener'ienne,  or  la  •ueralc,  ox graruk  verole  ; 
in  German,  lii/lf-euche  franzofen. 

The  venereal  dillemper  arifes  from  a  peculiar  and  fpecific 
morbid  animal  poifon,  which,  when  applied  to  the  human 
body,  is  capable  of  producing  both  local  and  conflitutional 
f  fTetts,  fuch  as  primary  fores  or, chancres,  buboes,  fpots  on 


the  furface  of  the  body,  nodes,  ulcerations  of  the  throat, 
pains  in  the  bimes,  iecondary  ulcers,  &c.  Excepting 
chancres,  none  of  thclc  complaints  can  occur,  unlefs  fome  of 
the  fyphilitic  virus  has  been  taken  up,  and  conveyed  inta 
the  conlHtution  by  the  abforbents  proceeding  from  the  pri- 
mary  fore,  or  furface  originally  infefted.  The  venereal 
poifon  aficcts  the  human  fpecies  alone,  and  has  not  the  pro- 
perty of  iir  parting  the  difeafe  to  any  other  animals.  When 
applied  to  the  human  body,  "  it  has  the  power  of  propa- 
gating or  multiplying  itfelf;"  that  is  to  fay,  it  gives  rife 
to  a  fore,  from  vvliich  is  fecretcd  matter  containing  a  virus 
of  the  fame  fpecific  nature.  Of  its  appearance  in  an  unmixed 
(late  wc  really  know  nothing  ;  for  we  never  fee  the  poi- 
fon in  any  other  form  than  that  in  which  it  is  blended 
with  fluid  matter.  Its  general  properties  are  equally  un- 
known ;  fo  that,  if  we  put  out  of  confideration  its  peculiar 
and  remarkable  effects  on  the  human  body,  our  ignorance  of 
its  nature  is  complete.  It  is  not  contagious  through  the 
medium  of  effluvia,  or  any  volatile  invifible  matter  in 
ihe  air,  the  infettion  never  being  communicated,  except  by 
aftual  contaft.  The  vlru .  mull  be  applied  to  a  part  of  the 
body  ;  the  ufual  local  effect  is  3  particular  fore,  called  a 
chancre  ;  and  fome  of  the  poifonous  matter  at  length  being 
imbibed  by  the  abforbents,  buboes,  eruptions,  &c.  follow. 
Many  cafes  fcem  even  to  prove  that  the  poifon  may  be 
abforbed  from  the  (Icin,  and  buboes  and  conilitutional  fymp- 
toms  take  place,  without  the  occurrence  of  any  primary  fore 
at  all  in  the  part  to  which  the  infectious  matter  was  firit 
applied. 

Before  entering  into  a  more  detailed  account  of  a  dillem- 
per which,  as  being  a  kind  of  fcourge  to  illicit  pleafure,  and 
a  curb  to  the  moil  impetuous  of  paflions,  has  made  the  gene- 
rality of  mankind  very  feelingly  interellcd  in  the  fubjeft, 
we  (hall  folicit  the  reader's  attention  to  a  point  that  is  in 
tlie  highell  degree  curious,  and  has  afforded  matter  for  nume- 
rous difputations. " 

Of  the  frjl  Origin  of  the  Venereal  Difeafe. —  Several 
writers  have  endeavoured  to  prove  the  great  antiquity  of 
this  dillemper.  The  principal  of  thefe  are,  Mr.  William 
Becket,  whofe  papers  are  contained  in  the  30th  and  3 ill 
vols,  of  the  Philofophical  Tranfaftions  ;  Dr.  Charles 
Patin,  and  Dr.  Sanchez,  authors  of  differtations  on  the 
origin  of  the  difeafe.  The  opinion  has  even  been  main- 
tained, that  the  venereal  malady  has  exifted  from  time  imme- 
morial, and  paffages  in  fupport  of  this  fentiment  are  referred 
to  in  Hippocrates,  Galen,  Avicenna,  Celfus,  and  likewife 
the  holy  fcriptures.  "  The  Lord  ftiall  fmite  thee  in  the 
knees,  and  in  the  legs,  with  a  fore  botch,  that  cannot  be 
healed,  from  the  fole  of  thy  foot  unto  the  top  of  thy  head." 
■  (Deuteronomy,  chap.xxviii.  ver.  35.)  This,  and  many  other 
ancient  quotations,  however,  cannot  be  received  as  proofs, 
that  fyphilis  was  the  affliction  alluded  to,  becaufe  the  leprofy, 
elephantiafis,  and  feveriil  other  dileafes,  attended  with  ulcers, 
or  eruptions,  might  be  lignificd,  as  far  as  a  juJgipent  can  be 
formed,  from  the  words  atUially  employed.  (See  Lombard 
fur  la  Mai.  Vcnerienne,  torn.  i.  p.  39.)  That  the  Greeks 
and  Romans  were  at  all  acquainted  with  the  venereal  difeafe 
feems  extremely  improbable,  and  is  an  affertion  quite  un- 
ellablilhed.  As  Dr.  Adams  has  well  obferved,  the  ancient 
phyfician.'s,  being  ignorant  of  the  medical  povvers  of  mer- 
cury, mufl  have  been  infinitely  more  familiar  with  every 
form  of  the  difeafe  than  ourfelves.  Yet,  till  near  the  clofe 
of  the  I  jth  century,  we  have  no  defcription  of  local  ap- 
pearances that  can  be  mill^aken  for  venereal ;  and  during 
tlie  following  century,  the  induftrious  All  rue  enumerates 
more  than  one  hundred  writers  on  the  inbjedl.  If  other 
proofs  are  required,  let  us  mark  the  difference  between  the 

licentioi^ 


LUES   VENEREA. 


licentious  poets  of  former  times  and  our  own.  Can  a  reader 
of  common  fenfe  fuppofe  that  Horace,  Juvenal,  Perlius,  or 
Ovid,  could  have  been  filent  on  a  fiibjeft  fo  perpetually  oc- 
curring in  the  fatirical  writings  of  Pope  and  Swift?  On 
Morbid  Poifons,  p.  88.  edit.  2. 

But  though  it  mull  be  owned  that  the  attempts  to  trace 
the  exigence  of  the  venereal  difeafe  as  far  back  as  the  times 
of  Mofe-s  and  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  have  entirely 
failed,  we  muft  not  infer  that  the  people  of  thofe  remote 
periods  were  not  fubjedl  to  maladies  of  the  generative  organs. 
Celfu."!  has  exprefsly  treated  of  fuch  complaints,  and  they 
probably  afflided  mankind  at  a  much  earlier  period  than 
the  reign  of  A'.iguftus.  The  ancients  were  certainly  liable 
to  fores  on  the  genitals  ;  but  thefe  ulcers,  like  many  which 
are  met  with  at  the  prefeiit  day  in  the  f;mie  lituation,  were 
not  fyphiiitic,  notwithftanding  they  might  fometimes  put  on 
a  very  bad  afpeft. 

Giving  up  the  fuppofition  of  lues  venerea  being  of  fuch 
antiquity,  ftiU  it  is  contended  that  the  diforder  prevailed  in 
Europe  long  before  the  return  of  Columbus  from  his  voyage 
to  America,  or  Charles  VIII.  befieged  Naples  ;  two  events 
which  happened  at  the  clofe  of  the  ijth  century,  when  it  is 
commonly  thought  that  the  difeafe  firlt;  began  its  ravages  in 
Spain  and  Italy,  and  thence  fpread  to  other  parts  of  the  old 
world.  We  are  told  that  Gulielmus  Salicetus,  who  prac- 
tifed  at  Verona  in  1210,  was  well  acquainted  with  the  caufe 
and  effefts  of  fyphilis,  and,  in  confirmation  of  this  remark, 
we  are  referred  to  his  work  on  furgery,  where  may  be  found 
a  chapter,  intitled,  "  De  puftulis  albis,  et  fciifuris  et  cor- 
ruptionibus  quae  fiunt  in  virga  et  circa  praeputium,  j)ropter 
coitum  cum  meretrice,  vel  alia  caufa."  Gordon,  who  lec- 
tured on  phyfic  at  the  univerfity  of  Montpelier  in  i  289,  men- 
tions, in  chap,  j,  "  De  paffionibus  virgae,"  the  affeftions 
originating  from  conneftion  witti  women  whofe  wombs  are 
foul,  virulent,  fanious,  infetlious,  &c.  ;  and  he  likcwile  fpe- 
cifies  a  remedy  for  a  chancre  proceeding  from  fuch  a  caufe. 
See  Lombard  fur  la  Maladie  Ven.  torn.  i.  p.  40. 

■  In  the  30th  and  3  i  It  vols,  of  the  Philofophical  Tranfaftions, 
Mr.  W.  Becket  publiflied  his  papers  in  fupport  of  the  anti- 
quity of  lues  venerea.  In  his  firft  differtation,  he  labours  to 
prove  that  a  venereal  gonorrhoea  was  known  in  England 
fome  ages  before  the  year  I4g4»  under  the  name  of  ardor, 
arfura,  incendium,  ifjc.  in  Englifh,  Irenning  or  burning,  of 
which,  indeed,  there  is  frequent  mention  made  by  Britifh 
hiftorians.  In  confirmation  of  this  opinion,  Mr.  Becket 
produces  authorities,  of  which  fome  are  earlier,  and  others 
later  than  the  year  1494,  the  period  when  lues  venerea  is 
generally  imagined  to  have  firfl  fhewn  itfelf  in  Europe. 

The  earlielt  of  thefe  authorities  being  the  moll  material, 
will  alone  be  noticed  by  us. 

I.  The  firll  is  a  manufcript  treatife  of  John  Arden,  an 
eminent  furgeon  in  England,  about  the  clofe  of  the  14th 
century.  In  this  book  mention  is  made  of  turning,  which, 
according  to  Becket,  is  defined  "  a  certain  inward  heat  and 
excoriation  of  the  urethra." 

a.   The    fecond    authority   refts    upon     certain     phyfical 
.pieces   fuppofed  to  have  been  written  about  the  years  1390 
and  1440.     Thefe  works  aie  faid  to  contain  fome  receipts 
for  the  cure  of  this  brenning,  both  in  men  and  women. 

3.  The  third  and  lall  that  we  fhall  notice  is  founded  upon 
the  manufcript.*,  rules,  and  ordinances  of  the  (lews,  which 
were  by  public  authority  allowed  to  be  kept  at  London,  in 
the  Borough  of  .Southwark,  under  the  controul  of  the  bifhop 
of  Winchefter.  Thefe  documents  are  fuppofed  to  have  been 
drawn  up  about  tlie  year  1430.  One  of  them  begins  thus  : 
"  Of  tliofe,  who  keep  women  having  a  wicked  infirmity," 
and  further,  it  is  ordered,  under  a  fcvere  penalty,   that  no 

Vox^  XXI. 


ftew-holder  keep  any  woman  "  wytliin  his  hous  that  liath 
any  fycknefs  of  brenning.'' 

The  celebrated  Dr.  Aflruc,  on  the  other  hand,  has  de- 
duced a  different  inference  from  thefe  productions,  without 
denying  that  they  may  be  authentic  ;  for  he  will  not  admit 
that  this  burning  was  the  fame  difeafe  as  a  venereal  gonor- 
rhcea,  or  that  a  venereal  gonorrhoea  \\'as  at  any  time  expreffed 
by  fuch  a  term.  His  arguments  are  fupported  by  confider- 
ations  of  the  following  kind. 

1.  The  leprofy  of  the  Arabians,  which  was  formerly  a 
common  difeafe  in  England,  as  well  as  in  other  parts  of 
Europe,  was  exceedingly  contagious  and  infectious  ;  and, 
therefore,  lepers  were,  by  fevt-ral  fevere  editts,  prohibited 
from  having  intercourfe  with  tlie  red  of  mankind. 

2.  In  cafe  any  perfon  had  carnal  knowledge  of  a  leprous 
woman,  the  leproly  was  communicated  to  him  by  almoft 
immediate  infedlion.  That  the  difeafe  was  thus  imparted, 
is  proved  by  Forelhi.%  Obf  Chirurg.  lib.  iv.  Obf  8.  Pal- 
marius  de  Elephantiafi,  cap  2.  Parous,  Op.  lib.  xic. 
cap.  8.  Fernelius  de  Partium  Morbis  et  Symtomatis,  lib.  vi. 
cap.  19.  Valefius  de  Taranta,  Philon.  7.  cap.  39.  Gor- 
don's Lilii  Partic.  i.   cap.  22. 

3.  When  the  cafe  did  not  turn  out  to  be  leprofv  in  the 
worll  form,  yet  the  pudenda  were  for  the  moft  part  affefted 
with  an  inflammation,  eryfipelas,  herpetic  or  miliary  exulce- 
rations,  cuticular  eruptions,  &c.  ;  whence  arofe  a  dyfuria, 
called,  in  old  language,  ardor,  arfura,  incendium,  caUfaSio, 
and,  in  Engiifli,  brenning. 

4.  In  confirmation  of  this  (latement,  Aflruc  cites  Theo- 
doric's  Chirurg.  lib.  vi.  cap.  ,5  ;  a  manufcript  treatife  on 
furgery,  intitled  Rogernia  ;  Gilbert's  Compend.  Medicin.  ; 
Glanville's  Breviarium  Medicinse,  lib.  ii.  cap.  4  ;  John  of 
Gaddifdeu's  Rofa  Anglica,  cap.  de  infecl.  ex  concubitu  cum 
leprofo  vel  'eprofa  ;  and,  lallly,  John  Manardus,  of  Ferrara, 
in  Epift.  Med.  lib.  vii. 

5.  All  thefe  writers  defcribe  the  complaints  caught  by- 
commerce  with  leprous  women,  and,  on  the  whole,  Aflruc 
infers  that  the  burning,  or  brenning,  referred  to  by  Mr/ 
Becket,  was  the  fame  dilorder  as,  according  to  the  doftor's 
authorities,  might  arife  from  conneftion  with  a  leprous 
woman,  or  one  who  had  lately  cohabited  with  a  leprous 
man.  As  for  the  nefanda  injirmitas,  mentioned  in  the  laws 
of  the  Hews,  Dr.  Allruc  conceives  it  mufl  have  been  the 
leprofy  itfelf.     De  Morb.  Venereis. 

We  fhall  not  follow  thefe  gentlemen  through  the  whole 
of  their  arguments.  The  mofl  important  are  fet  before  the 
reader,  and  he  mull  judge  of  them  himfelf.  That  difcharges 
from  the  urethra,  attended  with  heat  and  pain  in  making 
water,  muft  have  e.xilled  from  time  immemorial,  we  de- 
cidedly believe ;  becaufe  experience  has  well  proved  that 
fuch  coniplainls  may  often  proceed  from  caufes  which  are 
decidedly  not  venereal.  Nay,  it  is  even  a  queflion  among 
modern  furgeons,  wliether  any  claps  at  all  originate  from 
the  fame  poifon  as  lues  venerea.  This  point,  though  fo 
highly  interelling,  is  far  from  being  fettled  ;  and  notwith- 
flanding  the  fentiments  of  Mr.  Hunter,  we  think  the  argu- 
ments and  facls  at  prefent  on  record  are  rather  more  weighty 
in  favour  of  the  doi'lrine,  that  a  gonorrhoea  does  not  depend 
upon  the  fame  virus  as  fypliilis.  According  to  Fallopius, 
wliat  has  been  called  a  venereal  gonorrhoia  did  not  fhew 
itfelf  among  the  fvmptoms  of  this  difeafe  before  the  vear 
1545,  or  T546,  that  is,  above  ixhy  years  after  the  period 
commonly  affigned  for  the  firll  eruption  of  fyphilis.  (Traft. 
de  Morb.  Giillico,  cap.  23.)  Suppofing  that  a  gonorrhoea 
really  depended  on  the  fame  infcftious  matter,  is  it  credible 
that  the  complaint  fhould  never  occur  for  half  a  eenturr, 
during  all  wluch  time  chancres,  and  other  venereal  afxeftions, 
4D  are 


LUES   VENEREA. 


are  known  to  have  prevailed  to  a  very  great  extent  ?  As 
we  {hall  be  obliged  to  touch  upon  this  liibjeft  again,  and 
have  already  mentioned  it  in  the  article  Gonouuh(KA,  we 
(hall  not  piirfiie  it  at  prefent.  Tn  our  opinion,  Bcckct  has 
fully  proved  tiiat  inflanmiations,  difcharges,  &c.  exilled  long 
before  the  year  1494  ;  but  his  evidence  fails  in  ellablifliing 
tliat  they  were  adlually  venereal. 

Allruc  himfelF  has  very  fenfibly  remarked,  '•'  tliat  the 
genitals  are  no  lefs  fubjett  to  violent  difeafes  than  the  other 
parts  of  the  bodv,  that  they  are  equally  cxpofcd  to  all  the 
caufes  of  indilpofition,  and  that  they  enjoy  no  prerogative 
above  the  rell  to  guard  them  againll  the  attack  of  dillempcrs. 
From  the  very  infancy  of  phy-Cc,  and  long  before  the  vene- 
real difeafe  was  known,  feveral  writers  have  treated  at  large 
of  an  abfcefs,  ulcer,  cancer,  and  moitilication  in  the  genitals." 
(See  Galen,  lib.  vi.  de  locis  affectis,  cap.  f),  and  Cornelius 
Celfus,  lib.  ii.  cap.  j.  lib.  v.  cap.  20.  and  lib.  vi.  cap.  18.) 
Aftruc  alfo  quotes  the  hillorian  Flavins  .lofephus,  who,  in 
his  I'econd  book  againll  Apion,  related,  that  that  vile 
flandercr  of  the  Jews  was  affliftcd  with  an  ulcer  in  the 
penis,  of  which  difeafe,  after  feveral  incifions  to  no  purpofe, 
he  died  in  exquifite  torments,  the  genital  parts  being  mor- 
tified. And  again,  (Hill.  Jud.  lib.  xvii.  cap.  8.)  he  fays, 
that  Herod,  kmg  of  the  Jews,  died  confumptive  and  con- 
vulfed,  his  private  parts  being  putrelied  and  eaten  up  by 
worms.  Allruc  likewife  quotes  palTages  from  Eufcbius, 
Pliny,  and  other  ancient  authors,  fliewing,  beyond  all  doubt, 
that  complaints  and  difeafes  of  the  generative  organs  exilled 
and  prevailed  in  the  earliell  tmies.  The  phimolls,  paraphi- 
mofis,  and  hyperfarcofis,  or  caruncle  of  the  urethra,  among 
•)ther  cafes,  were  undoubtedly  known  to  the  Greek  phy- 
ficians  ;  but  then,  thefe  diforders  proceeded  from  an  ordi- 
nary caufe,  and  not  from  any  venereal  contagion,  as  will  be 
plain  to  any  one  who  will  take  the  trouble  to  confult  the 
old  writers. 

Difmiifing  the  idea  of  the  venereal  difeafe  being  fo  ancient 
as  fome  have  fuppofed,  let  us  examine  what  grounds  there 
are  for  believing  that  the  dole  of  the  fifteenth  century  was 
the  era,  when  the  diforder  firlt  commenced  its  ravages  in 
Europe. 

The  authorities  in  fupport  of  the  opinion,  that  the  venereal 
diftemper  lirll  made  its  appearance  in  this  quarter  of  the 
world  towards  the  latter  end  of  the  year  1494,  are  the 
united  ti-(limonies  of  all  the  medical  writers  who  at  that  time 
iloiirilhed  in  Italy,  and  who  could  not  confound  it  with  the 
leprofy,  which,  being  then  a  common  difeafe,  was  well 
known  to  them.  The  practitioners  of  that  period  were 
ailonilhed  at  the  novelty  of  the  malady  ;  and  finding,  from 
experience,  that  the  medicines,  which  were  ufually  given  in 
analogous  cafes,  proved  ineffectual,  were  at  a  lofs  what 
method  to  purfue,  and,  for  a  time,  gave  up  the  treatment 
into  the  hands  of  quacks. 

Jofeph  Grunpech,  a  German  phyfician,  pnblilhed,  in  the 
year  1496,  "  Traftatum  de  Peflilentiali  Scorrse,  five  Mala- 
de  Frantzos,"  in  which  he  affirms,  that  it  was  a  difeafe  fo 
lately  inflicled  on  mankind,  that  it  feemed  to  be  a  plague 
fent  down  from  heaven  ;  that  it  was  a  new  kind  of  difeafe, 
hatefid  to  nature,  a  molt  horrid  and  terrible  prodigy,  and 
altogether  unknown  to  mortals  before  that  time. 

Alexander  Benedict  of  Verona,  who  was  phyfician  in  the 
Venetian  army,  which  Charles  VIII.  of  France  deflroyed 
in  the  battle  of  Fornova,  in  the  year  1495,  and  therefore 
had  tl'"  opportunity  of  nbferving  the  firft  appearance  of  this 
new  difoafe,  alFerts  in  his  work,  "  De  omnibus  Morbis," 
publifhed  in  1496,  that,  "  by  the  venereal  contaft,  a  new 
French  difeafe,  or,  at  Icalt,  one  that  was  unknown  to  former 
f  hyiicians,  owing  to  the  peftiferous  alpeft  of  the  liars,  had 


bnrd  in  upon  them  from  the  wefl  ;"  and,  in  another  part  of 
his  work,  that  "  the  French  difeafe,  a  new  plague  whicii 
had  fprung  up  in  the  world,  contrtnfted  by  lying  together 
and  contaft,  was  reckoned  in  his  time  incurable." 

Nicolas  Lconicenus  of  Vicenv.a,  profelfor  of  phyfic  at 
Ferrara,  in  a  treatife,  which  he  wrote  in  1496,  "  De  Morbo 
Gallico,"  obferves,  that  "  new  difeafe;  had  appeared  in 
Italy,  which  were  unknown  to  former  ages,  after  the  man- 
ner of  the  lichcnis,  which,  according  to  Pliny,  Ilill.  Nat. 
lib.  xvi.  were  never  known  before  the  time  of  Claudius." 
Then  he  continues:  "  Something  like  this  has  happened  in 
this  age  ;  for  now  a  new  difeale,  of  an  unufual  nature,  has 
attacked  Italy,  and  feveral  other  coinitries ;  however,  this 
difeafe  has  obtained  no  proper  name  hitherto  by  our  prefent 
phylicians,  but  they  commonly  call  it  the  French  difeafe  ; 
as  if  the  contagion  had  been  imported  by  the  French  into 
Italy,  and  that  this  country  was  infelled  both  by  the  difeafe 
and  the  arms  of  France  at  the  fame  .time.  I,  for  my  part, 
am  forced  to  believe,  (nor,  indeed,  can  I  conceive  the  cafe 
to  be  otherwife,)  that  this  infeftious  difeafe,  which  has 
lately  fprung  up,  has  haraffed  this  prefent  age  as  it  never  did 
any  former  om." 

Coradinus  Gilinus,  in  his  "  Opufculum  de  Morbo  Gal- 
lico," begins  thus  : 

"  Lall  year  (1496)  a  very  violent  difeafe  attacked  great 
numbers  of  people,  both  in  Italy  and  on  the  other  fide  of 
the  mountain':,  which  the  Italians  call  the  Freneli  difeafe, 
affirming  that  the  French  introduced  it  into  Italy  ;  which 
the  French  call  tiie  Italian  or  Neapolitan  difeafe,  becaufe, 
they  fav,  they  were  firll  infetled  in  Italy,  and  elpecialiy  at 
Naples,  with  tliis  cruel  plague  ;  or,  becaufe  the  difeafe  ap- 
peared firll  in  Italy,  at  the  time  of  the  paffageof  the  French 
over  the  mountains.  And  as  this  difeafe  is  yet  unknown  to 
the  moderns,  and  there  have  been,  and  Ilill  fubfitt  great  de- 
bates about  it  amongll  phyficians,  I  have  therefore  deter- 
mined to  write  fomething  upon  it." 

Dr.  Allruc  further  confirms  the  opinion,  that  the  difeafe 
was  regarded  quite  as  a  novelty  at  the  clofe  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  by  numerous  other  citations  from  the  works  of  the 
medical  writers,  who  publifhed  within  a  moderate  fpaca 
after  that  period  :  as,  tor  inllance,  Bartholomew  Montag- 
nana,  Gafper  Torella,  Anthony  Bonevenius,  Wendelinua 
Hock  de  Brackenaw,  Jacobus  Cataneus,  Peter  Trapolinus, 
John  de  Vigo,  Peter  Maynard  of  Verona,  Ulrich  Utten,  a 
German  knight,  who  publifhed  his  own  cure  by  guaiacum, 
James  \\  Bothincourt,  Lawrence  Phrifius,  Peter  Andrew 
Matthioliis,  Alphonfus  Ferrus,  Jerome  Fracaflorius,  An- 
thony Mufa  Braflavolu?,  Gabriel  Fallopius,   kc. 

Not  only  is  the  foregoing  fiatement  corroborated  by 
medical  writers,  it  receives  additional  tcllimonials  from  fe- 
veral hifiorians ;  particularly  Mark  Anthony  Coccius  Sa- 
bellicus,  in  KhapCod.  Hill.  lib.  ix.  firfl  publidied  at  Venice 
in  IJ02  ;  Baptill  Fidgofiuf,  in  his  treatife  on  Memor- 
able Actions,  written  in  1509  ;  Jean  de  Bourdigne,  in  his 
Hiflory  of  the  Province  of  Aiijou,  publifhed  1529;  Guic- 
ciardini,  in  his  Hiflory  of  Italy,   5:c. 

That  the  venereal  difeafe  firll  began  to  make  ravages  in 
Europe,  and  in  particular  that  it  afHifted  many  foldiers  of 
the  army  of  Charles  VIII.  at  the  fiege  of  Naples,  towards 
the  clofe  of  the  fifteenth  century,  appears  then  to  be  proved 
beyond  difpute.  But  Ilill  other  qnellions  remain  for  deter- 
mination. Was  the  venereal  infeclion  originalJy  produced 
in  Italy?  or,  was  it  conveyed  thither  from  .America,  which 
had  been  difcovered  a  little  before  the  breaking  out  of  the 
dlilemper  in  Europe  ? 

We  learn  from  hillory,  that  the  new  world  was  firft  found 
out  by  Chriltopher  Columbus.     In  Augull  1492,  lie  fet 

fail 


LUES   VENEREA. 


fail  with  three  (flips  and  no  men,  arrived  at  Hifpaniola  in 
December  of  tlie  fame  year,  and  returned  to  Spain  in  March 
149;.  On  the  25th  of  September  following,  ho  departed 
from  Cadiz  again  with  1  7  fliips  and  i  yoo  men,  betides  ma- 
riners and  workmen  ;  and,  in  November,  he  arrived  once 
more  at  Hifpaniola.  In  the  following  year,  1494,  he  dif- 
patched  14  iTiips  back  to  Spain.  In  April  1494,  Barth. 
Columbus,  the  brother  of  Criftopher,  arrived  at  Hifpaniola 
with  three  fliips,  which  returned  to  Spain,  about  the  con- 
chifion  of  the  fame  year,  with  Pedro  de  Margarit,  a  Cata- 
lonian  gentleman,  and  father  Bayl,  a  Benedidine  monk: 
the  former  was,  at  that  time,  feverely  afflifted  with  the  ve- 
nereal difeafe.  In  Auguft  1494,  four  other  fhips  arrived  at 
Hifpaniola  from  Spain,  under  the  command  of  Antonio  de 
Torrez,  and  returned  at  the  fame  time  as  thoie  laft  fpecificd. 
LalUy,  in  Oclober  1495,  John  Aguado,  the  envoy  of  their 
Catholic  majefties,  came  to  Hifpaniola  with  four  (hips,  to 
inquire  into  the  crimes  of  which  Chrillopher  Columbus 
flood  accufed  ;  and,  the  year  following,  departed  for  Cadiz, 
where  he  arrived  with  Chriftopher  on  the  i  ith  of  June  1496, 
and  with  2co  foldiers,  who  were  infeftcd  with  the  venereal 
difeafe. 

The  firft  conveyance  of  this  didemper  from  the  Wed 
Indies  to  Europe,  by  the  followers  of  Columbus,  is  fup- 
ported  by  numerous  teftimoniei  ;  among  which  are  thofe  of 
Anthony  Mufa  BralTavolus,  John  Baptilla  Montanus, 
Gabriel  Fallopius,  and  Roderic  Diaz  Thelc  confirm  the 
difeafe  to  have  originated  in  the  Weft  Indies,  and  to  have 
been  brought  over  by  Columbus's  men  ;  that  it  appeared  in 
Spain  firit  in  1493,  at  Barcelona,  and  there  fpread  immedi- 
ately through  the  whole  city  ;  that,  in  Hifpaniola  and  the 
adjacent  Well  India  iflands,  the  difeafe  was  very  frequent 
and  familiar  to  the  natives,  who  had  found  out  an  antidote, 
called  guaiacum  wood  ;  and,  laftly,  that  the  diftemper  in 
America  was  milder  than  in  Europe,  where,  on  its  firll 
breaking  out,  it  was  undoubtedly  more  fevere  than  at  fub- 
fequent  periods. 

This  laft  circumftance  is  referred  by  fome  authors  to  the 
treatment  being  now  better  underftood,  and,  in  particidar, 
to  the  efficacy  of  mercury,  with  which  praftitioners  were  for- 
merly unacquainted  Others  appear  to  think  the  diftemper 
actually  milder  in  its  nature.  Mr.  Foot  entertains  the  firft 
of  thefe  opinions  ;  while  Aftruc  and  Sydenham  prufefs  the 
latter.  Our  own  ohfervations  have  induced  us  to  believe, 
that  the  difeafe  has  atluallv  become  fomewhat  milder  within 
the  laft  fifteen  years  :  for,  we  are  lure,  not  half  fo  many 
bad  and  fatal  cafes  are  now  met  with  in  the  London  hof- 
pitals,  as  were  feen  about  the  clofe  of  the  preceding  cen- 
tury. If  this  be  a  fuel,  it  cannot  be  afcribed  to  our  more 
fa^llllar  acquaintance  with  mercury,  though  it  may  perhaps 
be  imputed  to  better  treatment  :  for  there  cau  be  no  doubt 
that  many  cafes  have  been  exafperated  by  the  long,  unre- 
mitting, and  violent  faiivations,  which  the  old  furgeons, 
who  were  blinded  by  falfe  fear:  and  prejudices,  deemed  io 
eftential  to  the  radical  cure  of  the  diftemper. 

Thefe  is  only  one  other  fentiment,  which  we  have  to 
notice,  rcfpefting  the  firft  origin  of  fyphilis,  namely,  that 
it  was  not  brought  from  the  Weft  Indies,  but  began  in 
Europe,  as  an  epidemical  afFeftion.  Mr.  Hunter  ieems  in- 
clined to  think,  that  the  diftemper  did  not  originally  come 
from,  the  Weft  Indies ;  and  he  was  led  into  this  perfuafion 
by  reading  a  ftiort  treatife,  entitled,  "  A  Didertation  on  the 
Origin  of  the  Venereal  Difeafe  ;  proving,  that  it  was  not 
brought  f'om  America,  but  began  in  Europe  from  an  epi- 
demical Diftemper.  Tranilated  from  the  original  Manu- 
fcript  of  an  emment  Phvfician.  Loudon,  printed  for  Robert 
GrilE'.Ls,    iJSi-" 


In  our  opinion,  however,  Aftruc  has  adduced  abundajit 
proofs  of  the  diftemper  having  exifted  in  Hifpaniola,  before 
it  was  at  all  known  in  Europe  ;  and  he  has  explained,  as  fa- 
tisfadlorily  as  can  reafonably  be  expected,  how  the  difeafe 
was  conveyed  from  the  Weft  Indies  to  Barcelona  in  1493, 
and  to  Italy  fhortly  afterwards. 

The  fuhject,  whiih  we  are  about  to  quit,  is  highly  in- 
terefting  ;  though  the  time  that  has  now  elapfed,  fince  the 
commencement  of  lues  venerea  in  Europe,  forbids  any  ad- 
vantageous inveftigations  of  the  controverted  points.  That 
the  ancient  leprofy  could  not  be  fyphilis.  Dr.  Aftruc  has 
entirely  fatisfied  us  ;  and  we  join  him  in  the  belief  that  th« 
latter  difeafe  was  originally  imported  into  Europe  from  the 
Weft  Indies.  It  is  unqueflionably  a  matter  of  infinite  cu- 
riofity,  that  the  leprofy,  common  as  it  was  in  former  times, 
Ihonld  fcarcely  ever  have  made  its  appearance  after  the  ve- 
nereal difeafe  fpread  over  Etirope  ;  but  this  may  not  be 
more  curious  and  unaccountable  than  the  departure  of  the 
plague,  and  the  accefs  of  the  fmall-pox.  See  Aftruc  De 
Morbis  Venereis,  and  Foot  on  Lues  Venerea. 

General  Obferimticiis. — As  Mr.  Hunter  has  remarked,  in 
whatever  manner  the  difeafe  arofe,  it  certainly  began  in  the 
human  race  ;  for  we  know  of  no  other  animal  that  is  capable 
of  being  infeiied  with  this  poifon.  It  is  probable,  too,  that 
the  parts  of  generation  were  the  firft  affected  ;  for  if  the 
diforder  had  occurred  in  any  other  part  of  the  body,  it 
might  probably  never  have  gone  further  than  the  perfon  in 
whom  it  firft  arofe,  and,  therefore,  never  have  excited  public 
attention  ;  but  as  it  was  feated  in  the  parts  of  generation, 
where  the  only  natural  connexion  takes  place  between  one 
human  being  and  another,  except  that  between  the  mother 
and  child,  it  was  in  the  moft  favourable  fituatiou  for  being 
propagated.  Befides,  as  no  conftitutional  effeft  of  the  poifon 
can  impart  the  difeafe  to  others,  we  are  obhged  to  conclude 
that  the  firft  effefts  were  local. 

We  know  little  about  the  fyphilitic  poifon,  if  we  exclude 
from  confiJeration  its  effefts  upon  the  human  body.  It  is 
commonly  in  the  form  of  pus,  or  united  with  pus,  or  fome 
fuch  fecretion,  and,  when  applied  to  parts,  it  has  the  pe- 
culiarity of  giving  rife  to  a  procefs,  in  which  is  produced 
matter  of  fimilar  qualities  to  its  own.  In  moft  cafe.-;,  it  ex- 
cites an  inflammatien  in  the  parts  contaminated  :  but  there  is- 
not  finiplv  inflammation  ;  a  peculiar  mode  of  aftion  is  fuper- 
added,  different  from  all  other  aftions  attending  inflamma- 
tion ;  and,  according  to  Mr.  Hunter,  it  is  this  fpecific  mode 
of  adion  that  produces  the  fpecific  quality  in  the  matter. 
The  peculiar  mode  of  aftioii,  however,  may  exift  without 
tlie  prefence  of  inflammation  :  at  Icaft,  this  inference  is 
drawn,  fince  the  poifon  continues  to  be  formed,  and  a 
healing  chancre  will  comrsunicate  the  difeafe  to  another 
perfon. 

The  formation  of  matter,  alfo,  though  a  very  general,  is 
not  a  conftant  attendant  on  this  difeafe  ;  for  fometimes  the 
fyphi'itic  poifon  produces  a  kind  of  inflammation,  which 
does  not  terminate  in  fuppuration.  But,  according  to  Mr. 
Hunter,  no  venereal  poifon  can  exift,  unlels  matter  is 
formed.  A  perfon,  therefore,  having  the  venereal  irritation 
in  any  form,  not  attended  with  a  difcliargc,  cannot  com- 
municate the  difeafe  to  another.  To  impart  the  diforder, 
the  venereal  action  muft  firft  have  taken  place;  matter  muft 
have  been  formed  in  confeqwence  of  that  adlion  ;  and  fuch 
matter  mutt  be  applied  to  the  perfon  who  is  to  be  infefted. 
We  have  no  examples  of  this  diftemper  being  communicated 
by  vapour,  or  effluvia,  like  many  other  difeafes. 

Mr.  Hunter  believed,  that  the  circumftance  of  the  virus   ' 
being  more  or  lefs  diluted,  m  different  cales,  is  not  the  caufe 
of  any  variety  in  the  eifefls  produced,  provided  the  dilutica 
4  D  e  * 


LUES   VENEREA. 


is  not  fo  confiderable  as  to  prevent  the  poifon  from  having 
any  aftion  at  all.  The  fame  matter  appears  to  affeft  very 
differently  different  people  ;  ami  the  diverlity  of  the  fymp- 
toms  is,  therefore,  attributed  to  caufes  exilUng  in  the  con- 
ftitution  and  habit. 

In  treating  of  GoNOltliHCEA,  we  have  adverted  to  the  long 
difputed  queilion,  whether  the  virus  of  that  diieafe  is  of  the 
fame  nature  as  that  which  gives  rile  to  lues  venerea  ? 
We  have  there  explained  Mr.  Himter's  reafons  for  believing 
in  the  identity  of  the  two  poifons,  and  niciilioned  the 
motives  which  have  hitherto  kept  us  from  givin.;  eredit  to 
thedoftrme.  Mr.  Hunter  declares  that  he  has  fcen  all  the 
fymptoms  of  lues  venerea  originate  from  gonorrhiea  only  ; 
that  he  had  even  produced  venereal  chancres  by  inoculat- 
ing with  the  matter  of  gonorrhosa  ;  and  that  he  had  repeated 
thefe  experiments  in  a  manner  in  which  he  could  not  be  de- 
ceived. (On  the  Ven.  Difcafe,  p.  293,  &c.)  He  has  re- 
ferred the  different  effefls  of  the  virus,  in  thefe  cafes,  to 
the  difference  in  the  nature  of  the  parts  affefted.  He  main- 
tains that  the  matter  of  a  chancre  will  produce  either  a  go- 
norrhoea, a  chancre,  or  the  lues  venerea.  Suppofing  the 
poifon  to  be  the  fame  both  m  the  chancre  and  gonorrhaa, 
why  do  not  thefe  complaints  always  happen  together  in  the 
fame  perfon  ?  For  one  would  naturally  think  that  the  gonor- 
rhoea, when  it  has  appeared,  could  not  fail  to  become  the 
caufe  of  a  chancre  ;  and  that  fuch  fore,  when  it  happens 
firll,  muft  produce  a  gonorrhoea.  Mr.  Hunter  believes  that 
this  fometimes  really  occurs,  although  he  confeffes  it  is  only 
feldom  ;  and  he  fufpefts  that  the  prefence  of  one  irritation 
in  general  becomes  a  preventive  of  the  other. 

The  experiments  made  by  Mr.  Hunter  with  the  matter  of 
gonorrhoea  and  chancre,  have  been  repeated  with  a  different 
refult.  (See  B.  Bell  on  Lues  Venerea,  chap,  i.)  On  the 
other  hand,  the  defenders  of  Mr.  Hunter's  opinion  contend, 
that  we  cannot  wonder  at  this  contrariety,  when  we  coniider 
from  how  many  caufes  gonorrhoea  may  arife,  and  how  im- 
poffible  it  is  to  diftinguilh  the  venereal  from  any  other.  See 
Adams  on  Morbid  Poifons,  p.  91,  edit.  3. 

Having  already  touched  upon  this  controverted  fubjeft, 
in  fpeakiugof  Gonoirhma,  we  Ihall  here  refrain  froin  comment- 
ing on  the  arguments  adduced  againft  the  identity  of  the 
virus,  from  mercury  being  requifite  for  the  cure  of  chancres, 
and  not  neceffary  in  the  treatment  of  gonorrhoea.  Neither 
fhall  we  expatiate  on  the  afferted  experiment,  that  venereal 
matter,  applied  to  the  urethra,  will  produce  a  chancre  in 
that  canal,  and  not  fimply  a  difcharge.  We  wifh,  however, 
in  this  place,  to  call  the  reader's  attention  again  to  the  circum- 
ftance  of  gonorrhoea  not  being  defcribed  as  a  fymptom  of 
fyphilis,  till  nearly  half  a  century  after  the  other  fymptoms  of 
the  venereal  difeafe  were  known.  Fallopius  was  the  firll  who 
fet  down  a  clap  as  an  effeft  of  the  fyphihtic  virus.  The  faift  of 
gonorrhcea  not  having  been  remarked  as  a  fymptom  of  lues 
venerea  till  fo  long  a  time  after  this  laft  difeafe  had  been 
known,  has  been  brought  forward  as  another  argument 
againft  the  identity  of  tlie  poifons  from  which  thefe  difor- 
ders  arife.  *^  late  writer  endeavours  to  place  this  matter  in 
a  very  different  point  of  view,  remarking;,  that  if  the  vene- 
real gonorrhoea  remained  unnoticed  till  fifty  years  after  the 
other  forms  of  the  difeafe  were  defcribed  ;  what  does  this 
prove,  but  that  confagious  gonorrhoea  was  fo  common,  as 
to  be  difregarded  as  a  fymptom  of  the  new  complaint?  Can 
there  be  a  doubt  (lays  Dr.  Adams),  from  the  caution  given 
by  Mofes,  that  gonorrhoea  was  conlidered  as  contagious  in 
his  days  ?  During  the  claffical  age  we  find  inconveniences 
of  the  urinary  paffages  were  imputed  to  incontinence,  and 
the  police  of  feveral  ftates,  before  the  Cege  of  Naples,  made 
laws  for  preferving  the  health  of  fuch  as  would  content  them- 


felves  with  public  ftews,  inllead  of  difturbing  the  peace  of 
families. 

In  the  opinion  of  the  foregoing  author,  this  is  enough  to 
leffen  our  furprife  that  gonorrhoea  ffiould  be  urnoticed  for 
fome  time  after  the  appearance  of  the  venereal  difeafe.  But, 
according  to  his  fentiments,  fo  far  is  it  from  proving  thi.-  dif- 
ference of  the  two  contagions,  that  the  faireft  inference  we 
can  draw  is  in  favour  of  their  identity.  For,  if  fifty  years 
after  the  breaking  out  of  fyphilis,  this  difeafe  began  to  be 
(o  far  underllood,  that  fecondary  fymptoms  were  found  to 
be  the  confequence  of  primary  ones  in  the  genitals,  it  is  molt 
probable  that  the  lirft  fufpicion  of  venereal  gonorrhoea  arofe 
from  the  occurrence  of  Inch  fecondary  appearances,  where 
no  other  primary  fymptoms  could  be  traced.  Adams  on 
Morbid  Poifons,  p.  95,  edit.  j. 

We  are  glad  that  this  gentleman  does  not  mean  thefe  ob- 
fervations  to  afford  any  material  fuppiTt  to  an  argument, 
which,  as  he  acknowledges,  refts  on  the  bafn  of  experiment. 
Every  one  will  coincide  with  him  that  gcrorrhoeas  muft 
have  prevailed  from  time  immemorial,  and  hence,  perhaps, 
were  not  regarded  as  a  novelty,  or  even  fiifpefted  of  being 
fyphilitic  for  many  years  after  the  firft  breaking  out  of 
lues  venerea  in  Europe.  Nor  fhall  we  difpuie  the  probabi- 
lity o  Dr.  Adams's  conjecture,  that  the  occurrence  of  fe- 
condary venereal  fymptoms,  w  here  no  primary  ones  could 
be  traced,  excepting  a  gonorrhcea,  caufed  this  lall  complaint 
to  fall  under  the  lufpicion  of  being  itfelf  lyphilitic.  In 
thefe  points  we  rather  agree  with  the  anther  ;  but  we  can- 
not perceive  how  they  at  all  wa.rant  an  inference  in  favour  of 
the  identity  of  the  virus  of  the  two  difeafes.  The  antiquity 
of  gonorrhoeas  certainly  v. eighs  againft  fuch  opir.ion,  inaf- 
much  as  it  proves  that  fome  fpecies  of  claps  prevailed  when 
the  venereal  difeafe  was  unknown,  and  could  not  pofilhly 
have  any  fliare  in  their  ori>)in.  The  filence  of  medical  writers 
for  fifty  years  after  the  venereal  difeafe  was  known,  in  re- 
gard to  gonorrhoea  being  a  fymptom  of  it,  undoubtedly  mi- 
litates againft  the  identity  of  the  virus  producing  thele  afr 
feCtions,  fince  it  tends  at  leaft  to  prove  that  pradti'ioners 
were  unable  all  that  time  to  difcern  any  evidence  in  proof  of 
the  gonorrhoea  depending  upon  the  fame  poifon  as  lues  Tene- 
rea.  And  when  the  occurrence  of  fecondary  fymptoms,  ap- 
parently unpreceded  by  any  primary  ones,  excepting  a  go- 
norrhoea, firll  gave  rife  to  t!ie  fuppofition  of  this  lall  affedion 
being  itfelf  fyphilitic,  the  notion  might  be  erroneous,  and  the 
fecondary  venereal  complaints  admit  of  explanation  in  another 
way.  Among  the  received  doftrines  concerning  lues  venerea, 
the  poffibilityof  the  fypliihtic  virus  being  abforbed  from  the 
furface  of  the  body,  without  any  ulceration  of  the  (]<in, 
feems  to  have  gained  the  general  affent  of  modern  prafti- 
tioners.  In  this  manner  buboes,  fore  throats,  nodes,  erup- 
tions, and  other  fecondary  venereal  fymptoms,  may  be  occa- 
fioned.  Such  ablorption  is  the  more  likely  to  occur  where 
the  cuticle  is  moill  and  thin.  Many  cafes,  where  ni-ither 
gonorrhaea  nor  chancre  has  exifted,  can  be  explained  in  no 
other  way  ;  unlefs,  indeed,  we  fuppofe  the  fore  to  have  been 
fo  trivial,  and  to  have  healed  fo  quickly,  as  to  have  efcaped 
the  patient's  notice  or  recollection.  Secondary  venereal 
fymptoms  may  be  produced  in  either  of  thefe  modes,  and 
yet,  though  no  chancre  can  be  traced,  and  a  gonorrhcea,  as 
happening  to  be  a  previous  maladv,  falls  under  fufpicion  of 
being  the  original  caufe  of  the  conllitutional  complaints,  the 
notion  may  be  on  the  above  account  entirely  erroneous. 

We  are  aware  of  the  fentiment  entertained  by  Dr.  Adams 
and  many  other  prattitioners,  that  it  is  the  nature  of  a  chan- 
cre to  increale  in  all  diredlions  till  mercury  is  exhibited. 
However  true  this  may  be  as  a  general  obfervation,,  few  fur- 
geons  of  extenfive  experience  will  be  perfuaded  that  there  are 

no 


LUES  VENEREA. 


no  exceptions.  We  have  heard  it  confe/Ted  by  a  furgcon, 
vlio  has  feen  as  much  of  the  venereal  dilpafe  ab  any  man, 
that  fypliihtic  fores,  inftead  of  fpreaJing  to  an  iinHmifd 
extent,  will  i'ometimes  heal  up  without  a;i\  mercury  beinp 
given,  the  difoafc  afterwards  breaking  out,  however,  in  another 
form.  B^fides,  who  C'li  doubt  that  guaiacum,  ;ind  tome 
other  remedies,  have  heakd  venereal  f.'res,  thout;h  they 
mav  not  have  extirpated  the  difeafe  in  Inch  manner  as  to 
hinder  the  accefs  of  future  mifchief?  We  (h;'Uprefently  find, 
on  the  authority  of  Mr.  Pearfon,  that  even  bark,  and  other  ar- 
ticles, will  make  primary  venereal  complaints  give  v.ay, 
without  the  afliilanee  of  mercury.  Mr.  Clutterbuck,  in  a 
letter  addreffed  to  Dr.  Adams,  makc^  the  following  re- 
marks :  "  I  have  feen  cafes  whicli  induce  me  "o  believe  that 
the  venereal  difeafe,  in  fome  of  its  ftaj^es,  and  in  certain 
circumllances,  may  get  well  without  mercury,  or  any  other 
remedy.  But  this  is  contrary  to  the  dodriiie  of  Mr. 
Hunter,  who  fuppofed  that  venereal  aftions  go  on  increafing, 
without  any  tendency  to  wear  theinf-lves  out. 

"  That  ues  venerea  is  much  iiodiiied  by  climate  and  other 
circumllances,  is  generally  allowed  ;  tliat  it  has  been  cured 
by  other  means  than  mercury,  we  have  alfo  very  fufEcient 
evide-nce  in  the  older  writers  on  the  fubjecl  :  not  to  mention 
the  late  fuccefsful  trials  with  acids  and  other  fubitances." 
See  Remarks  on  f.-me  of  the  Opinions  of  John  Hunter^ 
&c.  by  Henry  Clutterbuck,  p.  27. 

Dr.  Adams  informs  us,  that  according  to  the  laws  of 
morbid  poifons,  when  a  chancre  has  exided  and  been  cured, 
a  perpetual  memorial  of  the  event  muft  be  left,  becaufe  the 
fore  heals  without  granulations.  In  prafticc,  we  have  fo 
frequently  feen  this  obfervation  contradidied,  that  we  are 
fomewhat  furprized  at  its  ever  having  been  advanced.  Chan- 
cres are  not  only  often  filled  up  by  granulatinns  before  be- 
coming covered  with  (Icin  ;  but  there  is  aftually  a  redun- 
dance of  luch  new  fubftance,  and  we  are  obliged  to  reprefs 
it  with  lunar  cauftic.  Mr.  Clutterbuck  has  remarked,  in  his 
letter  to  Dr.  Adams,  "  With  rcfped  to  what  you  fuppofe  a 
law  of  m  :rbid  poifons,  that  lofs  of  fubftance  in  their  primary 
ulcers  is  never  fupplied,  but  that  fl<inning  takes  place  imme- 
diately, as  foon  as  the  poifon  ceafes  to  aci,  'Ahlit,  in  the  fe- 
condary  ulcers  of  thcfe  difeafes  grar.u'aticns  as  conftantly 
take  place  and  fupply  the  loft  f.bftancc  ;  I  fufpeft  the  dif- 
ference to  be  r;jther  owing  to  the  nature  of  the  afFcCled 
parts,  according  to  the  greater  or  Icfs  readinefs  with  which 
they  take  on  nnd  complete  the  healing  procefs.  Thus,  for 
iuflauce,  in  .he  confluent  fijiail-pox,  the  face  alone  fuffers 
materially  from  pitting,  though  the  ll<in  on  o^ber  parts  has 
been  equally  crowded  with  puftules,  &c  The  traces  of 
previous  chancre  are  much  more  vifibie  on  the  glans  than  on 
the  prepuce.''  P.  71. 

Thefe  and  other  reflections,  ftated  in  the  article  Gonor- 
RHCE.\,  make  us  difbelieve  in  the  identity  of  the  virus  of  this 
malady  and  lues  venerea,  as  well  as  the  poffibihty  of  fecondary 
venereal  fvmptoms  ever  in  reality  being  the  conlequence  of 
any  kind  of  gonorrhcca. 

The  Huntcnan  doctrines  refpefting  lues  venerea  produced 
a  fudden  and  conliuera'  le  revolution  in  the  theories  concern- 
ing the  nature  and  treatment  of  this  diftemper  ;  and,  as  they 
are  ftiU  highly  luterc'.ing,  and  continue  to  have  vail  in- 
fluence over  modern  pr.iCtice,  we  feel  it  our  duty  to  enter  a 
Lttle  further  into  the  explanation  of  them. 

The  effeifs  produced  by  the  venereal  poifon  appeared  to 
Mr.  Hunter  to  arife  from  its  peculiar  or  fpecific  irritation, 
joined  with  the  aptnefs  of  the  living  principle  to  be  irritated 
by  fuch  a  cauie,  and  the  part  fo  irritated  acting  accordingly. 
He  therefore  confidered  it  as  a  poifon,  which,  by  irritating 


the  living  parts  in  a  manner  pecnhar  to  itfelf,  produced  an 
inflammation  pecuhar  to  that  irritation,  and  occafioned  the 
formation  of  a  fpecific  kind  of  maner,  'hat  could  alone  arife 
from  that  particular  fort  of  infl?,nim< -i-jn.      P.  10. 

The  following  feems  to  us  a  very  fair  fummary  of  the 
prmcipal  opinions  promulgated  by  this  philofophical  and  ori- 
gu;A  charafter,  on  the  fubir-ft  of  hies  venerea. 

1.  That  the  venereal  poifon,  being  taken  into  the  fyflem, 
becomes  univcrfally  diffufcd,  and  con'arriinates  fuch  pans  95 
arc  fiiiceptible  of  the  venereal  adion  ;  nnd  tha'  ii  is  foon 
afterwards  expelled  the  fyftem,  along  with  fon.e  of  ihe  ex- 
cretions. 

2.  That  the  parts  contamina'cd  do  not  immediately  go 
into  venereal  aclion  ;  but  that  they  acquire  a  new  ftatc,  or 
condition,  which  is  termed  a  d'ljpofuiijn  to  take  on  the  vene- 
real aftion. 

3.  That  the  number  of  parts  contamirated  does  not  de- 
pend on  the  quantity  orftrength  of  -he  viru    abforbed. 

4.  That  the  difpojilion  once  formed  in  a  part,  necefTarily 
goes  on  to  aftion  at  fome  future  period. 

5.  That  mercury  can  cure  the  venereal  aaion  ;  but  cannot 
remove  the  difpofttion  whieh  has  been  previoufly  formed,  and 
has  not  yet  come  into  aftion. 

6.  That  although  mercury  does  not  deftroy  the  difpo. 
fition  already  formed,  yet  that  it  prevents  it  from  form- 
ing- 

7.  That  a'lhou^h  the  difpofition  continues,  it  does  not  go 
into  aftion  during  the  ufe  of  mercury. 

8.  That  the  aftion,  Iiaving  once  taken  place,  goes  on  in- 
creafing, without  wea  ing  itielf  out. 

9.  That  parts  once  cured  never  become  contaminated 
again  from  the  fame  ftock  of  infeiflion. 

10.  That  the  matter  of  the  fecondary  ulcer  is  not  in- 
feftious. 

H.  That  the  venereal  aftion  is  as  foon  deftroyed  in  a 
large  chancre  as  in  a  fmall  one,  the  mercury  aAing  equally 
on  every  part  of  the  lore. 

We  (hall  now  endeavour  to  defcribe  the  different  forms 
in  which  fyphilis  prefents  itfelf  to  our  notice  ;  we  fhall  thea 
introduce  fome  general  obfervations  on  the  treatment  of  the 
dileafe  ;  and  afterwards  conclude  with  fuch  remarks  as  feem- 
necefTary  'o  convey  the  requifite  information  refpe6king  the- 
manage'Tient  of  each  particular  cafe. 

Of  Chancres  — Whatever  may  be  the  efFeft  arifing  from 
the  application  of  venereal  matter  to  a  fecreting  furface  un- 
covered with  cuticle,  whether  gonorrhcca,  as  Mr.  Hunter 
reprefents,  or  a  fyphilitic  lore,  as  Mr.  B.  Bell  has  a(rerted,it 
is  admitted  by  all  parties,  that  when  the  venereal  virus  is 
applied  to  any  part  of  the  common  Ikin,  a  peculiar  fore, 
called  a  chancre,  is  apt  to  be  occafioned.  This,  which  is 
the  primary  venereal  ulcer,  is  generally  caught  on  the  parts 
of  generation,  111  conlequence  of  a  connection  between  the 
fexes ;  but  any  part  of  the  body  may  be  affefted  by  the 
apphcation  of  venereal  matter,  efpecially  if  the  cuticle  i» 
thni.  In  men,  chancres  ufu.dly  occur  upon  the  franum, 
glans  penis,  prepuce,  or  upon  the  common  il<in  of  the  body 
of  the  penis,  the  moft  frequent  fituation  being  the  fra»num, 
or  corona  glandis.  The  reafon  why  chancres  commonly 
affeft  thefe  parts  depends  upon  the  manner  in  which  fuct 
fo.-es  are  caught,  and  not  upon  any  greater  fpecific  ten- 
dency in  the  parts  to  catch  'the  dileale,  than  exifts  m  other 
fituations.  They  affedl  the  fnenura  thus  frequently,  becaufe 
that  I;  ;rt  is  irregular,  and  the  inteftious  matter  is  apt  to  lie 
undi  urbed  in  the  folds,  by  which  means  it  has  time  to 
irri'die  and  inltame  the  place  where  it  lodges,  and  to  pro- 
duce  there  the  fuppurative  and  ulcerative  inflammation.     On 

8  t}«. 


LUES  VENEREA. 


■ftie  other  TianJ,  fince  the  matter  is  eafily  rubbed  off  pro- 
■aiincnt  parts  by  every  thintr  that  touches  them,  they  oftener 
cfcape  the  diloafe.  In  lefs  common  initances,  chancres  are 
■feen  on  the  fcrotum,  and  even  on  the  (kin  of  the  pubcs. 

In  women,  cliancres  moftly  take  place  on  the  labia  and 
nymphs.  In  a  few  examples  they  are  met  with  on  the 
perinoum.  They  arc  generally  formed  on  the  inner  furface  of 
the  labia,  thongh  fometimes  juft  on  their  edge,  or  even  on 
their  outfide.  Cliancres  have  been  oblerved  in  the  vagina  ; 
in  thcfe  cafes  Mr.  Hunter  fufpefted,  that  the  fores  never 
occupy  ftich  llluatidn  originally  ;  but  arife  there  from  the 
Ipreading  of  ulcers  on  the  infide  of  the  labia.  In  women 
■the  ulcenitions.  are  apt  to  be  more  numerous  than  in  men, 
becaufe  tlie  furtacc,  lor  the  occurrence  of  chancres,  is  more 
e-^teiifive. 

From  what  has  already  been  obferved,  it  mull  be  o!)vious, 
■that  chancres  may  be  caught  in  other  ways  befides  coition. 
Whenever  venereal  matter  accidentally  comes  into  contaft 
'with  any  part  of  the  (km,  where  a  fore,  cut,  or  fcratch 
cnifts,  or  whenever  fuch  matter  is  applied  where  the  cuticle 
is  thin  and  moid,  a  chancre  is  likely  to  be  the  confequence. 
Mr.  Hunter  faw  on  the  red  part  of  the  lip  a  chancre,  which 
was  as  broad  as  a  fi.xpence,  and  caught  the  patient  knew 
■rot  how;  it  was  attended  with  bubo  under  the  jaw,  and 
might  have  been  the  confequeuce  of  infectious  matter  inad- 
vertently conveyed  to  the  part  by  the  patient's  own  hngcrs. 
(  P.  217.)  In  Dr.  W.  Hunter's  leflures,  mention  ufed  to  be 
-made  of  a  midwife  in  exter.five  praftice,  who,  having  caught 
■a  chancre  on  her  right  fore-hnger  in  examining  a  pregnant 
woman  that  had  the  difeafe,  infcfted  no  kis  than  eighty 
other  women  in  the  courfe  of  her  bufinefs.  That  lurgeons 
occafionally  catch  chancres  by  venereal  matter  lodging  in  a 
•flight  cut,  or  fcratch,  on  their  hands  or  fingers,  is  univerfally 
known. 

It  does  not  follow,  as  a  matter  of  certainty,  that  becaufe 
•venereal  matter  has  been  applied  to  the  furface  of  the  body, 
a  chancre  is  lure  to  enfue.  The  thicknefs  of  the  cuticle,  no 
jdaubt,  frequently  hinders  infeftion,  and  the  difeafe  is  often 
prevented  by  the  matter  being  waftied  or  rubbed  away.  It 
-is  believed,  that  fome  perfons  cohabit  with  difeafed  women 
with  little  rifle,  and  we  are  toM  they  are,  for  the  mofl  part, 
-ilroiig  fubjefts,  with  a  fhort  prepuce,  and  of  courfe  thegians 
always  uncovered. 

It  is  a  circumftance  worthy  of  attention,  that  when  a 
■chancre  is  caught  upon  the  hands  or  fingers,  as  related 
above,  the  virus  leems  conltantly  to  operate  more  power- 
fully than  when  fuch  a  fore  is  formed  m  one  of  the  ufual 
fituations.  "  I  know  a  midwife,"  favs  Svvediaur,  "  who 
having  been  infected  in  this  manner  feveral  years  ago,  Pill 
fuffers  from  the  dileafe ;  and  we  have  another  inftance  in 
this  metropolis  of  an  eminent  male  practitioner  in  the  fame 
art.  who,  by  delivering  an  infe<iled  woman  got  ulcers  in  his 
hand,  and  at  this  preient  time  llill  laboiu'S  under  the  confe- 
quences,  though  it  is  now  three  years  fince  he  received  the 
iufeiliopi.  I  know  a  gentleman,  who  wounding  his  linger 
by  accident  with  a  pen-knife,  expofed  it  the  fame  evening  to 
infection,  without  'fufpe<5ting  any  bad  confequences ;  the 
uound  changed  in  two  days  to  a  very  bad  venereal  ulcer, 
-accompanied  with  a  painful  and  obftiuate  fwelling  of  the 
whole  arm,  together  with  a  bubo  under  the  arm-pit,  and 
fymptoms  of  a  general  infection."  Praftical  Obfervations 
jon  Venereal  Complaints,  p.  194,  edit.  1. 

The  time,  which  elapfes  between  the  application  of  tlie 
virus  ar.d  the  appearance  of  a  chancre,  is  exceedingly  dif- 
ferent in  difi'ereiit  cafes,  depending  however,  in  fome  mea- 
sure, uu  the  nature  of  the  part  affected.     According  to  Mr. 


Huntqr,  the  difeafe  generally  begins  earlier  in  the  franiim, 
or  termination  of  the  prepuce  in  the  glans,  than  on  the  glans 
itfell,  the  fcrotum,  or  ihecomuron  flcin  of  the  penis.  This 
celelirated  furgcon  was  acquainted  with  examples,  in  whi«li 
chancres  made  their  appearance  as  early  as  twenty-four  hours 
after  infeftion  ;  but  on  tiie  other  hand,  he  mentions  inftanccs 
in  which  fuch  fores  did  not  begin  till  feven  or  eight  weeks 
after  the  application  of  the  virus. 

The  inflammation  which  precedes  a  chancre,  like  mofl 
other  inflammations  which  terminate  in  ulcers,  begins  firlt 
with  an  itching  in  the  part.  If  it  is  the  glans  that  is  in- 
flamed, a  fmall  pimple  generally  appear*  full  of  matter, 
without  much  liardnefs,  or  feeming  inflammation,  and  with 
very  little  tumefadtion,  the  glans  not  fwelling  fo  much  from 
inflammation  as  many  other  parts  do,  efpecially  the  prepuce. 
Chancres  on  the  glans  are  alfo  lefs  painful  and  annoying  than 
thofe  on  the  prepuce.  When,  however,  an  ulcer  of  this 
kind  affefts  the  froenum,  or  in  particular  the  prepuce,  the 
inflammation  is  more  extenfive  and  viiible.  The  itching 
gradually  changes  into  pain.  In  fome  cafes  the  furface  of 
the  prepuce  is  lirfl  excoriated,  and  ulceration  afterwards 
takes  place;  while,  in  other  inftanccs,  a  fmall  pimple  or 
abfcefs  is  the  forerunner  of  the  ulcers  as  on  the  glans.  The 
fore  becomes  furrounded  by  a  thickening,  which,  at  firft, 
and  while  of  the  true  venereal  kind,  is  very  circiunfcribcd, 
and  iiiftead  of  diftufing  ilfelf  imperceptibly  into  tlie  fur- 
rounding  parts,  has  rather  an  abrupt  termination.  The 
bafe  of  a  chancre  is  hard,  and  the  edges  fomewhat  promi- 
nent. ^\^len  the  fore  begins  on,  or  near  the  fra;num,  it 
often  happens  that  this  p^rt  is  quite  deftroyed,  or  elfe  a 
hole  is  made  through  it  by  the  ulceration.  Hunter, 
p.  2i8,  219. 

The  indurated  bafe,  or  furrounding  thickening  of  a 
chancre,  is  a  moft:  remarkable  fymptom,  and  one  to  which 
fiirgical  writers  exhort  us  to  pay  confiderable  attention  ; 
for  if  the  chancre  heal,  and  a  hardnefs  remain,  it  will  either 
break  out  again,  when  the  eonftitution  becomes  infeftcd,  or 
the  hardnels  will  ftill  be  increafed,  as  ominous  and  indicative 
of  a  conftitutional  infeftion.  "  This  fymptom,  therefore, 
will  always  explain,  by  its  prefence,  that  the  local  infeftion 
is  not  radically  removed  ;  and  by  its  abfence  that  it  is."  If, 
by  embracing  the  part,  which  was  the  feat  of  the  chancre, 
the  appearance  be  thin,  fo  that  the  finger  and  thumb  do 
almoil  meet,  the  cure  may  then  be  concluded  to  be  perfect ; 
but  if  a  hardnefs  and  thicknefs  remain,  although  it  be 
healed,  and  it  there  be  a  fcale  upon  the  part  where  the  chancre 
was,  then  the  cafe  mult  be  deemed  as  not  cured,  and  as 
requiring  much  more  to  be  done  for  it."  Foot  on  Lues 
Venerea,  p.  413. 

When  chancres  occur  on  the  fcrotum,  or  body  of  the 
penis,  they  generally  firlt  appear  in  the  form  of  a  pimple, 
which  turns  to  a  fcab,  and  this  being  rubbed  off,  is  fuc- 
ceeded  by  a  larger  one.  Chancres,  thus  fituated,  are  at- 
tended with  lefs  inflammation  than  fuch  as  take  place  on 
the  fncnum  or  prepuce;  but  v\itli  more  than  thofe  on  the 
glans. 

When  the  difeafe  advances,  it  fomxtimes  partakes  of  the 
inflammation  peculiar  to  the  habit,  and  becomes  more  dif- 
fufed,  fo  as  to  produce  phymofis,  paraphymofis,  and  other 
difagreeable  complaints,  which  tend  to  retard  the  cure. 

Trie  local  or  immediate  elfefts  of  the  venereal  difeafe  are 
feldom  wholly  fpecific,  but  partake  of  the  conilitutioual 
inflammation.  The  firllappearance  and  progrels  of  chancres, 
tlierefore,  fliould  be  watched,  as  the  nature  of  the  conlli- 
tution  may  thereby  be  afcertaincd.  If,  fays  Mr.  Hunter, 
the  iiifiammation  ipreads  fall  and  cofifiderably,  it   Ihews  a 

conftitutioB 


LUES   VENEREA. 


crmllitution  more  difpofed  to  inflammation  than  natural.  If 
the  pain  is  great,  it  (lievvs  a  itrong  difpulitioii  to  irritation. 
A  llroniT  tcncU'iK-y  tr>  mortilication  is  aUo  fometinies  be- 
trayed by  chancres  beginning  in  an  early  ftage  to  form 
doughs. 

According  to  Mr.  Hnnter,  venereal  ulcers  have  no  dlf- 
pofition  to  heal,  which,  generally  fpeaking,  is  undoubtedly 
true.  We  may  add,  that  the  edges  of  a  chancre  are  com- 
monly jagged  and  vertical,  inllead  of  fhelving,  like  thofe  of 
moll  other  fort's  ;  and  its  furface,  before  the  adramiftration 
(if  remedies,  is  fmeared  with  a  greyilh  vifcid  matter,  which 
1^  in  very  fmall  q'laiuity,  and  faid  to  have  a  peculiar  fmell. 
If  a  bit  of  lint  is  applied  to  the  fore  in  this  Hate,  it  becomes 
adherent  to  the  part,  the  matter  fecreted  not  being  enough 
to  moillen  and  loolen  the  connettion. 

When  there  is  a  confiderable  lofs  of  fubftance,  either  from 
jloughing  or  ulceration,  a  profiife  bleeding  is  no  uncommon 
circumltance,  more  efpecially  if  the  ulcer  is  on  the  glans, 
the  blood  efcaping  from  the  corpus  fpongiofum  urethra:. 
The  ulcers,  or  lloughs,  often  go  as  deep  as  the  corpus 
cavernofum  penis,  and  give  rife  to  ftill  more  copious  bemur- 
rhaj'es. 

A  furgeon  fliould  never  be  too  hafty  in  pronouncing  fores 
to  be  chancres  ;  the  genitals,  the  common  feat  of  a  chancre, 
are,  "  hke  every  other  part  of  the  body,  liable  to  difeafes  of 
the  ulcerative  kind,  and  from  fome  circumllances  raiher 
more  fo  than  other  parts,  for  if  attention  is  not  piid  to 
c'eanlinefs,  we  have  often  excoria'ions,  or  fuperficial  ulcers 
from  that  caufe  ;  alfo,  like  every  other  part  that  has  been 
injured,  thefe  parts,  when  once  they  have  fuffercd  from  the 
venereal  difeafe,  are  very  liable  to  ulcerate  anew."  Hunter, 
p.  215-. 

Until  fome  of  the  virus  has  been  abforbed  from  the  fur- 
face  of  a  chancre,  fuch  fore  is  to  be  regarded  as  entirely  a 
local  afFedion.  Unfortunately,  the  time  when  this  abforp- 
tion  happens  can  never  be  exaiflly  known,  fo  that,  in  the 
earliett  ilage  of  the  ulcer,  moft  praiftitioners  are  fearful  of 
acting,  altOt;ether,  as  if  there  were  no  pofllbility  of  the  con- 
ftitution  being  already  contaminated. 

Some  confequenccs  of  chancres  will  be  hereafter  fpoken 
of. 

Of  Buboes, — A  venereal  bubo  is  an  inflammation  of  an 
abforbent  gland,  and  arifes  from  the  abforption  of  the  fyphi- 
litic  virus,  which,  in  being  conveyed  from  the  furface  to 
which  it  was  firll  applied,  towards  the  trunk  of  the  lym- 
phatic iy.lem,  has  to  pafs  through  glands,  and  in  doing  this, 
it  often  makes  thele  parts  inflame  and  fuppurate.  Venereal 
matter  may  be  taken  up  by  the  abforbents  under  various 
circumftantes.  The  leall  frequent  way  is  where  it  has  only 
been  applied  to  fome  found  furface,  without  having  pro- 
duced any  local  efi"eft  on  the  part,  but  has  been  abiorbed 
immediately  upon  its  application.  Accorduig  to  Mr.  Hun- 
ter, another  mode  of  abiorplion  is  where  fome  of  the  matter 
of  a  gonorrhoea  is  taken  up  by  the  lymphatics,  and  carried 
into  the  circulation.  A  third  mode  is  the  abforption  of  the 
matter  from  an  ulcer,  and  is  bv  far  the  moft  comtr.on.  A 
fourth  way  is  the  abforp'.ion  from  a  wound.  Mr.  Hunter, 
■perhaps,  with  great  propriety,  ufed  to  call  every  ablcefs  in 
the  abforbiiig  fy  flem,  ariiing  in  conlequence  of  the  ablorptioii 
of  venereal  matter,  a  bubo,  whether  in  the  veflels  or  the 
glands  themfelves. 

As  thefe  veffels  and  glands  are  immediately  irritated  by 
the  fpecific  virus  before  it  has  undergone  any  change  in  its 
paffage,  the  confequent  inflammation  mull,  therefore,  have 
the  tam.e  fpecific  quality,  and  the  matter  fecreted  in  the 
fvvelling  be  venereal. 

In  conlidering  tiie  fubjefl  of  buboes,  Mr.  Hunter   di- 


vided  the  abforbent  fyftem  into  the  veniU  themfelves,  and 
into  their  convolutions,  or  lymphatic  glands. 

The  abforbent  vedcls  are  not  fo  often  inflamed  as  the 
glands,  but  when  they  are  thus  afiected,  in  confequcnce  of 
a  chancre  upon  the  glans,  or  prepuce,  they  generally  appear 
like  a  hard  cord,  runnin,;  from  tke  fore  along  the  dorfum  of 
the  penis.  Such  inflammations  of  the  lymph.-.tics  fometimes 
ariit!  from  a  thickening  of  the  prepuce  in  cafes  of  gonori 
rhtea,  that  part  being  ufually  at  the  time  in  a  llate  of  exco- 
riation. Thefe  cords  often  terminate  infenfibly  near  thi 
root  of  the  penis,  or  the  pubes.  In  other  inllances  they 
extend  further  to  a  lymphatic  gland  in  the  groin. 

The  lymphatics,  thus  inflamed  in  confequcnce  of  imbibing 
venereal,  or,  at  leall,  irritating  matter,  often  fuppurate, 
and  this  fometinies  in  feveral  places,  fo  as  to  produce  as 
many  buboes,  or  fmall  ablcefles,  on  the  body  of  the  penis. 

Inflammation  of  the  lymphatic  glands  is  much  more  fre- 
quent than  the  foregoing  afleCtion,  and  is  caufed  by  the 
venereal  matter  being  carried  into  them.  The  llruclure 
of  thefe  parts  appears  to  coiifift  of  the  ramifications  of 
lymphatic  veffels,  which,  after  branching  it,  re- unite  again. 
We  may  infer,  from  this  kind  -jf  arrangement,  that  the  fluid 
abforbLd  is,  in  fome  mealure,  detained  in  the  glands,  and 
thereby  has  a  greater  opportunity  of  communicating  the 
difeafe  to  them,  than  to  the  lymphatic  veffels,  through  whicb 
its  courfe  is  probably  more  rapid. 

Since  the  lymphatic  glands  are  liable  to  inflame  from 
many  different  caufes,  furgeons  fliould  be  careful  to  dif- 
criminate  fucli  fwellings  as  arife  from  the  venereal  poifon, 
from  others  of  a  divcrie  nature.  They  fliould  firll  enquire, 
whether  there  is  any  venereal  complaint  at  a  greater  dif- 
tanc«  trom  the  heart,  as  chancres  on  the  penis,  or,  whether 
there  has  been  any  preceding  difeafe  in  fucli  lituation.  They 
fhould  enquire,  whether  any  mercurial  ointment  has  been 
rubbed  on  the  leg  or  thigh  of  the  affcfted  iide,  as  mercurial 
friclions,  thus  praCtifed  for  the  cure  of  a  chancre,  will 
fometimes  give  rife  to  a  glandular  fwelling  in  the  groin, 
that  may  be  erroneoufly  taken  for  a  venereal  bubo.  We 
are  alfo  advifed  by  Mr.  Hunter  to  obferve,  whether  there 
has  been  any  previous  dileafe  in  the  conilitution,  as  a  cold, 
fever,  &c.  He  direfts  us,  moreover,  to  pay  attention  to  the 
quicknefs,  or  llownefs,  with  which  the  tumour  has  formed,, 
and  warns  us  of  the  pofllbility  of  miftaking  a  rupture,  lum- 
bar abfcels,  and  an  aneuriim  of  the  crural  artery,  for  3 
bubo. 

Some  cafes  feeni  to  evince,  that  a  bubo  fometimes  does  not 
begin  till  feveral  days,  and  even  longer,  after  the  virus  has 
been  abforbed,  thechancris  having  been  healed  this  length 
of  time,  before  the  gland  begins  to  inflame. 

The  gl.inds  nearell  to  the  leat  of  abforption  are,  in  gij. 
neral,  the  only  ones  attacked.  Thus,  when  -lenereal  matter 
is  abforbed  from  a  fore  on  the  penis,  the  glands  in  the 
groin  are  in  danger  of  being  affcctud.  When  the  matter  is 
abforbed  from  the  vulva  in  women,  the  glands  liable  to  be 
inflamed,  are  thole  lituatid  between  the  labium  and  thigh, 
and  tlie  round  ligament. 

Mr.  Hunter  believed,  that,  commonly,  only  one  gland  is 
affeifed  at  a  time  by  the  abforption  of  venereal  matter,  and 
he  fuggells  this  circumftance  as  a  dillinguilhing  mark  be- 
tween venereal  buboes  and  other  difeafes  of  the  lymphatic 
glands. 

The  abforbent  vefTels  and  glands,  fituated  beyond  the  firfti 
order  of  glands,  or  fuch  as  are  neareft  to  the  feat  of  abforpi. 
tion,  are  never  affefted.  Hence,  thofe  near  the  iliac  veffe'i 
and  back  always  eicape  the  effetls  arifing  from  the  ab- 
forption of  venereal  matter  from  the  genitals.  It  is  alfo 
cbl'ervcd  by  Mr,  Hunter,  that  when  the  duealk  has  been- 
I  contracted- 


LUES  VENEREA. 


contrafted  by  a  cut,  or  fore  upon  tlie  finger,  the  bubo 
takes  place  a  little  above  the  bend  of  the  arm,  upon  the 
iniide  of  ihe  biceps  mufde  ;  and  that,  when  fiich  bubo  has 
occurred,  none  is,  in  general,  produced  in  tiie  arm-pit, 
whichMs  the  moft  common  place  for  the  glands  to  be  af- 
fected by  abforpfion.  This  celebrated  furgeon,  however, 
mentions  two  rare  exceptions,  in  which  buboes  occurred 
as  well  in  the  arm-pit  as  above  the  elbow. 

Mr.  Hunter  once  fufpedted,  that  the  reafon  of  the  fecond 
and  third  fcries  of  glands  not  being  afTc(Sed,  might  be 
owing  to  a  change  produced  in  the  matter  by  the  firft 
glands,  through  which  the  virus  pafles.  Reflecting,  how- 
ever, that  the  matter  of  a  bubo  is  infeftious,  like  that  of  a 
chancre,  and  that  fome  of  it  can  hardly  fail  to  be  taken  up 
bv  the  abforbents,  he  perceived  that  the  above  explanation 
failed.  He  therefore  altered  his  fentimeut,  and  concluded, 
that  the  internal  fituation  of  the  glands,  more  remote  from 
the  feat  of  abforption  than  the  hrll  order,  might  prevent 
the  venereal  irritation  from  taking  place  in  them.  We  may 
remark,  that  this  reafoning  will  not  account  for  the  occa- 
fional  production  of  a  bubo  in  the  arm-pit  above  another  at 
the  bend  of  the  arm.  It  is  pofTible,  however,  that,  in  this 
laft  kind  of  cafe,  fome  of  llie  virus  from  the  chancre  on 
the  finger  may  arrive  at  the  axiUa,  without  being  conveyed 
at  all  through  the  abforbent  glands,  which  are  iituated 
at  the  inner  fide  of  the  arm,  a  little  above  the  internal 
condyle. 

In  men,  buboes  from  a  venereal  complaint  on  the  penis  are 
fituated  in  the  groin.  Mr.  Hunter,  we  know,  compre- 
hended gonorrhoea  among  the  caufes,  and,  in  this  cafe,  he 
thought,  that  both  groins  were  equally  expofed  to  bubo. 
When  the  fwelling  in  the  groin  originates  from  a  chancre, 
it  is  generally  on  that  fide  of  the  body  to  which  the  fore  is 
neareft,  though  cafes  happen  which  are  exceptions  to  this 
cbfervation,  and  admit  of  explanation  by  the  anaftomofes 
of  the  lymphatics. 

Mr.  Hunter  apprifes  us,  that  the  inguinal  glands  are  not 
conftantly  arranged  in  one  exa£t  manner,  and  that,  there- 
fore, the  courfe  of  the  abforbent  vefiels  mull  be  fubjetl  to 
variety.  Hence  a  bubo,  from  a  venereal  fore  on  the  penisj 
has  been  a  confiderable  May  down  the  thigh,  or  in  front  of 
Poupart's  jigament,  or  near  the  pubcs. 

As,  in  men,  chancres  are  almoft  always  caught  upon  the 
penis,  fo  buboes  in  them  are  commonly  fituated  in  the 
groins  ;  but  we  have  already  noticed,  that  chancres  occa- 
fionally  form  in  other  parts  of  the  body,  and,  of  courfe,  bu- 
boes are  not  necefiarily  confined  to  one  fituation,  the  neareit 
external  glands,  between  the  heart  and  the  feat  of  abforp- 
tion, every  where  in  the  body,  being  liable  to  (hare  the  lame 
fate  as  thofe  in  the  groin. 

When  buboes  arife  in  women,  unprecededby  any  chancre, 
it  is  more  difficult  to  find  out  whether  they  are  venereal  or 
rot,  than  jn  men.  For,  in  the  latter  examples,  when  they 
arife  without  any  local  complaint,  it  is  know-n  that  no  fuch 
complaint  exifts,  and,  therefore,  that  the  bubo  cannot  be 
venereal,  except  by  ir.micdiate  abforption  from  a  found  fur- 
face.  But,  fays  Mr.  Hunter,  in  women,  it  is  often  difficult 
to  difcover  v^'hether  any  infedtion  is  prefent  or  not  ;  and 
the  nature  of  the  bubo  can  only  be  made  out  by  paying, 
attention  to  the  way  in  which  it  began,  its  progrels,  and 
other  circumftances. 

When  chancres  are  fituated  near  the  meatus  urinarius, 
nyraphjE,  clitoris,  labia,  or  mons  veneris,  the  abforbed  mat- 
ter is  carried  along  one  or  both  of  the  round  ligaments,  and 
the  buboes  are  formed  in  thofe  ligaments,  juft  before  they 
enter  the  abdomen.  Mr.  Hunter  believed  that  they  never 
extended  further,  and  he  fuppofed  them  to  be  inflammations 


of  veflels,  and  not  of  glands.  When  chancres  are  fituated 
far  back,  near  or  in  the  perineum,  the  abfi)rb'.'d  matter  is 
carried  forwards,  along  the  angle  between  the  labium  and 
the  thigh,  to  the  glands  in  the  groin.  "M^hroughout  this 
courfe  fmall  buboes  may  occur ;  or  th;  virus,  entering 
the  inguinal  glands,  a  bubo  in  the  groin  is  frequently 
produced. 

The  bubo,  fays  Mr.  Hunter,  commonly  begins  with  a 
fenfe  of  pain,  which  leads  the  patient  to  examine  the  part, 
where  a  fmall  hard  tumour  is  to  be  felt.  This  increafes, 
like  every  other  inflammation  that  has  a  tendency  to  fup. 
purate  ;  and,  unlefs  prevented,  it  goes  on  to  fuppuration  and 
ulceration,  the  progrefs  of  the  matter  to  the  Run  being  very 
quick.  'J  here  are,  indeed,  fome  cafes  whii'h  are  flow  in 
their  progrefs  :  in  thele,  Mr.  Hunti-r  thought  the  inflam- 
matory prcceiswas  kept  back  by  mercury,  or  other  means  ; 
or  clfe  retarded  by  a  fcrofiilous  tende  :cy,  fuch  a  difpofition 
in  the  parts  not  fo  readily  admitting  the  true  venereal 
a£lion. 

At  firft,  the  inflammation  is  confined  to  theg'and,  which 
is  moveable  in  the  cellular  membrane  ;  but  as  the  fwelling 
increafes  in  fize^  or  as  the  inflammation,  and,  r'ore  efpeci- 
ally,  the  fuppuration  advarcv,  the  fpecific  diliance  is  ex- 
ceeded, the  furroundmg  cellular  membrane  becomes  more 
inflamed,  and  the  tumour  is  more  difiufed.  Sorre  buboes 
become  eryfipclatous,  by  which  means  they  afL'  r -ndered 
more  diffufed  and  (Edematous,  and  do  not  readily  luppurate. 

The  following  is  then,  according  to  Mr.  KuuIlm,  the  true 
charadler  of  a  venereal  bubo  :  it  is  coniined  to  one  gland  ;  it 
keeps  within  the  fpecific  difiance,  til!  fuppuration  has  taken 
place,  and  then  becomes  more  difTufed.  It  is  rapid  in  its 
progiefs  from  inflammation  to  fuppt-ration  and  ulceration. 
In  general,  the  fuppuration  is  copious,  confidering  the  fize 
of  the  tumour,  and  the  abfcefs  is  fingle.  The  pain  is  very 
acute,  and  the  inflamed  fkin  exhibits  a  florid  red  colour. 

Where  no  local  difeafe  has  exifted,  the  nature  ef  a  bubo 
will  always  be  attended  with  more  uncertainty,  than  when 
there  has  been  fome  difeafe  on  the  penis.  As,  however, 
every  inflammation  of  the  inguinal  glands  is  fu)ped\ed,  the 
patient  runs  but  little  riflv  of  not  being  cured  if  his  cafe  is 
venereal  ;  but,  (continues  Mr.  Hunter,)  "  I  am  all  aid,  that 
patients  have  often  undergone  a  mercurial  courie,  when  there 
has  been  no  occafion  for  it.''   P.  266. 

The  fame  diftinguiihed  praftitioner  thought,  that>  there 
were  two  forts  of  butjoes  arifing  without  any  vllible  caufe. 
One  kind  inflame  and  fuppurate  brifl<ly,  as  thole  buboes 
ufually  do  which  arife  from  chancres,  or  gonorrhoea.  The 
manner  of  their  progrefs  made  him  always  fufpect  them  to 
be  venereal, 

'I'lie  fecond  kind  are  generally  preceded  and  attended 
with  flight  fever,  or  the  common  fymptoms  of  a  cold,  and 
they  are  generally  indolent  and  flow  in  their  progrefs.  If 
they  are  more  quick  than  ordinary,  they  becom.e  more  dif- 
fufed than  the  venereal,  and  probably  are  not  confined  to 
one  gland.  When  very  flow,  they  give  but  little  fenfation  ; 
and  though  the  fenfation  is  more  acute  when  they  are 
quicker,  yet  it  is  not  fo  (harp  as  in  the  true  venereal 
bubo.  Befides,  they  do  not  commonly  fuppurate  ;  but  be- 
come flationary.  When  they  do  fuppurate,  it  is  (lowly, 
and  often  in  more  glands  than  one,  the  inflammation  being 
more  diflufed,  and  yet  not  very  fevcre,  confidering  the  fize 
of  the  fwelling.  The  matter  makes  its  way  to  the  fkin 
flowly,  unattended  with  much  pain,  and  the  colour  of  the 
fwelling  is  fomewhat  purple,  inftead  of  the  florid  rednefs 
which  the  furface  of  the  venereal  bubo  difplays.  Sometimes 
the  abfcelTes  are  very  confiderable ;  but  then  they  are  not 
painful. 

In 


LUES   VENEREA. 


In  judging  of  the  nature  of  a  bubo,  Mr.  Hunter  re- 
•ommends  us  lirlt  to  conlider,  whether  or  not  there  are  any 
venereal  complaints  exilling.  If  there  are  none,  this  is  a 
prefumptive  proof,  th.at  the  glandular  fwelling  is  not  vene- 
real. If  the  tumour  is  only  in  one  gland,  very  flow  in 
its  progrefs,  and  gives  but  little  pain,  it  is  likely  to  be  fcro- 
fulous.  If  the  fvvclling  is  coniiderable,  diffufed,  and  at- 
tended with  fome  inflammation  an(T  pain,  then,  in  all  pro- 
bability, a  conditutional  aftion  prevails,  attended  with 
laflitude,  lofs  of  appetite,  want  of  fleep,  fmall  quick  pulfe, 
&c.  Such  fwcllings,  (adds  Mr.  Hunter,)  are  flow  in  their 
cure,  and  are  not  afFefted  by  mercury,  even  when  it  is  ap- 
plied very  early. 

This  gentleman  likewife  adverts  to  other  cafes,  which  he 
terms  mixed,  when  the  venereal  matter,  like  a  cold,  or 
fever,  has  only  irritated  the  glands  to  difeafc,  producing  in 
them  fcrofula,  to  which  they  were  predilpofed.  In  thefe 
examples,  the  fwellings  commonly  arife  llowly,  give  but 
httle  pain,  and  feem  rather  to  be  haftened  in  their  progrefs, 
if  mercury  is  given  with  a  view  of  dellroying  the  venereal 
difpofition.  Some  fuppurate  under  fuch  treatment,  while 
others,  which  probably  had  a  venereal  taint  at  firft,  be- 
come fo  indolent,  that  mercury  has  no  effedl  at  all  upon 
them,  and  in  the  end,  they  either  get  well  of  thcmfelves, 
or  by  other  remedies.     See  Hunter  on  Ven.  Difeafe. 

AVith  refpeA  to  the  bubo  which  arifes  from  gonorrhoea, 
we  believe  it  is  only  fyinpathetic,  or  the  con fequencc  of  ir- 
ritation, though,  as  we  have  already  ftated,  Mr.  Hunter 
looked  upon  fome  of  thefe  cafes  as  aftually  venereal, 
and  originating  from  the  abforption  of  the  gonorrhoeal 
matter. 

Dr.  Adams  avers,  that  he  is  unacquainted  with  any  in- 
ftance  in  which  the  conftitution  has  become  affefted  in  con- 
fequence  of  a  bubo,  without  a  previous  chancre,  or  go- 
norrhoea ;  for  the  reader  (hould  underlland,  that  even  a 
venereal  bubo  does  not  imply  a  general  contamination  ;  the 
virus  is  only  on  its  way  towards  the  circulation,  when  it 
gives  rife  to  the  fwelling  in  the  groin.  Dr.  Adams  more- 
over alfures  us,  that  he  has  never  feen  reafon  to  repent  the 
not  having  treated  fuch  buboes  as  venereal.  "  If,"  (fays 
this  gentleman,)  "  a  bubo  has  been  the  confequence  of  an 
ulcer  on  the  penis,  which  healed  fpontaneoufly,  we  may  be 
certain  that  it  is  not  venereal.  It  may  be  the  effecl  of  a 
morbid  poifon,  as  probably  many  of  Celfus's  were  ;  it  may 
be  afilfted  by,  and  even  heal  under,  the  ufe  of  mercury  ; 
but  thi^  will  be  no  proof  of  its  venereal  origin."  On 
Morbid  Poifons,  p.  1 28.   2d  edit. 

Some  additional  remarks  on  buboes  will  be  introduced 
when  we  conlider  the  treatment- 

Of  Secotidtiry;  or  Conjlkutlonal  Symptoms. — By  fecondary, 
or  conftitutional  fymptoms,  are  commonly  underltood  thofe 
effefts  which  arife  from  the  fyphihtic  virus  being  abforbed 
and  carried  into  the  common  circulation.  It  is  moft  likely, 
that  in  cafes  of  chancre,  the  contamination  of  the  fyilem 
takes  place  about  the  beginning  of  the  local  complaints  ; 
for,  in  moft  inilances,  the  chance  of  fuch  infeftion  hap- 
pening afterwards  is  greatly  lelfened,  by  the  patient  having 
fpeedy  recourfe  to  the  ufe  of  mercury,  which  generally  afts 
as  a  preventive. 

The  abforption  of  venereal  matter  into  the  fyftem  raoftly 
arifes  from  a  chancre,  and  Mr.  Hunter  joined  in  the  belief, 
that  it  nay  alio  foifietimes  originate  from  a  gonorrhoea.  We 
have  already  adverted  to  the  opinion,  that  the  virus  may 
poffibly  be  obferved,  in  fome  inftances,  without  there  being 
any  fore  at  all  produced  in  the  feat  of  abforption,  that  is,  where 
the  matter  is  applied.     Mr.  Hunter  thought,  that  this  might 

Vol.  XXI. 


happen  upon  a  half-internal  furface,  like  that  of  the  glans 
penis,  though,  perhaps,  not  on  the  found  /kin.  Venereal 
matter  may  likewife  be  received  into  the  conftitution  by 
being  applied  to  common  ulcers,  although  not  neceffarily 
rendering  thefe  ulcers  themfelves  venereal.  Wounds  alfo 
afford  a  furface  for  fuch  abforption,  but  Mr.  Hunter  be- 
lieved, that  ulceration  was  always  firft  produced. 

Some  parts  of  the  body  are  much  lefs  fufccptible  of  luc* 
venerea  than  others  ;  and  many  parts,  as  far  as  prefent  evi- 
dence  extends,  feem  quite  incapable  of  being  affefted. 
Mr.  Hunter  never  faw  tlie  brain,  heart,  llomach,  liver,  kid- 
nies,  S:c.  thus  difcafed.  This  celebrated  writer  divides 
the  parts  which  are  capable  of  becoming  contaminated,  in 
confequence  of  the  abforption  of  the  virus  into  the  circulation, 
into  two  orders.  The  firft  order  confifts  of  the  fkin,  tonfils, 
nofe,  throat,  infide  of  the  mouth,  and  fometimes  the  tongue. 
Thefe  are  the  parts  commonly  affefted  at  an  early  period, 
after  the  paftage  of  the  virus  into  the  conftitution.  The 
fecond  order  confifts  of  the  periofteum,  fafcix,  tendons,  aad 
bones  ;  parts  which  become  difeafed  lefs  early. 

Mr.  Hunter,  with  much  appearance  of  reafon,  has  endea- 
voured to  account  for  this  feeming  greater  fufceptibility  in  fome 
parts  than  others,  by  the  manner  in  which  the  former  are 
expofed  to  cold.  Thus,  he  obferves,  the  fl<in  is  continually 
fubjefted  to  more  cold  than  the  internal  parts  are  ;  and  the 
venereal  difeafe  always  more  readily  affefts  parts  fo  expofed 
than  others.  This  may  be  the  reafon  why  the  mouth,  nofe, 
and  fliin  are  affected  with  particular  freauency,  and  alfo  why 
the  periofteum,  and  moft  fuperficial  furfaces  of  the  bonts, 
are  moft  liable  to  be  difeafed.  .The  diftemper,  however, 
feems  to  fliew  fome  preference  to  fuch  bones  as  are  pai^ 
ticularly  hard. 

In  treating  of  chancres  and  buboes,  we  had  occafion  to 
obferve,  that  the  matter,  in  both  thefe  cafes,  partook  of  the 
fpccific  quahty,  and,  of  courfe,  was  capable  of  communi- 
cating the  difeafe.  We  have  now  to  notice,  that  this  is  not 
the  cafe  with  the  matter  of  fecondary  venereal  ulcers,  or 
fuch  as  arife  in  confequence  of  the  introduftion  of  the  viru* 
into  the  fyftem  at  large.  Indeed,  none  of  the  fecondary 
fymptoms  are  infeftious.  As  Mr.  Hunter  has  ftated,  thif 
form  of  the  difeafe  has  not  the  power  of  contaminating 
parts,  not  already  under  its  influence,  even  in  the  fame  confti- 
tution. Probably,  the  poifon  only  irritates  juft  after  it» 
abforption,  and  is  foon  expelled  with  fome  of  the  fecretions, 
inftead  of  circulating  with  the  blood  during  the  whole  time 
of  the  difeafe. 

Mr.  Hunter  has  concluded  one  of  his  moft  interefting 
chapters  with  the  follovving  inferences. 

Firft  ;  that  moft  parts,  if  not  all,  that  are  affefted  in  the 
lues  venerea,  arc  afi'efted  with  the  venereal  irritation  at  tlie 
fame  time. 

Secondly  ;  that  parts  expofed  to  cold  are  the  firft  that 
admit  the  venereal  aftion  ;  then  the  deeper  parts,  according 
to  their  fufceptibility  for  fuch  adion. 

Thirdly  ;  vhe  venereal  difpofition,  when  once  formed 
in  a  part,  muft  neceflkrily  go  on  to  form  the  venereal 
action. 

Fourthly  :  that  all  parts  of  the  body,  under  fuch  difpO' 
fition,  do  not  run  into  aftion  equally  faft,  fome  requiring 
fix  or  eight  weeks,  others  as  many  months. 

Fifthly  ;  in  the  parts  that  come  firft  into  aflion,  the  dif- 
eafe goes  on  increaiing,  without  wearing  itfelf  out  ; 
while  thofe  which  are  fecond  in  time,  follow  the  fame 
courfe. 

Sixthly;  mercury  hinders  a  difpofition  from  forming  ;  or, 
in  other  words,  prevents  contamination. 

4  E  Seventhly ; 


LUES   VENEREA. 


Seventhly  ;  mercury  does  not  deftroy  a  difpofition  already 
formed. 

Eiglitlily  ;  mercury  hinders  the  aftion  from  taking  place, 
although  the  difpofition  be  formed. 

Ninthly  ;  mercury  cures  the  aftion. 

Secondary  Vemreal  Ulcers. — Thefe  are  of  a  very  different 
nature  from  chancres,  or  fucli  fores  as  originate  direftly 
from  the  application  of  venereal  matter  to  the  (kin.  They 
are  generally  much  lets  p:iinful  than  the  latter,  attended 
with  lefs  inflammation,  and  do  not  fecrete  matter,  that  can 
communicate  the  difeafe  to  others,  or  caufe  buboes  in  the 
patient  himfelf.  They  are  more  readily  formed  on  mucous 
membranes,  than  on  the  common  integuments,  and  there- 
fore are  very  frequent  on  the  tonfils,  and  other  parts  of  the 
throat.  Sores  of  this  defcript:on  arc  often  of  a  round  (liape, 
though,  in  certain  examples,  they  eat  away  the  parts,  like 
herpetic  or  phagedenic  ulcers,  fprcading  from  one  part  to 
another,  deftroying  the  (kin,  and  licaling  on  one  fide,  while 
they  are  extending  themfclves  on  another.  Riclieraud  has 
feen  ulcers  of  this  kind,  fpread  in  this  manner  nearly  all 
over  the  patient's  body,  producing  one  vail  cicatrix  ;  and 
he  adverts  to  a  particular  fpecies  of  fccondary  venereal  ulcer, 
which  is  of  a  round  fhape,  and  begins  to  heal  at  its  centre, 
fo  that  towards  the  termination  of  the  complaint  the  lore 
reprefents  an  ulcerated  circle,  encompafling  a  round  cicatrix. 
When  this  variety  of  the  difeafe  makes  progrefs,  the  ulcer- 
ated ring  becomes  larger,  while  the  cicatrix  in  the  centre 
undergoes  a  proportional  increafe  in  fize.  (Nof.  Chirurg. 
tom.  i.  p.  331,  332.  edit.  2.)  It  may  be  doubted  whether 
the  latter  cafes  are  really  fyphilitic  :  they  certainly  yield  to 
many  remedies  befides  mercury,  as  our  own  obfervation 
has  convinced  us.  They  may  be  cured  by  guaiacum,  nitric 
acid,  a  decottion  of  iarfaparilla,  and  elm  bark,  &c. 

Vinereal  Eruptions. — On  this  fubjeft  Mr.  Hunter  has 
pointed  out  to  us  the  following  circunillances. 

The  appearances  on  the  ilvin  generally  occur  all  over  the 
body.  The  difcolourations  make  the  flcin  appear  mottled, 
and  many  of  the  eruptions  difappear,  while  others  continue, 
and  increafe  with  the  difeafe. 

In  other  cafes,  the  eruption  comes  on  in  diftin6l  blotches, 
which  are  often  not  obferved  till  the  fcurfs  have  begun  to 
form.  At  other  times,  the  eruption  afTumes  the  appearance 
of  fmall  diftinft  inflammations,  containing  matter,  and  re- 
fembling  pimples,  not  being,  however,  fo  pyramidtil,  nor 
fo  red  at  the  bafe.  Mr.  Hunter  alfo  obferves,  that  venereal 
blotches,  on  their  firit  coming  out,  are  often  attended  with 
inflammation,  which  gives  them  a  degree  of  tranfparency, 
which  is  generally  greater  in  .  the  fummer  than  the  winter, 
efpecially  if  the  patient  be  kept  warm.  In  a  little  time  this 
inflammation  difappears,  and  the  cuticle  peels  off  in  the  form 
of  a  fcurf.  Tlifi  lattec-pccurrence  often  mifleads  the  patient 
and  the  furgeon,  who  look  upon  this  dying  away  of  the  in- 
flammation as  a  decay  of  the  difeafe,  till  a  fucceffion  of 
fcurfs  undeceives  them.  Mr.  Hunter  adds,  that  the  difco- 
lourations of  the  cuticle  arife  from  the  venereal  irritation,  and 
are  to  be  feldom  regarded  as  a  true  inflammation,  finte  they 
rarely  have  any  of  its  charatleriftics,  fuch  as  tumefaction 
>iandpain.  Hdwever,  he  explains  that  in  parts  which  arc 
well  covered,  or  which  arc  conftantly  in  contadt  with  other 
parts,  there  is  more  of  the  true  inflammatory  appearance, 
efpecially  about  the  anus. 

The  parts  affefted  next  begin  to  alter  their  appearance, 
and  form  a  copper-coloured,  dry,  inelaftic,  cuticle,  called  a 
fcurf.  This  is  thrown  ofi^,  and  new  ones  are  formed.  Mr. 
Hunter  relates,  that  thcfe  appearances  fpread  to  the  breadth 
of  a  fixpence,  or  Ihilliag  ;  but  feldom  more-extenfively,  at 


leaft  for  a  confidcrable  time.  In  the  mean  while,  every 
fucceeding  fcurf  becomes  thicker  and  thicker,  till  at  lall  it 
becomes  a  common  fcab.  Then  the  difpofition  for  the 
formation  of  matter  takes  place  iu  the  cutis  underneath,  and 
a  true  ulcer  is  formed,  which  commonly  fpr,ead3,  although 
in  a  flow  way. 

Thefe  appearances  arife  firft  from  the  gradual  lofs  of  the 
true  found  cuticle,  which  the  difeafed  cutis  cannot  re-produce. 
As  a  kind  of  fubflitute  for  this  want  of  cuticle,  an  exuda- 
tion takes  place,  and  forms  a  fcale.  The  matter  afterwards 
acquiring  more  confillence,  at  lafl  forms  a  fcab.  However, 
before  the  difeirfc  has  attained  this  condition,  the  cutis  has 
ulcerated,  after  which  the  difcharge  is  more  like  true  pus. 
When  this  form  of  the  lues  venerea  attacks  the  palms  of  the 
hands  and  foles  of  the  feet,  where  the  cuticle  is  thick,  this 
latter  part  firfl  becomes  feparated,  and  peels  off.  A  new 
one  is  immediately  formed,  which  alfo  feparates.  In  this 
manner,  a  fcries  of  new  cuticles  take  place,  in  confequcnce 
of  fcurfs  not  being  fo  leadily  formed  as  on  the  common  flcin. 
When  the  difeafe  is  confined  Lo  the  palms  of  the  hand<!,  or  loles 
of  the  feet,  Mr.  Hunter  mentions,  that  there  is  difliculty  in 
determining  whether  it  is  vfenercal  or  not  :  becaufe  moft  dif- 
eafes  of  the  cutis,  in  thefe  fituations,  produce  a  fcparation 
of  the  cuticle,  attended  with  the  fame  appearances  in 
all,  and  having  nothing  charaCleriRic  of  the  venerea!  dif- 
eafe. 

When  the  affefted  part  of  t^ie  flcin  is  oppofed  by  another 
portion  of  flcin,  which  keeps  it  in  fome  degree  more  moift,  as 
between  the  nates,  about  the  arms,  between  the  fcrotum  and 
the  thigh,  in  the  angle  between  the  two  thighs,  on  the  red 
part  of  the  lip,  or  in  the  arm-pits,  the  eruptions,  inftead  of 
being  attended  with  fcurfs  and  fcabs,  become  accompanied 
by  an  elevation  of  the  flcin,  which  is  fwollea  with  extravafated 
lymph  into  a  white,  foft,  moiil,  flat  furface,  which  difcharges 
a  white  matter. 

A  venereal  eruption  often  attacks  tfiat  part  of  the  fingers 
on  which  the  nail  is  formed.  Here  the  difeafe  renders  that 
furface  red,  which  is  feen  fliining  through  the  nail ;  and  if 
allowed  to  continue,  a  fcparation  of  the  nail  takes  place, 
fimilar  to  that  of  the  cuticle  in  the  above  cafes.  However, 
Mr.  Hunter  ftates,  that  there  cannot  be  the  fame  regular 
fuccefilou  of  nails,  as  of  cuticles  in  other  inftances. 

Such  furfaces  of  the  body  as  are  covered  with  hair  may 
alfo  be  attacked,  and  the  hair  feparates,  and  cannot  be  pro- 
duced as  long  as  the  difeafe  lafts. 

Venereal  Affed'ions  of  ihe  Parts  about  theThroat. — Accord- 
ing to  Dr.  Adams,  the  venereal  ulcer  in  the  throat  is  always, 
what  may  be  termed,  a  foul  ulcer.  Though  its  edges  are  defined, 
its  furface  is  always  ragged  and  uneven,  of  a  complexion 
which  can  never  be  miftaken  for  a  clean  or  healthy  fore,  that 
is,  for  a  fore  difpofed  to  heal.  The  pus  is  of  various  colours, 
from  the  afli-colour  to  the  duflcy  brown.  From  the  nature 
of  the  parts,  a  fcab  cannot  be  formed,  fo  that  the  ulcerous 
appearance  is  never  interrupted.  Its  progrefs  is  more  rapid 
than  on  the  flcin,  as  every  adlion  of  inflammation,  ulceration, 
or  healing,  is  always  more  rapid  in  thefe  very  fanguiferous 
parts.  It  is  rarely  attended  with  pain.  On  Morbid  Poifons, 
p.  167.  edit.  2. 

When  the  throat,  tonfils,  or  infideof  the  mouth,  ar«  af- 
fefted,  it  is  the  nature  of  the  difeafe  to  make  its  appearance 
at  once  in  the  form  of  an  ulcer,  without  much  previous 
fwclling. 

The  venereal  fore-throat  fliould  be  mofl  carefully  difcrimi- 

nated  from  others,  a  thing  that  is  not  always  at  firfl  very 

eafy  ;  for  fores  in  this  fituation,  which  are  really  fyphilitic, 

femetimes  have  much  the  fame  appearance  as  others  which 

II  are 


LUES   VENEREA. 


are  not  fo.  It  is  the  character,  however,  of  a  venereal 
fore-throat  to  be^in  with  ulceration  of  the  furface  of  the 
parts.  Now,  as  Mr.  Hunter  has  explained,  it  is  the  nature 
of  feveral  other  dileafes,  in  the  fame  fitiiation,  not  to  pro- 
duce direftly  this  kind  of  ulceration.  One  of  thefe  is  com- 
mon inflammation  of  the  tonlils.  The  inflamed  place  often 
fuppurates  in  the  centre,  fo  as  to  form  an  abfccfs,  which 
burfts  by  ?.  fniall  opening ;  but  never  looks  like  an  ulcer, 
that  has  bo^un  upon  the  furface,  like  a  true  venereal  fore. 
The  cafe,  jullnow  mentioned,  is  always  attended  with  too 
much  inflammation,  pain,  and  fwelling  of  the  parts,  to  be 
venereal.  Alfo,  when  it  fuppurates  and  burfts,  it  fubfides 
directly,  and  it  is  generally  attended  with  other  inflammatory 
fymptoms  in  the  conftitutio.T. 

Notice  is  likewife  taken,  by  this  moft  celebrated  furgeon, 
of  an  indolent  tumefaction  of  the  tonfils,  which  is  peculiar 
to  many  perfons  of  a  fcrofulous  conftitution.  The  complaint 
occafions  a  thicknefs  of  fpeech. 

Sometimes  coagulable  lymph  is  thrown  out  on  the  furface 
of  the  parts  affevted,  and  produces  appearances  which  are 
by  fome  called  ulcers,  by  fome^lloughs,  and  occafionally  by 
others,  putrid  fore-throats.  The  cafe  is  attended  with  too 
much  fwelling  to  be  venereal ;  and,  with  a  little  care,  it  may 
eafily  be  dillinguifhed  from  an  ulcer,  or  lofs  of  fubftance. 
However,  when  this  difference  is  not  obvious  at  firft  fight, 
it  is  proper  to  endeavour  to  remove  fome  of  the  lymph,  and 
if  the  furface  of  the  tonfil  underneath  fliould  appear  to  be 
free  from  ulceration,  we  may  conclude,  with  certainty,  that 
the  difeafe  is  not  venereal.  Mr.  Hunter  ftates,  that  he  has 
feen  a  chink  filled  with  coagulable  lymph,  fo  as  to  appear 
very  much  like  an  ulcer  ;  but,  on  removing  that  fubftance, 
ths  tonfil  underneath  was  found  perfedlly  found.  He  adds, 
that  he  has  feen  cafes  of  a  fwelled  tonfil,  having  a  flough  in 
its  centre,  which  flough,  before  its  detachment,  looked  very 
like  a  foul  ulcer.  The  ftage  of  the  complaint,  he  fays,  is 
even  more  puzzling,  when  the  flough  has  come  out ;  for 
then  the  difeafe  has  moft  of  the  charadters  of  the  venereal 
ulcer.  Whenever  he  met  with  the  difeafe  in  its  firft  ftage, 
he  always  treated  it  as  if  it  had  been  of  the  nature  of  eryfi- 
pelaJ,  or  a  carbuncle.  When  the  complaint  is  in  its  fecond 
ftage,  without  any  preceding  local  fymptoms,  he  recom- 
mends the  praftitioner  to  fufpend  his  judgment,  and  to  wait 
a  tittle,  in  order  to  fee  how  far  Nature  is  able  to  relieve  her- 
felf.  If  there  fliould  have  been  any  preceding  fever,  the 
cafe  is  ftill  lefs  likely  to  be  venereal.  Mr.  Hunter  informs 
us,  that  he  has  feen  a  fore-throat  of  this  kind  miftaken  for 
venereal,  and  mercury  given  till  it  afiaded  the  mouth,  when 
the  medicine  brought  on  a  mortification  of  all  the  parts  con- 
cerned in  the  firft  difeafe. 

Another  complaint  of  thefe  parts,  which  Mr.  Hunter 
reprefents  as  being  often  taken  for  a  venereal  one,  is  an 
ulcerous  excoriation, 'which  runs  along  their  furface,  be- 
coming very  broad  and  fometimes  foul,  having  a  regular 
termination,  but  never  going  deeply  into  the  fubftance  of 
the  parts,  as  the  venereal  ulcer  docs.  No  part  of  tlie  infide 
of  the  mouth  is  exempted  from  this  ulcerous  excoriation  ; 
but  Mr.  Hunter  thought,  that  the  difeafe  moft  frequently 
occurred  about  the  root  of  tlie  uvula,  and  fpread  forwards 
along  the  palatum  moUe.  He  remarks,  that  the  complaint 
is  evidently  not  venereal,  fince  it  does  not  yield  to  mercury. 
He  has  feen  thefe  ulcerous  excoriations  continue  for  weeks, 
without  undergoing  any  change,  and  a  true  venereal  ulcer 
makes  its  appearance  on  the  furface  of  the  excoriated  part. 
He  fays,  that  the  excoriations  in  queftion  have  been  cured 
by  bark,  after  the  end  of  the  mercurial  courfe,  which  cured 
the  fyphilitic  fore. 

This  author  defcribcs  the  true  venereal  ulcer  in  the  throat 


as  a  fair  lofs  of  fubftance,  part  being  dug  out,  as  it  werei 
from  the  body  of  the  tonfil  ;  it  has  a  determined  edge,  and 
is  commonly  very  foul,  having  thick  white  matter,  like  a 
flough,  adhering  to  it,  and  not  admitting  of  being  walhed 
away.  Ulcers  in  fucli  fituations  are  always  kept  in  a  moift 
ftate,  and  the  matter  cannot  dry  and  form  fcabs,  as  it  does 
on  fores  upon  the  fl<;in.  The  ulcer  is  alfo  much  more  rapid 
in  its  progrefs,  and  generally  has  thickened  edges.  Hunter 
on  Venereal  Difeafe. 

Dr.  Adams,  after  reminding  us  not  to  confider  every  rag. 
ged  ulcer  of  the  throat  as  certainly  venereal,  takes  occa- 
fion  to  remark,  that  he  has  feen  more  than  one  of  this 
defcription,  which  has  healed  whilft  he  has  been  making  up 
his  mind,  whether  he  fliould  falivate  his  patient.  He  fays, 
"the  only  diftinftion  I  know  between  thefe  and  true  vcne- 
real  ulcers,  is  that  the  former  are  ufually  attended  with 
more  pain,  the  edge  is  alfo  for  the  moft  part  lefs  defined, 
and  the  furface  itfelf  is  more  irregular  ;  the  fever  too,  if  any 
attends,  is  not  fuch  as  we  have  defcribed  in  fyphilis.  But 
the  venereal  ulcer  is  not  always  entirely  free  from  pain,  and 
there  is  generally  fome  irregularity  in  its  furface ;  the  fever 
too,  we  have  remarked,  is  often  flight.  Happily,  this  in- 
tricacy does  not  often  occur,  but  often  enough  to  teach  us 
not  to  value  ourfelves  on  a  hafty  decifion,  when  a  little  delay 
will  be  unattended  with  danger,  and  perhaps  fave  our  patient 
a  tirefome  and  unneceflary  procefs.  By  watching  the  ulcer 
attentively,  we  fliall  be  able  to  obferve  wliether  it  continues 
to  fpread  regularly,  though  flowly,  ftill  retaining  its  cha- 
rafter,  and  not  healing  in  any  part.  If  this  (hould  continue 
a  few  days,  we  fliall  have  no  reafon  to  doubt  its  fyphilitic 
charafter;  but  if  the  progrefs  is  flow,  there  can  be  no  harm 
in  a  further  delay,  the  only  inconvenience  attending  which, 
will  be  the  importunity  of  your  patient.  If,  as  is  fome- 
times the  cafe,  from  the  nature  of  the  part,  and  the  irrita- 
bility of  the  conftitution,  the  progrefs  of  the  ulcer  fliould 
be  quicker,  the  charafter  in  all  other  refpefts  well  defined, 
and  the  hiftory  of  the  cafe  leading  to  a  fimilar  conclufion, 
we  may,  by  ufing  every  poflible  means  of  introducing  mer- 
cury, eafily  accelerate  our  courfe.  This  will  rarely  be  very 
difficult,  becaufe  the  fame  irritability  of  conftitution  which 
produces  an  ulceration  more  rapid  than  ufual,  is  for  the  moft 
part  attended  with  quicker  fuiceptibihty  of  the  mercurial 
irritation.  i 

"  The  fame  directions  are  applicable,  whether  the  ulcer 
is  feated  on  the  tonfils,  uvula,  or  palatum  molle,  or  any  of 
the  neighbouring  parts,  excepting  the  tongue,  in  which  cafe 
the  progrefs  is  flower,  the  edges  confequently  thicker  from 
the  ftruclure  of  the  part,  and  the  pain  and  inconvenience 
greater  from  the  fame  caufe?,  and  alfo  from  its  particular 
offices."  (Adams  on  Morbid  Poifons,  p.  167,  16S.)  Ac- 
cording to  Mr.  Hunter,  lues  venei**  fometimes  produces  a 
thickening  and  hardening  of  the  tongue.  We  have  feen  a 
cal'e  or  two,  in  which  this  part  has  been  ftudded  over  with 
largifli  tubercles,  or  hard  lumps,  which  yielded  to  mercury. 
We  doubt,  however,  whether  thefe  inftances  were  really 
fyphilitic. 

Venereal  AffeShns  of  the  Bones,  Periojleum,  Fafci£,  and 
Tendons. — Nodes-fyphilitk  Pains. — Thefe  complaints  are 
nodes  and  pains  in  the  bones.  A  fwelling  of  the  parts  enu- 
merated, originating  from  a  fyphilitic  caufe,  receives  the 
appellation  of  a  node.  We  have  already  obferved,  that 
Mr.  Hunter  divided  the  parts  in  which  fecondary  fy.mp- 
toms  manifeft  themfelves  into  two  orders ;  the  firft  compre- 
hending the  fl<in  and  parts  about  the  throat  and  mouth  ;  the 
fecond,  the  bones,  pcriofteum,  fafcia:,  and  tendons.  Thefe 
latter  ftructiires  do  not  in  general  become  affedled  till  the 
dil'eafe  has  troubled  the  patient  a  confiderable  time,  nor 
4  E  3  before 


LUES   VENEREA. 


before  it  has  made  its  attack  on  the  firft  order  of  parts. 
Mr.  Hunter,  however,  had  feen  a  few  cafes  which  were  ex- 
ceptions to  this  obfervation,  the  malady  affefting  the  bones 
before  any  complaints  of  the  lliin  or  throat  had  happened. 

When  the  deeper-feated,  or  fecond  order  of  parts  become 
affefted,  the  progrefs  of  the  difeafe  is  more  gradual  than  in 
the  firft.  The  complaints  produced  bear  a  great  refem- 
blance  to  fcrofulous  fwelliiigs,  and  the  effefts  of  chronic 
rheumatifm,  excepting,  however,  that  the  joints  are  lefs 
fubjedt  to  be  affedted.  At  a  time  when  there  has  been  no 
poilible  means  of  catching  the  infedion  for  many  months,  a 
fwelling  will  be  formed  on  a  bone,  and  having  given  little 
pain,  will  not  be  taken  much  notice  of  till  it  is  of  confider- 
able  fize.  In  other  inftances  the  pain  may  be  fevere,  and 
yet  no  fwelhng  occur  at  all,  or  be  perceptible  for  fome  time 
afterwards.  The  fame  remarks  are  equally  applicable  to 
fwellings  of  the  tendons  and  fafcix.  As  it  is  the  charafter 
of  nodes  to  increafe  by  (low  degrees,  tlwy  are  not  attended 
with  much  inflammation.  When  they  attack  the  periolleum, 
the  tumour  being  clofely  connected  with  the  bone,  fcems  in 
id&.  to  arife  from  it. 

The  malady  continuing  to  grow  worfe  and  worfe,  fup- 
puration  takes  place  in  tlie  node  ;  but  the  matter  which  is 
produced  is  not  good  pus.  Some  nodes,  both  of  the  ten- 
dons and  bones,  laft  for  years,  before  they  form  any  matter 
at  all.  Thefe  cafes,  Mr.  Hunter  fufpefted,  might  not  in- 
variably be  venereal. 

In  cafes  of  nodes  the  pain  is  fometimes  very  confiderable, 
while  at  other  times  it  is  hardly  fuch  as  to  deferve  notice. 
In  certain  inftances,  the  tendinous  parts,  when  inflamed, 
occafion  a  heavy  kind  of  pain  ;  and  in  other  examples,  they 
will  fwell  very  much,  and  yet  excite  no  pain  worth  men- 
tioning. 

The  pains  arifing  from  a  fyphilitic  affeftion  of  the  bones, 
are  ufualiy  periodical,  having  exacerbations  moftly  in  the 
night.  Rheumatic  pains,  which  the  venereal  much  refemble, 
are  alfo  generally  worft  in  the  night.  See  Hunter  on 
Venereal  Difeafe,  p.  328,  329. 

Having  defcribed  the  fecondary  fymptoms  of  lues  ve- 
nerea, as  occurring  in  the  firft  and  fecond  orders  of  parts, 
k  remains  for  us  to  notice  a  few  other  difeafes  frequently 
fuppofed  to  be  fyphihtic. 

Warts,  Excrefcences,  l^c. — Parts  acquire,  from  the  irrita- 
tion of  venereal  matter,   a  difpofition  to  form  excrefcences, 
or  cutaneous  tumours,  called  warts.     Thefe  are  moft  prone 
to   grow   where  chancres  have  been  fituated,  which  fores, 
indeed,    not    imfrequently    heal  into  warts.     Such  excref- 
cences are  liable  to  be  hurt  by  bodies  rubbing  againft  them, 
and  often  a  fimilar  caufe  will  make  them  exceedingly  painful, 
and  bleed   very  profufely.     They   are   confidered,   by  the 
generality  of  furgeons,  mjt  Amply  as  a  confcquence  of  the 
venereal  poifon,  but  as  poflefled  of  its  fpecific  difpofition, 
and,  therefore,  have  recourfe  to  mercury  for  the  cure  of  them. 
Mr.  Hunter  obferves,  however,  that  he  never  faw  mercury 
have  fuch  an  erfeft,  although  given  in  iufficient  quantity  to 
cure,  in  the  fame  perfon,  recent  chancres,  and  fometimes 
fecondary  fymptoms.     We  cannot  fay  that  our  experience 
is  in  fupport  of  this  laft  obfervation,  though  we  join  in  the 
belief,  that  warts  are  never  venereal.     In  St.  Bartholomew's 
hofpital,  it  is  the  common  praftice  to  give  mercury  for  the 
cure,  and  it  is  done  with  unequivocal  fuccefs.     But  then 
the  fame  excrefcences   might  be  cured   much   more  judi- 
cioufiy   either  with  the  knife,  ligature,  or  efcharotics,  ac- 
cording  to  the  ftiape,  fize,  and  fituation  of  them.      In   all 
thefe  ways  we  have  feen  a  lafting  cure  accompliflied,  with- 
out any  employment  of  mercury.      On  the  whole,  therefore, 
we  think  with  Hunter  and  Dr.  Adams,  that  fuch  complaints 

2 


never  partake  of  the  fpecific  nature  of  the  venereal  difeafe. 
With  refpeft  to  other  excrefcences,  thofe  called  rhagades, 
fici,  and  condylomata,  were  defcribed  long  before  lues  vene- 
rea was  ever  heard  of.  The  firft  arc  common  in  warm  cli- 
mates, particularly  about  the  ends  of  the  fingers,  and  are 
never  venereal.  "  There  are  (fays  Dr.  Adams)  a  number 
of  foft  excrefcences  about  the  anus,  to  which  various  names 
have  been  given.  They  arife  fometimes  in  confequence  of 
a  difcharge  from  the  redtum,  ftimulating  the  neighbouring 
parts  to  ulceration.  If  fuch  ulcers  are  prevented  from 
healing  by  the  difcharge  continuing,  or  by  the  frittion  of 
the  parts,  they  muft  either  ulcerate  deeper  and  wider,  or  the 
cuticle  will  fend  out  proceftes  to  defend  them.  Thele,  on 
account  of  the  preffurc  they  receive,  grow  in  various  Ihapes, 
from  which  they  have  acquired  their  names. 

"  They  will  arife  from  a  venereal  origin  in  two  ways. 
If  a  fecondary  ulcer  is  featcd  in  thefe  parts,  that  ulcer 
having  no  power  of  healing  itfelf,  will  take  the  cliaradter 
above  defcribed,  from  the  nature  of  the  parts.  Sometimes, 
alfo,  the  matter  cf  gonorrhoea,  by  falling  from  the  vagina 
along  the  perineum,  will  produce  ulceration,  and  the  fame 
confequenccs  follow.  In  eittier  of  thefe  cafes,  the  remedy 
which  cures  the  firft  difeafe  will  cure  thefe  local  complaints;' 
or,  if  they  afterwards  remain,  they  will  no  longer  retain 
their  fyphilitic  property,  and  may  readily  be  cured  by  topi- 
cal remedies."  (On  Morbid  Poifons,  p.  173,  edit.  2.)  On 
this  fubjedl  we  muft  obferve,  that  we  have  never  feen  more 
reafon  for  confidering  fuch  excrefcences  about  the  anus,  as 
really  fyphilitic,  than  for  regarding  warts  on  the  genitals  in 
the  fame  light.  We  fpeak  of  the  excrefcences  alone,  and 
not  of  any  ulcers  which  may  exift  with  them.  Thefe  tu- 
mours may  always  be  extirpated  without  any  bad  confe- 
quenccs, and  mercury  is  unnectlfary  in  the  cure. 

Among  the  fecondary  fymptoms  of  fyphilis,  the  venereal 
ophthalmy  might  be  confidered  ;  but  as  we  fhall  have  an 
article  exprefsly  on  the  various  fpecies  of  inflammation 
affedting  the  eye,  we  lliall  poftpone  this  fabjedt  till  a  future 
opportunity.     See  Ophthalmy. 

General  Olferval'wns   on  the  Treatment   of  Lues  Venerea 

From  the  remarks  already  delivered,  the  reader  muft  be  ap- 
prifed,  that  mercury  is  the  grand  remedy  for  all  complaints 
unequivocally  venereal.  This  is  fo  much  the  cafe,  that  this 
medicine  is  ufualiy  regarded  as  a  fpecific,  and  the  only  one 
to  be  depended  upon  for  a  cure.  That  mercury  is  power- 
fully efficacious  in  checking  and  curing  fyphilitic  affections, 
is  a  truth  as  well  eftablifhed  as  any  in  the  pradlice  of  furgery. 
But  whether  there  may  not  be  other  fubftances  which  poffefs 
anti-venereal  qualities  fiifficiently  to  be  of  fervice,  and  even 
preferable  to  mercury,  under  particular  circumftances,  and 
whether  fuch  remedies  alone  can  ever  be  confided  in  for  a 
permanent  and  radical  cure,  are  queftions  of  more  difficulty 
and  uncertainty.  As  long  as  many  difeafes  prefent  them-' 
felves,  having  nearly  the  fame  appearance  as  iyphilitic  com- 
plaints, and  as  long  as  mercury  cures  not  one,  but  a  hundred 
diforders,  there  will  always  be  obftacles  in  the  way  of  an 
eafy  fettlement  of  thefe  contefted  points.  All  men  muft 
firft  agree,  that  the  cafes  in  which  the  trial  of  any  medi- 
cine is  made,  are  decidedly  venereal,  or  elle  the  experiment 
will  avail  nothing. 

If  it  be  fuppofed  that  mercury  is  the  only  medicine  to  be 
trufted  in  the  treatment  of  the  venereal  difeale,  of  courfe 
we  can  have  httle  more  to  do  than  relate  the  various  plans  of 
ufing  this  renowned  remedy,  and  explain  the  principles  by 
which  its  adminiftration  ought  to  be  regulated.  We  mean, 
ho.vever,  to  be  more  impartial,  and  not  totally  iilent  re- 
fpedting  otlier  medicines. 

When  lues  venerea  firft  invaded  Europe,  towards  the  con- 

clufion 


LUES   VENEREA. 


elufion  of  tlie  fifteentli  century,  the  confternation  which  the 
new  diftemper  excited  may  be  more  eafily  conceived  than  de- 
picted. The  mode  in  which  the  malady  was  moft  common- 
ly communicated,  the  unrelenting  fury  with  which  it  pro- 
ceeded from  one  order  of  painful  and  difgulling  fymptoms 
to  another,  and  above  all,  the  inefiicacy  of  the  feveral  me- 
thods of  treatment  which  were  adopted  by  the  phyficians 
and  furgeons  of  that  period,  furniihed  reaions  but  too  co- 
gent for  regarding  it  as  one  of  the  moft  deftruftive  fcourges 
that  had  ever  vifited  the  human  race.  See  Pearfon  on  Lues 
Ven.    IntroJuftion. 

The  difeafe,  however,  had  not  raged  long  in  this  quarter 
of  the  world,  when  the  efficacy  of  mercury  in  curing  it 
■was  afcertaioed.  The  Arabian  phyficians  had  long  been  in 
the  habit  of  applying  mercury  to  the  purpofes  of  medicine. 
Rhazes,  the  Arabian  author,  by  whom  moll  of  the  oriental 
practice  was  communicated  to  European  praftitioners,  re- 
commended an  ointment,  in  which  quickfilver  was  an  ingre- 
dient, for  the  cure  of  cutaneous  eruptions.  It  was  probably, 
therefore,  from  analogy,  that  Vigo,  Berengarius  Carpus, 
Fallopius,  and  others  who  praclifed  at  the  time  when  the 
venereal  diieafe  firft  made  its  appearance  in  Europe,  were 
induced  to  try  th.;  effect  of  mercury  in  the  form  of  oint- 
ments and  plallers,for  the  cure  of  cutaneous  complaints  pro- 
ceeding from  a  fyphilitic  caufe. 

That  the  difeafe  was  unknown  to  Europeans  before  the 
return  of  Columbus  from  America,  appears  to  derive  mate- 
rial confirmation  from  the  contternation,  defpair,  and  igno- 
rance of  the  diftemper,  which  are  confefted  by  ailllie  moft 
learned  praAitioners  of  that  time.  Many  of  them  at  firft  refufed 
to  have  any  thing  to  do  with  the  unfortunate  patients,  fome 
of  whom  were  expelled  from  human  fociety,  and  compelled 
to  feek  refuge  in  the  fields  and  woods.  Fortunately,  things 
did  not  long  go  on  in  this  wretched  manner.  The  analogi- 
cal application  of  mercury  was  foon  tried,  and  found  Itnking- 
ly  beneficial.  Berengarius  of  Carpi,  who  was  the  firft  that 
tried  the  effefts  of  mercury  in  the  cure  of  fyphilis,  foon 
made  an  ample  fortune  by  the  praftice  of  the  fecret,  accord- 
ing to  the  report  of  Fallopius.  Berengarius  and  Vigo  were 
almoft  the  only  practitioners  who  were  acquamted  with  the 
important  difcovery  of  mercury  being  a  cure  for  the  new  and 
dreadful  diftemper,  and  it  was  from  their  fuccefs,  and  the 
candid  reprefentations  of  Vigo  and  Fallopius,  that  mercury 
became  the  accepted  and  eftabliftied  antidote  for  the  venereal 
difeafe.  The  old  practitioners  employed  mercury  in  the  form 
advifed  by  Rhazes  ;  they  ufed  it  as  an  ointment,  and,  with- 
out knowing  that  the  mineral  was  taken  into  the  conftitution 
by  m.eans  of  the  abforbents,  they  continued  the  pra('\ice  en- 
tirely from  the  beneficial  confequences  demonftrated  to  them 
by  experience.  When  patients  were  afflicted  with  pains  in 
the  bones,  the  plan  of  applying  mercurial  plafters  to  the 
parts  affefted  foon  became  a  cullom.  The  phyficians  and 
furgeons,  at  the  time  when  mercury  firft  began  to  be  ufed 
for  the  cure  of  the  lues  venerea,  were  not  acquainted  with 
many  chemical  preparations  of  that  mineral,  and  indeed,  as 
it  was  regarded  as  a  poifon  when  internally  taken,  exter- 
nal ointments  and  plaiters  were  alone  deemed  juftifiable.  The 
hydrargyrus  nitratus  ruber,  however,  was  kn.wn  to  John  de 
Vigo,  who  has  rc«-ommended  it  as  an  application  to  chan- 
crous  i:lcers.  The  internal  exhibition  of  mercury  was  at 
firft  generally  condemned  ;  and  fo  fearful  were  practitioners 
of  the  effects  of  this  mineral,  that  even  its  external  employ- 
ment was  conducted  with  the  molt  extreme  caution.  In  fadt, 
the  ointment  which  was  at  firft  ufed  only  had  in  its  compofi- 
tion  one-fortieth  part  of  qiickfilver ;  the  proportion  was 
afterwards  increafed  to  one-fourteenth,  and  laftly,  to  one- 
eighth.     Befides   ointments  and  plafters,  fumigations  were 


foon  introduced  into  practice ;  for  as  it  was  fuppofedthat 
mercury  produced  a  cure  altogether  by  coming  into  centaCt 
with  the  part  affeCted,  it  was  judged  necelTary  to  contrive  forae 
mode  of  introducing  mercury  to  fores  in  the  throat,  and  for 
that  purpofe  fumigations  were  adopted. 

At  length  the  chemifts  fet  themfelves  to  work  in  making 
numerous  mercurial  preparations,  to  fome  of  nhich  fuperior 
efEcacy  was  imputed.  It  was  as  early  as  the  year  1553  that 
lotions  of  fublimated  mercury  were  firft  employed  by  An- 
gerius  Ferrerius.  Two  ounces  of  it  were  diffolved  in  fix 
pounds  of  diftilled  water.  With  this  mixture  the  whole 
body  was  wafhed  and  rubbed,  excepting  the  head,  breaft, 
ftomach,  and  arm-pits  ;  and  this  method  was  continued  once, 
twice,  or  thrice  a  day  for  ten  days,  according  to  the  ftrength 
of  the  patient,  and  other  circumftances.  The  patient  was 
at  the  fame  time  fweated  moft  profufely ;  for  fweating  was 
conceived  to  affift  in  the  cure,  becaufe  the  diftemper  was 
more  eafily  overcome  in  the  Weft  Indies,  where  diaphoretic 
means  had  long  been  ufed  in  aid  of  guaiacum.  Quickfilver 
girdles  for  the  loins  and  wrifts  were  alfo  in  fafhion.  The  fu- 
migations were  made  with  mercury  extingulftied  in  turpentine, 
or  elfe  with  cinnabar  blended  with  inflammable  ingredients. 

John  de  Vigo  was  the  firft  who  avowed  giving  mercury  in- 
ternally, about  the  year  153J.  The  medicine  that  he  ex- 
hibited in  this  manner  was  the  hydi-argj'rus  nitratus  ruber, 
which  had  been  previoufly  praifed  both  by  Vigo  himfelf  and 
Nicholas  Maffa,  as  a  moft  beneficial  application  to  venersal 
ulcers.  The  violent  effeCts  of  this  preparation,  when  admi- 
niftered  internally,  foon  brought  it  into  difrepute,  and  then 
pills  of  crude  mercury  came  into  ufe. 

If,  however,  the  firft  employment  was  generally  conduct- 
ed v^'ith  extreme  caution  and  timidity,  there  were  many  ex- 
ceptions, and  afterwards,  when  the  profeffion  became  more 
familiar  with  the  method,  they  became  of  courfe  bolder. 
For  we  learn  that,  after  a  time,  the  flagrant  evils  ariCng  out 
of  the  improvident  ufe  of  the  medicine,  and  the  frequent 
inftances  of  death  from  its  poifonous  aCtion,  excited  an  uni- 
verfai  clamour  againft  it,  and  many  preferred  enduring  the  dif- 
eafe to  the  mercurial  remedy.  It  is  no  wonder,  therefore,  that 
guaiacum,  when  brought  into  Europe  in  1517,  China-root 
in  1535,  farfapariila  about  the  fame  time,  and  faffafras  a  little 
afterwards,  were  received  with  wonderful  appiaufe,  as  deli- 
vering the  afflicted  from  a  dreaded  diftemper,  and  a  more 
dreaded  remedy.  (See  Foot  on  Lues  Ven.  lect.  19.)  What 
degree  of  merit  fuch  medicines  poflefs,  we  (hall  prefently 
enquire. 

As  foon  as  it  was  afcertained  that  pharmaceutical  prepa- 
rations of  mercury  might  be  internally  given,  without  the 
degree  of  danger  formerly  apprehended,  myriads  cf  fecret 
formulas  began  to  be  obtruded  upon  every  town  and  every 
country  of  Europe.  Among  the^oft  famous  remedies 
were  the  mcrcurli.s  dulcis  ;  the  common  .£:hiops  ;  mercu- 
rius  alkalizatus  ground  with  oyfter-ftielLs ;  mercurius  antithi- 
ficus  with  dry  balfam  of  P.ru  ;  mercurius  anufcorbuticus 
with  gum  guaiacum  ;  mercurius  duicis  with  manna  ;  mercu- 
rius diureticus  with  juniper  gum  ;  and  mercurius  catharticus 
with  fcammony.  Afterwards  rougher  preparations  were 
made  ufe  of,  fuch  as  mercurius  precipitatus  albus  ;  a  folu- 
tion  of  red  precipitate  in  aquafortis  corrcCted,  red  precipi- 
tate, turbith  mineral,  green  precipitate,  befides  numeroirs 
high  founding  panacex  Even  a  folution  of  corrofive  fubli- 
mate,  mixed  with  barley-water,  or  water-grtiel,  was  lotig 
ago  execrated  as  '•'  the  vile  praCtice  of  London  quacks"  by 
our  countryman  Wifeman. 

With  fuch  a  farrago  of  mercurial  preparations  it  is  hardly 
to  be  expected  that    any  regular  and  rational  plan  of  treat- 
ment could  be  purfued  by  the  generality  of  the  old  practi- 
tioners. 


LUES   VENEREA. 


tioners.  The  common  methods  were  chiefly  empirical,  and 
it  was  not  until  towards  the  beginning  of  the  eij;hteenth 
century,  that  the  treatment  of  the  venereal  difeafe  began  to 
be  regulated  by  fcientific  principles. 

In  the  elegant  edition  of  Aphrodifiacus  by  Boerhaave,  a 
full  accou:;t  may  be  feen  of  circumftances  confirming  the 
preceding  ftatemcnt. 

Wlioevcr  willcoufvilt  Wifeman,  one  of  the  moft  refpcftable 
authors  we  have  in  furgery,  will  fmd  that  the  fymptoms  of 
the  venereal  difeafe  were  in  general  much  more  fevere  in  his 
time  than  they  are  at  prefent,  and  at  the  fame  time  that  the 
mode  of  praftice  was  ftill  much  feverer.  In  claps,  large  and 
repeated  dofcs  of  draftic  purges,  calomel,  and  turpeth  mi- 
neral were  the  medicines  employed,  even  in  the  inflammatory 
ftatc  of  the  difeafe,  and  fomc  turpentine  remedies  were  given 
to  complete  the  cure.  Venereal  fores  were  powdered  with 
red  precipitate,  and  drefled  with  the  moil  acrid  and  ft.imu- 
lating  applications.  In  confirmed  fyphilis,  the  hot  falivating 
method  of  treatment  was  adopted  ;  the  patient  was  crammed 
into  a  fmall  room  heated  with  a  (love  ;  the  admittance  of 
frefli  air  was  prevented  by  blankets  put  up  at  the  door  and 
windows  ;  and  the  patient  himfelf  was  furroundcd  with  a 
fcreen.  There  he  fat,  half  fuffocated  in  his  own  hot  putrid 
atmofphere,  and  was  rubbed  with  mercurial  ointment,  until 
his  tongue  generally  lolled  out,  and  the  inlide  of  his  mouth 
was  covered  with  floughs.  In  this  hideous  pickle  it  was 
cullomary  for  him  to  lie  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  days. 

It  is  no  wonder,  as  Mr.  Deafe  has  obferved,  that  many 
fell  viftims  to  this  prepollerous  mode  of  treatment,  few  con- 
ftitutions  being  able  to  endure  it,  and  no  conilitution  efcap- 
ing  without  material  and  permanent  injury. 

Our  Enghfli  Hippocrates,  the  great  Sydenham,  lays  it 
down  as  an  axiom,  that,  as  the  venereal  virus  is  of  a  very 
inflammatory  nature,  the  principal  end  to  be  aimed  at  in  the 
treatment  ought  to  be  evacuation.  In  gonorrhoea  he  advifes 
llrong  draftic  purges,  which  are  to  be  perfifted  in  for  a  long 
time.  The  firft  fourteen  days  of  the  difeafe  he  purges  the 
patient  every  day  ;  then  every  fccond  day ;  and,  towards 
the  latter  end  of  the  cafe,  twice  a  week.  Should  the  cure 
advance  but  flovvly,  eight  grains  of  turpeth  mineral,  given 
twice  or  thrice,  at  due  intervals,  Sydenham  reckons  extreme- 
ly effeftual.  Where  purgatives  are  rejefted  by  the  mouth, 
he  fubititutes  clyfters.  Balfam  of  Mecca,  or  Cyprus  tur- 
pentine clofes  the  cure.  He  thinks  injeftions  do  much  more 
mifchief  than  fervice  ;  and  is  averfe,  in  thefe  cafes,  to  the 
ufe  of  mineral  waters,  and  decoftions  of  the  woods. 

As  Sydenham  does  not  account  mercury  a  fpecific,  in  the 
cure  of  lues  venerea,  only  inafmuch  as  it  is  pofleffed  of  a 
fuperior  efScacy  in  exciting  falivation,  he  confiders  as  ufelefs 
and  hurtful  all  preparation,  as  bleeding,  purging,  or  bathing, 
before  putting  the  patient  into  a  falivation.  He  thought 
that  the  lefs  the  patient  was  weakened,  the  greater  was  the 
probabihty  of  a  cure.  His  whole  attention,  in  the  treat- 
ment, is  to  ifeep  up  a  high  degree  of  fitlivation.  If  the 
rubbing  does  not  have  this  efi^eft,  he  gives  turpeth  mineral, 
or  calomel ;  and,  of  the  latter  medicine,  he  gives  a  dofe 
once  a  week,  for  fome  months  after  the  cure  is  apparently 
efFe£led,  for  fear  of  a  relapfe.  He  is  againll  carrying  off, 
by  purging,  any  remains  of  the  fpitting  after  the  courfe  is 
over ;  and,  during  the  whole  treatment,  allows  the  patient 
fuch  light  meats  as  may  be  defired. 

The  methods  of  treating  lues  venerea,'  as  laid  down  by 
Wifeman  and  Sydenham,  were  for  a  long  time  followed, 
throughout  Europe, .with  no  material  variation.  At  length 
the  celebrated  Aftruc  gave  one  of  the  moft  elaborate  trea- 
tifes  on  this  diftemper  ever  publiflied. 

The  treatment  of  a  gonorrhoea  he  confiders  at  three  dif- 


ferent periods.  In  the  firft,  or  inflammatory  ftage,  he 
direfts  us  to  employ  large  and  repeated  bleedings ;  and 
thinks,  that  the  mdication  for  copious  bleedingJs  as  ftrongly 
pointed  out  in  this  cafe,  as  in  that  of  a  peripneumony,  or 
dyfcntery.  He  orders  large  quantities  of  cooling  emulfions 
to  be.  frequently  drunk,  the  bowels  to  be  kept  open  with 
emollient  glyfters,  opiates,  if  the  fymptoms  are  violent, 
cooling  injeflions,  fomentations,  poultices  to  the  penis  and 
perineum,  and  a  very  flender  regimen.  In  the  fecond  ftage, 
when  the  inflammatory  fymptoms  have  fubfided,  after 
purging  two  or  three  times  with  jalap,  diagredium,  or  ca- 
lomel, he  has  recourfe  to  mercurial  triflions  every  fecond 
day,  to  be  more  immediately  employed  about  the  parts  of 
generation  and  perineum.  He  continues  the  fame  fevere 
regimen.  In  the  third  ftage,  he  completes  the  cure  by  fome 
of  the  turpentines,  mineral,  acidulated,  vitriolic,  or  fteel 
waters,  or  the  common  aftringents.  He  reprobates  aftrin- 
gent  injeftions.  In  what  he  terms  the  dry  gonorrhoea,  he 
pufhes  the  antiphlogiftic  treatment  much  farther ;  for  he 
even  bleeds  every  fourth  hour.  ^ 

In  the  cure  of  fyphilis,  Aftruc  prefers  falivation  by  mer- 
curial friftions.  He  enters  into  a  long  defcription  of  the 
ncccfiary  previous  preparation ;  bleeding,  purging,  warm 
bathing,  medicated  broths,  and  flender  regimen.  He  fays, 
it  is  feldom  we  can  difpenfe  with  lefs  than  ten  baths ;  more 
generally,  he  orders  twenty.  After  this  courfe  of  bathing, 
the  bleeding  and  purging  muft  be  repeated.  He  then  has 
recourfe  to  the  mercurial  friftions,  which  he  fo  directs  as  to 
keep  up^nremittingly  a  foil  regular  fpitting,  from  two  to 
three  pints  in  twenty-four  hours,  until  the  cure  is  com- 
pleted. The  patient  is  then  cleanfed  in  a  warm  bath,  and 
purged. 

Not  long  after  Aftruc's  work  made  its  appearance,  prac- 
titioners becapie  extremely  divided  in  opinion  as  to  the  me- 
thod of  adminiftering  the  mercurial  friftions,  for  the  cure  of 
lues  venerea.  Some  of  the  moft  refpeftable  followed  the 
plan  laid  down  by  Aftruc  ;  while  the  greater  number  of 
praftitioners  in  France  followed  the  Montpelier  mctliod  of 
extinftion  j"  that  is,  after  having  firft  made  the  patient  take 
twenty  or  thirty  warm  baths,  and  kept  him  for  fome  time 
on  a  very  flender  regimen,  the  fridlions  were  fo  adminiiiered 
as  not  to  raife  any  fpitting,  and  thus  continued  for  three 
or  four  months,  until  the  venereal  virus  was  totally  eradi- 
cated. 

The  celebrated  Van  Swieten,  in  the  fifth  volume  of  his 
Commentaries  on  Boerhaave's  Aphorifms,  adopts,  in  a 
great  meafure,  the  opinion  of  hisiUuilrious  mafter  in  treat- 
ing of  this  difeafe.  In  the  treatment  of  gonorrhoea,  if  we 
except  his  difapprobation  of  bleeding,  which  he  thinks  is 
very  feldom  neceflary,  we  find  nothing  new  :  for  he  follows 
the  general  mode  of  praftice,  and  effefts  a  cure  chiefly  by 
purgatives. 

In  the  treatment  of  ftriftly  venereal  cafes,  he  gives  a  pre- 
ference to  falivation  raifed  by  internal  mercurials,  inftead  of 
employing  the  undion.  He  thinks  that  the  quantity  of 
mercury,  introduced  into  the  fyftem,  is  much  better  afcer- 
tained,  when  mercurius  dulcis  three  times  fubhnied,  or  white 
precipitate,  is  made  nfe  of,  in  lieu  of  fridions  with  mer- 
curial ointment.  He  confiders  that  the  quantity  of  mer- 
cury, introduced  in  this  latter  method,  muft  be  uncertain; 
and  that  as  it  does  not  pafs  out  of  the  fyftem  as  readily  as 
faline  mercurials,  it  may  accumulate,  and  be  depofited  in 
dangerous  quantities,  in  different  parts  of  the  body,  and  be 
produAive  of  the  worft  confequences.  But,  above  all  other 
methods  of  curing  the  difeafe.  Van  Swieten  prefers  the  well 
known  folution  of  corrofive  fubhraate  in  brandy,  or  fpirits. 
By  this  medicine,  which  was  in  general  ufe  in  St.  Mark's 

hofpital, 


LUES   VENEREA. 


hofpital,  Vienna,  four  thoufand  eight  hundred  and  eighty 
perfons  are  faid  to  have  been  perfeftly  cured  of  the  venereal 
difeafe,  in  the  courfe  of  eight  years,  without  undergoing  any 
tedious  preparation,  or  having  any  dangerous  fynnptom  in- 
tervene. 

The  ingenious  author  of  the  Parallel  of  the  different 
Methods  of  treating  the  Venereal  Difeafe  (fuppofcd  to  have 
been  the  phyfician  Petit)  is  extremely  fevere  in  cenfuring 
this  method  of  treatment,  and  afferts  that,  from  repeated 
experience,  he  has  found  the  adminiftration  of  the  folution 
to  be  very  precarious,  and  by  no  means  produftive  of  the 
good  effedts  fo  lavifhly  promifed  by  the  Vienna  praftitioners. 
See  Obf.  on  the  ditTerent  Methods  of  treating  the  Venereal 
Difeafe,  by  W.  Deafe,    1779,  the  Introduftion. 

From  thefe  obfervations  on  the  mercurial  remedies  em- 
ployed, and  plans  adopted,  by  the  old  furgeons,  in  the 
treatment  of  fyphilitic  afteClioiis,  let  us  pafs  on  to  the  con- 
fideration  ot  the  practice  of  modern  times,  which  has  been 
vattly  influenced  by  the  doftrines  promulgated  by  Mr.  Hun- 
ter. The  leading  points  of  his  theory  having  been  already 
llated  in  the  foregoing  columns,  we  ihall  not  repeat  them 
at  large  in  this  place.  SufHce  it  to  fay,  that  this  furgeon 
inculcated,  that  when  the  venereal  poifon  was  abforbed,  it 
contaminated  the  fyftem  at  once,  leaving  only  a  difpofi'.ion 
behind  it,  which  is  brought  forih  into  attion  in  various  parts 
at  various  times ;  that  the  local  caufe  ot  this  difpofition,  and 
its  effects,  maybe  cured  by  mercury,  but  that  the  difpofi- 
tion itfolf  cannot ;  and  that  parts,  once  cured,  cannot  be 
•contaminated  again  from  the  iame  ftoclc  of  infectio«u 

It  muit  nut  be  dilTembled,  that  the  theories  of  Mr.  Hun- 
ter, refpeC^ing  lues  venerea  are  in  fome  refpefts  obfcurc  and 
queftionable.  Much  difScul'y  has  been  experienced  in 
rightly  comprehending  his  exaft  meaning  ;  ar.d  he  has  even 
been  accufed  of  inconlillency  and  contradiction.  Dr. 
Adams,  in  his  C^mm-'ntary  on  Hunter's  Treatife,  has  pnb- 
lifhed  the  fubftance  of  a  converiation,  which  he  once  had 
with  this  famous  character,  with  regard  to  the  difficulty  at- 
tending the  comprehcnfion  of  the  doArines  in  qiieltion.  On 
this  orcalion,  Mr.  Hunter  related  the  following  cafe,  to 
fliew  how  eafily  his  opinions  might  be,underllood,  even  by 
a  perfon  altogether  unaccuflomed  to  fuch  inquiries. 

"  A  gentleman,"  faid  Mr.  Hunter,  "  who  had  been 
cured  ot  a  chancre  at  a  diftance  from  home,  called  to  con- 
fult  me  whether  he  might  conlider  himfelf  as  perfedlly  free 
from  the  difeafe.  Whi'ft  he  was  taking  great  pains  to  ex- 
plain to  me  how  he  had  been  falivated,  and  how  long  he  had 
continued  the  ufe  of  merc.iry,  after  the  chancre  was  healed, 
I  interrupted  him  by  obferving,  that  if  he  had  continued  the 
ufe  of  mercury  till  now,  I  could  not  protend  to  fay  whether 
he  was  free  from  the  difeafe. — How  then,  faid  the  gentle- 
man, am  I  to  afcertain  my  real  fituation  ? — If,  replied  I, 
you  find  no  fymptoms  in  the  courfe  of  three  months,  the 
probability  is  that  you  will  remain  well,  till  you  expcfe 
yourfelf  to  a  new  fource  of  infection. 

"  In  about  fix  weeks  he  returned,  with  a  fore  throat  and 
eopper  fpots-  '  I  explained  to  him,  that  he  fhould  not  blame 
his  furgeon,  who,  even  if  he  had  known  what  was  to  hap- 
pen, could  not  have  prevented  it.  The  patient  went 
through  a  very  neceffary  courfe  of  mercury,  till  he  was 
cured  of  every  fymptom,  and  then  demanded,  with  fome 
impatience,  whether  he  was  then  fecure. — You  are  Iccure, 
replied  I,  from  every  return  on  your  genitals,  and  on  your 
ildn  and  throat ;  but  as  it  is  impoffible  for  me  to  fenow  ■ 
whether  your  bones  are  contaminated,  I  cannot  pretend  to 
fay  whether  you  will  have  nodes  in  a  few  weeks'  time.  He 
now  began  to  comprehend  t:ie  doftrine,  and  fubmitted  to 
await  the  reiult.    In  about  fix  weeksf  he  aSuallv  had  nodes ; 


after  the  cure  of  which,  by  a  fevere  falivation,  I  made  no 
fcruple  to  affure  him  that  he  was  perfcftly  free  from  the 
difeafe." 

According  to  Mr.  Hunter's  principles,  then,  if  mercury 
were  exhibited  for  ten  years,  it  could  not  prevent  the  dif- 
pofition, after  it  is  once  formed,  from  proceeding  to  action 
fome  time  or  another;  and  although  this  author  admits  that 
this  remedy  may  altogether  hinder  the  difpofition  from 
takinp-  place  at  all,  yet  that  it  has  no  power  of  eradicating 
any  for.ms  of  the  difeafe,  except  what  is  pofitively  in  action, 
and  confequently  more  or  lefs  palpable.  As  it  was  likewife 
a  poficion  in  Mr.  Hunti-r's  theory,  that  the  parts  contami- 
nated, or  thofe  to  which  the  difpofition  was  imparted,  be- 
came thus  infefted  all  about  the  fame  time,  and  very  foon 
after  the  firft  abforption  of  the  virus  into  the  conftitution, 
the  inference  necelTarily  followed,  that  mercury  could  feldom 
avail  in  hindering  the  formation  of  the  difpofition,  except  in 
an  early  ftage  of  the  cafe.  According  to  the  Hunterian 
opinions,  mercury  given  as  a  preventive,  on  any  other  prin- 
ciple, was  entirely  ufelefs.  The  parts  :ontra'ied  the  dif- 
pofition foon  after  the  virus  had  been  abforbed  into  the-  fyf- 
tem, iinlefp,  by  good  luck,  mercury  had  been  employed  (o 
early  and  efficiently  as  entirely  to  prevent  fuch  difpofition 
from  taking  place.  If  it  had  not  been  ufed  early  enough, 
and  with  fufficient  effeft  to  prevent  the  formation  of  the  dif- 
pofition in  the  parts  fufceptible  of  contamination,  thefe 
could  not  fall  of  falling  afterwards,  but  at  an  uncertain 
period,  into  a  palpable  ttate  of  lyphilitic  action,  and  in  that 
ftate  alone  were  capable  of  being  cured  by  mercury.  The 
difpofition,  though  it  might  have  been  prevented,  could  not 
be  cured  by  mercury.  That  part  of  the  doftrine,  alfo, 
which  inculcates  that  parts,  which  have  been  once  cured, 
cannot  be  contaminated  again  from  the  fame  flock  of  infec- 
tion, tends  ftrcingly  to  (horten  .a  mercurial  courfe  ;  becaufe, 
as  the  foregoing  cafe  iihiflratcs,  when  one  order  of  parts 
have  been  cured  by  mercury,  there  is  no  danger  of  a  recur- 
rence of  the  diflcmpcr  in  them  :  and  though  the  difpofition 
may  exift  in  another  order  of  parts,  and,  of  courfe,  mull 
come  into  aClion,  it  would  be  abiurd  to  continue  mercury 
on  that  account,  both  bccaule  tliis  mineral  abfolutely  has  not 
the  power  of  deftroying  the  dilpofition,  and  it  can  never  be 
known,  a  priori,  whether  thefe  other  parts  arc  contaminated 
or  not. 

The  employment  of  the  term  difpofition  has  led  to  much 
difputation.  Many  have  not  been  able  to  underlland  the 
word,  and  others  have  raifed  feveral  obje£tions  to  it.  The 
critical  examiners  of  Mr.  Hunter's  dodrine  afk,  how  is  it 
poffible  to  prove  that  a  venereal  difpofition  has,  or  has  not, 
exilled  at  any  particular  time  ?  If,  after  a  certain  courfe  of 
mercury,  and  the  confequent  removal  of  a  chancre,  blotches 
fhould  appear,  then,  fays  Mr.  Hunter,  a  dipofition  had  been 
formed,  which  no  quantity  of  mercury  could  have  dellroyed. 
But,  cbfcrve  the  critics,  may  we  not,  with  at  Icafl  equal 
probability  fay,  that  in  fuch  cafes  mercury  ha\^_been  infuffi- 
ciently  ufed  ?  If,  on  the  other  linnd,  after  fuch  a  courfe, 
no  blotches  fhould  occur,  the  friends  of  the  doAriiie  tell  us, 
the  fecondary  order  of  i)arts  had  not  been  contaminated  ; 
but,  in  this  cafe,  it  may  be  contended  by  the  oppofite  party, 
that  the  mercurial  courfe  had  been  judicious  and  efficient. 
It  is  infilled  by  Mr.  Hunter's  opponents,  that  the  exiflence 
of  this  incurable  difpofition  cannot  be  proved  ;  nor  by  his 
friends  can  it  be  jnflly  and  confillently  affumed ;  for  if  it 
be  aflion,  then  its  coincidence  with  other  adlions  is  admitted 
contrary  to  their  principles ;  if  it  be  not  action,  then  the 
difeafe  which  follows  is  motion  without  impulfe,  and  effect 
without  a  caufe.  Tliis  opinion,  indeed,  with  regard  to  the 
diS'erence  of  difpofition  and  action,  it  is  maintained,  was  not 

fleadily 


LUES  VENEREA. 


ileadily  and  uniformly  contemplated  by  Mr.  Hunter  himfclf 
in  his  praftice,  or  even  in  his  theories ;  for  he  fometimes 
talks  o£.  the  cure  of  hies  venerea  in  tlie  Hate  of  difpofition, 
and  generally  continued  the  exhibition  of  mercury,  after  the 
difappearance  of  the  fymptoms.  (See  London  Medical 
Review,  No.  il,p.  248,  249.)  For  our  .own  part,  with- 
out undertaking  to  defend  the  inconiiltencies  into  which 
Mr.  Hunter  has  undoubtedly  fallen,  we  have  no  hcfitation 
in  declaring  our  belief,  that  his  opinion,s  and  doftrines  in 
general  concerning  lues  venerea,  and  the  power  of  mercury 
over  it,  are  the  bell  and  mod  rational  that  have  ever 
been  promulgated.  In  particular,  we  cannot  concur  with 
the  anonymous  critic  quoted  above,  when  he  thinks  it  as 
reafonable  to  refer  the  perfeftion,  or  imperfe&ion  of  the 
cure,  to  mercury  having  been  fufficiently,  or  infufficiently 
ufed.  We  have  known  inflances  in  which  patients  have 
been  almoft  conflautly  employing  mercury  for  twelve  and 
eighteen  months  for  the  cure  of  local  complaints,  fucccedcd 
by  fore  throats  and  eruptions,  and  yet,  after  all  this  time, 
and  after  all  this  perfevcrance  in  the  ufe  of  mercury,  nodes 
on  the  cranium,  flcin,  or  ulna,  have  arifen.  Certainly, 
when  a  patient  has  been  for  many  months  in  a  (late  of 
falivation,  and  has  thereby  got  rid  of  all  his  palpable 
fymptoms,  we  are  not  juftified  in  concluding  that  be- 
caufe  future  complaints  begin,  thefe  might  have  been  hin- 
dered by  a  further  continuance  of  the  mercurial  courfe. 
Mercury  is  fo  often  ufed  in  immoderate  quantities,  and  for 
fo  unreafonable  a  length  of  time,  without  preventing  a  fuc- 
cellion  of  fecondary  fymptoms,  that  we  cannot  bring  our 
minds  to  believe,  that  the  recurrence  of  the  difeafe,  in  fuch 
cafes,  can  be  hindered  by  any  judicious  or  prafticable  per- 
feverance  in  the  employment  of  this  mineral.  At  the  fame 
time  we  are  not  fuch  bigots  to  the  Hunterian  theory  as  to 
fuppofe,  that  the  ufe  of  mercury  ought  not  to  be  continued 
an  inftant  after  a  chancre,  or  bubo,  is  either  healed  or  appa- 
rently converted  into  a  common  fore.  It  is  generally  im- 
poflible  to  afcertain,  with  precifion,  the  exadl  moment  when 
venereal  aftion  ceafes.  The  difpofition,  or  contamination  of 
other  parts,  may  poffibly  fometimes  happen  later  than  Mr. 
Hunter  fuppofed,  and  we  have  every  reafon  to  conclude  that 
fuch  (fifpofition  may  be  imparted  at  any  time,  while  the 
venereal  aflion  in  a  chancre,  or  bubo,  is  not  completely  fub- 
verted.  Mr.  Hunter  fuppofed,  that  the  fyphilitic  poifoii 
could  only  be  abforbed  when  blended  witli  pus.  Perhaps 
the  virus  may  exift,  and  be  taken  up  by  the  abforbents  in 
other  forms.  The  induration  left  after  a  chancre  is  healed 
is  not  always  free  from  the  venereal  aflion,  though  not  a 
drop  of  matter  is  now  fecreted  ;  yet  as  there  are  fo  many 
inexplicable  circumllances  in  certain  cafes  of  the  prefent 
difeafe,  it  feems  almoft  warrantable  to  believe  that  the  virus 
may  exilt,  and  be  imbibed  by  the  abforbents,  fo  as  to  impart 
the  difpofition  to  the  diftemper  at  later  periods  than  Mr. 
Hunter  conjedlured,  and  under  an  additional  number  of 
ftatcs  and  circumllances.  According  to  Mr.  Hunter,  the 
matter  of  fecondary  ulcers  is  not  poffefled  of  the  fpecific 
venereal  quality,  and  cannot  produce  the  difeafe,  when 
abforbed,  as  the  matter  of  a  chancre  or  bubo  does,  Sup- 
pofing  this  to  be  true,  whatever  opinions  may  be  enter- 
tained refpecling  the  continuance  of  mercury,  after  the 
venereal  adion  of  a  chancre  or  bubo  has  apparently  ceafed, 
there  can  be  no  diverfity  of  fentiment  in  regard  to  the  in- 
utility of  perfevering  in  that  medicine,  after  fecondary  fores 
are  either  healed  or  have  had  their  character  entirely  altered. 
Having  detailed  the  ancient  praClice,  mentioxed  the  forms 
in  which  mercury  was  formerly  exhibited,  and  endeavoured 
to  give  fome  idea  of  the  degree  of  power  which  this  me- 
dicine poffelTes  over  fyphilitic  affeftions,  it  is  our  place  to 


make  a  few  obfervations  en  the  mercurial  preparations,  to 
which  modern  practitioners  generally  give  the  preference. 

As  long  ago  as  the  days  of  Berenger  of  Carpi,  who,  as 
we  have  recited,  was  the  firft  perlon  that  afcertained  the 
efficacy  of  mercury  in  the  treatment  of  fyphilis,  it  has  been 
well  known  that  this  metal,  in  its  rcguline  itate,  pofl'effes  no 
medicinal  virtue.  Its  power  of  ading  agaiiift  difeafe  only 
exiRs  when  it  is  in  the  flate  of  a  fait,  or  oxyd.  Its  pre- 
parations have  alfo  very  dilTerent  degrees  of  effuacy. 

The  moft  aftivc  of  all  the  preparations  of  mercury  is  the 
oxygenated  muriate,  the  oxymurias,  or,  as  it  is  generally 
called,  the  corrofive  fublimate,  which  is,  in  faft,  a  violent 
poifon.  We  have  already  Rated,  tliac  the  celebrated  Van 
Swieten  was  exceedingly  partial  to  this  mcdicii,e  in  fyphilitic 
cafes.  He  diflolved  it  in  brandy,  or  alcohol,  and  diluting 
this  mixture  with  a  certain  proportion  of  water,  prefcribcd 
the  remedy  in  a  fluid  ftate.  The  ordinary  dofe  is  a  quarter 
of  a  grain  every  day  ;  but  the  quantity  may,  in  particular  in- 
llances,  be  increafed  to  half  or  tlirce  quarters  of  a  grain  every 
24  hours.  Sublimate  is,  even  at  the  prefent  time,  ufually 
prefcribed  after  the  manner  direfted  by  Van  Swieten,  the 
folution  in  alcohol  being  ordinarily  taken,  cither  in  fome  - 
warm  milk,  a  decodtion  of  farfaparilla,  or  blended  with  fome 
fyrup,  which  vehicles  are  fuppofed  to  prevent  the  fublimate 
from  difordering  the  ftomach  and  bowels.  Notwithlianding 
thefe  corredlives,  this  preparation  of  mercury  often  pro- 
duces confiderable  ficknefs  and  griping  pains,  and  it  is 
reckoned  extremely  improper  for  patients  labouring  under 
pulmonary  affedions.  It  (hould  only  be  tried  in  cafes 
where  the  conftitution  is  ftrong  and  free  from  much  irrita- 
bility. But  the  moll  important  truth  to  be  attended  to  is 
the  decifion  of  many  experienced  furgeons,  that  the  cor- 
rofive fubhmate,  though  a  powerful  medicine,  has  not  fo 
much  efBcacy  in  accomplilhing  a  radical  cure  of  fyphilitic 
difeafes,  as  feveral  other  more  limple  and  mild  preparations 
of  mercury.  Hence  it  is  feldom  exhibited  by  furgeons  of 
the  prefent  time  for  the  cure  of  primary  venereal  fymptoms,  •' 
except  when  particular  circumftances  are  in  the  way  of  other 
more  approved  methods.  The  convenience  and  fccrecy  with 
which  a  folution  of  the  corrofive  fublimate  may  be  taken, 
and  the  circumftance  of  a  fmall  phial  of  it  being  in  fome 
inftances  fufficient  for  the  cure,  may,  perhaps,  be  reafons 
why  it  has  been  more  extenfively  adminiftered,  than  its  com- 
parative efficacy  appears  to  jullify. 

The  fubmurias  hydrargyri,  or  calomel,  is  far  lefs  aftive 
than  the  oxymurias,  or  corrofive  fublimate,  and  tliough  not 
now  very  much  employed  in  this  country  for  the  cure  of 
unequivocal  fyphilitic  complaints,  it  is,  like  every  otlier  pre- 
paration of  mercury,  anti-venereal,  and  was  at  one  time  com- 
monly given.  Whenever  it  is  exhibited  at  prefent,  it  is 
almoll  always  in  the  form  of  pills,  containing  from  one  to 
three  grains.  When  the  dofe  is  larger,  purging  is  generally 
excited,  and  little  fpecific  effedl  on  the  difeafe  is  the  confe- 
quence.  Hence,  when  calomel  is  prefcribed  v/ith  a  view  of 
producing  a  falivation,  opium  mull  generally  be  conjoined 
with  it.  Calomel  has  alfo  been  mixed  with  ointment,  fo  as 
to  form  a  dreffing  for  venereal  fores,  or  admit  of  being  in- 
troduced into  the  fyftem  by  being  rubbed  upon  the  ikin. 
Attempts  have  likewife  been  made  to  cure  fyphilis  by  fric- 
tions with  calomel  on  the  gums,  and  infide  ot  the  lips  and 
checks.  However,  violent  and  dangerous  ptyahlms  having, 
in  this  manner,  been  fometimes  produced,  without  the  difeafe 
being  radically  cured,  the  method  has  fallen  into  difrcpute. 
In  the  article  Fumigation,  we  have  defcribed  a  powder, 
made  with  calomel,  for  the  purpofe  of  being  applied  to  the 
furface  of  the  body  in  the  form  of  a  vapour,  or  a  fubtile 
powder  raifed  by  heat. 

Sometime.'i, 


LUES   VENEREA. 


Sometimes,  wlien  patients  cannot  rub  in  mercurial  oint- 
ment, or  fritlions  alone  have  not  fufficient  effeft,  a  grain  of 
t!ie  hydrargyrus  calcinatus,  now  called  hydrargyri  oxydum 
rubriim,   is  prefcribed,   and  to  prevent   bad  effefls  on  the 
bowels,  half  a   grain  of  opium  is  generally  direfled  to  be 
taken   at   the   fame    time.       The   grey  oxyd  of   mercury, 
formed  by  the  trituration  of  quickfilver  with  fat,  is  the  moll 
c>.)mm()n,   fafe,   and   efFeftual  preparation    for    the  cure  of 
fvphilitic  complaints.      A  piece  of  this  ointment,  about  as 
large  as  a  nutmeg,  is  ordinarily  rubbed  into   the  furface  of 
the  body,  for   about  half  an   hour  before  the  lire.     Wlien 
there  is  a  bubo  in  the  groin,  the  leg  and  thigbv  on  the  affefted 
Tide,  are  genera'ly  preferred  for  the  friftions  ;   but  when  this 
is  inconvenient,  the  ointment  may  be  rubbed  upon  any  other 
par:  of  the  body.     Mercurial  ointment,   provided  the  fat  is 
not  rancid,  which  it  is  very  apt  to  be,  makes  an  eligible  appli- 
cation to  both  primary  and  fecondary  venereal  ulcers,  when 
it  is  fpread  upon  lint.     The  iutroduftion   of  mercury  into 
t!ie  conllitution,  by  friftions  with  ointment,  is  one   of  the 
oldell  and  belt  methods.      When   the  patient  cannot   rub  in 
lumfelf,  the  bufinefs  may  be  done  by  an  attendant,  who  mud 
be  provided  vvith  gloves,  made  of  oil-ftin,  or  pig's  bladder, 
lelt  he  falivate   lumfelf.      The  fridlions  are  faid   to  have  the 
molt  eflfeft  when  made  along  the  infide  of  the  limbs,   where 
anatomy  (hews  that  the  largell  lymphatics  are  fituated.      It 
is  always  a  prudent  maxim  to  begin  a  courfe  of  mercury  in 
a  very  gentle  way,   only  fmall  quantities   of  the   ointment 
being  at  firft  ventured  upon.      Perhaps  half  a  dram  is  enough 
to  begin   with.      Nor  need  the  trictions  be  made  every  day 
ui.til  the  ability  of  the  co  ilUtution  to  bear  the  medicine  has 
been  tried.     Thus,  the  patient  may  commence  with  rubbing 
half  a  dram  of  the  ointment  on  the  inlide  of  the  leg.     After 
letting  one  day  intervene,  he  may  make  the  fecond  frifti«n 
on  the  infide  of  the  thigh.      When  another  intervening  day 
has  elapfcd,   the  third  application   of  the  ointment  may  be 
made  to  the   hip  and   lower    part  of  the  abdomen.     The 
fourth  friftion  may  be  made  on  the  arms,  unlefs  the  patient 
(hould   prefer  begnining   again    on  the  leg.     During  fuch 
employment   of  the    onitment,    the    patient,   if   convenient, 
fliould  wa(h  hinifeif  now  and  then  in  a  warm  bath,  and  have 
coftivenefs   obviated   by   mild   purgatives.     The  preceding 
method  is   generally   commendable,   becaufe  it  removes  all 
chance  of  too   fudden   and   violent   a  fahvation,   as  well  as 
diininifhes  the  peril,   with  which   the  adminiftration  of  mer- 
cury is  liable  to  be  accompanied  in  particular  conllitutions. 
Though  fuch  is  the  motl  prudent  plan  to  be  followed  in  the 
generality  of  cafes,  it  mull:   ftiU  be  remembered,  that  there 
are   certain   inllanccs  in  which   the  affeftion  of  the   fyllem 
with  mercury  ought   to  be  expedited,  for  the  purpofe  of 
preventing  the  lerious  conicquences,  which  might  aiile  from 
the  fpreading  of  venereal  ulceration  in  particular  fituations, 
as  where  a  chancre  threatens  to  detlroy  the  whole  glaiis,  or 
an  ulcer  in  the  throat  to  eat  away   all  the  velum  pendulum 
palati.      In  every  cafe   it   is  highly  proper,  that  the  patient 
ftiould  have  fome  tendernefs  of  tlie  gums,  and  a  copper  talle 
in  his   mouth,   as  tells   of  his  conllitution  being  under  the 
influence  of  jnercury  ;  but  all  violent  falivations,  attended 
with  extreme  forenefs  and  floughing  of  the  mouth,  and  vaft 
f'*ellin'g  of  the  face,  are  condemned   as  unnecelTary,  and  in 
every  refpedl  blameablc,  by  all  the  moll  judicious  pradli- 
tioners  of  the  prefent  time. 

The  grey  oxyd  of  mercury,  made  by  triturating  quick- 
filver with  fngar  or  honey,  compofes  the  common  pil.  hy- 
drarg.  or  blue  pill,  which,  in  ordinary  cafes,  is  the  btfl 
mercurial  medicine  for  internal  ufe.  It  is  given,  either  to 
aflill  the  action  of  the  ointment,  or  when  the  friftions  can- 
sot  be  executed.    Tbe  coBunen  dofe  is  ten  gfains  every 

Vol,.  XXI. 


night,  opium  being  added  when  any  griping  or  purging  is 

excited. 

Such  are  the  preparations  of  mercury  ordinarily  ufed  by 
Britldi  furgeons  in  the  treatment  of  fyphihs. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing  directions,  refpecling  the 
management  of  a  mercurial  courfe,  there  are  many  olluf 
circumllances  to  be  obferved.  livery  furgeon  (liould  be 
imprefled  with  the  importance  of  the  patient  keeping  him- 
felt  warm,  and  avoiding  all  expofure  to  damp  and  cold, 
during  the  employment  of  mercury.  He  fliould  be  re- 
commended to  keep  to  his  room,  and  wear  worllcd  fiock- 
ings,  and  flannel  drawers  and  waillcoat.  Experience  hai 
proved,  that  expofure  to  the  damp  cold  air  fometimes  deter- 
mines the  adlion  of  mercury  viok-ntly  either  to  the  mouth, 
or  the  bowels,  and  materially  leflens  its  effect  upon  the 
difeafe. 

According  to  Mr.  Hunter,  when  a  courfe  of  mercury  is 
about  to  be  undertaken,  we  a'e  to  coniider  two  things  ; 
firll,  the  preparation  and  mode  attended  with  the  lead  trou- 
ble or  inconvenience  to  the  patient  ;  and  fecondly,  the  pre- 
paration and  mode  of  adminillering  it,  that  moil  readily 
conveys  the  neceffary  quantity  into  the  conllitution.  Mer- 
cury is  carried  into  the  conllitution  in  the  fame  way  ac  other 
fubllances,  either  by  being  abforbed  from  the  furface  of  the 
body,  or  that  of  the  alimentary  canal.  It  cannot,  how- 
ever, in  all  cafes  be  taken  into  the  conllitution  in  both  ways  ; 
for  fometimes  the  abforbents  of  the  Ikin  will  not  readily 
receive  it,  at  Icall  no  cffeft  is  produced,  eitb:;r  on  the  dif- 
eafe, or  conllitution,  from  this  mode  of  application.  In 
this  circumftance,  mercury  mull  be  given  by  the  mouth, 
although  the  plan  may  be  very  improper  in  other  refpefts, 
and  olten  inconvenient.  On  the.  other  hand,  the  internal 
abforbents  fometimes  will  not  take  up  the  medicine,  or  at 
lead  no  efl'tft  is  produced  on  the  difeafe,  or  the  conlli- 
tution. 

In  Inch  cafes,  all  the  different  prep.ti-ations  of  the  medi- 
cine flio'.ild  be  tried  ;  for  fometimes  one  fucceeds  when 
another  will  not.  In  fome  cafes,  mercury  feems  to  have  no 
effefl,  either  applied  outwardly,  or  taken  into  the  (lomach. 
Many  furfaccs  feem  to  abforb  mercury  better  than  others  ; 
fiich  are  probably  all  internal  furfaces  and  fores.  Thirty 
grains  of  calomel,  rubbed  in  on  the  fl<in,  have  not  more 
effcdl  than  three  or  fcur  taken  by  the  mouth.  Drefling 
fmall  ulcers  with  red  precipitate  fometimes  caufes  a  faliva- 
tion.      Hunter  on  the  Venereal  Difeafe,  P- 335,  336. 

Befidcs  the  praiticablenefs  of  getting  the  medicine  into  the 
conllitution  in  either  way,  it  is  proper  to  confider  the  ealielt 
for  the  patient,  each  mode  having  its  convenience  and  in- 
convenience, depending  on  the  nature  of  the  parts  to  which 
it  is  applied,  or  on  certain  fituations  of  life  at  the  time. 
Hence,  it  (hould  be  given  in  the  way  moll  luitable  to  fuch 
circumllances. 

In  many,  the  bowels  can  hardly  bear  mercury  at  all,  and 
it  (hould  then  be  given  in  the  miideil  form  polTible,  con- 
joined with  fuch  medicines  as  will  lelTen,  or  correct  its 
violent  local  effects,  although  not  its  fpecific  ones  on  the 
conllitution. 

When  mercury  can  be  thrown  into  the  conllitution  with 
propriety  by  the  external  method,  it  is  preferable  to  ths 
internal  plan,  becaufe  the  ikin  is  not  nearly  fo  efl'ential  to 
life  as  the  llomach,  and,  therefore,  is  capable  in  itfclf  of 
bearing  much  more  than  the  llomach.  The  conilitutiou  is 
alfo  lefs  injured.  Many  conrfes  of  mercury  would  kill  the 
patient,  if  the  medicine  were  only  given  inlernL.ily,  becaufe 
it  proves  hurtful  to  the  ftonnch  and  iutedines,  when  given 
in  any  form,  or  joined  with  the  greated  correctors.  Every 
oae,  however,  has  not  .opportunities  of  rubbing  in  mercury, 
4F  ^aik 


LUES  VENEREA. 


and  is  tlicrefore  obliged,  if  poffiblc,  to  take  it  by  the  mouth. 
Hunter,  p.  338. 

Mercury  has  two  effeftj,  one  as  a  ftimulus  on  the  confti- 
tation  and  particular  parts  ;  the  other  as  a '  fpecific  on  a 
difeafed  aftion  of  tlie  whole  body,  or  of  parts.  The  lat- 
ter adion  can  only  be  computed  by  the  difeafe  difap- 
pearing. 

In  giving  mercury  in  the  venereal  difcafc,  the  firft  atten- 
tion fiiould  be  to  tiie  quantity,  and  its  vifiblc  cffefts  in  a 
given  time,  which,  when  brought  to  a  proper  pitch,  are 
only  to  be  kept  up,  and  the  decline  of  the  difeafe  to  be 
watched  ;  for  by  this  we  judge  of  the  invifible,  or  fpe- 
cific effecSls  of  the  medicine,  and  know  what  variation  in 
the  quantity  may  be  neceffary.  The  vifible  effefts  of  mer- 
cury affcft  either  the  whole  conftitution,  or  fome  parts  ca- 
pable of  fecretion.  In  the  firft,  it  produces  univerfal  irri- 
tability, making  it  more  fufceptible  of  all  impreffions.  It 
quickens  the  pulfe,  increafes  its  hardnefs,  and  occafions  a 
kind  of  temporary"  fever.  In  fome  conllitutions  it  operates 
like  a  poifon.  In  fome  it  produces  a  kind  of  hedlic  fever, 
that  is,  a  fmall  quick  pulfe,  lofs  of  appetite,  rellleffncfs, 
want  of  fleep,  and  a  fallow  complexion,  with  a  number  of 
confequent  fymptoms  ;  but  fuch  cffccls  commonly  diminiHi 
on  the  patient  becoiving  a  little  accuftomcd  to  the  medi- 
cine. Mercury  often  produces  pains  like  thofe  of  rheu- 
matifm,  and  nodes  of  a  fcrofulous  nature.     Huntei',  p.  339, 

34°- 

The  quantity  of  mercury  to  be  thrown  into  the  conftitu- 
tion, for  the  cure  of  any  venereal  complaint,  muft  be  pro- 
portioned to  the  violence  of  the  difeafe.  However,  we  are 
to  be  guided  by  two  circumllances,  namely,  the  time  in 
which  any  given  quantity  is  to  be  thrown  in,  and  the  eftecls 
it  has  on  fome  parts  of  the  body,  as  the  falivary  glands,  flcin, 
or  inteftities.  For  mercury  may  be  thrown  into  the  fame 
conilitation  in  very  different  quantities,  fo  as  to  produce  the 
fame  ultimate  effeft  ;  but  the  two  very  different  quanti- 
ties mull  alfo  be  in  different  times  ;  for  inftance,  one  ounce 
of  mercurial  ointment,  ufed  in  two  days,  will  have  more 
effeft  upon  the  conftitution,  than  two  ounces  ufed  in  ten. 
The  effeas  of  one  ounce,  ufed  in  two  days,  on  the  confti- 
tution and  difeafed  parts,  are  confiderable.  A  fmall  quan- 
tity, ufed  quickly,  will  have  equal  effefts,  to  thofe  of  a 
large  one  employed  (lowly ;  but  if  tliefe  effefts  are  prin- 
cipally local,  that  is,  upon  the  glands  of  the  mouth,  the 
conftitution  at  large  not  being  equally  ftimulated,  the  ef- 
feft  upon  the  difeafed  parts  muff  be  lefs,  whicb  may  be 
known  by  the  local  difeafe  not  giving  way  in  proportion  to 
the  effeCls  of  mercury  on  fome  particular  part.  If  it  is 
given  in  very  fmall  quantities,  an-d  increafed  gradually,  fo 
as  to  fteal  infenfibly  on  the  conftitution,  a  vaft  quantity  at  a 
time  may  at  length  be  thrown  in,  without  any  vifible  efFeft 
at  all.     Hunter,  p.  341. 

Thefe  circumftances  being  known,  mercury  becomes  a 
muck  more  efficacious,  manageable,  and  fafe  medicine,  than 
it  was  formerly  thougl It  to  be  ;  but,  unluckily,  its  vifible 
effefts  upon  the  mouth  and  the  inteftines  are  fometimes 
much  more  violent,  thao  its  general  effect  upon  the  confti- 
tution at  lar^e.  Thefe  parts  muft  therefore  not  be  ftimu- 
l:ited  fo  quickly,  as  to  hijider  ilie  neceffary  quaiiiity  of  mer- 
cury from,  b&ing  ufed. 

The  conftitution,  or  parts,  are  more  fufceptible  of  mer- 
cury at  'firft  than  afterwards.  If  the  mouth  is  made  fore, 
arid  allowed  to  recover,  a  much  greater  quantity  may  be 
thrown  in,  a  fecond  time,  before  the  fame  forenefs  is  pro- 
duced. However,  anomalous  cafes  occur,  in  which,  from 
unknown  caufes,  mercury  cannot  at  one  time  be  made  to 


produce  any  vifible  effefts  ;  but  afterwards,  the  mouth  and 
inteftines  are  all  at  once  aflfefted.     Hunter,  p.  342. 

Mercury  occafionally  attacks  the  bowels,  and  caufes  vio- 
L'nt  purging,  even  of  blood.  Tiiis  effeft  is  remedied  by 
intermitting  the  ufe  of  the  medicine,  and  exhibiting  opium. 
At  other  times,  it  is  fuddenly  determined  to  the  mouth, 
and  produces  infiammation,  ulceration,  and  an  exceffivc  flow 
of  faliva.  To  obtain  relief  in  this  circumftance,  purgatives, 
nitre,  fulphur,  gum-arabic,  lime-water,  camphor,  bark,  kali 
fulphuratum,  blifter?,  &c.  have  been  advifed.  Mr.  Pearfon, 
however,  does  not  feem  to  place  much  confidence  in  the 
efficacv  of  fucli  means,  and  the  mercury  being  difconti- 
nued  for  a  time,  he  recommends  the  patient  to  be  freely  ex- 
pofed  to  a  dry  cold  air,  with  the  occafional  ufe  of  cathar- 
tics, Peruvian  bark,  and  mineral  acids,  and  the  affiduous 
application  of "  aftrlngent  gargles.  "  The  moft  material 
objsdtion,  (fays  Mr.  Pearfon,)  which  I  forefee  againft 
the  method  of  treatm.ent  I  have  recommended,  is  the  ha- 
zard, to  which  the  patient  will  be  espofed,  of  having  the 
faliva  fuddenly  checked,  and  of  fuffering  fome  other  difeafe 
in  confequence  of  it. 

"  That  the  hafty  fupprcffion  of  a  ptyalifm  may  be  fi^il- 
lowed  by  ferious  inconveniences,  has  been  proved  by  Dr. 
Sylvefter,  (Med.  Obf.  and  Inq.  vol.  iii.)  who  publifhcd 
three  cafes  of  perfons  who  had  been  under  his  own  care  ; 
tv/o  of  whom  were  afflifted  with  violent  pains  ;  and  the 
third  fcarcely  retained  any  food  in  her  Itomach  for  the  fpace 
of  three  months.  I  have  feen  not  only  p.ains,  but  even  ge-- 
neral  convulfions,  produced  from  the  fame  caufe.  But  this 
fingular  kind  of  metaftafis  of  the  mercurial  irritation  docs 
not  appear  to  me  to  owe  its  appearance  to  finiple  expofure 
to  cold  and  dry  air  ;  becaufe  I  have  known  it  occur  in 
diffe'-cnt  forms,  where  patients  continued  to  breathe  a  warm 
atmofphere,  but  ufed  a  bath,  the  water  of  which  was  not 
fufficiently  heated.  Cold  liquids,  taken  in  large  quantity 
into  the  flomach,  or  expofure  of  the  body  to  cold  and- 
moifture,  will  alfo  prove  extremely  injurious  to  thofe  who 
are  fully  under  the  influence  of  mercury  ;  whereas  breathing 
a  cool  air,  while  the  body  is  properly  covered  with  ap- 
parel, has  certainly  no  tftidency  to  produce  any  diftrefling 
or  dangerous  confeqnences. 

"  if,  however,  a  fuppreffioii  of  the  ptyalifm  (Iiould  be 
occafioned  by  any  aft  of  indifcretion,  the  remedy  is  eafy 
and  certain  ;  it  confifts  only  in  the  quick  introduftion  of 
mercury  into  the  body,  fo  as  to  produce  a  forenefs  of  the 
gums,  with  the  occafional  ufe  of  a  hot  bath."  Pearfc'n  on. 
the  Effed  of  Various  Articles  in  the  Cure  of  Lues  Venerea, 
edit.  2.  p.  163,  164. 

Mercury,  when  it  falls  on  the  mouth,  produces,  in  many 
conftitutions,  violent  inflammation,  which  fometimes  termi- 
nates in  mortification.  In  thefe  habits  great  caution  is 
neceffary.  The  ordinary  operation  of  mercury  does  not 
permanently  injure  the  conftitution;  but,  occafion.ally,  the 
impairment  is  very  material  ;  mercury  may  even  prc^duce 
local  difeafes,  and  retard  the  cure  of  chancres,  buboes,  and 
certain  effects  of  the  lues  venerea,  after  the  poifon  has  been 
deftroyed.      Hunter,  p.  342. 

When  an  immoderate  and  violent  falivation  is  fuddenly 
produced,  the  means  in  repute  for  lefi'ening  this  accident 
are,  bathing  the  feet  in  warm  water,  clytters,  cathartics, 
and  blifters.  The  application  of  pounded  ice  to  the  jaw, 
and  waffling  the  mouth  and  throat  with  cold  acidulated 
gargles,  are,  perhaps,  meafures  as  ferviceabie  as  any  that 
can  be  adopted. 

In  the  article  Eretiii.'imu.S,  we  have  def;ribed  a  dangerous 

ftate  of  the  fyftcm,  fometimes  occafioned  by  the  ufe  of  mer- 

cury,  and  producing  death  in  the  moil  fudden  and  unex- 

(5  peded 


LUES  VENEREA. 


peifted  manner.  This  is  a  fubjeA  urgently  requiring  the 
attention  of  the  praftitioner  ;  but  as  we  have  treated  of  it 
elfewhere,  we  (hall  here  be  content  with  referring  to  the 
above-mentioned  part  of  the  prefent  publication. 

Mercury  occafionally  gives  rife  to  a  mod  fevere  apd  es- 
tcnfive  rafh  all  over  the  body,  attended  with  alarmintr  in- 
difpofition.  This  complaint  is  noticed  in  the  article  Ery- 
thema, and  is  one  with  which  every  furgeon  fliould  be  well 
acquainted. 

The  precife  manner  in  which  mem.ory  a<fts  in  checkinpr 
and  curing  fyphilitic  difeafes,  has  been  the  fnbjetl  of  various 
conjeiSures.  Some  writers  fancy  that  it  muft  operate  by 
neutralizing  the  virus,  juil  as  an  alkali  deftroys  an  acid. 
Others,  feeing  that  njercury  only  exerted  an  anti-venere?,l 
quahty,  when  combined  with  oxygen,  have  endeavoured  to 
account  for  the  aftion  of  this  mineral,  by  the  quantity  of 
oxygen  which  it  conveys  with  it  into  the  fyftem.  Againft 
the  firft  of  thefe  fuppofitions  it  is  argued,  that  mercury 
cannot  aft  by  neutralizing  the  virus,  fmce  its  effeft  would 
then  always  correfpond  with  the  quantity  introduced  into 
the  fyftem.  This  experience  contradicts,  and  the  Hun- 
terian  doftrines  lead  us  to  conclude,  that  the  virus  does 
not  long  remain  in  the  conilitution,  after  contaminating 
the  parts,  and  communicating  to  them  the  difpofition  which 
is  afterwards  to  come  into  aftion.  Againft  the  fecond 
opinion  it  may  be  obferved,  that  though  mercury  has  no 
effect  in  its  fimple  ftate,  yet  thofe  mercurial  preparations 
which  have  the  moft  power  over  fyphilis,  are  fuch  as  are 
combined  with  the  fmalleft  quantity  of  oxygen.  Befides, 
there  are  othar  fubftances  which  contain  infinitely  more 
oxygen  than  mercurial  medicines,  and  yet  have  not  gained 
the  celebrity  and  confidence  which  furgeons  place  in  mer- 
cury, as  an  antidote  for  fyphilis.  There  can  be  no  doubt, 
however,  that  the  nitric  and  nitrous  acids,  the  oxygenated 
muriatic  acid,  and  the  oxygenated  muriate  of  potafta,  fub- 
ftances which  largely  abound  in  oxygen,  are  in  a  certain 
degree  anti-fyphilitic,  though  they  cannot  be  deoended 
»pon  fo  much  as  mercury.  With  refpedl  to  the  modus 
operandi  of  mercury,  it  was  Mr.  Hunter's  belief,  that  this 
mineral  produced  in  the  coulUtution  an  irritation  which 
counterafted  the  venereal  and  entirely  deftroyed  it.  Trcatile 
on  Ven.  Difeafe,  p.  3(55. 

The  indifcrete  and  immoderate  employment  of  mercury 
fometimes  gives  rife  to  difeafes,  which  are  very  liable  to  be 
millaken  for  continuations  of  the  fyphihtic  affection,  for 
which  that  remedy  was  at  firft  prefcribed.  Mr.  Hunter 
himfelf  confeffes  that  thefe  cafes  puzzle  confiderably,  it 
being  difficult  to  fay  when  the  venereal  aftion  is  abfolutely 
deftroyed.  He  obferves,  that  fuch  complaints  are  moft 
common  in  the  throat  ;  for  while  a  mercurial  courfe  is 
going  on,  and  the  ulcer  on  the"  tonfils  healing,  or  even 
healed,  thefe  parts  will  fometimes  fvvell,  and  excoriations 
occur  and  fpread  over  the  whole  palatum  moUe.  Mr.  Hun- 
ter believed  that  fuch  excoriations,  as  well  as  other  appear- 
ances of  difeafe  coming  on  during  the  ufe  of  mercury,  were 
feldom  or  never  vene.eal.  Hence  he  recommended  mer- 
cury to  be-contimied  no  longer  than  was  fufficient  to  over- 
come the  original  fypliilitic  difeafe.  In  thefe  cafes,  he 
thought  that  bark  was  often  of  fervice,  and  that  it  might 
be  uicfully  givsn,  either  with  the  mercury,  or  after  the  mer- 
curial courfe  was  over. 

Frequently  venereal  abfceffes  will  not  heal  up,  though 
they  have  become  confiderably  better  ;  for  while  the  fyphi- 
litic actions  remained  in  the  part,  mercury  difpofed  that  part 
to  heal  ;  but  under  the  mercurial  courfe,  the  conttitution 
and  part  had  acqui-red  another  difpofition,  proceeding  (to 
ufe  Mr.  Ranter's  language)  from  a  venereal  and  mercurial 


irritation,  affefting  a  particular  habit  of  body,  or  par^,  at 
the  time  which  new  difpofition  differs  from  ths  venereal, 
mercurial,  and  natural,  being  a  fourth  difpofition  arifing 
out  of  all  the  tliree.  Mercury,  when  continued  under  fuch 
circumftanccs,  afts  as  a  poifon,  and  makes  the  local  difeafe 
grow  worfe  and  fpread.  Some  of  the  fores,  formed  in  this 
way,  not  only  refift  all  means  of  cure,  but  often  inflame, 
ulcerate,  and  produce  hard  callous  b«fes,  fo  as  to  put  on  a 
canceruus  appearance.  New  difeafes  may  arife  from  mer- 
cury alone,  as  fw'elling  of  the  tonfils,  unattended  with 
any  fyphilitic  difeafes,  thickenings  of  the  perioftcum,  and 
oedema,  and  lorenefs  of  the  parts  over  the  bones.  Thefe 
complaints,  arifing  under  a  courfe  of  mercury,  are  too  often 
regarded  as  veneieal,  and  that  mineral  pufhed  to  the  ntmoft; 
extent.  If  mercury  has  already  been  given  fufficiently  to 
cure  the  original  difeafe,  it  ought  to  be  now  immediately 
left  off,  and  not  continued  for  thefe  incidental  afFections, 
which  will  be  rendered  worfe  by  it.  If,  after  the  cure  of 
fuch  maladies,  the  venereal  difeafe  (hould  begin  to  come 
into  aftion  again,  mercury  muft  be  given  a  iecond  time. 
Mr.  Hunter  fufpefted  fhat'the  diforders  of  the  tonfils  and 
periofteum,  above  alluded  to,  originated  from  fcrofulr,,  and 
he  entertained  a  favourable  opinion  of  bark  and  fea-bathing 
for  their  relief.  P.  369 — 37 1.  The  terrible  forms  of  difeafe, 
which  we  every  day  fee  fyphilitic  complaints  converted  into 
by  rafti  local  and  mercurial  treatment,  are  really  deplorable. 
The  worft  phagedenic  buboes,  and  deftruftive  lioughing 
chancres,  and  other  ulcers,  ate  often  more  owing  to  the 
wrong  continuance  and  immoderate  exhibition  of  mercury, 
and  bad  local  treatment,  than  any  original  fault  in  the 
habit. 

From  mercury,  we  proceed  to  notice  a  few  of  the  other 
principal  remedies  which  have  obtained  repute  for  their  anti- 
fyphilitic  virtues. 

Gcaiacum  is  the  medicine  with  which  the  natives  of  the 
Weft  Indies  are  faid  to  have  cured  fyphilitic  affeftions 
before  thefe  difeafes  made  their  appearance  in  Europe. 
Many  writers  of  the  i6th  century  contended  that  guaiacum 
was  a  true  fpecific  for  the  venereal  difeafe  ;  and  the  cele- 
brated Boerhaave,  in  the  i8th,  maintained  the  fame  opinion. 
We  learn  from  Mr.  Pearfon  that  he  was  firft;  entrufted 
with  the  care  of  the  Lock  hofpital  in  1781.  Mr.  Bromfield 
and  Mr.  Williams  were  in  the  habit  of  repofing  great  con- 
fidence in  the  efficacy  of  a  decoftion  of  guaiacum  wood. 
This  was  adminiftered  to  fuch  patients  as  had  already  em- 
ployed the  ufual  quantity  of  mercury ;  but  who  com- 
plained of  nofturnal  pains,  or  had  gummata,  nodes,  oza:na, 
and  fuch  other  effefts  of  the  venereal  virus  connefted  with. 
fecondary  fymptoms,  as  did  yield  to  a  courfe  of  mercurial 
friftions.  _  The  diet  confifted  of  raifins  and  hard  bifcuit ; 
from  two  to  four  pints  of  the  decoftion  were  taken  every 
day;  the  hot-bath  was  ufed  twice  a  week  ;  and  a  dofe  of 
antimonial  wine  and  laudanum,  or  of  Dover's  powder,  was 
commonly  taken  every  evening.  Conftant  confinement  to 
bed  was  not  deemed  neceffary  ;  neither  was  expofure  to  the 
vapour  of  burning  fpirit,  with  a  view  of  exciting  perfpira- 
tion,  often  praftifed,  as  only  a  moift  ftate  of  the  fkin  was 
defiled.  This  treatment  was  fometimes  of  Angular  advan- 
tage to  thofe  whofe  health  had  fuftained  injury  from  the 
diieafe,  long  confinement,  and  mercury.  The  itrength  in-' 
creafed  ;  bad  ulcers  healed  ;  exfoliations  were  completed  ; 
and  thefe  anomalous  fymptoms,  which  would  have  been  ex- 
afperated  by  mercury,  foon  yielded  to  guaiacum. 

Befides  fuch  cafes,  in  which  the  good  effefts  of  guaiacum 
made  it  to  be  regarded  as  a  fpecific  for  lues  venerea,  the  medi- 
cine was  alfo   formerly  exhibited  by  feme  praftitioners  on 
the  firft  attack  of  the  venereal  difeafe.     The  difordcr,  being 
4  F  2  thus 


LUES  VENEREA. 


tliiii  benefited,  a  radical  cure  was  cenfidcicd  to  be  accom- 
pliflied  ;  and  though  frequent  relapfes  followed,  yet  as 
thefe  partly  yielded  to  the  fame  remedy,  its  reputation  was 
ftill  kept  up.  Many  difeafes,  alfo,  which  got  well,  were 
probably  not  really  venereal  cafes.  Mr.  Pearfon  feenis  to 
allow,  that,  in  fyphilitic  affcftions,  it  may,  indeed,  operate 
like  a  true  antidote,  fufpcndir.g,  for  a  time,  the  progrcfs.  of 
certain  venereal  fymptoms,  and  removing  other  appearances 
altogether  ;  but  he  obferves,  that  experience  has  evinced 
that  the  unfubducd  virus  yet  remains  adlive  in  the  conllitu- 
tion. 

Mr.  Pearfon  lias  found  gnaiacum  of  little  ufe  in  pains  of 
the  bones,  except  when  it  proved  fudoritic  ;  but  that  it 
was  then  inferior  to  antimony  or  volatile  alkali.  When  the 
conlUtution  has  been  impaired  bv  mercury  and  long  confuie- 
ment,  a  thickened  Hate  of  the  ligaments,  or  periolleum,"  or 
foul  ulcers,  ftill  remaining,  Mr.  Pearfon  fays,  thefe  efleits 
will  often  fubfide  during  the  exhibition  of  the  decoftiun. 
He  fays,  it  will  often  fufpend,  for  a  ftiort  time,  the  progrcfs 
of  certain  fecondary  fympton.s  of  the  lues  venerea  ;  for  in- 
ftance,  ulcers  of  the  tonllls,  venereal  eruptions,  and  even 
nodes.  Mr.  Pearfan,  however,  never  knew  one  nillance  in 
which  guaiacum  eradicated  the  virus  ;  and  he  contends, 
that  its  being  conjoined  with  mercury,  neither  increafes  the 
virtue  of  this  mineral,  leffens  its  bad  effcfts,  nor  diminilbes 
the  neceffity  of  giving  a  certain  quantiiy  of  it.  Mr.  Pearfon 
remarks,  that  he  has  feen  guaiacum  produce  good  efiects  in 
many  patients  having  cutaneous  difeafes,  the  ozxna,  and 
fcrofulous  affeftions  of  the  membranes  and  ligaments.  See 
Pearfon  on  the  EfFefts  of  various  Articles  in  the  Cure  of 
Lues  Venerea,  edit.  i.  1807. 

Mezereon  was  recommended  by  Dr.  A.  RufTel  for  a  par- 
ticular clafs  of  venereal  fymptoms,  in  the  following  terms  : 
"  The  difeafe,  for  which  I  principally  recommend  the  de- 
codtion  of  the  mezereon  root  as  a  cure,  is  the  venereal  node 
that  proceeds  from  a  thickening  of  the  membrane  of  the 
bones.  In  a  thickening  of  the  periolleum,  from  other 
caufes,  I  have  feen  very  good  effefts  from  it :  and  it  is  fre- 
quently of  fervice  in  the  removal  of  thofe  noiSurnal  pains 
with  which  venereal  patients  are  afflicted  ;  though,  in  this 
lad  cafe,  excepting  with  regard  to  the  pain  that  is  occafioned 
by  the  node,  I  own  I  have  not  found  its  effefts  fo  certain, 
as  I  at  firft  thought  I  had  reafon  to  believe.  I  do  not  find  it 
of  fervice  in  the  cure  of  any  other  fymptom  of  the  venereal  dif- 
eafe." (Med.  Obf  and  Inq.  vol.  iii.  p.  194,  195.)  Mr.  Pear- 
fon, however,  aflerts,  unequivocally,  that  mezereon  has  not 
the  power  of  curing  the  venereal  difeafe  in  any  one  ilage, 
or  under  any  one  form,  and  if  the  decottion  fhould  ever  re- 
duce a  venereal  node,  yet  there  will  be  a  neceffity  for  taking 
mercury  in  as  large  quantity,  and  for  as  long  a  time  as  if  no 
mezereon  had  been  exhibited.  CuUen  found  this  medicine 
of  ufe  in  fome  cutaneous  afFetlions,  but  excepting  an  inllance 
or  two  of  lepra,  Mr.  Pearfon  has  very  feldom  found  it  pof- 
felTed  of  medicinal  virtue,  either  in  fyphihs,  or  the  fcquelse 
of  that  difeafe,  fcrofula,  or  cutaneous  affeflions.  The  root 
of  farfapanlla  was  brought  into  Europe  about  1530,  It 
was  at  firll  reputed  to  p oflefs  Angular  efficacy  in  venereal 
caies ;  but  afterwards  loft  all  its  fame.  Sarfaparilla  was 
again  brought  into  notice  by  Dr.  W.  Hunter,  who  advifed 
Di".  Chapman  to  make  trial  of  it  in  a  bad  cafe  of  phagedenic 
bubo ;  and  the  benefit  obtained  in  this  inftance  led  Dr. 
Hunter  to  extend  the  recommendation  of  the  medici.ie. 
Sir  William  Fordyce  ftated,  that  farfapariila  would  quickly 
relieve  venereal  head-achs  and  nofturnal  pains,  and,  if  pcr- 
jifted  in,  cure  them;  that,  in  emaciated  or  conlumptive 
habits,  from  a  venereal  caufe,  it  was  the  greateft  reltorer  of 
appetite,  flefti,  colour,  and  llrength,  which  he  knew  of  ;  that 

8 


when  mercurial  friftions  had  been  prevloufly  employed,  it 
would  generally  complete  the  cure  ol  difeafe  of  the  throat, 
nofe,  palate,  or  fpongy  bones  ;  and  that  it  would  promote 
the  cure  of  blotches  and  ulcers,  fometimes  accomplifti  it, 
even  without  mercury ;  though,  in  this  circumllance,  there 
was  danger  of  a  relapfe.  Sir  W.  I'ordyce  faid,  farfapariila. 
was  of  little  ufe  in  ch:mcres  ;  but  when  thefe,  or  buboes, 
would  not  heal,  after  the  employment  of  mercury,  it  would 
often  cure,  and  always  do  good.  He  allows,  however,  that 
in  all  venereal  cafes  "  farfapariila  is  not  to  be  truftcd  to, 
unlefs  preceded  by,  or  combined  with,  the  uie  of  mercury  :" 
and  he  thought  farfapariila  would  probably  always  cure 
what  refilled  mercury.      Medical  Obi.  and  Inq.  vol.  i. 

The  celebrated  Cullen  conlidered  farfapariila  as  poffefiing 
no  virtues  of  any  kind  ;  for  (fays  he)  "  tried  111  ev.:^ry 
(hape  I  have  never  found  it  an  effectual  medicine  in  fyphilis, 
or  any  other  difeafe."      Mnt.  Med.  vol.  li. 

Mr.  liromfield  declares,  that  he  never  faw  a  fnigle  inftance 
in  which  farfapariila  cured  the  venereal  dileafe  without  the 
aid  of  mercury,  either  given  before,  or  in  conjunition  with 
it.  (Praft.  Obf.  on  the  Ufe  of  Corrofive  Sublimate,  &c. 
p.  78  )  Mr.  Pearfon  alfo  "  contends,  that  farfapariila  has 
not  the  power  of  curing  any  one  form  of  the  lues  venerea  ;" 
but  he  allows  that  it  may  fufpend  for  a  time  the  ravages  of 
that  contagion,  the  difeafe  returning  if  no  mercury  (hould 
have  been  ufed.  This  gentleman  admits,  alfo,  that  farfa- 
pariila will  bUeviate  iymptoms  derived  from  the  venereal 
virus.  He  maintain?,  that  the  exhibition  of  larfaparilU  djes 
not  diminifh  the  neceffity  for  giving  lefs  mercury.  Noclurnal 
pains  in  the  limbs,  painful  enlargements  of  the  elbow  and 
knee,  membranous  nodes,  cutaneous  ulcerations,  and  certain, 
other  fymptoms,  refembling  venereal  ones,  are  often  ex- 
perienced after  a  full  courfe  of  mercury.  Such  complaints, 
Mr.  Pearfon  allows,  are  greatly  benefited  by  farfapariila, 
and  exafperated  by  mercury  ;  and  he  obferves,  that  it  is. 
frum  thefe  complaints  having  been  miilaken  for  venereal 
ones,  that  the  idea  has  arifen,  that  farfapariila  has  cured 
fyphilis  when  mercury  had  tailed.  Mercury,  and  the  ve- 
nereal poifon,  may  jointly  produce,  in  certaisi  conllitutions, 
fymptoms  which  are  not  ftnilly  venereal,  and  are  fometimes 
more  dreadful  than  the  iimple  eftedts  of  fyphilis.  Some  of 
the  worll  of  thefe  appearances  are  capable  of  being  cured  by 
farfapariila,  while  the  venereal  virus  ftill  remains  in  the 
lyftem.  When  this  latter  difeafe  has  been  eradicated  by 
mercury,  farfapariila  will  alfo  cure  the  fequelx  of  a  cuurfe  of 
the  other  medicine.  Pearfon  on  the  Eftects  of  various 
Articles  in  the  Cure  of  Lues  Venerea,  1S07. 

China-root  once  obtained  the  charadler  of  being  a  certain 
fpecilic  for  fyphilitic  complaints.  Its  reputation  rofe  very 
high,  in  confequence  of  its  having  been  reported  to  have 
cured  the  emperor  Charles  V.  At  prefent  Its  medicinal  vir- 
tues are  ellimated  very  low  indeed  ;  and  it  feems  to  have 
now  loft  all  its  advocates.  It  was  firll  uied  in  praclice  about 
the  year  153  J. 

Cinchona,  or  the  Peruvian  bark,  has  no  fpecific  virtue  i.n 
fyphilitic  cafes,  but,  according  to  Mr.  Pearfon,  if  it  has  been 
alleged  upon  plaulible  grounds,  that  guaiacum  pod'eflcs 
medicinal  efficacy  in  venereal  pains  ;  farfapariila,  where  there 
are  phagedenic  ulcers  ;  and  mezereon,  in.  cafes  where  there. 
arc  membranous  nodes  ;  fo  bark  has  a  claim  to  praife  for  its 
faiutary  agency  in  incipient  buboes,  in  ulcers  of  the  tonfils, 
and  in  gangrenous  ulcers  fj-om  a  venereal  caufe.  This  gentle- 
man has  feen  venereal  buboes  reduced,  though  not  cured,  by 
it  ;  fyphi  itic  ulcers  in  the  throat  healed  by  it,  though  the 
difeafe  recurred  ;  and  fudden  mortifications  of  the  penis  from 
chancres  terminate  in  a  cure  of  the  diftemper,  with  the  ex- 
hibition of  bark,  unaffifted  by  mercury.     In  thefe  laft  cafes> 

Mr. 


LUES   VENEREA, 


Mr.  Pearfon  conjcftiires,  that,  as  the  extinftion  of  the  vene-    of  more  attention  than   feveral  otiier  articlfes.      The  laft 
nal  poifon  could  not  be  afcribed  to   the  fpccific  virtues  of    author  fays  he  has  employed  it,  during  many  years,  where 


the  bark,  the  abforption  of  the  virus  mud  have  been  antici- 
pated and  prevented  by  the  death  of  the  part.  This  gentle- 
man acknowledge?,  however,  that  there  are  gangrenous 
chancres  met  vjth,  where,  after  the  detachment  of  the 
Coughs,  the  fpecilic  difeafe  in  the  part  continues,  and  the 
ulcer  fpreads,  fo  that  mercury  is  indifpenfable. 

Opium  has  been  faid  to  be  a  fpecific  in  venereal  cafes  ; 
and  in  the  firit  volume  of  the  Medical  Communications, 
feme  facts  were  publifhcd  in  funport  of  this  opinion.  But 
in  the  years  i7S4and  1785,  Mr.  Pearfon  made  fcvcral  ex- 
periments on  the  virtues  of  opmm  in  lues  venerea,  at  the 
Lock  hofpital.  Thefe  are  related  in  the  fecond  volume  of 
the  preceding  work.  The  refult  was  very  unfavourable  to 
tlie  character  of  opium  as  an  anti.  venereal.  In  a  later  work, 
the  fame  gentleman  obferves  that  he  has  been  long  accuf- 
tomcd  to  admmiller  opium  with  great  freedom,  during  the 
mercurial  courfe  ;  and  the  experience  of  more  than  twenty 
years  has  taught  him,  that  wlien  this  medicine  is  combined 
wnth  mercury,  the  proper  efScacy  of  tlie  latter  is  not  in  any 
meafure  increafed ;  that  it  would  not  be  fafe  to  rely  upon 
a  fmaller  quantity  of  the  fpecific  mineral,  nor  to  fhorten  the 
mercurial  courfe  at  all  more,  than  where  no  opium  has  been 
employed.  (On  Lues  Vcn.,  p.  68,  6g.)  Though  opium 
may  poflV.fs  no  anti-fvpliiiitic  virtue,  it  is  unqueftionably  ufe- 
ful  on  other  principles,  m  many  venereal  cafes.  It  often 
prevents  mercury  from  difordering  the  ilomach  and  bowels ; 
and  it  will  frequently  lelTen  the,  irritability  and  reltlefsnefs 
produced  by  the  introduftion  of  mercury  into  the  conilitution. 
But,  regarded  as  a  fpecific  for  fyphilitic  affections,  we  may 
conclude  with  Mr.  Hunter,  that  it  has  no  effeft,  till  mer- 
cury has  done  its  bell,  or  its  worlt.  This  latter  furgeon 
owns  that  opium  has  certainly  confiderable  effeils  in  many 
difeafes,  both  in  fuch  as  are  confequciit  to  the  venereal  dif- 
eafe, and  in  others  arifing  from  different  caufes.  It  had 
long'  been  a  favourite  m.edicine  v.ith  him,  not  only  as  re- 
heving  pain,  but  as  capable  of  altering  difeafed  aftions.  In 
all  fores  attended  with  irritability,  he  fays,  a  decoftion  of 
poppy  heads,  made  into  a  pouhice,  is  an  excellent  applica- 
tion. He  tells  us,  he  had  even  feen  two  doubtful  fyphilitic 
cafes  cured  by  the  internal  exhibition  of  opium  :  but  on  his 
trying  this  plan  in  an  unequivocal  cafe  of  venereal  blotches 
and  fore  throat,  fo  far  was  opium  from  producing  the  de- 
fired  cftefk,  that,  after  a  perfeverance  of  three  weeks,  the 
fores   were   rather   worlc, 


pains  in  the  limbs  and  indurations  of  the  membranes  have 
remained,  after  the  venereal  difeafe  has  been  cured  by  mer- 
cury, and  feldom  without  manifell  advantage.      P.  81. 

The  deceftion   of  the  woods  and  the  Lilbon  diet  drink 
are  famous  prefcriptions    in   fyphilitic    cafes.     Where    the 
difeafe  is  doubtful,  or  mercury  difagrees,  or  is  done  witbr 
fuch  remedies  may  ccrtainlv  be  often  taken  with  benefit. 
No.  I. 
I^   Sarfaparillas  coucifie. 
Ligni  faffafras. 
Ligni  fantali  rubri. 

Ligni  guaiaci  ofncinalis,  ling.  una.  iff. 
Radicis  mezerei 

Seminum  coriandri  fing.  unc.  IF. 
Aquae  diftillats,  lib.  x. 
Thefe  are  to  be  boiled  till  only  half  the  fluid  remains^ 
The  dofe  is  a  quart,  or  more,  in  the  day. 
No.  2. 
l]i   Sarfaparill^E  concifx. 
Ligni  fantali  rubri. 
Ligni  fantali  citrmi  fing.  unc.  iff. 
Radicis  glycyrrhizx. 
Radicis  mezerei  fing.  5ij> 
Lig'.ii  rhodii. 
Ligni  guaiaci  officinalis. 
Ligni  fadafras  fing.  unc.  fi". 
Antimonii  unc.  j. 
Aqux  dilliUalcE,  lib.  v. 
Thefe  ingredients  are  to  be  n^acerated  for  twenty-foup 
hours,  and  afterwards  boiled  till  the  fluid  is  reduced  to  half 
its  original  quantity.     From  one  to   four  pints  are  given 
dally. 

Befides  the  preceding,  Mr.  Hunter  has  alfo  noticed- 
the  following  formula  in  his  Trcatife  on  the  Venereal 
Difeafe. 

No.  2- 
J|t   Sarfaparills  concifae. 

Radicis  chins,  fing.  unc.  j. 
Nucum  juglandis  cortice  (iccatarum,  N"  xx- 
Antimonii  unc.  ij. 
Lapidis  pumicis  pulverizati  unc.  j. 
Aqu£e  diilillatae,  lib.  x. 
The  powdered  antimony  and  pumice  ftone  are  to  be  tied- 
and  boiled  along  with  the  other' 


Treatife  on   Venereal  Difeafe,.  in  feparate  pieces  of  rag, 

p.  ^7^.  ingredients. 

Dr.  Storck  has  related  fome  cafes,  in    whch  cicuta,  or         This  laft  decoclion  is  reckoned  to  be  the  genuine  Lifbon. 

hemlock,  is  ftated  to  have   cured  fyphilis,  when   other  re-  diet  drink,  whole  qualities  have  been  the  fubject  of  fo  much 

medics  had  failed.     (Lib.  ii.   De  Cicuta.)     At  prefent  it  encomium.     Pharm.  Chirurg. 

ii?ems  to  have  loft  its  charafter,  as  poffeffing  any  fpecific         The  muriatic  and  fulphuric  acids  have  been  exhibited  in. 

virtue  over  the  venereal  difeafe.     It  is  not,  however,  a  medi-  venereal  cafes  with  fome  advantage,  as  they  are  capable  of 

cine  without  its  ufes.     According  to  Mr,  Pearfon,  the  ex-  improving  the  appearance  of  fyphihtic  uliers,  and  rellraining 

tract  and  the  powder  of  hemlock  may  be  fometimes  advan-  for  a  time  the  progrefs  of  the  difeafe. 


tagecufly  given  in  fpreading  irritable  fores',  whether  they 
are  connefted  with  the  a6tive  ftate  of  the  venereal  virus,,  or 
they  remain  after  the  completion  of  the  mercurial  courfe. 
Cicuta  fonutirres  does  good,  when  opium  will  not  ;  and, 
therefore,  Mr.  Pearfon  thinks  it  may  have  other  virtues 
than  thole  depending  upon  itj  anodyne  qualities.      P.  7J, 

Fo.-^  remarks  on  the  anti-venereal  effects  of  faffafras,  juni- 
perus,  bardana,  faponaria,  dulcamara,  juglans,  lobelia  fy- 
philitica,  aftragalus  exfcapus,  ammonia  prxparata,  barytes 
muriata,  &c.  we  mull  refer  to  Mr.  Pearfon's  publica- 
tion. 


But  the  nitrous  and  nitric  acids  have  gained  the  greatell 
repute  for   their  anti-venereal  qualities.     Thefe  acids  have 
been  tried   by  Dr.  Rollo,  Mr.  Cruiklhank,  Dr.   Beddoes, , 
Mr.  Blair,  and  many  others,  as  fubflitutes  for  quickfilver,, 
in  the  cure  of  lues  venerea.     The  pratlice  began  with  Mr. - 
Scott,  a  furgeon  in  Bengal,  who  is  laid  to  have  derived  the  ' 
idea  from  Girtanuer,  who  fuggefted  that  the  eificacy  of  the  . 
various  prepara.ions  of   quickfilver   might,  arilie  from   the 
oxygen  which  they  contained. 

A  multitude  of  cafes  have  been  brought  forward  in  favour  - 


of  nitric  acid,  as  an  anti-fyphilitic  ;  but  there  are  alfo  lom.e  ' 
A  dccoAion  of  the  green  riod  of  the  walnut  feems  worthy    others  adduced,  w  hich  feem  very  decidedly  to  controvert  its  i 

claims^ 


LUES   VENEREA, 


claims  to  that  charafter.  It  (hould  be  carefully  remem- 
bered, that  it  is  tiie  nilric  acid,  not  the  nitrous,  which  feems 
to  drferve  a  further  trial  in  fyphilitic  cafes. 

The  common  way  o(  giving  the  nitric  acid,  at  firft,  is  to 
mix  Sj  with  a  pint  of  dillillod  water,  the  mixture  beiiiir 
fweetened  with  fimple  fyrup.  This  quantity  is  to  be  drank, 
at  different  times,  in  the  courfe  of  twenty-four  hours, 
through  a  fniall  glafa  tube,  which  is  ufed  to  keep  the  teeth 
from  bciniT  injured.  If  no  inconvenience  is  fell,  the  dofe  of 
tlw  acid  may  be  incrcafed  to  3ifl>  3ij)  and  even,  in  certain 
eafes,  to  3iij. 

The  acid  is  faid  to  incroafe  the  appetite,  and  fecretion  of 
urine ;  to  caufe  more  or  lefs  thirtt,  a  white  tongue,  fizy 
blood,  and  an  incre.ife  in  the  aflions  of  the  whole  fyflem, 
but  nothing  hke  mercurial  falivalion  is  produced.  It  does 
rot  agree,  however,  equally  well  with  all  conftitutions. 

The  nitric  acid  is  beneficial  both  in  the  primary  and  fc- 
condary  fymptoms  of  the  venereal  difoafe ;  more  fo,  how- 
ever, in  the  former.  But,  in  the  latter,  even  mercury  itfcif 
frequently  fails,  and  proves  hurtful,  fo  that  the  nitric  acid 
fuffers  no  difparagement  from  this  faft,  A  change  is  faid 
to  be  produced  on  the  difeafe,  by  the  acid,  in  fix  or  eight 
days,  aiid  a  cure  very  often  in  little  more  than  a  fort- 
right. 

The  oxygenated  muriate  of  potafh,  which  contains  an 
immenfe  quantity  of  o.-tygen,  is  faid  by  Mr.  Criiikfiiank  to 
be  more  efficacious  than  the  nitric  acid,  in  relieving  venereal 
fym.ptoms. 

Richerand  informs  us,  that  experiments,  confirming  the 
fupcrior  efficacy  of  mercury,  in  the  cure  of  fyphilis,  were 
made  for  the  fpace  of  a  year,  in  the  hnfpital  of  the  Ecole  de 
M6dicine  at  Paris,  before  a  committee  of  gentlemen  ex- 
prefsly  appointed  for  the  purpofe.  It  is  ftated,  that  fome 
patients  derived  only  temporary  relief  from  the  oxygenared 
fat  and  nitric  lemonade ;  that  a  very  few  got  quite  well ; 
aHd  that  others,  after  appearing  to  be  entirely  rid  of  the 
difeafe,  fuffered  fuch  relapfes  as  evinced  the  fuperiority  of 
the  ordinary  method.  Nofographie  Chir.  torn.  i.  p.  352. 
edit.  2. 

It  appears  to  us,  that  there  is  one  very  important  circum- 
ftance  made  out  by  the  trials  of  various  medicines  in  the 
treatment  of  the  venereal  difeafe.  According  to  the  Hun- 
terian  opinions,  we  are  to  fuppofe  that  it  is  the  invariable 
charafter  of  the  diftemper  to  proceed  regularly  from  bad  to 
worfe,  unlefs  checked  by  the  fpecific  remedy,  mercury. 
This  doctrine  is  taught  in  fome  of  the  prefent  fchools,  and 
feems  to  be  adopted  by  Dr.  Adams  in  his  work  on  morbid 
poifons.  Were  this  idea  a  matter  of  faft,  it  would  be  of 
material  confeq".ence  in  praftice  ;  for,  in  many  difficult  and 
ambiguous  cafes,  we  might  often  form  a  juft  decifion,  by 
obferving  whether  the  complaints  recede  at  all,  without  the 
aid  of  mercury  ;  fince,  if  they  do  fo,  they  cannot  in  reality 
be  fyphilitic.  This  affertion.  however,  is  by  no  means 
eflablidied  ;  and  from  the  oblervations  pubhlhcd  by  Pearfon, 
and  other  writers,  on  the  effeiHs  of  difterent  remedies  on  the 
difeafe,  we  are  to  conclude  that  it  is  erroneous.  The  re- 
marks, which  we  have  quoted  above,  tend  to  fhew  that, 
even  under  the  mere  adminiftration  of  bark,  venereal  buboes 
and  fyphilitic  ulcers  in  the  throat  may  fometimes  be  healed. 
The  tellimony  of  Mr.  Pearfon  alfo  confirms,  that  the  mu- 
riatic and  fulphuric  acids  will  improve  venereal  fores,  and 
reftrain  for  a  time  the  progrefs  6f  the  difeafe.  The  com- 
mittee at  the  Ecole  de  Medicine,  we  find,  announce  that 
fome  few  cure?,  were  efTeiled  by  oxygenated  lard  and  nitric 
lemonade.  Thefe  ftatenients,  joined  with  the  large  body 
«,£  refpeftable  evidence  from  feveral  other  quarters  already 


fpecified,  can^not  fail  to  ioduce  a  fufpicion,  that  many  medi- 
cines, befides  mercury,  have  a  certain  degree  of  power  in 
refilling  the  ravages  of  the  venereal  difeafe  ;  and  that  even 
fyphilitic  buboes  and  ulcers  will  fometimes  recede,  look 
better,  and  heal,  without  mercury.  We  do  not  wiffi  to 
infiuuate,  that  thefe  things  are  dccifively  cftablidied  ;  the 
diagnofis  of  imie  venereal  complaints  being  often  fo  difficult, 
that  m<in  of  great  judgment  and  experience  are  liable  to 
millakes. 

Ohfer-valions  on  ll}e  Treatment  of  particular  Symptoms. 

Treatment  of  Chancres Belbre  the  virus  has  been  taken 

tip  by  the  abiorbents,  a  chancre  is  (Iriflly  a  local  afledtion, 
quite  unatteiided  with  any  contamination  of  other  pans.  ■  In 
this  ftate,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  tlierc  is  a  poffibihiy  of 
accomplifliing  a  cure  by  deltroying  with  c.iuftic  the  fore, 
and  adjacent  part  affeftcd  with  the  venereal  atlion.  Such 
an  endeavour  muft  be  the  more  likely  to  fucceed,  wdien  it  is 
made  while  a  chancre  is  fmall,  and  in  an  incipient  Hate. 
The  argentum  nitratuni  is  commonly  employed  for  this 
purpofe  :  but  perhaps  it  n.ight  be  preferable  to  ufe  the  kali 
purum  and  quicklime,  wliich  operate  with  more  eifcft  and 
quicknefs.  Unfortunately,  the  period  at  which  the  abforp- 
tion  of  the  virus  begins  is  fo  uncertain,  that  the  foregoing 
method  is  fcarcely  ever  deferving  of  fuch  implicit  reliance, 
that  mercury  need  not  be  employed  at  all.  Small  puftulcs 
and  ulcerated  points  on  the  penis  are  frequently  dellroyed 
with  cauftic,  and  a  lading  cure  is  eiTcdled  without  mercury. 
Poffibly  fome  of  thefe  cafes  may  not  be  venereal ;  and  when 
the  pratlitioner  infers  that  he  has  fucceeded  in  preventing  . 
the  abforption  of  the  virus,  he  may  be  deceived.  In  other 
inftanccs,  the  endeavour  to  iuperiede  all  occafion  for  mer- 
cury, by  extirpating  a  chancre  with  cauftic,  is  only  at- 
tended with  a  temporary  appearance  of  fttccefs  ;  ulcerations 
of  the  tonfils,  and  other  fymptoms,  denoting  a  general  af- 
fetlion  of  tiie  conftitution,  coming  on  foon  after  the  healing 
of  the  fore.  Hence  it  is  generally  deemed  prudent,  not  to 
be  content  with  the  attempt  at  extirpatkm  with  caullic,  but 
to  exhibit,  at  the  fame  time,  for  a  few  weeks,  the  pil- 
hydrarg;yri.  The  mercury  may  fometimes,  indeed,  be  given 
unneceffarily  ;  but  with  its  exhibition,  and  the  cauftic,  the 
patient  has  a  double  chance  of  fecurity  againft  the  extenfion 
of  the  difeafe  to  his  conftitution. 

We  fliall  firft  confider  the  topical  application  to  chancres. 

Mercurial  ointments  have  been  commonly  ufed  as  dreffings 
to  chancres ;  but  Mr.  Hunter  was  of  opinion,  that  if  the 
mercury  were  joined  with  watery  fubftances,  inftead  of  oily 
ones,  the  application,  by  mixing  with  the  matter,  would  be 
continued  longer  to  the  fore,  and  would  prove  more  effec- 
tual. This,  he  obferves,  is  one  advantage,  which  poultices 
have  over  common  dreffings.  He  has  often  ufed  mercury 
rubbed  down  with  fome  conferve  inflead  of  ointment,  and 
it  anfvvered  extremely  well.  Calomel  ufed  in  the  fame  way,' 
and  alfo  the  other  preparations  of  mercury  mixed  with 
m.ucilage,  or  honey,  aniwer  the  fan^^e  purpofe.  Such  dreff- 
ings, according  to  Mr.  Hunter,  will  eiTecl  a  cure  in  cafes 
which  are  truly  venereal,  and  free  from  other  morbid  ten-  " 
dencies.  ' 

Some  chancres  are  indolent,  and  require  a  little  warm 
balfam  'or  red  precipitate  to  b*  joined  with  the  mercurial 
dreffing.  Mr.  Hunter  fays,  that  calomel  mixed  with  falve 
is  more  aftive  than  common  mercurial  ointment,  and  is 
attended  with  better  effeds,  when  the  cafe  requires  ftimu- 
lants. 

Solutions   of  blue  vitriol,    verdigris,    calomel,   &c.   have 
been  recommended.     But  Mr.  Hunter  very  judicioufly  ob- 
ferves, 


LUES   VENEREA. 


feryes,  that,  as  all  tneR'  applications  are  only  of  fervice  in 
remedying  any  peculiar  difpolition  of  the  parts,  as  they 
have  no  fpecific  power  over  the  venereal  poifon,  and  as  fuch 
difpolitions  are  innumerable,  it  is  almoft  impoffible  to  fay 
\vhat  applications  will  be  cfTeftual  in  every  inllan  -e.  Some 
kinds  of  dreffings  will  anfwer  in  one  ftate  of  the  fore  ;  fome 
ill  another.  The  parts  aflcdled  are  often  found  extremely 
irritable,  in  which  circumftance  the  mercury  (bouid  be  tnixed 
with  opium  (jr  preparations  of  lead. 

Mr.  Hunter  was  an  advocate  for  changinij  the  dreffings 
very  often,  becaufe  the  matter  feparates  them  from  the  fore, 
fo  as  to  diminilli  their  effetls.  He  ftates,  that  champing 
the  applications  thrice  a  day,  will  not  be  found  too  often, 
parcicularly  when  they  arc  in  the  form  of  an  ointment. 

When  the  venereal  nature  of  a  chancre  is  removed,  the 
fore  frequently  becomes  ftationary,  in  which  cafe  Mr, 
Hunter  obferves,  that  new  difpofitions  have  been  Required, 
and  the  quantity  of  dife.ife  in  the  part  has  been  increafed. 
When  chancres  are  only  llationary,  Mr.  Hunter  fays,  they 
may  often  be  cured,  by  touching  them  (lightly  with  the 
lunar  cauftic.  .  No  cicatrization,  in  this  cafe,  feems  poffible, 
till  the  contaminated  furface,  or  the  new  flefli,  which  grows 
on  that  furface,  has  either  been  deftroyed  or  altered.  It 
is  often  furpriting,  how  quickly  the  fores  heal  up,  after  be- 
ing touched  with  the  application. 

At  the  fame  time  that  topical  applications  are  made  to 
chancres,  mercury  muft  be  internally  exhibited,  both  with 
a  view  of  curing  thefe  ulcers,  and  preventing  a  lues  venerea. 
Mr.  Hunter  believed,  that  the  venereal  diipofition  of  the 
chancre  would  hardly  ever  withlland  both  local  and  internal 
mercurials. 

When  local  applications  cannot  eafily  be  made  to  chancres, 
as  in  cafes  of  phymofis,  there  is  a  ftill  greater  necelEty  for 
giving  mercury  internally,  by  which  means,  the  cure  may 
in  the  end  be  cfFedled. 

Mercury  fhould  always  be  given  internally  in  every  cafe 
of  chancre,  let  it  be  ever  fo  flight,  and  even  when  the  fore 
has  been  deftroyed  on  its  very  firfl;  appearance.  The  re^ 
medy  fhould  always  be  exhibited  the  whole  time  of  the  cure, 
and  continued  fome  time  after  the  chancre  has  healed  ; 
for,  fays  Mr.  Hunter,  as  there  are,  perhaps,  few  chancres 
without  abforption  of  the  matter,  it  becomes  abfolutely 
neceffary  to  give  mercury  to  aft  internally,  in  order  to  hinder 
the  venereal  difpofition  from  forming.  How  much  mercury 
-fhould  be  thrown  into  the  conilitution  in  the  cure  of  a  chan- 
cre, with  a  view  of  keeping  the  fyltem  from  being  affefted, 
cannot  eafily  be  determined,  as  there  is  no  dileafe  adlually 
formed,  by  which  we  can  be  guided.  Mr.  Hunter  ftates, 
that  the  quantity  muft  in  general  be  proportioned  to  the 
fize,  number,  and  duration  of  the  chancres  ;  or,  in  other 
words,  proportioned  to  the  opportunity,  which  tiiere  h.as 
been  given  for  abforption. 

The  mercury,  which  is  exhibited  to  aft  internally,  may 
be  conveyed  into  the  fyftem,  either  by  the  Ikin,  or  llomach, 
according  to  circumftances,  and  it  fliould  be  fo  taken,  as 
to  produce  a  flight  afFeftion  of  the  mouth. 

Mr.  Hunter  next  remarks,  that  when  the  fore  has  put  on 
an  healthy  look,  when  the  hard  bafis  has  bscome  fofc,  and 
the  ulcer  has  Ikinned  over  in  a  favourable  manner,  it  may 
be  regarded  as  cured.   ' 

The  fame  diitinguifhed  writer  notices,  however,  that  in 
very  large  chancres,  it  may  not  always  be  neceffary  to  con- 
tinue the  application  of  mercury,  either  for  external  or  in- 
ternal aftion,  .till  the  fore  is  healed,  for  the  venereal  aftion 
isjuft  as  fo«n  deftroyed  in  a  large  chancre,  as  it  is  in  a  fmall 
one,  fince  every  part  of  the  fore  is  equally  affefted  by  the 
JBedicine,    and,    of  courfc,    cured    with   equal  expedition. 


But,  in  regard  to  cicatrization,  circumftances  are  different, 
becaufe  a  large  fore  is  longer  than  a  fmall  one,  in  becoming 
covered  with  flciq.  Hence  Mr.  Hunter  very  juiUy  explains, 
that  a  large  chancre  may  be  deprived  of  its  venereal  aftion 
long  before  it  has  healed  ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  a  fmall 
one  may  heal  before  the  fyphilitic  afFeftion  has  been  de- 
ftroyed. I;i  the  latter  cafe,  this  gentleman  reprefeiits  it 
as  moft  prudent,  both  on  account  of  the  chancre  and  con— 
ftitution,  to  continue  the  employment  of  mercury  a  little 
while  after  the  fore  has  healed. 

Mr.  Hunter,  in  the  valuable  work  which  he  has  left  on 
the  prefent  fubjeft,  takes  notice  of  (loughs,  which  occur  in 
the  tonfils,  from  die  effeft  of  mercury  on  the  throat,  and 
are  apt  to  be  miftaken  for  venereal  complaints.  He  alfo 
mentions,  that  fometimes,  when  the  original  chancre  has 
been  doing  well,  and  been  nearly  healed,  he  has  feen  nev/ 
fores  break  out  on  the  prepuce,  near  the  firft,  and  affume 
all  the  appearance  of  chancres. 

When,  in  the  treatment  of  chancres,  a  bubo  arifes,  while 
the  conftitntion  is  loaded  with  a  fufficient  quantity  of  mer- 
cury to  cure  fuch  fores,  which  medicine  has  alio  been  rubbed, 
into  the  lower  extremity,  on  the  fame  fide  as  the  bubo,  Mr. 
Hunter  fufpefted,  that  the  fwelling  in  the  groin  is  not 
venereal,  but  is  produced  by  the  mercury.  In  thefe  cafes, 
he  always  preferred  conveying  mercury  into  the  fyftem  ia 
fome  other  manner. 

With  refpeft  to  the  treatment  of  chancres  in  women, 
fince  it  is  difficult  to  keep  dreffiiigs  on  the  parts.  Mr. 
Hunter  advifcs  the  fores  to  be  frequently  waftied  with. fome 
mercurial  folution,  and  fpeaks  of  one  made  with  corrofive 
fublimate,  as  perhaps  being  the  beft,  fince  it  will  ac^  as  a 
fpecific,  and  ilimulant  alfo,  when  this  is  lequifite.  When 
the  chancres,  however,  are  irritable,  they  are  to  be  treated 
in  the  fame  manner,  as  fimilar  complaints  in  men.  When 
the  fores  extend  into  the  vagina,  this  pafTage  muft  be  kept 
from  becoming  conftrifted,  or  clofed,  by  the  introduftioa 
of  lint. 

Sometimes,  after  a  chancre  and  all  venereal  difeafe  are 
cured,  4he  prepuce  continues  thickened  and  elongated,  fo 
that  the  glans  cannot  be  uncovered.  Perhaps,  the  cafe  is 
often  without  remedy.  Mr.  Hunter,  however^  very  pro- 
perly recommends  trying  every  poffible  means,  and  he  in- 
forms us,  that  the  fteam  of  ^varm  water,  hemlock  fomen- 
tations, and  cinnabar  fumigations,  are  frequently  of  fingular 
fervice. 

Wlien  the  thickenirrg  and  enlargement  of  the  prepuce 
cannot  be  removed  by  applications,  all  the  portion,  anterior 
to  the  glans  penis,  may  be  cut  away.     See  PiiVMOsls. 

Mr.  Hunter  has  very  ably  explained,  that  chancres,  both 
in  men  and  women,  often  acquire,  during  the  treatment, 
new  difpofiiions,  -which  are  of  various  kinds,  lome  retard- 
ing the  cure,  and  leaving  the  parts  in  an  indolent  thickened 
ftate,  after  the  cure  is  jaccomplillied.  In  other  inftances, 
a  new  difpofition  arifes,  which  utterly  prevents  the  parts 
from  healing,  and  often  produces  a  much  worfe  difeafe,  than 
that  from  which  it  originated.  Such  new  difpofitions  may 
lead  to  the  growth  of  tumours.  They  are  more  frequent 
in  men  than  women,  and  generally  occur  only  when  tl.e  in- 
flammation has  been  violent  from  fome  pecuhanty  of  the 
parts,  or  conftitution.  They  have  fometimes  been  confidered 
as  cancerous. 

Among  the  difeafes  in  queftion,  Mr.  Hunter  notices  thofe 
continued,  and  often  increafed  inflammations,  fuppurations, 
and  ulcerations,  which  become  ditfuled  through  the  whole 
prepuce,  and  alfo  along  the  common  Jkiu  vi  the  penis, 
which  become  of  a  purple  hue,  attended  with  fuch  a  general 
thickening  of  the  .cellular  membrane,  as  makes  the  whole 

organ 


LUES   VENE-REA. 


«rpan  appear  confiticrably  enlarged.  Tlie  fame  writer  ob- 
serves, that  the  ulceration  on  the  iiillJe  of  the  prepuce  will 
fometiines  increafe,  and  run  between  the  fliui  and  the  body 
of  the  penis,  and  eat  holes  through  in  different  places,  till 
the  whole  is  reduced  to  a  number  of  ragged  fores.  The 
glans  often  (hares  the  fame  fate,  till  more  or  iefs  of  it  h 
gone.  Frequently,  the  urethra  in  this  fituation  is  wholly 
deftroyed  by  ulceration,  and  the  urine  is  difcharged  fonie 
way  farther  back.  The  ulceration,  if  unchecked,  at  length 
deltroys  all  the  parts.  In  tliis  acute  cafe,  prompt  relief  is 
demanded  ;  but  often  the  proper  mode  of  treatment  cannot 
be  at  once  determined,  owing  to  our  ignorance,  in  refpedl 
to  the  exatl  nature  of  the  peculiar  caufe  of  the  difeafe. 
Mr.  Hunter  ftates,  that  the  decoclion  of  farfaparilla  is  often 
of  fervice,  when  given  in  large  quantities,  and  that  he  lias 
known  the  German  diet-drink  effe<£f  a  cure,  after  every 
other  remedy  had  failed. 

_  Mr.  Hunter  alfo  dates,  that  the  extraft  of  hemlock  is 
Jometimes  of  fervice,  and  that  lie  has  known  Ica-bathiiig 
effett  a  perfecl  cure. 

Sometimes,  when  fuch  fores  are  healing,  it  becomes  ne- 
ceffary  to  keep  the  orilice  of  the  urethra  from  clofing,  by 
the  introdudion  of  a  bougie. 

Sometimes,  after  a  chancre  has  healed,  the  cicatrix  breaks 
cut  again,  and  puts  on  the  appearances  of  the  preceding 
lore.  Occafionally,  fimilar  difeafes  break  out  in  different 
places  .frfim  that  of  the  cicatrix.  Mr.  Hunter  reprefents, 
that  they  differ  from  a  chancre  in  generally  not  fpreading 
fo  fad,  nor  fo  far  ;  in  not  being  fo  painful,  nor  fo"  much 
i.'iflamed  ;  in  not  having  fuch  hard  bales,  as  venereal  fores 
have  ;  and  in  not  producing  buboes.  This  writer  was  of 
opinion,  that  they  were  not  venereal.  They  are  very  apt 
to  recur. 

Mr.  Hunter  does  not  fpecify  any  particular  mode  of  cure 
for  all  thefe  cafes;  but  he  mentions  one  inftaiice,  which 
feemed  to  be  cured  by  giving  forty  drops  of  the  lixivium 
faponarium,  every  evening  and  morning,  in  a  bafin  of  broth; 
and  he  adverts  to  another  caie,  which  was  permanently  cured 
by  fea-bathing. 

In  fome  inllances,  after  a  chancre  has  healed,  the  parts, 
as  Mr.  Hunter  remarks,  do  not  ulcerate;  but  appear  to 
become  thickened  and  indurated.  Both  the  glans  and  pre- 
puce feem  to  fwell,  fo  as  to  form  on  the  end  of  the  penis  a 
tumour,  or  excrefcence,  fhaped  very  much  like  a  cauli- 
flower, and,  when  cut  into,  ("hewing  radii,  running  from 
its  bafe,  or  origin,  towards  the  external  furfacc.  It  is 
extremely  indolent.  It  is  not  always  a  coufequehce  of 
the  venereal  difeafe  ;  for  Mr.  Hunter  has  feeii  it  arife  fpou- 
taneoufjy. 

No  medicine  feems  to  be  at  a'l  likely  to  cure  the  difeafe  : 
the  only  fuccefsfu!  means  is  to  amputate  a  cotifiderahle  part 
of  the  penis,  and  then  to  keep  a  proper  catheter  introduced 
into  the  urethra. 

Warts. — Chancres  often  induce  a  difpofition  to  the 
formation  of  warts  on  the  penis.  We-  have  m  a  former 
column  dated  our  belief,  that  they  are  not  venereal, 
though  fometimes  curable  by  mercury.  Hunter  feems 
to  think  them  not  Typhi  itic,  and  we  never  have  feeu  any 
which  could  not  be  cured  without  mercury,  and  this  with- 
out the  continuance  of  the  original  difeafe  in  any  other 
form. 

Thefe  fubdances  are  excrefcences  from  the  body,  they 
are  not  to  be  confldered  as  truly  a  part  of  the  animal,  not 
being  endowed  with  the  common,  or  natural  animal  powers. 
Many  trifling  circumtlances  make  them  decay.  An  inflam- 
mation of  the  found  parts  round  the  wart,  or  ftimuli  applied 
to  its  furface,  will  often  make  it  die.     Eletlritity  will  alfo 


induce  an  aftion  in  fucli  excrefcences,  which  tliey  are  not 
able  to  fupport  ;  an  inflammation  is  excited  round  them, 
and  they  drop  ofl. 

From  this  account,  we  mud  perceive,  according  to  Mr. 
Hunter,  that  the  knife  and  efcharotics  are  not  always  ne- 
ceffary,  although  thefe  modes  will  aA  more  quickly  than 
any  other,  efpecially  when  the  neck  of  the  wart  is  fmall. 
When  fuch  is  the  form  of  the  excrefcence,  perhaps  a  pair 
of  fciflars  is  the  bell  inllrument ;  but,  fays  the  above  didiii- 
guidied  writer,  when  cutting  inftrumeuts  of  tiny  kind  are 
horrible  to  the  patient,  a  filk  thread,  tied  round  the  neck  of 
the  wart,  will  do  very  well.  However,  whichever  plan  \i 
adopted,  it  is  in  general  necelfary  to  touch  with  cauftic  the 
bafe  of  the  little  tumour,  after  this   has  feparated. 

Mr.  Hunter  remarks,  that  efcharotics  att  upon  warts  in 
two  difforent  ways,  iva.  by  deadening  a  part,  and  lUmulat- 
ing  the  remainder,  fo  that,  by  the  application  of  cfcharotic 
after  efcharotic,  the  whole  excrefcence  decays  moderately 
fad  ;  and  it  is  feldom  neceffary  to  deftroy  them  down  to  the 
very  root,  which  is  often  thrown  off.  This,  however,  is 
not  always  the  cafe,  and  the  wart  grows  ag»in,  in  which 
circumdance,  it  is  proper  to  let  the  caullic  deftroy  even 
the  root  ilfelf. 

The  kali  purum  cum  calce  viva,  lunar  caullic,  and  blue 
vitriol,  are  all  proper  applications.  But  one  of  the  bell 
ilimulants  is  the  aerugo  xris  and  powder  of  faviM-leavcs, 
mi.\ed  together. 

Trcalmait  of  Bulocs. — W'^hen  a  bubo  is  certainly  a  venereal 
one,  and  only  in  an  inflamed  llatc,  an  attempt  is  to  be  made 
to  relolve  the  f.velling.  The  propriety  of  the  attempt,  how- 
ever, depends  on  the  progicfs  which  the  difeafe  has  made. 
If  the  bubo  be  verv  large,  and  fuppuration  appears  to  be 
near  at  hand,  refolution  is  not  likely  to  be  effected.  When 
luppiiration  has  already  taken  place,  Mr.  Hunter  much 
doubted  the  probability  of  any  fuccefs  attendnig  the  endea- 
v^iur,  which  now  might  poflibly  ouiy  retard  t!ie  fuppuration, 
and  prutratl  the  cure. 

The  refolution  of  thefe  infl.imrr.ations,  fays  Mr.  Hunter, 
depL-nds  principally  on  mercury,  and  almoll  abf  jlutely  ou 
the  quantity  which  can  be  made  to  pafs  through  them. 
Wiien  fuppuration  has  taken  p'ace,  the  cure  alfo  depends  oo 
the  lame  circumilances. 

I'he  quantity  of  mercury,  which  can  be  made  to  pafs 
through  a  bubo,  i.s  reprefented  by  Mr.  Hunter  as  depending 
principally  on  the  quantity  of  external  furface  for  abforption 
beyond  the  bubo. 

The  mercury  is  to  be  applied  to  fuch  furfaces  as  allow 
the  remedy,  when  abforbed,  to,  pafs  through  the  difeafed 
glaiid.  In  th:s  manner,  the  difeafe  in  the  groin  is  fub- 
dued,  and  the  conditution  is  lels  liable  to  be  contami- 
nated. 

However,  Mr.  Hunter  accurately  notices,  that  the  fitua- 
tiua  of  many  buboes  is  fuch,  as  not  to  liave  much  furface 
for  abforption  beyond  them  ;  for  iiidancc,  the  buboes  on 
tbe  body  of  the  penis  ariling  from  chancres  on  the  glands, 
or  prepuce. 

W'hen  the  bubo  is  in  the  groin,  Mr.  Hunter  recommends 
furgeona  to  pay  attention  to  whether  the  fwelhng  is  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  thigh  and  groin,  on  the  lower  part  of  the 
belly,  before  Pouparl's  ligament,  or  near  the  pubes.  When 
the  buboea  are  lituated  on  the  body  cf  the  penis,  the  ab- 
forbents  leading  diredtly  from  the  feat  of  abforption  are 
theinfelves  difeafed.  W.hen  the  bubo  is  in  the  groin,  and 
at  the  upper  part  of  the  thigh,  we  may  conc'ude  that  the 
lymphatics,  both  from  tlie  penis  and  thigh,  fun  to  the  af- 
fected gland.  When  the  bubo  is  high  up,  or  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  belly,  before  Poupait's  ligament,  probably  the 

abfoibeutSj 


LUES  VENEREA. 


ahforbents,  which  «Tife  from  about  the  groin,  lower  part  of 
the  bellv  and  pubes,  pafs  throui^h  the  bubo.  When  the 
bubo  is  far  forward,  the  abforbents  of  the  penis  and  (kin 
about  the  pubes  paf;>  through  the  fwelling.  Mr.  Hvinter 
contends,  that  the  knowledge  of  thefe  circumftances  is  very 
necefTary,  in  order  to  apply  mercury  in  the  moil  advantageous 
fituations. 

The  utility  of  nibbing  the  mercury  into  furfaces,  the  ab- 
forbentsof  which  lead  through  tiie  bubo,  mull  be  obvious, 
v.'hcn  it  is  confulered,  that  the  medicine  cannot  pafs  to  the 
common  circulation  without  going  tlirough  the  difeafed 
pans  ;  that  it  mull  promote  the  cure,  as  it  pafies  through 
them  ;  and  that  it  alfo  prevents  tlie  matter,  whieh  has  already 
palled,  and  is  IHII  continuing  to  pafs  into  the  conltitution, 
from  ading  there.  Thus  the  bubo  is  cured,  and  the  con- 
ftitution,  at  the  fame  time,  preferved. 

Mircnry  alone,  however,  is  not  always  capable  of  ef- 
feilinc;  the  cure  of  buboes. 

When  the  inflainmation  rifes  very  high,  bleeding;,  purging, 
and  fomenting,  are  generally  recommended.  When  the  in- 
flammation was  eryfipelatous,  Mr.  Hunter  had  a  high  opi- 
nion of  bark  ;  and  when  it  was  fcrofulous,  he  ufed  to  re- 
commend hemlock,  and  poultices  made  with  fea-water. 

The  fame  eminent  writer  alfo  takes  notice  of  the  fa£l  of 
emetics  fomecimes  orcafioning  the  abforption  of  buboes,  even 
after  they  contain  matter. 

1 .  Refolution  of  the  Infammahcn  of  the  Ahf»hents  on  the 
Penis. — Though  there  is  not  furface  enough  beyond  the 
bubo,  for  rubbing-in  a  fufScicnt  quantity  of  mercury,  to 
prevent  the  effefts  of  abforption,  Mr.  Hunter  ilill  advifes 
this  furface  to  be  kept  conftantly  covered  with  mercurial 
ointment.  In  confcquence  of  the  turface  in  queihon  being 
fo  fmall,  more  mercury  muft  alfo  be  conveyed  into  the  fyilem 
by  the  mouth,  or  fritlions  on  fome  other  part.  Mr.  Hunter 
obferves,  that  this  is  neceifary,  both  in  order  to  prevent  a 
lues  venerea,  and  to  cure  the  parts  themfelves.  The  quantity 
of  mercury  raufl  be  regulated  by  the  appearances  of  the  ori- 
ginal complaint,  and  the  readinefs  with  which  the  difcafe 
gives  way.  The  fame  method,  he  adds,  is  to  be  followed 
m  women,  and  the  ointment  fhonld  be  kept  continually  ap- 
plied to  the  infide  and  outiide  of  the  labia. 

2.  RrfrAution  of  Buboes  in  the  Groin. — The  inflammation 
of  the  abforbent  glands  is  to  be  treated  on  the  fame  principle 
as  that  of  the  velfels.  In  the  firll  cafe,  however,  we  are 
able  to  make  a  larfjer  quantity  of  mercury  pafs  through  the 
difeafed  parts.  When  the  bubo  is  in  the  groin,  the  mer- 
curial ointment  is  to  be  rubbed  on  the  thigh.  This  furface, 
as  Mr.  Hunter  remarks,  will  in  general  ahforb  as  much 
mercury  as  will  be  fufficient  to  relolve  the  bubo,  and  pre- 
ferve  the  conllitution  irom  being  contaminated  ;  but  when 
refolution  does  not  readily  take  place,  the  fame  author  ad- 
vifes  us  to  increafe  the  furface  ot  friction,  by  rubbing  tiie 
omtment  upon  the  leg. 

When  the  bubo  is  on  the  lower  part  of  tlie  belly,  the  oint- 
ment ihould  be  rubbed  alio  oi)  the  penis,  fcrocum,  and  belly. 
The  fame  plan  fhould  be  followed  when  the  bubo  i»  Hill  more 
forvsrard. 

Mr.  Hunter  ftates,  that  when  the  bubo  gives  way,  the 
mercurial  friftions  mull  be  continued,  till  it  has  entirely  fub- 
Ijdcd,  and,  perhaps,  lunger,  on  acconot  of  the  chancre, 
which  may  not  yield  fo  fcon  as  the  bubo.  After  the  bubo 
has  fuppurated,  Mr.  Hunter  is  doubtful,  whether  rubbing- 
in  m.ercury  is  ufeful,  or  not. 

7,.  Refolution  of  Buboes  in  IVomen. — When  the  fwellingsare 
ftuated  between  the  labia  and  thigh,  Mr.  Hunter  recom- 
jiier.ds  the  mercurial  ointment  to  be  rubbed-in  all  about  the 
anus  and  buttock,  trom  which  parts  the  abforbcnts  jirobably 

Vol.  XXI. 


run  through  the  feat  of  the  difeafes.  'WTien  tlic  buboes  are 
in  the  round  ligaments,  the  furface  for  abforption  will  not 
be  large  enough,  and  more  mercury  muft  be  internalh  given, 
or  rubbed  into  other  furfaces. 

When  the  bubo  is  in  one  of  the  inguinal  glands,  the  fatne 
plan  is  to  be  adopted  as  in  the  fame  cafe  in  men. 

4.  Buboes  in  unufual  Situations. — When  buboes  form  in  the 
arm,  or  arm-pit,  in  confequence  of  tliu  abforption  of  vcnr- 
real  matter  from  wounds  on  the  hands,  or  fingers,  mercurial 
ointment  Hiould  be  rubbed  on  the  arm  and  fore-arm.  Mr. 
Hunter  adds,  however,  that  this  furface  may  not  be  fiiir!- 
cient,  fo  that  it  may  be  proper  to  convey  more  mercury  in;o 
the  fyftem  in  other  ways.  He  ftates,  that  lie  has  fcen  a  trut- 
vencreal  chancre  on  the  middle  of  the  lovver  hp,  attended 
with  a  bubo,  on  each  fide  of  the  neck,  under  tlie  lovi'cr  jaw, 
clofe  to  the  maxillary  gland.  The  fwellings  were  refoiveJ 
by  appl)ing  m.ercurial  ointment  to  them,  and  the  chin  and 
lower  lip. 

5 .  Quantity  of  Mercury  necrjfaryfor  the  Refolution  of  a  Bubo. 
— Mr.  Hunter  obferves,  that  the  quantity  of  mercury  ne- 
ceffary  for  the  refolution  of  a  bubo,  mud  be  proportioned 
to  the  obftinacy  of  the  complaint  ;  but  that  care  muft  be 
taken  not  to  extend  the  employment  of  the  medicine  fo  far 
as  to  produce  certain  efiedls  on  the  conllitution.  "When  the 
bnbo  is  in  a  htuation  which  admits  of  a  large  quantity  of 
mercury  being  rubbed  in,  fo  as  to  pafs  through  the  fwelling, 
and  when  the  complaint  readily  yields  to  the  ufe  of  half  a 
dram  of  mercurial  ointment  every  night,  the  moiith  not 
becoming  fore,  or  at  moft  only  tender,  ihe  above  author 
thinks  it  fufficient  to  purfue  this  courfe,  till  the  gland  is  re- 
duced to  Its  natural  hzc.  In  this  manner,  the  conftitution 
will  probably  be  fafe,  provided  the  chancre,  which  may  have 
caufed  the  bubo,  heals  at  the  fame  time.  When  the  mouth 
is  not  affeded  in  fix  or  eight  days,  and  the  gland  docs  not 
readily  refolve,  then  two  fcruplcs,  or  a  dram,  may  be  ap- 
plied every  night  ;  and,  continues  Mr.  Hunter,  if  tliere 
fhould  Hill  be  no  amendment,  even  more  mull  be  rubbed  in. 
In  fhort  (fays  he)  if  the  redudlion  is  obftinate,  the  mercury 
muft  ^e  pufiied  as  far  as  can  be  done  without  a  falivation. 

When  there  is  a  bubo  on  each  fide,  fo  much  mercury  can- 
not be  made  to  pafs  through  each,  as  the  conliitutiou  in  gc- 
neral  will  not  bear  tliis  method.  However,  Mr.  Hunter 
fanftions  the  plan  of  minding  the  forencfs  of  the  mouth  lefs 
in  this  kind  of  cafe  ;  though,  he  adds,  that  it  is  better  to  let 
the  buboes  proceed  to  fujipuration,  than  to  load  the  fyftem 
with  too  much  mercury. 

When  the  filuation  of  buboes  will  not  allow  an  adequate 
quantity  of  abiorbcd  mercury  to  pafs  through  tl.iem,  the 
fridions  mutt  be  continued  in  order  to  affed  the  cor.ftiMilion  ; 
but,  according  to  Mr.  Hunter,  more  riiercury  in  this  ca.'e 
will  be  rcquifite,  tlian  when  the  remedy  can  be  made  to  pafs 
dircdly  through  the  difeafed  gland. 

Many  buboes  remain  fwoilen,  without  either  comino-  to 
refolution,  or  fippuration  ;  and,  notwithftanding  every  at- 
tempt to  promote  thefe  changes,  the  glards  become  hard 
and  fcirrhous.  Mr.  Hunter  conctivcd,  that  cafes  of  this 
fort  are  either  fcrofulous  at  firft,  oi-  became  fo  as  foon  as 
the  venereal  difpofition  is  removed.  He  advifes  the  ufe  of 
hemlock,  fea-water  poultices,  and  fea-bathing. 

6.  Treatmtnt  of  Buboes  which  fiippurate The  fuppuralion 

of  buboes  frequently  cannot  be  prevented  by  any  known 
means.  They  are  then  to  be  treated,  in  fome  refpeds,  like 
any  other  abfcefs.  Before  opening  buboes,  Mr.  Hunter 
conceived  it  was  advantageous  10  let  the  ll.in  become  as  thin 
as  pofFiblc,  as  a  large  opening  would  then  become  unnercf- 
fary,  and  no  me.-.fures  would  be  rec^uifite  for  keeping  the  ikin 
from  clofing,  bcfcre  ilie  bottom  of  the  fore  hadhealttd. 

4  G  Mr. 


LUES    VENEREA. 


Mr.  Hunter  thinks  it  doubtful,  whether  the  application 
of  mercury  fhould  be  continued  through  the  whole  fuppura- 
tion.  He  was  inchned  to  conliiuie  it  ;  but  in  a  fmaller  quan- 
tity. 

There  has  been  much  difpiitc,  whether  a  bubo  (hould  be 
opened,  or  allowed  to  burft  of  iifclf,  and  whether  the  open- 
ing (hoiild  be  made  with  a  cutting  mftrument,  or  caullic. 
On  this  fubjeft,  Mr.  Hunter  remarks,  that  there  is  no  pecu- 
liarity in  a  venereal  abfcefs  to  make  one  practice  more  eli- 
gible than  another.  The  furgcon,  he  fays,  fliould  in  fome 
degree  be  guided  by  the  patient.  Some  patients  are  afraid 
of  cauftics  ;  others,  of  cutting  inllruments.  But  when 
the  furgeon  has  the  choice,  Mr.  Hunter  exprofles  a  prefer- 
ence to  opening  the  bubo  with  a  lancet,  in  which  method  no 
(kin  is  loft.  But,  he  obferves,  that  when  a  bubo  is  very 
large,  and  there  will  be  a  great  deal  of  loofe  flcin,  after  the 
difcharge  of  the  matter,  lie  thinks  that  cauftic  may,  per- 
haps, be  better,  as  it  will  dcftroy  fome  of  the  redundant  flcin, 
and  occafion  lefs  inflammation  than  what  is  caufed  by  an 
incifion.  The  kali  purum,  with  the  calx  viva,  is  the  cauftic 
commonly  employed. 

After  the  bubo  has  been  opened,  furgeons  ufually  poultice 
it  as  long  as  the  difcharge  and  inflammation  are  confiderable, 
and  then  they  employ  dreflings,  which  mull  be  of  fuch  a 
quality,  as  numerous  undefcribable  circumftanccs  may  indi- 
cate. The  ufe  of  mercury,  in  the  mean  while,  is  to  be  con- 
tinued, both  to  make  the  bubo  heal,  and  prevent  the  bad 
effefts  which  might  otherwife  arife  from  the  matter  conti- 
nually abforbed.  The  mercury  (hould  alfo  be  fo  rubbed  in, 
as  to  pafs,  if  poffible,  through  the  difeafed  groin. 

The  mercurial  courfe  is  to  be  purfued  till  the  fore  is  no 
longer  venereal.  But,  in  general,  fmce  this  point  is  difScult 
to  afcertain,  the  mercury  mult  be  given  till  the  part  has 
healed,  and  even  fomewhat  longer,  when  the  bubo  has  healed 
very  quickly  ;  for  the  conftitution  is  afterwArds  very  apt  to 
become  contaminated. 

However,  mercury  is  not  to  be  continued  thus  long  in  all 
cafes  ;  for,  as  Mr.  Hunter  explains,  buboes  often  affume, 
befides  the  venereal,  other  difpofitions,  which  mercury  can- 
not cure  ;  but  will  even  exafperate. 

Ccnfequcncts  of  Buboes. — Sometimes  the  fores,  when  they 
are  loliBg,  or  entirely  deprived  of  the  venereal  difpofition, 
become  changed  into  ulcers  of  another  kind,  'and,  moft  pro- 
bably,of  various  kinds.  How  far  it  is  a  difeafe  arifing  from 
a  venereal  taint,  and  the  efTefts  of  a  mercurial  courfejointly, 
fays  Mr.  Hunter,  is  not  cfrlain.  This  writer  fufpedled, 
however,  that  the  nature  of  the  part,  or  conftitution,  had  a 
principal  (hare  in  the  malady. 

Mr.  Hunter  obferves,  that  fuch  difeafes  make  the  cure 
of  the  venereal  affeftion  much  more  uncertain,  becaufe, 
when  the  fore  becomes  ftationary,  or  the  tncrcury  begins  to 
difagree,  \\e  are  ready  to  fi\fpeft  that  the  virus  is  gone; 
but  this  is  not  always  the  cafe.  Perhaps  the  aftion  of  the 
venereal  poifon  is  only  fufpended,  and  will  commence  again 
as  fooa  as  the  other  difeafe  ceafes. 

In  thefe  cafes,  Mr.  Hunter  recommends  attacking  the 
predominant  difeafe  ;  but  he  allows  there  is  difficulty  in  af- 
certaining  its  nature,  and  finding  out  vi hether  it  is  venereal, 
or  not. 

The  fame  author  alfo  acquaints  us,  that  he  has  feen  fome 
buboes  exceedingly  painful  and  tender  to  almoft  every  thing 
that  touched  them,  and  the  more  mild  the  dreflings  were, 
the  more  painful  the  parts  became. 

In  fome  inftances,  the  fl<in  only  feems  to  become  difeafed. 
The  ulceration  fpreads  to  the  furrounding  integuments, 
while  a  new  fkin  forms  in  the  centre,  and  keeps  pace  with 
the  ulceration,  fo  that  an  irregular  fore,  which  Mr.  Hunter 


compares  with  a  worm-eaten  groove,  is  formed  all  round. 
It  appears  only  to  have  the  power  of  contaminating  the 
parts  which  have  not  yet  been  affefted  ;  and  thofe  which 
have  readily  healed. 

When  buboes  become  ftationary,  and  feem  little  inclined 
to  fprcad,  attended  with  a  finus  or  two,  hemlock,  joined 
with  bark,  is,  according  to  Mr.  Hunter,  the  medicine  moft 
frequently  ferviceable.  It  is  beft  to  ufe  it  both  externally 
and  internally.  The  fame  author  alfo  fpeaks  favourably  oi 
farfaparilla,  fea-bathing,  and  fea-water  poultices.  He 
ftates,  that  at  the  Lock  Hofpital,  gold-refiners'  water  has 
been  found  a  ufeful  apphcation  ;  that,  in  fome  cafes,  drink- 
ing large  quantities  of  orange-juice,  and  in  others  taking 
mezereon,  have  been  found  ferviceable. 

Treatment  of  fecondary  Symptoms. — Before  treating  of  thi« 
fubjeft,  it  may  be  as  well  to  recapitulate  a  fevr  of  the  leading 
points  in  Mr.  Hunter's  doftrine. 

1.  Syphilitic  matter,  after  being  abforbed  into  the  fyftem, 
circulates  with  the  blood,  and  is  thrown  out  by  the  common 
emunftories ;  but  in  its  progrefs  it  may  contaminate  other 
parts  of  the  body,  and  give  them  a  difpofition  to  difeafe. 

2.  When  this  difpofition  is  given,  the  difeafed  aftion  does 
not  follow  till  a  certain  time,  which  varies  according  to  the 
conftitution  and  other  circumftanccs  ;  but  never  happens  while 
the  conftitution  is  under  a  mercurial  irritation. 

3.  When  the  difpofition  has  taken  place,  the  aftion  may 
be  fufpended  by  mercury  ;  but  the  diipofition  will  remain, 
and  the  aftion  ihew  itfelf  at  fome  period  after  the  mercurial 
irritation  has  ceafed. 

4.  When  the  aftion  has  begun  in  an  order  of  parts  it  may 
be  cured,  and  will  not  return  in  the  part,  or  that  order  of 
parts  from  the  fame  flock  of  infeftion. 

5.  But  the  difeafed  aftion  may  take  place  in  another  or- 
der of  parts,  if  that  other  order  has  been  contaminated  ; 
and,  in  this  order,  it  muft  be  treated  as  in  the  former. 

6.  When  the  difeafed  aftion  has  taken  place  and  been  cured 
in  the  part  firft  infefted,  in  the  throat  and  fauces,  the  fl<in, 
and  the  bones  or  periofteum,  the  fubjeft  may  be  faid  to  be 
free  from  the  difeafe,  as  far  as  our  knowledge  has  hitherto 
traced  it. 

7.  The  ufual  time  of  the  flcin  or  fauces  taking  on  the  dif- 
eafed aftion  is,  on  a  medium,  fix  weeks  after  the  mercurial 
irritation  that  cured  the  firft  fymptoms  has  iubdivided  ;  and 
in  the  bones  about  twice  that  time. 

8.  Whatever  doubtful  appearances  may  arife  on  the  /kin, 
throat,  or  bones,  during  the  mercurial  irritation,  under 
which  chancres,  or  buboes  are  giving  way,  they  are  certainly 
not  venereal  :  and  even  if  fuch  fecondary  fymptoms  appear 
after  that  mercurial  irritation  has  ceafed,  but  earlier  than  the 
period  fpecified  in  the  preceding  propoCtion,  they  are  to  be 
regarded  with  doubt. 

9.  If  no  fecondary  fymptoms  appear  for  three  months 
after  the  mercurial  irritation  has  ceafed,  and  the  conftitution 
has  not  in  the  mean  time  been  occupied  by  any  other  difeafe, 
we  have  for  the  moft  part  no  reafoii  to  apprehend  any  thing 
in  the  flcin  or  throat  from  that  ftock  of  inh-dtion. 

LalUy,  there  are  uncommon  inftances,  in  which  the  fe- 
condary fymptoms  occur  fooner  or  later  than  the  periods 
above  ftated.  See  Hunter's  Treatife,  and  Adams  on  Mor- 
bid  Poifons,  p.  159,   160. 

The  treatment  of  fecondary  fymptoms  confifts  almoft 
entirely  of  the  judicious  employment  of  mercury.  Frittions 
with  the  ointment  are  generally  the  moft  preferable  ;  but 
fometimes  the  pill  hydrarg.  oxydi  rubri,  the  folution  of  the 
oxymuriate,  or  the  adminiftration  of  mercury  by  fumiga- 
tion (fee  Fumigation),  may  be  proper  and  advantageous. 
The  continuance   of  the   mercurial  eourfe  muft  always  be 

fufpended, 


L  U  E 


LUG 


fofpended,  when  the  effefts  produced  are  attended  with  too 
much  violence  or  diforder.  Opium  may  be  given  to  lefTen 
and  check  the  diarrhoea,  which  fometimee  arifes  from  mer- 
cury, and  both  weakens  the  patient  and  diminifhes  the  fpeci- 
fic  aftion  of  that  mineral  on  the  diftemper.   Sometimes  other 


Hunter  to  be  fometimes  capable  of  preventing  the  difpofitioB 
from  being  formed  at  all,  if  exhibited  in  an  early  ftage  of  a 
chancre,  before  the  virus  has  been  abforbed.  But  as  much 
abforption,  and  the  confequent  difpofition  for  the  difeafe  in 
certain  parts  take  place  at  an  early  period  of  the  cafe,  all 


medicines   will  be  ufeful,  either  given  after  the  mercury   is  perfeverance  in  mercury  for  the   prevention  of  any  more  fe- 

done  with,  while  it  is  omitted  for  a  time,  or  even  in  conjuiic-  condary  fymptoms  is,  according  to    the    Munterian   tenets, 

tion  with  it.     This  may  be  faid  of  bark,  cicuta,  opium,  far-  altogether  fruitlefs.     If  the  foft  parts  or  firft  order  have  beeu 

faparilla,  and  the  diet-drinks  already  fpccified.     Whatever  cured, wecan:iotconfider"ourpatientfafe,refpectingthebones, 

doubtsmay  prevailrefpeftingtheantivenereal  qualitiesof  nitric  periefteum,  and  tendons,  or  fecond  order,  till  a  medium  of 

acid,  none  remain  with  regard  to  its  utility  in  meliorating  the  at  lealt  fix  weeks  after  the  lail  mercurial  irritation  has  ceafed. 


ftate  of  many  complaints,  which  may  exift  after  the  fyplii- 
litic  aftion  has  been  entirely  fubdited  by  a  previous  exhibition 
of  mercury.  But  in  our  general  obfervations  we  have  al- 
ready been  fo  full  in  our  diredlions  for  the  management  of  a 


Of  this  the  patient  fhould  always  be  warned.  The  affeftiorj 
of  this  fecond  order  of  parts  generally  confift  of  nodes  and 
pains.  But  it  is  not  every  fwelling  or  pain  in  a  fufpefted 
bone  that  is  really  venereal.     Mercury  itfelf  will  fometimes 


mercurial  courfe,  and  in  our  account  of  the  effefts  of  other  bring  on  painful  affections  and  enlargements  of  the  bones. 
medicines  in  cafes  of  fyphilis,  that  it  would  be  the  moll  fu-  Even  when  nodes  arc  fyphilitic,  it  often  happens  that  no 
perfluous  prolixity  to  enlarge  on  this  fubjeft.  continuance  nor  quantity  of  mercury  will  totally  remove  the 
There  is  one  queflion,  however,  that  prefents  itfelf  as  fwelling.  Such  medicme  is  only  to  be  continued  till  we. 
deferving  confideration,  namely,  how  long  a  mercurial  courfe  have  reafon  to  infer  all  fyphilitic  aflion  in  the  part  is  fubdued, 
ought  to  be  continued  ?  We  find  that  it  was  one  of  Mr.  Whatever  degree  of  thickening  or  enlargement  may  now  re- 
Hunter's  opinions,  that  when  venereal  matter  is  abforbed,  main  is  only  of  a  common  nature,  does  not  demand  mercur)', 
it  may  produce  in  parts  a  difpofition  to  the  difeafe,  or,  in  and  frequently  admits  of  being  materially  lefTened,  or  even 


other  words,  a  ftate  of  contamination,  which,  though  it 
might  have  beenhindered  by  the  timely  effefts  of  mercury,  and 
may  now  be.  kept  from  going  into  aftion  as  long  as  the  fy ftem 


entirely  removed,  by  blifters,  if  care  is  taken  to  keep  up  a  dif- 
char^e  from  the  excoriated  furface  with  the  favme  cerate. 
Some  other  cafes,  connefted  with  the  fubject  of  lues  ve- 


isunder  the  influenceof  mercury, yet  cannot  becured, but  muft     nerea,  will   be   confidered     in   the    articles   Phimosls    and 


fome  time  or  another  proceed  to  attion,  or  a  ftate  of  palpable 
difeafe.  In  this  condition  alone  it  is  curable.  We  obferve, 
however,  that  Mr.  Hunter,  in  his  pra^Elice,  is  not  altoge- 
ther regulated  by  this  principle  ;  for  in  his  direftions  for  the 
cure  of  a  chancre,  he  recommends  mercury  to  be   followed 


Paraphimosls.     See  alfo  Gleet,  Gonokrikea,  &c. 

LUESIA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Spam,  in   the  pro- 
vince of  Aragon  ;   20  miles  S.W.  of  Jaca. 

LUFF,  a  fea-term,  the  fame  with /oo/". 

LUFFA,  in  Botany,  the  Arabic  name  of  an  herb  of  the 


up  fome  time  after  the  fore  is  cured,  which  medicine  being  Cucumber  family,   Aiomordka  Luffa,  Linn.   Sp.  PL  1433. 

fuppofed  not  to  be  capable  of  curing  the  difpofition  that  may  Veiling.  iEgypt.  48.  t.   50,   51.     Cavanilles,  'v\\i\%  hones, 

be  formed,  (and  if  formed  at  all,  muft  have  formed  ere  this,)  v.  i.  7,  t.  9,   10,  has  applied  it  generically  to  a  plant  called 

the  method,  according  to  reafon,  can  be  of  no  fervice.     We  by  him  Luffa  frtida,  a  native  of  the  Eaft  Indies,  with  which 

cannot  pretend  to  dehver  an  opinion  whether  the  praftice  is  he  thinks  it  probable  that  the  above  Momordica  may  agree 

pofitively  right  or  the   theory  wrong.      One  thing  or    the  in  generic  charafters.     WiUdenow  has  adopted  this    Luffa, 

other  muft  be  the  cafe.     But  it  h  our  duty  to  ftate  that  the  in  his  Sp.  PI.  v.  4.  383.     How  far  the  difference  in  its  lla- 


generality  of  furgeons  think  it  prudent  to  go  on  with  mer- 
cury a  certain  time  after  ordinary  chancres  are  healed.  But 
in  the  treatment  of  fecondary  fymptoms  we  believe  the  per- 
feverance in  mercury,  after  all  palpable  fyphilitic  mifchief  is 
removed,  is  utterly  wrong  and  unneceffary.  In  other  refpefts, 
the  mercurial  courfe  for  the  relief  of  fecondary    fymptoms 


mens,  whofe  anthers  are  all  fcparate,  and  which  are  accom- 
panied by  five  abortive  filaments,  may  ferve  to  keep  it  dif- 
tinft,  we  very  much  doubt.  As  to  the  fruit,  it  appears 
nearly  to  agree  with  Momordica  Operculata. 

LUG,  in  Agriculture,  a  long  meafure  of  land,  the  fame 
with  pole  or  perch,  fixteen  feet  and  a  half.     In  Gloucefter- 


is  to  be  condufted  exaftly  in  the  fame  manner  as  in  cafes  of    Ihire,  it  however  fignifies  a  land-meafure,  of  fix    yards,  or 


chancre  or  bubo,  and  according  to  the  diredlions  given  in 
our  general  obfervations.  Should  the  fecondary  fymptoms  in 
the  throat,  fliin,  mouth,  or  nofe,  have  taken  place  and  been 
cured  by  mercury,  we  may  affure  the  patient  that  whatever 
appearances  may  now  prefent  themfelves  in  thefe  parts,  the 
complaints  cannot  be  really  fyphilitic.     Therefore  the  con- 


tinuance of  mercury  is  not  indicated.      But  though  we  may    fquamsfus  of  Willughby. 


a  rod,  pole,  or  perch  of  fix  yards.  It  is  a  meafure  by  which 
ditching  and  other  fimilar  operations  are  performed  in  that 
diftri£l.  This  term  is  likewife  applied  to  the  ftick  by  which 
the  work  is  meafured.     It  is  fometimes  called  log. 

l^VG-a-Leaf,  a  name   uled  in  fome  parts  of  England  for 
the  rhomboides  of  Rondeletius,  and  the  rhombus  non  acukatus 


venture  to  predict  that  the  difeafe  will  not  recur  in  this  firft 
order  of  parts,  we  cannot  promife  as  much  with  refpeft  to 
the  fecond  order,  •ui%.  the  bones,  periofteum,  and  tendons. 
Whether  thefe  have  contrafted  the  difpofition,  or,  in  other 
words,  are  contaminated  or  not,  can  never  be  known  rt^r/or/. 
If  they  have  contrafted  the  difpofition,  this  cannot  be  cured 
by  mercury,  but  will,  fome  time  or  other,  take  on  the  fyphi- 
litic aftion,  or,  in  other  terms,  fall  into  a  ftate  of  obvious 
and  palpable  difeafe.  It  is  only  in  this  laft  condition  that  mer- 
cury can  exert  its  beneficial  power  in  eff^efting  a  permanent 
cure.  Were  this  medicine  given  under  the  idea  of  preventing 
fyphilitic  mifchief,  it  might  indeed  delay  the  coming  on  of  the 
complaints,  but  after  the  difpofition  has  been  formed,  they 
muft  fooner  or  later  follow.     Mercury  was  fuppofed  by 


We  have  it  on  our  own  ftiores  ;  and  the  Cornifti  people, 
who  frequently  catch  it,  call  it  the  lug-a-lcaj.  See  PiEU- 
RONECTES  Plateffa. 

'L.XiG-Jail,  in  Sea  Language,  is  a  fquare  fail,  hoifted  occa- 
fionally  on  the  maft  of  a  boat  or  fmall  veflTel,  upon  a  yard 
which  hangs  nearly  at  a  right  angle  with  the  maft.  Thefe 
are  chiefly  ufed  in  the  barca  longas,  navigated  by  the  Spa- 
niards in  the  Mediterrane.in. 

LUGA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Ruflla,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Peterfburgh,  on  a  river  of  the  fame  name  ;  8s 
miles   S.    of  Peterfburg.      N.  lat.   58'  25'.      E.  long.    29' 

30'- 

LUGANO,  or  Laurs,  a  territory  of  Italy,  ceded  to  the 

Swifs  cantons  in  1513  ;  it  is  environed  by  the  diftrifts  of 

4  G  2  Mendrit 


LUG 

Mendris  Liigaru?,  Billinzona,  and  the  diiehy  of  Milnti  *,  it 
is  i'ortili;  and  populou?,  about  eiffht  leaj^ues  long  and  five 
broad,  lying  in  N.  lat-.  4.6 \  and  is  divided  into  quarters, 
containing  Ic6  market  towns  and  villages,  and  53,000  inha- 
bitants. This  territory  prodiicea  palturc,  corn,  fruit,  and 
lillc  ;  olives  are  in  great  abundance.  It  is  now  ceded  to 
Italy-  — Alfo,  the  capi'al  of  the  fore-mentioned  bailinic  or 
diitrif^,  vvliich  is  a  fmall,  tok-rably  built,  trading  town, 
tlelightfnUy  fituated  round  tlie  curve  of  a  bay,  and  backed 
by  a  fucceinon  of  hills,  rifing  in  gentle  fwells  to  a  conlider- 
able  height  ;  in  front  a  bold  mountain  clothed  with  forefl: 
prcjefta  into  the  lake,  of  which  a  noble  branch  extends  to 
jts  right  and  left.  To  that  fpot  boats  of  various  fi/.es  are 
continually  palling  and  repading,  its  bafe  being  perforated 
with  canlhic,  or  taverns,  to  which  the  inhabitants  lend  their 
meat,  and  all  forts  of  provifion,  where  it  is  kept  untainted 
for  fcven  or  eight  days,  and  the  wine  preferved  with  deli- 
cious coolnefs.  The  heats  are  moderated  by  the  furround- 
ing  hiils,  and  the  cool  breezes  from  the  lake.  It  is  no  Icfs 
flu-ltercd  from  the  Alpine  blails,  which,  chilled  by  the 
neighbouring  fnows,  would  otherwite  dedroy  the  tempera- 
ture of  this  equal  climate.  OHve,  almond,  and  all  the 
loitthern  fruits  ripen  here  to  perfeftion.  Lugano  15  the  empo- 
rium of  the  greater  part  of  the  merchandifc  which  pades  from 
Italy  over  the  St.  Gothard,  or  the  Bernardin.  At  the  end 
of  autumn,  the  Swifs  mountaineers  bring  down  numeroui 
herds  of  cattle  for  fa!e,  and  return  with  lefs  bulky  com- 
modities. The  town  contains  about  8000  inhabitants  ;  moll 
of  the  houfes  are  built  of  tuf-!loiic  ;  the  refidence  of  the 
capitano,  or  governor,  is  a  low  buiMing;  and  on  the.  walls 
are  the  arms  of  the  twelve  regent  cantons.  On  an  eminence 
above  the  town  Hands  the  principal  church,  remarkable  only 
for  the  beautiful  carvings  in  ftone  round  the  doors  and  rofe- 
windaw,  and  for  the  dehcious  profpett  from  its  towers!. 
In  the  c'.oiller  of  the  Recollets  is  a  capital  pifture  attributed 
to  Luvipo  ;  their  church  is  handfo  ne,  and  the  Ikrecn  is  or- 
namented with  the  paintings  of  the  Paflion  by  the  fame 
mafter.  The  pahce  of  the  Marquis  de  Riva  contains  a  few 
good  piflnres  J  16  miles  N.W.  of  Como.  N.  lat.  45"  50'. 
E.  long.  8    53'.     Coxe's  Switzerland,  vol.  iii. 

Lt.'(;.\NO,  Lale  rif,  a  lake  adjoining  to  tlie  toiyn  above 
defcribed,  aboht  25  miles  in  length,  and  from  two  to  four 
in  breadth  ;  its  form  is  irregular,  and  bending  into  continued 
finuofities-  From  Porto,  a  fmall  village,  fituated  at  its 
fouthern  extremity,  an  arm  of  the  lake  bends  northward, 
and  difcharges  iifelf  into  the  Lago  Maggiore,  by  means  of 
the  river  Tnfa.  It  is  fcarccly  poffible,  fays  Mr.  Coxe,  to 
imagine  a  more  perfeft  or  greater  variety  of  beauties  than 
this  noble  piece  of  water  affords.  The  vaft-  overhanging 
woods,  the  bold  precipices,  the  tranfparency  of  the  wa'er, 
unite  to  form  a  f.enery  in  the  highell  degree  luxuriant.  This 
lake  is  about  190  feet  perpendicular  higher  than  the  lake  of 
Como  and  Lago  Maggiore.  The  two  lall  mentioned  lakes 
are  of  the  fame  level,  and  about  240  feet  higher  chan  the 
city  of  Milan       Coxe.      See  Lake. 

LUGARBEN,  a  town  of  rrnffia,  in  Natangen  ;  36 
jniles  S.E.  of  Ko;iigfberg. 

LLG  R-NUEv'O,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  on 
the  coa  i  ;  eight  miles  S.  of  Alicant. 

LUGDE,  or  LuDE,  a  town  of  Weftpkalia,  in  the 
biihopric  of  Paderborn,  osi  theEmmer;  24  miles  N.N. E. 
cf  PjdcrL'crn.      N.  lat.  51  ^  55  -      E.  lo-g  9"  iW. 

LUGDUNUM,  iu  Ancient  Geography.      See  Lyoxs. 

L.UGDUNUM  Batavorum.      See  Levden. 

LUGGS,  the  E'lgl.fli  nam  ■  for  apeculiar  fpecies'of  infeft, 
found  in  great  plentv  on  the  lliores  of  Cornwall.  It  is  of 
the  nature  of  X^eJ'celo^endra,  anilis  called  by  Mr.  Ray  vfimis 


LUG 

fnloptnJrolJes.  It  grows  to  twelve  inches  long,  and  has  in- 
Itcad  ol  legs  nineteen  pair  of  itifl'  brillles,  all  which  (land. 
toward  the  head  part  of  the  creature.  The  tail  is  at  lead  live 
inches  long  when  full  grown,  and  has  no  mark  of  them. 
Its  body  is  rounded,  and  much  rtiembles  the  body  of  the 
common  earthworm,  and  is  of  a  llsfh-colour,  or  pale  red. 
It  has  no  forceps. 

LUGMON,  in  Natural  Hijlory,  a  name  given  by  the 
people  of  the  Philippine  illanus  to  a  fpecics  of  turtle,  the 
female  of  which  has  a  tuft  of  red  feathers,  of  a  pale  blood 
colour,  on  her  breaft,  which  have  greaUy  tjie  appearance 
of  a  wound,  fo  much  that  any  body  would  really  be  deceived, 

LUGN.-^QUILL A,  in  Geography,  mountains  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  county  of  Wicklow. 

LUGNV,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
Saane  and  Loire,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  dillritl 
of  Macon;  10  miles  N.  of  Macon.  The  place  contains 
1 133,  and  the  canton  12,776  inhabitants,  oil  a  territory  of 
173^  kiliometres,  in  i()  communes. 

LUGO,  Jons'  DE,  in  Biography,  a  learned  Spanifh  Jefuit 
and  cardinal,  was  born  at  Madrid  in  15S3.  He  give  early 
proofs  of  his  attachment  to  the  introduftory  parts  of  karn- 
in.:,  and  was  fent  to  iludy  the  law  at  Salamanca,  where 
he  entered  the  lociety  of  Jefuits,  thereby  following  the  ex- 
ample of  his  brother,  though  contrary  entirely  to  the 
wiih  of  his  father.  Upon  the  death  of  the  father,  the  two 
fous  divided  a  very  large  eftate  that  had  fallen  to  them 
among  the  Jefuits  of  Seville  and  Salamanca.  He  became 
profeffcr  of  philofophy  at  Medina  del  C.inipo,  then  profeffor 
of  divinity  at  Valladolid,  and  afterwards  he  filled  the  divinity 
chair  at  Rome.  In  1643  he  was  raifed  to  the  dignity  yf 
cardinal  by  pope  Urban  VIII.  without  his  knowledge,  und 
he  died  at  the  age  of  fevcnty-feven,  in  the  year  1660.  He 
was  the  author  of  ievcn  folio  volumes,  chiefly  in  theology  1 
and  morals,  of  which  a  few  tracts  only  have  any  degree  of 
merit,  Inch  as  "  De  Virtute  et  Sacramento  Penitentias,"  and 
"  De  Jultitia  et  Jure."  He  is,  however,  particularly  ce- 
lebrated as  being  the  perfon  who  brought  the  virtues  of  bark 
into  notice,  wliich  he  introduced  into  France  in  the  year 
1650,  and  which,  under  the  name  of  "  Cardinal  Lugo's 
powder,''  he  adminilfeied  gratis  to  the  poor,  but  obliged 
the  rich  to  purchafe  with  its  w  eight  in  gold.      Bayle. 

Lugo,  hucus  Augujli,  in  Geography,  a  very  ancient  town 
of  Spain,  in  the  province  of  Galicia,  which,  in  tlK*  time  of 
the  Romans,  was  the  centre  of  one  of  thofe  jurifdictiMiS  that 
were  named  "  Conventus."  At  prefent  it  is  the  fee  of  a 
biihop,  fuffragan  to  St.  Jago,  and  worth  1550/.  fterlmg. 
It  is  fituated  on  an  eminence  near  the  banks  of  the  Minho^ 
I J  leagues  from  its  fource.  Here  feveral  councils  liave  been 
held  ;  and  among  others,  one  in  564  to  regulate  the  limits  of 
the  billioprics  of  Galicia  and  Portugal.  It  is  at  motl  three 
miles  in  circumference  :  and  the  ftreets  are  tolerably  haitd- 
fome  and  well  paved.  It  has  12  fquares,  three  fountains, 
and  five  gates.  The  walls  are  ancient,  but  in  good  repair. 
The  city  contains  a  cathedral,  feveral  churches  and  convents, 
the  bifhop's  palace,  a  col  rge,  a  hofpital,  and  an  afylum. 
The  civil  admimllratlon  is  compofed  of  an  alcalde  major,  a 
regidor,  and  feveral  diUritt  alcaldes.  The  cathedral  is  a  very 
ancient  budding  of  Gothic  architecture,  with  a  modern  portal. 
Lugo  is  fuppofed  to  contain  more  than  4600  inhabitants, 
'i'fiey  work  up  wools  in  this  town,  but  not  enough  to  fend 
any  out  of  the  country.  In  its  terntory  is  a  number  of 
thermal  fprings,  temperate  and  boiling.  Wheat,  barley, 
rye,  and  maize,  are  produced  in  the  environs  ;  and  many 
large  flocks  of  fheep  are  to  be  feen,     The  Minho  fupplies  1 

truut,   lalmon,  and  lampries.     Lugo  is  diitant  from  St.  Jago 
13  leagues.      N.  lat.  43°  2'."  Y/.  long.  7°  32'.— Alfo,  a 

town 


L  U  I 

town  of  Italy,  in  the  Veronefc  ;  eight  miles  N.  of  Verona. 
—  f\.Ho,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Paduan  ;  lo  miles  E.  of 
Padua. — Alfo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  tLe  department  of  the 
Lower  Po  ;    I J  miles  S.  of  Ft  rrara^ 

LUGOS,  a  town  of  Himgary  ;  ^7  miles  S.W.  of  Co- 
lofvar. — Alf  >,  a  town  of  Him^ary,  in  thebannat  of  Temcf- 
var,  on  tlie  Temes  ;   23  miles  E.  of  IV-mcfvar. 

LUGUBRE,  Fr.  in  M/t/ic,  a  term  which  implies  gloomy, 
melancholy,  dejetlid. 

L.UHANGO,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Swedep,  in  the 
province  of  Tavailland  ;  60  miles  N.i>i.E.  of  Tavaftland. 
LUHEA,  in  Botany,  fo  named  by  Willdenow,  in  com- 
pliment, as  we  prcfiime,  to  F.  K.Frcyherr  von  der  Liihe,  who 
publiflied  at  Vienna,  in  1797,  a  German  hymn  to  Flora. 
His  poetry  ought  to  be  very  fine,  as  we  hope  it  is,  to  merit 

fo  magnificent   a  plant. — Willd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  4.  1434 Ciafs 

and  order,  Polyadelph'ta  Pdyandrla.     Nat.  Ord.      Columm- 
fir<s,  Linn.     Mahiace^,  Jud. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  double  ;  the  outer  of 
nine  equal,  linear  leaves,  channelled  at  the  back  ;  inner  in 
five  deep,  lanceolate  fcgments,  internally  fmooth,  naked, 
and  coloured.  Cor.  Petals  five,  longer  than  the  calyx,  broad, 
roundiHi,  wavy,  crenate,  veiny.  Neftaries  five,  (talked, 
pencil-fhaped,  hairy.  Siatn.  Filaments  numerous,  hairy, 
united  into  live  fets  at  their  bafe  ;  anthers  incumbent, 
roundifh,  fmnoth.  PiJI.  Germen  roundifh,  or  conical,  with 
five  angles,  hairy  ;  ftyle  columnar,  thick,  Ihorter  than  the 
flamens,  fmooth  upwards  ;  ftigma  orbicular,  broad,  de- 
preffcd,  with  feveral  radiant  furrows.  Perk.  Capfiile  of 
five  cells.     Seeds  w'm^eA. 

EfT.  Ch.  Calyx  double  ;  the  outer  of  nine  leaves;  inner 
in  five  deep  fegments.  Petals  five.  NeiTtaries  five,  pencil- 
fhaped.  Style  one.  Capfule  of  five  cells.  Seeds  winged. 
I.  h.fpeciojj.  Wilid.  Nov.  Ad.  Soc.  Nat.  Scrut.  Bcrol. 
V.  3.  410.  t.  J  — Native  of  lofty  mountains  in  the  Caraccas, 
from  whence  we  have  a  fpecimen,  gathered  by  Dr.  J.  Msrter, 
to  whom,  though  we  do  not  meet  with  his  name,  the  Viei.na 
gardens  are  indebted  for  many  of  the  finell  plants  publifhed 
by  Jacquin.  From  him  we  learn  what  is  mentioned  above 
refpectiug  the  capfule  and  feeds,  about  which  Profeffor 
Willdeno.v  had  no  information.  We  have  had  no  opportu- 
nity of  confukiiig  his  original  account  in  the  memoirs  of  the 
Berlin  fociety,  which  is  here  cited  on  his  own  authority  in 
his  Speclis  PLmtiirltm. 

This,  the  only  known  fpecies,  isAtree,  20  or  30  feet  high, 
with  alternate,  round,  brown  branches,  downv  vvlicn  young. 
Zmucj  alternate,  on  ihort,  thick,  Aovivty  Jlaiks,  roundilh- 
oblong,  pointed,  flightly  heart-fhaped  and  a  little  unequal 
at  the  bafe,  three  or  four  inches  long,  unequally  and  iharply 
ferrated  ;  fmooth  and  naked  above  ;  white  with  denfe  Hel- 
lated  down,  furniihed  with  three  prominent  ribs,  and  nume- 
rous tranfverfe  parallel  veins,  beneath.  Flowers  white, 
large  and  handfome,  not  many  together,  in  downy,  terminal, 
fimple  clufters.  The  calyx  and  partiul_y?a//'j  are  clothed  with 
dei-ife  pubefjence,  of  a  rully  hue  in  ttie  dried  fpecimen. — 
This  plant  is  clofely  allied  in  habit  and  fcuit  to  the  Ptero- 
f^ermum  of  Sehreber  and  Willdenow  (Pcntapcles fuberifolia 
and  acerifoHa  oi  Linnxus)  ;  the  differences  in  their  flowers 
however  teem  elTential,  elpecially  as  the  calyx  of  Pterojper- 
mum  is  fimp'.e. 

LU-'iYNY,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Ruffian  Poland; 
24  mibs  W.  S  W.  of  Owrucza. 

LUICHEN,  a  city  of  C'huia,  in  Quang-tong,  fituated 
in  a  fertile  and  pleafant  country,  near  ihe  fca.  N.  lat.  28^ 
58'.     E.  long.  lio'  8'. 


L  U  I 

LUIDA,  in  Botany,  Adanfon  v.  2.  492,  was  fo  called 
by  that  writer  after  Mr.  Edward  Llwyd,  the  corrc  fjjondent 
of  Ray,  who  is  mentioned  in  his  Synopjis  as  the  diftovcrer 
of  feveral  molfes  and  other  plants  in  Wales.  This  flip, 
pofed  genus  however  will  neither  immortalize  him,  nor  its 
whimfical  author,  being  made  up  of  various  fpegies  of 
Hypnum,  Bryum,  Splachnum,  &c.  cbaraflerif^d  by  having 
fome  leaves  triangular  and  fome  orbicular  !  Mr.  Llwyd  ap- 
pears, by  what  Ray  fays  of  iiim,  in  the  preface  to  the  fe- 
cond  edition  of  his  Syiwpjis  and  elfewhcre,  to  defcrve  more 
permanent  commemotation. 

LUIGI  Ro.s,si,  in  Biography,  one  of  the  eariieft  and 
mod  volumnious  compofers  of  cantatas  in  the  fevcnteeiith 
century.  He  ir  celebrated  iu  1640  by  Pietro  della  Valle, 
in  his  letter  to  Guidiccioni,  for  his  grave  canzonette,  par- 
ticularly that  vvliich  begins  "  Or  cVe  la  iiottc  del  filcnrio 
amica." 

Many  of  his  cantatas  are  prcfcrved  in  all  the  collcflions 
which  include  the  imific  of  the  lall  century,  particularly  iu 
the  Brit.  Muf  Bibl.  Harl.  1265  and  1273,  and  iu  Dr» 
Aldrich's  CoUedlion,  Chrift  church,  O.-ton. 

His  cantata,  "La  Fortune,"  in  the  Mufeum  coIlcftion.No. 
laOj,  is  of  an  immeafurable  length.  The  recitative,  how- 
ever, with  formal  clofes,  has  pleafing  cxprefru)n^  in  it,  that 
Hill  live.  No  da  cupo,  or  fign  of  reference,  appears  in  his  can- 
tata, and  he  writes  twice  or  three  times  over  the  fame  airs  ;  a 
trouble  which  tiiefe  expedients  would  have  fpared.  He  feeins 
to  have  llarted  feveral  flimfy  divifions,  which  .-.fterwards  be- 
came common  ;  and,  indeed,  it  appears  from  his  cantatas, 
that  as  foon  as  fecular  mufic  had  divefted  itielf  of  tiie  pe- 
dantry of  perpetual  canons,  fugues,  and  multiphed  j.art.s, 
another  vice  crept  into  the  art,  by  the  frequent  and  exceflivc 
ufe  of  divifion-s.  Luigi,  in  fongs  for  a  fingle  voice,  has 
fome  of  this  kind  as  long  as  thofe  in  modern  bravt;ra  airs. 

In  the  Magliabecchi  library  at  Florence,  we  foundafcene 
of  oratorio  called  "  Giufeppe  Figlio  di  Giacobbc,  opera 
fpirituale  fatta  in  niufica  da  Aloigi  de  Roffi,  Napolitano,  in 
Roma.''  And  under  the  name  of  RoJJi  many  of  hiscompo- 
litions  may  be  found  in  the  mufeum. 

Luigi,   in   his  motets    that    are  preferved  in    the  Chrift- 
church  coUtftion,  appears  to  have  been   as  able   to  write  a.- 
cappella,  in    many  parts   wiih  learning,  as  with  elegance  in 
few. 


LUIGNA,  in  Geograplj,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Afturias;  , 
20  miles  N.  W.  of  Oviedo. 

LUI-LUNG-TA.     See  Stcrioo- 

LUING,  or  Long  Isla.nd,  one  of  the  fmaller  weftern 
iflands  of  Scotland,  between  Scaiba  and  Kerrera. 

LUINI,  BoMETTO,  of  Brefcia,  in  Bkgrciphy,  an  opera 
finger  in  foprano,  who  had  been  in  Ruffia  and  other  foreign 
countries,  and  acquired  great  wealth,  but  diiiipated  <Treat 
part  of  it  by  play.  Ytt,  after  lofing  ten  thoiifand  pounds  in 
one  night  of  the  money  which  he  had  gained  an  ic.fua  virtu, 
he  was  (liil  faid,  in  Italy,  lo  be  very  rich. 

LUIS,  St  ,  in  Geogrepky,  a  town  of  South  Acierica,  in 
the  government  of  Bienos  Ayres,  and  province  of  Cordova; 
170  miles  S.W.  of  Cordova.  *S.  lat.  32'- 10'.  W.  long. 
67  I  2'. — Alio,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  the  province 
of  Moves  ;  72  miles  N.W.  of  Trinidad. -^Alfo,  a  miflion 
of  Spanilh  monks  in  New  Albion  ;  10  miles  N.E.  of  Punta. 
el  Eiteros.  — Alfo,  a  town  of  New  Navarre  ;  50  miles  S.  of 
Cala  Grande. 

Luis  de  la  Pizz,  St ,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  province  of 
Mecboacan  ;    100  miles  N.  of  Mechoacan.     N.  Lt.  21^  50'. 

W.  long.    1Q2^   !&'. 

Luis  Je  Marancn,  St.      See  St.  F£iaPE» 

Liis 


L  U  K 


L  U  K 


Luis  de  Potoft,  St.,  a  city  of  Mexico,  in  the  province  of 
Guafteca,  pleafatitly  fituatcd,  and  environed  with  rich  gold 
mines.  Tlie  town  is  handfome  and  well  built,  conlidcrable  in 
fize,  and  populous.  The  ilreets  are  flraiglit  and  neat,  the 
churches  magnificent ;  and  the  inhabitants,  who  arc  chiefly 
Indians,  poflefiinsr  all  the  conveniencies  and  comforts  of  life  ; 
190  miles  N.N.  W.  of  Mexico.  N.  lat.  2  2  25'.  W.  long. 
10,?"  6'. 

Luis  de  Zacatecas,  a  town  of  Mexico,  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Zacatecas,  the  fee  of  a  birtiop,  and  reiidence  of  a 
governor;  240  miles  N.N.  W.  of  Mexico.  N.  lat.  22"  50'. 
W.  long.  103^  46'. 

LUI-SHIN,  in  Mythology,  the  Jupiter  of  the  Chincfe, 
or  fpirit  that  prefides  over  thunder.  The  figure  of  it  has 
the  wings,  beak,  and  talons  of  an  eagle.  In  his  right  hand 
he  holds  a  mallet,  to  ftrike  the  kettle-drums  with  which  he 
is  furrounded,  whofe  noife  is  intended  to  convey  the  idc;:  of 
thunder  ;  while  his  left  is  filled  with  a  volume  of  undulating 
lines,  very  much  refembling  thofe  in  the  hands  of  fome  of 
the  Grecian  Jupiters,  and  evidently  meant  to  convey  the 
fame  idea,  v'i%.  that  of  the  thunder-bolts,  and  lightning. 

LUISIANA,  in  Geography,  a  diftriftof  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lufia,  three  leagues  from  Ecija,  fettled  in  1791  by  a  colony 
of  Germans,  who  built  houfes  in  an  uniform  plan,  allotting 
to  each  houfe  a  portion  of  land,  which  conftituted  a  village  ; 
but  the  honfes  are  already  beginning  to  fall  into  ruin. 

LUISINUS,  Louis,  in  Biography,  a  phyfician,  was 
born  at  Udina,  in  the  ftate  of  Venice,  where  he  obtained 
confiderable  reputation  about  the  middle  of  the  fixtcenth 
century,  and  was  not  lefs  diftinguifhed  by  his  acquifitions  in 
literature,  than  by  his  medical  Ikill.  He  was  author  ot  the 
following  works  :  "  Aphorifmi  Hippocratis  hexametro  car- 
mine confcripti,"  Venice,  1552  ;  "  De  compefcendis  ani- 
mi  affeftibus  per  moralem  philofophiam  et  medendi  artem, 
Traftatus  in  tres  Libros  divifus,"  Bafle,  1562;  "  Aphro- 
difiacus,  five  de  Lue  Venerea,  in  duos  Tomos  bipartitus, 
eontinens  omnia  qusecumque  haftenus  de  hac  re  funt  ab  om- 
nibus Medicis  confcripta,''  Venice,  1566,  foho.  The  firll 
volume  contained  an  account  of  the  printed  treatifes  on  the 
lues  up  to  that  year ;  the  fecond,  publifhed  the  year  follow.- 
ing,  comprehended  principally  the  manufcript  works  on  the 
fubjetl,  which  had  not  then  been  committed  to  the  prefs. 
Eloy  Did.  Hift.  de  la  Medecine. 

LUISNANSBERG,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Sweden, 
in  Weftmanland  ;  48  miles  N.W.  of  Stroemlholm. 

LUJULA,  in  Botany,  &c.      See  OxALl.s  Acetofella. 

LUK,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Saatz  ;  6  miles  E.  of  Carlfbad. 

LUKAU,  a  town  of  Moravia,  in  the  circle  of  Znaym  ; 
eight  miles  W.N.W.  of  Znaym. 

LUKAWETZ,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Czaflau  ;   28  miles  S.W.  of  Czaflau. 

LUKE,  St  ,  in  Sacred  Biography,  one  of  the  evangelifts, 
and  the  writer  of  the  gofpel  bearing  his  name,  and  alfo  of 
the  book  of  the  Afls  of  the  ApolUes.  Concerning  his  pro- 
fefllon  and  country,  previonfly  to  his  converfion  to  Chrifti- 
anity,  there  is  a  difference  of  opinion  among  both  ancient 
and  modern  authors.  The  firll  mention  of  him  in  the  books 
of  the  New  Teftament  occurs  in  his  own  hiftory.  ( Adts,  xvi. 
10,  II.)  When  the  apoftie  Paul  was  again,  a  fecond  time, 
in  Greece,  it  appears,  from  Afts,  xx.  1  —  6,  that  St.  Luke 
■was  with  him  ;  and  that  he  acccompanied  Paul  from 
Greece  through  Macedonia  to  Philippi,  and  went  with  him 
from  thence  to  Troas.  It  further  appears  from  the  fequcl 
of  the  hiftory  in  the  Afts,  that  he  accompanied  the  apoftie 
to  Jerufalem,  and    remained   wiih  him  there.     When   the 


apoftie  was  fent  a  prifoner  from  Ceefarea  to  Romp,  Luke 
was  in  the  fame  (liip  with  him,  and  ilaid  with  him  at  Rome 
during  the  whole  interval  of  his  two  years'  imprifonment  in 
that  city.  Of  this  faft  wc  have  alfo  collateral  evidence  from 
the  epiiiles  of  St.  Paul  written  at  this  time.  (2  Tim.  iv.  11. 
Philem.  v.  24.)  And  if  Luke  the  beloved  phyfician,  men- 
tioned Col.  iv.  14,  be  the  evangeliR,  this  patf.ige  affords 
additional  proof  of  his  being  then  with  the  apolUe.  Some 
have  alfo  fuppofed  that  he  is  the  perfon  mentioned 
2  Cor.  viii.  18,  as  "the  brother,  whofe  praife  is  in  the  gofpel 
throughout  allthe  churches.''  Dr.  Lardner,  with  his  ufual 
indullry  and  accuracy,  has  collefted  the  teftinionies  of  vari- 
ous ancient  writers  concerning  the  evangelift  Luke;  and 
from  thefe  he  deduces  feveral  inferences  that  fcrve  to  fettle 
his  profeffion  and  country,  and  to  corre£l  the  miftakes  of 
other  authors.  The  notion  which  fome  have  entertained, 
that  he  was  a  painter,  is  without  fo\indation,  as  it  is  not  coun- 
tenanced by  ancient  writers.  The  learned  Grotius  and 
J.  Wctllein  have  fuggefted,  that  he  was  a  Syrian  and  a 
Have,  either  at  Rome,  or  in  Greece  ;  and  that  having  ob- 
tained his  freedom,  he  returned  to  his  native  place,  Antioch  ; 
where  he  became  a  Jewifh  profelyte,  and  then  a  Chriftian. 
This  opinion  is  alfo  rcjcfted  by  our  author  ;  who  obferves, 
that  the  account  given  of  this  evangelift  by  Eufcbius,  and 
by  Jerom  after  him,  that  he  was  a  Syrian,  and  a  native  of 
Antioch,  is  not  fupported  by  the  authority  of  Irenius, 
Clement  of  Alexandria,  TertuUian,  or  Origen,  nor  indeed 
by  any  other  writer  before  Eufebius.  Cave  and  Mill  have 
intimated,  that  Luke  was  converted  by  Paul  at  Antioch  ; 
but  it  is  alleged,  on  the  other  hand,  that  if  Luke  had  been 
a  Gentile,  converted  by  Paul,  he  would  have  been  always 
uncircumcifed,  and  unfit  to  be  the  companion  of  Paul. 
For  the  apoftie  would  not  have  allowed  the  Greeks  or  Gen- 
tiles of  Antioch,  or  any  other  place,  to  fubmit  to  that 
rite.  Befides,  no  hints  occur  in  the  Afts,  or  in  the  epiftle 
ot  St.  Paul,  that  Luke  was  his  convert.  It  has  been 
doubted  by  feveral  learned  men,  whether  the  evangelift  Luke 
was  a  phyfician.  Dr.  Lardner  allows,  that  the  diftinguifh- 
ing  charafter  of  "beloved  phyfician"  (Col.  iv.  14.)  has  00 
caConed  a  difficulty,  which,  however,  he  thinks,  is  not  in- 
fuperable ;  and  he  conceives  it  probable,  that  Luke  the 
evangehft  was  by  profeffion  a  phyfician.  That  St.  Luke 
was  a  Jew  by  birth,  or  at  leaft  by  religion,  our  author  argues 
from  his  being  a  conftant  companion  of  Paul  m  many  places, 
particularly  at  Jerufalem.  If  he  had  been  an  uncircum- 
cifed  Gentile,  fome  exceptions  would  have  been  made  to 
him,  which  we  do  not  find  from  St.  Paul's  epiftles,  or 
the  AiSs,  to  have  been  the  cafe  ;  and  befides,  he  follows  the 
Jewifti  computations  of  times,  fuch  as  the  paffover,  the 
pentecoft,  and  the  faft.  (See  Afts,  xii.  3.  xx.  6.  16.  xxvii.  9.) 
In  this  opinion,  that  St.  Luke  was  a  Jew,  many  learned  and 
judicious  moderns,  as  Mr.  L  Bafnage  and  J.  A.  Fabricius, 
concur  ;  and  Dr.  Lardner  thinks,  that  it  ought  not  to  be 
queftioned.  Moreover,  he  was  probably  an  early  Jewifh  be- 
liever, foon  after  Chrift's  afcenficn,  if  not  a  hearer  of 
Chritt,  and  one  of  the  70  difciples.  The  moft  ancient 
writers  fpeak  of  Luke  as  a  difciple  of  the  apoftles.  Some 
have  reckoned  him  one  of  the  Seventy,  others  have  thought 
him  to  be  Lucius,  mentioned  by  St  Paul  in  the  epiltle  to  the 
Romans,  and  others  have  fuppofed,  that  he  was  one  of  the 
two  difciples  that  met  Jefus  in  the  way  to  Emmaus.  If 
Lucius  be  the  evangelift  Luke,  which  is  an  opinion  adopted 
by  feveral  learned  writers,  we  may  conclude,  that  he  was  a 
Jew,  and  related  to  the  apoftie.  We  may  know  his  charac- 
ter, and,  in  part,  his  hiftory,  from  Adts,  xi.  19 — 21,  and 
xih.  1 — 4.     He  was  an  early  Jewiftt  believer  after  Chrift'j 

Q  afcenfioii, 


L  U  K 

afcenfion,  and  together  with  others  was  very  ferviceable  in 
preaching  the  gofpel,  at  an  early  period,  to  Jews  and  Gen- 
tiles out  of  Judea.  And  if  the  other  difciple,  who  accom- 
panied Cleopas  in  the  way  to  Emmaus,  be  Luke  the  evan- 
gelift,  he  was  a  difciple  and  eye-witnefs  of  Jefus  Chrift  ; 
though  we  do  not  allow  him  to  be  one  of  the  70.  It  ap- 
pears further,  that  St.  Luke  was  for  a  confiderable  time  a 
eonftant  companion  of  St.  Paul ;  and  that  he  was  alfo  ac- 
quainted with  other  apoftles.  It  is  probable,  that  St.  Luke 
died  a  natural  death  ;  becaufe  none  of  the  mod  ancient 
writers,  fuch  as  Clement  of  Alexandria,  Irensus,  Origen, 
Eufebius,  and  Jerom,  fay  any  thing  of  his  martyrdom. 
Gaudentius,  bilhop  of  Brefcia,  about  the  year  387,  obferves, 
that  in  his  time  it  was  generally  faid,  that  Luke  and  Andrew 
fini(hed  their  courfe  at  Patra;  in  Achaia,  but  without  adding 
that  it  was  by  martyrdom  :  and  if  St.  Luke  be  called  a 
martyr,  the  appellation  may  be  underilocd  in  a  general  fcnfe, 
as  equivalent  to  confefTor,  or  a  great  fuffcrer  for  the  golpel. 
Cave  fays  (Hill.  Lit.  p.  2J.)  that  Luke  lived  a  ilngle  life, 
and  died  in  the  84th  year  of  his  age,  about  the  year  of 
Chrid  70,  but  of  what  death  is  uncertain.  Phiioftorgius 
informs  us,  that  in  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Conflantius, 
the  reliques  of  St.  Luke  were  tranllated  from  Achaia  to 
Conftantinople  ;  and  therefore  it  mull  have  been  a  general 
perfuafion  in  thofe  times,  that  St.  Luke  had  died,  and  had 
been  buried  in  Achaia,  which,  Gregory  Nazianzen  fays, 
was  the  province  affigne  !  to  St.  Luke.      I^ardner. 

Lvke's  GofpeU  St.,  HI  Biblical  Hiflory,  the  gofpel  written 
by  the  evangelill  Luke.     That  the  gofpel  and  the  Afts  were 
written  by  St.  Luke,  is  a  fadl  that  is  confirmed  by  the  telli- 
mony  of  the  moil  unexceptionable  of  ancient  writers.   To  this 
purpofe  we  may  obferve,  that  this  gofpel  is  often  cited  by 
Juftin  Martyr,  who  lived  A.D.  140,  and  by  the  martyrs  of 
Lyons,  A.D.  177.      Irenaeus,   A.D.    178,  fays  exprefsly, 
that  Luke,  the  companion  of  Paul,''  put  down  in  a  book 
the    gofpel    preached    by    him.     Clement    of    Alexandria, 
A.D.   194,  has   borne  ample  teftimony  to  this  gofpel,  as 
well  as  the  Afts.     TertuUian,  A.  D    2co,  affcrts  againd 
Marcion  the  genuinenefs  and  integrity  of  the  copies  ut   St. 
Luke's  gofpel,  owned  by  himfelf  and  Chridians  in  general, 
and  for  this  he  appeals  to  divers  apodolical  churches     Lake's 
diged,  fays   this  ancient  father,  is  often  afcribed  to  Paul  ; 
it  being  eafy  to  take  that  for  the  mader's  which  the  difci- 
ples  publidied.      Origen,   A.  D    230,  mentions  the  gofpels 
according   to  the   order  in  which  they  are   now   generally 
received  ;   and  "  the  third,"  he  fays,  "  is  that  according  to 
Luke,  the  gofpel  commended  by  Paul,  publifhed  for  the 
fake  of  the  Gentile  converts."      Enlebius  of  Caeiarea,  AD. 
315,    fpeaking    of  St.  Paul's   fellow-labourers,  fays,  "  and 
Luke,   who  was  of  Aiitioch,  and  by  profeiBon  a  phyfician, 
for  the  mod  part  a  companion  of  Paul,   whg  had  hkewife  a 
more  than    flight  acquaintance  with  the  red  ot  the  apoitles, 
has  left  us  in  two  books,  divinely  infpired,  evidence  of  the 
art  of  healing  fouls,  which  he  had  learned  trom  them.     One 
of  thefe  is  the  gofpel,   which  he  profefleth  to  have  written, 
as  they  delivered  it  to  him,   "  who  from  the  beginning  were 
eye-witnedes  and  minilters  of  the  word,"   with  all  whom   he 
fays  Hkewife,  he   has   been   perfeftly  acquainted   from   the 
very  fird.      The  other  is  the  Atls  of  the  Apodles,   which 
he  compofed  now,  "  not  from  what  he  had  received  by  the 
report  of  others,  but  from  what  he  had   feen  with  his  own 
eyes."      In  the  Synopfis,  alcribed  to  Athaiiafius,  but  fup- 
pofed  to  be  written  about  the  end  of  the  tifth  century,  it  is 
feid,  •'  that  the  gofpel  of  Luke  was  ditlated  by  the  apodle 
Paul,  .and  written   and  publillied  by  the  bleffed  apollle  and 
phyfician  Luke."     But  it  is  neediefs  in  this  place  to  cite  a 
greater  number  of  authorities. 


L  U  K 

As  to  the  time  in  which  this  gofpel  was  written,  it  may 
be  fettled  without  much  difficulty.   Thi.-  Aits  of  the  apodlet 
were  publilhed  A.D.  63  or  64,  and  not  long  after  the  gof- 
pel, as  is  generally  allowed.     Accordingly  Dr.  Mill  fup- 
pofes,  thofe  books  to  have  been  two  parts  of  one  and  the 
fame  volume,  and   to   have  been   publilhed   in  the  year  of 
Chrid  64.     The  gofpel  itfelf  bears  internal  charafters  of  the 
time  in  which  it  was  written.     As  to  the  place  where  it  was 
written,    learned   writers   have  differed.     Jerom   fays,  that 
Luke,  the  third  evangelift,  publidied  his  gofpel  in  the  coun- 
tries of  Achaia  and  Bueotia.      Gregory  Nazianzen  alfo  fays, 
that  Luke  wrote  for  the  Greeks,  or  in  Achaia.     Grotim 
fays,  that  about  the  time  when  Paul  left  Rome,  Luke  de- 
parted to  Achaia,  and  there   wrote   his  books,  which  we 
have.      Cave  thought  that  they  were  written  at  Rome,  and 
before  the  termination  of  Paul's  captivity.      But  it  is  faid 
by  Mill,  Grabe,  and   Wetdein,  that    Luke   publidied    his 
gofpel  at  Alexandria   in  Egypt.     Dr.  Lardner   has   parti- 
cularly examined  thefe  different  opinions;  and  he  concludes, 
that  "  upon  the  whole,  there  appears  not  any  good  reafon 
to  fay,  that  St.  Luke   wrote  his  gofpel  at  Alexandria,  or 
that  he  preached  at  all  in  Egypt.     It  is  more  probable, 
that   when   he   left  Paul,  he    went  into  Greece,  and   there 
compofed,  or  finidied,   and   pubhdied   his  gofpel,  and   the 
Acts  of  the  apodles."    Origen  was  of  opinion  that  this  gof- 
pel  was  written  for  gentile  converts  ;  Jerom  fays,  that  of 
all  the  evangelids  Luke  was  bed  Ikilled  in  the  Greek   lan- 
guage, and   that   he   wrote  his  gofpel  more  efpecially  for 
gentiles,  but  Chryfodom  maintains  that  he  wrote  for  all  in 
general.     Luke  himfelf,    at   the   beginning  of   his  gofpel, 
alligns   the  reafon  of  his  writing,  declaring,  that  whereas 
many  others  had  raOiiy  undertaken  to  give  a' relation  of  the 
matters  which  he  moll  furely  believed,  he  thought  himfelf 
obliged,  in  order  the  better  to  divert  us  from  the  uncertain 
relations  of  others,  to  deliver  in  his  gofpel  a  certain  account 
of  thofe  things,  which  he  was  well  affured  of  from  his  inti- 
mate acquaintance  and   familiarity  with  Paul,  and  his  con- 
verfation  with  the  other  apodles.     So  fays  Eufebius. 

St.  Luke  has  infcribed  his  two  books,  his  gofpel,  and  the 
Ads  to  Theophilus,   by  whom  fome  underdand  any  good 
Cliridian  in  general,  others  a  particular  perfon.     Aucrudin, 
Chryfodom,  and  many  others,   have  underdood  Theophilus 
to  be  a  real  perfon.     Cave  fuppofed  him  to  be  a  nobleman 
of  Antioch  ;  but  it  feems  more  probable,  that  if  St.  Luke 
publilhed  his  books  in  Greece,  as  we  have  already  dated, 
Theophilus,  to  whom  they  are  addreded,  was  a  man  of  the 
fame   country.      It   is   of  greater   importance   to  afcertain, 
who  are   delignated  by  the  many   mentioned  by   the  evan- 
gelill,  who  before  him  had  attempted  to  write   hidories  of 
Jelub   Chriil.       Epiphanius   fuppofcs,   that   St.  Luke    here 
refers  to  Cei'inthus,   Merinthus,  and  others  of  that  defcrip- 
tion.      Origen  and  Jerom  fay,  that  many  attempted  to  write 
gofpels,  as  B-ilibdes,  Apelles,  and  others  ;  and   they   men- 
tion feveral  fuch,  not  received   by  the  church ;   fuch  as  the 
gofpel   of  Thomas  and  Matthias,  the  gofpel  of  the  Egyp- 
tians and  of  the  Twelve.      Theophyladt  fee;ns  to  imagine, 
that  the  evaugclid  referred  to  the  two  latter  golpels   now 
named.      Grabe,   while   he   allows   that    St.  Luke    did   not 
refer  to  the  gofpels  of  Balilides  or  Thomas,  or  fome  others 
mentioned  by  Origen,  for  they  were  no    publilhed  till  after 
St.  Luke's  death,   thinks,  that  St.  Luke  might  refer  to  the 
golpels  according  to  the  Egyptians,  and  according  to  the 
twelve,  and  fome  oihers.      But  againfl  this  opinion  it  might 
be  urged,  that  the  gofpel  according   to  the  Egyptians  was 
not  compofed  before  the  fecond  century.     Dr.  Mill   is   of 
opinion,   that  of  the   many  :,arratious   to   which  St.  Luke 
refers,  the  two  principal  were  the  gofpels  according  to  the 

Hebrew*, 


1.  U  K 


1  U  L 


Hebrews,  and  accordinf;  to  the  Eojyptians.  About  tlic 
year  58,  or  fomewlut  fooner,  fays  Mill,  were  corr.pofed,  by 
iome  of  tlie  faithful,  evangelical  narrations,  or  (hort  hillories 
of  Chrirt.  The  writers  were  not  onr  evangelifts  Matthew 
and  Mark  ;  but  fonie  of  the  firft  Chriftians,  who,  before 
Luke,  and  alfo  before  Matthi^w  and  Mark,  wrote  hiilories 
of  the  things  done  by  Chrill,  and  received  from  apoilo- 
lical  tradition,  not  with  a  bad  or  heretical  defign,  but  with 
the  lame  deiign  with  onr  evangelifts  ;  but  their  hillories,  as 
we  may  inft  r  from  St.  Luke's  account,  were  inaccurate 
and  imperfect,  and  they  contained  fome  things  not  certain, 
or  well  attelled,  and  poffibly  fome  millakes.  Dr.  Lardner, 
who  upon  the  whole  approves  the  preceding  ftatemeut,  can- 
not allow  the  gofpel  according  to  the  twelve,  or  according 
to  the  Hebrews,  to  have  been  one  of  the  memoirs  or  narra- 
tions to  which  St.  Luke  refers  ;  for  thefe  were  fhort  hifto- 
ries,  whereas  that  uas  a  full  gofpel,  fuppofed  to  have  been 
•cither  St.  Matthew's  original  Hebrew  gofpel  with  additions, 
or  his  original  Greek  gofpel,  tranfl.ifed  into  Hebrew  with 
additions.  Moreover,  the  gdfpel  according  to  the  Egyp- 
tians conid  not  have  been  one  of  tlieie  memoir,?,  bccaufe  it 
was  an  heretical  gofpel,  probably  compofed  m  the'fecand 
century  by  iome  Encratites,  who  were  enemies  of  marriage. 
Whatever  the  memoirs  or  narrations  were,  none  of  them 
now  remain,  nor  even  fo  much  as  any  fragments,  nor  quo- 
tations of  them  occurring  in  any  Chnllian  v/ritings  now  ex- 
tant. Marciop,  a  heretic  who  lived  in  the  firft  half  of  t))e 
lecond  rentury,  rejetled  all  the  gofpels,  except  that  of 
St.  Luke,  and  this  he  mutilated  and  altered,  and  interpo- 
lated in  a  great  variety  of  places.  He  would  not  allow  it 
to  be  called  the  gofpel  of  St.  Luke,  erafing  the  name  of 
that  evangelift  from  the  beginning  of  his  copy.  Some  of 
his  followers  confidered  it  as  written  partly  by  Chrift  him- 
felf,  and  partly  by  the  apollle  Paul.  Marcion  retrenched 
the  firft  and  iecond  chapters  entirely,  and  begun  his  gofpel 
at  the  firft  verte  of  the  third  chapter,  and  even  read  this  in 
a  manner  ditTerent  from  our  copies,  viz.  In  the  15th  year 
■oi  Tiberius  Caefar,  God  delcended  into  Cajiernaum,  a  city 
of  Galilee.  Some  late  Chriilian  writers  have  concurred  in 
Marcion's  retrenchment  ;  but  without  fufficiciit  authority. 
Lardner. 

St.  Luke,  fays  a  modern  writer,  is  pure,  copious,  and 
flowing  in  his  language,  and  has  a  wonderful  and  entertain- 
ing variety  of  feleft  circumftances  in  his  narration  of  our 
Saviour's  divine  aftions.  He  acquaints  us  with  numerous 
paffages  of  the  evangelical  hiftory,  not  related  by  any  other 
evangehft  :  both  in  this  gofpel  and  Apoftolical  Afts,  he  is 
accurate  and  neat,  clear  and  flowing,  with  a  natural  and  cafy 
grace  ;  his  ftyle  is  admirably  accommodated  to  the  defign 
of  hiftory  ;  it  had  a  very  canfiderable  refemblance  to  tliat 
of  his  great  matler  St.  Paul  ;  and,  like  hiin,  he  had  a 
learned  and  liberal  education,  and  appears  to  have  been  very 
■converfant  with  the  beft  claffics ;  for  many  of  his  words 
and  expreflions  are  exaftly  parallel  to  theirs.  Blackwall's 
Sacred  ClalTics. 

Luke's  Day,  St.,  is  a  feftival  obferved  on  the  i8th  of 
Oaober. 

Luice',s  Hoffital,  St.     See  Hosi'itai. 

Luke',s  Keys,  in  Geography,  two  Imall  iflands  near  the 
«oaft  of  Honduras.     N.  lat.  15'^  50'.   W.  long.  86'  35^. 

LUKIN,  a  town  of  Poland,  x\\  Volhynia  ;  y6  miles  N. 
of  Zytomiers. 

LUKINJA,  a  town  of  Samogitia  ;  24.  miles  N.  of 
Miedniki. 

LUKOIENOV,  a  town  of  Ruffia,  in  the  government 
of  Niiinei-Novgorod ;  80  miles  S.  of  Ni^nei-Novgorod. 
N.  lat.  ijj}    58'.  E.  lung.  54'=  20'.- 


LUKOMLA,  a  town  of  Ruffia,  in  the  government  of 
Polotfk  ;  60  miles  S.S.E.  of  Polotdc. 

LUK0W,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of  Lub- 
lin ;  40  miles  N.  of  Lublin. 

LUKOWA,  a  town  of  Pol.tnd,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Bclcz  ;   44  miles  W.S.W.  of  Belcz. 

LUKOWO,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Brzefc  ;  80  miles  E.  of  Pinfk. 

LULANIS,  in  Botany,  a  name  given  by  fome  of  the 
arxient  Greeks  to  a  plant,  ufed  very  frequently  for  a  yel- 
low colour  in  dyeing,  and  by  the  ladies  for  tinging  their  hair 
yellow,  the  favourite  colour  of  thofe  times.  Neophytns 
explaining  this  word,  fays,  that  it  fignified  the  fame  with 
ifati^,  glaftum,  or  woad  ;  and  feveral  others  have  bien  of 
that  opinion,  though  very  abfurdly,  fmce  the  glaftum  or 
woad  dies  a  blue  colour,  not  a  yellow  ;  and  by  no  means 
anfwers  the  defcription  of  the  lulanis,  which  is  the  fame 
with  the  lutum,  or  iutea  herba  of  the  Romans,  and  with 
the  geniftella  tiniSoria,  or  d3^er8*-weed  of  thefe  times. 

LULEA,  or  LuLA,  in  Geography,  a  lea-port  of  Swe- 
den, in  Weft  Bothnia,  on  the  N.  I:de  of  the  river  Lulea,  at 
the  N.W.  extremity  of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  with  a  good 
harbour;  68  miles  W.  of  Tornea.  N.  lat.  65  38'.  E.  long. 
22  '  4'. 

LULES,  Lo.s,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Tucuman  ;  50  miles  N.  of  St.  Miguel  de  Tu- 
cunian. 

LULLI,  John  Baptist  de,  in  Biography,  fecretary  to 
Louis  XIV.,  and  fuperintendunt  of  his  mufic,  was  born  at 
Florence  in  16:53,  having  a  miller  for  his  fire.  A  Cordelier 
gave  him  his  firft  leffous  in  muilc  upon  the  guitar,  though 
he  afterwards  applied  to  the  violin.  He  was  only  thirteen 
when  the  Chevalier  de  Guife,  being  on  his  travels  in  Italy, 
propoled  to  liis  parents  to  take  him  into  France,  and  engage 
Mademoifelle  de  Guife,  liis  fifter,  to  take  him  among  the 
officers  of  her  kitchen. 

This  princefs  having  accidentally  heard  him  play  on  the 
violin,  hud  him  taught,  and  he  became  in  a  fiiort  time  au 
excellent  performer. 

Louis  XIV.  being  dcfiro'.'.s  to  hear  him,  was  fo  pleafed 
with  his  performance,  tliat  in  1652,  he  appointed  him  in- 
fpetlar-general  of  his  violins,  and  foon  after  created  a  uew 
band,  which  was  called  les  pct'its  v'lalons.  Thefe  new  mufi- 
cians  formed  by  LuUi  foon  became  the  firft  in  Europe, 
which  is  not  faying  much  for  them,  as  fuch  was  -the  igno- 
rance of  the  generality  of  inftriimental  performers  at  this 
time,  that  they  could  execute  nothing  which  they  did  not 
know  by  heart. 

The  genius,  therefore,  of  LuUi  was  obliged  to  contradl  it- 
felf  to  the  abilities  of  his  orcheftra,  and  it  is  fuppofed  that 
he  would  have  written  as  well  as  his  fucceflbrs,  if  he  had 
lived  a  hundred  years  later. 

Before  the  ellahlKhmeiit  of  the  opera  in  France,  the  king 
every  year  gave  to  his  court  magnificent  Jpetlaclcs  called 
ballets,  in  which  there  was  a  great  number  of  fymphonies, 
mixed  with  recitatives.  Lulii  firft  began  by  only  compofing 
the  raulic  to  the  dances  in  thefe  ballets  ;  but  the  king  be- 
came fo  fund  of  Ills  cumpofitions,  that  he  would  hear  no 
other. 

In  1672,  Perrin,  to  whom  the  patent  for  an  opera  was 
firft  granted,  rcfigned  it  to  I.,u11t,  whofe  genius  began 
to  expand,  and  he  may  be  regarded  as  the  creator  of  this 
kind  of  miiiic,  which  (according  to  M.  Laborde)  has  not 
been  fo  much  improved  (ia  France,  he  (hould  have  faid)  a9 
fome  imagine,  and  in  many  particulars  has,  perhaps,  loft 
more  than  it  has  gained. 

It  is  true,  that  he  was  affifted  by  the  immortal  Quinatilt, 
4.  oV 


L^U  L 


L  U  L 


oF  whom  he  had  the  penetration  to  difcover  the  genius,  and 
the  dexterity  to  fecure  the  allillance  by  a  deed,  in  which 
the  poet  engaged  to  lupply  him  every  year  with  -a  new 
drama,  for  4000  Hvrcs,  about  200/. 

(juinaiilt  iketched  many  plans,  and  carried  them  to  the 
kin^  for  his  approbation  :  after  which  LuUi  pointed  out 
to  him  the  places  where  the  dances  were  to  be  introduced, 
and  let  liim  hear  the  airs.  Tlie  fcenes  were  examined,  by  his 
majefty's  command,  in  the  Academic  des  Belles  Lettrcs, 
Thus  by  their  united  opinions,  all  the  dramas  ofQuinault 
were  regulated,  which  remain  the  bell  that  were  produced  in 
Trance  during  the  17th  century,  and  will  probably  con- 
tinue  the  belt,  if  new  let,  for  many  ages  yet  to  come.  The 
enemies  of  Quinault,  jealous  of  his  glory  and  talents,  con- 
trived to  bring  about  a  quarrel  between  the  poet  and 
muiician.  LuUi  had  recourfe  to  La  Fontaine,  who,  at  his 
requed,  produced  the  opera  of  "  Daphne,"  but  as  foon 
as  Lulli  had  heard  it  read,  he  did  not  conceal  from  the 
author,  that  he  thought  his  talents  did  not  extend  to  writing 
operas.  La  Fontaine,  piqued  at  having  laboured  in  vain,  to 
revenge  himfelf  on  Lulli,  for  his  coarfe  rejeftion  of  his 
drana,  wrote  his  comedy,  or  rather  fatire,  of  "  The  Flo- 
rentine," but  as  he  had  a  good  heart,  he  foon  fubdued  his 
wrath,  and  they  were  fincerely  reconciled. 

The  king,  more  and  more  pleafed  with  his  mufic,  con- 
ferred on  him  the  title  and  emoluments  of  fecretary  to  his 
majefty,  and  heaped  upon  him  many  other  favours  for  his 
family. 

The  king  having  been  extremely  ill  in  1686,  Lulli  com- 
pofed  a  Te  Deum  on  his  recovery,  which  was  executed  in 
the  church  of  the  Feuillans,  Rue  Saint  Honore,  the  eighth 
of  January  1687.  In  enthuliaftically  regulating  the  time 
with  his  cane,  he  ftruck  his  foot  fo  violently,  that,  probably 
from  a  bad  habit  of  body,  a  mortification  came  on.  He 
was  at  firft  advifed  to  have  the  toe  taken  off  which  was 
wounded  by  the  cane,  then  the  foot,  and  then  the  leg.  But 
fome  quacks  having  promifed  to  cure  him  without  amputa- 
tion, MelTrs.  de  Vendome,  who  had  a  fincere  regard  for  him, 
offered  to  the  quacks  2000  piltoles  if  they  cured  him,  and 
lodged  them  in  the  hands  of  a  banker.  But  all  their  efforts 
were  ufelefs,  and  it  was  announced  to  him  that  he  mult  pre- 
pare for  death.  His  confeflTor  rejufed  to  give  him  abfolu- 
tion,  but  upon  condition  that  he  woidd  burn  the  opera  of 
Achilles  and  Polixene,  which  he  had  been  preparing  for  tlie 
ftage.  He  confented,  and  the  coinpoiltion  was  committed 
to  the  flames.  • 

Some  days  after,  fancying  himfelf  a  little  better  as  the 
gangrene  encreafed,  one  of  the  young  princes  of  Vendome 
came  to  fee  him  ;  "What  !  Baptilt,  (^  fays  he,)  haft  thou  been 
fo  foolifh  as  to  burn  fuch  good  muiic." — "  Hufh,  hufli !  my 
lord,  (whilpers  LuUi,)  I  liave  got  a  copy  of  it."  However, 
it  is  afferted,  tliat  he  manifelted  in  his  lall  moments  a  fincere 
repentance,  and  teftified  the  higheft  fenfe  of  religion.  He 
died  at  Paris  on  the  22d  of  March  1687,  in  the  54th  year 
of  his  age.  He  was  buried  in  the  church  of  Les  petits  Peres, 
in  La  Place  des  Vi6loires,  where  a  fine  monument  was 
erected  to  his  memory,  and  where  may  have  been  read,  be- 
fore the  revolution,  the  following  epitaph  by  Santeuil : 

"  Perfida  mors,  iuimica  audax,  temeraria  et  excors, 
Crudelifque,  et  coeca  probris  te  abfolvimus  litis, 
Non  de  te  querimur,  tua  fint  hoec  niunia  magna. 
Sed  quando  per  te  populi  Regilque  voluptas, 
Non  ante  auditis  rapuit  qui  'cantibus  orbem 
LtJLLlus  eripitur,  querimur  modo,  furdus  fuifti." 

Lulli  was  a  fortunate  man  to  arrive  in  3  country  where 
tnufic  had  been  fo  little  cultivated,  that  he  never  had  any 
Vol.  XXL 


rival,  nor  was  there  throughout  the  whole  kingdom  o" 
France  an  individual  who  had  the  courage  to  doubt  of  his 
infallibility  in  his  art.  He  was  fortunate  in  fo  magnifi  eut 
a  patron,  and  tlill  more  fortunate  in  a  Lyric  poet,  who 
could  interell  an  audience  by  all  the  powers  of  poetry,  by 
the  contexture  of  his  fables,  and  variety  and  force  of  liis 
charafters. 

Lulli  was  rough,  rude,  and  coarfe  in  his  manners,  but 
without  malice.  His  grcateft  frailties  were  the  love  of  wine 
and  money.  There  were  found  in  his  coffer  630,000 
livres  in  gold,  an  exorbitant  fum  for  the  time  in  which  he 
lived.  He  had  the  art  of  making  himfelf  at  once  beloved 
and  feared  by  the  performers  of  Ivis  mufic,  which  is  doubt- 
lefs  the  moll  effential  talent  for  governing  fuch  eccentric 
and  mutinous  fubjedls ;  but  however  difficult  it  may  be  to 
keep  them  in  order  and  in  good  humour,  true  merit,  exaft 
juftice,  and  a  fteady  conduct  always  fucceed. 

Lulli  married  the  only  daughter  of  Michel  Lambert,  the 
celebrated  mufician,  and  the  bed  ringing-mailer  of  his  time. 
By  this  marriage  he  had  three  fons  and  three  daughters,  to 
all  of  whom  he  left  an  ample  provifion,  and  friends  in  power, 
who  conferred  on  them  places,  penfions,  and  kiiidnefs. 

LULLY,  Raymond,  a  philofopher  and  cliemiil  of  great 
note  in  the  dark  ages,  was  born  in  the  ifland  of  Majorca  in 
1236,  of  an  illullrious  family  of  that  name  at  Barcelona. 
From  the  works  that  bear  his  name,  it  is  fuppofed  that  he 
was  ardently  attached  to  the  fludy  of  the  Iciences,  of  phi- 
lolophy,  theology,  chemiilry,  and  medicine  ;  but  there  is 
great  doubt  as  to  the  genuinenefs  of  many  of  thofc  works, 
which  were  probably  written  by  his  pupils,  or  even  by  pcr- 
fons  who  lived  confiderably  polierior  to  his  time.  In  his 
youth  he  bore  arms,  and  led  the  hfe  of  a  man  of  pleafure. 
It  is  related  of  him  that  he  fell  in  love  with  a  young  danifel, 
named  Eleonora,  who  obftinately  rejetted  his  addrelTes  ;  and 
at  length,  when  he  was  one  day  llrongly  preffing  his  fuit, 
and  demanding  the  reafon  of  her  refufal,  (he  expofed  her 
bread  coiifumed  with  a  cancerous  ulcer.  This  fpectacle  is 
faid  to  have  infpired  him  with  a  refolution  of  feeking  a  re- 
medy for  her  difeafe,  and  to  have  been  the  motive  which 
led  him  to  the  chemical  ftudies,  for  which  he  became  cele- 
brated, as  well  as  to  a  journey  into  Africa,  for  the  purpofe  of 
confulting  the  works  of  Geber.  But  others  affirm  that  the 
fight  had  fuch  an  effeft  upon  him,  that  he  plunged  into 
religious  retirement,  and  devoted  the  reil  of  his  days  to 
pious  purpofcs.  It  appears  certain  that  he  undertook  a 
courfe  of  travels  into  Africa  and  the  Eaft,  with  the  view  of 
converting  the  Mahometans  to  the  Chrillian  faith,  where  lis 
incurred  greath  hardlhips  and  dangers,  and  whence  he  was 
permitted  to  depart  only  upon  condition  of  not  returning. 
He  was  ilill,  however,  fo  much  inflamed  with  zeal  for  tins 
objcft,  that  he  entered  the  Francifcan  order,  and  again  vi- 
Cted  Africa.  When  he  was  again  found  there,  he  was 
thrown  into  prifon,  and  after  fufl'eriiig  much  torture,  was 
releafed  through  the  interceffion  of  fome  Genoefe  m.cr- 
chants,  who  took  him  on  board  their  fliip  ;  but  he  died  on 
the  palfage  when  juft  in  fight  of  his  native  land,  in  1315. 
Others  affert  that  he  was  Honed  to  death  while  preaching 
to  the  infidels  in   Africa,  on  the   26th  of  March  of  that 

From  this  narrative,  which  reprefcnts  LuUy  in  the  light 
of  a  fanatic  miffionary,  we  ihould  not  expecl  that  fcientific 
chatadler  w'hich  has  cauled  his  name  to  be  preferved  to  mo- 
dern times.  It  feems,  however,  that  he  had  travelled  in 
England,  Fiance,  and  Germany  ;  and  he  calls  himfelf  a  dil- 
ciple  of  Roger  Bacon,  whom  he  had  probably  feen  in  his 
journey.  As  a  chemill,  indeed,  he  appears  in  an  extraor- 
dinary light ;  for  although  he  is  believed  to  have  been  the 
4H  fir.l 


L  U  L 


L  U  M 


firft  who  mentioned  the  philofopher's  ftonc,  and  though 
that  was  tlu:  leading  objetl  of  his  lefearches,  together  with 
thf  fancied  panacea,  or  univerfal  remedy  ;  yet  he  maintained 
that  cliemillry  was  only  to  be  acquired,  and  thofc  objcfts  to 
be  obtained  by  a  feries  cf  experiments  ;  and  that  the  art 
was  not  to  be  tauglit  by  words.  Boerhaave  fays  ef  the 
clicmical  works  extant  in  Lully's  name,  liiat  he  has  pcrufcd 
mod  of  them,  and  linds  them  beyond  all  expedalion  excel- 
lent ;  fo  that  he  lias  been  tempted  to  doubt  whether  they 
could  be  the  work,  of  that  ap;e.  "  So  fnll,"  fiys  he,  "  are 
they  of  the  experiments  and  obfervations  which  recur  in  later 
writers,  that  either  they  muil  be  iuijpoiitilious,  or  the  an- 
cient chcmifts  muft.  have  been  acq^iiainted  with  many  things 
which  pals  for  modern  difcoveries." 

Lully  has  alio  been  celebrated  as  a  fcUoIaflic  mctajihy- 
fician.  He  introduced  into  the  fchooh  a  "  new  tranfccndant 
art,"  which  was  dilhngnifhed  by  his  name,  and  by  means  of 
which  a  perfon  miglii  hold  a  difputation  for  a  whole  day, 
upon  any  fiibjeft  whatever,  without  underftanding  any  thing 
of  the  matter.  This  invention  fuited  the  genius  of  the  age'. 
It  conlided  in  collefting  a  number  of  general  terms,  com- 
ir.on  to  all  the  feicnccs,  of  which  an  alphabetical  table  was 
to  be  provided.  Subjefts  and  predicates  taken  from  thcfe 
were  to  be  refpeftively  infcribed  in  angular  Ipaces  upon  cir- 
cular papers.  The  effences,  qualities,  afFeCHons,  and  rela- 
tions of  things  being  thus  mechanically  brought  together, 
the  circular  papers  of  fubjefts  were  fixed  in  a  frame,  and 
thofe  of  predicates  were  to  placed  upon  them  as  to  move 
freely,  and  in  their  revolutions  to  produce  various  combi- 
ne; icns  of  fubjects  and  predicates,  whence  would  arife  defi- 
nitions, axioms,  and  propofitions,  varying  infinitely.  This 
contrivance,  worthy  of  Laputa,  was  greatly  admired  in  its 
time,  and  its  author  acquired  the  title  of  the  mojl  enlightened 
donor. 

The  following  are  the  titles  of  thofe  of  his  works  which 
re'ate  to  chemillry  :  "  De  Secretis  Naturae,  feu  de  Quinta 
juTentia,  Libellus,"  firft  printed  in  1518,  4to.  and  frequently 
republiflied  ;  "  Apertorium  de  veri  Lapidis  compofitione," 
1^46;  "  Teflamentum  duobus  Libris  univerfam  Artem 
Cliemicam  compleftens.  Item  ejufdem  Compendium  animx 
tranfmutatioms  Artis  metallorum,"  1566  ;  "  Liber  Mer- 
cr.norum;"  "  De  Arte  brevi ;"  "  Secreta  Secretorum  ;" 
«'  Codicillus,  feu  Vade  Mecum,  in  quo  fontes  Alchymicas 
Artis  ct  Philofophicx  rcconditioris  uberrime  traduntur." 
Mriny  manufcript  cffays  of  Lully  are  preferved  in  the  library 
at  Leydcn,  and  upwards  of  a  hundred,  it  is  faid,  which  have 
never  been  publifhed,  in  that  of  Venice.  A  complete  edi- 
tion of  all  the  writings  attr?buted  to  this  author  was  pub- 
liihed  at  Mayence  in  1714,  including  treatifes  on  theology, 
irorals,  medicine,  chemiftry,  phyfics,  law,  &c.  Gen.  Biog. 
Eloy  Dic-L.  Hiil. 

Lully's  Art.     See  Art,  and  the  preceding  article. 

LULOLA,  in  Geography,  a  ilrung  town  in  Angola, 
fituated  on  an  illand  about  lOO  miles  from  the  mouth  ol  the 
Coanza,  fortified  by  the  Portuguefe. 

LULWORTH,  East,  a  parifli  in  the  hundred  of  Win- 
frith,  in  Blandford  diviuon  of  Dorfctfhire,  England, is  fituated 
fix  miles  from  Wareham,  and  I16  from  London,  and  con- 
tains   74  houfes  and    364  inhabitants.      The   chief  objcil 

v.-orthy  of  notice  here  is  Lulvvorth  caftle,  the  feat  of  

Weld,  efq.  It  is  fituated  in  the  fouth-eaft.  corner  of  an 
extenfive  park,  which  occupies  a  circuit  of  nearly  four  miles 
and  a  half,  and  has  been  lately  furrounded  by  an  excellent 
ftone  wvl,  upwards  of  eight  feet  high.  The  prefent  edi- 
fice, which  was  built  on  or  near  the  fcite  of  a  caftle  men- 
tioned fo  far  back  as  the  year  1146,  was  commenced  in 
1588,  and  £ni(hed  in  1 609,  except  the  iBternal  decorations. 


wliich  were  not  completed  till  after  the-  year  1641,  when 
the  ancellor  of  the  late  owner  purchafed  the'ellate.  The 
caille  is  an  exaft  cube  of  eighty  feet,  with  a  round  tower 
at  each  corner  thirty  feet  in  diameter,  and  rifing  lixtccn  feet 
above  the  walls,  which,  as  well  as  the  towers,  are  embattled. 
The  hall  and  dining-room  are  fpacions,  and  the  rooms  in 
general  eighteen  feet  high.  The  pnncipal  front  is  on  the 
call,  and  is  faced  with  Chilmark  llone,  decorated  with  ila- 
tuary.  In  the  year  1789,  during  their  majellies'  rcfidence 
at  Weymouth,  Mr.  Weld  had  fevi-ral  roval  nfits,  the  par- 
ticulars of  which  are  recorded  in  two  inlcriptions  over  the 
entrance  to  the  caftle.  Mr.  Weld  has  lately  erected  an 
elegant  little  chapel  for  the  convenience  of  his  family  ;  this 
ftrufture  is  of  a  circular  form,  increafcd  by  four  fettions  of 
a  circle,  fo  as  to  form  a  crofs,  and  finiihed  with  a  dome  and 
lantern.  'J 'he  parifli  church  of  St.  Andrew  (which  was  an 
ancient  aud  curious  fabric)  has  been  recently  rebuilt  at  the 
expence  of  Mr.  Weld. 

United  with_the  foregoing  parifli,  and  about  a  mile  diftant 
towards  the  fea,  is  that  of  Weft  Lulworth,  which  contains 
•J^  houfes  and  312  inhi-rfjitants.  At  a  finall  diiUnce  is  Lul- 
worth Cove,  a  fort  of  natural  bafin,  into  which  the  fea  flows 
through  a  wide  gap  in  the  cliff,  fufficient  for  the  entrance  of 
veffels  of  70  or  80  tons  burthen.  About  a  mile  from  tha 
eove  is  the  Arched  Rock,  which  projects  from  the  land  into 
the  fea,  having  an  opening  near  20  feel  high  in  ti.e  middkv 
formcd  like  an  arch,  through  which  the  profpedl  of  the  fea 
has  a  peculiar  effett.  Beauties  of  England  and  Wales, 
vol.  iv. 

LUMACHELLE  Marble.     See  Marble. 

LUMAMPA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  South  Amci'ica, 
in  the  province  of  Tucuman  ;  po  miles  S.  of  St.  Yago  del 
Eftero. 

LUMBAGO,  in  Medicine,  fignifies  a  pain  in  the  loins 
[lurnbt),  efpccially  from  rheumatiim,  affecting  the  ligaments 
of  the  fpine,   or  the  mufclcs  of  the  back.      See  RiiEL'MA- 

TL'iM. 

The  only  difeafes  which  are  liable  to  be  miftaken  fcr 
lumbago  in  general,  are  painful  affeftions  cf  the  kidnies, 
which,  it  is  we'l  known,  are  feated  within  the  lumbar  re- 
gion on  each  fide  of  the  fpine  ;  efpeeially  inflammation  of 
thefe  glands,  or  the  formation  of  calculi  in  them,  or  the 
paiTage  of  thefe  concretions  through  the  ureters  towards 
the  bladder.  The  fymptoms,  attendant  upon  thefe  difor- 
ders  of  the  kidnies,  will  be  found  defcnbed  in.  their  proper 
places.  (See  ^s'ephralgia,  Nki'hritis,  and  Gravel.) 
We  may  obferve  here,  that,  in  lumbago,  the  pain  docs  not 
follow  the  courfe  of  the  ureters,  it  is  not  accompanied  with 
retraction  of  the  tefticle  in  men,  it  is  not  increafcd  by  ex- 
ternal preffure,  it  is  often  little  felt,  except  in  the  eredl 
pofture,  and  there  is  no  vonviting,  nor  any  cliange  in  the 
quantity  or  quality  of  the  urine  ;  the  contrary  of  all  \n  Inch 
is  obferved  in  ii'.fiammatory  and  calculous  afi^edions  of  the 
kidnies. 

The  internal  remedies,  commonly  adminifteredfor  the  cure 
of  other  forms  of  rheumatifm,  are  alfo  beneficial  in  the  lum- 
bago ;  fucli  as  opiates,  with  antinionials  and  other  fudorificf, 
taken  at  bed-time,  and  followed  by  laxatives  in  the  morning, 
or  combined  with  laxatives,  efpccially  the  fubmuriace  of 
mercury,  preparations  of  fulphur,  or  falts.  Much  relief, 
however,  is  afforded  by  the  application  of  local  llimulants 
to  the  lumbar  region  externally.  Liniments  of  camphor, 
turpentine,  and  fimilar  fiibfl-.nccs,  have  been  found  from  the 
experiments  of  Dr.  Home,  Dr.  Fcrriar,  and  others,  among 
the  moft  efficaciotis  of  thefe  applicacions.  Dr.  Fcrriar 
affirms,  that  he  has  found  a  fohition  of  camphor  infiilpliuric 
ether  relieve  the  pains  of  difeafed  joints,  r.fter  all  other 
I  8  applicaiiciis 


L  U  M 


L  U  M 


applications  had  failed  ;  and  he  relates  feveral  cafes  in  wliich 
a  liniment,  refemliling  that  propofed  by  Dr.  Home, .proved 
a;i  effectual  cure  for  lumbago.  He  ufcd  two  drams  of 
camphor,  an  ounce  of  bafilicon,  and  half  an  ounce  of  black, 
foap,  omittiKg  the  oil  of  turpentine,  ammonia,  and  feeds  of 
cyminum,  prcforibed  by  Dr.  Home.  The  effeft  of  this 
application,  he  fap,  is  commonly  the  removal  of  the  pain 
within  three  days,  often  in  a  much  (horter  time.  See 
Ferriar.  Med.  Hill,  and  Refleft.  vol.  i.  p.  i88.  Plome, 
Cln.  Exper.  p.  261,  §  xiv. 

LUMBALIS,  in  Anatomx,  an  epithet  applied  to  fomc 
parti  placed  about  the  ,luins.  The  lumbar  arteries  are 
branches  of  the  aorta,  and  the  lumbar  veins  terminate  in  the 
inferior  ver.a  cava.  (See  Artery  and  Vein'.)  The  lum- 
bar nerves  are  five  pairs  proceeding  from  the  medulla  fpi- 
nalis.  (See  Nerve.)  The  lumbar  mufcles  are  thQ  pj'cs  ; 
vhich  fee.  For  an  account  of  the  lurnbar  vertebrx,  fee 
Spike.  The  lumbar  region  of  the  abdomen  is  the  lateral 
a:  d  pofterior  part  of  the  umbilical  region,  the  part,  in  (liort, 
which  conftitutes  the  loins  in  common  language.     See  Ab- 

DOM  I-.N'. 

1X''MBAR,  in  G/'Cfr,'j^/._j',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Nivarre  ; 
Ij  miles  N.  of  Sanguefa. 

Li.'Mr.AK  Ahfafs,  in  Surgery.     See  Psoas  Alfcfs. 

LUMDERTON,  in  Geography,  a  poll-town  of^America, 
in  North  Carolina,  and  capital  of  Robefon  county,  on  Drown- 
ing creek  ;  32  miles  S.  of  Fayetteville  ;  it  has  a  court-houfe, 
and  about  36  dwelling-houfes. 

LUMBI,  in  /inatomy.     See  LojNS. 

LUMBO,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Bengucla  ;  i  20  miles 
E.  N.  E.  of  Benguela.      S.  lat.  1 1°  45'.' 

LUMBORUiNI  QuADKATus,  in  Anatomy,  ileo-coftien  of 
Dum.as,  a  mufcle  IJtuated  towards  the  fide  and  lower  part  of 
the  vertebral  column,  and  extending  from  the  crilla  of  the 
OS  innominatum,  and  the  ileo-lumbar  ligament,  to  the  lower 
edge  of  the  lall  faUe  rib,  and  to  the  tranfverfe  procefies  of 
the  foi:r  tirll  vertebrce  of  the  loin?.  It  has  the  form  of  an 
elongated  fquare,  but  is  rather  broader  below  than  above. 
Its  anterior  furface  is  covered  above  by  the  diaphragm,  then 
by  the  anterior  lamina  of  the  aponeurolls  of  the  tranfverfus 
abdominis,  and  towards  the  infide  by  the  pfoas.  It  ccr- 
refponds  to  the  kidney  aiid  to  the  colon.  Its  poilerior 
furface  is  covered  by  the  middle  aponeurofis  of  the  tranf- 
verfus, which  feparates  it  from  the  common  mafs  of  the 
facro-lumbahs  and  longiffimus  dorfi.  The  outer  edge  is 
inchncd  a  little  from  above  downwards,  .and  from  with'n 
outwards,  and  corrcfponds  to  the  angle  formed  by  the  fepa- 
ration  of  the  anterior  poilerior  laminx  of  the  aponeurofis  of 
the  tranfverfus  abdominis.  The  inner  margin  is  attached  to 
the  points  of  the  tranfverfe  procefies  of  the  four  tirft  lum- 
bar vertebrjE  by  as  many  flattened  pieces.  The  lower  edjje 
is  attached  to  the  middle  of  the  pofterior  part  of  the  crifta 
ilii„  fur  an  extent  of  about  two  inches  ;  it  is  alfo  fixed  to  the 
iieo-lumbar  ligament.  The  tipper  edge  is  inferted  in  the 
lower  margin  of  the  lad  falfe  rib,  for  a  more  or  lefs  confidcr- 
able  extent  in  different  fubjcils  ;  in  fonic  it  occupico  nearly 
the  whole  length,  in  others  only  theinr.er  third  part. 

It  is  fixed  to  the  criila  of  the  os  innominatum  by  aponeu- 
xofcs,  which  afcend  to  a  confiderable  height  on  the  anterior 
Surface  and  tlie  outer  edge.  Thefe  fibre.';,  which  proceed 
/rom  below  upwards,  are  crofied  below  by  others,  which 
anfe  from  the  tranfverfe  proeofs  of  the  h.ft  lumbar  vertebrx. 
The  ilefiiy  fibres  afcend  rather  obliquely  from  without  in- 
.wards,  and  the  internal  are  the  (lior'.elt  ;  they  terminate  at 
the  tranfverfe  procefies  of  the  lumbar  vertebra;  by  tendinous 
fibres.  The  external  and  lunger  ones  end  at  the  lower  edge 
,«f  the  Ult   falfc  nb  by  iiiort  aponeurofes.     So.mejiir.es  an- 


other mufcular  (Iratum  avifes  from  the  front  of  the  tranfverfe 
procelfes  of  the  third  and  fourth  lumbar  vertebra,  padee 
obliquely  outwards,  and  is  blended  with  the  reft  of  the 
mufcle. 

The  quadratus  lumborum  inclines  the  loins  towards  its 
own  fide  ;  when  thefe  are  fixed,  it  may  raife  the  pelvis  en 
that  fide,  and  lower  it  on  the  oppofite.  By  drawing  down- 
wards the  laft  falfe  rib,  it  may  be  concerned  in  refpiration. 

LUMBRE,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  and  chief  place  of  a  can- 
ton, in  the  diltrift  of  St.  Omer,  The  place  contains  J02,  and 
the  canton  13,655  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  26 2 i  kilio- 
metres,  in  36  communes. 

LUMBRERAS,  a  townof  Spain,  in  Leon;  22  mi'ea 
N.N.W.  of  Civdad  Rodrigo. 

LUMBRICALES,  in  Anatomy,  certain  fmall  mufcles 
of  the  fingers  and  toes,  ccnncdttd  with  the  flcsor  tcndoas  of 
thofe  organs.      See  Fl.EXOR. 

LUMBRICOIDES.     See  Ascini.'. 

LUMBRICUS,  Earth-woum,  in  Natural  Hijlory,  a 
genus  of  the  vermes-inteilina  clafs  and  order.  Body  round, 
annulate,  with  generally  an  elevated  flilhy  belt  near  the 
head,  moftly  rough,  with  minute  concealed  prickles  placed 
longitudinally,  and  furnifhed  v.ith  a  lateral  aperture.  There 
are  fixteen  fptcies  contained  in  this  genus,  of  which  four  are 
natives  of  this  country. 

Species. 

*  Terrestki.s;  Comir.on  earth-worm,  fometimes  named 
dew-worm.  Body  red,  with  eight  rows  of  prickles.  There 
is  another  variety  t-^aftly  like  this,  only  half  the  fize.  The 
body  contains  abjut  one  hundred  and  forty  rings,  each  of 
which  has  fi;ur  pair  of  prickles,  not  vifible  to  the  naked 
eye,  but  difcoverable  to  the  touch  :  when  expanded,  it  \i 
convex  on  each  fide ;  but  when  contrafted,  it  is  flattilh  be- 
neath, v.ith  a  red  canal  down  the  body  ;  the  belt  is  wrinkled 
and  porous  ;  mouth  placed  beneath  the  prcbofcis.  It  in- 
I'.abits  decayed  wood  and  common  foil,  which,  by  per- 
forating, it  renders  fit  to  receive  the  rain  :  it  devours  the 
cotyledons  of  plants,  and  wanders  about  by  night  ;  it  is  the 
food  of  moles,  hedge  hcgs,  ai'.d  various  birds. 

This  worm  has  neither  bones,  brains,  eyes,  nor  feet.  It 
has  a  number  of  breathing  holes  fituated  along  the  back,  and 
near  each  ring.  The  heart  is  placed  near  the  head,  and 
may  be  obferved  to  beat  wirh  a  very  ditlinct  motion.  The 
fmal'  rings  are  furnilhed  vf  ith  a  fet  of  mufcles,  that  enable  it 
to  aft  in  a  fort  of  fpiral  direftion  ;  and  by  this  means  it  ii 
capable,  in  the  moll  complete  manner,  of  creeping  on  the 
earth,  or  penetrating  into  its  fubllancc.  Thefe  mufcles  en- 
able the  worm  to  contraft  or  dilate  its  body  with  great  force. 
The  rings  are  each  armed  with  fmall  llifF  (harp  prickles, 
which  the  animal  is  able  to  open  out  or  clofe  upon  its  body  ^ 
a::d  from  beneath  the  fi<in  there  is  fecreted  a  flimy  matter, 
which,  by  lubricating  the  body,  greatly  facilitates  its  paf- 
fage  through  the  earlh. 

This  worm  has  been  conf  )uvded  with  the  Asc.\liis  Lunir 
IricolcLs,  or  round  worm  of  the  human  intcllines;  which  fee. 
Tfae  difference  between  the  two  may  be  b;:iefiy  pointed  out 
in  this  place. 

The  common  earth-worm  has  its  extremities  nnjch  blunter 
than  thofe  of  the  jnte^inal ;  its  mouth  confills  of  a  fmall, 
longitudinal  fiflur;',  fituated  on  the  u;ider  furface  of  a  fmall 
rounded  htad,  there  being  no  appearance  of  the  three  vc- 
ficles  which  are  found  io  the  afcaris.  On  the  under-furface 
of  the  earth-worm  there  is  a  large  femi-lunar  fold  of  ikin, 
into  which  the  head  retreats ;  but  this  is  .wanting  in  the 
afcaris.  The  anus  of  the  eanh-wcrm  opens  at  the  very  ex- 
4  H   2  tremity 


L  U  M 


L  U  M 


tremity  of  die  tail,  and  not,  as  in  the  afcaris,  at  a  con- 
fiderable  dillance  fiom  it.  The  afcaris  wants  the  tranfverfe 
rugs,  whicli  are  fo  llroncrly  marked  in  tl.c  ca.th-worm,  as 
well  as  the  broad  yellowifh  band  by  which  the  body  of  the 
latter  is  furrounded. 

The  internal  flruflure  of  the  two  worms  is  alfo  extremely 
different.  In  the  earth-worm  there  is  a  complete  and  large 
llomach,  confiding  of  two  cavities;  and  the  inteftinal  canal 
in  the  latter  is  larger,  and  more  formed  into  faccuh  than  in 
the  afcaris.  The  parts  fubfervient  to  generation  in  thcfe 
worms  are  very  different :  in  the  afcaris  there  is  a  dillinftion 
of  fex,  but  the  common  earth-worm  is  hermaphrodite. 

Dew-worms,  though  a  final),  and  frequently  regarded  as 
a  defpicabie  link,  in  the  chain  of  nature,  would,  if  loft,  be 
greatly  miffed  by  tliofe  who  arc  apt  to  confider  them  as  a 
nuifance.  For,  independently  of  their  affording  a  large  fup- 
ply  of  food  trt  birds,  &c.  already  noticed,  they  are  of  great 
life  in  promoting  vegetation,  by  boring,  perforating,  and 
loofening  the  foil,  and  rendering  it  pervious  to  rain  and  the 
fibres  ot  plants,  by  drawing  ftraws  and  ftalks  of  leaves  and 
twigs  into  it ;  and,  moil  of  all,  by  throwing  up  fuch  num- 
bers of  lumps  called  worm-cafts,  which  aft  as  a  fine  manure 
for  grain  and  grafs. 

*  Makinus;  Lug.  Back  with  two  rows  of  briilly 
tubercles ;  body  pale  red,  round,  and  annulate,  with  greater 
or  lefs  rings  ;  the  tirft  prominent,  with  two  oppolile  tufts 
of  ihort  briflles  on  each,  the  lower  part  fmooth.  It  is 
found  on  the  fhores  of  England,  and  other  parts  of  the 
European  coaft,  where  it  buries  itlelf  in  the  fand  to  a  great 
depth,  leaving  a  little  riling  with  an  aperture  on  the  furface. 
It  is  ufed  as  a  bait  for  filhes. 

Vkkmicularis.  Body  white,  with  two  rows  of  prickles. 
It  inhabits  the  wet  and  decayed  trunks  of  trees,  and  among 
moil!  leaves,  moving  very  expeditioully  in  moill  places,  but 
^willing  itfelf  up  in  dry  ones.  Its  body  is  polifhcd  and 
glabrous. 

Variegaths.  Rufous  fpotted,.  with  fix  rows  of  prickles. 
It  inhabits  wet  plantations,  and  is  the  moft  beautiful  of  the 
whole  genus.  The  body  red,  very  finely  te^flellate  with 
brown,  having  a  fanguiueous  line  running  dovi-n  the  whole 
body.  It  eafily  breaks  in  pieces,  and  as  eafily  reproduces 
what  has  been  loft  by  accident  or  otherwife. 

TuBlFEX.  Body  reddifli,  with  two  rows  of  prickles  ; 
the  body  is  pellucid,  very  fimple,  thin,  and  truncate  at  the 
tip,  with  a  dark  inteftine.  It  is  found  at  the  bottom  of 
rivuletsj:  where  it  forms  a  perpendicular  tube  of  earth  for  its 
habitation. 

LiNEATUS.  Body  white,  with  a  longitudinal  red  line.. 
Found  vory  abundantly  on  the  fhores  of  the  Baltic,  among 
fea-weed.  It  is  pellucid,  with  rather  a  fhort  body,  having 
a  yellow  artery  on  the  back,  and  a  bifid  vein  towards  the 
head. 

CiLlATUS.  Body  rufous,  and  cihate  between  the  rings  ; 
the  body  is  glabrous,  witii  about  forty  fegments  ;  the  intcr- 
feftions  are  armed  with  four  tufts  of  fhort  briftles. 

TUBICOLA.  White,  with  a  red  dorfal  fpot  on  each  of 
the  fegments.  This  fpecies  is  found  in  the  bays  of  Norway 
that  have  a  clayey  bottom,  in  a  round  membranaceous  tube, 
covered  with  mud,  and  about  an  inch  longer  than  itfelf.  It 
has  twenty-five  fegments  in  the  body,  of  which  the  intcr- 
lettions  are  armed  with  two  brillles  on  each  fide  ;  the  intef- 
ti.ae  is  black,  and  running  down  the  whole  body. 

EcuiuRvs.  Body  covered  with  rows  ct  granulations ; 
the  limd-part  obtufely  truncate,  and  furrounded  with  a 
double  crown  of  briftles.  It  inhabits  the  fandy  bottom  of 
the  Ihores  of  Belgium  ;  is  moft  obfervable  in  winter,  and  is 
the  chief  food  of  eod-fifh.     Body  wliitifh-grey,  with  fulvous 


vifccra,  about  the  fize  of  a  perfon's  middle  finger;  tongue 
flefhy,*tliickifli,  and  boat-lhaped. 

*  TuALASSEMA.  Body  ftriate,  dirty  red,  with  ftiining 
red  fpots,  beneath  grey  ;  mouth  furrounded  with  a  funnel- 
like  tube,  which  is  wrmkled  within,  and  plaited  at  the 
margin  ;  the  body  is  glabrous,  mucous,  thicker  at  one  end, 
and  foinowhat  pointed  at  the  other ;  the  mouth  is  placed 
above,  with  a  faffron  funnel.  Inhabits  the  fhores  of  Corn- 
wall. 

Eduli.s.  Body  whitifh^^iefli-colour,  fubclavate  behind, 
dilated  and  papillous  before ;  mouth  terminal,  and  fur- 
rounded with  a  villous  rim  or  wrinkle.  There  are  two  hun- 
dred and  fevcnty-eight  rings  between  the  villous  part  and 
the  hinder  end,  feparated  by  an  annular  itria  ;  the  hind-part 
bulbous,  with  a  double  papilla  ;  the  fore-part  befet  with 
numerous  fiefh-colourtd  one\i  difpofed  in  tranfverfe  rows. 

*  OxyuKU.s.  Body  wliiiilh-livid,  very  fliarp  at  the  hind 
extremity,  and  obtufe  before,  with  a  round,  retractile,  and 
exfertile  probofcis.  This  fpecies  is  found  on  the  Suflex 
coaft,  is  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  and  annulate  with 
very  fine  ftrix  ;  fnout  truncate,  and  very  fine,  granulate, 
with  a  pore  at  the  bale  fcarccly  vifible., 

Fhagilis.  Body  red,  with  lateral  divided  warts,  and 
fafciculate  briftles.  Tiie  body  of  this  fpecies  refembles  the 
terreftris,  with  above  five  hundred  fmooth  and  very  brittle 
rings ;  the  head  is  conic,  with  an  approximate  wrinkled 
moHth.  It  inhabits  the  muddy  bottom  of  the  bays  of  Nor- 
way. 

AilMlGKH.  Body  red,  with  double  lanceolate  lamella: 
on  the  belly,  and  none  on  the  fore-part  ;  is  about  two  inches 
long,  and  confifting  of  about  two  hundred  rings.  Found  ia 
the  iflands  of  Norway. 

CiRRATUs.  Body  armed  with  very  long  cirri.  Inhabits 
the  Norway  feas. 

Sabellaris.  Body  jointed,  and  truncate  at  one  end; 
the  interfeftions  of  the  joints  thick,  and  armed  with  two 
prickles.  It  refembles  the  tubicula,  and  is  found  in  the 
Norwegian  feas. 

LUMELLA,  in  the  Glafs-trade,  the  round  hole  in  the 
floor  of  the  tower  of  the  leer,  which  is  direftly  over  the 
working  furface,  and  by  which  the  flame  is  let  into  the 
tower. 

LUMELLO,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Gogna.  This  place  lately  gave  name  to  a 
diftrift  in  the  duchy  of  Milan,  called  "  Lumalline,"  on  the 
Gogna;  once  the  refidence  of  the  kings  of  Lombardy,  now 
a  village;  26  miles  S.W.  of  Milan.  N.  lat  48- 57'.  E. 
long.  8    47'. 

LUMHAG  AN,  an  ifland  in  the  ftraits  of  Malacca,  near 
the  coall  of  Salengora,  12  miles  long,  and  5  broad;  fe- 
parated from  the  continent  by  a  narrow  channel,  called  the 
"  ftraits  cf  Lumhagan."     N.  lat.  i  54'.   E.  long.  loi"  24'. 

LUMI.TOCKI,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Eall  Bothnia; 
12  miles  S.W.  of  Uiea. 

LUMINOSA  StMiTA.     See  Semita. 

LUMINOUS  CoLL'MN,  and  Fire.  See  the  fubftan- 
tives. 

Luminous  Emanations,  have  been  obferved  from  human 
bodies,  a,s  alfo  from  thofe  of  brutes.  The  liglit  arifing 
from  currying  a  horfe,  or  from  rubbing  a  cat's  back,  are 
known  to  moft.  Inllances  of  a  like  kind  have  been  known 
on  combirg  a  woman's  head.  Bartholin  gives  us  an  account, 
wliich  he  entities  "  mulier  fpletidens,"  of  a  lady  in  Italy, 
whole  body  would  ftiine,  whenever  flightly  touched  with  a 
piece  of  linen.  Thefe  effluvia  of  animal  bodies  have  many 
properties  in  common  ivith  thofe  produced  in  glafs  ;  fuch  as 
their  being  lucid,  their  fnapping,  and  their  not  being  ex- 
cited 


L  U  R 


L  U  N 


t  ted  without  fome  degree  of  fridlion  ;  and  are  undoubtedly 
J  eieftrical,  as  a  cat's  back  has  been  found  ftrongly  elcflrical 
when  ftroaked.     See  Ei.ectuicitv  and  Light. 

Human  bodies  not  only  appear  Kiminous,  but  even  the 
exhalations  from  them  adhering  to  their  clothing  will  caufe 
it  to  fhine  likewife. 

LUMINOUSNESS  oftk-  Sea.     See  Light  and  Sea. 

LUMIO,  in  Geography,  a  town  in  the  ifland  of  Corfica  ; 
5  miles  N.E.  of  Calva. 

LUMME,  in  Ornlihohgy.     See  Coly.mbus  TrrAk. 

LUMO,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  the  ifland  of  Cuba  ; 
4j  miles  S.S.W.  of  Havannah. 

LUMP- Fish,  in  Ichthyology.  See  CvfxopTERvs 
Lumpiis. 

Lump  of  Fltjl},/m  the  Manege.     See  Bouillon. 

LUMPARAN,  in  Geography,  an  ifland  of  Sweden,  eaft 
of  Aland,  between  th.e  B:titic  and  the  gulf  of  Bothnia.  N. 
lat.  60'  7'.   E.  long.  20'  3'. 

LUMPEN,  in  Ichthyology,  the  name  of  a  fifli,  common 
in  the  markets  at  Antw-erp,  of  a  long  and  round  body, 
growing  gradually  flenderer  to  the  tail.  Its  colour  is  a 
greenilh-yellow,  with  black  broad  lines  on  the  back,  placed 
tranfverfely  ;  and  it  has  a  little  rednefs  at  the  end  of  its 
tail. 

The  lumpen  is  a  fpi-cies  of  the  b'enni,  diftinguKhcd  by 
Artedi  by  the  name  of  the  blemiius,  with  fins  like  cirri 
under  its  neck,  and  traiifverfe  Itreaks  on  the  back.  The 
•cirri  are  bifid. 

LUMPOKOLSKOI,  Niznei,  in  Geography,  a  town 
of  Rufila,  in  the  government  of  Tobollk,  on  the  Oby.  N. 
lat.  ei"".  E.  long.  76-  54'. 

LuMPOKOLSKOI,  Verchne},  a  town  of  RufTia,  in  the  go- 
•vernment  of  Tobollk.      N,  lat.  60    54'.    E.  long.  78^  22'. 

LUMPS,  in  Rural  Economy,  a  term  made  ufe  of  to 
fignify  barn-floor  bricks,  in  fome  places. 

LUNA,  in  AJlronomy.     See  Moon. 

Lu.v.'i,  in  Ancient  Geography,  Lunegiano,  a  town  fituated 
on  the  Macra,  which  had  a  port  in  Liguria,  called  "  Lunse 
Portus,"  which,  according  (O  Strabo,  was  a  very  largo  and 
fine  harbour,  containing  feveral  others.  The  town  was 
fituated  to  the  weft  of  the  mouth  of  the  river  Macra,  and 
was  afterwards  called  "  Cariaram,"  both  names  alike  figni- 
fying  Luna,  the  moon,  and  referring  to  its  form,  wtiich 
was  that  of  a  crefcent.  Lucan  fpeaks  of  its  arufpices  ; 
Servius  and  Martial  of  its  chcefe,  marble,  and  wine.  Ac- 
cording to  Strabo,  it  was  deft.royed  by  Nero  ;  and  fome  of 
its  ruins  are  ftill  vifible  in  a  place  called  Lunigona,  and  its 
fmall  territory  is  named  Lunegiano.  M.  Gebelin  conjec- 
tures that  the  name  Luna  was  derived  from  the  Celtic  lun, 
water. 

LuKA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon  ;  22 
miles  W.  of  Huefca. — Alio,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Troki ;   16  miles  S.E.  of  Grodno. 

LuN.\  Cornea,  in  Chcm'ijlry,  is  the  combination  of  marine 
acid  with  filver,  or  the  white  curdy  precipitate  of  muriat  of 
filver,  which  takes  place,  when  the  nitrat,  acetat,  or  any 
other  foluble  fait  of  filver  comes  in  contaft  with  muriatic 
acid,  either  finglo  or  in  any  foluble  combination.  See 
Silver. 

To  make  this  combination,  the  filver  is  firft  diffolved  in 
nitrous  acid  ;  to  this  folntion  marine  acid,  or  more  ufually 
common  fait  diflblved  in  water,  is  added.  The  mixture 
"foon  becomes  turbid,  and  a  copious  precipitate  is  formed  in 
it,  which  has  always  the  appearance  of  curd.  The  folution 
ef  fait  is  added,  till  no  more  precipitate  is  formed.  The 
precipitate,  when  feparatcd  from  tlic  liquor  that  fwims  over 


it,  is  called  luna  cornea ;  becaufe  if  this  matter  be  expofed 
alor.e  to  fire,  the  acid  carries  off  with  it  a  portion  of  the 
filver,  and  the  remaining  matter  melts,  afl'uming  the  form 
of  a  horny  fubflance. 

The  bell  method  of  reducing  luna  cornea,  or  of  fcparating 
filver  from  marine  acid,  according  to  Margraaf,  is  to  diflblv^ 
half  an  ounce  of  fine  filver  in  aquafortis,  to  precipitate  it 
by  a  fca-falt,  ai.d  edulcorate  tlie  precipitate,  which  will 
tlien  weigh  five  drams  fixteen  grains.  For  the  reduction  of 
this  precipitate,  mix  it  with  an  ounce  and  a  half  of  dry  vo- 
latile fal  ammoniac,  triturate  them  well  together  with  a  little 
water  during  a  quarter  of  an  hour  ;  then  add  three  ounces 
of  mercury  obtained  from  cinnabar  by  means  of- quick-lime, 
and  continue  to  triturate  during  fome  hours  with  a  little 
more  water.  Thus  an  amalgam  will  be  formed,  which 
being  vvaflied  from  a  while  powder  and  dried,  will  weigh 
three  onnces  and  half  a  dram.  By  diilillation  of  this  amal- 
gam, a  refidiuim  of  filver,  four  grains  lefs  than  tlie  original 
half  ounce,  will  be  obtained.  By  fubliming  the  white  pow- 
der, which  weighs  five  drams,  three  grains  of  filver  will  be 
obtained  ;  but  if  the  amalgam  and  white  powder  be  diltiiled 
togetiicr,  the  operation  will  fail,  and  the  luna  cornea  be 
recompofed.  (Berlin  Mem.  1749.)  M.  Beaume  fays,  that 
luna  cornea  may  be  reduced  without  lofs  by  fufion  with  four 
times  its  weight  of,  fixed  alkali. 

Luna  cornea  mixed  with  fea-falt  and  tartar  rubbed  on 
brafs  gives  a  filver-Iike  appearance  ;  and  is  the  fiibllance  em- 
ployed for  the  filvering  of  the  dial-plates  for  clocks.  A 
more  fubflantial  filvering  may  be  given  by  the  above  mixture, 
if  t!ie  piece  of  brafs  to  be  filvered  be  previoufly  heated  con- 
iiderably,  and  cleaned  with  a  fcratch  brufti ;  and  if  the  ope- 
ration be  repeated,  till  the  filver  fecms  to  be  fufiiciently 
thick.  The  brafs  having  a  flronger  difpofition  to  unite  with 
the  marine  acid  than  the  filver  has,  feparates  this  acid  from 
the  filver,  which  is  then  precipitated  upon  the  furface  of 
tlie  brafs  plate.  The  luna  cornea  will  alfo  ferve  in  exami- 
nation of  mineral  waters,  or  of  any  other  liquor,  t»  diflblve 
if  they  contain  marine  acid  in  whatever  bafe  it  be  engaged, 
except  metallic  bafes;  for  if  thefe  waters  contain  the  fmalleft 
quantity  of  marine  acid,  a  luna  cornea  will  be  precipitated 
by  them  .from  a  folution  of  filver  in  nitrous  acid,  and  this 
luna  cornea  is  known  by  its  acid-like  appearance.  Macquer,- 
Cliem.  DliS.  Engl.  edit. 

Luna,  Cryjlah  of.     See  Cry.stal. 

Luna,   Vitriol  of.     See  Vitriol. 

Luna,  in  Ichthyology.      See  Zeu.s  luna. 

Luna   Marina,  a   name   by  which  Gcfner  has  called  a 
peculiar   fpecies   of   ftar-fifli,  called    alio    the  fa-fun.      See- 
SoLElL  cle  Mcr. 

LuN.l  Pifcis,  a  nanie  by  which  fome  have  called  the  inola, 
which  we  ufually  call  in  Englith  ihc  fun  fi/h.  Sec  Tetko- 
DON  mola. 

Lux.?;,  Lac.     See  Lac  lims. 

LUNACHI,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Chili;  42  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Valparaifo. 

LUNAGUANA,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  audience  of. 
Lima;  So  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lima. 

LUN.-\HOLM,  a  fmaU  ifland  among  the  Siietlands,- 
N.  lat.  60 '44'.     W.  long.  1°  16', 

LLTNALE  Bezoardicum.     See  BrzoARBicusr. 

LUNAN  Bay,  in  Geography,  a  bay  on  the  E.  coafl  of 
Scotland,  celebrated  tor  its  lecurity  againtl  all  but  eallerly. 
winds;  four  miles  S.  of  Montrofe.  N.  lat.  56  37'.  W. 
long.  4- 17'. 

LUNANESS,  a  cape  on  tlie  E.  coaft  of  Shetland.  N. 
lat.  6o'"43'.     W.  long  i-  17'. 

LUNAR, 


L  U  N 


L  U  N 


LUNAR,  fomething  relating  to  the  moon. 

Lc-sAU  Caujlic.     See  Caustic. 

Lunar  Cycle.     See  CvcLi:. 

LuNAU  Dial.     See  Djal. 

Lunar  Eclipfe.     See  Eclipse. 

LuXAR  Horofcope.     Sec  HoitOSCOPE. 

Lunar  Month.     See  Month. 

Lunar  Olfcrvatwin,  or  Lunar  MctljoJ,  is  the  metliod  of 
•finding  the  lonc;itiide,  hy  taking  tlic  diftance  betwet-n  the 
TOOon  and  the  fun,  or  a  fixed  Itar,  which  has  been  already- 
explained  under  the  article  Loxgitudk;  but  the  great  irh- 
portancc  of  this  problem  induces  us  here  to  give  a  further 
and  more  minute  explanation  of  its  principles  and  opera- 
tions, and  of  the  different  methods  tliat  have  been  devifed  for 
•obtaining  the  folution. 

This  method  of  finding  the  longitude  is  the  greateft  mo- 
deni  improvement  in  navigation  :  the  idea,  however,  is  not 
modern,  but  it  has  not  been  applied  with  any  fucccfs  until 
within  the  lad  fifty  years.  M.  de  la  Lande  mentions  cer- 
tain aftronomers  who,  above  two  hundred  years  ago,  pro- 
,pofed  this  method,  and  contended  for  the  honour  of  the 
difcovery  ;  but  its  prefent  ftate  of  improved  and  univerfal 
practice  he  very  iuilly  afcribes  to  Dr  Maflielyiie.  The 
difcovery,  indeed,  feems  to  claim  lefs  honour  than  its  fjblc- 
■quent  improvements  ;  it  is  one  of  thofe  things  which  are 
obvious  in  theory,  hut  ditncult  in  practice.  The  moil;  an- 
■cient  n;ethod  of  finding  the  longitude  was  by  the  lunar 
eclipfes ;  and  that  of  finding  it  by  the  lunar  diilances  is 
perfeffly  ar.alogous :  it  is  therefore  highly  probable  that  the 
method  was  thought  of  at  a  very  early  period,  but  the  want 
of  projier  tables  and  apparatus  prevented  its  being  reduced 
.to  pr.iftice. 

It  may  be  obferved,  that,  in  the  moft  practical  methods 
of  finding  the  longitude  at  fea  by  celellial  obfervations,  the 
moon  is  the  chief  guide  or  inftrument  ;  for  the  quickneis  of 
her  motion  renders  her  peculiarly,  well  adapted  for  mea- 
furing  fmall  portions  of  correfpondent  time.  Now,  as  llie 
is  feen  in  the  fame  part  of  the  heavens  nearly  at  the  fame 
inflant  of  abfolute  time,  from  all  parts  of  the  earth  where 
file  is  viiible,  and  as  file  is  continually  and  feniibly  cliang- 
ing  her  place,  it  is  evident  that  if  two  correfpondent  obtervers 
were  to  note  the  precife  m.oment  of  the  r  refpective  times, 
when  fhe  is  feen  in  any  particular  part  of  the  heavens,  ihc 
difference  betzveen  th-fe  times  "ojould  Jl.^eiu  the  difference  of  longi- 
tude. 

In  every  method  of  finding  the  longitude  by  the  moon, 
the  firfl  objeft  is  to  be  able  to  afcertain  the  "part  of  the 
iieavens  where  (he  is  :  this  is  ealily  feen  at  the  time  of  her 
-eclipfes,  or  at  the  occultation  of  a  fixed  (lar  ;  and  ihefe  were 
naturally  the  firll  methods  reforted  to,  bi!t  they  occur  too 
feidom  for  general  ufe  :  'he  moon's  place,  however,  may  be 
marked  with  equal  precifion,  by  taking  her  dilhiice  from 
fome  fixed  objeiif ,  whofe  latitude  and  longitude  are  known  ; 
and  liars  in  or  near  the  zodiac  are  preferred,  as  the  nearer 
fuch  objeifls  are  to  the  moan's  orbit,  the  gfreater  will  be  her 
motion  with  refpeft  to  them  :  and  though  her  motion  is  not 
uniform,  ytt,  during  the  fliort  fpace  of  time  that  fhe  is  near 
any  (tar,   (he  may  be  confidered  as  moving  uniformly. 

It  has  been  above  obferved,  that  if  two  perfons  under 
different  meridians  were  to  mark  the  moon's  place,  and  alfo 
their  relative  times  of  obfervation,  they  mif;ht  thence  tell 
their  difference  of  longitude;  but  they  could  not  communi- 
-cate  their  obfervations  fiifBciently  foon  for  practical  pur- 
jjufes;  and  even  admitting  the  poffibiiity  of  this,  it  were 


neceffary  that  the  longitude  of  one  place  fliould  be  known, 
in  order  to  determine  that  of  the  other.  Now  tlie  Nautical 
Almanac  i-^  calculated  to  fupply  all  thefe  wants.  This  ad- 
mirable work  may  be  confidered  a  perpetual  obferver,"  that 
communicates  univcrfallv  and  infbuitaneoufly  certain  celellial 
appearances,  as  they  take  p'ace  st  Greenwich  Obfervatory, 
Here  the  niftanccn  are  given  between  the  moon  and  the  tun, 
and  certain  remarkable  ftars  in  or  near  the  zodiac,  for  every 
three  hours  ;  and  at;y  intermediate  didance,  or  time,  may  be 
thence  found  by  tlie  rule  of  proportion  with  fuflicient  accu- 
racy. If,  therefore,  under  any  meridian,  a  lunar  dillance 
be  obferved,  ihc  difference  bel'iueen  the  time  of  ohfer'vation  and  ■ 
the  time  in  the  yllmnnac,  ivhen  the  fame  di/lance  ivas  to  tale 
place  at  Qrcenivich,  -will  fhetu  the  Irmgitude.  For  example, 
if  the  obferved  dillance  between  the  fun  and  moon  be  50  '  at 
ei;;ht  o'clock,  but  by  the  Almanac  tlie  fame  dillance  cf  e^o' 
will  take  place  at  Greenwich  at  fix,  it  is  cviileiit  that  tiie 
difference  between  the  obferved  and  computed  time  is  two 
hours,  and  therefore  the  longitude  is  jo  ;  and  it  is  alio  clear 
that  the  longitude  is  eaft,  the  time  being  mofl  advanced  at. 
the  p!ace  of  obfervation. 

A  method  fo  apparently  fimple  mufl  have  been  long  fince 
adopted  ;  but  two  difficulties  occured  :  one  the  want  of 
proper  inftruments,  which  want  lias  been  happily  fupplied  by 
the  invention  and  fubfequent  iu'.provement  of  Hadley's 
quadrant;  and  the  other,  correel  lunar  tables;  for  the 
moon,  though  fo  near  and  fo  confpicuous  to  the  earth,  has 
always  perplexed  allronomcrs  more  than  any  other  ceklli;J 
body.  The  various  inequalities  of  her  motions  were  never 
properly  underilood,  until  fir  Ifaac  Newton  difcovcred  the 
phyfical  laws  which  govern  them  ;  and  from  his  theory  pro- 
fefTor  Mayer  formed  lunar  tables,  which  have  been  found 
fufiiciently  correft  for  nautical  praflice,  and  from  which 
thofe  tables  in  the  Nautical  Almanac  of  the  lunar  diilances 
had  been  calculated  under  the  diveclion  of  Dr,  Mi;fl<elyne 
for  many  years.  In  1806  the  French  board  of  longitude 
pubhfhed  new  lunar  tables,  calcu'ated  by  Du  Burgh,  fr'.m 
the  theory  of  La  Place  and  the  obfervations  of  Dr.  Mafke- 
Ivne  ;  and  from  thofe  tables  the  lunar  diflanecs  in  the  Nautical 
Almanac  of  1815  are  computed,  and  in  tlic  Almanacs  that 
follow. 

The  above  two  difficulties  having  been  obviated,  a  third 
feems  fli'l  to  remain  ;  and  though  this  is  in  lome  meafurc 
removed  by  the  application  of  the  Nautical  Almanac  and  Rc- 
quifite  Tables,  yet  the  calculation  is  (till  more  tedious  lha« 
might  be  wiflied  ;  nor  is  it  poffible  to  render  it  much  fhortcr, 
as  the  problem  neceffarily  comprehends  folutions  in  two 
Ipheric  triangles  :  this  ariles  from  the  circumftance  of  the 
ol/erved  diflnnces  between  tile  heavenly  bodies  not  being  the 
true  dijlnnces  ;  for  th.e  altitude?  of  thofe  bodies  are  more  or 
lefs  affefted  both  by  refraction  and  parallax  ;  and  though 
thefe  effedts  only  operate  in  a  vertical  direction,  yet  that 
which  changes  the  altitude  of  two  bodies  muft  alfo  change 
their  dillance  afunder.  This  is  evident  from  the  coiilidera- 
ti(m,  that  the  altitude  of  a  celellial  objeft  is  an  arc  of  an 
azimuth  circle  intercepted  between  the  objeft  and  the  ho- 
rizon ;  and  as  all  azimuth  circles  incline  gradually  to  each 
other  from  the  horizon  to  the  zenith,  where  they  meet,  it  is 
plain  that  the  more  two  bodies  are  apparently  ruifed,  the 
lefs  will  be  their  apparent  dillance  afunder,  and  the  con- 
trary. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  heavenly  bodies  are  raifed  by 
refraftion,  arid  depreffed  by  parallax  ;   and  that  thefe  eflects 
are  greatelt  in    the  horizon,  and  gradually  diminifh  tg  thp 
zenith,   where   they  become   nothing. ,    Refraftion  depends    1 
upon  altitude  alstie,  but  parallax  depends  upon  bc.th  altitudp   , 

and    ' 


LUNAR    OBSERVATIONS. 


r.-.i  didanec.  All  celedial  objefls,  except  the  moon,  are 
'ore  afifeiStcd  by  rcfraftion  than  by  parallax,  and  therefore 
,  .ipear  above  tlieir  true  places  ;  but  the  moon  is  always  fcen, 
t  .reptinfi^  in  the  zenith,  below  her  true  place,  being  more 
p.iTccted  by  parallax  ilian  refratiion,  on  account  of  her 
proximity  to  the  cartli. 

Tliefe  clTeCls  of  parallax  and  rcfraftion,  though  counter- 
silincr  each  other,  fcldom  do  it  fo  cqua  ly  as  to  render  all 
t-irreiSion  unncceffary.  Sometimes  the  apparent  diftance  is 
r.earlr  a  whole  degree  more  or  lefs  thia  the  true  diftance  ; 
and  jlie  principal  canfe  of  fo  great  a  difference  is  the  moon's 
parallax  :  for  this  body,  which  is  the  chief  guide  to  the 
lj:ig;tude,  is  a'fo  the  great  caufe  of  error  in  the  diftances» 
aiid  is  therefore  the  principal  object  of  corredlion. 

In  making  a  hmar  obfervation,  four  perfons  arc  generally 
en-ployed,  one  of  whom  takes  the  diftance,  two  the  a!titudcs, 
a  :d  the  fourth'notes  the  time.  Thefe  things  fliould  be  per- 
f^.rmed  at  the  fame  inilant;  and  if  the  obfervation  be  re- 
;^C3ted  feveral  times,  and  a  mean  taken,  the  work  is  likely 
'.  .  be  the  more  correS  i  and  great  care  is  here  neceffary, 
i  r  an  error  in  this  part  of  ihe  operation,  particularly  in 
t.king  the  dillancc,  will  pervade  tlie  fubfequcnc  parts  of  the 
v.ork,  and  will  of  courfe  produce  a  wrong  foliition.  The 
ranner  of  adjufting  the  indruments,  and  cf  making  the  ob- 
;  ivations,  is  bi-'ft  taught  by  practice.  Thufe  who  with  for 
written  inftruflions  on  the  fubject  are  referred  to  the  Britiih 
Mariner's  Guide  by  Dr.  Mafkelyne,  to  Dr.  Mackay's 
book  upon  the  longitude,  or  to  profefibr  Vince's  Pradtical 
Aftronomy. 

Of  corred'mg  thi  Ahitudss  of  the  obfrveJ  Objefls. — When  a 
lun  \r  obfervation  is  made,  the  firll  cbjeft  is  to  clear  the  al- 
ti'.udes  from  femidiameter,  dip,  refraClion,  and  parallax. 
The  moon's  parallax  in  altitude  mult  be  next  calcu- 
-laled;  by  faying,  uls  radius  is  to  the  fine  of  her  zenith  dif- 
tance, fo  is  the  fine  of  her  horizontal  parallax  (as  given  in  the 
Nautical  Almanac)  to  the  fine  of  her  parallax  in  altitude. 

In  correfting  the  moon's  altitude,  an  allowance  iliould  be 
made  for  the  sugmentation  of  her  femidiameter,  which  gra- 
dually takes  place  from  the  horizon  to  the  zenith.  I'his 
inercafe  is  given,  ii  the  IVth  of  the  Requilite  Tables, 
for  every  five  degrees  of  aliitude,  which  corrediion  is  to 
be  added  to  her  horizontal  femidiameter  given  in  the  Nauti- 
cal Almarac. 

The  augmentation  of  the  moon's  femidiameter  is  caufed 
by  her  being  nearer  to  the  fpeftator  in  the  .zenith  than  in 
the  horizon  by  a  femidiameter  of  the  earth — for  the  magni- 
tude of  a  body  is  in  the  inverfe  ratio  of  its  di'lance  from 
the  obferver ;  and  as  the  earth's  femidiameter  bears  a  very 
fenfible  proportion  to  the  moon's  diilance,  (he  is  feen  under 
the  greatefl  angle  in  the  zenith,  which  angle  gradually  dimi- 
niflies  to  t!ic  ho.izon. 

Thc.-e  are  other  correftion:  of  the  altitudes  which  may 
be  neceffary  in  cafes  of  particular  nicety,  but  which  are 
feldom  noticed  at  fea..  Thefe  are — an  allowance  for  the 
contraction  of  the  vertical  femidiameters  of  the  fun  and 
moon  by  rcfraftion  ;  a  correftion  of  the  moon's  parallax, 
fuppofing  the  earth  an  oblate  fpheroid  ;  a  correftion  for 
tlie  refrattion,  according  to  the  aclual  ftate  of  the  atmo- 
fphere,  as  (hewn  by  a  thermometer  and  barometer,  and  not 
according  to  the  mean  al^ronomical  refraction  which  is  com- 
monly ufed.  Thefe  correftions,  though  perhaps  neceffary 
towards  the  perfedtion  of  this  prrblem,  being  very  fmall,  and 
frequently  counterafting  each  other,  are  generally  confidercd 
of  little  confequence  in  nautical  praClice,  where  greater  errors 
are  unavoidable. 

From  the  or  relied  Altitudes  to  Jind  the  true  D'flance. — It  is 
eafy  to  conceive,  that  by  a  lunar  obfervation,  the  three  iides 


of  a  fpheric  triangle  are  meafured  in  the  heavens,  whicU 
fides  are  the  apparent  co-altitudes  of  the  obferved  bodies, 
and  their  apparent  diftance  afunder. 

The  co-altitudcs  or  zenith  diftances  being  ccrrefted,  the 
queftion  is,  to  find  the  true  diftance  between  the  obferved 
bodies  ;  but  here  there  arc  only  tv.'o  things  given,  and  tlierc- 
foic  it  cannot  be  performed  unti'  the  angle  at  the  zenith  is 
known,  which  is  determined  from  the  three  given  fides  of  the 
triantjle,  by  the  rules  of  fpheric  trigonometry. 

As  the  efFefts  of  parallax,  refraction,  &c.  operate  only 
in  a  veriical  direction,  it  is  evident  that  the  corrcdlions  of 
the  zenith  dillanees  or  containing  fides  will  not  change  the 
included  angle  at  the  zenith  ;  and  therefore  three  things  are 
now  known,  namely,  the  correcled  zenith  diftances  and  the 
included  angle,  whence  the  other  fide  is  determined  by 
Ipherics,  and  this  fide  is  the  true  diftance  fought. 

A  General  View  cf  the  different  Methods  of  •ivorling  the 
Lunar  Olfervations, —  Few  problems  have  been  ever  more  in- 
veftigated  or  ftudied  than  that  of  clearing  the  lunar  dif- 
tance, and  many  ingenious  methods  lv>ve  been  devifed  for 
contrafting  the  operation.  Thefe  methods  are  founded  on 
fome  of  the  following  general  principles. 

The  firft;  general  principle  is  fpheric  trigonometry,  as  be- 
fore explained  ;  the  fecond  is  the  doftrine  of  proportional 
errors,  by  which  the  effects  that  the  errors  in  the  alti- 
tudes produce  on  the  diftance  are  folved  by  fluxions,  or  by. 
xXvi  differential  calculus  :  and  a  third  principle  has  been  lately 
dilcovered,  which  is  founded  on  the  properties  of  a  qnad- 
i-angle  infcribed  in  a  circle,  as  explained  and  exemplified  Ijy 
the  inventor,  Dr.  Andrew,  in  his  Altronomical  and  Nautical' 
Tables.  ^ 

Various  methods  of  working  the  lunar  obfervations  have 
been  devifed  chiefly  by  Halley,  Euler,  Mayer,  Maikelyne, . 
Lyons,  Witchcll,  Burrow,  Borda,  Wales,  Mackay,  Kelly, 
Gerrard,  Andrew,  and  Mendoza.  The  methods  of  the 
two  laft  authors  appear  the  moft  concife,  but  all  are  fuffi- 
ciently  correft,  and  leainen  generally  prefer  fuch  as  they  have 
firft  learnt.  It  may  indeed  be  obferved,  that  operations  which' 
appear  the  moft  concife  are  not  always  the  moft  cxpedi- 
tioufly  performed,  as  much  depends  on  the  number  and. 
variety  of  tables  required,  and  the  manner  of  applying 
them.  No  method  has  hitherto  obtained  an  exclufive  pre- 
ference over  the  reft,  nor  does  it  appear  poffible  to  reduce 
the  calculation  to  a  concifenefs  to  anfwer  the  general  pur- 
pofcs  or  wifhes  of  feamen  ;  and  hence,  other  modes  have 
lieen  devifed,  of  obtaining  approximate  folutions  by  pro- 
jection or  graphic  operation. 

The  firll  graphic  method  for  clearing  the  diftances  was 
that  by  La  Cai'le,  called  the  Chajfis  de  redudion,  which  has 
fuice  been  copied  by  La  Lande,  Mackay,  and  others.  It. 
is  an  orthographic  projeftiun,  conliftmg  of  a  great  num- 
ber of  lines  accurately  drawn,  and  various  fcaL-s  for  ob-^ 
taining  the  different  corrections. 

Another  graphic  operation,  of  a  different  defcription,  was 
executed  by  the  late  George  Margetts,  and  p^bli(hed  in 
1790.  It  confifts  of  fevetity  large  jl.ttes,  containing  nume- 
rous lines  drawn  from  ttie  folutions  of  lunar  diftances  in 
Dr.  Shepherd's  Tables.  By  Margetts'  Longitude  Tables 
the  folution  of  a  lunar  obfervation  may  be  obtained  in 
about  one-fourth  of  the  tirj-e  required  by  calculatinn  ;  and 
the  anfwer,  though  not  perfeftly  accurate,  is  fulBciently. 
correft  for  the  general  purpofes  of  navigation. 

An    orthographic  projection,  founded   on    the   fluxional 
analogies  of  fpheric    triangle?,    has    been   devifed  by  Dr. 
Kelly,  and  publifhed  in  his   Introduction  to    Spherics  and. 
Nautical    Ailronomy,    where  an    inveftigation    of  its  prin- 
ciples  is    given   (p.    195,  edit.   2   and  3.)   with  a  demon-- 

ftraticDj, 


L  U  N 

ih-ation,  fliewing,  tlia*  in  all  proper  altitudes  it  will  give  tlie 
true  dillance  within  a  few  feconds.  The  fimplicity  of  this 
projeftion  is  extremely  curious,  as  giving  an  approximate 
folution  of  a  complicated  problem,  by  drawing  four  right 
lines  only  from  the  fctle  of  chords,  and  it  mull  therefore  be 
very  ufefiil  wliere  great  expedition  is  required. 

Lunar  Rainbow.     See  Rainbow. 

LuNAK  Tear,  confills  of  three  hundred  and  fifty-four 
days,  or  twelve  fynodical  months.     See  Year. 

In  the  firfl  ages,  the  year  ufed  by  all  nations  was  lunar  ; 
the  variety  of  courfe  being  more  frequent  in  this  plaaet,  and 
of  confeqiience  more  confpicuous,  and  better  known  to  men 
than  thofe  of  any  other.  The  Romans  regulated  their  year, 
in  part,  by  the  moon,  even  till  the  time  of  Julius  Csfar : 
the  Jews  too  had  their  lunar  months.  Some  rabbins  preten^, 
that  the  lunar  month  did  not  commence  till  the  moment  the 
moon  began  to  appear  ;  and  that  there  was  a  law,  which 
obliged  the  perfon  who  difcovered  her  firft,  to  go  and  inform 
the  fanhedrim  tiicreof.  Upon  which  the  prefident  folemnly 
pronounced  the  month  begun,  and  notice  was  given  of  it  to 
the  people  by  fires  lighted  on  the  tops  of  mountains.  But 
thij  appears  fomcwhat  chimerical. 

LUNA  RE  Os,  in  Anatomy,  one  of  the  bones  of  the 
carpus.     See  ExiTiEMiTiEs. 

LUNARIA,  'm  Botany,  elegantly  fo  named  by  the  older 
botanills  and  by  all  fuccecding  ones,  from  lima,  the  moon  ; 
on  account  of  the  filvery  femi-tranfparent  afpeft,  and  broad 
orbicular  fliape,  of  its  feed-vefTels.  Honelly  or  Sattin- 
flowcr.  Linn.  Gen.  537.  Schreb.  440.  Willd.  Sp.  PI. 
V.  3.  476.  Mart.  Mill.  Did.  v.  3.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  i. 
V.  2.  385.  JulT.  239.  Tourn.  t.  105.  Lamarck  lUultr. 
t.  561.  Gsrtn.  t.  142,  reilmma. — Clafs  and  order,  Tetra- 
dynamla  SUir.ulofa.  Nat.  Ord.  ■S'J/Vj'ao/i,  Linn.  Cniclfer<f,  Ju{[. 

Gen.  Ch.  Ca/.  Perianth  inferior,  oblopg,  of  four  ovate- 
oblong,  obtufe,  cohering,  deciduous  leaves,  of  which  two 
oppofite  ones  are  gibbous  and  pouched  at  the  bafe.  Cor. 
cruciform,  of  four  equal,  large,  undivided,  obtufe  petals, 
as  long  as  the  calyx,  each  tapering  down  into  a  claw  of  the« 
fame  length.  Stnm.  Filaments  fix,  awl-fhaped,  about  the 
length  of  thj  caly.'c,  two  of  them  rather  (horter ;  anthers 
^rect,  or  llightly  fpreading.  Pijl.  Germen  {talked,  ovate- 
oblong,  compreffed  ;  ftyle  (hort,  permanent  ;  ftigma  obtufe, 
undivided.  Peric.  Pouch  elliptical,  compreffed  quite  flat, 
undivided,  ereft,  very  large,  {talked,  terminated  by  the 
ftyle,  of  two  cells  and  two  valves  ;  tlie  partition  flat,  paral- 
lel and  equal  to  the  valves.  Seetls  feveral,  projcfting  into 
the  middle  of  the  pouch,  kidney-fliaped,  compreffed,  bor- 
dered, fupported  by  long  thread-fhaped  ftalks,  infcrtcd  into 
the  lateral  futures. 

Eff.  Ch.  Pouch  undivided,  elliptical,  flat,  ftalked  ;  valves 
equal  and  parallel  to  the  diflepiment,  flat.  Calyx-leaves 
bagged  at  the  bafe. 

1.  L.  redhiva.  Perennial  Honefty.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  Qti. 
(L.  grasca  perennis  ;  Befl.  Eytl.  vern.  ord.  1.  t.  21.  t.  i. 
'\'iola  lunans,  longioribus  filiquis;  Ger.  em.  464.  f.  2.)  — 
Leaves  doubly  and  fharply  toothed.  Pouches  elliptic-lance- 
olate, acute  at  each  end. — Native  of  Germany,  Switzer- 
land, and  Greece.  In  our  gardens  it  flowers  in  May  or 
June,  and   is   perennial,  but   by  no   means  common.     Tlie 

Jlems  are  three  or  four  feet  high,  erect,  round,  leafy. 
Leaves  on  long  (talks,  heart-fliaped,  pointed,  nearly  fmooth, 
doubly,  iharply  and  finely  toothed  ;  the  lower  ones  oppofite, 
the  red  alternate.  Flowers  numerous,  large,  corymbofe, 
fragrant,  crimfon.  Pouch  two  inches  long  and  not  one 
broad,  e'liptical,  making  a  fharp  angle  at  each  extremity, 
green  or  brownifli. 

2.  'L.  annua.     Annual   Pionefty.     Linn.  Sp.   PI.   911. 


L  U  N 

Mil.  Illuftr.  t.  ^4.  (Viola  lunaris,  five  Bolbonac  ;  Ger. 
cm.  464.  f.  I.) — Leaves  fimply  and  bluntly  toothed.  Poucli 
elliptical,  fomcwhat  orbicular,  rounded  at  each  end. — Na- 
tive of  Germany  and  Switzerland  ;  very  common  in  gardens, 
flowering  in  May  and  June.  The  root  is  annual  or  rather 
biennial,  tapering.  Stem  folitary,  branched.  Leaves  vi'wh. 
much  broader  and  lefs  taper  teeth  than  in  the  former,  in  a 
fimple  feries  only.  Floivers  copious,  large,  fcentlefs,  crim- 
fon.  Pouch  glaucous,  fcarcely  more  than  an  inch  long,  and 
nearly  as  broad,  being  almolt  orbicular,  rounded  at  each 
end. 

LinnKUS  having  founded  his  fpecific  differences  of  thefe 
plants  on  the  oppofite  or  alternate  fituation  of  their  leaves, 
in  which  refpedl  they  both  vary,  has  led  fome  to  fuppofe 
they  were  both  the  fam.e.  Nothing  however  can  be  more 
diltindt  than  the  fliape  of  their  feed-veffels,  to  which  wa» 
have  added  the  different  manner  in  which  their  leaves  are 
toothed.     They  alfo  permanently  differ  as  to  duration. 

Willdenow  charges  Gasrther  wrongfully  with  figuring  the 
pouch  of  L.  rediviva  for  Rkotia ;  tlie  latter  differs  in  not 
being  elevated  on  a  ftalk  above  the  bafe  of  the  flower,  which  ' 
Ita'k  in  the  faid  Lunnria  is  an  inch  long,  or  more.  Ricolia 
is  obferved  by  Mr.  R.  Brown,  as  well  as  by  Goertner,  to 
have,  fometimes  at  leafl,  two  cells. 

L.  annua  was  difcovered  wild  in  Switzerland  by  M.  Schlei- 
cher, though  Haller  feems  not  to  have  been  aware  of  it. 

Lt7N.\RiA,  in  Gardening,  comprifes  plants  of  the  herba- 
ceous, annual,  and  perennial  kinds,  of  which  the  fpecies  cul- 
tivated are,  the  perennial  honelly  (L.  rediviva)  ;  the  annual 
honefty,  moor-wort,  or  fatin-flower  (L.  annua)  ;  and  the 
Egyptian  honefty  (L.  Egyptiaca.) 

In  the  fecond  fort  the  feed-veffels,  when  fully  ripe,  become 
tranfparent,  and  of  a  clear  fhining  white,  like  fatin  ;  whence 
the  name  of  fatin  flower. 

Method  of  Culture. — Thefe  plants  may  be  raifed  by  fow- 
ing  the  feed  in  a  fhady  border,  or,  which  is  better,  in  patches       \ 
in  the  fituations  where   they  are  to  remain,  in  the  autumn,        ^ 
keeping  the  plants  afterwards  properly  thinned  out  and  free       '\ 
from  weeds.    They  may  like  wife  be  fown  in  the  early  fpring  ;         1 
but  the  former  is  the  better  feafon,  as  the  plants  rife  Itronger. 
The  laft  fort  fhould  have  an  open  fituation.     When  fown  in 
beds,  the  perennial  fort  fhould  be  fet  out  where  they  are  to 
remain,  in  the  following  autumn  after  being  fown. 

Thefe  plants  all  afford  ornament  and  variety  in  the  borders 
and  clumps  of  pleafure-grounds,  in  whieh  the  iirft  fort  fiiould 
be  placed  more  backward. 

LuNARi.\,  in  Ichthyology,  a  fpecies  of  Perca ;  which 
fee. 

LuNAKiA,  in  Natural  Hijlory,  is  alfo  ufed  by  fome 
authors  for  the  felenites. 

LUNARIS  Cochlea,  the  name  of  a  genus  of  fliells 
of  the  fnail-kind,  according  to  the  claffiflcation  of  fome 
writers,  the  dillinguifliing  charadler  of  which  is  their  hr.ving  , 
a  perfeftly  round  mouth.  Thefe  are  univalve,  umbilicated 
fhells,  with  a  depreffed  clavicle,  and  a  furface  fometimes 
fmooth,  but  more  frequently  ftriated,  furrowed,  laciniated, 
or  covered  with  tubercles. 

It  is  faid,  that  Archimedes  took  the  invention  of  the 
fcrew,  fo  famous  ever  fince  his  time,  and  flill  called  after 
his  name,  from  the  form  of  this  ihell  ;  and  it  is  generally 
allowed,  that  architects  have  taken  the  hint  of  their  wind- 
ing flights  of  ftairs  from  it.  See  Trochus,  Heli.x,  Sec. 
under  Conciiologv. 

LUNAS,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Herault,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in 
the  diftridl  of  Lodeve.     The  place  contains  1296,  and  the 

A  canton 


L  U  N 


L  U  N 


canton  6122  iiiliabltants,  on  a  territory  of  292^  kiliometres, 
in  12  communes. 

LUNATI,  Carlo  Ambrosio,  in  Biography^  of  Milan, 
furnamed  //  Gobbo  della  Regina,  who  came  to  England  in 
the  reign  of  James  II.  Lunati  was  a  mod  celebrated  per- 
former on  the  violin,  and  Gemiiiiani's  firll  mafter  on  that 
inftriiment. 

LUNATIC,  LuKATlCLs,  a  perfon  fuppofed  to  be  af- 
fefted,  or  governed  by  the  moon.  Heace,  epileptics  were 
anciently  called  lunatici,  becaufe  the  paroxyfms  of  that  dif- 
eafe  feemcd  to  be  regulated  by  the  changes  of  the  moon. 
Thus  Galen,  (De  Diebus  Criticis,  lib.  iii  )  fays,  the  moon 
governs  the  periods  of  epileptic  cafes ;  and  others  referred 
the  difeafe  entirely  to  this  planet.  A  retxiis  de  Diuturnis  Mor- 
bis,  lib.  i.  cap.  .;.  See  Mead's  Treatife  concerning  the  In- 
fluence of  the  Sim  and  Moon  upon  the  Human  Bodies, 
p,  :;S.  46,   &c. 

Mad  people  are  flill  called  lunatics,  from  an  ancient  but 
now  almoft  exploded  opinion,  that  they  are  much  influenced 
by  that  planet.  A  much  founder  philofophy  hath  taught 
us,  that  if  there  be  any  thing  in  it,  it  mutt  be  accounted 
for,  not  in  the  manner  the  ancients  imagined,  nor  otherwife 
than  what  the  moon  has  in  common  with  other  lieavenly  bo- 
dies, occafioning  various  alterations  in  the  gravity  of  our  at- 
mofphere,  and  thereby  aftetling  human  bodies.  However, 
tliere  is  confiderable  reafon  to  doubt  the  faft  ;  and  it  is  cer- 
tain that  the  moon  has  no  perceivable  influence  on  our  mofl; 
accurate  barometers. 

A  lunatic,  in  the  contemplation  of  the  law,  is  properly 
a  perfon  who  hath  lucid  intervals  ;  fometimes  enjoying  his 
ienfcs,  and  fometimes  not.     See  Non-CO,mpos. 

The  flat.  17  Edw.  II.  cap.  10.  ordains,  that  the  king  is 
to  provide  that  the  lands  of  lunatics  be  fafely  kept,  and 
they  and  their  families  maintained  by  the  profits,  and 
the  refidue  {hall  be  kept  for  their  ufe,  and  be  delivered  to 
them  when  they  come  to  their  right  mind ;  the  kmg  tak- 
ing nothing  to  his  own  ufe  ;  and  if  the  parties  die  in  fuch 
ftate,  the  refidue  fhall  go  to  their  executors  or  adniiniftrators. 
A  warrant  is  now  ifTued  by  the  king,  under  his  royal  fign 
manual,  to  the  lord  chancellor,  or  lord  keeper,  or  lords 
commifTioners  for  the  cuftody  of  the  great  feal,  to  perform 
this  office  for  him.  All  matters,  therefore,  touching  luna- 
tics, are  within  the  peculiar  jurifdiftion  of  the  court  of 
chancer)-. 

Lunatics  are  not  legally  accountable  for  any  crimes  they 
commit  in  this  ftate.  (i  Hawk.  c.  I.)  And  alfo,  if  a  man 
in  lus  found  memory  commits  a  capital  offence,  and  before 
arraignment  for  it  he  becomes  non-compos,  he  ought  not 
to  be  arraigned  for  it  ;  and  if,  after  he  has  pleaded,  the 
prifont-r  becomes  mad,  he  (ball  not  be  tried  :  if,  after  he  be 
tried  and  found  guilty,  he  lofes  his  fenfes  before  judgment, 
judgment  fliall  not  be  pronounced  :  and  if,  after  judg- 
ment, he  becomes  of  non-fane  memory,  execution  fliall  be 
flayed. 

By  tlie  common  law,  if  it  be  doubtful  whether  a  criminal, 
who  at  his  tri.il  is  in  appearance  a  lunatic,  be  fuch  in  truth 
or  not,  it  fliall  be  tried  by  an  inquett  of  office,  to  be  re- 
turned by  the  fherifF;  and  if  it  be  found  by  them,  that  the 
party  only  feigns  himfelf  mad,  and  he  Uill  refufe  to  anfwer, 
he  fhall  be  dealt  with  as  if  he  had  confeffed  the  indiftment. 
1  Hawk.  c.  I.  f.  4. 

By  39  and  40  Geo.  III.  c.  94. ;  in  all  cafes,  where 
it  fhall  be  given  in  evidence  upon  the  trial  c)f  any  per- 
fon for  treafon,  murder,  or  felony,  that  fuch  perfon 
was  infane  at  the  time  when  the  offence  was  committed, 
and  fuch  perfon  fhall  be  acquitted,  the  jury  (hall  be  re- 
quired  to  find  fpeciallv,    whether   they   acquitted  him  on 

Vol.  XXI. 


account  of  infanity  ;  and  if  they  do  fo  find,  the  court  fhall 
order  fuch  perfon  to  be  kept  in  llriA  cultody  in  fuch  place, 
and  in  fuch  manner  as  to  them  (hall  feem  fit,  until  his  majeily's 
pleafure  fhall  be  known  ;  whereupon  his  majeft,y  may  give 
fuch  order  for  the  fafe  cullody  of  fuch  perfon  during  his 
pleafure  iu  fuch  place  and  manner  as  to  his  majetty  fhall  feem 
fit. 

When  any  perfon,  who  fhall  be  indifled  for  any  offence, 
and  upon  arraignment  fhall  be  found  by  the  jury  to  be  infane, 
fo  that'  he  cannot  be  tried,  or  when  upon  the  trial  he  fhall 
be  fourrd  to  be  infane,  the  court  may  record  fuch  finding,  and 
order  the  party  to  be  kept  in  drift  cudody  until  his  majeily's 
pleafure  (hall  be  known  ;  and  if  any  perfon,  charged  with 
any  offence,  Ihall  be  brought  before  any  court  to  be  dif- 
charged  tor  want  of  profccution,  and  fuch  perfon  fhall  ap« 
pear  to  be  infane,  the  court  may  order  a  jury  to  be  im- 
panelled to  try  the  fanity  of  fuch  perfon  ;  and  if  the  jury- 
find  him  to  be  infane,  the  court  may  order  futh  perfon  to 
be  kept  in  drift  cudody,  &c.  ;  and  in  all  cafes  of  infanity 
his   majelly  may  give  fuch   order,   &c.  as   dated  above. 

And  for  the  better  prevention  of  crimes  being  committed 
by  perfons  infane,  if  any  perfon  fhall  be  difcovered  and  ap- 
prehended under  circumttances  that  denote  a  derangement 
of  mind,  and  a  purpofe  of  committing  fome  crime,  for 
which  if  committed  he  would  be  liable  to  be  indifted,  any 
juftice,  before  whom  fuch  perfon  ihall  be  brought,  may,  if 
he  think  fit,  iffue  a  warrant  for  committing  fuch  perfon  as 
dangerous,  and  fufpefted  to  be  infane,  fuch  caufe  of  com- 
mitment being  plainly  cxprefTed  in  the  warrant ;  the  perfon 
fo  committed  fhsU  not  be  bailed,  except  by  two  judices, 
one  whereof  fhall  be  the  juftice  who  iflued  fuch  warrant ; 
or  by  the  quarter  feffions  ;  or  by  one  of  the  judges. 

By  17  Geo.  II.  c.  5.  it  is  enafted,  that  whereas  there 
are  fometimes  perfons,  who  by  lunacy  or  otherwife  are  furi- 
oufly  mad,  or  are  fo  far  difordered  in  their  fenfes,  that 
they  may  be  dangerous  to  be  permitted  to  go  abroad,  it 
fliall  therefore  be  lawful  for  two  or  more  judices,  where 
fuch  lunatic  or  mad  perfon  fliall  be  found,  by  warrant  di- 
refted  to  the  conftables,  churchwardens,  and  overfcers  of  the 
place,  or  fome  of  them,  to  caufe  fuch  perfon  to  be  appre- 
hended, and  kept  falely  locked  up  in  fome  fecure  place 
within  the  county  or  precinft,  as  fuch  juftices  fhall  urider 
their  hands  and  feals  direft  and  appoint,  and  (if  fuch  juftices 
find  it  neccffary)  to  be  there  chained,  if  the  fettlement  of 
fuch  perfon  fliall  be  within  fuch  county  or  precinft. 

And  if  fuch  fettlement  fhall  not  be  there,  then  fuch  perfon 
(hall  be  fent  to  his  fettlement  by  a  vagrant  pafs  (^mutatis 
mutandis)  ;  and  fhall  be  locked  tip  or  chained  by  warrant  of 
two  juftices  of  the  county  or  precinft  to  which  fuch  perfon 
is  fo  fcnt  in  manner  aforefaid. 

And  the  reafonable  charges  of  removing,  and  of  keeping, 
maintaining,  and  curing  fuch  perfons,  during  fuch  redraiut 
(which  fliall  be  during  fuch  time  only  as  fuch  lunacy  or 
madnefs  fhall  continue)  fliall  be  fatisfied  and  paid  (luch 
charges  being  firft  proved  upon  oath)  by  order  of  two 
judices,  direftiug  the  churchwardens  or  overfeers,  where 
any  goods,  chattels,  lands,  or  tenements  of  fuch  perfon  fhall 
be,  to  feize  and  fell  fo  much  of  the  goods  and  chattels,  or 
receive  fo  much  of  the  annual  rents  of  the  lands  as  is  necef- 
fary  to  pay  the  fame  ;  and  to  account  for  what  is  fo  feized, 
fold,  or  received,  to  the  nest  quarter  feffions :  but  if  fuch 
perfon  hath  not  an  eftate  to  fatisfy  the  fame,  over  and  above 
what  fhall  be  fufficient  to  maintain  his  family,  then  fuch 
charges  fhall  be  paid  by  the  parifn,  town,  or  place  to  which 
fuch  perfon  belongs,  by  order  of  two  judices,  direfted  to 
the  churchwardens  or  overfeers  for  that  purpofe. 

Provided,    that    any    perfon   aggrieved   by    any    aft    of 
4 1  luctt 


L  U  N  A  T  1  C. 


fuch  juflices  out  of  feflions  may  appeal  to  the  next  fefiions, 
giving  reafonable  notice  ;  wliofe  order  therein  (hall  be 
fiRal. 

And  nothing  herein  (hall  reftrain  or  abridge  tlie  power  of 
the  king  or  lord  chancellor ;  nor  (hall  reftrain  or  prevent 
any  friend  from  taking  them  under  their  own  care  and  pro- 
teftion. 

But  the  above  parts  of  the  aft  relate  to  vagrant  lunatics 
only,  who  arc  liroUing  up  and  down  the  country,  and  do 
not  extend  to  pcrfons,  who  are  of  rank  and  condition  in  the 
world,  and  whofe  relations  can  take  care  of  them  properly 
by  applying  to  the  court  of  chancery.  2  Atk.  Rep.  52. 
See  Madhouses. 

When  a  perfon  is  legally  found  to  be  non-compos,  (fee 
Non-compos,)  the  lord  chancellor  ufually  commits  the 
care  of  his  perfon,  with  a  fuitable  allowance  for  his  main- 
tenance, to  fome  friend,  who  is  then  called  his  committee, 
which  fee.  However,  to  prevent  finillcr  pradiccs,  the  next 
heir  is  feldom  permitted  to  be  this  committee  of  the  perfon  ; 
becaufe  it  is  his  intcreft  that  the  party  (hould  die.  But  it 
hath  been  faid,  there  lies  not  the  fame  objeftion  againll  his 
next  of  kin,  provided  he  be  not  his  heir  ;  for  it  is  his  in- 
tereft  to  prefcrve  the  lunatic's  life,  in  order  ta  increafe  the 
perfonal  eftate  by  favings,  which  her  or  his  family  may 
be  hereafter  entitled  to  enjoy.  (2  P.  Wms.  638.)  The 
heir  is  generally  made  the  manager,  or  committee  of  the 
ellate,  it  being  clearly  his  intcreft  by  good  management  to 
keep  it  in  condition  ;  accountable,  however,  to  the  court  of 
chancery,  and  to  the  non-co/npos  himfelf,  if  he  recovers  ;  or 
otherwifc,  to  his  adminiftrators.  In  this  care  of  idiots  and 
lunatics,  the  civil  law  agrees  with  ours  ;  by  affigning  i;hem 
tutors  to  proteft  their  perfons,  and  curators  to  manage 
their  eftates.  But  in  another  inftance  the  Roman  law  goes 
much  beyond  the  Englifh.  For,  if  a  man  by  notorious 
prodigality  was  in  danger  of  wafting  his  eftate,  he  was 
looked  upon  as  non-compos,  and  committed  to  the  care  of 
curators  or  tutors  by  the  praetor.  And  by  the  laws  of 
Solon  fuch  prodigals  were  branded  with  perpetual  infamy. 
But  with  us,  when  a  man  on  an  inqueft  of  idiocy  hath  been 
returned  an  unthr'ijt  and  not  an  idiot,  (which  fee,)  no  fur- 
ther proceedings  have  been  had.      Bro.  Abr.  til.  Idiot  4. 

By  29  Geo.  II.  c.  31,  a  lunatic  may  furrender  a  leafe  in 
the  court  of  chancery  or  exchequer,  in  order  to  renew 
the  fame.  Alfo,  by  direftion  of  the  lord  chancellor,  he 
may  accept  a  furrender  of  fuch  leafe,  and  execute  a  new 
one.      II  Geo.  III.  c.  20. 

By  43  Geo.  III.  c.  75.  whereas  great  injury  fre- 
quently happens  to  perfons  found  lunatic  or  of  unfound 
mind,  and  incapable  of  managing  their  affairs,  and  the 
creditors  of  fuch  perfons  are  delayed  in  obtaining  payment 
of  their  demands  for  want  of  fufficient  power  to  apply  the 
property  of  fuch  perfons  in  difcharge  of  their  debts  and 
engagements,  it  is  enafted  that  it  ftiall  be  lawful  for  the  lord 
chancellor,  lord  keeper,  or  lords  commifiioners  for  the 
cuftody  of  the  great  feal,  to  order  the  freehold  and  leafe- 
hold  eftates  of  fuch  perfons  refpeftively  to  be  fold,  or 
char^red  by  way  of  mortgage  or  otherwife,  for  raifmg 
fuch  fum  of  money  as  ftiall  be  neceffary  for  payment  of  the 
debts,  and  for  performing  the  contracts  or  engagements  of 
any  fuch  pcrfons  refpedlively,  and  [of]  the  cofts  and  charges 
attending  the  fame,  and  attending  fuch  lale  or  incumbrance 
refpeftively,  and  to  direcl  the  committee  or  committees  of 
the  eftate  of  fuch  perfons  refpeftively  to  ex'."cute  in  the 
name  and  on  behalf  of  fuch  perlons  conveyances  of  the  eft.ites 
fo  to  be  fold  or  incumbered,  and  to  procure  fuch  admittance 
to  and  make  fuch  furrenders  of  the  copyhold  eftates  of  fuch 
psrfoas  found  lunatic  or  of  unfound  mind,  and  to   do  all 

2 


fuch  afls  as  fhall  be  riecefTary  to  effectuate  the  fame  in  fuch 
manner,  as  fuch  chancellor,  &c.  ftiall  direit ;  which  con- 
veyances fliall  be  as  good  in  law,  as  if  the  fame  had  been 
executed  by  every  fuch  perfon  when  in  his  or  her  found 
mind. 

And  in  cafe  of  any  furplus  of  money  to  be  raifed  by  any 
fuch  fale  as  aforefaid,  after  anfwering  the  purpofes  afore- 
faid,  the  fame  ftiall  be  applied  in  the  fame  manner  as  the 
eftate  fold  would  have  been  applied,  if  this  aft  had  not  been 
made. 

And  whereas  many  fuch  perfons  may  be  feifed  and  pof- 
fefled  of  freehold  and  copyhold  lands,  5:c.  either  for  the 
term  of  their  natural  lives  or  for  fome  other  eftate,  with 
power  of  granting  leafes  and  taking  fines,  referving  fmall 
rents  on  fuch  leafes  for  one,  two,  or  three  lives,  in  poffeffion 
or  reverfion,  or  for  fome  nuinber  of  years  determinable 
upon  lives,  or  for  terms  of  years  abfolutcly  ;  be  it  enafted, 
that  in  every  fuch  cafe  every  power  of  leafing  fuch  lands, 
&c.  which  is  or  ftiall  be  vefted  in  fuch  perfon,  having  a  li- 
mited eftate  only,  fhall  and  may  be  executed  by  the  committee 
or  committees  of  the  eftate  of  fuch  perfon,  imder  the  di- 
rection and  order  of  the  lord  chancellor,  lord  keeper,  or 
lords  commiffioriers  ;  and  fuch  leafe  or  leafes  ftiall  be  as 
good  in  law,  as  if  the  fame  were  executed  by  the  faid  perfon 
in  his  or  her  found  mind. 

And  whereas  perfons  fo  found  lunatic  or  of  unfound 
mind  may  be  feifed  or  poftefled  of,  and  entitled  to  free- 
hold or  cOpyhold  eftates,  in  fee  or  in  tail,  and  an  abfolute 
intcreft  in  leafchold  eftates,  and  it  may  be  for  their  benefit 
that  leafes  or  under  leafes  fhould  be  made  of  fuch  eftates 
for  terms  of  years,  and  efpecially  to  encourage  the  ereftion 
of  buildings  thereon,  or  repairing  buildings  adually  be- 
ing thereon,  or  otherwife  improving  the  fame  ;  be  it  enafted, 
that  it  fhall  be  lawful  for  the  lord  chancellor,  &c.  to  order 
and  direft  a  committee  or  committees  of  the  eftate  of  fuch 
lunatic  to  make  fuch  leafes  of  the  freehold,  copyhold,  or 
Icafehold  eftates  of  fuch  perfons  refpeffively,  according  to 
his  or  her  intcreft  therein,  and  to  the  nature  of  the  tenures 
of  fuch  eftates,  for  fuch  term  or  terms  of  years,  and  fubjeft 
to  fuch  rents  and  covenants,  as  the  lord  chancellor,  &c. 
fhall  direft  ;  and  that  every  fuch  leafe  fhall  be  as  good  in 
the  law,  as  if  the  fame  had  been  executed  by  fuch  per- 
fons in  his  or  her  found  mind. 

Every  aft  to  be  done  by  fuch  committee  or  commitees 
by  virtue  of  this  aft,  and  the  order  of  the  lord  chancellor, 
&c.  ftiall  be  as  valid  and  binding  agamft  the  faid  perfons  fo 
found  lunatic  and  of  unfound  mind  refpeftively,  and  all  per- 
fons claiming  by,  throug'n,  or  under  him  or  her  refpeftively, 
as  if  the  perfons  fo  found  lunatic  or  of  unfound  mind  re- 
fpeftively had  been  in  his  or  her  found  mind,  and  had  per- 
fonally  done  fuch  aft  or  afts  refpeftively. 

Provided  neverthelefs,  that  nothing  herein  ftinli  extend  to 
fubjeft  any  part  of  the  freehold,  copyhold,  or  leafehold 
eftates  of  any  perfon  found  lunatic  or  of  unfound  mind,  to 
the  demands  of  his  creditors,  otherwife  than  as  the  fame  are 
now  fubjeft;  by  due  courfe  of  law ;  but  only  to  authorife 
the  lord  chancellor,  lord  keeper,  or  lords  commiffioners  for 
the  cuftody  of  the  great  feal  of  the  united  kingdom  and  of 
Ireland  refpeftively,  being  intrufted  by  virtue  of  the  king's 
fign  manual  with  the  care  and  commitment  of  the  cuftody 
of  the  perfons,  and  eftates  of  perfons  fo  found  lunatic  or 
of  unfound  mind,  to  make  order  in  luch  cafes  as  are  herein- 
before .iientioned,  when  the  (ame  fhall  be  deemed  for  the 
benefit  of  fuch  perfon  fo  found  lunatic  or  of  unfound  mind, 
and  incapable  of  managing  his  or  her  affairs. 

To  make  a  will,  it  is  not  fufficient  that  the  teftator  have 
memory  to   anfwer    to   familiar    and    ufual  quelUons,    but 

he 


L  U  N 


L  U  N 


We  ought  to  have  a  difpofing  memory,  fo  as  to  be  able   to  ifland  are  in  cultivation  ;  of  which  joo  are  arable,  and  the 

make  a  difpoiition    of  his  ellate,  with  underllandiiig   and  refl  palture  :   wheat  is   the  chief  produce.     The  elevated 

reafon.  fituation   of  the  land,  in  fome   places  800  feet  above  the 

For  the  marriage  of  lunatics,  fee  Mai{iiia»e.  fca,  and  the  violence  of  the  N.E,  winds,  prevent  any  trees 

For  lunatic  afyhims,   fee  Mad-HOUsks.  from  growing,  though  a  confiderable  expence  has  been  in- 

LUNATION,  the   period,  or   fpace  of  time,  between  currcdin  planting.     Rabbits  and  rock  birds  arc  numerous ; 

one  new  moon  and  another  ;  alio  cal!ed_/)'/W;Va/ man//;.      Sye  and  in   the   fcafon,  lobftcrs,  crabs,  and  other  fifh   may   be 


:>dooftj 


an, 


obtained  in  abundance.  About  400  head  of  fheep,  and  80 
of  cattle,  arc  fed  here  ;  but  the  former  do  not  thrive.  The 
iiiclofures  are  ilonc  fences.  Of  the  hiftory  of  the  ifland 
but  little  is  known.  Rifdon  relates  that  one  Morifco,  who 
had  confpired  to  kill  king  Henry  III.,  retired  hither,  and 
turning  pirate,  committed  great  depredations  ;  on  which 
the  king  arrelted,  and  had  him  executed  on  an  elevated  part. 
About  the  middle  of  the  lall  century,  it  was  purchafed 
of  government  by  a  nobleman,  who  entrufted  it  to  the  care 
of  a  perfon  named  Benfon,  a  notorious  fmugglcr,  who  car- 
ried on  a  confiderable  illicit  traffic.  The  next  proprietor 
of  the  ifland  was  (ir  John  Borlafc  Warren,  who,  about  the 
year  1781,  fold  it  to  John  Cleveland,  efq.  ;  but  it  appears 
to  have  been  recently  re-pnrchaled  by  government.  The 
whole  rent  is  but  70/.  per  annum  ;  no  taxes  are  paid  ;  nor 
can  it  maintain  any  revenue  officer,  the  duties  in  feven  years 
fcarcely  amounting  to  five  pounds.  The  number  of  houfes" 
is  only  feven  ;  the  inhabitants,  in  the  year  1794,  were  but 
twenty-three.  The  population  of  the  ifle  was  probably 
greater  at  fonie  diftant  period,  as  many  human  bones  have 
been  ploughed  up  ;  and  Camden  fays,  "  the  furrows  (hovr 
it  to  have  been  once  cultivated."  The  chief  antiquities 
are,  the  ruins  of  St.  .'\nne's  chape',  and  what  is  termed 
Morifco's  caftle.  The  latter  is  near  the  fouth-eaft  end, 
and  was  ftrongly  fortified  with  large  out-works  and  a  ditch  ; 
a  few  old  difmounted  cannon  occupy  the  battlement,  be- 
neath which  is  a  curious  cavern.  In  the  reig[i  of  Charles  I. 
lord  Say  and  Scale  held  the  caftle  for  the  king  ;  and  in 
the  time  of  William  and  Mary,  the  French  furprifed  it  by 
a  ftratagem,  plundered  it,  and  kept  pofTeffion  for  fome  time. 
Beauties  of  England  and  Wales,  vol.  i». 

LUNE,in  Fortification.    See  DEMi-LUNEand  Lunette. 

EuNE,  or  Lugne,  in  Geography,  a  river  of  England,  which 

rifes    in   the  county   of  York,  and  runs  into  the  Irifh  fea, 

a  few  miles  below  Lancafler.     N.  lat.  53    57'.     W.  long. 

z"  49'. 

LUNE,  Lunula,  in  Geometry,  is  the  fpace  included  be- 
tween the  arcs  of  two  unequal  circles,  forming  a  fort  of  cref- 
ccnt,  or  half-moon,  the  area  of  which  may  in  many  cafes  be 
as  accurately  determined  as  that  of  any  reftilineal  figure. 
The  lunc  was  the  firll  cnrvilineal  fpace  of  which  the  quadra- 
ture was  afcertained,  and  this  is  faid  to  have  been  firll  efleft- 
ed  by  Hippocrates  of  Chios,  thougli  others  fay  it  was  dil- 
covered  by  CEnopidas  of  Chios.  However  this  may  be,  the 
former  geometer  has  generally  had  the  honour  of  the  difco- 
very  attributed  to  him,  and  the  figure  ftill  bears  his  name, 
being  commonly  denominated  the  lune  of  Hippocrates, 
the  co.Tflruftion  of  which  is  as  follows. 

On  the  diameter  of  a  femicircle  {Plate  X.  Geometry, 
Jig.  2.)  defcribe  a  right-angled  triangle,  of  which  the  angular 
point  will  ncceflarily  fall  in  the  circumference.  Then  on  each 
of  the  fides  A  D,  D  B,  defcribe  a  iemicircle,  and  the  two 
figures  AGED,  DHEB  will  be  lunes,  and  the  area  of 
beach  admits  a  fecure  approach,  and  is  fhcltered  by  a  de-  them  will  be  equal  to  the  area  of  the  right-angled  triangle 
tached  portion  of  rock,  called  the  Ifle  of  Rats,  from  the  A  D  B.  For  circles,  and  confequently  femicirc'es,  being  to 
great  number  of  thofe  animals  which  burrow  here.  On  each  other  as  the  fquares  of  their  diameters  ;  and  fince  A  B' 
landing,  vifitors  are  obliged  to  climb  over  various  craggy  =  A  D'  -f-  D  B' ;  therefore  the  femicircle  A  D  B  =  A  G  D 
maffes,  before  they  can  reach  the  lleep  and  winding  traft  -f  D  H  B  ;  from  thefe  equal  fpaces  taking  away  the  corn- 
that  leads  to  the  fummit,  which  commands  views  of  the  mon  fegments  A  F  D  and  DEB,  there  remain  the  two 
Englifh  and   Wellh   coafts.     About  400  acres  only  of  this     lunes  equal  to  the   triangle    A  D  B  ;  aud  therefore,  if  the 

4  I   2  tw* 


Cycle  and  El'act 

LUNA  WAR  A,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  H 
in  Guzerat  ;   50  miles  E.of  Amcdabad. 

LUND,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Weil  Gothland,  on  the 
Wenner  lake  ;   36  miles  N.N.E.  of  Uddevalla. 

Lund,  or  LunJen,  the  moll  ancient  town  of  Sweden, 
the  capital  of  Scania,  Schonen,  or  Skonen,  of  which  a 
proverb  is  recorded,  lit.  that  when  our  Saviour  was  born, 
'  Lund  was  in  its  glory.  Lund  contains  fcarcely  more  than 
800  inhabitants,  carries  on  but  little  trade,  and  is  principally 
fupported  by  the  univerfity  ellabiillicd  by  Charles  XL,  and 
called,  from  the  name  of  its  founder,  "  Academia  Carolina 
Gothorum."  When  Mr.  Coxe  vifited  Sweden,  it  had  21 
profelTors  and  300  ftudents.  The  library  contains  20,000 
volumes.  The  botanical  garden  was  not  in  a  flourilhing  ftate, 
the  number  of  plants  not  exceeding  1 200.  Linnreus  was  ma- 
triculated at  this  univerfity.  (See  Linn.eus. )  At  Lund 
was  inftitutcd,  in  1776,  a  Royal  Phyfiographical  Society, 
which  was  incorporated  by  the  king  in  1778.  The  fubjedts 
treated  of  in  its  afts  relate  only  to  natural  hiftory,  che- 
miftry,  and  agriculture.  Lund  is  an  archbifhopric.  The 
cathedral  i.s  an  ancient  irregular  building,  raifedat  different 
intervals;  21  miles  E.  of  Copenhagen.  N.  lat.  55  '  44'. 
E.  long.  13  . 

LUNDA,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Sudermanland  ;  10 
miles  W.  of  Nykoping. 

LUNDBY,  a  town  of  Norway,  in  the  province  of  A g- 
gerhuus,  on  the  Glomme  ;  60  miles  N.E.  of  Chriftiania, 

LUNDE,  a  town  of  Norway,  on  a  lake  of  the  fame 
name;  28  miles  W.N.W.  of  Chrillianfand. — Alfo,  a  town 
of  Norway  ;    17  miles  N.W.  of  Skeen. 

LUNDEN,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Holftein  ;  24  miles 
W.  of  Rcndft)org. 

LUNDO,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  government  of  Abo  ; 
S  miles  N.E.  of  Abo. 

LUNDRESS,  in  our  Old  Writers,  a  fterling  filver  penny  ; 
which  had  its  name  from  being  coined  only  in  LondoH,  and 
not  at  the  country  mints. 

LUNDSAY,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Pegu,  on  the 
W.  fide  of  the  river  Ava  ;  60  miles  W.N.W.  of  Pegu. 
N.  lat.  18-30'.      E.  long.  95    43'. 

LUNDSJE,  a  town  of  Perfia,  in  the  province  of  La- 
riftan,    on    the    Perfian  gulf.      N.  lat.   26    38'.     E.   long. 

54'  36' 

LUNDSKORON,  a  town  of  Poland;  18  miles  S.  of 
Cracow. 

LUNDY  IsL,\ND,  is  fituated  in  the  mouth  of  the 
Briftol  channel,  nearly  four  leagues  from  the  coafl  of  De- 
vonfliire,  England,  It  is  rather  more  than  three  miles  in 
length,  and  about  one  in  breadth  ;  contains  about  2000 
acres  ;  and  is  environed  by  high  and  ftesp  rocks,  which 
render  it  iiiacceffible,  except  iu  one  or  two  places.  The 
only  fafe   landing  place  is  on  the  eafl  fide  ;   where  a  fmall 


L  U  N  E. 


two  fides  AD,  D  B,  become  equal,  as  in  Jig.  3,  the  two 
luncs  are  each  equal  to  half  that  triangle,  and  confequently 
the  q'.iadratiire  of  them  is  determined,  being  each  equal  to 
a  given  redilineai  figure  ;  and  this  is  what  is  properly  called 
the  lune  of  Hippocrates,  and  it  was  the  only  one  of  which  he 
could  determine  the  area,  for  though  he,  in  all  cafes,  had  the 
nieafure  of  the  fpace  of  botli  together,  yet  it  was  only  in  the 
cafe  of  equality  that  he  could  fnid  the  area  of  the  fingle  lune, 
though  he  could  r.Kvays  determine  a  lune  that  fhould  be  equal 
to  any  given  reftilineal  fpace.  For  in_/f  1^.-5,  the  arc  DEB 
is  a  quarter  of  a  circle  to  the  radius  C  B,  andD  H  B  is  a 
femicircle.  If,  therefore,  we  conftrudl  the  il  ofceles  right- 
angled  triangle  B  C  A,  ifg-'i-)  equal  to  any  given  fpace,  and 
on  A  B  defcribe  the  femicircle  B  D  A,  and  from  C  as  a 
centre,  and  with  C  A  as  a  radius,  defcribe  the  quadrant 
B  E  A,  we  (hall  have  the  lune  B  D  E  A  equal  to  the  given 
fpace  as  required.  This,  as  we  have  obferved  abo/e,  was 
the  firll  inilance  of  the  quadrature  of  a  curvilineal  fpace, 
that  is,  of  its  being  fhewn  equal  to  a  reftilineal  figure  ;  for, 
properly  fpeaking,  it  i-;  not  abfolutcly  a  quadrature,  as  was 
that  of  Archimedes,  when  he  demonilrated  that  every  para- 
bola was  two-thirds  of  its  circumfcribing  rcdtangle  ;  Hip- 
pocrates arriving  at  his  refult  only  flep  by  (lep,  by  fubtradl- 
ing  equal  quantities  from  equal  fpaces,  and  hence  finally,  as 
by  chance,  coming  to  a  cafe  in  which  a  curvilineal  area  is  equal 
to  a  retlilineal  one. 

This   dilcovery  of  Hippocrates,    it  feems,  ir.fpired  him 
with  great  confidence  of  being  able  to  find  the  meafure  of 
the  circle  itfelf ;  and  the  reafoning  which  has  been  attributed 
to  him   on   this    fubjeft,  though  very  erroneous,  is  Itill  ex- 
tremely  plaufible.       Hippocrates    fuppofed    a     femicircle 
A  D  E  B  {fig.  4. )  in  which  he  drew  the  three  chords  or  radii 
A  D,  D  E,   E  B,  and  on  each  of  thefe  chords  he  defcribed 
a  femicircle  and  a  fourth,  as  F,  equal  to  them.  Then  the  four 
femicircles  A  G  D,  D  E  H,  EI  B,  and    F,  being   each 
equal  to  a    quarter    of  the   femicircle  A  D  E  B,  they  are 
therefore  together  equal  to  it,  and  taking  away  from  each 
the  faiall  fegments  A  G  D,  D  H  E,  E  I  B,  we  (hall  have 
on    one  fide  the  rectilineal    figure  A  D  E  B,  equal  to   the 
three  hines,  together  with  the  ftmicircle  F.     If,  therefore, 
the    area  of  the  lunes  be  taken   away  from   the  redlilineal 
A  D  E  B,    there    will    remain    the    area   of   the    femicir- 
cle F,  equal   to  a   given  reflilineal  fpace.      This  reafoning, 
however,  though  ingenious,  is  iWl  very  dcfedive,  in  confe- 
quence  of  the  lunes  em  ployed  in  this  cale  bemg  dilTcrent  from 
thofe  of  vi-hieh   Hippocrates  had  found  the  quadrature,  for 
that,  as  we  have  feeu,  is  bounded  by  a  quadrant  of  one  cir- 
cle, and    the   half  of  another,  whereas  thofe  in   the  above 
figure  are  bounded  by   a   femicircle,  and  the  fixth    part  of 
another  circle,  which  is  very  different  from  the  former,  and 
the  quadrature    of  it  equally  as  difficult  as  that  of  the  circle 
itfelf.      All,  therefore,  that  Hippocrates  could  draw  from  his 
i".veilii;ation,  was  merely  this,  that  if  any  geometer  (hould  be 
able  to  find  the  area  of  thofe  lunes,  the   quadrature  of  the 
crcle  would  neceffctrily  follow,  and  as  this  problem  was  not 
at  that  time  thought  fo  difficult  as  it  is  now  known  to  be,  it 
is  not  improbable  that  confiderablc  hopes  of  fuccefs  were  en- 
tertained  after  the  difcovcry  which  this  able  geometer  had 
made  of  the  polTibility  of  fquaring  what  is  indeed  apparently 
a  more  complex  figure  than  the  circle.      In  faift  the  quadra-' 
ture  of  the  circle  might  be  accomplilhed,  if  we    only  knew 
the  ratio  of  the  two  luncs,  defcribed   as  in  Jig.  ?.  ;  for  then 
knowing  the  fum  of  the  two,  and  their  ratio,  it  is  obvious 
that  we  fhould  have  the  real  area  of  each,  and  confequently, 
by  taking  A  D  equal  to  the  radius  B  C,  the  area  of  the  cir- 
cle would  follow,  as  we  have  (liewn  above. 

Bill  though  Hippocrates  and  the  ancient  geometers  were 


unable  to  fquare  any  other  lune,  except  that  above-men- 
tioned, yet  the  moderns  have  found  feveral  other  cafes  in 
which  the  quadrature  may  be  obtained,  as  alfo  certain  por- 
tions of  them  cut  off  by  right  lines,  drawn  in  certain  direc- 
tions. In  the  lune  of  Hippocrates,  the  radii  of  the  bound- 
ing circles  are  to  each  other  in  the  ratio  of  two  to  one  ;  but  if 
the  two  circles  are  to  each  other  as  three  to  one,  or  as 
three  to  two,  or  as  five  to  one,  or  five  to  three,  they  may 
alfo  be  fquared,  or  may  be  conlfrufted  equal  to  given  fpaces, 
by  means  of  the  fimplc  elements  of  geometry  ;  but  other  ra- 
tios, as  four  to  one,  fix  to  one,  feven  to  one,'  Sec.  require 
the  affiftance  of  the  higher  geometry,  being  of  a  fimilar 
dcfcription  of  problems  to  thofe  of  trifeftiiig  an  angle, 
doubling  a  cube,  &c.  ;  and  can  only  be  folved  by  the  fame 
means. 

We  fliall  take  this  opportunity  of  giving  a  fummary  of 
fome  of  the  mod  curious  obfervations,  added  by  modern 
geometers  to  the  difcovery  of  Hippocrates. 

1.  If  from  the  centre  F,  {Jig.  J.)  there  he  drawn  any 
ftraight  line  whatever  F  E,  cutting  off  the  portion  of  the 
lune  AEG  i\,  th^t  portion  will  be  qnadrable,  and  equal 
to  the  reftilineal  triangle  A  H  E.  For  it  may  be  readily 
demonilrated,  that  the  fegment  A  E  will  be  equal  to  the  fc- 
mi-fegment  A  G  H. 

2.  From  the  point  E,  if  EI  be  let  fall  perpendicularly  on 
A  C,  and  F  I  and  E  F  be  drawn,  the  fame  portion  of 
the  lune  A  E  G  A  will  be  equal  to  the  triangle  A  F  I. 
For  it  may  be  eafily  demonilrated,  that  the  triangle  A  F  I  is 
equal  to  the  triangle  A  H  E. 

3.  The  lune,  therefore,  may  be  divided  in  a  given  ratio,  by 
a  line  drawn  from  the  centre  F  ;  nothing  more  being  necel- 
fary  than  to  divide  the  diameter  A  C  in  fuch  a  manner,  that 
A  I  fhall  beto  C  I  in  that  ratio  ;  to  raife  E  1  perpendicular 
to  A  C,  and  to  draw  the  line  E  F  :  then  the  two  fegments 
of  the  lune  AGE  and  G  E  C  will  be  in  the  ratio  of  A  I 
to  CI. 

All  thefe  remarks  were  firfl  made  by  M.  Artus  de  Lionnc, 
bifliop  of  Gap,  who  publifhed  them  in  a  work,  entitled 
'•■  Curvilincorum  Amsenios  Contemplatio,"  1654,  410.,  and 
afterwards  the  following'  were  added  by  other  geometers. 

.  4.  If  two  circles,  forming  the  lune  of  Hippocrates,  be 
completed,  the  refult  will  be  another  lune,  which  may  be 
called  the  conjugate  to  the  for.mer,  and  in  whicli  mixlilineal 
fpaces  may  be  found,  which  may  be  fquared  as  in  the  pre- 
ceding cafes. 

From  the  point  F,  if  there  be  drawn  any  radius  F  M,  in- 
terfedling  the  two  circles  in  R  and  M,  we  fhall  have  the 
mixtilineal  fpace  R  A  M  R  equal  to  the  reftilineal  triangle 
L  A  R  ;  which  can  be  eafily  demonilrated  ;  for  it  may  be 
readily  feen  that  the  fegment  A  R,  of  the  fmall  circle,  is 
equal  to  the  femi-fcgment  L  A  M  of  the  greater. 

6.  Hence,  if  the  diameter  in  O  touch  the  fmall  circle  in 
F,  it  follows  that  the  mixtilineal  fpace  A  R  F  n;  A  will  be 
equal  to  the  triangle  A  S  F,  right-angled  at  S,  or  to  half 
the  lune  A  G  C  B  A.  We  might  have  added  here  various 
other  properties  relating  to  lunes  and  their  fegments,  but 
our  limits  will  not  admit  of  it  ;  we  muil  therefore  refer  the 
curious  reader  to  Ozamam's  "  Mathematical  Recreations," 
where  the  fuhjeft  is  amply  ilhiilrated  See  alfo  the  remarks 
of  David  Gregory,  Calwell,  and  Wailis,  on  the  quadra- 
ture of  the  lunula,  in  Phil.  Tranf.  N'  2^^,  or  vol.  iv. 
p.  452,  New  Abridgment  ;  and  for  "  the  Umieiifions  of  the 
folids  generated  by  theconverfion  of  the  lunula  of  Plippo- 
crates,  and  of  its  parts  about  feveral  axes,  with  the  iuc- 
faces  generated  by  that  converfion,"  fee  DeMoivre's  paper 
in  the  Philofophical  Tranfadlions,  N''  205,  or  vol.  iv.  p.  505, 
New  Abridgment. 

LUNELLE- 


L  U  N 


L  U  N 


LUNELLE-LA-VILLE,  in  Geography,  a  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  the  Herault,  and  chief  place 
of  a  canton,  in  the  diftriift  of  Montpeilier.  The  place  con- 
tains 420"),  and  the  canton  945  I  inhabitants,  on  a  territory 
of  145  kiiiometres,  ii  11  communes.  N.  lat.  43'  40'. 
E.  long-  4    13'. 

LUNEN,  a  town  of  Gtrmany,  in  the  county  of  Mark, 
:!»  •',(-■  contliix  of  the  Zefick  and  Lippc  ;  20  miles  S.S.W. 
(if  Mitiifter.      N.  lat.  Ji"  36'.      E.  long.  7'  37'. 

LUNENBURG,  a  town  of  PrufTm,  in  the  province  of 
Nalaiigen  ;  34  miles  S.S.E.  of  Konigfberg. 

LuNEXBURG,  or  LuHifiurg,  a  city  of  Wcflphalia,  capi- 
tal of  a  principality,  lituated  on  the  Ilmenau,  fnrrounded 
with  rroats  and  walls,  fortified  with  towers,  and  containing 
three  churclies,  about  1300  honfes,  and  9000  inhabitants. 
It  has  alfo  three  hofpitals,  in  each  of  two  of  which  is  a 
church.  The  prince's  palace  and  the  guild-hall  are  in  the 
market  place.  The  anatomical  theatre  was  built  in  1713, 
and  an  academy  for  martial  exercifes  was  founded  on  the  icite 
of  the  convent  of  St.  Michael,  which  was  fupprefied.  The 
burg-hers  con'.ift  of  four  orders,  the  patricians,  the  brewers, 
the  merchants  and  tradefmen,  and  the  artizans  ;  and  to  ihefe 
four  clafTes  fome  others  might  be  added.  Since  the  year 
1639  the  migiftracy  has  been  compofed  of  one  moiety  of  pa- 
tricians, and  of  another  of  men  of  letters.  The  Sr-.lze, 
which.is  a  diftinft  part  of  the  town,  enclofed  by  walls,  has 
its  own  feparate  magiltracy.  This  town  confills  of  lifty- 
four  fmall  houfes,  funk  in  the  ground,  in  each  of  which  are 
four  large  leaden  pans,  containing  brine,  which  is  left  to  ex- 
hale for  the  manufacture  of  fait  ;  and  the  fait  water  is  con- 
veyed mto  them  by  a  common  pipe  from  the  feveral  fprini^s. 
The  falt-houfes,  being  ^4  in  number,  and  containing  216 
pans,  which  are  daily  boiled,  and  every  falt-houfe  being  ef- 
timated  at  40,000  rix-doilars,  the  capital  of  the  whole  Salze 
much  exceeds  two  millionsof  rix-dollars.  Of  thefe  fait- works 
a  fifth  belongs  to  the  fovereign's  due  ;  and  the  town  of  Lune- 
bnrg  pays  annually  to  the  treafiiry  near  6000  rix-dollars.  Of 
late  the  falt-trade  has  very  much  declined.  The  exports  of 
the  town  are  fait,  lime  furnifhed  by  two  rocks  in  its  vicinity, 
and  beer.  It  iikewife  carries  on  a  trade  in  wax,  honey, 
wool,  flax,  linen,  and  frize.  Goods  are  alfo  brought  here 
from  all  parts  of  Germany,  and  forwarded  by  the  Ilmenau 
to  Hamburgh  and  to  Lubeck.  Luneburg  is  36  miks  diRant 
S.E.  from  Hamburgh.      N.  lat.  53'^  i  j'.      E.  long.  10°  36'. 

Lunenburg,  oThvuEnvna-Zeile,  aprincipahty  of  Weit- 
phaiia,  the  foil  of  which  is  various ;  confiihng  of  fruilfi'.l 
inarfli-land  that  lies  along  the  Elbe,  tlie  AUer,  the  Jetze,  and 
fome  other  fmall  rivers,  other  parts,  amounting  to  upwards  of 
3000  acres,  that  are  faudy,  and  others  that  comprehend  heath, 
Inrf-moors,  and  fwamps.  According  to  the  diverfity  of  its 
foil,  it  produces  whea^,  rye,  barley,  oats,  peafe,  buckwheat, 
fl'.x,  hemp,  hops,  garden-ihifF,  oak,  beech,  firs,  pinci, 
iiirch,  and  alder.  The  v/heat  differs  in  quantity  in  different 
di'.frifts,  fome  fuper-abounding,  and  the  others  being  defi- 
cient ;  and  fome  breed  but  few  horned  cattle  and  horfes, 
\i  hilft  they  abound  in  others.  The  heaths  are  covered  with 
numerous  flocks  of  a  fmall  kind  of  fhcep,  the  wool  of  which 
is  long  and  coarfe.  The  culture  of  bees  furniilies  confider- 
able  quantities  of  honey  and  wax.  The  rivers  fupply  plenty 
of  good  fifh.  The  river  Elbe,  which  traverfes  the  E.  and 
N.  fides  of  this  principahty,  ferv'es  to  fertilize  the  adjacent 
raarfii-lands,  and  to  afford  other  advantages  by  its  fifneries, 
r.avigation,  and  tolls.  This  principality  contains  three  large 
towns,  wz.  L.monburg,  Velzen,  and  Zellc,  with  eleven 
fmaller,  and  thirteen  large  villages.  Its  principal  manu- 
factures are  thofe  of  linen,  cotton,  cloth,  ribbons,  ftockiii^s. 


and  hats.  The  king  of  Great  Britain  derived  from  this 
principality  a  feat  and  voice  in  the  college  of  the  princes  of 
tliL-  empire,  and  the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony.  By  the  peace 
of  Tillit,  it  was  annexed  to  the  new  kingdom  of  Wedphalia. 

Lu.VENBURG,  a  county  of  Virginia,  adjoining  Noltaway, 
Brunfwick,  Mecklenburg,  and  Charlotte  coui.ties  ;  about 
30  miles  long,  and  20  broad.  It  contains  4505  free  inha- 
bitants, and  jSyGflaves. — Alfo,  a  towniliip  in  Effcx  county,, 
in  Vermont,  feate^d  on  Connefticut  river,  S.W.  of  Guild- 
hall, and  N.E.  of  Concord,  and  containing  393  inhabitants. 
— Alfo,  a  townfliip  of  Worcttter  county,  Mail'ach  ifetts,  on 
an  elevated  fituation,  25  miles  from  the  Great  Monadnock 
mountaii'i,  in  New  Hamplliire.  It  contains  14.000  acres  of 
land,  on  which  are  I  243  inhabitants,  and  is  more  di.linguifhtd 
by  its  falubrity  than  by  its  wealth.  Tlie  inhabitants  have 
little  intercourfe  or  trade  with  their  neighbours  ;  but  they 
carry  on  the  nailing  bufintfs  to  advantage. — Alfo,  a  town  of 
New  York,  i.i  Green  county,  now  called  "  Efperanza," 
fituatcd  on  the  W.  lidc  of  Hudfon's  riiJcr,  oppofite  to  the 
city  of  Hiidlon,  and  30  miles  S.  of  Albany.  The  foil  of 
this  thriving  village,  or  town,  is  uneven,  nor  is  the  foil  very 
good. — Alio,  a  county  of  Nova  Scolia,  on  Mahone  bay, 
on  the  S.  coaft  of  the  province,  facing  the  Atlantic  ocean. 
Its  chief  tovi'ns  are  New  Dublin,  Lunenburg,  Chefter,  and 
Blandford.  In  Mahone  bay,  La  Have,  and  Liverpool, 
feveral  fhips  trade  to  England  with  timber  and  boards.^ 
Alfo,  a  townfhip  in  the  above  county,  Ctuatcd  on  Merli- 
queth,  or  Merliquaf.i  bay,  well  fettled  bv  a  number  of  in- 
duftrious  Germans.  The  lands  are  good,  and  well  culti- 
vated ;   35  miles  S.W.  by  S.  from  Halifax. 

LUNENSE  Marmor,  in  ihs:  Natural  Hiflory  of  the  j^n- 
cieiits,  the  name  of  liiat  fpecies  of  white  marble,  now  known 
among  us  by  the  name  of  the  Carrara-marble,  and  diltin- 
guifiied  from  the  flatuary  kind  by  its  greater  hardnefs  and 
lefs  fplendour.  It  was  ever  greatly  eilcemed  in  building  and 
ornamenial  works,  and  is  fo  Itill.  It  is  of  a  very  clofe  and 
fine  texture,  of  a  very  pure  white,  and  next  in  purity  to  the 
Parian  marble.  It  has  always  been  found  in  great  quantities 
in  Italy,  and  is  fo  to  this  day.      See  Qarrara  M.\RBLE. 

LUNES,  or  LowiNGs,  m  Falcowy,  leafhes  or  longlafhes 
to  call  in  liavvks. 

LUNETTE,  in  Fortification,  an  invelopcd  counterguard, 
or  elevation  of  earth,  made  beyond  the  fecond  ditch,  oppo- 
fite to  the  places  of  arms  ;  differing  from  the  ravelins  only 
in  their  fituation.  ■ 

Lunettes  are  ufually  made  in  ditches  full  of  v/ater,  and 
ferve  to  the  fame  purJ)ofe  as  fauffcbrays,  to  dilpute  tlie  pai- 
fage  of  the  ditch. 

Lunettes  arc  placed  on  both  fides  of  the  ravelin,  as  B,  B, 
Plate  Vlll.  Fortification,  Jig.  9:.  to  increafe  the  Itrength  of 
a  plac?  :  they  are  conilruCted  by  biicfting  the  faces  of  the 
ravelin  with  the  perpsndicnlar  L  N,  on  which  are  fet  off  30 
toifes  from  the  counterfcarp  of  the  ditch,  for  one  of  its 
faces  ;  the  other  face  P  N  is  found  by  making  the  femigorge 
T  P  of  25  toifes  ;  the  ditch  before  the  lunettes  is  1 2  toifes  ; 
the  parapet  three,  and  the  rampart  eight.  Tliere  is  fometimes 
another  work  made  to  cover  the  faliant  angle  of  the  ravelin, 
fuch  as  A,  called  bonr.ti,  whofe  faces  are  parallel  to  thofe 
of  the  ravelin,  and  when  produced  bilccl  thofe  ot  the  lu- 
nettes ;  the  ditch  before  it  being  10  toifes.  There  are  like- 
wife  fome  lunettes,  whofe  faces  are  drawn  perpendicular  to 
thofe  of  the  ravelin,  within  a  third  part  from  the  f.uiaat 
angle,  and  their  femigorges  are  only  20  toifes.  Mr.  MuUer 
recommends  the  face  P  N  to  be  perpendicular  to  that  of  the 
baftion,  which  would  then  defend  it  in  a  diredl  manner  ;  and 
if  the  femigorges  of  the  bonnet  A  were  only  fcvcn  or  eight 

toileS) 


L  U  N 


L  U  N 


toifes,  it  would  be  lefa  expenfive,  and  its  ditch  and  the  coTcrt- 
\Tay  before  it  would  be  better  defended  by  the  lunettes. 
Eleni.  of  Fortif.   p.  36. 

LuNETTK,  in  the  Manege,  is  a  half  horfe-flioe,  or  fueh  a 
(hoe  as  wants  the  fpunge,  i.  e.  that  part  of  the  branch  which 
runs  towards  the  quarters  of  the  foot. 

liUNETTEisalfo  the  name  of  two  fmall  pieces  of  felt,  made 
round  and  hollow,  to  clap  upon  the  eyes  'of  a  vicious  horle 
that  is  apt  to  bite,  and  ftrike  with  his  fore  feet,  or  that  will 
not  fuller  his  rider  to  mount  him. 

LUNE'VILLE,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  and 
principal  place  of  a  dillrift,  in  the  department  of  the 
Meurthe,  lituated  between  tlit  Vefouze  and  the  Meurthe, 
in  a  marfhy  plain,  which  has  been  drained.  An  academy  was 
inftituted  here  by  king  Staniilauf,  and  furniflied  with  a  good 
library.  The  place  contains  9797,  and  the  two  cantons 
2  2,334  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  345  kiliometrcs,  in  37 
communes;  ij  miles  E.S.E.  of  Nancy.  N.  lat.  48  36'. 
E.  long.  6°  34'. 

LUNGKORCKE,  a  town  of  PrulTia,  in  the  palatinate 
of  Culnj  ;    10  miles  N.  of  Stralhurg. 

LUNGOBARDI,  in  Ancient  Geography.  See  Lom- 
bards. 

LUNGON,  in  Geography,  a  fmall  ifland  on  the  W.  fide 
of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia.  N.  lat.  62  '  40'.  E.  long.  17^ 
48'. 

LUNGPOUR,  a  town  of  the  country  of  Cachar  ;  15 
miles  E.  of  Cofpour. 

LUNGRO,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citra,  chiefly 
inhabited  by  Greeks;    10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Caffano. 

LUNGRY,  a  town  of  Bengal ;  36  miles  S.  of  Calcutta. 
N.  lat.  21^58'.     E.long.  87°  35'. 

LUNGS,  \\\  Anatomy  and  Pliyfwlogy,  are  org-ans  of  the 
body,  (ituated  in  the  cheft,  through  wliich  the  blood  paffes 
on  its  courfe  from  the  right  to  the  left  fide  of  the  heart,  and 
in  which  it  is  changed  from  the  venous  to  the  arterial  ftate, 
by  means  of  expofure  to  the  atmofpherical  air  received  into 
thefe  organs  in  refpiration. 

The  two  lungs,  (right  and  left,)  are  entirely  alike  in 
their  compofition'";  their  fize  is  confiderable,  and  they  con- 
fift  of  feveral  different  tilTccs,  which  render  their  flrufture 
complicated.  Thefe  tiffues  are  almoft  all  vafcular,  which 
gives  to  the  lungs  their  charadlcriftic  fpongy  and  foft  nature. 
They  poffefs,  befides  the  properties  arifing  from  their  orga- 
nization, only  the  infenfible  organic  contradtility,  or  tonic 
power.  Perhaps  the  mufcular  (ibres  of  the  air-velTels  may 
conllitute  an  exception  to  this  obfervation.  In  confequence 
of  their  vital  properties  being  limited  to  thi.s  tonic  power, 
they  are  not  capable  of  any  motion  in  themielves  ;  and  they 
therefore  remain  motionlcfs,  unlefs  foine  exterior  agency  puts 
them  in  motion  ;  yet,  in  their  funftions  as  refpiratory  or- 
gans, they  exhibit  a  continual  movement,  an  alternation  of 
dilatation  and  contraftion,  by  which  the  air  is  firll  received 
into  their  interior,  and  then  expelled  after  a  certain  interval. 
If  this  be  interrupted  for  a  very  (hort  time,  the  blood  is  no 
longer  ch<inged,  the  circulation  ceales,  and  death  follows. 
The  lungs  then  require  fomc  auxiliary  means  for  the  execu- 
tion of  the  funftions  to  which  they  are  dellined  ;  thefe  are 
furnifhed  by  the  confiderable  organs  of  motion  fiirrounding 
them,  which  at  the  fame  time  compofe  a  fufliciently  firm  de- 
fence to  proteft  them  againft  external  injury.  The  ribs 
with  their  cartilages,  the  llernum,  and  the  dorfal  verlebrse, 
form  the  fohd  part  of  the  cavity  containing  the  lungs  ;  the 
diaphragm  and  intercolfal  muftles  the  moveable  parts  : 
the  cavity  itfelf  refulting  from  their  union,  is  named  the 
tbxirax.  To  the  fides  of  this  cavity  we  mull  refer  the  pheno- 


mena of  dilatation  and  contracElion  of  the  lungs,  which  are 
entirely  pallive,  and  follow  the  inipulf*  received  from  this 
fource.  Thus  the  thorax  conftitutes  an  edential  part  of  the 
refpiratory  apparatus. 

But  the  thorax  contains  alfo  the  central  or^an  of  the  cir- 
culation (the  heart),  and  the  large  blood-veflels  conneflcd 
with  it  ;  thus  the  apparatus  of  this  fundtion  is  brought  near 
to,  and  in  a  manner  confounded  at  its  origin  with  that  of 
refpiration.  Yet  they  are  diftinft,  by  the  difpofition  of  the 
common  cavity  which  contains  them.  For  the  heart  occupies 
that  part  of  the  chell  which  is  formed  by  the  vertebral  co- 
luinn  behind,  by  the  fternum  in  front,  and  by  the  aponeu- 
rotic centre  of  the  diaphragm  below  ;  parts  which  are  either 
immoveable,  or  capable  only  of  a  Imall  degree  of  motion. 
The  lungs,  on  the  contrary,  occupy  the  mod  moveable 
part  of  the  chell ;  thofe  formed  by  the  ribs  and  intercollal 
mufcles,  and  the  mufcular  parts  of  the  diaphragm. 

The  following  account  of  the  refpiratory  apparatus  will 
include  defcriptions,  ill,  of  the  chell,  in  which  the  lungs  are 
contained  ;  2dly,  of  the  motions  which  that  part  is  capable 
of ;  3dly,  of  the  membranes  lining  the  cavities  ;  4thly,  of 
the  lungs  themfelves;  and  Jlhly,  of  their  funclions. 

The  chell  or  thorax  is  a  conical  cavity,  flightly  flattened 
in  front,  occupying  the  upper  part  of  the  trunk,  and  confe- 
quenrly  having  a  much  larger  Ihare  of  the  fl<eleton  below 
than  above  it.  Yet,  if  we  compare  its  pofition  to  that  of 
the  mod  important  organs,  we  Ihall  find  tlie  latter  placed  al- 
moll  equally  near  the  vifcera  contained  in  the  thorax.  The 
parts  fituated  in  the  head,  and  thofe  contained  in  the  abdomen 
differ  very  httle  in  their  diilance  from  the  heart ;  while  the 
latter  organ  is  placed  at  very  unequal  diftances  from  the 
upper  and  lower  extremities.  Hence  the  heart  is  the  centre 
of  the  organs  contained  in  the  head  and  abdomen,  while  it 
exerts  a  much  lefs  aftive  influence  on  the  lower  than  on  the 
upper  limbs. 

The  chell  is  fituated  in  front  of  the  vertebral  column  ; 
but  the  curvature  of  the  ribs,  which  is  very  prominent  be- 
hind, caufes  the  cavity  to  pafs  a  little  beyond  the  fpine  in 
that  direftion,  particularly  towards  the  middle.  The  plane 
of  the  front  of  tiie  cheft  is  poilerior  to  that  of  the  front  of 
the  face  ;  commonly  it  is  nearly  on  a  level  with  that  of  the 
abdomen  ;  but  the  numerous  variations  of  the  latter  cavity 
produce  correfponding  varieties  in  this  refpedl. 

A  falfe  idea  wou'd  be  formed  of  the  chell  by  examining  it 
when  covered  with  foft  parts,  and  articulated  to  the  upper 
limbs.  The  numerous  mufcles  furrounding  it  above,  the 
flioulder,  and  particularly  the  clavicle,  give  to  its  upper  part 
an  extent  in  the  tranfverfe  direftion,  which  does  not  exill  in 
the  flieleton,  where  the  chell  reprefents  a  cone  flattened  in 
front  and  behind,  with  the  bafis  downwards  and  the  apex 
upwards.  The  longitudinal  axis  of  this  cone  is  oblique  from 
above  downwards,  and  behind  forwards  ;  but  all  its  fides  do 
not  partake  equally  in  this  obliquity,  which  belongs  only  to 
the  anterior  and  lateral  parts  :  the  poilerior,  formed  by  the 
fpine,  has  no  concern  in  it.  Hence  a  vertical  line,  drawn 
from  the  middle  of  the  fpace,  included  between  the  vertebral 
column  and  the  enfiform  cartilage,  perpendicularly  through 
the  cheft,  would  not  pafs  out  at  the  centre  of  the  fupenor 
aperture,  but  would  go  in  front  of  the  clavicular  extremity 
of  the  llernum.  The  diameters,  whether  antero-polterior 
or  tranfverfe,  of  the  cone  reprefented  by  the  cheft,  are  all 
larger  in  proportion  as  they  are  nearer  the  balls. 

In  its  general  capacity  the  cheft  holds  a  middle  place 
between  the  head  and  the  abdomen.  Its  depth,  from  above 
downwards,  is  much  lefs  in  the  natural  ftate,  than  it  appears 
in  the  Ikelcton.     The  diaphragm  below  forms  a  confiderable 

arch 


LUNGS. 


arch  projefting  into  the  cheil,  and  very  coiifiderably  lefTen- 
ing  its  extent  in  this  direftion.  But  this  diminution  affefts 
the  middle,  which  is  occupied  by  the  central  tendon,  much 
lefs  than  the  fides.  Again,  the  clavicles  above  very  mani- 
feftlv  furmount  the  (lernum,  and  contribute  to  make  the 
cheii  appear  higher  than  it  really  is.  The  breadth  is  much 
lefs  at  the  upper  part,  than  it  appears  to  be  on  the  firft 
view,  becaule  the  clavicle  and  the  mufcles  enlarge  the  ex- 
terior forms  without  afFefting  the  internal  dimcnfions.  The 
capacity  conftantly  inoreafes  in  proportion  as  we  proceed 
downwards.  Yet  fhe  habit  of  wearing  clothes  that  are  very 
tight  about  the  waift,  particularly  (lays,  contrafts  that  part, 
fo  that  the  cheft  is  fometimes  (hapcd  like  a  barrel,  narrow 
above  and  below,  and  broader  in  the  middle.  The  concavity 
in  the  dorfal  part  of  the  fpine  makes  the  cheft  more  capa- 
cious in  its  middle  ;  yet  this  enlargement  is  not  equal  to  the 
contraftion  produced  by  the  anterior  prominence  of  the 
bodies  of  the  vertebras.  In  faft,  the  antero-pofterior  dia- 
meters are  all  much  Itfs  extenfive  along  the  middle  lirie  of  the 
cheft  than  on  the  fides  ;  fo  that  the  fternum  is  feparated  from 
the  fpine  by  an  interval  much  fmaller  than  that  which  exilts 
between  the  cartilages  of  the  ribs  and  the  hollows  at  the 
fides  of  the  fpine. 

In  the  female  the  cheft  is  proportionally  broader,  but 
fhorter  than  in  the  male. 

Any  caufe  of  diftentiori  afFefting  the  abdomen,  as  preg- 
nancy, afcites,  large  tumours,  &c.  ftrongly  elevates  the 
cheft,  prelTes  the  ribs  together,  and  diminilhes  the  perpen- 
dicular axis,  while  the  tranfverfc  and  antero-pofterior  dia- 
meters are  rather  increafed,  particularly  below.  There  are 
malformations  of  the  cheft,  particularly  affefting  the  (lernum 
and  ribs,  which  diminifh  the  breadth,  while  they  leave  the 
height  nearly  the  fame.  Individuals  predifpofed  to  phthifis 
are  remarkable  for  this  tranfverfe  contraction  of  the  cavity, 
which  makes  the  prominence  of  the  fternum  very  conl^piciious 
in  front.  In  other  inllances  the  cheft  is  affected,  in  confe- 
quence  of  deformities  of  the  fpine  :  when  this  is  curved,  the 
ribs  are  brought  very  clofe  together  on  one  fide,  and  are 
proportionally  feparated  on  the  other,  fo  that  the  two  fides 
of  the  cavity  are  rendered  very  unequal.  The  chell,  in  fuch 
inftauces,  is  generally  very  prominent. 

Defcrlption  of  the  particular  Bones  of  the  Chejl. — It  is  com- 
pofed  of  a  common,  and  of  proper  parts.  The  dorfal  por- 
tion of  the  fpine  is  the  former  (fee  Spixe)  ;  the  fternum  in 
front,  and  the  ribs  on  each  fide,  are  the  latter. 

The  Jlernum  is  a  fymmetrical  bone,  placed  in  the  front 
and  middle  of  the  cheft,  flattened  and  elongated,  bro?d 
above,  contradled  about  the  middle,  then  a>;ain  becoming 
a  little  broader,  and  terminating  at  laft  below  by  a  prominent 
point.  It  is  divided  into  a  cutaneous  and  a  thoracic  fur- 
face,  a  clavicular  and  an  abdominal  extremity,  and  lateral 
edges. 

The  cutaneous  furface  is  anterior,  covered  by  the  (kin, 
and  ir.ore  immediately  by  the  aponeurofes  of  the  fterno- 
tr.aftoidei  and  great  pedloral  niulcles  :  it  is  marked  fome- 
times by  lines  dividing  it  into  furhices  of  unequal  breadths, 
and  correfponding  to  the  original  divilions  of  the  bone.  It 
is  a  little  convex  at  the  upper  part,  and  then  flattened. 
The  attachment  of  the  mufcular  fibres,  and  of  the  ligaments 
of  the  ribs,  ;;ives  it  a  roughnefs.  The  thoracic  furfac^  is 
pofterior,  a  little  concave,  fmooth,  and  fometimes  exhibits 
tranfverfe  lines  fimilar  to  thofe  already  mentioned.  It  cor- 
refponds  above  to  the  ilerno-hyoidei  and  (lerno-thyroidei  ; 
then,  for  a  ftiort  fpace,  to  the  cellular  tiffue  of  the  mediaf- 
tin'.-m,  and  afterwards  to  the  triangularis  flerni'. 

The  clavicular  extremity  is  the  broadeft  and  thickeft  part 
of  the  bone.     Its  middle  confifts  of  a  broad  concavity,  al- 


moft  entirely  occupied  by  the  inter-clavioular  ligament :  on 
each  fide  of  this  is  a  large  fuperficial  excavation,  concave 
from  within  outwards,  and  convex  from  before  backwards, 
articulated  to  the  clavicle,  ar.d  furrounded  by  ligamentous 
infertions.  The  abdominal  extremity  is  called  alfo  the  enfi- 
form  or  xiphoid  cartilage  or  appendix.  It  is  thin,  flattened, 
broader  above,  .and  terminating  in  a  narrower  way  below. 
Its  figure  varies  greatly  in  different  individuals  :  the  lower 
end  fometimes  turns  forwards,  fometimes  backwards  ;  occa- 
fionally  it  is  perforated.  It  generally  is  cartilaginous,  in  a 
greater  or  lefs  degree,  until  the  later  periods  of  life.  It 
affords  infcrtion  to  the  aponeurofes  of  the  abdominal 
mufcles ;  the  retli  cover  it  in  front,  and  the  diaphragm  be- 
hind. 

The  margins  of  the  fternum  are  thick,  and  exhibit  feven 
articular  cavities,  to  which  the  carti'ages  of  the  true  ribs  are 
articulated.  Thefe  a'C  oblong,  and  not  very  fmooth.  The 
firft,  which  is  fuperficial,  and  not  clearly  marked,  is  im- 
mediately below  the  concavity  that  lodges  the  clavicle. 
The  fucceedirg  ones  are  fiparated  by  flight  concavities  cor- 
refponding to  the  intercoftal  fpaces,  and  become  nearer  and 
nearer  to  each  other,  in  proportion  as  they  are  placed 
lower. 

The  fubftance  of  the  bone  is  almoft  entirely  cellular,  and 
its  furfaces  are  covered  by  a  very  thin  compaft  ftratum  of 
bony  texture  :  hence  the  (ternum  is  very  light'in  proportion 
to  iis  fize.  It  confilts  at  firft  of  ei^ht  or  nine  piec-s,  en- 
clofed  in  a  niafs  of  cartilage  :  thefe  are  foon  reduced  to 
feven,  and  then  to  five  ;  which  number  continues  for  a  long 
time,  the  individual  portiims  bemg  (lill  feparated  by  car- 
tilaginous ftraia.  The  firft  of  thefe  pieces  is  the  largert, 
and  is  broader  above  than  below  ,  th-.-  two  following  are 
nearly  fquare,  and  very  (hort  ;  the  fourth  is  longer;  the  laft 
includes  the  enfiform  appendix  already  mentioned.  This 
divifion  no  longer  exifts  in  the  adult ;  the  pieces  are  uni'ed 
in  the  following  order.  Tlie  fecond  is  confolidated  uith  the 
third,  a-id  then  the  Litter  with  the  fourth  :  the  other  divi- 
fions  generally  cjntinue  through  life  ;  fo  that  the  fternum  is 
ordinarily  delcribed  as  being  compofed  of  two  bones  and  a 
cartilage.  The  firft  bone  ends  at  the  fecond  rib,  which  is 
artic':lated  between  it  and  the  fecond  bone.  The  two 
pieces  are  united  by  a  thin  layer  of  cartilage,  and  their  union 
is  often  confolidated  by  bone.  The  eufiform  cartilage  is 
connected  in  the  fame  w.iy  to  the  end  of  the  fecond  bone ; 
but  after  a  certain  age,  it  is  generally  more  or  lefs  of- 
fified. 

The  ribs  are  bones  of  irregular  figure,  placed  in  fuccef- 
fion  from  above  doivnwards,  on  each  fide  of  the  cheft,  con- 
fiding generally,  but  not  conftantly,  of  twelve  pairs,  flat- 
tened and  rather  thin  in  front,  rounded  and  thicker  behind, 
and  more  or  lefs  arched.  They  differ  in  length,  breadth, 
and  direflion.  The  length,  v.hich  is  incmfiderable  in  the 
firlc,  is  fuddenly  increaled  to  a  very  confidcrable  degree  in 
the  fecond  ;  and  this  augmentation  proceeds  gradually  as 
far  as  the  eighth.  From  this  thty  again  decreafe,  fo  that 
the  tv.'elfth  is  about  as  long  as  the  firft.  The  firtt  rib  is  the 
broridcft  ;  the  fucceeding  ones  become  narrower,  but  in  an 
almoft  infenfib'e  degive.  Each  individual  rib  is  narrowell 
from  its  vertebral  extremity  to  the  angle:  it  grows  broader 
in  front  of  this  part,  and  incrcafes  to  its  ftcriTai  end.  The 
firft  rib  forms  nearly  a  right  angle  with  the  vertebral  co- 
lumn ;  the  following  are  more  and  more  inclined  outwards 
and  downwards.  Id  that  their  vertebral  are  higher  than  tiieir 
cartilaginous  extremities.  The  firft  forms  a  fmall,  but 
nearly  regular  femicircle ;  the  fucceeding  ones  form  lefs 
perfeft  fegments  of  circles,  which  increale  i'ucceffively  as  far 
as  the  eighth,  and  then  decreafe.  All  are  more  curved  be- 
hind 


LUNGS. 


hind  thnn  in  tlie  front :  and  hence  arifcs  the  deep  excavation 
on  each  fide  of  the  cheft,  in  the  former  direftion,  for  lodging 
the  lungs.  They  are  all  twifced  on  themfelves,  fo  that  the 
two  extremities  cannot  rcil  at  the  fame  time  in  an  horizontal 
plane.  The  point  of  twilling  is  at  the  angle,  coni'equently 
the  firll,  which  has  no  angle,  does  not  exhibit  this  circum- 
Ihmce,  which  is  the  more  fenfible  in  proportion  as  the  angle 
is  more  ilrongly  marked.  The  ribs  are  diftingnilhed  into 
two  clafl'es :  the  feven  fuperior  ones,  articulated  to  the  fter- 
num,  are  called  Inw,  or  thoracic  ;  the  five  inferior,  joined 
to  each  other  in  front  by  their  cartilages,  which  are  not 
connefted  to  the  fternum,  are  named  ya^,  or  abdominal. 
Each  is  divided  into  a  vertebral  and  a  cartilaginous  ex- 
tremity, and  a  body. 

The  vertebral  extremity  is  pofleriorand  articulated  to  the 
fpine.  It  exhibits  a  rounded  itnd  contraftcd  neck,  of  about 
an  inch  in  length,  reiling  on  the  tranlverfe  procefs  of  the 
correfpondiiig  vertebra.  Tliis  neck  is  (lightly  expanded  at 
its  pofterior  end,  to  form  the  head  of  the  rib,  which  ex- 
hibits a  cartilaginous  furface  for  articulation  with  tlie  ver- 
tebral cohimn.  The  fuiface  is  rounded  in  its  outline,  fingle 
in  the  firft,  eleventh,  and  twelfth  ribs,  v.'hich  are  each  arti- 
culated to  a  fingle  body  of  a  vertebra,  and  divided  by  a 
rifing  line  into  two  parts  in  the  nine  others,  which  are  fe- 
verally  articulated  to  hollaws  formed  between  two  vertebrsc. 
Of  thefe  two  portions  the  lower  is  the  largeft. 

The  cartilaginous  extremity  is  elongated  from  above 
downwards,  broad  and  concave  in  the  ten  iirft  ribs,  and 
narrower  in  the  two  lalt.  It  is  moll  clofely  joined  to  the 
correfponding  cartilages,  fo  as  to  appear  perfeftly  con- 
tinuous with  it. 

The  body  of  the  rib  may  be  confidered  under  four  dif- 
ferent points  of  view  ;  ii/z.  the  external  and  internal  furfaces, 
the  fuperior  and  inferior  margins.  I.  On  the  outfide  it  is 
convex,  and  piefents  behind  a  tubercle,  marking  the  ter- 
mination of  the  neck,  and  divided  into  two  portions  :  the 
inner  of  thefe  is  a  fmooth  cartilaginous  furface,  nearly  cir- 
cular in  its  figure,  articulated  to  the  tranfverfe  procefs  of 
the  lower  of  the  two  dorfal  vertebrse,  between  the  bodies  of 
•which  the  head  is  articulated;  the  external  is  rough,  and 
affords  attachment  to  a  ftrong  ligament.  This  tubercle  is 
confounded  with  the  angle  in  the  firll  rib,  and  is  deficient 
in  the  two  laft.  In  front  of  this  eminence  is  the  angle,  or 
part  at  which  the  rib,  after  being  continued  from  the  ver- 
tebral column  obliquely  downwards  and  outwards,  turns 
forwards  :  inflead  of  being  angular,  as  its  name  implies,  this 
bend  is  gentle  and  i-ounded.  It  has  a  prominent  oblique 
line,  not  feen  in  the  firft  and  twelfth,  bijt  flight  in  the  fecond 
and  eleventh,  and  more  Ilrongly  marked  and  diftant  from 
the  tubercle,  in  proportion  as  the  rib  is  lower  down  :  it  gives 
attachment  to  the  facro-lumbalis.  Between  this  angle  and 
the  tuberofity  there  is  a  furface  direfted  backwards,  oc- 
cupied by  the  longitTimus  dorfi,  and  becoming  broader  as 
■we  trace  the  ribs  from  above  downwards.  The  reil  of  the 
rib,  in  front  of  the  angle,  forms  a  nearly  fmooth  furface, 
direifted  upwards  in  the  firfl,  where  v.'e  obferve  in  it  two  fu- 
perficial  iinprefnons  made  by  the  ccurfe  of  the  fubclavian 
arterv  and  vein,  feparated  by  a  furface,  in  which  the  fca- 
lenus  is  inferted,  and  inclined  more  and  more  outwards  in  the 
■  fucceeding  ribs,  in  proportion  as  they  are  lower.  In  the 
middle  of  the  fecond  there  is  a  mark  from  the  attachment  of 
the  ferratus  anticus,  and  on  the  others  analogous  iniprc-ffions 
from  various  mufclcs  of  the  cheft  and  abdomen,  as  the  ob- 
Jiquus  extemus,  pedtoralis  minor,  furratus  anticus,  ferrati 
poltici,  &c. 

2.  On  the  inlide   the   furface  is  uniformly  concave  and 
fmooth,  covered  by  the  pleura,  diretted  downwards  in  the 


firft,  a  little  inclined  in  the  fame  direftion  in  the  fecond,  but 
completely  internal  in  the  remainder. 

J.  Above,  the  body  of  the  rib  forms  an  obtufe  margin, 
which  is  internal  in  the  firft,  inclined  upwards  in  the  fecond, 
and  direftly  fuperior  in  all  the  others.  It  affords  attach- 
ment to  the  intercoftal  mufcles,  except  in  the  firft  rib. 

4.  The  inferior  margin  is  (harp,  particularly  near  the  tu- 
bercle, and  becomes  more  obtufe  in  front.  Juft  within  this 
is  found  the  groove  of  the  rib,  which  is  deep  at  the  back 
part  of  the  bone,  becomes  gradually  fhallowcr,  and  is  in- 
fenfibly  loll  in  the  front.  It  lodges  the  intercoftal  nerves, 
but  is  hardly  perceptible  in  the  firft  and  laft  ribs.  This 
inferior  margin  affords  attachment  to  the  intercoftal  mufcles. 
Thefe  bones  are  thin  in  coinpaiifon  to  their  length,  and 
have  confiqiicntly  coi  fideri-.ble  elafticity,  which  is  not  ob- 
ferved  in  any  01  her  part  of  the  fl<eleto;i.  They  are  com- 
pofed  moftly  of  compaft  bone,  with  a  little  cellular  ftruc- 
ture  in  their  centre  :  the  latter  is  more  abundant  at  the 
anterior  and  polterior  extremities.  They  are  developed  at 
an  early  period  in  the  foetus,  and  are  more  perfeft  at  the 
time  of  birth  than  any  other  bones,  except  thole  belonging 
to  the  organ  of  hearing.  They  are  formed  from  a  fingle 
point  of  olTification,  excepting  the  head,  which  is  not  con- 
folidated  to  the  body  till  the  formation  of  the  flccleton  is 
ircarly  complete. 

Sometimes  there  are  thirteen  ribs:  the  thirteenth  may 
be  either  above  or  below  the  ordinary  feries. 

Art'iculalwris  of  the  Chejl  — The  cheft,  formed  by  bones  of 
an  arched  figure,  moll  of  which  reft  on  the  fternum  by  one 
end,  and  by  the  other  on  the  vertebrx,  prefents  in  front 
and  behind  articulations  correfponding  to  thefe  relations. 
The  joints,  feparately  confidered,  do  not  admit  of  much 
motion  ;  but  the  pettoral  cavity,  taken  altogether,  enjoys 
an  extenfivc  power  of  movement. 

The  pojlenor  ylriuvlations  of  the  Cheji. — The  ribs  are  united 
to  the  vertebrte  ;  ill,  by  the  articular  furfaces  of  their 
heads  to  the  cavities  in  the  bodies  of  the  vertebrx,  each  of 
which  cavities  is  formed  in  a  fingle  vertebra  for  the  firft, 
eleventh,  and  twelfth,  in  the  two  adjoining  bones  and  their 
connefting  fibro  cartilage,  for  the  other  ribs  ;  2dly,  by 
the  articular  furfaces  of  their  tubercles  to  the  tranfverfe  pro- 
ceffes  of  the  vertebras,  excepting  the  two  laft  ribs,  which 
have  not  this  kind  of  articulation.  The  firft  has  been 
called  the  cofto-vertebral  ;  the  latter  the  cofto-tranfverfal 
articulation. 

Tiw  cojh-ij.'ricbral]omt%.  In  each  of  thefe  the  union  is 
effecled  by  means  of  an  anterior  and  an  inter-articular  hga- 
ment,  and  two  fm,all  fynovial  membranes.  The  anterior 
ligament  is  a  broad,  thin,  flattened,  and  irregularly  quadri- 
lateral fibrous  fafciculus,  attached  in  front,  above  and  be- 
low the  articular  furface  of  the  head  of  the  rib,  diverging 
tov.ards  the  fpine,  and  fixed  by  its  fuperior  fibres  to  the 
body  «f  the  vertebra  that  forms  the  upper  part  of  the 
correfponding  cavity,  by  its  inferior  to  that  which  forms 
the  lower,  and  by  tlie  middle  to  the  intermediate  fibro- 
cartil;ige.  The  latter  are  in  general  Itfs  fenfible  than  the 
two  former,  each  of  which  forms  a  very  diftindl  fafciculus. 
The  difpofition  of  this  ligament  is  not  exactly  the  fisme 
in  the  firft,  eleventh,  and  twelfth  ribs,  each  of  which  is  ar- 
ticulated to  a  fingle  vertebra  ;  yet  the  fibres  extend  a  little 
on  the  neighbouring  vertebras.  It  is  covered  in  front  by 
the  great  lympatlietic  nerve,  by  the  pleura,  and  on  the  riglit 
fide  by  the  vena  azygos  :  it  has  a  radiated  figure,  is  fhort 
and  ftrong,  compoied  of  longer  fupcrficial  and  fhorter 
deep-feated  fibres,  and  lias  fmali  vafcular  intervals.  It  is  ap- 
plied  over  the  joint,  for   wliich,  in  ccnjundion    with    the 

middle  ' 


LUNG  3. 


middle  collo-tranfverfiil  iierarr.cnts,  it  may  be   eonfidered  as 
forming  a  kind  of  fibrous  capfule. 

The  inter-articular  lifjament  does  not  exill  in  the  joints 
of  the  firil,  eleventh,  and  twelfth  ribs.  It  is  a  more  or 
lefs  thick  fibrous  fafcicidus,  of  a  flattened  figure,  fixed  on 
one  fide  to  the  prominent  angle  of  the  head  of  the  rib,  and 
on  the  other  to  the  correfponding  depreffion  of  the  cavity 
in  which  it  is  received.  It  feparates  the  two  fynovial  mem- 
branes from  each  other,  and  is  continuoiis  with  the  fibro. 
cartilaaje,  as  we  may  perceive  by  fawing  the  joint  acrofs,  fo 
as  to  divide  it  into  a  fuperior  and  an  inferior  half. 

The  fynovial  membranes  are  double  in  the  joints  that 
pofTefs  the  ligament  lad  defcribed  ;  but  in  the  others  there 
,is  only  a  fingle  one,  covering  the  whole  extent  of  the  cor- 
refpondmg  articular  furfaces,  and  reflefted  from  the  one  to 
the  other.  Where  there  are  two,  each  capfule  belongs  to 
its  correfponding  upper  or  lower  half  of  the  arti:ulatio:!, 
and  is  feparated  from  the  other  by  the  inter-articular  liga- 
ment. Thefe  membranes  are  not  clearly  marked,  do  not 
exhibit  the  ufual  polifh  on  their  furface,  contain  a  remark- 
ably fmall  quantity  of  fynovia,  and  occupy  often  a  very 
fmall  fpace  on  account  of  the  great  fize  of  the  inter-articular 
ligament.  The  latter  is  fometimes  fo  thick,  that  it  may 
almoll  be  doubted,  wliether  the  joint  poflefles  any  fvnovial 
membrane  ;  in  other  inftances,  however,  tlicfe  membranes 
are  very  dilb'ntl.  Although  the  bones  are  held  together 
almoft  as  clofely  as  at  the  anterior  articulations  between  the 
cartilages  and  the  fternum,  the  joint  is  not  fo  frequently  loil 
in  the  old  fubjeil".  Yet  anchylofis  does  fometimes  occur  ; 
and  this  is  a  charatier  dillinguifiiing  it  from  joints  where  the 
membrane  is  clearly  marked,  which  may  be  anchylofed 
from  accident  or  difcafe,  but  hardly  ever  undergoes  this 
change  in   the  natural  progrefs  of  offification. 

The  C'l/lo-tran/ivrfa/ ■j.rUtsul^itions  are   formed  by  a  fmall 
fynovial  cavity,  a  pollcrior,   a  middle,  and  an  inferior  collo- 
tranfverfal  ligament.     The   latter  does   not  belong   to  the 
tubercle  and  procefs   which   are   contiguous  :    but   extends 
from  the  procefs  to  the  upper  edge  of  the  rib  immediately 
below.      The  potterior  ligaTi^nt  arifes  fioni  the  end  of  the 
procefs,  paffes  nearly  horizontally  outwards,  and  is  inferted 
into  the  rough  eminence   of  the   tubercle  of  the  rib.      Its 
fibres  are  parallel  and  clofe,  form  a  very  diltin£t  fafciculus 
nearly  quadrilateral  in  its    figure,  correfpond  behind  to  the 
rhufcles  contamed  in    the  excavations    on   the    fides  of  the 
fpinous  proceffes,    and   in   front   to   the  articulation.     The 
middle  ligament  is  a  coUettion  of  irregular   reddifh  fibres, 
rather  cellular  than  ftridly  ligamentous,  placed  between  the 
fr^mt   of  each   tranfverfe   procefs,    and     the   correlponding 
part  of  the  rib.     When  we  forcibly  feparate  thefe    parts, 
we  dillinguifli  the  fibres  which  are  torn   by  the  feparation  : 
to  !ee  them  entire  we  fhould  faw  through  the  procefs   and 
rib  in    their   connefted   ftate.     The  inferior  ligament    is   a 
diflinft   fi«rous   fafciculus,  compofed  of    numerous    (Irong 
and  parallel   fibres.     It  arifes  from  the  root  of  the  tranf- 
verfe procefs,  paffes  obliquely  to  the  upper  edge  of  the  rib 
immediately  below,  and  is   inferted   near    the   vertebral  ex- 
tremity.     The  fird  and  the  laft  ribs  do  not  pofTefs  it.     It  is 
covered  in   front  by  the  intercollal  veffels  and   nerves,   be- 
hind by  the  longiffimus  dorfi  :  on  the  outfide  it  is  continu- 
ous, by  means  of   a  tiiin  aponeurofis,   with  the  intercollal 
m'lfcle,  and  it  completes  on  the  infide  a  fmall  cellular  fpace 
traverfed  by  the  polterior  branch  of  the  nerves.      Between 
this  fpace  and  the  vertebral  column   there  is   commonly  a 
fmall  fibrous  fafciculus,  arifing  from  thebafis  of  the  procefs, 
and  attached  to  the  articular  extremity  of  the  rib   below, 
where  it  is  united   to  the  upper  part  of  the  radiated  liga- 
ment.    The  two  cartilaginous  furfaces,  of   the  tranfverfe 
Vol.  XXI. 


procefs  and  the  tubercle  of  the  rib,  are  covered  by  a  fmill 
fynovial  membrane,  which  is  loufcr,  contains  more  fynovia, 
and  is  always  more  dillinct  than  that  of  the  preceding  y^i.i'. 
Hence  it  never  becomes  anchylofed  by  the  mere  progrefs  of 
age. 

/Inltr'ior  jlrticulalions  of  the  Chejl. — Thefe  are  not  formed 
by  the  bony  portions  of  the  ribs,  but  by  a  feries  of  cartilages 
terminating  them  :  the  fevcn  fuperior  of  thefe  are  joined  to 
the  flernum,  while  the  five  inferior,  connected  to  each  other, 
have  no  other  kind  of  connection.  Thefe  cartilages  muft, 
be  defcribed  before  we  fpeak  of  the  articulations.  They 
are  not  uniform  in  their  length,  breadth,  and  direction. 
That  of  the  firft  rib  is  very  (liort  ;  the  fucceeding  onei  in- 
creafe  in  length  as  far  as  the  laft  of  the  true  ribs.  Thofe  of 
the  falfe  ribs  again  become  (horter  and  fliorter,  fo  that  it  is 
fcarcel)  perceptible  in  the  lalL  The  firft  is  the  Tjroadeft, 
and  they  become  narrower  as  they  are  placed  lower  down. 
The  breadth  of  the  two  firft  is  nearly  uniform  throughout  ; 
it  diminillies  in  the  others  from  the  coftal  towards  the  oppo- 
fite  extremity.  This  diminution,  however,  is  not  regular  in 
the  fixth,  feventh,  and  eighth,  which  are  confiderably  in- 
creafed  in  breadth,  where  they  are  joined  to  ea;;h  other.  The 
firft  cartilage  is  a  little  oblique  from  above  downwards  ;  fo 
that  tlie  angle  formed  between  it  and  the  fternum  is  acute 
above  and  obtufe  below  ;  the  fecond  is  nearly  horizontal, 
and  follows  the  fame  direction  as  the  rib  to  which  it  be- 
longs. The  following  cartilages  of  the  true  ribs  are  more 
oblique  from  below  upwards,  and  more  nianifcftly  curved 
where  they  arife  from  the  ribs  in  proportion  as  they  are 
lower.  At  this  curvature  the  ribs  and  their  cartilages  take 
oppofite  direftions  :  the  firft  defccnd  from  the  fpine,  the 
others  afcend  to  the  fternum.  This  curvature  is  diminiftied  a 
little  in  the  firft  of  the  falfe  ribs,  where,  however,  it  is 
ftill  very  confiderable,  and  decreafes  fuccefiivcly  to  the  laft, 
in  which  the  cartilage  follows  the  direction  of  the  bone. 

The  general  figure  of  the  cartilages  correfponds  to  that 
of  the  bones  to  which  they  are  connected.  The  furface  of 
the  body  is  rather  unequal  externally,  or  on  the  front, 
nightly  convex  in  moft,  covered  by  the  peftoralis  major 
above,  by  the  obliqnus  externus  and  rectus  below.  The 
firft  gives  attaclnnent  to  the  cofto-clavicular  ligament.  Be- 
hind or  on  the  infide  it  is  flightly  concave,  and  correfponds 
in  the  firft  five  or  fix  to  the  pleura  and  triangularis  fterni, 
to  the  tranfverfus  abdominis  in  the  fucceeding  ones.  Tiie 
upper  edge  is  more  or  lefs  concave,  and  the  lower  convex  : 
they  afford  attachment  to  the  intercoftal  mufcies,  and  form 
a  continuation  of  the  intercoftal  ipaces,  which,  as  well  as 
the  mufcies  of  the  fame  name,  become  narrower  in  pro- 
portion as  they  are  lower.  Thofe  between  the  fixth  and 
ieventh  cartilages,  and  between  the  latter  and  the  eighth,  are 
interrupted  by  imall  articulations,  formed  by  the  contiguous 
cartilaginous  furface.'. 

Each  cartilage  has  an  external  or  coftal  and  an  internal 
extremity,  which  may  be  alTo  called  fternal  in  the  fevcn 
firft.  The  former  confifts  of  a  fmall  convex  and  unequal 
furface  intimately  united  to  the  correfponding  concavity  in 
the  extremity  of  the  rib.  The  latter  has  in  the  true  ribs 
a  fmall  articular  furface  of  a  convex  figure,  adapted  to  tlie 
hollow  of  the  fternum,  in  which  it  is  received.  In  the  three 
firft  falfe  ribs  this  extremity  is  elongated,  fituated  immedi- 
ately under  the  cartilage  above  it,  and  united  to  it  :  in  the  two 
laft  it  is  feparated  from  the  cartilage  above  by  a  marked 
interval. 

In   refpeft  to  their  ftrufture,  the  cartilages  of  the  ribs 

have  a  great  analogy  to  thofe  of   the  larynx.      Both  are 

very  denfe  and  compaft,  exhibit,  at  firft  view,  no  marks  of 

organization,  although  they  poffefs  really  a  peculiar  llruc- 

.\.  K  ture, 


LUNGS. 


ture,  are  difficultly  reduced  into  gelatine  by  boiling,  and 
are  remarkable  for  their  tendency  u>  oHification.  Kven  in 
fubje^s  not  much  advanced  in  age, .  we  frequently  tind  a 
bony  point  in  the  centre  of  thefe  cartilages  :  this  is  the 
commencement  of  olTirication.  Thofe  of  the  firll  ribs  un- 
dergo this  change  mod  readily  :  they  are  often  com- 
pletely bony,  while  the  others  (lill  exhibit  their  natural  tex- 
ture. This  ofTification  is  always  preceded  by  a  yellowifh 
tint,  which  fuccceds  to  the  white  colour  that  characterizes 
the  cartilages  of  the  child.  When  they  are  converted  into 
bone,  they  refemble  the  ribs  in  being  compaft  externally 
and  ceHular  on  tlie  inlide.  In  the  rib  of  an  old  perfon  the 
cells  of  the  rib  and  of  its  cartilage  are  continuous. 

/Inu-iihitions  of  the  CartUage!  of  the  true  Ribs. — Each  of 
thele  has  a  finall,  furface  at  its  llernal  extremity,  received 
into  a  correfpending  hollow  of  the  edge  of  the  flernum, 
covered  by  a  thin  layer  of  cartilage.  The  joint  poireffes 
an  anterior  and  a  polterior  ligament,  and  a  fynovial  mem- 
brane. The  feventh  rib  is  moreover  united  by  a  pecuhar 
ligament  to  the  enfiform  cartilage.  The  anterior  ligament 
is  thin  and  broad,  compofed  of  radiated  fibres  arifingfrom 
the  extremity  of  the  cartilage,  diverging  as  they  traverfe 
the  front  of  the  articulation,  and  expanded  on  the  front  of 
the  flernum,  where  they  are  mixed  with  thofe  of  the  oppo- 
lite  fide,  with  the  periofteum,  and  with  the  fibres  of  in- 
lertion  of  the  peftoralis  major,  by  which  this  ligament  is 
covered  in  front.  The  fiipcrficial  fibres  are  long  :  the  more 
dceply-feated  are  fhorter,  and  proceed  direftly  from  the 
cartilage  to  the  neighbouring  portion  of  tlie  flornum.  They 
are  intermixed,  not  only  with  the  oppofite  fibre?,  but  alfo 
with  thofe  of  the  ligament  immediately  above  and  below. 
From  tlie  union  of  all  thefe  fibres  a  thick  ftratum  is  formed, 
covering  and  llrengthening  the  fternum,  and  more  ftrongly 
marked  below  than  above.  The  pofterior  ligament  differs 
from  the  preceding  by  being  thinner  and  having  its  fibres 
lefs  apparent :  in  other  refpefts  they  are  neaiTy  fimilar  ; 
that  is,  they  proceed  in  a  radiated  manner  from  the  car- 
tilages to  the  llernum.  The  fibrous  ftratum  on  this  furface 
of  the  bone  Ls  as  thick  as  on  the  other,  but  it  exhibits  a 
more  uniform  kind  of  organization.  We  do  not  fee  in  it 
the  dece.flation  of  numerous  diftintf  fafciciri,  but  a  fmooth 
and  almod  polifhed  ftratum,  adhering  very  clofely  to  the 
bone,  with  many  of  its  fibres  not  derived  from  the  ligaments 
of  the  ribs,  but  purfuing  rather  a  longitudinal  direftion. 
The  fynovial  membrane  is  remarkable  for  its  fmall  extent, 
and  for  the  want  of  polifti  on  its  furface.  If  we  did  not 
difcern  a  fmall  quantity  of  fynovia  in  the  joint,  we  might  be 
inclined  to  doubt  the  cxiftence  of  fuch  a  membrane.  In 
this  refpect  it  very  much  refembles  that  of  the  cofto-verte- 
bral  articulation.  In  general,  it  is  rather  more  Irofe  in 
the  two  or  three  lower  articulations,  than  in  the  fuperior 
ones.  In  the  adult  it  certainly  does  not  esift  in  the  firft  : 
the  cartilage  is  continuous  with  the  bone,  which  explains 
the  fmall  amount  of  motion,  of  which  this  rib  is  fufcep- 
tible.  In  the  articulation  of  the  fecond  rib  there  is  a  fmall 
inter-articular  ligament.  A  finall  elongated  and  very  thin 
fibrous  faiciculus  goes  from  the  lower  edgn;  of  the  feventh 
rib  obliquely  downwards  and  inwards  to  the  front  of  the 
enfiform  cartilage,  where  it  forms  an  angle  with  the  ligament 
of  the  oppofite  fide.  It  is  covered  by  the  reftus  ab- 
dominis. 

j4rticulr.t'wtis  of  the  CarttJages  of  the  falfe  Ribs. — We  have 
ftated,  that  the  neighbouring  edges  of  the  fixth  and  feventh, 
and  of  the  feventh  and  eighth  cartilages,  are  articulated  by 
means  of  oblong  furfaces.  Thefe  are  covered  by  fynovial 
membranes  much  more  apparent,  more  loofe,  and  containiH<T 
snore  fynovia.  ;h!nv  lUofe  wbich  are  found  between  the  fupe- 


rior  cartilages  and  the  fternum.  Sometimea  between  the 
fifth  and  fixth,  more  rarely  between  the  eighth  and  ninth,  a 
fimilar  articulation,  and  confequently  a  liniilar  fynovial  mem- 
brane, are  found,  which  manifeftly  refer  only  to  the  mobi- 
hty  of  thefe  cartilages.  To  maintain  the  cartilages  of  the 
falle  ribs  in  tlleir  pofitions,  feveral  ligamentous  fibres,  hold- 
ing them  llrongly,  particularly  in  fi'oiit,  pafs  from  the  lalt 
true  to  the  firft  faU'e  rib  ;  from  the  latter  to  the  fecond,  and- 
from  it  to  the  third.  Thefe  fibres  arc  particularly  evident 
in  front  of  the  lynovial  membranes  which  we  have  mentioned. 
Analogous  fibres  attach  the  extremity  of  each  of  the  firft 
three  falfe  cartilages  to  the  lower  portion  of  the  cartilage 
immediately  above  it.  The  only  connediun  of  the  two  la(s 
is  by  means  of  the  mufcles.  Ligamentous  fibres  alfo  pafs  be- 
tween the  cartilages  of  the  fixth  and  feventh  true  ribs. 

The  Chefl  confidered  in  general. — We  (hall  arrange  the  de- 
fcriptioii  of  this  cavity  under  the  divifions  of  its  external  and 
internal  furface  ;  fuperior  and  inferior  circumference.  The 
external  furface  comprifes  four  regions  ;  an  anterior  or  fter- 
nal,  a  poilerior  or  vertebral,  and  two  lateral  or  coftal.  The 
anterior  is  the  narrowcll,  more  or  lefs  flattened  or  projecting 
in  different  fubjetts,  and  according  to  the  prevalence  of 
ccrtrnn  prediipofitions.  In  the  middle  we  have  the  cuta- 
neous furface  of  the  llernum,  on  the  fides  the  cartilages  of 
the  true  ribs,  and  a  feries  of  Imes,  which  indicate  in  each 
rib  the  point  of  its  union  with  the  correfponding  cartilage. 
This  feries  may  be  conceived  as  united  into  one  generaL 
line,  running  obliquely  from  above  downwards  and  from 
wiihin  outwards,  forming  the  lateral  boundary  of  the  ante- 
rior region,  which,  from  this  particular  difpofition,  is  much 
broader  below  than  above.  Between  thefe  cai-tiiages  broad 
intervals  appear  in  the  firft  true  ribs,  narrower  one*  in  the 
laft  :  they  are  ftill  more  narrowed  in  the  firil  falle  ribs,  but 
grow  brcader  again  in  the  two  laft  of  this  elafs. 

The  pofterior  region  prcfents  the  row  of  dorfal  fpinous 
proceffes  ;  the  correfponding  portions  of  the  mufc'ular  chan- 
nels of  the  vertebrfe  ;  the  tranlverfe  procefies  of  the  dorfal 
vertebrae  ;  their  articulations  with  the  tubercles  of  the  ribs  ; 
a  feries  of  furfaces  belonging  to  the  latter,  broader  in  pro- 
portion as  they  are  lower,  comprehended  between  the  tuber- 
cles and  the  angles,  and  giving  attachment  to  the  longilfimus 
dorfi  ;  and,  laftly,  a  general  line  running  obliquely  from  above 
downwards  and  within  outwards,  formed  by  the  feries  o€ 
angles  of  the  ribs.  The  dillance  between  the  angles  and 
the  tuberofities  increafing  downwards,  determines  ihe  obli- 
quity of  the  linejufl  mentioned,  the  increafing  breadth  of  the 
furfaces  which  it  terrninates,  and  the  form  of  this  region, 
which  is  of  confiderable  breadth  below,  and  becomes  nar- 
rower as  we  trace  it  upwards.  This  difpofition  is  analogous 
to  that  of  the  anterior  region,  where  the  cbliquity  of  the 
lateral  lines  pi-oduces  in  the  fame  manner  an  inequality  of 
breadth. 

The  lateral  regions  are  convex,  narrow  above,  and  broader 
below,  formed  by  the  ribs  and  the  intcrcoilal  intervals. 
The  latter  are,  in  general,  difpofed  like  the  bones  which 
form  them,  but  with  fome  varieties.  7^hey  are  fliort,  and 
broad  above;  then  diminifh  lucoeflively  in  breadth,  and  in- 
creafe  in  length  down  to  the  jundlion  of  the  two  clafTes  of 
ribs  ;  after  which,  without  growing  broader,  they  again  de- 
creafe  in  length  to  the  laft,  which  is  very  (hort  :  all  of  ihem' 
are  broader  before  than  behind  ;  hence  the  dillance  is  much 
greater  between  the  anterior  than  the  pofterior  extremities 
of  the  firft  and  laft  ribs.  Thefe  fpaces  are  aU  filled  by  the 
intercoftal  mufcles. 

The  internal  furface  of  the  cheft,  which  lodges  the  prin- 

cipal  organs  of  refpiration  and  circulatHjn,  alfo  offers  four 

regions  to  our  obfervation.     The  anterior  entirely  refembles 

ii  that 


LUNGS. 


^hat  of  the  external  furface,  and  is  compofed  of  the  fame 
■parts.  The  poilerior  has  in  the  middle  a  prominence  formed 
iy  the  bodies  of  the  dorfal  vertebrx,  concave  from  above 
downwards,  and  dividing  the  chefl  into  two  internal  halves. 
On  each  fide  of  this  is  a  confiderable  elongated  concavity, 
narrow  above,  broad  below,  deeper  in  the  middle  than  in  any 
other  part,  and  containing  the  pollerior  convexity  of  the  lungs. 
The  lateral  regions  are  concave  ;  farmed  by  the  internal 
furfaces  of  the  ribs  and  the  intercoftal  fpaces.  The  pleura 
lines  them,  as  well  as  the  pofterior  hollows  and  the  pec- 
toral portion,  excepting  as  much  of  the  latter  as  corre- 
fponds  to  the  mediaftinum. 

The  fuperior  circumference  is  fmall,  in  coraparifon  with 
the  inferior,  and  reprefents  an  oval  placed  tranfvcrfely.  It 
is  formed  behind  by  the  vertebral  column,  in  front  by  the 
fternum,  and  on  the  fides  by  the  firll  ribs  :  the  clavicles  pro- 
jeft  a  little  at  their  inner  ends,  fo  as  to  contraft  this  open- 
ing in  a  flight  degree.  The  trachea,  the  oefophagus,  the 
large  blood-veffels,  which  either  go  from  the  heart  to  the 
upper  parts  of  the  body,  or  return  from  the  latter  to  the 
Tieart,  and  feveral  important  nerves  pafs  through  this  open- 

The  inferior  circumference  is  very  large,  at  lead  four 
times  greater  than  the  former,  and  differs  from  it  in  being 
fufceplible  of  enlargement  and  contraftion.  The  fuperior, 
•formed  by  two  ribs  nearly  immoveable,  preferves  always  the 
fame  capacity,  and  is,  moreover,  protefted  by  a  conliderable 
thicknefs  of  parts  from  the  imprelHons  of  extraneous  bodies, 
that  might  tend  to  contraft  it.  To  the  mobility  of  the  in- 
ferior circumference  are  chiefly  owing  the  variations  in  the 
-.dimenfions  of  the  cheft,  produced  by  iiifpiration  and  exfpira- 
tion,  by  caufes  which  aft  on  it  from  within  outwards,  and 
dilate  it,  as  dropfy,  pregnancy,  and  the  various  abdo- 
minal tumours,  or  by  thofe  which  affect  it  in  the  contrary 
■way,  and  tend  to  contrail  it,  as  the  flays  of  women.  It 
ihould  be  obferved,  at  the  fame  time,  that  the  vifcera  placed 
at  this  circumference  can  accommodate  themfclves  to  thefe 
varied  dimenfions  :  while  thofe  which  pafs  through  the  fupe- 
rior aperture,  particularly  the.  trachea,  would  be  affefted 
very  dangeroudy  by  any  contraction  of  its  fides.  In  this 
inferior  circumference  there  is  a  large  notch  in  front,  of  a 
triangular  figure,  with  the  bafis  do^A'Uwards,  the  fides  of 
■\vliich  are  formed  by  the  edges  of  the  cartilages  of  the  falfe 
ribs  :  in  the  apex  of  the  triangle  the  enfiform  cartilage  pro- 
j-cfs.  On  each  fide  of  this  notch  there  is  a  convex  edge, 
formed  by  the  cartilages  of  the  falfe  ribs.  Behind  thefe 
convexities  there  is  a  fmall  notch  on  each  fide,  formed  by 
t!\e  inclination  of  the  laft  rib,  with  refpeft  to  the  vertebral 
column.  Several  of  the  abdominal  inulcles  are  attached 
to  all  parts  cf  this  circumference. 

Developement  cf  the  Chejl. — The  heart  and  the  thymus, 
which  are  fituatcd  on  the  median  li  le  of  the  chefl,  in  the 
fcEtus,  and  are  of  very  confiderable  fize,  require  a  propor- 
tional extent  in  the  antero-pofterior  diameters,  which  then 
predominate,  while  the  tranfverfe  are  comparatively  fmall, 
on  account  of  the  imperfeft  condition  of  the  lungs.  The 
Uernum,  feparated  by  a  wide  interval  from  the  fpine,  makes 
3  confiderable  prominence  in  front,  fo  that  a  large  fpace  is 
left  for  the  heart  and  thymus.  The  pollerior  foffte,  at  the 
fides  of  the  vertebral  column,  are  fmall,  as  the  ribs  are  not 
much  curved  at  this  part  :  hence  the  prominences  behind, 
formed  at  the  fides  of  the  fpine  by  the  curves  of  the  rib'3, 
are  not  fenfible  at  this  time.  The  cheft  is  particularly  nar- 
row in  ihis  direction  at  the  angles  of  the  ribs.  The  want 
of  this  pollerior  curvature  is  the  principal  caufe  of  the  aug- 
mentation of  the  antero-pofterior  diameters.  In  fad,  the 
ribs  are  nearly  as  long,  proportionally,  at  this  time  as  after- 


wards; but  they  fwell  lefs  behind  and  at  the  fides,  are 
thrown  more  forwards,  and,  confcquently,  carry  the  fternum 
in  that  direftion.  Thefe  curves  arc  formed  in  the  progrefs 
of  age  ;  the  pofterior  fofta:  of  the  chefl  are,  confequently, 
devt  loped,  and  the  fternum  comes  nearer  to  the  fpine.  The 
tranfverfe  diameters  arc  noiv  increafed ;  but  the  general 
capacity  of  the  cheft  is  not  much  augmented  in  proportion  to 
o'liier  parts,  as  it  lofes  in  one  direttion  what  it  gains  in  the 
other,  and  its  differences  in  the  ftetus,  and  in  the  fubfequent 
times,  are  referrible  to  the  different  relations  of  its  dianrieters. 
Thefe  changes  affedt  the  fuperior  and  inferior  circuraferences. 
The  former  is  more  capacious  from  before  backv.'ards,  but 
lefs  from  fide  to  fide  :  the  latter  is  very  wide  between  the 
enfiform  cartilage  and  the  fpine ;  it  is  one-third  wider  here 
than  in  the  adult,  in  proportion.  The  tranfverfe  diameteri 
are  lefs  contradled  here  than  in  the  reft;  of  the  cheft  ;  fo  that 
the  inferior  circumference  altogether  is  remarkable  for  its 
great  capacity  in  the  fcetus,  a  difpofition  which  is  accom- 
modated to  the  very  marked  volume  of  the  gaftric  vifccra> 
and  particularly  of  the  liver,  which  it  includes. 

The  different  bones  of  the  cheft  are  not  developed  in  an 
uniform  proportion.  The  ribs  are  almofl  entirely  offificd  at 
the  time  of  birth  :  they  are  more  approximated,  particularly 
below,  probablv  from  the  great  fize  of  the  liver.  The  perfec- 
tion in  the  oftification  of  the  ribs  may  be  explained  from  the 
nature  of  the  fun£lion  in  which  thev  are  employed.  Re- 
fpiration  commences  at  the  moment  of  birth,  and  requires  in 
its  organs  as  great  a  degree  of  perfeftion  as  is  necefl'ary  at* 
any  fubfequent  age  :  the  newly  born  child  refpires  at  once 
as  it  will  refpire  always.  The  organs  cf  locomotion,  on  the 
contrary,  go  through  a  kind  of  education,  advance  very 
flowly  to  perfeftion,  and  are,  confequently,  flowly  deve- 
loped. 

The  fternum,  which  is  lefs  direftly  concerned  in  refpir^ 
tiofi,  but  concurs  more  immediately  in  giving  folidity  to  the 
chefl,  is  not  fo  much  advanced  as  the  ribs :  on  the  contrary, 
it  is  almoft  entirely  cartilaginous. 

The  contents  of  the  thorax  undergo  a  great  change  at  the 
time  of  birth  :  the  lungs,  hitherto  contraftcd,  are  diftended 
by  the  admiffion  of  air  to  a  much  greater  volume  than  they 
poffeffed  before  ;  and  that  part  of  the  cheft  which  contains, 
them  muft  be  proportionally  increafed. 

Towards  the  period  of  puberty,  although  no  remarkable 
change  occurs  in  the  ordinary  feries  of  phenomena  connefted 
with  the  growth  and  progrefs  of  the  bones,  yet  the  form  of 
the  cheft  feems  to  acquire  its  fixed  charafter.  It  either  af- 
fumes  that  lateral  expanfion,  and  happy  conformation  which 
indicate  a  vigorous  conftitution,  or  the  fternum  projefts  is 
front,  and  gives  the  alarming  prefage  of  a  difpofition  to 
phthifis.  At  this  time  the  cartilages  become  more  denfe, 
and  the  ligaments  ftiffer.  The  motions  of  the  ribs  are  more 
confined.  Hitherto  they  have  been  the  chief  agents  in  refpir- 
ation  :  but  in  future  the  diaphragm  is  more  excited.  The 
different  pieces  of  the  fternum  are  joined  ;  the  ribs  receive 
more  earthy  matter,  and  become  more  brittle.  At  a  later 
period  the  cartilages  begin  to  be  converted  into  bone  at 
their  centres,  and  oftification  goes  on  until  they  are  made 
completely  bo:iy.  The  twilling  of  the  cartilages,  which 
we  ftiall  mention  prefently,  is  now  impoflible,  and  the  upper 
part  of  the  cheft  no  longer  admits  of  motion  in  its  individual 
parts.  Hence  in  the  old  fubjeft  relpiration  is  efiefted  chiefly 
by  the  diaphragm. 

Mechanifm  of  the  ChcJl. — This  part  of  the  trunk  has  two 

principal  ufes   to  fulfil  :  it  protefts   the  included  organs  by 

itt  folidity  or  power  of  refillance  ;  and  it  concurs  by  its  mo- 

biUty  in  the  various  funftions  of  thefe  organs,  particularly  of 

4  K  2  th* 


LUNGS. 


the  lungs.     We  have  to  confider  it  under  this  double  point  of 
■view. 

The  refiftance  of  the  cheft  to  the  aftion  of  external  force 
IS  dificrent  on  its  anterior,  poftcrior,  and  lateral  afpefts. 
I.  The  thick  mufclcs  placed  behind  annihilate  the  efkdls  of 
falls  and  blows  on  that  part.  Two  prominences  formed  by 
thefe  mufcles,  and  feparated  by  a  groove  correfponding  to 
the  fpinous  proccffes,  occupy  the  pl;:ce  of  tlie  two  longitu- 
dinal chaimels  obfcrvcd  in  the  fl^elcton  :  thcfe  fupport  the 
cffedts  of  blows.  The  provilions  for  protection  in  this  htu- 
ation,  refer  to  the  fpinal  marrow  as  nuich  as  to  the  peftoral 
viicera.  2.  In  front,  where  the  mufcles  are  fewer,  the 
modeof  relillance  variosin  infpiration  ;ind  exfpiration.  When 
the  chell  is  ftrongly  dilated,  the  llcrnum  fupports  any 
effort  directed  againll  it  in  the  manner  of  an  arcli,  and  more 
tfiicacioully  in  proportion  as  the  infpiration  is  ifronger.  In 
this  way.  individuals  lying  on  tlieir  backs  lupport  enorrrous 
■weights  on  the  front  of  the  chell :  e  g.s  blackfmith's  anvil,  on 
■which  a  horfe-flioehrisat  the  fame  time  bei-n  hammered.  Here, 
however,  the  mechanifm  is  not  the  fame  as  that  by  which  the 
cranium  tupports  a  wt:ie;ht  bearing  on  it  perpendicularly  :  in 
that  cafe  the  bony  arch  alone  is  concerned,  the  mufcles  have 
nothing  to  do  with  the  phenomenon.  In  the  cheft,  on  the 
contrary,  the  e.xternal  mufcles,  particularly  the  lerratus  an- 
ticus,  draw  the  ribs  llrongly  outward":,  and  relift  their  de- 
prcflton  :  they  arc  the  active  fupports  of  the  bony  arch  re- 
prefented  by  the  cheft.  If  the  force  be  fuperior  to  the  re- 
fiftance,  fratlure  cnfucs  :  this  may  either  be  dire£t,  and 
affett  the  flernum,  which  is  rare  ;  or  it  may  take  place  by 
contrecoiip  at  the  part  which  has  experienced  the  greatelt 
effort,  as  in  the  middle  of  the  ribs,  Thefe  obfervations  nia- 
nifelUy  applv  to  the  true  ribs  only.  Fraftnres  by  contre- 
coup  may  alfo  take  place  from  fudden  blows,  where  the 
mufcles  have  no  time  to  contradt  and  fupport  the  ribs,  and 
the  latter  are  confeqnently  left  to  the  full  operation  of  the 
force.  In  exfpiration  the  cheft  eludes  the  force  by  yielding  : 
the  ribs  are  prefied  inwards,  and  the  vifcera  are  in  lome  de- 
gree comprefted.  This  yielding  ia  much  more  manifcit  in 
the  lower  ribs.  3.  The  cfFe6ts  of  blows,  or  violence  of 
other  kindb,  affcdting  the  fides  of  the  cheft,  are  obviated  in 
nearly  the  fame  manner,  whether  in  infpiration  or  exfpira- 
tion. The  arch  rcprefented  by  the  rib  has  its  points  of 
fupport  in  the  llcrnum  and  the  vertebral  column  :  the  bone 
may  be  direftly  fraftured  at  the  point  where  the  violence  is 
oifered,  which  is  the  moft  common  cafe,  or  by  coritrecoup, 
which  is  more  rare.  The  ftrength  of  the  ligaments  at  the 
anterior  and  pofterior- articulations  is  fo  confiderable,  and 
the  fupport  adorded  by  the  tranfverfe"  proccfies  fo  firm, 
that  luxations  cannot  take  place  while  the  joints  are  in  a 
healthy  ftate.  The  laft  ribs,  which  terminate  loofely  in  the 
abdominal  parietes,  cannot  be  faid  to  offer  any  reiiftance  to 
the  force  which  is  applied  to  them  :  they  yield  towards  the 
abdomen.  The  firft  and  fecond  ribs  are  fo  covered  by 
external  parts,  that  they  can  hardly  be  afFefted  by  blows  or 
other  kinds  of  force. 

The  motions  of  the  cheft  are  direfted  to  two  principal 
objefts  ;  its  dilatation  and  contraction,  which  correfpond  to 
infpiration  and  exfpiration.  It  may  be  dilated  in  tliree  diiferent 
directions  ;  perpendicularly,  tranlverfely,  and  from  before 
backw,;rds.  i.  The  diaphragm  alone  is  the  agent  of  per- 
pendicular dilatation,  and  produces  alone  in  the  adult  thofe 
flight  infpirations,  in  which  but  little  air  enters  the  cheft.  Its 
fleihy  iides,  which  correfpond  to  the  lungs,  defcend  much 
more  than  the  tendinous  centre,  which  fupports  the  heart. 
(See  Diaphragm.)  2.  In  the  next  or  greater  degree  of  in- 
spiration the  cheft  is  firft  dilated  perpendicularly,  and  then 
tranfverfely  by  the   iatercoilal  mufcles.     (See  Intekcos- 


TAi.r.s. )  Befides  the  caufes  mentioned  in  that  article  for  the 
little  power  of  motion  in  the  firft  rib,  we  may  notice  the 
inconllderahle  length  and  great  breadth  of  its  cartilage,  and  its 
confolidation  with  the  fternum,  inftcad  of  bein;^  joined  by 
a  moveable  articuhition.  The  remarkable  ftiortiiefsandbreadtlj 
of  the  rib  itfelf  alfo  concur  m  producing  the  fame  cfleft. 
In  conicquence  of  the  oblique  pofition  of  the  ribs,  they 
cannot  be  elevated  without  having  their  middle  carried  out- 
wards, which  produces  a  tranlverfe  enlargement  of  the 
cheft  ;  moreover,  this  elevation  twifts  the  cartilages,  which 
throws  the  ribs  ilill  more  outwards.  3.  In  the  preceding 
motion  the  ribs  are  carried  a  little  forwards,  and  as  this  effedl 
takes  place  in  a  greater  degree  below,  where  the  ribs  are 
longeft,  the  fternum  is  carried  forwards  at  its  lower  extre- 
mity, tlie  upper  remaining  nearly  motiotdefs  ;  and  the 
cheft  is  confequently  enlarged  from  before  backwards.  This 
motion,  however,  is  very  Imali  in  an.ount,  as  we  may  afcertain 
by  obferving  the  refpiration  of  a  lean  individual ;  it  is 
infignificant  in  companion  to  tlie  motion  by  which  the  ribs 
are  carried  outwards.  As  the  llerHum  correfponds  to  the 
heart,  while  the  ribs  furround  the  lungs,  erilar'.rement  is 
lefs  needed  in  the  former  than  the  latter  diredlion. 

Thecontraflion  of  the  cheft,  correfponding  to  exfpiration, 
is  effected  by  a  mechanifm  exaftly  oppollte  to  that  which 
we  have  jull  explained.  It  takes  place  from  below  upwards 
by  the  elevation  of  the  diaphragm.  In  the  tranfverfe 
direftion  it  is  effeftcd  by  the  denreffion  of  the  ribs,  which 
are  carried  inwards  by  the  twilled  cartilages  recovering  their 
original  ftate.  The  elevation  of  the  bone  in  infpiration  pro- 
duces a  tvtifting  of  the  cartilage  ;  and  in  exfpiration  the  re- 
covery of  the  latter  depreffes  the  former;  fo  that  the  bone 
and  the  cartilage  reciprocally  determine  motion  in  each  other. 
The  effedt  of  this  twifting  of  the  cartilages  muft  not,  how- 
ever, be  over-rated  :  in  order  to  make  it  contiderable,  they 
ought  to  be  confolidated  to  the  ilernuin,  whereas  their  arti- 
culation to  that  bone  allows  a  certain  degree  of  motion. 
The  greater  this  motion,  the  lefs  will  be  the  tvi  illlng  ;  and  it 
would  not  cxift  at  all  if  the  articulation  were  loofe  enough 
to  allow  full  fcope  to  the  elevation  of  the  rib.  It  cannot 
have  any  effeft  in  the  falfe  ribs.  In  proportion  as  the  ribs 
defcend  and  are  carried  inwards,  the  fteniuin  is  alfo  reftored, 
its  inferior  portion  pafTing  backwards. 

All  thefe  movements,  whether  of  dilatation  or  contrac- 
tion, are  much  more  fenfible  at  th.e  lower  part  of  the  cheft,  in 
confcquence  of  the  iilore  extenllve  motion  enjoyed  in  this 
part  ;  a  circumftance  that  coincides  with  the  greater  breadth 
of  the  inferior  portion  of  the  lungs. 

We  have  to  point  out,  in  the  next  place,  the  powers  by 
which  thefe  motions  of  the  cheft  areeffedtcd.  We  may  dif- 
tinguifh  two  kinds  of  changes  taking  place  in  the  cheft  ;  an 
enlargement  and  fubfeqiient  contra'^tion  in  the  perpendicular 
direction,  and  another  acting  circularly.  The  diaphragm 
is  the  iole  agent  of  the  perpendicular  enlargement  ;  and  as 
it  extrends  the  cheft  downwards,  where  the  cavity  is  moll 
arnple,  it  produces  a  very  confiderable  dilatation.  (See 
Di.'\PllRAGM.)  This  niufcie  can  defcend  three  inches,  or 
more,  and  has  four  or  five  times  as  much  effect  in  the  en- 
largement of  the  cheft,  as  all  the  other  powers  put  together. 
Hence  injuries  or  difeafes  of  it  produce  the  greateft  diftur- 
bance  in  the  fundtion  of  reipiration.  The  perpendicular 
contradlion  is  cfFedtcd  by  the  abdominal  mulcles  ;  that  is, 
by  the  obliqui  externi  and  interni  abdominis,  the  tranfverfi 
and  redli.  Thefe,  which  form  the  fides  and  front  of  the 
abdominal  parietes,  yield  to  the  vifcera  thruft  downwards  by 
the  defcent  of  the  diaphragm  :  hence  an  elevation  of  the 
belly  is  perceptible  on  infpiration.  They  then  contradl,  pufti 
backwards  and  upwards  the  parts  which  had  before  defcendcd, 
6  rellore 


LUNGS. 


redore  the  diaplira^m  to  its  former  (late,  and  confeqiieiitly 
diminilhthe  capacity  of  the  cheft. 

The  enlarfreinont  of  the  tliorax  in  the  circular  direftion  is 
ordinarily  effffted  by  the  intercoftiil  miifcles,  fee  Inter- 
tosTALKs)  :  and  tlie  fubftquent  contntftion  is  owing  partly 
to  the  reftoration  of  the  ribs  by  the  elallic  power  of  their 
cartilages,  and  partly  totheaftion  of  the  triangularis  fterni. 
But  other  powers  affift  occafionally,  when  the  circulation 
.ind  confequentlv  the  breathing  are  iuirried  ;  or  when  dif- 
■afe  of  the  chc-it  caufes  this  function  to  be  performed  labo- 
noufly.  Under  fuch  circumftances,  every  mufcleis  brought 
into  aftion  that  can  alFifl  in  elevating  the  fternum  or  ribs,  or 
in  fixing  the  upper  pairs  of  thefe  bones.  Hence  the  fcaleni, 
fterno-cleido-malloidei,  fubclavii,  cervicales  dofccndentes, 
levatores  coftarum,  ferrati  niagni,  ferrati  pollici  fuperiorts, 
l.itiflimi  dorii,  peftorales  majores  &  minores,  and  trapi'zii,  are 
all  employed.  The  flioulders  are  elevated,  the  neck  is 
itretched,  and  the  head  itfelf  thrown  backwards  in  the  moft 
violent  efforts  of  difficnlt  exfpira"ion.  There  are  alfo  auxi- 
liary powers  occafionally  employed  in  exfpiration,  but  thefe 
are  not  fo  numerous  as  thofe  concerned  m  infpiration.  The 
ribs  may  be  depreffed,  not  only  by  the  tnangularis  Iterni, 
but  alfo  by  the  obliqui,  refti  and  tranfverfi  alulominis,  the 
quadrali  lumborum,  longifllmi  dorfi,  facro-lumbaiis,  and  fer- 
rati poftici  infericres. 

In  the  healthy  fubjccl  the  enlargement  and  contraftion  of 
the  cheft  conftantly  fticceed  each  other,  and  are  performed  in 
a  regular  alternate  manner.  The  diaphragm  and  abdominal 
mufcles  feem  to  be  chiefly  employed  ;  but  the  intercoftal 
rnufcles  alfo  aflift.  In  the  female  the  latterpowers  are  more 
concerned  in  refpiration  than  in  the  male. 

Although  both  modes  of  refpiration  are  obfcrved  to  con- 
cur in  this  fundlion  in  the  natural  itate,  it  may  be  and  often 
is  carried  on  fey  one  exclufivcly.  When  a  rib  is  broken,  or  the 
pleura  inflamed,  motion  of  the  chefl  is  exceedingly  painful, 
and  the  diaphragm  and  abdomnial  mufcles  carry  on  the 
funftions  alone.  On  the  contrary,  in  inflammation  of  the 
peritoneum,  in  the  laft  periods  of  pregnancy,  in  large 
dropfical  accuniulations,  the  abdominal  mufcles  and  dia- 
phragm cannot  aft,  and  the  intercoilals  only  are  then 
concerned. 

In  ordinary  refpiration,  enlargement  and  contraftion  of 
the  cheft,  or  infpiration  and  exfpiration,  are  performed  in  re- 
gidar  alternate  fucceffion  :  but  this  order  is  often  interrupted, 
and  various  modifications  of  the  procefs  take  place,  dillin- 
guithed  by  particular  names. 

In  Jlrdining,  the  diaphragm  and  abdominal  mufcles  aft  to- 
gether ;  a  deep  infpirati-.in  is  firll  made,  and  the  diaphragm 
defce:'ds  confiderably  ;  the  abdominal  niufcies  then  contraft, 
but  do  not  expe.l  air  from  the  cheft,  as  they  are  refilled  by 
the  former  power.  The  aft  of  ftraining  takes  place  in  all 
powerful  exertions  of  the  body  :  by  it  the  trunk  is  fixed,  and 
affords  a  firm  point  from  which  the  limbs  may  be  moftadvan- 
tageoufly  moved.  The  ereftors  of  the  fpine  at  the  fame  time 
extend  that  part,  and  firmly  maintain  it  in  that  pofition, 
Thus  all  the  power  of  the  mufcles  moving  the  limbs  is  em- 
ployed in  jumping',  dragging,  pulliing,  moving  a  weight, 
&c.;  and  none  is  loft  in  moving  the  thorax  or  pelvis  towards 
the  limbs,  which  would  be  the  cafe  if  thofe  parts  of  the 
trunk  were  not  previoufly  fixed.  So  long  as  the  effort  lafts, 
it  is  obvious  that  refpiration  muft  be  interrupted  ;  hence  it  is 
called,  in  common  lan^^ruage,  holding  the  breath  :  and  when 
it  is  too  long  continued,  all  the  inconveniences  arifing  from 
fuch  interruption  take  place. 

The  powerful  aftion  of  the  diaphragm  and  abdominal 
mufcles  fubjects  the  contents  of  the  abdomen  to  prefTure  :  it 
impels  them  and  whatever  they  may  contain  towards  the  cavity 


of  the  pelvis,  and  muft  alfo  comprefs  the  blood-vcffels  and  alr» 
forbents.  Hence  this  effort  is  employed  in  expelling  the  con- 
tents of  the  ftomach  in  vomiting,  in  evacuating  the  reftum  and 
urinary  bladder,  and  in  parturition  ;  it  is  fo  effential  in  all 
thefe  cafes,  that  the  different  objcfts  juft  mentioned  could  net- 
be  accomplifhed  without  it.  Of  the  amount  of  the  force 
exerted  we  may  form  fomc  cftimate,  when  we  fee  the  effefts 
occafionally  produced  by  fuch  efforts ; — the  contents  of  the 
abdomen  are  protruded  and  form  ruptures,  the  vifcera  are 
torn,  and  the  tend  )ns  of  the  abdominal  mufcl.'S  lacerated. 

Whether  the  palfage  of  bile  through  its  dufts,  or  of  cal- 
culi through  the  fame  tubes  or  the  ureters  be  facilitated  by 
ftraining,  is  a  doubtful  point. 

In  panting  there  are  fliort  and  frequent  infpirations,  fuc- 
cecded  by  Ihort  and  quick  exfpirations.  It  is  accompanied 
wiih  great  anxiety,  and  is  attended  with,  or  caufed  by,  a 
more  rapid  return  of  bl^od  to  the  lungs  ;  hence  it  heats  and 
fatigues.  It  is  produced  by  violent  motion  of  the  body,  in 
wounds  of  the  cheft,  in  difeafes  of  the  refpiratory  organs, 
and  ofen  in  the  Itruggle  preceding  death. 

A  long  and  deep  mfpiration,  followed  by  an  exfpiration  of 
the  f^ime  kind,  conllitutcs  ajigli.  It  feems  to  be  an  effort  at 
promoting  the  pafTage  of  the  blood  through  the  lungs  ;  and 
has  been  faid  to  be  employed  when  the  aftion  of  the  heart  is 
languid,  when  it  is  oppreffed  by  the  quantity  of  the  blood, 
or  when  obftacles  exift  to  its  paffage  through  the  lungs. 
Sit-'hing  takes  pUce  under  mental  afHiftion  or  coiii'dcrable 
buddy  fatigue  :  we  generally  recover  from  a  ftate  of  fyncope 
by  a  figh,  and  afthmatic  pcrfons  frequently  figh. 

In  ya-wn'mg  there  is  a  ftill  larger  infpiration  than  in 
fighi'-.g,  performed  in  a  very  flow  and  protrafted  manner, 
and  accompanied  by  a  fimilar  correfpuuding  exfpiration.  In 
both  a  peculiar  found  is  ufually  pruduced.  The  mouth  is 
opened  widely,  indeed  to  the  utmoft  extent  that  the  arti- 
culation of  the  lower  jaw  will  allow.  Yawning  is  often 
ended  by  a  llgh.  That  it  is  produced  by  bodily  fatigue, 
obfer^ed  moft  fr  quently  on  the  approach  of  deep  and  on 
waking,  and  takes  place  alf>  when  h''ngcr  is  troublcfome ; 
alfo  that  newly  born  ciiildren  yawn  in  their  firft  attempts  at 
refpiration,  are  well  known  fafts ,  but  we  cannot  explain 
how  this  happens.  Soemmerring  fays,  "  that  the  circulation 
of  the  blood  tlirough  the  lungs  goes  on  more  flowly  Ijefore 
yawning  ;  and  that  we  endeavour  to  obviate  by  a  flrong  in- 
fpiration, which  may  promote  the  circulation  through  the 
lungs,  the  fenfe  of  weight,  inconvenience,  and  fleepmcfs 
that  would  arife  from  this  caufe."  De  Corporis  humani  Fa- 
brica,  t.  vi.  p.  82. 

Coughing  is  an  effort  of  the  refpiratory  organs,  generally  ■ 
made  for  tlie  purpofe  of  removing  from  the  trachea  or  its  ^ 
branches  fome  irritating  matter,  as  mucus,  pus,  or  any 
foreign  body,  through  the  means  of  powerful  exlpiraticns, 
preceded  by  fimilar  infpirations.  Yet  the  prefence  of  a 
ftimuluS  in  the  fituation  juft  mentioned  is  not  neceffary, 
ahhough  it  is  the  moft  frequent  caufe  :  irritation  of  the  dia- 
phragm, as  from  difeafed  liver,  or  an  aftion  of  the  will,  can 
produce  coughing.  A  lar^;e  quantity  of  air  furnilhed  by  a 
confider.ible  infpiration,  is  violently  and  luddenly  expelled, 
with  a  confiderable  noifc,  by  a  very  llrong  and  almoil  con- 
vulfive  exfpiration,  and  in  its  paliage  clears  away  mucus,  or 
any  thing  elfe  which  may  happen  to  be  in  the  air  paffages. 
Tlie  air  may  be  driven  out  at  once  or  at  leveral  exfpirations: 
in  the  latter  cafe  tie  exfpirations  are  continued  often  as  long 
as  any  air  can  be  expelled,  and  the  emptied  chelt  is  again 
fupplied  by  an  infpiration  accompanied  with  a  peculiar 
noile,  as  in  the  hooping  cough.  Violent  a^id  protrafted 
coughing  from  the  interruption  of  the  refpiratory  pheno-  . 
xneiia,  io  accompanied  with  turgefcer.ee  and  livid  colour  of 

the 


LUNGS. 


•tlie  parts  about  tlie  head,  and  with  a  fenfc  of  fufFocatioir: 
'when  continued  tor  along  time  it  caufes  hcad-achc,  loreiiefs 
of  the  chell,  &c. 

Snet'z-ing  is  an  aftion  fimilar  in  its  nature,  but  more  vio- 
lent in  degree  than  coughing  ;  and  it  has  a  different  caufe, 
■viz.  irritation  of  the  nnembrane  lining  the  nofc.  A  (liort 
but  generally  full  infpiration  is  followed  by  a  mofl  vehement 
exfpiration,  (baking  almoll:  the  whole  body.  The  expelled 
air,  which  in  coughing  patfes  through  the  mouth,  is  directed 
in  fneezing,  through  the  nofe,  for  the  purpofe  of  removing 
the  irritating  caufe.  Any  extraneous  bodies  brought  into 
■coiitaft  witli  the  pituitary  membrane,  as  inllruments  or  irri- 
tating powders,  fuch  as  fnuff,  &c.  or  its  own  mucous  fecre- 
tion,  and  in  fome  individuals  fudden  expofure  to  Itrong  and 
dazzling  light,  will  produce  fneezing.  Although  it  is  an 
involuntary  cflbrt,  it  may  be  in  fome  degree  increafed  or 
diminiflied  by  the  will.  It  is  a  fmgular  fatt,  that  preffure 
about  the  bridge  of  the  nofe,  applied  when  the  inclination  is 
felt,   will  generally  prevent  it. 

How  far  the  following  obfervation  of  Soemmering  tends 
to  elucidate  the  manner  in  which  llimuli  applii'd  to  the  pitui- 
tary membrane  aft  on  the  rcfpiratory  mufcles,  in  exciting 
this  convulfive  motion  of  them,  is  left  to  the  judgment  of 
the  reader.  "  Sneezing  ariles  from  fome  rc-action  of  the 
■fcrain,  when  irritated,  through  the  medium  of  the  nafal 
nerves,  i.  e.  the  olfactory  and  filth  pair?,  upon  the  phrenic 
nerve  ;  and  that  it  mud  be  produced  in  this  way  is  proved 
by  the  fa£l,  that  the  phrenic  and  thefe  nerves  have  no  con- 
nection out  of  the  head."  De  Corporis  humani  Fabrica, 
t.  vi.  p.  84. 

In  laughing,  a  full  infpiration  is  followed  by  frequent,  im- 
perfect, and  as  it  were  broken  exfpirations,  by  which  the 
chcll  is  not  completely  emptied.  As  rcfpiration  is  hurried 
beyond  its  natural  rate  in  this  aft,  the  circulation  is  rather 
quickened  ;  and  from  the  convulfive  kind  of  aftion  in  which 
it  confifts,  a  general  agitation  muft  be  imparted  to  the  ab- 
dominal contents.  In  many  individuals,  a  very  obvious 
fnaking  of  the  cheft  and  abdomen  accompanies  laughter, 
particularly  when  violent,  lo  as  to  have  become  matter  of 
very  common  obfervation  :  hence  the  forenefs  experienced 
from  its  long  continuance.  The  features  are  at  the  fame 
time  affefled  in  a  peculiar  manner.  In  fome  individuals  the 
latter  circumftance  is  chiefly  obferved.  The  flighter  cafes 
of  laughter,  which  are  rather  called  faiihng,  confift  merely 
of  this  change  of  features ;  but  when  it  goes  further,  the 
diaphragm  and  abdominal  mufcles  are  brought  into  aCtion. 
A  confiderable  prcduftion  of  found  takes  place  at  the  fame 
^time,  reprefenting  in  men  chiefly  the  vnwe's  a  and  0  ;  in 
women  c  and  i.  The  moutli  and  its  neighboinnng  parts  are 
principally  aflfeftcd  in  the  face  ;  the  corners  are  drawn  up- 
wards and  outwards,  fo  as  in  many  cafes  to  expofe  the 
teeth  ;  the  cheek  is  fwelled,  and  the  general  elevation  of 
the  integuments  raifes  the  loner  eye-lid,  fo  as  to  contraft 
the  aperture  between  the  two  lids.  As  the  interruption  in 
the  regular  performance  of  refpiration  produces  turgefcence 
about  the  beid  in  violent  and  long  continued  laughter,  the 
lacrymal  fecretion  is  augoiented,  and  a  copious  flow  of  tears 
often  enfues. 

The  catifes  of  lau'ghter  are  partly  moral  and  partly  phyfi- 
cal ;  with  the  former  we  h:ive  nothing  to  do  in  this  article, 
except  to  obferve  that  laughing  and  weeping  feem  quite 
peculiar  to  the  human  fubjec^.  Gentle  friftion  and  preffure 
of  various  parts  of  the  body,  as  the  fules  of  the  feet,^the 
axillx,  hypochondria,  &c.  commonly  called  tickUng,  are 
the  chief  of  the  latter  kind. 

Involuntary  laughter  is  a  fvmptom  of  fame  difeafes,  as 
Jiyiteria  ;  and  the  ancients-  were  of  opinioa  that  injuries  of 


the  diaphragm  produced  it :  in  this  cafe  they  called  it  rifuj 
fardonicu?.  Modern  obfcrvations  do  not  confirm  this  faft. 
IVceping  begins  with  a  deep  infpiration,  which  is  followed 
by  fliort,  interrupted  exfpirations,  at  longer  intervals  from 
each  other  than  in  laughing  :  thefe  often  ihake  the  thorax 
and  abdomen,  and  even  the  head.  They  are  finiflied  at  lall 
by  a  (Irong  exfpiration,  followed  by  another  infpiration  or  a 
figh.  This,  like  laughing,  is  generally  produced  by  certain 
mental  aftcftions ;  but  in  fome  inllances  it  owes  its  origin 
to  phyfical  caufes,  as  bodily  pain  ;  and  difeaies,  as  hyftcria, 
hypochondriafis,  &c.  Children  generally  cry  immediately 
on  their  birth.  The  features  are  confiderably  affefted  in 
weeping  ;  the  eye-lids  are  contraftcd,  and  the  fore-head 
wrinkled  :  the  mouth  has  its  corners  drawn  downwards. 

Hiccough  is  fometimes  afibcialed  with  weeping.  It  con- 
fills  of  a  full,  violent,  fonorous,  and  Ihort,  or  fometimes 
even  convulfive  involuntary  infpiration  through  a  contracted 
glottis.  Some  confider  that  the  epiglottis  is  concerned  in 
producing  the  peculiar  found  of  hiccough,  and  that  this 
organ  is  Itruck  by  the  air  as  it  forcibly  enters  the  larynx. 
The  diaphragm  appears  to  be  the  part  principally  concerned 
in  this  convulfive  infpiration.  Sometimes  an  expulfion  of 
air  from  the  (lomach  through  the  oefophagus  is  joined  with 
hiccough.  Two,  three,  or  more  natural  infpirations  and 
exfpirations  take  place  in  the  interval  between  tivo  hiccoughs. 
It  may  be  occafionally  prevented  by  depreflTing  the  dia- 
phragm, and  thus  holding  the  breath  ;  or  by  iwallowing 
fomething  fiowly. 

There  are  many  caufes  exciting  it.  The  nearnefs  of  the 
ilomach  to  the  diaphragm  occafions  the  latter  to  be  often 
affefted  by  particular  ilates  of  the  former  organ.  Eating 
cr  drinkingr  too  much,  or  unwholefome  articles,  is  a  frequent 
fource  of  the  complaint.  Wounds  or  difeafes  of  the  (to. 
mach,  or  of  the  diaphragm,  may  produce  it ;  as  alfo  various 
general  difeafes  of  the  frame,  in  which  it  often  appears  as 
the  precurfor  of  death. 

Infpiration  is  immediately  concerned  in  the  aft  oi  fueling. 
The  lips  are  clofely  applied  round  an  objeft,  e.g.  thofe  of 
the  child  to  th.e  mother's  nipple.  The  air"  contained  in  the 
mouth  is  then  more  or  lefs  completely  exhaufted  by  infpira- 
tion, and  the  preffure  of  the  furrounding  air  forces  into 
this  more  or  lefs  complete  vacuum  the  contents  of  the  lafti- 
ferous  tubes.  When  a  liquid  is  lucked  through  a  tube  into 
the  mouth,  the  vacuum  is  formed  in  that  tube,  which  is 
embraced  by  the  lips,  and  the  air,  preiTing  on  the  furface  of 
the  liquor,  forces  it  up  the  tube  into  the  mouth.  If  the  lips 
are  direCtly  immerfed  in  the  fluid,  a  vacuum  is  formed,  and 
the  fluid  rifes  into  it  exaftly  in  the  fame  way.  The  aft  of 
drlnh'-ng  is  effefted  on  the  fame  principles. 

Dejcription  of  the  Pleura  and  Mediajlinum. — The  pleura  is 
a  thin  tranfparent  ferous  membrane,  lining  the  cavity  of  the 
thorax,  and  reflefted  over  the  contained  hings.  Each  of 
the  latter  organs  is  eticlofed  in  a  particular  bag  of  its  own, 
which  bears  the  fame  relation  to  the  lung,  as  the  pericar- 
dium d()(«  to  the  heart  ;  furrounding  it  like  a  loofe  bag  or 
(liealh,  and  immediately  invefting  its  furface :  hence  we  na- 
turally diflinguilh  two  parts  of  this  membrane,  viz.  the 
lining  of  the  chell  (pleura  coflalis),  and  the  external  co- 
veri/ig  of  the  lung  (pleura  pu'monalis.) 

As  there  are  two  lungs,  there  niuft  alfo  be  two  pleura?, 
a  right  and  a  left.  We  may  form  a  notion  of  them  by 
conceiving  two  membranous  bags,  forming  entire  and  im- 
perforated cavities,  placed  laterally  with  refpeft  to  each 
other,  and  forming,  by  their  appofition,  a  partition  dividing 
the  chefl;  into  a  right  and  a  left  fide,  and  containing  in  its 
fubftance  feveral  of  the  orgai-.s  belonging  to  this  cavity. 
That  the  two  membranous  bags  are  perfeftly  dillinft,  lo 

that 


LUNGS. 


tnat  notliing  can  pafs  from  one  to  the  otlitr,  h  rendered 
obvious  ;  lit,  by  anatomical  examinations,  in  which  they  may 
be  feparated  without  any  injury  ;  2dly,  by  experiments  on 
dead  bodies,  in  which  fluids  may  be  thrown  into  one  pleura 
without  palling  into  the  other;  and  jdly,  by  obfervations  on 
difcafcd  fubjefts,  in  which  water,  pus,  &c.  are  often  con- 
tained for  long  periods  in  one  plei;ra  only. 

In  order  to  underftand  the  relations  of  the  pleura  to  the 
lungs  and  to  the  other  thoracic  organs,  let  us  defcribe  it  as 
if  it  began  behind  the  fternum.  From  this  part  it  extends 
outwards,  covering  the  ribs,  their  cartilages,  and  the  internal 
intercoftal  mufc'es,  confequcntly  lining  the  fides  of  the  cheft. 
At  the  heads  of  the  ribs  it  covers  the  ganglia  of  the  great 
fympathetic  nerve,  and  their  branches.  When  it  has  reached 
the  back  of  the  cavity,  and  the  vertebral  column,  indead  of 
pafling  in  front  of  that  column,  -it  is  continued  from  be- 
hind forwards,  on  the  fide  of  the  aorta  and  the  ccfophagus, 
In  front  of  which  it  is  applied  againll  the  membrane  of 
the  oppofite  fide,  to  form  the  potlerior  part  of  the  medi- 
aftinum.  It  would  be  continued  in  this  way  from  the  fpine 
to  the  fternum  through  the  whole  length  of  the  chelt,  if  it 
did  not  meet  with  the  fafciculus  of  velTels  entering  the  root 
of  the  lung  ;  it  is  reflefled  over  thefe,  and  over  ihe  ferface 
of  the  lung,  to  the  fubftance  of  which  it  is  clofely  con- 
nefted,  forming  its  exterior  covering.  At  the  front  of  the 
root  of  ths  lung  it  covers  the  anterior  furface  of  thefe 
vetfels  :  th;n  is  continued  from  behind  forwards  on  the  fide 
of  the  pericardium.  It  is  then  applied  to  the  bag  of  the 
oppofite  fide,  to  form  the  front  of  the  medialliiuim,  and, 
laftly,  terminates  on  the  back  of  the  fternum,  where  we 
fuppofed  it  to  begin.  Below  it  extends  over  the  whole  fu- 
perior  furface  of  the  diaphragm. 

Thus  it  appears  that  the  figure  of  the  pleurae  is  com- 
pletely determined  by  that  of  the  cavity  which  the  ti-.em- 
branes  line.  Each  of  thefe  bags  is  conical  :  it  rifes  into 
an  obtufe  point  within  the  fpace  included  by  the  firft  rib  ; 
on  the  anterior,  outer,  and  pofterior  afpefts  it  is  convex, 
where  it  lines  the  ribs  and  intercoftal  mufcles  ;  below  it  is 
concave  and  expanded  over  the  diaphragm  ;  and  on  the  in- 
fide,  where  it  contributes  to  the  mediaftir.um,  nearly  plane, 
but  (lightly  concave  in  the  fituation  of  the  heart.  Some 
anatomifts  diftinguifli  in  the  pleura  three  portions,  according 
to  the  parts  of  the  cheft  wiiich  they  cover  :  -viz.  the  coftal, 
the  diaphragmatic,  and  the  mediaftinal. 

The  pleurae  adhere  with  different  degrees  of  firmnefs  to 
the  parts  which  they  line.  The  medium  of  this  connection 
is  a  cellular  tifluej  continuous  below  with  tJiat  of  the  ab- 
dominal parieles,  alcove  with  that  of  the  neck  and  upper 
extremities,  and  in  all  directions  with  that  which  fills  the  in- 
terftices  of  the  muLles  forming  the  fides  of  the  cavity. 
In  the  neighbourhood  of  the  vertebra:,  and  in  fome  parts  of 
the  mediaftinum,  this  tifTue  is  copious,  and  often  contains 
fat :  the  adhefion  is  elofer  to  the  ribs  and  intercollal  muf- 
fcles,  and  moft  firm  to  the  diaphragm. 

The  relative  fituation  of  the  two  bags  varies  at  different 
parts  of  the  cheft,  as  different  organs  are  interpofe.l  be- 
tween them.  Towards  the  upper  and  anterior  part,  imme- 
diately under  their  obtufe  points,  behind  the  arteries  coming 
from  the  arch  of  the  aorta,  and  above  the  pericardium, 
they  are  contiguous  and  feparated  only  hy  cellular  texture. 
In  the  middle  and  lower  part  of  the  chell,  they  are  widely 
feparated  by  the  intervention  of  the  heart,  pericardium, 
large  blood-veffels,  &c.  Hence  the  axis  of  the  cavity  muft 
pals  from  above  obliquely  downwards  and  outwards. 

The  ri^ht  and  left  do  not  precifely  correfpond  to  each 
other.  The  former,  on  account  of  the  oblique  pofition  of 
the  heart,  lines   nearly  the   whole  pofterior  furface   of  the 


fternum  :  hence  it  is  broader  than  tlie  left  ;  but  it  is  at  the 
fame  time  ftiorter,  becaufe  the  diaphragm  is  more  ftrongly 
arched  on  this  fide.  The  left  is  applied,  for  the  fpace  of 
fome  inches,  to  the  aorta. 

The  capacity  of  the  two  pleura:  taken  together  is  about 
one  hundred  cubic  inches  in  the  dead  body.  It  is  generally 
larger  in  the  male  than  in  the  female  fcx  ;  and  is  very  dif- 
proportionately  fmall  before  birth.  The  right  exceeds  the 
left  in  the  fame  proportion  as  the  right  is  larger  than  the 
left  lung. 

The  meillajllnum  is  the  partition  which  feparates  the  two 
bags  of  the  pleurx,  and  divides  the  cheft  into  a  right  and  a 
left  fide.  It  is  formed  by  the  appofition  of  the  two  mem- 
branous facs,  and  extends  from  the  vertebral  column  to  ihe 
fternum  and  cartilages  of  the  left  ribs.  We  defcribe  in  it 
tv,o  lateral  furfaces,  a  pofterior  and  an  aniericr  edge,  a 
bafis  and  an  apex.  The  lateral  furfaces  are  fmooth,  and 
contiguous  to  the  internal  furfaces  of  the  lungs,  except 
where  tiie  pulmonary  velTels  enter  thofe  organs  :  they  form 
the  inner  portions  of  the  two  bags  of  the  pleun.  The 
pofterior  edge  is  attached  to  the  fpine,  of  which  it  exadUy 
follows  the  dircftion.  The  anterior  is  fixed  in  an  oblique 
line  to  the  fternum  above,  and  to  its  edge  and  the  cartilages 
of  the  left  ribs  below.  Hence,  if  we  thruft  5^  pointed  in- 
ftrument  through  the  middle  of  that  bone,  it  will  penetrate 
the  right  pleura,  and  not  touch  *he  mediaflinum.  The  ob- 
lique pofition  of  tlie  heart  fecms  to  carry  with  it,  as  a  con- 
fequence,  this  obliquity  of  the  mediaftinrm.  Yet  this 
difpofition  does  not  hold  univcrfally  :  in  fome  fubjects  the 
mediaftinum  defcends  along  the  middle  of  the  fternum  :  in 
others,  which  indeed  are  very  rare,  it  is  inclined  from  left 
to  right,  fo  that  the  right  fide  of  the  cheft  is  narrower 
than  the  left.  Sometimes  the  right  layer  of  the  mediaftinum 
is  fixed  to  the  middle  of  the  fternum,  while  the  left  is  at- 
tached at  the  articulations  of  the  cartilages.  The  bafis  of 
the  mediaftinum  correfponds  to  the  fuperior  furface  of  the 
diaphragm,  and  prefents  a  wide  feparation  of  the  pleura:, 
lodging  the  heart  and  pericardium.  The  apex  correfponds 
to  the  upper  end  of  the  cheft  ;  it  enclofes  the  trachea, 
the  ccfophagus,  and  the  veffels  and  nerves  which  are  entering 
into  or  going  out  of  the  cheft. 

The  .Tiediaftinura  is  formed  by  the  two  pleurae,  which,  in- 
ftead  of  coming  into  contaft  with  each  other,  leave  a  con- 
fiderable  interval  between  them  filled  by  various  organs. 
Above  and  in  front,  they  lodge  the  thym.us  ;  below  and  in 
front,  the  heart  v.ith  its  pericardium,  and  the  largs  veffels 
conne&ed  to  its  bafis  ;  behind,  the  ccfophagus  and  aorta. 
The  two  laniinE  of  the  mediaftinum  touch  each  otlier  only 
in  front  of  the  pericardium,  between  the  lower  end  of  the 
thymus  and  the  diaphragm,  and  behind  that  membrane,  in 
front  of  the  cefophagus,  from  the  firft  dorfal  vertebra  to 
the  cardiac  orifice  of  tlie,  diaphragm.  The  latter  circura- 
ftance  has  occafioned  a  divifion  of  the  mediaftinum  into  atj 
anterior  and  a  pofterior  part  ;  the  firft  includes  all  that  is 
placed  in  front  of  the  ccfoph.^gus,  the  latter  all  behind  it. 
Thefe  divifions  are  often  called  anterior  and  pofterior,  or 
fternal  and  dorfal  mediaftina.  The  former  is  the  broadcil 
and  ftiorteft  of  the  two  ;  it  ends  about  the  fifth  or  fixth 
rib  ;  while  the  latter  extends  to  the  eleventh. 

In.the  anterior  mediaftinum,  or  triangular  fpace  placed 
behind  the  fternum  and  cartilages  of  the  left  ribs,  befides 
fome  fat  and  cellular  fubftance,  and  fome  abforbing  glands, 
we  have  the  thymus,  the  trunks  of  the  internal  mammary 
arteries,  and  the  heart.  In  the  pofterior  mediaftinum,  or 
interval  of  the  pleurs  immediately  in  front  of  the  verte- 
bra:, are  found,  in  addition  to  fome  adipcus  and  cellular 
texture,  aj'.d  feverai  abforbing  glands,  tlie  end  of  the  trachea 

■with 


LUNG  S. 


-t'.-ith  the  commencement  of  the  bronchi,  the  greatcft  part 
of  the  cefopliagus,  with  the  nerves  of  the  eighth  pair,  the 
pulmonary  ariery  and  veins,  the  defcending  aorta,  the  tho- 
racic dufl,  and  the  vena  azygos. 

When  the  flernum  is  rsiftl,  in  order  to  expofe  the  con- 
'  tents  of  the  thorax,  the  fpace  feparating  the  two  plonrs  be- 
.hind  tliat  bone,  and  forming  the  anterior  mcdiaftitiuiti,  is 
increafed,  becaiife  the  membranes  are  partly  detached  from 
the  tlernum  and  ribs,  to  which  they  before  adhered.  Tlie 
cellular  fubllance  occupyinji;  the  interval  becomes  tilled  with 
•air,  and  is  confequenily  rendered  more  fcnfible. 

The  lamina;  compoling  the  mediatlinum  are  rather  tliinner 
than  the  pleurx  in  other  fituations.  They  are  united  to 
each  other,  and  to  the  parts  included  between  them,  by  a 
cellular  tilTue  continuous  with  that  of  the  general  external 
furface  of  thefe  bags.  This  tidue,  as  well  as  that  con- 
nefting  the  different  parts  together,  is  tolerably  copious, 
-and  contains  more  or  lefs  fat.  It  is  fufceptible  of  iiifiam- 
malion  and  fuppuratio",  as  in  other  parts  of  the  body  ;  but 
•lefs  frequently.  Hence  abfccffes  fometimes  occur  here.  The 
laminae  of  the  mediaftinum  arc,  however,  more  clc-fely  at- 
tached to  the  furface  of  the  pericardium  ;  it  is  diflicu't 
to  feparate  the  two  membranes  completely.  The  right 
lamina  is  more  tenfe  than  the  left  ;  a  conliderable  protu- 
berance is  obferved  in  the  latter,  and  formed  by  the  fitua- 
tion  of  the  heart  :  hence  the  former  only,  if  either,  can  have 
any  effeil  in  fupporting  the  diaphragm. 

The  mediadinum  receives  its  peculiar  blood-veffels.  In 
front  its  arteries  come  trom  the  internal  mammary,  and 
the  comes  nervi  phrenici  ;  behind,  from  the  inferior  thy- 
roid, the  fiiperior  intercoltal,  the  pericardiac,  ocfophageal, 
and  bronchial  arteries.  The  veins  correfpond  to,  and  accom- 
pany thefe. 

The  media;1inum  divides  the  thcil  into  two  lateral  halves; 
feparatcs  the  membranous  bags  containing  the  lungs,  and 
renders  their  aftion  independent  of  each  other.  It  con- 
fines alfo  to  one  fide  various  morbid  afFcclions,  as  effu- 
ilons  of  blood,  pus,  Sec.  Some  phyfiologills  conceive  that 
it  is  further  ulctul,  by  fupporting  the  weight  of  the  oppo- 
fite  lung,  when  we  lie  on  the  one  fide,  and  protecting  there- 
fore the  lung  of  the  fame  fide  on  which  we  lie. 

The  pleura  is  nearly  tranfparent,  fo  that  we  can  eafily 
diilinguifh  through  it  the  colours  of  the  fubjacent  parts. 
The  fibres  of  the  diaphragm  and  intercollal  mufcles,  the 
intercoilal  veffels  and  the  ribs  are  immediately  difcerncd 
through  this  membrane.  We  can  (till  more  clearly  perceive 
all  the  fhades  of  colour  in  the  lung  through  the  pleura 
puhnonalis  ;  this  indeed  is  thinner  than  the  pleura  coftalis, 
and  adheres  very  clolely  to  the  organ.  Boili::g  dellroys  this 
tranfparency,  and  gives  the  membrane  a  dirtyifii  white  ap- 
^pearance.  It  is  very  ItroTig  in  proportion  to  its  ihicknefs. 
Concerning  its  inimate  organization  we  have  nothing  far- 
ther to  fay  than  what  the  reader  will  find  in  the  general  ac- 
count of  the  ferous  membranes. 

The  arteries  and  veins  of  the  pleura,  befides  what  have 
been  already  meotioned  as  belonging  to  the  mediaftinum, 
are  derived  chiefly  from  the  interco  tal  vefFels.  The  ab- 
fjrbents  are  exceedingly  numerous,  and  pafs  through  glands 
fituated  about  the  heads  of  the  ribs  to  the  thoracic  diict. 

Th-  internal  furface  of  the  pleura  is  in  all  parts  fmooth, 
pale,  and  covered  by  a  ferous  moilfi'.re  produced  from  the 
cxhahng  veffels  of  the  membrane.  This  obfervation  applies 
as  well  to  the  pleura  pulmonahs,  as  to  the  p.  coftalis  :  the 
jn'crnal  furface  of  the  former  conilitutes  the  outer  furface  of 
.the  lung  :  the  two  portions  of  the  membrane  are  contiguous 
atall  points.  In  a  living  animal,  or  in  one  recently  fiaugh- 
tered,  and  opened  whilit  yet  warm,  this  ferous  exhalation  cf- 


capes  in  the  form  of  a  light  whitifh  fmokc  :  the  furface  of 
the  membrane  has  a  foft  llippery  feel,  but  no  aftual  fluid  is 
difcerncd  in  the  cheft.  When  the  body  has  cooled,  this 
vapour  is  condcnfed  into  a  few  drops  of  liquor,  which  is 
foon  increafed  by  the  tranfudaiion  through  the  b'ood-veflels, 
and  then  it  conilitutes  what  authors  have  defcribed  under  the 
name  of  liquor  pleura;.  It  has  been  queflioned  whether  this, 
or  the  fluid  of  the  pericardium,  which  is  alfo  in  very  fmall 
quantity,  compoied  the  watery  part  of  what  iffued  from  the 
lide  of  our  Savinur  when  pierced  by  tlie  foldicr.  We  are  of 
opinion,  that  the  period,  at  which  this  occurred  after  death, 
was  too  recent  for  us  to  fuppofe  that  any  fluid,  or  if  any, 
not  more  than  an  exceedingly  minute  portion  of  fluid,  could 
be  contained  in  the  pleura  or  pericardium.  Confcquentl) 
the  fac\  does  not  admit  of  a  natural  explanation,  but  mud 
be  referred  to  the  miraculous  powers  fo  fignally  exerted  in 
other  refpefts  on  this  occafion. 

This  ferous  exhalation  is  conftantly  abforhcd  and  renewed. 
It  keeps  the  lung  in  an  infulated  (late,  and  feparatcs  it  from 
the  parietes  of  the  thorax.  How  far  this  is  eflential  to  the 
funftions  of  the  organ,   will  be  examined  prefently. 

The  exhalation  of  the  pleura  is  varioufly  changed  in  difeafe. 
It  confills  of  aftual  fluid,  either  dcpofited  in  unufual  abun- 
dance, or  not  abforbed  with  the  ufual  activity,  in  hydro-tho- 
rax. In  pleuritis  it  is  the  coagulating  part  of  the  blood, 
which  afterwards  forms  the  adhelions  ot  the  two  pleurae,  fo 
commonly  feer.  in  the  dead  body,  that  hardly  any  fubjett  is 
entirely  free  from  them. 

As  the  pleura  pulmonalis  and  coftalis  are  always  conti- 
guous, it  follows  that  the  lung  always  fills  the  cavity  of  this 
membranous  bag.  If  we  diffeft  away  carefully  the  mufcular 
■  parts,  that  fill  the  interval  of  two  ribs,  fo  as  to  expofe, 
without  penetrating  the  pleura,  the  tranfparency  of  the  lat- 
ter membrane  allows  us  to  fee  the  lung  through  it,  and  to  fee 
that  there  is  no  interval  between  them,  but  that  they  are  in 
accurate  contaft  in  all  parts  of  the  cheft.  The  relult  of  this 
examination  is  the  fame,  both  in  the  living  and  the  dead  fub- 
jeft.  From  this  reprefentation  it  follows  that  the  motions  of 
the  cheft  muft  be  accompanied  by  correfponding  changes  of 
the  lungs  ;  that  air  will  enter  into  or  pafs  out  of  thofe  organs 
through  the  trachea,  which  is  conftantly  open,  according  as 
the  cheft  is  enlargt'd  or  diminiflied  ;  and,  in  faft,  that  the 
dilatation  and  contraflion  of  the  thorax  are  conftantly  at- 
tended with  a  fimilar  dilatation  and  contraction  of  the  lungs. 
Thefe  motions  of  the  cheft  refer  entirely  to  the  funftions  of 
the  lungs,  which  are  paffive  in  refpiration,  which  poflels  in 
themfelves  no  independent  power  of  enlargement  and  dimi- 
nution. 

Different  opinions  were,  for  a  long  time,  entertained  on 
this  fubjeCt  ;  it  was  funpofed  that  a  fpace  filled  with  air,  fe- 
parated  the  lungs  from  the  containing  cavity.  A  frequent 
&nd  careful  performance  of  the  difiection  mentioned  above, 
has  however  (hewn  the  hmg  always  in  contact  with  the 
pleura,  when  the  latter  has  not  been  injured  ;  and  the  cheft 
has  been  opened  under  water  without  a  (ingle  particle  of  air 
efcaping.  '  Indeed  it  is  only  by  this  contact  that  the  function 
of  refpiration  can  be  explained,  if  we  admit  the  pafTive  na- 
ture of  the  lung  :  the  expanfion  and  contraction  of  the 
clieft  would  be  no  longer  attended  with  enlargement  and  di- 
minution of  the  lung,  if  air  were  contained  between  this 
vifcus  and  the  fides  of  its  containing  cavity. 

All  the  preceding  obfervatious  apply  to  the  natural  ftate 
of  the  parts,  in  which  the  bag  of  the  pleura  is  entire  ;  if 
that  be  wounded,  fo  as  to  make  a  communication  between 
its  cavity  and  the  external  air,  the  lung  no  longer  continues 
in  contact  with  the  fides  of  the  cheft.  It  has  been  almoft 
univerfally  received,  that  when  an  opening  is  made  into  the 

thorax 


LUNGS. 


thorax  in  the  h'ving  fuhjcft,  the  Iting  falls  from  the  fides  of 
the  cavity,  becomes  diminiflied  in  fize,  or,  in  technical  lan- 
guage, collapfes,  and  remains  motionlefs.  Such  is  the  repre- 
lentation  given  by  Haller  (Element.  Phyfiol.  lib.  viii.  feft.  2. 
J  6.)  If  an  extenfive  wound  be  made  on  botli  fides,  it 
feems  generally  admitted  that  the  lungs  are  rendered  mo- 
tionlefs, that  refpiration  (lops,  and  the  animal  dies.  But 
it  is  not  equally  clear  that  a  fmall  wound  is  attended  inva- 
riably with  collapfe  and  a  fatal  termination.  Cafes  are 
recorded,  in  which  penetrating  wounds  of  the  cheft  have 
been  attended  with  protrufion  of  the  hmg — a  (late  apparently 
the  direft  reverfe  of  collapfe.  And  Mr.  Norris,  who  had 
met  with  fuch  an  inilance,  opened  the  thorax  in  (lieep,  on 
oae  and  both  lldes,  fufficiently  to  enable  him  to  introduce 
a  finger.  Refpiration  was  not  rendered  difRcult.  (Sec 
Memoirs  of  the  Med.  Soc.  of  London,  vol.  iii.)  Tims  it 
(hould  feem  that  the  fize  of  the  wound  influences  tlje  refult  of 
the  experiment  in  a  living  aaimal ;  which  is  not  irrcconcile- 
able  to  the  reprefentation  we  have  already  given  of  the  palTive 
ftate  of  the  lung.  For  the  furface  expofed  to  the  external 
prelfure  of  the  atmofphere  by  a  fmall  wound  may  not  conn- 
teraft  the  effeft  produced  by  the  contaft  of  the  two  plcurs 
in  the  whole  of  the  reft  of  their  extent.  In  all  thefe  experi- 
ments the  wound  (hould  be  carefully  kept  open,  if  we  are 
to  derive  any  inilruclive  inferences  from  the  refult  :  if  its 
fides  are  allowed  to  come  in  contaft,  no  collapfe  of  the 
lung  could  be  expedled.  We  do  not  know  how  to  explain 
the  protrufion  of  the  lung  from  wounds. 

If  a  wound  be  made  in  the  lung,  when  there  is  no  commu- 
nication between  the  thorax  and  the  external  air,  as  by  a 
broken  rib,  air  efcapes  into  the  thorax,  and  cannot  pafs  out : 
a  collapfe  of  the  lung  is  a  necelfary  confequence.  This  is 
what  occurs  in  emphyfema,  and  occafions  the  difiiculty  in 
breathing  ;  the  air  alfo  efcapes  through  the  wound  of  the 
pleura  into  the  cellular  fubftance  of  tlie  body. 

When  a  wound  is  made  into  the  cheft,  in  the  dead  fub- 
jeft,  the  lung,  which  was  before  in  contact  with  the  pleura, 
immediately  recedes  from  it.  The  feparation  is  more  marked 
in  front,  lefs  at  the  fides  ;  and  at  laft  the  lung,  much  dimi- 
nifhed  in  volume,  lies  againil  the  back  of  the  cheft.  Of  courfe 
an  empty  fpace  is  left,  proportioned  to  the  collapfe  of  the 
lung,  and  the  pleura  is  ftretched  over  this,  with  a  whitidi 
opaque  appearance.  This  experiment  never  fails,  except 
when  the  lung  is  adherent.  The  air  contained  in  the  cheft 
at  the  time  of  death  is  cooled  as  the  reft  of  the  body  grows 
cold;  its  volume  muft  be  diminilhed,  and  the  lung  containing 
it  muft  undergo  a  correfponding  diminution,  by  virtue  of  its 
contraClility  of  tifTue.  Hence  a  tendency  to  the  formation 
of  a  vacuum  enfues,  in  confequence  of  which  the  prefture 
of  the  external  air  puflies  the  diaphragm  ftrongly  upwards, 
and  makes  it  very  concave  towards  the  abdomen.  This  is 
the  condition  in  which  that  mufcle  is  conftantly  found  in  the 
dead  fubjedl,  although  we  might  fuppofe  that  the  weight  of 
the  thoracic  contents,  prefTmg  on  it  above  perpendicularly, 
would  drive  it  downwards  when  it  is  no  longer  fupported  by 
the  abdominal  vifcera  below.  If  a  fmall  opening  be  made 
in  it  penetrating  the  cheil,  it  immediately  finks,  and  a  ipace 
is  created  above  it  by  the  atmofpheric  air  entering  the  ca- 
vity. 

How  is  the  collapfe  of  the  lung  In  the  dead  fubjeft  to  be 
explained  ?  Are  we  to  conceive  that  air  efcapes  through  the 
glottis  when  the  lung  finks  in  confequence  of  an  opening  in 
the  cheft  ?  On  this  fuppofition  the  organ  muft  previoudy 
have  been  maintained  by  its  contadl  with  the  fides  of  the 
cavity,  in  a  ftate  of  greater  diftention  than  it  vi'ould  exhibit 
if  left  to  itfelf.  The  accefs  of  the  air  to  the  thorax  enables 
the  Isng  to  pafs  into  its  natural  ftate,  by  allowing  its  con- 

Vol.  XXI. 


tradiiity  of  tifTje  full  fcopefor  exertion.  But  vi-e  have  af- 
certained  that  the  phenomenoil,  called  collapfe  of  the  lungs, 
takes  place  in  the  dead  body,  wlien  a  ligature  is  placed  oa 
the  trachea,  fo  that  the  contra<flility  of  tiffue  cannot  operate. 
It  depends  entirely  on  the  finking  of  the  diaphragm,  wliich 
gives  way  towards  the  abdomen,  and  is  followed  by  the  lung. 
The  latter  organ  therefore  is  not  diminidicd  in  fize,  and  can- 
not with  any  propriety  be  faid  to  have  fuflcrtd  collapfe. 
Let  it  be  remembered  that  the  concavity  of  the  diaphragm 
is  maintained  by  the  prelTure  of  the  atmofpI;ere,  forcing  i: 
into  the  cheft,  to  fill  the  fpace  left  by  the  gradual  dimi- 
nution of  volume  of  the  lung  conlequent  oir  the  cooling  of 
the  air,  and  its  contradtility  of  tifTue  ;  and  that  this  arifes  en- 
tirely from  the  accurate  mutual  contact  of  the  lung  and  tho- 
racic cavity.  When  the  latter  is  expofed,  the  air  prelTes 
on  the  lung  at  tlic  fituation  of  this  expofure  above,  as  much 
as  it  does  againil  the  diaphragm  below,  and  thtfc  two  organs 
confequcntly  take  that  pofiiisn  which  their  weight  and  con- 
nedtions,  independently  of  any  other  caufcs.  would  deter- 
iiiine.  We  believe  that  the  contractility  of  tilTue  of  the 
lung  has  been  exerted  nearly  to  its  full  extent,  before  the 
chf  ft  is  opened,  and  that  it  would  be  exerted  to  the  utmoft 
extent,  if  the  diaphra;;m  could  be  forced  up  fuflicien'.ly  to 
fill  all  the  fpace  left  by  the  cor.traftion  of  the  organ.  It 
feems  to  us  that  the  lung  does  contraS  after  the  cheft  has  been 
opened,  and  confequcntly  that  the  diaphragm  is  not  capable 
of  filling  all  the  fpace  which  the  contractility  of  the  lung 
might  leave.  Bichat  refers  the  collapfe  of  the  lung  in  the 
dead  fubjeft  entirely  to  the  coohng  of  the  air  contained  in  thu 
organ  atter  death.  This,  he  fays,  prodi'res  a  vacuum 
between  the  lung  and  the  pleura  coftalis  ;  lue  lung  collapfes 
before  the  cheft  is  opened,  becaufe  the  air-cells  contract  in  ■ 
proportion  as  the  air  is  condenfed.  Tl.c  affcrtion  that  a 
vacuum  exifts  is  contrary  to  all  obfervation  ;  indeed  the  thing 
is  obvioufty  inipofiiblc.  If  we  underftand  him  rightly,  he 
denies  that  the  collapfe  takes  place  on  opening  the  cheft. 
"Thus,"  fays  he,  "  there  is  this  difference  between  opening 
a  dead  and  a  living  body  :  in  the  former  the  lung  ha?  already 
coUapfed  ;  in  the  latter  it  collapfes  at  the  inftant  of  the 
opening.  The  contraction  of  the  cells,  when  the  cooled  air 
is  condenfed  and  occupies  lefs  fpace,  is  an  effeft  of  the  ccn- 
traftility  of  tiffue,  which  remains  in  the  organs  to  a  certain 
degree  after  death.  Moreover,  if  the  lung  collapfed  in  the 
dead  body  at  the  moment  of  opening  the  cheft,  the  caufc 
would  be  in  the  prelTure  of  the  external  air,  whi.h  would  ex. 
pel  through  the  trachea  what  was  contained  in  the  organ. 
But  if,  in  order  to  prevent  the  exit  of  the  air,  you  clofe  the 
trachea,  and  then  open  the  cheft,  the  lung  is  found  in  the 
fame  ftate  of  collapfe  ;  therefore  the  air  h.ad  quitted  it  al- 
ready. Make  the  fame  experiment  on  a  living  animal,  and 
you  will  always  prevent  the  collapfe  of  tW;  lung."  RJ- 
cherches  fur  la  Vie  ct  la  Mort,  p.  193,  note  i. 

It  remains  for  us  to  advert  again  to  the  feroi'.s  fccrctioo 
which  moiftens  the  furface  of  the  pleura.  Is  this  feorction 
neceflfary  to  the  phenomena  of  refpiration  ?  is  that  function 
fenfibly  impeded,  when  the  ferous  fluid  is  no  longer  pro- 
duced, and  the  pleura  pulmonalis  and  coftalis  are  united  to- 
gether throughout  ?  For  a  long  time  the  affirmative  of  this 
qucftion  has  been  maintained,  and  it  has  even  been  ufual  to 
attribute  habitual  difiiculty  of  breathing  to  adhefioiis  be- 
tween the  lungs  and  pleur*.  Yet  the  following  confidera- 
tlons  render  tliis  fuppofition  very  doubtful.  I.  It  has  been 
clearly  proved,  that  in  the  healthy  ftate  the  lungs  and  the 
containing  cavities  are  perfectly  contiguous,  both  in  infpira- 
tion  and  exfpiration  :  reafoning  alone  might  have  (hewn  this. 
What  end  do  the  movemetits  of  the  chelt  ferve,  if  the  lung* 
poffefs  in  themfelves  an  independent  power  of  motiop  ? 
4  L  *   Since^ 


LUNGS. 


Sioce,  then,  the  lungs  and  cheft  always  move  together,  Iiow 
can  there  be  an  empty  fpace  between  them  ?  and  if  there 
can  be  none,  how  can  an  accidental  union  ohflruil  the 
motions?  2.  Adhelinns  between  the  pleura  pulmoiialis  and 
coftahs  are  extremely  tre([uent.  They  are  found,  not  only 
in  individuals  who  have  died  after  a  lon<j  difeafe,  but  alfo  in 
thofe  whom  a  violent  death  has  furprifed  in  a  (late  of  health. 
In  many  inftances  the  whole  furface  of  the  lung  adheres  to 
its  cavity:  yet  in  general  the  individuals  have  enjoyed  perfeft 
freedom  of  refpiration.  We  muft  therefore  conclude,  that  a 
continuity  of  furface  l^etween  the  lungs  and  cheft  does  not 
injure  the  freedom  of  the  refpiratory  functions.  Tiie  utility 
of  the  feruus  fluid  does  not  then  appear  fo  clear  to  us  in  the 
pleura,  as  in  other  cavities  of  the  body.  In  the  refpiratory 
apparatus,  the  motions  of  the  fides  of  the  cavity  and  of  the 
contained  organs  hold  a  certain  neceflary  and  invariable  rela- 
tion to  each  other.  The  brain  tends  to  move  in  an  immove- 
able bony  cafe  ;  the  gallric  vifcera  may  change  their  pofition 
and  relations  to  each  other,  without  any  alteration  in  tha 
abdominal  parietes  :  in  the  fynovial  cavities  there  are  two 
furfaces  conftantly  moving  in  an  inverfe  direftion  to  each 
other,  &c.  We  every  where  fee  the  different  portions  of 
a  ferous  furface  Aiding  on  each  other  in  a  more  or  lefs  mark- 
ed degree,  and  we  naturally  conclude  that  the  prefonce  of  a 
fluid  is  indifpenfible  to  ihat  motion.  The  thorax  alone  pre- 
fents  to  us  two  ferous  furfacea  always  in  conta£l  at  the  lame 
points. 

The  two  lungs  occupy  th»  ferous  cavities  on  the  fides  of 
the  chelk,  lined,  as  already  defcribed,  by  the  pleura.  They 
are  feparated  from  each  other  by  the  mediallinum,  but 
united  by  the  circumllance  of  their  receiving  from  two  com- 
mon trunks  (the  trachea  and  pulmonary  artery)  the  air  and 
blood  which  are  neceiTary  to  their  phenomena.  They  are 
rot  fymmetrica',  but  differ  both  in  fizc  and  form,  exhibit- 
ing the  irregularity  which  belongs  to  the  organs  of  the  or- 
ganic  life  ;  or  rather  holding  a  middle  place  in  this  refpeft, 
as  well  as  in  their  funftions,  between  thofe  and  the  organs 
of  the  animal  life.  The  heart,  which  is  turned  to  the  left, 
and  placed  ahnoll  entirely  on  the  left  fide  of  the  cheil,  di- 
minifhes  the  tranfvcrfe  diameter  of  thccorrefponding  pleural 
the  liver  elevates  the  diaphragm  very  fenfibly  on  the  oppofite 
fide,  fo  as  to  redi;ce  the  perpendicular  meafurement  of  th^ 
right  pleura.  Hence  the  left  lung  is  the  longed,  and  the 
right  the  broadelt  of  the  two. 

Their  volume,  in  the  natural  (late,  is  always  cxaftly  the 
fame  as  the  capacity  of  the  bags  of  the  pleurx  :  thtir  ex- 
ternal furface  is  conllantly  in  contact  with  thefe  cavities. 
As  they  Iwve  no  power  of  motion  in  tliemfelves,  and  follow 
every  cliange  which  the  fides  of  the  chell  undergo,  their 
capacity  is  conftantly  varying :  when  the  cheil  is  enlarged, 
they  are  dilated  by  the  entrance  of  air  into  their  iubflance 
through  the  trachea,  and  when  it  is  contrafted,  tliey  undergo 
a  correfponding  diniiuutiua  by  the  expulfusn  of  air.  For 
further  explanation  and  proofs  on  this  fubjeft,  fee  the  ac- 
count of  the  pleiu-a.  Yet  we  cannot  always  judge  of  the 
Tolume  of  the  lungs  by  the  apparent  extent  of  the  peClorat 
cavity  :  the  heart  diS'ers  ccfiiliderably  in  fize,  and  fimilar 
■variations  of  the  liver,  influencing  the  height  to  which  the 
diaphragm  afcend.",  are  flill  more  common.  Tlie  collapfe 
of  the  lungs,  which  we  have  conddered  in  fpeaking  ot  the 
pleura,  is  lefs  marked  when  thefe  organs  are  dillended  with 
blood  :  it  is  generally  lefs  in  children  th.ui  in  adults,  and 
does  not  take  place  at  all  in  the  converfion  of  thefe  organs 
into  a  folid  mafs  like  the  liver,  at  lead  in  the  parts  immedi- 
ately affcfted.  Thus  the  bulk  of  the  lungs  depends  more 
en  the  fluids  which  they  contain,  particularly  the  blood  and 
air,  thaa  ui>  ilicir  folid  fublUnce.     They  iire  dilated  in  m- 


fpiration  ;  but  Ail!  thoroughly  penetrated  with  air  !n  the 
moll  complete  exfpiralion.  Long  and  continued  compreflion 
or  cxtraftion  of  the  air  by  an  exhaufling  fyringe  ri-durcs 
them  tn  fo  ("mall  a  bulk,  that  they  do  n  n  equal  one-fourlli 
of  the  cavity  which  is  defigncd  to  contain  them.  Prcter- 
n-itural  accumulations  of  fluid,  as  water  or  pus,  diminifh  tha 
fi/'-  of  the  organs  in  the  fame  way  diiriog  life.  The  inofl 
numerous  incilions  and  the  Itrongell  prelTure  will  hardly  gi-t 
rid  of  all  the  air  from  the  lungs  :  if  wc  cut  a  very  fmall 
portion,  and  fqueeze  it  molt  forcibly,  there  is  (Idl  enouj;!l 
air  to  keep  up  the  fize  beyond  what  the  folid  matter  would 
caufe,  and  it  lljll  fwinis  in  water.  In  fliort,  this  air  can  be 
completely  got  rid  of  only  by  ebullition,  maceration,  or 
means  that  entirely  (ieflroy  the  texture  of  the  organ. 

The  lungs  generally  contain  mare  blood  after  death  ihaa 
during  life,  as  an  accumulation  takes  place  in  their  veffcla 
in  the  aft  of  dying:  the  quantity  of  thii  fluid  influences  the 
bulk  of  the  organ,  when  the  cavity  of  the  cheft  is  expofi'd. 
When  there  is  much  blood,  incilions  into  the  lung  produce 
a  lefs  marked  diminution  of  volume  than  we  might  cxpeft  ; 
they  only  give  iflTue  to  the  air  and  not  to  the  blood.  The 
ready  efcape  of  the  air,  too,  requires  a  free  communication  of 
the  air-cells  with  each  other,  which  the  ftagnation  of  the 
blood  prevents,  by  confining  the  air  in  every  part,  fo  that 
only  the  cut  portion  is  evacuated  by  the  incifions.  Where 
the  individual  has  died  of  hemonhage,  tlie  lungs  arc  almoft 
entirely  irce  from  blood,  and  owe  their  vulun.c  to  the  air: 
here  fuperficial  incifions  produce  a  fudden  and  marked  col- 
lapfe. This  has  been  particularly  obferved  in  perfons  exe- 
cuted by  the  guillotine  :  thn-c  or  four  incifions  have  fpeedily 
reduced  the  lung  to  nearly  the  half  of  its  original  Cze. 
(Ijichat,  Anat.  Defcript.  t.  iv.  p.  12.)  For  the  fame  reafon, 
the  degree  of  collapte  of  the  lung  will  be  much  influenced 
by  the  quantity  of  mucous  fluids  contained  in  the  air-velTels 
and  cells  of  the  lung?. 

The  lungs  are  the  lighteft  organs  in  the  body  ;  they  con- 
ftantly fwim  when  immerfed  either  entire,  or  hi  parts,  io 
water.  This  property  depends  obvioufiy  on  the  fame  caufa 
as  their  volume,  namely,  the  air  wliich  they  contain.  When 
entirely  deprived  of  this  fluid,  and  reduced  to  their  own  fub- 
ftance,  they  do  not  fu  im.  This  is  feen  when  one  of  them 
is  fo  compreflTed  and  flattened  by  the  efTufion  into  the  chefl 
of  a  large  quantity  of  fluid,  as  to  ferve  no  longer  for  the 
purpofes  of  refpiration.  In  certain  difeafes,  too,  the  lung 
is  rendered  folid  and  impervious  to  air,  and  then  finks  in 
water  ;  but  this  is  a  pathological  phenomenon.  Immerfioa 
in  water  is,  thei-cfore,  the  ordmary  and  beft  m.ethod  of  de- 
termining the  fpecific  gravity  of  the  lung.  The  greater 
or  fmaller  qtiantity  of  blood  whicii  may  be  contained  in  thtir 
vefTels  at  the  time  of  health  occafions  them  to  vary  in  weight 
when  compared  in  different  fnbjects. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  lungs  of  a  perfon,  who 
has  died  of  afphyxia,  are  heavier  than  thofe  of  one  who 
has  perilhcd  from  hemorrhage  :  and  that  thel'e  organs  will 
be  lighter  after  a  chronic  dileafe,  which  has  exhaufted  the 
vital  powers,  and  diminifhed  the  energy  of  the  circulation, 
than  after  llrangidation,  in  which  there  is  a  confiderabie 
afflux  of  blood  into  them  to  the  laft  moment. 

The  form  of  thefe  vifcera  is  in  general  conical,  with  the 
bafis  dou-nwards,  and  tlie  apex  upwardr.  This  form  is 
tolerably  conflant,  becaufc  it  depends  on  that  of  the  thorax, 
which  varies  little  in  its  natural  nate.  They  corrtfpond  im- 
mediately to  the  folid  fides  of  the  cheit  only  at  the  upper 
and  outer  parts  :  on  the  inner  fide  they  he  againft  the  heart, 
and  below  are  feparated  from  the  abdominal  organs  by  the 
diaphragm:  in  the  two  latter  afpedts,  therefore,  their  form  i« 
influenced  by  that  of  the  neighbouring  parte.    The  heart, 

'  placsd 


I.  U  N  G  S. 


'y'.aced  chiefly  on  the  left  fide  of  the  cheft,  leaves  a  m;ich 
narrower  fpace  for  the  bafis  of  the  left  than  for  that  of  the 
-tight  King.  Tlie  natural  or  accident;il  varieties  in  the  form 
«r  the  cheft,  as  curvatures  of  the  fpine,  with  the  concomi- 
tBnt  deviations  in  the  figure  and  direction  of  the  ribs,  are 
always  attended  with  correfponding  varieties  in  the  lungs. 
We  may  defcribe  in  each  lung,  belid.-s  the  ba;:s  and  apex, 
two  furfaces,  an  internal  and  external. 

The  external  furface  is  convex  in  its  whole  extent,  and 
«orrcfp:nds  to  the  thoracic  parietcs,  from  which  it  is  fepa- 
ratcd  by  the  pleura  coftahs  ;  it  is  liaooth  and  polidicd,  and 
li'bricated  by  a  ferous  exhalation.  A  confiderable  groove 
U  obferved  in  it,  beginning  behind  a  little  below  the  apex, 
and  rutniing  obliquely  forwards  ai\d  downwards  to  the  balis. 
T'lis  groove  runs  throughout  the  fubftance  of  the  lung, 
which  it  divides  into  two  nearly  equal  iialvcs  called  lobes; 
tiicfL'  are  conneftcd  together  at  the  root  of  the  organ  by  the 
r''floxion  of  the  pleura,  and  by  receiving  their  blood-veficls 
£roai  a  common  trunk.  The  two  lobes  are  in  contact  with 
each  other  by  broad  and  flat  furfaces,  which  are  fmooih  and 
I'.ibricated,  like  the  external  furface  of  the  lung,  as  they  are 
covered  tliroughout  by  the  pleura.  The  upper  lobe  of  the 
Rcht  lung  13  marked  by  another  groove,  direilted  obliquely 
from  abi>ve  downwards,  and  within  outwards;  fo  that  its 
mafs  !S  divided  into  three  lobes  :  the  middle  is  the  fmallell, 
and  trian^^ular  in  its  figure.  This  fecondary  groove  is  more 
variable  than  the  former  in  its  exillence,  its  length  and  depth. 
Sometimes,  but  ver)-  rarely,  it  is  rot  found  ;  and  it  is  often 
incomplete,  io  as  not  to  divide  the  middle  lobe  entirely  from 
the  fi:peri.)r.      It  is  very  feldom  feon  ii!  the  It-ft  lung. 

The  internal  furface  is  nearly  plane,  and  divided  into  two 
unequal  portions  by  the  infertion  of  the  bronchi  and  pulmo- 
nary vefleli,  which  takss  place  towards  its  upper  and  back 
part. 

It  is  at  this  point,  which  is  called  the  root  of  the  lung, 
that  the  pleura  is  reflected  over  the  organ  :  here,  there- 
fi-re,  the  pleura  pulmonalis  and  coltalis  are  continuous. 
This  is  the  only  fituation  in  which  the  lung  adheres  to  the 
containing  cavity  ;  the  furface  is  free  and  unattached  every 
■where  elfe ;  it  is  fometimes  caUed,  from  this  circumllance, 
the  ligamentum  pulmonis. 

The  bronchus,  the  pulmonary  artery  and  veins,  the  nerves 
and  lymphatics  of  the  organ,  furrounded  and  connected  by 
ocllular  lubftance,  and  forming  a  fingle  large  fafciculut, 
pafs  out  of  the  niedialliflum  to  the  lung.  The  pleura  is 
r-eflefted  over  this  fafciculus,  covers  it,  and  is  continued 
over  the  lung.  That  portion  of  the  inner  fide  of  the  lung 
which  is  behind  the  root  i^  narrow,  and  correfponds  to  the 
lateral  furface  of  the  vertebral  column :  the  anterior  divifion 
ic  broader,  and  is  contiguoivs  to  the  heart  and  pericardium  ; 
it  is  (lightly  concave  at  this  part.  Above  and  below  the 
ififertion  of  the  veffels  the  inner  iurface  of  the  lung  is  not  di- 
vided into  thefi;  two  parts. 

The  external  and  internal  furfaces  of  the  lung  are  united 
by  two  edges.  The  anterior  is  thin,  particularly  below, 
irregular  in  its  outline,  directed  obliquely  downwards  and 
forwards,  and  has  in  the  left  lung  a  fmall  notch  correfpond- 
ing to  the  apex  of  the  heart.  The  pofterior  is  obtufe,  not 
clearly  marked,  directed  vertically,  and  correfponding  to  the 
hollow  at  the  angles  of  the  nbs.  On  the  latter  is  feeii,  above, 
the  commencement  of  the  great  groove,  which  divides  tlie 
iung  into  two  lobes. 

The  bafis  of  the  lung  refts  on  the  -diaphragm,  and  is  con- 
cave, to  fuit  the  convexity  of  that  great  muTcular  partition. 
Jt  is  directed  obliquely  from  within  outwards,  from  above 
downwards,  and  from  before  backwards  ;  correfponding  in 
ttis  refpecl  entirely  to  the  diaphragm,     Tlie  concavity  of 


the  bafis  is  more  marked  in  the  right  than  in  the  left  !iin(», 
on  account  of  the  greater  convexity  of  liiis  fide  of  the  dia- 
phragm produced  by  the  liver.  The  termination  of  the 
great  groove  is  found  on  this  furface  of  the  organ,  fo  that 
tiie  two  lobes  are  dillintl  here  as  well  as  in  other  fituations  : 
but  the  fuperior  lobe  coii'.ributes  to  tlic  formation  of  the 
bafis  only  in  a  very  fmall  part  of  its  extent,  ra'ticularly  on 
the  right  fide.  The  circumference  of  the  bans  prefentb  a 
thin  edge,  with  a  rather  irregular  outline  intcrpofed  betw«-en 
the  ribs  and  the  diaphragm,  near  the  attachment  of  the  lat- 
ter. This  is  more  fenfible  on  tlnj  ri^jht  than  on  the  left  fide. 
Its  appearance  varies  according  to  the  ditTerent  states  of 
the  lungs  ;  the  preceding  defcription  applies  to  tlie  dead 
fubjeft.  In  infpiration,  the  diaphr5gm  deic^nds  a"d  becomes 
nearly  plane  ;  the  lung  follows  it,  and  affumes  a  correfpond- 
ing figure,  its  edge,  inllead  of  being  thin,  becuming  thick, 
and  no  longer  included  between  the  diaphrajzm  and  ribs. 

The  apex  of  the  lung  is  fmall  and  obtufe,  and  corre- 
fponds to  the  cul-de-fac  of  the  pleura  under  the  firft  rilx.  In 
tliis  way  it  is  completely  infulated  from  the  lower  part  of  the 
neck.  It  exhibits  feveral  more  or  le'.s  marked  tubercular 
rifings. 

The  whole  furface  of  the  lungs  is  unconnefted  to  the  ira- 
vity,  except  in  the  fituation  ot  the  ligainerita  pulmonum. 
The  oppofed  furfaces  of  the  lobes  are  in  the  fame  way  uucon- 
nccted  to  each  other,  and  covered  by  the  ferous  mem- 
brane. All  thefe  parts  are  moiller.cd  by  a  ferous  exha- 
lation. 

The  colour  of  the  hmgs,  when  not  influenced  by  that  of  the 
fluids  which  they  contain,  is  extremely  pale ;  fometimes  a  flight 
tawny  brown,  but  more  frequently  grey  or  alh-coloured  ; 
and  lometimts  completely  white.  This  colour  is  feen  over 
the  whole  organ,  both  on  its  furface,  and  in  the  interior, 
when  it  is  quite  free  from  blood  ;  but  is  no  !<jnger  vifible 
when  the  lung  is  loaded  with  that  fluid.  Hence  we  under- 
iland  why  we  meet  with  it  fo  feldom  in  the  dead  body, 
fince  a  diltcntiun  of  the  pidmonary  veifels  with  blood  is  one 
of  the  moll  ordinary  phenomena  of  death.  The  only  cafes 
in  which  we  caa  expeft  with  fome  eertainty  to  find  the 
li4ngs  exhibiting  this  pale  colour  throughout,  are  thofe  of 
deaths  from  hemorrhage.  It  was  noticed  by  the  Freuch  in 
individuals  who  peri(hed  by  the  guillotine.  We  may  often 
obferve  it  in  fome  particular  points  of  the  organ,  where  the 
abfence  of  blood  may  be  afcertained  by  incilions.  The 
tawny  or  greyifh  colour  of  the  lungs  is  interrupted  by  fmaM 
black  or  brown  fpots,  irregularly  dillemiuated  over  the  fur- 
face, and  very  variable  in  number  and  form.  Often  the  or- 
gan is  very  thickly  fpolted  in  this  way  ;  at  other  times  they 
are  fcattered  here  and  there  at  confiderable  dillances  ;  fome- 
times, but  very  feldom,  they  do  not  exiil  at  all.  Thefe 
fpots  do  not  depend  in  the  leall  on  the  blood.  Simple  in- 
fpeCtiou  is  futficient  to  prove  that  they  belong  to  the  organi- 
zation of  the  part.  They  are  very  dilUnft  in  the  paleltand 
moll  bloodlefs  luntjs,  and  may  he  eafily  recognifed  in  the 
general  hvid  tint  of  thofe  w  hich  are  moil  loaded  ;  they  fecia 
to  polfefs  always  the  fame  intenfity  of  colour;  and  they  are 
always  circumfcribed,  while  the  marks  arifing  from  the  blood 
end  imperceptibly.  Thefe  black  fpots  prefent  every  variety 
of  figure.  Some  are  fuperficia],  others  extend  into  the  fub- 
ilance  of  the  lung,  and  feme  are  found  in  the  interior  of  tke 
organ.  They  feem  to  belong  entirely  to  the  pulmonary 
tilfue,  as  they  are  never  feen  on  the  bag  of  the  pleura,  and 
are  found  in  the  fubftance  of  the  lung. 

But  generally  the  lungs  are  loaded  with  blood  at  the  time 

of  death,  and  do  not  confequently  exhibit  the  palenefs  which 

we  have  defcribed  as  belonging  to  their  proper  tiflue.    They 

areuiually  livid,  TioletTColoured,  brpwujlh,orreddiIh;  and  die 

4  L  3  inlxture 


t  U  N  G  S. 


riixture  of  thefe  varimis  tints  gives  them  the  marbled  ap- 
pearance, whicli  has  generally  been  regarded  in  difTcftiiig 
rooms  as  the  natural  ftate  of  tl'.e  organs,  although 'it  is  merely 
produced  by  di-ath.  The  brown,  blueifh,  or  violet  colour 
is  the  mod  frequently  obferved,  and  occupies  the  lung  moll: 
extenfively.  It  depends  on  the  prefcnce  of  venous  blood, 
\vhieh  flagnates  as  foon  as  rcf;>iration  has  ceafed  to  colour 
what  the  right  ventricle  ftili  impels.  The  tint  varies  as  llie 
blood  is  accumulated  more  or  lefs  in  particular  liuiations. 
1'he  higheft  de^^ree  of  this  congeftion  produces  the  black 
obferved  in  the  lungs  of  thole  who  die  of  afphyxia  ;  the 
brown  or  violet  colour  is  caufed  by  a  {lighter  degree  of  the 
fame  effeft.-  The  colour  is  always  the  deepeft  in  the  moft 
depending  part  of  the  lung,  as  the  blood,  obeying  only  the 
laws  of  gravity  after  dtfath,  fettles  in  the  lowed  parts.  Prom 
the  ordinary  pofition  of  the  body  this  deep  colour  is  nlually 
feen  at  the  back  of  the  lung  ;  but  if  the  fubjetl  be  laid  on 
the  face,  tlie  J"arae  phenomenon  is  exhibited  in  front.  Thefe 
dark  colours  are  not  the  only  ones  obferved  in  the  lungs ; 
inore  or  lels  extenfive  patches  of  a  bright  red  are  often  feen  ; 
this  may  occupy  a  large  portion  of  tne  organ,  while  the  red 
is  brown  or  violet-coloured.  This  red  colour  is  univorlal  ia 
the  lungs  of  children,  which  do  not  prefent  the  black  fpots  ; 
the  former  gradually  difappears,  and  the  latter  increafe  with 
the  progrefs  of  age.  The  fame  bright  tint  extends  into  the 
fubdance  o-f  the  Tung.  We  are  at  a  lofs  for  a  fatisfattory 
explanation  of  this  appearance  :  if  it  arofe  from  the  blood 
being  afted  upon  after  death,  by  the  air  contained  in  the 
pulmonary  air-cellSj  we  (hould  expeft  to  find  it  more  univer- 
fal  and  more  frequent.  The  parts  of  the  lung,  however, 
in  which  this  tint  is  obferved,  certainly  contain  fcarlet  blood, 
and  owe  the  colour  to  that. 

The  lungs  are  the  lead  denfe,  and  lead  refiding  of  all  or- 
gans formed  of  folid  tilfues.  They  yield  readily  to  coinprcf- 
fion,  preferve  the  mark  of  the  preliiire,  and  are  redored  im- 
perfe<31y  to  their  original  date.  This  obfcrvation  applies 
only  where  they  are  not  loaded  with  blood,  but  contain 
merely  that  quantity  of  air,  which  never  leaves  them  after 
they  have  been  once  didended  with  it.  When  full  of  blood, 
they  acquire  a  confidence  foreign  to  their  own  fubdance,  re- 
fift  prefTure  more  effeftually,  and  redore  themfelves  more 
readily.  Hence  foftnefs  and  flaccidity  more  particularly 
charafterize  the  lungs  of  perfons  who  have  died  of  hemor- 
rhage. When  we  fqueeze  the  air  forcibly  into  a  part  of  the 
lung,  a  peculiar  crackhng  noife  is  produced  by  the  burfling 
of  the  air-cells  :  this  crepitation  does  not  take  place  in  dif- 
eafed  lungs. 

The  foftnefs  of  the  pulmonary  texture  arifes  from  the 
Jungs  being  entirely  compofed,  as  we  diall  fee  prefently,  of 
various  vafcular  fydems.  It  accords  very  perfectly  with  tlie 
paffive  part  that  they  perform  in  the  refpiratory  phenomena  : 
poIfefRng  no  power  of  motion  in  themfelves,  they  expand 
and  contraft  merely  in  confequence  of  motions  of  the 
thed. 

The  lungs  are  compofed  of  a  cartilaginous  and  membranous 
tube,  by  which  air  is  conveyed  into  them  ;  of  the  pulmonary 
artery  and  veins,  of  which  the  former  termisates  the  fydem 
of  black  blood,  and  the  latter  commence  that  of  red  blood  ; 
of  the  bronchial  veflels  concerned  in  the  nutrition  of  thefe 
organs  ;  of  a  peculiar  tilfue,  compofing  a  congeries  of  mi- 
nute cells,  which  receive  the  air  admitted  jn  refpiration  ;  and 
'T>f  lymphatics  and  nerves.  Thefe  parts  are  all  united  by 
cellular  tilTue,  and  covered  externally  by  the  refleded 
pleura. 

The  air-vefTds  compofe  the  eflential  part  of  the  lungs, 
with  refpeft  to  their  funftions  as  organs  of  refpirition. 
They  introduce  the  fluid  by  which  the  blood  is  changed  ; 


this  procefs  goes  on  at  their' furface  ;  nnd  the  air,  after  fcrv* 
ing  the  purpofes  of  refpiration,  is  expelltd  through  them. 
When  taken  altogether  they  form  the  cavity  of  the  refpira- 
tory apparatus,  which  is  analogous  to  tliat  of  the  digedivc 
canal,  in  having  a  mucous  lining,  but  differs  in  its  arrange- 
ment, as  it  is  fubdividcd  into  a  vad  number  of  canals,  de- 
crcaling  fucceilively  like  arteries.  Thefe  are  the  only  tubes 
in  the  body  conllantlv  open  ;  it  is  necedary  that  the  air 
fliould  have  free  aad  condant  accefs  to  them.  This  order 
of  tubes  is  begun  by  a  fmgle  trunk,  which  unites  the  two 
lungs,  and  necelFarily  renders  their  phenomena  fimultane- 
ons.  The  common  trunk  is  called  trachea  (afpera  arteria, 
trachee  artere)  ;  and  its  primary  diviiions  the  right  and  left 
bronchi. 

The  trachea  is  placed  in  front  of  the  vertebral  column, 
extends  from  the  upper  part  and  middle  of  the  neck  to  the 
upper  part  of  the  ched,  beginning  immediately  below  the 
larynx,  and  ending  about  the  level  of  the  fecond  or  third 
dorfal  vertebra.  It  is  placed  on  the  middle  line  of  the  body, 
and  is  fymmetrical  in  its  whole  extent  ;  in  this  rcfpcS  it  ap- 
proaches to  the  external  organs  :  the  fymmetry  ceafes  in  its 
diviiions.  It  appears  cylindrical  in  front,  but  is  flattened 
beliind.  Its  diameter  varies  according  to  the  age  of  the  fub- 
jcdt,  and  the  natural  volume  of  the  lungs  ;  it  may  be  about 
tight  or  ten  lines  in  the  adult,  and  is  exactly  the  fame  with 
that  of  the  larynx,  meafured  at  the  cricoid  cartilage.  It 
continues  the  fame  through  the  whole  length  of  the  trachea. 

In  front  it  is  covered  above  by  the  two  portions  of  the  thy- 
roid gland,  which  unite  together  at  the  middle  of  the  tube. 
Lower  down  the  derno-hyoidei  and  derno-thyroidei,  and  the 
inferior  thyroid  veins  cover  it.  In  the  ched  it  is  enclofed  in 
tlie  poderior  mediadinum,  and  correfponds  to  the  thymus, 
to  the  left  fubclavian  vein,  the  arteria  innominata,  and  the 
arch  of  the  aorta.  Behind  it  covers  the  cefophagus,  and  to- 
wards the  right  the  vertebral  column.  On  the  fides  it  is  co- 
vered above  by  the  lateral  portions  of  the  thyroid  gland,  and 
is  contiguous  below  to  the  common  carotids.  A  loole  and 
abundant  cellular  tilfue  forms  the  medium  of  its  conne6xioa 
to  all  thefe  parts.  The  fuperior  extremity  is  conneifed  to 
the  cricoid  cartilage  by  a  ligamentous  fubdance  ;  tlie  inferior 
is  placed  at  the  right  fide  of  the  defcending  aorta,  is  bifur- 
cated, and  produces  the  two  bronchi.  The  latter  begin 
about  the  fecond  or  third  dorfal  vertebra,  and  feparate  from 
the  common  trunk  nearly  at  a  right  angle,  yet  they  go  with 
fome  obliquity,  downwards  and  outwards,  each  to  its  cor- 
refponding  lung.  Here  we  begin  to  meet  with  the  irregu- 
larity of  form  that  charafterizes  the  organs  of  the  internal 
life.  The  left  bronchus  is  imaller  than  the  right,  and  takes  a 
much  longer  courfe  :  it  paffes  under  the  arch  of  the  aorta, 
while  the  other  goes  immediately  to  its  lung.  Theie  tubes 
enter  the  lungs  at  the  (ituations  already  defcribedas  the  roots 
of  thofe  organs.  They  ramify  in  every  direiSion,  and  di- 
vide into  branches,  becoming  fucceffively  imaller  and  fmaller. 
Thefe  fubdivifions  are  fo  numerous,  that  every  part  of  the 
lung  contains  them.  The  cxa(S  manner  of  their  termination 
is  not  underftood. 

The  air-tubes  are  compofed  of  three  parts,  an  exterior 
membrane,  of  a  fibrous  and  probably  mufcular  texture ;  a 
cartilaginous  ilrufture,  which  is  united  to  the  preceding  ; 
and  a  mucous  lining.  The  exterior  membrane  rifes  above 
from  the  circumference  of  the  cricoid  cartilage,  and  occu- 
pies the  whole  extent  of  the  trachea  and  bronchi,  forming 
a  very  effential  part  of  thofe  tubes.  It  is  tolerably  thick  in 
the  greated  part  of  its  courfe,  but  grows  thinner  in  the 
fmaller  ramifications  of  the  bronchi,  where  it  cannot  be 
ealily  traced.  It  is  formed  of  parallel  and  clofely  arranged 
longitudiaiil  fibres,  the  nature  of  which  is  doubtful ;  fome 

confidej 


LUNGS. 


eonfider  them  ns  nuifcular,  others  rertard  them  as  a  fibrous 
organ,  to  which  their  appearance  is  very  fiinilar.  'J'liis 
membrane  alone  conf 'tiites  tlic  folic!  portion  of  the  trachea 
behind  ;  and  hence  arifes  the  flattened  ligure  ofthe  tube 
at  that  part.  This  peculiarity  in  the  back  of  the  trachea 
has  been  referred  to  the  fituntion  and  motions  of  the  afo- 
phagus,  wliich  lies  clofe  behind  it :  but  the  fame  ftrufture 
exilis  in  the  bronchi  alfo,  where  it  cannot  admit  of  that 
explanation.  The  arrangement  is  different  on  the  anterior 
part  and  fides  of  the  trachea,  in  two-thirds  at  leafl  of  the 
circumference  of  the  tube.  The  fibrous  membrane  is  inter- 
rupted by  portions  of  cartilage  (annuli  cartilaginei),  which 
keep  it  on  the  llretch,  and  thereby  preferve  the  air-lubes 
conltantly  open.  Each  of  thefe  cartilages  reprcfents  two- 
thirds  of  atircle.  Tiiey  are  bent  on  themfelves,  flattened 
on  their  furfaces,  uniform  in  length,  but  of  diflFercnt  breadths. 
Their  convexity  forms  a  part  of  the  exterior  furface  of  the 
tub/ ;  their  concavity  correfponds  to  the  mucous  mem- 
branes, from  which  a  thin  celiidar  ftratum  feparates  them. 
Thi-ir  fuporior  and  inferior  margins  are  rounded,  continuous 
on  the  outfide  with  the  fibrous  tlffue,  and  (lightly  prominent 
through  the  mucous  membrane  on  the  infide.  Their  extre- 
mities projeft  more  or  lefs  behind  in  the  fibrous  tidue,  are 
alien  the  fame  level,  are  rounded,  and  a  little  bent  upwards. 
They  vary  in  number  from  about  iixtecn  to  twenty  ;  they 
may  be  more  or  lefs  broad  ;  and,  as  the  length  of  the  tube  is 
nearly  uniform,  they  mull  be  more  numerous  in  proportion 
as  they  are  narrower.  In  general,  they  are  broader  in  front, 
and  diminidi  progrelTively  to  the  back  part :  but  the  reverfe 
of  this  fometimes  happens  ;  or  two  may  be  u^iited  at  their 
edges.  Commonly  their  direftion  is  liorizontal  to  the  axis 
of  the  trachea  ;  but  many  of  them  are  often  more  or  lefs 
oblique. 

Id  colour  and  texture  they  refcmble  the  fibro-cartiiages 
of  the  organs  of  fenfe  :   they  are  very  elaftic. 

The  firll  cartilage  is  generally  much  larger  than  the  fuc- 
ceeding  ones ;  the  lall  has  a  prolongation  from  its  middle 
correfponding  to  the  bifurcation  of  the  bronchi. 

In  the  ramifications  of  the  bronchi  the  cartilages  become 
lefs  regular  in  their  form,  and  fewer.  They  no  longer  ex- 
hibit that  annular  form,  but  coufiil  merely  of  fmall  pieces, 
fometimes  feparatc,  and  fometimes  united.  As  the  fubdivi- 
fions  are  mukiphed,  the  cartilages  become  lefs  firm,  and  at 
laft  difappear  altogetlier,  fo  that  we  find  only  a  membranous 
flrufture  when  we  have  traced  the  air-tubes  as  far  as  the  eye 
can  go. 

The  external  furface  of  this  fibrous  membrane  is  fprinkled 
behind  with  fmall  lightifh  brown  and  flattened  bodies  of 
very  variable  figure,  round,  oval,  &c.  Thefe  are  mucous 
glands,  of  which  the  excretory  dufts  open  on  the  internal 
furface  of  the  tube.  Tliey  are  fmaller  on  the  bronchi  than 
in  the  trunk  of  the  trachea,  and  they  become  more  minute 
in  proportion  as  the  veffels  ramify.  Their  (trufture  feems 
to  be  very  fimple ;  one  duft  comes  from  each  gland  geaerally ; 
but  fometimes  two  or  three  glands  are  united,  and  there 
the  dufts  are  more  numerous.  The  fibrous  membrane  ex- 
hibits none  of  thefe  glands  in  the  intervals  of  the  cartilages, 
on  its  external  furface.  The  inner  furface  of  the  membrane, 
in  the  fame  fituation,  correfponds  to  the  mucous  lining  of 
the  tube,  from  which  it  is  feparated  by  numerous  fmall  and 
clofely  arranged  granular  bodies,  which  are  probably  mucous 
glands.  At  the  back  part  of  the  tube  there  is  found,  under 
the  fibrous  membrane,  a  (Ira'ium  of  tranfverfe  fibres  extended 
between  the  extremities  of  the  cartilages,  to  which  they  are 
attached.  Thefe  are  difpofed  in  fmall  fafciculi,  have  not 
the  white  aponeurotic  appearance  of  the  fibrous  membrane, 
a&d  feem  to  be  real  mufcular  iibrea.     They  are  corinefted 

14 


to  the  raucous  lining  by  a  loofe  cellular  tilTue,  and  may  be 
molt  advantas;eoufly  feen  by  dilfefting  a^ay  that  membrane 
«froni  the  infide.  In  what  manner  ihefe  fibres  affect  the 
phenomena  that  occur  in  the  trachea  we  do  not  know. 
The  longitudinal  ones,  that  compofe  the  fibrous  membrane 
already  defcribed,  have  generally  been  regarded  as  of  a 
mnfcular  nature  :  but  their  appearance  by  no  means  warrants 
thisreprefentation.  Tiiey  polTefsconfiderable  elaflic  power,  fo 
tliat  the  trachea,  when  extended,  recovers  itfe'f  very  quickly 
and  completely  :  this  property  is  frequently  brought  into 
exercife  in  the  living  (late  from  the  motions  of  the  head  and 
neck.  The  effetl  of  the  cartilaginous  femi-circles,  wliich 
are  incorporated  with  this  membrane,  in  preferving  the  air- 
tubes  permanently  open,  and  the  neceffity  of  this  arrat;ge- 
ment  to  thii  execution  of  the  refpiratory  fundlions,  arc  too 
obvious  to  require  atiy  detailed  illullration. 

The  mucous  membrane,  or  the  third  conflituent  portionr 
of  the  air-tubes,  is  the  fecond  divilion  of  that  great  mucous- 
apparatus,  called  by  Bichat  gajlro-pulmonaire.  We  trace  its- 
continuation  from  the  pharynx  into  the  larynx,  through  that 
cavity  into  the  trachea  and  bronchi,  to  their  ultimate  rami- 
fications. Ill  the  latter,  it  is  faid  to  cxill  alone,  or  without 
the  other  two  parts  already  mentioned  :  but  the  minutenefs 
of  the  parts  makes  it  difTicult  to  afcertain  this  point  by  direft 
examination,  although  fuch  a  flrufture  would  be  favourable 
to  that  more  intimate  conneftion  between  the  blood  and  air- 
vcffels,  which  is  neceffary  to  the  chemical  phenomena  of 
icfpiration,  according  to  flie  notions  commonly  entertained 
refpefting  thefe  phenomena.  The  external  furface  corre- 
fponds behind  to  the  tranfverfe  fibres ;  and  in.  the  reft  of  its 
extent  to  the  fibrous  membrane  and  cartilages,  which  latter 
project  through  it.  The  connecting  medium  which  attaches 
it  to  all  thefe  parts  is  a  cellular  fubftancc,  admitting  eafily 
of  feparation.  The  internal  furface  is  fmooth,  'and  con- 
ltantly lubricated  by  a  mucous  fecretion :  it  forms  the 
cavity  of  the  air-tubes.  The  excretory  canals  of  the  mucous 
glands  open  on  it  in  many  parts  very  dillindlly.  In  the 
back  of  the  tube,  where  there  is  no  cartilage,  it  exhibits 
numerous  prominent  and  regular  longitudinal  folds  :  thefe 
extend  into  the  bronchi  and  their  ramifications.  They  are 
not  produced  by  the  contraftion  of  any  parts  fituated  ex- 
teriorly, but  exift  when  the  membrane  has  been  detached^ 
and  are  not  affefted  by  tranfverfe  extenfion  of  tlie  tube  : 
they  feem  to  arife  from  fmall  fibrous  columns  form.ing  a 
part  of  the  flrufture  of  the  membrane. 

tor  the  organization  of  tliis  membrane,  we  mud  refer  to 
the  general  view  exhibited  in  the  article  Membrane.  It 
is  thinner,  lefs  fpongy  and  foft,  and  more  firmly  attached  i:i 
the  trachea  than  in  the  larynx  :  the  orifices  of  the  mucous- 
dufts  are  alfo  fmaller  ;  in  the  bronchi  it  is  Hill  more  delicate, 
and  this  tiiinnefs  increafes  as  the  tubes  rlivide.  In  the  na- 
tural flate  it  is  white,  fo  as  to  indicate  that  the  capillary 
fylleni  is  not  very  clearly  marked  in  it.  Thefe  veffels  are 
developed  and  become  perceptible  under  numerous  circum- 
ftances,  particularly  in  catarrhal  affedtions,  to  which  the 
pulmonary  mucous  membrane  is  very  fubjeft.  ITic  blood 
is  then  accumulated  in  the  capillaries,  and  gives  to  the  mem- 
brane a  red  colour,  which  it  does  not  poffcfs  naturally. 

It  is  fuppofed  tliat  this  membrane  compotes  entirely  the 
air-cells,  or  veficle.s  of  the  Uuigs,  in  which  the  minute  rami- 
fications of  the  air-tubts  end.  If  we  impel  air  mto  the 
trachea,  the  whole  lung  becomes  diileuded,  and  increafes  in 
volume  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of  air  inflated.  At-> 
tentive  obfervation  will  then  convince  us  that  its  whole 
fubltance  is  compofed  of  fmall  cells,  which  we  can  readily 
difcern  on  the  furface.  If  the  inflated  ung  be  dried,  or  i£ 
the  organ  be  diilendcd  with  ipirit  of  wine,  and  then  cut,  its 

whole- 


LUNGS. 


wliok>  fubftance  is  found  to  h<^  compofcc!  of  tliofc  cells,  as  \vA\ 
as  its  external  fiirfjce.  Injedtion  with  qiiickfilver  will  do- 
mon Urate  the  fame  (Irudure.  This  gives  to  ihc  lung,  wlien 
cut  or  torn,  a  porous  aad  Ipoiiirv  appearance  tliroiighoiit. 
The  cells,  when  attentively  furveyed  on  the  fiirface  of  tiie  lung, 
have  a  roundilh  liguro,  but  their  outline  is  often  irregnhtr. 
When  inflated  they  meafure  ilh  or  ,'  th  of  a  line  in  diani»t.r. 
They  communicate  together  in  nil  direiilions  fo  completely, 
by  the  ramifications  of  the  air-tubes,  that  air  might  pafs 
eafdy  from  a  lingle  cell  into  all  parts  of  the  lung;  but  tlie 
cells  of  the  neighbouring  lobules  do  not  feera  to  haw  any 
diredl  commutjication. 

The  mucous  membrane,  in  an  extremely  delicate  ftate, 
continued  from  the  minute  ends  of  the  air-tubes,  is  fuppofed 
to  compofe  thefe  cells  ;  but  the  niinntenefs  of  the  objects 
renders  our  defcription  of  them,  excepting  a  fe«'  general 
fads,  rather  uncertain.  Anatomy  difcovers  to  us  rather  a 
fpongy  net-work,  filled  with  air,  and  formed  by  blood- 
vefleis  croffing  in  every  direction,  than  any  clear  arrange- 
ment of  diltindl  cells,  connected  to  the  bronchial  ramifica- 
tions, like  grapes  to  their  flalk,  aa  they  have  been  defcribcd 
and  drawn  by  feveral  anatomifts. 

In  this  view  of  the  fubjeft,  the  extent  of  furfacc  of  the 
mucous  membrane  muil  be  enormous.  Many  attempts  have 
been  made  to  exprefs  it  in  numbers.  Hales  makes  tlie  air- 
cclls  -j-^jidth  of  an  inch  in  diameter;  the  lurface  of  the  air- 
tubes  equal  to  1033:  fquare  inchej  ;  and  that  of  the  air-cells 
to  20,000.  Keil  ellimates  the  number  of  the  veficles  at 
174,418,615,  and  the  whole  internal  furface  of  the  lung  at 
21,906  fquare  inches.  Lieberkulm  carries  his  eliimate'of 
the  iurface  as  high  as  1500  cubic  feet.  We  mention  thefe 
circumftances  only  to  fliew  the  great  extent  of  the  mucous 
membrane,  and  nut  bccaufe  we  place  much  faith  in  their  ac- 
curacy. In  reading  defcriptions  of  the  minute  flnifture  of 
the  lungs,  and,  indeed,  in  all  other  analogous  parts  of  ana- 
tomy, we  fhould  always  bear  in  mind  the  obfervation  of 
Haller  ;  "  Ea  fere  hoimnum  eft  infclicitas,  ut  omnis  ultima 
rerum  phyficarum  hilloria  parum  fu-ma  fit,  et  ut  altera  ilia, 
rerum  geftarum  memoratrix,  in  mythices  fines  terminatur." 

A  mucous  fluid  conftantly  lubricates  the  whole  of  this 
furface.  It  is  limpid,  mild,  and  nearly  infipid,  or  (lightly 
fakifli,  aad  but  little  tenacious  in  the  natural  ftate.  When 
free  from  air,  it  finks  in  water.  It  is  produced  in  fo  fmall  a 
quantity,  that  it  feenis  to  be  diffolved  in  the  air,  and  thus 
to  pafb  off  iufeniibly  in  exfpiration,  or  to  be  taken  up  by  the 
abforbents.  It  is  poured  out  much  more  abundantly  under 
various  circumftances,  and  is  altered  m  colour  and  confid- 
ence :  it  is  then  expelled  by  the  expiratory  efforts  which 
conlHtute  cough.  In  children  it  has  a  reddifli  colour  ;  and 
it  is  often  rather  livid  in  adults. 

The  watery  vapoqr  difcharged  from  the  lungs  in  exfpira- 
tion concurs  in  lubricating  the  furface  ol  the  air-paflages. 
Whether  there  be  any  exhalation  from  the  general  mucous 
furface,  in  addition  to  the  mucous  fccretiou,  feeras  a  point 
hsrdly  fufceptible  of  pofitive  determination. 

The  pulmonary  mucous  membrane  is  the  part  in  which 
the  chemical  phenomena  of  refpiration  are  carried  on ;  its 
furface  is  in  contadl  with  the  air  taken  into  the  lungs.  The 
latter  fluid  is  the  on-Iy  one,  in  addition  to  its  natural  mucus, 
of  which  it  can  bear  the  contact.  All  other  fubftances, 
even  the  clearelt  water,  are  immediately  and  powerfully  re- 
jcfted  by  it.  In  itfelf  it  pcfTefles  no  power  of  expelhng  any 
irritating  matter  from  its  furface;  but  it  excites  the  ex- 
piratory nuifcles  which  adl  convulfively  and  repeatedly  until 
ii\"  caufe  is  removed. 

The  velTels  and  nerves  of  the  lungs  are  principally  diftri- 


bated  on  thff  air-tuber,  of  which  t"hcy  every  whn-f  foUovr 
the  couriv.-.  The  artiries  of  the  trachea  come  from  the  in 
ferior  thyroidcal  ;  thofe  of  the  bronchi  tire  derived  immedi- 
ately fronT  the  aorta,  and  are  called  the  bronchial  arteries. 
The  latter  ramify  in  conjunftion  with  the  air-tubes,  and  ad- 
here cloiely  to  them  :  they  are  dillributed  cliiefly  on  the 
internal  membrane.  Several  branches  are  fpent  on  the 
bronchial  glands,  and  on  lli€  parietes  of  the  pulmonary  vef- 
fels.  D:i  they  anafiomofe  with  the  pulnionarv  artery  ?  We 
ihould  be  inclined  to  fuppofe  that  they  <!o  «ot,  from  con- 
fidering  that  the  two  kinds  of  vefl'els  cf.nlain  blood  of  dif. 
ferent  natures,  and  have  altogether  different  offices.  TJie 
bronchial  arteries  convey  arterial  blood  for  the  nutrition  of" 
the  lung  ;  the  pulmonary  artery  takes  the  venous  blood, 
that  it  may  be  fubmitted  to  the  aftion  of  the  air  in  rcfpira- 
tion.  Yet  it  has  been  afl'erted  by  feveral  anatomifts,  that 
fuch  an  anallomofis  does  take  place.  The  bronchial  veins 
accompany  the  arteries:  their  trunks  end  in  the  \':na 
azygos  on  the  right  fide,  and  in  the  fuperiur  intercuflal  vein 
on  the  left. 

The  par  vagum  furnifhes  nearly  all  the  nerves  belonging 
to  thefe  organs  :  thofif  of  the  trachea  come  from  it  alto- 
gether. The  nerves  of  the  bronchi  are  derived  from  the 
pulmonary  plexufes  formed  principally  by  the  par  vagum, 
but  partly  alio  by  branches  from  fome  ganglia  of  the  great 
fympathctic.  As  thefe  nerves  feem  to  be  dillributed  entirely 
on  the  air-tubes,  perhaps  the  epithet  bronchia  would  be 
more  proper  for  them  than  pulmonary. 

TIk'  vafcular  fyilem  of  the  lungs  may  be  divided  into 
three  parts,  dillinct  in  their  nature,  properties,  and  the 
immediate  ohjeif  of  their  phenomena.  The  firll  is  the  pul- 
monary  artery,  or  the  end  of  the  general  fyflem  of  black, 
blood  ;  the  fecond,  the  pulmonary  veins,  or  commencement 
of  the  general  fyllem  of  red  blood;  and  tlie  third,  the  ca- 
pillary iyflem  intermediate  to  the  two  preceding.  (See 
Circulation-  and  He.\rt.)  The  pulmonary  artery  arifes 
from  the  upper  and  anterior  part  of  the  right  ventricle,  in 
front  of  the  origin  of  the  aorta.  It  paffes  upwards  and 
backwards,  lying  clofe  on  the  left  fide  of  the  root  of  the 
aorta,  and,  after  a  courfe  of  about  an  inch  and  a  half,  di. 
vides  into  a  right  and  left  branch  det'uned  for  the  corre- 
fponding  lungs.  Thefe  two  divifions  feparate  moil  widely 
at  their  origin,  going  off  from  the  trunk  at  right  angles, 
and  hardly  forming  a  fenfible  angle  with  each  other.  The 
feparation  takes  place  on  the  left  fide  of  the  aorta.  The 
right  trunk  goes  immediately  behind  the  aorta  and  luperior. 
vena  cava,  and  follows  a  tranfverfe  courfe  to  the  right  lung  ; 
the  left  has  an  analogous  courfe  en  the  left  fide  of  the  body, 
but  is  much  fiiorter  than  the  right,  on  account  of  the  latter 
paliQng  beiiind  the  aorta  and  vena  cava.  Both  arc  placed  in 
front  of  the  bronchi,  and  crofs  the  courfe  at  firll,  being  di- 
reeled  a  little  from  below  upwards  ;  but  they  are  fubdivided 
exaftly  like  the  bronchi,  and  follow  their  courfe,  being 
clofely  cojineded  to  them  throughout ;  the  artery  is  gene- 
rally placed  above  its  correfponding  air-tube.  For  the  or» 
ganifation  of  this  vcffel,  we  refer  to  tlic  article  Heaht. 

The  pulmonary  veins,  arifir.g  from  the  capillary  fyftem, 
follow  a  courfe  analogous  to  that  of  the  arterial  divifions. 
Thefe  alio  accompany  the  air-tubes,  and  are  fituated  under 
them.  They  unite  gradually  into  larger  and  larger  tubes, 
and  form  ultimately  four  confiderable  trunks,;tvvo  belonging 
to  each  lung,  and  terminating  in  the  left  auricle  of  the  heart. 
The  fuperior  right  pulmonary  vein  paffes  out  of  the  lung 
below  tlw  bronchus,  and  goes  with  a  little  obliquity  down.  ■ 
wards  :  tlie  inferior  afcends  obliquely  towards  the  auricle. 
The  left  veins  have  a  fimilar  arrangement;  one  defccnds, 
aiid  the  other  ^fcenda:  they  are  more  approximated  than  oa^ 
IS  t^ 


LUNG  S. 


the  right  fiJc.     For  the  Ofganifation  of  tli'.fc  yc!TcI»,  fee 
Ukvrt. 

Tlie  capillary  vv-fTels  oftlie  lang  are  tiiilribiitnl  in  infinite 
numhcr  tlirough  all  parts  of  the  org^in,  of  t!ie  prcipcr  tifTue 
(if  which  they  coinpofe  a  Tery  contiderable  {liare.  As  they 
h  ivo  no  conncflion  with  the  niitrttioii  of  the  part,  and  per- 
forin no  fecrct:on,  they  give  paffap^e  only  to  the  blood,  and 
are  hence  remarkably  diilinguilhed  trotn  the  general  ca[)ii. 
lary  fyKem.  Thefe  veffels  cover  in  vail  proftifnn  the 
ai.-cclls  of  the  lungs ;  fo  that  when  they  are  injeftcd  with 
coloured  fluids  alter  death,  the  whole  fubllancc  of  the  organ 
appears  dyed  of  the  peculiar  colour.  In  them  the  blood  is 
expofed  to  the  air,  and  converted  from  the  dark  or  venous 
i:ito  the  red  or  arterial  ftate. 

The  fubllance  of  the  lungs,  on  fuperficial  examination, 
tfTers  a  foft  fpongy  mafs,  yielding  eafily  to  preffure,  and 
reftoring  itfelf  afterwards  to  its  original  ftate  in  an  impcrfedl 
m'lnner.  When  we  view  it  more  attentively,  we  obferve  on 
the  furface  fmall  whitifli  lines  circunifcribing  fpaces  of  dif- 
ferent figure*!,  as  triangular,  quadrangular,  &c.  Thcfearc 
called  lobules  of  the  lungs,  and  vary  confidcrably  in  lize  as 
ivell  as  fiijure.  They  are  again  divided  into  other  fmaller 
parts.  Thcfe  lobules  are  all  connected  together  by  a  loofe 
and  foft  cellular  lubllance,  which  never  contains  any  fat  ; 
;,nd  the  fame  fubllance  unites  the  rcflcfted  pleura  to  the  ex- 
ternal furface  of  the  lung.  If  we  tear  the  fubllance  of 
the  organ,  and  inflate  it,  the  air  fills  the  cells  of  this  cellular 
tc.sture,  and  makes  it  more  fenfible  ;  it  is  alfo  in  fome  cafes 
rendered  more  obvious,  by  being  the  feat  of  a  watery  de- 
pofition,  which  conflitutes  anafarca  of  the  lu[igs.  Its  cells 
have  no  communication  with  the  air  veficles,  unlefs  the  latter 
b."  broken  by  inflation,  as  when  we  fcjueeze  the  air  in  them 
Krcibly,  they  crack,  and  the  air  efcapes  into  the  cellular 
t.Kture,  uniting  the  Inbu'i.  On  the  other  hand,  we  n-ight 
i.  ilate  the  cellular  i''ubllance  dillindlly  from  the  air-cells. 

Each  lobulas  of  the  lung  eonfills  of  a  branch  of  the  air- 
tube  vith  a  correfponding  proportion  of  cells,  a  branch  of 
the  pulmonary  artery  and  vein,  a  portion  of  the  pulir.onary 
capillaries  of  the  bronchial  veflels  and  nervous  ramifications, 
connefted  by  the  cellular  fubllance  already  defcribed. 

The  lymphatics  of  the  lungs  are  numerous,  and  divided 
into  a  fuperficial  and  deep-feated  fet  :  the  former  conftitute 
a  net-work  on  the  furface  of  the  lung,  and  communicate  alfo 
with  the  latter.  They  pafs  through  numerous  glands,  called 
bronchial;  placed  on  the  trunks  of  the  air-tubes  and  blood- 
veffels,  partly  within,  but  chiefly  without  the  fubllance  of 
the  lung.  Other  larger  glands  are  fituated  about  the  divi- 
fion  of  the  trachea,  and  the  abforbents  of  the  right  and  left 
ling  communicate  in  them.  Some  abforbents  of  the  right 
lung  terminate  iu  the  right  abforbcnt  trunk  ;  the  reft,  with 
thofe  of  the  left,  end  in  the  thoracic  duft,  pafling  through 
glands  on  the  fpine. 

The  branchial  glands  are  large  in  Gzc,  and  numerous  in 
proportion  to  the  lung ;  but  they  vary  in  both  thele  re- 
fpefts  in  diflcrent  fubjefts.  Several  of  the  fmalleft  are  found 
on  the  bronchi,  within  the  fubftance  of  the  lung.  Their 
colour  is  the  moft  remarkable  of  their  properties  ;  in  the 
adult  it  is  a  deep  livid  or  black.  Their  confillcnce  is  rather 
foft,  and  a  coloured  fluid  may  be  expreffed  from  them,  when 
cut  or  divided.  Il  is  now  clearly  afcertained  that  thefe 
bodies  belong  to  the  lymphatic  fyftem.  Anatomifls  for- 
Jnerly  conceived  that  they  fecreted  a  particular  fluid,  and 
poured  it  into  the  bronchi.  We  are  quite  ignorant  of  the 
taufc  of  their  peculiar  black  colour. 

The  lung,  then,  is  made  up  of  the  tiffues  jiift  defcribed, 
covered  on  the  lurfacc  by  the  very  thin  and  tranfparent 
pkura  pu'monaiis,    which  i;   conneded  to  the  organ  by 


cellular  fubftant*,  and  gives  it  the  fmooth  external  fu*. 
face. 

De\)fli,pement  fjf  thi  Lungs. — The  foetus  has  so  refpira- 
tion  :  from  the  circumllanccs  under  which  it  is  placed  in  the 
iiteru*,  it  muft  obvioiiOy  be  altogether  precluded  from  ex- 
ercifiiig  that  fuuiJtion ;  but  it  begins  immedia:ely  after 
birlh;  hence  the  lungs,  formed  nearly  as  funn  as  the  prin- 
cipal organ  of  circulation,  pofTefs,  at  a  very  early  penod,  a 
conliderable  devclopement  and  well-marked  form.  Their 
organilation,  too,  is  ixrfeft,  or  at  leaJl  they  arc  capable  of 
executing  tlieir  tunction?,  before  the  time  at  which  they  na- 
turally come  into  aftion  :  for  there  are  inltances  of  children 
born  long  before  the  end  <-;f  the  ninth  mouth,  as,  for  in- 
ftunce,  at  the  feventh,  or  even  fooner,  who  have  been  pre- 
ferved  alive  by  great  care.  In  the  early  periods  their  colour 
is  reddifli  ;  they  then  atTuinc  a  (lightly  tawny  hue,  which  \i 
continued  till  the  time  i.f  birth,  and  is  not  even  changed  by 
refpiration,  although  the  admifFion  of  air  into  the  organs  at 
that  time  is  followed  by  the  entrance  of  a  larger  quantity  of 
blood. 

The  lobuli  are  very  diftinifl  in  the  foetus,  and  eafily  fe- 
parable :  the  conncfting  fubllance  appears  to  be  more 
copious.  Although  the  lungs  a-e  fmall  in  a  fcctus  at  full 
time,  compared  to  thofe  of  a  child  who  has  breathed,  we 
cannot  fay,  as  fome  anatomilts  reprefent,  that  they  are  ex- 
tremely diminutive,  and  confined  to  the  back  of  the  clieft. 
As  they  are  at  this  time  entirely  free  from  air,  ihey  polTefs 
a  dcnfity,  wiiich  makes  them  link  inllantly  in  water,  when 
plunged  into  it  either  entire  or  in  dices.  They  are  pene- 
trated by  much  lefs  blood  than  after  breathing  ha<  begun, 
and  therefore  reduced  almoft  entirely  to  their  fulid  and  or- 
ganifed  contents  :  they  form  at  this  lime  about  y^th  of  the 
weight  of  the  whole  body. 

Ai  the  funftion  of  refpiration,  which  commences  at  the 
moment  of  birth,  goes  on  afterwards  uninterruptedlv,  and 
as  the  phenomena  are  as  regular  and  perfect  at  this  time  as 
in  more  advanced  age,  we  have  no  reafou  to  expetl  that  the 
intimate  llrufture  of  the  organ,  that  is,  the  arrangement  of 
the  different  component  tifl'ues,  will  be  different  at  that  age 
from  what  we  know  of  it  in  the  adult  :  but  the  vafcular 
trunks  belonging  to  thefe  parts  exhibit  fome  peculiarities, 
of  which  the  details  will  be  found  in  the  articles  H£.\Rr  and 

CiRCUL.ATIO.V. 

Breathing  begins  immediately  after  birth  ;  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  chcll  occafions  the  lungs  to  be  dirtcnded  with 
air,  and  confequcntly  to  become  fpeciiically  lighter ;  a 
greater  quantity  of  blood  paffes  through  them,  and  thus 
they  acquire  greater  abfolute  weight.  The  increafc  of  vo- 
lume mull  be  limited  by  the  capabihty  of  enlargement  in  the 
chell  ;  and  this  cannot  be  very  confiderable  immediately  on 
birth.  This  enlarged  lize  is  not,  therefore,  fufEcitntly 
marked,  to  be  relied  on  as  a  proof  that  refpiration  has  be- 
gun. It  ia  a  well-known  fadl,  which  we  have  already  ftated, 
that  the  lungs  of  an  individual,  who  has  breathed,  I'wim  in 
water,  whether  they  be  immerfed  entire  or  in  Hices.  This 
is  a  property  remarkably  contrafled  with  what  takes  place 
under  the  fame  treatment  before  birth.  A  criterion  has 
been  fought  for  in  this  fource,  to  determine,  in  doubtful 
cafes,  whether  a  child  h.is  been  born  dead  or  alive  :  and  the 
coniideration  is  a  highly  important  one,  from  the  influence  it 
may  produce  on  medical  opinions,  in  cafes  of  fufpcited 
child-murder.  We  fhall  only  oblerve  here,  that  the  con- 
vulfiie  attempts  to  eftablifh  refpiration,  although  not  fuc- 
cefsful,  may  introduce  air  enough  into  the  lungs  to  make 
them  buoyant  in  water;  that  attempts  to  inflate  them,  in 
order  to  preferve  the  child,  er  after  it  has  died,  may  ha^e 
the  fame  cfFeft ;  that  the  dii'cngagcmen;  of  air  by  putrefac- 
tion 


LUNG  S. 


wliole  fubftancc  is  found  to  ht  compoffd  of  tluTc  cells,  as  will 
as  its  extiTiial  furface.  InjedHon  with  qiiickfilvcr  will  do- 
mon Urate  the  fame  (Initture.  1'his  gives  to  the  lung,  when 
cut  or  torn,  a  porous  ;uul  fiJongv  appearance  tl.roughout . 
The  cells,  when  attentively  furvcyedmuhe  furface  ot  the  lung;, 
have  a  roundilh  ligure,  but  their  outline  is  often  irregular. 
AVhen  inflated  they  nu-afure  J-th  or  ,',  th  of  a  line  in  diani-^Lr. 
Tliey  communicate  together  in  all  direi;lions  fo  completely, 
by  the  ramifications  of  the  air-tubes,  that  air  might  paU 
eafdy  from  a  liugle  cell  into  all  parts  of  the  lung  ;  but  the 
cells  of  the  neighbouring  lobules  do  not  ieein  to  ha\-e  any 
direft  communication. 

The  mucous  membratie,  in  an  extremely  delicate  flate, 
continued  from  the  minute  ends  of  the  air-tubes,  is  fuppofed 
to  compofe  thele  cclh  ;  but  the  minutenefs  of  the  objects 
renders  our  defcription  of  them,  excepting  a  few  general 
fafts,  rather  uncertain.  Anatomy  difcovers  to  us  raiher  a 
fpongy  net-work,  filled  with  air,  and  formed  by  blood- 
velFels  crolTing  in  every  diredlion,  tlian  any  clear  arrange- 
ment of  dillinft  cells,  connected  to  the  bronch'al  ramifica- 
tions, like  grapes  to  their  flalk,  as  they  have  been  defcnbcd 
and  drawn  by  feveral  anatomifts. 

In  tliis  view  of  the  fubjeft,  the  extent  of  furface  of  the 
mucous  membrane  mull  be  enormous.  Many  attempts  have 
been  made  to  exprefs  it  in  numbers.  Hales  makes  the  air- 
cells  -j^a^.dth  of  an  inch  in  diameter;  the  furface  of  the  air- 
tubes  eq-ual  to  lo:;,  fquare  inchcj  ;  and  that  of  the  air-cells 
to  20,000.  Keil  ellimates  the  number  of  the  veficles  at 
174,418,615,  and  the  whole  internal  furface  of  the  lung  at 
21,006  fquare  inches.  Lieberkuhn  carries  his  eliimate'of 
the  furface  as  high  as  1500  cubic  feet.  We  mention  thefe 
circumftances  only  to  fliew  the  great  extent  of  the  mucous 
membrane,  and  not  bccaufe  we  place  much  faith  in  their  ac- 
curacy. In  reading  dcfcriptions  of  the  minute  ilriifture  of 
the  lungs,  and,  indeed,  in  all  other  analoj^ous  parts  of  ana- 
tomy, we  (hoidd  always  bear  in  mind  the  obfervation  of 
Haller  ;  "  Ea  fere  homiuum  eft  infeticitas,  ut  omnis  ultima 
rerum  phyficarum  hilloria  parum  iirma  fit,  et  ut  altera  ilia, 
rerum  geftarum  memoratrix,  in  mythices  fines  terminatur." 

A  mucous  fluid  conftantiy  lubricates  the  whole  of  this 
furface.  It  is  limpid,  mild,  and  nearly  infipid,  or  (lightly 
faltini,  aHid  but  little  tenacious  in  the  natural  ftate.  When 
free  from  air,  it  finks  in  water.  It  is  produced  in  fo  fmall  a 
quantity,  that  it  feoms  to  be  dilTolved  in  the  air,  and  thus 
topafs  off  iufenfibly  in  exfpiration,  or  to  be  taken  up  by  the 
abforbente.  It  is  poured  out  much  more  abundantly  under 
various  circumftances,  and  is  altered  in  colour  and  confid- 
ence :  it  is  then  expelled  by  the  expiratoi-y  efforts  which 
conftitute  cough.  In  children  it  has  a  reddifh  colour  ;  and 
it  is  often  rather  livid  in  adults. 

The  watery  vapoi^r  difcharged  from  the  lungs  in  exfpira- 
tion concurs  in  lubricating  the  furface  of  the  air-paffages. 
Whether  there  be  any  exhalation  from  the  general  mucous 
furface,  in  addition  to  the  mucous  fecretioa,  feems  a  point 
hardly  fufceptible  of  pofitive  determination. 

The  pulmonary  mucous  membrane  \e  the  part  in  which 
tbe  chemical  phenomena  of  refpiration  are  carried  on ;  its 
furface  is  in  contaft  with  the  air  taken  into  the  lungs.  The 
latter  fluid  is  the  only  one,  in  addition  to  its  natural  mucus, 
of  which  it  can  bear  the  contaft.  All  other  fubftancee. 
even  the  clearell  water,  are  immediately  and  powerfully  re- 
jcfted  by  it.  In  itfelf  it  poflefl'es  no  power  of  expelling  any 
irritating  matter  from  its  furface  ;  but  it  excites  the  ex- 
piratory mufclcs  which  aft  convulfively  and  repeatedly  until 
itiz  caufe  is  removed. 

The  velTels  and  nerves  of  the  lungs  are  principally  diftri- 


buted  on  the  air-tube?,  of  which  tlicy  every  where  foUow 
the  courfe.  The  arteries  of  the  trachea  eome  from  the  in- 
ferior thyroidcal  ;  thofc  of  the  bronchi  sin'  derived  nnmcdi- 
ately  froiiT  the  aorta,  and  are  called  the  biniiciiial  arteries. 
The  latter  ramify  in  conjnudVion  with  the  air-tul)es,  and  ad- 
here cloltly  to  them  :  they  are  dillributed  cliiefly  on  the 
intern.il  membrane.  Several  brandies  are  fpent  on  tiic 
bronchial  glands,  and  on  tlie  parietes  of  the  pulmonary  vef- 
fels.  D;)  thi-v  anadomofe  with  the  puhuoiiary  artery  ?  We 
ihould  be  inclined  to  iuppofe  that  they  do  not,  from  con- 
fidering  that  the  two  kinds  of  veflils  contain  blood  of  dif- 
ferent natures,  and  have  allogtiher  diflercnt  offices.  The 
bronchial  arteries  convey  arterial  blood  tor  the  nutrition  of 
the  lung- ;  the  pulmonary  artcrv  takes  the  venous  blood, 
that  it  may  be  fubmitted  to  the  attion  of  the  air  in  refpira- 
tion. Yet  it  has  been  aflTerttd  by  feveral  anatomifts,  that 
fuch  an  aiiallomofis  does  take  place.  The  bronchial  veins 
accompany  the  arteries;  their  tranks  end  in  the  wna 
a/ygos  oil  the  right  fide,  and  in  the  fuperior  iutercoftal  vein 
on  the  left. 

The  par  vagum  furnirties  nearly  all  the  nerves  belonging 
to  thefe  organs :  thofe  of  the  trachea  come  from  it  alto- 
gether. The  nerves  of  the  bronchi  are  derived  from  the 
pulmonary  plexufes  formed  principally  by  the  par  vagum, 
but  p  irtly  alio  by  branches  from  fome  ganglia  of  the  great 
fynipathetic.  As  thefe  nerves  Item  to  be  diliributed  entirely 
on  the  air-tubes,  perhaps  the  epithet  bronchia  would  be 
more  proper  for  them  than  pulmonary. 

Ti>e  vafciJar  fyftem  of  the  lungs  may  be  divided  into 
three  parts,  dillinct  in  their  nature,  properties,  and  the 
immediate  olyeiEt  of  their  phenomena.  The  firil  is  the  pul- 
monary artery,  or  the  end  of  the  general  iyllom  of  black 
bhiod  ;  the  fecond,  tlie  pulmonary  veins,  or  commtnccinent 
of  the  general  fyllem  of  red  blood  ;  and  tlve  third,  the  ca- 
pillary iyftem  intermediate  to  the  two  preceding.  (See 
CiucuLATiOK  and  Heart.)  The  pulmonary  artery  arifes 
from  the  upper  and  anterior  part  of  the  right  ventricle,  in 
front  of  the  origin  of  the  aorta.  It  pafles  upwards  and 
backwards,  lying  clofe  on  the  left  fide  of  the  root  of  the 
aorta,  and,  after  a  courfe  of  about  an  inch  and  a  half,  di- 
vides into  a  right  and  left  branch  detUned  for  the  corre- 
fponding  lungs.  Thefe  two  divifions  feparate  moft  widely 
at  their  origin,  going  off  from  the  trunk  at  right  angles, 
and  hardly  forming  a  lenfible  angle  with  e.ach  other.  The 
feparation  takes  place  on  the  left  fide  of  the  aorta.  The 
right  trunk  goes  immediately  behind  the  aorta  and  luperior 
vena  cava,  and  follows  a  tranfverfe  courfe  to  the  right  lung ; 
the  left  has  an  analogous  courfe  en  the  left  fide  of  the  body, 
but  is  much  fliorter  than  the  right,  on  account  of  the  latter 
palling  beiiind  the  aorta  and  vena  cava.  Both  are  placed  ia 
front  of  the  bronchi,  and  crofs  the  courle  at  firll,  being  di- 
refted  a  little  from  below  upwards  ;  but  they  are  fubdivided 
exaftly  like  the  bronchi,  and  follow  their  courfe,  being 
clofely  connefted  to  them  throughout ;  the  artery  is  gene- 
rally placed  above  its  correfponding  air-tube.  For  the  or- 
ganifation  of  this  veffel,  we  refer  to  the  article  Heart. 

The  pulmonary  veins,  arifing  from  the  capillary  fyftem, 
follow  a  courfe  analogous  to  that  of  the  arterial  divifions. 
Thefe  alio  accompany  the  air-tubes,  and  are  fituated  under 
them.  They  unite  gradually  into  larger  and  larger  tubes, 
and  form  ultimately  four  confiderable  trunks,-two  belonging 
to  each  lung,  and  terminating  in  the  left  auricle  of  the  heart. 
Tlie  fuperior  right  pulmonary  vein  pafles  out  of  the  lung 
below  tlie  bronchus,  and  goes  with  a  little  obhquity  down- 
ward.s :  the  inferior  afcends  obliquely  towards  the  auricle. 
The  left  veins  have  a  fimilar  arrangement ;  one  defcendt, 
ajid  the  other  afcends :  they  are  more  approximated  than  oa 


^S 


the 


LUNG  S. 


tfie  right  fiJc.     For  the  Ofganifation  of  tlii.-fe  ve.TclB,  fee 
Hjeart. 

The  capi'lary  vt-ni-ls  of  the  lung  are  diilribntctl  in  infinite 
'number  tliroiigh  all  parts  of  the  orgsn,  of  the  proper  timic 
of  which  they  coinpofe  a  rery  confiderable  {liare.  As  they 
have  no  connexion  with  the  nutrition  of  the  part,  and  pir- 
fonn  no  fecrction,  they  give  pafHif^e  only  to  the  bh^oel,  and 
are  hence  remarkably  dillinguifhcil  from  tlie  general  capil- 
lary fyfti-m.  Thefo  vetfels  cover  in  vail  proftifit  n  the 
air-cells  of  the  hnigs  ;  fo  that  when  they  are  injeftod  with 
coloured  fluids  after  death,  the  wiiole  fiiblf  ancc  of  tiie  organ 
appears  dyed  of  the  peculiar  colonr.  In  them  the  blood  is 
expofed  to  the  air,  and  converted  from  the  dark  or  venous 
into  the  red  or  arterial  ftate. 

The  fiibilance  of  the  lungs,  on  fnperfici.d  examinatiovi, 
offers  a  fott  fpongy  niafs,  yielding  eafily  to  prcffure,  and 
reftoring  itfelf  afterwards  to  its  original  ftate  in  an  impcrfedl 
manner.  AVIieii  we  view  it  more  attentiTely,  we  obferve  on 
the  furfacc  fmall  whltifli  lines  circnnifcribing  fpaces  of  dif- 
ferent figures,  as  triangular,  quadrangular,  ^c.  Thefeare 
■called  lobules  of  the  lungs,  and  vary  confidcrably  in  lize  as 
•well  as  figure.  They  are  again  divided  into  other  fmaller 
parts.  Thcfc  lobules  are  all  connecled  together  by  a  loofe 
and  foft  cellular  fubllance,  which  never  contains  any  fat  ; 
and  the  fame  fubllimce  unites  the  rcfleftcd  pleura  to  the  ex- 
ternal fnrface  of  the  lung.  If  we  tear  the  fubllance  of 
the  organ,  and  inflate  it,  the  air  fills  the  cells  of  this  cellular 
texture,  and  makes  it  more  fenljble  :  it  is  alfo  in  fome  cafes 
rendered  more  obvious,  by  being  the  feat  of  a  watery  de- 
polition,  which  conflitutes  anafarca  of  the  lungs.  Its  cells 
have  no  communication  with  the  air  veilcles,  unlefs  the  latter 
be  broken  by  inflation,  as  when  we  fqueeze  the  air  in  them 
forcibly,  they  crack,  and  the  air  cfcapes  into  the  cellular 
texture,  uniting  the  lobuli.  On  the  other  hand,  we  n.ight 
inflate  the  cellular  fubllance  diltindtly  from  the  air-cells. 

Each  lobulas  of  the  lung  eonfills  of  a  branch  of  the  air- 
tube  with  a  correfponding  proportion  of  cells,  a  branch  of 
the  pulmonary  artery  and  vein,  a  portion  of  the  pulmonary 
capillaries  of  the  bronchial  velfels  and  nervous  ramifications, 
connefted  by  the  cellular  fubllance  already  defcribed. 

The  lymphatics  of  the  lungs  arc  numerous,  and  divided 
into  a  fuperficial  and  deep-feated  fet  :  the  former  conflitute 
a  net-work  on  the  furface  of  the  lung,  and  communicate  alfo 
with  the  latter.  They  pafs  through  numerous  glands,  called 
bronchiali  placed  on  the  trunks  of  the  air-tubes  and  blood- 
■veffels,  partly  within,  but  chiefly  without  the  fubllance  of 
the  lung.  Other  larger  glands  are  fituated  about  the  divi- 
fion  of  the  trachea,  and  the  abforbents  of  the  right  and  left 
lung  communicate  in  them.  Some  abforbents  of  the  right 
lung  terminate  in  the  right  abforbcnt  trunk  }  the  reft,  with 
thofe  of  the  left,  end  in  the  thoracic  du6l,  pafTiiiij  through 
glands  on  the  fpine. 

The  brsnchial  glands  are  large  in  fizc,  and  numerous  in 
proportion  to  the  lung  ;  but  they  vary  in  both  thefe  re- 
fpedls  in  different  fubjefts.  Several  of  the  fmalleft  are  found 
on  the  bronchi,  within  the  fubftance  of  the  lung.  Their 
colour  is  the  moft  remarkable  of  their  properties  :  in  the 
adult  it  is  a  deep  livid  or  black.  Their  confillence  is  rather 
foft,  and  a  coloured  fluid  may  be  exprelfed  from  them,  when 
cut  or  divided.  Il  is  now  clearly  afccrtained  that  thefe 
bodies  belong  to  the  lymphatic  fyfteni.  Anatomifts  for- 
Werly  conceived  that  they  fccretcd  a  particular  fluid,  and 
poured  it  into  the  bronchi.  We  are  quite  ignorant  ot  the 
caufe  of  their  peculiar  black  colour. 

The  lung,  then,  is  made  up  of  the  tiffues  juft  defcribed, 
covered  on  the  furfacc  by  the  very  thin  and  tranlpaient 
pleura  pu'monalis,    which  i;   conneAed  to  the  organ  by 


cellular  fubftanes,  and  gives  it  tiie  finooth  external  fufc 
face. 

Dcvilf/p.inenl  of  the  Lungs. — The  foetus  has  RO  refpir.i- 
tion  :  from  the  circumllanccs  under  which  it  is  placed  in  the 
uterus,  it  mull  obviouQy  be  altogether  precluded  from  ex- 
crcifing  that  fuui'tion  ;  but  it  begins  immediately  after 
birlh:  hence  the  lungs,  formed  nearly  as  foon  as  the  prin- 
cipal organ  of  circulation,  poffefs,  at  n  very  early  period,  a 
conllderable  developcment  and  well-marked  form.  Their 
organifation,  too,  is  ]Krfeft,  or  at  leall  they  are  capable  (A 
executing  their  functions,  before  the  time  at  which  they  na- 
turally come  into  adtion  :  for  there  are  inftanccs  of  ciiildrcn 
born  long  before  the  end  sf  the  ninth  month,  as,  for  in. 
fiance,  at  the  feventh,  or  even  fooner,  who  have  been  pre- 
ferved  alive  by  great  care.  In  the  early  periods  their  colour 
is  rcddifli  ;  they  then  affumc  a  flightly  tawny  hue,  which  is 
continued  till  the  time  i.f  birth,  and  is  not  even  changed  by 
refpiration,  although  tlie  adinilfion  of  air  into  the  organs  at 
that  time  is  followed  by  the  entrance  of  a  larger  quantity  of 
blood. 

The  lobuli  are  very  diftincl  in  the  fcftus,  and  cafilv  fe- 
parable :  the  connecting  fubllance  appears  to  be  more 
copious.  Although  the  lungs  a-c  fmall  in  a  fcctus  at  full 
time,  compared  to  thofe  of  a  child  who  has  breathed,  we 
cannot  fay,  as  fome  anatomifts  reprcfent,  that  they  are  ex- 
tremely diminutive,  and  confined  to  the  back  of  the  cheft. 
As  tbey  are  at  this  time  entirely  free  from  air,  they  poffefs 
a  denlity,  which  makes  them  link  inllantly  in  water,  when 
plunged  into  it  either  entire  or  in  (licee.  They  are  pene- 
trated by  much  lefs  blood  than  after  breathing  lia*  begun, 
and  therefore  reduced  almoll  entirely  to  their  folid  and  or- 
ganifcd  contents :  they  form  at  this  time  about  y^th  of  the 
weight  of  the  whole  body. 

As  the  function  of  refpiration,  which  commences  at  the 
moment  of  birth,  goes  on  afterwards  uninterruptedly,  and 
as  the  phenomena  are  as  regular  and  perfecl  at  this  time  as 
in  more  advanced  age,  we  have  no  reafon  to  expeft  that  the 
intimate  llruilure  ot  the  organ,  that  is,  the  arrangement  of 
the  different  component  tifl'ues,  will  be  different  at  that  age 
from  what  we  know  of  it  in  the  adult  :  but  the  valcular 
trunks  belonging  to  thefe  parts  exhibit  fome  peculiarities, 
of  which  the  details  will  be  found  in  the  articles  He.^kt  and 

ClKCUL.ATIOM. 

Breathing  begins  immediately  after  birth  ;  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  chcll  occallons  the  lungs  to  be  dillended  with 
air,  and  confequently  to  become  fpeciiically  lighter ;  a 
greater  quantity  of  blood  paffes  through  them,  and  thus 
they  acquire  greater  abfolute  weight.  The  incrcafe  of  vo- 
lume mull  be  limited  by  the  capability  of  enlargement  in  the 
cheft  ;  and  this  cannot  be  very  coiifiderable  immediately  on 
birth.  This  enlarged  lize  is  not,  therefore,  fufficiently 
marked,  to  be  relied  on  as  a  proof  that  refpiration  has  be- 
gun. It  is  a  vvell-known  fadl,  which  we  have  already  flatcd, 
that  the  lungs  of  an  individual,  who  has  breathed,  fwim  in 
water,  whether  they  be  immerfed  entire  or  in  dices.  This 
is  a  property  remarkably  contralled  with  what  takes  place 
under  the  fame  treatment  before  birth.  A  criterion  has 
been  fought  for  in  this  fource,  to  determine,  in  doubtful 
cafes,  whether  a  child  has  been  born  dead  or  alive  :  and  the 
conlideration  is  a  highly  important  one,  from  the  influence  il 
may  produce  on  medical  opinions,  in  cafes  of  fufpcited 
child-murder.  AVe  fhall  only  obferve  here,  that  the  coti- 
vullive  attempts  to  cllablifh  refpiration,  although  not  fuc- 
cefsful,  may  introduce  air  enough  into  the  lungs  to  make 
them  buoyant  in  water  ;  that  attempts  to  infla"e  them,  in 
order  to  prefervo  the  child,  er  after  it  has  died,  may  have 
the  f.»me  cffeftj  ttat  the  (ijfenjjagemeni  of  air  bj- putrefae- 

tiua 


LUNGS. 


lion  may  thus  malce  tliem  fpecifically  Rghtei*  tlian  water  ; 
not  to  mention,  that  the  child  may  have  breathed  and  died 
afterwards  :  fo  that  the  mere  naked  circumftauce  of  the 
lung  fwimming  is  altogether  an  infiifficient  proof  that  the 
child  has  been  murdered ;  and  to  condemn  a  mother  to 
death  on  fiich  gronnds,  exhibits  a  degree  of  ignorance  and 
barbarity  worthy  only  of  the  dark  ages. 

The  increafe  of  abfolute  bulk  in  the  lungs  after  birth  is  a 
phenomenon  very  worthy  of  being  remarked.  We  have 
ftated  already,  that  thefe  organs  in  the  foetus,  at  full  time, 
are  y'{,th  of  the  body.  According  to  the  reicarches  of  fonie 
German  and  French  anatomifts,  they  are  no  more  than 
Tr'jth,  or  -jVth  in  a  child  who  has  breathed.  There  may  be 
ibme  variation  in  this  point,  but  the  organs  are  never  fo 
light  as  to  approach  at  all  to  the  proportion  wliich  they  ex- 
hibit before  birth  ;  a  faft  which  is  highly  important  in  its 
application  to  quellions  of  fuppoied  infanticide. 

The  colour  of  the  lungs  does  not  remain  through  life  the 
fame  as  at  the  time  of  birth.  In  tlie  earlier  years  it  has  dill 
the  reddifli,  mixed  with  a  tint  of  yellow,  which  we  have  al- 
ready mentioned.  After  the  twentieth  year  the  livid  or 
black  fpots  appear,  and  become  more  uumerous  as  age  ad- 
vances. 

Phyjlology  of  the  Lungs. — Two  very  different  kinds  of 
phenomena  take  place  in  the  lungs.  The  firll  are  entirely 
mechanical,  and  relate  to  the  motions  of  the  fides  of  the 
cheft,  by  which  the  cavity  is  enlarged  or  diminidied  ;  and  to 
the  dilatation  or  contraftion  of  the  air-cells,  and  the  adniif- 
fion  and  expullion  of  the  air,  which  are  confequent  on  thefe 
motions.  Thefe  have  been  already  confidered  in  thofe  parts 
of  the  prefent  article  which  relate  to  the  motions  of  the 
thorax.  The  phenomena  of  the  fecond  kind  are  purely 
chemical,  and  confiil  of  the  various  alterations  which  the 
refpired  air  undergoes,  of  the  changes  elFeftcd  in  the  com- 
polition  of  the  blood,  &c.  For  an  account  of  thefe,  the 
reader  is  referred  to  Resi'inATiON,  and  Heat,  /Iniimil. 

Thefe  two  divifions  of  the  rcfpiratory  phenomena  belong 
refpeftivcly  to  the  two  great  clafl'es  of  vital  proceflcs  ;  the 
animal  and  organic.  The  motions  of  the  cheft  are  per- 
formed by  voluntary  mulcles,  and  confequently  are  fubjeft 
to  the  influence  of  the  brain  :  hence  a  fetlion  of  the  medulla 
fpinalis  above  the  origin  of  the  phrenic  nerve,  or  a  divilion 
<H  the  nerves  which  fupply  the  mufcles  of  refpiration,  im- 
njediately  annihilates  thefe  motions.  Commonly,  indeed, 
the  motions  of  the  cheft  are  performed  fpontancoufly,  that 
is,  without  any  exertion  of  the  will  ;  and  they  go  on  during 
fleep,  when  the  aftion  of  all  voluntary  organs  is  fufpcnded. 
But  an  aft  of  the  will  can  accelerate,  retard,  or  otherwife 
modify  the  movements  of  the  cheft ;  and  many  of  the 
mufcles  coneerncd  afTilt  in  moving  the  trunk,  on  occalions 
that  have  nothing  to  do  with  refpiration.  The  changes  of 
the  blood,  on  the  other  hand,  go  on  in  the  capillaries,  and" 
are  performed  without  our  conlcioufnefs :  the  brain  has  no 
influence  on  ttem.  The  refpiratory  funftions,  then,  offer 
the  point  of  union  of  the  animal  and  organic  lives,  in  which 
thefe  may  reciprocally  influence  each  other. 

The  chemical  and  mechanical  phenomena  of  refpiration 
are  in  a  ftate  of  mfitual  dependence  :  the  interruption  of  one 
is  always  quickly  followed  by  the  ceflatioii  of  the  other. 
Without  the  former,  the  latter  would  have  no  materials  to 
aft  upon.  If  the  mechauical  .phenomena  were  interrupted, 
the  blood  would  no  longer  be  lit  to  excite  the  brain  ;  and 
that  organ  could  not  influence,  in  the  proper  manner,  the 
intercoftal  mufcles  of  the  diaphragm :  hence  thefe  mufcles 
would  become  inaftive,  and  even  the  mechanical  phenomena 
inull  ceafe. 


The  heart  does  not  influence  thefe  two  kinds  of  phenomena 
in  the  fame  way. 

The  heart  of  black  blood  has  obvioufly  no  power  over  the 
mechanical  phenomena  of  the  lungs  ;  but  it  is  ellentially  con- 
cerned  in  producing  the  chemical  phenomena,  as  it  fends  to 
the  organ  the  fluid  v.'hich  derives  certain  properties  fron;  the 
air,  and  imparts  others  to  it.  Thus,  when  the  funftions  of 
the  auricle  or  ventricle  uf  blaek  blood,  or  of  the  great 
venous  trunks,  are  interrupted,  as  by  a  wound,  or  a  liga- 
ture applied  in  experiments,  the  chemical  phenomena  are  at 
once  annihilated ;  but  the  dilatation  and  contraftion  of  the 
cheft  ilill  goes  on.  No  blood  arrives  at  the  left  ventricle, 
and  confequently  the  requifite  motion  cannot  be  imparted  to 
the  brai:i  :  hence  its  funftions  are  iufpended,  and  confe- 
quently the  intercoftal  mufcles  and  diaphragm  ceafe  to  ^ 
aft. 

In  the  cafe  of  a  wound  afFefting  the  auricle  or  ventricle 
of  red  blood,  the  aorta,  or  its  great  branches,  when  a  liga- 
ture is  artilicially  apphed  to  the  latter,  or  an  anenrifm 
burfts,  &c.  the  funttions  of  the  lungs  ceafe  in  the  following 
order:  i.  No  more  impnlfe  communicated  to  the  brain; 
2.  No  more  motion  of  that  organ  ;  3.  No  more  aftion  ex- 
erted on  the  mufcles,  and  confequently  no  more  contraftion 
of  tlie  intercoftals  ar.d  diaphragm  ;  4.  No  more  mechanical 
phenomena.  Without  the  latter,  the  chemical  phenomena 
cinnot  take  place  :  \n  the  foregoing  cafe,  they  were  Itopped 
for  want  of  blood  ;  in  this,  they  ceafe  from  the  interruption 
in  the  fupply  of  air. 

The  preceding  obfervations  are  derived  from  the  Re- 
cherches  Phyfiologiques  of  Bichiit.  In  the  6tli,  7th,  8th, 
and  9th  articles  of  the  fecond  part  of  that  work,  he  has  en- 
tered at  length  into  the  confideration  of  the  influence  of  the 
lungs  on  the  heart,  the  brain,  and  the  organs  of  tlie  body  in 
general ;  of  which  fubjefts  he  has  given  more  clear  and  cou- 
nefted  views  than  any  other  phyfiologift.  We  fliall,  there- 
fore, avail  ourfelves  of  his  labours  in  this  concluding  divifion 
of  the  prefent  article. 

Influence  of  the  Death  of  the  Lung  upon  that  of  the  Heart. -~ 
The  ceflation  of  aftion  in  the  lungs  m^  begin  either  in  the 
mechanical  or  the  chemical  phenomena.  A  wound  expofing 
them  extenfively  on  both  fides  of  the  chelt,  and  producing 
their  fudden  coUapfe  ;  a  divifion  of  the  fpinal  marrow  fud- 
dcnly  paralyfing  the  intercoftal  mufcles  and  diaphragm  ;  are 
cafes  in  which  the  death  of  the  lungs  begins  in  the  me- 
chanical phenomena.  It  commences  in  the  chemical,  in 
afphyxia  from  noxious  gafes,  from  ftrangulation,  fubmerfion, 
expofure  in  vacuo,  &c. 

The  heart's  action  can  be  interrupted  by  the  cefTation  of 
the  mechanical  phenomena  of  the  lungs  only  in  two  ways : 
I.  Direftly,  if  the  blood  meets  in  the  lungs  with  a  real  me- 
chanical  obftacle  to  its  circulation  ;  2.  Indireftly,  becaufe 
where  the  mechar.ical  aftion  of  the  lungs  ceafes,  they  no 
longer  receive  air,  which  is  neceflary  to  their  chemical  phe- 
nomena, the  cefl'ation  of  which  interrupts  the  aftion  of  the 
heart. 

All  phyiiologifts  have  admitted  that  the  pulmonary  cir. 
dilation  is  interrupted  in  the  former  of  thefe  two  ways. 
They  have  conceived,  that  where  the  lung  is  not  diftended, 
its  veflels  are  folded  and  comprefl'ed,  and  therefore  tranfmit 
the  blood  with  difficulty  :  and  by  this  explanation,  derived 
from  hydraulic  phenomena,  they  have  accounted  for  the 
death  which  enlues,  where  expiration  is  too  long  con- 
tinued. 

Goodwyn  proved  that  a  fufficient  quantity  of  air  remained 
in  the  pulmonary  veficles  to  allow  mechanically  the  paflTage 
of  the  blood;  and,  confequently,  that  protrafted  expira* 
tioii  is  not  fatal  in  the  way  commonly  fuppofed.     (Con- 

neftioo 


LUNGS. 


tieiJtion  of  Life  witli  Refpiration,  Sec. )  An  experiment, 
winch  any  one  may  very  eafily  perform  in  his  own  perfon, 
vill  prove  that  point  very  calily.  Lee  him  exfpire  as  fully 
as  polfible,  and  not  inlplre  again  :  the  pnlfe  is  not  changed, 
and  confeqiiently  the  circulation  through  the  lungs  is  not 
impeded.  But  the  numerous  and  varied  experiments  of 
Bichat  place  the  fnbjeft  beyond  all  doubt.  Exhanft,  fays 
he,  the  lungs  of  an  animal,  by  means  of  a  fyringe  mferted 
in  the  trachea,  and  open  the  carotid  artery.  Here  the  cir- 
culation ought  to  be  fuddenly  interrupted,  according  to  the 
common  fuppofition,  fmce  the  pulmonary  veflels  are  reduced 
from  ihcir  ordinary  degree  of  diftention  to  tlie  greateft  pof- 
fible  collapfe  and  folomg  :  yet  the  blood  continues  for  fome 
■time  to  be  forcibly  thrown  out  of  the  opened  artery,  and 
muft  confequently  circulate  through  the  lung  in  tliis  (late  of 
extreme  collapte.  The  fame  circumftance  is  obferved  when 
the  Inngs  collapfe,  in  confeqtience  of  the  thorax  being 
opened  on  both  r!,des ;  even  if,  ini\ddition  to  this  collapfe, 
■%ve  exhauft  the  air  more  effeftually  with  a  1)  ringe. 

The  pulmonary  circulation  is  continued,  and  even  per- 
formed with  facility,  when  collections  of  water,  pus,  or 
blood,  exill  in  ihe  cheli,  and  diminifii,  in  a  very  confider- 
able  degree,  the  air-cells  of  the  lungs ;  and  when,  confe- 
■  quently,  the  angles  and  folds  of  the  vcffels,  if  they  are  found 
at  all,  muft  be  very  confiderable.  We  may  conclude,  then, 
that  the  interruption  of  the  mechanical  phenomena  of  refpira- 
tion  does  not  ilop  the  heart's  aftion  direftly  ;  but  that  it 
operates  indireftly,  by  cutting  off  the  fupply  of  the  ma- 
terial, which  is  ncceflary  for  the  exercife  of  the  chemical 
phenomena. 

The  death  which  fucceeds  to  protrafted  infpiration  has 
been  afcribed  to  the  mechanical  diilention  of  the  pulmonary 
veflels  by  the  air,  which  has  been  fuppofcd  to  impede  the 
circulation  through  them.  But  this  explanation  is  as  ill- 
founded  as  that  which  we  have  jull  confidcred.  Diflend  the 
lungs  of  an  animal  by  injecting  a  large  quantity  of  air,  and 
ccnline  this  by  a  itopcock  faftened  in  the  trachea ;  then 
open  the  carotid  artery.  The  blood  continues  to  flow  for 
fome  time  with  its  natural  freedom. 

Two  opinions  have  been  entertained  concerning  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  interruption  of  the  chemical  phenomena  of 
the  lungs  produces  a  ceiTation  of  the  heart's  aclion.  ■  Ac- 
cording to  Goodwyn,  the  black  blood  does  not  ftimulate 
the  left  ventricle  ,•  fo  that,  in  his  manner  ot  viewing  afphyxia, 
death  takes  place,  becaufe  that  cavity  fends  nothing  to  the 
different  organs.  Its  fource,  therefore,  is  exclufively  in  the 
heart.  Biehat  conceives,  that  when  the  chemical  pheno- 
mena of  the'  hmg£  are  interrupted,  there  is  a  general  aflec- 
tion  of  all  the  organs  :  that  the  black  blood  carries  to  every 
part  debility  and  death,  fo  that  the  organs  do  not  ceafe  to 
aft  becaufe  they  receive  no  blood,  but  becaufe  they  receive 
no  red  blood.  The  effefts  of  the  contad  of  black  blood 
on  the  organs  of  the  body  wiU  be  illullrated  prefently  ; 
we  (hall  confider  here  the  phenomena  of  its  contadt  with  the 
parietes  of  the  heart. 

Many  circumilances  (hew  that  the  black  blood  is  capable 
of  ftimulating  the  left  ventricle,  fo  as  to  excite  it  to  con- 
traftion.  If  this  were  not  the  cafe,  death  fhould  commence 
in  afphyxia  with  the  ctflaticn  of  the  heart's  aftion,  and  the 
annihilation  of  the  fnnflions  of  the  brain  fliould  be  fecmdary. 
But,  kill  an  animal  l:y  ftopping  the  tra>.liea,  by  pbcing  it 
in  vacuo,  by  drowni-:  ;  or  inimerfion  in  noxious  gales,  &c. 
and  you  will  confta:;'ly  obferve,  that  the  animal  hfe  is  lirlt 
interrupted,  that  tl  -.  fenfations,  motions,  and  voice  are  fuf- 
pended,  fo  that  the  animal  is  dead  externally,  whi  e  the  heart 
ftill  beats  and  the  pulfe  is  kept  up  for  fome  time.  The 
different  organs,  therefore,  do  not  ceafe  to  act  in  atpiiyxia, 

Vol.  XXI. 


becaufe  the  heart  fends  them  no  blood,  but  becaufe  it  fends  k 
kind  of  blood  which  is  not  fuited  to  them. 

Let  the  trachea  of  an  animal  be  flopped  and  an  artery- 
opened,  the  blood  iffuing  from  the  latter  is  at  firft  red,  then 
grows  gradually  darker,  and  at  laft  is  black  venous  blood. 
Neverthelef3,it  is  fliU  expelled  for  fome  time  with  confiderable 
force.  If  the  lungs  be  exhaufted  by  a  fyringe,  previous  to 
clofing  the  trachea,  and  an  artery  then  opened,  black  blood 
comes  from  it  immediately,  without  going  through  the  (hades 
mentioned  before,  and  a  tolerably  tlrong  jet  is  kept  up  for 
fome  time.  If  the  black  blood  did  not  poffefs  the  power  of 
exciting  the  left  ventricle,  its  flow  ihould  be  fuddenly  inter, 
rupted  in  this  cafe,  where  it  can  undergo  no  change  froav 
th;  Inng,  and  exifts  in  the  aorta  in  the  fame  ftate  as  in  the 
venas  cava:. 

It  is  moreover  ftated  by  Biehat,  that  he  lias  rc-cxcited  th* 
contraftioiis  of  the  left  ventricle,  after  they  had  ceafed  in 
various  kinds  of  violent  death,  by  injefting  black  blood 
through  one  of  the  pulmonary  veins.  It  is  obvious  too, 
that  wiien  lufpended  refpiration  is  reflored  by  inflating  the 
lungs,  the  left  ventricle  mull  firft  propel  the  black  blood  with 
which  it  is  loaded,  before  the  red  blood  can  arrive  at  the 
lungs.  The  heart  of  red  blood  has,  therefore,  the  power 
of  impelling  black  blood  into  all  the  organs ;  and  in  this 
way  we  explain  the  peculiar  colour  of  the  different  furfaces 
in  afphyxia. 

The  mere  contaft  of  black  blood  has  no  more  fenfible 
aftion  on  the  internal  furface  of  the  arteries  than  on  that  of 
the  heart.  If,  when  the  trachea  is  clofed,  an  artery  of  the 
foot  be  opened,  the  blood  is  propelled  from  it  for  fome  time 
with  the  natural  force. 

"  From  thefe  conliderations  and  experiments  we  may  con- 
clude," fays  Biehat,  "  that  the  black  blood  has  the  power 
of  exciting  the  internal  furface,  and  determining  the  aftion 
«f  the  heart  and  arteries  ;  and  that  if  no  other  caufe  inter- 
fered with  their  funftions  the  circulation  might  be  continued, 
not,  perhaps,  with  equal  force,  but  at  leaft  in  a  very  fenfi- 
ble manner.  What  then  are  the  caufes  which  interrupt 
the  circulation  in  the  heart  of  red  blood  and  in  the  ar- 
teries, 'when  the  lung  tranfmits  to  them  only  black  blood  ? 
For  when  the  latter  has  flowed  tor  fome  time,  the  jet  is 
gradually  weakened,  and  at  lall  entirely  ceafes :  if  the  ftop- 
cock  fixed  in  the  trachea  be  now  opened,  it  is  again  fpeedily 
reftored.  I  believe  that  the  black  blood  afts  upon  the  heart 
as  upon  all  other  paj-ts,  as  we  fliall  fee  that  it  influences  the 
brain,  the  voluntary  mufcles,  the  membranes,  &c.  ;  that  is  to 
fay,  by  penetrating  its  tiffue,  by  debilitating  each  individual 
fibre.  1  am  well  convinced,  that  if  black  blood  could  be 
circulated  in  the  coronary  vcffels,  while  the  red  ihould  pats 
as  ufnal  through  the  left  auric'e  and  ventricle,  the  circulation 
would  be  interrupted  almoft  as  quickly  as  in  the  preceding- 
cafes."  We  conclude  then,  in  general  terms,  and  without 
attempting  to  determine  how  this  takes  place,  tliat  the  heart's 
aftion  ceaies  when  the  chemical  phenomena  of  the  lungs  are 
interrupted,  becaufe  the  black  blood,  which  penetrates  its 
mufeular  fibres,  is  not  capable  of  keeping  up  their  aftion.  ■ 

In  this  view  of  the  fubject,  the  right  ventricle  will  be  as 
much  affefled  as  the  left,  fince  the  black  blood  is  diftributed 
equally  to  the  fibres  of  each.  Yet  the  latter  ceaies  to  aft 
firft,  and  this  is  fo  conllantly  and  well  known  afaft,  that  the 
right  fide  of  the  heart  has  been  called  the-  ii^timum  moriens. 
This  arifes,  as  Haller  has  already  clearly  explained,  from 
the  circumftance  of  the  right  cavities  being-  longer  excited 
than  the  left.  (See  Hear-i',  and  Circulation'.)  It  dot* 
not  prove  that  the  left  ventricle  dies  firfl  in  afpliyxia.  If 
that  were  the  cafe,  the  left  aiu-icle  anc  ventricle  Ihould  be 
diftended  with  blood  after  death,  and  tliis  diftention  fliouM 
4  M  be 


LUNGS. 


be  propagated  from  them  into  tlie  pulmonary  veins  and 
right  fule  of  the  heart  ;  that  is  to  fay,  the  cufgeftion  of 
blood  ftiould  begin  in  the  refer^oir  which  firft  ceafes  to 
aft,  and  it  fhould  be  propagated  from  that  into  the  others. 
The  examination  of  animals,  who  have  perifhed  from  af- 
phyxia,  fliews  us,  on  the  contrary,  that  the  cavities  of  red 
blood  and  the  pulmonary  veins  contain  but  a  fmall  quantity 
of  bhck  blood  in  comparifon  with  that  wliich  diftends  tliofe 
of  the  oppofite  fide  ;  that  the  point  at  whieh  the  blood  has 
ftoj'ped  is  principally  in  the  lung,  fiom  which  we  are  to 
trace  its  ft  jgnation  in  the  whole  venous  fyftem  ;  and  that 
the  arteries  contain  as  much  in  proportion  as  the  correfpond- 
ing  ventricle,  fo  that  deathcannot  be  fuppofed  to  have  begun 
in  it  rather  than  in  any  other  part. 

Bichat  Hates  afterwards,  that  he  cannot  entirely  rejeft 
<he  notion  of  the  lefs  aptitude  of  the  black  blood  to  ftimu- 
late  the  left  ventricle.  When  an  artery-  is  opened,  a  ftop- 
cock  being  fixed  in  the  tracl»ea  and  clofed,  the  iet  of  blood 
is  gradually  weakened  ;  open  the  ftopcock,  and  the  blood 
becomes  again  immediately  red,  and  is  thrown  out  more 
forcibly.  This  change  is  too  fiidden  to  admit  of  our  ac- 
counting for  it  by  the  red  blood  penetrating  the  tilTue  of 
the  heart.  Yet  it  may  happen  from  the  powerful  motions 
of  infpiration  and  exfpiration  which  the  animal  makes  as  foon 
as  air  enters  the  chefl.  For  if  an  artery  be  opened,  and 
refpiration  thus  hurried,  the  jet  of  blood  will  he  raanifeftly 
increafed.  On  tlie  whole,  therefore,  even  if  it  be  allowed 
that  red  blood  is  a  more  powerful  ftimulus  to  the  heart  than 
black,  the  excefs  mull  be  very  trifling. 

In  connexion  with  this  fubjeft,  we  may  confider  the 
explanation  of  the  remarkably  diftended  ftatc,  in  which  the 
pulmonary  artery,  the  right  cavities  of  the  heart,  and  the 
venou?  fyitem  are  found  in  in  (lances  where  death  commences 
in  the  chemical  phenomena  of  the  lungs,  compared  with 
the  comparatively  empty  condition  of  the  fyftem  of  red 
blood.  Tlie  phenomenon  is  fo  remarkable  as  to  have  attrafted 
the  attention  of  all  who  have  opened  the  bodies  of  animals 
killed  by  afphyxia  ;  it  has  been  commonly  explained  by  the 
folds  of  the  pulmonary  vcfltls,  which  we  have  already  con- 
fidered. 

The  lungs  are  found  in  tuo  very  different  ftates,  accord- 
ing to  the  manner  in  which  life  ends  :  when  death  is  inftan- 
■taneous,  they  are  not  loaded  with  b!ood  ;  the  auricle  and 
ventricle  of  black  blood,  the  pulmonary  artery,  and  the 
general  venous  fyllem,  are  not  remarkably  difiended.  On 
the  contrary,  when  the  chemical  phenomena  of  refpiration 
are  flowly  dellroyed,  when  an  animal  has  been  kept  as  long 
as  poflible  in  the  diftrcfs  and  anguifti  which  attend  inter- 
ruption of  the  funftions  of  the  lungs,  thcfe  organs  are 
extremely  Uiaded  with  blood,  and  diftended  to  a  volume  very 
far  exceeding  that  which  they  prefent  in  the  other  cafe.  In 
whatever  condition  the  lungs  of  an  animal,  which  has  pe- 
rilhed  by  afphyxia,  may  be  found,  whether  they  be  loaded 
or  empty,  and  conCcquently  whether  death  have  been  brought 
un  flowly  or  fuddenly,  the  vafcular  fyftem  of  black  blood 
is  always  full  of  this  fluid,  particularly  about  the  heart ; 
there  is  conftantly  a  great  difference  in  this  refpeft  between 
it  and  the  vafcular  fyftem  of  red  blosd,  and  confequently 
the  principal  obftacle  to  the  circulation  is  in  the  lung. 

Bichat  explains  this  phenomenon  from  certain  ccnfider- 
ations  connected  with  the  blood,  the  lung,  and  the  heart. 

1.  The  black  blood  circukting  in  the  arteries  is  inca- 
pable of  furnifhing  to  the  organs  of  fecretion,  exhalation, 
and  nutrition,  the  various  materials  neceflary  for  the  exercife 
cf  thofe  funftions  ;  or  if  it  conveys  the  materials,  it  cannot 
excite  the  organs.  Hence,  the  venous  fyllem  receives  an 
tinufually  large  quantity  of  blood,  as  all  Uiat  portion,  which 


is  ordinarily  removed  by  the  funftions  jufl  mentioned,  enter* 
it ;  and  the  difficulty  of  tlie  pafTage  through  the  lungs  i» 
proportionally  augmented.  All  obfervers  have  been  ftruck 
by  the  gnat  abundance  of  blood  found  in  the  veftels  in 
thefe  cafes. 

2.  The  lung  is  no  longer  excited  by  red  blood  :  the^ 
bronchial  vclTels  carry  black  blood  to  it,  and  hence  its 
powers  are  enfeebled,  as  thofe  of  the  heart  are  by  the  fame 
fluid  conveyed  to  it  by  the  coronary  arteries  Again,  the 
pulmonary  capillary  iyftem  contains  nothing  but  black 
blood.  I'hat  the  tonic  powers,  by  which  the  circulation  is 
carried  on  in  thofe  velTels,  muft  be  much  depreffed  from 
this  caufe,  cannot  be  doubted.  Moreover,  the  habitual 
excitation  of  the  mucous  furfaces  by  the  atmofphei-ic  air 
is  interrupted  ;  and  this  muft  aflttft  in  lowering  the  tonic 
powers. 

3.  Tlie  auricle  and  ventricle  of  black  blood  aft  more 
weakly,  and  are  Itfs  capable  of  furmounting  any  refiftance 
in  the  lung  in  confequence  of  their  fibres  being  penetrated 
by  black  blood.  They  can  no  longer  refill  the  blood 
brought  by  the  \en.T  cavx,  and  become  diftended  bj  it. 

Thefe  confiderations  feemto  account  fatisfaflorily  for  the 
diftention  of  the  fyftem  of  black  blood  in  afphyxia  ;  ws 
have  next  to  explain  why  the  fyftem  of  red  blood  contains  a 
quantity  comparatively  fo  fmall.  As  the  obftacle  exifts  in 
the  lungs,  a  fmaUer  quantity  arrives  at  the  left  fide  of  th« 
heart.  The  natural  ftrength  of  the  left  ventricle  and  the 
arteries  exceeds  that  of  the  right  and-  the  veins  ;  confe- 
quently the  former  can  more  ealily  overcome  the  rcfiftanca 
of  the  capillaries  of  the  body  in  general,  than  the  latter 
can  that  of  the  pulmonary  capillaries.  Again,  there  is 
only  one  caufe  of  retardation  in  the  general  capillary  circu- 
la'ion,  •viz.  the  contaft  of  black  blood  with  the  organs  j 
while  there  is  added  to  this  caufe  in  the  lungs,  the  ablcnce 
of  the  habitual  excitation  produced  by  the  atmofpheric  air. 
Thus,  we  find  in  the  lungs  more  refiftance  to  the  blood 
brought  by  the  veins,  and  lefs  force  to  overcome  that  re- 
fiftance ;  while  in  the  body  in  general  the  obftacles  at  the 
jimftion  of  the  arteries  and  veins  are  more  feeble,  and  the 
force  tending  to  overcome  them  is  greater. 

Although  the  general  capillary  fyllem  offers  lefs  refiftance 
to  the  arteries,  than  the  pulmonary  capillaries  do  to  the 
veins  in  afphyxia,  yet  there  is  a  manifeit  obftruftion  evea 
here ;  and  it  gives  rife  to  two  remarkable  phenomena. 
Black  blood  is  coUefted  in  the  arteries  in  a  much  greater 
quantity  than  ufual,  although  in  a  fmaller  proportion  than 
in  the  veins  ;  hence  injeftion  fucceeds  badly  in  fuch  fubjefts. 
The  accumulation  of  black  blood  in  the  extremities  of  the 
arteries  gives  a  livid  colour  to  all  the  furfaces  of  the  body, 
and  a  bloated  apjiearance  to  the  various  parts,  as  the  face, 
tongue,  lips,  &c.  Thefe  two  phenomena  indicate  a  con- 
geftion  ol  black  blood  in  the  arterial  extremities,  as  the  ana- 
logous appearances  of  the  lungs  denote  a  difScuIty  of  paf- 
fage  through  the  pulmonary  capillaries,  where  indeed  thje 
congeftion  is  much  more  manifeft,  becaufe  the  fyftem  is  con- 
centrated within  a  fmall  fpace,  while  the  other  is  fpread 
over  the  whok-  body. 

Influence  ivhich  the  Dtath  of  the  Lung  produces  on  that  of  the 
Eratu. — The  black  blood  afts  upon  tiie  brain  as  it  does  on 
the  heart  ;  that  is,  by  penetrating  its  tiffae,  and  depriving 
it  of  the  excitation  neceffary  for  keeping  up  its  aftion. 
What  we  have  faid  concerning  the  heart  is  therefore  equally 
applicable  to  tliis  fubjeft.  The  experiments  of  Bichat  on 
this  point  have  been  very  numerous  and  diverfified.  He 
firft  transfufed  through  a  tube  the  blood  of  the  carotid  of 
one  dog  into  the  carotid  of  another  :  this  does  not  hurt  the 
animal  if  a  vein  be  opened  to  obviate  plenitude  of  the  veffels. 


LUNGS. 


It  proves  that  the  contaA  of  extraneous  red  blood  does  not 
injure  the  cerebral  funftions.     He  then  opened  the  jugular 
vein  and  carotid  artery  of  a  dog,  received  the  blood  of  the 
former  in  a  fyringe  heated  to  the  temperature  of  the  body, 
and  injeifted  it  into  the  latter.     The  animal  was  almotl  im- 
mediately agitated  ;    the  refpiration   was  hurried,  and  the 
diftrefling  kind  of  fuffocation  that  belongs  to   afphyxia  was 
produced.     Soon   all  the  fymptoms  of  the  latter  ftate  ap- 
peared ;  the  animal   life  was  entirely  fufpended  j  the  lieart 
ftill  continued  to  beat,  and  the  circulation  went  on  for  half 
an  hour,  at  the  end  of  which  time  the  organic  life  alfo  was 
extinft.     This  experiment  was  often  repeated,    and  inva- 
riably with  the  fame  refult :  about  fix  ounces  of  black  blood 
were  injeded.      If  the  point  of  the  fyringe  was  infertcd  into 
the  vein,  fo  as  to  draw  up  the  blood  without  any  poffibility 
of  its  coming  in  contaft  with  the  air,  the  refult  was   the 
fame,    except    that    death   came  on   rather   more    (lowly. 
Various    other  fubftances,    fuch  as    ink,    oil,  wine,  water 
coloured    blue,  urine,    bile,    mucous    fluids,    produced   the 
fame  effects.     That  the  fatal  effecis  arife  in  thefe  cafes  from 
the  aifiion  of  the  black  blood,  J^c.  on  the  brain,  and  not  on 
the  internal  furface  of  the  arteries,  is  proved  by  injefting 
them  into  the  crural  artery  ;  the  injection  is  never  morral, 
although  numbnefs  and  even  paralyfis  generally  follow.      If 
blood   be  taken  from  the  carotid  artery  of  an   animal  who 
is  fufferinor  afphyxia,  and  injefted  into  that  of  another,  the 
fame  effects  with   thofe   already   mentioned   are   produced. 
Alfo,  if  the  carotids  of  two  dogs  are  united  by  a  lilver  tube, 
fo  that  the  heart  of  the  one  fends  its  blood  to  the  brain  of 
the  other,  and  a  (lopcock  be  placed  in  the  trachea  of  the 
former,  no  bad  effeft  is  produced,  fo  long  as  that  remains 
open.     Clofe  the  (lopcock,  and  black  blood  will  be  fent 
inftead  of  red.     Now,  the  dog  whofe  carotid  receives  this 
blood  becomes  coiifuled  and  agitated,  drops  his  head,  and 
lofes  his  fenfes  ;  but  thefe  phenomena  come  on  more  (lowly 
than  when  black  blood  taken  from  the  venous  fyftem  is  in- 
jefted  into  the  artery.     If  the  transfufion  be  ftopped,  the 
fymptoms  of  afphyxia  may  go  off,  and  the  animal  recover ; 
but  death  invariably  follows  the  injeftion  of  blask   blood 
with  a  fyringe. 

In  fumming  up  his  experiments,  Bichat  concludes,  that 
the  nature  of  the  principles  contained  in  the  black  blood 
render  it  either  incapable  of  exciting  the  aftion  of  the  brain, 
or  aftually  injurious  to  the  organ  ;  but  he  cannot  decide 
whether  its  influence  is  exerted  negatively  or  polltivcly. 

He  proceeds  to  make  fome  interefting  obfervations  on  the 
nature  and  treatment  of  afphyxia.  "  We  might  conclude," 
fays  he,  "  from  the  above-mentioned  facts,  that  the  beil  mode 
of  treating  thofe  who  are  fuffering  from  afphyxia,  would  be 
to  impel  into  the  brain  red  blood,  which  is  its  natural  lli- 
mulus.  Two  points  of  time  fhould  be  di(liDgui(hed  in 
afphyxia;  i,  that  in  which  the  central  funftions  alone  are 
fufpended  ;  2,  when  the  circulation  as  well  as  the  movements 
of  the  chell  have  ilopped ;  for,  in  this  affeftion,  the  animal 
life  is  firft  fuddenly  extinguilhed,  and  the  organic  ceafes 
after  a  certain  interval.  In  the  (irll  of  thefe  periods,  the 
transfufion  of  red  blood  towards  the  brain,  from  the  carotid 
of  another  animal,  gradually  re-animates  the  powers  of  mo- 
tion ;  the  cerebral  funftions  are  partly  rertored,  and  the 
arrival  of  blood  in  the  brain  is  often  announced  by  fiidden 
agitations  of  the  head,  eyes,  &c. ;  bnt  this  improvement 
foon  difappears,  and  the  animal  relapfes  if  the  caufe  con- 
tinues,  as  for  example,  if  the  (lopcock  in  the  trachea  re- 
mains ihut.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  (lopcock  be  opened 
in  this  tird  period,  the  arrival  of  frefli  air  in  the  lungs  al- 
moft  always  gradually  re-animates  thefe  organs.  The  blood 
affumee  the  red  colour,  and  is  fent  in  that  Itate  to  the  brain, 


and  life  is  reftored  without  transfufion,  which  is  completely 
ineffedtual  in  the  fecond  period  of  afphyxia,  that  is,  when 
the  organic  movements,  particularly  thofe  of  the  heart,  are 
fufpended.  The  transfufion  of  red  blood  towards  the  brain 
does  not,  therefore,  afford  us  any  remedy  in  the  cafe  of 
afphyxia.  Neither  does  it  fucceed  after  the  injeftion  of 
venous  blood  into  the  brain  by  means  of  a  fyringe,  which  is 
invariably  fatal.  Afphyxia  produced  by  injecting  blood 
taken  from  the  vein  into  the  brain  is  more  prompt  and  cer- 
tain, than  that  occafioned  by  the  gradual  chan-je  of  the  red 
into  black  blood,  confequent  on  interrupted  refpiration  ; 
and  the  nature  of  the  two  caies  is  manifelUy  different." 

The  phenomena  of  afphyxia,  as  obfcrved  in  the  human 
fubject,  coincide  very  well  with  what  is  obferved  in  experi- 
ments on  animals.  In  all  cafes  the  brain  is  fird  affeAed,  its 
functions  are  annihilated,  and  the  animal  life,  particularly 
fo  far  as  regards  the  fenfes,  ceafes  ;  the  internal  functions 
are  fubfequently  arreftcd.  When  afphyxia  is  produced  in.  ' 
an  animal  with  an  artery  open,  it  is  curious  to  obl'erve  how 
the  affciftion  of  the  brain  coincides  with  the  change  of  colour 
in  the  blood,  while  the  energy  of  the  heart  is  unabated. 
Moft  of  thofe  who  have  been  expofed  to  afphyxia,  and  have 
efcaped  fuffocation,. have  experienced  only  a  general  kind  of 
benumbing  or  paralyfis,  the  feat  of  which  is  manifelUy  in 
the  brain  ;  while  all  in  whom  the  pulfe  and  heart  have 
ceafed  to  beat,  certainly  die.  Almoll  all  who  have  re- 
covered  fay,  that  they  felt  firft  more  or  lefs  violent  pain  in 
the  head,  produced  probably  by  the  firft  contact  of  black 
blood  with  the  brain.  Bichat  confiders  the  common  notions 
of  the  effects  of  charcoal  vapours  on  the  head,  and  the  ex- 
pre(rions  concerning  the  heavinefs,  giddinefs,  &c.  produced 
by  them,  as  ftrong  proof  that  the  firft  influence  is  in  fac't 
exerted  on  the  brain.  He  obferves  further,  that  many  indi- 
viduals who  have  recovered  from  afphyxia  produced  by  this 
caufe,  exhibit,  for  a  longer  or  (horter  period,  various 
affeftions  of  the  intelleftnal  funftions  and  voluntary  mo. 
tions,  as  for  inftance  confufion  of  ideas,  and  unfteady  mo- 
tions  of  the  lower  hmbs ;  the  fame  effefts,  in  a  fmaher 
degree,  which  apoplexy  produces  more  fenfibly.  Convulfive 
motions  have  fometimes  taken  place  almoft  immediately  after 
expofure  to  mephitic  vapours  ;  and  a  pain  in  the  head  has 
often  lafted  many  days  after  the  difappearance  of  the  other 
fymptoms. 

From  the  foregoing  confiderations,  Bichat  deduces  the. 
following  conclufions ;  i  ft,  that  when  the  chemical  pheno- 
mena of  the  lungs  are  interrupted,  the  black  blood  aft» 
upon  the  brain  as  upon  the  heart,  that  is,  by  penetrating  its 
tilFue,  and  thereby  depriving  it  of  the  excitation  neceffary 
to  its  aftion;  2dly,  that  its  influence  is  much  more  promptly- 
exerted  on  the  former  tlian  on  the  latter  of  thefe  two 
organs  ;  3dly,  that  the  inequahty  of  their  influence  deter- 
mines the  difference  obferved  in  the  ceffation  of  the  two 
lives  in  afphyxia,  where  Uie  animal  always  ceafes  before  the 
organic.  Hence  we  may  infer,  how  unfounded  the  opinion 
is,  that  in  thofe  who  are  executed  by  the  guillotine,  the 
brain  ilill  continues  to  live  fome  time,  and  that  fenfations  of 
pleafure  and  pain  may  ftill  be  referred  to  it.  The  aftion  of 
this  organ  is  intimately  connefted  to  its  double  excitation  ; 
ift,  by  the  motion,  and  zdly,  by  the  nature  of  the  blood 
which  it  receives.  As  this  excitation  is  fuddenly  interrupted 
m  that  mode  of  death,  all  feeling  is  as  fuddenly  fufpended. 

Influence  of  the  Death  of  the  Lung  on  that  of  the  Organs  of  the 
Body  in  genrra!. — Bichat  commences  his  view  of  this  lubjeA 
by  examining  the  changes  of  colour  which  the  blood  under- 
goes when  the  chemical  phenomena  of  the  lungs  are  in-, 
terrupted.  He  found  the  hell  method  of  obferving  thefe 
changes  to  be  by  fixing  a  llopcock  ia  the  trachea  of  an 
4  M  2  animal. 


LUNGS. 


animal,  by  wli!c]i  tlie  quantity  and  kind  of  air  introduced 
iiito  the  lungs  can  be  regulated,  and  placing  a  fmalltube  witli 
a  itopcock.  in  an  artery,  as  the  carotid  or  crural,  which 
enabled  him  to  afcertain  how  the  blood  was  altered. 

1.  When  the  ftopcock  is  clofed  iminediately  after  an  in- 
fpiration,  the  blood  grows  darker  in  thirty  fcconds  ;  it  has 
acquired  a  deep  tint  in  a  minute,  aild  it  poiTeflTes  entirely  the 
appearance  of  venous  blood  in  a  minute  and  a  half,  or  two 
minutes. 

2.  The  produdion  of  the  black  colour  takes  place  more 
quickly  by  feveral  fcconds,  if  the  ftopcock  be  fhut  after  ex- 
fplration,  particularly  if  it  has  been  a  complete  one. 

3.  If  tlie  air  be  drawn  out  of  the  lungs  by  a  fyringe,  the 
blood  becomes  immediately  black  :  twenty  or  thirty  fe- 
conds  are  fuflicicnt  for  the  change.  No  fuccelTive  gradations 
of  colour  arc  obfervcd. 

4.  If  the  lungs  be  extended  by  injefting  air  into  thet'i, 
and  clofing  the  ftopcock,  a  longer  time  is  necelTary  for 
changing  the  blood  into  the  black  Itate  :  three  minutes  will 
then  be  required. 

Thefe  phenomena  are  obferved  in  the  pafTiige  of  the 
animal  from  a  Hate  of  afphyxia  to  death  :  a  lerios  of  an 
oppolite  nature  is  feen  when  it  is  rellored  from  alphyxia  to 
life. 

1.  When  the  ftopcock,  after  being  clofed  for  fome  mi- 
nutes, is  opened,  the  animal  immediately  performs  fix  or 
foven  great  infpirations  and  exfpirations.  A  jet  of  red  blood 
fucceeds  the  black,  which  was  flowing  before  ;  and  the  in- 
terval between  the  two  is  at  moft  thirty  fcconds.  There  is 
no  fuccefllve  change  of  tints,  but  a  certain  and  decided  alte- 
ration. 

2.  If  a  fmall  quantity  only  of  air  be  admitted,  the  change 
of  colour  is  lefs  confiderable. 

3.  If  frcfh  air  be  injefted,  and  the  ftopcock  then  clofed, 
the  blood  becomes  red,  but  lefs  manifellly  than  when 
the  air  is  admitted  by  voluntary  refpiration  :  m  the  latter 
cafe  the  animal  firft  expels  the  air  that  had  become 
fpoiled. 

4.  If  the  air  inclofed  in  the  lung  be  drawn  out  by  a  fy- 
ringe, and  frefh  air  injefted,  the  change  of  colour  is  effefted 
more  rapidly  than  in  tlie  preceding  caiie. 

J.  When  the  lung  is  expofed  by  cutting  through  the 
ribs,  the  circulation  is  continued  for  a  certain  time.  If  it 
be  alternately  diitended  and  emptied  by  means  of  a  fyringe, 
the  red  and  black  colours  are  ItiU  produced  fo  long  as  the 
sirculation  i.;  kept  up. 

From  the  rapidity  i^ith  which  the  blood,  in  thefe  experi- 
ments, is  changed  from  black  to  red  on  opening  the  ftop- 
cock, we  caniujt  help  concluding  tiiat  the  principle  which 
caufcs  this  alteration  patTes  diredly  from  the  lung  into  the 
blood,  through  the  membranous  lining  of  the  air-cells.  The 
acceleration  of  the  motions  of  the  heart  in  animals  undergoing 
afphyxia,  as  in  the  famous  experiment  of  Hook,  by  itijett- 
ing  air  into  the  trachea,  muft  be  referred  to  the  red  blood 
penetrating  the  fibres  of  the  heart,  and  putting  an  end  to  the 
debility  which  the  contaft  of  biack  blood  was  producing. 
Yet  this  method  will  never  re-produce  the  motions  of  the 
heart  when  they  have  been  once  annihilated  by  the  contaft 
of  black  blood.  Bichat  has  often  tr:ed  this  without  fuc- 
cefs.  The  heart,  fays  he,  cannot  be  re-animated  by  the 
aflion  of  the  air,  ur.lefs  the  blood,  coloured  by  that  fluid, 
eould  penetrate  the  organ.  When  the  circulation  is  flopped, 
how  can  this  take  place  ? 

Hydrogen  snd  carbonic  acid  gafes  were  enip'oyed  in  re- 
fpiration by  filling  bladders  with  them,  and  fixing  them  to 
the  tube  in  the  trachea.  The  bldJder  is  a'ternaitly  dirteiided 
aAd  emptied  as  tlie  animal  exfpires  and  infpires.     He  is  at 


firft  tolerably  quiet,  but  in  about  three  minutes  begins  to  be 
agitated  ;  refpiration  becomes  hurried  and  troubled,  the 
blood  flowing  from  an  artery  grows  darker,  and  is  black  at 
the  end  of  four  or  five  minutes.  Thtre  was  very  little  dif- 
ference in  the  time  required  for  the  change,  or  intenfity  of 
the  colour,  whichever  ot  the  two  gafes  was  employed. 

The  reafon  why  the  change  of  colour  takes  place  more 
flowly  when  thefe  bladders  are  adajited  to  the  (tiipcock,  than 
when  the  latter  is  clofed,  feems  to  be,  that  the  air  contained 
in  the  trachea  and  its  branches  is  repeatedly  thrown  from 
the  lung  into  the  bladder,  and  vice  -ver/a  ;  fo  that  its  whole 
refpirable  proportion  is  fucceflively  prefented  to  the  blood. 
This  mqtion  cannot  take  place  in  the  latter  cafe  ;  fo  that  as 
foon  as  the  pure  part  of  the  air  contained  in  the  bronchial 
cells  is  cxhauftcd,  the  blood  is  no  longer  converted  into  tiie 
red  ftatc,  although  the  trachea  and  its  large  divifions  ftill 
contain  a  confiderable  quantity  of  air  capable  of  ferving  the 
purpofes  of  refpiration.  It  appears  that  the  converlion  of 
the  blood  goes  on  only  at  the  extremities  of  the  bronchial  ra- 
inincationi-,  and  that  the  internal  furface  of  the  large  air- 
veflels  has  no  connection  with  this  phenomenon. 

We  have  already  feen  that  the  action  of  the  heart  conti- 
nues for  fome  time  after  the  chemical  phenomena  of  the 
lungs  have  been  interrupted  ;  the  arterial  circulation  is  there- 
fore itill  maintained,  although  the  arteries  contain  a  different 
fluid  from  that  which  is  natural  to  tliein  ;  and  the  organs  of 
the  body,  accuftomed  only  to  the  red  blood,  become  pene- 
trated, in  confequence  of  this  circulation,  by  black  blood. 
Bichat  has  proved  this  by  cxpofing  various  parts  in  an  animal, 
while  the  itopcock  in  its  trachea  was  clofed,  and  the  animal 
was  confequently  undergoing  afphyxia.  He  has  examined 
in  this  way  the  mufcles,  the  nerves,  the  fkin,  mucous  and 
ferous  membranes,  and  the  granulations  of  wounds,  and 
found  that  the  black  blood  penetrated  them  all,  and  pro- 
duced more  or  lefs  confpicuous  alterations  in  tfieir  colour, 
which  was  rendered  either  brown  or  livid.  The  phenomenon 
is  very  obvious  in  the  fliin,  which  always  prefents  more  or 
lefs  extenfive  livid  fpots  in  afphyxia.  Thefe  can  only  be 
explained  by  the  exillence  of  an  obilacle  to  the  tranfmiffion 
of  the  blood  in  the  general  capillary  fyftem  :  in  the  fame 
way  we  account  for  the  fwelling  of  various  parts,  as  the 
cheeks,  lips,  and  head  in  general. 

The  black  blood  does  not  penetrate  at  all  into  fome  parts 
of  the  general  capillary  fyftem,  and  the  natural  colour  is 
confequently  prcfcrved  :  in  others  it  manifellly  enters  and  is 
obftrutted,  producing  a  dark  colour  at  the  part,  and  more- 
over a  tumefaction,  if  it  enters  in  large  quantity  :  or, 
laftlv,  it  may  pafs  this  fyftem  and  enter  the  veins.  In  the 
two  former  cafes  the  general  circulatioB  is  arrcfted  in  the 
capillary  fyftem  ;  in  the  latter,  which  is  the  more  ge- 
neral, the  courfe  of  the  blood  is  fufpended  in  the  capillaries 
of  the  lungs. 

The  faft  that  the  black  blood  continues  to  be  circulated 
for  fome  time  after  the  chemical  phenomena  of  the  lungs 
have  been  interrupted,  explains  a  phenomenon,  which  muft 
have  been  obferved  by  all  who  are  much  employed  in  dif- 
feftions ;  viz.  that  in  the  dead  body  we  meet  with  black 
blood  only,  even  in  the  veffels  which  naturally  carry  red 
blood.  However  death  may  be  produced,  the  functions  of 
the  Inno-s  are  troubled  in  the  lali  moments  of  exillence,  and 
end  before  thofe  of  the  heart.  The  blood  ftill  moves,  al- 
though it  no  longer  receives  the  influence  of  the  air  :  it  is 
therefore  circulated  black  for  a  certain  length  of  time,  and 
remains  in  that  ilate  in  the  organs,  although  tlie  circulation 
is  much  k'fb  evident  than  in  afphyxia. 

After  having  ftiewn  that  the  interruption  of  the  chen-.ical 
phenomena   of  refpiration  prevents   the  black  blood   from 

being 


LUNGS. 


beinGT  converted  into  the  red  flate,  and  that  this  black  blood 
is  circiilT.ed  thr.rigrh  the  body  by  the  dill  fiirvivinjT  aftion 
of  the  li"art,  Bichat  proceeds  to  (liew  that  the  black  blood  is 
not  rj  s.Hle  of  maiiitainincr  the  vital  powers  and  ai'^ivity  of 
the  or^rans,  which  are  therefore  killed  by  its  contaft.  i^he 
re.l  'lood,  he  fays,  gives  to  the  organs  their  natural  and 
healthy  excitation,  by  which  their  vifal  powers  are  fupport- 
ed.  P^nibly  this  effect  mdy  be  produced  by  the  combina- 
tion of  the  differeftt  principles  that  colour  it,  with  the  va- 
rious organs  in  which  it  is  contained. 

The  organs  of  the  animal  and  of  the  organic  life  have 
their  aftiois  terminated  in  different  ways.  The  former,  be- 
ing  entiely  dependent  on  the  brain,  have  their  funAions  fuf- 
peiided  as  foon  as  thofe  of  the  Urain  ceafe.  We  have  already 
(hewn  that  the  contaft  of  black  blood  produces  the  latter  ef- 
feft  almoft  inftantlv  ;  confequently  the  organs  of  fenfation, 
locomotion,  and  the  v»,ice,  mul  be  fuddenly  paralyfed  in 
afphyxia.  But  the  circulation  of  the  black  blood  produces 
ftill  further  effefts  :  when  it  penetrates  the  nerves,  it  ren- 
ders them  incapable  of  keeping  up  the  communication  be- 
tween the  brain  and  the  fenfes  on  one  fide,  and  the  locomo- 
tive and  vocal  organs  on  the  other.  The  contact  of  the 
black  blood  with  the  organs  themfelves  alfo  annihilates  their 
action.  Injeft  into  the  crural  artery  of  an  animal  blood 
drawn  from  one  of  its  veins  ;  the  motions  are  foon  weakened 
very  perceptibly,  and  fometimes  a  momentary  paralyfis  is 
produced.  The  effeft  cannot  be  afcribed  to  tying  the  artery, 
for  that  alone  is  often  attended  with  no  fuch  confequence, 
whereas  the  refult  of  injecting  black  blood  is  always  the 
fame,  except  indeed  that  it  varies  in  duration  and  intenfity. 
Senfation  is  alfo  manifelHy  fufpended  in  this  e.x.periment,  but 
later  than  the  power  of  motion.  The  cffeft  is  always  pro- 
duced, particularly  if  the  injeftion  of  black  blood  be  re- 
peated three  or  four  times  at  fmall  intervals. 

The  organs  of  the  internal  life  being  independent  of  the 
cerebral  aftion,  have  not  their  functions  arrefted,  like  thofe 
of  the  external  life,  by  the  fufpenfion  of  that  aftion.  It  is 
the  contaft  of  the  black  blood  only  that  afts  in  this  cafe, 
and  confequently  the  death  of  thefe  organs  has  one  caiife 
lefs  than  that  of  the  locomotive  and  vocal  parts,  &c.  We 
have  already  explained  the  influence  of  the  black  blood  on 
the  organs  of  circulation,  and  have  fhewn  how  the  heart 
ceafes  to  aft  as  foon  as  it  is  thoroughly  penetrated  by  that 
fluid.  Its  circulation  in  the  veffels  of  the  coats  of  the  arte- 
ries and  veins  weakens  thofe  tubes,  and  fufpends  their  aftion. 
It  mud  be  exceedingly  difficult,  if  not  impoflible,  to  bring 
forward  any  ilrift  proof  that  the  fecretions,  exhalation,  and 
nutrition  cannot  derive  from  the  black  blood  materials  fuited 
to  their  offices  ;  for  that  blood  does  not  circulate  in  the  ar- 
teries long  enough  to  admit  of  our  making  experiments  on 
thofe-funftions.  We  mull  rely,  therefore,  chiefly  on  the  ana- 
logy of  what  happens  in  other  parts,  to  prove  that  the  or- 
gans of  fecretion,  exhalation,  and  nutrition  have  their  func- 
tions interrupted  when  black  blood  is  fcnt  to  them.  This 
ftatemenl  is  very  much  corroborated  by  the  quantity  of  blood 
found  in  the  velTels  of  thofe  who  have  perifhed  by  afphyxia  ; 
it  is  fo  large  as  to  be  very  troubleforae  in  diffefting  fuch 
bodies,  which  might  naturally  be  expcfted  when  the  ufual 
outlets  of  the  fecretions,  &c.  are  ilopped. 

From  the  preceding  confiderations  Bichat  concludes,  that 
when  the  chemical  functions  of  the  lungs  are  interrupted,  all 
the  organs  of  the  body  ceafe  to  aft  li.nultaneoufiy,  in  confe- 
quence of  the  contaft  of  black  blood  ;  that  their  death  coin- 
cides with  that  of  the  heart  and  brain,  although  it  is  not  de- 
rived immediately  from  that  caufe  ;  that,  if  it  were  poffible 
for  thefe  two  organs  to  receive  red  blood,  while  black  was 
fcnt  to  the  others,  the  fumiiions  of  the  latter  would  ceafe, 


while  thofe  of  the  former  would  be  continued  :  in  a  word, 
that  afphyxia  is  a  general  phenomenon,  taking  place  at  the 
fame  time  in  all  ♦he  organs,  and  not  more  decidedly  marked 
in  any  particular  one 

By  refuming  and  comparing  what  has  been  faid  concerning 
the  influence  of  the  lungs  on  the  heart,  the  brain,  and  the 
organs  in  general,  we  (hall  eafily  form  an  idea  how  all  the 
funftions  fucceffively  terminate,  when  the  refpiratory  pheno- 
mena are  interrupted.  When  the  mechanical  phenomena  are 
fufpended';  i, there  are  no  more  chemical  phenomena,  for  want 
of  airto  fupportthem;  2, no  more  aftion  of  the  brain,  for  want 
of  red  blood  to  excite  it ;  3,  ceffation  of  the  animal  life, 
that  is,  of  the  fenfaiions,  locomotion,  and  the  voice,  becaufe 
the  organs  are  no  longer  excited  by  the  brain,  nor  by  red 
blood  ;  4,  ceffation  of  the  general  circulation  ;  5,  ceffation 
of  the  capillary  circulation,  of  fecretion,  abforption,  and 
exhalation,  in  confequence  of  the  organs  of  thofe  funftions 
being  no  longer  excited  by  red  blood  ;  6,  no  more  digef- 
tion,  for  want  of  fecretion  and  excitation  of  the  digeltive 
organs,   &c. 

When  the  chemical  funftions  of  the  lungs  are  interrupted, 
the  phenomena  of  death  fucceed  in  a  different  order  :  i,  in- 
terruption of  the  chemical  phenomena  ;  2,  fufpenfion  of  the 
aftion  of  the  brain  ;  3,  ceffation  of  the  fenfations,  and  of 
voluntary  motions,  confequently  of  the  voice,  and  the  me- 
chanical phenomena  of  refpiration  ;  4,  (loppage  of  the 
heart's  action,  and  of  the  general  circulation  ;  5,  termina- 
tion  of  the  capillary  circulation,  of  the  fecretions,  exhalation, 
abforption,  and  confequently  of  digeftion  ;  6,  annihilation 
of  animal  heat,  which  is  the  refult  of  all  the  funftions,  and 
which  does  not  leave  the  body  until  every  kind  of  vital  pro- 
cefs  is  extinguifhed.  In  whatever  fun&ion  death  may  begin, 
it  alw-ays  ends  in  this. 

There  is  a  very  intimate  conneftion  between  the  brain  and 
the  lungs  :  as  foon  as  the  former  ceafes  to  aft,  the  funftions 
of  the  latter  are  interrupted.  This  phenomenon,  which  is 
conftantly  obferved  in  warm-blooded  animals,  can  happen 
only  in  two  ways  :  i,  becaufe  the  aftion  of  the  brain  is 
direftly  neceffary  to  that  of  the  lung  ;  or  2,  becaufe  the  lat- 
ter receives  from  the  former  an  indireft  influence  through  the 
intercoftal  mufcles  and  diaphragm,  an  influence  which  ceafes 
as  foon  as  the  brain  becomes  inaftive. 

The  lung  can  influence  the  brain  direftly  only  through  tBe 
par  vagum  and  the  great  fympathetic  nerve.  Irritation  pf 
the  former  renders' refpiration  hurried,  but  this  is  an  effeft 
produced  by  any  confiderable  pain.  Divjfion  of  one  nerve 
of  the  eighth  pair  affects  the  breathing  for  a  time  :  but  tliis 
goes  off,  and  the  refpiratory  funftions  are  then  carried  on  with 
their  accuftomed  regularity.  If  both  nerves  are  cut,  refpi- 
ration is  ftiU  more  hurried  :  it  does  not  return  to  its  ordi- 
nary rate,  as  in  the  preceding  experiment,  but  continues  la- 
borious for  four  or  five  days,  when  the  animal  periflies. 
Hence  we  fee  that  the  eighth  pair  is  neceffary  to  the  pulmo- 
nary  funftions,  and  confequently  that  the  brain  has  fome  in- 
fluence on  thefe  funftions  :  hut  the  agency  is  not  a  very 
aftive  or  important  one,  fince  the  funftions  of  the  lung  are 
continued  for  a  long  time  without  it,  and  confequently  re- 
fpiration is  not  fuddenly  (lopped,  through  its  interruption  in 
injuries  of  the  brain.  Experiments  (hew  that  the  iiitercej)- 
tion  of  the  influence  derived  from  the  great  fympathetic  is 
equally  inadequate  to  interrupt  the  funftions  of  the  lungs. 

Smce  the  lung  is  not  affefted  immediately  from  the  inten- 
ruptipn  of  the  aftion  of  the  brain,  there  muH  be  fome  intei:- 
mcdiate  organs,  through  which  tlie  former  is  aftcd  on  by 
the  latter.  Thefe  are  the  mufcles  of  refpiration  Subjeft, 
by  the  nerves  which  they  receive,  to  the  immediate  influence 
of  the  braiuj  they  become  paralytic  as  foon  as  the  aftion  of 

the 


L  U  N 

•tTie  latter  has  ceafed.  If  the  fpinal  marrow  be  divided  be- 
tween the  lall  cervical  and  firft  dorfal  vertebra,  the  intercof- 
tal  mufcles  are  paralyfed,  and  refpiration  is  carried  on  by 
the  diaphragm  only.  If  tlie  phrenic  nerves  be  cut,  the  dia- 
phragm is  rendered  motionlcfs,  and  the  intercollals  alone  per- 
form breathing.  In  either  of  thcfe  cafes  hfe  may  be  conti- 
nued for  fome  time.  But  if  the  phrenic  nerves  and  the 
fpinal  marrow  about  the  bottom  of  the  neck  be  both  di- 
vided ;  or,  which  comes  to  the  fame  thing,  if  the  fpinal 
marrow  be  cut  through  above  the  origin  of  the  phrenic  nerves, 
all  communication  between  the  brain  and  the  agents  of  refpi- 
ration is  fufpended,  and  death  immediately  follows.  The 
rdifferenceof  half  an  inch  in  the  height  at  which  the  feftion  is 
made  is  fo  important,  that,  if  it  be  done  at  one  point,  the  ani- 
mal fhall  live  fifteen  or  twenty  hours,  if  half  an  inch  nearer 
to  the  brain,  he  will  die  immediately.  In  the  former  cafe  it 
is  below,  in  the  latter  above  the  origin  of  the  phrenic  nerve  : 
in  the  one  inftance  refpiration  and  confequently  li.'e  ccafes, 
becaufe  the  diaphragm  and  intercollal  mufcles  can  aft  no 
longer  ;  in  the  other  the  diaphragm  carries  on  the  refpira- 
tory  fundlions,  and  confequently  fupports  life  for  fome 
time. 

The  faftsjuft  detailed  fhew,  that  when  the  nervous  fyftem 
is  injured  above  the  origin  of  the  phrenic  nerves,  the  pheno- 
mena of  death  fucceed  in  the  following  order  :  I,  fufpenfinn 
of  the  aftion  of  the  voluntary  nerves  below  the  injury,  and 
confequently  of  the  intcrcoftal  and  phrenic  ;  2,  paralyfis  of 
all  the  mufcles  of  the  animal  life  fupplied  by  thofe  nerves, 
particularly  of  the  diaphragm  and  intercoftal  mufcles ; 
3,  celFation  of  the  mechanical  phenomena  of  refpiration,  for 
want  of  the  agents  neceffary  to  th>>fe  phenomena  ;  4,  anni- 
hilation of  the  chemical  phenomena.  The  interruption  of 
.all  thefe  motions  is  as  rapid  as  their  fucceflion  is  quick  in  the 
natural  order.  Death  comes  on  in  this  way  from  a  divifion 
crcompreflion  of  the  medulla  fpinalis  near  the  brain,  from  a 
luxation  of  the  fccond  vertebra,  from  concuffion  or  compref- 
fion  of  the  brain,  &c. 

Thus  we  fee  that  refpiration  is  a  funftion  of  a  mixed  kind, 
placed   in  a  manner    between  the  two  lives,  and  ferving  as 
their  point  of  contaft,  belonging  to  the  animal  life  by  its  me- 
chanical, and   to  the  organic  by   its   chemical  phenomena. 
Hence  the  aftivity  of  the  lung  depends  as  much  on  that  of 
the  brain,  which  is  the  centre  of  the  former,  as  on  that  of 
the  heart,  which  is  the  central  organ  of  the  latter. 
LuNG.s,  Confumption  of.     See  Consumption. 
Lungs,  Dropfy  of.     See  Duopsy. 
Lungs,  lufammation  of.     See  PeripneumONY. 
Lungs,  Polypus  of  the.     See  Polypus. 
Lungs,  Wounds  of  the.     See  Wounds. 
Lungs  of  InfeSs.     See  Entomology  and  Insects. 
Lungs,  Sea,  in  Zoology.     See  Medusa. 
Lungs,  Ship's.     See  Ventilator. 
LUNGSAKP,   in  Geography,  a   town  of  Sweden,   in 
■Weft  Gothland  ;  57  miles  from  Gotheborg. 

LUNGSUND,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Warmeland  ;  25 
miles    N.E.    of    Carlftadt.     N.  lat.  58°    48'.     E.   long. 

LUNGU,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the  Eaft  Indian  fea,  near  the 
soaft  of  Qiieda.     N.  lat.  6  39'.     E.  long.  99    4Z'. 

LUNG-WORT,  in  Botany,  fe'r.     See  Pulmonaria. 

LuNC^woitr,   Cow's  or  Bullock's.     See  Verbascum. 

LUNISOLAR,  m  Ajlnmomy  and  Chronology,  denotes 
fomething  compofed  of  the  revolution  of  the  lun,  and  of 
that  of  the  moon. 

LuNJsoLAR  Tear,  is  a  period  of  years  made  by  multi- 
plying the  cycle  of  the  moon,  which  is  nineteen,  by  that  of 
the  fun,  which  is  twenty-eight ;  the  produfl  of  which  i« 


L  U  P 

Cve  hundred  and  thirty-two  ;  in  which  fpace  of  time  tliofe 
two  luminaries  return  to  the  fame  points. 

LUNKA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Samogitia  ;  40 mile! 
N.E.  of  Micdniki. 

LUNTENliUllG,or  Brzed.slaw,  atown  of  Moravia, 
in  the  circle  of  Brunn  ;  36  miles  S.E.  of  Brunn. 

LUNTZ,  a  townof  Auilria;  15  miles  S.E.  of  Bavarian 
Waidhofen. 

LUNULA,  in  Geometry.     See  Lunk. 
Lunula,  the  Half-moon,  among  the   Romans,  an  orna- 
ment the  patricians  wore  on  their  (hoes. 

I^UNULA  was  alfo  an  ornament  in  form  of  a  moon,  worn 
by  the  ladies. 

LUNULAR  Angles.     See  Ancle. 
LUNULARIA,  in  Botany,  fo  called  from  the  crefcent- 
(haped  calyx,  as  it  is  now  thought  to  be,  of  the  male  flowers. 
Midi.  Gen.  4.  t.  4.      See  Marchantia  cruc'iata  of  Linnxus, 
who  bv  miftake  cites  it  by  the  name  of  Lunaria. 
LUNUL.ATUM  Folium.     See  Leaf. 
LUOPIOIS,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Tavaltland  ;   23  miles  N.  of  Tavafthus. 

LUPANNA,  an  illand  in  the  Adriatic,  near  the  republic 
of  Ragufa,  which  has  a  good  and  fafe  harbour.  The  foil, 
though  llony,  is  by  the  indnilry  of  tiie  inhabitants  rendered 
fertile.      The  coafts  abound  with  fiih. 

LUPARA,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Molife  ;  17  miles 
N.E.  of  Mohfe. 

LUPATA,  a  chain  of  African  mountains  in  Mocaranga, 
S.  lat.  I :;    to  17-. 

LUPERCALIA,  feafts  celebrated  in  Greece,  and  at 
Rome,  in  honour  of  the  god  Pan. 

The  word  comes  from  Lupercal,  the  name  of  a  place 
under  the  Palatine  mountain,  where  the  facrifices  were  per- 
formed. 

The  Lupercalia  were  celebrated  on  the  fifteenth  of  the 
calends  of  March,  that  is,  on  the  fifteenth  of  February; 
or,  as  Ovid  obferves,  on  the  third  day  after  the  ides.  They 
are  fuppofed  to  have  been  eftabliflied  by  Evander,  or  brought 
by  him  from  Arcadia  into  Italy.  The  Arundel  Marbles 
afcribe  the  inftitution  of  thefe  feafts  to  Lycaon,  king  of 
Arcadia,  who  afterwards  polluted  them  by  facrificing  hu- 
man viftims.  This  feaft,  after  having  been  interrupted  for 
fome  ages,  was  re-eftablifhed  in  Athens,  in  the  time  of 
Pandira,  as  we  learn  from  the  loth  era  of  the  fame  mar- 
bles. Lycurgus  aboliihed  at  Lacedsmonia  the  barbarous 
cuftom  of  offering  human  victims.  Valerius  Maximus 
is  of  opinion,  that  this  feftival  was  only  introduced  in  the 
time  of  Romulus,  at  the  perfuafion  of  the  fhepherd 
Fauftulus. 

On  the  morning  of  the  feaft,  the  Luperci,  or  priefts  of 
Pan,  ran  naked  through  the  ftreets  of  Rome,  ftnking  the 
married  women  they  met  on  the  hands  and  belly  with  a 
thong,  or  ftrap,  of  goat's  leather  ;  which  was  held  an  omen 
promifing  them  fecundity  and  happy  deliveries. 

The  reafon  of  this  indecent  cuftom,  in  celebrating  the 
Lupercalia,  took  its  rife,  as  it  has  been  faid,  from  Romulus 
and  Remus :  for  while  they  were  affifting  at  this  feaft,  a 
body  of  robbers,  taking  hold  of  the  occafion,  plundered 
them  of  their  flocks.  Upon  this  the  two  brothers,  and  all 
the  youth  that  were  with  them,  throwing  oif  their  clothes, 
to  be  the  more  expedite,  purfued  the  thieves  and  recovered 
their  prey.  This  fucceeded  fo  well,  that  henceforward  this 
ceremony  became  a  part  of  the  Lupercalia. 

This  feaft  was  abohlhed  in  the  time  of  Auguftus  ;  but  it 
was  afterwards  reftored,  and  continued  to  the  time  of  the 
emperor  Anaftafius.  Baronius  fays  it  was  aboliftied  by  pope 
Gelafius,  in  469. 

LUPERCI, 


L  U  P 


L  U  P 


LUPERCI,  a  name  given  to  the  priefts  of  the  god 
Pan. 

The  Luperoi  were  the  mod  ancient  order  of  pricds  in 
Rome;  they  were  divided  into  two  colleges,  or  companies; 
the  one  called  Fal'ii,  and  the  otiier  Qu'mtU'ii :  to  thele  Ca;far 
added  a  third,  which  he  called  Jul'i'i. 

Suetonias  mentions  the  iiiftitution  of  this  new  college 
of  Luperci  as  a  thing  that  rendered  Cafar  more  odious  than 
he  was :  however,  it  appears  from  the  fame  pafTage  of  Sue- 
tonius, that  this  new  company  was  not  inllituted  hy  Csefar, 
nor  in  honour  of  Pan,  but  by  fome  fsiendsof  Cxfar,  and  in 
honour  of  himfelf. 

LUPI  Crepitus.     See  Crepitus. 

Lupi,  DiDiER,  in  Biography,  a  good  harmonilt.  In  the 
fixteenth  century  he  fet  to  mufic  the  fpiritual  fongs  of 
Guillaume  Guerret,  publiQied  in  i5'48.  He  is  mentioned  by 
Rabelais  in  the  prologue  of  his  fourth  book. 

LUPIA  (from  XtTTii,  to  mohjl,)  denotes,  in  Sargery,  a 
tumour  of  the  ganglion  kind,  or,  according  to  CuUen,  a 
wen. 

LUPIJE,  in  AncUnt  Geography,  a  town  and  colony  of 
Italy,  in  Meffapia,  fuppofed  to  have  been  near  the  fcite  of 
the  modern  Leece  ;  24  miles  S.E.  of  Brundufium  ;  but  in 
that  vicinity  no  veftige  of  antiquity  remains. 

LUPINASTER,  in  Botany,  BaftarJ  Lupine  ;  a  name 
given  by  Buxbaum  and  Ammann  to  a  Siberian  fpecics  of 
Trefoil,  TrifoUum  LupinaJIer  of  Linnxus. 

LUPINE,  the  common  name  of  a  fpecies  of  wild  pea, 
cultivated  principally  for  being  turned  in  as  a  manure. 

This  plant  requires  but  little  trouble  or  labour  in  its 
cultivation,  as  it  will  thrive  in  any  foil,  except  the  bad 
chalky,  and  fuch  as  are  very  wet.  It  will  even  grow  well 
upon  poor,  hungry,  worn-out  land,  efpecially  if  it  be  dry 
and  fandy.  When  fown  in  February  or  March,  after  a 
Cngle  very  (hallov;  ploughing,  and  Ilightly  harrowed  in,  it 
will  bloffom  two  or  three  times  between  May  and  Augiitt, 
and  prove  an  excellent  enricher  of  the  ground  when 
ploughed  in,  ju.1  after  its  fecond  blooming.  The  bell  time 
for  mowing  this  fort  of  crop,  is  after  a  (hower  of  rain,  as 
the  feeds  drop  eafily  out  of  the  pods  when  they  are  gathered 
too  dry.  They  muft,  however,  be  laid  up  very  dry,  or 
worms  foon  breed  in  them.  They  are  inferior  to  many  other 
plants  for  the  above  ufe. 

LUPINUS,  in  Botaoy,  fo  called  by  Pliny  and  other 
ancient  writers.  ProfelTor  Martyn  fays  that  the  word  owes 
its  origin  to  lupui,  a  wolf,  becaufe  plants  of  this  genus  ra- 
vage the  ground,  by  over-running  it,  after  the  manner  of  that 
animal.  Lupinuj  is  alfo  faid  to  be  dt-rived  from  Xut>:,  grief, 
whence  Virgil's  epithet,  tri/Ies  lupiai,  from  the  fanciful  idea 
of  its  acrid  juices  when  tailed  producing  a  forrowful  appear- 
ance in  the  countenance.  Both  thefe  ideas  are  avowedly 
taken  from  Voflius. — Lupine. — Linn.  Gen.  371.  Schreb. 
492.  Willd.  Sp.  PI,  v.  3.  1022.  Mart.  Mill.  Diet.  v.  3.  Ait. 
Hort  Kew.  ed.  i.  v.  3.  2S.  Lonreir.  Cochin c h.  j,2().  Tour- 
nef  t.  213.  JulT.  354.  Lamarck  Dift.  V.  3.  620.  Illuflr. 
t.  616.  GErtn.  t.  i)0. — Clafs  and  order,  DiadtlpLia  D.can- 
dria.     Nat.  Ord    PaplHoriaces,   Linn.     LtgumiiioJ'j:,  JuIT. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  of  one  leaf,  cloven. 
Cor.  papilionacious  ;  llandard  heart-fhaped,  roundifh,  emar- 
ginate,  its  fides  refltxed,  compreffed  ;  wings  nearly  ovate, 
almoft  the  leiigth  uf  the  llandard,  not  affixed  to  the  keel, 
joined  together  in  the  lower  part  ;  keel  cloven  at  the  bafe, 
falcate  in  the  upper  part,  pointed,  undivided,  of  the  fame 
length  but  narrower  than  the  wings.  Slam.  Filaments  ten, 
all  united,  fomewhat  afcending,  dillinft  above  ;  anthers  ten, 
five  of  them  roundifh,  and  as  many  oblong.  Pi/?.  Germen 
fuperior,  awl-fhaped,  compreffed,  vlUofe  ;  llyle  awl-(hape<l, 
t4 


afcending  ;  ftigma  terminal,  obtufc.  Peric.  Legume  larg«, 
oblong,  I'.athcry,  comprelfed,  acuminated,  of  one  cell. 
Seeds  numerous,  roundifh,  comprefTcd. 

Eff.  Ch.  Calyx  two-lipped.  Five  of  the  anthers  round, 
five  oblong.     Legume  leathery,  firulofe,  compreffed! 

Obf.  1'he  calyx  u  fubjecl  to  variations  in  different  plants 
of  this  genus.  Linnaeus  was  acquainted  with  only  fcverj 
fpecies  of  Lupine,  at  lead  he  ha"?  only  defcribed  that  num- 
ber. Lamarck  has  feventeen  in  his  didlionary;  and  WiUde- 
now  gives  nineteen,  which  he  arranges  in  three  feftions. 
Sffi.  I .  Herb.iceou.s  with  digitate  or  fingered  leaves. 
&'t?.  2.  Shrubby,  with  fimilar  leaves.  5f5. 3.  Herbaceous, 
with  fimple  leaves. 

Of  the  fird  feftion  are 

I...  alius.  White  Lupine.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1015.  (LiJ- 
pini  ;  Matth.  in  Diofc.  v.  i.  392.  L.  fativus  ;  Ger. 
em.  12:17.) — Flowers  alternate.  Calyx  without  append- 
ages ;  its  upper  lip  emargiiiate,  the  lower  undivided* 
A  native  of  the  Levant,  cultivated  in  various  parts  of 
Italy  and  the  f  )uth  of  Europe  for  food.  The  ft;eds  are 
boiled,  and  afterwards  deeped  in  water  to  extracl  their 
bitternefs.  It  is  common  with  the  Romans  to  earry^ 
them  in  their  pockets,  eating  them  as  they  walk  along  in 
the  dreets.  The  flowers  appear  in  July,  the  feeds  in  au- 
tumn.— Stem  about  two  fei;t  high,  branched  towards  the 
top.  Leaves  fingered,  compofed  of  fevea  or  eight  narrow, . 
oblong  leaflets,  hairy,  of  a  darkifh  grey  cah>ur,  covered 
with  a  filvery  down.  Fhjivers  terminal,  in  loole  fpikes, 
white  and  felTile.  Legumes  llraight,  hairy,  about  thre? 
inches  long,  containing  Hve  or  fix  Jieds,  which  are  roundifh, 
flatted,  extremely  fmaoth  and.eveii,  perfcdiy  white,  and 
unfpotted. 

L.  luteus.  Yellow  Lupine.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  loij.  Curt, 
Mag.  t.  14.0. — Floweri  in  whorls.  Calyx  with  appendages; 
its  upper  lip  cloven,  the  lower  three-toothed. — A  native  of 
Sicily.  It  flowers  in  July  and  Aug'.iil. — Stem  a  foot  high, 
branching.  Leaves  fringed,  compofed  of  feven,  eight,  or 
nine  hairy  leaflets.  Fh-wers  yellow,  fragrant,  in  whorled 
fpikes.  Legumes  ovm,  flattidi,  hairy.  5":v'i/f  ovate,  a  little 
compreffed,  yellowidi-white,  variegated  with  dark  fpots. — ■ 
This  is  very  commonly  cultivated  in  flower-gardens,  and 
diould  be  fown  in  the  fpring  with  other  annuals. 

The  fecond  fettion  confills  of  feven  fpecies,  all  natives 
of  the  Brazils  or  of  Peru,  and  defcribed  originally 
by  Lamarck  only,  from  whom  Willdenow  has  adopted 
them. 

The  third  feclion  comprifes  two  fine  fpecies,  viUofus  and 
integrifoUus,  of  which  we  are  not  acquainted  with  any  figure  ; 

the  former  is  a  native  of  Carolina,  the  latter  of  the  Cape 

Loureiro  defcribes  two  others  of  this  fetVion,  Z«  achirichi- 
nenfts  and  afrlcamis,  but  from  the  latter  having  its  leaves 
ternate,  like  thofe  of  L.  /rifirtatris,  Cavan.  Ic.  v.  8.  t.  59, 
we  are  inclined  to  think  it  (hould  be  referred  to  fome  other 
genus. 

Lurn^US,  in  Gardening,  contains  plants  of  the  hardy, 
herbaceous,  annual,,  and  perennial  na\very  kinds;  of  which 
tlie  forts  modly  cuhivated  are,  the  white  lupine  (L. 
albus)  ;  the  fmall  blue  lupine  (L.  varius)  ;  the  narrow- 
leaved  blue  lupine  (L  anguilifolius)  ;  the  great  blue  lupine 
(L.  hirfutus)  ;  the  yellow  lupine  (L.  luteusj  ;  and  the 
perennial  lupine  {  L.  perennis). 

In  the  fourth  fort  there  is  a  variety  which  has  flefh- 
coloured  flowers,  and  which  is  ufually  denominated. the  ro/£ 
lupine. 

MjJiod  of  Culture. — Thefe  well-known  flowering  plants 
may  be  readily  raifed  by  lowing  the  feeds  in  patches  in  the 
borders,  with  other  annuals  in  the  fpring,  where  fhey  are  to 

remain  ; 


L  U  P 


L  U  P 


remain  ;  tliinniiig  them  afterwards  wliere  tliey  are  too  clofe, 
and  keeping  them  clean  from  weeds.  In  order  to  have  a 
fnccelTion  of  flowers,  the  feed  (hould  be  fown  at  different 
times,  as  in  April,  May,  and  June.  The  feed  of  tliole 
only  which  are  iirft  fown,  however,  ripens  well.  And  in 
order  to  have  good  feed  of  tlic  fourth  kind,  fonie  feeds 
fhould  be  fown  in  a  funny  border  under  a  wall,  or  in  pots 
placed  under  frames,  the  plants  in  llij  latter  cafe  being 
turned  out  and  planted  with  balls  of  earth  about  them 
in  the  fpring.  The  lad  fort  ihould  be  fown  at  different 
times. 

Thefe  arc  all  ufcful  plants  for  producing  variety  in  the 
borders,  clumps,  and  otlier  parts  of  pleafure  grounds  and 
gardens. 

LUPO,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Hinder  Pomerania,  on 
a  river  of  the  fame  name  ;    Ij;  nviles  E.  of  Stolpc. 

LUPOGLAVO,  a  town,  of  Iftria;  22  miles  S.E.  of 
Triei\e. 

LUPPURG,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  principality  of 
Neuburg  ;    16  miles  N.W.  of  Ratifbon. 

LUPULUS,  in  Botany,  the  diminutive  of  lupus,  a  wolf, 
a  name  applied  by  the  older  botanifts  to  the  Hop,  (fee 
HuMULUs,)  bccaufc,  as  the  wolf  preys  upon  other  animals, 
fo  this  plant,  by  immoderately  impovcrilliing  the  foil  in  which 
it  grows,  ifarves  its  vegetable  neighbours.  Such  at  leaft  is 
the  explanation  of  Ambrofnius. 

LUPUS,  Wolf,  in  jSJlrommy,  a  fouthern  conftellation 
joined  to  the  Centaur,  whofe  liars  in  Ptolemy's  Catalogue 
are  nineteen  ;  in  the  Britannic  Catalogue,  with  Sharp's 
Appendix,    twenty-four.     See  Centauii,    and   Constel- 

LATIO.V. 

Lupus  Servatus,  in  Biography,  a  French  abbot,  ce- 
lebrated for  his  learning,  eloquence,  and  piety,  defcended 
from  a  confiderable  family  in  the  diocefe  of  Sens,  was  born 
about  the  conynencemcnt  of  the  ninth  century.  He  had 
from  early  youth  a  decided  turn  for  theological  purfuits, 
and  in  828  he  went  to  the  abbey  Fulda  in  Germany,  vihere 
he  ftudicd  the  fcriptures  under  the  celebrated  Rabanus, 
who,  at  his  rcquett,  compofed  his  "  Commentaries 
upon  the  Epiflles  of  St.  Paul."  He  obtained  confider- 
able church  preferment  by  the  patronage  of  Lewis  le 
Debonnaire,  and  Charles  the  Bald ;  and  by  the  latter  he 
was  fent  ambaffador  to  pope  Leo  IV.,  and  he  was  ap- 
pointed, in  conjunflion  with  the  celebrated  Prudcntiu.'=,  to 
reform  all  the  monaftcries  in  France.  The  time  of  his 
death  is  unknown,  but  it  is  afcertained  that  he  was  living 
in  S61.  He  was  a  confiderable  theological  writer  :.  and  he 
publifhed  accounts  of  the  lives  of  St.  Wigbert,  and  of  St. 
Maximin.  A  colleftion  has  been  made  of  i  ^o  of  his 
*'  Letters  "  upon  different  fubjefts  relating  to  difiicuhies  in 
grammar,  civil  and  ecclefiaftical  affairs,  points  of  dodlrine, 
difciphne,  and  good  morals,  v.hicli  are  written  with  ele- 
gance, and  throw  much  light  on  the  hiftory  of  the  period 
in  which  he  lived.     Moreri. 

Lupu.s,  Christian,  a  learned  Flemifn  monk  of  the 
order  of  St.  Augulline,  was  born  .u  Ypres  in  1O12,  and 
embraced  a  religious  life  at  the  early  age  of  fifteen.  He 
completed  his  maturer  lludies  at  Cologne,  and  was  after- 
wards fent  to  Louvaiu  to  teach  philofophy  ;  in  whicli  he 
acquired  fuch  celebrity,  as  to  fecure  the  particular  elleem 
of  the  learned  Fabio  Chigi,  then  the  papal  nuncio  in  Ger- 
many, afterwards  known  as  pope  Ale.iandor  VII.  In 
1655,  Lupus  was  one  of  the  deputies  fent  to  Rome  by  the 
univerfity  of  Louvain,  to  negociate  fome  matters  of  im- 
portance with  the  papal  court,  which  he  executed  to  the 
fatisfaition  of  his  employers.  On  his  return  he  was  ap- 
pointed profelTor  of  divinity  at  Louvain,  the  duties  of 
t7 


Avhich  he  performed  with  great  fuccefs.  After  this  he  filled 
the  principal  polls  belongmg  to  his  order  in  that  province, 
pope  Clement  IX.  would  willingly  have  made.him  a  bifliop  ; 
;ir.d  from  Innocent  XL  and  the  grand  duke  of  Tu(i:;any,  he 
received  repeated  marks  of  cfleem  ;  the  latter  was  defirous 
of  fettling  ■.:pon  him  a  confiderable  penfion,  that  he  might 
attach  him  to  his  court.  He  died  in  1681,  at  the  age  of 
feventy.  He  left  behind  him  many  valuable  works,  of 
which  the  chief  are  "  Commentaries  on  the  Hillory  and 
on  the  Canons  of  Councils,  both  general  and  particular,'' 
in  five  volumes  410.  ;  "  A  Colleftion  of  Letters  and  Mo- 
numents, relating  to  the  Councils  of  Ephefus  and  Chal- 
cedon  ;"  "  A  CoUeftion  of  the  Letters  of  St.  Thomas  of 
Canterbury,  with  a  Life' prefixed  ;"  "A  Commentary  on 
the   Refcriptions  of  Tertulhan."     Moreri. 

Lupu.s,  in  Ornithology,  a  name  given  by  fome  authors  to 
the  monedula,  or  jackdaw,  from  fiis  voracious  appetite  and 
habit  of  tlealing.     See  Corvu.s  Momdula. 

Ltipus,  in  Surgery,  the  difeafe  frequently  called  noli  mi; 
tangcre. 

Lupus,  in  Zoology,  a  fpecies  ef  Cams.     See  Wolf. 

Lupus  Aureus,  tlie  gold-coloured  ivolf,  the  name  by  which 
I^atin  authars  call  the  creature  known  in  Englifh  by  tlie 
name  of  the  jackal.     See  Aureus. 

Lupus  Cervarws,  a  name  by  which  many  authors  have 
called  the  lynx,  from  its  feeding  on  deer.  See  Felis 
I^ynx. 

Lupus  Afciririus,a  name  given  by  Jonfton,  Bellonius,  and 
Gcfner,  to  the  Canis  hyutia.     See  HyjENA. 

Lupus  Mnrlnus,  the  Sca-iuolf,  the  Anarhkas  lupui  of 
Linnreus,  in  Ichthyology,  a  fierce  and  voracious  fea-iifh, 
confined  to  the  northern  feas  of  our  globe,  L  is  found 
in  thofe  of  Greenland,  Iceland,  and  Norway,  on  the  coalls 
of  Scotland  and  of  Yorkfliire,  and  in  that  part  of  the  Ger- 
man ocean  which  waflics  tlie  (liores  of  Holland.  Its  head 
is  larger  in  proportion  to  its  fize  than  that  of  the  fhark, 
and  rounder,  a  little  flatted  on  the  top  ;  the  nofe  blunt ; 
the  noftrils  very  fmall ;  the  eyes  fmall,  and  placed  near  the 
end  of  the  nofe;  the  body  is  long,  and  a  little  coniprefled 
fideways  ;  the  back,  fides,  and  fins,  are  all  of  a  livid  lead 
colour  ;  the  two  firfl  marked  downwards  with  irregular, 
obfc'.:re,  dulliy  lines,  which  in  different  fidi  have  different 
appearances.  Tlie  young  are  of  a  greenifh  cafl  ;  the  belly 
is  white  ;  the  flcin  is  fmooth  and  foft,  but  his  teeth  fo  re- 
markably hard  and  flrong,  that  if  he  bites  againfl  an  anchor 
of  a  fhip,  or  other  iron  fubllance,  he  makes  a  loud  noifc, 
and  leaves  his  marks  in  the  iron  ;  the  fore-teeth  are  flrong, 
conical,  diverging  a  little  from  each  other,  iland  far  out 
of  the  jaws,  and  are  commonly  fix  above  a'ld  fix  below, 
though  tomctimes  there  are  only  five  in  each  jaw  ;  thefe  are 
fupported  withi;-.fide  by  a  row  of  lefTcr  teeth,  which  make 
"the  nu.tiber  in  the  upper  jaw  feventeen  or  eighteen,  and  in 
the  lower  eleven  or  twelve.  The  fides  of  the  lower  jaw  are 
convex  inwards,  and  the  grinding  teeth  of  this  jaw  are 
higher  on  the  outer  than  the  inner  edges,  and  join  to  the 
canine  teeth,  but  in  the  upper  are  feparated  from  them ;  in 
the  centre  are  two  rows  of  flat  itrong  i«.*th,  fixed  on  an 
oblong  bafis  upon  the  bones  of  the  palate  and  nofe  ;  thefe 
and  the  other  grinding  teeth  are  often  ftiund  foffil,  and 
called  bufonhes,  or  toadlloncs.  The  two  bones  that  form 
the  under  jaw  are  united  before  by  a  loofe  cartilage,  ferving 
by  a  free  motion  to  the  purpofe  of  breaking,  grinding,  and 
comminuting  its  tcflaceous  and  cruilaceous  food,  as  crabs, 
lobflers,  prawns,  mufcles,  &c.  At  the  entrance  of  the 
gullet,  above  a'.id  below,  are  two  very  fmall  echinated 
bones.  It  has  two  fins,  hke  wings,  fituated  juil  under  the 
gills ;  and  one  long  dorfal  Jin  ruiuiing  from  the  head  to  the 

tail, 


L  U  R 


L  U  S 


tsiT,  and  another  reaching  from  the  am:';  to  the. tail;  tlie 
tail  is  round  at  its  end,  and  conlifts  of  thirteen  rays.  This 
fi(h  ffrows  to  a  larr^e  fize,  being  fometimes  found  on  tlic 
Yorklhire  coaft  of  the  length  of  four  feet,  and  near  Shet- 
land more  than  feven  feet.     Pennant. 

LURA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  the 
province  of  St.  Martha,  on  the  Madalena  ;  8  miles  S.  of 
Teneriife. 

LURBAH,  a  town  of  Bengal ;  20  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Doefa.      N.  lat.  22^41'.     E.  long.  8,-^ 

LURCH,  To,  in  Fenc'mg,  is  to  make  an  opening  in 
order  to  invite  your  adverfary  to  thrull  at  you,  when  you, 
being  ready,  may  find  a  favourable  repoft  at  Jiini. 

LURCfiER,  among  Sport/men,  a  kind  of  hunting  dog, 
like  a  mongrel  greyhound,  with  pricked  ears,  a  (haggy  coat, 
and  generally  of  a  yellowi(h-white  colour.     Sec  Doo. 

LURCY-LE-S.vuv.^CE,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  Allier,  and  chief  place  of  a  can- 
ton, in  the  dillritt  of  Moulins  ;  7  miles  E.N.E.  of  Don- 
jon. The  place  contains  2461,  and  the  canton  8^48  inha- 
bitants, on  a  territory  of  265  killomotres,   in  12  communes. 

LURE,  in  Falcnnry,  a  piece  of  red  leather  cut  in  form 
of  a  bird,  with  two  wings  (luck  with  feathers  ;  and  fome- 
times baited  with  a  piece  of  flefh  :  wherewith  to  reclaim,  or 
call  back  a  hawk. 

The  word  comes  from  the  French  lairre,  which  fignifies 
the  fame  :  formed,  according  to  Skinner,  from  the  Anglo- 
Saxon,  hura,  traitor  ;  or,  according  to  Tripaud,  from  Icora, 
(.raftinefs.     See  Falcon'  and  Hawking. 

IjUke,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  and  principal 
place  of  a  diftrict,  in  the  department  of  the  Upper  Saone, 
near  the  Ougnon.  The  place  contains  1918,  and  the  can- 
ton 12,339  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  2  2"^  kiliomctres, 
in  2j  communes.     N.  lat.  47"  41'.     E.  long.  G'  34'. 

LURGAN,  a  market  and  poft-town  of  the  county  of 
Armagh,  L-eland  ;  it  is  in  the  north-eaftern  angle  of  the 
county,  near  Down,  and  confifts  of  one  long  wide  Ilreet, 
remarkable  for  cleanlinefs.  Its  trade  confifts  in  articles  of 
the  linen  and  muflin  maimfaClures,  of  vvliich  the  weekly 
faies  are  averaged  from  2500/.  to  3000/.  Fine  diapers  for 
fable  linen  manufaftured  in  this  town  have  been  highly  va- 
lued.     Lurgan  is  68  miles  N.  from  Dublin. 

LuRGAV,  a  townfiiip  of  America,  in  Franklin  county, 
Pennfylvania,  containing  758  inhabitants. 

LunOAN  Green,  a  fmall  poll-town  of  the  county  of 
Louth,  Ireland,  pleafantly  fituated  on  Dundalk-bay.  It 
is  on  the  great  northern  road,  37  miles  N.  from  Dublin. 

LURIDiE,  in  Botany,  from  luridus,  pale,  livid,  or 
ghailly,  alluding  to  the  livid  and  blueilh  afpeil,  frequent 
in  the  tribe  of  plants  thus  denominated,  which,  feems  to 
announce  tlieir  deadly  effedls  on  animal  life.  They  conlli- 
tute  the  2<jth  natural  order,  among  the  Fragmenta  of  Lin- 
mu.',  and  are  exemplified  by  Digitalis,  N'icotiana,  Atropa, 
Hyofcyamus,  Datura,  Phyfjlis,  Capjicum,  Solatium,  Verhafcum, 
Celfia,  L)\-iun\  Cejlrum  ;  to  which  Tr'iguera  of  Cavanilles,  as 
well  as  IVitherlngia  of  I'Heritler,  are  properlv  added  by 
Gifcke.  But  JirozL'allia,  F.lllfa,  Sirychnci,  Jgnatia,  and 
above  all  Catejbea,  are  with  lels  reafon  referred  hither  by 
Linnxus. 

The  true  iurldx  have  commonly  a  fetid  herbage,  though 
fometimes  a  fwcet-fmelling  flower.  They  aft  powerfully 
upon  the  nerves,  in  v.hatever  manner  they  are  taken  in- 
wardly, and  prove,  under  careful  managerr.ent,  in  feme 
cafes,  very  valuable  medicines,  though  naturally  violent 
poifons. 

LURIG.\NCHE,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Peru,  in 
the  jiirifdiftion  of  Lima. 

Vol.  XXL 


LURIN,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  jurifdi£lion  of  Lima. 

LURKJAN,  a  town  of  Perfia,  in  the  province  of  Chu- 
fidan  ;   50  miles  N.  of  Suller. 

I..URy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
Cher,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  di drift  of  Bour- 
ges,  fituated  on  the  Arnon  ;  13  miles  W.  of  Bourges.  The 
place  contains  J 1 2,  and  the  cantcm  4575  inhabitants,  on  a 
territory  of  170  kiliomctrc;,  in  9  communes. — Alfo,  a 
town  of  the  ifland  of  Corfica ;    13  miles  N.  of  Baftia. 

LUS,  St.,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  province  of  Gua- 
tiniala  ;    i  2  miles  E.  of  Guatimala. 

LUSATIA,  a  marquifate  of  Saxony,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  Mark  of  Brandenburg,  on  the  E.  by  Silefia,  on 
the  S.  by  Bohemia,  and  on  tlic  W.  by  Saxony  ;  about 
84  miles  lonn-,  and  4,  broad,  divided  into  Upper  and 
Lower  I^ufatia.  The  former  abounds  in  mountains  and 
hills,  and  enjoys  a  purer  air  than  the  latter,  which  is  covered 
witli  a  great  number  of  woods.  Peat  and  turf  are  found 
in  different  parts.  Upper  Lufatia  is  ill  adapted  to  agri- 
culture, but  affords  plenty  of  game.  Lower  Lufatia  has 
heaths  and  fertile  tra'is.  In  both  rye,  wheat,  barley,  and 
oats  are  cultivated,  together  with  buck  wheat,  pcafe,  lin- 
tels, beans,  and  millet.  Flax  is  alfo  cultivated.  As  to  or- 
chard and  gard.en  fruit.s,  and  the  culture  of  hops,  tobacco, 
and  wine.  Lower  I^ufatia  is  preferable  to  the  Upper. 
Neverthclefs,  the  produfts  of  the  country  arc  not  adequate 
to  its  confumption,  fo  that  corn,  fruit,  hops,  garden  llutl', 
and  wine,  are  imported  into  both  thcfe  marquifatej.  Cattle 
are  bred  in  confiderable  number,  and  the  rivers,  lakes,  and 
ponds  afford  various  forts  of  good  fifli.  In  fome  parts 
are  found  pipemaker's  clay,  and  ilone  quarries.  Stones 
rcfembling  the  Bohemian  diamonds,  agates,  and  jafper?, 
and  iron  ftone,  are  met  with  in  fevcral  places  s  and  here  is  a 
variety  of  medicinal  fprings.  The  chief  rivers  are  the 
Spree,  the  Black  Elller,  and  the  Pulfnitz,  In  Upper  Lu- 
fatia are  reckoned  fix  towns,  called  "  The  Six  Towns,"' 
16  fmaller  towns,  and  four  market  towns;  and  in  the 
Lower  four  towns,  which  appear  at  the  land  diets,  ij 
county  towns,  and  two  n-.arkct  ones.  The  fird  known 
inhabitants  of  this  country  were  the  Semnones,  or  Senones, 
who  were  fucceeded  by  the  Wandalers,  and  ihefe  again  in 
the  7th  century  by  a  Sclavonian  people,  called  the  Sorber- 
Wends.  In  the  12th  century  the  inhabitants  of  this  country 
were  intermixed  by  emigrants  from  the  Low  Countries  and 
the  Rhine.  Some  of  the  towns  are  now  wholly  peopled  by 
Germans,  but  in  the  villnges  the  Wends  are  more  nume- 
rous than  the  Germans.  Lutheranifm  was  introduced  into 
this  country  as  early  as  the  year  i;2i  ;  it  generally  pre- 
vailed, and  has  been  the  permanent  religion  of  the  coun- 
try. In  1750,  the  Hernhutcrs  obtained  proteftion  a? 
faithful  fubjefts,  and  in  confequcncc  of  purphafing  feveral 
coufiderable  eftates,  they  have  not  only  acquired  civil  power, 
but  the  patronage  <if  churcht^s.  Tiie  inh:-.bitants  of  Lu- 
fatia gain  their  fubfiftence  by  tiie  manufaftureof  numerous 
woollen  and  linen  iluffi  ;  which  moilly  fioyrifh  in  Upper 
Lufatia.  The  manufactures  of  Lufatia  have  been  promoted 
by  the  emigration  of  the  Proteftants,  who  were  driven 
thither  from  Bohemia  and  Silefia  by  the  conduct  of  the  em- 
perors Ferui!>f,nd  11.  and  IJI.  and  alfo  of  Leopold:  and  thus 
they  have  been  extended,  beyond  cloth  and  linens  of  various 
forts,  to  thofe  of  hats,  leather,  paper,  gunpowder,  iron, 
wax,  glafs,  and  wax-ble?,chin£r,  and  a  variety  of  handi- 
craft arts  and  operations.  By  thcfe  manufaihires  tliej- 
have  been  enabled  to  carry  on  a  trade,  fo  that  the  commo- 
dities they  difpofe  of  exceed  thofe  which  they  import,  which 
are  wool,  yarn,  and  filk,  corn,  fruit,  hop?,  &c.  The  whole 
of  Lufatia,  except  a  fmall  pan  which  i*  fubjeft  to  PruK 
■  ^  N  Ca, 


L  U  S 


L  U  S 


fia',  belongs  to  Saxony,  having  been  ceded  to  the  eleftor 
about  the  middle  of  the  i6th  century,  in  confideration  of  a 
large  fum  of  money  advanced  by  the  eleftor  to  the  emperor, 
in  his  war  with  the  Bohemians. 

LUSCHETZ,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Schlan  ;    8  miles  S.W.    of  Prague. 

LUSCINI  A,  in  Omilhology,  a  fpecies  of  MotaciUa,  which 
fee.  See  alfo  Nightingai.e. — Alfo,  a  fpecies  of  Certhia. 
See  Certhia  Flaveola. 

LUSCINIOLA,  xhiBogeiich  of  Pennant, and  redivarbler 
of  Latham.     See  Mot.\cii.la.  Schocmbiiius.' 

LUSCINIUS,  Otiomarus,  in  Biography,  a  Benediftine 
monk,  born  at  .Strafburg,  but  an  inhabitant  of  Augfburg, 
publifhed  in   1536  a  work,  entitled  "  Mufurgia  fcii  praxis 
Mnficas,"  in  fmall  oblong  quarto;  a  book  chiefly  curious 
and  valuable  for  the  reprefentations  of  fuch  mufical  inftru- 
ments  as  were  ufed  in  Germany  at  the  time  it  was  written, 
which,  though  coarfely  cut  in  wood,  are  accurately  drawn. 
There  are,   among  keyed-inftruments,  the  virginal,  fpinnet, 
and  clavichord,  all  three  in  the  form  of  a  fniail  modern  piano- 
forte ;  an  upright  harpfichord ;  a  regal  or' portable  organ, 
chiefly   compofed  of  reed-ilops,    and   in    Roman    Catholic 
coimtries  ufed  in  pr^jceffions ;  and  a  large  or  church-organ. 
Of  bowed-inftnuiients  we  have  here  only  the  raonochord, 
rebec,  or  three-flringed  violin,  and  the  viol  da  gamba.     The 
vieUe,  lu'.e,  harp,  and  dulcimer ;  cornet,  fchalmey,  or  bafe 
clarinet,    both   played   with  reeds ;    flutes   of  various  fize, 
among  which   is   the    ^bjrcijpfiiti',    flute   traverfiere,  or,  as 
we  call  it,  the  German  flute;  which  accounts  for  its  name, 
as  we  believe,  at  this  early  period,  it  was  unknown  to  the 
reft   of  Europe.     There  are  four  other  wind-inilruments, 
peculiar  to  Germany  and  northern  countries,  exhibited  here  : 
as,  firft,  the  rufpfeiff',  or  Ruffian  flute  ;    fecond,  the  kruni- 
horn,  or  crooked  horn,  a   kind  of  fliawm,  in  imitation  of 
which  we  hjve  a  reed-ilop  in   our  old  organs,  called  the 
cromhorn,  which  has  by  fome  been  imagined  to  be  a  cor- 
ruption of  the  viford  Cremona ;  third,  gem  fen  horn,  or  wild 
goat's   horn ;    and,  fourth,    the   zincke,    or  fmall   cornet. 
After  thefe  we  have   the  bag-pipe,  trumpet,  facbut,  fide- 
drum,  kettle-drum,   French-horn,  bug!e-horn,  and  even  the 
Jews-harp,  and  clappers.      Moft  of  thefe  inftruments  being 
in  common  ufe,   and   well   known,  need  no   reprefentation 
after  the  rude  types  of  them  given  by  Lufcimus,  as  they 
have  been  fince  much  better  delineated  and  engraved  in  Mer- 
iennus,   Kiicher,  and  in  ftill  later  mufical  writers. 

LUSEPARA,  in  Geography,  an  ifland  that  lies  in  the 
fouth  entrance  of  the  ftraits  of  Banca.     S.  lat.  y  10'  ^o 


'  30"- 


E.  long.  106'  19'. 

LUSHBURGHS,  or  Luxkxburgiis,  in  our  Old 
I'/rlten,  a  bafe  fort  of  foreign  coin,  made  of  the  llkencl'a  of 
Englifh  money,  and  brought  into  England  in  the  time  of 
Edward  III.  to  deceive  the  king  and  his  people  :  on  ac- 
count of  which  it  was  made  treafon,  for  any  one  willingly  to 
bring  any  fuch  money  into  the  realm,  as  knowing  it  to  be 
falfe.     Stat.  23  Edw.  111.     3  In  ft.  i. 

LUSIAD  of  Camosns.     See  Ca.moens. 

LUSIGNAN,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Vienne,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in 
the  diflrijft  of  Poitiers.  The  place  contains  2390,  and  the 
canton  13,147  iniiabitants,  on  a  territory  of  342^  kilio- 
ftiotrfs,  in  10  communes.     N.  lat.  46'  26'.  E.  long,  o"  14'. 

LUSIGNY,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
Aube,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  diltrift  of  Troycs. 
Ttie  place  contains  i\^^,  and  the  canton  7225  inhabitants, 
on  a  territory  of  180  kiiiometres,  in  14  commtnes. 

LUSITANIA,  in  Ancient  Geugruphy,  one  of  the  two 
firoviDces  into  which  Hifpania  Ulterior  was  divided ;  the 


other  being  Boetica.     (See  Hispania.)     Its  limits  have 
been  varioufly  defined  by  different  authors,  and  particularly 
by  Pliny   and    Ptolemy.      Strabo  intimates,  that   this  pro- 
vince extended  from  the  Tagus  to  the  Cantabrian  ocean,  or 
at  lead  the  Promontorium  Celticum.     That  part  of  it,  fitu- 
atcd  betwixt  the  Anas  and  the  Tagus,   was  denominated 
Celtica,  or'  the  country  of  the   Celts.      After  Auguilus 
made  the  difpofiuon  of  S]jain,  referred  to  under  the  article 
Hi/pania,  the  Anas  bounded    Lufitania  on  the   fouth,  and 
the  Durius  on  the  north  ;   fo  that  the  whole  traft  lying  be- 
twixt the  Durius  and  the  Cantabrian  ocean  was  annexed  to 
the  Provincia  Tarraconenfis.  The  interior  limits  of  Lufitania, 
upon  tiie  frontiers  of  the  Vettones  and  Carpetani,  are  dif- 
ferently fixed  by  different  authors.     The  Lufitani  pod'cfrcd 
the  dillrift  bordering  upon  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  ftretch- 
ing  itfelf  from  the  mouth  of  the  Anas  to  the  Promontorium 
Sacrum,  now  known  by  the  name  of  Cape   St.  Vincer.t. 
The  fittiation   of  the  Celtici,  whofe  true  name  was  Mire- 
brigenfes,  according   to   Pliny,    m.ay  be  inferred  from  the 
preceding  part  of  this  article.     Some  of  the  ancient  geo- 
graphers make  the  Turduli  and  the  Turdetani  one  nation, 
particularly  Ptolemy  and   Strabo  ;  though  they  were  con- 
fidered  in  a  different  light  by  Polybius.     However  this  be, 
the  Turdetani  were  undoubtedly  a  powerful  people,  fince 
they  occupied  a  confiderable  part  both  of   Lufitania  and 
Bocnca,  as  we  learn  from  Strabo.     The  fame  may  be  faid 
of  the  Vettones,  who  fpread  tliemfelves  over  a  large  traft, 
terminated  on  the  north  by  the  Durius,  and  on  the  iouth  by 
the  Tagus.      Neverthelefs,  as  the  ancients  differ  with  regard 
to  the  extent  of  territory  every  one  of  thofe  nations  or  can- 
tons pofTeffed,  it  is  probable  that  their  frontiers  were  not  al- 
ways  the    farTiC.       Some   authors   aflert   Vettonia,    or   the 
country  of  the  Vettones,  to  have  been   a  province  diftindl 
from  Lufitania,  and  limited  on  the  fouth  by  the  Anas  ;  and 
this   notion  is  countenanced   by   an  infcription   in   Gruter. 
The  principal  cities  of  this  province  are  Barbarium  Promon- 
torium, Oiifippo,  Tagi  Fluvii  Oftia,  Fortes  Fluv.,  Lunas 
Montis    Promontorium,    MondiE   Fiuv.   Ollia,    Vaci   Fluv. 
0!Ha,  Doris   Fluv.  Ollia,  Hannibal.      Inland  towns   were 
Lavara,  Aritium,  Saliura,  Elbocoris,  Aradufla,  Verarium, 
Velladis  iEminium,    Chretina,  Arabriga,   Scalabifcus,  Ta- 
cubis,    Concordia,    Talabriga,     Langobriga,     Mendeculia, 
Caurium,  Turmogum,  Burdua,  Colernum,  Ifallscus,  Am- 
mrea,    Ebura  or  Ebora,  Norba   Ca:farea,    Liciniana,  Au- 
g'.illa   Enicrita,  which  was  the   capital,  Evandria,   Geroca, 
C<ecilia   Gemittina,  Capafa,    Conimbrica,  Collipo,  Bletifa, 
Salman'ica,  SaLitia,    Pax   Julia,    and   fome  others  of    lefs 
note.     The  chief  promontories  of  Lufitania  were  the  Pro- 
montorium  Sacrum,  or  Cape  St.  Vurcent ;   P.  Barbarium, 
or  Cape   Spichel  ;    and  the   P.  l^lagnum,  or  Ohfiponenfe, 
denominated   by  fume  moderns  Cape  de  Rocca  Sintra ;  to 
w'licli  fom.e  add  a  fourth,  called  by  Pliny  Cuneus  or  the 
Wedge,  fuppofed  to  be  now  known  by  the  name  of  Cape 
St.  Mary.      The  principal  ports  of  this  province  were  thofe 
of  Oiifippo  or  Lisbon,  and  Hannibal.     The  only  ifland  en 
the  coafi  of  Lufitania  was  the  Londobris  of  Ptolemy,  the 
Barlenga  or  Barlinges  of  the  moderns.     Tho  only  mountain 
of  note  in  this  country  was  the  Mons  Herminius  of  Hirtius,  _ 
or  the  modern  Arminno,  fince  known  by  the  name  of  Sierra 
de  Eilretta,  running  from  north  to  fouth,  between  the  pro- 
vinces of  Beira  and  Tra  los  Monies.     On  the  top  are  two 
extenfivc  and  deep  lakes,  calm  when  the  fea  is  fo,  and  rough 
when  that  is   llormy.     Thefe  lakes  are  fuppoied  to  have 
fome   fubterranean   communication   with  the  ocean.     Her- 
minius Minor  is  now  Sierra  de  Marvao.     The  warlike  in- 
habitants of  the  former  were  called  Plumbarii,  from  their 
lead-mines  and  works.     The  jnoll  celebrated  rivers  of  Lufi- 
6  tania 


L  U  S 


L  t;  s 


■ania  were  tlie  Anas,  now  Guadiana,  the  Tagus  or  Taio, 
and  the  Duriii?  or  Doiiro ;  to  whicli  may  be  added  the 
Miinda  or  Mondago,  and  the  Vacus  or  Voga  :  all  thcfe  flow 
from  eafl  to  well,  and  difcharge  themfelves  into  the  Atlantic 
ocean.  This  province  produced  a  confidcrable  quantity  of 
gold,  particles  of  it  being  mixed  with  the  fand  of  the  Tagus. 
The  lead-mine  of  Medobriga  or  Meidobriga,  at  the  foot  of 
Herminius  Mintjr,  was  famous. 

The  Lufitanians,  according  to  Strabo,  preferred  exifling 
upon  the  plunder  of  their  neighbours  to  the  improvement  of 
their  own  lands,  though  the  foil  was  naturally  fertile  and 
rich.  In  other  cafes  their  manner  of  living  was  rude  and 
fimple.  They  ufed  to  warm  thcmfelves  by  means  of  fire- 
ftones  made  red-hot.  They  bathed  in  cold  water,  eat  only 
of  one  dilh  at  a  meal,  and  very  fjiaringly.  Their  drefs  was 
commonly  black.  They  made  no  ufe  of  coin,  but  either 
bartered  one  commodity  for  another,  or  for  fome  plates  of 
filver,  flatted  with  the  hammer,  and  cut  into  pieces.  They 
ufed,  like  the  Egj'ptians,  Gauls,  and  other  ancient  nations, 
to  expofe  their  lick  on  the  highways,  that  travellers  might 
direft  them  to  proper  medicines  for  their  cure.  They  were 
exceedingly  robutt,  and  fo  warlike  that  the  Romans  did 
not  conquer  them  without  great  difficulty  and  length  of 
time.     See  Poutugal. 

LUSITANICA  Rubra  Bolus,  is  an  impure  earth,  of  a 
florid  red  colour,  compaft  texture,  and  heavy  :  it  colours 
the  hands,  and  is  very  friable,  readily  diffoluble  in  water, 
and  raifes  with  it  a  tlrong  ebullition  ;  it  melts  readily  in  the 
mouth,  has  a  ilrong  allringent  taile,  is  gritty,  and  adheres 
firmly  to  the  tongue.  It  acquires  hardnefs  and  a  brighter 
colour  by  burning  ;  it  is  of  an  alkaline  quality  ;  it  is  dug  in 
the  kingdoms  of  Portujial  and  Spain  ;  it  is  alfo  found  iiear 
the  Havaimah  and  La  Vera  Cruz  in  New  Spain.  It  has 
been  efteemed  a  ^'ery  valuable  aftringent,  and  an  effeclual 
remedy  for  fluxes  and  other  diftempers  of  that  kind.  It  has 
been  alfo  accounted  alexipharmic  by  the  Spaniards  and  Por- 
tuguef  ■-  They  make  an  earthen  ware  of  this  bole,  which 
they  call  bucaros  :  the  ware  is  of  a  fine  red  colour,  fmooth, 
and  poiiflied,  though  it  is  merely  dried,  and  not  glazed. 
They  ufe  it  to  filtre,  cleanfe,  and  cool  the  water.  Veffels 
of  the  fame  kind  are  alfo  brought  from  the  Havannah  and 
Vera  Cruz. 

LUSK,  in  Geography,  a  fair-town  in  the  county  of 
Dublin.  Ireland.  According  to  Archdeil,  an  abbey  was 
founded  here  in  the  firft  ages  of  Chriftianity  ;  and  there  is 
adjoining  the  angle  of  the  lleeple  of  the  church,  one  of  thofe 
ancient  round  tov.'ers  fo  peculiar  to  Ireland:  it  is  in  good 
prcfervation,  and  rifes  fever?.l  feet  above  the  battlements  of 
the  fleeple.     It  is  ii  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Dublin. 

LUSPA,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Eall  Bothnia  ;  28  miles 
E.  of  Chri:Hnelladt. 

'  LUSSAC,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
Gironde,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  diftritl  of  Li- 
bourne  ;  6  miles  E.N.E.  of  Libourne.  The  place  contains 
Z032,  and  the  canton  9072  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of 
IJ/A  kiUometres,  in  16  communes. — Alfo,  a  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  the  Vienne,  and  chief  place  of 
a  canton,  in  the  diilriiS;  of  Montmorillon  ;  6  miles  W.  of 
Montmorillon.  The  place  contains  1379,  and  the  canton 
9470  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  400  kilioraetres,  in  13 
communes. 

LUSSAN,  Margaret  de,  in  Biography,  was  bom  at 
Pans  in  1682.  Her  parents  were  in  the  lower  rank  of  life  ; 
the  mother  being  a  fortune-teller,  and  the  father  a  coach- 
man. She,  by  fome  means,  attracted  the  notice  of  the 
learned  Huet,  who,  itruck  with  the  vivacity  of  her  temper, 
eacoui-aged  her  to  write  romances.     She  derived  great  ad- 


vantage in  the  formation  of  her  tafte,  from  her  conrcctioa 
with  la  Scrre  de  Langlade,  to  whom  (he  was  much  at- 
tached ;  but  the  love  was  not  muf.ial :  her  charms  were 
wholly  mental ;  her  perfon  and  manners  were  even  forbid- 
ding ;  but  fl^.e  was  generous,  humane,  and  conftant  in  lier 
friendfliips.  She  died  at  the  age  of  75.  Her  work?  arc 
"  L'Hilloire  de  la  Comtefle  de  Gorr'ca,"  "  Anecdotes  de 
la  Cour  de  Philippe  Auguftc,"  «'  Memoires  Secrets  et  In- 
trigues de  la  Cour  de  Franco  fous  Charles  VIII.,''  "  Mane 
d'Angleterrc,"  "  Annales  de  la  Cour  de  Henri  II.,"  «'  La 
Vie  du  brave  Crillon." 

LussAN',  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Gard,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  diilrict 
of  Uzes  ;  nine  miles  N.  of  Uzes.  The  place  contains  997, 
and  the  canton  5'493  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  239  ki- 
liometres,  in  13  communes. 

LUSSEMEN,  a  town  of  Pruffia,  in  the  province  of 
Ermeland  ;    iS  miles  E.S.E.of  Hcillberg. 

LUST,  at  Se3.  If  a  fliip  heel  either  to  the  ftar-board  or 
port,  the  feamen  fay  (he  hath  a  hijl  that  way  ;  snd  they  fay 
fo  though  irbe  occafioned  only  by  the  (liooting  of  her  ballail, 
or  by  the  unequal  flowing  of  things  in  the  hold  ;  though  it 
is  more  properly  faid  of  a  (hip,  when  fhe  is  inclined  to  heel 
any  way  upon  account  of  her  mould  or  make. 

LuST-TOOrt,  in  Botany.     See  Sivs-dtiu. 

LUSTER,  or  Lustre,  glofs,  or  brightnefs  appearing 
on  any  thing  ;  particularly  on  manufactures  of  filk,  wool, 
or  fluff. 

Luster  is  alfo  ufed  for  a  certain  .compofition,  or  manner 
of  giving  that  glofs  or  brilliance. 

The  lullre  of  filks,  in  which  their  chief  beauty  confifls, 
is  given  them  by  wafliing  in  foap,  then  clear  water,  and  dip- 
ping them  in  alum-water  cold. 

The  luilre  of  black  taflety  is  given  by  double-brewed 
beer,  boiled  with  orange  or  lemon-juice  ;  that  of  coloured 
taffetas  with  water  of  gourds,  diftiUed  in  an  alembic.  Cur- 
riers give  a  luftre,  or  glofs  to  the  leather  feveral  ways,  ac- 
cording to  the  colour  to  be  illustrated.  For  blacks,  the  firfl 
luftre  is  with  juice  of  barberries  ;  the  fecond  with  gut» 
arable,  ale,  vinegar,  and  Flanders  glue,  boiled  together  : 
for  coloured  leathers  they  ufe  the  white  of  an  egg  beaten 
in  water  :  moroccos  have  their  luftre  from  juice  of  barberries, 
aud  lemon  or  orange. 

For  hats,  the  luftre  is  frequently  given  with  common 
water  ;  fometimes  a  little  black  dye  is  added.  The  fame 
luilre  ferves  flcinners,  .except  that  in  white  furs  they  never 
ufe  any  black  dye.  For  very  black  furs  they  fometimes 
prepare  a  luftre  of  galls,  copperas,  Roman  alum,  ox's  mar- 
row, and  other  ingredients. 

The  luftre  is  given  to  cloths  and  mohairs,  by  preffinj 
them  under  the  calender. 

Luster,  an  appellation  given  to  a  branched  eandleflick, 
when  made  of  glafs.     See  Brakcii  and  Jesse. 

LUSTIG,  Jacob  'U'^ilhelm,  in  Biography,  organift  of 
St.  Martin's  church  in  Groniiigen,  publiflicd,  in  1771,  ia 
the  Dutch  language,  "  An  Intiodudlion  to  the  Art  of 
Mufic,  2d  edition,  corrected  and  enlarged,"  8vo.  This 
introduction  is  better  digefted,  and  more  abundant  in  ufeful 
information,  than  the  generality  of  elementary  treatifes. 
The  author  had  read,  meditated,  and  iludied  mufic  regularr 
ly,  both  in  theory  and  pradice  ;  and  was  a  good  compofer 
of  the  old  fchool.  He  had  been  a  difciple  botli  of  Matthe- 
fon  and  Telemann.  Wc  have  feen  a  book  of  lefTons  of  his 
compofition,  which  has  great  merit.  In  this  book  we  found 
the  croff-hand  jig,  in  "<,^,  which  the  little  Frederica,  after- 
wards Mrs.  Wynne,  and  other  infant  performers,  ufed  to 
play  at  the  end  of  a  nvnuet  of  Tartini  with  variations  by  Pa- 
4  N  2  radicj, 


I.  u  s 


L  U  S 


radies,  generally  known  by  the  name  of  ParaJies'  minuet. 
In  1772  we  had  the  pleafiircof  coiivcrfiii^r  with  this  worthy 
profeflor  (Lullig),  and  of  hearing  him  play  on  the  organ  of 
St.  Martin's  church  in  Gronnigen.  of  which  he  had  been  or- 
ganic 44  years  ;  Hill  retaining  his  hand,  and,  a  few  allow- 
a.ices  made  for  change  of  tailc  and  Uyle,  he  was  Hill  a  very 
able  and  good  organift. 

LUSTRAL,  an  epithet  given  by  the  ancients,  to  the 
water  ufed  in  their  ceremonies,  to  fprinkle  and  purify  the 
people.  From  hence  the  Romanills  have  borrowed  the  holy 
water  iifed  in  their  churches. 

LtJSTRAL  Jtty,  dies  Lujlricus,  that  whereon  the  lullrations 
•were  perfonned  for  a  child,  and  its  name  given  ;  wlucli  was 
ulually  tlie  ninth  day  from  the  birth  of  a  boy,  and  the  eighth 
from  that  of  a  girl.  Though  others  performed  the  cere- 
mony en  the  lail  day  of  that  week  wherein  the  child  was 
burn,  and  others  on  the  fifth  day  from  its  birlh. 

Over  this  iealt  day  the  goddefs  Nundina  was  fuppofed  to 
preiide  ;  the  midwivcs,  nurfes,  and  domeilics,  handed  the 
child  backwards  and  forwards,  around  a  iire  burning  on  the 
akars  of  the  gods,  after  which  they  iprinkled  it  with  water; 
lience  this  feaft  had  the  name  of  Amphidromia.  The  old 
women  mixed  faliva  and  duft  with  the  water.  The  whole 
ended  with  a  fumptuous  entertainment.  The  parents  re- 
ceived gifts  from  their  friends  on  this  occafion.  If  this  child 
was  a  male,  their  door  was  decked  with  an  olive-garland  :  if 
a  female  with  wool,  denoting  the  work  about  whicli  they 
were  to  be  employed.      P  -tter. 

LUSTRATION,  E.xpiatiok,  in  Anliquity,  facrifices 
or  ceremonies,  by  which  the  Rcnans  puritied  their  cities, 
iields,  armies,  or  people  defded  by  any  crime,  or  impurity. 
Some  of  the  luftrations  were  public,  others  private. 

Tht-re  were  three  fpecies,  or  manners  of  performing  luf- 
tration  ;  ii/z.  by  fire  and  fulphur  ;  by  water  ;  and  by  air  ; 
which  lad  was  done  by  fanning  and  agitating  the  air  round 
the  thing  to  be  purified. 

There  was  alfo  a  peculiar  kind  of  luftration  for  young 
children. 

Lomier  has  a  volume  exprefs  on  the  luftrations  of  the  an- 
cients :  Joh.  Lomicri  Zutphanenfis  Epimenedes,  five  de 
■vetcrum  Gentilium  Lullrationibus ;  firll  printed  at  Utrecht 
in  i68r,  and  fince,  with  additions, in  1702,  4to. 

All  .pcrions,  flaves  only  excepted,  he  fhews,  were  mi- 
niftcrsof  fome  forts  of  liillration.  When  anyone  died,  the 
houfewas  to  be  fwept  after  a  particular  manner,  by  way  of 
purification  ;  the  pricft  threw  water  on  new  married  people, 
with  the  like  intention.  To  jjurify  themfclves,  people 
wonld  even  fomelimes  run  naj'.ed  through  the  flreets  ;  fuch 
was  their  extravagance.  And,  as  if  fancy  was  not  fertile 
enough  in  inventing  modes  of  hulration,  they  even  ufed  in- 
chantments  to  raife  the  dead,  in  order  to  get  inftrndlions 
what  they  mud  do  to  purge  thenifelves  of  their  fins.  Add, 
that  they  frequently  raifed  the  opinion  of  the  fanSity  of  their 
expiations  by  ficlitious  miracles. 

It  was  common,  on  thefe  occafions,  to  (lied  human  blood  : 
the  priells  of  Cybele,  Bellona,  and  Baal,  made  cruel  inci- 
fions  on  themfclves.  Ereftheus,  king  of  Attica,  facrificed 
his  daughter  to  Proferpina.  Several  had  their  throats  cut  at 
Rome,  to  obtain  the  emperor's  health  from  the  gods. 
Thofe  who  commanded  armies  offered  one  of  their  foldiers 
to  appeafe  the  anger  of  the  gods ;  that  he  alone  might  fulfer 
all  the  wrath  the  army  deferved. 

Ail  forts  of  perfumes,  and  odoriferous  herbs,  had  place 
in  luftration.  The  egg  was  much  ufed  among  them,  as 
being  the  fymbol  of  the  four  elements  ;  its  fliells,  they  fzy, 
reprefent  the  earth  ;  the  yolk,  a  globe  of  fire  ;  the  wliite, 
jsefembles  the  water ;  and  bcfides  it  has  a  fpirit,  ihey  fay, 


wliich  reprefents  the  air.  For  this  reafon  it  is,  that  (hff 
bonzes,  or  Indian  priefts,  believe  to  this  day  that  the  worid 
came  out  of  an  egg.  There  is  fcarce  any  pot-herb,  puJle, 
tree,  mineral,  or  metal,  which  they  did  not  ofl'er  the  goda  by 
way  of  expiation  :  nor  did  they  forget  milk,  bread,  wine, 
or  honey  ;  what  is  more,  they  made  ufc  of  the  very  fpitile, 
and  urine. 

Tlie  poets  had  feigned,  that  the  gods  purified  thenifelves, 
and  they  did  not  omit  to  purify  their  ftataes.  They  made 
luftration  for  children  the  eighth  day  after  their  birth. 
When  a  man  who  had  been  falfcly  reputed  dead,  returned 
home,  he  was  not  to  enter  his  houfe  bv  the  door.  It  was  a 
tettled  cultom  to  ofter  no  expiation  for  thofe  who  were  hanged 
by  order  of  juftice  ;  or  that  were  killed  by  thunder.  Neither 
did  they  oiler  any  for  thofe  who  were  drowned  in  the  fca  ; 
it  being  the  common  opinion,  that  their  fouls  peri  (bed  with 
their  bodies.  And  hence  it  was,  that  perfons  in  danger  of 
ihipwreck,  fometimes  thruft  their  fwords  through  their 
bodies,  that  they  might  not  die  in  the  fea  ;  where  tliey 
thought  tlieir  foul,  which  they  fuppofed  to  be  a  flame,  would 
be  totally  extinguilhed.  The  moft  celebrated  expiatory  fa- 
crilice  was  the  hecatomb,  when  they  offered  a  hundred 
hearts  ;  though  they  commonly  did  not  offer  fo  many,  but 
contented  themfclves  with  killing  twenty-live  ;  but  thoft; 
being  quadrupeds,  their  feet  came  to  an  hundred. 

The  manner  ot  the  Macedonians  purifying  their  army  by 
luftration  was  this ;  at  the  time  of  their  feftival  Xanlhica, 
tiiey  divided  a  bitch  into  two  halves,  one  of  which,  together 
with  the  entrails,  was  placed  upon  the  right  hand,  the  other 
upon  the  left;  between  tiiefe  the  army  marched  m  this  or- 
der: after  the  arms  of  the  Macedonian  kings,  came  the  firft 
line  of  the  army,  confifting  of  horfe ;  thefe  were  followed 
by  the  king,  and  his-  children,  after  whom  went  the  life 
guards  ;  then  followed  the  reft  of  the  army  :  this  done,  the 
army  was  divided  into  two  parts,  one  of  which  being  fet  in 
array  againtt  the  other,  there  followed  £  fhort  encounter  in 
imitation  of  a  fight.  Potter,  Arclixcl.  Gra;c.  Lb.  ii.  c.  :c. 
torn.  i.  p.  417. 

Luftrations,  and  liiftratory  facrifices,  were  not  only  per- 
formed for  men,  but  alfo  for  temples,  altars,  theatres,  trees, 
fouiilains,  rivers,  flieep,  fields,  and  villages.  When  tlie 
Arval  brothers  offered  a  viftim  for  the  fields,  their  facrillce 
was  called  ambar-vaUa. 

Cities  were  alfo  to  be  purified,  from  time  to  time:  fome 
made  the  viftim  walk  round  the.r  walls,  and  then  flew  him. 
The  Athenians  facrificed  two  men,  one  for  the  men  of  their 
city,  and  the  other  for  the  uomen.  Tlie  Corimhians  facri- 
ficed the  children  of  Medea  fo  :  though  the  poets  lay,  Medea 
killed  them  herlVlf.  The  Romans  performed  the  ceremony 
of  purifying  their  city  every  fifth  year  ;  whence  tiie  name  of 
lullrum  was  given  to  the  fpace  of  five  years. 

Divers  of  the  expiations  were  aullere  :  fome  fafted  ;  others 
abrtained  froiri  all  feniual  pleafures  ;  fome,  as  the  priefts  of 
Cybele,  caflrated  thcmfelves  ;  others,  that  they  might  live 
chafte,  eat  rue,  or  lay  under  the  branches  of  a  fhrub  called 
agtnis  ciijjus. 

They  cafl:  into  the  river,  or  at  leaft  out  of  the  city,  the 
animals  or  other  things  tliat  had  ferved  for  a  luftration,  or 
facrifice  of  atonement  ;  and  thought  themfelves  threatened 
with  fome  great  misfortune,  when  by  chance  they  trod  upon 
them.  At  Marfeilles,  they  took  care  to  feed  a  poor  man  for 
fome  time  ;  after  which,  they  charged  him  with  all  the  fins 
of  the  country,  and  drove  him  away  :  thofe  of  Leucade 
faftened  a  number  of  birds  to  a  man  charged  with  their  fins, 
and  in  that  condition  call  him  headlong  from  a  high  tower  ; 
and  if  the  birds  hindered  his  being  killed,  they  drove  him 
out  of  the  country. 

Some 


L  U  T 


L  U  T 


Some  of  thefe  ceremonies  were  abolillied  by  tlie  emperor 
CoMllantiiie,  and  his  fiicccliors  ;  the  rell  fiibliilecl  till  the 
Gothic  kings  were  mailers  of  Rome,  under  whom  they  ex- 
pired ;  except  that  feveral  of  them  were  adopted  by  the 
popes,  and  brought  into  the  church,  where  they  make  a 
tigure  to  this  day  :  uitnefs  the  numerous  confecrations,  bc- 
ncdiclionj,  exorcifms,  abhrions,  fprinkhngs,  proccffions, 
fealls,  &c.   ftill  in  ufc  in  the  Roman  church. 

LUSTRINGS.  A  company  was  incorporated  for 
making,  dreliing,  and  kiftrating  alamodcs  and  lullrings  in 
England,  who  were  to  have  the  fole  benefit  thereof,  by  ilat. 
4  and  5  W.  and  M.  And  no  foreign  lilks  known  by  the 
name  of  luftrings  or  ahunodes  are  to  be  imporred,  but  at  the 
port  of  London,  &c.  Stat,  y  and  10  W.  IIL  c.  43.  See 
Silk. 

LUSTRUM,  a  term  ufed  by  the  Romans,  to  fignify  a 
fpace  of  five  years. 

Varro  derives  the  word  from  luo,  to  pav  ;  becaufe  at  the 
beginning  of  every  fifth  year  they  paid  the  cenfus,  or  tribute 
impofed  by  the  cenfors  ;  whofe  authority,  at  their  firft  infti- 
tution,  was  continued  them  for  five  years;  though  after- 
wards it  was  abridged  to  cne.  Others  rather  derive  the 
word  from  hijlrare,  to  nude  a  rev'wjj  ;  becaule  once  in  five 
years  the  cenlors  reviewed  the  army. 

LviTKL'.M  was  alfo  a  ceremony,  or  facrifice  ufcd  by  the 
Ro;;i;:n3,  after  numbering  their  people,  once  in  five  years. 
See  LusTH.'VTroN. 

The  cenfus  was  accompanied  always  by  a  luftration  of  the 
people,  fo  the  word  lullrum  has  conltantly  been  taken  by 
the  ancients  and  moderns  for  a  term  of  five  years:  )et 
if  we  enquire  into  the  real  Rate  of  the  cafe,  we  fiiall 
find  no  good  ground  for  fixing  fu  precile  a  fignification 
I  to  it  ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  that  the  cenfus  and  luilrum 
xverc,  for  the  moll  part,  held  irregularly  and  uncertainly, 
at  very  diiferent  and  various  intervals  of  time,  as  the  par- 
ticular exigencies  of  the  ftate  required.  Middlet.  of  Rom. 
Sen.  p.  107. 

LUTANGER,  in  Geography,  a  fmall  iilaiid  in  tlie  Eaft 
India  fea,  near  tl'.e  S.  coait  of  Mindanao.  N.  lat.  7'  19'. 
E.  long.  \2l    It'. 

LUTATION,  in  Chem'ijlry,  is  ufed  for  the  cementing  of 
chemical  veiTeis  clofe  together. 

LUTAYA,  in  Geography,  one  of  the  fmaller  Philippine 
illands,  near  the  ifland  of  P.may. 

LUTE,  LuTUM,  in  Chemi/lry,  a  com.pofition  of  certain 
tenacious  fubttances,  wherewith  to  clofe  the  apertures  and 
junftures  of  veffels  in  diftillation,  &c.  See  Cement,  Ce- 
ment, and  Mortar. 

Lute,  Leuto,  Ital.,  Laute,  Germ.,  a  mufical  ftringed 
inftrument,  of  which,  though  the  fhape  or  found  is  now 
hardly  known,  yet  during  the  fixteenth  and  feventeenth  cen- 
turies it  was  the  favourite  chamber  inftrument  of  every  na- 
tion in  Europe,  and  in  the  begmning  of  drimatic  mufic  the 
recitatives  were  accompanied  by  the  arch-lute,  or  theorbo, 
inftead  of  the  liarpfichord. 

Sir  Thomas  Wyat,  the  elder,  one  of  our  bell  early  poets, 
has  left  us  a  fonnet  to  his  lute,  written  very  early  in  the 
fixteen'.h  century  ;  and  Congreve,  at  the  end  of  the  feven- 
teenth, has  celebrated  the  performance  of  Mrs.  Arabella 
Hunt  on  that  inllrument. 

The  earliell  mention  of  the  lute  that  we  have  found 
among  the  moderns  is  in  Boccaccio,  Glornata  prima,  where 
the  finging  is  generally  faid  to  have  been  accompanied  by 
the  lute.     In  Chaucer's  Pardoner's  tale,  we  are  told  : 

"  In  Flanders  whilom  was  a  compagnie 
Of  youHge  folk  that  haunted  in  folie, 
& 


As  hazard,  riot,  ftev.e<;  and  tavernes 
Whereas  with  harpcs,  lutes,  and  guiterncJ, 
They  dauncc  and  play." 

In  Shakfpcarc's  firfl  part   of  Henry  IV.  Mortimer  tell*' 
his  lady,  who  can  fpeak  no  Englilh,  that  her  tongue 

"  Makes  Welfh  as  fweet  as  ditties  highly  perm'd, 
Sung  by  a  fair  queen  in  a  fummcr's  bower, 
With  ravifliing  divifion  to  her  lute." 

And  in  lord  commilTioner  Whitclocke's  MS,  narrative  of 
a  mafque  given  in  1633,  to  Charles  I.  and  his  queen,  by  the 
fonr  inns  of  court,  he  foys,  that  "  he  engaged  forty  lutes, 
belides  other  inftruments  and  voyces  of  the  mod  excellent 
kind  in  conforte." 

There  was  a  lute  at  the  Italian  opera  in  England,  to  the 
end  of  Handel's  regency.  And  the  place  of  lutenift  in 
the  king's  chapel  was  continued  till  the  death  of  Giglier, 
about  the  middle  of  the  laft  century. 

It  feems  as  if  in  France  there  had  been  a  time  when  there 
was  no  other  inftruments  in  nfe  than  lutes,  as  hthkr  not 
only  implies  the  maker  of  lutes,  but  violins,  violoncellos,, 
and  other  inftruments  of  the  fame  kmd. 

There  has  been  no  fatisfaftory  etymology  given  to  the 
\vord  lute,  though  Scaliger  aad  Bochart  have  tried  to  find 
or  frame  one,  deriving  it  from  the  Arabic  allaud,  whilll 
others  have  derived  it  from  the  German  laute,  or  lauttn, 
fonare. 

The  ftringed  inftruments  of  the  ancients  were  fo  nu- 
merous,  and  fo  various  in  their  forms,  that  we  know 
not  the  precife  difference  between  the  lyre  and  cithara. 
The  teftudo,  among  poets,  not  only  imphes  the  lyre,  faid 
to  have  been  originally  made  by  Mercury  of  the  back  or 
hollow  fhell  of  the  tejludo  aquatica,  or  fea  tortoife,  but  mufic 
itfelf. 

As  to  the  different  names  that  may  have  been  given  to 
the  fame  kind  of  inllrument  by  the  ancients,  fuch  as  Cc^j.iy^^. 
;^!?.L.-,  teftudo,  cithara,  &c.  we  fhall  leave  the  difpute,  fays 
Merlennus,  to  grammarians,  who  may  confult  Athenaeus,. 
Julius  Pollux,  Ariftidfs,  Quintilianus,  and  other  Greeks  }- 
for  fince  we  are  in  pofTeffion  of  the  inftrument,  they  may  give 
it  what  nam.e  they  pleafc. 

Vincenzo  Galileo  (Dial.)  fays  the  bed  lutes  were  made 
in  England. 

Tile  lute  confifts  of  four  parts,  the  table,  the  body  or 
belly,  which  has  nine  or  ten  fides,  the  neck  or  finger-board, 
which  has  nine  or  ten  frets  or  divilions  marked  with  catgut 
or  bowel  ftrings,  and  the  head  or  crofj,  wiiere  the  fcrews  or 
pins  for  tightening  or  relaxing  the  ftrings  in  tuning  are 
fattened.  This  is  called  the  lute  with  tv;o  necks,  or  the 
tlieorbo,  which  has  fom.etimcs  only  one  ftring  to  each  note. 
lu  the  middle  of  the  belly  or  table,  there  is  a  role  or  paf- 
fage  for  the  found.  There  is  alfo  a  bridge,  to  which  the 
ftrings  are  failened,  and  a  piece  of  ivory  between  the  head 
and  the  neck,  to  which  the  other  extremities  of  the  ftrings 
are  fitted. 

In  performing  on  the  lute,  the  firings  are  ftruck  with  the- 
right  hand,  and  prefTed  upon  the  frets  -.vith  the  left. 

Whoever  with  to  teach  themfelvei  to  play  upon  this  in-- 
ftrument,  as  it  will  be  difficult  now  to  find  a  good  mailer, 
may  attain  confiderable  knowledge  in  the  praSice  of  it  by 
a  perufal  of  Pcre  Merfenne's  Harmonic  Univerlelle,  printed 
at  Paris  in  1636,  folio,  \vns  ii.  des  Inllrumens,  p.  4  j  ;  and 
Mace's  Mufick's  Monument,  folio,  1676,  Graflineau.  This 
laft  book  is  written  \n  a  ityle  amufmgly  quaint  :  but  it  pro- 
bably contains  all  the  elTential  rules  known  at  the  time  it. 
was  wrjtiea,  both  for  playing,  judging. of  the  goodnefs  of  tho- 

inllrument 


L  U  T 


L  U  T 


inftrnment  and  ilrings,  placing  the  frets,  &c.  But  after  the 
deceafe  of  lioncil  Thomas  Mace,  whofe  ftyle  much  refemblos 
that  of  Anthony  Wood,  thougli  lie  exceeds  him  in  qiiaintncfs 
and  fimplicity,  there  were  probably  many  refinements  dif- 
covered  by  great  players,  both  in  compofmg  fur  the  inrtru- 
ment  and  in  performing  upon  it,  which  are  now  quite  lolt. 

The  inhabitants  of  Congo  have  a  lute  of  a  fingular  kind. 
The  body  and  neck  of  this  inllrument  refemble  ours  ;  but 
the  belly,  that  is,  the  place  where  the  rofc  or  found-hole  has 
place  in  our  lutes,  is  of  very  thin  parchment  ;  which  pro- 
bably implies  that  the  whole  table  or  belly  of  this  inllru- 
ment is  covered  with  parchment  inftead  of  wood.  It  is 
ftrung  with  the  hair  of  an  elephant's  tail  llie  (Irongefl  and 
the  bell  that  can  be  chofen  ;  or  elfe  wiih  the  bark  of  the 
palm-tree.  The  firings  reach  from  one  end  of  the  inllru- 
ment to  the  other,  and  are  fattened  to  rings  fixed  at  dif- 
ferent places  of  the  lute  one  above  the  other.^  To  thefe 
rings  are  fufpended  fmall  plates  of  iron  and  filver  of  dif- 
ferent fizes  and  different  tones.  In  thrumming  the  ftrings 
thefe  rings  are  put  in  motion,  which  likewife  move  the  little 
nietal  plates,  and  the  whole  forms  a  kind  of  murmuring  har- 
mony, or  rather  a  confufcd  noife,  which  is  pretended  not 
to  be  difagrceable.  The  inhabitants  likewife  add,  that  in 
thrumming  the  llriiigs  of  this  inftrument  in  the  way  we  pro- 
duce found  from  the  harp,  the  mufician  expreffes  his 
thoughts  as  clearly  as  if  he  were  fpeaking.  Encycl.  Siippl. 
folio. 

Lute,  Arcbi.     See  Akciluto. 
Lute,  Theorbo.     See  Theorbo. 

LUTE  A,  in  Natural  Hijhry,  the  name  of  a  fpecies  of 
fly  founi'ifrequently  near  waters  after  rain  ;  it  is  of  a  dun- 
nifh-yellow  colour,  the  wings  are  long,  and  the  eyes  large 
and  prominent  ;  the  tail  is  thick,  and  has  two  hairs  of  a  cmii- 
fiderable  length  growing  at  the  head,  fo  that  i:  is  of  the 
bifetK  kind. 

LuTEA  is  alfo  a  name  by  which  fome  authors  have  called 
the  yellow-hammer.     See  Emberiza  Citrinella. 

LUTEEFGUR,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Hindooftan, 
fituated  in  a  pafs  between  the  mountains  of  Benares,  where 
the  air  is  very  infaUibrious  ;   15  miles  S.E.  of  Chunar'. 

LUTEOLA,  in  Bota7iy,  the  herb  Vv^eld,  Dyer's-weed, 
or  Yellow-weed,  fo  called  from  luteus,  yellow,  becaufe  it  is 
of  very  general  ufe  in  various  countries  for  giving  that  co- 
lour to  woollen  clotli  or  yarn.     See  Reseda. 

LuTEOLA,  in  Ornithology,  a  name  given  by  many  to  a  fmall 
bird,  the  Motacilla  Trochilus  of  Linnius  (which  fee), 
called  by  others  a/t/us,  and  by  others  regulus  non  crijlatus  ; 
but  this  lall  is  a  name  that  has  occafioned  fome  coiifufion, 
as  many  have  erroneoully  called  our  common  wren  the  regulus, 
and  as  it  has  no  crell,  imagined  it  to  be  the  bird  meant  by 
this  name. 

It  is,  excepting  the  crefted  wren,  the  fmalleft  of  all  Eu- 
ropean birds,  and  it  very  little  exceeds  that  in  fize  ;  its  head, 
neck,  and  back  are  of  a  greeiiilh-brown  ;  the  rump  is  greener 
than  the  reft  ;  it  has  a  yellow  line  on  each  iide,  extended 
from  the  noftrils,  beyond  the  eyes,  to  the  hinder  part  of  the 
head ;  the  breall,  throat,  and  belly  are  yellow,  with  a  very 
faint  call  of  green  ;  the  wings  and  tail  are  brown,  and  all 
their  feathers  are  tipped  with  green  at  their  ends  ;  the  under 
part  of  the  wings  has  much  of  a  very  fine  green  ;  the  beak 
IS  extremely  llender,  and  half  an  inch  long  ;  the  mouth  is 
yellow  within  ;  it  makes  a  loud  noife,  like  that  of  a  grafs- 
hopper,  and  is  principally  found  among  willows;  it  is  con- 
tinually creeping  and  finging  among  the  branches  of  trees  ; 
it  builds  with  liraw  and  feathers,  and  lays  five  eggs,  which 
are  white,  and  fpotted  with  red :  there  is  a  confiderable 
variation  in  the  colours  of  thefe  birds  j  fome  of  them  being 


much  greener  on  the  back,  and  much  whiter  on  the  belly 
than  others. 

LUTE  REE,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Hindooftan,  in 
Lahore;   33  miles  N.  of  Jummoo. 

LUTHER,  Maktin,  in  Biography,  the  celebrated  author 
of  phe  Reformation  in  Germany,  deicended  from  parents  in 
very  humble  circumllances,  was  born  at  Eifleben,  in  Saxony, 
in  the  year  14S3.  He  difcovered  an  early  inchnation  for 
learning,  and  having  attained  the  rudiments  of  grammar 
under  his  father's  roof,  he  was  fent  to  fchool  at  Magdeburg, 
where  he  continued  only  about  a  year,  and  during  that  ftiort 
period  he  fupported  himfelf,  like  many  other  poor  German 
(cholars,  by  hteraliy  begging  his  bread.  From  Magdeburg 
ho  went  to  Eilenach,  in  Thuringia,  and  diftinguifhed  him- 
felf in  a  fchool  of  high  reputation,  by  his  diligence  and  pro- 
ficiency. In  I  JO  I  he  was  entered  at  the  univerfity  of 
Erfurt,  and  in  a  very  fliort  time,  having  a  mind  fu];erior  to 
the  Icholaitic  modes  of  inilrudtion  then  in  ufe,  he  became 
difgulled  with  thole  fubtilc  and  uniiillrufli\-e  fciences.  He 
immediately  applied  himfelf  v/ith  the  greatell  ardour  and 
affiduity  to  the  works  of  the  ancient  Latin  writer?,  fuch  as 
Cicero,  Virgil,  Livy,  Sallull,  &c.  and  fuch  was  the  fuccefs 
with  which  he  ftudied,  that  he  became  the  objeft  of  admi- 
ration to  the  whole  univerfity.  He  took  his  degree  of 
M.A.  when  he  was  fcarcely  twenty  years  of  age,  and  im- 
mediately afterwards  began  to  read  lefturcs  on  Arillotle's 
phyfics,  on  ethics,  and  other  branches  of  phiL>fcpliy.  He 
began  now  to  conliderthe  proftiTion  which  he  (hould  adopt 
for  his  fupport  in  life,  and,  by  the  perfuafion  of  his  friends, 
he  turned  his  attention  to  jiirifprudence  ;  but  an  accident, 
to  which  he  was  witnefs,  -y.'-s.  the  death  of  a  friend  by  the 
difcharge  of  a  thunder-cloud,  fo  fenfibly  affedled  him,  that 
he  determined  to  retire  from  the  world  into  a  convent  of  the 
Auguftine  friars.  No  entreaties  on  the  part  ot  his  friends 
could  divert  him  from  his  plan,  which  he  conceived  to  be  a 
duty  that  he  owed  to  God,  and  accordingly  alTjmed  the 
habit  of  that  order.  He  now  applied  himfelf  very  dili- 
gently to  the  ftudy  of  theology,  and  turned  his  mind  fo 
eagerly  to  the  reading  of  ths  Latin  bible,  which  he  had  met 
with  by  accident,  as  to  excite  the  moil  lively  emotions  of 
furprife  and  aftonifhment  among  the  monks,  who  were  little 
accuftomed  to  derive  their  notions  concerning  religion  from 
tliat  fource.  Having  paffed  a  year  in  the  monailery  of 
Erfurt,  he  took  the  vows,  and  was,  in  1507,  admitted  to 
priells'  orders.  His  great  atid  profound  learning,  the  fanc- 
tity  of  his  moral  conduft,  and  his  extenfive  knowledge  of 
the  holy  fcriptures,  were  generally  knov.'n  and  applauded  ; 
and  in  the  following  year,  Frederick,  ele<;:tor  of  Saxony, 
having  lately  founded  an  univerfity  at  Wittemburg,  ap- 
pointed Luther  to  the  profcfforfl'.ip  of  philofophy,  and 
afterwards  that  of  divinity.  The  duties  attached  to  thefe 
offices  he  difcharged  with  fo  much  ability,  and  in  a  method 
fo  totally  different  from  the  rfual  mechanical  and  dull  forms 
of  ledluring,  that  he  was  crowded  with  pupils  trotu  ail 
quarters,  and  was  regarded  as  the  chief  ornament  of  the 
univerfity.  In  15 10,  Luther  was  fent  to  Rome  by  the 
monks  of  his  order,  to  get  fome  difputes  between  them  and 
their  vicar -general  fettled  by  his  holinefs  the  gope.  While 
in  that  city,  he  made  his  obfervations  on  the  pope  and  the 
government  of  the  church  of  Rome;  he  examined  the  man- 
ners of  the  clergy,  which  he  feverely  cenfured,  particularly 
as  to  the  hafty  and  flovenly  method  which  they  adopted  in 
performing  divine  fervice.  The  careleffiiefs  with  which  they 
were  accullomed  toqper  up  their  prayers  to  Almighty  God, 
he  declares  excited  in  his  bread  fentiments  of  allonifliinent 
and  horror.  As  foon  as  he  had  accomphfhed  the  obje6t  of 
his  miffioa  he  returned  to  Wittemburg,  where,  in  15 12,  he 

had 


LUTHER. 


fiad  the  Jsgree  of"  doflor  of  divinity  conferred  upon  Iiim,  at 
the  expence  of  Frederick,  eleflor  of  Saxony,  who  frequently 
attended  his  pulpit  difcoii>-fes,  and  was  as  deliglited  with 
his  eloquence  as  fatisfied  with  his  extraordinary  merits. 
Luther  was,  at  firft,  defirous  of  declining  the  honour  offered 
him,  conlidering  himfelf  too  young  for  fuch  a  diftinftion, 
but  his  objeftions  were  over-ruled,  and  he  was  told  "  that 
he  muft  fubmit  to  be  thus  dignified,  inafmuch  as  the  Al- 
mighty had  importr>nt  fer\'ices  to  be  performed  in  the 
church,  and  through  his  inftrumetitality."  Little  did  they, 
who  made  ufe  of  this  expreffion,  whether  in  a  tone  of  fcriouf- 
rcfs  or  levity,  imagine  how  truly  its  prophetic  language 
fhould  be  verified,  and  how  extenfively  ufeful  his  future 
labours  (hould  be,  in  clearing  away  the  corruptions  that  had 
almoil  overwhelmed  the  Chriftian  world,  as  it  was  then 
called  ;  for  real  Chriftianhy,  as  diftated  by  its  meek  and  holy 
founder,  was  as  difficult  to  be  difcerned  in  the  age  pre- 
ceding the  great  reformer,  as  it  was  among  the  moil  bar- 
barian nations  devoted  to  the  fuperftitions  and  idolatry  of 
Greece  and  Rome. 

Under  the  article  Reform.\tios,  we  ftwU  endeavour  to 
exhibit,  in  its  true  colours,  the  itate  of  the  papal  dominion 
and  church,  both  with  refpecl  to  the  pecjpie  and  clergv,  as 
it  exilled  when  Luther  began  his  labour  ;  to  develope  the 
caufes  which  produced  fo  important  a  change  in  the  world  ; 
and  trace  its  confequenccs  with  regard  to  ma'ikind.  lii  the 
prefent  article  we  {hall  more  particularly  confine  ourfelves 
to  the  hfe  and  labours  of  Luther  himfe'f. 

This  great  man,  almoft  as  foon  as  he  was  created  doctor 
of  divinity,  felt  it  incumbent  on  him  to  (hew  that  the  title 
and  honour  had  not  been  conferred  without  reafon.  He  ap- 
plied himfelf  with  all  diligence  to  the  duties  of  the  theolo- 
gical chair.  He  read  lectures  on  the  feveral  books  of  the 
fcriptures.  He  co:nmented  on  the  epiitle  to  the  Romans 
and  on  the  book  of  Pfalms,  and  his  illudrations  were  fo 
ftrikin?,  that,  by  the  thoughtful  and  the  ferious,  he  was 
regarded  as  the  harbinger  of  a  new  day  ready  to  break  out 
atter  a  long  night  of  darkneis  and  ignorance  ;  and  he  led 
multitudes  to  think  and  to  reafon  on  matters  of  high  im- 
portance who  had  HL'ver  reflected  or  thought  before  beyond 
the  concerns  of  the  prefent  world.  He  oppofed,  with  a  ve- 
hemence that  could  fcarcely  be  withilood,  the  errors  which 
had  been  long  current  in  the  church  and  the  fchools,  as 
truth,  fhewing  that  the  fcriptures  were  the  only  ted  of 
found  doctrine  and  pra&ical  morality.  He  applied  himfelf 
diligently  to  the  ftudy  of  the  fcriptures,  in  their  original 
languages,  and  encouraged  the  cultivation  of  thefe  languages 
in  the  univerfitv,  as  the  only  fure  foundation  on  which  a 
proper  knowledge  of  religion  could  be  built.  Luther  was 
a  ftrict  difciplinarian  in  the  college,  but  he  exafted  no  more 
from  the  young  men  under  his  infpeftion  than  he  ftiewed 
himfelf  an  example  of  in  his  own  moral  conduct ;  and  thus,  by 
uniting  a  practical  regard  to  religious  duties,  with  an  earneft 
zeal  in  enforcing  them  upon  the  minds  of  others,  he  contri- 
buted, in  an  eminent  degree,  to  rarfe  the  univerfity  of  Wittera- 
burg  to  a  high  degree  of  reputation,  which  amply  gratified 
the  eleiSlor  for  his  munificence  in  founding  it.  He  had  him- 
felf been  early  initiated  in  the  Peripatetic  phiiofophy,  then 
univerfally  taught  in  the  fchools ;  but  his  eyes  were  foon 
opened  to  its  numerous  defetts  and  filly  fubtleties,  and  while 
a  profeffor  at  Wittemburg,  in  1 ,16,  he  wrote  to  Jodocus, 
a  zealous  Ariitotelian,  who  had  been  his  preceptor  at  Erfurt, 
ftating  at  firft  only  his  doubts  refpedling  the  doftnnes  in 
which  he  had  been  inftrufted,  and  which,  in  his  turn,  it 
was  expefted  he  (hould  teach  others.  Jodocus,  wholly  un- 
prepared for  fuch  remarks,  made  with  firmnefs,  mmgled 
wih  modefty,    was  higlJy  incenfed  againft  the  author  of 


them,  and  in  his  next  vifit  to  Urfurt  refufed  to  fee  hiiB. 
Luther  had  not  a  mind  to  be  intimidated  :  even  the  refpcft 
which  he  felt  for  the  inftruftor  of  his  early  years  forbad  him 
to  recede  a  fingle  ftep  ;  he  had  fet  his  hands  to  the  plough, 
and  could  not  look  back  ;  he  had  embarked  in  the  caufe  of 
reform,  and  muft  neceflarily  advance,  notwithflanding  the 
difficulties  that  might  be  oppofed  to  him  by  his  dearefl 
friends.  He  accordingly  wrote  a  fecond  letter  to  Jodocus, 
in  which  he  gave  it  as  his  decided  opinion,  grountled  upon 
indifputable  evidence,  that  it  would  be  impuffible  to  reform 
the  church,  without  entirely  abolifhing  the  canons  and  de- 
cretals, and  v;ith  them  the  fcholaftic  theology,  phiiofophy, 
and  logic,  and^inftituting  others  in  their  (lead. 

In  early  life,  Luther,  whofe  comprehenfive  mir.d  could 
grafp  all  fubjcfts,  bad  ftudied  the  writings  of  St.  Auguftine, 
Thomas  Aquinas,  Duns  Scotus,  and  other  celebrated  fchool- 
mcn  ;  and  in  the  difputc  concerning  Univerfals,  attached 
himfelf  to  the  party  of  the  Nominalifts,  but  maturer  age 
and  refledion  inftrufted  him  to  treat  the  whole  controvcrfy 
with  contempt,  l^iiis  has  been  referred  chiefly  to  liis  early 
acquaintance  with  the  ancients,  but  it  was  probably  owing 
rather  to  that  peculiar  (Irength  and  ardour  of  mind  which 
led  him  eafily  to  difcover  the  abfurdity  of  the  prevailing 
modes  of  reafoning,  and  of  judging  upon  theological  and 
philofophical  fubjetls,  and  to  obferve  with  regret  and  indig- 
nation the  fatal  effects  of  co.Tupt  phiiofophy  united  with 
ecclefiaftical  tyranny.  Under  the  article  Leo  X.  we  have 
alluded  to  the  general  fale  of  indulgences  publilhed  by  that 
pontiff :  this  proved  the  firil  link  in  a  chain  of  caul'cs  which 
produced  a  revolution  in  the  fentimcnts  of  mankind,  the 
greatert,  as  well  as  the  moft  beneficial  that  has  happened 
fince  the  publication  of  Chriftianity.  When  Leo  was  raifed 
to  the  papal  throne,  he  found  the  revenues  of  the  church 
exhaulled  by  the  vaft  projcfts  of  his  predecclTors  :  he  fUt 
no  defire  to  purfue  a  fyftcm  of  economy  ;  his  heart,  as  we 
have  feen,  (fee  Leo  X.)  was  intent  on  aggrandizing  his 
family  :  to  this  may  be  added  his  love  of  fpleiidour,  his  tafte 
for  pleafure,  and  his  munificence  in  rewarding  men  of  genius 
and  merit,  all  which  involved  him  in  new  expences  ;  in  order 
to  provide  a  fu.^d  for  which,  he  tried  every  device  thst  him- 
felf and  friends  coidd  invent,  to  drain  the  credulous  multi- 
tude of  their  wealth.  Hence  the  fale  of  indulgences,  which 
pretended  to  convey  to  the  poflefTor,  either  the  pardon  of  his 
own  fins,  or  the  releafe  of  any  one,  ah-eady  dead,  in  whofe 
happinefs  he  was  interefted,  from  the  pains  of  purgatory.  Leo 
had  not,  however,  the  credit  of  the  invention  of  this  fyftem  ; 
it  may  be  referred  beck  to  the  papacy  of  Urban  II.,  in  the 
eleventh  century,  who  had  contrived  the  lucrative  trade,  in 
order  that  the  pope  might  have  the  means  of  recompenfing 
thofe  who  went  to  join  the  army  of  the  crufaders  in  the 
Holy  Land.  They  were  afterwards  granted  to  tliol'e  v.ho, 
being  unwilling  to  ferve  themfelves,  hired  a  foldier  for  that 
purpofe,  and  in  a  (hort  time  they  were  beftowed  on  fuch  as 
gave  money  for  accompUfliing  any  pious  work  enjoined  by 
the  holy  pontiff. 

Julius  II.  had  beftowed  indulgences  on  all  who  contri- 
buted  towards  building  the  church  of  St.  Peter  at  Rome, 
which,  as  we  have  feen,  was  begun  while  he  fat  upon  the 
papal  throne,  and  as  Leo  was  carrying  on  that  espenfivc 
building,  his  grant  was  founded  en  the  fame  pretence.  The 
right  of  promulgating  thefe  indulgences  in  Germany,  toge- 
ther with  a  Tnare  in  the,profits  arifing  from  the  fale  of  thcni, 
was  granted  to  Albert,  eleftor  of  Mentz,  and  archbifhop  of 
Magdeburg,  who,  as  his  chief  agent  for  retailing  them  in 
Saxony,  employed  Tetzel,  a  Dominican  friar  of  hcenlious 
morals,  who  executed  his  commifTion  with  great  zeal  and 
fuccefs,  but  without  regard  to  any  principles  of  prudence 

cr 


L  XT  T  II  E  R. 


er  decency.  At  length  the  trade  wn?  carried  on  with  fo 
little  attention  to  the  interefts  of  fociety,  that  it  bccami^  a 
general  wi{h  that  fome  chack  (liould  be  given  to  it.  Luther 
was  not  an  inattentive  fpettator  :  he  beheld,  with  concern 
and  indignation,  the  artifices  of  thofe  who  f'jld,  and  the  foUy 
or  fimplicity  of  thofe  who  purcliafed  indulgences.  Having 
examined  the  fubjed,  and  finding  that  the  praftice  derived 
no  countenance  from  the  Icriptures,  he  determined  openly  to 
protell  againil  fucli  fcandaious  impofitions  on  his  deluded 
countrymen. 

In  the  year  15 17,  he  attacked,  with  all  the  vehemence  in 
his  power,  from  the  pulpit,  in  the  gfeat  church  of  Witteni- 
burg,  the  vices  of  thole  very  monk?  who  dared  openly  to 
iriiftribute  indulgences  :  he  tried  their  doftrines  by  the 
ftandard  of  fcripture,  and  exhorted  his  hearers  to  look  for 
falvation  to  the  means  appointed  by  God  in  his  holy  word. 
The  boldncfs  and  fervour  with  which  he  uttered  his  exhort- 
ations did  not  fall  to  make  a  deep  and  lading  imprcffion  on 
the  people-^  who,  fufpedting  the  delufions  to  which  they  had 
been  long  fubjei;!,  were  ivady  to  join  any  pcrfon,  efpecially 
one  whofe  character  for  integrity  Hood  fo  high  as  Luther's, 
ill  throwing  off  a  yoke  which  they  were  fcarcely  able  to 
endure.  Luther  was  not  content  with  undeceiving  the 
pcrfons  who  crowded  round  his  pulpit  ;  he  advanced  with 
dignity  to  a  higher  authority  ;  he  wrote  to  Albert,  eledlor 
of  Mentz,  End  archbifliop  of  Magdeburg,  remoiillrating 
againft  the  falfe  opinions,  as  well  as  the  wicked  lives,  of  the 
defenders  and  dillributors  of  indulgences,  intreating  him,  in 
a  moft  fupplicatory  tone,  to  exercife  the  authority  veiled  in 
him  for  coirefting  thefe  evils.  The  archbifhop  was,  however, 
too  deeply  interefted  in  thefe  abufes  to  lend  a  hand  in  putting 
an  end  to  them.  In  addition  to  his  letter,  Luther  tranfmitted 
to  the  prelate  ninety-five  thefea,  which  he  had  propofed  as 
fubjedts  of  inquiry  and  difputation,  and  which  he  had  pub- 
licly fixed  in  a  church  at  Wittemburg,  with  a. challenge  to 
the  learned  to  oppofe  on  a  given  day,  either  in  perfon  or  by 
writing;  and  to  the  whole  he  added  a  folcrnn  protcltation 
of  his  profound  refpeft  for  the  apoftolic  fee,  and  implicit 
fubmiflion  to  its  authority.  On  the  appointed  day  no  per- 
fon appeared  to  conteil;  Luther's  thefes,  which  rapidly  fpread 
all  over  Germany,  and  excited  univerfal  admiration  of  the 
boldnefs  which  he  difcovered  in  venturing  to  call  in  queiUon 
the  papal  power  and  authority,  and  to  attack  the  Dominicans, 
armed,  as  they  were,  with  all  the  terrors  of  the  inquilitorial 
authority.  The  friars  of  his  own  order  were  delighted  with 
his  inveilives  againft  the  monks  who  fold  indulgences,  and 
were  anxious  to  fee  them  expofed  to  the  hatred  and  fcorn 
of  the  people  ;  and  he  was  lecretly  encouraged  in  his  pro- 
ceedings by  his  fovereign,  the  elector  of  Saxony,  who  thought 
they  might  contribute  to  give  fome  check  to  the  exaftions 
of  the  court  of  Rome,  which  the  fecular  princes  had  been 
long  unfuccefsfully  endeavouring  to  oppofe.  The  publica- 
tion of  Luther's  thefes  brought  into  the  field  many  zealous 
champions  in  defence  of  the  holy  church,  who  were  lefs 
eacer  for  the  diffemination  of  the  truth,  than  for  the  profits 
which  exifting  abufes  afforded  them,  and  who  accordingly 
traduced  the  charafter  of  Luther,  endeavouring  10  excite 
the  indignation  of  the  clergy  and  populace  againft  him. 
Luther,  however,  was  not  to  be  terrified  by  any  meafures 
which  his  prefent  adverfaries  could  adopt  :  he  found  a  large 
body  of  the  people  adhering  to  his  doctrines,  and  he  was 
content,  in  their  behalf,  to  go  through  evil  report  as  well  as 
good  report  :  he  even  went  fo  far,  in  a  pubhc  declaration, 
as  to  fay,  "  that  if  the  pope  and  cardinals  entertained  the 
fame  opinions  with  his  opponents,  and  fet  up  any  authority 
againft  that  of  fcripture,  there  could  be  no  doubt  but  that 
^ome  was  itfclf  the  very  feat  of   antichiift,   and  that  it 


would  be  happy  for  thofe  countries  which  fliould  feparatc 
themfelves  from  her." 

It  does  not  appear  that,  at  this  early  period,  Luther  had 
any  intention  of  fetting  himfelf  againft  tiic  power  of  the 
pope  ;  he  even  wrote  a  letter  to  his  iiolinefs  in  the  motl 
refpeitful  terms,  (Itewing  the  uprightncfs  of  his  inteiitioiif, 
and  the  jullice  of  the  caufe  of  winch  he  was  tlie  advocate. 
Shortly  after  this,  by  the  inceffant  reprefentations  of  Luther'j 
adverfaries,  tha'.  the  heretical  notions  he  was  propagating 
threatened  the  moft  fatal  mifchiefs  to  the  interells  of  the 
church,  Leo  iffued  an  order  fiw-  his  appearing  at  Rome  to 
jullify  himfelf.  The  judges  of  his  condudl  were  already 
appointed  and  feledted  on  account  of  their  hoftility  to  him. 
Tiie  reformer,  by  means  of  his  own  petitions,  and  the  inter- 
ference of  thofe  friendly  to  his  caufe,  was  allowed  to  be 
heard  at  Augftjurg,  inllead  of  being  obliged  to  travel  to 
Rome.  Even  here,  his  avowed  enemy,  cardinal  Cajetaii, 
was  appointed  to  try  the  merits  of  tlie  queflion.  I^utlier 
arrived  at  Auglburg  in  the  month  of  October,  15  iS,  and 
was  immediately  admitted  into  the  prefence  of  tlie  cardinal, 
who,  in  their  feveral  interviews,  would  not  condefcend  to 
argue  the  matter  with  a  perfon  of  fuch  inferior  rank  :  but, 
by  the  mere  diiflate  of  authority,  required  Luther,  by  virtue 
of  the  apoliolic  powers  with  which  he  was  iuvclled,  to  re- 
tract the  opinions  which  he  had  advanced,  and  to  lubmit, 
without  hefitation,  to  the  judgment  of  the  pope.  Luther, 
though,  for  the  moment,  furpvifed  at  the  demand  of  recan- 
tation, declared  that  lie  could  not,  with  a  fiite  confcience, 
renounce  opinions  which  he  believed  to  be  true,  nor  (lioulJ 
anv  confideration  induce  him  to  do  what  would  be  fo  bafe 
in  itfelf  and  fo  offenfive  to  God  :  Hill,  however,  he  declared 
his  readinefs  to  fubmit  to  the  lawful  determination  of  tlie 
c'lurch.  He  went  much  farther  :  he  exprefled  a  willingness 
to  refer  the  controverfy  to  certain  univerfities  which  he 
named,  and  promifed  neither  to  write  nor  preacii  concerning 
indulgences,  provided  the  fame  filence  with  refpeft  to  tliein 
were  enjoined  on  his  adverfaries.  Tiiefe  offers  were  rejec'ted 
by  the  cardinal,  who  peremptorily  infilled  upon  a  fimple  re* 
cantation,and,  at  the  fame  time,  forbad  the  reformer  to  enter 
again  into  his  prefence,  unlefs  he  came  prepared  to  comply 
with  what  he  required.  As  he  had  no  intention  to  fubmit, 
he  thought  it  more  prudent  to  withdraw,  which  he -did  in  as 
private  a  manner  as  poffible,  having  firft  prepared  a  formal 
and  folcmn  appeal  from  the  pope,  who  was  then  ignorant 
of  his  caufe,  to  the  pope,  at  a  time  when  he  ftiould  have  re- 
ceived more  full  and  explicit  information  withrefpeft  to  it. 

The  fudden  departure  of  Luther  enraged  the  papal  le- 
gate, who  wrote  to  the  eledor  of  Saxony,  requiring  him  to 
witlidraw  his  protection  from  lo  feditious  a  perfon,  and 
either  to  fend  him  prifonerto  Rome,  ortobanifh  him  from  his 
territories.  The  eleftor  refufed  to  comply  with  cither  of 
thefe  requefts,  though  with  many  external  profeffions  of 
efteem  for  the  cardinal ;  but  he  at  the  fame  time  affured 
Luther  privately,  tliat  he  would  not  defert  him.  Being 
thus  ably  fupported,  Luther  continued  to  vindicate  his 
opinions,  and  he  gave  a  challenge  to  all  the  inqiiifitors  to 
come  and  difpute  with  him  at  Wittemburg,  promifing  them 
not  only  a  fafe  condufl  from  the  eleftor,  but  liberal  enter- 
tainment, free  from  all  expences,  while  they  continued  at 
that  place.  In  the  mean  time  Leo's  ambition  urged  him  to 
iffuea  bull,  by  which  he  attempted,  by  his  papal  authority, 
lo  put  an  end  to  the  difpute  about  mdulgences,  and  in  this 
public  paper,  he  magnified,  almoft  without  bounds  the 
efficacy  of  indulgences,  and  imperioully  commanded  all 
Chriftians  to  affent  to  what  he  delivered,  as  the  doctrine  of 
the  Holy  Catholic  church.  Luther  was  now  falisfied  that 
the  ftorm  would  fpecdily  fall  upon  him,  and  therefore  had 

recourfj; 


LUTHER. 


recourle  to  the  only  expedient  left  him,  to  ward  off  the 
efFeft  of  papal  ceiifures,  by  appealing  from  the  pontiff  to  a 
general  council,  which  he  maintained  to  be  fuperior  in 
authority  to  the  pope.  In  January  15 19  the  emperor  died, 
which  rendered  it  expedient  for  the  court  of  Rome  to  fuf- 
pend  any  direft  proceedings  againft  Luther  ;  for  by  this 
event,  the  vicariat  of  that  part  of  Germany,  which  is  go- 
verned by  Saxon  laws,  devolved  on  the  eleclor  of  Saxony, 
and  was  executed  by  him  during  the  interregnum  which 
preceded  the  eleftion  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  Under 
the  admini (I ration  of  this  prince,  Luther  enjoyed  tranquil- 
lity, and  his  opinions  were  fuffered  to  take  root,  and  even 
to  grow  up  with  fome  degree  of  ftrength  and  firmnefs. 

Leo  now  hoped  he  fhould  be  able  to  bring  back  Luther 
to  fubmiffion  and  obedience,  without  having  recourfe  to 
harfh  meafures.  He  accordingly  fixed  on  Charles  Miltitz, 
a  Saxon  knight,  a  perfou  endowed  with  much  prudence 
and  dexterity,  whom  he  fent  into  Saxony,  as  his  legate,  to 
prefent  the  eleftor  with  a  golden  confecrated  rofe,  as  a  mark 
of  peculiar  dillinftion,  and  alfo  to  treat  with  I^uther  about 
the  means  of  reconciling  him  to  the  court  of  Rome.  Mil- 
titz,  by  his  great  addrefs  and  foothing  manners,  and  his  en- 
comiums on  Luther's  charafter,  produced  a  confiderable 
efFeft  on  his  mind,  and  he  made  fuch  conceflions  as  proved, 
that  his  principles  as  a  reformer  were  by  no  means  ileadily 
fixed.  He  agreed  to  obferve  a  profound  filence  on  the 
fubjeft  of  indulgences,  provided  his  adverfaries  were  bound 
to  the  fame  meafures  ;  and  he  WTOte  a  humble  and  fub- 
miflive  letter  to  the  pope,  acknowledging  he  had  carried  his 
zeal  and  animofity  too  far ;  and  he  even  confented  to  publifh 
a  circular  letter,  exhorting  his  followers  and  adherents  to 
reverence  and  obey  the  diftates  of  the  Holy  Roman  church. 

Had  the  court  of  Rome  been  fufficiently  prudent,  and  ac- 
cepted this  fubmiffion  of  Luther,  and  prevented  its  own 
champions  from  engaging  in  the  field  of  controverfy,  the 
caufe  of  the  reformation  would  have  been  loft.  But  the 
inconfiderate  zeal  of  fome  of  Luther's  opponents,  renewed 
the  divifions  which  were  fo  nearly  healed,  and  obhged 
Luther  and  his  followers  to  examine  deeper  into  the  enormi- 
ties which  prevailed  in  the  papal  hierarchy,  as  well  as  the 
doftrines  of  the  church.  During  this  year  a  famous  con- 
troverfy was  carried  on  at  Leipfic,  on  the  challenge  of 
Eckius,  between  himfelf  and  Carloftadt,  concerning  the 
freedom  of  the  will,  and  at  the  fame  time  he  urged  Luther 
to  enter  the  lifts  with  him,  on  the  fubjecl  of  the  pope's  au- 
thority and  fupremacy.  The  challenge  was  accepted,  and 
on  the  appointed  day  the  three  champions  appeared  in  the 
field.  The  aflembly  which  met  to  witnefs  the  combat  was 
numerous  and  fplendid,  and  each  of  the  combatants  con- 
dufted  himfelf  with  great  fkill  and  dexterity  ;  in  the  courfe 
of  the  debate,  Luther  no  doubt  was  carried  farther  than  he 
dreamed  of  going,  led  on  from  one  argument  to  another  : 
he  at  length  maintained,  that  the  church  of  Rome,  in  the 
earlier  ages,  had  never  been  confidered  as  fuperior  to  other 
churches,  and  combated  the  pretenfions  of  that  church  and  its 
bifhop,  from  the  teftimony  of  fcripture,  the  authority  of  the 
fathers,  and  the  nioft  approved  ecclcfiaftical  hiftorians,  and 
even  from  the  decrees  of  the  council  of  Nice,  while  the  beft; 
arguments  of  his  adverfary  were  derived  from  fpurious  de- 
cretals, none  of  which  could  boaft  of  an  antiquity  equal  to 
that  of  four  centuries.  Hoffman,  the  prefident,  refuted  to 
declare  on  which  fide  victory  had  fallen,  and  the  queftion 
v/as  referred  to  the  univerfities  of  Paris  and  Erfurt.  Eckius 
clearly  faw  that  the  auditors  generally  declared  in  favour  of 
tlie  arguments  made  ufe  of  by  his  adverfary,  and  from  this 
moment  he  breathed  fury  and  revenge  againft  Luther.  The 
latter  had,  however,  the  happinefs  to  know,  that  he  had 

Vol.  XXL 


conyinced  the  celebrated  Philip  Mclanfthon,  at  that  time 
profeffor  of  the  Greek,  at  the  univcrlUy  of  Vittemburg,  of 
the  juftice  of  his  caufe,  and  he  foon  aftvr  found  a  vigorous 
auxiliary  in  Ulric  Zuingle-,  a  canon  of  Zurich,  in  Switzer- 
land, whofe  extenfive  learning  and  uncommon  fagacity  were 
accompanied  with  the  utmoft  intrepidity  ar.d  refolution. 
The  party  of  reformers  now  was  great  in  the  talents,  and 
illuftrious  in  the  charafters  of  their  leaders,  who  made,  at 
this  period,  the  utmoll  efforts  to  draw  over  Erafmus  to  their  ' 
fide.  The  reputation  and  authority  of  this  great  fcholar 
were  of  the  higheft  weight  in  Europe,  as  well  on  account 
of  his  talents  as  of  his  ftrifturcs  upon  the  errors  of  the 
church,  and  upon  the  ignorance  and  vices  of  the  clergy. 
He  had  fown  the  feeds  which  Luther  cherifhed  and  brought 
to  maturity,  but  was,  however,  too  wary  to  entangle  him- 
felf fo  deeply  in  the  difpute  as  to  lead  him  into  any  danger. 
About  this  time  the  univerfitics  of  Cologne  and  Louvr.in 
took  part  againft  Luther,  againft  whofe  decrees  he  imme- 
diately wrote  with  his  ufual  fpirit  and  intrepidity.  Eckius 
likevvife  repaired  to  Rome,  intent  on  accomplifhing  the 
ruin  of  Luther,  and  he  thought  he  had  performed  the  deed 
when,  by  his  exertions  and  influence,  pope  Leo  alTembled 
the  college  of  cardinals  to  prepare  a  fcntence  againft  him 
with  fuch  deliberation,  as  it  was  hoped  no  exception  could 
be  taken,  either  with  regard  to  form  or  matter. 

On  the  13  th  of  June  1520,  the  bull  was  iffued,  in  which 
forty-one  propofitions,  extrafted  from  Luther's  works, 
were  condemned  as  heretical  and  fcandalous,  and  all  perfons 
were  forbidden  to  read  his  writings  on  pain  of  excommuni- 
cation ;  thofe  who  poffelled  any  of  them  were  commanded, 
under  fevere  penalties,  to  commit  them  to  the  flames.  Lu- 
ther himfelf,  if  he  did  not  within  fixty  days  publicly  recant 
his  errors,  and  burn  his  books,  was  pronounced  an  obftinate 
heretic,  excommunicated,  and  delivered  unto  Satan  for  the 
deifruflion  of  the  flefli  ;  and  all  fecular  princes  were  re- 
quired, under  pain  of  incurring  the  fame  cenfurc,  to  feize 
his  perfon,  that  he  might  be  punifhed  as  his  crimes  fhould 
be  found  to  merit.  Short-fighted  priefts,  and  rafh  bigots, 
contemplated  in  this  fentence  the  ruin  of  Luther,  and  the 
termination  of  thofe  principles  which  he  had  efpoufed  ;  but 
it  has  proved  fatal  only  to  the  church  which  uttered  it,  and 
to  the  caufe  which  it  was  intended  to  fupport.  When  an 
account  of  what  had  happened  was  brought  to  Luther,  he 
was  neither  difconcerted  nor  intimidated,  but  calmly  con- 
fulted  the  moft  proper  means  of  prefent  defence,  and  future 
fecurity.  He  appealed  a  fecond  time  to  a  general  council, 
and  came  to  the  refolution  of  voluntarily  renouncing  com- 
munion with  the  church  of  Rome,  and  in  juftification  of  his 
own  conduct,  which  he  might  well  expett  would  be  every 
where,  though  not  by  all  perfons,  condemned,  he  cxpofed 
to  the  world,  witho  it  the  leaft  difguife  or  ceremony,  the 
abominable  corruptions  and  delufions  of  the  papal  hierarchy; 
he  went  ftill  farther,  and  without  hcfitation  declared,  in  the 
moft  folemn  manner,  before  the  whole  world,  that  the  pope 
was  the  predicted  "man  of  fin,"  the  anti-chrilt  fct  forth  in 
the  writings  of  the  New  Teftament.  Being  now  rtleafed 
from  all  obedience  to  the  pope,  and  fetting  himfelf  up  in 
oppofition  to  his  power,  he  declaimed,  without  fcruple, 
againft  his  tyranny,  and  he  exhorted  all  Chriftian  princes  to 
fhake  off  the  ignominious  yoke,  which  had  been  fo  long  im- 
pofed  on  them,  but  the  weight  of  which  neither  they  nor 
their  fathers  could  well  bear.  He  made  it  the  theme  of  his 
joy  and  exultation,  that  he  was  marked  out  as  an  objetl  of 
ecclcfiaftical  indignation,  becaufe  he  had  ventured  to  affcrt 
and  vindicate  the  liberty  of  mankind.  L\ithi.>-  proceeded 
from  words  to  afts  ;  Leo  had  burnt  the  books  of  Luther, 
and  he,  by  way  of  returning  the  compliment,  afTcmbled  all 

j^.  O  the 


LUTHER. 


the  profcflors  and  ftudcnts  of  the  univerfity  of  Wiitcm- 
burg,  and  with  much  ceremony,  in  the  prcfcnce  of  a  pro- 
digious multitude  of  people  of  all  ranks  aiid  orders,  com- 
mitted to  the  flames  the  pope's  bufl,  and  the  decretals  and 
canons  relating  to  his  fupreme  jurifdiftion  :  the  example 
was  foon  followed  in  feveral  cities  of  Germany.  He  next 
collefted  from  the  canon  law  fome  of  the  moll  extravagant 
propofitions  with  refpeft  to  the  omnipotence  of  the  papal 
power,  and  the  fubordlaation  of  all  fecular  jurifdidion  to 
the  authority  of  the  holy  fee,  which  he  publiOicd  with  a 
commentary,  pointing  out  the  impiety  of  fuch  tenets,  and 
their  evident  tendency  to  fubvert  all  civil  government. 
Within  a  month  after  this,  a  fecond  bull  was  idued  agaiiilt 
him,  by  which  he  was  expelled  from  communion  with  the 
church,  for  having  infulted  the  majefty,  and  difowned  the 
fupremaey  of  the  Roman  pontiff.  The  intimidating  power 
of  papal  condemnation  had  now  loft  its  effect  in  Germany, 
and  the  bull  of  Leo  put  his  antagonift  upon  the  projeft  of 
founding  a  church  upo'.  iirinciples  direftly  oppofitc  to  thole 
of  Rome,  and  to  eftabiiili  in  it  a  fyllem  of  doftrine  and 
ecclefiaihcal  difcipline,  more  confonant  with  the  fpiril  and 
precepts  of  the  gofpel. 

From  this  time  Luther  never  ceafed  to  attack  the  cor- 
ruptions of  the  church  of  Rome,  and  his  reafoning  made 
deep  ii'ipreflions  upon  the  minds  of  the  people;  their  r'.'frefi 
and  revf'ence  for  ancient  iiillitutions  and  doctrines  in  which 
they   had  been  educated  were   fhaken.     Students  crowded 
from   all   parts  of  the  empire  to  Wittemburg,   and   under 
Luther,   Melaniflhon,  Carlolladt,   and  other  eminent,  and, 
for  the   tiine,  truly  enlightened  profeiTors,  imbibed  princi- 
ples, which,  on  their  return,  they  propagated  among  their 
countrymen    with    zeal    and    ardour.       On    the    arrival    of 
Charles  V.   in  Germany,  the  firll  aft  of  his  adminillration 
was   to   alTemble  a   diet  of  the  empire  at   Worms.     This 
meeting  was   fixed  tor  the  hxth  of  January   1521  ;  in  the 
circular  letter  to  the  different  princes,  the  emperor  informed 
them  that  the  expref?  p.irpofe  of  this  meeting,   was  to  con- 
cert with  them  the  proper  meafures  for  checking  the  pro- 
grefs  of  thofe  new  and  dangerous  opinions,  which  threatened 
to  difturb  the  peace  of  Germany,  and  overthrow  the  reli- 
gion of  their  anceftors.     At  the  fame  time  the  pope   gave 
notice  to  the  eleftor  of  Saxony,  of  the  decree  which  he  had 
iiTued  againll  the  herelies  ot  Luther,  and  requelled  that  he 
would  lo  far  concur  with  him  as  to  caufe  ail  the  writings  of 
Li:ther  to  be  publicly  burnt,  and  that  he  would  either  put 
the  author  of  them  to  death,  or  imprifoi  him,  or  at  leail 
fend  him  to  Rome.     He  fent  a  fimilar  meffage  to  Wittem- 
burg, but  neither  the  eleftor  nor   the   univerfity   paid  any 
attention  to  the  exhortations  of  his  hohnefs.     To  tiie  eleftor 
of  Saxony  Luther  was  under  infinite   obligations,    as   by 
him  alone  was  the  einperor  prevented  from  taking    fteps, 
which  would  have  been  fatal  to  the  progrefs  of  his  caufe. 
As   foon   as   the  diet  was  affembled  at  Wormr,  the  papal 
legates  infilled  that  they  were  bound,  without  deliberation, 
to  condemn  a  man  who  ii  the  pope  had  already  excommuni- 
cated as  an   obilinate  heretic.     The  emperor  in  this   was 
ready  to  acquiefce,  but  the  eleftor  again   flepped  forth  in 
defence  of  Luther,  and  not  only  prevented  the  publication 
of  any  unjull  edift  againil  him,  but  infilled  that  he  ought 
to   have   his  caufe  tried  by   the   canons  of  the  Germanic 
church,  and  the  laws  of  the  empire.     It  was  therefore  re- 
lolved,  that  Luther  fhould  be  fummoned  before   the   diet, 
and  be  allowed  a  hearing  before  any  final  fentence  (hould  be 
pronounced  againil  bim.     To  proteft  him  againil  the  vio- 
lence of   hi;  enemies,    the   emperor,    and    all   the    prince? 
through  whofe  territories  he  was  to  pafs,  granted  him  a  lafe 
cundud,  and  Charles  himfelf  wrote  to  require  his  immediate 


attendance,  renewing,  in  the  moft  folcmn  manner,  his  af- 
furances  of  protedlion  from  injury  or  ill-treatment.  Luther 
had  no  fooner  received  the  f\immons  than  he  prepared  to 
obey  it.  Nor  could  the  rcinonftrances  of  his  friends  pre- 
vent him  from  running  the  ri(l<  of  being  treated  as  his  books 
had  been  already  treated.  Some  of  them,  anxious  for  his 
fafety,  reminded  him  of  the  fate  of  the  celebrated  Hufs 
under  fimilar  circumftances,  and  protcfted  by  the  fame 
fecurity  of  an  imperial  faft-condudl,  and  tilled  with  folici- 
tnde,  advifed  and  entreated  him  not  to  rufli  wantonly  into 
danger.  But  Luther  with  calmnefs  and  dignity  replied, 
"  I  am  lawfully  called  to  appear  at  Wor  •  s,  and  thither 
will  I  go  in  the  name  of  the  moft  hi, h  God,  though  as 
many  devils,  as  there  are  tiles  on  the  lioufes,  were  there- 
combined  againil  me." 

On  the  i6thof  April  I.,nther  arrived  at  Worms,  where 
greater  crowds  are  faid  to  have  affembled  to  beiiold  lr,ni,lhan 
had  ever  appeared  at  the  emperor's  public  entry.  While  he 
continued  in  that  city,  he  was  not  only  treated  with  refpeft, 
but  his  apartments  were  rcforted  to  by  pcrfons  of  !. '^Ii 
rank,  and  by  the  princes  of  the  empire,  l.fiore  tludiet  he 
behaved  with  becoming  refpeft  ;  he  acknowledged  that  he 
had  fometimes  been  carried  away  by  the  ardrmr  of  his  tem- 
per, and  that  the  veln-n,(  iice  o{  his  writii.gs  could  not  al- 
ways b- jiiflified.  While,  iiov\ ever,  he  readily  admitted  his, 
errors,  he  (hewid  n  1  inclination  to  renounce  a  linijle  import- 
ant principle  which  he  had  b'.en  promulgating,  and  he  dif- 
played  the  utmoft  prefence  of  mind  when  he  was  called  on 
to  plead  his  caufe  before  the  grand  aftembly,  on  the  1 7th  and 
18th  of  April.  That  his  redfoniiigs  Ihould  not  change  tha 
minds  of  thole  who  came  to  condi.mn,  cannot  be  a  matter  of 
iurffi-ize,  but  when  he  was  called  on  to  recant,  he  folemnly 
declared,  that  he  would  neither  abandon  !ii^  principle'!,  nor 
materially  change  his  conduft>  unlets  he  were  previoufly  con- 
vinced, by  the  fcriptures,  or  the  force  of  realoning,  that  his 
fentiments  were  erroneous  and  his  conduit  unlawful.  En- 
raged at  his  unbending  fpirit,  lome  of  the  ecclefiaftics  pro- 
pofed,  notwithllandmg  the  promifes  made  to  the  contrary, 
to  avail  theinlelves  of  the  opportunity  of  having  an  enemy  iu 
their  power,  to  deliver  tlie  church  at  once  from  fuch  a  pefti- 
lent  heretic.  But  the  members  of  the  diet  and  the  emperor 
alfo  refuted  to  aft  irl  a  manner  that  muft  blaft  their  charafter 
for  ever  with  the  world,  and  Luther  was  permitted  to  depart 
in  fafety.  Scarcely,  however,  had  he  left  die  city,  when, 
in  the  emperor's  name,  and  by  the  authority  of  the  diet,  he 
was,  in  a  moll  fevere  edift,  pronounced  an  obilinate  heretic, 
a  member  cut  off  from  the  church,  de:  rivid  of  the  privi- 
leges  which  he  had  enjoyed  as  a  fubjeft  of  the  empire,  and 
the  fcvereft  punifhments  were  denounced  againil  ihofe  wha 
ftiouM  receive,  entertain,  or  countenance  him,  eith'-r  by  afls 
of  hofpitality,  by  converfation,  or  writing,  and  all  wrre  re- 
quired to  conc'jr  i'l  feizing  his  perfon,  as  foon  as  the  eim  of 
his  i.ife-conduft  expired.  This  decree  produced  fcarcfly  any 
elfeft  ;  the  emperor  was  too  much  engaged  by  the  ct : 'mo- 
tions in  Spain,  and  in  the  wars  in  Italy  and  the  Low  C  ;in- 
tries,  to  attend  to  Luther,  and  the  fovereign  princes  v  ho 
had  not  been  prefent  at  the  diet,  and  who  felt  for  the  liber- 
ties of  the  empire,  and  the  rights  of  the  Germ.anic  church, 
treated  it  with  the  highetl  indignation,  or  the  utmoft  con- 
tempt. Luther  was  lid',  to  the  eleftor  of  Saxony,  the 
ohjeft  of  his  moll  anxious  folicitude ;  and  the  meafures 
which  he  adopted  at  this  critical  j.unfture,  effeftuatly  fe- 
cured  him  from  the  threatening  llorm.  Li  confequence  of  a 
preconcerted  plan,  and,  as  fome  hiftorians  have  imagined,  not 
without  the  knowledge  of  the  emperor,  as  I,,uther  was  on 
his  journey,  near  Eifenach,  a  number  of  horfemen  in  malks 
Tufhed  out  of  a  wood,  and  furcoundiug  his  company,  car. 

i;ied 


LUTHER. 


Tied  him  off  with  theutmoll  fpeed  to  the  caftle  of  Warten- 
burg.  There  the  noble-minded  eleftor  ordered  him  to  be 
lupphed  with  every  thing  that  he  could  want,  but  tlie  place 
of  his  retreat  was  kept  a  profound  fecret.  Tiie  fuddcn  dif- 
appearance  of  Luther  not  only  occafioncd  the  moft  bitter 
difappointment  to  his  adverfaries,  but  rendered  them  doubly 
odious  to  the  people  of  Germany,  who,  not  knowing  what 
was  becom?  of  their  leader  in  reformation,  conjefturcd  a 
thoufand  things,  till  at  length  they  were  ready  to  give  him 
up  as  deftroyed  by  the  fury  of  his  enemies.  Luther  was, 
however,  living  in  peace,  and  irt  the  enjoyment  of  whatever 
was  neceffary  to  his  well  being  and  tolas  amufement  ;  he  was 
frequently  indulged  with  the  exercife  of  hunting  in  the  com- 
pany ot  thofe  who  had  the  chargeof  him,  living  in  this  retire- 
ment under  the  name  of  Yonker  George.  During  the  pe- 
riod of  his  folitude,  he  tranflated  a  great  part  of  the  New 
Tellamcnt  into  the  German  language,  wrote  and  pubhflicd 
tracts  in  defence  of  his  doftrines,  which,  as  foon  as  they 
were  feen,  revived  and  animated  the  fpirit  of  his  followers,  and 
wrote  frequent  letters  to  his  friends  ;  he  had  alfo,  during  this 
period,  the  fatisfaftion  of  knowing  that  his  opinions  were  gain- 
ing ground,  and  that  they  had  already  made  fome  progrefs  in 
almo  ft  every  city  io  Saxony.  Luther,  weary  at  length  of 
his  retirement,  appeared  publicly  at  Wittemburg,  in  March 
1522:  this  (lep  he  took  without  the  eledlor's  knowledge  or 
confent,  but  he  immediately  wrote  him  a  letter  to  prevent 
the  poflibility  of  his  taking  offence,  aiTigning  as  a  rcafon,  that 
it  was  in  conlequence  of  the  information  which  he  had  received 
of  the  proceedings  of  Carloftadt,  one  of  his  difciples,  who 
was  animated  with  fimilar  zeal,  but  pofleffed  lefs  prudence 
and  moderation  than  his  mafter.  This  perfon,  in  the  ab- 
fenceof  Luther,  had  attempted  to  abohfh  the  ufe  of  mafs, 
to  remove  images  out  of  the  churches,  to  fet  afide  auricular 
confeflion,  the  invocation  of  faints,  and  in  fliort  had  quite 
changed  the  doftrine  and  difcipline  of  the  church  at  Wittem- 
burg, all  which  Luther  faid  was  unfeafonably  and  raflily 
done.  At  this  time  the  doftrines  of  the  reformer  were  not 
known  in  France  ;  and  in  England,  the  fovereign,  Henry 
VIIL,  had  made  the  mofl  vigorous  exertions  to  prevent  them 
from  invading  his  realrns :  he  even  undertook  to  write  them 
down,  in  a  treatife  entitled  "  Of  the  Seven  Sacraments,'' 
&c.  This  work  he  prefented  to  Leo  X.  in  OAober  1521. 
The  pope  was  fo  well  pleafed  with  the  royal  attempt  to 
confute  the  arguments  of  Luther,  that  he  complimented 
him  with  the  title  of  "  Defender  of  the  Faivh."  Whatever 
refpeft  and  reverence  Luther  might  Ihevv  to  kings  as  fuch, 
he  had  none  for  the  arguments  of  an  antagonift,  though  armed 
with  royal  authority,  and  anfwered  Henry  with  much  feve- 
rity,  treating  his  performance  in  the  moll  contemptuous 
manner.  Luther  now  publifhed  his  tranflationof  the  fcrip- 
tures,  which  produced  fudden,  and  almoft  incredible  effects 
on  the  people  of  Germany,  and  proved  more  fatal  to 
the  church  of  Rome  than  all  his  other  works.  It  was 
read  with  the  utmoft  avidity  by  perfons  of  every  rank, 
who,  with  ailonilhment,  difcovered,  how  contrary  the  pre- 
cepts of  Chrift  are  to  the  inventions  of  his  pretended  vicege- 
rents, and  being  in  poffeflion  of  the  rule  and  flandard  of 
faith,  they  conceived  themfelves  qualified  to  judge  of  efta- 
blilhed  opinions,  and  to  pronounce  when  they  were  conform- 
able to  that  ilandard.  About  this  time,  feveral  imperial 
cities  in  Germany  abolifhed  the  mafs,  and  the  other  fupcrlU- 
tious  rites  of  popery,  and  openly  embraced  the  reformed  re- 
ligion. The  elector  of  Brandenburg,  the  dukes  of  Brunf- 
■wick  and  Lunenburg,  and  the  prince  of  Anhalt,  became 
avowed  patrons  of  Luther's  opinions,  and  countenanced  the 
preaching  of  them  in  their  territories.  Luther  now  made 
*)pen  war  with  the  pope  and  bifhops,  and  to  render  them  as 


defpicablc  as  potTible,  he  wrote  one  book  again  (I  the  popi-'s 
bull,  and  another  againft  the  order  falfely  called  the  order 
of  the  bifhopS.  The  fame  vcarhe  wrote  to  the  affembly  of 
theflatcsof  Bohemia,  in  which  he  affured  them  that  he  was 
labouring  to  cftablilh  their  doctrine  in  Germany,  and  ex- 
horted them  not  to  return  to  the  communion  of  the  church 
of  Rome.  Ferdinand,  archduke  of  Auftria,  the  empe- 
ror's brother,  promulgated  a  very  feveri-  cdift  againft  the 
tranilation  of  the  fcriptures,  and  forbade  all  the  fubjefts  of 
his  imperial  majelly  to  polfefs  any  copies  of  it,  or  of  Luther*^! 
other  works.  In  this  ftate  of  things  Leo  X.  died,  and  wag 
fucceedcd  on  the  papal  throne  by  Adrian  VL,  who  imme- 
diately concerted  meafurcs  with  his  cardinals  concerning  the 
bed  means  for  (lopping  the  progrefs  of  liercfy.  The  diet 
of  the  empire  was  holden'foon  after  at  Nuremberg,  to  which 
Adrian  fent  his  brief,  in  which  he  obfcrves,  that  he  had  heard 
with  grief  and  indignation,  that  Martin  Luther  continued  to 
teach  the  fame  errors,  and  to  publifh  almoil  daily  books  full 
of  herefies  ;  that  it  appeared  llrange  to  him  tliat  fo  krge  and 
fo  religious  a  nation  coidd  be  fcduced  by  a  wretched  apollate 
friar  ;  that  nothing,  however,  could  be  more  pernicious  to 
Chriftendom,  and  that  he  therefore  accordingly  exhorts  them 
to  ufe  their  utmoll  endeavours  to  make  Luilier,  and  the  au- 
thors of  thefe  tumults,  return  to  their  duty  ;  or,  if  they  re- 
fufe  and  continue  obftinate,  to  proceed  againll  thtm  accord- 
ing to  the  laws  of  the  empire. 

The  admonitions  of  his  hohncfs  produced  no  cffedl  what- 
ever, and  the  difciples  of  Luther  advanced  in  their  career 
with  exultation  and  triumph.  In  IJ23,  Luther  publi(hed 
feveral  pieces ;  among  thefe  were  fome  on  the  monaftic  life, 
which  he  attacked  with  great  feverity,  and  his  exhortations, 
united  with  much  ftrong  fatire,  produced  important  effefts, 
for  foon  after  nine  nuns,  among  whom  was  Catharine  de 
Bore,  whom  he  afterwards  married,  eloped  from  a  nunnery 
and  came  to  Wittemburg,  an  aft  that  was  as  highly  ap- 
plauded by  the  reformer,  as  it  was  condemned  by  the  devo- 
tees to  the  Roman  church.  Luther  compares  the  deliverance 
of  thefe  nuns  from  the  flavery  of  monaftic  life  to  that  of  the 
fouls  which  Chrift  had  dehvered  by  his  death.  This  year  two 
of  the  f  illowers  of  Luther  were  burnt  at  Bruffels,  and 
thefe  were  the  firft  who  fuffered  martyrdom  for  his  caufe  ; 
and  about  the  fame  time  that  this  tragical  event  was  perpe- 
trated, he  wrote  a  confolatory  letter  to  three  noble  ladies  at 
Mifnia,  who  were  bnnifhed  from  the  duke  of  Saxony's  court 
at  Eriburg,  for  reading  his  books. 

On  the  death  of  Adrian  VI. ,  Clement  VII.  who  fuc- 
ceeded  him,  fent  a  legate  to  the  diet  which  was  to  be  held  at 
Nuremberg,  to  urge  the  neceffity  of  a  fpcedy  execution  of 
the  edidt  of  Worms  ;  he  was  unfuccefsful  in  the  objeft  of 
his  miffion,  and  found  that  the  Germati  princes,  in  general, 
were  not  at  all  inimical  to  the  reformntion  ;  he  accordingly 
retired  to  Ratilhon  with  the  bifliops,  and  tliofe  of  the  princes 
who  adhered  to  the  caufe  of  Rome,  where  they  engaged  vi- 
goroully  to  execute  the  edift  of  Worms  in  their  refp^ftive 
dominions.  It  was  in  the  courfe  of  this  year  that  the  coji- 
trovcrfy  between  Erafmus  and  Luther  on  the  doftrine  of 
"  free-will"  commenced.  Erafmus  had  been  long  urged  to 
take  up  his  pen  againft  the  reformer,  though  it  was  with  the 
greatell  reluftance  that  he  yielded  to  the  importunities  of  the 
pope  and  Catholic  princes,  fufpetting  that  it  would  not  be 
found  ti>^  beft  mode  of  ending  the  differences,  and  cftablifti- 
ing  the  peace  of  the  church.  At  length  he  Itood  forward  in 
defence  of  the  doftrine  of  free-will,  being  defirous  to  clear 
himfelf  from  the  fufpicion  of  favouring  a  caufe,  which  he 
would  not  wifh  to  be  thought  in  any  way  to  favour.  Hi* 
book  was  entitled  a  "Conference  concerning  Free-will," 
which  was  written  with  much  moderation,  and  without  per. 
4  O  2  fonal 


LUTHER. 


fonal  refleiftions.  To  foftcn  the  anger  of  Luther,  he  fays  in 
his  preface,  "  Tliat  lie  ought  not  to  take  it  ill  that  he  dif- 
fents  from  his  opinic>nsin  particular  points,  as  he  had  allowed 
himfilf  the  liberty  of  differing  from  the  judgment  of  popes, 
univerfities,  and  doftors  in  the  church.''  It  was  fome  time 
before  Luther  took  up  his  pen  in  defence  of  his  own  pofi- 
tions,  but  his  anfv. er  was  extremely  fevere  :  he  accufed  his 
opponent  of  "  being  carclefs  about  religion,  and  little  folici- 
tous  what  became  of  it,  provided  the  world  continued  in 
peace,  and  that  hiS  notions  were  rather  philofophical  than 
diftated  by  ChrilHan  truth."  Luther  was  next  engaged  in  a 
controvorfy  with  Car'oftadt,  refpefling  the  eucharift. 
Though  Luther  had  renounced  the  doftrine  of  "  tranfub- 
ftantiation,"  according  to  which  the  bread  and  wine  were 
changed  by  confecration  into  the  body  and  blood  ot  Chrill, 
yet  he  thought  that  the  partakers  of  the  Lord's  fupper  re- 
ceived in  fome  myftical  way,  with  bread  and  wine,  the  real 
body  and  blood  of  Chrift.  This  dtiftrine  obtained  the  name 
of  •' confubftantiation."  Carloftadt,  who,  as  we  have  feen, 
was  the  difciple  of  Luther,  maintained  that  the  body  of 
Chrift  was  not  aftually  prefcnt,  but  that  the  bread  and  wine 
were  no  more  than  external  figns,  or  fymbnls,  defigned 
to  excite  in  the  minds  of  Chriftians  the  remembrance  of  the 
fufferings  and  death  of  Chrift,  and  of  the  benefits  which 
arife  from  them.  This  opinion  was  univerfally  embraced  by  all 
the  friends  of  the  reformation  in  Switzerland,  and  by  a  con- 
fiderable  number  of  its  votaries  in  Germany,  but  it  was  the 
commencement  of  a  controverfy  that  was  carried  on  with 
much  bitternefs,  which,  notwithftanding  the  endeavours  that 
were  ufed  to  reconcile  the  contending  parties,  terminated 
at  length  in  a  fatal  divifion  between  thofe  who  had  embarked 
together  in  the  facred  caufe  of  religion  and  liberty,  and 
which  contributed  to  retard  the  progrefs  of  the  reformation. 

In  the  month  of  Oftober  1524,  Luther  threw  off  the 
monaft:ic  habit,  which,  though  not  premeditated  and  de- 
figned, was  regarded  as  a  very  proper  introduftion  to  a  ftep 
which  he  took  the  following  year,  viz.  his  marriage  to  Ca- 
tharine, the  perfon  already  referred  to,  who  had  eloped 
from  the  nunnery  of  Nimptchen.  This  meafure  expofed 
him  to  much  obloquy  from  his  own  friends,  as  well  as  from 
the  Catholics.  He  was  even  aihamed  of  it  himfelf,  and 
acknowledged  that  it  had  made  him  fo  defpicable,  that  he 
hoped  his  humiliation  would  give  joy  to  angels,  and  be  the 
fource  of  vexation  to  devils.  MelaufthoH,  found  him  fo  much 
afflifted  with  his  pad  condud,  that  he  wiote  fome  letters  of 
confoldtion  to  him.  It  was  not,  it  was  faid,  fo  much  the 
marriage,  as  the  circumftances  of  the  time,  and  the  precipi- 
tation with  which  it  was  done,  that  occafioned  the  cenfures 
paffed  upon  Luther.  He  married  fuddenly,  and  at  a  time 
when  Germany  was  groaning  under  the  miferies  of  a  war 
which  had  been  occafioned  by  the  introduftion  of  the  new 
doftrines,  and  which  will  be  noticed  under  the  article  Re- 
FOR.MATlON.  Luthcr  foon  recovered  from  the  ftate  of 
abafement  into  which  he  had  for  a  feafon  fallen,  and  then  af- 
fumed  his  former  air  of  intrepidity,  and  boldly  fupported 
what  he  had  done.  "  I  took,"  faid  he,  "  a  wife,  in  obedi- 
ence to  my  father's  commands,  and  haftened  the  confumma- 
tion,  to  prevent  impediments,  and  flop  the  tongues  of  flan- 
derers." 

About  this  period  Luther  loft  by  death  his  friend,  and 
the  fall  friend  of  the  reformation,  Frederic,  eleftor  of 
Saxony  ;  but  the  blow  was  lefs  fenfibly  felt,  as  he  was  fuc- 
ceeded  by  his  brother  John,  a  more  avowed  and  zealous, 
but  lefs  able,  patron  of  Luther  and  his  doftrines.  Frederic 
had  been  a  kind  of  mediator  between  the  Roman  pontiff  and 
the  reformers  of  Wittemburg,  and  had  always  entertained 
the  hope  of  refloring  peace  in  the  church,  and  of  fo  recon- 


ciling the  contending  parties,  as  to  prevent  a  feparatiou 
either  in  point  of  ecclefiaftical  jurifdiflion  '  r  r  ligious  com- 
munion  :  hence,  though  rather  favour:ibie  to  the  innovations 
of  Luther,  he  took  no  pains  to  introduce  any  change  into 
the  churches  of  his  own  dominions,  nor  to  fubjeft  them  to 
his  jurifdiftion.  But  his  fucceffor  aflcd  very  difiercntly  :  he 
ordered  a  body  of  laws  relating  to  the  firm  of  ecclefiailical 
government,  the  method  of  public  worfhip,  the  rank,  of- 
fices, and  revenues  ot  the  priellhood,  and  other  matti  rs  of 
that  nature,  to  be  drawn  up  by  Luther  snd  Mclandlhon, 
which  he  afterwards  promulgated  throughout  his  dominions. 
The  example  of  this  prince  was  followed  by  all  the  other 
princes  and  ftates  of  Germany,  who  renounced  the  papal 
fupremacy  and  jurifdiflion.  The  Lutherans  were  now 
threatened  with  a  grievous  perfeciition,  which  the  public 
troubles  of  Europe  only  prevented  from  being  carried  into 
execution  :  they,  on  the  other  hand,  were  not  negligent  in 
taking  etfeftual  meafures  for  defending  themfelvcs  againll 
the  fuperflition  and  violence  of  their  adverfaries,  and  formed 
the  plan  of  a  confederacy  for  that  prudent  purpofe. 

In  June  1526,  a  diet  of  the  empire  was  held  at  Spires,  at 
which  Ferdinand,  the  emperor's  brother,  prefided  ;  Charles 
being  fully  occupied  with  the  troubles  in  Spain  and  Italy. 
When  the  Hate  of  religion  came  before  the  allembly,  the  em- 
peror's ambaffadors  ufed  their  utii  oft  endeavours  to  obtain  a 
refolution,  that  all  difputes  about  religion  ftiould  be  fup- 
prefTed,  and  that  the  fentence  which  had  been  pronounced 
at  Worms  againft  Luther  and  his  followers  (hould  be  put 
into  rigorous  execution  ;  but  it  was  agreed,  that  they  could 
not  execute  that  fentence,  nor  come  to  any  determination 
with  refpedt  to  the  dodlrines  by  which  it  had  been  occa- 
fioned, before  the  whole  matter  was  fubmittcd  to  the  cogni- 
zance of  a  general  council,  lawfully  affembled.  An  addrefs 
to  the  emperor  was  unanimoufly  agreed  on,  befecchmg  him 
to  affemble,  without  delay,  a  free  and  general  council ;  and 
it  was  alfo  refolved,  that,  in  the  mean  time,  the  princes  and 
ftates  of  the  empire  fhould,  in  their  refpeftive  dominions,  be 
at  liberty  to  manage  ecclefiaftical  matters  in  the  manner 
which  they  fhould  think  expedient ;  yet  fo  as  to  be  able  to 
give  an  account  of  their  adminiftration  to  God  and  the  em- 
peror. This  was  a  refolution  the  moft  favourable  to  the 
caufe  of  Lutheranifm  ;  and  feveral  potentates,  whom  the 
dread  of  perfecution  had  hitherto  prevented  from  declaring 
for  the  reformation,  being  now  delivered  from  their  reftraint, 
renounced  pubhcly  the  fuperftition  of  Rome,  and  intro- 
duced among  them  the  fame  form  of  religious  worfhip,  and 
the  fame  fyftem  of  doftrine,  which  had  been  received  in 
Saxsny.  Luther  and  his  fellow-labourers,  in  the  mean 
time,  by  their  writings,  their  inftruftions,  their  admoni- 
tions, and  counfels,  were  carrying  on  their  great  caufe  with 
a  fpirit  fuitable  to  the  importance  and  greatnefs  of  their  un- 
dertaking. But  this  encouraging  ftate  of  affairs  was  not  of 
long  duration  :  the  emperor  began  to  take  meafures  for  the 
recovery  of  thofe  prerogatives  which  had  been  fnatched  from 
his  predeceflbrs,  and  which  were  necefiary  to  the  promotion 
of  his  ambitious  fchemes.  For  this  purpofe,  he  regarded  it 
as  neceffary  to  fupprefs  opinions,  which  might  form  new 
bonds  of  confederacy  among  the  princes  of  the  empire,  and 
unite  them  by  ties  ilronger  and  more  facred  than  any  poli- 
tical connedlion.  He  accordingly  refolved  to  employ  all 
the  means  in  his  power  for  the  full  eftabhtlimcnt  of  the  reli- 
gion, of  which  he  was  regarded  the  natural  proteftor  ;  con- 
fidering  this  as  the  inftrument  by  which  he  could  extend  his 
civil  authority.  He  appointed,  for  this  purpofe,  a  diet  of 
the  empire  to  be  held  at  Spires,  in  the  fpring  of  1529,  for 
the  exprefs  purpofe  of  taking  into  confideration  the  Hate  of 
religion.     In  that  diet  the  archduke  Ferdmand  prefided, 

and 


LUTHER. 


and  had  the  addrefs  to  procure  a  majority  approving  a  3e- 
I  creo,  which  declared  it  unlawful  to  introduce  any  change  in 
I  the  dodrine,  difciphne,  or  worfhip  of  the  ettablilhed  re- 
ligion, before  the  determinations  of  a  general  council  were 
known.  This  decree  was  exceedingly  revolting  to  the 
eleftor  of  Saxony,  and  other  princes,  as  well  as  to  the  de- 
puties of  fourteen  imperial  cities,  who,  in  a  body,  when 
they  found  their  arguments  and  remonilrances  of  no  avail, 
entered  their  folemn  ^ro/£/?  againfl:  it,  on  the  19th  of  April 
1)29,  3"'^  appealed  to  the  emperor  and  a  future  council. 
On  this  account  they  were  dilliiiguifhed  by  the  name  of 
Protestants,  which,  from  this  period,  has  been  applied 
to  all  fefts  of  whatever  denomination  which  have  feparated 
themfelves  from  the  Roman  church.  The  protetting  princes 
fent  embaffies  to  the  emperor,  which  were  ill  received  ;  and 
in  anfwer  to  one  of  them,  they  received  an  account  that  he 
was  determined  to  come  into  Germany,  with  a  view  to  ter- 
minate, in  a  diet  to  be  held  at  Augfburg,  in  June  1530, 
the  religious  difputes  which  had  produced  fo  many  aiid 
grievous  divifions  in  the  empire.  Charles  had  many  con- 
fultations  with  pope  Clement  VII.  concerning  the  molt  cf- 
fedlual  means  for  that  purpffe.  In  thefe  interviews  the 
emperor  infilled,  in  the  moll  urgent  manner,  on  the  neceffity 
of  affembling  a  general  council :  to  this  his  holinefs  was  a 
decided  enemy,  becaule  he  had  learnt  from  hillorv  that 
general  councils  were  fsftious,  ungovernable,  and  flow  in 
their  operations  ;  and  he  contended  that  the  fureit  way  was 
for  the  emperor  to  do  his  duty,  in  fupporting  the  authority 
of  the  church,  and  in  employing  all  his  power  in  executing 
fpeedy  vengf-ance  on  the  obftinate  heretical  factions,  who 
dared  to  call  in  queftion  the  authority  of  the  holy  Roman 
fee.  Charles  was  itill  for  mild  and  conciliatory  meafures, 
but  promifed  if  thefe  ftould  prove  ineffeflual,  that  then  he 
would  employ  the  ^veight  of  his  authority  in  reducing  the 
rebellious  to  implicit  obedience.  In  his  journey  to  Augf- 
burg he  had  full  opportunity  of  knowing  the  fentiments  of 
the  people,  and,  from  his  own  obfervation,  he  was  fatisfied 
that  feverity  ought  not  to  be  attempted,  until  other  mea- 
fures proved  ineffectual  :  he  therefore  called  on  the  elector 
of  Saxony  to  obtain  from  Luther,  and  other  eminent  di- 
vines, a  written  explication  of  their  religious  fyftem,  and  an 
expHcit  avowal  of  the  feveral  points  in  which  they  differed 
from  the  church  of  Rome.  Luther  delivered  to  the  elcftor 
at  Torgaw  feventeen  articles,  called  "  The  articles  of  Tor- 
gaw,"  which  were  deemed  by  him  a  proper  declaration  of 
the  fentiments  of  the  reformed.  By  others  they  were  not 
thought  fufficiently  open,  and  Melanflhon  was  delired  to 
give  an  account  of  the  fame,  who,  with  a  due  refpeft  to  the 
fentiments  of  Luther,  expreffed  his  opinions,  and  fet  forth 
his  Qoftrine,  with  the  greateft  elegance  and  perfpicuity, 
and  in  terms  as  little  ofFenfive  as  poffible  to  their  opponents. 
Such  was  the  origin  of  the  creed,  celebrated  in  hiftory  as 
"  The  confeffion  of  Augfturg."  In  June  1530,  the  diet 
was  opened  ;  and  in  a  few  days,  the  Proteftauts,  who  had 
adopted  the  opinions  of  Zuingle,  delivered  their  confef- 
fion, drawn  up  by  Martin  Bucer.  A  refutation  of  this  was 
undertaken  by  Faber,  Eckius,  and  Cochlzeus,  which  was 
read  publicly  in  the  diet  ;  and  the  unlimited  fubmifllon  of 
the  Protellauts  to  the  doSrines  contained  in  it  was  required 
by  the  emperor.  Inllead,  however,  of  yielding  obedience 
to  the  imperial  command,  they  demanded  a  copy  of  the 
paper,  in  order  that  they  might  have  an  opportunit^y  of  de- 
monilrating  more  fully  its  extreme  iiifufRciency  and  weak- 
'  nefs.  This  requeft  was  refufed,  and  there  was  now  no 
I  profpeft  of  a  reconciliation.  The  emperor  next  attempted 
to  bring  over  to  his  views  the  princes  who  had  been  lomc 
time  the  patrons  of  the  ne»v  dodrines  :  but  however  deiirous 


they  might  be  of  obliging  the  emperor,  they  would  not 
make  facrifices  to  him  of  their  integrity,  and,  in  a  firm  tone, 
refufed  to  abandon  what  they  deemed  the  caufe  of  God,  for 
the  fake  of  any  earthly  acquilition.  The  emperor,  difap> 
pointed  and  exceedingly  vexed,  rcfolved  to  take  vigorous 
meafures  for  afferting  the  authority  and  doftrines  of  the 
eftabhfhed  church,  and  enforcing  the  fubmilTion  of  heretics. 
He  accordingly  condemned  the  peculiar  tenets  held  by  the 
Proteftants,  forbidding  any  perfon  to  proteft  or  even  tole- 
rate fuch  as  taught  them,  enjoining  a  drift  obfervance  of  the 
eftablifhed  rites,  and  prohibiting  any  further  innovation  un- 
der fevere  penalties.  This  decree,  which  was  regarded  as 
a  prelude  to  the  mod  violent  perfecution,  convinced  the 
Proteftants  that  the  emperor  was  refolved  on  their  deftruc- 
tion  ;  and  the  dread  of  the  calamities  which  were  ready  to 
fall  on  the  church  oppreffed  the  fpirit  of  Mclanfthon,  who 
refigned  himfelf  to  a  fettled  melancholy.  I^uther,  however, 
was  not  at  all  diflieartened,  and  ufed  his  utmoft  efforts  to 
keep  up  the  fpirits  of  thofe  who  were  willing  to  give  way  ; 
being  allured  that  their  perfonal  fafely,  as  well  as  fuccefs, 
depended  wholly  on  union.  In  purfuance  of  this  opinion, 
they  affcmblcd  in  1J30,  firft  at  Smalcalde,  and  afterwards 
at  Frankfcrrt,  where  they  formed  a  lolemn  alliance  and  con- 
federacy, with  the  refoluticn  of  defending  vigoroufly  their 
religion  and  liberties  again  (I  the  dangers  with  which  they 
were  threatened  by  the  edift  of  Augfburg.  They  invited 
the  kings  of  England,  France,  and  Denmark,  to  join  in  the 
confederacy  ;  and,  by  their  negotiations,  fecured  powerful 
protection  and  afhftance,  in  cafe  of  neceflily.  Luther  was 
at  firfl  averfe  from  this  confederacy,  dreading  the  calamities 
which  it  might  produce.  In  this  llate  of  things,  the  eleftor 
palatine  and  the  eleftor  of  Mcntz  offered  their  mediation, 
and  endeavoured  to  reconcile  the  contending  princes  ;  and, 
in  a  fhort  time,  negociations  were  carried  on,  that  finally 
produced  a  pacification,  the  terms  of  which  were  agreed 
upon  at  Nuremburg,  and  folemiily  ratified  in  the  diet  at 
Ratifhon,  Augull  3d,  1532.  By  this  treaty,  the  Pro- 
teftant  princes  engaged  to  afhH  the  emperor  with  all  their 
forces,  in  refifting  the  invafion  of  the  Turks  ;  and  it  was 
flipulated  that  univcrfal  peace  fliould  be  ellablifhed  in  Ger- 
many, until  the  meeting  of  a  general  coui.cil,  the  convoca- 
tion of  which  the  emperor  was  to  endeavour  to  procure 
within  fix  month?  ;  that  no  perfon  fhould  be  molefted  on  ac- 
count of  religion  ;  that  a  flop  fhould  be  put  to  all  proceffes 
begun  by  the  imperial  chamber  againfl  t'.ie  Proteftants  ;  and 
that  the  fentences  already  pafled  to  their  uolrinient  fhould  be 
declared  void. 

Luther  now  had  the  fatisfaftion  and  happinefs  of  feeing 
one  of  the  chief  obllacles  to  the  undifguifed  profefGon  of  his 
opinions  removed  ;  and  henceforth  he  might  fit  down  and 
contemplate  the  mighty,  work  which  he  had  accomphfhed  : 
his  difciples  and  followers,  the  Proteftants  of  Germany, 
who  had  hitherto  been  regarded  onfy  ;is  a  religious  feft, 
came  to  be  confidered  as  a  political  body  of  fome  confe- 
quence.  The  emperor,  in  conformity  to  the  ftipulations  of 
the  truce  lately  concluded,  applied  to  the  pope  for  a  general 
council :  but  Clement  threw  a  multitude  of  obrtacles  in  the 
way  to  prevent  it ;  and  when  he  found  that  to  be  impoffible, 
he  infilled  that  the  meeting  fhould  be  held  in  Italy,  but  the 
Proteftants  contended  for  it  in  Germany.  The  latter  in- 
filled that  all  matters  in  difpute  fhould  be  determined  by  the 
words  of  Scripture  alone  ;  the  pope  alfertcd  that  the  decrees 
of  the  church  and  the  opinions  of  the  fathers  were  of  equal 
authority.  They  required  a  free  council,  in  which  the  di- 
vines, commifiioned  by  different  churches,  fhould  be  allowed 
a  voice  ;  he  aimed  at  modelling  the  council  in  fuch  a  man- 
ner as  would  render  it  entirely  dependent  on  his  ploafure. 

Above 


LUTHER. 


AboTC  all,  the  Protertaiits  thought  it  unreafonable  that  they 
fliould  bind  thomfclves  to  fiibmit  to  the  decrees  of  a  council, 
before  they  knew  on  what  principles  thofe  decrees  were 
founded,  by  what  perfons  they  were  to  be  pronounced,  and 
what  forms  of  proceeding  they  would  obferve.  The  pope 
maintained  it  would  be  unneccffary  to  call  a  council,  unlefs 
thofe  who  demanded  it  previoudy  declared  their  refolution 
to  acquiefce  in  its  decrees.  The  meeting  was  accordingly 
pollponed  dining  the  pontificate  of  Clement  VII. 

In  1^33  Luther  wrote  a  confolatory  cpillle  to  fome  per- 
fons who  had  fuffered  hardfhius  for  adhering  to  the  Aug- 
ihurg  confcfllon  of  -faith,  in  which  he  fays,  "  The  devil  is 
the  hoft,  and  the  world  is  his  inn  ;  fo  that  wherever  you 
come,  you  will  be  fure  to   find  this  ugly  hoft."      He  had 
alfo,  abont  this  time,   a  terrible  controverfy  with  George, 
duke  of  Saxony,  who  had  Inch  an  averfion  to  the  dotElrines 
promulgated  by  Lutliet,  that  he  obliged  his  fubjefts  to  take 
un  oath  that  they  would  never  embrace  them.     At  Leipfic 
there  were  found  fixty  or  fex-enty  perfons,  who  could  not  be 
reftrained    within  the    boundaries  of  the  cftablifiied  creed, 
and  it  was  dilcovercd  that  they  liad  confulted  Luther  about 
it ;  upon  which  the  duke  complained  to  the  e!e£lor,  that 
Luther  had  not   only  abufed  his  perfon,  but  had  preached 
up  rebellion  among  his  fubjedls.     Luther  refuted  the  ac- 
cufation,  by  proving  that  he  had  been  fo  far  from  ftirring 
up  his  fubjefts  againit  him,  on  the  fcore  of  religion,  that  he 
had  exhorted  them  rather  to  undergo  the  greateft  hardfhips, 
and  even  fuffer  themfelves  to  be  baniflied.     In  the  following 
year,  the  bible,  tranfiated  by  Luther  into  the  German,  was 
firft  printed,  with  the  privilege  of  the  ele£lor ;  and  it  was 
publifhed  the  year  after.     He  likewife  gave  to  the  world  a 
book  againit  mafies,  and  the  coniecration  of  priefts,  in  which 
he  relates  a  conference  which  he  had  with  the  devil  upon 
thofe  points :   for  it  is  a  circumftance  worthy  of  obfervation, 
that,  in  the  whole  hiftory  of  this  great  man,  he  never  had 
-any  conflicts  of  any  kind,  but  the  devil  was  always  his  an- 
tagonift.     In  1535  the  new  pope  Paul  III.  was  applied  to 
for  a  general  council  ;  and  in  the  hope  of  preventing  it,  he 
appointed  Mantua  as  the  proper  place.     To  this  fome  of 
the   Catholic   fovereigns,  and  all  the   German   Proteftants, 
ftrongly  objefted  ;    being  fully  perfuaded  that,   in  fuch  a 
council,  nothing  would  be  concluded  but  what  would  be 
agreeable  to  the   fentiments  and  ambition  of  the   pontiff; 
and  they  demanded  the  performance  of  the  emperor's  pro- 
mife,  that  they  fhould  have  a  council  in  Germany.     At  the 
fame  time,  that  they  might  not  be  taken  by  furprife,  they 
defircd  Luther  to  draw  up  a  fummary  of  their  doftrine,  in 
order  to  prcfent  it  to  the  affenibled  bifiiops,  if  it  fliould  be 
required  of  them.     This  fummary,  which  was  diftinguifhed 
by  the  name  of  "  The  articles  of  Smalcalde,"    from  the 
place  at  which  they  were  affembled,  is  generally  joined  with 
the  creeds  and  confeffions  of  the  Lutheran  church.     While 
•our  reformer  was  bufily  engaged  in  this  work,  he  was  feized 
with  a  grievous  and  very  painful  difcafe,  a  fit  of  the  ftone 
and  obftruftion  of  the  urine,  which  continued  fo  long  as  to 
give  his  friends  ferious  apprehenfions  for  his  life.     In  the 
midll  of  his  agonies,  and  after  eleven  days'  torture,  without 
the  fmalleil  relief,  he  fet  out,  contrary  to  the  advice  of  his 
friends,  on  his  return  home.     The  motion  of  the  carriage, 
which  it  was  expedled  would  prove  fatal  to  him,  was  the 
caufe  of  removing  the  evil  under  which  he  was  labouring. 
In  the  year   1538,  as  a  general  aflembly  feemed  impracti- 
cable,   the  pope,  that  he  might  not  feem  to  negleft  that 
degree  of  reformation  which  was  unqueftionably  within  his 
power,  deputed  a  certain  number  of  cardinals  and  bifhops, 
with  full  authority,  to  inquire  into  the  abufes  and  corruptions 
of  the  Roman  court,   and  to  propofe  the  moil  effed.ual 


method  of  removing  them.  It  was  intended  to  do  as  little 
as  poffible  :  Hill  a  multitude  of  enormities  were  unveiled,  an 
account  of  which  was  foon  tranfmitted  into  Germany,  much 
to  the  fatisfadlion  of  the  Proteftants  there.  This  inveftiga- 
tion,  partial  as  it  was,  proved  the  neceffity  of  a  reformation 
in  the  head  as  well  as  the  members  of  the  church  ;  and  it 
even  pointed  out  many  of  the  corruptions,  againft  which 
Luther  had  rcmonftrated  with  the  greateft  vehemence.  It 
was,  however,  intended  only  as  a  fiirce,  and  as  fuch  Luther 
treated  it ;  and  to  ridicule  it  more  ftrongly,  he  caufed  3 
caricature  to  be  drawn,  in  which  was  reprefented  the  pope 
feated  or.  a  high  throne,  fome  cardinals  about  him  with 
foxes'  tails,  with  which  they  were  brufhing  off  the  diift  on 
all  fides.  Luther  publiftied,  about  the  fame  time,  "  A  Con- 
futation of  the  pretended  Grant  of  Conftantine  to  Sylvefter, 
bifiiop  of  Rome ;  and  alfo  fome  Letters  of  John  Hufs, 
written  from  his  Prifon  at  Conftance,  to  the  Bohemians." 
On  the  death  of  George,  duke  of  Saxony,  the  fucceffnn 
devolved  on  his  brother  Henry,  who  was  zealoufly  attached 
to  the  Proteftant  religion,  and  who,  notwithftanding  a 
claufe  in  his  brother's  will,  by  which  he  bequeathed  all  his 
territories  to  the  emperor  add  tl-.e  king  of  the  Romans, 
(hould  Henry  make  any  attempt  to  introduce  innovations, 
immediately  invited  Luther  and  fome  other  Proteftant  di- 
vines  to  Leipfic.  By  their  aid  and  advice  he  quickly  over- 
turned the  whole  fyflem  of  Popifli  rites  and  doftrines,  and 
eftablifhed  the  full  exercife  of  the  reformed  religion,  with 
the  univerfal  applaufe  of  his  fubjecls,  who  had  long  wiftied 
for  this  change.  By  tliis  revolution,  the  whole  of  Saxony 
was  brought  within  the  Proteftant  pale. 

Luther  was  inceffantly  employed,  till  his  death,  in  pro- 
moting the  caufc  of  which  he  was  the  great  founder.  In 
the  year  1546,  he,  in  company  with  Melanflhon,  paid  a 
vifit  to  his  own  country,  which  he  had  not  feen  before  for 
many  years,  and  he  returned  in  fafety  ;  but  in  a  (liort  time 
after,  he  was  called  thither  by  the  earls  of  Mansfeldt,  to 
compofe  fome  differences  which  had  arifon  about  their  boun- 
daries. Though  he  had  not  been  accuftomed  to  fuch  kind 
of  bufinefs,  yet  he  would  not  refufe  the  fervice  which  he 
might  be  able  to  render  by  his  advice  and  authority.  On 
this  occafion  he  met  with  a  fplendid  reception,  ufcd  his  bell 
endeavours  to  fettle  the  matters  in  difpute,  and  fometimes 
officiated  in  the  church  ;  but  the  ftate  of  his  health  was  fo 
precarious,  that  it  was  feared  every  great  effort  would  prove 
fatal  to  him.  His  laft  pubhc  fervice  was  in  the  church, 
where  he  was  feized  Avith  a  violent  inflammation  in  the  fto- 
nach.  His  natural  intrepidity  did  not  forfake  him  ;  and  his 
laft  converfation  with  his  friends  was  concerning  the  hap- 
pinefs  referved  for  good  men  in  a  future  life.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  the  1 2th  of  February  IJ46,  being  awakened  from  a 
found  fieep  by  his  diforder,  and  perceiving  his  end  to  be 
approaching,  he  commended  his  fpirit  into  the  hands  of 
God,  and  quietly  departed  this  life  at  the  age  of  fixty-three. 
He  did  not  forget  his  caufe  even  in  his  dying  moments,  but 
admonifhed  thofe  about  him  to  pray  to  God  for  the  propa- 
gation of  the  gofptl ;  "  bccaufe,"  faid  he,  "  the  council  of 
Trent,  which  has  fat  once  or  twice,  and  the  pope,  will  de- 
vife  ftrange  things  againft  it."  Immediately  after  his  de- 
ceafe,  the  body  was  put  into  a  leaden  coffin,  and  carried 
with  funeral  pomp  to  the  church  at  Eifleben,  when  Dr. 
Jonas  preached  a  fermon  on  the  occafion.  The  earls  of 
Mansfeldt  requefted  that  his  body  might  be  interred  in  their 
territories ;  but  the  elector  of  Saxony  infifted  upon  his  being 
brought  back  to  Wittemburg,  which  was  accordingly  done, 
and  he  was  buried  there  with  greater  pomp  than  had  been 
known  to  have  ac<;onipanied  the  funeral  of  any  private  man. 
Princes,  earls,  nobles,  and  Undents  without  numbc-i,  at- 
4  tended 


LUTHER. 


tended  llie  proceffion,  and  Melanclhon  delivered  a  funeral 
dilcourfe.  He  left  feveral  children  by  his  uife  Catharine 
de  Bore.  In  uimerable  were  the  calumnies  invented  by  his 
enemies  refpefting  his  death,  his  principles,  and  his  conduft, 
which  it  is  needlefs  for  us  to  repeat,  as  they  have  been 
amply  refnted  by  the  moil  refpedable  hillorians.  The  zeal 
.  and  madnefs  of  the  Papifts  againft  their  formidable  anta- 
gonift,  who  had  (haken  to  the  foundation  the  pillars  of  their 
faith,  did  not  ceafe  with  his  death.  They  urged  the  em- 
peror Charles  V.,  while  with  his  army  at  Wittemburg,  to 
canfe  the  monument  erefted  to  his  memory  to  be  deriplilhed, 
and  his  bone<  to  be  dug  up  and  burnt  with  every  indignity  ; 
but  the  mi-  d  of  Charles  was  fuperior  to  fuch  childilb  and 
malignant  acts,  and  he  inllantly  forbad  that  any  infuk  fliould 
be  offered  to  his  tomb,  or  his  remains,  upon  pain  of  death. 
"  I  have,"  faid  the  emperor,  "  nothing  farther  to  do  witli 
Luther;  he  is  henceforth  fubjedl  to  another  judge,  whofe 
jurifdidion  it  is  not  lawful  for  me  to  ufurp.  Know,  that  I 
make  not  war  with  the  dead,  but  with  the  living,  who  are 
ftillin  arms  againll  me."  We  cannot  bring  this  article  to  a 
clofe,  without  referring  to  the  teftimonies  of  the  learned 
and  the  wife  refpecling  the  character  of  Luther,  wlio  intro- 
duced, not  into  Germany  only,  but  into  the  world,  a  new 
and  moll  importat.t  era,  and  whofe  name  can  never  be  for- 
gotten while  any  thiug  of  principle  remains  that  is  deferving 
of  remembrance.  It  mu!l  not  be  overlooked,  that  the  grand 
and  leading  doflrine  of  Latheranifm,  and  that  on  whii.h  the 
permanent  foundation  of  the  reformed  religion  was  laid,  is 
the  right  of  private  judgment  in  matters  of  religion.  To 
this,  as  we  have  feen,  he  was  at  all  time'i  ready  to  devote  his 
talents,  his  character,  and  his  life  ;  and  fays  the  biographer 
of  Leo  X.,  "  the  great  and  imperifhable  merit  of  the  re- 
former conlills  in  his  having  de^nonftrated  it  by  fuch  argu- 
ments, as  n.'ither  the  efforts  of  his  adverfaries,  nor  his  own 
~  fubfequent  condutl,  have  been  able  either  to  confute  or  in- 
validate." In  paffiii  _r  judg  1  ent  upon  the  characters  of  men, 
fays  Robertfon,  we  ought  to  try  them  by  the  principles  and 
maxims  ot  their  own  age,  and  not  by  thofe  of  another  :  for 
although  virtue  and  vice  are  at  all  times  the  fame,  manners 
and  cultoms  are  continually  varying.  Some  pars  of  L\i- 
ther's  behaviour,  which  to  us  appear  molt  c.dpable,  gave  no 
difguil  to  his  contemporaries.  It  was  even  by  fome  of 
thofe  qualities,  which  we  are  now  apt  to  blame,  tliat  he 
was  iktvd  for  accomplifhing  the  great  work  in  which  he 
embarked. 

Luther  hinifelf  was  fenfible  of  defefts,  which  he  patlie- 
tically  acknowledges  in  an  addrcfs  to  the  reader  of  his 
works:  "  I  intreat  you,"  fays  he.  "  to  read  my  writings 
with,  cool  confideration,  and  even  with  much  pity.  I  wiih 
you  to  know  that  when  I  began  the  affair  of  indulgences,  I 
was  a  monk,  and  a  moll  mad  oapift.  So  intoxicated  was  I, 
and  dreiiclif-d  in  papal  dogma'=,  that  I  would  have  been  moil 
ready  at  ^t'.l  times  to  murder,  or  afTill  in  murdering,  any 
perfon  v\l,:.  fhould  utter  a  fyllable  againll  the  pope.  I  was 
always  eanicll  in  defending  doftrines  I  profeffed.  I  went 
ferioufly  to  work,  as  one  who  had  a  horrible  dread  of  the 
day  of  judgmcn",  and  who  from  his  iumofl  foul  was  anxious 
for  falvation .  You  will  find,  therefore,  in  my  earlier  writings, 
with  how  much  humility,  oji  many  occalions,  I  gave  up 
confiderable  points  to  the  pope,  which  I  now  detell  as 
blufphemous  and  abominable  in  the  highell  degree.  This 
error  my  flanderers  may  cail  inconliilency  ;  but  you,  my 
pious  readers,  will  ha\>e  the  kindnels  to  make  lome  allow- 
ance, on  account  of  the  time',  and  my  own  inexperience. 
I  flood  ablolately  alone  a:  tir'i,  and  certainly  was  very  un- 
learned, a  d  very  unfit  to  undertake  matter  of  fuch  vail 
importance.     It  was  by  accident,  not  willingly  or  by  de- 


fign,  that  I   fell  into  thofe  violent  difputes.     God  is  my 
witnefs." 

"  Martin  Luther,  refenting  an  affront  put  on  his  order, 
began  to  preach  againll  abufes  in  the  fa'e  of  indulgences, 
and  being  naturally  of  a  fiery  temper,  and  provoked  by  op- 
polltion,  he  proceeded  even  to  dcfcry  i:idulgenccs  themfelvcs, 
and  was  thence  carried,  by  the  heat  of  difpute,  to  quellion 
tlie  authority  of  the  pope.  Still,  as  he  enlarged  his  reading, 
in  ord'.T  to  fupport  thefe  tenets,  he  difcovered  fome  new 
abufe  or  error  in  the  church  of  Rome,  and  finding  his  opi- 
nions greedily  hearkened  to,  he  promulgated  thim  by  writ- 
ing, difcourfe,  fermnns,  conference,  and  daily  increafed  the 
number  of  his  difciples.  All  Saxony,  all  Germany,  all  En-  • 
rope,  were  in  a  little  time  filled  wilh  the  voice  of  this  daring 
innovator  ;  and  men,  roufed  from  that  lethargy  in  which 
they  had  fo  long  flept,  began  to  call  in  qucdioii  the  moll  an- 
cient and  received  opinions.  The  elector  of  Saxony,  lavour- 
al  le  to  Luther's  dodtrine,  prote£tcd  him  from  the  violence 
of  the  papal  jurildiftion  :  the  republic  of  Zurich  even  re- 
formed their  church  according  to  the  new  mcdcl :  many 
fovereigns  of  the  empire,  and  the  imperial  edift  ilfelf, 
fiiewcd  ?.  favourable  difpofition  towards  it  :  and  Luther, 
a  man  naturally  inflexible,  vehem.ent,  and  opiiiionative,  was 
become  incapable,  either  from  promifes  of  advancement  or 
terrors  of  feverity,  to  relinquifh  a  fect  of  which  he  himfelf 
was  the  founder,  and  which  brought  him  a  glory  fuperior  to 
all  others,  the  glory  of  diftating  the  religious  faith  and  prin- 
ciples of  multitudes." 

Dr.  Campbell,  in  his  leAures  on  Ecclefiaftical  Hi(lory,has 
rendered  our  reformer  his  tellimony  cf  refpect  and  grati- - 
tude  ;  but  as  this  is  conveyed  in  ftntimenti  and  language 
but  little  different  from  the  obfervations  of  Dr.  Robertfon, 
we  fhall  extraft  the  account  from  the  latter  rather  than  the 
former  :  "  As  he  was  raifcd  up  by  Providence  to  be  the  au- 
thor of  one  of  the  greatell  and  moft  intcreltmg  revolutions 
in  hillory,  there  is  not  any  perfon,  perhaps,  whofe  chara£ter- 
had  been  drawn  with  fucli  oppofite  colours.  In  his  own 
age,  one  party,  ilruck  with  horror  and  inflamed  with  rage, 
wlun  they  faw  with  wliat  a  daring  hand  he  overturned 
every  thing  which  they  held  to  be  facred,  or  valued  as  bene- 
ficial, imputed  to  him  not  only  all  the  defefts  and  vices  of 
a  man,  but  the  qualities  of  a  dxmon.  The  other,  warmed 
with  admiration  and  gratitude,  which  they  thought  he  me- 
rited as  the  reftorer  of  light  and  liberty  to  the  Chriflian  • 
church,  afcribed  to  him  perfections  above  the  condition  of 
humanity,  and  viewed  all  his  aftions  with  a  veneraticn,  bor- 
dtring  on  that  which  (liould  be  paid  only  to  thofe  who  are 
guided  by  the  immediate  infpiration  of  heaven.  It  is  his  . 
own  conduct,  not  the  undillinguifhing  cenfure,  or  the  exag- 
gerated praife  of  his  contemporarisSy  that  ought  to  regulate 
the  opinions  of  the  preleut  age  concerHing  hira.  Zeal  for 
what  he  regarded  as  truth,  undaunted  intrepidity  to  main- 
tain his  own  fy Item,  abjlities,  both  natural  and  acquired, 
to  defend  his  principle,^,  and  unwearied  indullry  in  pro- 
pagating them,  are  virtues  which  Ihine  confpicuouflv  in 
every  part  of  his  behaviour,  that  even  hLs  enemies  mull 
allow  him  to  have  poifelfed  them  in  an  eminei  t  degree. 
To  thele  may  be  added,  with  equal  julUce,  fuch  purity.  . 
and  even  aullerity  of  manners,  as  became  one  who  affumed 
the  character  of  a  reformer  ;  lu^h  fanC^ity  of  life  as  fiiited 
the  doctrine  which  he  delivered,  and  fuch  pcrfec-l  difin- 
terettednefif  as  affords  no  Oight  prefumption  of  his  fmcerily. 
Superior  to  all  feltifh  conliderations,  a  llranger  to  all  the 
elegancies  of  life,  and  defpillng  its  pleafures,  he  left  the 
honours  and  emoluments  of  the  church  to  his  difciples,  re- 
maining l^itisfied  himft  If  in  hts  original  Hate  of  profelFor  of 
the   univerfity,  and  pallet  of   the  town  of  Wittemburg, 

With 


LUTHER. 


with  the  moderate  appointments  annexed  to  each.     His  ex- 
traordinary   qualities    were  allayed    with  no  inconfiderable 
mixture   of   human   frailty,  and    human   pafTions.      Thefe, 
however,  were  of  a  nature,  that  they  cannot  be  imputed  to 
malev'olence  or  corruption  of  heart,  but  leem  to  have  taken 
their  rife  from  the   fame  fource  with  many  of  his   virtues. 
Aceullomed  himfelf  to  confidcr  every  thinor  as  fubordinate 
to  truth,  he  ex|)e£tcd  tlie  fame  deference  for  it  from  other 
men  ;    and,  without   making   any   allowances  for   their   ti- 
midity or  prejudices,  he  poured  forth  againft  fuch  as  difap- 
pointed  him  in   this   particular,  a  torrent  of  inveftivc  and 
abufe.      Regardlefs  of  any  diftiiiftion  of  rank  or  charafter 
when  his  doftrines  were  attacked,  he  challifed  all  his  adver- 
faries  indifcriminately,  with  the   fame  rough   hand  ;  neither 
the  royal  dignity  of  Henry  VHI.   nor  the   eminent  learn- 
ing and  abilities  of  Erafnius,  fcreened  them  from  the  fame 
grofs  abufe  with  wliich  lie  treated  Tetzel  or  Eckius.     To 
roufe   mankind,   when  funk   in   ignorance  and  fuperftition, 
and  to  encounter  the  rage  of  bigotry  armed  with   power, 
required  the  utmoll  vehemence  of  zeal,  as  well  as  a   tem- 
per daring  to  excefs.     A   gentle  call   would    neither   have 
reached,  nor  have  excited  thofe  to  whom  it  muft  have  been 
addrcffed.     A    fpirit   more    amiable  but  lefs  vigorous   than 
Luther's  would  have  fhruiik  back  from  dangers    which  he 
braved  and  furmounted.      Towards   the   clofe   of   Luther's 
life,  though  without  any  perceptible  diminution  of  his  zeal 
and  abilities,  the   iniirmitiss  of  his   temper  increafed   upon 
him,  fo  that  he   grew  daily   m^e   peevifh,   more   irafcible, 
and  more  impatient  of  contradiftion.      Having  lived  to  be  a 
witnefs  of  his  own  amazing  fucccfs  ;   to  fee  a   great  part  of 
Europe  embrace  his  doftrines,  and  to  fhake  the  foundation 
of  papal  Rome,   before  which  the   mightiell  monarchs   had 
trembled,  he   difcovered,  on  fome  occafions,   fymptoms  of 
vanity  and  felf-applaufe.      He  muft  hiive  been,  indeed,  more 
than  man,  if,  upon  contemplating  all  that   he  attually  ac- 
compliflied,  he  had  never   felt  any  fentiment   of  this    kind 
rifing  in  his  breaft."     There   is   yet   another   teftimony  to 
the  life   and  labours   of   this    great  man    that    we   cannot 
omit  : 

"  Martin  Luther's  hfe,"  fays  biihop  Atterbury,  "  was 
a  continual  warfare ;  he  was  engaged  againft  the  united 
forces  of  the  papal  world,  and  he  ftood  the  (hock  of  them 
bravely,  both  with  courage  and  fuccefs.  He  was  a  man 
certainly  of  high  endowments  of  mind  and  great  virtues  : 
he  had  a  vaft  underftanding  which  raifed  him  up  to  a  pitch 
of  learning  unknown  to  the  age  in  which  he  lived  ;  his 
knowledge  in  fcripture  was  admirable,  his  elocution  manly, 
and  his  way  of  reafoning  with  all  the  fubtilty  that  thefe 
plain  truths  he  delivered  would  bear,  his  thoughts  were 
bent  always  on  great  defigns,  and  he  had  a  refolution  fitted 
to  go  through  with  them,  and  the  affurance  of  his  mind 
was  not  to  be  fliaken  or  furprifed,  and  that  ■rrx.s^n^ix  of  his 
(for  I  know  not  what  elfe  to  call  it)  before  the  diet  of 
Worms,  was  fuch  as  might  have  become  the  days  of  the 
apoftles.  His  life  was  holy,  and,  when  he  had  leifure  for 
retirement,  fevere ;  his  virtues  aftive  chiefly,  and  homiliti- 
cal,  and  not  thofe  lazy  fuUen  ones  of  the  eloifter.  He  had 
no  ambition  but  in  the  fervice  of  God :  for  other  things, 
neither  his  enjoyment  nor  wifhes  ever  went  higher  than  the 
bare  conveniences  of  living.  He  was  of  a  temper  particu- 
larly averfe  to  covetoufnefs,  or  any  bafe  fin,  and  charitable 
even  to  a  fault,  without  refpeft  to  his  own  occafions.  If, 
among  this  crowd  of  virtues,  a  failing  crept  in,  we  muft  re- 
member that  an  apoftle  himfelf  had  not  been  irreproachable; 
if,  in  the  body  of  his  doftiine,  one  flaw  is  to  be  feen,  yet  the 
greateft  lights  of  the  church,  and  in  the  pureft  times  of 
k,  were,  we  know,  not  cxatt  in  all  their  opinions.    Upon 


the  whole,  we  have  certainly  great  reafon  to  break  out  in 
the  phrafe  of  the  prophet  and  fay,  "  How  beautiful,  upon 
the  mountains,  are  the  feet  of  him  that  briugeth  glad 
tidings.''  Gibbon,  ipeaking  of  the  effefts  produced  by  the 
exertions  of  Luther  and  his  contemporaries,  fays,  "  The 
philofopher  muft  own  his  obligations  to  thefe  fearlefs  en- 
thufialls.  I.  By  their  hands  the  lofty  fabric  of  fuperftition, 
from  the  abufe  of  indulgences  to  the  interceffion  of  the 
Virgin,  has  been  levelled  witli  the  groimd.  Myriads  of  both 
fexes  of  the  monaftic  profefilon  wercrellored  to  liberty  and 
tlie  lalioiirs  of  focial  life.  2.  The  chain  of  authority  was 
broken  which  reftrains  the  bigot  from  thinking  as  he  pleafes, 
and  the  flave  from  fpeaking  as  he  thinks.  The  popes, 
fathers,  and  councils  were  no  longer  the  fuprcme  and  infal- 
lible judges  of  the  world  ;  and  each  Chriftian  was  taught 
to  acknowledge  no  law  but  the  fcriptures,  no  interpreter  but 
his  own  confcience.'' 

The  works  of  Luther,  in  the  Latin  and  German  lan- 
guages, were  coUedted  and  publilhed  in  an  uniform  edition, 
at  Jena,  in  i)j6,  in  four  volumes  folio  ;  and  in  1572  they 
were  printed  at  Wittemburg,  in  feven  volumes  folio.  Luther 
left  behind  him  three  fons  and  a  widow.  The  latter  furvived 
him  nearly  feven  years.  When  the  war  broke  out  Catharine 
wandered  about  in  exile  with  her  children,  in  difficulties 
and  dangers  :  (he  experienced  the  ingratitude  of  many, 
from  whom  cxpedling  kindnelfes,  on  account  of  her  huf- 
band's  great  merits  towards  the  church,  (lie  was  frequently 
difappointed.  At  length,  the  plague  raging  at  Wittem- 
burg, and  the  infeftion  having  reached  her  own  houfe,  (he 
removed  to  Torgau,  that  (lie  might  preferve  her  children 
from  the  diforder.  On  her  way  thither  the  horfes  in  the 
carriage  took  fright  ;  to  avoid,  what  (he  conceived,  a 
greater  danger,  file  leaped  into  the  road,  and  falling  into  a 
pool  of  water,  was  dreadfully  bruifed,  and  contraftcd  an 
illnefs,  which  in  a  few  weeks  terminated  her  life.  Preface 
to  Luther's  works:  MS.  tranflation  of  Melchior  Adams 
Life  of  Luther.    Bayle.     Robertfon.     Hume.     Gibbon. 

Martin  Luther,  with  refpedl  to  ecclefiaftical  mufic,  being 
himfelf  a  lover  and  judge  of  the  art,  was  fo  far  from  banifli- 
ing  it  from  the  church,  that  li.'"  augmented  the  occafion  for 
its  ufe.  In  1^21  he  procured  the  abolition  of  the  ancient 
niafs  at  Wittemburg.  In  1523  Lutheranifm  was  eftabli(hed 
in  Denmark  and  Sweden  ;  and,  in  1525,  Saxony,  Brunf- 
wick,  Hefle,  Strafburg,  and  Frankfort.  But  though  he 
inlfituted  a  new  liturgy,  the  ecclefiaftical  tones  ftill  regu- 
lated the  mufic  of  his  church  at  the  time  of  the  reforma- 
tion, and  moll  of  the  old  melodies  to  the  evangelical  hymns 
are  compofed  in  fome  of  them. 

The  tSantaLCn,  or  anthems  and  fervices  of  the  reformed 
church,  in  the  German  language,  are,  however,  as  elabo- 
rate and  florid  as  the  motets  to  Latin  words,  ufed  in  Italy 
during  the  celebration  of  the  mafs.  But  in  the  hymnologia, 
and  metrical  pfalmody  of  this,  as  well  as  all  other  Proteftant 
churches,  there  feems  to  have  been  one  common  principle, 
totally  inimical  to  poetry,  which  is  that  of  deftroying  all 
quantity  and  diftindlion  of  fyllables,  by  making  them  all 
of  the  fame  length. 

"  Thefe  equal  fyllables  alone  admire, 

Though  oft  the  ear  the  open  vowels  tire." 

Pope. 

The  modern  Methodifts,  indeed,  have  introduced  a  light 
and  ballad-like  kind  of  melody  into  their  tabernacles,  which 
feems  as  much  wanting  in  reverence  and  dignity,  as  the 
pfalmody  of  other  fedls  iTi  poetry  and  good  taite. 

Mufic,  in  itfelf  an  innocent  art,  is  fo  far  from  corrupt- 
ing the  mind,  that,  with  its  grave  and  decorous  ftrains,  it 
II  can 


L  U  T 


L  U  T 


can  calm  the  paflions,  and  render  the  heart  more  fit  for 
fpiritual  and  pious  purpofes  ;  particularly  when  united  with 
language,  and  the  precepts  of  religion.  It  has  been  faid, 
not  improperly,  that  "  Mufic,  confidered  abftradledly,  is  in 
itfelf  a  language;''  and  we  may  add,  that  it  is  more  uni- 
verlaliy  underltood  by  mankind  in  general,  whofe  nerves 
vibrate  in  unifon  with  its  feleflcd  tones,  than  any  other  lan- 
guage among  all  the  dialedls  of  the  earth.  That  articula- 
tion mud  be  rough  and  violent  indeed,  which,  without 
finging,  can  eafily  be  comprehendt-d  in  buildings  fo  vail  as 
fome  of  the  Chriftian  churches;  in  fujh,  it  is  the  Jl>'irh, 
not  the  letter  of  fupplication  or  thanlifgiving,  which  mull 
employ  the  mind.  St.  Paul  fays,  "  I  will  fing  with  the 
/pint,  and  I  will  fing  with  the  undirjlandh:g  alfo.''  As 
there  never  was  a  national  religion  without  mufic  of  fome 
kind  or  other,  the  difpute  concerning  that  which  is  mod 
fit  for  fuch  foIeiTinities,  is  reduced  to  one  fhort  cjuedion. 
If  mufic  be  admitttd  into  the  iervice  of  the  church,  is  that 
fpccies  of  it  which  the  moll  polifhcd  part  of  mankind  re- 
gard as  good,  or  that  which  they  regard  as  bad,  the  moil  de- 
ferving  of  fuch  an  honom-  ? 

That  metrical  pfalmody,  in  flow  notes  of  equal  length, 
had  its  origin  in  Germany,  and  was  brought  thence  by  re- 
formers to  other  parts  of  Europe,  is  dem.jnflrable  :  for  the 
1  iS'Ji  Pfalm,  "  Beati  omnes  qui  timent  Dominum,"  had  been 
tranflated  into  German  verfe,  in  order  to  be  fung  in  this 
manner,  by  John  Hufs,  in  the  beginning  of  the  fifteenth 
century  ;  which  tranfiation  was  afterwards  modernized  in 
the  fame  meafure,  and  to  the  fame  tune,  by  Luther.  And 
the  fame  melody  which  we  fing  to  the  loodth  pfalm,  is 
not  only  given  to  the  134th,  in  all  the  Lutheran  pfalm- 
book?,  but  by  Goudimel  and  Claude  le  Jeuue,  in  thofc  of 
the  Calvinifts  ;  which  nearly  amounts  to  a  proof  that  this 
favourite  melody  was  not  produced  in  England.  It  is  faid 
to  have  been  the  opinion  of  Handel,  that  Luther  himlelf 
was  its  author  ;  but  of  this  we  have  been  able  to  procure  no 
authentic  proof.  Tradition,  liowever,  gives  to  this  cele- 
brated Hereliarch,  as  he  is  called  by  the  Roman  Catholics, 
feveral  of  the  ancient  melodies  which  are  ilill  ufcd  in  Ger- 
many. 

LUTHERANISM,  m  Ecchfmfical  Hlflory,  the  fenti- 
ments  of  Dr.  Martin  Luther,  and  his  followers,  witii  regard 
to  religion.  See  the  biographical  article  Luther,  under 
which  article  we  have  given  an  account  of  the  life  and 
labours  of  this  eminent  reformer  ;  and  of  the  commenee- 
ment  and  foundation  of  that  memorable  rupture  andTevolu- 
tion  in  the  church,  which  humbled  the  grandeur  of  the  lordly 
pontiffs,  and  eclipied  fo  great  a  part  of  their  glory.  Sec  Re- 
formation'. 

It  has  been  faid  indeed  by  F.  Paul,  in  his  Hillory  of  the 
Council  of  Trent,  p.  5,  and  after  him  by  M''.  Hume,  in 
his  Hiftory  of  England,  vol.  i.  p.  1 19,  as  well  as  by  others, 
that  the  Auilin  fiiars  had  been  ufually  employed  in  preach- 
ing indulgences  in  Saxony ;  but  that  Arcemboldi,  a  Ge- 
noefe  merchant,  who  was  employed  by  Magdalen,  the 
filler  of  Leo,  to  whom  he  had  granted  the  profits  arifing 
from  the  fale  of  indulgences  in  Sa.'iony,  to  colletl  the 
money  which  fiiould  be  raifed,  and  his  deputies,  hoping 
to  gain  more  by  committing  this  trufb  to  the  Dominicans, 
had  bargained  with  Tetzcl ;  and  that  Luther  was  prompted 
at  firll  to  oppofe  Tetzel  and  his  affociates,  and  to  deny 
indulgences,  by  a  defire  of  taking  revenge  for  tins  injury 
ofiered  to  his  order.  Such  was  the  reprcfentation  of 
IjolTuet  ;  and  other  writers,  mifled  by  his  authority,  have 
circulated  a  fimilar  opinion.  It  is  proper,  therefore,  to 
obferve,  that  the  profits  arifing  from  indulgences  in  Saxony 
and     he  adjacent  countries  were  granted,  not  to  Magdalen, 

Voi„  XXI. 


the  filler  of  Leo,  but  to  Albert,  archbilhop  of  ^^entv■, 
who  had  the  fole  right  of  nominating  thofc  who  publiflied 
them  :  moreover,  Arcemboldi  never  had  any  concern  in  the 
publication  of  indulgences  in  Saxony  ;  becaufe  his  dillrift 
was  Flanders  and  the  Upper  and  Lower  Rhine.  Bcfides, 
the  publication  of  indulgences  in  Germany  was  not  ufually 
committed  to  the  Augullinians  :  froni  the  year  1229,  that 
lucrative  conimiffion  was  principally  intruiled  with  the  Do- 
minicans ;  and  tliey  had  been  employed  in  the  fame  office  a 
(hort  time  before  the  prr^fent  period  :  the  promulgation 
of  them,  at  three  different  periods  under  Julius  il.  was 
granted  to  the  Francifcans,  and  the  guardian  of  the  Fran- 
cifcans  was  joined  in  the  trull  with  Albert  on  this  occa- 
fion,  though  he  refufed  to  accept  it  :  and  it  is  remarkable, 
that  for  half  a  century  before  Luther,  u/z.  from  1450  to 
IJ17,  the  name  of  an  Aullm  friar  employed  in  this  (ervice 
occurs  but  once.  To  ihefe  fafts  it  nay  be  added,  that  it 
is  far  from  being  probable,  that  Luther  would  have  been 
folicitous  about  obtaining  for  hirafelf  or  his  order,  a  com- 
mifiion  of  this  kind,  at  a  time  when  the  preaching  of  in- 
dulgences was  become  very  unpopular  ;  infomuch  that  all 
the  princes  of  Europe,  and  many  bilhops,  as  well  as  other 
learned  men,  abhorred  the  traffic  ;  and  even  the  Francifcans 
and  Dominicans,  towards  the  conclufion  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  oppoled  it  publicly,  both  in  their  difcourfes  and 
wriringb ;  nor  was  this  commiflion  given  to  the  Domini- 
cans in  general,  but  folely  to  Tef/.el.  Finally,  Luther 
was  never  accufed  of  oppofing  the  publication  of  indul- 
gences from  refentment  or  envy,  either  in  the  edifts  of 
the  pontiffs  of  his  time,  or  in  the  reproaches  of  his  con- 
temporary writers,  who  defended  the  caufe  of  Rome  from 
the  year  15 17  to  1546,  and  who  were  far  from  being  fparing 
of  their  inveClives  and  calumnies.  The  reader  may  find  this 
matter  fully  Hated  by  Dr.  Maclean,  the  traallator  of  Mo- 
(heim's  Ecclefiaftical  Hiftory,  in  vol.  iv.  p.  31.  note  (p)  Svo. 
edit.  1790,  and  by  Dr.  Robertfon  in-  his  Hift.  of  Ch.  V. 
vol.  ii.  p.  121;.  note  (*),  8v(j.  edit. 

Lutheranilm  was  formed  in  the  manner  ftated  under  the 
article  Luther  ;  the  adherents  to  which  were  called  Lu- 
therans, from  Lntherus,  a  name  which  has  a  Greek  turn, 
and  which  this  great  reformer  alTumed  in  lieu  of  his  family 
name  Loiter,  or  Lauther  ;  it  being  the  cuftom  of  thofe  days 
for  men  of  learning  to  give  themfclves  Greek  names;  fuch 
were  Erafmus,  Melanfthon,  Bacon,  Sec. 

For  a  full  and  accurate  account  of  the  rife  and  progrefs 
of  Lutheranifm,  the  reader  may  confult  Molheim  and  Ro- 
bertfon,   ubi   fupra.     See   Protestants  and   Reform.v- 

TlON. 

Lutheranifm  has  undergone  fome  alteration  fince  the  time 
of  its  founder.  Luther  rejefted  the  epiftle  of  St.  Jam.es, 
as  inconliflent  with  the  doitrine  of  St.  Paul,  in  relation  to 
juftification  ;  he  alfo  fet  afide  the  Apocalypfe  ;  both  which 
are  now  received  as  canonical  in  the  Lutheran  church. 

Luther  reduced  the  number  of  facraments  to  two,  via. 
baptifni,  and  the  eucharift  ;  but  he  believed  the  impanation, 
or  confubftantiation  :  that  is,  that  the  matter  of  the  bread 
and  wine  remain  with  the  body  and  blood  of  Chrift  ;  and  it 
is  in  this  article,  that  the  main  difference  between  the  Lu- 
theran and  Englifh  churches  confifts. 

Luther  maintained  the  mafs  to  be  no  facrifice  ;  he  ex- 
ploded the  adoration  of  the  hoft,  auricular  confefTion,  meri- 
torious works,  indulgences,  purgatories,  the  worfliip  of 
images,  &c.  which  had  been  introduced  in  the  corrupt  times 
of  the  Romilh  church.  He  alfo  oppofed  the  dodlrine  of 
free-will  ;  maintained  predellination  ;  afferted  that  we  are 
neceffitated  in  all  we  do ;  that  all  our  adions  done  in  a  Itate 
of  fin,  and  even  the  virtues  themfelves  of  heathens,  are 
4  P  crimes  j 


L  U  T 

crimes  ;  that  wc  are  only  juftified  by  the  imputation  of 
the  merits  and  fatisfaftion  of  Chrift.  He  alio  oppofcJ 
the  faitings  in  the  Romifli  church,  monaftical  vows,  the 
celibacy  of  the  clergy,   &c.  . 

Some  authors  reckon  thirty-nine  different  fecls,  which  at 
different  times  have  fprung  up  among  the  Lutherans. 

LUTHERANS,  a  kA  of  Proteif ants  who  profefs  Lu- 
theranifm,  or  adhere  to  the  doftrine  and  tenets  of  Luther. 

The  Lutherans,  of  r,ll  Proteftants,  are  ihofe  who  differ 
leafl  from  1;he  Romifn  church  ;  as  they  affirm,  that  the  body 
and  blood  of  Chrift  are  materially  preient  in  the  facrament  of 
the  Lord's  fupper,  though  in  an  incomprehenfible  manner  ; 
and  hkewife  reprefcnt  fome  religious  rites  and  inftitutions,  as 
the  ufe  of  images  in  churches,  the  diflinguifhing  veftments 
of  the  clergy,  the  private  confefTion  of  fins,  the  ufe  of 
wafers  in  the  adminillration  of  the  Lord's  fupper,  the  form 
of  exorcifra  in  the  celebration  of  baptifm,  and  other  cere- 
monies of  the  like  nature,  as  tolerable,  and  fome  of  them 
as  ufeful.  The  Lutherans  maintain,  with  regard  to  the 
divine  decrees,  that  they  refpeft  the  falvation  or  mifery  of 
men,  in  confequence  of  a  previous  knowledge  of  their  fenti- 
ments  and  charafters,  and  not  as  free  and  unconditional,  and 
as  founded  on  the  mere  will  of  God.  Towards  the  clofe  of 
the  lafl  century,  the  Lutherans  began  to  entertain  a  greater 
liberality  of  fentiment  than  they  had  before  adopted;  though 
in  many  places  they  perfevered  longer  in  fevere  and  defpotic 
principles  than  other  Proteftant  churches.  Their  public 
teachers  now  enjoy  an  unbounded  Jibcrty  of  diffenting  from 
the  decifions  of  thofe  fymbols  or  creeds,  which  were  once 
deemed  almoft  infallible  rules  of  faith  and  practice,  and  of 
declaring  their  diffeut  in  the  manner  tliey  judge  the  moft  ex- 
pedient. Mofheim  attributes  this  change  in  their  fentiments 
to  the  maxim,  which  they  generally  adopted,  that  Chriftians 
were  accountable  to  God  alone  for  their  religious  opinions  ; 
and  that  no  individual  could  be  juftly  punifhed  by  the  magif- 
trate  for  his  erroneous  opinions,  while  he  condufted  himfelf 
like  a  virtuous  and  obedient  fubjeft,  and  made  no  attempts 
to  difturb  the  peace  and  order  of  civil  fociety.  Eccl.  Hift. 
vol.  iv.  p.  440.  Eng.  ed.  8vo. 

LUTHERN,  from  the  French  liicarne,  of  the  Latin 
htcerna,  light,  or  lankrn,  a  kind  of  window  over  the  cornice, 
in  the  roof  of  a  building  ;  ftandiHg  perpendicularly  over 
the  naked  of  the  wall ;  and  ferving  to  illuminate  the  upper 
ftory. 

The  French  architefts  diftinguifh  thefe  into  varior.s  kinds, 
according  to  their  various  forms  ;  as  fquare,  femkircular, 
bulls'  eyes,  Jlat  arches,  Flemi/l}  luiherns,   &c. 

LUTHIER,  Fr.  implies  not  only  a  lute  maker,  but  a 
maker  of  all  llringed  and  bowed  inftruments. 

LUTl,  Benedetto,  in  Biography,  a  Florentine,  was 
the  difciple  of  Gabbiani,  and  from  him  went  to  Rome,  to 
put  himfelf  under  the  direftion  of  Giro  Ferri  ;  but  being 
difappointed  by  his  death,  formed  a  ftyle  of  his  own,  the 
refult  of  various  imitations  ;  feleft  in  defign,  amene  and 
lucid  in  colour,  well  contralted  by  malfes  of  hght  and  (hade, 
and  harmonious  to  the  eye. 

He  painted  not  without  merit  in  frefco,  and  wi'h  greater 
merit  in  oil  "  Cain  flying  from  his  murdered  Brother,"  has 
fomething  of  the  fublimity  and  the  pathos  that  llrike  in 
the  Pietro  Martyre  of  Titian,  and  his  Pfyche  i!i  the  irallery 
of  the  Capitol,  breathing  refinement  of  talle  and  elegance. 
He  died  in  1724,  at  the  age  of  58.      Fufeh's  Pilkington. 

LUTKENBORG,  in  Geography,  a  town  01  the  duchy 
of  Holllein  ;   30  nii'es  N.  of  Lubeck. 

LUTOMIRSK,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Warfaw  ;  18 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Lcncicz. 

LUTON,  a  conl'ideiable  market-town  and  parifh  in  the 

2 


L  U  T 

hundred  of  Fiitt,  Bedfordfliire,  England,  is  fituated  among 
fome  hills  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Lea,  flu-ee  miles  from 
Dunftable,  and  3 1  from  London.  The  town  h  long  and 
irregular,  fliaped  fomething  like  the  Roman  Y,  the  angles 
branching  of!"  from  the  market-houfe,  which  is  an  extenfive 
building.  '  The  population  of  the  parifli,  according  to  the 
return  in  the  year  1801,  was  3095,  inhabiting  612  honfes, 
which  are  but  indifferently  built.  The  only  ftrudlure  in  the 
town  deferving  attention  is  the  church,  which  conlifts  of  a 
choir,  a  nave  and  two  aifles,  fupportetJ  by  ten  pointed  arches, 
two  tranfepts,  and  a  handfome  embattled  tower  at  the  weft: 
end,  checqucrcd  with  flint  and  free-ftone  ;  tx  the  corners  are 
hexangular  turrets  fimilar  to  that  at  Eiunftable.  The  arch 
of  the  weff  door  is  ornamented  with  rpouldings  of  various 
flowers,  &c.  Within  the  church  is  a  Angular  piece  of  ancient 
architedture,  an  ottagonal  ftone  font,  inclofed  in  a  lofty 
wooden  frame  of  pointed  arches,  terminated  with  elegant 
tabernacle  work.  The  confecrated  water,  during  the  preva- 
lence of  the  Roman  ceremonies,  was  kept  in  a  large  bafon 
at  the  top,  whence  it  was  let  down  by  the  prieft,  through  a 
pipe  into  the  font.  On  the  infide  of  the  roof  a  vine  is  re- 
prefented,  guarded  by  a  lamb  from  the  adaulls  of  a  dragon  : 
emblematical  of  the  defence  which  baptiim  affords  to  the 
church  from  the  attempts  of  the  devil.  On  the  north  fide 
of  the  choir  is  an  .elegant  chapel,  founded  by  John  lord 
Wenlock,  who  bore  a  diftinguifhed  part  in  the  contell  be- 
tween the  houfes  of  York  and  Lancafier.  The  principal 
manufafture  carried  on  in  Luton  is  that  of  llraw  hats  :  a 
weekly  market,  noted  for  its  abundant  fupply  of  corn,  is 
held  on  Mondays  ;  it  is  of  great  antiquity,  being  mentioned 
in  the  Domefday  Survey,  where  the  tolls  are  valued  at  loos. 
per  annum  :  and  here  are  two  annual  fairs.  .John  Pomfret, 
the  poet,  was  a  native  of  this  cown  :  his  father  was  firfl 
curate  and  then  vicar  of  the  parifh. 

About  three  miles  from  the  town,  on  an  elevated  fituation 
at  the  border  of  the  Bedfordfliire  downs,  in  the  midfl  of  a 
well  wooded  park,  ftands  Luton-Hoo  houfe,  the  feat  of  the 
marquis  of  Bute.  The  old  park,  which  (onfifted  of  about 
30oacres,  inclofed  by  fir  RobertNapier,  was  enlarged  to  1200, 
by  the  late  earl  of  Bute,  and  now  contauis  about  ij'oo  acres. 
The  manfion  was  in  a  great  meafure  rebuilt  by  the  late 
earl,  who  employed  Mr.  Adam  the  architeft.  The  princi- 
pal rooms,  pai-tieularly  the  library,  drawing-room,  and  fa- 
loon,  are  on  a  magnificent  fcale.  The  library,  which  is  146 
feet  in  length,  is  efteemed  but  little  inferior  to  that  of  Blen- 
heim. The  colledfion  of  piftures  is  very  large  and  valuable, 
chiefly  of  the  Italian  and  Flemifli  fchools.  The  chapel  is 
fitted  up  with  carving  in  wood,  wiiich  was  originally  exe- 
cuted for  fir  Thomas  Pope  at  Tittenhangcr,  Herts,  in  1548, 
and  removed  to  Luton  in  perfect  prefervation  by  fir  Robert 
Napier.  In  the  adjoining  w'ood  is  a  portico,  a  beautiful 
piece  of  brick  building,  defigned  for  a  manfion  intended  to 
have  been  built  by  lord  Weniock,  but  which  was  never  com- 
pleted :  and  in  the  park  is  a  ifone  tower  of  great  antiquity. 
Beauties  of  England  and  Wales,  vol.  i.  Lyfons's  Magna 
Britannia,   vol.  i. 

LUTRA,  in  Zoology,  a  fpecies  of  Mufhla.  See  Mus- 
TEL-l  Lutra,  and  OxTEK. 

LU  TRY,  in  Geography,  a  pleafant  little  town  of  Swit- 
zerland, in  a  diHridl  ot  the  Pays  de  Vaud,  between  Lau- 
faiine  and  Vevay,  called  '■  La  Vaux,"  on  the  N-  coafl  of  the 
lake  of  Geneva  ;  three  miles  E.  of  Laufanne. 

LUTTENBERO,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Stiria,  on 
the  rl^er  S'a.itz  ;  12  mdes  E.  of  Pettau.  N.  lat.  46  ^5'. 
E.  lo"g.  16°  8'. 

LUTTER,  a  town  of  Weftphalia,  in  the  duchy  of 
Brunfwick  ;   1 1  miles  N.W.  of  Gofs'ar. 

LUTTER- 


L  U  T 


LUX 


LUTTERBERG,  a  town  of  Weftphalia,  in  the  prin- 
i;  ality  of  Grubenhagen,  formerly  a  county  ;   15  miles  S. 
of  Gofflar. 

LUTTERHAUSEN,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Ho!- 
ftoin  ;  eijht  miles  from  Hamburgh. 

LUTTERLOCK,  a  ti.uMifliip  of  America,  in  Orleans 
countvi''Vermont,  ■^''1-of  Craft  (borough. 

LUTTER  VVOHTH,  the  only  market  town  in  the  hun- 
dred  of  Guthlaxton,  Leicefterrtiire,    England,    is    fituated 
on  the  bank  of  the  river  Swift  ;  about  two   miles  from  the 
Watling-ftreet  road,   13  miles  from  Lejceiler,  and  83  from 
London.      Leland   defcribes  •  this   "  towne  as  fcant   half  fo 
bigge  as   Lughborow  ;  but  in  it  there  is  an  hofpital  of  the 
foundation   of  two  or   three   of  the  Verdounes,  that  were 
lords  of  auncient   tyme  of  the  towne."     This  hofpita!  was 
founded,  in  the  reign  of  king  John,  by  Roife  de  Verdon  and 
Nicholas   her  fon,  for  a   priefl  and  fix  poor  men,  and  to 
"  keep  holpitality  for  poor  men  travelling  that  v.-ay."      The 
paridi  church  of  Lutterworth  is  a  fpacious  itruciure,  with 
a  nave,  two  aifles,  a  chancel,  and  a  tower  with  four  turrets. 
The   chancel,  which  is  feparated  from  the  nave  by  a  beauti- 
ful fcreen,  is  fuppofcd  by  Burton  to  have  been  built  by  lord 
Ferrers  of  Groby,  as  his  arms  are  cut  on  the   outfide   over 
the  great  window.      By  a  ftorm,  in  the  year  T703,  the  fpire, 
which  was   jo   feet   higher   than   the   prefent    turrets,   was 
blown  down,  and,  fallmg  on  the  roof  of  the  church,  did 
great   damage  to   the   body,  pews,   &c.      About  the  year 
1740,  the  whole  was   repaired,  a   pavement  of  checqucred 
ftone  Inid,  and  all  the  interior  made  new,  except  the  pulpit, 
which  is  of  thick  oak  planks,  of  an  hexagonal  fliape,  and 
has  a  feam  of  carved  work  in  the  joints  ;  this  pulpit  is  pre- 
ferved  with  great  veneration,  in  memory  of  the  diltinguiflied 
reformer,  John  Wickhffe,  who  was   reftor   of  this   parifli, 
and  died  fuddenly  while  hearing  mafs  December  31ft,    1387- 
The  chair   in  which  he  breathed  his  lall  is   alfo  preferved 
with  great  care ;  as  is  likewife  another  relic  ufcd  by  him, 
the  communion  cloth  of  purple  velvet  trimmed  with  gold. 
His  body  was  buried  in  this  church  ;   but  his  doftrines  hav- 
in"g  been  condemned,  his  remains  were  taken  up  and  burned, 
by  order  of  the  council  of  Sienna,  in   1428,  and  his  aflies 
call  into   the  river.      His   portrait,  by  S.  Fielding,    hangs 
over  the  gallery  at  the  weft  end  of  the  cimrch.     A  meeting- 
houfe  for  dilTenters  was  built  here  in  1777,  and  is  numeroufly 
attended.   Here  are  alfo  a  ichooi-houfe  and  alms-houfe,  built 
by  the   bequeft   of  Mr.  Edward   Sherrier.      Among    other 
benefaftions   to  this  town,  Mr.  Richard  Elkington,  by  his 
will,  dated   May  2Qth,   1607,  left  in  trult  to  the  mayor, 
bailiff,  and  burgeffes  of  Leicefter  50/.  to  be  lent  in  funis  of 
10/.  each  to  iivs  tradefmen  of  Lutterworth  for   one  year  at 
five  per  cent.  ;  the  interefl   to  be  dillributed  among  certain 
poor  perfons.      In  the  return  to  the  population  aft  in  iSoi, 
this  town  was  ftated  to  contain  277  houfes  and   1652  inha- 
bitants.    The  cotton  manufadture  is  carried  on  here  to  con- 
fiderable  extent ;  and  fome  large  buildings  have  been  lately 
eredled   as   faftories  and  work/hops.     Many  liands  are  alfo 
employed  in  making  Itockings.     A  weekly  market  is  held 
on    Thurfdays,    granted,    with   an    annual    fair,    by    king 
Henry  V.  in  the  fecond  year  of  his  reign  ;  three  other  fairs 
have  iince  been  obtained. 

About  a  mile  to  the  ea(t  of  Lutterworth  is  Mifterton 
Hall,  the  feat  of  Jacob  Henry  Franks,  efq.  who  poffefres  a 
collection  of  pidlures.  Nichols's  Hiftory  of  Leiceiterfhire. 
Beauties  of  England  and  Wales,  vol.  ix. 

LUTUM,  in  Botany,  a  name  given  by  the  ancient  Ro- 
man authors  to  a  plant  Iince  called  luteola,  or  dyer's-weed, 
and  by  authors  of  later  date  carn'wla,  and  tymcne.  It  is 
uGed  at   this  time   to  dye  things  yellow,  and  was  fo  by  the 


ancient  Greeks,  wlio  cxprefsly  mention  the  dyeing  woollen 
cloth  with  it.  The  Roman  coOrtezans  had  alfo  a  way  of 
dyeing  their  hair  yellow  with  it.  See  Re.S£DA. 
•  Luti;m  Sapicnlia  is  the  hermctical  feal  ;  made  by  melting 
the  end  of  a  glafs  veflel  by  a  lamp,  and  twilling  it  up  with 
a  pair  of  pliers. 

LUTZELSTEIN,    in   Geography.     See   La   Petitl 

PlERKE. 

LUTZEN,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  the  territory  of  Merfe- 
burg,  with  a  citadel.  Near  this  town  was  fought  a  bloody 
battle  in  1632,  birtween  the  Impcrialifts  and  Swedes,  in 
which  the  latter  loft  their  king  Guftavus  Adolphus  ;  nine 
miles   E.S.E.   of  Merfeburg.       N.  lat.  ^i'  16'.     £.  long. 

12      o  . 

LUVINO,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  department  of  the 
Verbano,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  lake  Maggiore  ;  20  miles 
N.W.  of  Como. 

LuviNO,  Valley  of,  one  of  the  five  diftricls  into  which 
the  county  of  Bormio  is  divided.  (See  BoK.Mlo.)  The  in- 
habitants pf  the  Luvino  pofiefFed  certain  privileges,  parti- 
cularly the  power  of  judging  civil  caufes  within  a  certain 
value  ;  but  they  did  not  appoint  any  of  the  magiftrates, 
who  were  all  chofcn  from  the  other  four  diftriC'ts. 

LUVIO,  a  tou  n  of  Sweden,  in  the  government  of  Abo  ; 
nine  miles  S  S.W.  of  Biorneborg. 

LUXATION,  or  DisLOCVTiON,  in  Surgery,  denotes  any 
cafe  where  the  articular  extremities  of  bones  abandon  their 
natural  relations,  whether  the  head  of  a  bone  cfcapes  from 
a  cavity  deftined  for  its  reception,  or  whether  the  furfaces 
of  the  joint  ceafe  to  corrtfpond  properly  one  to  the  other. 
A  luxation  is  termed  complete,  when  the  furfaces  of  the 
joint  are  totally  feparated  ;  incomplete,  when  they  remain  par- 
tially ill  contaft,  though  in  a  itate  of  difplacement,  with 
refpeft  to  each  other.  Like  fractures,  didocations  are  alfo 
divided  mio Jimple  and  compound ;  fimple,  when  there  is  no 
external  wound  communicating  with  the  joint  ;  compound, 
when  the  cale  is  conjoined  with  fuch  an  accident. 

Other  general  differences  of  luxations  depend  upon  the 
articulation  in  which  they  take  place ;  the  direftion  in 
which  the  bone  is  difplaced  ;  the  length  of  time  the  acci- 
dent has  continued ;  and  the  caufe  that  has  produced  it. 

The  greater  the  extent  and  variety  of  motion  of  joints, 
the  more  fubjcft  they  are  in  general  to  be  diflocatcd.  '  Thus, 
the  orbicular  articulations,  fuch  a  >  that  of  the  humerus  with 
the  fcapula,  arc  thcfe  in  which  luxations  are  moil  frequent. 
In  the  ginglimoidal  articulations,  on  the  contrary,  which 
admit  only  of  motion  in  two  oppofite  direftions,  the  acci- 
dent is  far  lefs  common  ;  and  in  fuch  joints  as  only  allow 
a  flight  yielding  motion  of  the  bones  on  each  other,  a  dif- 
location  iHU  more  rarely  occurs.  The  frequency  of  luxa- 
tion, however,  in  the  orbicular  articulations,  and  the  com- 
parative  unfrcquency  of  them  in  the  ginghmoidal,  as  Boyer 
rightly  obferves,  may  be  explained  from  many  circumllances, 
independent  of  the  quantity  and  variety  of  motion  which 
fuch  joints  admit  of.  In  the  ginghmoidal,  the  bony  furfaces, 
which  come  into  contaft,  and  are  adapted  to  one  another, 
are  of  confiderable  extent  ;  the  ligaments  which  bind  thtm 
together  are  very  numerous  and  ftrong  ;  and  the  mufcles  are 
fo  arranged,  as  to  have  a  iliare  in  ftrengthening  fuch  articu- 
lations. 

We  have  mentioned,  that  luxations  are  diftinguifhed  into 
complete  and  incomplete,  the  latter  term  being  ufed,  when  the 
furtaces  of  the  joint  are  yet  partially  in  contaft,  though  dif- 
placed and  not  exaftly  correfponding.  Incomplete  luxa- 
tions only  happen  in  the  ginghmoidal  articulations,  as  thofs 
of  the  foot,  the  knee,  and  the  elbow.  In  thefe  joints,  in- 
deed, the  diflocation  is  almod  always  incomplete  ;  as  it  could 
4  P  2  '  ouljr 


LUXATION. 


only  be  made  complete  by  the  operation  of  a  vaft  force; 
With  refped  to  the  orbicuhr  joints,  it  is  very  different,  as 
few  of  them  are  fiibject  to  any  diflocation,  that  is  not  com- 
plete. If  the  head  of  the  humerus,  or  thigh-bone,  is  forced 
■on  the  cartilaginous  brim,  furroundinjr  the  cavity  deftined  for 
its  reception,  the  round  flippery  ball  only  touches  the  part 
on  which  it  telts  by  a  few  points,  and,  thei-efore,  either  re- 
enters its  natural  foclcet  again,  or  flips  entirely  from  it ; 
in  the  latter  event,  of  courfe  the  luxation  is  complete. 

But  as  M.  Boyer  has  noticed,  there  are  fomc  articula- 
tions which,  though  truly  orbicular,  are  yet  liable  to  in- 
complete luxations.  For  iuftancc,  the  head  of  the  aftra- 
galus  may  be  fo  difplaced,  as  only  to  abandon,  in  a  partial 
manner,  the  cavity  in  the  potterior  furface  of  the  os  navi- 
culare.  However,  in  this  example,  the  orbicular  ligament 
is  tight,  very  ftrong,  and  the  motion  inconfiderable.  I.aftly, 
it  may  be  obferved,  with  regard  to  the  extent  of  difloca- 
tions,  that  when  the  head  of  a  bone  is  entirely  thrown  out 
of  the  cavity,  in  which  it  is  naturally  placed,  it  may  be  forced 
to  a  greater  or  lefs  diftance  between  the  intcrilices  of  the 
imifcles. 

On  the  fubjcft  of  the  different  direftions,  in  which  a  bone 
may  be  difplaced,  we  have  to  fta^c,  that,  in  the  round  ar- 
ticulations, it  may  be  luxated  in  the  direftion  of  all  the 
radii,  which  pafs  from  the  centre  of  the  circle  formed  by 
the  circumference  of  the  articular  cavity.  In  faft,  there  is 
not  a  point  of  the  edge  of  the  glenoid  cavity  where  the 
humerus  may  not  efcape.  However,  owing  to  particular 
circumftances  of  conforn-ation,  a  luxation  moilly  takes 
place  in  certain  direftions,  well  afcertained  by  experience, 
lb  that  the  varieties  of  diflocations,  diftinguiihed  by  the 
courfe  of  the  difplaced  bone,  are,  as  Boyer  well  explains, 
much  lefs  numerous  than  might  at  firft  be  fuppofed.  The 
ter.Tis  upwards,  downtuards,  forivards,  lachivards,  inward!, 
and  outivards,  are  frequently  applied  to  luxations,  as  de- 
BOting  the  direftion  in  which  the  head  of  a  bone  is 
difplaced.  Ginglimoid  joints  are  generally  fufceptible 
of  being  diflocated  only  in  the  dire&ion  of  two  line?, 
namely,  a  tranfverfe  one,  and  one  extending  from  the  front 
to  the  back  of  the  articulation. 

The  length  of  time  a  diflocation  has  exifted  makes  a  dif- 
ference of  the  higheft  importance,  the  difficulty  of  cure  in- 
creafing  in  proportion  to  the  time  the  accident  has  been 
left  unreduced  ;  and,  indeed,  after  a  certain  time,  the  re- 
duftion  becomes  impradlicable. 

The  foft  parts  and  the  bone  itfelf  have  acquired  a  certain 
pofition,  and  the  ligaments  and  mulcles  furrounding  the 
difeafed  joint  become  ftiff,  and  yield  with  difficulty  to  the 
efforts  made  to  reduce  the  bone.  If  a  certain  number  of 
days  have  elapfed,  the  laceration  in  the  hgaments  may  have 
becom.e  fo  far  clofed  as  to  render  the  redutlion  impoffible. 
Laftlv,  the  head  of  the  bone  mav  have  become  firmly  ad- 
herent to  the  parts,  amongll  which  it  has  been  forced. 

Luxations,  in  general,  may  be  complicated  with  a  greater 
fcr  lefs  degree  of  contufion,  with  a  wound  or  fracture,  with 
a  rupture  of  a  blood-veffel  and  confequent  tffufion  of  blood 
in  the  cellular  fubftance,  with  contuCon  of  an  important 
ijerve,  and  a  paralyfis  of  the  organs  to  which  it  is  diftributed, 
&c. 

The  following  general  account  of  the  caufes,  fymptoms, 
prognofis,  and  treatment  of  luxations,  is  chiefly  from  Boyer's 
lectures  on  the  difeafes  of  the  bones. 

The  caufes  are  divided  into  external  and  internal ;  "both  are 
predifpofmg  or  occafional. 

The  predifpofition.  to  luxation  may  depend  on  circum- 
ftances natural  or  aecidental.  The  natural  are,  the  joint 
admitting  of  great  latitude  of  motion,  the  fmall  extent  of 


furfaces  by  which  the  bones  are  in  contaft,  the  laxity  and 
fmall  number  of  the  ligaments  uniting  them,  the  weakiicfs 
of  one  fide  of  an  articulation  arifmg,  for  inflance,  from  a 
great  notch  on  one  fide,  as  is  obferved  at  tlie  interior  and  in- 
ferior part  of  the  acetabulum,  difeafe,  fuch  as  a  paralyfis  of 
the  mufcles,  which  furround  an  articulation,  and  a  wcaknefs 
and  relaxation  of  its  hgaments,  may  alfo  occafion  a  pre- 
difpofition to  diilocations.  In  a  paralyiis  of  the  deltoid 
mufcle,  the  weight  of  the  arm  alone  has  been  known  to  pro- 
duce an  elongation  and  gradual  relaxation  of  the  capfular 
litrament  of  the  flioulder  joint,  and  to  remove  the  head  of 
the  humerus  two  or  three  inches  from  the  glenoid  cavity  of 
the  fcapula.  Boyer  has  obferved  in  a  child  that  laboured 
under  an  atrophia  of  the  mufcles  of  the  arm,  an  empty 
fpace  of  nearly  an  inch  between  the  head  of  the  bone  and 
the  furface  of  the  glenoid  cavity,  which  could  be  dillinftly 
felt  through  the  emaciated  deltoid  mufcle. 

Sometimes  the  relaxation  ot  the  ligaments  appears  witli- 
cut  any  evident  caiife,  and  gives  fuch  a  difpofuian  to  lux- 
ations, that  they  take  place  from  the  llighteil  caufes  ;  fuch 
was  the  cafe  of  a  woman  who  could  not  yawn  even  mode- 
rately, without  luxating  the  lower  jaw.  It  may  not  be 
amifs  to  obferve  that  thefe  luxations,  depending  on  exceffive 
loofenefs  of  the  hgaments,  are,  by  reafon  of  fuch  loolenefs, 
in  general  very  eafily  reduced.  A  dileafed  llatc  of  joints 
may  alfo  difpofe  to  luxations,  by  dcllroying  the  ligaments 
and  articular  furfaces.  What  furgeon  of  any  experience  at 
all  has  not  frequently  feen  examples  in  which  the  head  of  the 
thigh-bone  has  been  diflocated,  in  confequence  of  difeafe  in 
the  hip?  Even  the  knee,  which  is  a  ginglimoidal  joint, 
fometimes  becomes  partially  luxated  in  cafes  of  white- fwel- 
hng. 

In  order  that  external  violence,  a  blow,  a  fall,  or  even 
the  aftion  of  the  mufcles,  produce  luxation  in  a  ball  and 
focket  articulation,  the  axis  of  the  bone  muft  be  placed  in  a- 
direction,  more  or  lefs  oblique,  with  refpeft  to  the  furface 
with  which  it  is  articulated.  If,  for  example,  the  os  humeri 
hangs  exadlly  along  the  fide  of  the  body,  or  perpendicu- 
larly witli  relpeft  to  the  glenoid  cavity  of  the  fcapula,,Tlo 
force  can  produce  a  luxation.  If  a  perfon  falls  on  the  elbow,, 
while  the  fore-arm  is  in  this  pofition,  the  head  of  the  hu- 
merus will  be  forced  againll  the  cavity  formed  for  its  re-^ 
ception  ;  but  if  the  arm  is  lifted  more  or  lefs  from  the  body, 
the  axis  of  the  humerus  will  fall  obliquely  on  the  furface  of 
the  glenuid  cavity,  and-the  efcape  of-the  head  of  the  bona 
from  fuch  cavity  will  be  facilitated.  This  tendency  to  a 
diflocation  will  be  increafed  in  proportion  as  the  angle 
formed  by  the  axis  of  the  bone  v.ith  tlie  furface  of  the  gle- 
noid cavity  deviates  from  a  right  angle.  In  the  gingli- 
moidal articulations  luxations  may  be  caufed  by  a  fall,  cr 
other  kinds  of  external  violence,  and  they  are  moltly  incom- 
plete. In  the  orbicular  joints  the  adlion  of  the  mufcles  has 
conflantly  a  fhare  in  the  produftion  of  the  accident.  Thus, 
for  inftance,  if  a  perfon  falls  on  the  elbow,  wOiilll  the  arm  is 
raifed  from  the  body,  and  carried  direftly  outvi-ards,  the 
Hiock  which  this  part  receives  will  certainly  tend  very  much 
to  force  the  head  of  the  humerus  out  of  the  glenoid  cavity 
on  the  lower  a:id  internal  fide ;  but  the  adlion  of  the  pedorahs 
major,  latiffimus  dorfi,  and  teres  major,  contributes  alfo  very 
much  to  throw  the  bone  out  of  its  place.  In  fact  the  elbow, 
relling  on  the  ground,  becomes  the  fulcrum,  or  centre  of 
motion  of  the  humerus  ;  in  this  flate,  we  obey  a  mechanical 
inllinft,  which  leads  us  fuddenly  to  bring  the  arm  cljfe  to 
the  body,  and  as  the  refiflance  made  by  the  ground  prevents 
this,  the  violent  and  inllantaneous  contraftion  of  the  pedto- 
ralis  major,  latiffimus  dorfi,  and  teres  major,  draws  down- 
wards aud  inwards  the  head  of  the  humerus ;  the  luxation 

being 


LUXATION. 


being  thus  partly  the  efFeift  of  the  fall,  and  partly  the  efFeft 
of  fuch  mufcular  aftion.  Whatever  may  be  the  manner  in 
which  the  caufes  aft,  luxations  are  always  accompanied  with 
more  or  lefs  laceration  of  the  ligaments,  and  injury  of  the 
other  foft  parts  about  the  joint  ;  and  in  the  orbicular  articu- 
lations, like  thole  of  the  ihouldcr  and  hip,  the  capfular  liga- 
ments are  always  torn. 

With  refpeit  to  tlic  general  fymptoms  of  luxations  we 
need  not  dwell  much  upon  pain  and  iiiaViilily  of  moving  the 
limb,  as,  at  moil,  they  are  only  equivocal,  and  common  to 
didocations,  fraftures,  and  fimple  bruifcs.  They  are  not, 
however,  l<fhe  entirely  overlooked,  but  (till  in  forming  a 
diagnofis  we  fliould  endeavour  to  found  it  on  the  exiftence  of 
fymptoms  manifeft  to  the  fenfes,  fuch  as  an  elongation  or 
(hortening  of  the  limb  ;  a  change  in  its  (hape  and  direction  ; 
and  lailly,  the  abfolute  impoffibility  of  performing  certain 
motions. 

A  luxation  cannot  pofiibly  exift,  unlefs  the  affefted  limb 
is  either  lengthened,  as  happens  in  the  lower  extremity,  when 
the  head  of  the  femur  palfes  out  of  the  acetabulura,  in  the 
direction  downwards  and  inwards,  and  rells  on  the  foramen 
ovale  ;  or  fhortened,  as  takes  place  when  the  fame  bone  is 
luxated  upwards  and  backwards,  and  has  its  head  thrown  to- 
wards the  external  depreflion  in  the  ilium.  But  it  is  to  be 
remarked,  that  tJie  fhortening  and  elongation  are  rarely  pro- 
duced, except  by  luxations  of  orbicular  joints.  However, 
the  abfence  of  thefe  fymptoms  in  diflocations  of  the  gingli- 
moidal  articulations  is  amply  compenfated  by  the  fuperficial 
fituaiion  of  the  bone ;  a  circumftance  which  renders  it  eafy 
to  afcertain  their  relative  pofitions. 

The  direction  of  the  bone  is  changed,  for  the  luxated  end 
cannot  leave  its  natural  place,  without  the  other  being  thrown 
into  a  contrary  diredlion.  Thus,  in  the  luxation  of  the 
luitnerus  downwards  and  inwards,  the  pofition  of  the  arm  is 
obliquely  downwards  and  outwards,  inftead  of  being  ftraight 
along  the  fide.  This  mode  of  judging  of  the  occurrence  of 
a  dillocation  by  the  change  in  the  direftion  of  the  limb,  is 
much  eafier  in  recent  cafes,  than  in  thofe  which  have  con- 
tinued for  a  coniiderable  time. 

As  ths  fuuation  and  direction  of  a  diflocated  bone  are 
altered,  it  neceffarily  follows  that  fome  mufcles  muft  be  pre- 
ternaturally  relaxed,  while  others  are  overftretched  and 
ftrained,  as  may  be  feen  with  refpedl  to  the  deltoid  mufcle, 
in  cafes  of  ],uxations  of  the  humerus,  which  are  the  moft 
frequent  of  all.  This  unequal  tenfion  and  relaxation  of  muf- 
cles may  alfo  afford  lome  alfiltance  in  forming  the  diagn  »fis. 
Time  feems,  however,  fomething  to  remove,  in  a  great 
meafure,  the  alteration  produced  in  the  contour  of  a  hmb, 
by  certain  luxations  ;  and  it  is  obferved  that  in  old  difloca- 
tions of  the  humerus,  the  fulnefs  of  the  Paoulder,  juft  below 
the  acromion,  is  in  fome  degree  reftored. 

In  thefe  alterations  of  the  natural  fiiape  of  tlie  limbs,  we 
are  te  comprehend  the  changed  relations  of  the  eminences  of 
a  joint  with  refpeCl  to  each  other  ;  the  exiftence  of  projections 
ill  places,  where  there  ought  to  be  depreffions  ;  and  of  de- 
prcffions  where  there  ought  to  be  eminences.  Thus,  in  the 
I'jxatiujj  of  tlie  humerus  inwards  and  downwards,  a  hard  tu- 
mour caiifed  by  the  head  of  the  bone  itfelf,  may  be  diftinftly 
felt  in  the  hollow  of  the  axilla,  while  an  unnatural  depreffion 
May  be  perceived  jull  under  the  acromion. 

Our  hmbs,  even  when  fraftured,  as  Boyer  has  obferved, 
may  be  trade  to  perform  feveral  motions,  and  may  be  put 
into  various  attitudes.  In  a  cafe  of  a  broken  thigh,  the 
fur^con  fnot,  in  truthr  v.ithout  caufing  fcvere  pain,)  may, 
by  taking  hold  of  the  leg,  move  it  round  in  a  circular  di- 
se^lion,   and,  may  point  the  foot  inwards    and  outwards- 


But  in   luxations  of  the  thigh,  fuch  motionB  are  altogctW 
impoflible,  before  the  bone  is  reduced. 

By  a  confideration  of  all  thefe  fymptoms,  diflocations  may 
always  be  detefled.  When  the  cafe  is  not  afcertained  within 
a  moderate  tim.e,  cither  througli  negligence  or  ignorance,  it 
is  a  ferious  affair  for  the  patient  ;  becaufe  the  inability  of 
ufing  the  limb  is  imputed  to  the  contufvon,  and  the  treatment 
is  regulated  accordingly  ;  the  bone,  after  a  time,  becomes 
incapable  of  reduftion,  and  tlie  lamenefs  and  deformity  are 
then  irremediable.  Such  furgeons  as  are  grofsly  deficient  in 
anatomical  knowledge,  arc  tlie  moft  liable  to  deliver  wrong 
opinions  concerning  diflocations  ;  for,  not  being  able  to  judge 
of  the  due  relative  diilanccs  which  ought  to  exift  between 
certain  proceffes  of  the  bones,  they  are  not  at  all  qualified  to 
decide  whether  many  cafes  are  mere  contulions,  or  whether 
they  are  fraclures  or  diflocations. 

On  the  fubjedt  of  prognofis  in  cafes  of  diflocation,  it  is 
remarked  that  luxations  of  the  orbicular  joints  are  much  lefs 
dangerous  than  thofe  of  the  ginglimoidal  articulations.  As 
the  attion  of  the  mufcles  has  a  great  fhare  in  producing  the 
iirll  defcription  of  cafes,  there  is  lefs  violence  done  to  the 
external  parts,  and  the  foft  parts  are  lefs  lacerated. 

In  all  cafes  the  extent  of  the  evil  is  in  proportion  to  the 
largenefs  of  the  furfaces  of  the  joint,  the  number  and  ftrength 
of  the  furrounding  mufcles,  and  the  thicknefs  and  number 
of  the  ligaments.  Hence,  luxations  of  the  foot  and  knee  are 
more  dangerous  than  thofe  of  the  elbow  and  wrift ;  the 
former  require  a  much  greater  degree  of  external  violence 
to  produce  them,  and  confcquently  the  foft  parts  are  more 
injured. 

Luxations  of  the  orbicular  joints  are  more  difficult  of  re- 
duftion  than  thofe  of  the  ginglimoidal  articulations,  and  dif- 
locations of  the  hip  are  more  troublefome  to  reduce  than 
luxations  of  the  flioulder.  Thefe  circumftances  are  exph— 
cable  by  the  power  and  aftion  of  the  mufcles,  in  refilling 
the  endeavours  of  the  furgeon  to  bring  the  head  of  the  bone 
into  its  place  again. 

But,  perhaps,  the  thing  which,  of  all  others,  tends  mofl  to 
increafe  the  danger  of  a  diflocation,  is  the  accident  being, 
what  is  termed  compound,  that  is,  attended  with  an  external 
wound,  communicating  with  the  cavity  of  the  luxated  joint. 
Many  fuch  cafes  require  immediate  amputation.  The  pro- 
priety of  the  operation  depends,  however,  in  a  great  mea- 
fure on  the  extent  of  injury  done  to  the  foft  parts.  \^Tien 
thefe  have  not  been  largely  lacerated,  torn,  and  contufed,  the 
furgeon  fhould  endeavour  to  fave  the  limb.  Even  the  hazard 
of  a  compound  diflocation' very  much  depends  on  the  kind  of 
joint  affefted.  Such  injuries  of  the  articidations  of  the 
fingers  or  toes  cannot  be  compared,  in  point  of  danger,  with 
fimilar  accidents  interefling  the  ankle,  the  knee,  or  the 
elbow. 

Luxations  arifing  from  difeafe  of  a  joint,  cannot  in  ge- 
neral be  reduced  and  cured  like  diflocations  from  external 
violence  ;  for  the  ligaments  and  art  ciilar  furfaces  are,  in  fail, 
always  more  or  lefs  deftroyed.  'i'liis  obfervation,  however, 
is  not  to  be  extended  to  hixations,  induced  by  a  mere  loofe- 
nefs  of  the  ligaments.  Thefe  cafes  indeed  are  very  fubjeft 
to  recur;  but  they  can  eafily  be  reduced.  Many  difloca- 
tions of  the  jaw  are  connrdted  with  a  lax  ftate  of  the  liga- 
ments,  and  afford  an  illuflration  of  the  preceding  remark. 

LalUy,  the  danger  of  diflocations  in  general  is  much  in- 
fluenced by  the  degree  of  contufion  prefent,  and  by  the  in- 
jury done  to  blood-veffels,  or  large  nerves.  The  'atter  vio- 
lence fometimes  occafions  a  paralylis  of  tlie  mufcles,  to 
which  the  injured  nerves,  fends  its  filaments.  Boyer  has  feen 
a  paralyfis  of  the  deltoid  mufcle  brought  on  by  a  violent  con- 
1\  tuHoa 


LUXATION. 


tufion  of  the  circumflex  nerve,  in  a  luxation  of  the  humerus 
downwards  and  inwards. 

We  have  now  to  confider  the  general  treatment  of  lux- 
ations. 

To  reduce  the  diflocated  bone,  keep  it  in  its  place,  and 
prevent  or  remove  the  fyniptoms  with  which  the  luxation 
may  be  complicated,  form  the  three  indications  which  are  to 
be  fulfilled  in  the  treatment  of  luxations.  The  reduftion  is 
accomplifhed,  as  in  cafes  of  frafture,  by  three  means,  op- 
pofite  in  their  aftion,  but  tending  to  the  fame  end,  viz.  ex- 
tenfion,  counter-extenfion,  and  coaptation. 

In  the  article  Fracture  we  have  expatiated  a  good  deal  on 
relaxing  the  mufcles  connefted  with  the  broken  bone,  in 
order  to  facihtate  the  reduftion  of  the  frafture.  This  great 
principle,  which  was  fo  much  and  fo  juftly  urged  by  Mr. 
Pott,  holds  equally  good  in  cafes  of  diilocation.  From  the 
adlion  of  the  mufcles  principally  arife  all  the  trouble  and 
difficulty  which  attend  the  reduflion  of  luxated  joints. 
The  mere  bones,  compofing  the  articulations,  or  the  mere 
connefting  ligaments,  would  in  general  afford  very  little  op- 
polition.  It  is  the  mufcles  that  chiefly  oppofc  the  rcdudlion, 
and  their  refiftance  mull  either  be  eluded  or  overcome  ;  terms, 
fays  Mr.  Pott,  of  very  different  import,  and  which  every 
praftitioner  ought  to  be  well  apprized  of.  We  fcarcely 
need  add,  that  this  eminent  furgeon  was  a  ftrong  advocate 
for  relaxing  the  mufcles  belonging  to  the  difiocated  joint,  at 
the  time  of  attemptmg  to  reduce  the  bone.  Now,  although 
this  precept  is,  generally  fpeaking,  nioft  excellent  as  far  as 
it  is  praflicable ;  we  are  not  to  run  away  with  the  idea  that 
things  are  precifely  as  Mr.  Pott  has  reprefented  them  to  be, 
in  his  general  remarks  on  fraftures  and  diilocation.  No  fur- 
geon, of  the  prefent  time,  is  fo  abfurd  as  to  nnagine  that 
merely  bending  the  elbow,  or  the  knee,  will  relax  all  the 
mufcles  which  have  the  power  of  refilling  the  redudlion  of  a 
diflocated  fhoulder  or  hip.  Neither  will  the  mott  advan- 
tageous pofition  for  extenfion  always  allow  the  poilure  to  be 
entirely  regulated  with  a  view  towards  the  relaxation  of  the 
mufcles.  While,  however,  we  profefs  thefe  fentiments,  wc 
feel  a  thorough  conviftion  that  attending  to  the  relaxation  of 
fuch  mufcles  as  have  the  greateft  power  of  oppofing  the  re- 
duftion  of  a  diilocation,  is  an  urobjeftionable  maxim,  as  far 
as  it  can  be  received  in  aftual  praftice,  confiflently  with 
fome  other  equally  important  objefts.  When  Mr.  Pott 
wrote  fo  flrenuoully  in  favour  of  relaxing  the  mufcles,  or,  as 
we  fhould  rather  fay,  of  bending  joints,  in  cafes  of  difloca- 
tion,  it  was  alfo  neceffary  for  him  to  lay  much  ftrefs  on  the 
advantage  of  applying  the  extenfion  to  the  end  of  the  diflo- 
cated bone  itfelf ;  becaufe,  were  it  applied  in  a  better  fitua- 
tion,  the  bent  pofition  would  become  inadmifTible.  The 
reafon  which  is  affigned  for  this  pradlice,  however,  is,  as 
might  be  expecied,  moll  weak.  Mr.  Pott  talks  a  great  deal 
about  the  liilutability,  or  dtjlranile  power  of  the  ligaments, 
and  their  capacity  of  giving  way  when  flretched  or  pulled, 
much  more,  we  think,  than  faCts  jutlify,  fince  it  is  the  ge- 
neral nature  of  ligaments,  we  mean  fuch  as  aflualfy  hold 
the  bones  together,  to  be  very  ftrojig  and  unyielding.  The 
capfular  ligaments,  we  think,  are  generally  to  be  regarded 
rather  as  bags  for  the  fysovia,  than  asa  means  of  flrengthen- 
ing  the  articulations.  The  yielding  nature  of  fuch  liga- 
ments, therefore,  can  have  little  to  do  with  the  fubjcft  of  diflo- 
cations.  Now  it  appears  to  lis  that  Mr.  Pott  was  anxious 
to  make  the  ligaments  appear  more  elallic  than  they  really 
are,  in  order  that  he  might  reprefent  all  the  extending  force 
applied  to  the  bone  below  the  diflocated  one,  as  being  lofl 
in  the  intervening  unluxated  articulation.  Even  were  the 
ligaments  of  the  knee,  for  inftance,  to  yield  in  the  manner 


infinuated  by  Pott,  when  the  extenfion  is  applied  to  the  lower 
part  of  the  leg,  the  extending  force  would  l>ill  not  be  loll, 
but  would  operate  with  full  effeft  on  the  thigh.  Where  is 
it  lofl  ?  The  very  circumflance  of  the  ligaments  being  on  the 
flrctch,  proves  that  the  force  operates  on  them,  and  they 
being  attached  to  the  os  femoris,  thishone  cannot  fail  to  re- 
ceive the  extenfion  in  a  degree  precifely  equal  to  that  with 
which  the  ligaments  themfelves  receive  it.  It  is  extraordinary 
that  reafoning  fo  abfurd  fhould  have  impofed  upon  the  gene- 
rality of  fuigcons  in  this  country;  cfpeciallyas  on  the  conti- 
nent, its  faHliY  has  long  fince  been  expofed  in  the  writings 
of  Fabre,  Dupony,  Default,  Boyer,  and  Rich^rand.  The 
doftrine  of  Pott  is  the  mofl  ancient  ;  but  the  antiquity  of 
any  praftice  fhould  ceafe  to  be  a  reafon  for  a  perfeverance  in 
it,  the  moment  the  principles,  on  which  it  is  founded,  are 
proved  to  be  erroneous. 

We  differ  then  from  Pott,  and  believe  with  the  moft 
confummats  furgeons  on  the  continent,  that  the  extending 
force  fliould  be  apphed,  not  on  the  luxated  bone,  but  on 
that  with  which  it  is  articulated,  and  as  far  as  poffible  from 
it. 

All  the  ancient  autliors,  as  Boyer  remarks,  advifed  ap- 
plying the  extending  force  on  the  luxated  bone,  for  inftance 
applying  it  above  the  knee  in  luxations  of  the  thigh-bone, 
and  above  the  elbow  in  thofe  of  the  humerus.  Many  of  the 
moderns  have  followed  their  inflruftions ;  and  this  mode  is 
found  recommended  by  J.  L.  Petit  and  Duverney  in  their 
treatifes  on  the  difeafes  of  the  bones.  Two  members  of  the 
Academy  of  Surgery  m  France,  Fabre  and  Dupony,  faw 
the  inconver.ience  of  this  praftice,  and  fubflituted  for  it  a 
mode  of  treatment  now  generally  adopted  on  the  continent. 
Their  praftice,  which  confills  in  applying  the  extending 
force  to  the  bone  that  articulates  with  the  luxated  one,  has 
two  mofl  important  advantages ;  firfl,  the  mufcles  which 
furround  the  luxated  bone  are  not  compreffed  nor  flimulated 
to  fpafmodic  contraftions,  which  would  prevent  the  re- 
duftion,  not  only  by  oppofing  a  force  fuperior  to  that  em- 
ployed for  the  purpofe  of  reduftlan,  but  alfo  by  retaining 
the  head  of  the  bone  engaged  in  the  interllices  of  the  con- 
trafted  mufcles.  Secondly,  the  extending-  force  is  much 
more  confiderab!e  than  it  is  in  the  other  method,  for,  as  Du- 
pony hasobferved,  by  elongating  thus  the  arm  of  the  lever, 
we  acquire  a  degree  of  power  which  the  difSculties  prefented 
in  a  great  number  of  cafes  force  us  to  have  recourfe  to.  It 
is  true,  fays  Boyer,  an  apprehenfion  has  prevailed  that  the 
extending  force  applied  at  a  diflance  from  the  luxated  bone, 
would  lofe  in  the  articulations  of  the  lim.b  a  part  of  its  effeft. 
Thus  it  has  been  alleged,  that  apart  of  the  extending  force 
applied  at  the  wrill,  in  a  luxation  of  the  humerus,  is  cm- 
ployed  in  elongating  the  ligaments  of  the  elbow  joint.  But 
this  objeftion  is  ill  founded  ;  all  the  mufcles  which  go  from 
the  humerus  to  the  bones  of  the  fore-arm,  by  ffrengthcning 
the  elbow,  make  it  anfvveras  a  continued  lever,  along  which 
the  force  is  communicated  without  any  lofs. 

Force,  applied  by  the  hands  of  intelligent  and  fhong 
afTiflants,  is  generally  confidered  preferable  to  any  mecha- 
nical means  in  the  reduction  of  diflocations.  The  number 
of  alTillants  may  be  increafed  at  will,  and  force  propor- 
tioned to  the  refiftance  that  is  experienced.  Should  there 
not  be  room  for  a  fufficient  number  to  take  hold  of  the 
limb,  they  may  make  the  extenfion  by  means  of  a  napkin, 
or  fheet,  folded  longitudinally  and  tied  on  the  limb.  It  is 
faid  that  the  force  employed  can  be  better  judged  of  when 
the  extenfion  is  made  by  a  certain  number  of  afTiftants,  than 
when  a  midtiphed  pulley  is  ufed,  which  may  act  v.ith  fuch 
force,  without  our  being  aware  that  the  mufcles,  ligaments, 

and 


L  U  X  A  T  I  O  N.- 

....,;   even  the  fl<iii   which  covers  the  articulation,   may  be     to  be  applied  immediately  above  the  luxated  bone.     Some- 
lacerated,  and  the  moll  direful  fufferings  occafioned.  times  the  countcr-extenfion   is  made  by  afliftar.ts,  who  take 
Altliough  the  writer  of  this  article  fully  afTcnts  to  the     hold  of  tlie  bandage  neceffary   for  the  purpofe  ;   fometimes  it 
general  fiiperiority  of  making  the  extenfion  by  the  affiilants,  is  executed  by  fallening  the  bandage  to  a  fixed  point.     The 
he  cannot  refrain  from   expreffing   a  favourable  opinion  of     latter   mode,   when    practicable,   is    to  be   preferred.      The 
the  convenieuce   and  efficiency  of  a  pulley,  in   cnles  where  counter-extenhoii  fliould  always  be  made  in  a  perpendicular 
inteUigent  afTillants  are  not  at   hand,  and  where  much  force  is  direction   with  refpedl  to  the  furface  of  the  luxated  joint, 
required  for  the  reduition,  as,  for  inftance,   when  the  thigh-  In    a   luxation    of   the    elbow,    for    iiiftunce,    the  counter- 
bone,  or  humerus,  has  been  out  of  its  place  fome  time,  or  extenfion  (hould  be  made  in  a  line  parallel  to  the  os  humeri  ; 
when  the  patient  is  very  mufcular  and  llropg.     At  the  fiune  and  in  a  diflocation  of  the  thigh-bone,  the  counter-exienfion, 
time,  the  dangerous  confequences  which  may  happen,  when  applied  to  the  pelvic,  (hould  be  made  perpendicularly  to  the 
a  rough,  unflcilful,  or  impatient  practitioner  dares  to  employ  furface  of  the  acetabul  im.     The  fame  rule  is  to  be  obferved 
a  pulley,  cannot  be  too  deeply  imprcffed  upon  a  furgeon's  with  regard  to  the  fhoulder  in  luxations  of  the  humerus, 
mind.     Whether  extenfion  is  made  in  the  ordinary  way,  or  In  general,  when  the  extenfion  is  fuffi.ient,  coaptation  is 
with  a  pulley,   it  fhould   be  made  with  moderation,  as  the  eafily   performed.      In   a  luxation  of  the  humerus,    as  the 
miifcles  are  more  fure  of  being  fafely  overcome  by  length  of  head    of  the   bone   is    difengag^d,   and   the    afliftants  have 
refiitance  than  by  the  exertion  of  violence.  brought  the  bone  into  its   natural  direftion,   the   furgeon  is 
It  is  impoitible  to  affign  the  precife  degree  of  force  to  be  to  feize  the  opportunity,  and  with  one   hand  prefs   on  the 
employed  ;  it  is  to  be  varied  and  proportioned,  according  fuperior  and  inner  part  of  the  arm,  ivhilll,  at  the  fame  time, 
to  the  ilrength  of  the  patient,  and  the  number  atid  force  of  he  iupports  the  elbow  with  the  other,  and  thus  condufts  the 
the  mufcles  furrounding  the  articulation.      Ic  has  been  faid,  head  of  the  bone  ii^to  the  glenoid  cavity, 
that,  m  reducing  a  luxation,  there  is  occafion  for  more  ad-  It  is   an  excellent  maxim,  whenever  prafticable,  to  ufe  a 
dreis  than  force  ;  it  would  be  true,  obferves  Boyer,  to  fay,  diflocated  bone  as  a  fort  of  lever,  in  makino-  the  reduAion. 
that   the   union   of  both  is  iieceffliry.      Often   fix  afiillants  Thus,  after  the   head  of  the  humerus  has  Ijeen  difenga^ed 
accomplifh  that  which  three  cannot  do,  and  nine  or  tt-n  per-  by   the  extenfion,   if,  while  prclTurc  is  made  at   the  upper 
form  that  which  cannot  be  done  by  fix.  and  inner   part  of  the  arm,  tlie  elbow  is  deprefied,  the  head 
With  regard  to  the  direction  in  wliich  the  extenfion  fhould  of  the   bone   moves    upwards    in    proportion    towards   the 
be  made,  Boyer  recommends  it  to  be  at  firll  the  fame  as  that  glenoid   cavity   of  the   feapula.       The  recoUeClion   of  this 
which  the  luxation  has  given  the  diilocated  bone.      Suppofe  principle  will  materially  aid  in  reducing  diflocations  of  the 
the  head  of  the  humerus  to  be  luxated  inwardi>,  and  forced  jaw,  thigh  bone,  &c.      Common  fenfe  pointf'out,   in  almoft 
into  the  folia  fubfcapularis,  between  the  fubfcapulans  mufcle  every  cafe,  how  and  where  the  fu'crum  fhould  be  made, 
and  the  feapula :  in  this  cafe,  the  elbow  is  not  only  moved  Luxations    of   ginglimoidal    articulations    being    feldom 
out  from  the  trunk,  but  even  carried  backward-.      Now,   if  complete,  the  extenfion  and   counter-extenfioii  are  generally 
we  were  to  commence  the  reduction,  by   pulling  in  the  na-  made,  in  fuch  inftances,  only  with  a  view  of  diminifhing  the 
tural  direction  of  the  humerus,  that  is,    directly  outwards,  friCiion  of  the  furfaces  of  the  joint,  ncceflarily  occafioned  by 
the  head   of  the  bone   would  be  prefTed   againit    the   folTa  the  oppofite  motions  given  them,  with  a  view  of -replacing 
fubfcapularis,  it  would  not  eafily  Hide  along,  the  force  woiiid  themin  their  natural  fituation. 

be  fpent  in  pufliing  the  feapula   backwards,  and   the  irrita-  When  extraordinary  difficulty  is  encountered  in  reducing 

tion   would  excite    the  contraction   of  the  mufcles  fituated  a  diflocation,   the  furgeon  (hould  endeavour  to  afccr'.ain  the 

near  the  luxated  head  of  the  bone.  caufe.      Sometimes  want  of  fuccefs  is  owing  to  the  infufE- 

Extenfi  jn,  then,  is  generally  to  be  made  at  firfl  in  the  di-  ciency  of  the  means  employed,  in  which  circumftaucc,  we 


reftion  which  the  luxated  bone  has  taken  ;  but  in  propor- 
tion as  the  mufcles  become  elonga'ed,  and  yield  to  the  force 
acting  on  them,  the  bone  is  to  be  gradually  brought  back 
into  Its  natural  pofition.  In  this  manner  the  head  of  the 
bone  is  difenga^ed  from  the  parts  m  which  it  has  been 
placed,  and  is  brought  back  to  the  cavity  which  it  has  left, 
by  making  it  defcribe  the  fame  courfe  that  it  took  in  making 
its  efcape. 

We  are  now  to  confider  what  is  termed  counler-exlenfion. 
As  Boyer  has  juilly  remarked,  the  belt  directed  exten- 
fion will  be  ufelefs,  if  the  bone  with  which  the  luxated  one 
has  been  articulated,  is  riot  kept  motionlefs  by  counter- 
extenfion,  a  force  equal  to  the  other,  but  made  in  a  con- 
trary direction.  The  counter-extending  power,  applied  to 
the  luxated  bone  itfelf,  would  be  attended,  in  almolt  every 
cafe,  with  the  double  inconvenience  of  producing  a  fpaf- 
mod"ic  contraction  of  the  mufcles,  and  preventing  the  elong- 
ation of  them  neceffary  for  reduction.  Let  us  fuppofe, 
fays  Boyer,  that  in  a  luxation  of  the  thigh,  the  counter- 
exteiidmjT  banda^je  were  in  the  fold  of  the  groin  of  the 
afi'jCted  fide,  the  confequence  would  oe,  that  the  triceps  and 


mull   either   increafe  the  extending  power,   or  diminifh  the 
mufcular  force  of  th^  patient. 

The  latter  object  may  be  fulfilled  in  various  ways. 
Change  of  podure  often  produces  the  efleft.  In  Boyer's 
work  itillances  are  mentioned  in  which  patients,  while  leated 
on  a  chair,  and  fupporting  themfeives  with  their  feet  agau.ft 
the  ground,  could  not  have  their  luxations  reduced  with  the 
greatefl  efl\)rts ;  and  yet  afterwards  had  their  dillocations 
reduced  witli  iinexpeded  facility,  on  being  laid  horizontally 
on  a  long  fixed  table,  where  their  mufcles  were  deprived  of 
a  centre  of  motion.  In  general,  however,  the  benefits  of 
polture  may,  with  more  reafon,  be  impiited  to  its  relaxing 
the  mofl  powerful  mufcles  oppofing  the  endeavours  of  the 
furgeon. 

When  eivery  attempt,  conduced  on  the  forcgoinsr  prin- 
ciples, proves  mefiectuai,  the  patient  is  to  be  largely  and 
repeatedly  bled,  be  put  into  the  warm  bath,  and  confined  to 
a  very  Ioa'  diet.  As  focui  as  he  appears  to  be  confidjfrably 
weakened  by  this  plan,  the  diflocation,  which  was  previoufly 
irreducible,  may  freque.iily  be  reduced  with"  the  utmofl  eaie. 
We  do  not  coincide  with  Boyer,  when  he  adviles  us  to  lofe 


gracilis,  which  are  in  a  Hate  of  tenfion  between  the  pelvis  twenty-four  hours  in.  lowering  the  patient,  before  renewing 
and  thigh,  would  be  pufhed  inwards,  and,  confequently,  the  attempts  at  reduction.  On  the  contrary,  fo  fuliy  are  we 
fhoitened,  when  their  elougation  is  abfolutely  neceiiary.  Be-  convinced  of  the  difficulty  of  leduition,  always  proceeding 
fides,  the  comprcifion  made  on  them  would  alfo  increale  their  from  delay,  that  we  earntlUy  recommend  the  eflorts  to  re- 
•  v.traaion.     The  counter-extending  force  ought,  therefore,    duce  the  bone  to  be  renewed  immediately  after  the  patient 

hat 


LUXATION. 


has  been  weakened  by  tbe  firfl  copious  bleeding,  and  to  be  by  its  having  regained  the  power  of  performing  certain  mo- 
tried  again  as  foon  as  he  has  been  a  curtain  time  in  the  bath,  tions  impofTiblc  during  the  didocatioii.  For  fome  time  af- 
The  faintntf^  and  debiHty  following  fiich  means,  afTord  the  ter  the  reduction  the  limb  (liould  not  be  moved,  except  with 
mod  favourable  opportunity  for  reducing  a  diOocation.  the  utnioll  caution  :  a  recurrence  of  a  didocated  (houldcr 
The  ftate  of  intoxication,  induced  by  fpirits  or  opium,  is  has  been  known  to  arife  from  carrying  the  hand  inadvert- 
alfo  well  known  to  facilitate  the  reduflion  of  luxated  bones,  ently  to  the  ff)rehead,  by  a  fcmicircular  motion, 
by  incapacitating  the  mufclcs  to  make  nlillance,  and  put-  The  collation  of  pain  has  been  confidered  as  a  fign  of  the 
ting  ihem  into  a  condition  in  which  they  yield  and  become  reduction  being  clTefted  ;  but,  as  Boyer  hasjuiUy  remarked, 
elongated  by  a  very  moderate  force.  Thus  Boyer,  by  him-  by  cefTation,  we  are  to  underftand  a  conl'iderable  diminution, 
felf,  and  at  the  firll  attempt,  reduced  a  luxation  of  the  arm  rather  than  a  total  difcontinuance  of  pain. 
of  an  intoxicated  pollillion,  while  the  affiftants   were  pre-  Laflly  ;  one  of  the  moll  unequivocal  and  fatisfaftory  in- 


paring  the^npparatus  for  the  reduftion.  The  plaii  of  pur- 
pofely  intoxicating  patients,  whofe  diflocations  cannot  be 
reduced  by  ordinary  means,  has  even  received  the  rccom- 
mcndationo  of  fome  furgical  authors. 


dications  of  the  reduction  being  accomplilhed,  is  the  parti- 
cular noife  made  by  the  head  of  the  bone  when  it  flips  into 
the  articular  cavity  again. ', 

Alter  a  diflocation  has    been    reduced,    the  grand    ob- 


But,  perhaps,  of  all  the  plans  propofed  for  overcoming  jeft  that  now  prefents  itfelf,  is  to  keep  the  joint  motionlefs, 
the  reliftance  of  the  mufcles  to  the  reduction  of  diflocations,  fo  as  to  hinder  a  relapfe,  and  give  the  torn  ligaments  an  op- 
fatiguing  thofe  organs  by  long  continued  unremitting  ex-  portunity  of  growing  together  again.  All  motion  of  the 
tenlion  is,  when  combined  with  due  attention  to  the  choice  limb  is,  therefore,  to  be  prevented.  As  the  humerus  can- 
of  fiich  a  pcfition  as  will  relax  the  moll  powerful  ones,  the  not  be  luxated,  except  when  it  is  at  fotne  diflance  from  the 
moft  effedtual  that  can  be  adopted.  The  ftrongefl  mulclcs  body,  a  return  of  its  diflocation  will  be  efFeclually  prevented 
may  always  be  overcoiue  by  keeping  up,  tor  a  certain  time,  by  tying  the  elbow  to  the  fide  of  the  body.  The  bandaj^e 
even  a  very  moderate  degree  of  extenfion.  The  thing  is  employed  for  keeping  the  limb  motionlefs,  fhould  always  be 
not  to  remit  or  difcontinue  for  a  moment  the  operation  of  the  made  to  operate  principally  on  the  end  of  the  bone  moft 
extending  power.  This  principle  is  faid  to  have  been  fird  remote  from  the  joint  afTeCled.  Thus,  after  a  luxation  of  the 
applied  to  praftice  by  Lebat,  who,  in  a  cafe  where  the  leva-  arm,  when  we  apply  to  the  elbow  the  means  for  keeping  the 
tores  of  the  lower  jaw  were  fpafmodically  coiitrafited,  in  a  bone  in  its  place,  we  aft  on  that  point  cf  the  humerus  the 
diflocation  of  that  bone,  and  would  not  allow  the  part  to  be  moft  diftant  from  its  articulation  with  the  fcapula,  and  the 
brought  down,  introduced  a  fmall  Hick  between  the  teetli,  force  thus  applied  to  the  extremity  of  the  lever,  afts  with 
and  making  ufe  of  it  as  a  lever,  oppofed  theaftion  of  the  much  moreeffefl.  The  fame  rule  fliould  be  obferved  in  the 
mufcles^until  they  were  incapable  of  further  relillance,  and  application  of  a  bandage  to  the  chin,  after  a  luxation  of  the 
the  reduftion  was  accompliflied.  M.  David  is  alfo  dated  jaw.  Indeed,  in  this  laft  cafe,  fuch  praftice  has  been  re- 
to  have  derived  fimilar  advantages  from  the  fame  pradlice,  in  conimended  by  all  furgical  writers  ;  but  in  diflocations  of 
luxations  of  the  thigh  and  arm.  the  fhoulder  and  hip,  they-feem  to  have  forgot  the  utility  of 
When  luxations  have  been  left  unreduced  feveral  days,  the  principle,  and  have  generally  adviCcd  that  moft  inert 
the  reduction  frequently  becomes  exceedingly  difficult,  and  bandage  termed  the  fpica,  which  only  adts  on  the  centre  of 
fometimes  quite  imprafticable.  The  lacerated  opening  in  motion,  and,  confequently,  can  have  little  or  no  effeft  in 
the  capfular  ligament,  after  a  time,  becomes  clofed,  ■and  thus  keeping  the  bone  fixed. 
a  material  impediment  to  the  reduiSion  is  occafloned.  When         When  a  luxation  arifes  from  an  internal  caufe,  fuch  as  pa- 


.a  diflocation  has  exifted  for  weeks  and  months,  many  circum- 
ftances  take  place  !0  prevent  the  poflibility  of  reduftion  : 
the  head  of  the  bone  acquires  coi.nediions  in  its  new  and 
unnatural  fituation  ;   the  mufcles  become  incapable  of  fuffi- 


ralyfis  of  the  mufcles,  aloofenefs  of  the  hgamcnts,  or  general 
debility,  the  duty  of  the  furgeon  is  to  endeavour  to  obviate 
the  caufe  by  fuitable  remedies,  as  well  as  replace  the  bone. 
We  confefs,  however,  that   we   know  of  no   medicine  nor 


cient   elon:;ation  again;   and,  what  is  worfe,  the   articular  application  that  feems  to  be  calculated  to  remove  a  lax  ftate 

cavity  iiifFers  more  or  lefs  obliteration.      In  the  gingiimoidal  of  the  ligaments. 

joints,   an   anchvlolis   is    foon  produced,  and  the  reduftioii  Luxations,  in  general,  are  particularly  liable  to  be  accom- 

rendercd  impradticable.     We  have  feen  many  attempts  made  panicd   by    more  or  lefs  contufion  of  the  foft  parts  ;  and 

■with  multiplied  puilics  to  reduce  old  diflocations.  .   In  a  few  they  are  lomctimcs  cou'.plicated  with  inflamination,  rupture 

inftances,  a   degree  of  benefit  was  thought  to  have  been  the  of  blood- veiTels,  injury  of  nerves,  and  even  a  frafture.      The 

refult  ;   but  in  no  inllance  «as  the  fuccefs  complete.     Thefe  latter  complication    is  not  frequent,  but  when  it  does  occur, 

luxations,   however,    might    have    exifted    an    unreajfonable  the  bone  has  always  been  luxated  firft,  and  afterwards  broken 

length  of  time.      It  is   difficult  to   pronounce  exactly  how  by  the  violence.     The  paralyfis  arifing  from  a  contufion  of 

long  a  diflocation  of  the  arm  or  thigh  muft  have  happened,  the  nervts  is  not  an  uncommon  confequence  of  diflocation  of 

to   juftify   the   abandonment  of  all   attempts  at  reduction,  the   flioulder  ;  and  when  we   confider  the   relation  between 

The  celebrated   French  furgeon  Default  fucceeded  by   the  thp.head  of  the  hum.erus  and  the  brachial  plexus,  the  occur- 

prudt-nt  employment  of  force  in  reducing  many  cafes  which  rence  is  by  no  means  furprifing. 

had  exilled  for  feveral  months ;  and  fuch  tafts  call  upon  the  Boyer  obferves,  that  when  a  luxated  bor.e  is  not  reduced, 

praftitioner  not  to  give  up  at' once  every  old  diflocation  as  fometimes  it  remains  in   the  place  into   which  it   has  been 

paft  relief.     A  patient's  means  of  fubfillence,  ior  himfelf  and  forced;  but  much  more  frequently  it  changes  its  fituation, 

his  family,  wfll  often  entirely  depend  upon  his  luxation  being  and  is  carried  fiill  further  from  the  cavity   of  the  joint  by 

reduced.      In  the  gingiimoidal  joints,  as  we  have  already  ob-  the  aftion  of  the  mufcles.      Thus,  in  luxations  of  the  thigh 

ferved,  luxations  fooner  become  irreducible  :   according  to  upwards  and  outwards,  the  glutei  mufclcs  continue  to  draw 

Boyer,  after  twenty,  or  four-and-tweniy  days,  they,  in  ge-  the  head  of   the   thijili-bone   up   along  the  dorfum  of  the 

neral,   cannot    be   replaced,  owing   to  an  anchylofis  having  ilium,  until  the  hmb  is   fliortened  as  much  as  the  parts  will 

occurred.  allow. 

The  furgecn  knows,  that  a  luxation  is  reduced  by  the  limb  But,  as  the  fame  furgeon  has  explained,  whether  the  head  of 

having  recovered  its  natural  length,  ihape,  and  dirtttion,  and  tlie  luxated  bone  preferves  its  firil  polllion,  oi  takes  BHOther, 

it 


t^ 


LUXATION. 


it  becomes  flattened  on  that  furface,  by  which  it  is  in  coHtaft 
with  a  fubjacent  bone,  while  this  lail  has  a  kind  of  depreflion 
gradually  made  in  it.  In  fome  inftances  the  original  cavity  of 
the  joint  diminifhes  in  depth,  efpecially  when  the  head  of  the 
bone  remains  near  its  circumference.  The  mufcles,  impeded 
in  their  adlion,  lofe  their  confidence,  alTume  a  ligamentous 
appearance,  and  even  become  attached  to  the  ligaments  by 
a  depofition  of  olTeous  matter,  and,  in  this  manner,  a  bony 
cafe  is  formed,  which  conilitutes,  with  the  difplaced  bone, 
a  new  articulation. 

When  a  bone  ij  not  reduced,  the  limb  remains  deformed, 
and  fcarccly  any  ufe  can  be  made  of  it  for  fome  months  ;  but 
in  time  it  approaches  rather  more  to  its  natural  direClion,  and 
when  a  new  joint  is  formed,  is  yet  capable  of  a  confiderablc 
latitude  of  motion.  In  general,  however,  in  confequence 
of  the  motion  of  the  hmb  being  more  or  lefs  obllrufted, 
the  mufcles  fall  away,  and  the  limb  has  a  weak  and  lefs 
bulky  appearance  than  that  of  its  fellow.  When  a  difloca- 
tion  in  a  child  is  left  unreduced,  this  difference  between  the 
fizeof  the  luxated  limb  and  that  of  the  found  one,  beconfes 
very  remarkable  as  the  patient  grows  up  to  the  adult 
Hate. 

We  (hall  now  treat  of  particular  diflocations,  and  after- 
wards conclude  with  fome  obfervations  on  compound  lux- 
ations. 

Luxations  of  the  lower  Janv-hone, — When  the  mouth  is 
•widely  opened,  the  condyles  of  the  lower  jaw  advance  for- 
wards upon  the  enimentix  articulares,  and  in  this  Hate  may 
be  made  to  flip-under  the  zygomatic  procefles  by  very  flight 
caufes.  This  bone  is  only  liable  to  be  luxated  in  this  one 
direction,  whether  one  or  both  condyles  efcape  from  the  gle- 
noid cavities  of  the  temporal  bones.  Every  luxation,  except 
that  forwards,  is  rendered  impofhble  by  the  natural  conforma- 
tion of  the  parts.  A  diflocation  backwards  is  oppoled  by 
the  ofTeous  portion  of  the  auditory  canal  ;  and  luxations 
laterally,  to  the  right  or  left,  are  prevented  by  the  i-efi fi- 
ance arifing  from  the  fpinous  proceffes  of  the  fphenoid 
bone  and  the  hgaments  of  the  joint.  But  it  muft  be  con- 
feffed,  that  the  principal  flrength  of  the  articulation  of  the 
lower  jaw  does  not  depend  upon  thefe  ligaments  ;  but  rather 
on  the  mufcles,  and  the  pai-ticular  conformation  of  the  bones. 
The  very  fhape  of  the  lower  jaw  at  once  informs  us,  that 
a  blow  on  its  fides  muft  be  more  likely  to  break  it,  by  in- 
creafing  its  curvature,  than  diflocate  it. 

According  to  Boyer,  luxations  of  the  lower  jaw  cannot 
happen  in  very  young  infants,  on  account  of  tlie  body 
and  rami  of  this  bone  meeting  at  an  obtufc  angle,  and,  con- 
fequently,  the  condyles  and  necks  having  nearly  the  fame 
direction  as  the  reft  of  the  bone,  fo  that  a  luxation  cannot 
be  caufed  by  any  pofllble  depreflion  of  the  chin.  Difloca- 
tions of  the  jaw  are  feldom  caufed  by  external  violence  ; 
almoft  always  by  exceffive  yawning,  or  laughing. 

The  condyles  of  the  maxilla  inferior,  being  thrown  before 
the  tranfvcrfe  roots  of  the  zygomatic  proceffes,  comprefs  the 
deep-feated  temporal  nerves,  and  thofe  going  to  the  maffeters. 
This  faft  affords  a  better  explanation  of  the  pains  attending 
a  luxation  of  the  jaw,  than  the  tenlion  and  elongation  of  the 
mafltter  and  other  mufcles. 

Befides  great  pain,  a  more  inflruftive  fymptom  of  this 
accident  is  the  mouth  being  much  open,  and  incapable  of 
being  (hut.  Thefe  circumftances  are  more  evident  in  recent 
than  old  luxations  of  the  jaw.  An  empty  Ipace  may  be 
felt  before  the  ears  in  the  natural  lituation  of  the  condyles. 
The  coronoid  proccfs  forms  under  the  cheek  bone  an  emi- 
nence, which  IS  perceptible  through  the  cheek,  or  by  intro- 
ducing a  finger  into  the  mouth.  The  checks  and  temples 
are  flattened  by  the  lengthening  of  the  temporal,  mafTettr, 

Vol,.  XXI. 


and  buccinator  mufcles.  The  falira  flows  in  large  quanfittef 
from  the  mouth,  the  fecretion  being  augm.ented  in  confe- 
quence of  the  exifting  irritation.  The  arch  formed  by  the 
teeth  of  the  lower  jSw  is  placed  anteriorly  to  that  made  by 
thofe  of  ti.,-  upper  jaw.  Laftly  ;  during  the  firfl  days  of 
the  luxation,  the  patient  can  neither  fpeak  nor  fwallow. 

We  have  already  adverted  to  one  condyle  being  fome- 
times  diflocated,  while  the  other  remains  in  its  proper 
place.  According  to  Mr.  Hey,  it  is  not  always  eafy  to 
know  when  this  is  the  cafe.  "  One  would  expcft,"  fayj 
this  practical  writer,  "  from  a  confideration  of  the  flruftiire. 
of  the  parts,  and  from  the  defcription  given  in  fyftems 
of  furgcry,  that  the  chin  fhould  be  evidently  turned  towards 
the  oppolite  fide  ;  but  I  have  repeatedly  feen  the  difeafe, 
when  I  could  difcern  no  alteration  in  the  pofition  of  the  chin. 
The  fymptom  which  I  have  found  to  be  the  beft  guide  in 
this  cafe,  is  a  fmall  hollow,  which  may  be  felt  jult  behind 
the  condyle  that  is  diflocated,  which  does  not  fubfifl  on 
the  found  fide."  Pract.  Obferv.  in  Surgery,  p.  32J, 
edit.  2. 

When  the  luxation  is  recent,  the  above  fymptoms  enable 
us  to  afcertain  the  nature  of  the  accident  with  fufficient 
eafe  ;  but  when  the  diflocation  has  exifted  feveral  days  or 
weeks,  the  cafe  becomes  lefs  flrongly  marked.  The  lower 
jaw  has  infcnfibly  approached  the  upper  one  ;  and  the  pati- 
ent gradually  recovers  the  faculty  of  fpeech  and  degluti- 
tion ;  but  he  flill  ftammers,  and  drivels. 

Hippocrates  pronounced  luxations  cf  the  jaw  to  be  fatal, 
unlefs  reduced  before  the  tenth  day  ;  but  furgeonshave  no\r 
found,  that  this  fcntiment  is  not  well  founded,  and  it  is 
even  fufpeiled,  that  Hippocrates  might  coiifound  cafes  of 
locked  jaw  with  thofe  of  diflocations. 

When  the  jaw  has  once  been  diflocated,  the  accident  is 
more  prone  to  be  produced  again  by  flight  caufes.  Mr.  Hey 
mentions  his  having  known  two  perfons  in  whom  this  dift 
location  frequently  happened.  Not  only  yawning,  but  even 
opening  the  mouth  incautioufly  in  eating,  would  caufe  the 
accident.     P.  326,  edit.  2. 

When  a  luxation  of  the  jaw  is  to  be  reduced,  the  patient 
fhould  (it  on  a  low  ftool,  with  his  head  refling  on  the  breafl 
of  an  affillant.  In  this  pofition  of  the  patient,  the  furgeon's 
hands  are  on  a  level  with  the  mouth,  which  is  advantageous, 
becaufe  he  is  not  obliged  to  elevate  them,  and  confequently 
can  act  with  greater  force  on  the  jaw.  The  furgeon,  after 
guarding  his  thumbs  with  hnen,  or  a  thick  pair  of  gloves, 
is  to  introduce  them  into  the  mouth,  and  place  them  as  far 
back  as  poflible,  on  the  great  molares,  at  the  fame  time 
bending  under  the  chin  the  four  fingers  of  each  hand. 
The  jaw,  being  thus  grafped,  is  to  be  moved  in  the  manner 
of  a  lever,  the  grinders  being  pnflied  downwards  and  the 
chin  upwards.  No  fooner  ace  the  condyles  thus  extricated 
from  under  the  zygomatic  proceffes,  than  the  mufcles  dravr 
them  up  into  their  proper  places  again,  with  con fiderable  force 
and  fuddennefs.  This  takes  place  fo  rapidly,  that  the 
furgeon's  thumbs  would  be  in  danger  of  injury,  if  he  were 
to  negleft  to  move  them  quickly  outwards,  and  place  them 
between  the  cheek  and  the  jaws. 

After  the  reduftion,  the  four-tailed  bandage  for  the  lower 
jaw  is  to  be  applied,  as  in  cafes  in  which  this  bone  is 
broken.  (Sec  Plate  V.)  In  the  plate  jult  referred  to, 
however,  it  is  proper  to  mention,  that  the  centre  of  the 
bandage  fhould  have  been  placed  exaftly  on  the  chin,  an 
effential  circumftancc,  as  this  is  the  point  farthcfl  from  the 
centre  of  motion,  and  confequently  that  where  the  bandage 
can  operate  with  the  moll  power  in  keeping  trlie  bone  motion- 
lefs.  During  the  firil  days,  the  patient  fhould  only  b» 
allowed  liquid  food,  or  fuch  as  requires  no  maltication. 

4  (^  Whw 


LUXATION. 


When  unufual  difficulty  occurs  in  difengaging  the  condyles 
from  under  the  zygomatic  procefres,  owing  to  the  refillance 
of  the  mufcles,  Le  Cat's  plan  for  overcoming  and  fatiguing 
thefe  powers  may  be  purfued  ;  it  confifted-'in  introducing  a 
fmall  Hick  between  the  teeth,  and  ufing  it  as  a  lever  for 
combating  the  aftion  of  the  mufcles,  until  they  were  quite 
exhaulled.  Here  the  furgeon  is  not  required  to  ufe  violence, 
which  might  break  the  teeth,  but  only  to  keep  up  a  mode- 
rate and  unremitting  extenfion  of  the  refilling  mufcles. 

According  to  Mr.  Hey,  if  both  fides  of  the  lower  jaw  are 
deprefled,  while  one  fide  only  is  diflocated,  the  reduftion  of 
the  luxated  condyle  is  ratiier  prevented.  The  force  (hould 
be  applied  to  the  affefted  fide  alone.  See  Praft.  Obferv,  in 
Surgery,  p.  326,  edit.  2. 

JLii.valions  of  the  Verlebfie  — The  large  furfaces  by  which 
thefe  bones  touch  each  other  ;  the  number  and  thicknefs  of 
their  ligaments ;  the  ftrength  of  the  mufcles  lying  on  the 
column  formed  by  them  ;  the  fmall  motion  of  which  each 
vertebra  is  capable  ;  and,  lallly,  the  vertical  direftion  of 
their  articulating  procefles  (fays  Boyer),  render  a  luxation 
of  them  in  the  dorfal  and  lumbar  part  of  the  column  entirely 
impoflible.  A  violence,  though  ever  fo  confiderable,  cannot 
difplace  them,  without  firll  frafturing  them.  But  this  is 
not  the  cafe  with  the  cervical  vertebrae ;  the  extent  of  their 
articulating  furfaces  is  lefs  ;  the  ligamento-cartilaginous  fub- 
llance  which  unites  their  bodies  has  more  pliability  ;  the 
motion  of  their  articulations  is  greater  ;  and  their  articulat- 
ing furfaces  have  an  oblique  direftion,  which  allows  them  to 
have  an  obfcure  rotatory  motion.  Hence  luxations  of  the 
cervical  vertebrse  fometimes  prefent  thcmfelves  in  praftice. 
Boyer  has  feen  a  luxation  of  the  middle  cervical  vertebrae 
caufsd  by  a  violent  rotatory  motion  of  thefe  bones. 

Luxations  of  the  Head  from  the  jirjl  Vertebra. — The  jomts 
between  the  occipital  bone  and  iirft:  vertebra  of  the  neck, 
or  atlas,  are  itr-'ngthened  with  numerous  ligaments,  and 
only  admit  of  very  limited  motion.  We  have.no  inftance  of 
luxation  of  the  head  from  the  firft  vertebra  by  an  external 
caufe,  and  fuch  a  diflocation,  were  it  ever  to  happen,  would 
inftantly  deftroy  the  patient,  by  comprefliiig  and  injuring 
the  fpinal  marrow.  But,  as  Boyer  has  remarked,  nature, 
which  cannot  bear  fo  fudden  a  change,  is  habituated  to  it, 
when  it  takes  place  gradually,  and  the  fpinal  marrow  which 
would  be  fatally  hurt  by  a  fudden  didocation  of  the  head 
from  the  atlas,  is  capable  of  bearing  the  fame  kind  of  luxa- 
tion that  is  infenllbly  and  flowly  produced  by  difeafe. 

Luxations  of  tlic  Jirjl  cervual  Vertebra  from  the  Second. — 
The  motion  of  the  head  to  the  right  and  left  is  principally 
executed  by  the  firll  vertebra  turning  on  the  fccond.  The 
laxity  and  weaknefs  of  the  ligaments  between  thefe  bones, 
and  the  direftion  of  their  articular  proceffes,  tend  to  facili- 
tate this  kind  of  rotation,  which  motion,  indeed,  would  fre- 
quently be  carried  beyond  due  bounds,  and  a  diflocation 
happen  every  time  that  we  turn  our  heads,  were  not  the 
motion  confined  by  the  very  thick  ligaments  which  go 
from  the  fides  and  fummit  of  the  procelTus  denlatus  of  the 
fecond  vertebra  to  the  edges  of  the  great  occipital  hole. 
As  Boyer  obferves,  when  this  motion  is  forced  beyond  its 
proper  limits,  the  ligaments  are  torn,  and  the  lateral  parts 
of  the  body  of  the  firft  vertebra  glide  along  on  the  arti- 
culating horizontal  proceffes  of  the  fecond.  If  the  head  is 
turned  from  the  left  to  the  right,  the  left  fide  of  the  body 
of  the  vertebra  is  carried  before  its  correfponding  articulat- 
ing furface,  whilft  the  right  fide  falls  behind  its  correfpond- 
ing furface.  In  this  luxation,  fometimes  the  proceflus  den- 
tatus,  the  ligaments  of  which  are  broken,  leaves  tlie  ring, 
formed  for  it  by  the  tranfverfe  ligament  and  the  anterior 
iurch  of  the  firft  vertebra,  and  prefles  oa  the  fpinal  marrovr. 


In  other  examples,  it  doe«  not  quit  the  ring  ;  but  the  dia- 
meter of  the  vertebral  canal  is  always  diminiflied  at  the  place 
of  the  diflocation,  and  the  fpinal  marrow  injured  or  lacerated. 
It  is  readily  conceivable,  that  the  patient  cannot  furvive  an 
accident  of  this  nature,  every  wound  of  the  fpinal  marrow, 
in  fo  high  a  fituation,  being  quickly  fatal. 

The  celebrated  M.  Louis  found,  that  the  criminals  who 
were  in  his  time  hanged  at  Lyons,  periflied  by  the  luxation 
of  the  firft  vertebra  from  the  fecond ;  whilft  tliofe  hanged 
at  Paris  were  fuffocated  by  ftrangnlation.  He  difcovered 
that  the  caufe  of  this  difference  was  owing  to  a  rotatory 
motion  which  was  given  to  the  body  of  the  culprit  by  the 
executioner  at  Lyons,  the  moment  it  was  fufpended.  J.  L. 
Petit  mentions  an  inftance  in  which  a  boy,  between  fix  and 
feven  years  of  age,  vi-as  killed  in  an  inftant  by  a  luxation  of 
the  firft  from  the  fecond  vertebra,  brought  on  by  the  boy 
ftruggling,  whilft  a  perfon  was  raftily  lifting  him  up  by  the 
head.  This  laft  trick  cannot  be  too  feverely  condemned  as 
a  moft  dangerous  experiment. 

There  are  other  luxations  of  the  neck  not  followed  by 
death  ;  but  in  thefe  cafes,  the  diflocation  takes  place  in  the 
third,  fourth,  fifth,  or  fixth  vertebra,  and  only  one  articu- 
lating procefs  is  luxated.  Some  examples  are  quoted  by 
Boyer,  which  were  confidered  as  cafes  of  this  laft  defcriptioPf 
being  attended  with  a  diftortion  of  the  head  to  the  right  or 
left,  without  any  fpafm  or  rigidity  of  the  fterno-cleido- 
maftoideus  mufcle. 

When  luxations  of  the  cervical  vertebrs  produce  no 
fymptoms  indicating  a  dangerous  degree  of  preflure  on  the 
fpinal  marrow,  it  is  prudent  not  to  attempt  the  reduftion, 
as  the  patient  may  be  killed  in  a  moment  by  the  endeavour, 
in  confequence  of  the  fpinal  marrow  becoming  fuddenly  com- 
preffed  and  injured.  If  the  fymptoms,  however,  make  it 
probable  that  the  patient's  only  chance  of  life  depends  on 
altering  the  pofition  of  the  luxated  bones,  the  furgeon  ought 
cautioufly  to  attempt  the  reduftion.  Fortunately,  thefe 
cafes  are  as  unfrequent  as  they  are  perplexing,  and  we  ftiall 
omit,  as  uninterefting  to  the  praftical  furgeon,  the  ufual 
direftions  refpefting  the  mode  of  reducing  fuch  accidents. 
It  is  enough  for  the  furgeon  to  be  duly  aware  of  the  peril 
that  accompanies  the  attempt. 

Lu.vat'ions  of  the  Bones  of  the  Pihis. — Thefe  bones  are 
fcarcely  fufceptible  of  luxations.  The  os  facrum,  firmly 
fixed  between  the  two  ofTa  innominata,  cannot  poffibly  be 
diflocated.  The  os  coccygis  is  more  eafily  fraftured  than 
luxated.  The  latter  accident,  however,  has  fometimes  been 
obferved.  Boyer  has  feen  it  induced  by  floughing  and 
difeafe,  which  denuded  the  bone,  and  evinced  that  there  was 
a  fpace  of  nearly  two  inches  between  the  extremity  of  the 
facrum  and  the  bafe  of  the  os  coecygis.  But,  in  the  end, 
the  two  bones  grew  together  again.  Much  has  been  written 
by  authors  concerning  a  relaxation  and  yielding  of  the  fyro- 
phyfis  pubis  and  facro-iliac  articulations  in  the  advanced 
ftages  of  pregnancy.  We  leave  to  the  accoucheur  the 
determination  of  this  matter,  as  it  is  only  indireftly  cannefted 
with  the  fubjeft  of  luxations. 

When  we  ftated  that  the  bones  of  the  pelvis  were  hardly 
fufceptible  of  luxations,  our  meaning  was  of  courfe  confined 
to  the  effeft  of  ordinary  caufes.  Great  external  violence, 
afting  diieftly  on  any  part,  will  make  every  thing  yield. 
Thus,  in  tlie  fourth  volume  of  the  Memoirs  of  the  French 
Academy  of  Surgery,  an  inftance  is  recorded,  where  the 
right  OS  ilium  was  diflocated  from  the  facrum,  three  inches 
backwards,  by  a  fack  of  wheat,  weighing  three  hundred 
and  fifty  pounds,  falling  on  the  back  of  a  labourer.  The 
patient  died  on  the  twentieth  day,  and  the  luxation  was 
proved  by  difleftion.     The  pelvic  vifccra  were  found  in  a 

ilate 


LUXATION. 


ftate  of  inflammation,  with  matter  in  the  lower  region  of 
the  abdomen. 

Were  a  fimilar  accident  to  prefent  itfelf  to  the  prafiitioner, 
he  ought  to  have  recourfe  to  antiphlogiftic  means  ;  for  the 
danger  chiefly  depends  on  the  pelvic  vifcera  becoming  in- 
flamed. Copious  and  repeated  bleedings,  the  warm-bath, 
fomentations,  and  low  diet,  would  be  particularly  indi- 
cated. 

Luxations  of  the  Ribs. — The  ancient  writers  on  furgery 
have  furniflied  us  with  no  obfervations  concerning  difloca- 
tions  of  the  ribs,  and  obfervers,  who  have  publifhed  numerous 
fatts  relative  to  other  cafes,  make  no  mention  of  thefe  ac- 
cidents. Even  J.  L.  Petit  and  Duverney,  authors  of  more 
recent  date,  are  filent  on  the  fubjeft  ;  and  as  Pare,  long 
before  them,  had  diftinftly  treated  of  luxations  of  the  ribs, 
we  muit  afcribe  their  lilence  to  their  difbelief  in  the  pofli- 
bility  of  fucli  cafes. 

Whether  the  ribs  are  fufoeptible  of  diflocation  or  not, 
is  yet  an  unfettled  queftion. 

Ambrofe  Pare,  Barbette,  Junker,  Plainer,  and  Heifter, 
defcribe  the  accident  as  poffible.  Plainer  has  obferved  : 
"  Coftx  longe  frequentius  frangunUir,  quam  a  fua  fede 
movenlur.  Non  poifunt  in  exleriorem  partem  excidere, 
cum  oppofiti  proceffus  tranfverfi  vertebrarum  fummam  ilia- 
rum  partem  contineant,  nee  facile  furfum  vel  deorfum  verfus 
promoveri  poffunt.  Igilur  fi  moventur  is  inleriorem  partem 
propellunlur.."  Inftit.  Chir.  §  1149.  Plainer  aftually 
enters  into  a  detail  of  the  fymptoms  to  be  apprehended 
in  fuch  cafe  :  "  ciim  pleura  prematur,  gravis  inflammatio 
et  fpirandi  difficullas  fequitur."  In  a  memoir  inferted 
amongft  thofe  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Surgery  in  France, 
M.  Biittet  is  yet  more  pofitive  than  Plainer,  in  only  admit- 
ting the  luxation  forwards  ;  but  he  does  not  conceive  that  the 
accident  can  happen  to  all  the  ribs  with  equal  facility.  The 
upper  ones  are  protefted  by  the  fcapula,  and  the  lower, 
which  are  unfixed  and  very  moveable,  can  only  be  luxated 
with  great  difficulty.  He  thinks  that  diflocalions  can 
hardly  occur  to  any  of  thefe  bones,  except  the  four  or  five 
lower  true  ribs,  and  two  or  three  of  the  upper  falfe  ones, 
which  lall  are  more  fufceptible  of  difplacement,  in  confe- 
quence  of  not  being  fupported  by  the  fternum.  On  the 
other  hand,  Boyer,  a  late  writer  on  diflocalions,  is  very 
pofitive  thai  the  ribs  are  exempt  from  thefe  accidents.  He 
tells  us,  that  he  fliould  have  obferved  the  fame  filence  on  the 
fubjeft  as  J.  L.  Petit,  did  not  a  cafe,  pubhfhed  in  the  Me- 
moirs of  the  Academy  of  Surgery,  after  the  death  of  that 
celebrated  praftitioner,  feem  to  eftablifh  the  poflibility  of 
fuch  cafes.  But  Boyer  contends,  that,  in  reading  this  ex- 
ample, it  is  obvious  the  furgeon  has  miftaken  a  frafture  of 
the  pofterior  end  of  the  ribs  for  a  diflocation.  If,  fays 
Boyer,  we  attend  to  the  number  and  force  of  the  Ugamenls, 
which  attach  the  ribs  to  the  verlebrse  and  fternum,  and  alfo 
to  the  manner  in  which  the  intercoftal  mufcles  confine  them, 
we  (hall  not  eafily  conceive  how  external  violence,  whether 
it  ads  on  their  middle  or  extremities,  can  luxate  them. 
They  are  fo  firmly  attached  to  the  furrounding  parts,  that 
it  is  very  difficult  to  feparate  them  from  the  body  in  the 
dead  fubjeft  ;  and,  in  preparing  Ikeletons,  we  often  break 
thofe  bones,  if  we  are  not  careful  to  cut  all  their  bonds  of 
union,  before  we  attempt  to  detach  them  from  the  parts  with 
which  they  are  articulated.  All  the  fymptoms  accompany- 
ing M.  Bullet's  cafe  indicate  a  frafture  of  the  neck,  or  pof- 
terior extremity  of  the  rib,  as  the  pain,  crepitation,  and 
motion  of  the  bone.  No  conclufion  could  be  drawn  from 
the  motion,  in  proof  of  a  luxation,  fince  the  frafture  (if  it 
were  fuch)  was  fituated  very  near  the  back  end  of  the  rib. 


and,  of  courfe,  the  whole  length  of  the  bone  would  feem  t« 
move  at  once. 

Boyer  excludes  from  confideration  cafes,  called  by  Lieu- 
taud  and  others  diflocalions  of  the  ribs,  which,  in  faft,  are 
only  feparations  of  the  ribs  and  dorfal  vertebra:  from  each 
other,  in  confequence  of  the  deftruftion  of  their  ligaments, 
&c.  by  difeafe. 

Luxations  of  the  Clavicle,  or  Collar-Bone. — Luxations  of 
the  clavicle  are  much  lefs  frequent  than  fraftures  ;  and  it 
was  ellimated  by  Default  that  the  latter  accidents  are  to  the 
former  as  fix  to  one.  As  far  as  our  own  experience  enable* 
us  to  judge,  diflocalions  are  even  more  uncommon  than  thi« 
calculation  reprefents. 

The  clavicle,  however,  may  be  luxated  either  from  the 
fternum,  or  the  acromion. 

Luxations  of  the  Jlernal  Erfd. — The  ftcrnal  end  of  the 
clavicle  may  be  diflocaled  forwards,  backwards,  or  up- 
wards, but  never  downwards,  in  which  laft  direftion  a 
luxation  is  prevented  by  the  cartilage  of  the  firft  rib.  The 
diflocation  forwards  is  by  far  the  moft  frequent,  and  may 
be  caufeJ  by  exctffive  motion  of  the  fcapulary  end  of  the 
clavicle  backwards.  Luxations  upwards  and  backwards  are 
very  rare.  The  former  can  only  be  occafioned  by  the 
fhoulder  being  puflied  violently  forwards  and  downwards, 
which  fometimes  happens  in  falls.  The  diflocation  back- 
wards is  the  moft  unufual  cafe  of  all. 

If  the  ftioulder  is  pufhed  violently  backwards,  the  fternal 
end  of  the  clavicle  is  propelled  forwards,  tearing  the  cap- 
fule  of  the  articulation,  the  anterior  ligament,  and  the 
tendon  of  the  fterno-cleido-maftoideus  mufcle.  Quitting 
the  furface  with  which  it  is  articulated,  it  flips  in  front  of 
the  upper  part  of  the  fternum,  and  produces  under  the  fliin 
in  this  fituation,  a  hard  prominence,  vihich  follows  the  mo- 
tion of  the  flioulder. 

When  the  flioulder  is  fuddenly  depreffed,  the  fternal  end 
of  the  clavicle  is  eafily  luxated  upwards,  as  there  is  nothing 
to  limit  its  motion  in  this  direftion,  except  the  inter-clavicu- 
lar ligament,  which,  being  relaxed  by  the  greater  conli. 
guity  of  the  two  bones,  is  not  capable  of  making  effcftual 
refiftance. 

In  the  luxation  backwards,  the  extremity  of  the  clavicle  ii 
carried  behind  the  fuperiorpart  of  the  fternum. 

The  fuperficial  fituation  of  the  clavicle  renders  eafy  the 
diagnofis  of  all  luxations  of  its  fternal  end.  When  the  dif- 
location happens  forwards,  a  hard  projeftion  is  felt,  or  even 
feen  on  the  anterior  and  fuperior  part  of  the  fternum.  Such 
projeftion  may  be  made  to  difappear  by  carrying  the  ftioul- 
der forwards  and  outwards.  In  the  place  which  the  head 
of  the  clavicle  ought  to  occupy,  an  empty  fpace  is  per- 
ceptible. 

In  the  luxation  upwards,  the  diftance  between  the  fternal 
ends  of  the  two  clavicles  is  leflened. 

If  the  luxation  is  backwards,  the  head  of  the  bone  formj 
a  tumour  at  the  interior  and  inferior  part  of  the  neck,  and  a 
depreffion  may  be  felt  in  the  place  which  it  ought  to  oc- 
cupy. The  head  of  the  bone  thus  difplaced,  may,  ai 
Monfieur  .7.  L.  Petit  has  obferved,  comprefs  the  trachea, 
oefophagus,  jugular  vein,  carotid  artery,  par  ■I'^gum,  i^c. 
fo  as  to  caufe  dangerous  fymptoms.  It  is  alfo  to  be  noticed, 
that,  in  diflocalions  of  the  fternal  and  of  the  clavicle  back- 
wards, the  head  is  inchned  towards  the  affefted  ftioulder. 

Luxations  of  the  fternal  extremity  of  the  clavicle  may 
be  reduced  by  making  a  lever  of  the  arm,  by  means  of 
which  the  ftioulder  is  firft  to  be  brought  outwards,  and  then 
puftied  forwards,  fuppoling  the  diflocation  to  have  happened 
in  that  direftion.  But  if  the  luxation  is  backwards,  the 
4  Q  2  (houldcr. 


LUXATION. 


fhoulder,  after  bcinp  drawn  outwards,  muft  be  carried  back- 
wards ;  or  upwards,  when  the  diflocation  is  in  the  fame 
direftion.  By  obferving  thefc  rules,  the  head  of  the  bone 
mav  be  replaced,  with  the  aid  of  a  liltlc  prclTure  of  the 
thumb.  But  ihoujrh  the  reduction  may  be  eafy,  it  is  dif- 
ficult to  maintain  it,  all  the  ligaments  being  torn,  and  the 
articular  furfaces  difpofcd  to  (lide  away  from  each  other,  on 
rtie  flightelt  motion  of  the  fhoulder. 

The  apparatus  ufcd  by  Default  for  fractures  of  the  cla- 
vicle is  to  be  employed  in  luxations  of  the  iternal  end  of  the 
bone.  (See  Fractures  of  the  Clavicle,  and  Surgical  Plate  IV.) 
The  flioulder  continues  to  be  kept  outwards  by  means  of  the 
eufhion  placed  in  the  axilla  ;  but  notwithftanding  the  ut- 
moft  attention  ou  the  part  of  the  furgeon,  the  head  of  the 
clavicle  cannot  be  prevented  from  being  fomewhat  nrore  pro- 
minent than  that  of  the  oppofite  fide.  Brafdon  propoft-d 
a  tourniquet  for  making  prefiiirc  on  the  luxated  extremity  of 
the  bone,  with  a  view  of  hindering  fuch  deformity,  though, 
according  to  Boyer,  it  will  not  anfwer  the  purpofe. 

Luxations  of  the  Scapulary  End  of  the  Clavicle. — Thefe 
cafes  are  much  Icfs  frequent  than  the  former,  owing  to  the 
very  great  ftrcngth  of  the  ligaments  binding  the  clavicle  to 
the  fcaptila.  The  fcapulary  end  of  the  clavicle  is  feldom  lux- 
ated in  any  direftion  except  upwards.  Boyer  admits  the  pofli- 
bility  of  the  accident  taking  place  downwards,  and  we  think 
■we  have  feen  an  inftance,  in  which  it  was  caufed  by  a  heavy 
brick  falling  on  the  flioulder  from  a  confiderable  height. 
There  was  no  crepitus,  and  the  end  of  the  bone,  which 
was  moveable,  was  obvioufly  depreffed  below  the  acro- 
mion. 

The  diflocation  upwards  is  that,  which  principally  de- 
mands the  attention  of  tb.e  praftitioner.  It  may  be  caufed 
by  falls,  in  which  the  violence  operates  on  the  extremity 
of  the  fhoulder.  The  fcapulary  end  of  the  bone  flips  up- 
vards  over  the  acromion,  which  laft  procefs  is  itfelf  a  little 
drawn  under  the  luxated  pari  of  the  clavicle,  when  the 
fhoulder  is  pulled  inwards  by  fuch  mufclcs,  as  have  the 
effect  of  bringing  the  arm  towards  the  trunk.  The  writer 
of  this  article  was  lately  ccnfnlted  in  a  very  manifeft  cafe 
of  diflocation  of  thf  fcap'jlary  end  of  the  clavicle.  The 
patient  was  a  young  gentleman  out  of  Yorkfhire,  where 
the  accident  had  happened,  and,  not  being  underitood,  was" 
left  unreduced.  When  the  cafe  was  brought  to  us,  it  was 
too  late  for  any  affiftance  to  be  rendered.  Fortunately, 
the  inconveniences  fuffered  were  nof  very  great.  The  pa- 
tient generally  inclined  his  head  towards  the  affefted  fhoul- 
der, and  experienced  a  degree  of  weaknefs  in  raifing  his 
arm  to  his  head  ;  but  even  thefe  infirmities  viere  gradually 
becoming  Ws. 

Boyer  conceives,  that  a  violent  action  of  the  trapezius  muf- 
fle, which  we  know  is  attached  to  the  outer  half  of  the 
clavicle,  rfay  have  a  fhare  in  producing  this  kind  of  difloca- 
lion,  efpecially  if  the  mufcle  fnould  forcibly  con'raftjuft  at 
the  moment  when  the  acromion  is  fixed  on  the  ground  or 
body,  againft  which  it  falls. 

The  diagnofis  of  the  accident  cannot  be  very  difGcult, 
fmce  the  end  of  the  clavicle  may  always  be  diflinflly  felt, 
forming  a  projedlion  under  the  fliin  that  covers  the  acromion. 
The  head  is  inc'ined  to  the  aflefted  fide,  and  the  pa- 
tient avoids  moving  the  arm,  in  confcnuence  of  fuJi  adtion 
occafioning  pain. 

The  diflocation  is  to  be  reduced  by  drawing  the  arm 
and  fhoulder  outwards,  and  pufhing-  the  difplaced  end  of 
the  clavicle  downwards.  Default's  apparatus  for  broken 
collar  bones  is  then  to  be  applied.  (See  FraSwe  of  tie 
Clavicle,  and  Plate  IV.)     The  eulhion  in  the  arm-pit,  when 


the  elbow  is  confined  neaf  the  fide  with  the  roller,  here 
acts  very  ufcfully  in  keeping  the  flioulder  outwards.  The 
turns  of  the  bandage,  which  go  from  the  elbow  to  the 
fhnulder,  fliould  alfo  be  made  to  aft  efpecially  on  the  outer 
end  of  the  clavicle,  fo  as  to  prefs  it  downwards. 

Luxations  of  the  Shoulder;  or  of  the  Humerus,  or  Os 
Brachii,  from  the  Scapula. — The  flioulder  joint  allows  the 
arm  to  be  moved  in  every  poflible  direftion,  and  as  tht 
ftrufture,  cflential  to  fo  great  a  latitude  of  motion,  hinders 
the  articulation  from  being  endued  with  the  flrength  and 
ffabihty  of  other  lefs  moveable  joints,  it  becomes,  of  courfe, 
a  very  prc-difpoling  caiife  of  diflocatious.  In  faft,  no  joint 
is  fo  frequently  luxated  as  the  fhoulder.  And  it  appears 
from  a  comparative  regifter,  kept  at  the  Hotel  Dicu  at 
Paris,  that,  during  feveral  years  diflocations  of  this  articu- 
lation equalled  in  number  the  lux.itions  of  all  the  other 
juints  together.     QLuvres  de  Default  par  Bichat,  tonr.  i, 

P-  341- 

Every  thing,  fays  tie  author   of  the   preceding  work, 

appears  to  facilita.e  the  efcape  of  the  bone  from  its  natural 
cavity,  i.  In  the  articular  furfaces,  a  fliallow  oval  cavity, 
which  receives  a  femi-fpherical  head  twice  as  cxtcnfive  as 
itfelf  in  the  perpendicular  direction  and  thrice 'as  broad 
from  before  backwards,  2.  The  only  ligament,  ftrengthen-  ' 
ing  this  joint,  is  a  mere  capfule,  which  is  thin  below,  the 
very  direftion  in  which  there  is  nothing  to  oppofe  a  luxa- 
tion, and  thicker  above,  where  the  acromion  and  coracoid 
proccfles,  together  with  the  triangular  ligament,  form  an 
almoft  infurmountable  obftacle  to  fuch  an  accident.  3.  With 
refpcft  to  the  mufcles  and  motions  of  the  flioulder,  we  have 
to  notice  numerous  and  itrong  fafciculi  around  the  joint, 
communicating  to  it  movements  eafily  performed  in  every 
direftion  ;  propelling  the  he&A  of  the  humerus  againfl:  dif- 
ferent points  of  the  capfule  ;  and  rupturing  the  latter  part, 
when  their  power  is  fuperior  to  its  refiflance.  4.  As  for  ex- 
ternal force,  what  bone  is  more  expofed  to  its  effefts,  par- 
ticularly in  the  labouring  claffes  of  fociety  ? 

Affeited  by  fo  many  different  pre-difpofing  caufcs,  the 
humerus  would  be  inceffantly  fnbjedted  to  diflocations,  did 
not  the  fcapula,  which  is  equally  moveable,  follow  <fll  its 
motions,  and  afford  it  a  point  of  fupport  differently  dif- 
pofed,  according  to  the  different  pofition  of  its  upper  end; 
In  fhort,  much  of  the  ftrength  of  the  joint  depends  upon  the 
double  moveablenefs  of  the  two  articul.ir  furfaces. 

Of  the  different  Kinds  of  Luxations  of  the  Shoulder.^ 
Though  this  joint  is  generally  much  difpofed  to  luxations, 
it  is  not  equally  fo  at  every  point.  There  are  fome  points 
at  which  the  accident  cannot  happen  at  all  ;  while  there  are 
others  at  which,  though  it  feems  pofilble,  it  has  never 
been  obferved.  Hence,  before  examining  the  mechanifm 
of  diflocations  of  the  fhoulder,  Default  endeavours  to  de- 
termine with  precifion  the  direftions  in  which  the  accident 
is  poflible.  He  adverts  to  the  confufion  exifting  among 
writers  on  this  fubjeft  ;  fome  of  whom  employ  different 
terms  to  exprefs  the  fame  thing  ;  while  others  have  affixed 
fimilar  names  to  things  which  are  eflentially  diflerent  and 
diftinft  from  each  other.  With  regard  to  fome  kinds  of 
luxations  they  all  coincide ;  concerning  others,  they  dif- 
agree !  Default  fiifl  divides  luxations  of  the  humerus  into 
two  kinds  ;  viz.  primitive,  wh.ioh  are  the  fudden  effect  of 
external  violence,  and  confecutive,  which  fucceed  the  former 
from  caufcs  hereafter  to  be  explained. 

The  fame  eminent  fnrgeon  then  dircfts  us  to  fuppofe  the 
oval  furface  of  the  glenoid  cavity  to  have  four  ftraight 
lines  drawn  at  its  fides,  in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram  ; 
one  reprefenting  the  upper  edge  of  that  cavity  ;  another, 

the 


LUXATION. 


tile  inferior  ;  a  third,  -the  intemal ;   an3  a  fourth,  the  ex- 
ternal. 

It  is  manifeft,  that  the  head  of  t!ie  humerus  cannot  be 
difplaced  towards  the  upper  edge  of  the  glenoid  cavity.  In 
that  direftion  the  acromion  and  coracoid  proceffes,  the 
triangular  hgament  ftrctched  between  ihem,  the  tendons  of 
the  biceps  and  fupra-fpinatus,  and  the  fiefliy  part  of  the 
dehoid  mufcle,  form  an  effeSual  refillance  to  any  force  pro- 
peUing  upwai-ds  the  head  of  the  bone.  Suppofing  a  luxa- 
tion in  this  direftion  were  to  happen,  the  head  of  the  bone 
mull  alfo  be  pulhcd  outwards,  a  thing  which  is  impoffible, 
becaufe  the  trunk  hinders  the  elbow  from  being  inchned  far 
enough  inwards  for  that  puipofe. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  three  remaining  edges  prefent  but 
little  refiftance.  At  the  lower  one,  the  long  portion  of  the 
triceps  ;  at  the  internal  one,  the  tendon  of  the  fubfcapu- 
laris ;  and  at  the  external,  the  tendons  of  the  infra-fpinatus 
and  teres  minor;  eafily  yield  to  a  force  direfted  againll 
them,  and  admit  of  primitive  luxations  taking  place,  eitlier 
downwards,  inwards,  or  outwards ;  downwards,  between 
the  tendon  of  the  fub-fcapularis  and  that  of  the  long  head 
of  the  triceps;  inwards,  between  the  fub-fcapulary  mufcle 
and  fofla  ;  and  outwards,  between  the  infra-fpinatus  mufcle 
and  fubjaccnt  part  of  the  fcapiila.  All  thcfe  modes  of  dif- 
placement  do  not  occur  with  equal  frequency,  as  will  be 
prefently  confidered. 

After  the  head  of  the  humerus  has  quitted  the  glenoid 
cavity,  and  flipped  in  one  of  thefe  three  direftions,  it  often 
clianges  its  iituation  again  ;  and,  in  this  event,  a  confecutive 
luxation  may  follow  a  primitive  one,  either  downwards,  or 
inwards;  but  never  that  outvvards,  were  fuch  a  cafe  to  oc- 
cur, becaufe  the  fpine  of  the  fcapula  would  prevent  it. 

According  to  Default,  a  confecutive  kixation  inwards  may 
fucceed  a  primitive  one  downwards,  as  there  is  nothing  to 
liinder  the  head  of  the  bone  from  palling  between  the  fub- 
fcapulary  mufcle  and  folfa.  On  the  contrary,  Ihould  it 
tend  outwards,  the  tendon  of  the  triceps  refifts,  and,  not- 
withftanding  the  flatement  of  Petit,  a  confecutive  luxation 
in  this  laft  direftion  never  happens. 

Sometimes,  when  the  head  of  the  humerus  has  efcaped  at 
the  internal  or  inferior  part  of  the  capfule,  it  is  carried  be- 
hind the  clavicle,  fo  as  to  form  a  confecutive  luxation  up- 
wards, a  cafe  which  was  noticed  by  Pare,  perhaps  by  Galen, 
and  a  fpecimen  of  which  was  preferved  in  Default's  raufeum. 
Here  the  feccondary  difplacement  only  takes  place  Howly, 
and  after  it  has  happened,  art  can  feldom  correft  it,  on  ac- 
count of  the  firm  adhefions  contradlcd  by  the  furfaces  of 
the  bone.  Thus,  in  the  example  referred  to,  a  new  cavity 
was  formed  behind  the  clavicle,  and  the  humerus  was  con- 
nected with  the  furrounding  part  by  a  kind  of  new  liga- 
ments. 

From  this  ftatement,  derived  from  Default,  it  follows 
that  the  humerus  is  fubjedl  to  four  forts  of  difplacement : 
I,  downwards;  2,  outwards.  In  thefe  directions  the  diflo- 
cation  is  always  primitive,  c*  Inwards,  which  may  be  either 
primitive  or  confecutive.  4.  Upwards,  in  which  direftion 
the  accident  can  only  happen  confecutively.  As  Default 
obfei-ves,  the  fecond  and  the  fourth  cafes  are  exceedingly 
rare,  compared  with  the  reft. 

Primitive  Luxations. — Thefe  are  caufed  by  falls  or  blows 
on  the  arm,  and  the  kind  of  diflocation  appears  to  be  deter- 
mined by  the  pofition  in  which  the  limb  happens  to  be  at 
the  moment  of  the  accident. 

If  the  arm  is  more  or  lefs  raifed  from  the  trunk,  without 
being  inchned  either  forwards  or  backwards,  and  the  patient 
fills  laterally,  the  weight  of  the  body,  being  almoft  entirely 
fupported  by  the  humerus,  forces  downwards  its  upper  end. 


which  lacerates  fhe  capfular  ligaments,  and  19  diflocate^ 
downwards.  The  occurrence  is  alfo  in  part  facilitated  by 
the  united  action  of  the  latilTimus  dorfi,  peftoralia  major, 
and  teres  major  mufclcs.  Thefe  are  in  a  (late  of  involun- 
tary aftion,  and  tend  to  draw  downwards  the  head  of  the 
hum.erus,  while  the  elbow  remains  fixed  on  the  ground  or 
furface  againft  which  it  has  fallen.  Some  authors  believe, 
that  a  violent  contraftion  of  the  deltoid  mufcle  may  alfo 
liave  a  (liare  in  luxating  the  fhoulder  downwards,  as  it  may 
tend  to  force  the  head  of  the  humerus  through  the  capfular 
ligament  towards  the  axilla.  Defat;lt  thinks  the  truth  of 
this  itatement  is  confirmed  by  many  obfervations,  and  quotes 
the  cafe  of  a  no'ary  whofe  (houlder  was  diflocatcd  down- 
wards, in  lifting  up  -a  heavy  regiilcr  book. 

The  manner  in  which  a  primitive  luxation  inwards  is  pro- 
duced, is  little  different  from  that  of  the  foregoing  cafe. 
The  elbow,  at  the  moment  of  the  fall  or  blow,  is  both  fepa- 
rated  from  the  trunk  and  carrird  hackivards.  The  weight 
of  the  body  acts  upon  the  humerus,  the  anterior  portion  of 
the  capfular  ligament  gives  way,  and  the  head  of  the  bone 
is  didocatcd  forwards. 

The  luxation  outwards  oan  only  be  ocrafioned  when  the 
elbow  is  inclined  forwards,  towards  the  oppofite  fhoulder. 
If  the  force  is  fufhcieutly  great,  the  outer  part  of  the  cap- 
fular ligament  is  lacerated,  and  tlio  head  of  the  humerus 
difplaced.  But,  fays  Default,  what  can  fuch  power  be  ? 
In  a  fall,  when  the  arm  is  forced  againft  tlie  fide,  it  cannot' 
be  moved  far  enougli  to  caufe  a  laceration  of  the  capfule. 
Hence  this  eminent  lurgeon  concluded,  that  luxations  of  the 
head  of  the  humerus  outwards  muft  be  ^ry  uncommon 
cafes.  None  are  recorded  by  furgical  writers,  and  Default 
himfelf  had  never  obferved  fuch  an  accident.  Befides,  it  is 
worthy  of  attention,  that  when  in  falls,  the  arm  feparated 
from  the  fide  is  inclined  either  forwards  or  backwards,  the 
weight  of  the  body  only  operates  upon  it  obliquely,  and 
it  is  little  ai?ted  upon  by  the  latiflimus  dorfi,  peftoralis  ma- 
jor, and  teres  major  mufcles.  Hence  no  difiocati.ms  of  the 
flioulder  are  fo  frequeiit  as  thofe  downwards,  in* the  pro- 
duftion  of  which  cafes  the  infijence  of  the  weight  of  the 
body,  and  of  the  action  of  the  mufcles  is  direft.  However, 
the  luxation  inwards  is  not  uncommon,  and  many  of  De- 
fault's cafes  prove  the  poiliLiility  of  a  primitive  diflocation  of 
this  kind,  notwithftanding  feveral  modern  authors  hnv9 
doubted  it,  by  believing  with  Hippocrates,  that  originally  all 
luxations  of  the  ftiouider  happen  downwards. 

It  fometimes  happens,  that  the  lacerated  opening  in  the 
capfular  ligament  fuffices  for  the  pad'age  of  the  head  of  the 
bone  from  the  glenoid  cavity,  but  immediately  afterwards 
contracting,  is  not  large  enough  to  admit  of  its  retuiti. 
This  practical  faft  was  lirft  noticed  by  Default,  who  lias 
pubiiflied  two  examples  of  it  in  his  journal.  Such  cafes 
have  ficce  been  very  frequent  at  the  Hotel  Dieu,  at  Paris. 

Confecutive  Luxations. — When  a  confecutive  luxation  fuc- 
ceeds  a  primitive  one,  many  caufe?  may  concur  in  producing 
this  change.  If  a  fecond  fail  ihoidd  happen,  the  elbow 
being  feparated  from  the  fide,  the  head  of  the  bone  may* 
eafily  be  forced  out  of  the  place  into  which  it  was  firll 
thrown.  A  cafe  illuftrating  this  obfervaiion  is  related  in 
Les  CEuvres  Chir.  de  Default  par  Bichat,  torn.  i.  p.  350. 

The  adlion  of  the  mufcles  is  a  permanent  caufe  of  a  fre(h 
difplacement.  When  the  humerus  is  diflocated  downward?, 
the  pectoralis  major,  and  the  inner  portion  of  the  deltoid, 
pull  its  upper  portion  inwards  and  upwards. 

Various  movements  communicated  to  the  arm  may  alfo 
produce  a  change  in  the  pofition  of  the  luxated  head  of  the 
bone,  according  to  their  direftion.     Thus  a  liuation  in- 


LUXATION. 


wards  has  frequently  fucceeded  one  downwards,  in  confe- 
quence  of  awkward  efforts  to  reduce  the  bone. 

Symptoms  of  Luxations  of  the  Shoulder. — In  general,  the 
diagnofis  of  luxations  of  the  flioulder  is  not  attended  with 
much  difficulty.  As  Hippocrates  has  obferved,  whatever 
may  be  the  mode  and  fituation  of  the  difplacement,  a  mani- 
feft  deprefhon  may  always  be  perceived  under  the  acromion, 
which  procefs  feems  to  projcA  more  than  in  the  natural  Hate. 
Moving  the  humerus  is  very  painful,  and  indeed  moll  of  its 
motions  are  either  impeded,  or  very  much  limited.  The 
arm  cannot  be  moved  without  the  (houlder  being  alfo  moved, 
becaufe,  the  funftions  of  the  joint  being  prevented,  both 
thefe  parts  form  as  it  were  only  one. 

To  fuch  fymptoms,  common  to  all  diflocations  of  the 
Ihoulder,  are  to  be  added  thofe  which  belong  to  particular 
cafes.  If  the  luxation  is  downwards,  the  arm  is  fomewhat 
longer  than  in  the  natural  ftate ;  it  may  be  moved  a  little 
way  outwards ;  but  every  attempt  to  carry  it  forwards  or 
backwards  inevitably  occafions  acute  pain.  The  elbow  is 
more  or  lefs  raifed  from  the  axis  of  the  body  by  the  aftion 
of  the  deltoid,  the  long  portion  of  the  biceps,  and  the  fupra- 
fpinatus  mufcles,  which,  being  on  the  ftretch,  contrad  and 
inchne  the  bone  outwards.  In  order  to  avoid  the  pain 
arifing  from  this  pofition,  the  patient  leans  towards  the 
affefted  fide,  keeps  his  fore-arm  half-bent,  and  reds  his 
elbow  on  his  hip,  fo  that  the  arm  may  have  a  fixed  point  to 
hinder  all  painful  motions  of  the  hmb.  By  tliis  attitude 
done.  Default  was  accuftomed  to  recognize  a  luxation 
downwards,  and  he  was  feldom  deceived.  Befides  thefe 
circumilances,  v^  have  to  mention,  that  the  diflocated  head 
of  the  bone  always  produces  a  hard  and  more  or  lefs  evident 
prominence  in  the  hollow  of  the  axilla. 

In  addition  to  the  fymptoms  common  to  all  luxations  of 
the  (houlder,  the  diflocation  inwards  prefents  the  following  : 
the  elbow  is  feparated  from  the  ilde,  and  carried  a  little 
backwards ;  the  humerus  appears  to  be  direfted  towards  the 
middle  of  the  clavicle  ;  moving  the  limb  backwards  is  not 
•very  painful,  but  carrying  it  forwards  is  exquifitely  fo  ;  a  ma- 
nifefl:  prominence  may  be  noticed  under  the  peftoral  mufcle; 
the  arm  is  fcarcely  longer  than  in  the  natural  ftate  ;  and  the 
patient's  attitude  refembles  that  of  the  foregoing  cafe. 

Were  a  didocation  outwards  ever  to  happen,  it  would  be 
particularly  chai-afterized  by  a  hard  tumour  under  the  fpine 
of  the  fcapula,  by  the  inclination  of  the  elbow  forwards, 
and  its  feparation  from  the  fide  ;  and,  laftly,  by  the  length 
of  the  limb  appearing  a  httle  increafed. 

A  luxation  upwards  would  be  announced  by  a  projeftion 
behind  the  clavicle,  an  obvious  (hortening  of  the  arm,  and  its 
unnatural  direction. 

It  is  frequently  much  more  eafy  to  afcertain  the  exiftence, 
than  the  fpecies,  of  luxation  of  the  (houlder.  Indeed,  fome- 
times  it  is  a  moll  difBcult  matter  to  determine,  whether  a  diflo- 
cation inwards  is  primitive  or  confecutive,  as  the  apparent 
phenomena  of  each  cafe  are  alike.  The  judicious  and  expe- 
rienced Default  taught,  that  this  iiiterefting  point  is  only 
capable  of  being  elucidated  by  attention  to  the  hiftory  of  the 
eafe,  and  the  order  in  which  the  fymptoms  prefented  them- 
felves.  This  excellent  furgeon  reprefents  the  diftindion  as 
of  much  practical  importance,  fince  the  proper  mode  of  re- 
ducing the  two  cafes  is  different,  the  head  of  the  bone  having 
to  defcribe  a  very  (hort  track  in  the  primitive  luxation,  and 
a  more  circuitous  one  in  that  which  is  conlecutive. 

Diflocations  of  the  flioulder  do  not  commonly  give  rife  to 
any  accidental  bad  or  troublefome  fymptoms.  Sometimes, 
immediately  after  the  occuirence,  the  joint  is  affedted  with  a 
great  deal  of  iwelhng  ;  but  this  complaint  generally  fubfides 
very  quickly,  under  the  ufe  of  the  aqua  vegeto-mineralis. 
J2 


In  certain  inllances,  the  prelTure  of  the  head  of  the  bone 
on  the  axillary  glands  and  veins  produces  an  oedema  of  the 
whole  limb.  Default  feldom  obferved  this  happen,  except 
where  the  reduftion  had  been  delayed.  The  treatment  he 
recommends  is  to  apply  a  roller  to  the  limb,  after  reducing 
the  head  of  the  bone. 

Another  .iccident,  which  was  feveral  times  obferved  by 
this  dillinguiiiied  furgeon,  is  a  paialyfis  of  the  limb,  occa- 
fioned,  in  the  luxation  inwards,  by  the  preflTure  of  the  head 
of  the  bone  on  the  axillary  plexus  of  nerves.  In  fome 
inftances,  this  affeAion  proved  incurable  ;  in  others,  it  yield- 
ed to  the  employment  of  llrong  ammoniacal  liniments.  A 
few  obllinate  cafes  were  cured  by  making  an  iffue  jull  over  the 
clavicle  by  means  of  the  moxa  ;  but  this  laft  method  was  as 
frequently  unaviiliig  as  fuccefsful. 

Rediid'ion  of  Luxations  of  the  Shoulder. — The  infinite  variety 
of  modes  propofed  for  rediif  ingdiflocationsof  thefliouldermay 
be  referred  to  two  general  claffes.  Some  confifl  in  replacing, 
by  a  mechanical  force,  the  head  of  the  humerus  in  the  cavity 
from  which  it  has  efcaped,  whether  previous  extenfion  be 
made  or  not.  Others  are  reftrifted  to  difengaging  the  head 
of  the  humerus  from  tin-  fituation  which  it  accidentally  oc- 
cupies, and  the  redutlion  is  left  to  be  accompliflied  entirely 
by  the  aftion  of  the  mufcles. 

The  hiftory  of  all  the  methods  intended  to  operate  on  the 
firft  principle  would  be  tedious  and  unprofitable.  Suffics 
it  to  (late,  that  almoft  all  of  them  atl  in  the  following  man- 
ner. Something  being  placed  under  the  axilla,  ferves  as  a 
fulcrum,  on  which  the  arm  is  moved  in  the  \.  ay  of  a  lever, 
the  refiftance  being  the  luxated  head  of  the  humerus,  and 
the  power  being  applied  either  to  the  lower  part  of  this  bone 
or  to  the  wrift.  It  was  in  this  manner  that  the  ambi  of 
Hippocrates  afted,  that  machine  fo  renowned  even  in  modern 
times,  and  of  which  numerous  modifications  have  been  de- 
vifed  by  Paulus  ./Egineta,  Ambrofe  Pare,  Duverney,  Freke, 
&c.  By  fuch  an  apparatus,  the  head  of  the  humerus  was 
at  once  direfted  towards  the  glenoid  cavity  of  the  fcapula, 
and  difengaged  from  its  unnatural  fituation. 

Extenfion  of  the  arm  ufually  produces  this  fecond  effeft, 
and  has  been  accomphlhed  in  a  variety  of  ways.  Some- 
times the  weight  of  the  body  on  one  fide,  with  the  dragging 
of  the  diflocated  limb  on  the  other,  ferved  to  make  the  ex- 
tenfion. It  was  on  this  principle  that  the  ladder,  the  doof, 
and  the  ftick  operated,  as  defcribed  by  Hippocrates  in  hi» 
,  treatife  on  fraftures,  and  repeated  by  all  fubfequent  writers. 
On  other  occafions,  the  trunk  has  been  immuveably  fixed, 
while  the  arm  was  forcibly  extended.  This  was  the  mode 
purfued  in  employing  the  machines  defcribed  by  Oribafius. 

Sometimes  no  perceptible  extenfion  at  all  was  made,  and 
the  head  of  the  humerus,  being  propelled  outwards  by 
fomething  put  under  the  axilla,  was  pu(hed  by  the  furgeon 
at  once  into  the  glenoid  cavity. 

With  Default,  we  fliall  abftain  from  entering  into  a  par- 
ticular explanation  of  the  objeftions  to  the  preceding  me- 
thods. Petit  and  B.  Bell  have  already  detailed  their  difad- 
vantages.  Whoever  confiders  that  the  head  of  the  bone  has 
efcaped  through  the  ruptured  and  lacerated  capfular  liga- 
ment, and  that  it  is  impofiible  to  know  precifely  the  exaft 
fituation  of  the  opening,  muft  perceive  how  abfurd  it  is  to 
attempt  to  direft  the  head  of  the  bone  to  it  by  any  artificial 
force. 

However  well  covered  with  foft  materials  the  body  may 
be,  which  is  put  under  the  axilla  for  the  purpofe  of  ferving 
as  a  fulcrum,  an  unpleafant  chaffing,  or  even  dangerous  de. 
grees  of  ftretchingand  laceration,  may  arife  from  its  applica- 
tion, when  the  trunk  is  fufpended  over  it,  as  in  the  employ- 
ment of  the  door,  ftick,  &c.     Bv  fuch  praftice.  Petit  faw 

thf 


LUXATION. 


ihe  neck  of  the  humerus  frafturej,  aiid  the  axillary  artery- 
ruptured,  fo  that  an  aneurifm  was  the  confequciice. 

A  wife  objection,  alfo  made  by  Default  to  the  ufe  of  any 
apparatus  of  the  foregoing  kinds,  is,  that  few  furgeons  are 
provided  with  the  inftrument,  and  therefore  much  iifeful  time 
would  be  loft  in  procuring  it,  when  the  eafe  is  adtually  wait- 
ing for  relief.  Befides,  fays  he,  when  the  luxation  is 
confecutive,  how  can  any  mechanical  contrivances  have  the 
efieil  of  drawing  back  the  head  of  the  bone  through  the 
track  by  which  the  difplacement  has  taken  place  ?  For  in- 
ftance,  if  a  luxation  inwards  has  fucceeded  one  downwards, 
the  head  of  the  bone  ought  to  be  drawn  downwards  before 
being  replaced  in  its  natural  cavity.  How  can  the  dircftion 
of  the  extenlton  be  varied  accordingly  ?  It  is  likewife  to  be 
obfcrved,  that  every  apparatus  alluded  to  refifts  the  aftion  of 
the  raulcles,  which,  in  fa£t,  ought  to  be  the  principal  agent 
m  the  reduftion.  Were  a  luxation  ever  to  happen  upwards, 
no  apparatus  could  anfwer,  as  muft  be  moft  evident. 

No  doubt,  however,  when  the  head  of  the  humerus  is 
luxated  downward?,  and  is  not  Gtuated  far  from  the  glenoid 
cavity,  the  machines  to  which  we  have  alluded  will  often 
ferve  to  effeft  the  reduftion  with  tolerable  facility.  But  in 
fuch  cafes,  there  is  no  real  occafion  for  artificial  contrivances, 
as  natural  means  will  be  found  quite  fufficient.  In  (hort,  the 
reduftion  may  be  executed  with  the  hands,  and  with  this 
advantage,  that  the  direftion  of  the  movements  may  be  re- 
gulated aad  varied  with  more  precifion. 

The  follo)ving  method  was  fiequently  purfued  by  Default 
with  fuccefs  :  the  patient  fat  on  a  chair  of  middling  height  : 
Default  placed  the  hand  of  the  luxated  hmb  between  his 
knees,  which  he  moved  backwards,  fo  as  to  make  extenfion, 
and  difengage  the  head  of  the  bone,  while  an  affiftant  held 
back  the  trunk,  and  made  the  requifite  counter-extenfion. 
Default  now  took  hold  of  the  upper  part  of  the  humerus 
with  both  his  hands,  and  pufhed  its  head  upwards  and  a  little 
outwards  into  the  glenoid  cavity. 

This  mode  is  mentioned  by  Petit,  though  complicated 
with  the  employment  of  a  napkin,  which  was  put  under  the 
axilla,  and  over  the  furgeon's  neck,  who  forced  upwards  the 
head  of  the  bone  by  drawing  back  his  head. 

In  recent  luxations  of  the  fhoulder  downwards.  Default 
fometimes  often  found  even  a  more  fimple  plan  anfwer  :  he 
put  his  left  hand  in  the  axilla  to  ferve  as  a  fulcrum,  while, 
with  the  right,  which  was  applied  to  the  lower  and  external 
part  of  the  arm,  he  moved  the  humerus  towards  the  trunk, 
at  the  fame  time  pufhing  the  bone  upwards.  By  this 
double  movement,  direfted  upwards  and  outwards,  the 
head  of  the  humerus  is  put  into  its  natural  fituation.  See 
CEuvres  Chirurgicales  de  Default,  par  Bichat,  torn.  i. 
p.  363,  364. 

Mr.  Hey  notices,  that  if  the  head  of  the  os  humeri  re- 
mains in  the  axilla,  and  not  far  removed  from  the  gle- 
noid cavity,  the  redudlion  may  fometimes  be  executed 
with  a  very  fmall  degree  of  extenfion.  Thus,  in  the  relation 
of  ©ne  cafe,  he  obferves :  "  after  I  had  put  every  thing  in 
proper  order  for  the  reduftion,  I  defired  the  alTiftants,  who 
were  to  make  the  extenfion,  to  keep  the  arm  elevated  at  a 
right  angle  with  the  body,  till  I  rtiould  direft  them  to  begin 
the  extenfion.  In  doing  this,  they  kept  the  arm  a  little 
upon  the  ftretch,  waiting  for  my  orders.  While  tlie  arm  was 
in  this  ftate,  I  placed  my  fingers  below  the  head  of  the  bone, 
that  I  might  be  ready  to  co-operate  with  them  ;  and  prelling 
my  fingers  upwards  into  the  axilla,  that  I  might  feel  the 
kead  of  the  bone  diftindlly,  the  reduftion  was  unexpeftedly 
made  by  this  gentle  effort."  Praft.  Obferv.  in  Surgery, 
p.  295 — 226,  edit.  2. 
The  fame  experienced  furgeon  once  faw  a  luxated  fhoulder 


reduced  by  the  mere  efforts  of  the  patient,  who,  whilt 
preparation  for  the  reduftion  was  making,  walked  about  in 
pain,  and  after  placing  his  hand  on  the  back  of  a  chair,  anil 
moving  his  body  in  different  direftions,  cried  out,  as  if  hurl 
more  than  ufual.  He  then  fat  down,  and  faid  that  he  was  eafy, 
and  could  move  his  arm  belter.  In  fhort,  the  bone  wa» 
aftually  reduced.      P.  297.  op.  cit. 

Redudion  of  Luxations  of  the  Shoulder  by  Meant  of  Extenfion, 
at  praSifed  by  Default. — There  muft  be  an  adequate  nun»- 
berof  affiftants,  in  order  to  incrcafe,  according  to  neceffity, 
the  force  wliich  is  to  overcome  the  refiftance  experienced  ; 
but,  in  general,  two  are  quite  fufficient.  A  thick  pad 
ftiould  be  procured,  for  the  purpofe  of  guarding  the  mar. 
gins  of  the  axilla  from  injury  ;  and  the  affiftants  fhould  be 
furnifhed  with  a  fheet,  doubled  into  folds,  about  four  inches 
in  breadth,  and  alfo  with  a  towel  folded  in  the  fame  manner. 

The  patient  is  to  fit  on  a  lowifh  chair,  or  he  may  be  laid 
on  a  ftrong  immoveable  table.  Default  long  followed  the 
firft  of  thefe  modes,  according  to  ordinary  cuftom,  though, 
as  Bichat  remarks,  it  is  not  in  every  refpcft  the  moft  ad- 
vantageous. In  the  fitting  polture,  indeed,  the  arm  may  be 
very  well  extended  tranfverfely  ;  but  if,  as  often  happens,  it 
IS  neceffary  to  direft  the  extenfion  upwards  or  outwards,  the 
afllftant,  being  then  obliged  to  raife  or  lower  himfelf,  does 
not  poffefs  equal  power  in  the  new  poftuie,  and  finds  himfelf 
embarraffed,  and  incapable  of  varying  the  diredion  of  the 
extenfion,  according  as  the  furgeon  may  think  beft. 

As  for  the  patient,  he  finds  fuch  pofture,  in  which  the 
trunk  is  only  partly  fupported,  much  more  irkfome  than  that 
in  which  the  cheft  lies  equally  upon  an  horizontal  furface. 
Motives  of  this  kind  induced  Default,  in  the  latter  years  of 
his  praftice,  to  renounce  the  fitting  pofition. 

The  patient's  pofture  being  arranged,  the  linen  pad  is  t» 
be  put  under  the  axilla  of  the  afFefted  fide,  and  the  middle 
of  the  folded  fheet  is  to  be  placed  on  fuch  comprefs,  while 
the  two  ends  are  tp  be  carried  obliquely  before  and  behind  the 
cheft  to  the  oppofite  fhoulder,  where,  being  held  by  an  affift- 
ant, they  ferve  to  fix  the  trunk,  and  to  make  the  counter- 
extenfion.  The  pad  hinders  the  fheet  from  prefGng  on  the 
margins  of  the  peftoralis  major  and  latiffimus  dorfi.  Were 
it  not  fo,  thefe  mufcles,  being  pulled  upwards,  would  draw 
the  humerus  in  the  fame  direftion,  and  defeat  the  extenfion, 
which  is  performed  as  follows. 

Default  made  two  affiftants  take  hold  of  the  fore-arm 
above  the  wrift,  or  elfe  he  caufed  the  folded  towel  to  be  ap- 
plied to  this  part,  and  confided  to  the  care  of  one  or  two 
affiftants,  who  were  to  begin  the  extenfion  in  the  fame  direc- 
tion in  which  the  diflocated  bone  lies.  This  firft  movement, 
intended  to  difengage  the  head  of  the  humerus  from  the  place 
in  which  it  happened  to  be  lodged,  was  followed  by  another, 
which  varied  according  to  the  kind  of  luxation.  When  the 
diflocation  was  downwards.  Default  gradually  brought  the 
arm  near  the  fide,  at  the  fame'inftant  that  he  pufhed  it  gently 
upwards.  By  this  artifice,  the  head  of  the  bone  was  inclined 
towards  the  glenoid  cavity,  into  which  it  generally  entered 
without  difficulty. 

When  the  luxation  was  inwards,  the  humerus  was  brought 
upwards  and  forwards,  after  the  firft  extenfion  in  the  direction 
of  the  bone  :  thus  its  head  was  directed  backwards.  Were 
a  luxation  to  occur  outwards,  it  woidd  be  neceffary  to  move 
the  humerus,  during  the  extenfion,  exaftly  in  a  direftion 
oppofite  to  that  recommended  in  the  foregoing  inftance. 

As  foon  as  the  head  of  the  humerus  has  been  difengaged 
by  the  firft  extenfion,  the  movement  communicated  to  the 
bone  by  the  fubfequent  extenfion  ought  in  general  to  be  pre- 
cifely  in  the  contrary  direftion  to  that  in  wliich  the  head  of 
the  bone  has  efcaped. 

Whem 


LUXATION. 


When  any  difficulty  feems  to  oppofe  the  reduftion,  the 
bone  fhould  be  moved  in  different  diiedlions,  after  the  requi- 
fite  cxtcnlion  has  been  made,  with  due  attention  to  the  prin- 
ciple juft  laid  down.  This  method  will  frequently  anfwer 
when  iimplc  extenfion  will  not,  the  head  of  the  bone  being 
condufted  by  the  movements  towards  the  glenoid  cavity. 

When  the  luxation  was  confecutive.  Default,  by  means 
of  the  firil  exlenfioii  in  the  diretSlion  of  the  diflocated  bone, 
brought  its  head  into  the  fituation  where  it  was  originally 
lodged,  aiid  Lc  '.hen  aftcdjuit  as  if  the  cafe  were  altogether 
a  primitive  one.  Very  often,  whether  the  accident  is  of  one 
kind  or  the  other,  can  only  be  diftinguifhed  at  the  time  of 
the  reduftion.  In  faft,  when  the  extenfion  is  well  managed, 
the  reduftion  moftly  happens  fpontaneoiifly,  and  if  the  head 
of  the  bone  is  luxated  inwards  conreeutively,  it  may  be  ob- 
ferved  defcending  a'.ong  the  infide  of  the  fcapula,  and  then 
pafTing  over  the  inferior  part,  and  afcending  towards  the  la- 
ceration in  the  capfule. 

It  has  been  ilnted  that  when  the  extenfion  is  properly  ma- 
naged, the  reduction  is  effected  almoll  fpontaneoufly.  What- 
ever  may  be  the  kind  of  primitive  luxation,  it  is  evident  that 
the  mufcles  furrounding  the  articulation  are  on  one  fide 
ftretched,  and  on  the  other  relaxed.  Hence  a  change  in 
their  contratlions,  and  in  the  dirediion  of  thofecontraftions, 
is  neceffarily  occafioned.  This  alteration  is  fuch,  that  if  the 
mufcles  aft,  inftead  of  pulling  the  head  of  the  bone  towards 
the  lacerated  capfule,  they  drag  it  in  quite  a  contrary  direc- 
tion, and  thus  produce  a  confecutive  luxation. 

But  it  is  very  different,  when,  by  means  of  extenfion,  the 
diredlion  of  the  aftion  of  the  mufcles  has  been  reftified. 
They  now  tend  to  pull  the  head  of  the  bone  towards  the 
ruptured  capfule,  ai>d  indeed  they  do  fo  with  much  more 
certainty  than  the  furgeon,  who  is  always  ignorant  of  the 
precife  fituation  of  the  opening  in  the  capfule.  On  the 
other  hand,  ^vhen  the  extenfion  is  ill  made,  and  the  natural 
direftion  of  the  mufcles  has  not  been  reftored,  the  head  of 
the  bone  is  forced  againll  another  part  of  the  capfule  ;  and 
hence  the  difficulty   of  reduiSlion  fo  frequently  experienced. 

It  follows  from  the  preceding  obfervations,  firit  ;  that  the 
whole  fliillin  the  treatment  of  luxations  is  to  make  the  ex- 
tenfion in  an  advantageous  direftion.  Secondly;  that,  in 
general,  what  has  been  termed  coaptation  is  almoft  always 
ufelefs.  Thirdly  ;  that  the  redaftion  of  a  luxation  does  not 
confift  in  putting  the  head  of  the  bone  into  its  cavity  again  ; 
but  in  placing  the  mufcles  io  a  ftate  in  which  they  are  enabled 
to  reduce  the  bone. 

B  .t  it  is  not  to  be  denied  that  there  are  cafes  where  the  ac- 
tion of  the  mufcles  being  p?rverted,in  cunfequence  of  the  long 
exillence  of  the  diflocation,  and  the  formation  of  adhcfions 
to  the  furrounding  parts,  it  becomes  neceilary  to  refort  to 
means  for  forcing,  as  it  were,  the  paffage  of  the.  head  of 
the  bone  into  the  glenoid  cavity. 

When  the  luxation  has  been  reduced,  the  arm  is  to  be 
kept  motionlefs  for  a  few  days,  left  the  head  of  the  bone 
ftiould  flip  out  of  its  place  again.  Surgeons  have  been  ac- 
cuftomed  to  apply  the  fpica  bandage,  though  without  theleaft 
reafon,  as  it  does  no  good  whatfoever,  becaufe  it  has  no  effeft 
in  confinmg  the  limb.  The  proper  praftice  is  to  keep  the 
arm  quiet,  and  clofe  to  the  fide  with  a  roller  and  fling.  De- 
fault himfelf  employed  the  bandage  defcribed  in  the  article 
Fracture.     See  FraHure  of  the  Clavicle. 

Method  adopted  hy  En^ltjh  Surgeons. — In  this  country,  fur- 
gical  praftitioners  always  reduce  diflocations  of  the  Ihoulder 
while  the  patient  is  in  a  fitting  polhire,  and,  initead  of 
imitating  the  French,  they  adhere  to  the  ancient  mode  of  ap- 
plying the  extending  force  to  the  hi-xated  bone  itfelf,  jutl 
above  the  elbow.     No  doubt,  they  have  been  more  influenced 


in  fuch  pradicc  by  the  authority  of  Mr.  Pott,  than  by  any 
real  advantage  attending  the  method.  According  to  the  no- 
tions oS  this  latter  gentleman,  "  all  the  force  ufed  in  reducing 
.the  luxated  head  of  a  bone,  be  it  more  or  lefs,  be  it  by 
hands,  towels,  ligatures,  or  machines,  ought  always  to  be 
applied  to  the  other  extremity  of  the  faid  bone,  and  as  much 
as  poffible  to  that  only."  Another  maxim  laid  down  by 
Pott  is,  that  in  order  to  make  ufe  of  an  extending  force  with 
all  poflible  advantage,  and  to  excite  thereby  the  lead  pain 
and  inconvenience,  it  is  neceffary  that  all  parts,  ferving  to 
the  motion  of  the  diflocated  joint,  or  in  any  degree  connefted 
with  it,  be  put  into  fuch  a  fiate  as  to  give  the  fmallell  pofli- 
ble degree  of  refiftance. 

"  This  (fays  Mr.  Pott)  I  take  to  be  the  firll  and  great 
principle  by  which  a  furgeon  ought  to  regulate  his  conduit 
in  reducing  luxations.  This  will  (hew  us  why  a  knowledge 
of  all  the  mufcular  and  tendinous  parts,  aiding  upon  or  in  con- 
neftion  with  the  articulations,  is  abfoluiely  neceHary  for  him 
who  would  do  his  bnfinefs  fcientifically,  wiih  fatisfaAion  to 
himfelf,  or  with  eafeto  his  patient.  It  will  fliew  us  that  the 
mere  pofition  of  the  limb  below  the  luxated  joint,  is  what 
mull  either  relax  or  make  tenfe  the  parts  in  connexion  with 
tiiat  joint,  and,  confequently,  that  poflure  is  more  than  half 
the  bufinefs.  It  will  ftiew  us  why  fomelimes  the  luxated  os 
humeri  flips  in,  as  it  were  of  its  own  accord,  by  merely 
changing  the  pofition  of  the  arm,  when  very  violent  attempts, 
previous  to  this,  have  proved  fuccef'^lefs.  It  will  fliew  us 
why  extending  the  arm  in  a  ftraight  line,  horizontally,  or  fo 
as  to  make  a  right  angle  with  the  body,  mufl  in  fome  in- 
ftances  render  all  moderate  attempts  fruitlefs.  Why  the 
method  of  attempting  reduSion  by  the  heel  in  the  axilla  is 
fo  often  fuccefsful,  notwithflanding  two  very  confiderable 
difadvantages  under  which  it  labours  ;  w'a;.  part  of  the  force 
being  lojl  in  theelloiv,  and  the  tenfe  ilate  of  one  head  of  the 
biccp5  cubiti.  Why  the  tying  down  the  fore-arm  in  tlie  com- 
mon ambi  is  wrong  for  the  fame  reafons.  Why  the  fore- 
arm fliould  at  all  times  (let  the  method  of  rcduftion  be  what 
it  muy)  be  bent ;  wa.  becaufe  of  the  refillance  of  the  long 
head  of  the  biceps  in  an  extended  poRurc.  Why,  when 
the  OS  humeri  is  luxated  forward,  or  fo  that  its  head  lies 
under  the  great  perioral  mufcle,  the  carrying  of  the  extended 
arm  backward,  fo  as  to  put  that  mufcle  on  the  ilretch,  ren- 
ders the  reduction  very  ditHcult  ;  and  why,  on  the  con- 
trary, the  bringing  the  arm  forward,  fo  as  to  relax  the  faid 
mufcle,  removes  that  difiiculty,  and  renders  reduftioii  eafy, 
&c." 

In  our  opinion,  fome  of  thefe  obfervations  do  not  fhew  the 
thing  intended,  quite  as  well  as  J.Ir.  Pott  feems  to  conceive. 
We  do  not  fee  how  all  the  parts,  in  connexion  with  a  jointf 
can  be  relaxed  by  pofture.  We  fee,  it  is  true,  how  bending 
the  elbow  relaxes  the  biceps,  but  then  it  puts  the  long  head 
of  the  triceps  on  the  ftretch,  wliich  may  alfo  rcfiil  the  re- 
duftion.  As  for  the  extending  force  being  kjl  in  the  elbow, 
when  applied  bclow  tlie  diflocated  bone,  we  have  endeavoured 
to  prove  the  error  of  the  fuppofition  in  our  general  remarks. 
With  refpeft  to  the  lall  part  of  the  foregoing,  we  think  the 
explanation  given  by  Bichat,  in  his  edition  of  Default's 
works,  more  corredt,  namely,  that  when  the  luxated  head  of 
the  humerus  lies  forward  under  the  pcftoral  mufcle,  carrying 
the  elbow  forwards  and  inwards  tends  to  throw  the  head  of 
the  hone  backwards  and  outwards,  and  then  the  mufcles  are 
enabled  to  aft  with  effeft  in  promoting  the  reduftion. 

To  the  truth  of  the  enfuing  remarks,   delivered  by   Mr. 
Pott,   we  have  pleafure  in  affenting.     That  in  the  reduftion 
of  fuch  joints  as  conilll  of  a  round  head  moving  in  an  aceta- 
bulum, or  focket,  no  attempt  ought  to  be  made  for  replacing  _ 
the  faid  head,  until  it  has  by  extenfion  been  brought  forth 

from 


LUXATION. 


from  the  place  where  it  is,  and  nearly  to  a  level  with  the  faij 
focket.  This  will  fliew  us  why  the  old  method  by  the  door, 
or  ladder,  fometimes  produced  a  fraClurc  of  tlie  neck  of  the 
fcapula,  Mr.  Pott  himfelf  has  feen  happen.  Wliy,  if  a  fuf- 
ficient  degree  of  extenfion  be  not  made,  the  towel,  over  tlie 
furgeon's  fhoulder,  and  under  the  patient's  axilla,  muft 
prove  an  iisipediment  rather  than  aivaffiftance,  by  thriiiling 
the  head  of  the  humerus  under  the  neck  of  the  icapula,  in- 
ftead  of  dircfting  it  into  its  focket.  Why  the  gommon  me- 
thod of  bending  the  arm,  that  is,  the  os  humeri,  downward, 
before  fufficient  extenfion  has  been  made,  prevents  the  very 
thing  aimed  at,  by  pufiiing  the  head  of  the  bone  under  the 
fcapula,  which  the  continuation  of  the  extenfion,  for  a  few 
feconds  only,  would  have  carried  into  its  proper  place. 
When  the  head  of  the  os  humeri  is  drawn  forth  from  the 
axilla,  and  brought  to  a  level  with  the  cup  of  the  fcapula,  it 
mull  be  a  very  great  and  very  unneceffary  addition  of  ex- 
tendinij  force,  that  will,  or  can  keep  it  from  going  into  it. 
All  that  the  furgeon  has  to  do,  is  to  bring  it  to  fuch  a  level ; 
the  mufcles  attached  to  the  bone  will  do  the  reft. 

A  very  juft  and  important  maxim,  inculcated  by  Mr.  Pott, 
a::d  indeed  by  every  judicious  furgical  writer  of  recent  date, 
is,  that  whatever  kind  or  degree  of  force  may  be  found  ne- 
cefTary  for  the  reduttion  ef  a  luxated  joint,  fuch  force 
be  employed  gradually  ;  that  the  leffer  degree  be  always  lirll 
tried,  and  that  it  be  incrczfed graiialim.  See  Pott's  Remarks 
on  Fratturcs  and  Diflocations,  vol.  i.  of  his  works. 

After  adverting  to  a  kw  impediments  to  the  reduftion  of 
diflocated  (houlders,  we  may  here  (not  abruptly  we  hope) 
take  leave  of  the  fubjecl,  without  expatiating  on  the  methodi 
purfued  in  this  countr)',  becaiife  in  faft  the  practice  of  De- 
fault, as  already  related,  differs  from  our's  chicily  in  the  ex- 
tenfion being  made  at  the  wrift.  If  v.e  fuppofe  the  elbow 
bent,  and  the  extending  force  applied  juft  above  ihe  joint,  it 
will  be  eafy  to  follow  the  diredlious  already  given,  with  re- 
gard to  the  manner  of  making  the  extenfion,  and  the  time 
and  mode  of  altering  the  polltion  of  the  bone  during  the 
procefs. 

We  fhall  conclude  our  account  of  diflocations  of  the 
fhoulder,  with  noticing  fome  circuinftances  which  may  tend 
to  render  the  reduftion  difficult. 

The  firft  to  which  we  ftiall  requcft  the  reader's  attention,  is 
the  narrownefs  of  the  lacerated  opening  in  the  capfular  liga- 
ment. The  pradlice  of  Default,  when  he  had  reaion  to 
fufpeCl  this  kind  of  impediment,  was  to  erideavour  to  di- 
late the  aperture  by  moving  the  humerus  very  freely  and 
forcibly  in  every  direftion,  and  pufliing  its  head  at  the  fame 
time  towards  the  glenoid  cavity. 

The  luxation  not  being  recent,  maybe  another  caufe  hin- 
dering the  reduflion,  and  is  fometimes  an  iiifurmountable 
obftacle  to  fuccefs.  The  luxated  head  of  the  bone,  after  a 
time,  contracts  adhefions  :  and  the  furrounding  cellular  fub- 
fta:ice  becomes  condei^fed,  and  converted  as  it  were  into  a 
new  kind  of  capfular  ligament,  which  confines  the  bone  in 
its  unnatural  fituation.  Molt  furgical  authors  recommend 
ti5  in  fuch  a  cafe  to  make  no  endeavour  to  put  the  bone  into 
its  place  again,  as  the  attempt  would,  in  all  probability,  fail, 
and  might  bring  on  ferious  confequences,  by  reafon  of  the 
violence  which  muft  be  exerted.  Default  once  profcfled  the 
fame  doctrine,  but  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life  experience 
led  him  to  a  bolder  praftice.  After  being  completely  fuc- 
cefsful  in  reducing  fome  luxations,  whicli  had  exilled  from 
fifteen  to  twenty  days,  he  was  encouraged  to  attempt  the 
reduftion  of  others,  which  had  happened  from  thirty  to  five 
and  thirty  days  ;  and  during  the  two  years  before  his  death, 
be  had,  in  Bichat's  prefence,  replaced  diflocations  of  the 
Jlioulder  after  ten  weeks,  and  even  three  months,  when  the 
Vox.  XXI. 


head  of  the  humerus  had  cfcaped  cither  at  the  inferior,  or 
internal  part  of  the  capfule.  Notwithftanding  the  long  con- 
tinued cxtenfions  which  were  employed,  there  were  none  of 
the  terrible  confequences  induced,  with  which  authors  have 
intimidated  the  generality  of  sraflitioners.  In  two  inftances, 
a  fudden  and  unaccountable  emphyferaa  of  the  fhoulder 
took  place,  which  yielded  to  the  ufe  of  a  bandage  and  the 
falurnine  lotion.     See  Qiuvres  de  Default  par  Bichat,  torn.  i. 

P-  377-  .      .  *       . 

In  cafes  of  this  kind,  bef  ire  the  extenfion  is  begun,  the 
hone  fhould  be  freely  moved  about  in  every  poflible  direftion, 
in  order,  in  the  firft  inflance,  to  break  the  adhefions,  lacerate 
the  condenfed  cellular  lubftance,  that  ferves  as  the  accidental 
capfule,  and  thus  produce,  as  it  were,  a  fccond  luxation  for 
the  purpofe  of  curing  the  firft.  The  means  for  extenfion 
are  then  to  be  apphed  as  ufual,  witli  an  increafed  numbsr  of 
afliftants.  In  theie  cafes  we  have  feen  the  multiphed  puljey 
ufed  with  advantage,  thougli  it  is  certainly  a  dangerous  ma- 
chine, unlefs  in  careful  hands. 

Frequently  the  firft  attempts  are  unavailing,  and  the  luxated 
head  of  the  bone  continues  immoveable,  in  the  niidft  of  the 
moft  powerful  efforts.  The  extenfion  is  then  to  be  flopped, 
and  the  bone  moved  about  again  in  all  direftions  ;  every  re- 
filtance  is  to  be  broken  ;  let  the  arm  defcribc  a  large  fcgmcnc 
of  a  cu'cle  in  the  place  which  it  occupies ;  and  let  it  be  ro- 
tated on  its  axis.  Then  let  extenfion  be  repeated  in  every 
direction. 

For  cafes  proving  the  occafional  efScacy  of  fuch  practice, 
we  muft  refer  to  Default's  Oiuvres  Chirurg.  par  Bichat, 
torn.  i.   p.  375. 

In  this  excellent  work  it  is  obferved  that,  fuppofing  the 
attempts  to  fail,  they  are  not  entirely  ufelefs  ;  for,  by  moving 
the  head  of  the  bone  fomewhat  towards  the  glenoid  cavity, 
or  even  juft  before  itj  they  give  the  limb  a  greater  freedom 
of  motion. 

A  third  obftacle  to  the  reduftion  of  all  luxations  arifes 
from  the  power  of  the  mufcles,  which  power  is  exerted  with 
violence  in  confequence  of  the  manner  in  which  thefe  organs 
are  ftretched.  Sometimes  the  refiftance  of  the  mufcles,  in- 
deed, abf'olutely  hinders  the  head  of  the  bone  from  being 
at  all  moved,  notwithftanding  the  extenfion  is  very  confider- 
able.  In  fuch  a  cafe,  bleeding  and  the  warm  halli  are  to  be 
tried,  in  order  to  bring  on  a  temporary  weaknefs  and  re- 
laxation, during  which  the  attempts  at  reduftion  may  be 
made  with  the  beft  profpeft  of  fuccefs.  But  a  ftiU  more 
certain  plan  is  long  continued  unremitting  extenfion,  which 
is  fure  of  fatiguing  the  refitting  mufcles,  and  as  foon  as  they 
are  worn  out,  the  bone  may  eafily  be  replaced.  Default  in 
certain  cafes  did  not  fucceed  before  the  half,  or  even  the 
whole  of  the  day  had  been  fpent  in  keeping  up  the  extenfion, 
by  means  of  his  apparatiis  for  the  broken  clavicle,  which 
apparatus  draws  outward  the  fhoulder  and  alfothe  muicies. 
(See  FuACTUKE  of  thi;  Clavide.)  The  mufcles  can  only 
fupport  a  violent  contraftion  a  certain  time.  To  pcrnnnent 
extenfion,  though  moderate  in  degree,  they  cannot  make 
long  reCflance,  they  become  fatigued,  they  are  incapable  of 
hindering  the  head  of  the  bone  from  being  moved  in  tiie 
defired  direftion,  and  the  reduftion  is  accomplilhcd. 

We  have  feen  that  Mr.  Pott  and  Default  have  particularly 
adverted  to  the  difEculty  of  reduftion,  arifing  from  the  bone 
being  prefledagainft  the  neck  of  the  fcapula,  when  the  elbow 
was  deprelTed,  before  the  extenfion  liad  fufHciently  difen- 
gaged  the  head.  Mr.  Hey  has  alfo  noticed  this  cbiiacle  to 
reduftion,  as  follows :  "  the  difficulty  of  reducing  a  diflo- 
cated humerus,  not  only  arifes  from  the  refiftance  or  com- 
prelTion  of  the  mufcles ;  but  alfo  from  the  refiftance  which 
is  made  by  the  preflure  of  the  glenoid  procefs  againft  the 
4  R  neck 


LUXATION. 


neck  of  the  humerus,  when  the  head  of  tlie  bone  lies  deep  in 
the  axilla  beyond  that  procils.  This  liindrancc_to  reduction 
vill  be  increafed  in  proportion  to  the  deprcihoii  "of  the  acro- 
mion ;  if  the  extenfion  is  made  in  a  horizontal  direftion. 
I'or  in  this  cafe  the  edge  of  the  jrlenoid  cavity  pitches  againll 
the  neck  of  the  humerus,  .and,  in  fome  degree,  prevents  the 
head  of  the  bone  from  advancing  forward-.  In  order  to  re- 
move this  hindrance,  ttie  licad  of  the  humerus  mud  be  lowered 
by  elevating  the  arm,  and  the  edge  of  the  glenoid  cavity 
raifed  from  the  neck  of  the  humerus  by  reprcilinn-  the  acro- 
mion." Mr.  Hey  then  ftates  that  he  has  now,  "for  feveral 
years,  preferred  the  method  rcconnnended  by  Mr.  Broni- 
iield,  for  repreffing  the  acromion  during  the  extenfion,  and  lie 
inlills  on  the  propriety  of  bending  the  fore-;irm,  before  ap- 
plying the  means  for  extenfion,  fo  that  the  biceps  may  be  re- 
laxcil  as  iiiueh  as  iKifTibic,  and  not  hinder  the  glenoid  cavity 
fio^being  reprefled.  See  Practical  Obfervations  in  Sur- 
gery, p.  299,  ^00.  edit.  2.  A  defcription  of  Bromfield's 
method  may  be  found  in  this  gentleman's  Cliirurgical  Ob- 
ferv.  and  Cafes,  vol.  i.  chap.  6.  p.  269. 

J.uxations  of  the  Elbow-joint,  or  of  the  Fore-arm  from  the 
Humerus — Here  authors  have  generally  defcribed  four  kinds 
of  diflocation  ;  r/s;.  backwards,  forwards,  outwards,  and 
inwards  ;  but  all  thefe  cafes  do  not  occur  with  equal  fre- 
quency, as  experience  proves,  and  the  llrudture  of  the  joint 
might  enable  us  to  anticipate. 

The  luxation  of  the  bones  of  the  fore -arm  backwards  are 
by  far  the  moll  common  ;  the  diflocation  of  them  forwards 
is  very  rare,  was  never  obferved  by  Default  or  Petit,  and 
indeed  cannot  happen  without  a  frafture  of  the  olecranon. 
I^uxations  inwards  or  outwards  are  alfo  not  frequent,  and 
when  they  do  happen  they  mult  alnioll  inevitably  be  incom- 
plete, in  confequence  of  the  great  extent  of  the  articular 
furfaces.  The  frequency  of  luxations  backwards,  compared 
with  that  of  lateral  diflocations,  is  eftimated  in  Default's 
vporks  by  Bichat  as  10  to  i.  The  luxation  forward  being 
fo  uncommon,  no  comparifon  whatever  is  afligncd.  The 
coronoid  procefs,  forming  only  an  inconhderable  curvature, 
cannot  make  any  vaft  relillance  to  the  afcent  of  the  olecra- 
non and  radius,  up  the  poilerior  part  of  the  humerus.  But 
the  kind  of  hook  which  the  olecranon  makes,  effedually 
hinders  this  procefs  itfelf  as  well  as  the  radius  from  flipping 
forwards  in  front  of  the  humerus.  Indeed,  as  we  have  al- 
ready oblerved,  a  luxation  in  this  direction  may  be  regarded 
as  impolhble,  without  a  fradure  of  the  olecranon.  The 
lateral  ligaments,  and  the  reciprocal  manner  in  which  the 
irregular  furfaiA-s  of  the  articulation  fit  each  other,  are  alfo 
ftrong  obftacles  to  lateral  diflocations.  Luxations  back- 
wards are,  as  we  have  faid,  by  far  the  moll  frequent. 

In  the  luxation  backwards,  the  radius  and  ulna  may  af- 
cend  more  or  lefs  behind  the  humerus  ;  but  the  coronoid 
proceis  of  the  ulna  is  always  carried  above  the  articular 
pulley,  and  is  found  lodged  in  the  cavity  deilined  to  receive 
the  olecranon.  The  head  of  the  radius  is  placed  behind 
and  above  the  external  condyle  of  the  humerus.  The  an- 
nular ligament,  which  confines  the  fuperior  extremity  of  the 
radius  to  the  ulna,  may  be  lacerated;  in  whi  h  cafe,  even 
when  the  bones  are  reduced,  it  is  difficult  to  keep  them  in 
their  proper  places,  as  the  radius  tends  conllantly  to  fepa- 
rate  from  the  ulna. 

I'his  luxation  always  takes  place  from  a  fall  on  the  hand ; 
for,  when  we  are  falling,  we  are  led  by  a  mechanical  in- 
llincl  to  bring  our  hands  forwards  to  protect  the  body.  If 
in  this  cafe  tlie  fuperior  extremity,  inllead  of  relling  verti- 
cally on  the  ground,  be  placed  obliquely  with  the  hand 
nearly  in  a  ftate  of  iupinatio;i,  the  repulfiou  which  it  receives 
from  the  ground  will  caufe  the  two  bones  of  the  fore- arm 


to  afccnd  behind  the  humerus,  whilft  the  weight  of  the 
body  prefllng  on  the  humerus,  directed  obUquely  down- 
wards, forces  its  extremity  to  pafs  down  before  the  coronoid 
procefs  of  the  ulna. 

The  fore-arm,  in  this  luxation,  is  in  a  ftate  of  half-flexion, 
and  every  attempt  to  extend  it  occafions  acute  pain.  The 
fituation  of  the  olecranon,  with  refpcct  to  the  ccmdyles  of 
the  humerus,  is  changed.  The  olecranon,  which  in  the 
natural  Rate  is  placed  on  a  level  with  the  external  condyle, 
which  is  itfelf  fituated  lower  than  the  internal,  is  even  higher 
than  the  latter. 

This  luxation  may  be  millaken  for  a  frafture  of  the  ole- 
cranon,  of  the  head  of  the  radius,  or  even  of  the  inferior 
extremity  of  the  humerus.  Such  a  millake  is  attended  with 
very  bad  confequences  ;  for  it  the  reduttion  be  not  effefted 
before  the  end  of  fifteen  or  twenty  days,  it  is  often  im- 
poflible  to  accomplifh  it  afterwards.  The  fwelling,  which 
iupervenes  in  twenty-four  hours  after  the  accident,  renders 
a  diagnofis  more  difficult  ;  but  the  olecranon  and  internal 
condyle  are  never  fo  obfcured,  that  the  dillance  between 
tliem  cannot  be  found  to  be  increafed,.  though  Boyer  makes 
a  contrary  affertion.  It  is  true,  that  tiie  rubbing  of  the 
coronoid  procefs  and  olecranon  againil  the  humerus,  may 
caufe  a  grating  nolle,  fimilar  to  that  of  a  fraiilure  ;  and  fome 
attention  is  certainly  requilite  to  eftablifli  a  diagnofis  be- 
tween a  frafture  of  the  head  of  the  radius,  and  a  difloca- 
tion of  the  fore-arm  backwards.. 

The  following  method  of  reducing  the  cafe  is  advifed  by 
Boyer  : — The  patient  being  firmly  feated,  an  affiftant  is  to 
^ake  hold  of  the  middle  part  of  the  humerus,  and  make  the 
counter-extcnfion,  while  another  affiftant  makes  extenfion  at 
the  inferior  part  of  the  fore-arm.  The  furgeon,  feated  on 
the  outfide,  grafps  the  elbow  with  his  two  hands,  by  apply- 
ing the  fore-fingers  of  each  to  the  anterior  part  of  the  hu- 
merus, and  the  thumbs  to  the  poilerior,  with  wliich  he 
preiTes  on  the  olecranon,  in  a  diredtion  downwards  and  for- 
wards. This  method  will  be  in  general  fuccefsful.  If  the 
ilrength  of  the  patient,  or  the  long  continuance  of  the  luxa- 
tion, render  it  neceffary  to  employ  a  greater  force,  a  fillet  is 
to  be  applied  on  the  wriil,  to  make  extenfion,  and  a  cuffiion 
is  to  be  placed  in  the  ax-illa,  and  the  arm  and  trunk  fixed,  as 
is  done  in  cafes  of  luxation  of  the  humerus. 

A  bandage  may  afterwards  be  applied,  in  the  form  of  a 
figure  of  8,  and  the  arm  is  to  be  kept  in  a  fling.  The  lace- 
ration which  always  takes  place,  is  always  followed  by  moi-e 
or  lefs  fwelling,  which  is  to  be  combated  by  antiphlogilUc 
means. 

At  the  end  of  fevcn  or  eight  days,  when  the  inflamma- 
tory fym.ptoms  are  nearly  gone,  the  articulation  is  to  be 
gently  moved,  and  the  motion  is  to  be  increafed  every  day, 
in  order  to  prevent  an  anchylofis,  to  which  there  is  a  great 
tendency. 

In  this  luxation,  the  annular  ligament  which  confines  the 
head  of  the  radius  to  the  extremity  of  the  ulna,  is  fome- 
times  torn,  and  the  radius  palles  before  the  ulna.  In  fin  h 
cafes,  pronation  and  fupination  are  difficult  and  painful, 
though  the  principal  luxation  has  been  reduced.  The  head 
of  the  radius  may  be  eafily  replaced,  by  preffing  it  from 
before  backwards,  and  it  is  to  be  kept  in  its  place  by  a  com- 
prefs,  applied  to  the  fuperior  and  extei-nal  part  of  the  fore- 
arm. The  bandage  and  compreffes  are  to  be  taken  off  every 
two  or  three  days,  and  re-applied.  This  is  neceffary,  on 
account  of  the  neceffity  of  moving  the  articulation  to  pre- 
vent an  anchylofis. 

If  the  luxation  be  not  foon  reduced,  it  becomes  irreduci- 
ble ;  the  heads  of  the  radius  and  ulna  grow  to  the  back  part 
of  the  humerus,  and  the  patient  can  neither  bend  nor  ex- 
tend 


LUXATION. 


tend  his  arm.  HowcTer,  in  fome  cafes,  efpccially  in  young 
perfons,  fome  motion  is  acquired  in  lime  ;  the  hcado  of  tin; 
radius  and  ulna  making  in  the  humeius  cavitii :s,  in  which 
they  perform  fome  motionp,  but  always  imperfectly. 

The  luxation  forwards  ftiould  be  treated  as  a  frafture  of 
the  olecranon,  with  whicli  it  would  be  inevitably  accom- 
panied. It  may  be  neccfikry,  on  account  of  the  great  in- 
jury done  to  the  foft  parts,  to  bleed  the  patient  copioufly, 
and  put  him  on  an  ar,tipl,lngiltic  regimen. 

As  to  the  lateral  luxations,  cither  inwards  or  outwards, 
they  are  always  incomplete,  and  eafiiy  difcovered.  They 
are  reduced  by  drawiii^'  the  humerus  and  fore-arm  in  con- 
trary directions,  and  at  the  fame  time  pudiing  the  extre- 
mity of  the  humerus,  and  the  two  bones  of  the  fore  arm  in 
oppofite  direAions. 

Thefe  luxations  cannot  be  produced  without  confiderable 
violence  ;  b':t  when  the  bones  are  reduced,  they  are  eafiiy 
kept  in  their  place.  It  will  be  fufficiert  to  pafs  a  roller 
round  the  part,  to  put  the  fore-arm  in  a  middle  Rate,  neither 
inuch  bent  nor  extended,  and  to  fupport  it  in  a  Ihng.  ■■  But 
much  inflammation  is  to  be  expefted  from  the  injury  done  to 
the  foft  part?.  In  order  to  prevent  it,  or  at  leuft  mitigate 
it,  the  patient  is  to  be  bled  t\ro  or  three  times,  and  put  on 
a  low  diet,  and  the  articulation  is  to  be  covered  with  the 
iotio  aq.  litharg.  acet.  It  is  fcarcely  neceflary  to  repeat, 
that  the  arm  is  to  be  moved  as  foou  as  the  ftate  of  the  foft 
parts  will  admit  of  it. 

The  dillocation  of  the  fore-arm  backward,  is  faid  to 
occur  ten  times  as  frequently  as  lateral  luxations;  and  thofe 
forward  are  fo  rare,  that  no  comparifon  whatever  can  be 
drawn.      Qiuvres  Chir.  de  Default,  tom.  i. 

Lateral  luxations  have  been  divided  into  complete,  that  is, 
when  the  articular  fnrfaces  have  entirely  loft  their  ftate  of 
reciprocal  crntacl ;  and  into  incomplete,  that  is,  when  only 
one  bone,  or  a  part  of  it,  is  thrown  off  the  humerus.  But 
what  caufe  can  operate  with  fufficient  force  to  produce  the 
firft  occurrence?  The  miichief  would  alfo  be  fo  great, 
were  fuch  a  cafe  to  happen,  that  amputation  would  moft 
likely  be  requilite. 

The  incomplete  lateral  luxation  may  be  produced  by  a 
blow,  which  drives  the  upper  part  of  the  fore-arm  violently 
outward,  or  inward.  A  footman,  fays  Petit,  in  falling 
from  a  cnach,  had  his  arm  entangled  in  the  fpokcs  of  a 
wheel,  and  a  dillocation  outward  was  the  confequence. 
Another  man  luxated  his  fore-arm  inward,  by  falhng  from 
his  horfe  and  driving  his  arm  againit  an  uneven  place. 

When  the  ulna  is  puflied  into  the  fituation  of  the  radius, 
the  fpace  between  the  olecranon  and  internal  condyle  is 
much  greater  than  is  natural.  Thele  points  of  bone  are 
always  very  diftinguiihable,  let  the  joint  be  ever  fo  much 
fwoUen  ;  and  hence,  the  information  to  be  derived  from  an 
examination  of  thein,  may  be  obtained  in  every  cafe,  with- 
out exception.  Alfo,  when  the  ulna  is  pufhed  into  the 
place  of  the  radius,  the  latter  bone  cannot  be  eafiiy  rotated, 
nor  can  the  fore -arm  be  bent  and  extended  in  a  perfeft 
manner. 

The  dillocation  inward  muft  be  very  uncommon,  as  the 
form  of  the  bones  is  almoft  an  infurmountable  obftacle  to 
fuch  an  accident.  It  may  happen,  however,  as  the  autho- 
rity of  Petit  confirms. 

All  recent  diflocations  of  the  elbow  are  very  eafiiy  re- 
duced, and  as  eafiiy  maintained  fo  ;  for  the  reciprocal  man- 
ner in  which  fhe  articular  furfaces  receive  each  other,  and 
tlieir  mutual  eminences  and  cavities,  will  not  readily  allow 
the  bones  to  become  difplaced  again. 

The  application  of  a  bandage  in  the  form  of  a  figure  of  S, 


and  fupportlng  the  arm  in  a  fling,  are  proper  in  ail  thcfe 
cafes. 

huxallon  Iff  the  Radius  from  the  Ulna The  majority  of 

authors,  who  have  written  on  diflocations  of  the  fore-arm, 
have  not  feparately  confidered  thofe  of  the  radius.  Some 
detached  obfervationv,  on  luxations  of  its  fuperior  extre- 
mity, arc  to  be  found  here  and  there  ;  a  fub;ect  which  Du- 
verney  alone  has  fully  treated  of.  The  diflocations  of  its 
lower  and,  which  are  more  frequent,  and  eafy  of  occurrence, 
have  almoll  efcaped  the  notice  of  French,  and  alfo  Enghfh 
writers.  At  prefent,  cafes  of  this  fort  have  been  fo  nu" 
ineroufly  coUedled,  that  a  particular  account  of  thtm  may- 
be oftered. 

lYtffcrenee  of  Strudiire,  l/ettveen  the  two  Joints  of  the  Radius 
with  the  Ulna. — The  radius,  the  moveable  agent  of  prona- 
tion and  fupination,  rolls  round  the  ulna,  which  forms  its 
immoveable  fupport,  by  means  of  two  articular  furfaces  ; 
one  above,  flightly  convex,  broad  internally,  narrow  out- 
wardly, and  correfponding  to  the  little  figmoid  cavity  of 
the  ulna,  in  wiiith  it  is  lodged  ;  the  other  below,  concave,, 
femi-circular,  and  adapted  to  receive  the  convex  edge  of  the 
ulna.  Hence  there  are  two  joints,  differing  in  their  mo- 
tions, articular  furfaces,  and  ligaments.  By  afcertaining 
fuch  differences,  w-e  fliall  be  enabled  to  find  out  thofe 
which  exift  between  the  luxations  of  the  upper  and  lower 
head  of  the  radius. 

Above,  the  radius,  in  pronation  and  fupination,  only- 
moves  OH  its  own  axis  ;  below,  it  rolls  round  the  axis  of  the 
ulna.  Here,  being  more  diilant  from  the  centre,  its  mo- 
tions muft  be  botli  more  extenfive  and  powerful  than  they 
arc  above.  The  head  of  the  radius,  turning  on  its  own  axis 
in  the  annular  ligament,  cannot  diftend  it  in  any  direction. 
On  the  contrary,  beloiv,  the  radius,  in  pcrforrring  pronation, 
ftretchcs  the  pofterior  part  of  the  capfule,  and  preffes  it 
again ll  the  immoveable  head  of  the  ulna,  w-hich  is  apt  to  be 
pulhed  through,  if  the  motion  be  forced.  A  fimilar  event, 
in  a  contrary  fenle,  takes  place  in  fupination.  The  front 
part  of  the  caplule,  being  rendered  tenfe,  may  now  be 
lacerated. 

Add  to  this  difpofition,  the  difference  of  ftrength  between 
the  ligaments  of  the  two  joints.  Delicate  and  yielding 
below ;  thick  and  firm  above  ;  their  difference  is  very  great. 
The  upper  head  of  the  radius,  fjpported  on  the  fmaller  im- 
moveable articular  furface  of  the  ulna,  it  protefled  from 
dillocation  in  moft  of  its  motions.  On  the  contrary,  its  . 
lower  end,  carrying  along  with  it  in  its  motions  the  bones 
of  the  carpus  which  it  lupports,  cannot  itfelf  derive  any 
folid  ftability  from  them. 

Di'/trences  of  Luxiilions  of  the  Radius. — From  what  has 
been  faid,  the  following  conclulions  may  be  drawn  ;  i,  that 
with  more  caufes  of  luxation,  the  lower  articulation  of  the 
radius  has  lefs  means  of  refiftance  ;  and,  that  under  the 
triple  confideration  of  motions,  ligaments  tying  the  articu- 
lar furfaces  togetlier,  and  the  relations  of  thele  furfaces  to 
each  other,  this  joint  mull  be  very  fubjeCt  to  diflocation. 
2.  That,  for  oppofite  reafons,  the  upper  joint  cannot  be 
very  fubjeit  to  fuch  an  accideiit. 

Indeed  what  could  be  the  caufe  producing  it  in  this  fitua- 
tion ?  Can  it  arifc  from  a  violent  pronatian,  or  fupination  J 
The  lower  joint  being  the  weakeft  -.vould  give  way  the  firft, 
and  however  forcible  any  motion  of  this  kind  might  be,  the 
upper  head  of  the  radius  w-ould  only  be  rotated  on  its  own 
axis.  How  then  can  this  part  be  d.flocatcd  without  being 
pufhed  forward  or  backward?  All  the  mufcular  and  liga- 
mentous fupport  ot  the  joint  muft  be  br<'keii ;  and  the  muf- 
cles  and  ligaments  are  t(  o  ftrong  to  admit  of  this,  and  ths 
motion  iilclf  too  feeble.  Can  the  accident  originate  from 
4  R  2  any 


LUXATION. 


any  impiilfe  on  the  radius,  from  below  upward  ?  The  im- 
moveable relilling  end  of  the  humenu  would  then  prevent 
the  radiu-i  from  quitting  tlie  capfular  ligamctit.  C;'.n  the 
accident  arife  from  a  violent  extenfion  or  flexion  of  the  fore- 
arm ?  Here,  the  whole  force  operating  on  the  ulna,  the 
radius  fcarcely  feels  the  impulfe. 

Hence,  accidental  dlflocatious  of  the  radius,  f'uldonly  pro- 
duced by  an  external  caufe,  mu'.t,  if  they  ever  iiappen,  be 
exceedingly  uncommon  at  its  upper  end.  This  is  not  the 
cafe  witli  refpecl  to  fuch  diflocations  which  occur  flowly 
lit  this  joint,  efpecially  in  children,  in  whom  the  ligaments 
become  lax  in  confequence  of  repeated  eiforts.  With  this 
kind  of  cafe,  we  have  here  uothuig  to  do. 

Experience  fometimes  feems  to  militate  againfc  the  above 
refletlions.  Duverney  quotes  fome  ir.llances  of  diflocations 
of  the  radius,  fuddenly  produced  by  external  caufes.  Some 
other  praditioners  mention  fimilar  examples.  But,  in  their 
examinations,  have  thefe  men  paid  all  due  attention  ?  An 
analogous  cafe  has  been  tranfmitted  to  the  French  Academy 
of  Surgery,  by  one  of  its  fallows  ;  but  doubts  have  arifcn 
concerning  its  reality,  and  there  arc  too  few  fafts  for,  and 
too  much  prcfumptive  evidence  agaiuii,  the  truth  of  fuch 
cafes  to  believe  their  e/.iitence.  Default  himlelf  rejefted  thuir 
reality. 

Luxation  of  th:  loivcr  End  cf  the  Radius. — The  canfes  are 
the  fame  as  tiiofe  of  all  analogous  cafes,  i.  Violent  aflion 
of  the  pronator  and  fnpinator  mufclos.  This  is,  donbtlefs, 
a  very  unHfual  caufe,  for  iJefault  never  knew  an  inilance  of 
it.  2.  External  force,  moving  the  radius  violently  into  a 
Itate  of  pronation,  and  rupturing  the  back  part  of  the  cap- 
fule  ;  or  into  a  Hate  of  fupinalion,  and  breaking  the  front 
part  of  the  capfular  ligament. 

Kence,  there  are  two  kinds  of  diflocation  ;  one  forward, 
the  other  backward.  The  Hrll  is  very  frequent  ;  the  fecond 
ii  much  lefs  fo.  The  latter  cafe  never  prefented  itfclf  to 
Default  but  once,  in  the  dead  body  of  a  man  who  had 
both  his  arms  diflocated,  and  no  particulars  could  be  learnt. 
The  other  cafe  Occurred  very  often  in  the  prattice  cf  this 
eminent  furgeon.  Five  examples  have  been  publifticd. 
Doubtlefs,  this  difference  i>  owing  to  all  the  principal  mo- 
tions of  the  radius  being  in  the  prone  direction. 

This  obfervation  is"  confirmed  by  the  fact,  that  the  lower 
joint  of  the  radius,  in  the  dead  fubjt.Cl;;  may  be  diflociited  as 
eaiily  by  a  fupine,  as  a  prone  motion  of  this  bone. 

Tiie  fymptonis  of  the  luxation  forward  are  :  l.  Conftant 
pronation  of  the  fore-arm.  2.  An  inability  to  perform  fupi- 
nation,  and  great  pain  on  this  being  attempted.  3.  An 
iriiufudl  prcjeclion  at  the  back  of  the  joint,  in  confeqncnce 
of  the  protrullon  of  the  little  head  of  the  ulna  through  the 
capfule.  4.  The  pofition  of  the  radius  i-;  more  forward 
than  natural.  5.  Conitant  adduction  of  the  thumb,  which 
alfo  is  almoft  alway.'i  extended.  6.  A  half-bent  Rate  cf  the 
fore-arm,  and  very  often  of  the  fingers.  This,  iiHced,  is  the 
pofition  which  the  fore-arm  ufually  affumes  in  all  afted\ions 
of  its  bones,  and,  in  the  prcfont  inltance,  tlie  pollure  can- 
not be  changed  without  confiderable  pain.  7.  More  or  lefs 
fwelling  around  the  joint.  This  fometimes  comes  on  imme- 
diately after  the  accident,  but  always  afterwards,  if  the 
reducUon  ihould  remain  unaceompliilied.  The  condition  of 
the  joint  may  thus  be  obfcured,  and  the  accident  uiittaken 
lor  a  fprain  ;  as  Default  often  obferved  to  have  occurred 
with  furgeons,  who  had  been  called  to  thefe  accidents  bcfoi'e 
him.  The  ferious  confcquence  of  this  miftake  i?,  that  no 
attempt  at  reduflion  is  made,  and  the  articular  furfices 
having  time  to  contraft  adhefions,  the  diforder  is  frequently 
rendered  irremediable. 

A  luxation  cf  the  radius  backward  is  charafterizcd  by 


fymptoms  the  reverfe  of  thofe  above-mentioned.  They 
are  a  violent  fupination  of  the  limb  ;  inability  to  put 
it  prone  ;  pain  on  making  the  attempt  ;  a  tumour  in  front 
of  the  fore-arm  formed  by  the  head  of  the  ulna  ;  a  pro- 
jefti')!!  backward  of  the  large  head  of  the  radius ;  and  ab- 
duclion  of  the  thumb. 

RfduH'wii.  —  When  the  diflocation  is  forward,  an  afuttant  is 
to  take  hold  of  the  elbow,  railing  the  arm  a  little  from  the 
body  ;  another  is  to  take  hold  of  the  hand  and  fingers. 

The  furgeon  is  to  take  hold  of  the  end  of  the  fore-arm 
with  both  hij  hands  ;  one  applied  to  the  infide,  the  other  to 
the  outfide,  in  fuch  a  manner,  that  the  two  thumbs  meet 
each  otlier  before,  between  the  ulna  and  radius,  wiiile  the 
fingers  are  applied  behind.  He  is  then  to  endeavour  to 
feparate  the  two  bonts  from  each  other,  pufliin^  tlie  radius- 
backward  and  outward,  while  the  idna  is  held  in  its  proper 
place.  At  the  fame  time  the  afliftant,  holding  the  hand, 
fhould  try  to  bring  it  into  a  Hate  of  fupination,  and  confe- 
quently  the  radius,  which  is  its  fupport.  Thus  puflied,  in 
the  dirediou  oppofite  that  of  the  diflocation,  by  two  powers, 
the  radius  is  moved  outward,  and  the  ulna  returns  into  the 
opening  of  the  capfule,  and  into  the  figmoid  cavity. 

If  chance  Ihould  prefent  a  diflocation  of  the  radius  back- 
ward, the  fame  kind  of  proceeding,  executed  in  the  oppofite 
direction,  would  ferve  to  acccmpliih  the  reduftion. 

Luxation!  of  the  iVr'ift. — The  carpal  bones  maybe  luxated' 
from  the  lower  ends  of  the  radius  and  uhia  forwards,  back- 
wards, inwards,  or  outwards.  The  two  lirll;  cafes,  cfpecially 
the  one  backwards,  are  the  moft  frequent.  The  diflocation 
backwards  is  rendered  eafy  by  the  diredtion  of  the  convex  arti- 
cular furfaces  of  the  fcaphoidjfeniilunar,  and  pyramidal  bones, 
which  floping  more  backwards  than  forwards,  muH  make 
them  more  difpofed  to  flip  in  this  diredlioii  than  any  other. 
The  accident  may  be  caufed  by  a  fall  on  the  back  of  the 
hand,  while  much  bent  ;  in  which  event  the  firff  row  of  the 
carpal  bones  flide  backwards  into  the  oblong  cavity  of  the 
radius,  lacerate  the  pollerior  ligament,  and  form  an  emi- 
nence behind  the  lower  ends  of^the  bones  of  the  fore-arm. 
This  promircnce,  the  depreflion  in  front  of  tlie  wrill,  and 
the  extraordinary  flexion  of  the  hand,  which  cannot  be 
extended,  are  the  charadlerillic  figns  of  ttiis  kind  of  diflo- 
cation. 

The  diflocation  forwards  generally  arifes  from  a  fall  on 
the  palm,  the  fingers  being  extended,  and  more  force  ope- 
rating on  the  lower  than  upper  part  of  the  palm.  The 
luxation  is  ieldom  complete;  and  the  hand  remains  pain- 
fully extended.  The  great  many  tendons,  which  run  before 
the  wrifl,  and  the  annular  ligament  being  puflied  forward, 
the  prominence  formed  by  the  carpal  banes,  in  front  of  the 
ends  of  the  radius  and  ulna,  is  not  eafily  deteded,  and  the 
cafe  may  be  miilaken  for  a  fprain. 

Diflocations  inwards,  or  outwards,  are  never  complete. 
The  projection  of  the  carpal  bones  at  the  inner  or  or-ter 
fide  of  the  ioint,  and  the  diitortion  of  the  hand,  make  luch 
cafes  fuflici.'iitly  evident. 

All  diflocations  of  the  wrifl  are  very  eafy  of  reduction. 
For  this  purpofe,  gentle  extenfion  n\ull  be  made,  while  the 
two  furfaces  of  the  joint  are  made  to  flide  on  each  other  in 
a  direftion  contrary  to  v/aat  they  took  when  the  accident 
occurred. 

Diflocations  of  the  wrifl  are  always  attended  with  a  great 
deal  of  fpraining  of  numerous  tendons  and  laceration  of  li- 
gaments, and  CG-nfequently  coiif.derable  fwelling  generally 
follows,  and  the  patient  is  a  long  time  in  regaining  the  per- 
fetl  ufe  of  the  joint.  To  relieve  the  fymptoirs  as  much  as 
poffible,  the  be!l  olan  is  to  keep  the  hand  and  wrifl  conti- 
nually covered  witii  linen  wet  with  the  faturniiie  lotion,  and 

tc 


LUXATION. 


to  put  tlie  fore-arm  and  hand  in  fplints,  as  in  the  cafe  of  a 
fradiire.  (See  Fracture.)  I'he  arm  mull  alfo  be  kept 
pt-rfiAly  at  reft  in  a  fiing. 

When  the  ruptured  ligaments  have  ur.itcd,  the  ufc  of  lini- 
ments will  tend  to  remove  the  remaining  ftiffnefs  and  wcak.- 
nefs  of  the  joint . 

Liixa'ions  of  the  Bones  of  the  Carpus  and  Metacarpus. — A 
didocat'on  of  the  carpal  bones  from  ca.h  other  feerns  almofl 
impofiible.  The  03  magnum,  however,  has  been  known  to 
be  luxated  from  the  deep  cavity  formed  for  it  by  the  fca- 
phoides  and  femilvinare,  in  confequence  of  too  great  a 
floxion  of  the  bones  of  the  fird  phalanx  on  thofe  of  the 
fecond,  and  it  forms  a  tumour  on  the  back  of  the  hand.. 
Chopart.      Boyer.      Richerand. 

The  metacarpal  bones  are  never  luxated  from  each  other. 
The  firll  one  is  fometimes,  though  very  rarely,  pudied  off 
the  trapezium. 

Luxatious  cf  the  Fiiig;rs. — Th?  fir.1  phalanges  may  be 
diflocated  backwards  off  the  heads  of  the  metacarpal  bones. 
A  luxation  forwards  would  be  very  diiKcult,  if  not  im- 
poflible,  becaufe  the  articular  furfaces  of  the  metacarpal 
bones  extend  a  good  way  forwards,  and  the  palm  of  the 
hand  makes  refiitance  to  fuch  an  accident.  The  firft  pha- 
langes of  the  thumb  and  lirtle  finger  can  alone  be  diflocated 
inwards;  and  tlie  firft  phalanx  of  the  thnmb  is  ahme  fub- 
jeil;  to  be  luxated  outwards.  This  phalanx  is  alfo  moft 
liable  to  diflocations  backwards,  behind  the  head  of  the 
firft  metacarpal  bone,  in  which  cafe  it  remains  extended, 
while  the  fecond  is  bent. 

Thefe  diflocations  flio'jld  be  fpeedily  reduced  ;  for,  after 
eight  or  ten  days,  they  become  irreducible.  In  a  Inxation 
of  the  firft  bone  of  the  thnmb,  which  was  too  old  to  be 
reduced,  Default  propafed  cutting  down  to  the  head  cf  ihe 
bone,  and  pufliing  it  into  its  place  v.'ith  a  fpatula.  Diflo- 
cat/Ons  of  the  thumb  and  little  finger  inwards,  that  of  the 
thumb  outwards,  and  luxations  of  the  firil  phalanges  of  the 
other  fingers  backwards,  are  all  reduced  by  making  exten- 
fion  on  the  lower  end  of  the  affected  thumb,  or  finger. 
The  firft  and  fecond  phalanges  may  alfo  be  diflocated  back- 
wards. 

After  the  reduction,  the  thnmb  or  finger  afTcfted  fhonld 
be  rolled  with  tape,  and  incafed,  and  fupporred  in  palle- 
board,  til!  the  lacerated  licranients  have  united  ;  taking  cai'e 
to  keep  the  hand  and  fore-arm  quietly  in  a  fling. 

LiUxations  of  the  Femur,  or  Thigh-hone,  at  the  Hip — Thefe 
<liilocations  may  take  place  upwards  and"  outwards  on  the 
excrnal  fiirface  of  the  os  ilium  ;  upwards  and  forwards  on 
the  body  of  the  os  pnbi; ;  downwards  and  inv.'ards  on  the 
foramen  ovale;  and  downwards  and  outwards  on  the  os 
iUliium. 

The  luxation  upwards  and  outwards,  and  that  downwards 
and  inwards,  are  the  moft  frequent,  and  it  ir,  not  eafy  to  fay 
which  of  thefe  two  cafes  happens  molt  often.  It  is  to  be 
iriderliood,  however,  that  diflocations  of  the  hip  are  far 
lefs  common  than  thofe  of  the  (hnulder.  We  have  feen 
onlv  three  cafes  of  the  firfl  defcription  ;  but,  at  leaft,  from 
fifteen  to  twenty  diflocations  of  the  fhouldcr.  Mr.  Hey  in- 
forms us.  that  feven  inftances  of  the  latter  accident,  and  three 
of  the  former,  are  all  that  liavo  occurred  in  his  praftice. 
(Praft.  Obf  p.  JT4.  edit.  2.)  The  following  account  of 
luxations  of  the  thigh-bone  at  the  hip  is  from  Boyer's  work 
on  the  Difeafes  of  the  Bones,  tranfl.  by  Farrell. 

No  anatomical  reafon  can  be  given  for  the  frequency  of 
the  diflocation  upwards  and  outv/ards  ;  the  o  Jge  of  the  ace- 
tabulum projects  more  at  the  fuperior  and  exterior  parts  than 
at  any  other  ;  the  orbicular  ligament,  v.hich  is  very  thick 
at  this  place,  and  the  interior  ligament  of  the  articulation, 


which  muft  be  previoufly  ruptured,  oppofe  the  diflocation 
in  this  diredlion.  There  is  little,  on  the  contrary,  to  oppofe 
the  luxation  dov.'nwards  on  the  foramen  ovale.  The  inferior 
and  internal  part  of  the  circumference  of  the  cavity,  the 
place  by  which  the  bone  cfcapes  in  this  fpcc'es  of  luxation, 
prefents  a  deep  notch  formed  into  a  hole  by  a  ligan  cnt, 
under  which  the  vcfftls  of  the  articulation  enter.  The  or- 
bicular ligament  is  thinner  here  than  at  any  other  olace  ; 
the  motion  of  abduttion,  in  which  thiii  Inxation  t;:kes  place, 
is  more  cxtenfive  than  that  of  adduction  ;  and  laflly,  thi 
round  ligament  within  the  articu'ation  does  not  oppofe  it,  as 
it  may  take  place  without  its  being  ruptured. 

Luxation  upwards  and  forwards  is  very  rare  ;  that  down- 
wards and  backwards  is  flill  more  fo  ;  and,  perhaps,  as 
fliall  be  cbferved  farther  on,  never  occurs  but  fecondarily. 

When,  by  a  fall  from  a  place  more  or  lefs  elevated,  on 
the  foles  of  the  feet,  or  on  the  knee?,  the  thigh  is  puflied 
forwards  and  inwards,  the  head  of  the  femur,  forced  to- 
wards the  fuperior  and  external  part  of  the  acetabulum, 
breaks  the  internal  and  orbicular  ligaments,  efcape^  through 
the  laceration  in  the  latter,  and  afcends  on  the  external  face 
of  the  OS  ilium  ;  but  as  the  part  of  the  os  ilium  immediately 
above  and  at  the  external  fide  of  the  cavity  is  very  con- 
vex, t!;e  head  of  the  femur  foon  abandons  its  firll  pofition,  . 
and  Aides  backwards  and  upwards  wXo  the  cxterr.al  fofia 
of  the  OS  ilium,  following  the  inclination  of  the  plane  to- 
wards this  foiTa,  and  obeyino'  the  :-.6tion  of  the  gint'<£i  rauf- 
clcs,  wliich  draws  it  in  this  diredtion.  The  head  of  the  fe- 
mur, in  afcending  thus  on  ihe  external  face  cf  the  os  ilium, 
pufnes  upwards  the  gluteus  minimus,  which  forms  a  fort  of 
cap  for  it ;  and  the  gluta;us  maximtis  and  m.edius  are  rclaxedby 
the  approximation  of  the  points  into  which  they  are  inferted. 
The  pyriformis  is  nearly  in  its  natural  I'ate,  the  gemini,  ob- 
turatores,  and  qifadratus  fcmoris,  are  a  little  elongated. 
The  pfoas  magnus  and  iliacus  internus  are  relaxed,  as  are 
alfo  the  other  mufcles  inferted  into  the  trochanter  minor. 
If  to  this  defcription  it  be  added,  that  the  orbicular  liga- 
ment, torn  at  its  fuoerior  part,  is  ftretched  over  the  aceta- 
bulum, and  covers  it,  an  exail  idea  may  be  formed  of  the 
change  occafioned  in  tiie  furrounding  parts  by  this  luxation 
of  the  femur. 

The  affefted  thigh  is  fhorter  than  the  found  one  ;  it  is  a 
little  bent,  and  carried  inwards.  The  k.ee  inclines  more 
forwards  and  inwards  than  the  oppofite  one  ;  the  leg  and 
tliigh  are  turned  inwards,  and  the  foot  points  in  this  direction. 
The  trochanter  major  is  brought  nearer  the  anterior  and  fu-  - 
pcrior  fpinous  procefs  of  the  os  ihum,  and  is  at  the  fame 
time  elevated  and  carried  a  little  forwards  ;  the  latter  cir- 
cumllance  m.ay  be  confidered  as  the  neccfTary  confequence 
of  the  rotation  inwards  of  the  thigh.  The  natural  length 
of  the  limb  cannot  be  rellored  without  reducing  the  lux- 
ation ;  the  foot  cannot  be  turned  outwards,  and  any  attempt 
to  do  fo  caufes  pain  ;  but  the  inclination  of  the  foot  in-  - 
wards  may  be  increafed.  If  the  patient  endeavours  to 
walk,  he  extends  the  foot  to  put  tiie  top  of  it  on  the 
ground  ;  and  though  the  heel  is  raifcd,  he  is  flill  lame  ;  for 
thedifeafed  limb  remains  always  lliortcr  than  the  other,  and  . 
the  pain  occafioned  by  the  attempt  to  walk  renders  progref- 
fion  flill  more  difficult. 

Luxation  of  the  femur  upwards  and  outwards  has  nothing 
in  common  with  the  frafture  of  the  neck  of  this  bone  but 
the  fliortnefs  of  the  limb.  The  eafy  rotation  of  the  member 
outwards  and  inwards,  &c.  &c.  preclude  a  1  pojlibility  of 
confounding  them,  unlets  'ihe  furgcon  be  remarkably  inat- 
tentive. 

It  in  difficult  to  affign  the  caufe  of  the  foot  and  remainder 
of  the  limb  being  tuvQcd  Liwards  in  this  luxation.     It  may 

be 


LUXATION. 


1)C  cflabliflicd  as  a  general  rule,  tliat  luxated  members  al- 
ways take  a  direSion  determined  by  tlie  elongation  of  the 
mufcles  of  the  fide  oppoiite  that  to  whieli  the  luxated  bone 
is  carried  ^  ilius,  in  luxation  of  tlie  arm  downwards  and  in- 
wards, the  deitoides  and  infrafpinatns  mufcles,  lengthened 
by  the  feparation  of  tlieir  points  of  infertion,  move  the  elbow 
out  from  the  body,  and  give  the  arm  an  oblique  direction.  In 
tliia  cafe,  the  obluratoros,  gemini,  and  cjuadra'iis  femoris, 
being  elongated,  the  point  of  the  foot  ought  to  be  turned 
outwards.  This  phenomenon  depends  perhaps  on  the  ex- 
ternal portion  of  the  orbicular  ligament  which  comes  from  the 
anterior  and  iiiftrior  (pine  of  the  os  ihum  ;  this  portion, 
which  is  very  thick,  being  elongated  in  tlie  luxation  out- 
wards, draws  the  great  trochanter  forwards,  and  confequeiit- 
ly  t"rns  i'uvards  the  entire  limb. 

Tlie  difficulty  of  reducing  luxations  of  the  thigh,  from 
the  llrenglh  and  number  of  its  mufcles,  renders  every  diflo- 
cation  of  which  it  is  fufceptible  very  dillrefiing.  The 
laceration  and  injury  done  to  the  foft  parts  are  nearly  as 
coufiderahle  as  in  diflocation  of  tlie  ginglimoidal  articu- 
lations. 

To  effeiS:  the  redu£lion,  the  patient  is  extended  on  a  table 
firmly  fixed,  and  covered   with  a  niattivfs,  which  is  to  be 
tied  to  it.;  a  (heet,  folded  longitudinally,  is  applied  to  the 
groin  of  the  found  fide,  in  order  to  inake  counter-extenfion. 
The  middle  part  is  applied  again'.l  the  fuperior  and   inter- 
nal part  of  the  thigh,  and  the  two  ends  pafied  before    and 
behind  the  pelvis,  crofs  on  the  hip,  and  are  held  by  a  frffici- 
ent  number  of  afflflants.      By  this  means  the  trunk  is  fixed, 
■but  there  is  nothing  to  prevent  the  pelvis  from  yielding  to  the 
.extending  force.     To    anfwcr    this  purpofe,  another  tlieet^ 
folded    in   a    fintilar  manner,  is   placed    tranfverfely  on  the 
fpine  of  the  os  ihum,  and  its  ends  are  brought  liorizontally 
before  and  behind  the  abdomen  towards  the  hip  of  the  oppo- 
/ite  llde,  where  they  are  held  by  airiftant.s.     This  apparatus, 
fimihir  to  that  placed  on  the  point  of  the   fhoulder  in  a  lux- 
ation of  the  arm,  anfivers  the   fame  purpofes,  as   it  prefl'es 
only  on.the.luperiov  part  of  the  gluteus  maximus  and  mtdius, 
and  does  not  IlimulKte   them   to  contract.     The   extending 
force  is  to  be   applied   to    tlie    inferior  part    of  the  leg,   in 
order  to  have  it  as  far  as  pollible  from  the  parts  which  refill 
the  return   of  the    head   of  the    femur.      The   number   of 
aiTiftants  for  making  extenfion  and  counter-extenfion  is  to  be 
propertioned  to   tUe  exigencies    of  the    circumftances  and 
the     power    of    mufcles.      The    furgeon,    placed    at    the 
external  fide   of   the  limb,  prefTes  on   the  great  trochanter, 
and  when   the   head   of  the   bone  has    been    brought  on  a 
level    with    the    acetabulum,    he    endeavours    to  force   it 
into  it. 

In  this  country,  as  we  have  previoufiy  explained,  fur- 
gecns  generally  apply  the  extenfion  to  the  difiocated  bone 
hfelf,  jull  above  the  knee.  The  difappearance  of  all  the 
fymptoms,  and  efpecialiy  the  noife  made  by  the  head  of  the 
femur  on  re-entering  its  cavity,  indicate  the  fuccefs  of  the 
operation.  This  fuccels  is  fcldom  obtained  without  having 
previoufiy  irnde  ieveral  fruitlefs  endeavours,  whether  from 
not  employing  lufiicient  foi'ce  to  make  extenfion  and  counter- 
extenfion,  or  from  a  fpafmodic  contradlion  oPthe  mufcles 
obfti'.-ately  rcfithng  the  reduction. 

When  the  bone  is  reduced,  it  is  prevented  from  leaving  its 
place  by  bringing  the  thighs  together  by  means  of  a  band- 
age placed  above  th«  knees.  In  the  generality  of  cafe.f,  it 
Will  be  advil'ab'.c  to  lake  fome  blood  from  the  patient,  and 
confine  him  for  a  few  days  aft«\- .the  accident  to  a  very  low 
.diet  ;  and  in  all  cafes  the  hip  is  to  be  covered  with  emollient 
and  refolvent  applij;;t:ons,  which  may  be  kept  on  by  means 
£>.i  the  fpica  bandage  for  the  groin.     This  bandage  is  well 


adapted  to  this  ufe,  but  is  not  at  all  fit  for  keeping  the 
luxated  bone  in  its  proper  place,  as  its  aflion  is  male  too 
near  the  centre  of  motion.  Tlie  patient  fliould  be  parti- 
cularly directed  not  to  walk  too  foon,  nor  at  any  time  to 
fatigue  too  much  the  afieflcd  joint. 

Luxation  of  the  thigh  downwards  and  inwards,  or  into  the 
foramen  ovale,  is  nearly  as  frequent  as  that  iull  defcribed  ; 
it  is  iavoured,  as  we  have  faid,  by  the  great  extent  of  the 
motion  of  abduClioii  of  llie  thigh  ;  by  the  notch  at  the 
inferior  ai.d  internal  part  of  the  acetabulum  ;  by  tlie  weak- 
nefs  of  the  orbicular  ligament  at  this  fide  ;  and  lallly,  by 
the  fituation  of  the  round  ligament,  tlie  rupture  of  whic'i 
is  not  a  necetTary  conlequence  of  it.  It  is  occafinned  by  a 
fail  on  the  feet  or  knees  confiderably  feparalod  from  one 
another.  The  head  of  the  femur  fiides  from  without  in- 
wards on  the  bv»ttom  of  the  acetabulum,  and  corre.-v  againii 
the  inferior  and  int- rnal  portion  of  the  orbicular  ligament, 
which  it  lacerates,  and  padi's  on  to  the  foramen  ovale  be- 
tween the  ligament  and  the  obturator  externuF. 

In  this  fpecies  of  luxation  of  the  femur,  the  (late  of  the 
foft  parts  lurrounding  the  articulation  is  as  follows  :  the 
gluta:!,  gemini,  obturatores,  quadratus  femoris,  pfoas  ir.ag- 
nus,  and  iliacus  internus,  are  elongated  by  the  feparation  of 
their  points  of  infertion.  The  rotation  of  the  limb  out- 
wards is  produced  by  the  elongation  of  thefe  ir.ufc'es.  The 
adduftors,  elongated,  form  at  the  interior  part  of  the  thigh 
a  tenfe  cord,  which  is  felt  from  the  pubis  to  below  the  mid- 
dle of  the  thigh. 

The  affected  thigh  is  longer  than  the  found  one  ;  the 
head  of  the  femur  being  placed  lower  than  the  acetabulum, 
the  great  trochanter  is  removed  to  a  greater  dillance  from 
the  anterior  and  fuperior  fpinous  procefs  of  the  os  ollurn, 
and  the  thigh  is  flattened  in  confequence  of  the  elongation 
of  the  mulcles.  The  adduflor.-J,  extended  obliquely  from 
the  pubis  to  the  femur,  form  a  cord  which  elevates  the  ikin 
of  the  internal  part  of  the  thigh.  A  hard  round  tumour  i.< 
felt  at  the  inner  and  fuperior  part  of  the  thigh,  formed  by  the 
head  of  the  femur,  which  elevates  the  foft  parts  filnated  be- 
fore the  foramen  ovale.  The  leg  is  flightly  bent  ;  the  knee 
and  foo',  turned  outwards,  cannot  be  brought  back  to  their 
proper  direclion.  If  the  patient  attempt  to  walk  a  few 
fteps,  he  makes  a  femicircular  motion  with  the  foot,  and 
places  at  once  the  entire  fole  pn  the  ground  ;  and  though 
he  keep  the  knee  bent,  flill  the  limb  is  too  long,  and  occa- 
fions  lamenefs.  The  mode  of  progrelTion  of  perfons  whofe 
thigh  is  luxated  in  this  direftion  may  be  compared  to  that 
of  a  mower  :  the  elongated  extremity,  like  the  leg  whicli 
the  mower  keeps  forwards,  defcribes  a  femicircular  motion 
outwards. 

Ail  thefe  fymptoms,  taken  together,  form  a  combination 
too  llriking  to  admit  of  error  in  our  diagnofis,  or  to  allow 
us  to  confound  this  luxation  with  any  other,  or  even  with 
fracture  of  the  neck  of  the  femur. 

The  progiiofis  is  fomewhat  lefs  unfavourable  in  this  than 
in  luxation  upwards  and  outwards.  The  Jiiufclcs,  which 
might  oppofe  the  reduClion,  being  all  elongated  by  the  very 
circumftan^e  of  the  luxation  itlelf,  render  the  redudioii 
eafier  ;  befide.";,  the  contufion  of  the  ioft  parts  is  lefs  conll- 
derable,  and  the  round  ligament  is  ftretched,  but  not  broken. 
It  is  reduced  in  the  fame  manner  as  the  other,  except  that 
the  extenfion  is  to  be  made  at  firll  downwards  and  out- 
wards, before  bringing  the  li«i  b  to  its  natural  direfticn. 

Luxation  upwards  and  forwards  is  much  rarer  than  the 
preceding,  and  more  than  one  pradlitiojier  has  defcribed  it 
rather  as  poffible  than  as  liaving  abfolutely  taken  p'ace.  It 
has  been  alfo  called  luxation  on  f.he  pubis,  though  it  may 
be  reaConably  prefumcd  that  the  head  of  the  femur  is  re- 
moved 


LUXATION. 


moved  fo  far  from  the  acetabulum  but  in  very  few  cafes,  and 
thnt  it  only  advances  near  tlie  ilio-poClinsal  eminence.  De- 
faiilt  met  with  a  luxation  of  lliis  kind  in  a  porter  of  the  flour- 
market  ;  his  foot  flipped,  and  the  le^  and  thigh  were  carried 
backwards,  whllft  a  heavy  burden  was  placed  on  his  fhould- 
ers.  His  body  was  bent  backwards,  and  the  head  of  the 
femur,  direAed  forwards  and  upwards,  burft  its  capfule 
and  triangular  ligament,  and  pafled  under  the  crural  arch 
into  the  fold  of  the  groin,  where  it  was  eafily  felt  through 
the  integ'ments. 

The  whole  extremity  is  turned  outwards  in  this  luxation  ; 
it  is  alfo  fliorcened.  The  great  trochanter,  brought  nearer 
the  anterior  and  fuperior  fpinous  procefs  of  the  os  ilium,  is 
placed  before  that  eminence  ;  that  part  into  which  the  pfoas 
and  iliacus  niufcles  are  inferted  is  railed  up,  and  a  tumour  is 
formed  by  the  head  of  the  femur  in  the  fold  of  the  groin, 
which  comprefles  more  or  leis  the  crural  nerves  placed  at 
the  external  fide  of  the  velTels  of  this  name,  and  occafions 
dull  pains,  with  numbnefs  and  oven  paralyfis,  when  the  con- 
tufion  has  been  very  great  ;  the  knee,  turned  outwards,  is 
alfo  ca-ried  backwards.  This  fymptom  is  particularly  re- 
markable Ihortly  after  the  accident  has  taken  place ;  for  if 
the  diflocation  has  continued  fome  days,  the  thigh  may  re- 
affume  its  natural  direftion,  and  perform  even  gentle  rotatory 
motions  inwards,  the  direflion  outwards  ftill  continuing. 
It  is  proper  to  remark,  with  refpeft  to  the  tumour  formed 
by  the  head  of  the  tcmur  in  the  groin,  that  the  pfoas  and 
iliacus  mufcles  may,  in  fraftures  of  the  femur  immediately 
under  the  little  trochanter,  bring  forwards  the  luperior  por- 
tion of  this  bone,  caufe  it  to  projedl  in  the  groin,  and  form 
an  eminence  there  which  might  impofe  on  us,  if  we  were  not 
apprized  of  the  poffibihty  of  fuch  an  event  taking  phice. 

This  luxation  is  particularly  dangerous,  as  it  requires  a 
combination  of  violent  efforts  to  produce  it,  and  as  it  necef- 
farily  muft  be  accompanied  with  great  contufion  and  lacera- 
tions. Neverthelefs,  in  the  cafe  treated  by  Default,  the 
redaftion,  though  difficult,  was  not  followed  by  any  ferious 
accident  ;  and  the  patient,  at  the  end  of  fifteen  days,  had 
almoft  entirely  recovered  the  flrength  and  ufe  of  his  limb. 

The  procefs  for  reducing  it  does  not  differ  from  that 
pointed  out  for  the  others. 

Luxation  of  the  femur  downwards  ar.d  backwards  may, 
like  that  of  the  humerus  inwards  and  forwards,  be  either 
primary  or  fecondary.  It  is  primary,  when,  in  confequence 
of  fome  effort,  the  head  of  the  femur  is  forced  from  the 
acetabulum  at  its  inferior  and  pofterisr  part,  and  is  placed 
at  the  junclion  of  the  os  ilium  and  ifchium  ;  it  is  fecondary, 
when  it  fucceeds  to  the  luxation  upwards  and  outwards,  the 
head  of  the  femur,  which  was  placed  at  firll  in  the  external 
ihac  fofTa  Hiding  downwards  and  backwards,  its  paffage  in 
this  direftion  being  favoured  by  the  bending  of  the  thigh  on 
the  pelvis. 

In  thefe  two  cafes,  the  head  of  the  femur  reds  againfl; 
that  part  of  the  ofia  innominata  where  the  os  ihum  and 
ifchium  join.  The  mufcles  which  cover  the  pofterior  part 
of  the  articulation,  fuch  as  the  pyriformis,  gemilii,  obtura- 
tores,  and  quadratus  femoris,  are  raifed  up  and  llrctched  ; 
the  pfoas  magnus  and  iliacus  internus  -are  in  a  great  Hate  of 
tenlion,  and  this  explains  the  turning  of  the  limb  outwards. 
When  this  luxation  is  primary,  the  extremity  is  lengthened  ; 
a  hard  tumour  is  f^lt  at  the  pollerior  and  inferior  part  of 
the  thigh  s  the  great  trochanter,  by  defcending,  is  removed 
farther  from  the  fpinc  of  the  os  ilium,  and  the  knee  and 
fole  of  ihe  foot  are  turned  outwards;  but  if  it  be  fecondary, 
the  thigh  is  much  bent  againfl  the  pelvis  ;  the  knee  and 
fole  of  the  foot  are  turned  inwards,  bccaufe  the  primary 
luxation  has  been  upwards  and  outwards.     Secyndary  lui- 


ation  in   this  direftion  is  much  more  frequent  than  the  pri- 
mary ;  in  reducing  it  the  fame  rules  are  to  be  obferved  af  in 

other  fpecies  of  luxations. 

Whatever  may  be  the  fpecies  of  luxation,  we  fhould 
always  be  certain  that  it  is  perfeftly  reduced  before  leaving 
the  patient.  To  afcertain  this,  we  ought  to  move  the  thigh 
in  various  direftions,  taking  care  at  the  fame  time  to  omit 
that  motion  which  might  reproduce  the  luxation. 

When  a  luxation  of  the  femur  upwards  and  outwards  has 
not  been  reduced,  the  thigh  remains  fhort,  and  becomes 
fliorter  every  day,  until  the  head  of  the  femur  has  made  for 
itlelf  a  kind  of  articular  ca%nty  in  the  fucfacc  of  the  external 
ihac  fofla.  The  acetabulum  leffens  in  fizc,  or  is  entirely  ob- 
literated. The  glut:£us  minimus  is  emaciated,  and  ferves  a». 
an  orbicular  ligament  to  the  new  articulation.  The  head 
of  the  femur  lof'es  its  fpherical  figure,  is  forced  backwards, 
and  its  neck  becomes  fhorter  ;  tlie  perfon  is  lame,  and  walka 
on  the  point  of  the  foot.  If  the  luxation  ij  downwards- 
and  inwards,  the  foramen  ovale  becomes  the  new  articulating 
cavity  ;  the  obturator  externus,  raifed  and  pufhed  inwards 
by  the  head  of  the  femur,  becomes  emaciated  and  ligament- 
ous, and  it  and  the  glutsus  minimus  even  fometimes  offifv. 
The  lamenefs  arifes  in  this  cafe  from  the  excefs  of  leno-th 
of  the  difeafed  Umb,  which  always  diminifhes  in  fize,  in  con- 
fequence of  the  mufcles  not  being  fufficiently  exercifed,  oc 
their  aftion  being  impeded. 

Luxations  of  the  PaUlla,  or  Knee-pan It  is  impofTible  fbr 

the  patella  to  be  diflocated  downwards  without  the  tendoa 
of  the  extenfor  mufcles  of  the  leg  being  firil  ruptured  ;  nor 
upwards,  unlefs  the  hgament  of  the  patella  is  broken.  Iq 
this  laft  cafe  the  extenfor  mufcles  may  draw  the  bone  more 
or  lefs  upwards  towards  the  groin. 

Diflocatioi.s  inwards,  or  outwards,  may  happen  with- 
out other  mifchief.  They  occur  when  the  patella  is  vio- 
lently  pulhed  in  one  of  thefe  direftions.  According  to 
Boyer,  great  relaxation  of  the  inferior  hgament  of  the  pa- 
tella may  create  a  predifpofition  to  tlie  accident.  Such, 
fays  he,  was  the  cafe  of  the  young  man,  whofe  patcllas  were 
luxated  outwards  by  the  flightefi  motion  of  the  knees,  as- 
related  by  Hard  in  the  Journ.  de,  Med. 

The  diflocation  outwards  is  the  moil  common.  This- 
may  depend  partly  on  the  internal  edge  of  the  patella  pro- 
jefting  more  than  the  external  one,  and,  therefore,  being 
more  expofcd  to  violence?  and  partly,  on  the  outer  condyle 
of  the  thigh-bone  allowing  the  patella  to  flip  over  it  with 
facility. 

Boyer  obferves,  that  the  external  condyle  of  the  femur, 
which  is  naturally  more  eminent  anteriorly  than  the  inner 
one,  may  be  depreffed,  and  this  depreflion,  from  whatever 
caufe  it  may  proceed,  favours  the  diflocation  outwards. 
He  tells  us  that  he  has  feen,  among  the  military  confcripts, 
three  cafes  of  luxation  of  the  left  patella  outwards  from. 
fuch  a  caufe.  In  tliefe  three  individuals  the  patella  was 
placed  at  the  outfide  of  the  condyle,  though  not  altogether 
away  from  it.  The  anterior  furface  of  the  bone  was  turned 
outwards  ;  the  poflerior  one  inwards  ;  the  internal  edge  was 
placed  anteriorly,  and  projected  under  the  fl<in,  while  the' 
external  edge  was  direfted  backwards.  In  all  thefe  in- 
ftances  the  luxation  had  taken  place  during  infancy.  Bt 
relaiung  the  extenfors  of  the  leg,  and  bending  the  thigh,  the 
patella  could  eafily  be  replaced ;  but  unlets  confined  in  its, 
proper  fituation,  it  was  foon  diflocated  again. 

Another  cafe  is  recorded  by  the  fame  writer,  where  a 
luxation  of  the  patcUa  outwards  followed  a  gunfliot-wound 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  knee. 

Luxations  outwards,  produced  by  external  violence,  are 
rarely  complete,  as  luch  an  accident  could  only  arife  from  a 

degree 


LUXATION. 


degrte  of  force  that  is  hardly  ever  exerted.  The  dlP.oca- 
tion  is  much  promoted  by  the  knee  being,  at  tlie  time  of 
the  blow,  in  a  moderate  ftate  of  flexion,  as  the  extenfor  muf- 
cles  of  the  leg  and  ligament  of  the  patella  are  then  relaxed, 
and  the  inner  edge  of  the  patella  very  prominent,  fo  as  to  be 
expoled  to  the  action  of  external  force. 

In  luxations  of  the  patella  outwards,  the  patient  expe- 
riences fevere  pain,  and  cannotbcnd  his  knee.  The  latter 
joint  is  deformed  ;  the  pulley  of  the  condyles  of  the  femur 
may  be  felt  through  the  (Icin  ;  the  patella  forms  a  lumour  in 
front  of  the  external  condyle;  the  anterior  furface  of  the 
knee-pan  is  becoiae  the  external  one,  while  the  pollerior 
ftn-face  is  now  internal.  The  internal  edge  is  turned  more 
forwards  than  inwards,  and  the  external  one  is  now  turned 
almoil  quite  backwards. 

The  fymptoms  of  a  luxation  inwards  are  very  analogous 
to  thofe  of  the  preceding  cafe,  allowance  being  made  for 
the  difference  of  fituation  and  the  relation  of  parts  to  each 
other. 

In  every  cafe  of  didocated  patella,  the  redu£lion  fliould 
be  effedod  as  foon  as  poffible.  The  patient  is  to  Ije  laid  on 
a  bed,  with  his  leg  e:;tended  and  thigh  bent.  In  this  pofi- 
tion  the  extcnfor  -nufcles  and  their  tendon,  and  the  ligament 
of  the  patella,  are  relaxed,  and  the  latter  bone  may  eafily 
be  put  back  into  its  proper  fituation  by  prefTure. 

The  inflammatory  fweliing.  which  ufually  alTcfts  after  an 
accident  of  this  nature,  is  to  be  fubdued  by  general  and 
topical  bleeding,  reft,  and  the  faturnine  lotions.  After 
the  fweliing  and  inflammation  are  diminilhed,  the  joint  fliould 
be  gently  bent  and  extended  every  day,  and -rubbed  with 
the  linimentum  fapon.  comp. 

Lii  :ation<  of  the  Kn.-e.  —The  tibia,  at  its  articulation  with 
the  condyles  of  the  femur,  may  be  luxated  either  back- 
wards, forwards,  or  to  cither  lide. 

A  com;)letc  luxation  of  the  knee  is  an  exceedingly  un- 
common circumltance,  and  could  not  happen  without  a  total 
laceration  of  all  the  numerous  ligaments  and  tcndi)iis  which 
ftrengthen  the  joint.  For  the  produftion  of  fuch  mifchief, 
we  mud  fiippofe  the  operation  of  a  degree  of  violence  that 
hardly  ever  takes  place,  putting  out  of  the  queftion  the 
tearing  away  of  limbs  by  cannon-balls.  Even  incomplete 
luxations,  inwards  or  outward.^,  are  very  rare,  fo  much  are 
thefe  accidents  oppofed  by  the  extent  of  the  articular  fur- 
faces,  and  the  ftrength  of  the  ligaments  and  tendons.  Dif- 
locations  forwards  or  backwards  are  Hill  more  uncommon, 
in  confequcnce  of  the  manner  in  which  the  patella  a':d 
crucial  ligament  refill  their  occurrence.  However,  when 
the  leg  is  fixed,  and  the  body  and  thigh  are  forced  onwards, 
the  tibia  may  be  partly  forced  away  from  the  lower  end  of 
the  femur  to  one  fide  or  another.  The  accident  implies  the 
operation  of  confiderable  violence.  The  deformity  makes 
the  nature  of  the  cafe  very  maiifcft.  The  reduflion  is 
cafily  accomplifhed  by  pulhing  the  heads  of  the'  bones  in 
oppofi'e  dr.-cilions,  while  the  articular  furfaces  are  ?.  little 
feparated  by  moderate  extenfion  of  the  limb.  After  the 
reduftion,  the  main  bufinefsof  the  furgeon  is  to  avert  and 
diminilh  inflammation  of  the  joint  by  cold  waflies,  1  cches, 
venefefllon,  opening  medicines,  low  diet,  perfeil  rell,  &c. 

Luxations  of  the  Anhh  Joint.— The  foot  may  be  luxated 
inwards,  or  outwards  ;  or  forwards,  or  backwards  ;  and  the 
diflocation  in  any  of  thefe  direftions  may  be  complete  or  in- 
complete. Luxations  inwards  or  outwards,  are  the  mod 
fre.quent.  The  former,  however,  are  more  common  than 
the  latter.  As  the  internal  malleolus  docs  not  defccnd  fo  far 
as  the  externa),  the  aftragalus  has  a  lefs  fpace  to  defcribe 
from  without  inwards,  than  in  the  contrary  diredtion.  The 
jdillccation  inwards  is  occafioned  by  a  violent  abduftion  of 


the  foot,  and  is  cluraAerized  by  the  fole  being  turned  out- 
wards, and  the  back  of  the  foot  inwards,  by  the  pain  and 
inabi.ity  of  moving  the  foot ;  and,  laftly,  by  the  projection 
made. by  the  adragalns  below  the  internal  malleolus. 

The  luxation  outwards  is  attended  with  an  impoffibility 
of  moving  the  foot ;  the  fole  is  turned  inwards  and  the  back 
of  the  foot  outwards ;  and  the  attragalus  projetls  below  the 
exteriuil  malleolus. 

All  luxations  of  the  foot  (hould  be  reduced  as  quickly  as 
poflible.  One  afTiftant  is  to  make  the  countcr-exjenfion  by 
fixing  the  leg,  and,  while  another  draws  the  foot,  the  fur- 
geon is  to  pnlh  the  latter  part  in  a  direclion  contrary  to  that 
ill  which  it  is  luxated:  Nothing  facilitates  the  redu£lion  of 
diflocations  of  the  ankle  fo  materially  as  relaxing  the  power- 
ful mufcles  of  the  calf  of  the  leg,  by  bending  the  knee  and 
extending  the  foot. 

When  the  redu£lion  has  been  acconipliflied,  the  limb  is  to 
be  put  in  fplints,  jull  as  if  the  cafe  were  a  tradlure  of  the 
log,  (fee  FuACTURE,)  and  the  antiphlogifLic  treatment  is 
indicated  for  the  prevention  of  violent  inflammation. 

Theie  cafes,  in  former  days,  generally  ended  fo  badly, 
that  J.  L.  Petit  recommends  amputation  never  to  be  delayed 
more  than  twenty-four  hours  after  the  accident.  More 
niadern  experience,  however,  has  proved  the  gcnerarpcffi- 
bility  of  curing  diflocations  of  the  ankle,  ar.d  this  even  when 
tlie  cafe  is  compound,  that  is,  attended  with  a  wound  com- 
municating  with  the  injured  point. 

A  frafture  of  the  fibula  near  its  lower  end  is  a  frequent 
complication  of  a  luxation  of  the  foot  inwards.  That  bone, 
therefore,  fliould  always  be  carefully  examined  in  the  latter 
cafe. 

Luxations  forwards  and  backwards,  lefs  frequent  than 
thofe  defcribed,  are  however  fometimes  met  with.  The  firll 
is  occafioned  by  a  fall  backwards  while  the  foot  is  fixed  to 
the  ground  ;  the  fecond  by  a  fall  on  the  feet,  with  the  body 
inclined  forwards  and  the  leg  much  bent.  The  luxation  for- 
wards is  more  difficultly  produced  than  that  backwards,  on 
account  of  the  articular  pulley  of  the  aftragalus,  which  in- 
clines towards  the  pollerior  fide,  being  permitted  to  llide 
much  on  the  tibia  without  abandoning  it  in  the  extenfion  of 
the  foot.  When  the  extenfion  is  carried  too  far,  luxation 
forwards  is  produced. 

In  the  luxation  backwards,  the  external  and  pofterior  liga- 
ments and  the  pofterior  part  of  the  capfule  are  torn  ;  in  that 
forwards  the  anterior  and  external  ligaments,  the  anterior 
fibres  of  the  internal  lateral  ligament,  and  the  anterior  part 
of  the  capfule,  are  torn.  The  fymptoms  of  the  firft  fpecits 
are,  a  diminution  of  length  in  that  part  of  the  foot  between 
the  lower  part  of  the  leg  and  the  anterior  extremity  of  the 
toes,  elongation  of  the  heel,  tenfion  of  the  tendo  Achiili.i, 
and  relaxation  of  the  extenfors  of  the  toes.  It  is  impcffible 
either  to  bend  or  extend  the  foot ;  this  fymptom  diliin- 
guifhes  luxation  from  iprain,  in  which  the  foot  may  be  moved, 
though  not  without  pain,  however  high  the  inflammation 
may  be. 

Contiary  fymptoms  accompany  the  luxation  forwards: 
the  foot  is  lengthened,  the  heel  is  fhortened,  and  the  foot, 
much  extended,  cannot  be  bent,   &c. 

The  reduction  of  both  is  eafily  effefted,  after  which  it 
will  be  neceffary  to  put  the  limb  in  fplints,  and  lay  it  in  the 
bent  poilure. 

Tiie  very  thick  and  tliort  ligamentous  fubftance  which 
unites  the  aftragalus  to  the  os  calcis,  binds  them  fo  ftrongly 
together,  that  they  follovv  one  another  in  their  motions  and 
form,  as  it  were  but  one  bone.  Hence  they  are  never  com- 
plett'ly  feparated,  even  in  the  moft  defperate  cafes  of  luxa- 
tion of  the  foot ;  but  one  or  both  of  them  may  be  luxated 

j^  troiu 


LUX 

rrom  tlie  fcapTioides  andcuboides.  The  tranfverfe  dirfftion 
of  the  articulation  formed  by  thefe  four  bones,  fuggefted  to 
Chopart  the  ingenious  idea  of  amputating  only  a  part  of 
the  foot.  Bat  thefe  luxations,  lefs  dangerous  than  the 
others,  can  be  occafioned  only  by  a  violent  eftort  in  which  the 
anterior  part  of  the  foot  is  lixed,  as  happened  in  the  two 
cafes  related  by  J.  L.  Petit,  the  foot  being  fadencd  in  an  iron 
grate,  wlii'.ft  the  body  was  drawn  backwards.  The  aftra- 
galus  and  os  calcis  may,  under  thefe  cinuimftanccs,  be  luxa- 
ted, but  particularly  the  former,  the  head  of  which  Aides 
from  below  upwards,  in  the  cavity  of  the  potterior  face  of 
the  fcaphoides,  and  forms  a  tumour  on  tlie  back  of  the 
foot.  The  inflammatory  fwelling  renders  it  often  difficult 
to  afcertain  this  luxation.  It  is  not  eafily  reduced,  even 
fiwrtly  after  it  has  taken  place.  Boycr  fniled  in  a  cafe  of 
this  kind  in  which  the  head  of  the  aftragalus  was  luxated 
upwards  and  inwards  by  a  fall  from  a  horfe  ;  but  in  fome 
time  the  perfon  felt  no  inconvenience  from  the  aiTeiilion,  he 
could  walk  witliout  pain  or  lamenefs,  and  nothing  remained 
bnt  the  deformity  occafioned  bv  the  tumour. 

The  other  bones  of  the  tarfus  and  metatarfus  are  too 
flrongly  tied  together  to  admit  of  luxation.  The  phalanges 
of  the  toes  cannot  be  luxated  by  external  violence,  on  ac- 
count of  their  fhortnefs.  However,  the  polTibility  of  luxa- 
tion of  the  firft  phalanx  of  the  great  toe  from  the  firft  bone 
of  the  metatarfus  may  be  eafily  conceived.  See  Boyer  on 
the  Bones,  vol.  ii. 

Compound  Luxations. — We  (hall  conclude  the  prefent  ar- 
ticle with  a  few  remarks  on  the  treatment  of  compound 
diflocations.  The  luxation  of  a  large  joint,  bein*^  conjoined 
with  an  external  wound,  leading  into  the  capfular  ligament, 
is  a  circumftance  that  has  a  particular  tendency  to  increafe 
the  dinger  of  the  accident.  In  many  cafes  we  fee  injuries 
of  this  defcri])tion  followed  by  violent  and  extenfive  inflam- 
mation, abfceffes  and  floughing,  fever,  delirium,  and  death. 
When  the  patient  is  advanced  in  years,  is  much  debilitated, 
or  of  an  unhealthy  irritable  conftitution,  compound  luxa- 
tionsl  efpccially  if  attended  with  much  contufion  and  other 
injury  of  the  foft  parts,  and  wrongly  treated,  very  often 
have  a  fatal  termination.  This,  however,  is  not  the  general 
event  of  thele  cafes,  and  whatever  may  have  happened  in 
former  times,  we  now  know,  that  in  the  prefent  improved 
Itate  of  furgerv  fuch  accidents  moftly  admit  of  cure.  We 
would  not,  however,  by  any  means  inlinuate  cenfure  againft 
every  inllance  of  amputation  performed  in  thefe  cafes  :  we 
know  that  fuch  operation  is  occalionally  mdilpenfable  imme- 
diately when  the  accident  is  ieen,  and  we  are  equally  aware, 
that  it  may  become  neceflary  in  a  future  llage,  when  extenfive 
abfceffes  or  (longhing,  joined  with  threatening  conftitutional 
fvmptoms,  have  occurred.  Our  only  delign  is  to  recommend 
the  endeavour  to  cure  the  generality  of  compound  luxations. 
But  if  a  cafe  were  to  prefent  itfelf,  attended  with  very 
great  contufion  and  laceration  of  the  foft  parts,  w'e  Ihould 
be  as  earnelt  advocates  for  amputation  as  any  praftitioners. 

The  treatment  of  a  compound  diflocation  requires  the  re- 
duction to  be  effefted  without  delay,  and  with  as  little  vio- 
lence and  difturbance  as  poiTible.  The  limb  is  then  to  be 
placed  in  fplints,  with  the  requifite  pads,  eightecn-tailed 
handage,  &c.  The  wound  is  to  be  freed  from  any  dirt  or  ex- 
trane«us  matter,  and  its  lips  accurately  brought  into  contaft 
with  llrips  of  adhefive  pialler.  The  joint  is  to  be  covered 
■with  linen  w'et  with  the  faturnine  lotion,  the  bandage  is  to 
.  be  loofeiy  laid  down,  and  the  fphnts  faflenod  on  with  their 
proper  ftraps  or  pieces  of  tape,  and  the  limb  is  to  be  kept 
perfedtly  at  re!t  in  an  eligible  pollure.  The  patient,  if 
ftrong  and  young,  is  to  be  bkd.  This  laft  praftice  may  be 
more  freelv  adopted  in  the  country  than  in  London,  or  large 

Voi..  XXI. 


L  U  X 

hofpitaN.  Purging,  however,  mufl  never  be  omitted,  and 
an  anodyne,  the  firft  night  or  two,  will  be  highly  proper. 
Saline  draughts,  antimonials,  and  a  low  regimen,  arc  alfo 
indicated  during  the  firfl;  few  days  of  the  fympto.matic  fever 
which  commonly  follows  fo  ferious  an  accident. 

If  the  cafe  takes  a  favourable  courfe,  theconditutional  in- 
difpofition  will  not  be  exceflive,  nor  will  the  pain  and  inflai^- 
mation  of  the  limb  be  immoderate.  Sometimes  the  wound 
even  unites,  more  or  lefs,  without  fuppuration,  a  circum- 
ftance of  the  higheft  importance,  as  tending  more  than  any 
thing  to  leden  the  danger,  by  changing  the  cafe,  as  it  were, 
from  a  compound  into  a  fimple  one.  In  other  cafes,  the 
wound  is  not  united,  but  the  inflammation  and  fuppuration 
are  not  violent  or  extenfive,  and  there  is  every  reafon  to  ex- 
pcA  ultimate  fuccefs.  When  the  wound  is  difpofed  to  unite 
favourably,  lint  and  adhefive  platter  are  the  bcft  drcflings. 
In  other  inftanccs,  while  the  fuppuration  is  at  all  copious,  or 
the  inflammation  high  or  extenfive,  emollient  poultices  are 
moft  eligible. 

■When  the  fymptomatic  fever  and  firft  inflammatory  fymp- 
toms  are  over,  and  there  is  much  difcharge,  attended  with 
marks  of  approaching  weaking,  the  patient  is  to  be  allowed 
more  food,  and  be  diredted  to  take  bark,  cordials,  porter, 
wine,  &c.  If  his  nights  are  reftleis,  he  muft  have  opiates  ; 
and,  in  Ihort,  all  fuch  medicines  as  his  particular  complainU 
may  require,  are  to  be  prefcribed. 

When  the  inflammation  of  a  compound  diflocation  is 
violent  or  extenfive,  general  bleeding,  and  the  ufe  of  leeches, 
are  the  moft  eff'edual  means  of  counterafting  the  mif- 
chief. 

In  certain  cafes,  the  moft  Ikilful  treatment  is  unavailing. 
The  joint  and  limb  become  affected  with  confiderable  pain  and 
fwelling  ;  the  fever  runs  high  ;  delirium  comes  on  ;  and  the 
patient  may  even  perilh  from  the  violence  of  the  firft  fymp- 
toms,  the  limb  being  generally  at  the  fame  time  attacked' with 
gangrene.  If  thefe  firft  dangers  are  avoided,  the  wound  may 
not  heal  favourably;  the  inflammation  may  be  extenfive  ;  large 
abfcefles  under  the  fafcix  may  be  formed  ;  and  the  heftical 
fymptoms  and  iinking  ftate  of  the  patient  may  make  the 
only  chance  of  recovery  depend  upon  amputation.  But 
even  this  operation  is  fometimes  deferred  till  too  late,  and 
the  patient  muft  be  left  to  his  mifcrable  fate. 

Wiioever  gives  the  fmallcft  reflection  to  the  nature  of 
compound  fractures,  will  perceive,  that  it  is  often  a  matter 
of  the  laft  importance  to  make  a  right  decifion  at  the  very 
beginning,  whether  amputation  fliould  be  immediately  done, 
or  whether  an  attempt  to  fave  the  limb  ought  to  be  made. 
In  fome  inftanccs,  the  patient's  fole  chance  depends  upon 
the  operation  being  performed  at  once  without  the  leall 
delay,  and  the  opportunity  of  doing  it  never  returns. 

Thus,  when  great  inflammation  and  a  rapid  raortitlcatioii 
of  the  limb  follow  the  accident,  the  patient  may  die  before 
the  floughing  has  fliewn  the  leaft  inclination  to  ftop. 

But,  befides  this  firft  critical  period,  the  furgeoti  often  has 
to  exercife  a  nice  degree  of  judgment  in  a  future  ftage  of  the 
cafe  ;  we  mean  when  the  fuppuration  is  copious,  and  the 
health  much  impaired.  Here  the  praftitioner  may  err  in 
taking  off  a  limb  that  might  be  laved  ;  or  he  may  commit 
a  vv'orfe  fault,  and  make  the  patient  lofe  his  life  in  a  fruitlefs 
attempt  to  fave  the  member.  No  precepts  can  form  the 
right  praditioner  in  this  delicate  part  of  furgery  ;  genius 
alone  cannot  do  it  ;  we  would  add,  mere  experience,  how- 
ever great,  cannot  do  it :  the  opportunity  oif  making  obfer- 
vations,  and  the  talent  of  profiting  by  them,  are  here  the 
things  which  make  the  confuniniate  furgeon. 

LUXEMBOURG,  FRANClsHEN-RYBEMoNT-MOnENCY, 

Duheof,  \n  Biogral'by,  a  celebrated  rrench  general,  fon  of  the 
4  S  cou«t 


LUX 


LUX 


count  of  Bouttevillo,  who  was  beheaded  under  Lewis  XIII. 
for  fighting  a  duel,  was  born  in  1628.  He  was  educated 
for  the  military  profcflion,  and  at  tlie  age  of  fifteen  was, 
at  the  battle  of  Rocroi,  under  the  ilkilhious  Conde,  whole 
various  fortunes  he  followed.  He  refembled  that  hero  in 
feveral  of  his  qualities,  and  was  himfelf  admitted  a  duke  and 
peer  of  France.  In  1667,  he  was  promoted  to  a  lieutenant- 
general(hip,  and  in  that  charadler  he  was,  in  the  following 
year,  aftive  in  the  conquell  of  Franchc-Comte.  He  had  the 
chief  command,  in  1672,  in  the  invafion  of  Holland,  where, 
in  one  campaign,  he  took  a  number  of  towns,  and  gained 
the  battles  of  Bodcgrave  and  Woerden  :  after  this,  he  made 
a  famous  retreat  with  an  army  of  20,000  men,  againll 
70,000.  In  l'675,  he  was  oppofed  to  the  prince  of  Orange, 
and  by  his  fucctfs  obtained  the  dignity  of  marlhal  of  France. 
In  1690,  he  gained  the  battle  of  Fleurus,  which  was  followed 
by  feveral  other  very  important  viftories.  Previoudy  to  thefe 
laft-named  fucceffes  he  had  been  detained  a  prifoner  in  the 
Baftile  more  than  a  year,  on  charges  connedled  with  his 
amours,  to  which,  notvvithftanding  the  deformity  of  his 
perfon«ind  features,  he  was  much  addifted.  He  died  in 
1695,  and  with  him,  it  has  been  faid,  terminated  the  viftories 
and  grandeur  of  Lewis  XIV.  No  general  after  him  poflefled, 
to  fo  high  a  degree,  the  attachment  and  confidence  of  the 
foldiers.  His  uniform  fuccefs,  when  contending  with  king 
William,  rendered  him  an  objeil  of  jealoufy  to  that  prince, 
who  once,  in  the  bitternefs  of  his  heart,  called  him  a 
"  hump-back  ;"  "  What  does  he  know  of  my  back,"  faid 
the  mar(hall,  "  he  never  faw  it  i"     Moreri. 

LUXEMBURG,  in  Geography,  one  of  the  ten  Catholic 
provinces  of  the  Netherlands  before  the  French  revolution, 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  bilhopric  of  Liege,  and  duchies 
of  Limburgh  and  Juliers,  on  the  E.  by  the  eleftorate  of 
Treves,  and  on  the  S.  and  W.  by  France  ;  to  which,  by  a 
late  treaty,  it  is  now  annexed,  conftituting,  in  part,  the 
department  of  the  Fonts  ;  which  fee.  It  lies  in  the  centre 
of  the  forell  of  Ardennes.  Its  foil,  though  not  fertile,  pro- 
duces fome  corn  ;  but  it  furnilhes  a  good  breed  of  cattle, 
wine,  all  forts  of  game,  iron-works,  and  founderies  for 
cannon,  which  are  the  chief  lource  of  its  wealth.  It  is 
watered  by  many  fmall  rivers  which  run  into  the  Meufc  and 
Mofelle.  It  contains,  befides  the  city  of  Luxemburg,  23 
other  fmaller  towns. 

LuxEMBUUG,  a  city  of  France,  principal  place  of  a  diftrift, 
and  capital  of  the  department  of  the  Fordts.  From  being 
a  caftle,  built  by  the  people  of  Treves,  it  was  enlarged  by 
t\\s  Romans,  and  called  "  Augufta  Romanorum."  When 
Merovinus,  king  of  France,  conquered  the  country,  it  was 
called  the  "  city  of  the  fun,"  becaufe  the  fun  was  anciently 
adored  there,  aj  the  moon  was  at  Arlon,  Jupiter  at  Ivoy,  now 
called  Carignan,  and  Mars  at  Marche  en  Famine.  This  city 
is  fmall,  but  ftrong,  on  account  both  of  its  fituation  and  forti- 
fications, which  vi'ei-e  thought  to  be  the  Ifrongeft  in  Europe. 
It  is  divided  by  the  river  Alfitz,  which  runs  through  it,  into 
the  Upper  and  Lower  Towns  ;  the  former  being  fituated  on 
a  rock,  the  latter  in  a  plain.  Its  number  of  inhabitants  is 
eilimated  at  about  10,000,  its  two  cantons  contain  20,522, 
on  a  territory  of  247-';  kilioraetrcs,  in  14  communes.  Having 
frequency  changed  matters,  being  at  one  time  in  the  poflef- 
fion  of  France,  at  another  lime  in  that  of  Spain,  again  under 
the  dominion  of  the  States  General,  to  which  it  was  ceded 
by  the  barrier  treaty  in  170 1,  and  afterwards,  vl-i.  in  171  J, 
poffefTed  by  the  emperor  ;  it  was  blockaded  by  the  French, 
after  they  had  acquired  by  arms  the  furrounding  country, 
and  f'lrrendercd  to  them  on  the  7th  of  June,  1795,  by  capi- 
tulation The  furrendcr  of  Luxemburg  put  the  French  in 
pofTelUon  of  the  whole  country  on  the  left  of  the  Rhine, 


except  Mcntz  ;  50  miles  S.S.E.  of  Liege.     N.  lat.  49'  40'. 
E.  long.  6-  13'. 

LUXEUIL,  ■&  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
Upper  Saone,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  dillrifl  of 
Lnre  ;  14  miles  N.E.  of  Vefoul.  The  place  contains  3080, 
and  the  canton  13,261  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  190 
kiliometres,  in  27  communes.  N.  lat.  47''  49'.  E.  long. 
6   27'. 

LUXOR,  LuxoREiN,  01-  jlkfor,  a  village  of  Egypt,  on  the 
right  fide  of  the  Nile,  the  fcite  of  which  is  the  ruins  of  the 
celebrated  city  of  Thebes,  which  fee.  Of  thefe  ruins  we  (hall 
now  only  mention  from  Mr.  Browne's  Travuls  (p.  135.), 
that  they  extend  for  about  three  leagues  in  length  along  the 
Nile.  Eaft  and  weft  they  reach  to  the  mountains,  a  breadth 
of  about  2A  leagues.  The  river  is  here  about  300  yards 
broad.  The  circumference  of  the  ancient  city  muft,  there- 
fore, have  been  about  27  miles.  This  ingenious  traveller  is 
of  opinion  that  Luxor  and  Akfor  are  corruptions  of  El 
Kuffur,  the  real  term,  which  is  Hill  apphcd  to  the  ruins  by 
the  Arabs  ;    18  miles  S.  of  Kous. 

LUXURIANT  Plants,  a  term  in  Gardening,  fignify- 
ing  fuch  as  become  greatly  augmented  in  growth  beyond 
their  common  natural  ftate,  and  which  rarely  acquire  that 
degree  of  perfection  which  is  the  cafe  with  thofe  of  more 
moderate  growths.  This  fometimes  happens  from  the  cx- 
cefs  of  nouridiment,  and  fometimes  from  the  nature  of  the 
plants. 

But  it  is  produced  differently  ;  fometimes  prevailing  in 
the  whole  plant,  fometimes  in  particular  parts,  as  in  fome  of 
the  (hoots,  and  frequently  in  the  flowers. 

The  firit  of  thefe  may  be  confidered  fuch  as  (hoot  much 
ftronger  than  plants  of  the  fame  fpecies  generally  do,  and 
it  happens  both  in  herbaceous  plants  and  trees,  &c.  which 
never  attain  perfection  fo  foon  as  the  more  moderate  growers  ; 
thus,  many  forts  of  efcnlent  plants,  which  (hoot  luxuriantly 
to  leaves  and  ftalks,  &c.  as  cucumbers,  melons,  cabbages, 
cauhflowers,  turnips,  radifhes,  beans,  peas,  &c.  never  arrive 
fo  foon  to  perfeftion  as  thofe  of  moderate  growth  ;  and  fuch 
plants  as  appear  to  be  naturally  of  themfelves  of  a  very  luxu- 
riant nature,  are  very  improper  to  (land,  from  which  to  fave 
feed  for  future  increafe. 

And  ihii  is  alfo  the  cafe  in  fruit-trees ;  as  fuch  as  are  very 
luxuriant  fliooters  are  much  longer  before  they  attain  a 
bearing  ftate  than  thofe  of  middling  growth,  and  they  never 
bear  fo  plentifully,  or  have  the  fruit  attain  fuch  perfeftion. 
This  luxuriance  is  frequently  acquired  by  unfltiiful  pruning, 
efpecially  in  wall-trees,  &c.  as  it  is  often  the  practice,  when 
wal!  or  efpalier  trees  affume  fuch  a  growth,  to  cut  all  the 
(hoots  (hort ;  by  which,  inftead  of  reducing  the  tree  to  a 
moderate  ftate  of  (liooting,  it  has  its  vigour  increafed,  as  too 
confiderable  fhortening  of  ftrong  (hoots  promotes  their 
throwing  out  ftill  ftronger,  and  producing  mori?  abundant  or 
fiiperfluous  wood.  Therefore,  in  pruning  very  luxuriant 
efpaher  and  wall-fruit  trees,  they  fliould  beaffilfed  fomewhat 
in  their  own  way,  as  it  were,  by  training  in  plenty  of  ftioots 
annually  for  a  year  or  two,  to  divide  the  redundancy  of  fap  ; 
or,  in  the  fummer  and  winter  prunings,  always  leaving  them 
rather  thicker  than  in  the  common  praftice,  and  mollly  at 
full  length,  unlefs  it  be  neceffary  to  (horten  fuch  as  are  of 
very  confiderable  length,  or  in  fome  particular  part  of  the 
tree,  to  force  out  a  fupply  of  wood  to  fill  a  vacancy.  Some 
forts  of  fruit-trees  fhould,  indeed,  never  be  generally  fliortened 
in  the  common  courle  of  pruning,  except  in  cafual,  very 
extended,  irregular  growths,  or  occafionally  for  procuring 
a  fupply  of  wood,  as  mentioned  above.  This  is  par- 
ticularly neceffary  in  apples,  pears,  plums,  cherries,  and 
fig-trees ;  for,  if  generally  (hortening  was  to  be  praftifed 

io 


LUX 

in  thefe  forts,  they  would  continae  fliooting  every  year  fo 
luxuriantly  to  wood,  that  they  would  never  form  then.felvcs 
into  a  proper  bearing  ftate  :  even  in  thofe  trees  where  (horten- 
inpr  is  necefTftrily  prat^ifed  in  winter,  in  moll  of  the  annual 
fupplies  of  fhootP,  as  in  peaches,  neClannes,  &c.  in  cafos  of 
luxuriant  growth,  it  (hould  be  very  fparingly  performed, 
the  general  (hoots  not  being  cut  very  fhort,  and  fome  of  the 
mod  vigorous  left  almoft  or  quite  at  the  full  length.  This 
is  the  proper  method  to  reduce  luxuriant  trees  to  a  moderate 
growth,  and  to  a  bearing  Hate  ;  as  by  training  the  (hoots 
thicker,  and  leaving  them  longer,  and  continuing  it  for  a 
year  or  two,  the  redundant  fap,  having  greater  fcopc  to 
divide  itfelf,  cannot  break  out  with  that  luxuriance  as  when 
it  has  not  half  the  quantity  of  wood  to  fupply  with  nouri(h- 
ment,  as  in  the  cafe  of  (hort  pruning.  See  Espalier, 
Wall-trees,  and  Phukisg. 

This  ftate  feldom  occurs  with  any  continuance  in  ftandard- 
trees,  where  permitted  to  take  their  natural  growth,  except 
in  cafual  draggling  (hoots,  which  (hould  always  be  taken 
out.  Over-luxuriant  (hoots  are  mollly  met  with  in  trees 
and  (lirubs  ;  but  require  more  particularly  to  be  attended 
to  in  the  culture  of  the  fruit-tree  kind,  efpecially  thofe  of 
the  wall  and  efpalier  fort,  which  undergo  annual  pruning. 

They  are  fuch  as  (hoot  fo  vigoroufly  in  length  and  fub- 
ftance,  as  greatly  to  exceed  the  general  growth  of  thofe 
ufually  produced  on  the  fame  kind  of  plant  or  tree,  and  are 
fometimes  general,  but  in  other  cafes  only  happen  to  parti- 
cular (hoots  in  different  parts  of  a  tree,  &c.  They  are 
difcoverabie  by  their  extraordinary  length  and  thicknefs, 
and  by  their  %'igour  of  growth,  which  always  greatly  im- 
poveri(hes  the  other  more  moderate  (hoots  in  their  neigh- 
bourhood, and  likewife  the  fruit,  &c.  as  well  as  often  oc- 
cafions  a  very  irregular  growth  in  the  refpeclive  trees.  Such 
{hoots  frequently  occur  in  wall  and  efpalier  fruit-trees,  and  are 
the  effects  of  injudicious  pruning.  When  they  are  in  gene- 
ral wholly  fo,  they  (hould  be  managed  as  direfted  above  ;  but 
when  only  in  particular  (hoots  here  and  there  in  a  fruit  tree, 
or  other  tree  or  fhrub  under  training,  fuch  (hoots  being  of  fuch 
a  very  luxuriant  nature  as  to  draw  away  the  nourilhment,  at 
the  expence  of  the  adjacent  moderate  (hoots,  and  which,  by 
their  vigorous  irregular  growth,  cannot  be  trained  with 
any  degree  of  regularity  ;  they  (hould  for  the  moft  part,  as 
foon  as  difcoverabie,  in  the  fummer  or  winter  prunings,  be 
cut  out,  taking  them  off  as  clofe  as  poffible  to  the  part  of  the 
branch  whence  they  originate,  that  no  eye  may  be  left  to 
llioot  again  ;  unlefs  fuch  a  (hoot  (hould  rife  in  any  part  of  a 
tree  or  (hrub,  where  a  further  fupply  of  wood  may  be  re- 
quifite  ;  in  which  cafe  it  may  be  retained  and  (hortened  as 
convenient,  to  force  out  a  fupply  of  more  (hoots  laterally  to 
fill  the  vacancy. 

Where  it  prevails  in  other  trees  and  (hrubs  than  thofe  of 
the  fruit  kind,  they  (hould  have  occafional  attention,  prun- 
ing them  in  regular  order  in  their  younger  advancing  growth, 
or  afterwards  occafionally  in  particular  forts,  ds  may  be  ne- 
ceffary  :  obferving,  in  either,  when  any  draggling  (hoots, 
&c.  affume  a  very  luxuriant  rambling  growth,  greatly  exceed- 
ing the  other  general  branches,  that  they  may  be  more  or 
lefs  reduced  or  cut  entirely  away  clofe  to  their  origin,  as  may 
be  moft  expedient,  according  to  the  nature  of  growth  of 
the  trees  or  (lirubs,  either  in  fummer  or  winter,  &c, 

Moft  double  flowers  may  be  confidered  as  luxuriant,  efpe- 
cially fuch  as  have  the  cup  or  corolla  multiplied,  or  fo  aug- 
mented in  the  number  of  their  leaves  or  flower-petals  inward, 
as  to  exclude  fome  part  of  the  fruftification,  aS  the  fame 
thing  occurs  in  flowers  as  in  efculent  plants  and  fruit-trees, 
from  their  over-lujturiant  growth  ;  for,  as  the  flower  is  de- 
figned  for  perfefting  the  fruit  and  feed,  when  the  petals  are 


LUX 

multiplied  to  the  diminution  of  the  ftamina,  &c.  no  impreg- 
nation cnfues,  and  of  courfe  no  fruit  or  feed  is  produced. 

In  tlie  double  varieties  of  moft  kinds  of  flowers  produced 
on  ornamental  flowering  plants,  this  luxuriance  is  generally 
confidered  as  a  fupcrior  degree  of  perfeftion  ;  and  has  diffe- 
rent modifications. 

The  higheft  degree  of  this  fort  of  luxuriance  is  met 
with  in  carnations,  anemones,  ranunculufes,  the  poppy, 
lychnis,  peony,  narcilTus,  violet,  and  fome  others. 

LUXURY,  fays  Mr.  Hume,  (Efl".  vol.  i.  p.  285.)  is  a 
word  of  an  uncertain  fignification,  and  may  be  taken  in  a 
good  as  well  as  a  bad  fenfe.  In  general,  it  means  great  re- 
finement in  the  gratification  of  the  fenfes  ;  and  any  degree  of 
it  may  be  innocent  or  blameable,  according  to  the  age,  or 
country,  or  condition  of  the  perfon.  The  bounds  between 
the  virtue  and  the  vice  cannot  here  be  exaftly  fixed,  more 
than  in  other  moral  fubjeft s.  To  imagine,  that  the  gratifying 
of  any  fenle,  or  the  indulging  of  any  delicacy  in  meat,  drink, 
or  apparel,  is  of  itfelf  a  vice,  can  never  enter  into  a  head, 
that  IS  not  difordered  by  the  frenzies  of  enthufiafm.  "  I 
have,  indeed,"  fays  our  author,  "  heard  of  a  monk  abroad, 
who,  becaufe  the  windows  of  his  celiopencd  upon  a  noble 
profpeift,  made  a  covenant  with  his  eyes  never  to  turn  that  way, 
or  receive  fo  fenlual  a  gratification,"  Such  is  the  crime  of 
drinking  Champagne  or  Burgundy,  preferably  to  fmall  beer 
or  porter.  Thefe  indulgences  are  only  vices,  when  they  are 
purfued  at  the  expence  of  fome  virtue,  as  liberality  or 
charity  ;  in  like  manner  as  they  are  follies,  when  for  them 
a  man  ruins  his  fortune,  and  reduces  himfelf  to  want  and 
beggary.  When  they  entrench  upon  no  virtue,  but  leave 
ample  fubjeft  whence  to  provide  for  friends,  family,  and 
every  proper  objeft  of  generofity  or  compalfion,  they  are 
entirely  innocent,  and  have  in  every  age  been  acknowledged 
fuch  by  almoft  all  moralifts.  To  be  entirely  occupied  with 
the  luxury  of  the  table,  for  inftance,  without  any  relilh  for 
the  pleafures  of  ambition,  ftudy,  or  converfation,  is  a  mark 
of  ftupidity,  and  is  incompatible  with  any  vigour  of  temper 
or  genius.  To  confine  one's  expence  entirely  to  fuch  a 
gratification,  without  regard  to  friends  or  family,  is  an  indi- 
cation of  a  heart  deftitute  of  humanity  oV  benevolence. 
But  if  a  man  referve  time  fufiicient  for  all  laudable  purfuits, 
and  money  fufiicient  for  all  generous  purpofes,  he  is  free 
from  every  (hadow  of  blame  or  reproach.  Since  luxury- 
may  be  confidered  either  as  innocent  or  blameable,  one 
may  be  furpriled,  fays  Mr.  Hume,  at  thofe  prepofterous 
opinions  which  have  been  entertained  concerning  it ;  while 
men  of  libertine  principles  bellow  praifes  even  on  vicious 
luxury,  and  reprefent  it  as  highly  advantageous  to  fociety  ; 
and  on  the  other  hand,  men  of  pure  morals  blame  even  the 
moft  innocent  luxury,  and  reprefent  it  as  the  fource  of  all 
the  corruption,  diforders,  and  fadions  incident  to  civil  go- 
vernment. This  author  endeavours  to  correft  both  thele 
extremes,  by  proving,  ift,  that  the  ages  of  refinement  are  . 
both  the  happieft  and  the  moft  virtuous;  and  zdly,  that 
wherever  luxury  ceafes  to  be  innocent,  it  alfo  ceafes  to  be 
beneficial ;  and  when  carried  a  degree  too  far,  is  a  qua- 
lity pernicious,  though  perhaps  not  the  moil  pernicious  to 
political  fociety.  In  proof  of  the  firft  point  ,._■  confiders 
the  effe£ls  of  refinement  both  on  private  and  public  life.  For 
his  reafoning  we  muft  refer  to  the  Elfay,  above  cited.  In- 
duftry,  knowledge,  and  humanity,  fays  our  author,  are 
linked  together  by  an  indiffoluble  chain,  and  are  found, 
from  experience  as  well  as  reafon,  to  be  peculiar  to  the 
more  polilhed,  and,  what  are  commonly  denominated,  the 
more  luxurious  ages.  He  adds,  that  thefe  advantages  are 
not  attended  with  any  difadvantages  that  bear  any  prppor- 
tion  to  them.  The  more  men  refine  upon  pleafure,  the 
.  4S  2  lefs 


L  U  X 


L  U  Z 


\ek  will  they  indulge  in~  cxcefTes  of  any  kind  ;  bccaufo 
nothing  is  more  dcllniftive  to  true  plcafure  than  fuclx  ex- 
ceffes.  Belides,  indiiftry,  knowledge,  and  humanity  dilTufe 
their  beneficial  influence  beyond  the  fphere  of  private  life, 
en  the  ptdblic,  and  render  the  government  as  great  pnd  flou- 
rilhing  as  they  nnakc  individuals  profporous  and  happy- 
Our  author  concludes  his  Efiay  on  "  Relincinent  m  the 
Arts,"  with  the  following  obfervations.  "  Luxury,  wlien 
exccfTive,  is  the  fource  of  many  ills  ;  but  is  in  general  pre- 
ferable to  floth  and  idlencfs,  which  would  commonly  fuc- 
ceed  in  its  place,  and  are  more  hur;ful  both  to  private 
pcrfons  and  to  the  public.  When  floth  reigns,  a  mean  un- 
cultivated way  of  life  prevails  araongll  individuals,  without 
fociety,  without  enjoyment.  And  if  the  fovereign,  in  fuch 
a  fituation,  demands  the  fervice  of  his  fiibjcCts,  the  labour 
of  the  (late  inffices  only  to  furniih  the  neceffaries  of  life  to 
the  labourers,  and  can  afford  nothing  to  ihofe  who  are  em- 
ployed in  the  public  fervice."' 

An  excellent  writer,  to  whom  we  fhall  next   refer,  takes 
occaiion,  from  a  confideratioii  of  the  mode  of  living  wliich 
aiStually  obtains  in  any  country,  to  illiiftrate  the  true  evil  and 
proper  dai]ger  of  luxury      Luxury,  as  it  fupplies  employ- 
inent  and  promotes  induftry,  afllits   population.     But  it  is 
attended  with  a  conftquence,    whicli  countcrafts  and  often 
overbalances  thcfe  advantages.     When,  by  introducing  more 
fuperfluities  into  general  reception,  hixury  has  rendered  the 
ufual  accommodations  of  life  more  expenfive,  artificial,  and 
elaborate  ;  the  difficulty\of  maintainnig  a  family,  conform- 
bly  with  tlie   ellabliilied  mode  of  lining,  becomes  greater, 
and  what  each  man  has   to   fpare   from    his   perfonal  con- 
fumption  proportionably  lefs  :     the  clfeft   of  which  is,  that 
marriages  become  lefs   frequent,  agreeably   to  the  maxim, 
ivhich  lies  at  the  foundation  of  this  reafoning,   that  men  will 
not  marry  to  frnk  their  place  or  condition  in  fociety,  or  to 
forego  tbofe  indulgences,  which  their  own  habits,  or  what 
they  obferve  amonglt  their  equals,  liave  rendered  neceffary 
to  their  fatisfaftioii.     This  principle  is  applicable   to  every 
article  of  diet  and  drefs,  to   houfcs,  furniture,  and   atten- 
dance ;  and  this  eifeft   will  be  felt  in    every  clafs  of  the 
community.     For  inltance,  the  cndom  of    wearing  broad 
cloth  and  fine  linen  repays  the  fliepherd  and  flax-grower, 
feeds  the  manufa6lurer,  enriches  the  merchant,    gives  not 
only  fupport  but  exiftence  to  multitudes  of  famdies  :  hitherto, 
therefore,  the   effects    are   beneficial  :    and    were   ihefe  the 
only  effefts,  fuch  elegancies,    or,  if  they  may  be   fo  called, 
fuch  luxuries,  could  not  be  too   general.      But  here  follows 
the  raifchief :   when  once  fafliion   hath    annexed   the   ufe  of 
thefe  articles  of  drefs  to  any  certaiii  claff,  to  the  middling 
ranks,  for  example,  of  the  community,  each    individual    of 
that  rank  finds  them  to  be  neceffaries  of  life  ;   that  is,  finds 
himfelf  obliged  to  comply  with  tlie  example  of  his  equals, 
and  to  maintain  that  appearance  which  the  cuftom  of  fociety' 
requires.     This  obligation  creates  fuch  a  demand  upon  his 
income,  and  withal  adds  fo  much  to  the  coft  and  burthen  of 
'    a  family,  as  to  put  it  out  of  his  power  to   marry,  with  the 
profpert    of   continuing   his   habits  or  of   maintaining  his 
place  and  fituation  in  the  world.     We  fee,  in  this  defcrlp- 
tion,  fays  our  author,  the  caufe  which  induces  men  to  wafte 
their  lives  in  a  barren  celibacy  ;   and  this  caufe,  which  im- 
pairs the  very  fource  of  jiopulation,  is  jullly  placed  to  the 
account  of  luxury.     It  appears,  upon  the  whole,  to  be  the 
tendency  of  luxury  to  diminilh  man  iages,  and   that  in  this 
tendency   the  evil  of  it  refides.     Hence  it  maybe  inferred, 
.    that  of  diflerent  kinds  of  luxury,  thofe  are  the  moll  inno- 
cent which  ailbrd  employment   to  the  greateft    number  of 
p.rtifts  and  manufafturers  ;  as  thofe,  in  other  words,  in  which 
the  price  of  the  work  bears  the  greateft  proportion  to  that 


of  the  raw  material.  Thus,  luxury  in  drefs,  in  furniture, 
is  univerfally  preferable  to  luxury  in  eating,  becaufe  the  ar- 
ticles which  contlitnte  the  one,  arc  more  the  produflion  of 
human  art  and  induftry,  than  thofe  which  fupply  the  other. 
We  may  alfo  conclude,  that  it  is  the  difference,  rather  than 
the  degree,  of  luxury,  which  is  to  be  dreaded  as  a  national 
evil.  The  mifchief  of  luxury  conllfts  in  the  obllrudion 
that  it  forms  to  marriage.  But,  as  it  is  only  a  fmall  part  of 
the  people  i.n  any  country  that  is  compoled  by  thofe  of 
higher  rank,  the  facility,  or  the  difficulty,  of  lupporting 
the  expence  of  their  llatlon,  and  the  confequcnt  increafe 
or  diminution  of  marriages  among  them,  will  have  but 
little  influence  on  the  ftate  of  population.  As  long  as  the 
prevalence  of  luxury  is  confined  to  a  few  of  elevated  rank, 
much  of  the  benefit  is  felt,  and  little  of  the  inconvenience. 
But  when  the  imitation  of  the  fame  manners  defcend?,  as  it 
always  will  do,  into  tlie  mafs  of  the  people  ;  when  it  ad- 
vances the  rcqulfites  of  living  beyond  what  it  add,s  to  men's 
abilities  to  purchafe  them,  then  it  is  that  luxury  check* 
the  formation  of  families,  in  a  degree  that  ought  to  alarm 
the  public.  To  all  which  we  may  add,  that  the  condition 
moft  favourable  to  population  is  that  of  a  laborious,  frugal 
people,  minillering  to  the  demands  of  an  opulent,  hixurinus 
nation  ;  becaufe  this  fituation,  while  it  leavts  thera  every 
advantage  of  luxury,  exempts  them  from  the  evils  wliich 
naturally  accompany  Its  admifiion  into  any  country.  Paley'B 
I'riioc.  of  Mor  and  Pol.  Philof.  vol.  i'. 

In  our  country  there  was  formerly  a  multitude  of  peral 
laws  intended  for  reftraining  excels  in  apparel ;  chiefly  made 
in  the  reigns  of  Edward  III.,  Edward  IV^.,  and  Henry 
VIII.,  againil  piked  flioes,  (liort  doublets,  and  long  coats, 
all  of  which  were  repealed  by  llatute  i  Jac.  1.  c.  25.  Excels 
of  diet,  which  is  one  fpecies  of  Inxury,  is  flill  prohibited 
by  10  Edward  III.  flat.  3,  wdiich  ordains  that  no  man 
fliall  be  ferved  at  dinner  or  fupper  with  more  than  two 
courfes :  except  upon  fome  great  holidays  there  fpecified, 
in  which  he  may  be  ferved  with  three.  See  Sumptuaky 
Latvi. 

LUYTS,  John,  in  Biography,  a  philofopher  and  ailro- 
nomer,  was  born  in  North  Holland  in  1665.  He  became 
profelfor  of  philofophy  and  mathematics  at  Utrecht,  where 
he  died  innyai.  He  wrote  I.  An  Allronomical  Work, 
in  which  he  lejetled  the  Copernican  fyftem,  entitled  "  In- 
ilitutio  aftronomica  in  qua  doftrina  fplia;rica,  atque  theo- 
rica,  intermixto  iifu  fphsrae  cceleftis,  et  varils  chronologicis, 
pertrattantur.''  2.  An  IntroduAion  to  Modern  and  An- 
cient Geography,  with  many  plates.  In  all  that  he  wrote 
and  taught  he  ihewed  hiir.ieif  a  great  partifan  of  the  Arif- 
totellan  philolophy,  in  oppofition  to  that  of  Dcfcaites. 
Moreri. 

I..UZ,  La,  in  Geegraphy,  a  fea-port  town  of  the  ifland 
of  Canary;  five  miles  N.  of  Civdad  de  los  Palmas. — Alfo,  a 
town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the  Hilgfier  Py- 
renees^ and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  diftrict  of  Ar- 
geles.  The  place  contains  2135,  and  the  canton  6222  inha- 
bitants, on  a  territory  of  J52.',  kiiiometres,  in  17  communes. 
LUZARA,  a  town  ot  Italy,  m  the  department  of  Min- 
cio  ;   16  miles  8.  of  Mantua. 

LUZ.ARCHES,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Seine  and  Oife,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the 
dillrift  of  Pontoife;  5  leagues  N.  of  Pari*.  The  place 
contains  1696,  and  the  canton  11,411  inhabitants,  on  a  ter- 
ritory of  180  kiiiometres,  in  22  communes.  N.  lat.  49°  7'. 
E.  long.  2°  30'. 

LUZECH,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 

Lot,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  diftricl  of  Cahors  ; 

2  i  leagues  from  Cahors.     The  place  contains  2049,  and  the 

6  cantca 


L  U  Z 


L  Y  C 


canton  io,5'04 inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  162^  kiliomctres, 
in  12  communes.     N.  lat.  44^"  29'.   E.  long.  1°  23'. 

LUZERATH,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
tlie  Rhine  and  Mofelle,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the 
dillrict  of  Coblentz.  The  place  contains  614,  and  the  can- 
ton 2J2J  inhabitants,  in  12  communes. 

LUZERNE,  a  large  county  of  Pennfylvania,  bounded 
north  by  Tioga  county  in  New  York,  eaft  and  fouth-eall  by 
Nortiiampton,  vveil  by  Lycoming  and  Northumberland 
counties ;  about  yy  miles  in  length  ffom  north  to  fouth,  and 
75  in  breadth  from  eall  to  weft,  divided  into  ig  townihips, 
and  containing  2  churches,  33  faw-milL;,  24  grift-mills, 
2  fuliing-mills,  and  i  oil-mill.  The  number  of  inhabitants 
is  12,839.  Near  the  Sufquehannah  river,  which,  with  its 
triMlitary  ftreams,  well  waters  it,  the  foil  is  very  fertile,  and 
produces  good  crops  of  wheat,  flax,  and  hemp.  The 
northern  parts  abound  with  pine,  timber,  and  fugar-maple. 
In  the   townfhips   of  Wilklbarre,    Kingfton,    Exeter,    and 


tain  of  his  genus  being  precifely  the  fame  wth  that  of  lljc 
Flora  Peruviana.     He  defines  two  New  Holland  fpecies. 

1.  L.  cymo/a.  Cymes  terminal,  deeply  dividpd.  Branches 
round.  Young  branches  ftriat'cd,  fmooth.  Found  near 
Port  Jacklon,  as  well  as  within  the  tropic. 

2.  L.  mon/ari_a.  Umbels  axillary,  ftalked.  Branches 
ftriated,  rough.  -  Found  near  Port  Jackfon. 

LUZY,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Nievrc,  and  thief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  diC. 
tritt  of  Chateau-Chinon  ;  5'  leagues  S.S.E.  of  Moulins-en- 
Gilbert.  The  place  contams  160-;,  and  the  canton  8748 
inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  417I  Itihomctres,  in  9  com- 
munes. 

LUZZ  ANA,  a  town  of  Ita'y  ;  22  miles  S.  of  Mantua. 
•  LUZZI,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citra ;  4  miles 
'Cr.  of  Bilignano.  _ 

LUZZO  Maiuno,  in  Ich  hyohgy,  a  name  given  by  the 
the  ancient  Greek  writers,  and 


Italians  to  the  fiih  called  b\ 


Plymouth,  are  large  beds  of  coal.     Coal  and  bog-iron  are     many  of  t!ie  modern  Latin  authors, _/^/^jr^na;  and  by  Pliny, 


found  in  feveral  places,  and  two  forges  have  been  ereiilcd 
In  this  county  are  many  remains  of  ancient  fortifications, 
which  are  of  an  elliptical  form,  and  covered  with  large  white 
oak-trees.      Its  chief  town  is  Wilkfbarre. 

LUZIOL.A,  in  Botany,  JulT.  33.  An  annual  Pcrnvian 
grafs,  which  Dombey  took  for  a  Zizaiiia.  It  is  defcribed 
lay  Juflieu  as  monoecious,  without  atiy  calyx  ;  the  corolla  of 
two  valves,  without  awns.  Male  flowers  in  a  loofe  terminal 
fpike.  Stamens  ufually  eight,  fometimes  nine  or  ten ;  an- 
thers ftalked.  Female  flowers  panicled,  inferior,  much 
fmalier.     Styles  two.     Seed  ovate,  naked. 

IjUZULA,  a  genus  eftabllftied  by  Decandolle  in  his 
edition  of  Lamarck's  Flore  Fratifal/e,  v.  3.  Ij8;  and 
adopted  by  Mr.  R.  Brown,  Prodr.  Nov.  Roll.  v.  i.  591. 
It  confifts  of  fuch  Linnsan  Jimci  as  have  a  capfule  of  a  fingle 
cell,  with  only  three  feeds,  as  is  the  cafe  with  J.  campc/lris, 
Linn.  (Juncoides;  Mich.  Gen.  41.  t.  3  i.)  Whether  the 
fmall  number  of  the  feeds  be  a  fuCficient  charafter,  feems  to 


Varro,  and  lome  other  of  the  old  Roman  authors,  yi/^;/. 
Gaza  has  called'  it  the  malleolus,  and  the  French,  at  this 
time,  cail  it  fpet.  Salvian  has  given  the  figure  of  it,  but 
it  is  an  imperieft  one  ;  for  he  has  omJltcd  the  firft  fin  of  the 
back. 

LYBIA,  in  jinclcnt  Geography.     See  Libya. 

LYCiE.^,  Ayy.xtz,  in  Antiquity,  an  Arcadian  feftival  re- 
fembling  the  Roman  lupcrcalia.  in  which  the  conqueror  was 
rewarded  with  a  fuit  of  brazen  armour. 

LYCANTHROPIA,  in  Ancient  Medicine,  from  \<jy.o;i a 
ivnlf,  and  :ivSpiiot,-,  many  as  it  were  man-wolf,  a  term  applied 
to  that  variety  of  inlanity  or  melancholy,  which  induced 
the  perfons  afi"efted  to  wander  out  in  the  night,  howling  and 
making  other  noifes,  frcquentmg  church -yards,  or  places  of 
burial ;  in  which  circumilances  they  were  fuppofed  to  imi- 
tate or  to  rcfemble  wolves.  A  e tins  and  Paul  of  iEgina  have 
defcribed  fiich  patients  as  pale,  with  dry  and  hollow  eyes, 
parched  tongue  and  mouth,  exccffivc  thirlt,  and  perpetual 


us  at  beft  dovibtful,  conudering  ht)w  various  their  number  is     fores  on  their  legs,  in  confequcnce  of  the  frequent  accidents 
in  other  Jimcl.     The  capfule  having   one  cell  or  tliree  is     which  they  met  with.     The  fame  term  was  alto  applied  to 

who    fancied    thcmfelves    transformed   into 


certainly  of  no  importance,  in  either  the  three-feeded  or 
many-feeded  fpecies ;  fome  having  perfeft  partitions  from 
the  centre  of  their  valves,  others  more  or  lefs  of  a  ridge 
there  in  the  place  of  them.  The  capfule  of  Juncia  Forjleri, 
Engl.  Bot.  t.  1293,  for  inftance,  which  by  the  number  of 
its  feeds  fiiould  be  a  Liizithi,  has  a  capfule  of  three  cells. 
It  is  indeed  much  to  be  wifiied,  that  plants  fo  unlike  the 
habit  of  moft  Junci  could,  by  any  found  charafter,  be  fe- 
parated  from  them ;  but  wiihout  fuch  they  are  beft  as  they 
are. 

LUZURIAGA,  fo  called  by  the  authors  of  the  Flora 
Peruviana,  in  honour  of  a  Spaniftt  botanift,  or  patron  of  the 
fcience,  of  the  fame  name.  Ruiz'  et  Pavon  Fl.  Peruv. 
Brown  Prodr.  Nov.  Holl.  v.  i.  281.— Ciafs  and  order, 
Hcxandrii  Monogynia.  Nat.  Ord.  Sarmentacens,  Linn.  Af- 
pboJdi,  .fulT.     Afphedeledi,   Brown. 

Efl".  Ch.  Calyx  none.  Corolla  in  fix  deep,  equal, 
fpreading,  beardlefs  fegments,  deciduous.  Filaments  in- 
ferted  into  thcbafe  of  each  fegmcnt,  thread-fliaped,  fmooth, 
curved  at  the  point;  anthers  arrow-fliaped,  cohering,  longer 
than  the  filaments.  Style  thread-fliaped,  with  three  far- 
rpws ;  iligma  fimple.  Berry  with  a  few,  nearly  globofe, 
feeds.    - 

This  ""enus  confifts  of  climbing  weak  fhrubs,  with  fimple 
ribbed  leaves.  Flowers  cymofe  or  umbellate,  terminal  "and 
axillary  ;    their  footftalks  as  it   were    articulated   with  the 


thofe   maniacs, 

wolves.     The  appellation  of  cynnnthropla  was  alfo  given  to 
the  difeafe,   when  the  patients  imitated  the  manners  oi  dogs, 
or  imagined  themfelves  to  be  changed  into  thefe  animals. 
LYCAON,  in  Zoology.      See  Black  Fox. 
LYCAONIA,  in  Ancient  Geography,  a  province  of  Afia 
Minor,  fouth  of  Galatia.     According  to  Strabo,    Ifauria 
made  a  part  of  it.     It  was  fituated  between  mountains,  and 
is  fuppofed  to  have  derived  its  name  from  Xvao:,  a  '■juolf,  be- 
caufe  the  country,  from  its  fituation,  formed  a  proper  re- 
treat for  thofe  animals.     The  principal  places  of  Lycaonia, 
according  to   Ptolemy,   were   AdopifTus   Canna,  Iconium, 
Paralais  Corna,  Cafbia,  and  Baratta.     The  apolties  of  this, 
country  are  faid  to  have  been   St.  Paul  and  St.  Barnabas. 
The  notitia  of  Hierocles  reckons  in  this  province  18  cpif- 
copal  towns. 

LYCEUM,  Xw.'Ao:;  in  Antiquity,  the  name  of  a  cele- 
brated ichool,  or  academy  at  Athens,  where  Arillotle  ex- 
plained his  philofophy. 

The  place  was  a  grove  in  the  fuburbs  of  Athens,  which 
had  previoudv  been  ufed  for  military  excrcifes.  It  was  com- 
poied  of  porticoes,  and  trees  planted  in  tile  quincunx  form, 
wheiethe  philofophers  difputcd  walking.  Yisnce philofophi 
of  the  Lyceum  is  ufed  to  fignify  the  philofophy  of  Ariliotle, 
or  the  Peripatetic  philofophy.  Suidas  obferves,  tllat  the 
Lyceum  took  its  name  from  its  having  been  originally  ?. 
rather  tapering  bafe  of  the  flower.  Berry  black,  fometimes  temple  of  Apollo  Lyceus ;  or  rather,  a  porticQ  or  gallery  , 
enclofiug  o.nJy  a  fingle  feed.     Mr.  Brown  is  not  quite  cer-    built  by  Lyceus,  fon  of  Apollo ;  but  others  mention  it  to 

have 


L  Y  C 


L  Y  C 


have  been  built  by  Pififtratiis,  or  Pericles.  Here  he  de- 
livered his  leftures  to  a  promifcuous  auditory  in  the  evening, 
when  the  Lyceum  was  open  to  all  young  men  without  dil- 
tinftion  ;  but  in  the  morning  his  difciplcs  were  more  feleft, 
and  fuch  as  had  been  previoufly  inllruftcd  in  the  elements  of 
learning,  and  difcovered  abilities  and  difpoiitions  fuitcd  to 
the  (ludy  of  philofophy.  The  latter  he  called  his  morning 
walk,  and  the  former  his  evening  walk.  Ariftotle  continued 
his  fchool  in  the  Lyceum  twelve  years. 

LYCHNANTHUS,  in  Botany,  a  name  given  by  Gmelin 
to  the  Cucubalus  baccifer  of  Linnaeus,  which  is  fuperfluous, 
this  plant  being  perhaps  the  only  true  Cucubalus ;  fee  that 
article. 

LYCHNIDEA.  See  Phlox  and  Selago. 
LYCHNIS,  Xuxvi,"  of  the  Greeks,  which  word  alfo 
fignilies  a  lamp.  Hence  fome  have  fuppofed  that  its  bv,- 
tanical  application  arofe  from  the  down  of  the  plant  having 
been  ufed  to  make  wicks  for  lamps.  This,  however,  by  no 
means'appears  to  have  been  the  faft.  The  moft  probable 
and  apparent  explanation  of  the  name  is  from  the  rcfem- 
blance  of  the  calyx  to  a  lanthorn,  its  fides  being  femi-tranf- 
parent  between  the  ribs  or  veins,  or  the  whole,  in  fome 
inftances,  quite  membranous,  round,  and  inflated,  like  the 
Iiorn  lanthorns  ilill  ufcd  by  the  Chinefe.  Poflibly  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  ftigmas,  ilamens,  or  crown  of  the  corolla, 
in  feveral  fpecies,  might  favour  the  idea  of  a  lamp  with  its 
flame.  We  mu!i  recolletl  that  this  name  of  Lychnis  has 
been  always  ufed,  with  great  latitude,  for  all  the  Campion 
tribe,  by  the  old  botaniils ;  though  now  reftrifted,  by  Lin- 
naeus and  his  followers,  to  one  particular  genus  of  that 
family.  The  (hart  mention  in  Diofcorides,  of  his  \vx'^i,  is 
quite  infufficient  to  determine  either  the  wild  or  garden  plant 
of  which  he  fpeaks.  Linn.  Gen.  231.  Schreb.  312 
Willd.  Sp.  PI.  V.  2.  807.  Mart.  Mill.  Did.  v.  3.  Sm. 
Fl.  Brit.  493.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  3.'i32.  Jufl". 
302.  Lamarck  lUuftr  t.  391.  Gaertn.  t.  130. — Clafs 
and  order,  Dccandria  Paitagynia.  Nat.  Ord.  CaryophyUei, 
Linn.    JulT. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  of  one  leaf,  oblong, 
tubular,  membranous,  five-toothed,  permanent.  Cor.  Pe- 
tals five  ;  their  claws  the  length  of  the  calyx,  flat,  each 
crowned  with  a  double  ereCl  fcale  ;  border  flat,  wedge- 
fliaped,  often  divided.  Stam.  Filaments  ten,  longer,  than 
the  calyx,  fixed  to  the  claws  of  the  petals,  five  alternate 
ones  later  than  the  reft  ;  anther^ incumbent.  P'lfl.  Germen 
fuperior,  nearly  ovate  ;  ftyles  five,  awl-fhaped,  longer  than 
the  ftamens ;  ftigmas  downy,  reflexed  contrary  to  the  mo- 
tion of  the  fun.  Perk.  Capfule  more  or  lefs  ovate^^  clothed 
with  the  calyx,  of  from  one  to  five  cells,  opening  by  five 
rigid  reflexed  teeth  at  the  top.  Seeds  numerous,  roughifti, 
fomewhat  kidney-fliaped. 

Obf.  L.  dio'tca  has  the  ftamens  and  piftile  in  feparate 
flowers  and  on  different  plants.  L.  V'tfcaria  has  undivided 
petals,  and  a  capfule  of  five  cells.  Some  other  fpecies  are 
efteemed  to  vary  in  the  number  of  their  ftyles  from  five  to 
four,  or  even  three.  L.  apelala  has  the  corolla  concealed 
within  the  calyx. 

Eff.  Ch.  Calyx  of  one  lejtf,  oblong.  Petals  five,  with 
claws ;  the  border  ufually  divided.  Capfule  fuperior,  with 
five  teeth  at  its  orifice,  of  from  one  to  five  cells. 

Ten  fpecies  of  Lychnis  occur  in  the  fourteenth  edition  of 
Syjl.  Veg.,  of  which  one,  alpejlris  of  the  Supplementum,  is 
made  by  Jacquin,  Alton,  and  Willdenow,  a  Silcne,  furely 
with  great  propriety.  But  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
quadridentata  ought  to  be  referred  to  the  fame  genus,  as 
having  naturally  only  three  ftyles,  or  at  moft  but  four. 
Thefe  two  fpecies  being  removed  hence,  the  above-men- 


tioned anomaly  in  the  number  of  the  ftyles  in  the  prefent 
genus  is  done  away  ;  for  alpitui,  reputed  to  have  four  ftyk-s, 
is  now  known  to  have  naturally,  if  not  invariably,  five;  fee 
Engl.  Bot.  t.  2254.  We  therefore  retain  but  eight  of  the 
fpecies  of  Linnieus,  or  rather  of  Murray,  for  Linnxus  was 
originally  correft  refpefling  the  above.  To  theie  eight 
two  are  added  by  Willdenow,  from  Aiton  and  Lamarck. 

1.  L.  chaLedonica.  Scarlet  Lychnis.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  625'. 
Curt.  Mag.  t.  257.  Ger.  em.  466. — Tufts  terminal,  level- 
topped,  many-flowered.  Leaves  ovate,  rough,  fomewhat 
undulated. — This  is  faid  by  Gmelin  to  grow  wild  in  all  parts 
of  Ruftia  and  Siberia.  It  is  one  of  the  oldeft  ornaments  of 
our  flower-gardens,  being  a  hardy  perennial,  very  ftiowy, 
and  remarkable  for  the  rich  deep  fcarlet  of  its  blofl\)ms, 
efpecially  when  double.  Thefe  appear  in  June  and  July, 
forming  a  large,  denfe,  convex,  terminal  tuft,  two  or  three 
inches  wide.  The  Jiem  is  three  or  four  feet  high,  round, 
hairy,  leafy,  but  little  branched.  Leai>es  feflile,  oppofite, 
poinfed,  wavy,  rough,  dark  green,  clafping  the  Item  with 
iheir  broad,  ovate,  often  combined,  bafes.  We  have  never 
feen  the  pale  red,  nor  the  white  varieties,  mentioned  by 
authors. 

2.  L.  Flos  cuculi.  Meadow  Lychnis,  or  Ragged  Robin. 
Linn.  Sp.  PI.  625.  Curt.  Lond.  fafc.  i.  t.  33.  Engl- 
Bot.  t.  573.  (Armoraria  pratenfis  ;  Ger.  em.  600.) — Pe- 
tals in  four  deep,  linear  fcgments.  Leaves  lanceolate,  fmooth. 
Fruit  rounc'ifli,  of  one  cell. — Frequent  in  moill  meadows 
throughout  Europe,  flowering  in  June.  The  roo/ is  peren- 
nial. Siem  twelve  or  eighteen  inches  high,  with  rough  an- 
gles, vifcid  above.  Leaves  narrow.  Panicle  forked,  PetaU 
pink,  very  delicate,  with  a  brown,  angular,  fmooth  calyx. 
There  is  a  double  variety,  and  fome  mention  a  white  one. 

3.  L.  Vifcaria.  Red  German  Catchfly.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  625. 
Fl.  Dan.  t.  1032.  Engl.  Bot.  t.  788.  (Mufcipula  anguf- 
tifolia  ;  Ger.  em.  601.) — Petals  undivided.  Leaves  hnear- 
lanceolate,  fmooth.  Fruit  of  five  cells.i — Native  of  dry  or 
rocky  paftures  in  the  north  of  Europe.  We  have  gathered 
it  in  the  fiffiires  of  rocks,  a  mile  fouth  of  Edinburgh,  and 
have  it  alfo  from  Perthfliire.  It  flowers  in  May  and  June. 
A  double  variety  is  common  in  gardens,  and  a  pure  white 
one  is  fometimes  feen.  The  roots  are  woody,  tufted,  and  pe- 
rennial. Herb  fmooth.  Stem  a  foot  high,  angular,  brown 
and  very  clammy  under  each  joint.  Leaves  narrow.  Floiuers 
in  a  denfe,  forked,  oblong  bunch  or  fpike.  Petals  crimfon, 
only  nightly  emarginale,  not  cut  or  cloven.  Capfule  ovate, 
of  five  cells,  though  this  fpecies  is  fo  nearly  allied  in  habit 
to  the  foregoing,  whofe  capfule  has  but  one  cell. 

4.  L  alpha.  Red  Alpine  Campion.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  626- 
Tour  in  Lapland,  v.  2.  19.  Curt.  Mag.  t.  394.  Fl.  Dan 
t.  6^.  Engl.  Bot.  t.  2254.  —  Smooth.  Petals  cloven. 
Flowers  corymbofe.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate. ^ — Native  ef 
the  Lapland,  Siberian,  Swifs  and  Pyrenean  mountains  ;  dif- 
covered on  the  Clova  meuntains  of  Angusftiire,  by  Mr.  G. 
Don,  in  1795.  It  is  much  fmaller  than  the  laft,  and  not  at 
all  vifcid.  The  petals  are  divided  at  leaft  half  way  down, 
and  their  crown  is  but  fmall.  See  Sm.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc. 
v.  10.  342,  for  the  coufufion  and  contrariety  of  defcription 
which  has  attended  this  fpecies. 

5.  L.  magellanica.  Magellanic  Campion.  Lamarck 
Diet.  v.  3.  641.  Willd.  n.  7. — Somewhat  hairy.  Leaves 
linear.  Petals  cloven,  (carcely  longer  than  the  calyx. — Fruit 
of  one  cell.  —  Gathered  by  Commerfon  in  the  Straits  of  Ma- 
gellan. We  know  this  fpecies  folely  by  Lamarck's  account. 
He  compares  its  habit  and  foliage  to  that  of  Thrift,  Statice 
Armeria,  but  obferves  that  it  is  next  akin  to  L.  a^ina,  differing 
in  having  narrower,  and  fomewhat  downy  leaves,  fewer  and 

larger 


LYCHNIS. 


\ivgeT  jlowin,  whole  petals  fcarcely  exceed  the  length  of 
their  bell-fhaped  calyx. 

6.  \^.fibir'ua.  Siberian  Campion.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  626. 
— Hairy.  Leaves  lanceolate.  Stem  forked,  many-flowered. 
Petals  cloven,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Fruit  of  one  cell. 
— Gathered  in  Siberia  by  Gmelin,  who  font  it  to  Linnsus, 
but  it  does  not  find  a  place  in  the  Flora  Siblr'ica.  This  has 
greatly  the  habit  of  Silens  alpejlrit  above-mentioned,  but  is 
all  over  hairy  ;  the  petals  more  obtufe,  and  lefs  deeply  cloven  ; 
xhejlyks  five.  The  root  is  very  long  and  fimpic,  tufted  at 
the  crown,  bearing  numerous  Jlems  a  fpan  high,  which  are 
about  t«nce  forked.  Calyx  bell-fhaped,  tapering  at  the  bafe. 
Petals  apparently  reddiih.  Capfule  ovate,  of  one  cell,  with 
recurved  irregular  teeth. 

7.  L.  lata.  Small  Portugal  Campion.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew. 
ed.  1.  V.  2.  118. — "  Petals  cloven.  Flowers  folitary. 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  fmooth.  Calyx  with  ten  ribs." — 
Brought  from  Portugal,  by  llie  late  Dr.  Edward  Whittaker 
Gray,  in  1778,  to  Kew  garden,  where  it  is  faid  to  be  a  hardy 
annual,  flowering  in  July.  If  this  fpecies  IHU  exifts,  it 
ought  to  be  figured  in  fonie  periodical  work  ;  it.  being  greatly 
to  be  wifhed  that  the  authors  of  luch  would  prefer  unpublifh- 
ed  plants  to  thofe  already  often  delineated.  We  know  of 
no  plate  of  this  or  the  laft-mentioned. 

8.  L.  coronata.  Cliinefe  Lychnis.  Thunb.  Jap.  187. 
Linn  Syfl.  Veg.  ed.  14. 43J.  Curt.  Mag  t.  223.  (L.  gran- 
diflora  ;  Jacq.  Col  v.  i.  149.  Ic.  Rir.  t.  84.  Hedoiia  finen- 
fis  ;  Lour.  Cochinch.  286  ;  feeHEDONA.) — Leaves  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  fmooth.  Flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  folitary. 
Petals  jagged  — Native  of  China  and  Japan,  from  whence 
Dr.  Fothergill  procured  the  plant  in  1774.  It  flowers  in 
June  or  July,  or  later,  and  muft  be  kept  in  the  greenhoufe 
in  winter,  or  at  lead  proteftedby  extraordinary  covering,  if 
left  in  the  border.  The  root  is  perennial.  Stem  weak, 
round,  fmooth,  two  feet  high.  Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate, 
pointed,  fmooth,  pale  beneath.  Floixiers  remarkable  for 
their  great  fize,  fharply  jagged  petals,  and  red-lead,  very 
vivid,  colour. 

9.  L.  dmca.  Red  or  White  Field  Campion.  Linn.  Sp. 
PI.  626.— X  (red)  Curt.  Lond.  fafc.  2.  t.  32.  Engl  Bot. 
t.  1579.  'B  (white)  Fl.  Dan.  t.  792.  Engl.  Bot.  t  1580. 
Leaves  hairy.  Flowers  dioecious.  Fruit  of  one  cell.  Crown 
of  each  petal  four-cleft. — A  very  common  plant  throughout 
Europe  ;  the  red-flo-.vered  kind  in  hedges  and  fhady  biifliy 
places  in  fpring  ;  the  white  more  ufually  in  fields  or  open 
fituations  in  fummer.  The  letter  is  a  llronger  plant,  and 
from  its  evening  fragrance  has  been  called  L.  ve/pert'ma  by 
Dr.  Sibthorp,  while  the  former  is  his  ^urna  ;  fee  Fl  Oxon. 
145,  146  Both  are  ufually  dioecious,  but  not  invariably 
fo.  There  is  a  blufh-coloured  variety,  other«-ife  moil  like 
the  white ;  but  we  have  found  it  in  cultivation  foon  evancfcent. 
The  roots  of  both  are  perennial.  Plant  hairy  and  fomewKat 
vifcid,  two  or  three  feet  high.  Stem  forked.  Leaves  ovate 
or  lanceolate.  Limb  of  each  petal  cloven  half  way  down, 
generally  with  two  fmail  acute  lateral  lobes,  its  crown  more- 
over confiding  of  two  obtufe  central  teeth,  and  two  r.cute 
lateral  ones. 

10.  L..  apetala.  Apetalous  Mountain  Campion  Linn. 
Sp.  PI.  626.  Fl.  I-app.  ed.  2.  150.  t.  12.  f.  I. — Calyx  in- 
flated, longer  than  the  petals.  Stem  nearly  fingle-flowered. 
— Native  of  the  mountains  of  Lapland  and  Siberia.  The 
root  is  perennial.  Stem,  in  the  Lapland  fpecimens,  a 
fpan  high,  ar.d  quite  fimple,  fingle-flowered  ;  in  fome  of 
Gmelin's,  from  Siberia,  taller,  v.ith  from  three  to  five 
flowers.  The  whole  herb  is  flightly  downy.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late, rather  narrow.  Flower  drooping.  Calyx  ovale,  clofed, 
with  ten  rough,  purplifh-brown  ribs.     Petals  fmall  and  nar- 


row, with  an  obfolete  brownifh  border,  entirely  included, 
along  with  the  ftamens  and  piflil,  in  the  hoUow  of  the  calyx. 
Capfule  obtufe,  of  one  cell. 

Lychnis,  in  Gardening,  contains  plants  of  the  hardy, 
herbaceous,  flowery,  perennial  kind,  of  which  the  fpecies 
cultivated  are  th(<Tcarlet  lychnis  (L.  chalcedonica)  ;  the 
red-flowered  lychnis,  meadow  pink,  or  ragged  robbin,  ( L.  flos 
cuculi; ;  the  Chinefe  lychnis  (L.  coronata) ;  the  vifcous  lych- 
nis, orcatchfly,  (L.  vifcaria)  ;  the  rofe-flowered  lychnis,  wild 
red  campion,  or  red  bachelor's  buttons  (L  diurna) ;  and  the 
white-flowered  lychnis,  wild  white  campion,  or  white  bache- 
lor's buttons,   (L.  vefpertina.) 

In  the  firft  fort  there  is  a  variety  with  very  double  flowers, 
of  a  beautiful  fcarlet  colour,  they  are  produced  in  clofecluf- 
ters,  fitting  upon  the  top  of  the  Ualk  ;  when  the  roots  are 
ftrong,  the  clufters  of  flowers  are  very  large,  and  make  a 
fine  appearance,  coming  out  the  latter  end  of  June,  and  in 
moderate  feafons  continue  nearly  a  month  in  beauty. 

Of  the  fifth  fort  there  is  a  variety  with  double  flowers, 
cultivated  in  gardens  by  the  name  of  red  bachelor's  but- 
tons, which  is  an  ornamental  plant,  and  continues  long  in 
flovi'er.  ^ 

And  the  fixth  fort  has  varieties  with  purple,  or  blufh-co- 
loured flowers  ;  with  quadntid  petals  ;  with  hermaphrodite 
flowers  ;  with  double  flowers,  cultivated  in  gardens  bv  the 
name  of  double  white  bachelor's  buttons. 

Method  of  Culture. — They  may  be  increafed  with  facility 
in  the  lingle  forts  by  feed,  and  parting  the  roots  ;  and  in  the 
double  ones  by  dividing  or  flipping  the  roots ;  and  fome- 
times  by  cuttings  of  their  Ititlks. 

The  feed  fhould  be  fown  in  the  early  fpring,  as  in  March, 
in  a  bed  or  border  of  light  earth,  in  an  eailern  afpect,  each 
fort  feparate,  raking  them  in  hghtly,  or  they  may  be  fown  in 
fmall  drills.  The  plants  come  up  in  two  or  three  weeks, 
when  they  fhould  have  nccaiional  waterings  and  hand-weed- 
irigs  :  and  when  the  plants  are  two  or  three  inches  high,  be 
planteu  Out  in  beds  or  borders,  in  rows  fix  inches  alunder, 
watering  them  till  frefli-iooted,  letting  them  remain  rill  the 
autumn  or  following  fpring,  when  they  fliould  be  tranfplanted 
Nvherethey  are  to  remain. 

Both  the  fingle  and  double  may  be  increafed  by  flipping 
the  roots,  but  it  is  more  particularly  applicable  to  the  double 
fort,  as  they  cannot  with  certain'y  be  obtained  from  feed  : 
tiie  feafon  for  performing  this  work  is  the  autumn  after  the 
flalks  decay,  when  the  whole  root  may  either  be  taken  up 
and  divided  into  as  many  flips  as  are  furnifhed  with  proper 
root-fibres,  or  the  main  root  Hard,  and  as  many  of  the  outer 
offsets  as  feem  convenient  to  be  flijiped  off  :  thefe  flips,  when 
llroiig,  flioidd  be  planted  at  once  where  they  are  to  remain  ; 
but  when  rather  fmall  and  weak,  it  is  better  to  plant  them 
in  nurfery  rows,  half  a  foot  afunder,  to  remai;i  a  year, 
and  then  tranfpiant  them  for  good  where  they  are  to 
Hand. 

The  planting  of  cuttings  of  the  ftalks  is  moftly  praftifed 
for.the  double  fcarlet  fort,  when  it  increafes  but  fparingly  by 
offsets  of  the  root.  It  is  perfoi-med  in  fummer,  when  the 
ftalks  are  well  advanced  in  growth,  but  before  they  flower, 
or  have  become  hard  and  woody.  .Some  of  them  fhould  be 
cut  off  clofe  to  the  bottom,  a-d  divided  into  lengths  ot  four 
or  five  joints,  planting  them  in  an  eailerly  border  of  rich, 
moill.  loamy  earth,  two  thirds  of  their  lengtli  into  the  ground, 
leaving  only  one  joint  or  eye  out,  watering  them  direttly,  and 
repeating  it  occaiionally  with  neceflary  fhade  in  hot  weather. 
They  Will  be  well  rooted,  and  form  proper  plants  for  tranf- 
planting  in  the  autumn.  If  the  cuttings,  as  loon  as  planted, 
are  covered  down  clofe  with  hand-glatTes,  it  will  greatly  pro- 

mote 


L  Y  C 

mote  their  rooting,  fo  as  to  form  ftronger  plants  before  the 
winter  fcafon  comes  on. 

The  only  culture  they  require  afterwards  is  clearing  them 
from  weeds  in  fummer,  and  fupporting  with  ftakes  thole 
whidi  need  it,  cutting  down  and  clearing  away  the  decayed 
ftalks  in  the  autumn. 

Of  the  third  fort,  as  being  rather  more  tender,  fome 
plants  (hould  be  planted  in  pots,  for  moving  under  the  pro- 
teftion  of  a  frame  or  gvtcnhoufe  in  the  winter  feafon. 

All  thcfe  plants  are  very  ornamental  for  the  pleafure- 
groi'nd,  particularly  the  doubles,  and  profper  in  any  com- 
mon foil,  remaining  in  all  weathers  unhurt,  being  of  many 
vears  duration  in  root  ;  and,  when  of  feme  ftaiiding,  fend 
up  many  llalks  every  fpring,  terminated  by  numerous  flowers, 
making  a  fine  appearance  in  fummer.  The  fcarlet  double 
lychnis  claims  the  preference,  though  the  fingle  fcar'et^  fort 
is  alfo  very  fhovvy.  And  all  the  other  fpecies  in  their  re- 
fpeftive  double-flowered  Hates  are  ornamental.  They  arc 
all  kept  in  the  nurferies  for  I'ale.  In  planting  out,  the  tailed 
growers  ihonld  be  placed  the  moft  backward,  and  the  others 
more  townrds  the  front. 

LYCHNITIS  Marmor.     See  Marble. 

LYCI  A,in  v-/.»;afn/Gfo^r«/)/j_>r,  acouiitryof  AfiaMinor,on- 
ginally  called  Mylias,  from  the  Myllix,  a  people  of  Crete,  who 
fettled  there,  and  afterwards  Lycia,  from  Lycus,  the  fon  of 
Pandion,  king  of  Athens ;  fituated  upon  the  Mediterranean, 
and  forming  a  kind  of  peninfula,  on  the  weft  of  which  was  the 
Glaucus  Siims,  and  on  the  eaft  another  gulf,  in  the  lower 
part  of  whicii  was  Attalea.  To  the  fouth  was  the  Medi- 
terranean. The  adjacent  countries  were  on  the  weft,  Caria, 
to  the  north  a  fmall  part  of  Phrygia  Pacatiana,  and  to  the 
north-ead  Pamphylia.  Its  boundaries  were  various  at  dif- 
ferent times.  Ptolemy  places  in  Lycia  the  countries  called 
Mylias  and  Carbalia,  or  Cabalia.  Plmy  fays  that  the 
Lycians  had  thirty-fix  towns;  Strabo  alcribes  to  them 
twenty-tliree,  of  which  fix  were  very  toufiderable.  Lycia 
was  interfodcd  by  federal  chains  of  mountains,  paiTing  from 
the  north  and  north-ealt,  and  extending  towards  the  fea-. 
The  moil  con fiderable  rivers  were  the  Xanthus  and  Limyrus. 
Its  principal  towns  were  Telmiffus,  Pinara,  Xanthus,  Pa- 
tara,  Myra,  Lirayra,  Olympus,  and  Phafelis.  The  fix 
towns,  particularly  noticed'  by  Strabo,  after  Aitemidorus, 
were  Xanthus,  Palara,  Pinara',  Olympus,  Myra,  and  Tlos. 
The  chief  mountains  of  Lycia  were  Taurus  and  Chimjera. 
In  the  firft  ages  of  Chrillianity,  Hierocles  reckons  as  epif- 
copal  thirty  towns,  and  Leon  le  Sage  thirty-eight.  The  in- 
habitants of  Lycia  were  originally  from  the  ifland  of  Crete  : 
and  they  were  for  a  long  time  additted  to  piracy.  Diodorus 
liiciilus,  and  Plato  before  him,  reckon  the  Lycians  among 
the  Greek  natio-s  of  Afia,  as  being  defcended  from  the  Ar- 
gians.  Although  they  were  governed  by  kings,  it  does  not 
appear  that  the  government  was  completely  monarchical  ;  a 
confederacy  having  been  formed  by  twenty-three  cities,  which 
fent  deputies  to  a  general  affembly,  by  which  the  affairs  of 
the  liation  were  managed.  The  foil  of  this  country  was 
fruitful,  and  the  air  reckoned  very  wholefomc.  The  Ly- 
cians are  highly  commended  by  the  ancients  for  their  fo- 
brietv,  and  manner  of  adminillering  judice.  They  continued 
to  be' governed  by  their  own  kings  after  they  were  fubdued 
bv  the  Perfians,  paying  them  tribute.  They  afterwards  fell 
with  the  Perfians  under  the  power  of  the  Macedonians,  and 
after  the  death  of  Alexander,  were  governed  by  the  Seleu- 
cida:.  When  Antiochus  the  Great  was  confined  by  the 
Romans  beyond  mount  Taurus,  Lycia  was  granted  to  the 
Rhodians ;  but  thefe  difobliging  the  Romans  in  the  war 
with  Perfeus,  Lycia  was  declared  a  free  country,  and  con- 
tinued in  this  date  till  the  reign  of  Clfudius,  who,  pro- 


L  Y  C 

voked  at  their  intedine  didentions,   reduced  llieir  country 
into  the  form  of  a  province. 

LYCIUM,  ill  Botany,  Xvy.mi,  of  the  Greeks,  fo  called,  as 
is  generally  fuppolVd,  from  Lycia,  its  native  country  ;  but 
what  was  the  precife  plant  intended,  has  never  been  fettled  by 
commentators.  Dioicoridcs  defcnbes  it  as  a  "  fpinous  tree, 
with  twigs  thi'ee  cubits  or  more  in  length,  bearing  thick-fet 
leaves,  like  box.  The  fruit  is  like  pepper,  black,  thick-fet, 
bitter,  and  fmooth.  Bark  pale.  Roots  woody."  This 
defcription  accords  in  many  points  with  fomc  fpecies  of  the 
received  Lycium,  but  with  none,  that  we  are  acquainted 
with,  in  every  point.  Box-thorn.  Linn.  Gen.  103.  Sclireb. 
ij6.  WiUd.'Sp.  PL  V.  I.  10)7.  Mart.  Mill.  Didt.  v.  3.  Ait. 
Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  2,  3.  Sm.  Prodr.  Fl.  Graec.  Sibth.  v.  i. 
Ijy.  Jud.  126.  Lamarck  Illtiftr.  t.  I12.  Gxrtn.  t.  132. 
(Jafminoides  ;  Mich.  Gen.  224.  t.  105.  Diihamcl  Arb.  v.  i. 
305.) — Clafs  and  order,  Pottandrla  xVIoiiogyma.  Nat.  Ord. 
LiUt'idx,  Linn.  Solanete,  Jud. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  fmall,  fiightly  five- 
cleft,  obtufe,  ereft,  permanent.  Cor.  of  one  petal,  fuiinel- 
fliaped  ;  lube  cylindrical,  fpreading,  incurved  ;  limb  fmall, 
in  five  deep,  obtufe,  fpreading  fcgments.  Stam.  FilaniL-nts 
five,  awl-fliaped,  inferted  into  the  middle  of  the  tube,  and 
clofing  its  orifice  with  their  beard-like  hairinefs,  fliorter  than 
the  limb  ;  anthers  erect.  P'ifl.  Germen  fuperior,  roundifli ;' 
dyle  fimple,  projefting  beyond  the  ftamens  ;  digma  cloven, 
thickifli.  Per'tc.  Berry  roundidi,  of  two  cells.  Seeds  fe- 
veral,  kidney-diaped.  Receptacles  convex,  fixed  on  each  fide 
of  the  partition. 

Ed.  Ch.  Corolla  tubular ;  its  orifice  clofed  by  the 
beards  of  the  filaments.  Berry  of  two  cells,  with  many- 
feeds. 

The  fpecies  of  this  genus  have  been  very  imperfcflly 
explained  in  many  of  tlie  works  of  Linnaeus.  The  four- 
teenth edition  of  Syjl.  Veg.y  edited  by  Murray,  contains 
eleven,  of  which  the  llrrt  and  fifth  are  one  and  the  lama 
plant,  no  Lycium  at  all,  but  the  Serljfa  of  Juflieu  ;  fee 
Willd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  I.  1 06 1  ;  fee  alfo  our  article  Dysoda. 
The  feventh  and  eighth  alfo  are  but  one  fpecies,  huerhaetv'i- 
folium  of  Linn.  Suppl.  and  the  eleventh,  capfulare  of  Sp.  PI. 
27S,  appears,  by  tlie  Linnxaii  herbarium,  to  be  a  uoiide- 
fcript  fpecies  of  Hydroka  ;  called  glabra  in  the  Bankfiaa 
culleftion,  where  is  the  other  half  of  the  very  fame  fpecimen, 
of  which  a  part  was  fent  to  LiiniEus  by  Miller,  who  re- 
ceived it  from  New  Spain.  Seven,  therefore,  only  of  the 
above  number  remain,  to  which  three  are  added  from  Thun- 
berg,  in  WiUdenovv.  The  latter,  therefore,  is  corredl  in 
his  enumeration,  except  with  refpect  to  the  cerffu /are.  But 
Thunberg  has  given  more  recent  illuftration  of  his  own  new 
fpecies  in  the  ninth  volume  of  the  Linnsean  Society's  Tranf- 
actions,  with  plates.  We  fliall  briefly  defcribe  the  whole, 
with  an  additional  fpecies  from  Michaux. 

I.  L.  afrum.  African  Box-thorn.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  277. 
(L.  foliis  linearibus  ;  Trew.  Ehret.  4.  t.  24.  Jafminoides  _ 
acultatum  humile,  halimi  minoris  folio,  dore  majori  vioiaceo, 
fruftu  crafiiore,  per  maturitatem  flavcfcente  ;  Mich.  Gen. 
224.  t.  105.  f.  2.) — Leaves  clullered,  linear,  tapering  at  the 
bafe.  Branches  draight,  ending  in  a  fpine. — Native  of  the 
north  of  Africa,  and  fome  parts  of  Spain.  It  has  been 
long  cultivated  in  the  greenhoufes  of  the  curious,  but  has 
little  to  attract  general  admiration.  The^yZtOT  is  ihrubby, 
rigid,  much  branched  ;  each  branch  ending  m  a  did  draight 
fpine.  Lcai'es  linear,  bluntifh,  entire,  various  in  length  and 
breadth,  many  together  in  lateral  cinders,  fmooth,  rather 
glaucous  and  flcfliy.  Flowers  foLtary,  purple,  about  an 
inch  long,  drooping  ;  on  fimple  llalks,  ulually  twice  or 
thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     'Linna'us  cites  Micheli  very 

erroneoufly. 


L  Y  C 


L  Y  C 


erroneouny,  whicli  Willdenow,  not  turning  to  the  book,  has 
omitted  to  correft. 

2.  L.  rtgidum.  Rigid  Box-thorH.  Tliunb.  Prodr.  37. 
Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  9.  153.  t.  14. — Leaves  cluflered,  li- 
near. Branches  flraight,  ending  in  a  fpine.  Flowers  nearly 
fcffile. — Gathered  by  Thunberg  near  Cape  Town,  flowering 
in  July  and  Augult.  It  differs  from  the  former  chiefly  in 
having  the  Jtoivers  nearly  feffile,  with  a  much  fhorter  and 
broader  corolla.     The  leaves  alfo  are  narrower. 

5.  L.  rutheii'uum.  Tartarian  Box-thorn.  Murr.  Comm. 
Gott.  for  1779,  p.  2.  t.  2.  Ehrh.  Exiicc.  n.  4.  (L.  tata- 
ricum;  Pall.  RolT.  v.  i.  fafc.  i.  78.  t.49.) — Leaves  linear, 
clufteredj  from  fpinous  buds.  Branches  elongated,  pen- 
dulous.—  Native  of  Siberia  and  Tartary.  The  braiich'ts  are 
long,  (lender,  pendulous,  compound,  with  a  pale  fmooth 
bark,  and  a  folitary  prominent  fpine  from  each  bud.  Leaves 
linear,  bluntifh,  tapering  at  the  bafe,  fcarcely  more  than  three 
or  four  in  each  duller.  Flo'wers  drooping.  Corolla  funnel- 
fliaped,  about  half  an  inch  long,  pale  purple.  Calyx  fome- 
-what  two-lipped.  This  is  fmaller  hi  all  its  parts  than  the 
following. 

4.  L.  barbarvm.  Willow-leaved  Box-thorn,  or  Blue 
Jafmine.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  277.  Schkuhr.  Handb.  v.  i.  147. 
t.  46 Leaves  lanceolate,  folitary  or  cluttered,  very  un- 
equal. Spines  axillary.  Branches  elongated,  pendulous. — 
Native  of  Europe,  Alia,  and  Africa,  very  hardy  with  us, 
and  long  cultivated  for  bowers  and  trelhfes,  being  a  rambling 
fhrub  of  very  luxuriant  growth,  though  no  great  beauty.  Its 
/?OTUf«  are  purple.  JSfrnVj  of  an  orange-red.  The  Chincfe 
variety,  diftinguilhed  by  gardeners,  and  figured  by  Duhamel, 
differs  fcarcely  in  any  thing.  The  calyx  is  occafionally  three 
or  five-cleft,  and  fomewhat  two-lipped,  in  that  as  well  as  the 
ordinary  kind.  This  plant  blofFoms  from  May  to  the  very 
end  of  autumn,  bearing  flowers  and  fruit  together  in  abun- 
dance. 

5.  L.  tetratuhum.  Four-cleft  Box-thoni.  Thunb. 
Prodr.  37.  Tr;  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  9.  154.  t.  I  J.  Linn. 
Suppl.  I5O. — Leaves  obovate,  cluflered.  Branches  flraight, 
angular,  ending  in  a  fpine.  Flowers  four-cleft. — Native  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  towards  the  fea,  flowering  in 
June.  Thunb.  A  rigid,  branched,  fmooth^iru^,  with  the 
habit  of  the  firll  two  fpecies,  but  very  fmall,  flefhy,  obovate 
leaves,  and  fmall,  funnel-fhaped,  fliort,  white  Jlotuers,  whofe 
corella  is  four-cleft,  andjlamens  four  only. 

6.  L.  ctnereum.  Grey-barked  Box-thorn.  Thunb. 
Prodr.  37.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  9.  1J4.  t.  16. — Leaves 
lanceolate,  cluflered,  nearly  equal.  Branches  ending  in  a 
fpine.  Flowers  on  very  fliort  flalks. — Found  at  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  by  Thunberg.  He  defcribcs  t\\e  Jlem  as 
round,  llriated,  fmooth,  grey,  much  branched,  zigzag,  and 
ereft  ;  the  branches  alternate,  flender,  elongated,  each  ter- 
minating in  a  fliarp  fpine.  Leaves  fmooth,  acute.  Flonuers 
axillary,  folitary,  on  flalks  fcarcely  longer  than  the  calyx, 
and  not  half  the  length  of  any  of  the  leaves. 

7.  L.  horrldum.  Succulent-leaved  Box-thorn.  Thunb. 
Prodr.  37.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  9.  154.  t.  17. — Leaves 
obovate,  flefhy,  fmooth.  Branches  numerous,  ending  in  a 
fpine.  Flowers  on  very  fhort  ftalks. — Grows  in  maritime 
fituations  at  the  Cape,  flowering  from  September  to  No- 
vember. Thunb.  The  Jlem  is  three  feet  high,  rigid,  aboimd- 
ing  with  fhort  fpinous  branches  in  every  direftion.  Leaves 
from  threfe  to  feven  in  a  duller,  not  half  an  inch  long, 
feflile,  thick,  fmooth  ;  flattifli  and  green  above  ;  convex, 
white,  and  marked  with  a  green  line,  benc'uth.  Flowers 
folitary,  fmall,  on  fliort  flalks.  They  are  rcprefcnted  in 
the  figure  with  four  fegmcnts  only,  though  of  this  nothing 

Vol.  XXI. 


is  faid  in  the  charafter  or  defcription.     If  it  be  correft, 
the  prefent  fpecies  comes  very  near  the  fifth. 

8.  L.  europxum.  European  Box-thorn.  Linn.  Sp.  PI. 
ed.  I.  192.  Mant.  47.  (Jafminoides  aculeatum,  falicis  folio, 
florc  parvo,  ex  albo  purpurafcente  ;  Mich.  Gen.  224.  t.  lOJ. 
f.  I.) — Leaves  obovate,  oblique,  cluflered.  Spines  lateral 
and  terminal.  Stem  ereft. — Native  of  the  fouth  of  Europe ; 
hardy  in  our  gardens,  flowering  all  fummer  long.  Linnaeul 
confounded  this,  in  the  fecond  edition  of  Sp.  PL,  with  hi» 
barbarum,  from  which  it  is  very  diflinft.  The  Jlem  and 
branches  are  firm  and  upright.  Leaves  obovate,  oblique  or 
twilled,  femetimes  minutely  downy.  Corolla  paler,  longer, 
and  more  flender.  There  is  no  prominent  green  hne,  run- 
ning down  the  branches  from  each  bud,  as  in  the  barbarum, 
— The  prefent  is  Rhamnus primus  of  Clufius  and  Dodonxus  ; 
fee  Ger.  em.  1334.  fig.  i. 

9.  L.  boerhaavtfoUum.  Glancous-leaved  Box -thorn.  Linn. 
Suppl.  150.  (L.  heterophyllum  ;  Murr.  Comm.  Gott.  for 
1783.  p.  6.t.  2.  Ehretia  halimifolia  ;  I'Herit.  Stirp.  fafc.  I. 
45.  t.  23.) — Leaves  ovate,  oblique,  acute,  glaucous.  Spinet 
lateral.  Flowers  in  terminal  chillers. — Native  of  Peru. 
This  is  a  very  pretty  Jl:rub,  with  fpines  accompanying  the 
buds  on  the  ftem  and  older  branches ;  the  young  fhoots  are 
unarmed,  flender,  fpreading  horizontally.  Leaves  fcattered, 
flalked,  about  an  inch  long,  ovate,  entire,  glaucous,  fmooth. 
Flowers  feveral  together,  in  a  cltifter,  or  fliort  panicle,  at 
the  end  of  each  branch,  purplifli,  very  fragrant.  Caly» 
hemifpherical,  with  five  fliarp  equal  teeth.  Corolla  rather 
fliort  and  funnel-fhaped,  with  long  proiofting  ftamens  and 
ftyle  ;  the  former  hairy  at  the  bafe.  The  Jligma,  according 
to  I'Heritier,  is  fometimes  capitate,  fometimes  cloven,  or 
of  two  valves,  which  rnuft  furely  be  owing  to  the  different 
periods  of  its  age. 

10.  L.  barbatum.  Fringed  Box-thorn.  Murr.  in  Syft. 
Veg.  cd.  14.  228.  Thunb.  Prodt.  37.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc. 
v.  g.  15^;.  (L.inerme;  Linn,  Suppl.  150.) — Leavesovate, 
fmooth.  Branches  zigzag,  without  fpines.  Panicles  axil- 
lary.— Gathered  by  Thunberg  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
on  little  hills  about  Cape-town  and  elfewhere,  flowering  in 
Augufl  and  the  following  months.  "  The  Jlem  is  flirubby, 
quite  fmooth,  two  feet  high  or  more,  with  alternate,  fpread- 
ing, zigzag,  rugged,  grey  branches.  Leaves  oppofite, 
ftalked,  ovale,  pointed  or  bluntifli,  entire,  fmooth,  green 
above,  pale   beneath,   an    inch  or   more  in  length.     Foot- 

Jlalls  three  quarters  of  an  inch  long.  Flowers  axillaiT,  pa- 
nicled,  on  capillary  flalks.  Stipulas  or  bra3eas  fringed  with 
white.  Berry  two-lobcd,  comprelTed,  abrupt,  with  two  fur- 
rows and  two  cells."  Thunb. — Of  this  we  have  jieither  feen 
a  fpecimen  nor  figure,  nor  has  it  yet  appeared  in  any  Enghfh 
garden. 

11.  L.  carolinlanum.  CaroHna  Box-thorn.  Mich.  Bo- 
real-Amer.  v.  1.  9J.  Donn  Cant.  cd.  5.  47. — Leaves  fpa- 
tulate-oblong.  Branches  without  fpines.  Flowers  four-deft. 
— Native  of  the  rufhy  falt-marfhes  of  Carohna,  Georgia, 
and  Florida.  Said  to  have  been  brought  to  England  in 
1806.  The  Jlim  is  flirubby.  Leaves  narrow.  Flowers 
blueifli,  four-cleft,  with  four  ilamens. 

Lycium,  in  Gardening,  contains  plants  of  the  (hrubby 
exotic  kind,  of  which  the  fpecies  cultivated  are  the  African 
boxthorn  (L.  afrum)  ;  the  willow-leaved  boxthorn  (L. 
barbarum);  the  European  boxthorn  (L.  curopa:um)  ;  and 
the  Tartarian  boxthorn   (L.  tartaricum). 

The  fecond  fort  affords  feveral  varieties.  The  firft  has  a. 
flirubby  flalk  feven  or  eight  feet  high,  fending  out  feveral 
irregular  branches,  armed  with  ilrong  fpines,  and  furnifhed 
with  fhort  thick  leaves  :  the  flowers  which  come  out  from 
the  fide  of  the  branches  are  fmall  and  purple.  They  appear 
4T  in 


L  Y  C 


L  Y  C 


in  "July  and   Augufl,  but   do  not  produce   feeds  in  this 

climate. 

The  fecond  has  the  (lalk  four  or  five  feet  high,  fending 
out  many  iriesrular  branches,  covered  with  a  very  white  bark, 
and  armed  widi  a  few  fliort  fpiiies  ;  tlie  leaves  are  about 
three  inclies  long,  and  one  iijch  broad  in  the  middle,  alternate, 
pale  green.  I'he  flowers  appear  in  May,  and  are  fucceed- 
cd  by  fmall  round  berries  tliat  ripen  in  the  autumn,  when 
they  become  as  red  a;-  c<'Tal. 

The  third  rifes  with  weak  irregul-ir  diff'.:fed  branches  to  a 
great  height,  requiring  iupport  ;  fome  of  thefe  branches 
have  in  one  year  been  upwards  of  twelve  feet  h)ng  ;  the 
lower  leaves  are  more  than  four  inches  long,  and  three  broad 
in  the  middle  ;  they  are  of  a  light  green  and  a  thin  confif- 
.  tence,  placed  witliout  order  on  every  fide  of  the  branches.  As 
the  fhoots  advance  in  length,  the  leaves  diminifli  in  fizc,  and 
towards  the  upper  part  are  not  more  than  an  i::chlong  and  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  broad  ;  fitting  clofe  to  the  ilalks  on  every 
fide.  The  flowers  come  out  fingly  at  every  joint  towards 
the  upper  part  of  the  branches,  on  Ihort  tender  peduncles, 
and  are  of  a  pale  colour  with  (hort  tubes  ;  the  brims 
are  fpread  open,  broader  than  either  of  the  former  forts, 
and  the  ftyle  is  confiderably  longer  than  the  lube  of  llie 
corolla. 

Method  of  dihui-c. — All  thefe  plants  may  be  increafed  by 
feeds,  cuttings,   or  layers. 

The  feeds  (liould  be  fown  in  the  autumn  foon  after  they 
are  ripe,  in  pots,  being  plunged  into  an  old  tan-bed  m  winter, 
and  covered  with  the  glaffes  in  froily  weather  ;  but  in  mild 
weather  be  open  to  receive  moiihire  ;  in  the  following  fpring 
the  pots  (hould  be  plunged  into  a  moderate  hot-bed,  to  bring 
up  the  plants,  which  mull  be  inured  to  bear  the  open  sir  as 
foon  as  the  danger  of  froft  is  over,  and  when  they  are  three 
inches  high,  be  fhidien  out  of  the  pots,  and  each  planted  in 
a  fmall  feparate  pot  iiiled  with  loamy  earth,  being  placed  in 
the  fliade  till  they  have  taken  new  root,  when  they  may  be 
removed  to  a  fheltered  fituation,  to  remain  till  the  autumn, 
when  they  fliould  be  either  removed  into  the  greenhoufe,  or 
placed  under  a  hot-bed  frame,  to  flicker  them  from  hard  froft. 
They  muil  at  fu'll  be  kept  in  pots,  and  treated  in  the  fame 
way  as  myrtles,  and  lither  hardy  greenhoufe  plants  ;  but 
when  they  are  grown  ftrong,  a  few  of  them  may  be  planted 
out  in  the  open  ground  in  warm  fituations,  where  they  ftand 
moderate  winters,  but  are  cominonly  dellroyed  by  hard 
frofts. 

The  cuttings  fhould  be  made  from  the  young  fhoots,  and 
be  planted  in  a  Ihady  border  in  July,  being,  duly  watered  ; 
and  wlien  they  have  taken  root,  be  treated  in  the  fame  man- 
ner as  the  feedling  plants.  This  is  the  ufual  mode  of  in- 
creafing  them,  as  fome  forts  never -produce  feeds  in  this 
climate. 

In  the  third  fort  the  cuttings  fhould  be  planted  in  the 
fpring,  in  an  eaftern  border  ;  and  tlie  plants  fhould  not  be 
removed  till  the  autumn,  when  they  may  be  planted  to 
cover  walls,  as  the  branches  are  too  v.euk  to  fupport  them- 
felves. 

The  third  variety  may  alfo  be  increafed  by  dividing  and 
planting  its  creeping  roots. 

The  layers  muft.  be  made  from  the  young  branches,  and 
be  laid  down  in  tlie  fpring  ;  and  when  rooted  in  the  autumn, 
taken  off,  and  managed  as  in  the  other  methods. 

The  hardy  forts  afford  variety  in  warm  fituations  in 
the  open  ground,  and  the  other  forts  among  greenhoufe 
colkftions. 

Lycium,  in  the  Malena  Mc-d'ica,  the  name  of  a  fruit 
called  by  the  French  hay;  iV A-vl^non,  the  Avignon  berry, 
and  by  many  authors  the  pyracantha.     The  ihrub  which 


produces  It  is  the  lycium  five  nyracantha  of  Gerrard.  (See 
I^vciUM,y«/'ra)  The  fruit  is  about  the  fize  of  a  grain  of  wheat, 
and  is  not  rotind,  but  of  an  angular  form  when  dried,  fome- 
tiines  of  three,  fomctimcs  of  four  angles,  and  fometimcs 
dented  in  at  one  end  like  a  heart.  It  is  of  ayellowilh-grcen 
colour,  and  of  a  bitter  and  aftringent  talte.  It  fliould 
be  chofen  frefn  dried,  and  large.  There  was  formei-ly 
a  rob,  or  inlpiflated  juice  made  from  thefe  berries,  much 
in  ufe  in  medicine  ;  but  this  was  generally  adulterated 
with  a  rob  made  of  the  berries  of  the  woodbine,  privet,  flue, 
or  other  fhrub,  and  is  now  quite  out  of  ufe.  The  dyers  in 
France  and  Holland  ufe  it  for  a  yellow  ;  and  the  Dutch  have 
another  ufe  for  it,  which  is,  that  they  boil  it  in  alum-water, 
and  mixing  it  in  whiting,  form  it  into  twilled  (licks,  whicli 
they  fell  to  the  painters  in  water-colours,  under  the  name  of 
Jill  lie  v/o'in, 

lA'COCTONON.     See  Acosite. 

LYCODONTES.     See  Bufonit^. 

LYCOGALA,  in  Bo/any,  fo  named  by  Micheli,  from 
Xuxo;,  a  lunlf,  and  ■)  x>ia,  milh,  a  genus  of  the  fungus  tribe, 
whofe  internal  appearance  and  fubflance,  in  an  early  (late, 
are  like  a  mafs  of  thick  crsam.  It  is  included  under  Mncor 
by  Linnxus,  Schreber,  and  others.  Perf.  Syn.  157.  Mich. 
Gen.  21.5.  t.  9J.  Albert,  and  Schwein.  Sj;.  (RL-ticularia  ; 
Bulliard  Fung.  v.  I.  t.476.f.  I — 3.)  — Clafsand  order,  Cryy- 
ioganua  Fungi.     Nat.  Ord.   Fungi. 

Eff.  Ch.  Cafe  roundi(h,  membranous,  fmooth,  lodging  a 
mafs,  originally  pulpy  and  deliqueiccnr,  Jinaily  powdery  in- 
termixed with  diltant  internal  fibres. 

1.  1...  argenteum.  (L.  grifeum  majus  ;  Mich.  Gen.  2  1 6. 
t.  9J.  f.  I.  Reticularia  Lycoperdon,  var.  2  ;  Bull.  Fung. 
V.  I.  95.  t.  476.  f.  I.  Mucor  lycogalus ;  Bolt.  Fung.  v.  ^. 
133.1.  133.  f.2  ) — ^Cufliion-fhaped^  fomewhat  hemifphcrical, 
naked,  even  ofafllvery  white.  —  Found  hpon  rotten  wood  in 
autumn. — About  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  brown  and 
pulpy  when  young,  of  a  brilliant  white  when  arrived  at  ma- 
turity, diicharging,  by  one  or  more  irregular  accidental 
openings,  a  mais  of  rich  dark  fnuff-coloured  powder. 

2.  L.  ttirbinatitm.  (Reticularia  Lycoperdon,  var.  3  ; 
Bull.  V.  I.  f)j'.  t.  476.  f.2.) — Top-fhaped,  naked,  even, 
pale  brown.  Found  in  fimilar  fituations,  though  rarelv, 
But  half  the  fize.of  the  former,  at  moft,  and  furnilhed  with 
a  kind  of  fhort  ftalk,  which  gives  it  a  pcar-fhaped  figure. 
Hence  Perfoon  was  induced  to  make  this  a  dillmtl 
fpecies,  though  lie  appears  to  have  known  it  merely  by 
the  account  ot  Bulliard.  The  latter  fays  it  is  pellucid  when 
yoiyig. 

3.  L,.  pundii.'um.  (Reticularia  Lyeopcrdon,  var.  4 i  Bull, 
v.  I.  95.  t.  476.  f.  3.) — Aggregate,  globofe,  dotted,  greyifli. 
—  Found  on  rotten  wood.  Nearly  as  big  as  the  firll,  but 
more  globofe,  and  of  an  afliy-grey  ;  its  furface  dotted  all 
over  with  minute  points. 

4.  L.  atnim.  Albert,  and  Schwein.  n.  233.  t.  3.  f.  3. — 
CuQiion-fliaped,  black.  Its  powder  is  intermingled  with 
branched,  tree-like,  radiating  fixed  tlircads.  This,  not 
mentioned  by  Perfoon,  is  defcribed  by  the  above  authors  of 
the  ConfpcHus  of  Fungi,  growing  near  Niflie  in  Upper  Lu- 
fatia,  as  found  upon  fir  trees  from  April  to  June,  and  more 
fparingly  in  Otlober  and  November^  It  is  the  fize  and  fliape 
of  the  firR  fpecies  ^  white  in  the  bcgirjjiing,  then  of  a  dirty 
yellow,  afterwards  reddi/li-brovvn,  and  finally  black.  This 
fundus  is  remarkable  for  leavinsj,  as  it  were,  a  flvcleton  of 
blanched  black  fibres,  radiating  from  a  centre,  \\  nen  the  coat 
and  powder  are  gone. 

J.  I.,,  min.'t/um.    Perf.   n.  4.     (L.   miniata  ;    Perf.   Obf. 
M)col.  fate.  2.  26.      L.  globofum,  grani  pifi  ir.agnitudine, 
ssric recodf i  colore  j'  Mich.  Geu.  216.  t.  95.  f.  2.  Lycoper- 
don 


L  Y  C 

don  epidcndnim  ;  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  i6j^.  Hvidf.  645'.  With. 
V.  4.  ;5Sj'.  Sowerb.  Fung.  t.  52.  Uolt.  Fung.  v.  ^.  iirj. 
t.  119.  f.  I.  Mucor  ;  SclisefF.  Fung.  t.  195.) — Aggregate, 
globofe ;  at  firll  fcarlet  ;  then  brown,  with  rofe-colouroJ 
powder. — Common  on  the  trunks  of  trees,  after  rain,  in 
fummer  and  autumn.  Its  vivid  vermihon  or  fcarlet  hue, 
■when  young,  is  very  ftriking.  In  decay  it  turns  brown  or 
black.  Mr.  Sowerby  has  exhibited,  in  his  t.  400.  f.  2,  g, 
w!i,it  he  elleems  a  luxuriant  variety  of  this,  but  which  feems 
to  us  a  dillinft  fpecies,  being  much  larger,  confluent,  pale 
pink  and  veiny,  foon  turning  quite  black.  In  an  early  ftate 
it  looked  like  the  inteftines  of  a  fowl. — Lycoperdon  pififorms 
of  LinnsTvis  is  judged  by  Perfoon  to  be  only  a  roughilli-coated 
variety  of  this  Lycogala  mtiuatum. 

'6.  L.  conktim.  Perf.  n.  5. — Scattered,  conical  ;  at  firft 
red  ;  then  purplifli-violet. — Found,  very  rarely,  on  the  rot- 
ten trunks  of  trees.  About  one  or  two  lines  high,  exaftly 
conical,  but  obtufe,  clothed  with  little  fcatterej  fibrous 
granulations.      Powder  of  a  violet  red.      Perfoon. 

LYCOIDES,  a  term  ufed  by  medical  writers  to  exprefs 
tlie  diforders  which  arifo  in  the  human  body  by  a  long  re- 
tention of  the  feed.  Tliefe  are  fometimes  madnefs,  and 
very  often  dangerous  quinlies  and  fwellings,  and  inflamma- 
tions about  the  neck  and  throat.  If  we  confider  the  natural 
tendency  of  the  diforders  of  this  kind  to  affecl  the  neck, 
and  the  remarkable  fwelling  of  the  necks  of  bucks,  and  fome 
other  animals  at  rutting  time,  it  may  give  fome  rational  hints 
toward:',  underftanding  the  alteration  of  the  voice  in  boys  who 
arrive  at  puberty. 

Blancard  derives  the  word  lycoides,  from  Ai/y.o--,  lupus,  and 
£1^0;-,  forma,  from  a  fuppofitioa  that  wolves  are  fubjecl  to 
this  diforder. 

LYCOMING,  in  Geography,  a  county  of  America,  in 
the  N.W.  part  of  Pennfylvania,  bounded  N.  by  the  Itate 
of  New  York,  and  W.  by  Alleghany  county  ;  150  miles 
long  and  86  broad,  being  the  largell  in  the  ftate.  The 
north  and  weft  parts  are  unfettled.  It  is  divided  into  10 
townfhips,  and  contains  5414  inhabitants. — Alfo,  a  creek, 
which  runs  fouth,  and  difcharges  itfelf  into  the  W.  branch 
of  Shfquehanna,  a  few  miles  W.  of  Loyalfock  creek. 

LYCOPERDASTRUM,  in  Botany,  Balbrd  Puff-ball, 
Mich.  Gen.  219.  t.  99.    See  Scleroderm.v. 

LYCOPERDOIDES,  Mich.  Gen.  219.  t.  98,  a  genus 
conlifling  of  three  fpeeies  of  fungi,  very  unlike  each  other. 
The  firft  has  a  (tout  thick  many-rooted  item,  four  inches 
high,  and  is  the  Scleroderma  tlnSorium  of  Perfoon,  Syn.  152. 
The  others  are  fubterraneous  produftions,  akin  to  the  Lyco- 
p:rdon  cer-vhunn  of  Linnsus. 

LYCOPERDON,  fo  called  by  Tourncfort,  from  \mo:, 
a  luolf,  and  ^sfJv,  to  explode  bach-jiards,  this  author  having 
certainly  improved  the  old  foolifh  name.  Crepitus  lupi,  by 
making  ft  lefs  generally  intelligible.  We  do  not  prefume  to 
account  for  this  curious  appellation.  The  French  caU  the 
fungus  to  which  it  is  applied  Veje-loup,  or  Wolf-bladder  ; 
the  Englifh  Puff-ball;  and  the  Germans  ^o/^?  ;  from  which 
lall  Dil!:-:iius  contrived  the  barbarous  name  Bovijla.  Linn. 
Gen.  569.  Schreb.  770.  Mir:.  Mill.  Did.  v.  3.  Perf.  Syn. 
140.  Juif.  5.  Tourn.  t.  331.  Lamarck  Illullr.  t.  887. — 
Clafs  and  order,   Cryptogamia  Fungi.      Nat.  Ord.  Fungi. 

Eff.  Ch.  Cafe  caulefcent,  b-rtting  irregularly  at  the  top, 
clothed  Willi  fcaly  or  pointed  warts. — (The  powder  or  feed 
is  greenifh.)   Perfoon. 

The  author  lad  mentioned  defines  14  fpccics  of  this 
genus,  very  properly  rellnc^ing  it  to  fuch  fungi  as  aiihvcr 
to  the  above  charafter,  and  excluding  the  Harry  puff-balls, 
(fee  Geastru-m)  ;  as  well  as  the  Tuber,  the  Scleroderma,  and 


L  Y  C 

fome  other?  which  Linnaeus  comprehended  under  his  LycO' 
perdon.     Examples  are 

L.  giganteum.  Perf.  n.  I.  Batfch  Fung.  t.  165.  (L.  max- 
imum ;  Scha;fr.  Fung.  v.  4.  130.  v.  2.  t.  191.  L.  Bovifta  ; 
Bulliard  t.  447.  L.  Proteus;  Sowerb.  Fung.  t.  332,  two 
upper  figures.) — This  is  often  found  as  big  as  a  man's  head, 
in  dry  upland  paftures,  in  various  parts  of  England  and  the 
fcuth  of  Europe.  Vv'hcn  the  upper  part,  and  the  whole 
povvdery  contents,  are  blown  away,  the  fpongy  bafe,  witli 
a  ihin  torn  edge,  remains  for  a  confiderable  ti-Tie.  The 
root  is  fmall,  but  tough. 

L.  pyriforme.  Peri.  n.  I  2.  Schxff.  Fung,  v,  4.  ijS.  v.  2. 
t.  185.  (L.ovoideum;  Bulliard  t.  435.  f.  3-) — Found  on 
rotten  Ihimps  in  beech  woods  in  autumn.  It  is  an  inch  and 
a  half  high,  and  an  incfi  broad,  tapering  at  the  bafe,  and 
pointed  at  the  top,  of  a  dirty  brownifh-wliite. 

'L,- gnffypinum.  Perf.  n.  14.  Bulliard  t.  435.  f.  r. — Found 
on  roltcii  wocd  ia  France.  A  pretty  fpecies,  about  one- 
fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  globofe  with  a  (hort  taper  bafe, 
all  over  white  or  pale  grey,  and  covered  as  it  were  with  a 
fine  down  or  cottony  uibllance. 

LYCOPERSICON,  from  Xu/.o;,  a  wolf,  and  fjir.Xr, 
^ffs-r-.OT,  a  peach,  the  Tomato,  or  Love-apple,  Solanum 
I^ycopeificum  of  Linnxus.  This- fruit  is  valued  for  its  grate- 
ful acidity  in  Italy,  Spain  and  Portugal,  where  it  makes  a 
principal  ingredient  in  many  foups  and  other  difhes,  Ueing 
moreover  fiippofed  to  polTcfs  a  ilimulating,  or  aphrodifiac 
property.  Railed  in  England,  its  flavour  is  more  infipid, 
and  its  qualities  not  in  any  refpecl,  as  far  as  we  have  heard, 
remarkable  ;  except  that  tew  llomachs  can  bear  it  in  any 
great  quantity.  The  fruit  is  bell  fried  in  dices,  peppered 
and  falted,  as  a  fauce  for  game  or  any  roaft  meat. 

LYCOPHRON,  in  Biography,  foil  of  Periander,  king 
of  Corinth,  fiourifhed  about  five  hundred  and  fifty  yeari 
before  the  Chrifliaii  era.  The  murder  of  his  mother  Me- 
liffa,  by  his  father,  had  fuch  an  effect  upon  him,  that  he 
refolved  never  more  to  fpeak  to  him.  This  rcfolution  was 
ilrengthencd  by  their  uncle  Proclus,  king  of  Epidaurus, 
who  took  Lycophron  and  his  brother  under  his  proteftion. 
When  the  infirmities  of  Periander  obliged  him  to  look  for  a 
fuccefTor,  Lycophron,  who  was  then  in  the  illand  of  Cor- 
cyra,  refuted  to  come  to  Corinth  while  his  father  was 
there,  and  he  was  induced  to  promife  to  fettle  in  that  city, 
only  on  condition  that  his  father  would  come  and  dwell  on 
the  ifland  which  he  left.  So  fearful,  however,  were  the 
Corcyrians  of  the  tjTanny  of  Periander,  that  they  killed  the 
fon  to  prevent  the  meditated  exchange  from  taking  place. 

LYCornrtos,  a  famous  Greek  poet  and  grammarian,  was 
born  at  Chalcis,  in  Eubosa,  and  flmirifhed  about  three 
hundred  years  before  the  Ciirillian  era.  He  was  one  of 
thofc  poets  who  lived  in  the  reign  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus, 
and  who  from  their  number  obtained  the  name  of  Pleiades. 
According  to  Ovid  he  was  (lain  by  an  arrow.  He  was 
author  of  feveral  tragedies,  of  which  the  titles  of  twenty 
have  been  preferved  ;  but  the  only  work  that  has  come  down 
to  us,  is  a  very  fingular  poem,  entitled  "  Alexandra,"  or 
CafTandra,  the  fubjecl  of  which  is  a  feries.of  prediAions 
feigned  by  him  to  have  beui  uttered  by  that  daughter  of 
Priam.  This  poem  contains  1474  verles,  the  obfcurity  of 
which  has  procured  the  epithet  of  "  Tenebrofus"  to  its 
author.  It  is  a  mixture  of  prophetical  efTufions,  fuppofcd 
to  have  been  delivered  by  Calfandra  during  the  Trojan  war. 
The  bed  editions  are  that  of  Bafil,  15'46,  enriched  with  a 
commentary  by  Tzetzcs;  that  of  Canter,  1596;  and  thai 
or  our  countrvman,  archbifhop  Potter,  in  1702. 

LYCOPH'THALMUS,  the    ivclfs  eye-Jhne,    a  name 

given  by  fome  authors  to  fuch  pieces  of  agate,  or  any  other 

4  T  2  femi- 


L  Y  C 


1.  Y  C 


{emi-pellucid  (lone,  as  happen  to  have  circular  fpots  in  them, 
refembliiig  iti  colour  the  eye  of  that  animal. 

LYCOPODIOIDES,  in  Botany.  See  the  following 
article. 

LYCOPODIUM,  from  Xvxo.;,  a  ivolf,  and  -za-,  the  foot, 
from  the  incurved,  and  often  finger-like,  ftiape  of  the  fpikes 
or  extreme  branches.  Chib-mofs,  or  Wolf's-claw. — Linn. 
Gen.  561.  Schreb.  753.  Mart.  Mill.  Did.  v.  ;;.  Sm.  FI. 
Brit.  1 108.  Swartz.  Fil.  174.  Brown  Prodr.  Nov.  Holl. 
V.  1.  165.  Jufl".  12.  Lamarck  Illuftr.  t.  872.  Michaux  Bo- 
real-Amer.  v.  2.  282.  Dill.  Mufc.  441.  (Lycopodioides  ; 
Dill.  Miifc.  462.  Selago  ;  ibid.  43J.  Selaginoidcs  ;  ibid. 
460.) — Clafs  and  order,  Cryptogamia  Mufc't,  Linn.  Crypt. 
jUifcellanen,  Schreb.  Crypt.  Filices,  Smith.  Crypt.  Lycopo- 
Jinfx,  Swartz. — Nat.  Ord.  Mujci,  Linn.  Dill.  Mufcifpurii, 
JufT.   Lycopodinett,  Brown. 

EfT.  Ch.  Capfules  axillary,  feflile,  naked,  moftly  foli- 
tary,  of  one  cell ;  fome  kidney-fhaped,  of  two  elaftic  valves, 
and  full  of  fine  powder  ;  others  two  or  three-lobed,  of  two 
or  three  valves,  lodging  from  one  to  fix  globofe  bodies. 

This  beautiful  and  ample  genus,  one  of  the  mod  elegant, 
ivith  refpeft  to  habit,  in  the  whole  vegetable  kingdom,  holds 
as  it  were  an  intermediate  place  between  the  ferns  and 
mofles.  Some  botanifts  have  therefore  been  mod  inclined 
to  refer  it  to  the  one  tribe,  others  to  the  other.  Its  habit, 
moft  like  the  mofles,  does  yet  by  no  means  flriftly  accord 
with  that  order  ;  and  their  fruftification,  being  now  well 
underllood,  feparates  them  diftinftly  from  LycopoSum, 
whofe  nature  in  that  refpeft  is  almoft  totally  in  the  dark, 
agreeing  fo  far  with  ferns.  The  feeds  of  the  latter,  how- 
ever  produced,  agree  as  nearly  as  can  be  with  the  powder 
found  in  the  comprefled  or  kidney-lhaped  capfules  of  the 
genus  in  queftion,  which  powder  moreover  has  been  like- 
v/ife  proved,  by  experiment,  to  be  real  feed.  But  the  glo- 
bular bodies  found  in  peculiar  capfules  upon  L .  dent'iculatum 
and  other  fpecies,  proved  themfelves  feeds  by  germinating, 
according  to  Brotero,  Tr.  of  L.  Soc.  v.  5.  162,  yet  fuch 
fpecies  are  furnifhed  befides  with  what  feems  to  be  the 
genuine  fruit  of  the  genus.  In  this  difficulty  Profeflbr 
Swartz  and  Mr,  Brown  have  prudently  contented  them- 
felves, in  the  generic  character,  with  mentioning  thefe  two 
kinds  of  apparent  capfules  and  feeds,  without  pofitively 
afferting  either  to  be  fuch. 

Jofeph  Fox,  a  poor  journeyman  weaver  of  Norwich,  is 
the  firil  perion  upon  record  who  ever  raifed  plants  of  Lyco- 
pod'tum  Selago  from  the  duft  of  the  kidney-fhaped  capfules ; 
fee  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  2.  314,  whers  Mr.  Lindfay's  ac- 
count of  having  fucceeded  equally  well  with  the  duft  of  Z. 
lemuum  in  Jamaica,  is  alfo  to  be  found.  Sprengei  cites  the 
authority  of  ProfefTor  Willdenow  in  confirmation  of  this. 
We  cannot  but  admit  therefore  that  this  duft,  fo  exaftly 
refembling  the  known  feed  of  ferns,  is  real  feed.  This  is 
the  Pulv'ts  Lycopodii,  formerly  kept  in  the  apothecaries 
fhops,  on  account  of  fome  reputed  qualities  long  fince  dif- 
believed.  It  is  ftill  ufed  in'^ermany  to  produce  the  appear- 
ance of  lightning  upon  the  ftage  ;  for  being  very  light  and 
highly  infrdmmable,  it  takes  fire  inftantaneoufly,  with  a  fort 
cf  hifGng  explofion,  while  floating  in  the  air.  The  duft  of 
L.  clavatum  is  coUefted  and  fold  on  the  continent,  for  this 
purpofe.  With  refpeft  to  the  globular  bodies,  whofe  bulk 
is  beyond  all  meafure  greater  than  that  of  thefe  minute 
feeds,  it  is  impofiiblc  to  doubt  the  affertion  of  ProfefTor 
Brotero,  who  in  the  fifth  volume  of  the  Tranfa£lions  of  the 
L.  Soc.  deferibes  their  germination,  radicle,  cotyledons, 
&c.  ;  fo  that  we  rauft  allow  the  exiftence  of  two  kinds  of 
feed  on  the  fame  plant.  The  fame  phenomenon  ha;  been 
fufpetted  in  the  genera  Fuciis  and  Conferva,  though  bota- 


nifts have  been  fo  juftly  cautious  of  admitting  it,  that  they 
have  not  dared  lo  trull  their  own  eyes.  Perhaps  the  aftual 
exiftence  of  the  fact  in  Lycopodium,  may  fanftion  our  belief 
of  it  in  thefe  other  inllances.  The  difference  however  be- 
tween thefe  two  kinds  of  feeds  in  Lycopodium  is  far  more 
efTentTHl  than  Profeffor  Sprengei  feems  to  infinuate,  when  he 
fays  it  "  only  proves  that  the  capfules  of  fcveral  fpecies  of 
this  genus  are  of  two  different  fliapes."  (Crypt.  195, 
Englifh  tranflation.)  Nothing  can  be  greater  than  the  ap- 
parent difference  betwixt  the  two  kinds  of  feeds  themfelves, 
which  is  fuch  as  to  overfct  all  analogy  hitherto  known. 
An  idea  advanced  in  Engl.  Bot.  v.  16.  p.  IJ48,  that  the 
kidney-ftiaped  capfules  may  be  abortive  ones,  can  hardly  be 
admitted  ;  for  although  we  hear  of  no  experiment  made  with 
the  contents  of  the  two  different  kinds  of  capfules  from  the 
fame  individual  plant,  (which  if  plants  could  be  raifed  from 
both,  would  be  truly  an  expenmentum  crucls ;)  yet  the  kid- 
ney-fliaped  capfules  of  the  fpecies  in  queftion,  L.  Selag't- 
tioidis,  are  too  precifely  like  thofe  from  which  vegetating 
feeds  have  been  obtained,  to  allow  of  a  doubt  concerning 
them.  We  ought  not  to  omit  that  Dillenius  firft  obferved 
thefe  different  kinds  of  feeds  in  Lycopodium,  and  has  founded 
upon  them  the  different  genera  into  which  he  has  divided  it, 
as  quoted  among  the  fynonyms  above. 

The  14th  edition  of  Sy/].  Veg.  contains  29  fpecies  oi  Ly- 
copodium, fix  of  which  are  Britifti.  Profeffor  Swartz  define* 
65  ;  exclufivc  of  the  Linnsan  nudum,  which  he  eftablifhes 
as  a  diftinil  genus,  by  the  name  of  Pfdotum  ;  as  well  as  of 
feveral  others,  which  he  finds  mentioned  in  books,  but  could 
not  fatisfaftorily  afcertain. — Fifteen  fpecies  have  axillary 
feffile  capfules,  all  uniform,  of  two  valves,  containing  the 
above-defcribed  powdery  kind  of  feeds.  The  remaining  50 
bear  their  capfules  in  terminal  fpikes,  each  capfule  being  ac- 
companied by  a  peculiai'  fcale  or  bradea,  generally  toothed 
or  fringed,  totally  unhke  the  leaves,  and  moftly  of  a  paler 
or  more  tawny  colour.  Of  thefe  Jo,  26  have  the  fame  kind 
of  capfules  and  feeds  as  the  above  15,  and  no  other;  one, 
(/>.  Selaginoidcs,  Engl.  Bot.  t.  1148.)  has,  befides  fuch  cap- 
fules, very  remarkable  four-lobed  ones,  of  two  three-lobed 
valves,  and  containing  four  globofe  white  feeds.  The  re- 
mainder have  kidney-fhaped  as  well  as  roundifh,  rarely  three- 
lobed,  capfules,  either  intermixed  in  the  fame  fpike,  or  the 
former  are  in  the  upper  part,  the  latter  in  the  lower.  By 
this  llatement  it  appears,  that  no  known  fpecies  is  without 
the  kidney-fhaped  compreffed  capfule,  bearing  the  minute 
duft-like  feed,  analogous  to  that  of  ferns ;  the  larger  glo- 
bofe feed  being,  as  it  feems,  more  of  an  adventitious  nature. 

Examples  of  the  axillary  fpecies  are, 

L.  Unifolium.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1563.  Sw.  n.  i.  (Selago 
linarias  foliis ;  Dill.  Mufc.  440.  t.  57.  f.  5.) — Leaves  alter- 
nate, remote,  lanceolate. — Native  of  South  America  and 
the  Weft  Indies.  Taken  up  by  Dillenius  from  Plumier, 
who  in  his  Filices,  t.  166.  f.  C,  C,  gives  an  original  plate  of 
this  fpecies,  which  no  other  botanift  appears  to  have  fecn. 
The  root  is  fibrous.  Stems  feemingly  pendulous,  above  two 
feet  long,  flendcr,  flightly  branched,  leafy  throughout. 
Leaves  fcattercd,  half  an  inch  at  leail  diftant  from  each 
other,  often  near  two  inches  long,  entire,  taper-pointed, 
fomewhat  ovate  and  twifted  at  the  bafe.  Capfules  axillary, 
folitary,  kidney-fliaped.  No  other  known  fpecies  can  vie 
with  this  in  the  fize  and  dillance  of  its  leaves. 

L.  gnidiuides.  Linn.  Suppl.  448.  Sw.  n.  4. — Leaves 
three  in  a  whorl,  imbricated,  ovato-lanceolate,  obtufe,  entire. 
Branches  elongated.  —  Gathered  in  the  illand  of  Mauritius 
by  Sonnerat  or  Commerfon,  and  given  by  Thouin  to  the 
younger  Linnxus.  No  other  botanift  feems  to  have  fecn 
the  plant.     It  appears  to  be  very  tall,  with  the  habit  of  the 

former. 


L  Y  C 


L  Y  C 


former,  but  differs  cffcntially  in  its  much  clofed  and  «  horled 
haves,  not  half  an  inch  long,  bhnit  and  concave,  without 
rib  or  vein  ;  the  upper  ones  very  gradually  (horter  and  more 
ovate,  with  folitary,  palifh,  axillary,  roundifli,  flightly  reni- 
forme,  capfuks. 

L.  Selago.  Fir  Club-mofs.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1565.  Engl. 
Bot.  t.  233.  S'.v.  n.  12.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  104. — Leaves  fcattered, 
in  eight  rows,  fomewhat  imbricated,  lanceolate,  acute,  rather 
eoncave.  Stem  forked,  erect,  level-topped.  —  Native  of 
rather  moill  mountainous  heaths ;  the  only  Britilh  fpecies  of 
this  tirfl  fection.  The  Jlifms  are  about  a  fpan  high,  befet 
with  dark,  ihining,  fir-like  leaves.  Capfuks  fmall,  brownifh- 
yellow. 

The  fpiked  fpecies  are  not  only  numerous,  but,  in  many 
inftances,  remarkable  for  fize  and  beauty.  The  Britifh  ones 
are  inumiatum,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1565.  Engl.  Bot.  t.  239  ;  aljii- 
fium,  ib.  1567.  E.  Bot.  t.  334; — annotinum,  ib.  1566.  E. 
Bot.  t.  1727  ; — and  the  common  clavafitm,  ib.  1564,  E. 
Bot.  t.  324. — This  lad  grows  abundantly  on  dry  mountain- 
ous heaths,  creeping  on  the  ground  to  the  extent  of  feveral 
feet ;  the  fruit-bearing  branches  only  being  erecl.  Thefe 
bear  one,  two  or  three,  finger-like  denfe  fpikes  of  ovate, 
taper-pointed,  membranous-edged,  imbricated  bradeas,  each 
with  an  axillary  folitary  brown  capfuh. 

Of  the  foreign  ones  none  is  more  ftriking  than  L.  Phkg- 
maria.  Linn  Sp.  PI.  1564.  (L.  ereftum  dichotomum,  fohis 
cruciatis,  fpicis  gracilibus  ;  Dill.  Mufc.  450.  t.  61.  f.  j.] — 
Leaves  ovate  or  heart-fhaped,  entire ;  the  lower  ones  four 

in  a  whorl.     Spikes  thread-fhaped,  forked This  grows  in 

various  parts  of  the  Eaft  Indies,  as  well  as  in  the  ifle  of 
Bourbon.  Mr.  Menzies  gathered  our  fpecimen  in  Otaheite. 
It  is  18  inches  or  more  in  height,  flightly  forked  or 
branched,  clothed  with  numerous  Ihining  leaves,  not  fo  regu- 
larly whorled,  at  lead  the  upper  ones,  as  Dillenius  found 
them.  The  long,  terminal,  flender,  forked  Jpiies,  with 
their  little  roundilh  braSeas,  fcarcely  broader  than  the  ac- 
companying capfuks,  are  very  fingular. 

Among  the  fpecies  with  two  forts  of  capfules  is 
Y,.  Jlalellatum.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1568.  (Lycopodioides  den- 
tatum  ereclum  fiUcinum,  caule  tereti  ramofiffimo  ;  Dill. 
Mufc.  468.  t.  65.  f  5.  Mufcus  fquamofus  ereftus  ;  Plum. 
Fil.  t.  43  Amer.  t.  24.) — Leaves  two-ranked,  ovate,  ob- 
lique, fringed  at  the  bafe,  accompanied  by  a  double  row  of 
fmaller  imbricated  ones  in  front.  Stem  round,  repeatedly 
branched,  flattened  above. — The  figures  of  this  fpecies, 
which  is  found  in  the  Weft  Indies,  give  but  an  inadequate 
idea  of  its  beauty.  Its  flat  fan-hke  fhape,  and  the  exqui- 
.  litely  neat  arrangement  of  the  innumerable  little  fliining 
leaves,  give  it  a  peculiar  and  ftriking  afpe<ft.  The  fpikes 
are  fmall,  and  fparingly  produced.  Root  fibrous.  Whole 
plant  from  one  to  two  feet  high. 

LYCOPOLIS,  m  Ancient  Geography,  viz.  tk'  city  of  the 
Wolves,  an  ancient  town  of  Upper  Egypt,  in  the  The- 
bais,  fituated  on  the  weftern  fide  of  the  Nile  ;  fo  called, 
becaufe  extraordinary  worftiip  was  paid  here  to  wolves, 
which,  according  to  Diodorus  Siculus,  drove  back  the 
Ethiopians  when  they  invaded  Egypt,  and  purfued  them 
to  Elephantina,on  the  borders  of  Ethiopia.  This  city  is 
luppofed  to  have  ftood  where  the  prefent  town  of  Monfalut 
now  ftands. 

LYCOPSIS,  in  Betany,  fo  called  by  Pliny,  being  alfo 
the  ^uxoj.1.;  of  Diofcorides,  owes  its  derivation  to  /,i//.o.:,  a 
wolf,  and  cj-i;,  a  face,  or  countenance,  from  the  circum- 
ftance  of  the  flowers  being  ringent,  and  having  the  appear- 
ance of  a  grinning  mouth  ;  the  herbage  is  alfo  furnifhed, 
fays  Ambrofinus,  with  a  fort  of  rigid  hairinefs  fimilar  to 
the  coat  of  a  wolf.     Linn.  Gen.  78.  Scbveb.  103.  Willd. 

12 


Sp.  PI.  V.  I.  770.  Mart.  Mill.  Did.  v.  3.  Sm.  Fl.  Brit. 
2  20.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  i.  297.  Juft".  131.  La- 
marck   lUuftr.    t.  92.      G^rtn.    t.  67 Clafs    and  order, 

Pentanclria  Monogynia.  Nat.  Ord.  Afperifolix,  Linn.  Bor- 
raginee,  Juff. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  in  five,  oblong,  acute> 
fpreading,  permanent  fegments.  Cor.  of  one  petal,  funnel- 
fliaped;  tube  cylindrical,  bent  in  a  curve;  limb  five-cleft 
half  way  down,  obtufc  ;  mouth  clofed,  with  five  convex, 
prominent,  uniting  fcales.  Stam.  Filaments  five,  very  fmall, 
placed  at  the  curve  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla ;  anthers 
fmall,  covered.  Pi/l.  Germens  four,  fuperior ;  ftyle  thread- 
fliaped,  the  length  of  the  ftamens  ;  ftigma  obtufe,  cloven. 
Peric.  none,  except  the  very  large,  inflated  calyx.  Seeds 
four,  'rather  long. 

Eft".  Ch.  Corolla  with  a  curved  tube,  its  mouth  clofed 
with  convex  fcales. 

Linnxus  was  acquainted  with  feven  fpecies  of  Lyeopfis,  to 
which  Willdenow  has  added  two  more,  L.  ciliata,  and  oblu- 
Jtfolia.  This  genus  is  particularly  marked  by  the  tube  of 
the  flowers  beiiig  curved  ;  indeed  this  circumftance  is  con- 
fidered  by  Linnaeus  and  Willdenow  as  a  fufficient  effential 
character.  The  following  fpecies  will  ferve  to  illuftrate  the 
genus. 

L.  puUa.  Dark-flowered  Buglofs.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  198. 
Jacq.  Auftr.  t.  188. — Leaves  entire.  Stem  ereft.  Calyx, 
when  in  fruit,  inflated,  pendulous. — Found  in  fields  and 
by  road-fides  in  Tartary  and  Germany,  where  it  flowers 
from  the  beginning  of  May  to  July. — Root  perennial,  of 
nearly  a  finger's  thicknefs,  long,  blackifli.  Stem  about  a 
foot  high,  roundifli ;  fimple  below  ;  dividing  upwards  into 
flowering  branches.  Leaves  alternate,  feffile,  foft,  thickifti, 
pale  green.  Flowers  folitary ;  petals  fmooth,  dark  purple 
or  nearly  black,  the  tube  reddifli  at  its  bafe,  the  limb 
marked  with  five  funk  dots  at  the  bottom.  Seeds  roundifli, 
I'omewhat  rugofe,  flicking  to  the  pendulous  and  fwelling 
calyx. 

L.  arvenfs.  Small  Buglofs.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  199.  Engl 
Bot.  t.  938.  Curt.  Lond.  fafc.  5.  t.  17.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  435. — 
Leaves  lanceolate,  briftlv.  Calyx,  when  in  flower,  ereft. — 
Very  common  in  fields  and  wafte  places  all  over  England. 
It  flowers  in  June  and  July — The  whole  plant  is  hifpid. 
Stem  round,  angulated,  eredl,  branched.  Leaves  oblong 
heart-fliaped,  embracing  the  ftem.  Clujlcrs  in  pairs,  termi- 
nal, leafy.  Flowers  fmall,  of  a  lively  blue  colour,  with  a 
white  eye.  Seeds  angular,  rugofe,  tuberculated.  The  juices 
of  this  plant  are  mucilaginous,  hke  thofe  of  Borage. 

LYCOPUS  is  faid  to  be  derived^  from  Kvy.of,  a  wolf, 
and  rroi;-,  a  foot,  though  we  are  perfedlly  incompetent  to 
trace  the  origin  of  fuch  a  derivation.  Linn.  Gen.  15. 
Schreb.  20.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  1.  120.  Mart.  Mill.  Did. 
V.  3.  Sm.  Fl.  Brit.  29.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed  2.  v.  I.  47. 
Brown.  Prod.  Fl.  Nov.  HoU.  500.  Tournef.  t.  89.  Jufr. 
III.  Lamarck  Illuftr.  t.  18. — Clafs  and  order,  Dtandr\<t 
Monogyr.ia.     Nat.  Ord.    I'irticillat.r,  Linn.   Labiate,  Juff. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  of  one  leaf,  tubular, 
cloven  half  way  down  into  five,  narrow,  acute,  fegments. 
Cor.  of  one  petal,  rather  unequal ;  tube  cylindrical,  the 
length  of  the  calyx  ;  hmb  obtufe,-  fpreading  in  four,  nearly 
equal  divifions ;  the  upper  one  broader,  emargisate  ;  the 
4ower  fmaller.  Stam.  Filaments  two,  generally  longer  than 
the  corolla,  inclining  to  the  upper  fegment ;  anthers  fmall. 
Pijl.  Germen  fuperior,  four-cleft ;  ftyle  thread-fliaped, 
ftraight,  as  long  as  the  ftamens  ;  ftigma  cloven,  reflexed. 
Peric.  none,  except  the  calyx  containing  the  feeds  in  its 
bottom.     Seeds  four,  roundifli,  bluntifli. 

Efl-. 


L  Y  C 


L  Y  C 


EfT,  Cli.  Corolla  four-eleft  ;  one  of  its  lobes  notclied. 
Stamens  dillant.     Seeds  fmir,  naked,  blunt. 

■I.  L.  eurrfteus.  Water  Horelumnd.  Gypfywort.  Linn. 
■Sp.  PI.  30.  Engl.  Bot.  t.  Iioj.  Curt.  Lend.  fafc.  3.  t.  2. 
— Leaves  very  deeply  fcrratcd. — Found  abundantly  on  the 
tanks  of  pooh  and  ditclies,  in  a  Tandy  foil,  Iknvering  in 
July  and  Auguft. — Rot  perennial.  Skm  fquarc.  Leaves 
oppoiite.      Floiucrs  white,  many  in    a  whorl.     Seeds   four, 

obovate,  blunt,   fquarc,  fiuTowed The  whole  herbage  is 

inodorous,  though  the  flowers  are  foraetimes  fvveet-fcci-ted. 
It  vanes  occafionally  in  having  deeply  pinnacifid  leaves,  more 
or  le«i  hairy  ;  indeed  they  arc  fcarcely  ever  quite  fmooth. 
Dr.  Sniitli  reir:arks  that  "  the  glandular  dots,  form  of  the 
corolla,  and  whole  habit  fhcw  the  afiinity  of  this  plant  ,to 
Mentha ;"  but  he  thinks  tint  the  feeds  would  ferve  fufli- 
ciently  to  dillinguilh  it  without  adverting  to  the  number 
of  its  (lamens. 

2.  l^.  e.valtiilus.  Italian  Water  Horehouad.  Linn.  Suppl. 
87.  Willd.  n.  2.  Sm.  Fl.  Gra;c.  Sibth.  v.  i.  9.  t.  12. — 
Leaves  pinnatifid,  toothed.  Calyx  four  or  five-cleft  — A 
native  of  Italy,  and  alfo  of  Greece  in  Lupadia  and  Bi- 
thynia,  flowering  in  the  fummer. — Root  perennial,  creep- 
ing. Stem  eredl,  from  four  to  fix  feet  high,  leafy,  hairy, 
often  tinged  with  red.  Leaves  oppoGte,  crofTnig  each 
other  in  pairs,  deeply  pinnatifid,  hairy  on  both  fides.  IVhorls 
axillary,  fefiile,  denfe,  many-flowered.  Bralieas  fmall,  linear, 
lanceolate,  acute.  Corolla  tubular,  white,  a  little  longer  than 
the  calyx,  mouth  hairy.  Seeds  obovate,  blunt,  covered 
with  refinous  dots,  aromatic. 

The  pinnatifid  variety  of  L.  etiropnus  has  by  fome  au- 
thors been  confounded  with  the  prefent  plant  ;  but  on  ac- 
count of  that  fpccies  having  a  more  h\imble  (leni,  the 
fegments  of  its  leaves  never  toothed,  and  the  calyx  inva- 
riably five-clefr,  Dr.  Smith  thinks  they  are  fufficiently 
diftmft. 

3.  L.  virgiiiicus.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  30.  Michaux.  Boreal- 
Amer.  V.  i.  14. — Leaves  ftalked,  elliptical,  tapering  at 
each  end,  equally  ferrated.  — A  native  of  America,  from 
'New  England  to  Carolina.  It  flowers  in  the  autumn. — 
The  Linnsan  fpecimcn  of  this  fpecies  has  leaves  above  an 
inch  in  breadth,  with  llrong,  though  not  deep  ferratures. 
It  therefore  very  ill  agrees  with  the  definition  in  Flora  Fir- 
gin'icii,  "  Leaves  lanceolate,  very  finely  ferrated,"  or  with 
Clayton's  account,  "  Leaves  long,  narrow,  and  graffy.''  It 
anfwers,  however,  exaftly  to  Michaux's  definition,  "  Leaves 
broadly  lanceolate,  ferrated,  contrafted,  and  entire  at  the 
bafe." — The  flowers  are  numerous,  in  denfe  whorls.  Seeds 
angular,  each  crowned  with  feveral  blunt  teeth. 

Befides  the  three  fpecies  above  defcribcd,  Mr.  Brown,  in 
his  Prodronuis  to  the  Flora  of  New  Holland,  mentions 
another,  which  he  calls  aujlralts,  with  the  foDowing  cha- 
racter, "  Leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  ferrated,  downy, 
roughith  above,  glandular  beneath,  entire,  and  attenuated 
at  the  bafe  :  ferratuies  remote,  equal,  very  acute.  Stems 
ilriated."  -  This  is  found  all  over  New  Holland,  and  in 
Mr.  Brown's  opinion  is  very  nearly  allied  to  L.  europecus. 
Michaux  has  another  fpecies  under  the  name  of  uniflorus, 
which  is  thus  chnraderized.  "  Plant  very  fmall.  Root  tu- 
berous. Stems  fimple.  Lea'oes  oval,  obtufe,  obiolettly 
toothed.  Flowers  axillary,  foliiary."  This  is  a  native  of 
North  Am-rica. 

LYCOSTAPHYLjE,  tvolf's  grapes,  a  name  given  by. 
fome  of  the  Greek  writers  to  the  poinum  amoris,  a  kind  of 
efculent  night ftiade,  which  we  have  much  more  properly 
catted  lyeoper/ieon,  ihe  iuolj''speacL  (See  SoLANUM.)  JEm'i- 
Jius  Macer  tells,  that  the  nightlhades,  in  general,  were  called 
by  the  name  morella  ia  his  time  :    his  words  are,    "  herbara 


quam  Grxci  ilrychnum  dixcrc,  Latini  morellam  dicunt.'' 
The  name  mbrelli  leems  to  be  fornicd  upon  the  word  morioiif 
a  name  given  both  by  the  Greeks  and  Latins  to  one  of  the 
fleepy  night (liades,  and  to  the  male  mandrake  of  Diof- 
corides,  vviuch  the  fliepherds  were  fond  of  eating ;  but 
which  brought  on  fleepy  diforders,  if  taken  too  largely.    - 

LYCOS  rOMUS,  in  Ichthyology,  the  name  given  by 
vElian,  and  many  other  of  the  Greek  authors,  to  the  an- 
chovy, called  by  others  the  eticraulus  and  encraujuholus,  and 
by  the  late  writers  f«f;-(7y7ro/«/.  See  CL\}l')i.\  Encrafi  col  us, 
and  Anchovy. 

LYCTOS,  in  yliicient  Geography,  a  town  fituatcd  in 
the  interior  of  the  ifle  of  Crete,  and  not  far  from  Gnof- 
fus  to  the  fouth-eall.  Of  this  town  Polybius  lays,  that  it 
was  a  colony,  originally  of  Lacedsemonians,  and  the  moll 
ancient  of  the  Cretan  towns,  which  produced  ir.en  who  were, 
without  contradiction,  the  bravell  and  moll  virtuous  in  the 
whole  iflaid.  The  priority  of  its  exiftence  to  Gnon"us  and 
Cortyna,  however,  has  been  doubted. 

LYCURGIA,  Xi/wugyHia,  in  Jnt'iquhy,  a  fettival  cele- 
brated by  the  Spartans  in  menjory  of  Lycurgus,  wiiom  they 
honoured  witli  a  temple,  and  an  anriverfary  lacrilice. 

LYCURGUS,  m  Biography,  the  celebrated  legiflator of 
Sparta,  fuppofed  to  have  been  born  about  the  year  926, 
was  fon  of  Eunomud,  king  of  that  country,  and  brother  to 
Polydeftes.  He  might  have  fucceeded  to  the  throne  liini- 
I'elf  on  the  death  of  PolydeCles,  but  knowing  that  the  de- 
ceafed  .king's  widow  was  pregnant,  he  publicly  declared  that 
he  would  only  hold  the  crov. n  m  trull  for  the  clii  d,  provided 
it  fltould  prove  a  fon.  The  queen,  ambiiious  ofretaining  her 
place  and  dignity,  propofed  to  marry  I^ycurgus,  and  dellroy 
the  infant  before  its  birth.  Lycurgus  took  mealures  to 
prevent  the  completion  of  her  wicked  propolals  :  flie  was, 
in  due  time,  delivered  of  a  boy,  which  being  brought  to 
him,  as  he  was  fitting  at  the  table  with  the  magillratcs, 
he  took  it  in  his  arms,  placed  it  in  tiie  chair  of  Hate,  and 
exclaimed,  "  Here  Spartans  is  your  king."  Lycurgus 
faithfully  difchargcd  the  duty  of  regent  and  guardian 
during  the  minority  of  his  nephew  Charilaus,  and  as  loon 
as  the  young  prince  came  to  years  of  maturity,  he  readily 
refigned  all  authority  into  his  hands,  left  Sparta,  and  tra- 
velled into  feveral  foreign  countries,  with  the  view  of  ob- 
ferving  their  laws  and  cuftoms.  He  lirll  vifited  Crete,  at 
that  time  governed  by  the  laws  of  Minos  :  thefe  laws  he 
ftudied  moll  carefully,  and  contradied  a  friendlhip  with 
Thales,  whom  he  perfuaded  to  fettle  at  Sparta.  He  thence 
paffed  over  to  Afia,  making  obfcrvatio::s  on  the  principal 
Ionian  cities,  which  were  overwhelmed  in  luxury  and  efte- 
ininacy.  Here  he  met  with  the  works  of  Homer,  which 
he  tranfcribed  and  brought  into  Greece.  The  coiilufion 
which  followed  his  departure  from  Sparta,  made  his  pre- 
fence  again  ncceffary,  and  he  returned  home  at  the  ear- 
ned folicitations  of  his  countrymen.  Perceiving  tiiat  the 
diforders  of  the  Hate  admitted  no  other  cffcftual  remedy 
than  a  total  change  of  the  laws  and  conftitution,  he  pre- 
pared to  give  a  new  iegiflative  fyflem  to  Sparta.  He  took 
care  to  fortify  his  authority  with  the  faniiions  of  religion, 
and  obtained  from  the  oracle  of  Delphi  a  declaration,  that 
the  :onllitutiun  he  was  about  to  eftablifh,  would  be  ihc  moll 
excellent  in  the  world.  [For  an  account  of  his  inllitu- 
tions  fee  the  article  LacyTLDemonians.  ]  His  principal  oh- 
jedl,  as  a  patriot,  was  to  render  his  country  great  and  re- 
fpeftable  among  furroundiiig  nations ;  this  he  attained,  and 
Sparta,  under  the  laws  of  Lycurgus,  became  a  nation  of 
invincible  warriors,  who,  for  a  feries  of  years,  bore  the 
greatell  fway  in  the  affairs  of  Greece,  and  were  the  bulwark  of 
their  friends,  and  the  dread  of  their  foes.     Lycurgus  has 

been 


L  Y  C 


L  Y  D 


b'-pn  compared  to  Solon,  the  legidator  of  Athens,  and  it         I.YDD,  in  Geography,  a  fmall  market-town  in  the  hun- 

has  been  faid  that  the  former  gave  his   citizens   morals  con-  dred  of  Langport,  in  the  lathe  of  Sliepway,  and  county  of 

forniable  to  the  laws  which  he  had  eftablilhed,  and  that  the  Kent,  England,  occupies  a  low  fcite  near  the  fouth-weftem 

latter  had  given  the  Athenians  laws   which  coincided  with  extremity  of  the  county,  where  a  point  of  land  running  out 

their  cuftonis   and   manners.     The   office  of  Lycurgus  de-  into  the  fea forms  Dengenefs  bay,  which,  tho\igh  very  open, 

nianded   refalution,   and  he  (hewed  himfclf  inexorable  and  is  of  great   fervice  for  veflels   when   the  wind  fets  violently 

fevere.     The  Lacedemonians  (hewed  their  relpedl  for  this  from  particular  quarters.     Leland  fays,  "  Lvdde  is  counted 

great  legidatur  by  ar.njally  celebrating  a  feftival    in  liis  ho-  as  a  part  of  Rumeney,  is  iii  mylcs  beyond  Rumeney  town, 

nour,  al  which  his  praifes  were  recited,  and  which  wa^  ob-  and  is  a  market.     The  town  is  of  a  prety  quantite,  and  the 

ferved  during  feverai  ages.    It  is  not  agreed  in  wliat  mafiner,  townefch  men  ufe  botes  to  the  fe,  the  which  at  this  tyme  is  a 

or  when  he  died  ;  according  to  Plutarch  he  voluntarily  put  myle  of.      The  hole  town  is  conteyned  in  one  paroche,  but 

an  end  to  his  life  by  abllinence,   whilj  he  was  yet  of  an  age  that  is  very  large.     Ther  is  a  place  beyond  Lydde,  wher 

to  enjoy  it.     Lucian  fays  he  died  at  the  age  of  eighty-five,  at  a  great  numbre  of  holme  trees  grouelh  upon  a  banke  of 

The  laws  uf  Lycurgui  v/ere  abrogated  by    Philcpccmen  in  baches  throwcn  up  by  the  fe  :  and  ther  they  bat  fowle,  and 

th- year  B  C.  i8S,  but  the  Romans  very  foon  rc-cllabli(hed  kill  many  birdes."     The  church,  which  is  a  (pacious  edifice, 

them.     Plutarch.     Univer.  Hift.  confill  of  a  nave,  chancel,  and  aifles,  with  a  maffive  tower, 

LvcuRGU.s,    an   Athenian   orator,    fon    of    Lycophron,  ornamented  with  pinnacles  at  the  weft  end.     The  monuments 

floi-.rirncd  in  the  time  of  Phihp  of  Macedon,  and  is  fuppofcd  are  numerous^  and  among  them  are  many  brafles,  chiefly  for 

to  have  died  about  j;he  year  328  before  Cliriih      He  ftudied  baiHffs  and  jurats  of  the  town.     Lydd  is  a  corporate  town 


ttriiftell  integrity.  He  was  appointed  one  of  the  magif- 
trates,  and  in  exercii'ing  the  duties  of  his  fituation,  he  ba- 
nillied  all  perfons  of  a  dilToUite  character,  and  made  a  num- 
ber ot  very  ufeful  regulations.  As  he  thought  the  higher 
kinds  of  poetry  pofleiied  luperior  advantages,  he  patronized 
dramatic  exhibitioi'S,  and  caufed  ftatues  to  be  erected  in 
honour  of  the  principal  tragedians.  He  was  the  friend  of 
Demolthene^,-  and  a  zealous  advocate  for  liberty  :  when 
Xeiiocrates  was  dragged  to  prifon  becaufe  he  had  not  paid 


ants  1303.  The  latter  are  chiefly  engaged  in  fiihing,  and 
other  maritime  employments,  of  which  fmuggling  is  cod- 
fidered  as  forming  a  material  bra.ich.  Lydd  is  71  miles 
diftant  from  London  ;  has  a  fmall  market  on  Thurfdays,  and 
an  annual  fair.  The  holm  trees,  or  fea  hollies,  mentioned 
by  Leland,  dill  grow  on  the  beach  near  the  town. 

On  the  point  of  land  called  Dengenefs,  is  a  light-houfe, 
1 1  o  ieet  high,  creeled  a;  few  years  ago,  in  place  of  a  more 
ancient  one,  under  iT-e  direftion  of  Mr.  Jame.s  Wyatt,  and 


the  tribute  exacted  from  ftrangers,  he  liberated  him  and  partly  oa  the  model  of  the  Eddyftone  light-houfe.  This 
confined  the  farmer  of  the  tax  in  his  (lead.  Lycurgus  was  point  is  alfo  defended  by  a  fort,  and  feverai  ranges  of  bar- 
one  of  the  thirty  orators  whom  the  Athenians  refufed  to  racks  have  been  erefted  in  the  vicinity.  Beauties  of  Eno. 
deliver  up  to  .Alexander.   Some  of  his  orations  are  preferved,    land  and  Wales,  vol.  viii.  ° 

and  have  been  printed  in  Colledions  of  the  Greek  Orators.  LYDDA,  in  ^ndtrnl  Gfofra/^v,  a  townxif  Jud^a,  in  the 

Piutarch.      Lempriere.  tribe  of  Ephraim  ;  which  was  oiTe  of  the  three  towns  that 

LYCUS,  in  jinciait  Geography,  a  river  of  Sarmatia,  Demetrius,  king  of  Syria,,  compelled  the  Samaritans  to  fur- 
S-W.  of  Rhodus,  which  d'.lcharged  i?felf  into  the  Enxine  render  to  the  Jews  ;^  it  was  alTo  called  Dio.fpol's. 
fea.  It  is  mentioned  by  Ovi-. — Alfo,  a  river,  which,  ac- 
cording to  Herodotus,  took  its  ri!e  in  the  country  inha- 
bited by  the  ThyfTsgetas,  and  traverfuig  that  of  ihe  Mre- 
otK,  ran  into  the  Pahis  Msotis.  Ptolemy  mentions  this 
river,  which  is  fuppofed  to  be  the  fa  !ie  with  the  preceding. 
— Alfo,  a  river  of  Afia7  in  Phrygia. —  Alfo,  a  nver  of 
Afui  Mmor,  in  Caria,  the   fource   of  which  was   in   mount 


Cadmus,  and  it  formed  a  lake  in   Latmicus  Sinus. — Alfo, 
a  river  in  Sicily,  the  fame  with  Halycus. — Alfo,  a  river  of 


LYDGATE,  .Tohk,  in  Biography,  an  early  Englifh 
verfilier,  and  a  monk  of  the  Bcuedidtine  abbey  at  St.  Ed- 
mund's Bury,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  He  was  edu- 
cated partly  at  Oxford,  and  then  travelled  into  foreign  coun- 
tries to  acquire  the  learning  of  the  times.  He  was  the  dif- 
ciple  and  friend  of  Chaucer,  and  was  rogardtjd  as  a  prodigy 
of  learning  at  the  period  in  which  he  floiirifhcd,  and  is  faid 
to  have  been  a  good  poet  and  rhetorici.w,  geometrician,  aflro- 
nomer,  and  theologian.     He  opened  a  fchool  in  his  monaflerj" 


Macedonia,  mentioned  by.Plurarch. — .'.Ifo,  a  river  of  Afia  for  teaching  the  fons  of  the  nobility  the  arts  of  vcrflfication 

Minor,  in    Myfia,    in  the   canton  of  Pergamus.- Alfo,  a  and  compofition.     He  was  an  imitator  of  his  mailer  Chaucer, 

river   of  Alia,  which  proceeding  from   Armenia,   watered  but  is  reckoned   among  thofe   who   contributed   to  the  ira- 

the  plain  near  the  town   of  Heraclea,  and   difcharged.  itfclf  provement  of  the  Enfflifn  lr.ngu.ige.     His  principal  pieces 

into  the  Iris. — Alio,  a  river  of  Alia,  in  Bitlivnia,  the  fame  are  "The  Fall  of  Princes,"  from  the  French  of  Boccaccio; 

with    Rhyndacus,  accordin,^    to   Fhny Alio,  a    nver  of  «' The  Story  of  Thebes,"  chiefly  from  Guido  Colonna  ;  and 

Alia,  in  Pontus,  which  mixed  its  waters  with  thofe  of  the  "The  Troy  Boke,"  or  "  Deftrudtion  of  Troy."     Bcfidcs 

Iris. — Alfo,  a  river  of  Afia,  in   Cappadocia,  according  to  thefe,  a  lift  has  been  given  of  his  other  pieces,  amounting  to 

Ptolemy,  who  fays  that  it  was  one  of  the  branches   of  the  25.1,  exifting  in  MS.  in  different  hbraiies. 

Abforrus  which  fell  into  the  Euxine  fea. — Alfo,  a  river  of  LYDIA,  in  Aiuieni  Geography,  firll  called  M^eonia,  from 

Alia,   in  AfTyria,   according  to    Polybius   and   Ptolemy. —  Meon,  king  of  Phrygia  ai.d  Lydi.i,  and  afterwards  Lydia, 

Aifo,  a  river  of  Afia,  in  Syria,  near  the  gulf  of  Iffus,  ac-  from  Lydus,  the  fon  of  Atyp,  one  of  its  kin<'S.      Bochart, 

cording  to  Plin)-.  —  Alfo,  a  fmall  river  of  the  ifle  of  Cyprus,  who  denies  the  exitlence  of  fi;ch  perfons  as  Meon  and  Lydus, 

which  had  its  fource  in  the  interior  of  the  ifland  at  mount  derives  the  name  Lydia   from   the  Phcenitian  word /us,   to 

Olympus,  and  difcharged  itfelf  into  the  fea  to   the   weft  of  wind,  becaufe  it  lay  on  the  banks  of  the  I^arandcr,  a  river 

Amathus.— Alfo,  a  river  of  Phccnicia,  which  ran  between  famousfor  its  windings,  and  Mseonia,  from  a  Greek  tranflatioD 

Byblos   and  Boryta,  according   to  the   Itinerary  of  An-  of  the  Piiocnician  word  luJ.     Lydia  and  Msonia  are  fome- 

tomne.  times  ditlinguiilKd  ;  that  part  where  mount  Tmolus  ilood, 

watc:  ei 


L  Y  D 


L  Y  D 


watered  by  the  Paftolus,  being;  properly  called  M«oiiia, 
and  the  other  lying  on  the  coaft  of  Lydia.  Lydia,  according 
to  Pliny,  Ptolemy,  and  other  ancient  geographers,  was 
bounded  by  the  Myfia  major  on  the  north,  by  Caria  on  the 
fouth,  by  Phrygia  major  on  the  eail,  and  Ionia  on  the  well. 
But  the  kingdom  of  Lydia,  as  tiic  ancients  underllood  it, 
extended  from  the  river  Halys  to  the  iEgean  fea.  The  chief 
cities  of  Lydia  were  Sardis,  the  feat  of  king  Croefus,  Phi- 
ladelphia, formerly  the  fecond  city  of  Lydia,  Thyatira,  a 
colony  of  the  Macedonians,  and  Magnefia,  feated  on  the 
Mxander.  The  only  mountain  of  any  note  in  Lydia  is  Si- 
pylus.  Mount  Tmolus  was  once  very  famous  for  its  wine 
and  faffron.  The  rivers  of  this  country,  moft.  worthy  of 
notice,  are  the  Paftolus  and  the  Cayller. 

As  to  the  origin  of  the  Lydians,  Jofephus,  and  almoft  all 
fCclefialUcal  writers  after  him,  derive  them  from  Lud,  the 
fourth  fon  of  Shem,  an  opinion  founded  merely  on  the  fimi- 
larity  of  names.  Some  of  the  ancients  fuppofe  them  to  be  a 
mixed  colony  of  Phrygians,  Myfians,  and  Carians.  Others, 
finding  fome  conformity  in  religion  between  the  Egyptians 
and  Tufcans,  who  were  a  Lydian  colony,  conclude  that  they 
were  originally  Egyptians.  Their  fables,  however,  fliew 
that  they  were  a  very  ancient  nation,  and  of  their  high  anti- 
quity there  is  ample  evidence. 

The  Lydians  began,  at  a  very  early  period,  to  be  governed 
by  kings,  whofe  fovereignty  feems  to  have  been  defpotic,  and 
the  crown  hereditary. 

Of  their  kings  there  are  three  diftinft  races  on  record, 
viz.  the  Atyadas,  fo  called  from  Atys,  the  fon  of  Cotys  and 
grandfon  of  Manes  ;  the  Heraclidoe,  or  defcendants  of 
Hercules,  who  began  to  reign  about  the  time  of  the  Trojan 
war  ;  and  the  Mermnadas,  who  began  to  reign  not  long  be- 
fore the  Medes  (hook  off"  the  Affyrian  yoke,  of  which  race 
the  firft  king  was  Gyges,  and  the  laft  Croefus.  As  to  the 
charafter  of  the  Lydians,  they  were  under  Croefus,  and 
fome  of  his  predecefTors,  a  very  warhke  people  ;  but  when 
fubdued  by  the  Perfians,  and  enjoined  by  Cyrus,  according  to 
the  advice  given  him  by  Crcefus,  to  wear  long  vefts,  and  to 
apply  themfelves  to  fuch  arts  only  as  had  a  natural  tendency 
to  debauch  their  manners,  and  enervate  their  courage,  they 
became  voluptuous  and  effeminate,  unfit  for  aftion,  and 
wholly  given  up  to  idlenefs,  pleafure,  and  diverfions.  The 
foil  of  this  country,  watered  by  many  rivers,  was  very  fruit- 
ful ;  abounding  with  all  forts  of  graii>,  and  celebrated  for 
its  exquifite  wines.  It  was  alfo  enriched  with  feveral  mines, 
whence  Croefus  is  faid  to  have  drawn  his  immenfe  wealth. 

As  to  the  religion  of  the  Lydians,  it  feems  to  have 
been  much  the  fame  with  that  of  the  Phrygians.  They 
worfhipped  Diana,  Jupiter,  and  Cybele  at  Magncfra. 
The  cuftoras  of  the  Lydians  were  fimilar  to  thofc  of 
the  Greeks,  except  that  they  ufed  to  proifitute  their 
daughters,  who  had  no  other  fortune  except  what  they 
earned  in  this  way.  They  puniflied  idlenefs  as  a  crime,  and 
inured  their  children  from  their  infancy  to  hardfhips.  Their 
4rms  were  not  bows  and  arrows,  but  long  fpears  anciently 
ufed  by  the  cavalry  ;  and  if  we  may  believe  Herodotus,  the 
Lydians  far  excelled  all  other  nations  in  horfeinanfliip.  They 
were  the  fivll  that  introduced  the  art  of  coining  gold  and 
fdver,  for  facilitating  trade  ;  the  firft  that  fold  by  retail,  that 
kept  eating-houfes  and  taverns,  and  that  invented  public 
fports  and  fhows,  which  were  therefore  called  luJi  by  the 
Romans,  who  borrowed  them  of  the  Tufcans,  the  defcend- 
ants of  the  Lydians.  To  thefe  diverfions  they  recurred  for 
relief  at  a  time,  during  the  reign  of  Atys,  when  a  great 
fcarcity  of  provifions  prevailed  through  the  whole  king- 
dom of  Lydia.  Having  contrived  various  kinds  of  diver- 
sions, as   Herodotus  informs   us,   they  ufed   to   play   one 


whole  day  without  intermiffion,  eating  and  drinking  the  next 
day  without  other  amufement.  After  they  had  continued 
thus  alternately  fafting  and  feafting,  and  finding  that  their 
calamities  increafed  rather  than  abated,  the  king  divided  the 
whole  nation  into  two  bodies,  commanding  them  to  determine 
by  lot,  which  of  the  two  fhould  remain  at  home,  and  which 
fliould  go  abroad  in  quell  of  new  habitations,  lince  their  na- 
tive country  coidd  not  afford  them  fufficient  maintenance. 
Thofe  who  by  lot  were  conftrained  to  abandon  their  country, 
after  many  adventures,  arrived  in  that  part  of  Italy,  which 
was  then  called  Umbria,  and  is  now  named  Tufcany.  Thus 
they  changed  their  name,  being  no  longer  called  Lydians, 
but  Tyrrhenians,  from  their  leader  Tyrrhenus. 

Although  the  trade  of  the  Lydians  is  no  where  particu- 
larly mentioned,  we  may  well  imagine  that  it  was  confider. 
able,  efpecially  under  their  latter  kings,  when  Lydia  was  in 
the  meridian  of  its  glory  ;  on  account  of  the  fplendour  of 
this  monarchy  and  the  advantageous  fituation  of  the  country. 
The  fame  inference  is  jultified  by  adverting  to  the  immenfe 
riches,  not  only  of  the  Lydian  princes,  but  of  feveral  pri- 
vate perfons.  Herodotus  (hb.  vii.  c.  2_^.)  mentions  one, 
named  Pythius,'  who  not  only  entertained  Xerxes  and  his 
whole  army,  while  he  was  marching  with  innumerable  forces 
to  invade  Greece,  but  made  him  an  offer  of  2000  talents  of 
filver,  and  3,993,000  pieces  of  gold,  bearing  the  ftamp  of  Da- 
rius. This  fame  Pythius  was  reckoned  the  richeft  man  in  the 
then  known  world.  The  lall  king  of  Lydia  was  Crceius  (fee  his 
article),  with  whofe  capture  by  Cyrus  at  the  fiege  of  Sardis 
(B.C.  548.)  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Lydia  terminated  ;  and 
from  this  time  it  continued  fubjeft  to  the  Perfians,  till  they 
alfo  were  conquered  by  the  Macedonians.  Anc.  Un.  Hift, 
vol.  iv. 

LYDIAN,  the  name  of  one  of  the  modes  in  Greek 
mufic,  which  occupied  the  middle  place  between  the  JEoliza 
and  Hypodorian.  It  was  alfo  foraetimcs  called  the  Barbarian 
mode,  from  its  being  invented  by  a  people  of  Afia.  See 
Mode. 

Euclid  diftinguifhes  two  Lydian  modes ;  that  of  which 
we  have  been  fpeaking,  and  another  called  a  low  Lydian,  and 
which  is  the  fame  as  the  jEohan  mode,  at  leaft  as  to  its  fun- 
damental.  The  charafter  of  the  Lydian  mode  was  animated 
and  interefling,  yet  melancholy,  pathetic,  and  proper  for 
voluptuous  occafions ;  on  which  account  Plato  banifhed  it 
his  republic.  It  was  faid  that  by  this  mode  Orpheus  tamed 
wild  beafts,  and  that  Amphion  built  the  walls  of  Thebes. 
Some  fay  that  it. was  invented  by  Amphion,  the  fon  of  Ju- 
piter and  Anthiope  ;  others  by  Olympus  the  mulician,  and 
difciple  of  Marfyas  ;  while  there  are  ftill  others  who  affign 
it  to  Melampides.  Pindar  fays,  that  it  was  firil  ufed  at  the 
nuptials  of  Niobe. 

Lydian  Games,  was  a  name  given  to  the  exercifes  and 
amufements  invented  by  the  Lydians  :  they  are  faid  to  have 
invented  the  quoit  and  games  of  chance,  played  with  dice. 
Thefe  Afiatics,  after  they  had  lo'l  their  city,  emigrated  into 
Etruria,  whither  they  carried  their  ceremonies  and  games. 
Some  Romans,  having  a  paffion  for  foreign  play,  adopted  the 
Lydian  method  of  gaming,  which  in  the  time  of  the  empe- 
rors was  purfued  with  fuch  exccfs,  that  Juvenal  is  very 
fevere  on  the  great  number  of  thofe  who  were  battening  to 
ruin  by  that  means. 

The  Lydian  games  were  at  firft  called  Lyili  by  the 
Romans,  but  afterwards,  by  corruption,  Luiii. 

LvDiAN  Lyre,  in  the  JruUnt  Mujic.  The  Trigon  inftru- 
ment  or  harp  of  the  Afiatics  or  Barbarians  was  ufually  fo 
called.  * 

Julius  Pollux,  c.  10  of  1.  iv.  Onomaft.  fpeaks  of  a  L)-» 
dian  harmony,  mode  or  tunc,  proper  for  the  flute,  of  which 

he 


L  Y  D 


L  Y  G 


he  afcribed  tlie  invention  to  Anthippus ;  and  a  little  further, 
he  lays,  that  the  Lydian  nortic  proper  for  the  flute  was  in- 
vented by  Olympus  or  Marfyas. 

For  the  fca'c  and  names  or  tharaftcrs  of  the  notes  in  the 
Lydian  mode,  fee  Music  of  the  Greeks,  and  Notation. 
The  Lydian  mode  correfponded  with  our  key  of  E. 

Lydian  Stone ;  Lydifcher  fidn,  Wern. ;  Bafanlte,  Kirw.  ; 
rifrre  corncenne  of  feme  French  mineralogifts  ;  vulgarly 
Touch Jlone,  Black jafper,   &c. 

Its  colour  is  commonly  greyifh-black,  which  fometimes 
approaches  to  blucifh  and  velvet  black. 

It  is  found  maffive  and  in  irregular  blunt-edged  rolled 
pieces,  fomctimes  traverfed  by  veins  of  quartz,  which  are 
however  more  frequently  feen  in  the  common  flint-diite,  of 
which  the  Lydian  llone  is  confidered  to  be  a  fubfpecics. 

Externally  fmoolh  and  glillening ;  internally  it  is  mpre  or 
lefs  glimmering.  Its  frafture  is  even,  approaching  to  flat 
conchoidal,  and  alfo  fometimes  to  uneven  and  fplintery  ;  in 
the  large  it  pafTes  into  flaty.  Fragments  indeterminately 
angular,  moftly  (harp-edged  ;  they  are  opaque,  felJom 
tranflucent  at  the  edges. 

It  is  hard,  but  lefs  fo  than  quartz  ;  brittle  ;  not  very 
eafdy  frangible.  Specific  gravity  2.  ^y6,  Kirwan  ;  2.880, 
Grofs  ;  2.SS7,  Gerhard. 

The  Lydian  ftone  is,  like  the  common  flint-flatc,  infufible 
per  fe  ;  and  it  generally  retains  its  black  colour  in  a  very  in- 
tenfe  heat. 

With  regard  to  its  geognoftic  fituation  it  differs  confidera- 
bly  from  the  common  Filnt-jlate  (wiiich  fee) ;  for  it  does  not, 
like  this,  form  entire  mountains,  but  only  fingle  ftrata. 
Thus  it  occurs  alternating  in  uniform  flrata  with  primitive 
day  flate,  in  Saxony,  Davreuth,  &c.  To  Mohs,  however, 
it  appears  to  be  only  the  newer  clay-date  formation  which 
contains  fuch  ftrata ;  lince  the  older  clay  (late  of  the  lofty 
ridges  of  mountains  in  the  Saxon  Erzijebirge  appears  to 
be  entirely  dellitute  of  Lydian  ftone.  In  fecondary  forma- 
tions, fuch  as  the  greywacke  mountains,  it  occurs  partly 
as  rolled  pieces  (being  the  produfts  of  a  deftroyed  older 
formation),  partly  in  beds  in  uniform  ftrata  alternating  with 
greywacke  and  greywacke  flate  :  of  this  latter  numerous  ex- 
amples occur  in  the  Hartz  mountains.  Of  the  older  forma- 
tion of  this  rock,  it  is  worth  remarking  that  it  occurs  with 
traces  of  carbone. 

The  beds  of  Lydian  ftone,  where  they  ballc  out,  appear 
very  much  rent,  and  divided  into  cubic  maffes  ;  and,  indeed, 
this  cubic  form  is  ftill  more  or  lefs  difciVnible  in  the  boul- 
ders and  rolled  pieces  of  this  fubftance  found  in  brooks  and 
rivers.     Mohs. 

LYDIAT,  Thomas,  in  Biography,  an  Englilh  matlie- 
matician,  was  born  at  Okerton,  in.  Oxfordfliirc,  in  1572,  and 
was  educated  at  Winchefter-fchool,  from  whence  he  removed 
to  New  college,  Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a  fellowfliip. 
He  applied  himfelf  with  great  afiiduity  to  the  ftudy  of  the 
languages,  philofophy,  aftronomy,  the  mathematics,  &c. 
In  the  year  1603  he  refigned  his  fellowfliip,  and  contented 
himfeif  with  living  on  his  patrimonial  eftatc.  The  next 
feven  years  he  fpent  in  publifliing  feveral  books  which  he  had 
begun  in  the  college,  particularly  his  "  Einendatio  Tempo- 
rum  a^  initio  mundi  hue  uf(jue  compendio  fafta,  contra  Sca- 
ligerum."  This  work  was  dedicated  to  Henry,  prince  of 
Wales,  who  appointed  him  his  chronrgrapber  and  cofmogra- 
pher.  In  1609  he  became  acquainted  with  archbifliop  Ulher, 
who  gave  him  a  lituation  in  the  colhjge  at  Dublin,  which  he 
held  about  two  years.  In  1612  he  xvas  prt-laulcd  to  the 
rectory  of  Okerton.  He  was  a  great  futicrer  for  liis  loyalty 
in  the  civij  wars  :  at  one  time  he  was  lo  completely  ftnpped 
«f  all  his  property,  that  for  jbree  muuths  logetUer.  he  >vas 

Vol.  XXL 


under  the  ncccdity  of  borrowiitg  a  (hirf,  to  be  able  to 
change  his  linen.  He  was  twice  forced  away  from  his  own 
houfc,  and  once  made  a  prifoner  in  ^^''ap^vick  caftle.  He- 
died  extremely  poor  in  1^46,  when  he  was  about  74  years  of 
age.  In  1669  a  Itone,  with  an  infcription,  was  placed  over 
his  grave,  at  the  expence  of  the  fellows  and  wardens  of  hii 
college:  an  honorary  monument  was  liken ife  ercfled  to  his 
memory.  He  was  a  perfon  of  fmall  ftature,  but  of  great 
parts,  and  of  a  public  foul :  he  was  a  man  of  confiderable 
and  various  erudition,  and  held  in  high  cftiination  by  learned 
men  both  at  home  and  abroad.  He  wrote  a  great  number 
of  books,  befides  that  already  referred  to,  as  i.  "  De  v^riis 
annorum  fonnisi,"  and  a  defence  of  the  fame  in  reply  to 
Clavius  and  Scaliger.  2.  "  On  the  Origin  of  Fountains." 
3.  Several  treatifes  on  Philofophy  and  Aftronomy,  &c.  He 
left  behind  him  a  number  of  MSS. 

LYDOWIARY,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Samogitia  ; 
eight  miles  N.W.  of  Rofienne. 

LYE,  in  Agriculture,  any  watery  fluid  much  impregnated 
with  faline  matter.  In  hufljandry  the  term  is  generally  ap- 
plied to  fuch  fluids  as  are  employed  for  the  purpofe  of  fteep- 
ing  grain  ;  in  which  cales  the  ^)eft  critericn  of  their  ftrength 
is  that  of  the  fwimming  of  an  egg.     See  Steep. 

LvE,  Edwvhd,  in  Biography,  a  learned  antiquarian,  and 
great  mailer  of  the  Gothic  and  Saxon  tongues,  to  whofe 
labours  we  have  had  frequent  occafion  to  refer,  was  bom  at 
Totiiefs,  in  Devon fhire,  about  the  year  1694,  where  his 
father  kept  a  fchool.  He  was  educated  at  home  till  he  was 
about  nineteen  years  of  a^e,  when  he  was  admitted  at  Hert- 
ford college,  Oxford  :  here  he  took  his  degrees,  and  in  1719 
was  ordained  prieft,  and  prefented  to  the  livmg  of  Haughton- 
parva,  in  Northaniptonfliirc.  In  this  fituation  he  emploved 
himfeif  in  the  profound  ftudy  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  language. 
His  firft  publication  was  an  edition  of  the  "  Etymologicum 
Anglicanum''  of  F.'ancis  Junius,  from  the  author's  MS.  in 
the  Bodleian  library.  To  this  he  prefixed  an  Anglo-Saxon 
grammar.  In  1750  he  was  prefented  to  the  vicarage  of 
Yardley-Haftings.  After  this  lie  publifhed  the  Gothic  gof- 
pels,  with  a  Gothic  grammar  prefixed  to  them  :  but  the  great 
labour  of  the  latter  part  of  his  life  was  his  Anglo-Saxon  and 
Gothic  diftionary,  which  he  had  juft  finiflied  and  put  to 
prcfs,  when  death  lernilnaled  his  labours  in  1767.  It  was 
publiflied  under  the  direction  of  the  Rev.  O.  Manning  in 
1772. 

LYEMMER.     See  Leviner. 

LYGDINUM  Mahmoh.     See  Madbtk. 

LYGDUS  Lai'Is,  in  Nnlural  Hijlory,  a  name  given  by 
fome  of  the  ancients  to  the  fpecies  ot  alahafter,  which  others 
of  them  called  marmor  lygHinum,  by  whicli  name  there  is  only^ 
one  fpecies. 

LYGE,  in  Geography,  -a.  town  of  Norway,  near  a  lake 
of  the  fame  nainc  ;    l6jiiiles  N.W.  of  Chriftianfand. 

LYCEUM,  in  Botany,  one  of  Loefling's  genera,  and 
fo  called  from  /(.(■>o  ,  a  rod  or  ttvig,  in  aliuiion  to  the  tough 
pliant  rulhy  nature  of  the  plant.  I.,oefl.  It.  284.  t.  2. 
Linn.  Gen.  3!.  Schreb.  45.  Willd  8p.  PI.  v.  i.  316. 
Mart.  Mill.  Ditt.  V.  3  Ait.  Horr.  Kew.  ed.  i  v.  j.  133. 
.liifl".  33.  Lamarck  llluflr.  t.  39.  Richard  in  Sims  and 
Kon.  Ann.  of  liot.  v.  2.  548.  t  IJ  —  Clafs  and  order,  Tri- 
aiidria  Monogynia.     Nat.  Ord.  ^Gramina. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Giume  of  one  o\-atc,  coiivolirted,  pointed, 
permanent  valve,  at  length  inflexcd,  feparating  at  the  lower 
fide,  and  containing  two  equal,  oppofiie,  parallel,  level  .be- 
rets. Cor.  of  two  valves,  very  hairy  at  the  b.ifc,  permanent  ; 
the  ou'ermoft  t.vdto,  poin'ed,  convex,  awnlel's;  ii:ner  twice 
as  long,  linear,  narrow,  acute,  cloven  at  the  lurnmit,  aw::- 
lefs.  Stam.  FilameiUs  (in  eacli  fioiet^  tiirivc..  equal,  longer 
X  U  ihaa 


L  Y  G 


L  Y  G 


than  the  C'lroUa,  flattidi,  very  narrow,  anthers  vertical,  linear, 
cloven  at  each  end.  /"///•  Germen  fuperior,  oblong,  convex 
at  the  outl'ide,  flat  at  the  inner;  llyle  finiple,  compreded, 
the  length  of  the  llarncns  ;  ftigma  finiple,  taper-poinied,  in- 
curved. Peric.  mne>  except  the  iiardened  hairy  bale  of  the 
corolla  of  each  floret,  united  longitudinally  to  tlie  other. 
Seeds  folitiry,  linear-oblong,  convex  at  the  otitlide,  flattidi, 
with  a  longitndinal  fn  row,  at  the  infide. 

EfT.  Ch.  Glume  of  one  valve,  convjlulcd,  two-flowered. 
Corolla  of  two  valves,  the  innernioft.  twice  as  lonj;;  as  tli2 
outer,  awnlcfs.  Seed  folitary,  enclofed  in  the  hardened 
combined  b.ife  of  each  floret. 

I.  L.  Sparliim-  Ballard  Mat-weed.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  7S. 
(Sparta  hcrba  alternm  ;  Chif.  Hill.  v.  2  220.  Spartnm  al- 
teriim  Phnii  ;  Ger.  em.  41  ) — Tke  only  known  fpecies  ob- 
ferved  by  Loefling  to  be  very  abundant  in  the  fouth  of  Spain, 
always  growing  in  low  place.<i,  on  h  cUy  foil,  where  the 
■water  Hands  after  much  rain.  The  Spaniards  call  it  ylibar- 
din,  or  /Ihardin,  a  name  probably  retained  from  tlie  Moors. 
The  root  is  creeping  and  perennial.  Stems  about  a  fpan  high, 
ereft,  rufliy,  round,  llender,  imooth,  nearly  naked,  with  one 
joint,  above  which  they  are  much  extended  after  flowering. 
Leaves  feveral,  flieathing  tl\e  lower  part  of  the  ileni,  and 
about  equal  to  it  in  height,  narrow,  convoluted,  taper- 
pointed,  rufhy,  fniooth ;  the  upper  or  floral  one  fliorter, 
with  a  longer  fliealh.  Slipula  tliin,  membranous,  oblong, 
cloven,  decurrent.  Fluwer  large,  terminal,  fclitary,  at  tirll 
ereft,  inclining  as  the  feeds  ripen,  with  a  knot  at  the  bafe. 
Calyx  fmi.oth,  delicately  ilriped  with  gieen,  at  length  open- 
ing and  expofing  the  long  denfe  hairs  which  clothe  the  bafe 
of  the  permanent  coroila,  inverting  the  feed. 

The  error  of  Linnoens  and  Loefling,  who  fuppofed  the 
germen  to  be  inferior,  and  common  to  two  florets,  is  pro- 
perly corrected  by  Richard,  who  fliews  the  fuppofed  two- 
celled  nut  to  be  formed  merely  of  the  hardened  combined 
bafes  of  the  corollas  of  the  two  florets.  This  is  analogous 
to  many  other  true  grafles,  (as  this  is,)  vihofe  hardened 
corolla  becomes  a  huflc  or  fliell  to  the  feed.  In  other  points 
the  defcription  of  Richard  is  Icarcely,  if  at  all,  fuperior  to 
that  of  Loeflmg. 

This  plant,  being  far  inferior  in  tenacity,  as  well  as  length, 
to  the  true  Sparlum  or  Mai -weed,  St'ij>a  tenac'ilfima  of  Lin- 
risus,  ferves  chiefly  in  Spain  for  lUifFiag  mattrafles.  It 
flowers  in  May  and  .Tune,  ripening  feed  in  autumn,  and  often 
retaining  its  empty  flieath  or  calyx  till  the  following  fummer. 
The  parts  of  fruftificati  n  are,  oi:  the  whole,  perhaps  larger 
than  thofe  of  any  uther  grafs. 

LYGINI.A,  from  AD)ivo.-,  tiviggy,  alluding  to  its  hard 
tough  rulhy  habit.  Br.nvn  Prodr.  Nov.  HoU.  v.  1.  248. 
(Sclioenodum  ;  Labiliard.  Nov.  Holl.  v.  2.  79.) — Clafs  and 
order,  Dioecla  R.'onadelphia.  Nat.  Ord.  Trlpeialoidea,  Linn. 
JuHci,  .lull.      Rcfiiaceit,   Brown. 

EfT.  Ch.  Male,  Spatha  of  one  valve.  Petals  fix.  Fila- 
ments united  lengthwiic.  Anthers  three,  didymous,  cloven 
at  each  end. 

Female,  Spatha  of  one  valve.  Petals  fix.  Style  in  three 
deep  divifions.  Capfule  three-lobed,  tiiree-celled,  bnrfling 
at  the  prominent  angles.      Seeds  folitary. 

The  root  is  fcaly,  creeping,  with  thick  downy  fibres. 
Stems  fimple,  rour.d,  leaflefs,  with  feveral  fhcathing  fcales, 
eafily  breaking  at  the  joints.  Spike  terminal,  of  feveral 
crowded  tufts  of  flowers,  each  accompanied  by  a  common 
Ihcathing  braflca,  the  female  flowers  fometimes  folitary. 

1.  L.  imbcrh'ts.  Braiteas  and  fpathas  beardlefs.  Male 
nnd  female  tufts  many-flowered.—  Native  of  the  fouth  part 
of  New  Holland. — This  is  Schoenodum  tenax,  the  male  plant, 
of  LabiUardiere,  t.  229.  f.  i.     Mr.  Brown  obfcrves,  that 


this  fuppofed  fpecies  of  the  French  author  is  msde  up  of 
two  diiferent. genera  ;  he  therefore  thinks  it  fafer  to  rejeft 
the  generic  name  entirely,  than  to  retain  it  for  either  the  ' 
male  or  female  plant,  which  might  lead  to  error.  To  this 
deter.Tiinatuin  we  gladly  afi'cnt,  efpecially  as  the  faid  name, 
being  compofed  of  another  eftabliflied  one,  Schocr.us,  is  ablo- 
lutely  inadmidiblc,  and  its  termination  bejng  altered  for  the 
worfe  from  Scbcnwides,  (which  ti;e  author  gives  as  his  mean- 
ing) nnf  in  any  manner  removing  the  objection. 

2.  L.  harbata.  Bra&eas  and  fpath.ts  bearded.  Male 
tnft^  of  few  flowers ;  female  ones  flngle-flowercd,  nearly 
folitary.  From  the  fame  country.  Thefe  plants  have 
much  of  the  habit  of /\'f/7/».  Eleg'ia,   &c.      See  Lepyuodia.    t 

LYGISMOS,  from  /.-j-ji^M,  to  dijlort,  in  Surgery,  a  dillor- 
tion  of  the  limbs  ;   fometimes  a  luxation. 

LYGMOS.     See  Hkkup. 

LYGODIUM,  in  Botany,  from  XijyaJ=.:,  pliat\t,  tough, 
and  Jlendvr,  expreflive  of  the  habit  of  this  elegant  genus, 
which  confills  of  ferns  with  twining  Hems.  Swartz  Syii. 
Fil.  152.  Sim's  and  Konig'a  Annals,  v.  2  305.  t.  10.  f.  2. 
Sprengel  Crypt.  176.  t.  5.  f.  39.  Brown  Prodr.  Nov. 
Holl.  v.  I.  162.  Bernhardi  in  Schrad.  New  Journ.  v.  i. 
fafc.  2  39  t.  3.  (Ugena;  Cavan.  I.,eccioii.  551.  Hy- 
droglofl'uin  ;  Wilid.  Abhandl.  20.  t.  i,  2.  Odontopteris  ; 
Berhardi  in  Schrad.  .lourn.  for  iHco.  127.  t.  2.  f.  4.  Gi- 
fopteris  ;  ibid.  129.  t.  2.  f.  I.  Ramondia ;  Mirbel  Bull, 
des  Sciences  an  9.  179.')  —  Clafs  and  order,  Cryplogamia 
Filkes.  Nat.  Ord.  Fi/ices,  Linn.  .Tufi.  Filues  Ofmundaceg, 
Brov.'n. 

Gen.  Ch.  Capfules  without  a  ring,  ovate,  reticulated 
with  veins,  pellucid,  radiated  >vith  furrows  at  the  top,  burll- 
ing  lengthwife,  feffile,  reverfed,  attached  by  their  middle, 
in  two  rows,  on  narrow  procefles  of  the  frond  at  its  back, 
forming  little,  fimple  or  forked,  fpikes.  Jtivolucruin  con- 
filling  of  feparate  fcales,  alternate  with  tjie  capiules,  ori- 
ginating from  the  veins  of  the  frond,  unconnedled  at  their 
upper  part. 

Efl".  Ch.  Capfules  feffile,  ovate,  attached  by  their  middle, 
reverfed,  radiated  at  the  top,  in  two  rows  on  the  back  of 
narrow  proeelfes  of  the  frond.  Involucrum  of  folitary 
fcales,  feparating  the  capfules. 

Obf.  Mr.  Brown  has  firfl;  remarked  the  great  peculiarity 
of  til.'  infertion  of  the  capfules,  they  being  attached  by  their 
middle,  not  by  their  bafe.  The  Hem  is  long,  twining,  and 
climbing.  Leaves  in  pairs,  on  one  common  cloven  foot- 
ftalk,  each  of  them  either  divided  or  compound.  Fruftiff- 
cation  either  fringing  their  lobes  in  the  form  of  minute,  pale, 
chain-like  fpikes,  or  rarely  compofing  the  whole  of  certain 
leaves,  transformed  as  it  were  into  a  compound  forked  af- 
femblage  of  fpikes.      See  Willd.  t.  I.  f.  2. 

Swartz  defines  eleven  fpecies,  to  which  Mr.  Brown  adds 
a  twelfth,  found  in  the  tropica!  region  of  New  Holland, 
which  he  calls  ],.  Jht:ikipimiatum. 

Beautiful  fpecimens  are 

L,.famdiiis.  Sw.  n.i.  (OphioglolTum  fcandens  ;  I.,inn. 
Sp.  Pi.  151S.  Ugena  femibaltata;  Cav.  Ic.  v.  6.  74.  t.  594. 
f.  T.  Adiantum  volubile  minus  ;  Rumph.  Amb.  v.  6.  75. 
t.  32.  f.  2,  3.  Filix  ;  Petiv.  Gazopii.  t.  64.  f.  II.) — Stem 
round.  Fronds  pinnate.  Leaflets  fl:alked,  oblong;  heart- 
{haped  or  lobed  at  the  bafe  :  the  barren  on.  s  finely  ferrated. — 
Native  of  the  Eaft  Indies,  and  of  Brazil.  This  rifes  to  the 
height  of  feveral  feet. — The  fronds  or  branches  fpring  in 
pairs  from  a  woolly-topped  knob,  and  are  each  a  ipan  lorfg,. 
of  about  eight  or  ten  alternate,  flalhed,  oblong  leaflets,  with 
an  odd  terminal  one  of  larger  fize.  Each  is  frii:ged  with 
numerous  (hort,  rather  hairy,  fpikes. 

h.  cirdnnaium.     Sw.  n.  6.     (OphioglolTum  circinnatum  ; 
i  Burm^ 


L  Y  M 


L  Y  M 


Burm.  Ind.  22S.     O.  flexuofum  ;    Linn.   Suppl.  443,  not  Saxons,  e^ranted,  in  a  charter  to  the  church  of  Sherborne, 

Sp.  n.   I'JIO-      Adiantu:n  volubile  polypoidcs,  live  majus ;  "  the  land  of  a  inanlion  near  the  weft  bar.k  of  the  Litr.,  lo 

Rumph.  Amb.   v.  6.   7,.  t.  33.) — Stem   round.      Fronds  that  fait  for  t lie  faid  church  (hould  be  boiled  there."      In 

palmate,    in  three  or   four   lanceolate   entire    taper-pointed  the  Domcfday  Survey  we  lind  th^  manor  of  Lyme  as  bein^ 

lobes;    the   fertile  ones   much   contracted. —  Native  of  the  in   three  divifions  or  parcel".     £dward   I.   granted   Lyme 

Eall  Indies.     We  have  it  from  Tranqucbar. — Tlie  /caves  the  liberiies  of  an  haven  and  borough  ;  and  from  that  period 

are   deeply    palmate,    fmooth,   'entire,    pale   green.     5/>/7f  j'  it  increafed  in  buildings,  and  became  fo  profperous,  that  it 

marginal,  very  fliort,  almoll  round.  was  able  to  fnrnifh  Edward  III.  with  four  fhips,  and  lixtv- 

Linnaeus   confounded   this   with  the    Falli-parma,    Hort.  two  mariners,   for   the    fiege  of  Calais.      In  the  reigns  of 


Malab.   V.  12.  63.  t.  32,    which  fcems  to   be  his  real   0- 
Jlcxuofum,  and  is  Lygodlum  Jlexuofum  of  Swartz,  n.  j. 

LYGON  and  Lygus,  are  uled  for  agniis  callus. 

lA'GUM,  in    Geography,   a   town  of  Denmark,    in 
duchy  of  Slcfwick  ;    14  miles  W.  of  Apcnrade. 

LYING-IN  Hosi-iT.vL.     See  Ho.spit.^l. 

Lying-iv  Women.,  Diforders  of.     See  Labour,  Lochia, 
Fever,  Aftkk-p.mns,  &c. 

Lyi.NG-lN  Women,  l'reatm:nt  of.     See  Labour. 

Lying   umkr  the   Sea,    in    Sea  Lnngunge,  is   when,  in  a 


Henry  IV.  and  V.,  the  fouthern  coall  of  Englt.nd  was  much 
annoyed  by  the  incurlions  of  the  French  :  this  town  feverely 
experienced  their  ell'eCts  ;  and  being  alfo  afflicted  by  other 
the  calualties,  its  trade  declined  confiderably.  It  has  fince  been 
occalionally  retrieved  and  reduced  ;  but  is  now  recovering  its 
importance  through  the  relidence  of  merchants,  who  have 
recently  eredted  fome  handfome  llonc-houfes  ;  ai.d  as  ihe 
liarbour  is  confideied  one  of  the  bell  in  England,  the 
town  \t  capable  of  groat  improvement.  During  the  citfil 
war  in  the  reign  cf  Charles  1.,   Lyme  was  a  place  of  great 


ftorni,  the  fhip  is  a-hull,  and  the  helm  fo  taltened  a  lee,  that     confequence   to  the   contending   parties,    efpecially   to   the 

the  fea  breaks  upon  her  bow,  or  broadllde.  royahlls  ;  great  part  of  their  dependence  on  the  well  of  Eng- 

Lyi.sg  fl/ort^,  denote.;  the  ftate  of  a    fliip,  when  prclTed  land  ariling  from  being  in  poflelFion  of  this  town.     The  fieo-e 

down  Tideways  by  a  weight  of  iail  in  a  frefli  wmd  that  crofTes  of  Lyme   was  one  of  the  moil  remarkable  that  occurred 

the  lliip's  courfe  either  direClly  or  obliquely.  during  that   eventful  period.      In  the  reign  of  James  II., 

Lyiko-/o,  or  Lyi::g-ly,  denotes   the   fifuation  of  a   fliip  Lyme  was  dillingiiilhed  by  the  landing  of  the  duke  of  Mon- 

when  Ihe  is  retarded  in  her  courfe,  by  arranging  the  fails  in  mouth  here  on  his  unfortunate  contention  for  the  kingdom, 

fuch  a  manner,  as  to  counteraft  each  other  with  nearly  an  and  by  the  fanguinary  executions  which  took  place  on  his 

equal  effort,  and  render  the  (liip  almoll  immoveable,  with  defeat, 

refpcci  to  her  progreifive  motion  or  head-way.  The  privileges  granted  by  Edward  I.  to  this  town  have 

A  fliip  is  ufually  Irought-to  by  the  main  or  fore-top-fails,  been   confirmed   and   increafed   ky  feveral   fucceeding  fove- 

one  of  which  is  laid  a-back,  whiltl  the  other  is  full ;  fo  that  reigns.      The  corporation  confills  of  a  mayor,   who  acls  as 

the  latter  puflies  the  lliip  forwaiji,  whilll  the  former  refiils  a  jullice  in  the  years  before  and  after  his  mayoralty,  a  re- 

tlie  impulfe,  by  forcing  her  a-(lern.      This  is  particularly  corder,  town-clerk,  and  fifteen  capital  burgcd'es,  of  whom 

pradlifed  in  a  general  engagement,  when   the  hoftile  fleets  two  with  the  mayor  are  jultices.     The  royalty  of  the  manor 

are  drawn  up  in  two  lines  of  battle  oppolite  to  each  other:  is  veiled  in  the  corporation.     Lyme  has  been  reprefented  in 

it  is  alfo  ufed  to  wait  for  fome  other  Ihip,  either  approaching  parliament  ever  fince  the  twenty-third  year  of  Edward  I. 

or  expected  ;    or  to   avoid   purfuing   a    dangerous    courfe.  The  right  of  election  is  in  the  mayor,  burgelTes,  and  free- 

efpecially  in  dark  or  foggy  weather,   &c.      Falconer.  men  ;    tiie   voters   being  between   thirty   and    forty.     The 

Lyixg-Zo  in  n  Storm.     See  Trying  church  is  a  neat,  though  ancient  edifice,  but  is  not  parti- 

LYKSBORG,  or  Luxburg,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  cularly  worthy  of  notice.     The  cullom-houfe  is  a  modern 

Denmark,  in  the  duchy  of  Slcfwick,  on  a  promontory  near  brick  building,   fupported  on  pillars,  for  the  cenvenience  of 

the  Baltic  ;   7  miles  N.E.  of  Flenfljorg.  the  corn -market,  which  is  held  beneath.     The  quay  is  c&m  ■ 

LYKSALE,  a  tov.n   of  Sweden,  in   the   Lapmark   of  modious,  though  not  fpacious  ;   and  round  the  harbour  are 

Uniea  ;   So  miles  S.S.W.  of  U:nea.  leveral   fmall   forts  mounted    with   cannon   for  its   defence. 

LYIVIAN,  a  town  fliip  of  America,  in   Grafton  county.  The  principal  public  work,  however,  is  the  cobb,  or  pier. 

New  Hamplhire,  fituated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  on  the  which,  in  its  ancient  llate,  was  coinpofed  of  vail  j>iecci  oi 

eall  fide  of  Connecticut  river,  between  Littleton  and  Bath,  rocks  rudely  piled   on   each  other;  but  is  now  formed  of 

7  miles  W.  by  N.  of  New  Concord  ;  incorporated  in  1761,  ilone.     This  is  a  fabric  of  the  greateil  utility  on  this  coalt, 

and  containing  533  inhabitants.  —  Alfo,  a  town  in  the  county  there  being  no  other  flicker  for  ftiipping  between  the  Start 

i>t  New  York,  Maine',  north  of  Wells  and  call  of  Aitred,  to  point  and  the  Portland  road  ;  and  although  at  this  place  the 

each  of  winch  it  adjoins.  fouth-weil  wind  blows  with  extreme  violence,  veifels  ride  in 

LYME,  a  town  of  Grafton  county,   New  Hampfliire. —  the    harbour  in    perfeCl    fccurity.     The   cobb  has  fufl'enxl 

Alfo,  a   po'l-town   in   New  London  county,  Connecticut,  very  mucli  by  thcfe  winds  :  it  was  totally  dedroyed  in  the 

the  "  Nchan'.ick"  of  the  Indians,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Con-  reign  of  Richard  II.;  and  in  the  lall  century  it  fullained 

ne>:ticut  river,  on  its  eal^  fide  ;  fettled  about  the  year  1664,  great  injury  by  three  ftorms,  but  was  repaired  by  govern- 

and  incorporated  in  1667  ;  and  containing,  in  three  pariflies,  ment  at  the  expence  of  6000/.     Charles  II.  granted  100/. 


43!io  iiih  ibitants. 

LYME  REGIS,  a  fea-port,  borough,  and  market-town, 
in  the  liundred  of  Whitchurch,  in  Briiport  divilion  of  Dor- 
tctfhire,  England,  is  fituated  23  miles  dillant  from  Dor- 
chefter,  and  143  from  London,  on  the  little  river  Lyme, 
Dear  the  fea.      Its  fituition,  in  a  cavity  between  two  rocky 


per  annum  towards  its  repair,  out  of  the  culloms  of  the  port, 
which  is  Hill  continued  ;  and  the  inhabitants  anp.ually  chufe 
two  cobb  ward*ens  to  fuperintend  the  improvement.  The 
population  of  this  town,  in  the  year  1801,  was  Hated  to  be 
145 1  ;  the  number  of  houfes,  which  are  chiefly  conllrufted 
of  blue  rag-done,  and  covered  with  flate,  was  276.     A  mar- 


hills,  on  a  dechvity,  makes  it  difficult  of  accefs  ;  and  that  ket  is  held  on  Saturdays,  and  two  fairs  annualh 
part  of  the  town  nearell  to  the  fea  is  fo  very  low,  that  at  Lyme  was  the  birth-piace  of  Thomas  Coram,  the  bene- 
Iprmg-tides  the  under-rooms  and  cellars  are  overflowed  to  the  volent  patron  and  contriver  of  the  Foundling  hofpital  in 
depth  of  ten  or  t.velve  feet.  Lyme  is  mentioned  in  hiilory  London.  He  died  March  19,  1751,  in  his  eighty-fourth 
in  the  eighth  ceiitHry,  when  Cenwulf,  king  of  the  Weil     year,  and  was  buried  in  the  vault  under  the  chapel  of  the 

4  U  3  hofpital. 


LT  M 


L  Y  M 


liofpi-al,  wlipre  an  infcription  perpetuates  liis  memory. 
Beaiitk'S  of  England  and  Wales,  vol.  iv.  Hutcliins"  Hif- 
tory  and  Antiquities  of  Doffetlhire,   2  vols,  folio. 

LYMFIOKD.  or  Lymfuut,  a  gulf  of  Dennnark,  near 
the  welt  coall  of  North  Jutland,  comoiunicating  with  the 
Cattegat,  and  run'ing  8o  miles  inland,  gradually  widening, 
and  feparated  from  the  North  lea  Oidy  by  a  narrow  llrip  of 
land.  *  N.  lat^  56'  39'. 

LYMINGl'ON,    a  borough   acd   market-town  in    the 
parifh  of  Boldrc,  in  the  New  Foreil   of  Hamplhire,   Eng- 
land, is  fitualed  on  the  declivity  of  a  rifing  ground,  on  the 
caftern  bank  of  the  Lymington  river,  about  a  mile  from  its 
confluence  with  the  foa  ;  at  the   diilance  of  16  miles  from 
Southampton,  and  95  from  London.   It  is  of  remote,  though 
unknown  orifrin  :  from  a  confideration  of  local  circumftances, 
Mr.  WarnerYuppofos  that  a  town  or  village  was  formed  near 
this  fpot  by  the  Britons.    That  the  Romans  were  acquainted 
■withii,  is  evinced  bv  the  contiguity  oi  an  encampment  called 
Bucklar.d  Rings,  or  Caillc  Field,  and  by  the  evidence  of  Ro- 
ir.an  coins,  nearly   20olbs.  weight  of  whicii,  of  the  Lower 
Empire,  were  difcovered  here  in  two  urns  in  the  year  1 744. 
Lymin<^ton    occurs   in  Domefday  bnok  under  the  name  of 
Lentune  :  but  it  does  not  feem  to  have  attained  any  confi- 
derable  importance  till  it   became  the  property  of  baron  de 
Redvers,  in  the  time  of  Henry  1. ;   when,    a  port  being  ella- 
blifhed,  the   wines    of  France,  and  other  foreign  commodi- 
ties, were  unfliipped  at  its    quays.      It  then  alio  became  fa- 
mous fur   its  falt-works  ;  though  this  manufaciure   is,  with 
great    probabihty,  fuppofcd  to    have    been  eftablilhed  at  a 
much  earlier  period.     A  very  extenlive  manufaciure  of  ma- 
rine fait  is  now  carried  on  here  :  the  works  are   lituated  on 
the  borders  of  the  fea-lhore,  and  reach  nearly  three  miles  in  a 
fouth-well  direftion.     The  town  confifts  principally  of  one 
long  ilreet,  and  is  divided  into  the  ne^u  and  oIJ  town  by  the 
church,  which,  though  originally  a  regular  pile,  confiiiing 
of  a  nave,  chancel,  andailles,  with  a  fpire  in  the  centre,  is 
now,  through  lucccfiiveidterations,  become  extremely  infor- 
mal.    The  town  hall  is  a  neat  building  :  and   here  are  two 
fets  of  baths,  which  are  rendered  very  convenient^,  and  are 
much  frequented.     Lymington  was  fummoned  as  a  borough 
to  fend    reorefentatives    to  parliament   in   the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward III.  :  but  it  dees  not  appear   to   have   complied  with 
this  preccDt   till    the    27th  cf  Elizabeth.      In  the  reign  of 
.Tames  I.  it  was  incorporated  by  charter,  and  from  that  pe- 
riod the  returns  have  been  regular.     The  right  of  election  is 
veiled  in  the  mayor  and  burgefi'es,  in  number  about  eighty. 
The  population  was  ilated,  under  the  act  of  the  year  iSco, 
to  be  2378  ;  the  houfes  492.     A  market  is  held  on   Satur- 
days ;  and  two   fairs  annually.     The   fituation  of  Lyming- 
ton, on  the  banks   of  a  navigable  river,  and  fo  contiguous 
to  the  fea,  is  extremely   favourable   for  trade  ;  but  this  ad- 
vanta'3'e  was  formerly  mucli  greater  than  at  pre'.ent,  as,  by 
the  injjdicious  conllrudtion  of  a  caufeway,  the  depth  of  the 
river  has  been  confiderably  lefTened,  and  its  channel  contraft- 
ed.  Previous  to  the  making  of  this  caufeway,  which  was  about 
the  year  1730,  velTeis  of  upwards  cf  500  tons  burthen  could 
be  brought  up  to  the  quay  ;  though  now  one  of  500   tons 
can  fcarcely  be  navigated.      Beauties  of  England  and  W.iles, 
vol.  vi.     Warner's  Account  of  Lymington,  i2mo. 

LYMPHA,  Ltmph,  m  Anatomy,  a  term  given  to  the 
tranfparent  fluid  conveyed  in  the  abforbing  veilcls  of  the 
body  ;  alfo  to  a  part  of  the  bloud.  tSee  Absorption  and 
Blood. I  It  is  often  appLed  alfo  to  other  animal  fluids, 
chiefly  when  clear  and  nearly  tianlpareat. 


LYMPHjE   Ductus,  a  name   given  fometimes  to  the 

lymphatic  velfcls. 

LviiPH.'E,  among  the  Romans,  a  kind  of  grottoes,  or 
artificial  caves,  fo  called  from  lympha,  water  ;  becaufe  they 
were  fnrnifhed  with  a  great  many  tubes,  canals,  and  fe.ret 
paflages,  through  which  the  water  fuddenly  gulhedupon  the 
IpeCtators,  while  bufy  in  admiring  the  great  variety  and 
beautiful  arrangement  of  fliells,  with  which  the  grotto  was 
adorned. 

LYMPMATI,  or  LyMPn.A.T!Ci,  in  ^nuqmiy,  a  name 
given  by  the  Latins  to  polTeded  or  mad  perfons,  becaufe 
they  were  thought  to  be  gifted  with  divination.  Plin.  Nat. 
Hilt.    lib.   XKv.  cap.   5.   p.   36S.  edit.    Hard.     Sec  Lau- 

VATI. 

Thefe  anfwer  to  the  -.xiin^riXn-'toi  of  the  Greeks  :  the  an- 
cient Greeks  ca'led  water  hjw^Ai?,  which  the  Latins  changed 
into  lyinphj.  The  term  omfhi,  fays  Mr.  Bryant,  is  of  great 
antiquity,  .uid  denotes  an  oracular  influence,  by  which  peo- 
ple obtained  an  infight  into  the  fecrets  of  futurity  :  it  was 
written  onphi  or  mnphi;  and  ligiiified  the  oracle  of  Ham,  who, 
according  to  the  Egyptian  theology,  was  the  fame  as  the  fun, 
or  Ofiris  :  and  as  fountains  were  deemed  lacrcd,  thele  were 
llylcd  by  the  Amonians  Aln  omphc,  or  the  fountains  of  the 
oracle,  from  the  divine  influence  with  which  'hey  were  fup- 
pofcd to  abound,  wliich  terms  were  afterwards  contracted  by 
the  Greeks  into  -.•jij.lr,,  a  nymph,  who  fuppolt-i-  luch  a  perfon 
t()  be  an  inferior  goddefs  who  prefided  over  waters.  In  the 
fame  manner  from  al  omphia  was  derived  lympha,  which  dif- 
fered from  aqua  or  common  water,  becaufe  it  u  as  of  a  fa- 
cred  or  prophetic  nature.  Analylis  of  Ant.  Myth.  vol.  i. 
p.  280. 

LYMPHATICS,  in  Anatomy,  are  the  abforbing  vefll'is. 
This  fyllem  is  an  aliemblage  of  numerous  fmall'veffels,  arifing 
from  all  parts  of  the  body,  carrying  from  them  various  fluids, 
vshich  they  pour  into  the  venous  iyltem,  after  making  thein 
pafs  through  certain  fmall  bodies  called  lymphatic  glands, 
and  forming  part  of  the  fame  lyileni  with  them.  The  term 
lymphatics  was  applied  to  thefe  tubes  in  confequence  of  their 
containing,  in  general,  a  tranfparent  fluid  or  lymph  ;  and  it 
delignatcs,  therefore,  properly  fpeaking,  only  thole  abforb. 
cuts,  of  which  the  contents  relemble  lymph.  The  veflels, 
which  take  up  the  chyle  from  the  intellines,  are  called 
laCteals,  from  the  appearance  of  the^r  contents.  As  the 
ftructure  and  offices  of  the  organs  are  the  fame  in  all  parts, 
thefe  dillinftions  might  lead  to  erroneous  views  of  the  fubjeft; 
and  the  term  abforbents,  which  denotes  their  general  funftioR, . 
feems  the  moll  appropriate.  Names  derived  from  the  nature 
of  the  fluid  ablurbed  are  more  particularly  objectionable, 
becaufe  that  is  very  imperfectly  known  to  us  We  cannot 
fuppofe  that  one  and  the  fame  fluid  is  abforbed  from  ferous 
cavities,  from  the  adipoiis  cells,  Irom  mufcles,  glands,  bones, 
&c.  ;  yet  in  all  thele  cafes  it  goes  under  the  common  and 
very  indefinite  term  lymph. 

Like  the  termination  of  the  exhalants,  the  origin  of  the 
abforbents  cannot  be  demonflrated.  They  are  fo  extremely 
delicate,  that  the  eye,  affiiledeven  by  tke  belt  optical  inilru- 
ments,  cannot  difcern  them  :  we  mull  therefore  infer  their 
exiftencc  from  phenomena,  and  conclude  that  abforbing  vef- 
fels  arife  wherever  abforption  takes  place.  An  attentive  ex- 
arajsation  of  abforptious  ihews  us  that  they  occur  wherever 
there  is  exhalati'/n  ;  fo  that  tlie  fame  table  may  ferve  both 
for  exhalants  and  ablorbents.  The  following  one  reprefenis 
the  latter. 


Abforbing 


L  Y  N 


L  Y  N 


Abfojbing  veffels. 


I.  External,  arifing  on 


1.  Tlic  mucous  furfaces. 

2.  Theildn. 

1.  The  ferous  furfaces. 

2.  The  cfllu'ar   fyllem;  and 


2.  Internal,  ariung  on 


deriving  from  it 


3.  The  medullary  fyftem 


C  I.   Scrum. 
(  2.   I'"at. 


'  I .  Of  (hov'.  and  broad 
bones ;  and  the  ex- 
tremities of  long 
bones. 
2.  Of  the  middle  of 
long  bones. 


<; 


4.  The  fynovial  fvllem  i    '  ^^ 

^  '  ■  ^2.  Of  tei 

i_   3.   Of  nutrition,  taking  up  the  refidHal  nutriti"e  matter  of  each  organ 


I;  Of  thejoints. 

" "      )dinous  flieatis. 


The  ftruiJ^ure,  properties,  funftions,  and  diftribution  of 
the  ablorbing  lyikms,  both  the  veffcls  and  glands,  are  con- 
ildered  in  detail  in  the  articles  Absokbexts  and  Absokp- 

TIO.V. 

Lymphatics  of  Birds  and  Fifhes.  See  Anatomy  of  Birds 
and  Fishes, 

LYNCHBURG,  in  Geography,  a  pod-town  of  Virgi- 
nia, in  Bedtord  ctiunty,  on  the  S.lideof  Jarr.es  river,  nearly 
oppofue  to  Maddifon,  and  one  mile  diftant.  It  contains 
about  100  houfes,  and  a  large  warehoufe  for  the  inf^eftion 
of  tobacco  ;    i  2  miles  from  London. 

LYNCH ET,  among  Farmers,  a  line  of  green  fward, 
ferving  as  a  boundary  to  feparate  ploughed  land,  in  common 
fields.     See  Balk.s. 

LYNCHVILLE,  in  Geography,  a  pod-town  of  Marion 
county.   South  Carolina,  450  miles  from  Wafliir.gton. 

LYNCIS  L.\Pi.s,  in  Natural  Hiflory,  the  name  given  by 
fome  of  the  writer,*;  of  the  middle  age  to  the  helemnkes. 

LYNCURIUM,  or  Lyscurius,  in  Mimralogical  Anti- 
quities, a  mineral  fubdance,  refpecling  the  nature  of  which 
ieveral  conj^ftures  have  been  broached,  from  the  time  of ' 
Pliny  down  to  the  prefent  day.  The  opinions  of  the  pre- 
fent  mineri'.logi:ls  appear  to  be  divided  between- amher  and 
hyacinth  ;  but  it  is  mod 'probable  that  both  thefe  fubftances 
have  been  confounded  under  the  name  of  ivncunum.  Pluiy, 
in  fpeaking"  of  the  mineral  in  quedion,  isinclined  to  deny  its 
very  exiilence  :  "  De  lyncurio,"  he  fays  "  maxime  dfcl  co- 
git  auCtorum  pertinacia.  Qaippe  etiamfi  eleclrum  id  effet, 
lyjjcurium  tamen  gemmam  ede  contendunt.  Fieri  auteni  ex 
urina  qmdem  lyncis,.  fed  congeda  terra  protinusbedia  ape- 
riente  earn,  quoniam  invideat  hominum  ufui.  Efle  autcm 
qualem  in  igneis  fuccinis,  co^orem,  fcalpique.  Nee  folia 
tantum  aut  llramenta  ad  fe  raperc,  fed  xris  etiam  ac  ferri  lami- 
nas, ,  quod  Diodes  quidem  et  Theophralius  credidit. .  F.go 
falfum  id  latum  arbitror,  nee  vifam  in  sevo  nodro  gemmam 
uliam  ea  appeUatione."  (Hid.  Nat.  xxxvii.  3.)  It  is  re- 
markable that  Pliny,  whofe  incredulity  upon  other  occa- 
fions  was  certainly  not  over  great,  {hould  have  treated  the 
whde  of  what  has  been  faid  of  the  lyncurium  as  a  mere 
fable,  whin  his  fcepticifm  might  have  more  properly  been 
confined  to  that  part  of  the  llory  which  relates  to  the  origin 
of  the  fubdance  in  queftion.  Indead  of  this,- in  fpoakmg 
r£  the  lynx^  he  a&ually  gives  credit  to  what  has  been  faid  of 
the  extraordinary  quality  of  its  urine.  "  Lyncunn  Immor 
(he  fays)  ita  redditus  ubi  gignuntur  glsciatur,  arcfcitve  in 
gemaias,  carbunculis  fitniles,et  igneo  colore  fulgentes,  lyncu- 


rium vacata',  atque  ob  id  fuccino  a  plerifque  ita  generari  pra- 
dito."  lb.  viii.  j;S 

Theophradjs,  from   whom    Pliny  has  principally  derived 
his  information  refpefting  lyncurium,  me.ilions   among    its 
qualities  that  of  attrafting,  Lke  amber,  particles   of  draw, - 
and  even  thin  laminre  of  copper  or  iron.      Our  hyacinth  does 
not  pofTefs  the  quality  of  becoming  cleClric  by  friCrion  ;  a  - 
circumdance  to  whi.-h  fir  John    Hill  does  not  advert  in  his 
obfervations  on  this  done,   which   he  c-mfiders  as  the  only 
one  that  can  be  faid  to  anfwer  the  defcription  given  of  the 
lyncurium  by  Theophraftus.     On  the  other  hand,  it  mud  be 
confeded  that  its  remaining  quahties,  as  mentioned  by  the 
Erefian  philofopher,  -uic.  the  confiderable  liardnefs  attributed 
to  it,  and  the  confequent  ufe  made  of  it  for  engraving  feals 
on,  do  not  exaftly  fquare  with  the  well  known  charafters  cf 
.  amber,  which  is  moreover  feparately  defcribed  in  his  work  as  • 
a  Jubdance  perfefily  didincl:  from  lyncurium. 

It  is  more  than  probable,  that  in  this  cafe,  as  in  many, 
others,  the  qualities  of  two  didinft  fubdances  have  been  er-  - 
roneoufly  combined  by  tlie  ancients,  who,  in  their  attempt . 
'  to  identify  natural  bodies,  were  but  too  often  drangely  mifled  - 
by  a  fancied  fimilarity  of  charafters,  where  the  eve  of  a  . 
modern  naturalid  would  fcarccly  difcover  traces  of  the  moft  .' 
didant  refemblance. 

It  would  appear  that  the    fined  amber,  and  a  particular 
deep-coloured  variety  of  it,  was  formerly  obtained  from  Li- 
guria,  where,  indeed,  it  dill  occurs,  though  not  in  the  fame 
quantity  in  which  it  is  found  on  the  fea-coad  of  Pruflia.     If. 
we  may  fuppofe  the  word  lieurium  to  have  beeh  derived  from  . 
that  part  of  Italy,  it   is  certainly  equally  probable  that  ig-  - 
noranceand  the  love  of  the  marvellous  may  afterwards  have  - 
fubdituterl  that  of  lyneurium,  implying  the  fabulous  origin 
of  this  fubdance  from  the  urine  of  the  lynx.     Similarity  of  . 
colour  appears  to  have  been  fufiicient  afterwards  to  affix  the  ■• 
fame  appellation  to  the  hyacinth  ;  and  it   is  proliahly  this  -; 
confuCon  which-  produced  the  defcription  of  Theophraftus  .- 
above  alluded  to,  and  which  is  partly  applicable  to  amber,  and  1 
partly  to   the  V.yacinth,  or  any   other  hard  done  of  fimilar  .- 
colour  and  tranfparency,  fuch  as  yellow  garnets,  yellow  cal-  - 
cedony,  &c. 

Among  the  authors  who  have  confidered  amber  to  be  the  ■ 
lyncurium  of  the  ancients,  are  Geoffroy,  Gefner,  Beckcin,  , 
and  Napione  ;  mod  of  the.  other  modern  writers  on' minera- 
logy follow  St.  Epiphanius,  LetTer,  and  Hili,  who  are  de- 
cidedly of  opinion  that  the  hyacinth   alone  could  have  been 
meant  by  it.    Sir  William  Watfon  fuppofes  that  Theophraf-"- 

tua'a  J 


L  Y  N 


L  Y  N 


his's  dcfcription  is  applicable  to  the  tourmalin,  the  electrical 
phenomena  of  which  are  however  of  a  peculiar  nature  ;  not 
to  mention  other  objections  that  may  be  urged  againft  the 
identity  of  the  two  fubllanccs. 

Of  other  opinions  on  this  fubjcft  none  deferve  to  be  men- 
tioned, except,  perhaps,  on  account  of  its  fmgularity,  that 
of  Woodward,  and  fome  writers  before  and  after  him,  who 
fuppofed  the  lyncurium  to  be  the  calcareous  petrifaftion 
known  by  the  name  of  bekmnhes.  Indeed  it  is  difficult  to 
guefs  what  can  have  given  origin  to  this  Itrange  fiippofition, 
unlefs  it  be  tie  circumllance  that  thefe  belemnites,  when 
burnt,  are  faid  to  give  out  an  unpieafant  urinous  odour. 

In  the  Vulgate,  mention  is  made  of  the  ligurius,  as  one  of 
the  twelve  precious  ftoncs  in  the  breail  plate  of  the  high 
pried.  In  the  verfion  of  the  Stpiiiagiiit,  it  is  called 
Avyy-tu^io'i.  St  Epiphanius,  enumeratin;;;  the  fame  twelve 
gems,  gives  the  follo'.ving  account  of  the  (lone  in  qnelHon  : 
"  I.,igurius  vel  lynrurius  gemma  ;  de  hvijus  inveiitione  vel 
apud  naturae:  indagiitores,  vel  apud  alios  vcteres  qui  harura 
rerum  memincrunt,  nihil  cognovimus.  Invcnimus  tamen  lan- 
guriamgemmam  vocatam,  quam  vulgari  lingua  iajurium  ap- 
pellant. Et  forte  puto  hunc  effe  lygnriiim."  (St  Epiph. 
Opp.  latine.)  The  fame  writer  and  Hieroiiymus  fufpedl 
the  lyncurium  to  be  the  hyacinth  ;  but  how  uiifettled  the 
ideas  of  St.  Epiphanius  were  refpedling  the  latter  gem,  ap- 
pears from  the  following  account  he  gives  of  it :  "  Hyacin- 
thus  igitur  diverfas  hahet  formas  ;  quo  enim  reperitur  colors 
profundior,  eo  cseteris  prallantior  eft.  '  Similis  ell  lans 
qua;  fiibpurpurafcit  a'.iquatcnus."   (1.  c.  pag.  i  lo.) 

LYNDEBOROUGH,  in  Geography,  a  townfhip  of 
America,  in  HilHborough  county,  New  Hampfhire,  about 
70  miles  from  Portfinouth ;  incorporated  in  1764,  and  con- 
taining 976  inhabitants. 

LYNDHURST,  a  village  in  the  parifh  of  Minfted, 
in  the  New  Forell  of  Hampllure,  England,  is  fituated  pine 
miles  from  Southampton  and  ^  6  from  London,  nearly  in 
the  centre  of  the  New  Forell,  of  which  it  has  been,  from 
the  formation  of  the  forell,  confidered  as  a  fort  of  capital  : 
and  here  was  exercifed  the  jurifdidtion  of  the  chief  juflice 
in  eyre  for  this  forell,  fo  long  as  he  continued  to  exercife 
it,  of  which  there  are  no  traces  fubfequent  to  the  reign  of 
•dharles  II.  All  the  Foreft  courts  under  the  verderors  are 
ftill  held  here  ;  as  well  as  thofe  of  attachment,  &c. 
as  the  fwaniT.ote  :  the  former  are  held  on  fuch  days  as  the 
prefiding  judges  appoint,  three  times  in  a  year  ;  the  latter 
on  the  14th  of  September  annually.  The  king's  houle, 
in  this  village,  though  but  an  indifferent  refidence,  is  oc- 
cupied by  the  lord  warden  whenever  he  vifits  the  Forell. 
An  ancient  ftirrup  is  preferved  here,  faid  to  have  been  worn 
by  William  Rufus  at  the  time  he  was  fhot  by  fir  Walter 
Tyrrell.  The  king's  ftabies  are  very  large,  and  were  pro- 
bably confidered  as  magnificent  when  tiril  erefted,  which 
anoears  to  have  been  about  the  time  of  Charles  II.  From 
the  hotel  at  Lyndhurll,  which  is  entirely  new  built,  and 
fitted  up  with  every  convenience,  is  a  fine  view  of  the  fea, 
and  of  the  Needle  rocks  at  the  weft  end  of  the  Ifle  of 
Wight.  Under  the  population  atl  of  1800,  Lyndhurll 
v/as  returned  as  containing  181  houfes,  inhabited  by  882 
perfons. 

About  one  mile  weft  of  Lvndhurft  is  Cuffnells,  the  feat 
of  the  right  honourable  George  Rofe,  who  has  been  here 
honoured  willi  two  vifils  from  their  majcllies  and  the  royal 
family  in  the  years  iSoi  and  1804.  Beauties  of  England 
and  Wales,  vol.  vi.  Gilpin's  Obfervations  on  the  New 
Foreft,  &c.   2  vols.  8vo. 

LYNDON,  a  towuHup  in  Caledonia  county,  Vermont, 


N.  of  St.  Jolmfliurg,  and  S.  of  Burke  and  Billymcad ;  con- 
taining 632  inhabitants. 

Lynn,  Sagi;s  oF  the  Indians,  a  maritime  poft-tovvn 
of  America,  in  Effex  county,  Mallachufetts,  on  a  bay, 
N.E.  of  I'ofton  bay,  and  about  nine  miles  N.  by  E.  from 
the  town  of  Bollon.  The  towulhip  was  incorporated  in 
j6j;7,  and  contains  2^'}~  inhabitants.  In  this  towulhip 
are  two  paridies,  bcfides  a  fociety  of  Methodifts,  and  a 
large  number  of  Friends.  The  principal  manufaclure  is 
that  of  women's  filk  and  cloth  fliocs,  which  are  fold  for 
home  ufe,  and  ihipped  to  the  fouthern  ftates  and  to  the 
Wed  Indies.  Lynn  beach,  which  is  a  mile  in  lergth, 
connefls  the  peninfula,  called  "  Nahant"  with  the  main 
land.  In  the  lummer  feafon  it  is  a  place  of  great  refort 
from  neighbouring  towns,  and  ufed  as  a  race-ground. 

Lynn  River,  a  river  of  Norfolk  county,  in  Upper  Ca- 
nada, which  nfes  in  Windham  townfliip,  and  dilcharges 
itfelf  into  lake  Eric,  BlTording  a  good  harbour  for  bat- 
tea  ux. 

Lynn  Canal,  an  inlet  on  the  W.  coaft  of  North  America, 
and  upper  arm  of  Crof^  found  ;  extending  about  60  miles 
N.  from  the  N.  extremity  of  Chatham  Sound  ;  fo  named 
by  Capt.  Vancouver,  from  Lynn,  the  place  of  his  nativity. 
The  entrance  to  the  S.  is  in  N.  lat.  5b ^  12'.  E.  long. 
225'  12'. 

LYNNFIELD,  a  townftiip  of  America,  in  Eftex 
county,  Mallachufetts,  N.E.  of  Salem,  and  15  miles  N. 
by  E.  from  Bollon;  incorporated  in  1782,  and  containing 
46S  inhabitants 

LYNNHAVEN  L.\ke,  a  bay  at  the  S.  end  of  Chefa- 
peak  bay,  into  which  Lynnhaven  river  difcharges  its 
waters  ;  lying  between  the  mouth  of  James's  river  and  cape 
Henry. 

LYNN-REGIS,  or  King's  Lvnn,  a  large  refpedlable 
fea-port,  borough,  and  market  town,  in  the  hundred  of 
Freebridge  Lynn,  in  the  county  of  Norfolk,  England,  is 
fituated  ten  miles  from  the  Britifti  ocean,  on  the  eallcrn 
bank  of  the  Great  Oufe  river,  which  at  this  place  is  nearly 
the  breadth  of  the  Thames  above  London  bridge.  Lynn 
is  diftant  from  Norwich  44  miles,  and  from  London  96. 
It  is  written  Lun  and  Lena  in  Domcfday  book ;  a;;d  ap- 
pears to  have  been,  at  the  time  of  that  furvey,  a  place  of 
fome  confequence  and  trade.  Previous  to  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.  it  was  called  Bilhop's  Lynn,  but  falling  into 
th?  poffeflion  of  that  monarch  he  changed  its  name  to  Lynn 
Regis.  The  town  is  nearly  one  mile  and  a  quarter  in 
length  ;  its  greatcll  breadth  being  half  a  mile.  Four  fmall 
rivers,  called  Fleets,  divide  it  into  feveral  parts,  which  are 
connedlcd  by  eleven  bridges.  The  whole  is  encompaffed  on 
the  land  fide  by  a  deep  wet  fofs,  flanked  by  a  wail,  which 
was  formerly  defended  by  nine  baftions,  but  is  now  in  a 
dilapidated  date.  .-\t  the  north  end  is  a  platform  battery,  ' 
called  St  Anne's  port,  mounted  with  ten  eighteen  pounders, 
which  were  planted  here  in  1627.  Great  improvements 
have  been  recently  made  in  the  Itrects  and  avenues  of  the 
town. 

Lynn  has  had  fifteen  charters  granted  to  it  by  various 
fovereigns  of  England.  It  was  firll  incorporated  by  king 
John  ;  and  has  fent  two  burgelTeS  to  parliament  ever  fin^e 
the  tA-enty-fixth  year  of  Edward  1.  The  right  of  election 
is  veiled  in  the  freemen  and  free  burgelTes,  in  number  about 
330.  The  corporation  conlifts  of  a  mayor,  recorder,  twelv* 
aldermen,  and  eighteen  common  council-men.  By  the  po- 
pulation furvey,  made  in  the  year  iSco,  the  number  of 
houfes  was  2012,  <  coupled  by  10,096  perfons. 

The  town  contains  feveral  public  buildings,  fome  of  which 
exhibit  curious  fpccimens  of  architectural  antiquity.     The 

principal 


L  Y  N 


L  y  o 


principal  is  tlie  d^urch   of  St.   Margaret,    which,   with  a     the  water  is  conveyed  by  fmall  canals,  to  the  conduiis  in 

priory,  was  founded  by  Herbert,  billiop  of  Norwich,  in  the   'the  town. 


time  of  William   Rufiis.      It  was  a  very  fuacioiis  Urufture, 
and  thoupfh  now  curtailed  of  its  orisrinal  dimenlion  is  Hill  a 
large   and  nobis   pile.     It  conf;lh  of  a  nave  with  aides,  a 
chancel  or  choir  with  aides,  a  tranfept,  and  two  towers  at 
the  well  end ;  the  roof  is  fnpported  by  twenty-two  columns, 
which  feparat?  the   bidy  from  the  aides.      At  the  eallern 
extremity  of  the  to  An  is  an  ancient  edifice,  called  the  Lady's 
or  the   Red   Mount  chapel  ;   which  confifls  of  an  oi^agonal 
wall  of  red  brick,  and  is  conilrucled  on  a  very  fingiilar  plan. 
Within  this  is  a  handfome  crnoiform  chapel,  feventccn  feet 
in   length,  fourteen  in  breadth,  and  thirteen  in  height ;  tiie 
roof  is  formed  of  (lone,    with  numerous  groins,   &c.  exadtly 
refembling  the  ceiling  of  Ki:ig's  college  chapel,  Cambridge. 
This  curious  (Irufture  is  vergincj  to   decay.      St.  Nicii.ilas's 
chapel,  built  abgut  tlie  time  of  Edward  III.,  is  200  feet  in 
length,  78  in  breadth,  and   170  feet  from  the  foundation  to 
the  top  of  the  tower.     The  body  confills  of  a  nave  feparated 
from  the  aides  bv  ten  fleuder  columns  on  each  lide,  fupport- 
ing  an  equal  number  of  acutely  pointed  arches  :   tlie  roof  is 
groined,  and  the  entrance  doors  are  finely  carved.     A  large 
monument    of    white   marble   commemorates    fir    Benjamin 
Keene,   K.B.  a   native  of  this   town,  and   many  years  am- 
badador  to    the  court  of  Madrid,  in  which  city  he  died, 
Dec.  15,  17)7;  hi^remains   were  brought  here  for  inter- 
ment.    The  ealt  and  weft  windows  of  this  chapel  are  large, 
and  are  both  adorned  with  numerous  muliions  and  tracery. 
The  fouthern   porch  is  profufely  ornamented  with  tracery, 
niches,    &c.     A  view  and   plan  of  this  porch,  with  plan, 
views,  feftion,  ckc.  of  the  Red  Mount  chapel,  alfo  hiftorical 
and  defcriptive  accounts  of  the  two  buildings,  are  pubhrtied 
in   Britten's   Architeftural  Antiquities   of  Great    Britain, 
vol.  iii. 


Lynn  harbour  is  deep,  but  the  anchorage  is  bad,  from 
the  oozy  bed  of  the  river.  It  is  capable  of  receiving  three 
hundred  fail  of  (hipping.  At  what  time  it  was  firft  ufed 
as  a  haven  is  not  afcertaincd  :  but  fubfeqiunt  to  the  reign 
of  Henry  III.  Lynn  afpired  to  commercial  confequtnce, 
gradually  rofe  from  its  primitive  obfcurity,  :tr.d  progreffively 
became  a  confiderablc  port.  Its  fit'.iation,  f  >  mar  the  North 
fea,  and  the  inland  navigation  connc(ftcd  with  it,  gives  the 
town  great  commercial  advantages.  It  is  open  to  a  com- 
munication with  all  tlie  north  of  Europe  ;  and,  by  means  of 
tlie  Oufe  and  its  collateral  rivers,  can  extend  its  navigation 
into  eight  counties,  exclufive  of  other  conveyances  by  land 
carriage  and  canals.  It  imports  annually  about  ioo,coo 
chaldrons  of  coals,  and  above  20:0  pipes  of  wine  ;  in 
which  two  articles  it  exceeds  all  other  ports  in  England, 
except  London,  Biiftol,  and  Newcaftle.  In  return  forthcfe, 
and  other  heavy  artic'es,  with  which  it  fiipplies  the  interior. 
It  receives  back  for  exportation  corn  and  various  manufac- 
tured articles.  Beauties  of  England  and  Wales,  vol.  xi. 
Richards's  Hiftory,  S:c.  of  King's  Lynn,  8vo.  j3l  I.  Par- 
kin's Hiilory  of  I.ynn,  folio. 

LYNX,  in  Ajlronomy,  is  a  conftellation  of  the  northern 
hcmifphere,  made  by  Hevelius  out  of  unfonned  ftars :  the 
number  of  liars  in  Heveiius's  catalogue  is  nineteen,  and  in 
the  Britannic  is  forty-four.     See  Constellation. 

Lynx,  in  Mythology,  was  a  fabulous  animal  confecrated 
to  Bacchus.      See  Felis  Lynx. 

Lynx,  Ih  Zoology.     See  Felis  Lynx. 
Ly'Nx,  Perfian.     See  Felis  Caracul. 
LYOE,  in   Geography,  a  fmall  idand  of  Denmark,  near 
the  S.  coaft  of  Funen.      N.  lat.  55    3'.      E.  long.  lo*^  to'.  ' 
LYOENA,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Algiers, 


The   chapel   of  St.  .Tames,    after  the    didolution,    being     where  the  independent  Arabs  lodge  their  riches  as  in  a  place 
in  a  ruinous  condition,  was  rebuilt  in  1682,  and  converted     of  fafety  ;  as  it  is  defended  by  a  v^-arlike  tribe,   who  have 


into  an  hofpital  for  fifty  poor  people.  Great  additions  have 
fince  been  made  to  the  building,  and  it  is  now'  the  general 
workhoufe  for  the  town.  The  Exchange,  or  Cuftom  houfe, 
which  was  erected  in  16S3  by  fir  John  Turner,  knt.  is  a 
neat  frceftone  building,  with  two  tiers  of  pilafters,  the  lower 
in  the  Doric,  and  the  upper  in  the  Ionic  order  ;  it  occupies 
the  fcice  of  an  old  religions  lio;ife,  which  was  appropriated 
to  the  Trinity  guild.  Several  other  religious  ellabhfhnients 
were  founded  here,  of  which  few  veftiges  remain,  except 
an  hexagonal  Reeple,  belonging  to  the  monaftery  of  the 
Grey  friars,  which  ferves  as  a  good  land-mark  to  veffels 
entering  the  harbour.  Two  markets  are  held  on  Tnefdays 
and  Saturdays,  in  different  places  :  the  Tuefday  market- 
place comprifes  an  area  of  three  acres,  furrounded  by  fome 
good  houfes  ;  near  the  centre,  on  an  afcent  of  four  Heps, 
ftands  a  building,  called  the  Market-crofs,of  freeftone,  erefted 
IT  the  year  1710;  the  lower  part  is  encompaded  by  a  peri- 
llyle  formed  by  fixteen  Ionic  columns  ;  the  upper  part  is 
finidied  with  a  cupola,  and  the  whole  is  feventy  feet  in  height. 
The  Saturday  market  is  kept  in  a  convenient  area  recently 
opened  near  St.  Margaret's  church-yard.  The  Guildhall 
is  an  ancient  flruclure  of  ftone  and  flint ;  it  contains  a  large 
llbne  hall,  courts  for  the  adminiilratiou  of  juilice,  and  tliree 


withftood  the  power  of  the  Turks  ;   106  miles  S.  of  Conftan- 
tira. 

LY'ON,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rifes  in  Loch  Lyon» 
on  the  S.W.  part  of  the  county  of  Perth,  and  runs  into  the 
Tay  ;   2  miles  E.N.E.  of  Kenmore. 

LYONNET,  Peter,  in  Biography,  an  eminent  naturalift, 
was  born  at  Maellricht  in  1 707.  He  acquired  a  good 
knowledge  of  modern  and  ancient  languages,  underltood 
mufic,  and  was  a  good  engraver  and  fculptor.  He  had 
been  originally  bred  to  the  law,  and  became  fecretarj-  to  the 
Hates  of  Holland.  In  the  latter  years  of  his  life  he  applied 
the  whole  force  of  his  mind  to  the  ilndy  of  natural  hillorv, 
particularly  to  the  fcience  of  entomologv,  on  which  he 
wrote  feveral  books.  He  died  at  the  Hague  in  1 789  :  he 
had  been  eletf  ed  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London,. 
and  of  feveral  foreign  academies. 

LY'ONNOI.S,  in  Geography,  Pagus  Lugdunenf.s,  was,, 
tefore  the  revolution,  a  province  of  Francr;,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Bourgogne  and  Alaconnois,  on  the  E.  by  tlie  Saone- 
and  the  Rhone,  on  the  S.  by  L.^nguedoc,  and  on  the  W.  by 
Auvergne  ;  lying  between  45-  15'  and  a/y  15'  N.  lat.  and 
between  3-  4,'  and  4  50'  E.  long  ;  being  24  leagues  from 
N.  to  S.  and  16  from  W.  to  E.     This  province  is  watered 


fpacious  affembly   rooms.      On  the   firlt   Monday  in  every     by  the  Rhone,  the  Saone,  and  the  Loire,  and  is  moderately 


month,  the  mayor,  aldermen,  magiftratcs  and  clergymen 
meet,  to  hear  and  determine  all  controverlles  between  the 
inhabitants,  in  an  a^nicable  manner,  for  the  prevention  of 
liw-fuits.  This  laudable  praftice  originated  in  the  year  1  558, 
andiscalled  the  Feafl  of  Reconciliation.  This  town, not  having 
any  fredi    fprings,  'was  formerly  much  dillrefled  tor  water  ; 


fertile,  producing  grain,  wine,  and  fruits.  It  was  annexed, 
to  the  crown  of  France  in  1563  ;  and  confiftcd  of  three 
fmall  provinces,  i;;'z  I^yonnois  Proper,  Forez,  and  Beaujo- 
laii.  The  former,  being  thirteen  leagues  m  length,  and 
eight  in  breadth,  is  diverfified  with  hills,  gentle  eminences, 
and  plains.     It  yields  Httle  grain  ;  but  fome  diltricls  fumidi 


but  it  is  now  fupplied  from  a  river  near  Gaywood,  vvlience    good  wine,  and  excellent  pallurage. 


It  has  a  copper  mine,, 
and 


L  Y  O 


L  Y  O 


and  a  mineral  fpring.     Forez  confills  principally  of  an  «-  vents,  thiee  public  fchools,  a  college  of  pliyfic,  two  general 

tenfive  and  fruitful  valley,  yielding  grain,  wine,  hemp,  and  hofpitals,  &c.  ;  and,  befides  tliefe,  an  acadi-my  of  fciences, 

cliefnuts,  and    is  watered  by  the  Loire  and  other  ftrcams.  inditntcd  A.  D.  1700,    and  an  academy  of  fine  arts,  eila- 

Beaujolais  is  a  fertile  dillricl,  twelve  leagues  in  length,  and  bliflicd  in  1724,  both  which  were  united  in  175S,  a  fociety 

feven    in  breadth.     Lyonnois  and   Beaujolais  are  nov/  in-  of  agriculture,   a  veterinary  fchool,  a  theatre,  a  public   li- 


eluded  in  the  department  of  the  Rhone  and  Forez  m  that 

■of  the  Loire. 

LYONS,  in  Geography,  a  fmall  idandinthe  Eaft  Indian 
fca,  near  the  E.  coall  of  Oby.     S.  lat.    i''   35'.     E.  long. 

"^28    14'. 

Lvoxs,  Lugi'untm,  a  city  of  France,  and  capital  of  the 

■  department  ot  the  Rhone  ;'  but,  brfore  the  revolution,  the 
ci'.pital  of  the  province  called  Lvonnois,  above  defcribed, 
liiua'ed  at  the  conflux  of  the  Rhone  and  the  Saone ;  over 
the  former  there  arc  two  bridges,  and  over  the  latter  three. 


brary,  feventy  companies  of  tradcfmen  and  artifts,  three 
forts,  an  arfenal  well  fupplied  and  carefully  arranged,  an  in- 
firmary, five  hundred  feet  in  Icngtli,  &c.  to  all  which  we  may 
add  magnificent  quays.  At  an  early  period  of  the  revolu- 
tion,  an  union  was  formed  between  the  towns  of  Lyons, 
Marfeilles  and  Toulon,  under  the  title  of  "  Federal  Repub- 
licanifm,"  contrary  to  the  fenfe  of  tlie  nation,  which  inclined 
to  favour  a  republic  one  and  indivifible.  Lyons  contained 
a  great  number  of  difaffefted  perfons,  both  Royalifts  and 
Girondiftp,  and  was  declared  to  be  in  a  Hate  of  rebellion, 
•rhis  city  was  cue  of  the  places  concjuered  by  Csefar  ;  but  a     After  a  fiege  of  two  months,  during  which  it  is  fuppofed  to 

"        ...-.-.•  ^  >  <■         •      T^.1      have  loll  20CO  men,  and  a  great  part  of  the  city  was  reduced 

to  adies,  Lyons  furrendered,  and  many  of  the  rebels  who 
were  not  able  to  efcape  were  taken  and  executed.     By   a 


little  after  the  death  of  this  dictator,  Munatius  Plancus  re 
ceived   orders  from   the    Roman    fenate    to    re-alTemblc    at 
Lugdunum  the  inhabitants  of  Vienne,   who  had  been  driven 
from  this  city  by  the  AUobroges.     In  a   little   time  this 
.  colony  became   very  powerful,   fo  that  Strabo  fays  it  was 
not  inferior  to  Narbonne,  with  reflect  to  number  of  inha- 
bitants.     In   the   fifth  century  this  city  was   taken  by  the 
B'.ir^undians,  whofe  king  became  feudatory  to  Clovis.     The 
fonsof  Clovis,  however,  fubdued  the  Burgundians,  and  took 
pofleinor.  of  Lyons.     When  the  dominions  of  Lewis  De- 
bonnaire  were  divided,   Lyons,  with    the    grcateft    part   of 
Buro-undy,  was   transferred   to    Lothaire.      Before  the  re- 
volution, it  was  the  fee  of  an  archbifhop,  who  was  primate 
of  France,  and  was  reckoned  the  fecond  city  of  the  kingdom 
in  trade,  manufaftures,  and  commerce  ;  and  was  fuppofed 
to  contain  150,000  inhabitants.     Thefe  were,  in  all  periods, 
diftinguiflied  for  indullry,  arts,  and  love  of  freedom.      Under 
the  Romans,  as  a  municipium,  it  poirefled  valuable  immunities  : 
and  when  it  became  a  colony,  it  was  cherilhed  and  protefted. 
Under  the  fovereigns  of  France,  it  has  enioyed  peculiar  pri- 
vileges, being  governed  by  its  own  magilliates,  and  guarded 
by  its  own  militia.     Four  annual  fairs,  each  of  fifleen  days, 
inllituted  in  the  reign  of  Lewis  XL,  have  much  contributed 
to   the  advancement   of  its  traffic.      Its  good    government 
naturally  attracted   citizens,  whilll   the  troubles  excited  at 
various  periods  in  the  nt-iglibouring  dates,  more  efpecially 
about  the  year  1290,  between  the  contending  factions  of  the 
Guelphs  and  Ghibeilines,  occaf  oned  many  from   Italy  and 
Florence  to  take  refuge  in  a  city  where  they  could  live  in 
fecurity  and  peace.     The  principal  dependence  of  Lynn 


decree  of  the  convention,  the  walls  and  public  buildings  of 
Lyons  were  ordered  to  be  del*royed,  and  the  name  of  the 
city  itfelf  to  be  changed  into  that  of  "  Ville  Affranchie  ;" 
but  this  decree  was  afterwards  repealed.  It  is  Hated  to 
contain  109, jco  inhabitants,  and  the  fix  cantons,  into  which 
it  is  divided,  to  inch:de  123,510,  on  a  territory  of  55  kilio- 
metres,  in  four  comnuines.  N.  lat.  45''  46'.  E.  long.  4-  50'. 
Lyons,  a  village  of  America,  in  Ontario  county,  and 
townfiiip  of  Phelps,  in  New  York,  at  the  iuniflion  of  Mud 
and  Canandarque  creeks  ;  16  miles  N.  of  Geneva,  and  about 
20  S.  of  Sodus  ;  fituated  in  a  fine  country,  and  accom- 
modated with  excellent  advantages  for  water-conveyance. 

LYONSIA,  in  Botany,  ferves  to  commemorate  Mr.  Ifrael 
Lyons,  born  at  Cambridge  in  1739,  being  the  fon  of  a 
Polilb  Jew,  fettled  there  as  a  filverimith  ;  who  publifhed 
"  A  Hebrew  Grammar,''  and  '•  Obfervations  and  Enquiries 
relating  to  various  Parts  of  Scripture  Hillory."  He  was 
dillinguifhed  as  a  mathematician  and  botanill,  and  had  the 
honotir  of  inftrutling  in  the  latter  fcience  the  celebrated 
fir  Jofcph  Banks,  by  whofe  recommendation  he  read  a  courfe 
of  letturcs  on  Botany  at  Oxford,  where  fuch  a  courfe  was 
then  much  wanted.  He  died  in  London  of  the  meafies, 
about  two  years  after  he  had  accompanied  Captain  Phipps, 
afterwards  lord  Mulgrave,  towards  the  north  pole,  in  1773. 
For  lome  time  he  was  employed  as  one  of  the  calculators 
of  the  Nautical  Almanac,  for  which  he  received  an  annual 
falary  of  an  hu"dred  pounds  :  and  at  the  time  of  his  death 


and  the  fource  of  its  wealth,  have  been  its  manufafture  of    he  was  preparincr  for  the  prefs  a  complete  edition  of  all  the 


filk  in  all  its  branches.  The  trade  of  Lyons  has  been  im 
mcnfe  with  Spain,  Italy,  Switzerla"d,  Germany,  Holland, 
England,  &c.  From  Spain,  the  inhabitants  received  wool, 
filks,  drugs,  piaftres,  and  ingots  cf  gold  and  filver,  in  return 
for  cloth,  hnen,  fuftian,  coffee,  paper,  &c.  To  Italy  they 
fent  cloth,  linen,  filk  ftuff?,  lace,  books,  mercery,  and  mil- 
linery, receiving  in  return  filk,  velvet,  damad.,  fatin,  tatfeties, 
and  rice.  To  Switzerland  they  fent  coarfe  cloth,  hats,  •  Ccntortit,  Linn 
faffron,  wine,  oil,  foap,  and  mercery,  and  received  from 
thence  cheefe,  linen,  and,  in  time  of  war,  horfes.     The  great 


#1 


works  of  Dr.  Halley.  Befides  feveral  mathematical  werks, 
among  which  we  may  reckon  his  "  Fluxions,"  publilhed  in 
1758;  he  had  in  contemplation  a  Flora  Cantalr'igenfis ; 
but  publifhed  only  a  '■'■  Fafc'iculus"  of  plants  difcovered  in 
that  neighbourhood  fince  the  time  of  Ray,  in  1763,  in  8vo. 
Brown.  Prodr.  Nov.  Holl.  v.  I.  466.  ^Vern.  Tranf.  v.  1. 
6.'5. — Clafs  and  order,  Pentandfia  Monogynia.  Nat.  Ord. 
yipocineit,  .Tuff  Brown. 
Elf.  Ch.  Corolla  funnel-fhaped  ;  its  mouth  and  tube 
without  fcales  ;  limb  in  five  deep,  recurved,  equilateral  feg- 


..,....._... — . — , , ,...  ~ ,  —  —      -       ^^  — 7  ~    ^  J,  ,      i  (-, 

towns  of  Germany  purchafe  from  Lyons,  befides  the  fame     mentP.     Stamens   prominent  ;    filaments    thread-fhaped,   in- 


merchandize  as  the  Swifs,  fluffs  of  gold  and  filver.  From 
Holland,  Lyons  took  more  merchandize  than  that  which  it 
fent  in  return.  With  the  other  parts  of  France  it  carried 
on  a  very  confiderable  trade.  Lyons  reckoned  eleven  parifhes, 
fix  gates,  four  fatixbourgs,  and  was  divided  into  thirty-five 
diltricts,  named  "  Panonages."  The  cathedral  church  was 
a  magnificent  Gothic  building  ;  the  town-houfe  is  efteemed 
one  of  the  ifioft  bea'.itiful  in  Europe  ;  and  its  other  public 
iuildings,  before  the  revolution,  were  four  abbies,  fifty  coii- 


fcrted  into  the  middle  of  the  tube  ;  anthers  arrow-fhaped, 
cohering  with  the  lUgma  by  the  middle,  their  hind  lobes 
void  of  pollen.  Genr.en  of  two  cells ;  Ityie  one,  thread- 
fhaped,  dilated  at  the  top ;  fligma  foinewhat  conical. 
Scales  at  the  bafe  of  the  germen  combined.  Capfule 
cylindrical,  of  tv.  o  cells,  its  valves  like  follicles,  with  a 
parallel  dilliniSt  partition,  bearing  the  feeds  on  each  fide 
upon  fixed  receptacles. 

J.   L,.Jlramiriea,  the  only  fpecies,  gathered  by  Mr,  Brown 
4  at 


L  Y  R 


L  Y  R 


at  Port  Jackfon,  and  hi  Van  Diemen's  land.  A  climbing 
/tirub,  with  oppofito  haves.  Cymes  terminal,  three  forked. 
Flowers  among  the  fmalleft  of  this  tribe,  their  limbs  bearded. 

LYPERANTHUS,  from  Av-.,  fadnefs,  and  a.9o5,  a 
Jlawer,  becaufe  of  the  very  dark-red  gloomy  hue  of  the 
blvjIToms,  which  is  unufual  in  this  tribe. — Brown  Prodr. 
Nov.  Holl.  V.  I.  325. — Clafs  and  order,  Gynandrla  Monan- 
dria.     Nat.  Ord.   Orch'idea. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  fuperior,  ringent,  of  three  leaves, 
the  upper  one  vaulted,  the  reft  flattifli.  Cor.  Petals  two, 
nearly  equal  and  fimilar  to  the  flatter  calyx-leayes.  Neclary 
fliorter,  its  edges  afcending,  hood-hke,  with  a  taper  point, 
the  didv  glandular  or  papillary.  Slam.  Anther  terminal, 
permanent,  its  cells  clofe  together ;  mafles  of  pollen  two  in 
each  cell,  powdery.  Pift-  Germen  inferior  ;  ilyle  columnar, 
linear.      Peric.   Capfule.      Seeds  numerous. 

Efl".  Ch.  Calyx  ringent  ;  its  upper  leaf  vaulted.  Lip 
(horter,  hooded,  glandular,  with  a  taper  point.  Style  li- 
near.    Anther  vertical,  permanent. 

A  genus  of  fmooth  Orchide<e,  growing  on  the  ground. 
Bulbs  naked,  undivided,  tarminating  the  defcending  caudex, 
which  throws  out  roots  above  them.  Stem  bearing  a  fingle 
leaf  clofe  to  the  root,  and  two  brafteas  above,  befides  what 
accompany  each  flower.  Flowers  racemofe,  very  dark  red, 
moftly  reverfed. 

1.  'Li.fuaveohns.  Leaf  linear,  elongated.  Petals  afcend- 
ing. Difli  of  the  nedlary  bearing  rows  of  feffile  glands  ; 
its  margin  naked. — Found  near  Port  Jackfon,  New  South 
Wales. 

2.  L.  elUpltcus.  Leaf  lanceolate-elliptical.  Diflc  of  the 
neftary  papillary  ;  its  margin  naked.  --  Gathered  by  Mr. 
G.  Caley  in  the  fame  neighbourhood. 

-  3.  L.  nigrkans.  Leaf  ovate,  fomewhat  heart-fhaped. 
Petals  divided.  Lip  fringed;  its  dilk  papillary. — Found 
by  Mr.  Brown  near  Port  Jackfon,  as  well  as  in  the  fouthern 
part  of  New  Holland. 

LYRA,  in  yinafcmy,  a  name  applied  to  a  certain  part  of 
the  brain.      See  Braix. 

Lyr.\,  in  AJlronomy,  a  conftellation  in  the  northern  hc- 
mifphere. 

The  number  of  its  ftars,  in  Ptelemy's  catalogue,  is  ten  ; 
in  Tycho's,  eleven  ;  in  Hevelius's,  feventeen  ;  artd  in  the 
Britannic  catalogue,  twenty-one.     See  Constellation. 

Lyr.a,  Nicholas  de,  in  Biography,  a  learned  French 
monk  and  commentator  on  the  fcriptures  in  the  thirteenth 
and  fourteenth  centuries,  was  born  in  a  fmall  town  in  the 
diocefe  of  Evreux,  in  Normandy.  He  was  defcended  from 
Jewifh  parents,  but  becoming  a  Chriilian,  he  embraced  a 
religious  life  in  a  monaftery  at  Verneuil,  in  1291.  Having 
remained  there  forae  time,  he  was  fent  to  Paris,  where  he 
applied  with  the  greateft  diligence  to  his  ftudies,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  degree  of  doftor.  He  died  in  this  city  in 
the  year  1340.  He  was  author  of  "  Poftills,"  or  a  com- 
pendium of  the  whole  bible,  which  he  began  in  1293,  and 
iinilhed  in  the  year  J330.  The  firft  edition  of  this  work 
was  publifhed  at  Rome  in  1472,  in  feven  volumes  folio,  and 
is  now  become  rare  ;  but  it  has  fince  undergone  various  im- 
preflions  at  Bafil,  Lyons,  Doway,  Antwerp,  &c.  of  which 
the  bed  is  faid  to  be  that  of  Antwerp  in  1634,  in  fix  vo- 
lumes folio.  De  Lyra  was  alfo  the  author  of  "  Moral 
Commentaries  upon  the  Scriptures  ;"  "  A  Difputation 
againft  the  Jews  ;"  and  other  pieces.     Moreri. 

Lyk.\,  in  Ichthyology,  the  name  of  a  fifh  of  the  trigla 
kind,  of  which  there  are  two  varieties,  reckoned  by  Artedi 
and  Linnaeus  two  different  fpecies.  The  one  is  the  plpir 
(fee  Trigl.a  Lyra),  the  other,  the  lyra  ccrnuta,  or  horned 
Iiarp-fifh.     This  lail  is  a  filh  of  an  octangular  form,  covered 

Vol.  XXL 


all  over  with  bony  fcales ;  thefe  are  of  a  rhomboidal  figure , 
and  each  has  in  its  middle  a  rtiarp  and  ftrong  prickle  bending 
backwards  :  it  is  of  a  red  colour,  and  its  head  is  very  large  ; 
its  fnout  divides  towards  the  extremity  into  two  long  horns, 
on  which  are  placed  two  perpendicular  fpines,  and  a  third 
above  makes  an  acute  angle  with  thefe  ;  it  has  one  very  long 
fin  on  the  back,  and  another  anfwering  to  it  behind  the  anus  : 
alfo  two  large  ones  at  the  gills,  and  two  fmaller  on  the  belly  5 
it  has  only  two  filaments,  called  fingers,  behind  its  gill-fins  ; 
its  mouth  is  large,  but  has  no  teeth,  and  there  are  feveral 
beards  on  its  under  jaw  ;  two  of  which  are  longer  than  the 
reft,  and  are  branched  :  it  is  caught  in  the  Mediterranean, 
and  brought  to  market  at  Rome  ;  it  is  a  fcarce  fifti  in  other 
places,  and  at  Montpellier  was  once  (hewn  to  Mr.  Ray  for 
the  remora.      See  Triola  Catapbrada. 

Lyra  is  alfo  a  fpecies  of  CalUonymus  ;  which  fee.  See 
Dragonet,  under  which  article  the  other  fpecies  of  the 
callionymus  are  defcribed. 

Lyra  is  alfo  the  name  of  a  beautiful  fea-fliell  of  the 
genus  of  the  concha  globofa,  or  dohum.  There  are  three 
fpecies  of  the  lyra,  or  harp-fliell.  i.  The  common  lyra, 
which  has  thirteen  rofe-coloured  ribs  running  along  its  body. 
2.  The  eleven-ribbed  lyra  ;  and  3.  The  noble  harp,  or /jra 
noiilis.  This  is  a  moil  elegantly  variegated  {hell  ;  its  ground 
colour  is  a  deep  brown,  and  its  variegations  very  elegant  and 
black.     See  Coxchology'. 

Lytije  Lucida.     See  Lucida. 

LYRATUM  Folium,  in  Botany.     See  Leaf. 

LYRE,  Avp,  Lyra,  in  the  Ancient  Mujic,  a  mufical  in- 
ftrument  of  the  ftring  kind,  fo  dear  to  the  Greek-,  that  they 
have  by  turns  attributed  it«  invention  to  Mercury,  Apollo, 
Linus,  Orpheus,  and  Amphion  ;  making  it  the  fymbol  of 
all  excellence  in  poetry  and  mufic.  The  poets  and  hifto- 
rians  of  fabulous  times,  however,  feem  moft  to  agree  in 
afcribing  the  invention  to  Mercury.  And  among  the  ac- 
counts of  the  feveral  writers  of  antiquity  v.  ho  have  men- 
tioned this  circumftance,  and  confiised  the  inventio.T  to  the 
Egyptian  Mercury,  that  of  Apollodorus  (Bibliotheca,  hb.ii.) 
feems  the  moft  intelligible  and  probable.  "  The  Nile," 
fays  this  writer,  "  after  having  overflowed  the  whole  coun- 
try of  Eg^-pt,  when  it  returned  within  its  natural  bounds, 
left  on  the  (hore  a  great  number  of  dead  animals  of  various 
kinds,  and,  among  the  reft,  a  tortoife,  the  flelh  of  which 
being  dried  and  wafted  by  the  fun,  nothing  was  left  within 
the  (hell  but  nerves  and  cartilages,  and  thefe  being  braced 
and  contradled  by  deficc^tion,  were  rendered  fonorous  ;  Mer- 
cury, in  walking  along  the  barks  of  the  Nile,  happening  to 
ftrike  his  fqct  againft  the  (hell  of  this  tortoife,  was  fo 
pleafed  with  the  found  it  produced,  that  it  fuggefted  to  him 
the  firft  idea  of  a  lyre,  which  he  afterwards  conftrudled  in  . 
the  form  of  a  tortoife,  and  llrung  it  with  the  dried  finews  of 
dead  animals." 

Cenforinus,  however  (De  Die  Nat.  cap.  22.),  attributes  to 
Apollo  the  firft  idea  of  producing  i'ound  from  a  ftring,  which 
was  fuggefted  to  him  by  the  twang  of  his  fifler  Diana's 
bow.  faXXsiv  is  ftriclly  K.A  twang  a  Itring,  and  'ixX^c;  the 
found  which  the  bow-ftring  produces  at  the  cmiflion  of  the 
arrow.     Euripides  in  Bacch.  v.  782.  ufes  it  in  that  fenfe. 


i'aAAasu  vEi/ja-r." 


"  Who  twang  the  nerve  of  each  elaftic  bow." 

Father  Montfaucon  fays  it   is  very  difficult  to  dctermin? 

in  what  the  lyre,  cithara,  chelys,  plaltery,  and  harp  differed 

from  each  other  ;  as  he  had  examined  the  reprefentations  of 

fix  hundred  lyres  and  citharas  in  ancient  fculpture,  all  which 

4  X  h- 


LYRE. 


lie  found  without  a  neck,  and  the  ftiiiigr,  open  as  in  the 
modern  h.irj),  played  hy  the  fingers.  ( Amiq.  Expl.  torn.  iii. 
lib.  5.  cap.  3.)  But  though  ancient  and  modern  authors 
uluailv  contound  thcfe  inftrunnents,  yet  a  maniRft  diftinflion 
is  made  by  Arift.  Ouintil.  in  the  following  pafTagc,  p.  lot. 
After  difcuffing^  the  characters  of  wind-ii  ftruments,  he  fays, 
"  Among  the  ilringed  inftruinruts,  you  will  find  the  lyre  of 
a  charaAer  analogous  to  mafculiue,  from  the  great  depth  or 
gravity,  and  roughuefs  of  its  tones  ;  the  fanibuca  of  a  fe- 
minine charafler,  iveak  and  delicate,  and  from  its  great  acute- 
nefs,  and  the  fmallrefs  of  its  firings,  tending  to  diffblve  and 
enervate.  Of  the  intermediate  inftrumcnts,  the  polypthon- 
^\\m  parishes  moft  of  \he  feminine ;  but  the  cithara  differs 
not  much  from  the  mnfctiline  charaR:r  of  the  lyre."  Here  is 
a  fcale  of  (Iringed  inllruments  ;  the  lyre  and  fanibuca  at  the 
extrtmcs  ;  the  polyptliongum  and  cithara  between  ;  the  one 
next  to  the  fambuca,  the  other  next  to  the  lyre.  He  after- 
wards jult  mentions  that  there  were  others  between  thefe. 
Now  it  is  natural  to  infer,  that  as  he  conllantly  attributes 
the  manly  charadcrto  gravity  of  tone,  tlie  cithara  was  pro- 
bably the  more  acute  inftrument  of  the  two  ;  lefs  loud  and 
rough,  and  ftrung  with  fmaller  firings.  Concerning  what 
difference  there  might  be  in  the  form  and  itrufture  of  the 
inftruments,  he  is  wholly  filent.  The  paffage,  however,  is 
curious  as  far  as  it  goes,  and  decifive.  The  cithara  may, 
perhaps,  have  been  as  different  from  the  lyre,  as  a  fingle 
harp  from  one  that  is  double  ;  and  it  feems  to  be  clearly 
pointed  out  by  this  multiplicity  of  names  that  the  Greeks 
had  two  principal  fpecies  of  flringed  inftruments  ;  one,  like 
our  harp,  of  hill  compafs,  that  relied  on  its  bafe  ;  the  other 
more  portable,  and  flung  over  the  fhoulder,  like  our  fmaller 
harp  or  guitar,  or  like  the  ancfent  lyres  reprefented  in  fculp- 
ture. 

Tacitus,  Annal.  xvi.  4.  among  the  rules  of  decorum  ob- 
ferved  by  public  performers,  to  which  Nero,  he  fays,  ttridlly 
fubmitted,  mi^ntions,  "  That  he  was  not  to  fit  down  when 
tired."  Ne  feffus  refideret.  It  is  remarkable  that  he  calls 
thefe  rules,  Cithane  Leges,  «  The  Laws  of  the  Cithar.i ;" 
which  feems  to  afford  a  pretty  fair  proof  of  its  being  of 
fuch  a  fize  and  form  as  to  admit  of  being  played  on  Jlnnd- 
ing. 

The  ufe  of  the  phorminx  in  Homer,  leads  rather  to  the 
rough,  manly,  harp-like  character.  But  a  paffage  in  Or- 
pheus, Argon.  380,  feems  to  make  phorminx.  the  fame  as 
clielys,  the  lutiform  inftrument  of  Mercury.  It  is  there 
faid  of  Chiron,  that  he  "  fometimes  llrikes  the  cithara  of 
Apollo  ;  fometimes  the  fhell-refounding  phorminx  of  Mer- 
c«i-y, 

HXr/Ufnz  ^c^jjLf/ya  ^i^vKKotaf  Efpaiivo;. " 

This  paffage  is  curiotis  ;  for  though  the  Argonautics  were 
not  written  by  Orpheus  himfelf,  they  have  all  the  appear- 
ance of  great  antiquity.  * 

The  belly  of  a  theorbo,  or  arch-lute,  is  nfually  made  in 
the  (hell-form,  as  if  the  idea  of  its  origin  had  never  been 
loft  ;  and  the  etymology  of  the  word  guitar  feems  naturally 
dcducible  from  cithara  ;  it  is  fuppofcd  that  the  Roman  C 
was  hard,  hke  the  modern  K,  and  the  Italian  word  chilarra 
is  manifeftly  derived  from  KiGaoa,  cithara. 

In  the  hymn  to  Mercury,  aforibed  to  Homer,  Mercury 
and  Apollo  are  faid  to  play  with  the  ckhd.ri  under  tk-ir 
arms,  ver.  507.  0  I'  tr.-A'viov  Ki,-M;i^i:,ful>  uhiacitharA-ludebat, 
"  played  with  the  cithara  under  his  arm."  So  in  ver.  4^,2. 
;ir«X:»i«,  at  his  arm,  fiiould,  according  to  the  critics,  be 
in-aXr.iov,  as  it  is  afterwards.  This  feems  to  point  out  a 
guitar  more  than  a  harp  ;  but  the  ancients  liad  lyres,  citharae, 


and  teftudos  of  as  different  fliapcs  from  each  other,  as  oilr 
harp,  fpinnet,  virginal,  and  pianoforte. 

Thcfe  paffages  in  old  authors  are  a  kind  of  antique  draw, 
ings,  far  more  fatisfaftory  than  thofe  of  ancient  feulpturc  ; 
for  we  have  fcen  the  fyrinx,  which  had  a  regular  ferics  of 
notes  afccnding  or  dcfccnduig,  reprefented  with  feven  pipes, 
four  of  one  le!:g;h,  and  three  of  another,  which  of  courfe 
would  furnifh  no  more  tiian  two  different  founds.  The 
cymbals  too,  which  were  to  be  ftrnck  againil  each  other, 
arc  placed  in  the  hands  of  fome  antique  figures  in  fuch  a 
manner,  that  it  is  impofTible  to  bring  them  in  coutaft  with 
the  neceffary  degree  of  force,  without  amputating,  or  at 
leaft  violently  briiifing  the  thumbs  of  the  pcrform.er.  And  it  is 
certain  that  artifts  continued  to  figure  inllruments  in  the  moft 
fimple  and  convenient  forni  for  their  defigns,  long  after  they 
had  been  enl.irged,  improved,  and  rendered  more  compli- 
cated. An  inllance  of  this  in  our  OA'n  country  will  confirm 
the  aflertion.  In  the  reign  of  George  II.  a  marble  flatue 
was  erefted  to  Handel,  in  Vauxhall  gardens.  The  muli- 
cian  is  reprefented  playing  upon  a  lyre.  Now  if  this  ftatuc 
(hould  be  preferred  from  the  ravages  of  time  and  accident 
12  or  1400  years,  the  antiquaries  will  naturally  c^include 
that  the  inllrument  upon  which  Handel  acquired  his  repu- 
tation was  the  lyre  ;  though  we  are  at  prolent  certain  that 
he  never  played  on,  or  even  faw  a  lyre,  except  in  wood  or 
Hone. 

In  one  of  the  ancient  paintings  at  Portici,  we  faw  a  lyre 
with  a  pipe  or  flute  for  the  crofs  bar,  or  bridge  at  the  top. 
Whether  this  tube  was  ufed  as  a  flute  to  accompany  the  lyre, 
or  only  a  pitch-pipe,  we  know  not ;  nor  in  the  courfe  of  our 
enquiries  has  any  fimilar  example  of  fuch  a  junftion  occurred 
ellewhere. 

Broffard  feems  to  have  abridged  the  hiftory  and  progrefs 
of  the  lyre  chronologically  in  the  moil  fhort  and  clear  m.an- 
ner,  which  Graffineau  has  fpun  out  to  great  length  by  jump- 
ing from  one  century  to  another,  and  crowding  together-all 
the  wild  and  incoherent  ftories  relative  to  the  lyre,  its  in- 
ventors and  performers,  that  he  cpuld  find.  All  that  the 
diligent  and  generally  accurate  Broffard  fays  on  the  fubjcdl 
is,  that  the  lyre  was  a  ilringed  inftrument,  upon  which  the 
whole  mufical  fyftem  of  the  ancients  has  been  built.  It  is 
pretended  that  Mercury  firit  invented  it  by  chance,  and  that 
it  had  only  then  three  ftrings,  wliich  couiifted  of  B  C  D  ; 
that  Apoho  added  a  fourtii,  Curcbus,  a  fifth,  Hyagnis,  a 
fixth,  and  Terpander,  a  feventh.  It  remjined  in  this  ftate 
till  the  time  of  Pythagoras,  or,  according  to  others,  Lycaon 
added  to  it  an  eighth  firing,  to  render  the  extremities  con- 
fonant.  Timotheus  afterwards  added  a  ninth,  tenth,  and 
eleventh  ftring.  Others  after  him  increafed  the  number  to 
fixteen,  that  is,  fifteen  principals,  and  one  added^  which  will 
be  explained  in  the  articles  Proslambanomincs  and  Sys- 
tem ;    which  fee. 

Ml".  Barnes,  in  the  prolegomena  to  his  edition  of  Ana- 
creon,  has  an  inquirv  into  the  antiquity  and  ftruiture  of  the 
lyre ;  of  which  he  makes  Jubal  the  firft  inventor.  For  the 
feveral  changes  this  inllrument  underwent,  by  the  addiyon 
of  new  ftrings,  he  obferves,  that,  according  to  Diodorus,  it 
had  originally  only  three,  referring  to  the  three  feafons  of  the 
year,  as  the  Greeks  counted  tliem,  ii/z.  fpring,  fummer,  and 
autumn  ;  whence  it  was  called  T^i;^;pJof.  Afterwards  it  had 
feven  firings ;  as  appears  from  Homer,  Pindar,  Horace, 
Virgil,  SiC.  Feftus  Avienus  gives  the  lyre  of  Orpheus 
nine  ftrings.  David  mentions  an  inftrument  of  that  fort 
ftrung  with  ten,  in  pfilterio  decachoido.  Timotheus  of  Mi- 
letus added  four  to  the  old  feven,  which  made  eleven.  Jo- 
fephus,  in  his  Jewifh  Antiquities,  makes  mention  of  one  with 
twelve  ftrings  ;  to  which  were  afterwards  added  fix  others, 
6  which 


L  y  R 


L  T  S 


which  made  eighteen  in  all.  Anacreon  himfclf  faj-s,  p.  2J3, 
of  Mr.  Barnes's  edition,  canto  vigmti  totis  chorcl'u.  As  for 
the  modern  lyre,  or  Wel(h  harp,  it  is  fufficiently  known. 
(See  Harp.)  From  the  lyre,  wliich  all  agree  to  be  the 
firft  inllnmient  of  the  IWinged  kind  in  Greece,  there  arofe 
an  infinite  number  of  others,  different  in  (hape  and  number 
of  firings  ;  as  the  pfalteriuni,  trigon,  fambucus,  peflis,  ma- 
gadis,  barbiton,  teihido  (the  two  kit  ufed  promifcuouily, 
by  Horace,  with  the  lyre  and  cithara),  epigonium,  (immi- 
cium,  and  pandura  ;  which  were  all  llruck  with  the  hand, 
or  a  pleftrum.  See  Psalteky,  Sambuca,  Mag.vdis, 
Baubiton",  and  Cithara. 

Lyue,  Lydian       See  Lydian  Lyre. 

Lyre  of  the  Mufco'uUes.  This  is  a  rude  and  coarfc  in- 
ftrument,  in  the  form  of  the  ancient  lyre  of  fix  ihings,  as 
thick  as  packthread,  which  are  thrummed  with  the  naked 
fingers  after  the  manner  of  the  lute. 

Lyee,  among  painters,  ftatuaries,  &c.  is  an  attribute  of 
Apollo  and  the  Mufcs. 

IvYRIC,  fomething  fung  or  played  on  the  lyre  or  harp. 

L\RIC  is  more  particularly  applied  to  the  ancient  odes 
and  ftanzas ;  which  anfwer  to  our  airs  or  fongs,  and  may  be 
played  on  inftruments.     See  the  next  article. 

Lyric  Poetry,  verfes  written  for  mufic  ;  which,  with 
the  ancients,  implied  verfes  to  be  fung  to  the  accompani- 
inent  of  the  lyre.  In  the  fupplcment  to  the  firft  edition  of 
the  folio  Encyelopedie,  there  is  a  very  long  article  on  the 
fubjeft.  We  have  often  admired  the  ingenuity,  refinement, 
and  apparent  feeUng,  with  which  the  French  treat  the  fub- 
jeft of  dramatic  mufic.  Even  in  the  feuds  and  difcuf- 
fions  of  the  Gluckifts  and  Piccinifts,  many  of  the  trafts  and 
pamphlets  feem  to  breathe  the  pureft  t.'.fte  and  moft  pro- 
found reafoning  of  which  the  theme  is  capable.  The  Ita- 
lians, who  have  fo  long  furniflied  models  of  perfeftion  to  the 
reft  of  Europe  in  compofition  and  performance,  have  not 
half  fo  much  to  fay  in  defence  of  their  talents  as  the  French 
in  attacking  them. 

The  article  Lyric  Poetry  in  the  fupplement  to  the  firft 
edition  of  the  Encyclopedic,  written  long  before  the  firm 
adherents  to  Lulli  and  Rameau  were  extinft,  is  of  great 
length,  and  fecms  to  flow  from  a  writer  who  had  read, 
meditated,  and  felt,  with  enthufiafm,  all  the  infpirations 
of  the  lyric  bards  of  Greece.  He  has  taken  a  wide  range 
in  treating  the  fubjeft,  and  confidered  the  union  of  poetry 
and  mufic,  not  only  with  more  eidarged  views  than  any 
other  modern,  but  perhaps  than  the  ancients  themielves. 
He  begins  in  the  following  manner :  "  The  lyric  poetry  of 
the  Grecians  was  not  only  lung,  but  compofed  to  tiie  churds 
of  the  lyre.  This  was  at  firit  the  charafteriftic  dillinc\ion 
of  all  that  was  called  lyric  poetry  by  the  Romans,  and  ' 
their  defcendants  and  imitators  in  later  times.  The  poet 
was  a  mufician,  he  called  upon  the  god  of  verfe,  and  ani- 
mated himfelf  with  a  prelude.  He  fixed  upon  the  time,  the 
movement,  and  the  n.ufical  period  ;  the  melody  gave  birth 
to  the  verfe  ;  and  thence  was  derived  the  unity  of  rhythm, 
charafter,  and  expTeffion,  between  the  mufic  and  the  poem 
that  was  fung.  Thus  the  poetry  became  naturally  fubier- 
vient  to  number  and  cadence,  and  thus  each  lyric  poet  in- 
vented not  oidy  the  proper  kind  of  verfe,  but  alfo  the  ftrophe 
analogous  to  tlie  melody  which  he  himfelf  had  created,  and 
to  which  he  compofed  it. 

"  In  this  rcfpeft,  the  lyric  poem  or  ode  with  the  Latins 
and  with  modern  nations,  has  been  nothing  more  than  a 
frivolous  imitation  of  the  lyric  poem  of  the  Greeks  :  they 
fay,  I  fing,  but  never  do  fing;  they  fpeak  of  the  chords  of 
the  lyre,  but  have  never  leen  a  lyre.  No  poet,  fincc 
Horace  inclufively,  appears  to  have  modelled  his  odes  upon 


a  melody.  Ht^race  adopting,  by  turns,  the  different  for- 
mnlae  of  the  Greek  poets,  feems  fo  much  to  have  forgotten 
that  an  ode  ought  to  be  fung,  that  he  has  often  fufpended 
the  fenfe  at  the  end  of  the  ftrophe,  where  the  air  ou  'ht 
to  repofe,  to  the  beginning  of  the  next  ftanxa.'' 

This  fptcies  of  poetry  was  originally  employed  in  cele- 
brating the  praifes  of  gods  and  heroes  ;  though  it  was  af- 
terwards introduced  into  feails  and  public  diverfions  :  it  is 
a  miftake  to  imagine  Anacreon,  as  the  Greeks  do,  the  au- 
thor of  it  ;  fincc  it  appears  from  fcripture  to  have  been 
in  life  above  a  thoufand  years  before  that  poet.  Mr. 
Barnes  (hews  how  unjuft  it  is  to  exclude  heroic  fubjeftj 
and  aftions  from  this  fort  of  verfe,  lyric  poetry  beir^g  ca- 
pable of  all  the  elevation  and  fublimity  fuch  fubjecls  re- 
quire ;  which  he  confirms  by  the  examples  of  Alcaeuj, 
Stefichorus.  Anacreon,  and  Horace,  and  by  his  own  elTuv, 
a  triumphal  cde  infcribed  to  the  duke  of  Marlborough, 
at  the  head  of  this  edition  ;  he  coiicludes  with  the  hiftory  of 
lyric  poetry,  and  of  thofe  ancients  v.'ho  excelled  in  it. 

The  charafteriftic  of  lyric  poetry,  which  diftinguifties  it 
from  all  others,  is  di'^nity  and  f-weetnefs.  As  gravity  rules 
in  heroic  verle  ;  Jimpficlty,  in  paltoral ;  tendcrnejs  and  foftnefs, 
in  elegy  ;  Jharpnefs  and  poignancy,  in  fatire  ;  mirth,  in  co- 
medy ;  the  pathetic,  in  tragedy  ;  and  the  point,  in  epigram  ; 
fo  in  the  lyric,  the  poet  applies  himfelf  wholly  to  foothe  the 
minds  of  men,  by  the  fweetnefs  and  variety  of  the  verfe,  and 
the  delicacy  and  elevation  of  the  svords  and  thoughts  ;  the 
agreeablenefs  of  the  numbers,  and  the  defcription  of  things 
moft  pleafing  in  their  own  nature.    See  Ode  and  Poetky. 

LYRODI,  among  the  Ancients,  a  kind  of  muficians  who 
played  on  the  lyre,  and  fung  at  the  fame  time. 

Lyrodi  was  alfo  an  appellation  given  to  fuch  as  made  it 
their  employment  to  fing  lyric  poems,  compofed  by  others. 

LYS,  in  Geography,  oneof  the  13  departments  of  tlie region 
of  France,  called  the  Reunited  Country,  formed  of  a  part  of 
Auftrian  Flanders  ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  fea,  and  on 
the  E.  by  the  department  of  the  Efcaut,  in  N.  lat.  51-. 
It  contains  36625  kiliometres,  or  159  fquare  leagues,  and 
470,707  inhabitants.  It  is  divided  into  four  circles  or  dif- 
trifts,  36  cantons,  and  250  communes.  Its  circles  are 
Bruges,  containing  149,421  inhabitants,  Furnes,  49,808, 
Ypres,  107,103,  and  Courtray,  164,375.  The  annual 
contributions  amount  to  4,915,251  tr.  and  the  annual  ex- 
pences  for  government,  the  adminiftration  of  juftice,  and 
public  inftruftion,  amount  annually  to  358,916  fr.  66  cents. 
The  capital  of  this  department  is  Bruges.  I'he  foil,  in 
general,  is  fertile,  and  produces  all  forts  of  grain,  flax,  to- 
bacco, and  excellent  paftures. 

Lys,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
Upper  Garonne,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  diftrift 
of  Muret  ;  7  miles  Vv  .  of  Muret.  The  place  contains 
1 140,  and  the  canton  5249  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of 
190  kiliometres,  in  1 1  communes. 

LYSANDER,  a  townllnp  of  America,  in  Onondago 
county.  New  York,  incorporated  in  1794,  and  compre- 
hendjng  the  mihtary  towns  of  Hannibal  and  Cicero.  The 
number  of  inhabitants  is  121.  It  is  dillant  i6  miles  S.E. 
of  lake  Ontario. 

Lys.vnder,  in  Biography,  an  eminent  Spartan  com- 
mander in  the  laft  years  of  the  Peloponnefian  war,  was 
the  fon  of  Arilloclitus,  a  defcendant  af  the  Herachds,  but 
not  of  the  royal  line.  About  the  year  406  B.C.  Ly lander 
was  made  the  naval  commander  of  the  Laceda;monian?. 
His  firft  mealure  was  to  draw  off  Ephefus  from  the  interell 
of  Athens,  which  he  accomplifhed,  and  at  the  fame  time 
gained  the  friendfhip  of  Cyrus  the  younger.  He  gave^ 
battle  to  the  Athenian  fleet,  conQfting  of  120  fhips,  at 
4X2  ^Igos- 


L  Y  S 


L  Y  S 


JEgos-Potamos,  in  the  Thracian  Chcrfonefus,  and  wholly  de- 
ftroyed  it  except  three  fhips,  with  which  the  enemy's  general 
fled  to  Evagoras,  king  of  Cyprus.  In  this  celebrated 
battle,  which  happened  405  years  before  the  Chriltian  era, 
the  Athenians  loll  3000  men,  and  with  them  their  empire 
and  influence  among  the  neighbouring  ftates.  Lyfander 
knew  how  to  take  advantage  of  this  viftory,  and  in  the 
following  year  Athens,  worn  out  by  a  long  war  of  27 
years,  gave  itfelf  up  to  the  power  of  the  enemy,  and  fub- 
mitted,  in  every  rcfpcft,  to  the  power  of  Lacedrnmon.  The 
government  of  Athens  was  totally  changed,  and  30  tyrants 
were  fet  over  it  by  Lyfander.  This  fuccefs,  and  the  ho- 
nour  of  ha\'ing  put  an  end  to  the  Peloponnefian  war,  ren- 
dered the  conqueror  extremely  proud,  and  ambitious  of 
higher  diftinftions  than  the  conftitutionof  his  country  would 
allow.  He  aimed  at  univerfal  power,  by  eflablifhing  arif- 
tocracy  in  the  Grecian  cities  of  Aiia,  and  he  attempted  to 
make  the  crown  of  Sparta  eleftive,  in  order  that  he  might 
feize  it  for  himfelf,  but  was,  in  this  refpeft,  unfuccefsful, 
and  he  was  accufcd  of  grofs  corruption  in  endeavouring  to 
accomplifli  his  purpofes.  The  fudden  declaration  of  war 
againft  the  Thebans  faved  him  from  the  accufations  of  his 
adverfaries,  and  he  was  fcnt  with  Paufanias  againft  the 
enemy.  The  Spartan  troops  were  defeated,  and  their  ge- 
neral Lyfander  killed  in  the  year  B.C.  394.  His  body  was 
recovered  by  his  colleague  Paufanias,  and  honoured  with  a 
magnificent  funeral.  Lyfander  was  a  brave  man,  but  his 
ambition  merited  the  fevereft  cenfure  He  was  arrogant 
and  vain  in  his  public,  as  well  as  in  his  private  conduft, 
and  he  received  and  heard  with  the  greateft  avidity  the 
hymns  which  his  coiTrtiers  and  flatterers  fung  to  his  ho- 
nour. But  in  the  midil  of  all  his  pomp,  his  ambition,  and 
his  intrigues,  he  died  extremely  poor,  and  on  account  of  his 
poverty  his  daughters  were  rejedled  by  two  opulent  citizens 
of  Sparta,  to  whom  they  had  been  betrothed  during  the 
hfe  of  their  father.  Plutarch.  Cornelius  Nepos.  Anc. 
Univer.  Hift. 

LYSANDRIA,  Avs-m^^ix,  in  Jntiquhy,  a  Samian  fefti- 
val,  celebrated  with  facrifices  and  games  in  honour  of 
Lyfander,  the  Lacedamonian  admiral.  It  was  anciently 
called  herea,  which  name  was  aboliftied  by  a  decree  of  the 
Saniians. 

LYSANO,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Pruffia,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  Culm  ;    I ';  miles  S.  of  Culm. 

LYSE,  a  town  of  Norway  ;  8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Berg-en. 
LYSEKIL,  a  fea-port  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province 
of  Weft  Gothland  ;    16  miles  W.  of  Uddevalla. 

LYSERUSj  PoLYCARP,  in  Biography,  a  learned  Lu- 
theran divine,  was  born  at  Winendeen,  in  Germany,  in 
1552.  He  was  educated  at  the  expence  of  the  prince  of 
Wittemburg,  and  was  diftinguifhed  as  •^'ell  for  great  in- 
duftry  as  confiderable  talents.  He  became  diftinguiflied 
as  a  preacher,  and  received  frequent  applications  to  preach, 
on  particular  occafions,  at  Vienna,  and  in  other  parts  of 
Auftria.  In  1576  he  took  his  degree  of  doftor  of  di- 
vinity, and  in  the  following  year,  Auguftus,  eleftor  of 
Saxony,  was  induced,  by  the  fa-ne  of  his  pulpit  talents, 
to  appoint  hiai  a  minifter  of  the  church  of  Wittemburg. 
He  was  foon  raifed  to  the  profeiTorfhip  of  divinity  in  the 
univerfity,  pnd  attained  to  other  high  honours.  In  the  year 
1594,  he  was  appointed  minifter  of  the  court  of  Drefden, 
■where  he  fpent  the  remainder  of  his  life,  occupied  r.ot  only 
in  literary  labours,  and  in  minifterial  duties,  but  in  the  edu- 
cation of  young  princes.  He  died  in  1601,  in  the  forty- 
ninth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  a  very  voluminous  writer, 
particularly  as  i  commentator  on  the  fcriptureS.  He  wrote 
ikewife  feveral  coutroverfial  treatifes. 


LvsEnu.s,  JoHK,  a  Lutheran  divine  of  the  fame  family, 
diftinguidied  for  his  vaft  zeal  as  a  writer  in  defence  of  po* 
lygamy.  The  moft  confiderable  of  his  publications  is  en- 
titled "  Polygamia  Triumphatrix,"  &c.  He  fpent  his  fortu  ic 
and  his  life  in  endeavours  to  maintain  and  propagate  his 
favourite  doftrine,  and  with  incredible  pains  travelled  t  hrough 
almoft  every  country  on  the  European  continent,  exami'  i.ig 
libraries  for  materials  to  confirm  his  fyftem.  At  length, 
having  fpent  all  his  property,  and  being  reduced  to  great 
diftrefs,  he  died  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Paris  in  1684., 
Moreri. 

LYSIANTHUS,  in  Botany.  (See  Li.si.vnthus.)  The 
latter  is,  no  doubt,  the  original  reading  in  Browne's  Ja- 
maica. Lamarck  adopts  the  former,  apparently  from  At/:i;, 
a  diffolvcr,  alluding  to  the  deobftruent  or  purgative  qualities 
of  fome  of  the  fpecies  dcfcribed  by  Aublet. 

LYSIARCHA,  an  ancient  kind  of  magillrate,  being 
the  pontiff"  of  Lycia,  or  fuperintendant  of  the  facred  games 
of  that  province. 

Strabo  obferves,  that  the  lyfiarcha  was  created  in  a  fcwn- 
cil  confifting  of  the  deputies  of  twenty-three  cities  ;  that  is, 
of  all  the  cities  in  the  province  ;  fome  of  which  cities  had 
three  voices,  others  two,  and  others  but  one. 

Cardinal  Norris  fays,  that  the  lyfiarcha  prefided  in  matters 
of  religion  ;  in  effefl,  the  lyfiarcha  was  nearly  the  fame 
with  the  ajiarcha,  and  fyriarcha  ;  who,  though  they  were 
all  the  heads  of  the  councils,  or  ftates  of  thofe  provinces, 
yet  were  they  eftabliftied  principally  to  take  care  of  the 
games  and  feafts  celebrated  in  honour  of  the  gods,  whofe 
priefts  they  were  inaugurated,  at  the  fame  time  that  they 
were  created  lyfiarcha,  fyriarcha,  or  tfiarcha. 

LYSIAS,  in  Biography,  an  eminent  Greek  orator,  born 
at  Svracufe  about  the  year  459-  B.C.  He  accompanied 
his  father  to  Athens  while  he  was  very  young,  and  was  edu- 
cated with  great  care  in  that  city.  In  procefs  of  time  he 
became  himfelf  a  teacher  of  rhetoric,  and  compofcd  orations 
for  others,  but  does  not  appear  to  have  been  a  pleader.  He 
diftinguiftied  himfelf  by  the  eloquence  and  purity  of  his 
orations,  of  which  it  is  laid  by  Plutarch,  he  wrote  no  lefs 
than  425,  though  the  number  may  with  more  probability 
be  reduced  to  230  ;  and  of  thefe  only  34  remain,  which  are 
to  be  found  in  the  coUeftions  of  the  Greek  orators.  He 
died  in  the  81  ft  year  of  his  age,  and  in  the  378th  year  B.C. 
Lyfias  attained  great  reputation  in  his  time,  which  his 
works  afterwards  fupported,  and  he  is  mentioned  with  ap- 
plaufe  by  Cicero  and  Quintilian.  Lyfias  lived  at  a  fome- 
what  earlier  period  than  Ifocrates  ;  and  exhibits  a  model  of 
that  manner  which  the  ancients  call  the  "  tenuis  vel  fub- 
tiUs "  He  has  none  of  the  pomp  of  Ifocrates.  He  ia 
every  where  pure  and  attic  in  the  higheft  degree ;  fimple 
and  unaffefted ;  but  wants  force,  and  is  fometimcs  frigid  in 
his  compofitions.  In  the  judicious  compariion  which  Dio- 
nyfius  of  Halicarnaftus  makes  of  the  merits  of  Lyfias  and 
Ifocrates,  iie  afcribes  to  Lyfias,  as  the  diftinguiftiing  cha- 
ratter  of  his  manner,  a  certain  grace  or  elegance  arifing 
from  fimplicity  :  "  irs^'iKs  72^  -n  A-  iria  Xsjic  iyjti  to  x^-?'-"'  ''  ^' 
Is-oxjzld;-,  (3a\=TCii :  i.  e.  the  ityle  of  Lyfias  has  gracefulncfs 
for  its  nature  ;  that  of  Ifocrates  feems  to  have  it."  In  the 
art  of  narration,  as  diftinft,  probable,  and  perfuafive,  he 
holds  Lyfias  to  be  fuperior  to  all  orators  ;  at  the  fame  time 
he  admits,  that  his  compofition  is  more  adapted  to  private 
litigation  than  to  great  fubjetls.  He  convinces,  but  he 
does  not  elevate  nor  animate.  The  magnificence  and  fplen- 
dour  of  Ifocrates  are  more  fuited  to  great  occafions.  He  is 
more  agreeable  than  Lyiias  ;  and  in  dignity  of  fentiment, 
far  excds  him.     Blair's  Ledl.  vol.  ii.     The  beft  editions  of 

Lyfiaa's 


L  Y  S 

Lyfias's  orations  is  that  by  Taylor,  London,  in  1739,  and 
Cambridge  1 740. 

Lysia,  in  Ancient  Geography,  a  town  of  Afia,  in  Syria, 
feated  on  the  river  Marfyas,  W.  of  the  river  Orontes,  and 
N.W.  of  the  town  of  Apamea. — Alfo,  a  town  of  Afia 
Minor,  in  Caria,  placed  by  Ptolemy  in  Phrygia  Major.— 
Alfo,  a  tow-n  of  the  Peloponnefus,  in  Arcadia,  called  alfo 
Liiftas. 

LYSIMACHIA,  in  Botany,  a  very  ancient  generic 
name,  and  fo  called,  according  to  Pliny  and  Ambrofinus, 
from  Lyfimachus.  a  favourite  general  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  who  was  afterwards  king  of  Thrace.  The  Englidi 
name  of  this  plant,  Loofejlnfe,  is  evidently  taken  from  Xva,- 
^■j,yji,:,  a  dijfolui'ion  of  Jlrife^  or  a  peacemaler,  but  how  this 
title  could  apply  to  the  king  on  whom  it  was  bellowed, 
and  who  appears  to  have  beeu  of  a  cruel  and  ferocious  tem- 
per, we  are  at  a  lofs  to  imagine,  unlefs  it  were  like  the  ludi- 
crous derivation  of  Incus,  a  non  lucendo.  Linn,  Gen.  8:?. 
Schreb  109.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  V.  i.  816.  Mart.  Mill.  Didt. 
V.  3.  Sm.  Fl.  Brit.  227.  Ail.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  i.  314. 
Brown.  Prod.  Nov.  HoU.  v.  i.  428.  Tournef.  t.  59. 
Juff.  95.  Lamarck  lUuftr.  t.  loi.  Gaertn.  t.  jo. — Clafs 
and  order,  PentanJria  Monogynia.  Nat.  Ord.  Rotacee,  Linn. 
Lyfimach'ia:,  Jufl". 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal  Perianth  inferior,  five-cleft,  acute,  crcif)', 
permanent.  Cor.  of  one  petal,  wheel-fliaped  ;  tube  none  ; 
lin-.b  in  five,  ovate-oblong,  deeply  cloven  fegments.  Stam. 
'  Filaments  five,  awl-fhaped,  oppofite  ta  the  fegments  of  the 
corolla,  mollly  united  at  the  bafe ;  anthers  acuminated. 
P'ljl  Gt^rmen  fuperior,  rotmdilh  ;  ftyle  thread-diaped,  the 
length  of  the  ftameiis  ;  iHgma  obtufe.  Per'ic.  Capfule  glo- 
bofe,  mucronatcd,  of  one  cell  and  ten  valves.  ^Jfc;^  nume- 
rous, angular.     Recept.  globofe,  very  large,  dotted. 

E(r.  Ch  Coroila  wheel-fhaped.  Capfule  globofe,  pointed, 
with  ten  valves. 

Obf.  L.  Linum-JlAlatum  has  fruit  with  only  five  valves. 
Nearly  the  whole  of  this  genus  is  pretty  well  known  in 
our  gardens,  wliilll  fome  of  its  fpecies  are  found  to  grow 
fponta".ooufly  in  our  hedges  and  fields.  It  is  divided  into 
two  feftions,  the  Jirjl  of  thefe  having  many  fiower.s  on  a 
ftalk,  they?t-o/!(/compofed  of  fnch  as  are  fingle-flowcred. — 
Of  the  firit  feftion  are  the  following. 

L  'vulgaris-  Yellow  Loofeftrife.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  209. 
Engl.  Bot.  t.  761.  Curt.  Lond.  fafc.  5.  t.  19. — Panicled. 
Clutters  terminal.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute. — A  na- 
tive of  fhady,  watery  places  on  the  banks  of  rivers,  flower- 
ing in  July. — -Root  perennial,  creeping.  Stems  ereft,  three 
feet  high,  leafy,  many-flowered.  Leaves  oppofite,  often 
three  or  four  together,  fpreading,  veiny,  fmooth,  fometimes 
downy.  Clufters  ered,  each  partial  flower-ftalk  with  an 
awl-fliaped  braftea  at  its  bafe.  Flowers  yellow  and  hand- 
fome. 

L.  thfrfijlora.  Tufted  Loofeftrife.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  2og. 
Engl.  Bot.  t.  176.— Flowers  in  lateral,  pedunculated  -cluf- 
ters.—  This  extremely  rare  plant,  wlien  it  does  occur,  may 
be  found  in  damp,  watery  fituations,  in  particular  parts  of 
Yorkfliire  and  Scotland.  It  flowers  in  July.-  Root  p'eren- 
nial,  creeping,  i'/cmj  ereft,  a  foot  and  half  high,  perfeftly 
fimple,  round,  leafy,  fmooth,  now  and  then  woolly.  Leaves 
oppofite,  feffile,  acute,  entire,  fmooth.  Floivers  in  axil- 
lary, denfe  clufters,  fniall,  of  a  lefs  brilliant  colour  than  the 
laft.  Many  parts  of  the  herbage  and  inflorefcence  are  pret- 
tily fpotted  with  red. 

Of  the  remaining   fpecies  be'onging  to  this   feflion,  as 
-they  are  detailed  in  Willdenow,  none  are  natives  of  Britain. 
They  are  called  L.  decurrcns,  Ephemerum,  atropurpurea,  dubla, 
and  JlriQa. 


L  Y  g 

The  fecond  fe£lion  comprifes,  amongft  others,  the  fol- 
lowing : 

L.  nemorum.  Yellow  Pimpernel,  or  Wood  Loofe- 
ftrife. Ltnn.  Sp.  PI.  21 1.  Engl.  Bot.  t.  527.  Curt.  Lond. 
fafc.  5.  t.  18. — Leaves  ovate,  acute.  Flowers  folitary. 
Stem  procumbent.  Stamens  fmooth. — Found  not  unfre- 
quently  in  groves  and  moift  fhady  places,  flowering  from 
May  to  September. — Roots  perennial.  Stems  procumbent, 
creeping,  branched,  fquare,  reddifh,  fhining,  leafy.  Leaves 
oppofite,  on  footftalks,  ovate,  entire,  fmooth.  Stalks  axil- 
lary, folitary,  fingle-flowered,  flender.  Floivers  delicate, 
yellow.—  This  and  tiie  following  fpecies  may  be  regarded  as 
two  of  our  moft  ornamental  common  plants,  more  efpcciaUy 
as  their  myrtle-like  herbage,  when  intermixed  or  entangled 
with  ferns  or  mols,  gives  a  pleafing  variety  to  the  verdure 
of  rocks,  and  the  banks  of  rivulets,  or  fliady  ponds. 

L.  Nummularia.  Moneywort,  or  Herb  Twopence. 
Creeping  Loofeftrife.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  211.  Engl.  Bot. 
t.  528.  Curt.  Lond.  fafc.  3.  t.  14.— Leaves  fomewhat  heart- 
fliapcd.  Flowers  folitary.  Stem  creeping.  Stamens  glan- 
dular. -A  native  of  tiie  banks  of  ditches  and  very  moift 
meadows.  It  flowers  copioufly  during  the  fummer.  Root 
perennial.  Stems  proftrate,  fquare,  comprefled,  generally 
finiple.  Leaves  oppofite,  on  footftalks,  heart-fhapcd  or 
roundifli,  waved,  palilTi  green.  Corolla  pale  lemon-coloured, 
and,  when  magnified,  clothed  with  fmall  glands  ftanding  on 
footftalks,  as  are  alfo  the  ftamens. — The  qualities  both  of  this 
and  the  preceding  are  to  the  beft  of  our  knowledge  perfeftly 
unimportant  either  for  medicinal  or  agricultural  purpofes. 

The  remaining  fpecies  of  Lyfimachia  are  noiie  of  them 
natives.  We  therefore  feleft  two  or  three  of  the  more  in- 
terefting  exotic  ones. 

1...  punSata.  Four-leaved  Loofeftrife.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  210. 
Jacq.  Auftr.  t.  366. —  Leaves  generally  four  together,  al- 
nioft  feilile.  Stalks  verticiliate,  fingle-flowered.  — Found 
amongft  reeds  in  Holland,  Auftria,  and  other  parts  of 
Europe,  flowering  in  July  and  Auguft.  Root  perennial, 
fomewhat  creeping  and  fibrous.  Stems  two  or  three  feet 
high,  upright,  downy,  leafy,  generally  i:mplc.  Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  entire,  freqttently  fpotted  with  black  on 
the  lower  fide.  Flo-wcrs  rather  fmall,  yellow.  The  feg- 
ments of  the  corolla  pointed,  with  tawny  dots  at  their 
bafe. 

L.  quadriflora.  Four-flowered  Loofeftrife.  Ait.  Hort. 
Kew.  n.  7.  Sims  in  Curt.  Mag.  t.  660. — Leaves  oppofite, 
feflile,  linear,  very  long.  Stalks  four  together,  terminal, 
fingle-flowered — .Sent  from  North  America  to  Kew  gar- 
den by  Mr.  Francis  MafTon  in  1798.  It  flowers  like  the  laft 
in  July  and  Auguft. — Root  perennial.  Stems  quadrangular, 
much  branched.  "  Leaves  oppofite,  linear,  quite'  entire, 
fmooth,  feffile,  longer  than  the  branches.  Branches  axil- 
lary to  the  leaves,  fimilar,  terminated  with  four  leaves 
crofted,  ferving  the  office  of  brafteas ;  from  the  a.-iils  of 
each  of  thefe  there  rifes  a  flower-ftalk,  bearing  a  folitary 
flower,  nodding."  The  fegments  of  the  corolla  are  crenate 
and  very  ftiarply  pointed,  of  a  beautiful  bright  yellow 
colour ;  whilft  the  whole  herbage  is  of  a  dark,  blackifh- 
green.  It  is  a  hardy  perennial,  requiring  no  particular  treat- 
ment, even  bearing  the  fmoke  of  London  without  much 
injury. 

L.  ciViata.  Ciliated  or  Fringed  Loofeftrife.  Linn.  Sp. 
PI.  210.  (Lyfimachia  canadenfis  lutea,  folio  Jalapx;  Walth. 
Hort.  t.  12.) — Leaf-ftalks  fringed.  Flowers  drooping. — 
A  native  of  North  America,  whence  it  was  introduced  by 
Mr.  Philip  Miller  into  tins  country  in  1732.  It  flowers  in 
July  and  Auguft. —  i?o»/ p -rennial,  creeping.  Stems  about 
two  feet  high,  ereft.     Leaves  oblong,  fmooth,  acuminate, 

veined 


L  Y  S 


L  Y  S 


veined  underneath.  Flowers  axillary,  yellow,  each  on  a 
lonrr,  (lender,  naked  ilalk.  Linnaeus  in  his  Syjlema  Frgeta- 
bilium  reckons  L.  ciliata  as  a  variety  only  of  his  quadrifolia , 
and  in  this  he  is  followed  by  ^\'ilIdeno^v,  but  on  the  autho- 
rity of  the  Sptc'ics  Planlanim  and  Hortus  Kewenjh,  we  are 
inclined  to  conhder  them  a^;  dillinft. 

L.  Litittm-JIeil/i/iim.  Small  Loofefi rife.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  211. 
(Linum  minimum  ikllatum  ;  Magnol.  Bot.  Monfp.  t.  162.) 
— Calyx  longer  than  the  corolla.  Stem  ereft,  very  much 
branclied. — Not  uncommon  in  France  and  Italy,  where  it 
flowers  in  the  fpring.  Jieot  annual,  capillary,  whitilh.  Stem 
about  two  or  three  inches  high,  very  flender,  much  branched. 
Leahies  feffde  lanceolate,  pointed,  entire.  Floivers  fmall, 
of  a  pale  green  colour. 

Mr.  R.  Brown,  Prod.  Nov.  HoU.  v.  i.  428,  fuggcfts  that 
this  genus  ought  certainly  to  be  divided.  He  deicribes  one 
fpecies  as  found  near  Port  Jackfon,  !.■.  maculala,  downy, 
with  ovate  leaves,  and  axillary  flowers,  whofe  ftalks  are 
fliorter  than  the  fooiftalks.  There  is  no  abfolute  certainty 
of  this  being  diftinft  from  L.  japonica  of  Thunberg. 

Lysimachia,  in  GiirJen'mg,  comprehends  plants  of  the 
hardy,  herbaceous,  biennial,  and  perennial  forts,  of  which  the 
fpecies  molliv  cultivated  are,  the  willow-leaved  loofellrife 
(I.,,  ephemeram)  ;  the  purple  flowered  loofellrife  (L.  du- 
bia)  ;  and  the  upright  loofefl;rife   (L.  ilrifta. ) 

Method  of  Ciihuir. — All  thefe  plants  may  be  readily  in- 
creafed,  either  by  fowing  the  feeds  in  the  autumnal  feafon, 
as  fooji  as  they  become  fully  ripe,  on  a  moid  border  which 
has  an  caftern  afpett  ;  or  by  parting  the  roots,  and  planting 
them  out  at  the  fame  feafon  in  fimllar  fituations.  The  plants 
fhouid  afterwards  be  kept  perfettly  clean,  and  where  tlie 
firll  mode  is  ufed,  removed  into  the  places  where  they  are 
to  remain  during  the  autumn. 

But  in  the  fecond  kind  the  feeds  fliould  be  fown  upon  a 
hot-bed. 

The  third  fort  is  beft  increafed  by  planting  the  bulbs 
thrown  out  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

Each  of  thefe  different  plants  may  be  employed  by  way 
of  ornament  and  variety  in  the  clumps,  borders,  and  other 
parts  of  gardens  and  pleafure  grounds. 

Ly.simachia,  in  ylncient  Geography,  a  town  of  Thrace, 
called  in  the  time  of  Ptulemy  Xuwllium. 

Lysimachia  Worm,  in  NaUiral  HiJIory,  a  name  given  to 
an  infect  found  very  frequently  feeding  on  the  leaves  of  the 
/v/imac^/a,  or  willow-herb.  It  has  nlualiy  been  efteemed  a 
caterpillar,  but  is  properly  ene  of  the  fauffe  chenilles,  having 
a  rounded  head,  and  twenty-two  legs  ;  this  creatni-e  changes 
its  fl<in  feveral  times,  and  finally  changes  its  colour  with  it ; 
it  is  at  firil  of  a  bluelfn-grey,  but  on  its  laft  change  in  the 
worm-ftate  it  becomes  of  a  yellowifli-green  ;  when  it  has 
lived  a  week,  or  tiiercabout,  after  this  laft  change,  it  becomes 
a  chiyfalis,  from  wliich  there  afterwards  comes  out  a  four- 
winged  fly. 

LYSIMACHIiE,  in  Botany,  an  elegant  Natural  Order 
of  plants,  named  from  the  LvfimncJAa,  which  is  one  of 
them  ;  fee  that  article.  Tliis  order  is  the  firll  in  .lullieu's 
eighth  clafs.     See  LABr.\T;E  and  Gi;stian'a:. 

Tiie  Lyfitnachiiz  are  thus  defined. 

Calyx  divided.  Corolla  generally  regular,  its  limb  di- 
vided, moftly  into  five  lobes.  Stjmens  define,  mollly  five, 
rarely  either  more  or  fewer,  being  equal  in  number  to,  and 
placed  againft,  the  fegments  of  the  corolla.  Style  fohtary  ; 
llyle  fimple,  or  rarely  cloven.  Fruit  of  one  cell  with  many 
feeds,  often  capUilar,  the  receptacle  of  the  feeds  central, 
.tmconnefted  with  the  valves.  Stem  herbaceous.  Leaves 
either  oppofite  or  alternate. 

Seftion  i,  confillin^  of  plants  whofe  flowers  are  Lome  on 


a   leafy  ftefn,    contains   Centunculus,    yiimgaUis,  Lyjimachia, 
Uottoma,  Coris,  Shrjfieldia,  LimoJ'ella,  Trienlulis,  and  ^Inl'ia. 

Section  2,  comprehends  plants  whofe  flowcr-ftalks  fpring 
direflly  from  the  root,  as  well  as  the  leaves,  and  are  gene- 
rally umbellate,  with  a  many-leaved  involucrum  ;  fometimes 
however  they  are  fimple  and  fingle-flowered.  The  genera 
are  yjndrojace.  Primula,  Cortufa,  Soldanella,  Dodecatheon, 
and  Cydamem 

.Juffieu  fubjoins  a  3d  Seftion,  of  plants  akin  to  the  Lyfi- 
machia.  Thefe  are  Globularia,  furely  mifplaced  here  ;  Co- 
nobea  of  Aublct ;  Toz.z.iai  which  two  la!l  we  fhould  rather 
have  referred  to  the  order  of  Prdicu'ares ;  Samohts,  Utri- 
cularia,  Pinguicula,  and  Menyanfhes. 

M.  Ventenat  has  chofen  to  call  this  order  Primidacc-c,  and 
he  is  followed  by  Mr.  Brown.  The  latter  name  is  perhaps 
preferable,  and  there  feems  to  be  nothing  fixed  as  yet 
aiflongll  the  ftudents  of  natural  orders,  as  to  names  or  their 
terminations.  The  fcience  is  new  and  experimental  at  prc- 
fent,  and  rigid  laws  (liould  not  prevent  improvements.  It 
is  far  otherwil'e  with  names  of  genera  and  fpecies,  which  are 
the  current  coin,  not  the  paper  currency,  of  the  botanical 
realm. 

LYSIMACHUS,  in  Biography,  king  of  Thrace,  one 
of  the  captains  of  Alexander  the  Great,  rofe  from  a  very 
mean  condition  to  the  favour  of  that  prince.  At  the  parti- 
tion of  the  empire  of  Alexander,  in  the  year  323  B.C., 
Thrace,  the  Ciierfonefe,  and  the  countries  adjacent  to  the 
Euxine,  were  allotted  to  Lyfin.achus.  When  Antigonus 
had  rendered  himfelf  formidable  to  all  the  other  (liarers, 
Lyfimachus  joined  in  the  league  againll  him,  with  Seleucus, 
Ptolemy,  and  Callander.  By  a  lubfcquent  treaty,  Thrace 
was  confirmed  to  liim  ;  and  m  imitation  of  other  captains, 
he  took  the  title  of  king.  He  founded  the  city  of  Lyfi- 
machia  in  309  B.C.,  and  made  it  his  capital.  In  co:ijunc- 
tion  with  Seleucus,  he  gained  the  great  battle  of  Ipfuj.  He 
afterwards  feized  upon  ^lacedonia,  having  firll  expelled 
Pyrrhus  from  the  throne  ;  but  his  cruelty  rendered  him  truly 
odious,  and  the  murder  of  his  fon  Agythocles  fo  offended 
his  fiibjefts,  that  the  moll  opulent  and  powerful  revolted 
from  him,  and  abandoned  the  kingdom.  He  purfued  them 
into  Alia,  and  declared  war  againll  Seleucus,  who  had  given 
them  a  kind  reception.  He  was  killed  in  a  bloody  battle, 
in  the  28 ill  year  B.C.,  and  in  the  Soth  of  his  age.  His 
body  was  found  in  the  heaps  of  flain  by,  the  fidelity  of  his 
dog,  which  had  carefuily  watched  near  it.  With  great 
courage  and  abilities,  he  was  characterized  by  a  cruel  and 
ferocious  difpofition,  which  rendered  him  unworthy  of  his 
high  fortune.  Juftin  mentions  a  curious  fatt  concerning 
him,  w's,  that  having  offended  Alexander,  he  was,  as  a 
punifliment,  thrown  into  the  den  of  a  furious  lion  ;  and 
when  the  ravenous  animal  darted  upon  him,  he  wrapped  his- 
hand  in  his  mantle,  and  boldly  tliruft  it  into  the  lion's 
month,  and  by  twilling  his  tongue,  killed  an  adverfary 
ready  to  devour  him.  This  aft  T)t  cMurage  in  felf-defence 
recommended  him  to  the  monarch,  who  pardoned  and  took 
him  into  his  favour.      Univer.  Hill. 

LYSINE,  in  ylncient  Geography,  a  tov.-n  of  Afia,  in 
P.imphyha,  between  Comana  and  Cormafa,  according  to 
Ptolemy. 

LYSINEMA,  in  Botany,  from  X\j3-i:,  a  feparation,  and 
nfj-y.,  a  thread  or  Jlamen,  becauie  the  llamens  are  uncon- 
nedled  with  tlie  corolla,  proceeding  from  the  receptacle,  be- 
low the  germcn,  by  which  character  alone  the  genus  is  dif- 
tinguiflied  from  Eparris,  their  habit  being  esatlly  the  fame. 
The  tube  of  the  ci  rolla  however  is  generally  divided,  more 
-  or  Icfs  deeply,  into  five  parts  in  Lyjiuema.     Brown  Prodr. 

No\, 


L  Y  S 

Nov.  Holl.  V.  I.  J52. — Clafs  and  order,  P^ntanJr'ta  Moite- 
gyni/i.     Nat.  Ord.   Epacride^,   Brown. 

Gen.  Cli.  Cul.  Perianth  inferior,  of  many  ereft,  imbri- 
cated,' coloured,  permanent  leaves  ;  the  inner  nnev  jiradually 
largell.  Crjr.  of  one  petal,  falver-fiiaped  ;  its  tube  gene- 
rally fplittinjT  into  five  parts  ;  limb  in  five  fmootli  beardlefs 
fegments,  obliquely  twilled  to  the  right.  Neflary  of  five 
glands,  furrounding  the  bafe  of  the  germen.  Slam.  Fila- 
ments five,  thread-fliaped,  equal,  inferted  into  the  recep- 
tacle ;  anthers  incumbent,  oblong,  burfting  Icngthwife, 
rifing  iuft  above  the  lube.  Pi/f  Germen  fuperior,  roundifh, 
with  five  furrows ;  ftyle  thread-fhaped  ;  fligma  obtufe. 
Perk.  Capfuk  of  five  cells  and  five  valves.  Sefds  numerous, 
minute.      ReceptacLs  five,  attached  to  the  central  column. 

E(T.  Ch.  Calyx  of  many  imbricated  coloured  leaves. 
Corolla  falver-iliaped  ;  its  limb  five-cleft,  beardlefs.  Sta- 
mens inferted  into  the  receptacle,  the  length  of  the  lube. 
Capfule  of  five  cells,  with  many  feeds. 

1.  Li.  penltipetalum.  Corolla  divided  to  the  bottom  ;  its 
claws  unconnected,  longer  than  the  calyx,  externally 
fmooth. — Found  by  Mr.  Drown  in  the  fouthcrn  part  of 
New  Holland. 

2.  L.  c'-liatum.  Corolla  divided  to  the  bottom  ;  its  clavjs 
cohering  at  the  top,  externally  fmooth,  the  length  of  tlie 
calyx. — Native  of  the  fame  country.  Vv'e  have  feen  neither 
of  thefe. 

3.  L.  laftaiithmn.  Corolla  divided  to  the  bottom  ;  its 
claws  externally  woolly,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx. — 
Gathered  by  Mr.  Menzics  at  King  George's  Sound,  on  the 
foHth-weft  coall  of  New  Holland.  The  Jltm  is  (hrubby,  as 
in  all  the  reft,  its  branches  very  flcnder,  fmooth,  round, 
leafy.  Lea-ues  Icattered,  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long, 
elliptic-oblong,  narrow,  obtufe,  entire,  fmooth  ;  flat  above  ; 
convex  beneath.  Footjlnlh  (hort,  fmooth.  Flonvers  few, 
in  a  terminal  fimple  fpike,  leaning  one  way,  apparently 
tawny  or  blufn-coloured,  each  near  half  an  inch  long.  Ca- 
lyx-lca'ues  blunt,  with  a  membranous  edge;  the  inner  ones 
fringed.     Petals  obtufe. 

4.  L.  conjptcuum.  Tube  of  the  corolla  five-cleft  above, 
longer  than  the  calyx.  Leaves  lanceolate-awl-fhaped,  clofe- 
prelfed. — Found  by  Mr.  Brown  in  the  fouth  of  New  Hol- 
land. 

j'.  \i.  pun^ens.  (Epacris  pungens  ;  Cavan.  Ic.  v.  4.  26. 
t.  546.) — Tube  of  the  corolla  undivided,  the  length  of  the 
calyx.  Leaves  fpreading,  ovate,  fiiarp-pointed. — Native  of 
the  country  about  Port  Jackfon,  New  South  Wales,  from 
whence  fpecimens  were  fent  in  1791  by  Dr.  White.  The 
Jlem  is  woody,  with  many  ilraight  rigid  branches,  thickly 
befet  with  feffile,  rigid,  fmooth,  entire,  ribbed,  fpinous,  and 
taper-pointed  leaves  ;  their  bafe  ovate  or  heart-fhaped,  clofe- 
preficd,  and  partly  clafping  the  ftem ;  the  reft  fpreading 
iieai-ly  horizontally,  very  pungent.  Flowers  white  and 
fragrant,  very  elegant,  in  denfe,  leafy,  terminal  fpikes. 
Segments  of  the  corolla  pointed,  fomewhat  plaited  when 
dry.  Style  prominent,  hairy.  We  have  already  fpoken  of 
th.\s  ([wah  a^  Epacris  pungens.  (See  Epacris.)  Mr.  Brown 
fubjoins  Dr.  Sims's  red-flowered  plant.  Curt.  Mag.  t.  1 199, 
as  a  variety,  and  he  adds  that  this  L.  pungens  is  an  inter- 
mediate fpecies,  as  it  were,  between  Lyfinema  and  Epacris. 
It  agrees  with  the  latter  in  its  corolla,  but  has  the  infertion 
of  the  (lamens  proper  to  the  former. 

LYSIFPUS,  in  Biography,  a  celebrated  fclilptor  and 
ftatuary,  was  born  at  Sicyon,  and  flourifiied  in  the  time  of 
Alexander  the  Great.  He  v.-as  originally  a  worker  in  brafs, 
and  then  applied  himfelf  to  painting,  till  his  talents  and  in- 
chnation  led  him  to  fix  on  the  profcfTion  of  a  fculptor.  He 
worked  with  fuch  extraordinary  diligence  and  facility,  that 


L  Y  S 

he  is  faid  to  have  left  J500  performances,  all  of  fuch  exeel- 
ler.ce,  that  any  one  of  them  fingly  might  have  coiiferred 
celebrity  on  him  as  an  artill.  He  attained  to  fo  high  a  re- 
putation, that  A'exander  forbad  any  ftulptor  but  Lyfippus 
to  make  his  ftatues.  Lyfippus  improved  tlie  art  of  ftatuary 
by  a  better  imitation  of  the  hair,  and  by  an  attentive  ftudy 
of  fymmetry,  in  which  he  confidered  how  the  human  figure 
appeared  to  the  eye,  not  what  were  its  exaft  proportions. 
The  mod  admirable  of  his  works  were  the  ftatues  of  Alex- 
ander, of  which  he  executed  a  fcrics,  beginning  from  his 
childhood  :  one  of  a  man  coming  out  of  a  bath,  placed  by 
Marcus  Agrippa  before  his  public  batlis  ;  and  being  re- 
moved by  Tiberius  into  his  own  chamber,  the  Roman  people 
were  fo  clamorous  for  its  reftitution,  that  the  enperor 
thought  it  prudent  to  comply  with  their  wifhes.  A  chariot 
of  the  fun  at  Rhodes  was  one  of  his  great  works,  which 
was,  however,  furpafled  by  a  coloffus  at  Tarentum  40  cubits 
high.  His  ftatue  of  Socrates,  and  thofe  of  th'-  twnty-five 
horlen-.en  who  were  drowned  in  the  Granii  us,  were  fo  highly 
valued,  tint,  in  the  age  of  Auguftus,  they  were  fold  for 
their  weight  in  gold. 

LYSIS,  a  Pythagorean  philofopher,  who  flouriflied  in 
the  fifth  century  before  Chrift,  was  a  native  of  Tarentum, 
who,  according  to  Jamblichus,  was  inftrufted  in  his  philc- 
fophy  by  Pythagoras  himfclf.  Being  well  initiated  and  ex- 
celling in  the  doctrines  of  his  mafler,  he  opened  a  fchool  for 
the  purpofe  of  inlhufting  others,  but  would  never  admit 
perfons  of  bad  character  among  his  auditors.  He  even  re- 
fufed,  on  that  account,  entrance  to  Cylon,  one  of  the 
wealthieft  people  of  the  city.  Cylon  was  exafperated  at  the 
neglcit,  as  he  thought  it,  and  refolved  on  revenge.  He 
caufed  the  houfe  of  Milo,  in  which  Lyfis  and  forty  other 
Pythagoreans  were  afl!einbled,  to  be  fet  on  fire ;  meaning 
by  the  violence  of  a  hired  mob  to  afiliirinale  thofe,  by 
bludgeons  or  mifiile  weapons,  whn  ftiould  efcape  burning. 
Excepting  Lyfis  and  Archippus,  they  were  every  one  burnt 
or  iloned  to  dca'h.  The  philofopher  now  retired,  firft  into 
Achaia,  and  afcerwardj,  to  Thebes,  where  he  opened  a 
fchool,  and  remained  an  ufeful  inftruftor  to  the  Grecian 
youth  till  he  died.  Among  othqr  famous  difciples  he  could, 
it  has  been  faid,  mention  Epammondas  ;  though  others  feem 
to  doubt  the  fact,  and  to  be  defirous  of  referring  that  ho- 
nour to  another  perfon  ef  the  fame  name.  Lyfis  is  cele- 
brated for  having  been  a  moft  exadt  and  punftual  performer 
of  his  promifes,  even  on  the  moft  trivial  occafions.  He 
compofed  Commentaries  on  the  philofophy  of  Pythagoras, 
which  have  not  come  down  to  our  times.  Some  writers 
have  attributed  to  him  the  "  Golden  Verfes  ;"  while  others 
have  given  them  to  Philolaus,  or  Empedocles.  There  is 
ftill  extant,  under  the  name  of  Lyfis,  a  letter  addrefled  to 
Hipparcluis,  in  which  the  latter  is  reproached  for  having 
divulged  the  fecrets  of  the  Pythagorean  philofophy.  It 
may  be  found  in  the  "  Opufcula  Mythologica  et  Philofo- 
phica"  of  Dr.  Tiiomas  Gale. 

LYSKO,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  Novogrodck  ;   52  miles  S.W.  of  Novogrodek, 

LYSOBYKI,  a  town  of  Pidand,  in  the  palatirjQte  of 
Lublin  ;   20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Lublin. 

LY^)SA,  Auc-Tx,  a  word  ufed  by  medical  authors  to  ex- 
prels  that  fpecies  of  raadnefs  which  is  peculiar  to  do^s  and 
wolves,  but  is  communicated  by  their  bite  to  man  and  other 
animals.  Hence  pcrlons  labouring  under  the  difmal  effects 
of  fuch  a  bite,  are  called  alfo  lyjfodedi. 

LYSSENDORF,  in  Ceogruphy,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Sarre,  and  chief  ])lace  of  a  canton,  in 
the  diiirict  of  Pruni.  The  place  contains  117,  and  the 
canton  1962  inhabitants,  ia  2^  coaununee. 

LYSTRA, 


L  Y  T 


L  T  T 


LYSTRA,  a  fmall  town  of  America,  in  Nelfon  county, 
Kentucky,  fituated  on  a  weft  water  of  Rolling  Fork,  a 
fouth  branch  of  Salt  river.     N.  lat.  37'  25'. 

LYSWIK,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of 
Warmeland  ;    54  miles  N.  of  Carlftadt. 

LYTHRUM,  in  Bolaiiy,  theXuSfov  of  Diofcorides,  moft 
probably  received  its  name  from  the  purple  tinge  of  its 
flowers  ;  \v9fov  fignifying  dolled,  or  gon  blood,  to  which  fub- 
ftance  this  plant  is  fimilar  in  colour.  Linn.  Gen.  240.  Schreb. 
323.  WiUd.  Sp.  PI.  V.  2.  865.  Mart.  Mill.  Dia.  V.  3.  Sm. 
Fl.  Brit.  509.  Alt.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  3.  149.  Jufl".  332. 
Lamarck  Ilhiftr.  t.  40S.  Oasrtn.  t.  62.  (Salicaria  ;  Tournef. 
t.  129.) — The  Ciiphea  of  Brown,  in  his  hiftory  of  Ja- 
maica, united  to  Lythrum  by  Linnaeus,  is  now  by  general 
confent  feparated,  on  account  of  its  irregular  flower,  and 
capfule  with  a  fjngle  cell. — Ciafs  and  order,  Oodecandria 
Monogynm.      Nat.    OrJ.      Calycanthemx,    Linn.      Salicaria, 

jutr. 

Gen.  Ch.  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  of  one  leaf,  cylindri- 
cal, ftriated,  with  twelve  teeth,  the  alternate  ones  lefs.  Cor. 
Petals  fix,  oblong,  rather  obtufe,  fpreading,  inferted  into 
the  bafe  of  the  fegments  of  the  calyx.  Slam.  Filaments 
twelve,  thread-fliapcd,  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  the  upper 
ones  fhorter  than  the  lower ;  anthers  fimple,  fomewliat 
afcending.  Pi/l.  Qcrmen  fuperior,  oblong  ;  ftyle  awl- 
fhaped,  the  length  of  the  ftamens,  dechning  ;  fUgma  orbicu- 
lar, afcending.  Peric.  Capfule  oblong,  pointed,  covered  by 
the  calyx,  of  two  cells.      Seeds  numerous,  fmall. 

Etr.  Ch.  Calyx  inferior,  with  twelve  teeth.  Petals  fix, 
inferted  into  the  calyx.  Capfule  with  two  cells  and  many 
feeds. 

Obf.  In  fome  fpecies  oi^Lythrum,  one-lixth  of  the  parts 
of  fructification  is  found  to  be  deficient  ;  in  others  only 
fix  llamens  are  to  be  feen. — We  defcribe  the  following 
principal  fpecies  as  a  fiifficient  illuftration  of  the  genus. 

L.  Salicaria.  Purple  Lythrum.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  640. 
Engl.  Hot.  t.  1061.  Curt.  Lond.  fafc.  3.  t.  28. — Leaves 
oppofite,  lanceolate,  heart-fliaped  at  the  bafe.  Flowers 
fpiked.  Stamens  twelve.  A  native  of  marfties  and  the 
banks  of  rivers,  flowering  in  July  and  Auguft. — Rool  peren- 
nial, woody,  throwing  up  many  ftems.  Slems  three  feet 
high,  ereft,  vvand-hke,  quadrangular  (occafionally  hexangu- 
lar)  leafy.  Leaves  oppofite,  fometimes,  though  rarely, 
three  or  four  together,  ftill  more  rarely  alternate,  feflile, 
fmooth  above,  downy  at  the  margin  and  underneath.  Flotvtrs 
in  a  whorled  fpikc,  purple. — One  of  our  moft  fliowy  wild 
plants,  and  extremely  ornamental  to  the  banks  of  ditches, 
ponds,  and  rivers,  though  occafionally  to  be  met  with  in 
drier  fituations. 

L.  virgalum.  Fine-branched  Lythrum.  Linn.  Sp.  PI. 
642.  Jacq.  Auftr.  t.  7.  Curt.  Mag.  t.  10C3. — Leaves  op- 
pofite, lanceolate.  Panicle  ftraight.  Flowers  three  toge- 
ther.— Originally  found  by  Clufius  in  Auftria,  and  in  the 
ides  of  the  Danube.  It  was  introduced  by  Jacquin  into  the 
gardens  at  Kew  in  1776,  where  it  flowers  from  June  to 
September. — i?oo?  perennial,  thick,  i'/cmj  upright  ;  at  the 
bottom,  round,  pale-brown  mixed  with  green,  generally 
leaflefs  ;  towards  the  top  fquare,  leafy  and  branched.  Leaves 
oppofite,  thickifh,  nearly  feflile.  Flotuers  fix  in  a  whorl, 
the  lower  ones  more  remote,  all  axillary,  of  a  deep  purple 
colour. — Linnsus  notices  a  variety  of  L.  virgatum  which 
has  fewer  flowers  in  the  whorl,  and  whofe  leaves  are 
alternate. 

L.  hyjfopifolium.  Hyffop-Ieaved  Lythrum,  or  Grafs-poly. 
Srn.  Fl.  Brit.  510.  Engl.  Bot.  t.  292.  (L.  Hyflbpifoha  ; 
Linn.  Sp.  PI.  642.  Jacq.  Auftr.  t.  133.)— Leaves  alter- 
nate, linear-lanceolate.     Stamens  fix.— A  rare  Engliih  plant. 


to  be  met  with  occafionally  in  moift  places  where  water  has 
ftagnated  through  the  winter.  Common  in  many  other  parts 
of  Europe,  flowering  in  Auguft.  —  Root  annual,  fimple,  at- 
tenuated. Stem  a  fpan  high,  branched  at  the  bafe,  ere£t. 
Leaves  fmooth,  varying  in  breadth  ;  the  lower  ones  only, 
oppofite.  Floivers  axillary,  almoft  feflile,  folitary,  fmall, 
purple,  hexandrous,  though  occafionally  five-cleft  .ind 
pentandrous. 

Lythru.m,  in  Gardening,  contains  a  plant  of  the  hardy, 
herbaceous,  perennial  kind,  of  which  the  fpecies  cultivated 
is  the  common  or  purple  willo.v-herb   (L.  Salicaria.) 

Method  of  Culture. — This  fort  and  varieties  may  be  readily 
increafed  by  parting  the  roots  in  autumn,  and  planting  them 
out  in  the  fituations  where  they  are  tjo  remain.  They  may 
likewife  be  raifed  Si'om  feed  fown  at  the  fame  time,  but  the 
firll  is  the  readicft  method.  They  deliaht  in  rather  moift 
foil.  ^         ° 

All  of  them  are  highly  ornamental  in  the  larger  borders, 
clumps,  and  other  parts  of  pleafure-grounds,  being  placed 
towards  the  back  parts,  from  their  full  growth. 

LYTTA,  or  Lytt.\  Veficatoria,  in  the  Materia  Medica, 
the  name  given  to  the  Blitttring  Fly. 

The  Cfrahim  Lytt.c,  or  Ccratum  Caiilharidis  of  P.  L.  1787, 
is  compoled  of  fperinaceti  cerate,  and  blillcring  flies,  in  a 
very  fine  powder,  in  the  proportion  of  fix  drachms  of  the 
former  to  a  drachm  of  tlie  latter,  and  is  prepared  by  foftcn- 
ing  the  cerate  by  heat,  adding  the  flies,  a'.;d  mixing  them 
together. 

Lytt.e,  Emplajlrum.     Sec  Empi,.\stru.m. 

Lytt.'C,  TinSura,  Tw£lura  Canlharidis,  P.  L.  1787, 
tiufture  of  blifteriiig  fly,  is  prepared  by  macerating  for  14 
days  three  drachms  of  bliftering  flies  bruifed,  in  two  pints  of 
proof  fpirit.  In  order  that  this  preparation  may  be  certain 
in  its  effecls,  it  is  necefl'ary  that  the  infefts  fhould  be  frefh 
and  perfeft  :  for  want  of  attention  to  this  circumftance, 
large  dofcs  have  been  given  without  any  fenfible  efi"e(S.  See 
Blister  and  Canth.IlRides. 

Lytt.\,  in  Natural  Hi/lory,  a  genus  of  infefts,  of  which 
there  are  thirty-two  fpecies  enumerated  in  Gmelin's  edition 
of  tiic  Syft.  Nat.  The  generic  charafter  is  antennse  filiform  ; 
fo'ir  unequal  feelers,  the  hind  ones  clavate  ;  thorax  roundifli  ; 
head  inflected  gibbous  ;  fticlls  foft,  flexile,  as  long  as  the 
abdomen.  All  the  fpecies  of  this  genus  are  exotics,  and  fcat- 
tered  through  the  globe,  as  will  be  feen  in  the  following 
enumeration  :  many  of  them  reduced  to  powder  are  capable 
of  veficcating  the  fliin  on  application  to  the  furface  of  the 
body. 

Species. 

Ve.sicatoria  ;  Blifter-fiy.  Green;  antennas  black.  This 
is  the  common  Cantharis  veficatoria,  or  Spanifh-fly  of  the 
fliops :  though  the  infeft  has  been  ufually  ranked  under  the 
genus  Meloe,  and  has,  indeed,  been  fo  referred  to  from 
the  article  Blister  in  our  own  work  :  it  is  found  to  have  no 
claim  as  belonging  to  that  genus,  and  we  have  accordingly 
reftored  it  to  its  proper  place.  It  in^labits  many  parts  of 
Europe,  on  afti  and  elder  trees.  It  is  ufed  for  various  pur- 
pofes  in  pharmacy,  but  chiefly  for  raifing  blitters  ;  it  multi- 
plies greatly,  and  has  a  naufeous  fmell.  The  odorous  par- 
ticles are  extremely  corrofive.  The  female  infeft,  after  im- 
pregnation, depofits  her  eggs  in  the  ground,  where  they 
remain  till  they  have  undergone  the  various  changes  that  are 
to  bring  forth  the  winged  infects. 

Segetum.  Golden  ;  fliells  green.  This  is  a  lefs  fpecies 
than  the  Veficatoria  ;  is  found  in  Barbary  among  corn.  The 
antenns   are   black ;  head   and  thorax   fometimes  golden, 

J I  fojnetimes 


L  Y  T 


L  Y  T 


fometiraes  green  with  a  glofs  of  gold  ;  body  golden  ;  legs 
dufky. 

NiTiDULA.  Green  bronzed;  (hells  teftaceoiis;  anten- 
j)x  black.  This  iViecics  has  been  fometimes  defcribed  as  he- 
longing  to  the  Enjrlifli  infefls  ;  but  GmeUn  defcribcs  it  as 
inhabiting  the  Cape  only. 

CoLLARi.s.  Black;  crown,  thorax,  and  legs  ferrugi- 
nnus  i  the  fhells  are  of  an  azure  colour.  This  is  a  large  in- 
fe£l,  and  is  found  in  the  fouthern  parts  of  Ruffia.  The 
aiUennae  are  ferruginous  ;  edge  of  the  thorax  a  little  black. 
The  male  is  as  fmall  again  as  the  female. 

GiGAS.  Azure;  bread  ferruginous  ;  it  inhabits  Guinea. 
The  fizi  of  this  infeft  is  about  the  fame  as  that  of  the  L. 
Tcficatoria ;  one  fcx  has  the  fiiells  (triatCj  but  in  the  other 
they  are  fmooth. 

Syriaca.  Villous,  green-bh.ie  ;  thorax  rounded  and 
ferruginous.     It  inhabits  the  fouthern  parts  of  Europe. 

RuFicoLLis.  An  inhabitant  of  the  Eaft  Indies.  Glabrous, 
green-gold  ;   thorax  rufous,  tapering  before. 

Testace.v.  Above  teltaceous;  flieils  with  a  large  oblong 
blaek  fpot  near  the  tip.  It  inhabits  Tranquebar.  The 
head  is  teftaceous  ;  mouth  and  antennae  black  ;  thorax  punc- 
tured and  tellaceous  ;   fhdls  fmooth  ;  body  black. 

Festiva.  Shining  bratfy-green  ;  fliells  tellaceous  with 
fpots  of  bralfy-green.  The  body  is  entirely  green  bronze  ; 
fpot  on  the  fhe'ls  varying.      Inhabits  Siberia. 

Margixata.  Black  ;  margins  of  the  (hells  pale  cine- 
reous ;  inhabits  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  above  opaque, 
beneath  cinereous. 

VlTTATA.  Shells  black,  with  a  yellow  margin  ;  an  in- 
habitant of  America.  By  fome  entymologi.ls  this  is  de- 
icribed  as  the  Cantharis  vittata.  Head  yellovvilh  ;  crown 
with  two  black  fpots ;  thorax  black,  with  three  yellow  lines  ; 
abdomen  and  legs  black. 

Atrata.  Body  black,  immaculate  ;  inhabits  Barbary, 
and  is  the  Meloe  pennfylvanica  of  fome  writers.  About 
half  t+ie  fize  of  the  Vittata,  and  entirely  of  a  deep  black. 

Erytiiroceph.'^la.  Bhck  ;  head  tellaceous  ;  thorax 
and  (hells  wiih  cinereous  lines.  This  fpecies  is  found  in 
feveral  parts  of  Auftria  ;  the  head  is  tellaceous,  with  a 
black  hue  "down  the  middle  ;  mouth  black  ;  thorax \ chan- 
nelled. 

OtULATA.  Bhick,  with  a  yellow  callous  dot  behind  the 
eyes  ;  inhabits  Guinea.  Body  entirely  black  immaculate ; 
behind  the  eyes  on  each  lide  is  a  large  raifed  yellow  dot. 
Female  apterous,  (hells  abbreviated. 

DuBlA.  Black  ;  crown  fulvous;  thorax  and  (liells  imma- 
culate. Inhabits  Siberia  ;  and  is  the  Meloe  algiricus  of 
fome  entomologills. 

Afha.  Black;  thorax  rufous  ;  this  fpecies  is  found  in 
Africa  ;  and  is  the  Cantharis  afraof  Olivier. 

H.SMORKHOiDAl-is.  Biackifli  blue ;  end  of  the  abdomen 
rufous ;  the  antennai  are  black  ;  head  and  thorax  villous  ; 
body  blueifh. 

QuAniUM.vcUL.\TA.  Black,  glabrous;  bread  downy; 
flieil?  yellowilh-grey,  with  two  black  and  ;Jnioll  fquare  fpots. 
A  native  of  the  northern  parts  of  Aii.i  ;  is  found  among 
flowers  ;  and  it  exudes  a  very  pieaiant  Imelling  oil  from  its 
legs.     This  is  a  circumllance  attaching  likewile  to  the 

Fen E'iT RATA,  which  is  glabrous,  pale  tellaceous;  thorax 
dopreffed  ;  Ihells  giey  tipt  with  black,  have  two  Iquanlh 
livahne  fpots  ;  found  alfo  in  the  Afiatic  parts  of  Siberia, 
chiefly  amon>;  floivers. 

Clematidis.  Black,  with  a  fteel-blue  g'ofs  ;  (hell  pale 
tetlaceous.immaculate  ;  found  on  the  clematis  in  Siberia. 

UnAf-ESsis.      Black,  opaque,  glabrous;  this  is  often  con- 
\OL.  XXI, 


founded   with    the    Atrata    above    defcribed,   and   is    not 
fufTiciently  diftinft  from  it.     An  inhabitant  of  Siberia. 

SiEluicA.  Black,  opaque,  glabrous  ;  (hells  edged  with 
white  ;  head  red  ;  eyes,  mouth,  and  antenna  black.  Is 
found  on  the  lotus  in  divers  parts  of  Siberia.  Middle  joints 
of  the  antennse,  ia  the  male,  coraprcfled  and  armed  with  a 
tooth. 

LuTEA.  Black,  woolly ;  (hells  ventricofe,  fubcom- 
prelTcd,  pale  yellow  with  fix  black  dots.     Inhabits  Siberia. 

OctLLATA.  Black,  woolly  ;  legs  teftaceous  ;  head,  tho- 
rax, and  fiiells  yeHowi(h,  the  latter  with  fix  ocellate  black 
fpots  in  tjie  middle.  Inhabits  the  Cafpian  fea,  and  has 
been  defcribed  particularly  by  Pallas.  Like  the  "  Four- 
fpotted'"  and  "  Feneilrata"  it  exudes  an  agreeable  oil  from 
its  legs. 

Pectinata.  Antennx  peiftinate  ;  body  black;  front 
red.     It  inhabits  Siberia. 

ClNNAB.\RlNA.  Black  ;  thorax  above,  (hells,  and  head 
on  each  fide  red.      Inhabits  Carnioia. 

Rui'A.     Black  ;  head  rufous.     Inhabits  Carnioia. 

SuBViLLOSA.  Yellowifh  fubvillous  ;  antennje  tapering. 
Is  found  in  many  parts  of  France. 

BicoLou.  Tellaceous ;  (hells  tipt  with  black.  Inhabit* 
France. 

FoR.MicARiA.  Brown;  the  fore-part  of  the  elytra,  and 
the  thorax,  which  is  elongated,  are  red.  This  is  found  in 
France  and  other  parts  of  Europe. 

PuBEscEXS.  Black  ;  head  and  thorax  pubefcent  ;  (hells 
yellow,  with  a  ferruginous  fpot  on  each  fide  behind  ;  this 
infeft  has  been  found  only  in  mufeums  by  modern  natu- 
ralills. 

Ferrugikea.  Ferruginous  ;  head  and  thorax  rufous  ; 
(liells  brown  teltaceous  at  the  bafe.  Inhabits  various  parts  of 
Europe. 

LYTTELTON,  George,  Lord,  in  Biography,  was>the 
eldelt  fon  of  fir  Thomas  Ly  ttelton,  hart,  of  Hagley,  in  Wor- 
cefterfhire.where  he  was  born  in  .Tanuary  i  /  08-9.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton,  from  which  place  he  was  removed  to  Chrift- 
churchcollegc,  Oxford.  He  was  froman  early  age  diilinguilheJ 
for  his  proficiency  in  clalTical  learning,  and  fome  of  his  poems 
WL-i-e  the  fruit  of  his  youthful  lludies.  Wt^en  he  had  com- 
pleted his  courfe  at  Oxford,  he  fat  out  upon  a  tour  to  the 
continent,  and  his  letters  to  his  father  during  his  abfence  arc 
replete  with  remarks  dilplaying  folid  judgment  and  found 
principles,  while,  at  the  fame  time,  they  afford  a  moil  plea- 
fing  example  of  filial  affeiflion  and  duty,  joined  with  the  un- 
referved  CO!  Sdence  of  intimate  friendlliip.  During  his  refi- 
dence  abroad,  he  wrote  a  poetical  epiille  to  Dr.  Ayfcough, 
which  is  thought  to  be  one  of  the  belt  of  his  works,  and 
another  to  Pope,  elegantly  complimentary  of  that  great 
poet.  Upon  his  return  from  the  continent,  he  was  chofcn 
reprefentative,  in  parliament,  for  the  borough  of  Oakhamp- 
ton.  At  this  time  his  father  was  a  iupporter  of  the  exilling 
miniflry  under  Walpole.  The  fon,  animated  with  that  pa- 
triotic ardour,  which  fcarcely  ever  fails  to  infpire  the  bolom 
of  virtuous  and  liberal  youth,  and  which  it  is  alrroil  difcre- 
ditable  tor  a  young  man  not  to  feel,  took  a  contrary  i>art, 
and  diilinguiflied  himlelf  among  the  oppofers  of  adniiniltra- 
tlon.  His  name  is  to  be  found  among  ihofe  of  the  minority 
in  almod  every  important  debate,  and  he  zealoully  con- 
curred in  every  meafure  adopted  by  Pulteney,  Pitr,  and  other 
leaders  of  that  party.  In  1735  he  publidied  his  "  Perfian 
I^otters,"  of  which  it  appears,  by  the  teilimony  of  Dr. 
Warton,  he  was  ratlier  aihamed  at  the  clofe  of  life.  Mr. 
Lvttclton  obtained  the  notice  and  friendOiip  of  Frederic 
prince  of  Wales,  and  was  appointed  fecretary  to  his  royal 
highnefs ;  by  his  inlligation  it  is  imagined  the  prince  alfumed 

4  Y  the 


LYTTELTON. 


the  patronage  of  letters,  the  beneficial  effeft  of  which  Mallet, 
Thomfon,  and  others  experienced.  It  was  probably  on  this 
account  that  Pope  gave  him  the  praife  of  pure  patriotifm, 
rather  than  from  any  regard  to  his  political  principles  : 

"  Free  as  young  Lyttelton  her  caufe  purfue ; 
Still  true  to  virtue,  and  as  warm  as  true." 

On  the  death  of  Thomfon,  who  left  his  affairs  in  a  very 
embarralfed  condition,  Mr.  Lyttelton  took  that  poet's  filler 
under  his  protedlion.  He  revifed  the  tragedy  of  Coriolanus, 
and  bro\ight  it  out  at  the  theatre-royal  Covent-garden,  with 
a  prologue  of  his  own  writing,  in  which  he  fo  affeftingly 
lamented  the  lofs  of  that  bard,  that  not  only  Quiii,  who  fpoke 
the  lines,  but  the  whole  audience,  fpontaneoufly  burft  into 
tears.  He  had  married,  in  1^-42,  Lucy,  daughter  of  Hugh 
Fortefcue,  efq.  and  enjoyed  in  her  fociety  the  moft  unalloyed 
happinefs,  which  was  raiferably  interrupted  by  her  death  in 
1746,  leaving  him  one  fon,  Thomas,  the  late  lord,  and  a 
daughter,  Lucy,  who  married  lord  Valentia.  On  the  monu- 
-Hient  of  his  beloved  lady,  heinfcribed  the  following  lines. 

"  Made  to  engage  all  hearts,  and  charm  all  eyes : 
Tho'  meek,  magnanimous ;  tho'  witty,  wife  ; 
Polite,  as  all  her  life  in  courts  had  been  ; 
Yet  good,  as  (he  the  world  had  never  feen  : 
The  noble  fire  of  an  e.Kalted  mind, 
With  gentled  female  tendernefs  combin'd. 
Her  fpeech  was  the  melodious  voice  of  love 
Her  fong  the  warbling  of  the  vernal  grove. 
Her  eloquence  v?as  fweeter  than  her  fong, 
Soft  as  her  heart,  and  as  her  reafon  llrong. 
Her  form  each  beauty  of  her  mind  expretf'd 
Her  mind  was  virtue  by  the  Graces  drefl  'd." 

Befides  thefe  lines,  her  affeftionate  hulband  wrote  a  monody 
t)n  her  death,  which  difplays  much  natural  feeling  amidft 
the  more  elaborate  ftrains  of  a  poet's  imagination. 

On  the  expulfion  of  Walpole  from  the  miniftry,  Lyttelton, 
in  1744,  was  appointed  one  of  the  lords  of  the  treafury. 
He  was  always  affiduous  in  his  parliamentary  attendance, 
and  a  vigorous  fupporter  of  the  meafures  in  which  he  par- 
took, but  never  attained  the  ftation  of  leader.  He  fpoke 
with  eafe  and  fluency,  but  was  not  eloquent  in  the  ufunl 
fenfe  of  the  word.  In  early  life,  he  feems  to  have  enter- 
tained ftrong  doubts  of  the  truth  of  revelation,  probably 
from  the  corruptions  of  it,  which  he  had  witnefled  on  the 
continent,  but  upon  ferious  and  impartial  inquiry  he  became 
a  firm  behever  in  Chriftianity,  and  wrote  in  its  defence, 
"  A  Differtation  on  the  Converfion  of  St.  Paul,"  which 
has  ever  been  regarded  as  a  mafterly  performance.  This 
piece  was  written  at  the  defire  of  Gilbert  Weft,  efq.  in 
confequence  of  Mr.  Lyttelton's  afferting,  that,  befides  all 
proofs  of  the  Chriflian  religion,  which  might  be  drawn  from 
the  prophecies  of  the  Old  Teftament,  from  the  ncceffary  con- 
ne6kion  it  has  with  the  whole  fyftem  of  the  Jewifli  religion, 
from  the  miracles  of  Chrill,  and  from  the  evidence  of  his 
refurreftion  by  all  the  other  apoftles,  he  thought  the  con- 
verfion of  St.  Paul  alone,  was  of  itfelf  a  demonftration  fuf- 
ficient  to  prove  Chriftianity  to  be  a  divine  revelation. 

In  1749  he  married  again,  but  the  conduft  of  his  fecond 


wife  proved  fo  little  to  his  fatisfaAion,  that  a  feparation  by 
mutual  confent  enfued  in  a  very  (hort  time.  By  the  death  of 
his  father  in  1751,  he  fucceeded  to  the  title  and  eftate.  His 
tafte  for  rural  ornament  he  difplaycd  at  Hagley,  which  he 
rendered  one  of  the  moft  deliglitful  places  in  the  kingdom. 
He  occupied  feveral  pofts  under  government,  but  at  the  dif- 
folution  of  the  miniftry  in  1759  he  went  out  of  office,  and 
was,  as  a  reward  for  his  ferviccs,  raifed  to  the  honour  of  a 
peerage,  under  the  ftyle  and  title  of  baron  Lyttelton,  of 
Frankley,  in  the  county  of  Worceftcr. 

From  this  period  he  chiefly  devoted  himfelf  to  the  pur- 
fuits  of  literature,  and  to  an  extenfive  correfpondence  with 
the  pious  and  learned.  In  1760  he  publiflied  "  Dialogii» 
of  the  Dead,"  a  work  abounding  in  good  fenfe  and  found 
morality,  and  which  was  well  received  by  the  public.  In 
1767  and  1 77  I  he  gave  the  world  his  "  Hiftory  of  Henry  II  , 
in  three  vols.  410."  a  valuable  work,  which  had  occupied  a 
great  portion  of  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  and  on  which 
he  probably  placed  his  chief  expeftations  for  future  fame. 
He  has  given  an  accurate  and  comprehenfive  view  of  the 
Enghfti  conftitution,  as  it  cxiftcd  at  the  early  period  of  our 
hiftory  with  which  his  book  is  concerned,  and  of  the  changes 
fubfequent  to  the  Norman  conqueft.  The  ftyle  of  the  hif- 
tory is  good  ;  its  fentiments  are  judicious  and  liberal,  fa- 
vourab'eto  the  beft  interefts  of  mankind.  The  poems  of  this 
nobleman  preferve  a  place  among  the  feledl  produftions  of 
the  Britifti  mufe,  rather  on  account  of  the  corrednefs  of 
their  verfification,  the  elegance  of  their  diftion,  and  the  de- 
licacy of  their  fentiments,  than  as  exhibiting  any  uncommon 
poetical  powers.  As  a  politician,  his  fpeechi-s  on  the  Scotch 
and  mutiny  bills,  in  1747  ;  on  the  naturalization  of  the 
Jews  in  1753  ;  and  on  the  privilege  of  parhament  in  1763, 
hold  him  out  to  public  eftimation.  Hedied  in  Auguft  1773, 
in  the  64th  year  of  his  age.  His  mifcellaneous  works  were 
publiflied  after  his  death  in  one  volume  4to.  His  lordfiiip, 
among  other  qualities,  had  a  remarkable  facility  of  ftriking 
out  an  extemporary  compliment,  which  obtained  for  him  a 
confiderable  fliare  of  reputation  ;  an  inftance  is  recorded, 
when  lord  Cobham,  in  a  large  company,  mentioned  his  defign 
of  putting  up  a  buft  of  lady  Suffolk  in  his  beautiful  gardens 
at  Stowe,  he  turned  to  his  friend  Lyttelton  and  faid  "  George, 
you  mull  furnifti  me  with  a  motto  for  it."  I  will,  faid  he, 
and  inftantly  produced  the  couplet ; 

"  Her  wit  and  beauty  for  a  court  were  made. 
But  truth' and  goodnefs  fit  her  for  a  fiiade." 

Johnfon's  Lives  of  the  Poets. 

Lytteltojj,  Charles,  an  Englifh  prelate,  brother 
of  the  above,  was  educated  at  Eton  in  grammar  learn- 
ing, from  whence  he  entered  himfelf  at  Univerfity  col- 
lege, .Oxford,  and  afterwards  ftudied  the  law  in  the 
Temple  and  was  called  to  the  bar.  He,  however,  foon 
quitted  the  profeffion,  entered  into  holy  orders,  and  in  1747 
was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  king.  The  year  following  he 
was  made  dean  of  Exeter,  and  in  1762  promoted  to  the 
bifliopric  of  Carlifle.  He  was  feveral  years  prefident  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  contributed  feveral  articles  t® 
their  Tranfadltons.     Hedied  in  1768. 


M. 


M  A  A 

MA  liquid  confonant,  and  the  twelfth  letter  in  the  al- 
9     phabet. 

It  has  one  unvaried  found,  and  is  pronounced  by  ftriking 
the  upper  lip  againft  the  lower  ;  in  which  the  pronunciation 
of  this  letter  agrees  with  that  of  b ;  the  only  difference 
between  the  two  confiftingin  a  httle  motion  made  in  the  nofe 
in  pronouncing  M,  and  not  in  b  :  whence  it  happens,  that 
tliofe  who  have  taken  cold,  for  M  ordinarily  pronounce  b  ; 
the  nofe,  in  that  cafe,  being  difabled  from  making  the  nccef- 
fary  motion. 

All  confonants  are  formed  with  the  aid  of  vowels  ;  ,in  em 
the  vowel  precedes,  in  be  it  follows :  and  M  is  never  mute. 

Quintihan  obferves,  that  the  M  fometimes  ends  Latin 
words,  but  never  Greek  ones;  the  Greeks  always  changing 
it  in  that  cafe  into  n,  for  the  fake  of  the  better  found. 

M  is  alfo  a  numeral  letter,  and  among  the  ancients  was 
ufed  for  a  thoufand  ;  according  to  the  verfe, 

"  M  caput  eft  Humeri,  quern  fcimus  mille  teneri." 

When  a  da(h  is  added  at  the  top  of  it,  as  m  ;  it  Cgnifies 
a  thpufand  times  a  thoufand. 

M,  as  an  abbreviature,  ftands  for  Manlius,  Marcus,  Mar- 
tius,  and  Mucius  :  M.  A.  iigm?m  magi/ler  artium,  or  mailer 
of  arts;   MS.  manufcript,  andMSS.  manufcripts. 

M,  in  AJlronomical  Tables,  and  other  things  of  that  kind, 
is  ufed  for  Meridional,  or  fouthern  ;  and  fometimes  for  Meri- 
dian, or  mid-day. 

M,  in  Medicinal  Prefcription,  is  frequently  ufed  to  fignify 
a  maniple,  or  handful :  and  it  is  fometimes  alfo  put  at  the  end 
of  a  recipe,  for  mifce,  mingle  ;  or  for  mixtura,  a  mixture. 
Thus,  m.  f.  julapium,   fignilies  m/'.r,  2.Tii  make  a  julep. 

M,  in  Law,  the  brand  or  ftigmaof  a  perfon  convifted  of 
man-flaughter,  and  admittW  to  the  benefit  of  his  clergy. 

It  is  to  be  burnt  on  the  brawn  of  his  left  thumb. 

M,  in  Mujic.  This  letter  in  old  pialm-tunes,  harmonized, 
ftands  for  mean,  or  middle  part,  the  fecond  treble,  and  fome- 
times the  counter-tenor.  In  Scarlatti's  leflbns  compofed  in 
Spain,  it  implie';  mano  manca,  or  left  hand. 

MA,  in  Hindoo  Mythology,  is  a  name  of  Parvati,  the  con- 
fort  of  Siva,   as  noticed  under  thofe  articles. 

MA  A,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  HindooftaR,  in  Dowla- 
tabad  ;   five  miles  N.E.  of  Beder. 

MAAB,  a  fettlemenl  of  Weft  Greenland.  N.  lat.  62  6'. 
W.  long.  4S    30'. 

MAACAH,  Macaati,  or  Beth-Maacha,  in  Ancient 
Geography,  a  little  province  of  Syria,  E.  and  N.  of  the 
foiirces  of  Jordan,  toward  Damafcus.  We  learn  from 
Jolhua  (xiii.  15.)  that  the  Ifraelites  would  not  dcftroy  the 
Maachathites,  but  permitted  them  to  dwell  in  the  land  ;  and 
from  Deut.  iii.  i^..  and  Jo(h.  xii.  j,  that  the  lot  of  the  half 
tribe  of  Manafleh  beyond  Jordan  extended  to  tb     couatry. 


M  A  A 

Hence  the  fmall  canton,  near  the  head  of  Jordan,  on  the 
E.  fide  of  it,  in  the  way  to  Damafcus,  was  called  Maa- 
chonitis,  or  Machonitis. 

MA.ADEN  AL  NocRA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of 
Arabia  Felix,  in  the  province  of  Hedjas  ;  140  miles  E. 
of  Hagiaz. 

Maaden  UzKumurud,  the  Mine  of  Emeralds,  a  mountain 
of  Egypt,  on  the  coaft  of  the  Red  fea  ;  90  miles  S.  of 
Cofleir. 

MAADIE',  denoting  Parage,  is  the  name  of  a  village 
confifting  of  two  or  three  houfes,  upon  the  E.  bank  of  the 
Nile,  fo  called  becaufe  they  ftand  at  the  place  facing  the 
ufual  pajfage  to  the  Delta.  Dr.  Shaw  conceived  this  to  be 
the  fcite  of  the  ancient  Heraclea,  but  Sonnini  made  diligent 
examination  on  this  fpot,  and  could  perceive  no  veftiges  of 
buildings  of  a  remote  time,  but  half  a  league  further,  he 
remarked  upon  the  coaft  old  walls  and  ruins,  which  may  be 
traced  a  long  way  into  the  fea,  and  which  are  probably  the 
remains  of  Heraclea  or  Heracleum.  Maadie  is  diftant  about 
fix  leagues  from  Alexandria,  on  a  lake  of  the  fame  name, 
which  is  the  extremity  of  the  Canopic  branch  of  the  Nile. 
The  lake  communicates  with  the  Mediterranean  by  a  nar- 
row opening,  at  which  the  French  raifed  a  block-houfe,  from 
which  they  were  driven  by  the  Britidi,  under  lieut.  Brown. 
Maadie  is  five  miles  E.  of  Aboukir, 

MAAGRUNNI,  two  idands  on  the  E.  fide  of  the  gulf 
of  Bothnia.     N.  lat.  65    25'.      E.  long.  24"  56'. 

MAALMORIE,  a  cape  of  Scotland,  on  the  S.E.  part 
of  the  ifland  of  lla. 

MAALUM,  a  town  of  Bengal  ;  eight  miles  E.  of 
Toree. 

MA  AN,  JoHN',  in  Biography,  a  French  ecclefiaftical 
hitlorian,  v.-as  born  at  Tours,  where  he  probably  received  the 
elements  of  a  learned  educatipn,  being  defigned  for  the  ec- 
clefiaftical profeflion  :  in  due  time  he  was  admitted  doftor 
by  the  faculty  of  the  Sorbonne,  and  became  canon  and  pre- 
centor of  the  church  of  Tours.  He  zealoufiy  devoted  his 
talents  and  learning  to  the  fervice  of  that  religion  in  which 
he  had  been  brought  up.  In  1667  he  printed  at  his  own 
houfe  a  work  entitled  "  Sanfta  ct  Metropolitana  Ecclefia 
Turonenfis,  Sacrorum  Pontificum  fuorum  ornata  virtutibus, 
et  fanftiffimis  Concihorum  Inftitutis  decorata."  This  work 
is  highly  efteemed  by  the  Fi-cnch,  who  rcprcfent  it  as  replete 
with  erudition  and  curious  refcarches,  and  as  refleAiiig  high 
honour  on  the  church  of  Tours  and  its  author.     Moreri. 

MA.\N.A,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Kajaaga,  the  refidence  of  the  king,  bordering  on  a 
branch  of  the  river  Senegal,  and  within  a  Ihort  diftance  of 
the  ruins  of  Fort  St.  Jofeph. 

MAANINGA,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  government 
of  Kuopio  ;  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Kuopio 

4Y  2  MAAR, 


M  A  B 


M  A  B 


MAAR,  a  fmtill  ifland  in  the  Eaft  Indian  fca,  near  the 
South  coall  of  the  idand  of  Coram.  S.  lat.  3  30'.  E. 
long.  T3    25'. 

MAARABAI,  aharbour  on  the  W.  coaft  of  the  ifland 
of  Ulietea,  in  the  South  Pacific  ocean.  S.  lat.  16  53'. 
W.  long.  I  ji^  27'. 

MAARRA,  a  town  of  Afiatic  Turkey,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Aleppo;  the  refidence  of  an  aga ;  45  miles 
S.S  E.  of  Aleppo 

MAAS  DiHK,  in  Bigraphy,  a  painter,  born  at  Haerlem 
in  16)6.  He  at  firll  painted  Hill  life,  after  that  he  iludied 
with  and  i.Tiitated  Berchcm,  but  is  bell  known  by  pifturcs 
of  battles,  proceffions,  and  cavalcades  of  horfes,  fomewhat 
in  the  Ilyle  of  Vandcr  Meulcn,  though  not  wrought  fo  free 
as  the  works  of  tiiat  art  id. 

There  were  two  other  painters  of  this  nam-,  Arnold  van 
Maas,  a  difciple  of  Teniers,  who  died  young,  and  Nicholas 
Maas,  who  was  born  at  Dort  in  !6?2,  and  was  educated  in 
the  fchool  of  Rembrandt.  He  pratlil'ed  portrait  painting 
with  confiderable  fuccefs.  He  lived  to  the  age  of  61,  and 
died  in  1693. 

MAASEYCK,  ir.  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Lower  Meui'e,  and  chief  place  of  a  can- 
ton, in  the  diftrift  of  Ruren-.onde.  The  place  contains 
2205,  and  the  canton  14,704  inhabitants,  on  a  territory  cf 
2)7-i  kiiiometres,  in  iS  communes. 

Maas  IN,  a  town  on  the  W.  coaft  of  the  ifland  of 
Leyta.     N.  lat.  10°  1 2'.     E.  long.  1  24^  49'. 

MAASS,  in  Commerce.     See  Mass. 

MAAT,  a  fuperficial  meafure  of  land  in  Holland,  con- 
taining 500  fquare  ruthes,  of  which  6co  are  equal  to  a  mor- 
gen  or  acre.  A  fingle  fquare  ruthe  contains  169  fquare 
feet,  each  foot  being  =121  fquare  inches  ;=  124;  Englilh 
inches. 

MAATTAN,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Hindooftan,  in 
Bahar;  34  miles  N.N.E.  of  Durbunga. 

M.AATZ,  Nicholas,  in  Biography,  an  eminent  German 
organ-builder  in  the  iixteentli  century,  celebrated  by  Prsto- 
rias,  ^nd  in  Werckmeifter's  organ-gruning.  rediv.  In  1543 
he  erefted  an  organ  at  Stralfund  with  43  ftops,  and  after- 
wards was  engaged  in  the  fervice  of  the  king  of  Denmark. 

MAB.     See"  Mo  A  B. 

MAB.A,  in  Botany,  is  the  vernacular  name  of  this  genus 
amongft  the  iflanders  of  the  South  Seas.  It  was  firft  de- 
fcribed  by  Forller,  and  afterwards  taken  up  by  Linnaeus, 
Schreber,  and  other  authors.  Forft.  Gen.  61.  Linn. 
Suppl.  6j-.  Schreb.  678.  Mart.  Mill.  Diet.  V.  3.,  Jiiff.  418. 
Lamarck  Ilhiftr.  t.  §03. — Ciafs  and  order,  Diccc'm  Triari- 
dr'ta.     Nat.  Ord.  uncertain. 

Gen.  Ch.  Male,  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  cloven  half  way 
down  into  three  actite,  villofe  fegments.  Cor.  of  one  petal, 
tubular,  hairy  on  the  outfide  ;  tube  cylindrical,  longer  than 
the  calyx  ;  iimb  in  three,  ovate,  thickifli,  ereft  divifions. 
Slam.  Filaments  three,  thread-fiiapod,  (horter  than  the  calyx; 
anthers  ereft,  ovate.  Pjjl.  Rudiment  globofe,  nearly  fefllle 
in  the  midft  of  the  flower. — Female,  Cal.  Perianth  inferior, 
permanent,  as  in  the  male.  Cor.  and  Pijl.  unknown.  Perk. 
Drupa  fuperior,  ovate-oblong,  of  tifro  cells,  each  containing 
two  oblong,  triangular  feeds  or  nuts,  fomev/hat  convex  at 
their  back,  flat  on  both  lides. 

EfT.  Ch.  Male,  Calyx  three- cleft.  Corolla  externally 
hairy  ;  its  limb  three-cleft.  Female,  Calyx  as  in  the  male. 
Drupa  fuperior,  of  tv^o  cells. 

\.M.  eUipt'ica.  Forll.  Gen.  t.  61.  L!nn.  Syft.  Veg. 
rd.  14.  881.  Suppl.  426.— A  native  of  the  Frieiidly 
Iflaiids,  more  particularly  of  Tonga  Tabu  and  Namoka. — 
This  is  a  jlrub  v;hofe  general  herbage  is  estreme'y  fmooth, 


its  young  (hoots  and  early  leaves  alone  being  hairy.  Leavet 
alternate,  on  fliort  footlhilks,  elliptical,  veined,  very  finooth. 
Stalks  axillary,  fliort,  mollly  three-flowered.  Flo-Mcrs  fmal', 
and  curious  as  Linnxus  remarks  for  having  the  outlide  of 
the  calyx  and  corolla  extremely  hairy. 

Forilcr,  in  his  work  on  efculent  plants,  p.  54,  mentions 
another  fpecics,  or  variety,  of  this  genus,  which  he  calls 
Maba  major  ;  the  fruit  of  which  is  three  times  as  big  as  that 
of  elliptica,  the  kernels  tough  and  infipid.  The  fame  author 
fays  that  the  natives  eat  the  nuts  of  it,  and  that  they  were 
offered  for  falc  to  our  people 

M.ABANOWKA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Poland,  in 
Volhynia  ;    12  miles  S.  of  Berdiczow. 

^LABBY,  a  kind  of  wine  made  from  potatoes.  It  is 
faid  to  be  ufed  in  Barbadoe?. 

MABEA,  in  Boljnw  is  derived  from  the  Caribee  name 
of  this  plant,  Ph'ir'i  Male.  Aublet  firll  defrrihcd  the  genu3 
in  his  Plantx  Gui'incnfes,  and  fays  it  is  called  Bo'is  a  Calumet 
by  the  French,  bccaufe  the  negroes  ufc  its  fmaller  branches 
as  pipes  for  fmoaking.  Aubl.  Gviian.  867.  Schreb.  641. 
Willd.  Sp.  PI.  V.  4.  404.  Mart.  Mill.  Di£t.  v.  3.  Jufl".  388. 
Lamarck  Illuftr.  t.  773. — Ciafs  and  order,  Aloncceia  Poly- 
atidr'ia.     Nat.  Ord.  Tricocc^,  Linn.     Euphorbia,  Juff. 

Gen.  Oi.  Male,  Cal.  Perianth  inferior,  of  one  leaf, 
fivc-toothcd,  acute.  Cor.  none.  Stam.  Filaments  from 
nine  to  twelve,  inferted  into  the  bottom  of  the  calyx ; 
anthers  roundiili.  —  Female,  Cal.  Perianth  of  one  leaf, 
ereft,  five-toothed,  acute.  Cor.  none.  PiJl.  Germen  fu- 
perior, oblong,  fomewhat  t'riafigular,  longer  than  the  calyx  j 
ilyle  long  ;  flig  r.as  three,  thread-fliaped,  revolute.  Perk. 
Capfule  enclofed  in  a  thick  coat,  roundifli,  of  three  lobes 
and  three  cells,  each  cell  two-valved,  burlling  with  ehlti- 
city.  Seeds  fulitary,  roundifli,  reddifli,  variegated  with 
grey  fpots. 

lifl'.  Ch.  Male,  Calyx  five-toothed.  Corolla  none.- 
Stamens  from  nine  to  twelve  inferted  into  the  calyx.— Fe- 
male, Calyx  five-toothed.  Corolla  none.  Stigmas  three. 
Capfule  three-lobed,  of  three  cells.     Seeds  folitary. 

Obf,  Jufliii  remarks  that  in  the  d('fcription  of  the  fem.ale 
flowers  of  71/rt/'M  inllead  of  "a  fingte  Ilyle,"  it  fliould  rather 
be  "  ftyles  three,  clofely  united  or  glued  into  one." 

1.  M.  Piriri.  Aubl.  Gijian.  t.  334.  f.  i. — Leaves 
ovate-oblong,  attenuated  at  the  bafe,  pointed.—  Found  in 
Guiana  and  Cayenne,  where  it  flowered  and  bore  fruit  in 
May. — The  trunk  of  this  plant  rifes  to  about  five  feet  in 
height,  and  puts  forth  numerous,  twiggy  branches  very  long, 
Ipreading  and  entangling  themfelves  among  the  neighbouring 
trees,  covered  with  an  a!h-coloured  bark.  Leaves  alternate,, 
on  fliort  footftalks,  entire,  green  above,  whitifli  beneath. 
Stipulas  two,  long,  narrow,  deciduous.  Floiuers  copioiis, 
in  long  panicles ;  the  males  three  on  a  common  ftal.k,  wtth 
two  glands  and  a  bractca  at  the  bafe:  female  flowers  beneath 
the  male,  folitary.  Every  part  of  the  plant  when  wounded 
abounds  with  a  mdky  fecretion. 

2.  M.  Taquart.  Aubl.  Guian,  t.  334.  f.  -i. — Leaves 
oblong,  roimded  at  each  end,  pointed,  fomewhat  heart- 
fhaped  at  the  bafe. — Native  of  Gui?.na,  flowering  with  the 
la!l.  —  This_yZi;oi  diffeps  from  the  lall  in  having  the  harh  of 
its  trunk  and  branches  of  a  reddifli  colour.  The  leaves  are 
larger,  lets  elongated,  and  terminated  by  a  fliort  point,- 
curioufly  veined  with  red  tmderneath.  The  fruit  is  alio 
larger,  but  in  other  refpedls  it  entirely  accords  with  the 
p.'^cceding. 

MABER,  in  Geography,  a  towm  of  Perfia,  in  Chufiftan  ;. 
48  miles  S.S.W.  of  Sutler. 

MABERIA,  a  lake  of  Africa,  in  the  country  of  Jin~ 
ba!a,  which  fee  ;  the  fame  wiih  the  lake  of  Dibbic;  formed 

by 


I^I  A  B 


M  A  B 


by  tlie  river   Joliba,  wliich   runs  to  the  tajl,  but  miftaken 

by  d  Anville  and  Delifle  for  thi;  head  of  the  river  Senegal, 

which  runs  to  the  'u.'j}. 

MABEUSE.  or   MabeuGE,    Joiis-   dl,    in    Biography, 

one  of  the  cnrly  hiboiious  praftitioncrs  in  the  art  of  painting 

after  the  ufe   of  oil   became  known  in   Flanders,     He  was 
born  at  Maubcuge,  in  Hainaiilt,  in  1499. 

He  was  invited  by  Henry  VIH.  to  England,  and  cm- 
ployed  by  him  to  pai:it  the  portraits  of  his  children.  By 
his  neat  mode  of  fini/hing,  a-d  the  fmoothnefs  and  high  polifh 

of  his  works,  he  gained  in  this  country,  where  the  art  of    mortal  reputation.     The  manners  and  ufages  of  thofe  dark 
painting  was  then  almoil  unknown,  a  very  confiderable  rcpu-    agei  are  examined  with  great  care,  and  an  hundred  import 
tation,  and  in  confequence  his  paintings  are  not  unfrequent    ant  queftions  are  dilcuflVd  by  an  exact  and  folid  critique.' 


collefting  and  die:eftir.g  materials.  The  fird  voluoje  was 
p^iblifhed  in  1668,  under  the  title  of  •'  Afta  Sandoruai 
Ordinis  S.  Bcaedidi,  &c.  ;"  this  was  followed  at  difTerent 
periods  by  eight  others,  of  which  the  lail  was  publifhed  in 
1702.  The  work  was  regarded  by  the  journalifts  of  the 
day,  "  not  as  a  fimple  colk-ftion  of  n:emoirs  relating  to 
monadic  liiftory,  but  as  a  valuable  compilation  of  ancient 
monuments,  which  bein;;  lUuftrated  by  learned  notes,  throw 
much  light  on  the  mod  obfcure  part  of  eccleliaftical  hidory. 
The  prefaces  tliemfelves  would  fecure  to  the  author  an  im- 


among  us. 

They  are  known  by  their  dry,.  ItifF,  and  formal  manner  ; 
both  of  atticn  in  the  figfures  and  in  the  folding-s  of  their 
draperies,  by  a  total  lack  of  chiaro-fcuro,  and  yet  podefl- 
iiig  much  ingenious  tade  in  colour ;  great  care  i:i  the  face.";, 
which  al.says  appear  to  have  been  portraits;  and  an  almod 
boundlels  labour  in  the  finidiing ;  particularly  of  all  the 
ornamental  parts,  fuch  as  gems,  pearls,  5:c.  &c.  which  he 
was  fond  of  bedowing  laviHily. 

He  is  faid  to  have  been  immoderately  addifted  to  drink- 
ing, though  he  lived  to  the  age  of  63. 

MABILLON,  John,  a  very  learned  French  BenediAine 
monk,  was  born  at  Pierre-mont,  a  village  belonging  to  the 


The  prefaces  were  reckoned  lo  valuable,  that  they  were 
publidied  feparately  in  1732,  in  quarto.  In  1674  he  pub- 
lished "  De  Pane  Eucharillico  azimo  et  fermentaro  Difler- 
tatio,"  intcndwl  to  prove  that  the  Latin  church  made  ufe 
of  leavened  bread  iii  the  con 'ecration  of  the  Eucharid  for 
many  ages,  and  that  the  ufe  of  unleavened  bread  was  not 
introduced  till  after  Pholiui's  fchifm.  In  the  following 
year  he  publifhed  "  Veterum  AnaletStorum,  &c.  ;"  but  the 
work  wliich  has  done  mod  honour  to  the  memory  of 
Mahilloii  appeared  in  i68i,  entitled  "  De  Re  diplomatica 
Libri  fe.x,  5cc."  So  high  was  the  opin.on  generall)  enter- 
tained of  his  extraordinary  merit,  that  the  celebrated  Col- 
bert was  deiirous  of  bedowing  on  liini  a  penfion  of  two  thou- 


diocefe  of  Rheims,  in   the  year   1632.     He  was  indrufted     fand  livres,  but  his  unambitious  and  dilintereded  fpirit  led  him 


in  grammar  learning  by  one  of  his  uncles,  who  afterwards 
fent  him  to  the  college  of  Rheims,  where  he  foou  didin- 
guidied  himfelf  by  the  vivacity  of  his  genius,  and  an  uncom- 
mon application  to  dudy.  Hence  he  was  taken  into  the 
feminary  of  the  cathedral,  in  which  the  young  perfons  de- 
figtied  for  the  fervice  of  the  diocefe  were  educated.  He 
continued  here  three  j'ears,  and  took  the  habit  in  an  abbey 
belonging  to  the  Beaediftines  of  the  congregation  of  St. 
Maur  in  1653,  "^'"^  '"  '^^  following  year  he  made  his  pro- 
fefTion.  The  highed  expeftations  were  formed  of  him  ; 
but  an  incedant  and  almoil  perpetual  head-ache  renderedhim 
incapable  of  application,  and  he  was  fent  to  different  places 
in  the  country  for  the  recovery  of  his  health.  In  the  year 
1660  he  was  ordained  pried  at  Amiens,  and  as  he  dill  la- 
boured under  fo  much  indifpofition,  as  to  render  it  unfit  for 
him  to  apply  to  his  dudies,  he  was  accordingly  employed 
in  fuch  temporal  affairs  of  the  congregation  as  were  more 
adapted  to  his  enfeebled  conditulion.     In  1663,  in  order  to 


to  decline  that  generous  offvr  In  1682,  Colbert  engaged  him 
to  take  a  journeyinto  Burgundy,for  the  purpofe  of  exainining 
fome  ancient  titles'  relating  to  the  royal  family  ;  after  which 
he  fent  him  into  Germany,  to  fearch  into  the  archives  and  libra- 
ries of  the  ancient  abbies  in  that  country,  for  fuch  documents 
as  might  contribute  to  illudrate  the  hidory  of  France,  and 
that  of  tiie  church  in  general,  and  of  the  church  of  France 
in  pariicuLir.  The  refu  ts  of  his  enquiries  into  thefe  fub- 
jedls  were  given  in  the  fourth  volume  of  his  "  Analecia." 
In  1685,  he  pilblidied  "  De  Liturgia  Gallicana  Libri  tre?, 
in  quibus  veteris  n;iffae,  quK  ante  annos  mille  apud  Gallos 
in  ufu  erat,  forma  ritufque  eruntur  ex  antiquis  monumenti.'!,. 
&c."  In  the  fame  year  Mabillon  was  fent  at  the  king's 
expence  into  Italy,  with  the  fame  view  as  he  hadbeen  formerly 
fent  into  Germany,  and  was  received  at  Rome  with  great 
relpeft  ;  he  had  free  accefs  graited  him  to  all  the  archives, 
and  to  all  the  libraries,  from  which  he  collefted  a  vaft  num- 
ber of  interefting  and  important  papers,  adapted  to  the  de- 


redrain  him  from  clofe  dudies,  he  was   feut  to  St.  Dennis,     fign  of  his  journey.     On   his  return  to   France  he  carried 


and  was  employed  in  the  low  office  of  exhibiting  to  drangers 
the  various  treafures  and  ancient  monuments  of  the  abbey. 
The  duties  of  this  fervile  pod  were  ill  adapted  to  his  mind, 
and  an  accident  which  occurred  diortly  relieved  him  from  the 
burden  which  was  become  almod  intolerable.  He  broke  a 
mirror,  which  it  was  pretended  belonged  to  the  pcjet  Virgil ; 
this  fo  enraged  !us  fuperiors,  that  they  gladly  allowed  hi:n 
to  make  his  retreat.  His  vacant  hours  he  employed  in  ■read- 
ing the  fathers,  and  in  laying  up  la'ge  dores  of  theological, 
ecclefiadical,  and  critical  learning,  la  1 764  he  wcut  to 
Paris  to  afTi't  d'Achery  in  compiling  his  "  Splcilegiuni," 
and  took  a  large  thare  in  the  buiinefs.  The  zeal  and  talents 
which-  he'manifeded  in   this   work  caufed   him  to  be  ap- 


with  him  a  fine  coUeftion  of  books  and  rare  MSS.  which 
he  placed  in  his  majedy's  library  ;  and  in  1C87  he  publidied 
an  account  of  his  journey,  and  of  the  pieces  which  he  had 
difcovered,  under  the  title  of  "  Mulxum  Italicum,  feu 
Colleftlo  veterum  Scriptorum  ex  Bibliochtcis  Ilalicis  eruta,. 
&c.''  in  two  volumes  410,  In  1688,  father  Mabillon  en- 
gaiied  in  a  difpute  between  the  Benedi£lines  of  Burgundy, 
and  the  canons  regular,  on  the  fubjecl  of  the  precedence  of 
thofe  orders  in  the  dates,  and,  in  169T,  he  entered  into  a 
controverfy  with  father  Ranee,  abbot  of  La  Trappe,  who 
maintained,  that  learning  and  the  fcieiices  were  foreign  to 
the  monadic  profefiion,  and  who  had  prohibited  the  monks 
almod  all  forts  of  reading,  excepting  that  of  the  fcripf.ires 


pointed   to  fuperintend  the  publication  of  a  complete  edi-  and  certain  moral  treatiies.     In  169S  he  publiihcd  a  work, 

tion  of  the  works  of  S'.  Bernard,   which  he  executed  with  which   involved   him  in  much  controverfy  and  many  ferious 

miic!i  correAnefs,  judgment,  and  learning-     This  wor.^  was  difficulties,     entitled    "  Eufebii    Romaui    ad    Theophilum 

publidied,   in  1667,    in  two  folio  volumes,  and  alio  ia  nine  Galium  Epillola  de  Cultu  fandtorum  ignotorum."     It  was 

volumes  oclavo.      Immediately  after  the  pubhcalion  of  this-  received  by  the  fuperditious  and  interelled,  particularly  at 

great   work,  he   was  employed  in   completing   the  lives  of  Rome,  in  a  moll   unfavourable  manner.      For  fome  time  ir 

the  faints,  for  which  d'Achery  and  Chantelou  had-  beeii  was  attacked  only  by  complaints,,  murmurs,  and  criiicifms 

publiihcd 


M  A  B 

puWifhed  ill  Germany,  France,  and  Italy;  but  in  1 701 
It  was  brought  before  the  congregation  of  tlie  Index,  by 
whom  the  author  would  unqucftionably  have  been  ceiifured, 
if  he  had  not  agreed  to  reprint  it  with  fuch  alterations, 
emendations,  and  omilTions  :is  fhould  be  fuggelled  to  hini. 
In  the  fame  year  Mabillon  was  chofen  honorary  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Infcriptions,  and  pubhihed  the  firft 
volume  of  the  lull  great  work  to  which  he  devoted  his 
labours,  entitled  "  Annates  Ordinis  S.  Benedifti  in  quibus 
non  modo  res  Monaftica:,  fed  etiam  Ecclefiaflicx  HiiloricK 
non  minima  pars  continctur."  The  fecond,  third,  and 
fourth  volumes  fuccecded,  and  the  fifth  was  compofcd  by 
Mabillon,  but  not  publilhed  till  after  his  deceafe.  Mabillon 
died  in  beccmber  1707,  foon  after  he  had  completed  his 
feventy-fifth  year.  In  fpeaking  of  his  great  merit,  Dupin 
fays,  "  The  voice  of  the  public,  and  the  general  e(leem 
of  all  the  learned,  are  a  much  better  commendation  of  him  , 
than  any  thing  which  we  can  fay.  His  profound  learning 
appears  from  his  works ;  his  modefty,  humility,  meeknefs, 
and  piety,  are  no  lefs  known  to  thofe  who  .have  had  the 
leaft  converfation  with  him.  His  ftyle  is  mafculinc,  pure, 
clear,  and  methodical,  without  affectation  or  fuperfluous  or- 
naments, and  'fuitable  to  the  fubjeds  of  wliich  he  has 
treated."  In  1724  the  poftliumous  works  of  our  author 
were  published  in  three  volumes  4to.  by  ThuiUier.  Moreri. 
Dupin. 

MA  ELY,  Bhnnet  de,  abbe,  an  eminent  political 
writer,  was  born  at  Grenoble  in  1709.  He  was  brother 
of  the  abbe  Condillac,  whom  he  refembled  in  acutenefs  and 
penetration.  He  devoted  himfelf  to  the  ftudy  of  literature, 
and  died  at  Paris  in  1785.  His  principal  works  are  "  Ob- 
fervationson  the  Greeks;"  "  Obfcrvations  on  the  Romans;" 
"  Parallel  of  the  Romans  and  French  ;"  "  Obfervations  on 
the  Hiftory  of  France  ;"  "  Difcourfes  on  Hiftory."  All 
the  writings  of  this  author  difplay  deep  thinking,  found 
moral  principles,  and  a  great  regard  for  the  good  of  man- 
kind. He  is,  hov/ever,  thought  to  be  too  much  of  a  panc- 
gyrift  of  the  ancients,  and  too  fond  of  applying  their  po- 
litical maxims  to  the  very  different  circumftances  of  modern 
ftates.  The  work  of  his  old  age,  entitled  "  Sur  lea  Con- 
flitutions  des  Etats  Unis  de  I'Amerique,"  gave  offence  by 
fome  fentiments  adverfe  to  civil  liberty  and  rehgious  tole- 
ration. 

MABOUJAS,  the  Dfvil-lizard,  in  Zoology,  a  fpecies  of 
American  lizard,  fo  called  from  its  uglinefs  and  difagreeable 
afpeft.  It  grows  to  fix  or  feven  inches  long,  and  to  the 
thicknefs  of  a  thumb,  and  is  found  in  the  trunks  of  rotten 
trees,  and  in  marfhy  places,  where  the  fun-beams  feldom 
reach  ;  it  is  all  over  of  a  glofTy  black  colour,  and  looks  as 
if  fmeared  over  with  oil. 

MABOUL,  James,  in  Biography,  an  eminent  French 
prelate,  diflinguifiied  for  his  pulpit  eloquence,  and  particu- 
larly for  his  orations  dehvered  in  praife  of  deceafed  perfons 
of  merit,  was  defcended  from  a  family  of  high  rank.  He  ob- 
tained confiderable  emmence  in  the  church,  and  was  employed 
by  the  duke  of  Orleans,  the  regent,  in  a  fruitlefs  attempt  to 
reconcile  the  hoftile  parties  who  were  contending  about  the 
bull  Unigenitus.  His  funeral  difcourfes  were  pubUfhed  in 
one  volume  i2mo.  in  1749:  they  are  faid  to  be  diftingui(hed 
by  that  fweetnefs  of  ityle,  that  noblenefs  of  fentiment, 
that  elevation,  that  unftion,  and  that  touching  fimplicity, 
which  are  the  charafterillics  of  a  good  mind,  and  of  true 
genius.     Moreri. 

MABRA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  gulf 
of  Bona;   10  miles  W.  of  Bona, 


MAC 

MAC,  an  Irifh  word  fignifyingyon  ;  frequently  prefixed 
to  furnames  ;  as  jlfacdonald,  for  Donald's  ion  ;  Mac\ci\im, 
for  Laurence's  fon,   &c. 

MACA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Hoval ;  20 
miles  from  the  moulii  of  the  Senegal. 

MACABALAR  Bay,  h  bay  on  the  N.W.  coall  of  the 
ifland  of  Mindanao. 

MACABRA,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Scnnaar;  40  miles 
S.S.W.  <,f  Meroe. 

MACACO,  in  Zoology.     See  Lemuu  Macaco. 

MACADRA,  ill  Geography,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  Ye- 
men ;  32  miles  S.  of  Chamir. 

MAC^,  in  ./Indent  Geography,  a  people  of  Africa,  E. 
of  the  Nafamones  and  near  the  fea.  Some  have  fuppofed 
they  are  the  fame  with  thofe  called  Syrtites  by  Ptolemy,  be- 
caufe  they  inhabited  towards  the  Great  Syrtib.  The  Cinyps 
watered  their  country,  and  hence  Silius  Italicus  denominates 
them  Cinyphii  Macoe. 

MACAENS  de  Cam'mho,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Portu- 
gal, in  Elhemadura  ;   33  miles  S.S.E.  of  Coimbra. 

MACAIRE,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Gironde,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the  diftrift 
of  La  Reole.  The  place  contains  1483,  and  the  canton  9980 
inhabitants,  on  a  territory  of  1025  kiliometres,  in  15  com- 
munes. 

MACALLESTER's  Bay,  a  bay  on  the  E.  coall  of 
the  ifland  of  Mull.     N.  lat.  56    30'.     W.  long,  f  45'. 

MACALUNGO,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Mozambique. 
S.  lat.- 17  .     E.  long.  39'. 

MACAM,  Indian  apple,  in  Natural  Hi/lory,  tlic  name  of 
a  common  Eaft  Indian  fruit :  it  is  of  a  round  (liape,  and 
about  the  fize  of  our  common  wild  crabs  which  grow  in 
the  hedges :  inftead  of  the  feveral  fmall  feeds,  which  our 
crabs  and  apples  contain,  this  fruit  has  only  one  hard  ker- 
nel ;  it  is  of  an  acid  tafte,  and  of  a  raw  and  not  very  agree- 
able fmell  ;  the  tree  which  produces  this  fruit  does  not 
grow  to  any  height :  it  refembles  the  quince  tree  in  its 
leaves,  except  that  they  have  a  yellovvifli  call.  Mem.  Acad. 
Par.  1699. 

MAC  AN,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Perfia,  in  Khorafan  ; 
60  miles  W.  of  Meru-Shahigian. 

MACANAO,.a  fmall  ifland  in  the  Caribbean  fea,  near 
the  W.  coaft  of  Margarita.  N.  lat.  11.  W.  long.  64"^ 
40'. 

MACANEA,  in  Botany,  is  a  name  adopted  by  Juffieu 
for  the  Macahanea  of  Aublet  deforibed  in  the  fupplement 
of  his  Plants  of  Guiana,  and  figured  in  t.  371  of  that 
work.  Neither  of  thofe  authors  had  feen  any  of  the  parts 
of  fruftification  except  the  berry  and  feeds  which  are  thus 
defcribed.  Perk.  Berry  large,  pear-lhaped,  of  one  cell, 
pulpy  withinfide ;  its  outfide  leathery,  fprinkltd  with  red 
fpots.  Seeds  from  four  to  fix,  ovate,  leathery,  covered 
with  a  membrane  and  lying  in  a  white  pulp.  Aublet,  who 
found  this  plant  in  fruit  in  June,  calls  it  by  the  fpecific  name 
oi gtiianenfis,  with  the  following  defcription. — Sln-ub  putting 
.  forth  numerous  branches,  twilling  themfelves  about  the  neigh- 
bouring trees.  Leaves  oppofite,  on  fcotflalks,  toothed, 
ovate,  acute,  fmooth.  Fruk  axillary,  in  cluilers. — From 
the  imperfect  ftate  in  which  Macanea  is  known,  we  cannot 
pronounce  to  what  clafs  it  belongs.  Juflieu  ranks  it  amongll 
the  Natural  Order  of  Gultlfer^,  and  fays  that  it  is  nearly  al- 
lied to  Mammea  and  Singana. 

MACANNA,  in  Geography,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  S. 
of  Bambouk. 

MACAO,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Ellreraadura;  12  miles 
N.E.  of  Abantcs. 

9  Macao, 


MACAO. 


Macao,  a  fea-port  town  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Quang-tong,  fituated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tigris,  in  the  en- 
trance of  the  bay  of  Canton,  and  built  ©n  a  peninfula,  or 
rather  a  fmall  iiland,  becaufe  it  is  feparated  from  the  land 
by  a  river,  where  the  ebbing  and  flowing  of  the  fca  are  fenfi- 
biy  felt.  This  tongue  of  land  is  joined  to  the  reft  of  the 
idand  only  by  a  fmall  neck,  about  loo  yards  acrofs.  The 
Portuguefe  obtained  this  port  from  the  emperor  Camhy, 
as  a  reward  for  the  afTiftance  they  gave  to  the  Chinefe  in 
deftroying  the  pirates,  who  from  the  iflands  in  the  vicinity 
of  Canton  infefled  the  feas  and  ravaged  all  the  coafts  of 
China.  Some  writers  pretend,  that  this  city  had  no  inhabit- 
ants but  pirates  when  the  Portuguefe  formed  an  eftablifli- 
ment  in  it ;  and  that  they  were  only  permitted  to  build  huts 
covered  with  ftraw.  However  this  be,  their  whole  extent  of 
territory,  bounded  by  a  wall,  is  not  more  than  eight  miles 
in  circumference.  In  this  fmall  fpot,  the  Portuguefe  car- 
ried on,  for  a  long  time,  almoft  exclufively,  a  confiderable 
traffic  with  the  Chinefe  empire,  and  with  other  countries 
in  Afia,  particularly  Japan,  Tonquin,  Cochinchina,  and 
Siam.  But  by  the  luxury  occafionedby  increafe  of  wealth  and 
the  injurious  oppreffion  of  the  Chinefe,  the  entcrprifing 
fpirit  of  the  Portuguefe  declmed,  and  the  inhabitants  of 
Macao  became  enervated'  by  a  tropical  climate.  Their 
trade  to  Japan  failed ;  their  other  fpeculations  became  pre- 
carious ;  and  this  once  profperous  fettlement  is  now  very 
much  reduced.  The  houfes  at  Macao  are  built  after  the 
European  maimer,  but  they  are  low,  and  make  little  (how. 
Here  are  13  churches  and  chapels,  and  50  priefts,  to  mi- 
nifter  to  the  devotion  of  between  four  and  five  thoufand 
laity.  Of  the  two  pagan  temples  at  Macao,  belonging  to 
the  Chinefe,  one  is  curioufly  fituated  among  a  confuted  heap 
of  iramenfe  mafles  of  granite.  This  temple  is  comprifed 
of  three  feparate  buildings  one  over  the  other ;  the  only  ap- 
proach to  which  is  by  a  winding  flight  of  fteps  hewn  out  of 
the  folid  rock.  The  cave  of  Camoens,  fituated  a  little 
above  the  loftieft  eminence  in  the  town,  was  confl:ru(fted, 
probably,  in  the  fame  manner  as  the  temple  above  defcribed, 
by  bringing  together  a  vaft  number  of  rocks.  This  cave, 
from  a  tradition  current  in  the  fettlement,  belonged  to  Ca- 
moens, a  Portuguefe  poet,  who  refided  a  confiderable  time 
at  Macao,  and  in  which  cave,  it  is  faid,  he  wrote  the  cele- 
brated poem  of  the  Lufiad.  The  whole  population  of  Ma- 
cao, according  to  the  ftatement  of  La  Peroufe,  may  be 
computed  at  20,000,  of  whom  100  are  Portuguefe  by  birth, 
2000  metis,  or  half  Indians  and  half  Portuguefe,  with  as 
many  Caffre  flaves,  their  domellics.  The  reft  are  Chinefe, 
who  employ  themfelves  in  commerce  and  difl'ereHt  trades,  by 
which  they  lay  the  Portuguefe  under  contribution  to  their 
induftry.  Thefe  laft,  though  almoft  all  Mulaltoes,  w-ould 
think  themfelves  difgraced,  if  they  fupported  their  families 
by  exercifing  any  mechanic  art,  thougli  their  pride  is  not 
above  continually  foliciting  charity,  with  importunity,  froin 
every  one  that  pafles  by  them. 

The  road-ftead  of  Macao  is  fufficicntly  fpacious  to  con- 
tain 60  gun-ftiips  at  the  entrance  of  Typa  ;  and  in  its  har- 
bour, which  is  below  the  town,  and  communicates  with  the 
river  up  to  the  eaftward,-  ftiips  of  fevcn  or  eight  hundred 
tons,  with  half  their  lading.  The  mouth  of  this  harbour  is 
defended  by  a  foi-trefs  of  two  batteries,  which  muft  be  kept 
within  piftol-fliot  in  entering.  Three  fmall  forts,  two  of 
which  are  mounted  with  twelve  guns,  and  the  third  with  fix, 
protedt  the  fouth  fide  of  the  town  from  every  attempt  of  the 
Chinefe.  Thefe  fortifications,  which  are  in  the  worft  pof- 
fible  ftate,  would  be  far  from  formidable  to  Europeacis,  but 
tlicy  may  eafily  overawe   all  the  maritime  forces  of   the 


Chinefe.  A  mountain  alfo  commands  the  road,  where  i 
detachment  of  troops  could  hold  out  a  very  long  fic-ge. 
The  Portuguefe  of  Macao,  more  devout  than  warlike,  have 
built  a  church  on  the  ruins  of  a  fort,  which  covered  this 
mountain,  forming,  at  that  time,  an  impregnable  poft.  The 
fide  next  the  land  is  defended  by  two  fortreffcs,  one  of 
which  is  mounted  with  40  guns,  and  capable  of  containing 
a  garrifon  of  1000  men.  It  is  provided  with  a  ciftern,  two 
fprings  of  running  water,  and  cafemates  for  laying  up  wer. 
hke  ammunition  and  provifions.  The  other,  which  mounts 
30  guns,  cannot  receive  above  300  men,  and  has  a  very 
abundant  fpring  that  never  fails.  Thefe  two  citadels  com- 
mand the  whole  country.  The  Portuguefe  frontiers  extend 
nearly  a  league  from  the  town,  and  are  bounded  by  a  wall 
guarded  by  a  mandarin  and  a  few  foldiers.  This  mandarin 
is  the  true  governor  of  Macao,  whom  all  the  Chinefe  obey, 
though  he  is  not  allowed  to  flcep  within  thefe  limits.  But 
he  may  examine  all  the  fortifications,  infpeft  the  cuftora- 
houfes,  &c. ;  and  on  thefe  occafions  the  Portuguefe  are 
obliged  to  give  him  a  falute  of  five  guns  :  but  no  European 
can  make  a  fingle  ftep  on  the  Chinefe  territory,  beyond  the 
wall,  which  v/ould  fubjeft  him  either  to  imprifonment  or  a 
heavy  contribution.  The  palace  of  the  Chinefe  mandarin  is 
in  the  middle  of  the  city  ;  and  the  Portuguefe  are  conftrained 
to  pay  a  tribute  of  ioo,coo  ducats  for  the  liberty  of  choofing 
their  own  magillrates,  exercifing  their  rehgiop,  and  liying 
according  to  their  own  laws.  The  viceroy  of  Goa  nomi- 
nates to  all  civil  and  mihtary  offices  at  Macao,  and  appoints 
the  governor  and  all  the  fenalors,  who  participate  in  the  civil 
authority.  He  has  lately  fixed  the  garrifon  at  I  So  Indian 
feapoys,  and  120  mihtia-men,  whofe  fervice  confifts  in 
patroles  at  night.  The  foldiers  are  armed  with  fticks,  and 
the  officer  alone  has  the  privilege  of  wearing  a  fword ; 
though  he  can  on  no  occafion  employ  it  again  It  a  Chinefe. 
The  fenate  of  Macao  is  compofed  of  the  governor,  who  is 
prefident,  and  three  "  verendores,"  who  are  the  auditors  of 
the  city  finances.  The  revenue  confifts  of  the  duty  laid  on 
merchandize,  which  can  only  be  imported  in  Portuguefe 
veflels.  If  Macao  were  made  a  free  port,  and  had  a  gar- 
rifon capable  of  defending  commercial  property,  when  de- 
pofited  there,  the  revenue  of  their  cuftom-houfe  would  be 
doubled,  and  would  be  adequate  to  all  the  expences  of  the 
government.  But  a  trifling  intcreft  pertaining  to  the  vice- 
roy of  Goa,  from  felhng  Portuguefe  commiffions  to  mer- 
chants of  various  nations  who  carry  on  a  coafting  trade  in 
the  Eaft  Indies,  and  prefents  from  fhip-owners  to  the  fenate 
of  Macao,  raife  an  infurmountable  obftacle  to  the  eftabhfh- 
ment  of  a  free  trade  ;  though  this  would  render  Macao  one 
of  the  moft  flourifliing  cities  of  Afia,  and  inconceivably  fu- 
perior  to  Goa,  whofe  utility  to  its  mother-country  will 
never  be  confiderable.  Befides  the  "verendores,"  there  are 
two  judges  of  orphans,  whofe  department  includes  the  ad- 
miniftration  of  the  property  of  minors,  the  execution  of 
wills,  the  nomination  of  tutors  and  guardians,  and  every 
thing  relating  to  fucceffions.  From  their  decifion  an  appeal 
lies  to  that  of  Goa.  Other  civil  or  criminal  caufcs  are  alfo 
cognizable,  in  the  firft  inftance,  by  two  fenators,  who  arc 
nominated  as  judges.  A  treafurer  receives  the  produce  of 
the  cuftoms ;  and  his  diftiurfements,  above  a  certain  amount, 
muft  be  fandlioned  by  an  order  of  the  viceroy  of  Goa. 
The  moft  important  magiilracy  is  that  of  the  procurator  of 
the  city,  which  is  an  intermediate  office  between  the  Portu- 
guefe government  and  that  of  China.  This  office  is  for  life  ; 
that  of  the  governor  is  triennial ;  and  the  other  magiftrates 
are  replaced  every  year.  An  appeal  lies  to  Goa  from  all  the 
decifions  of  the  fenate,   which  their   notorious  incapacity 

renders 


M  A  C 

f^ndets  inJifpenfiblo.  This  city  is  rendered  pleafant  in  ap- 
pearance by  llie  fine  houfes  occupied  by  ibe  fupcrcargoes  of 
the  difierent  companies,  obhged  to  winter  here  ;  and  their 
fociety  enh!vens  the  place.  N.  lat.  22^  12' 40".  E.  long, 
log'.     Grofier.     De  la  Peroufe. 

In  the  foho  volume  annexed  to  fir  George  Staunton's 
"  Authentic  Account  of  an  Embaffy  from  the  King  of 
Great  Britain  to  tlie  Emperor  of  China,"  there  is  a  plan  of 
the  city  and  harbour  of  Macao  ;  containing  references  to  all 
the  forts,  colleges,  convents,  and  other  public  buildings, 
aid  places  of  note  ;  and  alfo  the  depth  of  water,  and  nature 
of  the  ground,  in  every  part  of  the  inner  liarbour,  as  well  as 
in  the  ipace  between  ihepeninfnla  and  the  northern  entrance 
into  the  Typa  ;  taken  from  an  accurate  furvey  made  by  a 
gentlen.an  long  refident  on  the  fpot. 

Maoao,  New,  a  fea-port  town  of  Tonquin,  at  the  bot- 
tom of  a  large  bay,  full  of  iflands.  N.  lat.  31°  30'.  E. 
long.  107'.  ' 

Macao,  Macn'w,  in  Onuthology.    See  Psittacus  Macao, 

^lACAPA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
th.e  government  of  Pern,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  river  of 
t!ie  Amazons,  nearly  on  the  equinoflial  line.    \V.  long.  J2  '. 

MACAQUO,  in  Zoology,  the  name  of  a  large  fpecies  of 
.monkey  called  by  Mr.  Ray  cercopithecus  ^ti^o/enjis  major,  the 
■great  Angola  monkey.      S?c  Si.mia  Cynomnlgtis. 

They  have  another  fpecies  of  this  kind  alfo  about  An- 
gola, whicli  may  be  called  the  black  macaquo.  Its  only 
colour  is  black  ;  but  on  many  parts  of  the  back  and  fides, 
there  is  a  greyifh  caft  an-ong  it :  this  has  a  tail  of  remarkable 
Jength,  being  more  than- two  feet  long.     See  Simia. 

MACAR.-\GUA,  in  V.cography,  a  town  of  the  !fi?nd  of 
Cuba  ;  .1)5  miles  N.W.  of  Havar.na. 
"  MACARAUX,  in  Ornhhology.      See  Alca  Jrclica. 

MACARIA,  in  Geography,  a  town  on  the  weft  coaft  of 
the  iflaiid  of  Metelin  ;    10  miles  W.  of  Metelin. 

MACARIANS,  in  Ecck/laJIical  Hi/lory,  the  followers 
of  Macarius,  an  Egyptian  monk,  who  was  diftinguifhed,  to- 
wards the  cloie  of  the  fourth  century,  for  his  fanctity  and 
virtue.  .  In  his  writings  there  are  fonie  fuperlHtious  tenets, 
and  alfo  certain  opinions  that  feem  tainted  with  Origenifm. 
The  name  ha'i  been  alfo  apphed  to  thofe  who  adopted  the 
fentiments  of  Macarius,  a  native  of  Ireland,  who,  about  the 
clofe  of  the  ninth  century,  propaj>ated  in  France  the  error 
afterwards  maintained  by  A*-errhoe«,  that  one  individual  in- 
telligence or  foul  performed  the  fpiritual  and  ratioi'.al  func- 
tions in  all  the  human  race.  * 

MACARltJS,  St.,  in  Biography,  a  famous  anchoret  of 
the  fourth  century,  was  a  native  o.*  Alexandria.  He  ipent 
fixty  years  in  a  nionaltery,  and  is  faid  to  have  been  a  diiciple 
-of  St.  Anthony,  the  firil  inllitutor  of  a  monaftic  hfe.  He 
died  in  the  year  391,  when  he  v.-as  about  ninety  years  of 
age.  Fifty  homilies  have  been  attributed  to  him  :  thefe 
were  firll  publidied  in  Greek,  at  Paris,  in  1559.  He  is 
fuppofed  to  have  been  the  author  of  many  Imaller  trails, 
"  On  Prayer,"  «'  Watching  the  Heart,"  "  Perfeftion  of 
the  Mind,"  &c.  The  bell  edition  of  \\u  pieces  is  that  pub- 
lifhed  at  Leipfic  in  1698.     Moreri. 

Macarius,  St.,  tht  Toimger,  a  celebrated  Tnonk,  like- 
wife  a  native  of  Alexandria,  who  had  5000  monks  under 
his  direftion.  Of  his  fanflity,  virtues,  and  abHinence,  won- 
decs  are  related  by  Palhdius.  He  was  baniftied  by  the 
Arians  to  an  iflaiid  inhabited  by  heathens,  whom  he  con- 
■vcrted  to,  what  was  called  at  that  period,  Chriitianity. 
He  died  about  the  year  404,  when  he  was  nearly  100  years 
of  age.     To  him  have  been  aUributed  "  Rules  forMoi;ks," 


M  A  C 

in  30  chapters,  fii  ft.  publirtied  in  Latin  by  Peter  Roverius 
the  .Tcfuit.     Moreri. 

Macarius,  St.,  Defert  of,  in  Geography,  a  defert  011 
the  well  part  of  Egypt,  denominated  in  honour  of  a  fa  nt, 
to  whofe  honour  a  convent  of  monks  has  been  founded,  an- 
ciently called  "  Nitria."  The  convent  is  about  50  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Cairo. 

MACARON,  the  name  of  a  fort  of  vermicelli,  a  pafie 
made  of  flour  and  water,  and  formed  in  the  Ihapc  of  the 
barrel  of  a  large  quill',  or  the  guts  of  fmall  fouls. 

MACARONIC,  or  MA.CARONIAN*,  a  kind  of  burlefque 
poetry  ;  confifling  of  a  jumble  of  words  of  different  lan- 
guages, with  words  of  the  vulgar  tongue  latinized,  and 
Eatin  words  modernized. 

Micaronc,  among  the  Italians,  as  has  been  obferved  bv 
Citlius  Rhodiginus,  fignifies  a  coarfe  clownifli  u>an  ;  and 
becaufe  this  kind  o£  poetry,  being  patched  out  of  feveral 
languages,  and  full'roi  extravagant  words,  is  not  fo  polite 
and  fniooth  as  thofe  of  Virgil,  &c.  the  Italians,  among 
whom  it  had  its  rife,  gave  it  the  name  of  Macaronian  or 
Macaronic  poetry.  Others  chiofe  to  derive  it  a  Maca- 
ronlbus,  from  Macaroons,  a  kind  of  confeiSlion  made  of  meal 
not  bolted,  fweet  almonds,  fugar,  and  the  whites  of  eggs; 
accounted  a  great  dainty  among  the  country  people  in 
Italy  ;  whiiMi,  from  their  being  compofcd  of  various  ingre- 
dients, occafioned  this  kind  of  poetry,  which  confifts  of 
Latin,  Italian,  Spanifii,  French,  Englilh,  &c.  to  be  called 
by  their  name. 

Theoph.  Folingius,  a  Benedicline  monk  of  Mantua,  was 
the  firll  who  invented,  or  at  lead  cultivated,  this  kind  of 
verfe  :  for  though  we  have  a  Macaronea  Ariminenlis  in  a 
v^ry  old  letter,  beginning,  "  Eft  author  Typhis  Leonicus 
atqne  Paranfus;"  yet  it  feems  to  Iwve  been  the  work  of 
Guariiius  Capellus  Sarfinas,  who,  in  the  year  1256,  printed 
fix  books  of  Macaronic  poetry,  in  Cabrinum  Gagamonae 
Rcgcm  ;  but  as  both  thofe  came  out  after  the  firll  edition 
of  Folingius,  which  was  publifhed  under  the  name  of  Mer- 
linus  Coccajus  iu  1520,  fo  they  were  likewife  much  inferior 
to  his  in  the  ftyle,  invention,  and  epifodes,  wherewith 
•he  has  enriched  the  hiftory  of  Baldns ;  which  makes  the  fub- 
iedl  of  his  poem.  The  tamous  Rabelais  firft  transferred  the 
Macaronic  llyle  out  ot  the  Itahy.n  vcfe  into  French  profe, 
and  on  the  model  thereof  formed  fome  of  the  bell  things  in 
his  Paniagrue!. 

We  have  Icarce  any  thing  in  Englilli  in  the  Macaronian 
way,  except  fome  little  loofe  pieces  collected  in  Camden's 
Remains ;  which  is  no  difcredit  to  our  authors  :  fur  one 
may  lay  of  fuch  pieces  in  genera), 

"  Turpe  eft  difficiles  habere  nugas, 
Et  llultus  labor  eft  ineptiarun-i." 

iJut  the  Germans  and  Netherlanders  have  had  thtir  Ma- 
caronic poets  ;  witnefs  the  "  Certamen  Cathohcum  cum  Cal- 
viniftis"  of  cue  Martinius  Han  conius  Frifius,  which  contains 
about  twelve  hundred  vtrfes,  all  the  words  whereof  begin 
with  the  letter  C. 

MACAROON.     See  Macaronic. 

MACAROW.*^,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Kiev  ;   24  miles  N.W.  of  Kiev. 

MACARSCA,  a  town  of  Dalmatia,  and  fee  of  a  bifhop, 
futTragan  of  Spalatro ;  fituated  in  a  territory,  formeily 
pleafant  and  fertile,  and  convenient  for  commerce,  but  more 
lately  deteriorated,  and  fuppofed  to  have  arifen  out  of  the 
ruins  of  the  ancient  Ratanaum  or  Retinum  ;  36  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Spalatro. 

J  MACARTNEY, 


MAC 

MACARTNEY,  George,  Earl  of,  in  Blogniphy,  tlie 
ton  of  George  Macartney,  efq.  of  Aucliinleck  in  Scotland, 
was  born  in  Ireland  in  1737,  and  was  educated  as  a  fellow- 
commoner  in  Trinity-college,   Dublin,  where  he   took  his 
degrees  in  1759.      Shortly  after  this,  he  travelled  with  the 
fons   of  the   late  lord  Holland.      This,    perhaps,  was  his 
introduction  to  court.     His  education  had  been  liberal,  and 
he  had  improved  the  advantages  which  he  poileflcd  from  a 
fortunate  train  of  circumftances.     He  had  an  afpiring  mind, 
and  excellent  talents,  and, was  ambitious  of  fome  public  em- 
ployment.     His  own  wilhes  were   feconded  by  the  zeal  of 
his  friends,  and  he  was,  in    1764,  appointed  envoy  extra- 
ordinary to  the  emprefs  of  Ruffia.     The  objeft  of  this  mif- 
fion,  and  of  the  appointment  of  this  young  man,  was  the 
great  importance  of  the  commercial  and  political  relations 
between  Great   Britain    and  the    empire    of   Rufiia ;    and 
it    was    neccflary,    at    that    period,    tg.  counteraft  the  in- 
fluence of  France  at  the  Ruffian  court?*  The  charafter  and 
policy  of  that  court  required  to  be  particularly  ftndied  ;   and 
hence  the  embafTy  from  this  country  included  an  office  that 
required  much  penetration,  vijiilance,  and  difcretion,  as  well 
as  inlinuating   manners,  and  an   agreeable  addrefs.     Thefe 
quahfications  were  thought,  by  the  moft  difcerning  judges, 
to  be  united  in  Mr.  Macartney.     The  principal  bufuiefs  of 
his  miflion  was  to  negociate  a  commercial  treaty,  for  the 
benefit  of  the  Ruflia  merchants  trading  to  Ruffia.     Of  the 
interefts  of  the   Ruffian  trade  he  was  well  informed.      His 
addrefs  furmounied  every  difficulty  of  accefs  to  the  emprefs 
and  her  minifters  :  he  knew  how  to  feizc  the  proper  moment 
for  negociation ;  and  he  had  coolnefs  and  patience  to  con- 
quer every  obftacle  which  might  be  oppofed  to  his  views  by 
the  artifices  of  others.     He  in  a  fliort  time  procured  the 
Ruffian  court  to  agree  to  a  treaty  fatisfatlory  to  the  wiihes 
of  the  Britifh  merchants  at  Peterfburgh,  and  fuitable  to  the 
inttrudlions   which  he  had  received  at  home.     An  addrefs 
from  the  merchants  of  the  Britifh  faftory  at  St.  Peterfbui'gh ; 
the  honour  of  the  knighthood  of  the  Pohih  order   of  the 
White  Eagle,  conferred  by  a  monarch  who  was  himfelf  at 
once  a   man  of  falhion,  tal1:e,  and  pleafure,  and  a  man  of 
pohtical  talents  ;  and  tlie  elevation  to  the  charafter  ot  am- 
balTador  extraordinary  and  plenipotentiary  from  the  Britilh 
court,  in  which  he  finally  concluded  the  treaty  of  commerce, 
■were,  among    the   teftimonies    of   approbation   and    relpeft 
which  fir  George  Macartney  obtained  by  his  conduft  in  this 
diplomatic  miffion  to  the  north.     Thus  fuccefsful  and  dif- 
tinguilhed,  he  returned  to  the  Britifti  court  about  the  clofe 
of  the  year  1767.     Early  in  the  following  year  he  married 
lady  Jane  Stuart,  fccond  daughter  of  the  earl  of^  Bute.     By 
this  marriage  he  had  contradted  a  relationffiip  to  fir  James 
Lowther,   afterwards  the  earl  of  Lonfdale  ;    and  by  that 
gentleman's  interell  with,  or  influence  over,  the  eleftors,  he 
was  chofen,  in  the  fame  year,  one  of  the  reprefentatives  of 
the  borough  of  Cockermouth  ;    after  which  we   find  him 
chofen  a  reprefentative  in  the  Iridi  parliament   for  the  bo- 
rough  of  Armagh.     In    1769   fir  George  was  nominated 
principal  fecretary  to  the  late  marquis  Townlhend,  in  the 
high  office  which  he  then  filled  of  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland. 
In  1772  he  was  nominated  by  his  fovcivign  knight  of  the  Bath, 
and  in  1775  went  out  as  governor  of  Grenada  and  Tobago. 
He  continued  there  till  J 779,  when,  on  the  capture  of  tliofe 
iflands  by  the  French,  he  was  taken  prifoner,  and  fent  to 
France.     In  1776  he  had  been  made  an   Irilh  peer  by  the 
title  r.f  lord  Macartney,  baron  LiiTanoure,  in  the  county  of 
Antrim.      As  the  lofs  of  Grenada  had  not  occurred  from 
any  mifconduft  in  him,  but  the  defence  of  it  had  indeed 
been  fignahzed  by  the  mod  iliullrious  difplay  of  all  his  great 
qualities,  he  met  with  a  very  gracious  reception  from  his 
Vox..  XXI. 


MAC 

fovi-reign  on  his  return.  In  1780  he  was  chofen  to  rejire- 
fent  BeeraUlone  in  the  Britifli  parliament ;  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing winter  he  was  appointed  governor  and  refident  of 
Fort  St.  George  at  Madras,  in  the  Eaft  Indies:  and  he 
went  without  delay  to  difcharge  the  funftions  of  his  ap- 
pointment, where  his  conducl  obtained  fuch  univerfal  appro- 
bation, that,  in  1785,  he  was  appointed  to  the  high  office 
of  governor-general  of  Bengal ;  which  honour,  however, 
after  due  confideration,  he  chofe  to  decline,  and  returned  to 
England.  In  1786  he  received  a  flattering  tetlimony  of 
refpcft  from  the  court  of  direftors  of  the  Eafl:  India  com- 
pany, who  granted  him  an  annuity  for  his  life  of  1 500/.  pir 
annum,  which  was  bellowed  as  a  leward  for  the  important 
lerviccs  which  this  iliullrious  nobleman  had  rendered  to  the 
company.  The  fame  year  he  fought  a  duel  with  general 
Stuart,  whom  he  had  fuperfeded  in  India.  In  1788  he 
took  his  feat  for  the  firft  time  in  the  Irilh  houfe  of  peers  ; 
and  about  the  fame  time  was  appointed  one  of  the  tniftees 
of  the  linen  manufafture  for  the  province  of  Ulller,  and  alfo 
cuftos  rotulorum  for  the  county  of  Antrim.  He  was  pro- 
moted likewife  to  the  command  of  a  regiment  of  dragoon* 
in  the  Irifh  militia.  In  1792  he  was  felecled  as  the  fitted 
perfon  for  atnbafl'ador  from  the  king  of  Great  Britain  to  the 
emperor  of  China.  He  was  on  the  fame  day  nominated  a 
privy-counfellor  ;  and  in  a  few  weeks  he  was  raifed  to  the 
rank  of  an  Iridi  vifcount,  under  the  title  of  vifcount  Der- 
vock,  in  the  county  of  Antrim.  He  now  proceeded,  with- 
outdelay,  on  his  enibafi"y,  attended  by  fir  George  .Staunton 
as  his  fecretary,  and  a  great  train  of  followers  and  fervants. 
A  diip  of  war,  under  the  command  of  fir  Erafmus  Gower, 
was,  with  fmaller  veflels,  affigned  for  his  voyage.  Many 
rich  prefents  were  fent  from  the  Britidi  to  the  Chinefe  fove- 
reign.  He  arrived  in  fafety  in  the  Indian  feas ;  and  when 
his  approach  was  announced  at  the  Chinefe  court,  the  em- 
peror and  his  ininider  agreed,  though  not  without  fome 
hefitation,  to  receive  the  ambadadors  and  prefents.  In  his 
approach  to  Pekin,  the  northern  capital  of  the  empire,  his 
lordfhip  was  obliged  to  diredl  his  voyage  round  the  South 
Tea  coad  of  China,  by  a  traft  hitherto  almod  unknown  to 
European  navigators.  The  opportunity  of  exploring  that 
tradl  was  regarded  as  almod  fufficient  to  compenfate  for  all 
the  difficulties  and  cxpence  of  the  embady.  As  foon  as  he 
landed,  mandarins  of  the  highed  rank  were  appointed  to 
conduft  him  to  the  imperial  court.  His  prefents  were  ac- 
cepted, and  he,  with  all  his  train,  were  treated  in  a  hof- 
pitable,  and  even  fumptuous  manner  :  but  the  main  objeft 
of  the  miffion  was  completely  frudrated,  tiiz.  to  obtain  per- 
miffion  for  the  permanent  refidence  of  a  Britidi  ambafiador 
at  the  court  ot  China.  This  was  abfolutely  refufed,  and 
lord  Macartney  and  his  train  returned  o%'er  land.  His  lord- 
diip  entered  Canton  in  December  1793;  and  from  thence 
he  proceeded  to  Macao ;  and  in  March  1 794,  he  failed  from 
that  port  to  Europe.  He  arrived  in  England  in  the  fol- 
lowing September,  after  an  abfence  of  almod  two  years. 
On  his  return  he  was  created  an  Iridi  earl ;  and  in  1796  he 
was  farther  advanced  to  the  dignity  of  a  Britidi  peer,  by 
the  title  of  baron  Macartney  of  Parkhurll,  in  Sudex. 
After  this,  he  was  called  to  the  adminidration.  In  this 
high  dation,  as  in  the  other  offices  which  he  filled,  lord 
Macartney  difplaycd  qualities  which  are  honourable  to  his 
talents  as  a  llatefman,  and  his  feelings  as  a  man.  His  lord- 
fliip  died  on  the  gid  of  March  1806.  Monthly  and 
European  Magazines.      Britifli  and  Irifli  Peerages. 

MACAS,  in  Geography,  a  province  of  the  viceroyalty  of 

New  Granada,  in  South  America,  bounded  on  theeall  by  the 

government  of  Maynas,  fouth  by  that  of  Bracanioros  and  Ya- 

guarfongo,  and  on  the  weit  the  eaft  Cordillera  of  the  Andes 

4  Z  diTides 


MAC 


MAC 


divides  it  from  the  jurifdiilion  of  Rio  Bamba  and  Cuenija.  Its 
chief  town  bears  the  fplcndid  title  of  the  city  of  Macas ;  and 
this  is  better  known  tlian  its  proper  ancient  name  of  Sevilla 
del  Ore.  It  lies  in  S.  lat.  2 '30',  40' E.  of  Quito.  Its  houfes, 
which  do  not  exceed  130,  are  built  of  timber,  and  thatched. 
Its  inhabitants  are  reckoned  at  about  12,000,  who,  as  well 
as  thofe  of  the  whole  dill  rid,  are  generally  Mellizos  with 
Spaniards.  The  other  towns  belonging  to  this  jurifdiftion 
are  San  Miguel  dc  Narbaes,  Barahonas,  Yuquipa,  Juan 
Lopez,  Zuna,  Payra,  Copueno,  and  Aguayos.  The  fpi- 
ritual  government  of  all  thefe  towns  is  lodged  with  two 
priclls ;  one  of  whom,  refiding  in  the  city,  has  the  care  of 
the  four  firft  ;  and  to  the  latter,  who  lives  at  Zuna,  belongs 
that  town  and  the  three  others.  At  the  conqueft,  and  for 
fome  time  after,  this  coimtry  was  very  populous,  and,  in 
honour  of  the  great  riches  drawn  from  its  capital,  was  dif- 
tinguifhed  by  the  name  ot  Sevilla  del  Oro  ;  but  at  prefent 
only  the  memory  of  its  former  opalence  remains.  The 
proximity  of  Macas  to  the  Cordillera  of  the  Andes  occa- 
fions  a  fenliblc  difference  betwixt  its  temperature  and  that  of 
Quixos  adjoining  to  it.  The  winter  here  begins  in  April, 
and  la.ls  till  September,  which  is  the  time  of  fiimmer  be- 
twixt the  Cordilleras  ;  and  at  Macas  the  fine  feafon  is  in 
September,  and  is  the  more  delightful  on  account  of  the 
winds,  which  are  then  mollly  northward.  In  grains  and 
other  products,  which  require  a  hot  and  moid  temperature, 
the  country  is  very  fruitful ;  but  one  of  the  chief  occupa- 
tions of  the  country  people  here  is  the  culture  of  tobacco, 
which,  being  of  an  excellent  kind,  is  exported  in  rolls  all 
over  Peru.  Sugar-canes  alfo  thrive  well,  and  likewife  cot- 
ton. Among  the  infinite  variety  of  trees,  which  crowd  the 
woods  of  this  country,  one  of  the  moil  remarkable  is  the 
ftorax,  diftinguiflicd  by  the  cxquifite  fragrancy  of  its  gum. 
The  territory  belonging  to  Macas  alfo  produces  cinnamon 
trees  of  an  excellent  quality.  Great  quantities  of  copal  are 
brought  from  Macas,  and  alfo  wild  wax  of  little  value,  be- 
caufe  it  never  indurates,  and  the  fmell  of  it,  wlien  made  into 
candles,  and  thefe  are  lighted,  is  very  ftrong  and  difagree- 
able.  Juan  and  de  UUoa's  Voyage  to  South  America, 
vol.  i. 

Macas,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Hoval, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Senegal. — Alfo,  a  river  of  Portugal, 
which  runs   into   the  Atlantic,  N.  lat.  38    51'.     W.  long. 

9    25:'- 

MACASIN,  a  town  on  the  S.  coaft  of  the  ifland  of 
Midnanao.     N.  lat    7    45'.     E.  long.  124'  16'. 

MACASSAR,  or  Macasser,  a  fea-port  town  of  the 
ifland  of  Celebes,  and  the  principal  fettlement  of  the  Dutch 
in  this  ifland.  It  gives  name  to  one  of  the  two  great 
kingdoms  into  which  the  ifland  is  divided,  and  the  ifland 
itfelf  is  fometimes  diHinguifhed  by  this  appellation.  Under 
the  article  Celebes,  the  reader  will  find  a  particular  ac- 
count of  it.  Of  the  town  captain  Carteret,  who  vifited 
it  in  1768,  gives  the  following  account.  (See  Hawkef- 
worth's  Voyages,  vol.  i.)  It  is  built  upon  a  kind  of 
point  or  neck  of  land,  and  is  watered  by  a  river  or  two, 
which  either  run  through  or  very  near  it.  It  feems  to  be 
large,  and  there  is  water  for  a  fhip  to  come  within  half 
Gannon-fhot  of  the  walls  :  the  country  about  it  is  level, 
and  has  a  moft  beautiful  appearance  :  it  abounds  with  plan- 
tations and  groves  of  cocoa-nut  trees,  with  a  great  number 
of  houfes  interfperfed,  by  which  it  appears  to  abound  with 
people.  At  a  diftauce  inland,  the  country  rifes  into  hills  of 
a  great  height,  and  becomes  rnde  and  mountainous.  The 
town  lies  in  S.  lat.  5  1',  or  5  '  12'.  E.  long,  by  account, 
ilf  28'. 

Macassar,   Straij^ht  of,    a   paffage  between  the  iflands 


of  Borneo  and  Celebes;  There  is  in  this  pafTage  a  re- 
markable point,  called  by  captain  Carteret  "  Hummock 
Point,"  but  in  the  French  charts  denominated  "  Stroomen 
Point."  N.  lat.  I*"  20'.  E.  long.  121  '39'.  This  point 
is  a  good  mark  for  thofe  to  know  the  pafTage  that  fall 
in  with  the  land  coming  from  the  eaftward,  who,  if  pofiible, 
fhould  always  make  this  fide  of  the  paffage.  To  the  fouth- 
ward  of  this  point  there  is  a  deep  bay,  full  of  iflands  and 
rocks,  which  appeared  to  Carteret  to  be  very  dangerous. 
Juft  off  the  point  there  are  two  rocks,  which,  though  they 
are  above  water,  cannot  be  feen  from  a  fliip  till  fhe  is  clofe 
to  the  land.  To  the  eaftward  of  this  point,  clofe  to  the 
fhore,  are  two  iflands,  one  of  them  very  flat,  long,  and  even, 
and  the  other  fwelling  into  a  hill,  but  both  were  covered 
with  trees.     Hawkf.  Voy.  vol.  i. 

Maca.SSAR  Poifon,  in  Natural  Hljlory,  called  ippo,  or 
upas,  in  the  MacaffaLand  Maliyan  tongue,  is  the  gum  of  a 
certain  tree,  fhiningjSsrittle,  black,  and  every  way  like  llone- 
pitch,  growing  in  the  ifland  of  Celebes,  in  the  South  Seas; 
with  which  all  the  natives  arm  themfelves  in  travel,  having 
a  long  hollow  trunk  of  a  hard  red-wood  like  Brazil,  accu- 
rately bored,  and  at  one  end  is  fixed  a  large  lance-blade  of 
iron.  Then  they  make  a  fmall  arrow  very  llraight,  and 
fomewhat  bigger  than  a  large  wheaten  ftravv  :  at  one  end 
they  fix  it  into  a  round  piece  of  white,  light,  foft  wood, 
like  cork,  about  the  length  of  the  little  finger,  juft  fit  for 
the  bore  of  the  trunk,  to  pafs  clear  by  the  force  of  one's 
breath,  and  to  fill  it  fo  exaftly,  that  the  air  may  not  pafs 
by,  but  againft  it,  in  order  to  carry  it  with  the  greater 
force.  At  the  other  end  they  fix  it  either  in  a  fmall  fifli- 
tooth  for  that  purpofe,  or  make  a  blade  of  wood  of  the 
bignefs  of  the  point  of  a  lancet,  about  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  long,  and  making  a  little  notch  at  the  end  of  the  ar- 
row, they  ftrike  it  firm  therein,  which  they  anoint  with 
poifon.  The  poifonous  gum,  when  gathered,  is  put  into 
hollow  bamboos  or  canes,  llopped  up  very  clofe,  and  thus 
brought  to  MacafTar.  When  they  fit  it  for  wk-,  they  take 
a  piece  of  fmooth  turtle  fhell,  and  a  ftick  cut  fiat  and  (mooth 
at  the  end  :  then  they  take  green  galangal  root,  grate  it, 
and  with  the  addition  of  a  little  fair  water,  prcls  the  juice 
into  a  clean  china  difh  :  then  with  a  knife,  fcraping  a  little 
of  the  poifon  upon  the  fhell,  dip  the  end  of  the  ftick  in 
the  fore -mentioned  hquor,  and  with  this  diflblvethe  poifon, 
to  the  confiftence  of  a  fyrup  :  when  this  is  done,  they 
anoint  the  fifh-tooth  or  wooden  blade  with  the  fame  ilick 
and  lay  them  in  the  fun,  fo  that  it  may  be  baked  hard. 
The  pointed  arrows  thus  prepared  are  put  in  hollow  bam- 
boos, clofe  fhut,  and  in  this  ftate  they  retain  their  virtue 
for  a  month.  Birch's  Hift.  of  the  Royal  Society,  vol.  ii. 
p.  44. 

Rumphius,  a  refpeftable  author  in  Natural  Hiftory,  of 
the  17th  century,  mentions  a  tree  growing  at  Macaffar,  to 
which  he  gives  the  name  of  Toxicaria  ;  and  relates,  that  not 
only  the  red  refin  contained  a  deadly  poifon,  but  that  the 
drops  falling  from  the  leaves  upon  the  men  employed  in 
colletking  this  refin  from  the  trunk,  produced,  unlefs  they 
took  particular  care  in  covering  their  bodies,  fwellings  and 
much  lUnefs  ;  and  that  the  exhalations  from  the  tree  were 
fatal  to  fome  fmall  birds  attempting  to  perch  upon  its 
branches.  But  many  of  the  particulars  of  this  account, 
though  far  removed  from  that  of  the  fuppofcd  Upas,  or 
poifon-tree  of  Java  by  Foerfch,  who  had  been  for  fome 
time  a  furgcon  in  Java,  anti  who  had  travelled  into  fome 
parts  of  the  interior  of  the  country,  are  given  not  upon 
the  author's  own  obfervation,  and  may  have  been  exagger- 
ated. Foerfch's  relation  of  a  tree  fo  venomous  as  to  be  de- 
fljruiSive,  by  its  exhalations,  at  the  diftance  of  fome  miles,  is 

compared 


MAC 


MAC 


aompared  at  .Tata  to  the  fiflions  of  Baron  Muncliaufen,  or  as 
a  bold  attempt  to  impofe  upon  the  credulity  of  perfons  at  a 
diltance.  Foerfch's  account,  however,  was  admitted  in  a  note 
to  Darwin's  celebrated  poem  of  the  Botanic  Garden,  and  this 
circumftance  led  Dr.  Gillan,  and  others  belonging  to  Ma- 
cartney's Embafly  to  China,  to  make  inquiries  into  the 
faift :  and  the  refult  was  as  we  have  above  ftatcd  it.  It  is, 
indeed,  a  common  opinion  at  Batavia,  that  there  exills,  in 
that  country,  a  vegetable  poifon,  which,  rubbed  on  the  dag- 
gers of  the  Javanefe,  renders  the  flighteil  wounds  incurable  ; 
though  fome  European  practitioners  have  of  late  afTertcd 
that  they  had  cured  perfons  ilabbed  by  thofe  weapons  ;  but 
not  without  the  precaution  of  keeping  ths  wound  long 
open,  and  procuring  a  fuppuration.  One  of  the  keepers  of 
the  medical  garden  at  Batavia,  afTured  Dr.  Gillan,  that  a 
tree  diflilling  a  poifonou?  juice  was  in  that  coUeftion  ;  but 
that  its  quahties  were  kept  fecret  from  mod  people  in  the 
fettlement,  left  the  knowledge  of  them  fliould  find  its  way 
to  the  flaves,  who  might  be  tempted  to  make  an  ill  ufe  of 
it.     Staunton's  EmbafTy,  vol.  i.  p.  273.     See  Poisox. 

MACATES,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  South  America, 
in  the  province  of  Carthagena  ;  25  miles  S.E.  of  Car- 
thagcna. 

MACAUEAY,  Catharine,  in  Biography,  a  diftin- 
guifhed  writer  in  hiftory  and  politics,  the  youngeft  daugh- 
ter of  John  Sawbridge,  efq.  of  Ollantigh,  in  the  county  of 
Kent,  was  born  in  the  year  1733.  She  appears  to  have 
imbibed,  from  a  very  early  period,  a  zealous  attachment 
to  the  pi'inciples  of  liberty,  which  the  hillorians  of  Greece 
and  Rome  had  infufed  into  her  heart.  The  imprefTions  made 
upon  her  mind  in  her  youth  were  never  obliterated.  In 
1760  (he  married  Dr.  George  Macaulay,  a  phyfician  of 
London.  Soon  after  this,  fhe  commenced  her  career  in 
literature,  and  in  1763  publilhed  the  firft  volume,  in  quarto, 
of  her  "  Hiftory  of  England,  from  the  acceffion  of  James  I. 
to  that  of  the  Brunfwick  Line."  This  work  was  com- 
pleted in  eight  volumes  in  1783:  it  was  read  with  great 
avidity  at  the  period  of  its  publication,  but  has  fuice  fallen 
into  fo  much  difrepute,  as  fcarcely  ever  to  be  enquired 
after.  It  was  written  in  the  pure  fpirit  of  republicanifm, 
but  it  unqueilionably  had  too  much  of  party  fpirit  in  it  ro 
admit  of  that  partiahty  which  ought  to  be  the  charafter- 
iftic  of  true  hiftory.  While  in  the  height  of  her  fame,  Mrs. 
Macaulay  excited  the  admiration  of  Dr.  Wilfon,  redlor  of 
St.  Stephen's,  Wallbrook,  who  conferred  on  her  the  un- 
precedented honour  ef  placing  her  ftatue,  while  living,  in 
the  chancel  of  his  church,  which  his  fucceflbr  thought  him- 
felf  juftified  in  removing.  Having  been  left  a  widow, 
Mrs.  Macaulay,  in  1778,  married  Mr.  Graham,  a  ftep,  in 
which  the  great  difpai-ity  of  years  e.xpofed  her  to  fome  ri- 
dicule. In  178J  file  went  to  America,  for  the  purpofe  of 
vifiting  the  illuftrious  Waftiington,  with  whom  ftie  had  before 
maintained  a  correfpondence.  She  died  in  the  year  1791. 
Her  works,  befides  the  hiftory  already  referred  to,  which 
may  be  regarded  as  the  principal,  are  "  Remarks  on 
Hobbes's  Rudiments  of  Government  and  Society  ;"  "Loofe 
Remarks  on' fome  of  Mr.  Hobbes's  Pofitions  ;''  the  latter 
being  an  enlarged  edition  of  the  former  :  the  objeft  of  thefe 
is  to  {hew  the  fuperiority  of  a  republican  to  a  monarchical 
form  of  government.  In  1770,  Mrs.  Macaulay  wrote  a  re- 
ply to  Mr.  Burke's  celebrated  pamphlet  entitled  "Thoughts 
on  the  Caufes  of  the  Prefent  Difcontents  :"  and  in  1775 
{he  pubhftied  "  An  Addrefs  to  the  People  of  England, 
Scotland,  and  Ireland,  on  the  prefent  important  Crilis  of 
Affairs."  She  wrote  alfo  "  A  Treatife  on  the  Immuta- 
biUty  of  Moral  Truth  :"  which  fhe  afterwards  re-pubhfhed, 
with  much  other  original  matter,  under  the  title  of  "  Letters 


on  Education."  This  work  was  publifhed  in  1790,  at  a 
period  when  men's  minds  were  ready  to  admit  bold  theories 
on  almoft  any  fubjed,  and  it  obtained  much  attention 
from  the  public.  The  author  fhewed  herfelf  an  animated 
writer,  and  a  (hrewd  and  acute  reafoner.  It  will  unquef- 
tionably  repay  any  one,  interefted  in  the  fubjefl,  the  labour 
of  a  careful  pertifal. 

MACAW,  Maccaw,  or  Macao,  in  Ornithology,  the 
name  of  a  larg:e  fpecies  of  parrot,  diftinguiftied  alfo  by  the 
length  of  its  tail.     See  Psittacus. 

Macaw  Tree,  in  Botany.     See  Coccs. 

MACAY,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Daniel.      N.  lat.  15'  10'.      W.  long,  ic"  cr'. 

MACBETH.  This  admir&ble  tragedy  of  our  matchlefs 
dramatift,  Shakfpearc,  from  the  fongs  of  the  witches,  as 
fet  by  Matthew  Lock  in  the  time  of  Charles  II.,  was  re- 
garded as  a  kind  of  opera.     See  Duamatic  Mufic. 

Macbeth,  in  Biography,  an  ufurper  and  tyrant,  whom 
the  immortal  Shakfpeare  has  configncd  to  cverlafting  in- 
famy, flourifhed  in  Scotland  about  the  middle  of  the  nth 
century.  At  this  period  Duncan  was  king,  a  mild  and 
humane  prince,  but  not  at  all  poftcffcd  of  the  genius  and 
dlfpolition  for  governing  a  country  fo  turbulent,  and  fo 
infefted  by  the  intrigues  and  auimofitici  of  the  great. 
Macbeth,  a  powerful  nobleman,  and  nearly  allied  to  the 
crown,  not  contented  with  curbing  the  king's  authority, 
carried  ftill  farther  his  mad  ambition  :  he  murdered  Duncan 
at  Invernefs,  and  then  feized  upon  the  throne.  Fearing  left 
his  ill-gotten  power  (hould  be  ftripped  from  him,  he  chafed 
Malcolm  Kenmore,  the  fon  and  heir,  into  England,  and  put 
to  death  Mac  Gill  and  Banquo,  the  two  moil  powerful  men 
in  his  dominions.  Macduft' next  becoming  the  objeft  of  his 
fufpicions,  heefcaped  into  England,  but  the  inhuman  ufurper 
wreaked  his  vengeance  on  his  wife  and  children,  whom  he 
caufed  to  be  cruelly  butchered.  Si  ward,  whofe  daughter 
was  married  to  Duncan,  embraced,  by  Edward's  orders,  the 
proteftion  of  this  diftrefled  family.  He  marched  an  army 
into  Scotland,  and  having  defeated  and  killed  Macbeth  in 
battle  he  reftored  Malcolm  to  the  throne  of  his  anceftors. 
The  tragedy  founded  upon  the  hiftory  of  Macbeth,  though 
contrary  to  the  rules  of  the  drama,  contains  an  inlinity  of 
beauties  with  refpecl  to  language,  character,  pailion,  and  in- 
cident, and  is  thought  to  be  one  of  the  beft  pieces,  of  the 
very  beft  mafter  in  this  kind  of  writing,  that  the  world 
ever  produced.  "  The  danger  of  ambition,"  fays  Dr. 
Johnfon,  "  is  well  defcribed  ;  and  the  paffions  are  directed 
to  their  true  ends."  And  the  author  of  the  Philofophic  Ar- 
rangements fays,  *'  it  is  not  only  admirable  as  a  poem,  but 
one  of  the  moft  moral  pieces  exifting."  Hume's  Hift. 
Biog.  Dramatica  :   Shakfpeare  Illuftrated. 

MACBRIDE,  David,  M.D.  a  diftinguiftied  phy- 
fician, was  born  at  Ballymony,  in  the  county  of  Antrim, 
on  the  26th  -of  April,  1726.  He  was  defcendcd 
from  an  ancient  family  of  his  name  in  the  ftiire  of  Gal- 
loway, in  Scotland  ;  but  his  grandfather,  who  was  bred  to 
the  church,  was  called  to  officiate  at  Belfaft  to  a  congrega- 
tion of  Prcfbyterians,  and  his  father  became  the  miniiter  of 
Ballymony,  where  David  was  born.  Having  received  the 
firft  elements  of  his  education  at  the  public  fchool  of  this 
place,  and  ferved  his  apprenticeftiip  to  a  furgeon,  he  went 
into  the  navy,  firft  in  the  capacity  of  mate  to  an  hofpital- 
ftiip,  and  fubfequently  in  the  rank  of  furgeon,  in  which  fta- 
tion  he  remained  for  fome  years  preceding  the  peace  of  Aix- 
la-Chapelle.  At  this  period  he  was  led,  from  the  frequent 
opportunities  of  witncfling  the  attacks  of  fcurvy,  which  a  fca- 
faring  life  afforded  him,  jto  inveftigate  the  beft  method  of 
cure  for  that  difeafe,  upon  which  he  afterwards  publilhed  a 
4  Z  2  treatife. 


M  A  C 

tieatife.  After  the  peace  of  Aix,  Mr.  Macbride  went  to 
Edinburgh  and  London,  where  he  ftudied  anatomy  under 
thofe  celebrated  teachers  Doftors  Monro  and  Hunter,  and 
midwitery  under  Smellie.  About  the  end  of  1749,  he  fettled 
in  Dublin  as  a  furgeon  and  accoucheur  ;  but  his  youth  and 
remarkable  bathfulnefs  occalioned  him  to  remain  a  number 
of  years  in  obfcurity,  little  employed  ;  although  he  was  en- 
deared to  a  fmall  circle  of  friends  by  his  great  abilities, 
amiable  difpofitions,  and  his  general  knowledge  in  all  the 
branches  of  polite  literature  and  the  arts.  In  1764,  he 
publiihed  his  "  Experimental  EITays,"  which  were  every 
where  received  with  great  applaufe,  and  were  foon  tranf- 
latcd  into  different  languages;  and  the  lingular  merit  of 
this  performance  induced  thS-univerfity  ofGlafgow  to  con- 
fer the  degree  of  doftor  of  phyfic  on  its  author.  The 
improvement  introduced  by  Dr.  Macbride  in  the  art  of  tan- 
ning, by  fubllitnting  lime-water  for  common  water  in  pre- 
paring ooze,  procured  him  the  honour  of  a  filver  medal  from 
the  Dublin  Society,  in  the  year  1768,  and  of  a  gold  medal 
of  confiderable  value  from  the  Society  of  Arts  and  Com- 
merce in  London. 

For  feveral  years  after  Dr.  Macbride  obtained  his  degree, 
he  employed  part  of  his  time  in  the  duties  of  a  medical 
teacher,  and  delivered,  at  his  own  houfe,  a  courfe  of  lec- 
tures on  the  theory  and  praAice  of  phyfic.  Thefe  leftures 
were  publifhed,  in  1772,  in  one  vol.  4to.,  under  the  title 
of  "  An  Introduction  to  the  Theory  and  Praftice  of  Medi- 
cine," and  a  fecond  edition  appeared  in  1 777.  It  was  tranf- 
lated  into  Latin,  and  publilhtd  at  Utrecht,  in  2  vols.  8vo. 
in  1774.  Tiiis  work  difplayed  great  acatenefs  of  oblerva- 
tion,  and  very  philofophical  views  of  pathology,  and  con- 
tained a  new  arrangement  of  difeafes,  which  was  deemed  of 
fo  much  merit  by  Dr.  CuUen,  that  an  outline  of  it  was  given 
by  that  celebrated  profefTor,  in  his  Compendium  of  Nofology. 
Of  the  five  clafles,  however,  into  which  Dr.  Macbride  dif- 
tributed  difeafes,  the  genera  and  fpecies  of  the  firft  only  were 
detailed. 

The  talents  of  Dr.  Macbride  were  now  univerfa'Iy 
known,  his  charafler  was  duly  appreciated,  and  his  pro- 
iefllonal  emoluments  increafed  rapidly  ;  for  the  pubhc,  as 
if  to  make  amends  for  former  ncgleft,  threw  more  occupa- 
tion into  his  hands,  tlian  he  could  accomplifli  either  with  eafe 
or  fafety.  Although  much  haraffed  both  in  body  and  mind, 
fo  as  to  have  fuffered,  for  fome  time,  an  almoft  total  inca- 
pacity for  fleep,  he  continued  in  aftivity  and  good  fpirits 
until  the  end  of  December  1778,  when  an  accidental  cold 
brought  on  a  fever  and  delirium,  which  terminated  his  life 
on  the  ijlh  of  that  month,  in  the  53d  year  of  his  age  : 
his  death  was  fincerely  lamented  by  perfons  of  all  ranks. 
See  Edin.  Med.  Commentaries,  vol.  vii.  p.  105.  CuUen, 
Synops.  Nofoi.  Method,  vol.  i. 

MACCABiEUS,  Judas,  a  valiant  leader  of  the  Jews, 
was  the  third  fon  of  Mattathias  of  the  Afmonaean  family, 
whom  he  fuccecded  as  general  of  his  nation  in  the  year 
166  B.C.  At  this  period  the  Jews  were  in  a  Hate  of 
revolt  againft  Antiochus  Epiphanes,  and  Judas,  with  a  fmall 
body  of  men,  haraffed  the  Syrians,  Samaritans,  and  apoftate 
Jews,  and  filled  the  country  with  the  terror  of  his  name. 
After  fome  important  fuccetTes,  and  being  left  mafter  of 
the  fi.ld,  Judas  marched  to  Jerufalem,  where  he  purified  the 
city  and' temple,  the  latter  of  which  wa.'v  again  dedicated, 
and  a  commemiratory  feilival,  on  this  occafion,  was  inlli- 
tuted,  which  was  oidcred  to  be  perpetual.  The  death  of 
Anti 'chus  gave  t'ae  Jews  fome  refpite,  but  hoftilities  were 
foon  renewed,  and  Judas  difplayed  his  ufual  vigour  and  mi- 
litary prowefs.  Lyfias,  the  commander  of  the  Syrians,  was 
now  his  chief  antagonill  ;  him   lie  defeated  and  obliged  to 


M  A  C 

feek  terms  of  peace.  After  this  the  Syrian  general  in- 
vaded Judea  a  fecond  time,  and  obliged  Judas  to  take  refuge 
in  Jerufalem.  He  befieged  the  city,  which  would,  pro- 
bably, notwithllaiiding  the  valour  of  its  defender,  have  been 
obliged  to  furrcnder  for  want  of  provifions,  had  not  the 
holtile  army  been  liaftily  recalled  by  a  rebellion  in  their  own 
country.  After  Demetrius  Soter  had  obtained  th.e  crown 
of  Syria,  the  war  with  the  Jews  was  renewed  :  Bacchides, 
marching  with  the  flower  of  his  army,  furprifed  Judas  at 
the  head  of  a  fmall  body  of  men,  of  whom,  all  but  eiu-ht 
hundred,  deferted  at  the  approach  of  the  enemy.  With 
thefe  he  made  a  defperate  rcliflance,  till  he  fell  upon  a  heap 
of  flaughteied  enemies.  This  was  in  the  year  161  B.C.  : 
the  news  of  his  death  caufed  the  utmoft  grief  and  confterna- 
tion  at  .Terufalem,  where  a  general  mourning  was  made  for 
him,  and  he  was  celebrated  in  fongs,  as  one  of  the  greatelt 
heroes  of  the  nation.  His  body  was  recovered,  and  interred 
in  the  fepulchre  of  his  father  at  Modin.  Books  of  Macca- 
bees.    Jofephus. 

MACCaBEES,  two  apocryphal  books  of  Scripture, 
containing  the  hillory  of  Judas  and  his  brothers,  and  their 
wars  againft  the  Syrian  kings  in  defence  of  their  religion 
and  liberties,  fo  called  from  Judas,  the  fon  of  Mattalhias, 
(lee  Mattatiuas,)  furnamed  Maccabeus,  as  fome  fay  from 
the  word  '''2'!^':ji  formed  of  the  initials  of  niH^  "','Vj^!3 
n"''.3D  'C'  ■  1-  ^-  ^^^°  "  ^'^-  ""'"  ^^"^'^■>  0  Lord,  among  the 
Gods  (Exod  XV.  II.)  ;  which  was  the  motto  of  his  iland- 
ard  :  whence  thofe  who  fought  under  his  ftandard  were 
called  Maccabees,  and  the  name  was  generally  applied  to  all 
who  fuffered  in  the  caufe  of  the  true  religion,  under  the 
Egyptian  or  Syrian  kings.  This  name,  formed  by  abbre- 
viation according  to  the  common  praftice  of  the  Jews,  dif- 
tinguifhed  Judas  Maccabxus  by  way  of  eminence,  as  he 
fucceeded  his  father  B.C.  166  in  the  comm;;nd  of  thole 
forces,  which  he  had  with  him  at  his  death,  and  being  joined 
by  his  brothers,  and  all  others  that  were  zealous  for  the  law, 
he  eredVed  his  ilandard,  on  which  he  infcribed  the  above- 
mentioned  motto.  Thofe  alfo  who  fuffered  under  Ptolemy 
Pliilopater  of  Alexandria,  fifty  years  before  this  period, 
were  afterwards  called  Maccabees;  and  fo  were  Eleazar, 
and  the  mother  and  her  feven  fons,  though  they  fuffered 
before  Judas  eredled  his  ftandard  with  the  motto,  from  which 
the  appellation  originated.  And  therefore,  as  thefe  books 
which  contain  the  hiftory  of  Judas  and  his  brothers,  and  their 
wars  againft  the  Syrian  kings,  in  defence  of  their  religion 
and  liberties,  are  called  the  Jirji  and  fecond  books  of  the 
Maccabees  ;  fo  that  book  which  gives  us  the  hiftory  of 
thofe,  who,  in  the  like  caufe,  under  Ptolemy  Philopater, 
were  expofed  to  his  elephants  at  Alexandria,  is  called  the 
third  book  of  the  Maccabees,  and  that  which  is  written  by 
Jolephus  of  the  martyrdom  of  Eleazar,  and  the  feven  bro- 
thers and  their  mother,  is  called  the  fourth  book  of  the 
Maccabees. 

The  ^/r/?  book  of  the  Maccabees  is  an  excellent  hiftory, 
and  comes  nearelt  to  the  ttyle  and  manner  of  the  facred 
hiftorians  of  any  extant.  It  was  written  originally  in  the 
Chnldee  language,  of  the  Jerufalem  dialed,  and  was  extant 
in  this  lant;uage  in  the  time  of  Jerom,  who  had  feen  it. 
From  the  Chaldee  it  was  tranfla'ed  into  Greek,  from  the 
Greek  into  Latin,  and  <iKo  iino  Englifh.  Theodotion  is 
conjeftured  to  have  tranflated  it  into  Greek  ;  but  it  was 
probably  more  ancient,  as  we  may  ir.fer  trom  its  ufe  by 
ancient  authors,  as  Tertuiliar,  Origen,  and  others.  It  is 
fiippofed  to  have  been  written  by  Juhii  Hyrcanus,  the  fon 
of  Simon,  who  was  prince  and  high  prieft  of  the  Jews  near 
thirty  years,  and  began  his  government  at  the  time  where 
this  hiftory  ends.     It  contains  the  hiftory   of  forty  years, 

frora 


MACCABEES. 


from  the  reign  of   Antiochus  Epiphancs,  to  the  deatli  of 
Simon  the  high  prielt ;  that  is,  from  the  year  of  the  world 
3S29,  to   the  year  ,^869  ;    131   years  before  Chrift.     The 
fecor.d  book  of  the  Maccabees  begins  with  two  epiftles  fent 
from   the  Jews  of  Jerufalem  to  the  .lews   of  Egypt   and 
Alexandria  ;  to  exhort  them  to  obferve  the  feaft  of  the  dedi- 
cation of  the  new  altar  ereiSed  by  Judas,  on  his  purifying 
the  temple.     The  firll  was  written  in  the  169th  year  of  the 
era  of  the  Seleucidx,  i  e.  before  Chrill  144  ;  and  the  fecond 
in  the  1 88th  year  of  the  fame  era,  or  i  25  before  Chrift  ;  and 
both   appear  to  be  fpurious.     After  thefe  epililes  follows 
the  preface  of  the  author  to  his  hiftory,  which  is  an  abridg- 
ment of  a   larger  work,  compofcd  by  one  Jafon,  a  Jew  of 
Cyrene,  who  wrote  in  Greek  the  hillory  of  Judas  Macca- 
biEUS,   and  his   brethren,   and  the    wars   againll   Antiochus 
Epiphanes,  and  Eupator  his  fon.      The  two  laft  chapters 
contain  events  under  the  reign  of  Demetrius  Soter,  the  fuc- 
ceflbr  of  Antiochus  Eupator,  and  contain  fuch  varieties  in 
their  ftyle,  as  render  it  doubtful  whether  they  had  the  fame 
author  as  the  reft  of  the  work.     This  fecond  book  does  not, 
by  any  means,  equal  the  accuracy  and  excellency  of  the  firlt. 
It  contains  an  hiitory  of  about  fifteen  years,  from  the  exe- 
cution of  Heliodorus's  commiffion,  who  was  fent  by  Scleucus 
to  fetch  away   the  treafures  of  the  Temple,  to  the  victory 
obtained  by  Judas  Maccabsus  over  Nicanor  ;  that  is.. from 
the  year  of  the  world  3 8 28,   to  the  year  3843,   157   years 
before  Chrift.      Cahnet. 

There  are  in  the  Polyglot  bibles,  both  of  Paris  and  Lon- 
don, Syriac  verfions  of  both  thefe  books  ;  but  they,  as  well 
as  the  Englifh  verfions  which  we  have  among  the  apocryphal 
writers  in  our  bibles,  are  derived  from  the  Greek.  For  a 
further  account  of  Judas  MaccabiEUS,  and  of  his  brothers, 
whofe  hiftory  is  recorded  in  the  tirll  and  fecond  books  of 
the  Miccabees,  and  alfo  by  Jofephus  in  his  Antiquities  ; 
we  refer  to  the  article  Jews,  and  alfo  to  the  biographica'  ar- 
ticle Judas  Maccab^eus.  The  third  book  of  the  Mac- 
cabees contains  the  hiftory  of  the  perfecution  of  Ptolemy 
Philopater  againft  the  Jews  ni  Egypt,  and  their  futferings 
under  it  ;  and  feems  to  have  been  written  by  fome  Alexan- 
drian Jew  in  the  Greek  language,  not  long  after  the  time 
of  Siracides.  This  book,  with  regard  to  its  fubjeA,  ought 
to  be  called  the  firft,  as  the  things  which  are  related  in  it 
occurred  before  the  Maccabees,  whofe  hiftory  is  recorded  in 
the  firft  and  fecond  books  ;  but  as  it  is  of  lefs  authority  and 
repute  than  the  other  two,  it  is  reckoned  after  them.  It  is 
extant  m  Syriac,  though  the  trandator  did  not  feem  to  have 
well  underftood  the  Greek  language.  It  is  in  moft  of  the 
ancient  manufcript  copies  of  the  Greek  Septuagint,  particu- 
larly in  the  Alexandnan  and  Vatican,  but  was  never  inferted 
into  the  vulgar  Latin  verfion  of  the  bible,  nor  confe- 
quently  into  any  of  our  EnglilTi  copies.  The  firft  authentic 
mention  we  have  of  this  book  is  in  Eufjbius's  Chronicon. 
It  is  alfo  named  with  two  other  books  of  the  Maccabees 
in  the  Sjth  of  the  apoftolic  canons.  But  it  is  ui.certaiii 
when  that  canon  was  added.  Grotius  thinks  that  this 
book  was  written  after  the  two  firft  bonk'^,  and  (hortly  after 
the  book  of  Ecclefiafticus,  from  which  -.rcumftance  it  was 
called  tiie  third  boo.k  of  Maccabees.  M  reover,  Jofephus's 
hiftory  of  the  martyrs  that  fuffered  under  Antiochus  Epi- 
phanes, is  found  in  (ome  manufcripf  G.eek  bibles,  under 
the  name  of  ihs  fourth  book  of  the  Maccabees.  This  book, 
afcribed  to  Jofephus,  occurs  under  the  title  "  Concerning 
the  Empire  or  Government  of  Reafon  ;"  but  learned  men 
have  exprefled  a  doubt  whether  this  was  the  book  known 
to  the  ancients  as  xhs  fourth  book  of  the  Maccabees.  Phi- 
loftratus,  Eufebius,  and  St.  Jerom,  knew  the  book  "  Con- 
cerning  the  Governmeut  of   P..eafo:i,''  and  afcribed  it  to 

2 


.lofephus,  by  the  name  of  the  book  of  the  Maccabees.     St. 
Gregory    Nazian/.en,   St.  Ambrofe,    and    St.    Chryfoftora, 
in  the  charadtcrs  they  have  given  of  the  feven  Maccabees, 
and  of  old  Eleazar,  have  plainly  followed  what  we  find  in 
this  book.     The  author  has  enlarged  and  adorned  the  hif- 
tory  of  Eleazar,  and  of  the  feven  brothers  tha  Maccabees, 
who  are  faid  to  have  fuffered  martyrdom  with  their  mother, 
as  it   has  been  faid,   chiefly  on   the  authority  of  Rufinus, 
who  has  given  the  names  of  the  feven  brothers,  and  of  their 
mother,  at   .Xntioch.    (2  Mac.  vi.  vii.)     Others,  however, 
have  fuppofed,  that  the  fcene  of  the  martyrdom  of  the  feven 
brethren   was   at    Jerufalem.     As  it    was    defigned   for  an 
example  of  terror  to  the  Jews  of  Judaea,  it  would  hnve  lolt 
its  force,  if  it  had   been  executed   any  where  elfe  befides 
that  country.     Thofe  who  maintain  that  they  fuffered  at 
Antioch,  allege,  that  their  tombs  were  (hewn  there  in  the 
time  of  St.  Jerom,  and  that  a  church,  dedicated  under  their 
name,  was  found  there  in   the   time  of  St.  Auftin.     The 
firft  of  the  feven  brethren,  as  the  ftory  is  related,   having 
declared  to  the  king  that  he   would  die  fooner  than  violate 
the  laws  of  God,   was  feized  by  the  executioners,  who  cut 
out  his  tongue,  and  the  extremities  of  his  hands  and  feet, 
and  tore  off  the  flvin  of  his  hand.     While  ftill  alive,  after 
being  thus  mangled,    he  was  thrown  into   a  burning   pan, 
heated  over  a  fierie  fire.     Such  is   the  account  in   2  Mac. 
vii.   2.   -.     The  "  Government  of  Reafon"   declares,  that 
the   executioner,   having    ftripped   off  his  clothes,  tied   his 
hands  behind  his   back,  and   whipped   him  with  fcourges, 
without  his  indicating  the  leaft   fign  of  pain.     Afterwards 
they  fixed  him  upon  a   wheel,  where,  after  having  had  his 
limbs  (liattered  to  pieces,  heexpoftulated  with  Antiochus,  re- 
proached him  for  his  barbarity,  and  infulted  him  on  account 
of  all  his    unfuccefsful    attempts.     Then    the  executioner, 
raifing  the  wheel  upon  which  he  was  extended,  and  lighting 
a  fire  under  it,  thus  confumed  him  bv  a  new  torture.     He 
died,  exhorting  his  brethren  to  manifeft  a  fimilar  conftancy. 
The  other  brothers  alfo  fuffered  by  the  moft  cruel  tortures 
which  the  king  could  inflift  ;  but  it  is  needlefs  to  recount 
them.     The  motiier  of  thefe  martyrs  alfo  fuffered  death,  ae 
fome  fay,  by  throwing  herfelf  into  the  fire,    to  evade  the 
cruelty  pratlifed   on    her   fons,   and  threatened  to  herfelf. 
The  church  of  Rome  has  celebrated  a  feaft,  Auguft  i,  in 
honour  of  thefe  martyrs  ;  who  were  the  firft,  and  for  a  long 
time  the  only  martyrs  of  the  O  d  Teftament,  in  honour  of 
whom  altars  and  temples  were  erefted  ;  and  they  are  the 
only  faints  of  that  kind,  for  whom  there  remains  an  office 
or  breviary  commemorative  in  the   Roman  Breviary.     The 
fufferiiigs  of  thefe  feven  brethren,  and  hkewife  of  Eleazar, 
related  2  Mac.  c.  vi.  are  entirely  omitted  in   the  firft  book 
of  Maccabees  ;  although  tlie  author  of  it  there  writes   of 
the  Jewifh  affairs,  and  ot   the  fnfferings  of  the  Jews  in  the 
time  of  Antiochus.     We  add  that  there  is  not  any  notice 
taken  of  this    Eleazar,  or  thefe   feven    brethren,   or   their 
mother,  by  Jofephus,    in  any    of  his    authentic    writings  ; 
though  he  had  twice  a  fair  occafion  of  mentioning  them, 
once  in  his  "  Hiftory  of  the  Jewifh  War,"  I.  i.  and  again 
in  his  "  Antiquities,"  1.  xii.  cap.  5'.     It  is  prefiimed  that  he 
would  have  mentioned  a  fad  fo  remarkable,  if  it  had  really 
occurred.     As    to    the   work   above-mentioned,    "  Of  the 
Empire  of  Reafon,"  which  has  been  afcribed  to  him,  many 
learned   men,   as    Cave  fays,   deny   it   to    be  his;  and  Mr. 
Whi  ton,  in  his  Englifli  tr.anllation  of  all  the  genuine  writings 
of  Jofeptius,  has  omitted  this.     Dr.  Lardner  thinks  that  it 
was  the  worn  of  fome  Chriili  'n.     This  hiftory  wants  certain 
internal  charafters  of  credibility.     The  faft  itfelf  is  very- 
extraordinary,   infomuch   that    it    is    very   iraprcbable,  and 
almoft  incredible.     The  whole  ftory  has  the  appearance  of 

a  contrived 


MAC 


MAC 


1  contrived  fiftioti.  The  fufFerers  are  not  defcribed  fo  par- 
ticularly as  they  ought  to  be,  and  the  relations  generally  are 
incredible.  Befides,  it  is  improbable  that  thefe  feven  brothers 
Ihould  have  been  examined,  tortured,  and  (lain,  one  after 
another,  in  the  prefence  of  king  Antiochus  ;  for  fuch  exami- 
nations and  executions  are  generally  delegated  to  officers : 
nor  is  it  faid,  or  even  hinted,  where  thefe  perfons  fuffered. 
It  has  been  faid,  however,  that  the  writer  of  the  epiftle  to 
the  Hebrews  refers  to  this  hidory,  and  thus  affures  us  of  its 
truth.  (Heb.  xi.  jj.)  But  it  is  very  far  from  being  clear 
or  certain,  that  there  is  a  reference  to  this  hiftory  in  that 
text.  Hallet,  Lardner,  and  others,  deny  it.  See  Lardner's 
Works,  vol.  xi.   p.  269,  &c. 

MACCHERINI,  L.i  Sigxora,  in  Biography,  a  female 
Italian  finger,  engaged  as  firft  woman  at  the  Opera-houfe 
in  1780,  on  a  falfe  report  of  her  great  abilities  by  her  coun- 
trymen in  London,  difappointed  every  hearer. 

MACCHIAVELLI,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated  political 
writer  and  hiftorian,  was  born  of  a  good  family,  at  Florence, 
in  1469.     He  firft  diftinguifhed  himfelf  as  a  dramatic  writer, 
and  produced  plays  that  were  afted  with  great  applaufe  at 
Rome.     Soon  after  he  h^d  entered  public  life,  he  was  fup- 
pofed  to  have  participated  in  a  confpiracy  againll  the  houfe 
and  family  of  Medici  ;  bat  being  "  put  to  the  queftion"  on 
the  fubjecl,  he  Imd  the  fo-.titude  to  endure  tl\e  torture  with- 
out uttering  the   flighteft  confeffion,  and  was  fet  at  liberty. 
He  was  afterwards  raifed  to  high  honours  in  the  ftate,  and  be- 
came fecretary    to  the  republic  of  Florence,   the  duties  of 
which  high  office  he   performed  with  great   fideUty.     He 
was  likewife  employed  in  embaffies  to  king  Lewis  XH.  of 
France ;    to   the  emperor  Maximilian  ;    to    the    college  of 
cardinals ;    to    the    pope,    Julius  H.,  and   to  other   Italian 
princes..     Notwiihltanding  the   revenues    which    mull   have 
accrued  to  him  in  theie  important  fituations,  he  left  a  large 
family  at  his  death  in  a  (late   of  indigence,   a  circumftance 
that  proves  he  had  afted  with  integrity,  and  that  the  love  of 
,    money  had   no  influence  on  his   mind.     He  died  in    1530. 
Befides  his   plays,    his  chief  works  are,     I.  "  The  Golden 
Afs,"   in    imitation   of  Lucian   and  Apuleius ;    2.   "  Dif- 
courfes  on  the  firft  Decade  of  Livy  ;"    3.  "  A  Hiftory  of 
Florence ;"     4..   "  The    Life   of   Caftruccio    Caftracani  ;" 
5.   "  A  Treatife  on  the  Military  Art  ;"    6.   "  A  Treatife 
on  the  Emigration  of  the  Northern  Nations  ;"     7.  A  Trea- 
tife, entitled  "  Del    Principe,"    the    Prince.      This  famous 
treatife  was  firft  publiftied  in  151  J,  and  was  intended  as  a 
fequel  to  his  difcourif  s  on  the  tirft  decade  of  Livy,  which 
difcourfes  are  replete  with  juft  and  profound  reflections  on 
the  principles  of  popular  government,  and  exhibit  him  as  a 
warm  friend  of  liberty  ;  but  "  The  Prince"  has  been  gene- 
;     rally  regarded  as  the  manual  of  a  tyrant  ;  all  its   maxims 
and  counfels  being  direfted  to  the  maintenance  of  power, 
however  acquired,   and  by    any  means.     It  was  dedicated 
to  a  nephew  of  pope  Leo  X.,  was  printed  at   Rome,  re- 
publiftied    in  other   Italian  cities,  and  was  long  read  with 
attention,    and    even  applaufe,    without  cenfure    or    reply. 
The  practice  of   politicians   at  that  time  was  fo  much  m 
unifon   with  its  maxims,  that  neither   furprife  nor  detefta- 
tion  feems  to  have  been  excited  by  an  open  expofure  of  the 
ufual  arts  of   government.     The  writer's  intention  in  this 
work  has  been  a  matter  of  much  controverfy  ;  fome  have 
held   him  up  as  an  abandoned  promoter  of  tyranny,    and 
others  have  maintained  that  he  was  its  concealed  but  decided 
enemy,    v.ho  meant   to  put    "  the   people"  on   their  guard 
againft  iti  machinations.     A  modern  critic,  however,  thinks 
it  probable,  from  the  charafter  of  the  man,  that  he  wrote  it 
without  any  moral  purpofe  whatever  ;  and  merely,  hke  a 
mathematician  demonftrating  a  problem,  inveftigated    the 
12 


principles  by  which   ufurped  power  might  be   maintained, 
leaving  the  application   to  princes  or   fubjcdts,    as  chance 
fliould  direft.     It  has,  neverthelefs,  affixed  to  his  name  a 
lafting  iligma,  and  Machiavelifm  is  become  a  received  ap- 
pellation for  perfidious  and  infamous  pohtics.     When  once 
the  fyftem    was  cxpofed,    a   multitude  of  opponents  to  it 
llarted  up,  in  almoft  every  enlightened  country  on  the  globe  ; 
among  whom,  and  one  of  the  lateft,  was  Frederic  the  Great, 
king  of  Pruffia,  before  he  commenced  thofe  plans  of  aggran- 
dizement, that  he  purfued  very  much  in  the  fpirit  of  the 
work  which  he  had  ably  anfwered.      Of  the  hiftorical  writ- 
ings  of  Machiavel,  the  "  Life  of  Caftrucio  Caftracani"  is 
confidered   as   partaking  too    much  of  the  character  of  a 
romance  ;  but  his  "  Hiftory  of  Florence,"  comprifing  the 
events  of  that  republic,  between  the  years  1205  and  1494, 
is  a  very  valuable  performance,  and  one  of  the  earlieft  of  the 
good    Italian   hiftories.     It  was  written    while  the  author 
fuftained  the  office  of  hiftoriographer  of  the  republic.      He 
has     been    charjjed  with  mifreprefentation  ;    but    his    cha- 
rafter,  as  an  hiftorian,  has  been  ably  vindicated,  and  his  ftyle 
and  compofition,  as  a  profe  writer,  are  held  in  high  eftima- 
tion.     His  verfes  do  not  rank  among  the  firft,  or  even   the 
fecond  rate  produdtions  of  Italian  poetry  ;  and  his  comedies, 
however  they  might  appear  in  pubHc  rcprcfentation,  are  not 
formod  on   the  pureft  models.      The  works  of  this  writer 
were  collefted  in  two  volumes  4to.  in  1550,  and  they  have 
been  repubhfhed  in  Amfterdam,  London,  and  Paris.     Gen. 
Biog.     See  Machiavelism. 

MACCLESFIELD,  called  in  ancient  records  Maxfield, 
in  Geography,  a  populous,  corporate,  and  borough-town  of 
Cheftiirc,  England,  is  built  on  the  fide  of  a  fteep  hill,  at  the 
diftance  of  18  miles  from  Manchefter,  and  166  from.  London. 
It  is  part  of  the  parifli  of  Preftbrng,  in  the  hundred  of  Mac- 
clesfield. Radal,  earlc;  Chefter,  firft  conftituted  it  a  borough; 
and  in  or  near  the  year  1 261,  the  prince  of  Wales,  afterwards 
king  Edward  I.,  made  it  a  free  borough,  and  granted  the 
burgeffes  a  mercatorial  guild,  and  other  privileges.  By  the 
conditions  of  the  charter  thus  obtained,  the  burgeffes  were 
required  to  grind  only  at  the  earl's  mill,  and  to  bake  at 
his  oven.  This  oven,  or  bakehoufe,  is  ftill  vefted  in  the 
crown,  and  a  leafe  of  it  was  granted,  in  1791,  for  twenty- 
four  years  and  a  half.  By  a  charter  of  queen  Elizabeth's, 
the  corporate  body  was  to  confift  of  24  capital  burgeffes ; 
but  a  later  charter,  from  king  Charles  II.,  names  a  town- 
clerk,  a  coroner,  two  ferjeants  at  mace,  &c.  as  part  of  the 
corporation.  Among  other  articles  delivered  into  the 
cuftody  of  the  ferjeants  at  mace,  in  the  year  1620,  was  "  a 
bridle  for  a  curft  queane."  The  market,  which  is  held  on 
Mondays,  was  formerly  very  confiderable  for  corn,  but  has 
declined.  The  annual  fairs  are  five,  principally  for  cloth, 
cutlery,  toys,  and  pedlars'  ware.  The  filk  and  cotton  trade 
is  carried  on  in  this  town  to  a  confiderable  extent;  there  being 
nearly  thirty  filk  mills,  fome  of  them  on  a  large  fcale,  and 
about  ten  cotton  faftories :  a  great  quantity  of  goods 
of  both  forts  is  alfo  manufaftured  in  private  houfes  ;  there 
ai-e  feveral  muflin,  filk-weaving,  and  twift  faftories.  The 
weaving  of  filk  handkerchiefs,  and  the  making  of  ferret 
and  calico,  are  increafing  manufaftures :  here  are  five 
or  fix  dye-houfes,  principally  for  filk,  a  tape  manufac- 
tory, and  a  bleaching  ground.  According  to  the  re- 
turns made  to  parliament  under  the  population  act  of 
1800,  the  number  of  houfes  was  then  1527,  the  number  of 
inhabitants  was  ftated  to  be  8743,  of  whom  8509  were  faid 
to  be  employed  chiefly  in  trade,  manufactures,  or  in  handi- 
craft. The  population  has  fince  that  period  been  confider- 
ably  increafed.  In  the  year  1 791 ,  an  aft  was  pafl'ed  for  inclof- 
ing  the  commons  and  wafte  grounds  within  the  borough  and 

manor 


MAC 

manor  of  Macclesfield.  By  this  aft,  all  encroachments  within 
the  manor  (except  fuch  as  had  occurred  within  fixty  years, 
and  had  no  buildings),  were  fecured  on  certain  terms  to 
their  refpeftive  poflefFors  ;  the  manorial  rights  of  the  crown, 
with  refpeft  to  the  foil,  mines,  and  minerals  of  the  feveral 
walle-grounds  within  the  manor  and  borough  were  extin- 
guirtied,  with  the  rcferve  of  coal-mines :  as  a  compenfation 
for  which  concellions,  an  allotment  of  n8^  acres  was 
made  to  his  majefty,  which  allotment,  and  the  right  of 
digging  coal,  were  fold  in  1803,  under  the  land-tax  re- 
demption aft  to  Charles  Cooke  of  this  town.  Tlie  corpo- 
ration are  entitled  to  ail  fprings  and  water-courfes  for  {ap- 
plying the  town  with  water,  from  which  fources,  with  the 
tolls  of  the  market  and  fairs,  a  confiderable  emolument  is 
derived.  A  court  of  record  is  held  once  a  month  for  the 
liberty  of  the  hundred,  and  another  for  the  manor  and  foreft  ; 
a  court  leet  is  alfo  held  for  thefe  jurifdiftions.  In  former 
times  the  juftices  of  Chefter  fat  as  jullices  in  eyre  at  Mac- 
clesfield, and  prifoners  for  felony  and  other  crimes  were 
tried  there,  and  fuffered  the  fentence  ot  the  law.  After  this 
praftice  was  difcontinued,  courts  were  held  by  the  king's 
ileward  or  his  deputy.  Two  feffions  are  now  held  in  May 
and  November,  befides  the  monthly  courts  before-mentioned. 
In  a  ftreet,  called  Backwall-Gate,  are  fome  remains  of  a 
manfion  of  the  dukes  of  Buckingham.  Smith,  in  his  de- 
fcription  of  Chelhire  ( 1585  ),  defcribes  it  as  "  a  huge  place, 
all  of  Hone,  in  manner  of  a  caftle,  which  belonged  to  the 
duke  of  Buckingham,  but  now  gone  to  decay."  Webb, 
writing  in  1622,  fays,  "  in  this  towne  are  yet  feen  fome 
ruines  of  the  ancient  manor-houfe  of  the  renowned  duke  of 
Buckingham,  who  (as  yet  report  goeth)  kept  there  his 
princely  refidence,  about  the  time  of  king  Edward  IV., 
of  whofe  great  hofpitality  there,  much  by  tradition  is  re- 
ported." 

Other  ancient  manfions  of  this  town  were  formerly  oc- 
cupied by  families  of  diflinftion  :  among  thefe  was  Staple- 
ton-hall,  belonging  to  the  Stapletons  of  Upton  :  Beate-hall. 
inhabited  by  the  earl  of  Courtown,  is  now  a  public-houfe  ; 
Worth-hall  was  the  town  refidence  of  the  family  of  Worths : 
and  is  traditionally  faid  to  have  been  the  bu-th-place  of  arch- 
bifhop  Savage. 

The  parochial  chapel  of  this  town  was  originally  built  by 
king  Edward  I.  in  the  year  1278;  it  was  almoft  rebuilt, 
and  greatly  enlarged,  in  1740.  On  the  fouth  fide  of  this 
chapel  is  an  oratory,  or  burial  chapel,  which  belongs  to  the 
Savage  family  ;  feveral  of  whom  were  interred  here.  It 
now  belongs  to  the  earl  of  Cholmondeley.  In  the  Legli 
chapel  are  fome  iepulchral  memorials  of  the  family  of  Legh 
of  Lyme. 

A  new  chapel  was  erefted  at  Macclesfield  in  the  year 
1775,  by  Charles  Roe,  efq.  and  an  aft  of  parliament  was 
obtained  in  1779,  when  it  was  called  Chrift's-church,  or 
chapel,  and  the  living  was  made  a  perpetual  cure,  or  bene- 
fice, to  be  fubjeft  to  the  bifhop  of  Cheller.  In  the  chancel 
is  a  handfome  marble  monument  by  Bacon,  for  the  founder, 
who  died  in  1781. 

In  this  town  are  two  meeting-houfes  for  Melhodifts,  and 
one  for  each  of  the  following  fefts  :  Prelbyterians,  Quakers, 
and  Independents.  A  grammar-fchool  was  founded  here  by 
fir  John  Percival,  knt.,  and  not  by  king  Edward  VI.,  as 
commonly  ilated.  This  monarch  increafed  its  revenues,  by 
giving  lands  and  houfes  in  and  near  the  city  of  Chefter. 
An  aft  of  parliament  was  obtained,  in  1768,  to  i-egulate  the 
management,  and  define  the  conftitution  of  this  noted  femi- 
nary.  Four  miles  S.S.E.  of  the  town  is  the  townlhip  of 
Macclesfield  foreft.  Lyfons's  Magna  Britannia,  vol.  ii. 
part  2.  4to.  181C. 


M  A  C 


\ 


MACDONALD,  Andrew,  in  B'lography,  was  bom 
at  Leith,  where  he  was  educated,  chiefly  by  the  affiftance  of 
bifhop  Forbes.  For  fome  time  he  had  the  charge  of  a  chapel 
at  Glafgow,  in  which  city  he  publifhed  a  novel,  entitled 
"  The  Independent."  He  afterwards  came  to  London, 
and  wrote  for  the  newfpapers.  His  works  were  lively, 
fatirical,  and  humorous,  and  were  publifhed  under  the  fig- 
nature  of  Matthew  Bramble.  He  naturally  poffeffed  a  fine 
genius,  and  had  improved  his  underllanding  with  claiTical 
and  fcientific  knowledge  ;  but  for  want  of  conneftions  in 
this  fouthern  part  of  the  united  kingdom,  and  a  proper  op- 
portunity to  bring  his  talents  into  notice,  he  was  always 
embarraffed,  and  had  occafionally  to  ftruggle  with  great 
and  accumulated  dillrefs.  He  died  in  llie  33d  year  of  his 
age,  at  Kentifh  Town,  in  Aug.  1790,  leaving  a  wife  and 
infant  daughter  in  a  (late  of  extreme  indigence.  A  volume 
of  iiis  "  Mifcellaneous  Works"  was  publifhed  in  1791,  in 
which  were  iromprifed  ;  "  The  fair  Apoflate,"  a  tragedy; 
"  Love  and  Loyalty,"  an  opera  ;  "  Princefs  of  Tarento," 
a  comedy  ;  and  "  Vimonda,"  a  tragedy.  Biog.  Drama- 
tica. 

MACDOWAL's  Bay,  in  Geography,  a  bay  on  the  W. 
coaft  of  the  ifland  of  .lava. 

MACDUFF,  a  confiderable  fea-poic  town  Ctuated  on 
the  banks  of  the  Moray  frith,  in  the  parifh  of  Gamvie, 
and  fhire  of  Banff,  Scotland,  at  the  diftance  of  two  miles 
from  the  county-town.  Previous  to  the  year  1732,  it  was 
merely  a  trifling  village,  compofed  of  a  few  fifliemxen's 
huts,  with  no  other  harbour  for  their  boats  but  a  faady 
creek.  It  is  now,  through  the  exertions  of  the  earl  of  Fife, 
on  whofe  property  it  ftands,  a  very  thriving  place.  The 
houfes,  which  are  eftimated  at  about  300  in  number,  are 
generally  built  with  much  neatnefs,  and  arranged  into  re- 
gular ftreets  of  a  commodious  width.  The  population  ex- 
ceeds twelve  hundred  perfons,  a  great  proportion  of  whom 
is  engaged  in  the  extenfive  iifheries  which  have  been  elta- 
blifhed  on  this  part  of  the  coafl.  There  are  feveral  Ihips 
belonging  to  this  town  employed  in  the  Baltic  and  London 
trade.  Many  veffels  from  other  ports  likewife  refort  hither  ; 
the  harbour,  formed  at  the  expence  of  the  nobleman  already 
mentioned,  being  confidered  one  of  the  fafeft  and  moff  com- 
modious in  the  Moray  frith.  As  this  place  lies  at  fome 
diftance  from  the  parifh  church,  the  fame  noble  individual 
has  alfo  erefted  a  chapel  of  eafe  here,  and  pays  a  fuitable 
falary  to  the  clergyman  fettled  in  it.  A  great  variety  of 
little  fifhing  villages  lie  along  the  fhore  on  both  fides,  and 
on  the  oppofite  bank  of  the  river  Doveran. 

MACE,  in  ylnciciit  Armoury,  a  weapon  formerly  much 
ufed  by  the  cavalry  of  all  nations,  and  hkewife  by  eccle- 
fiaftics,  who,  in  confequence  of  their  tenures,  frequently 
took  the  field,  but  were,  by  a  canon,  forbidden  to  wield  the 
fword.  The  mace  is  commonly  of  iron  ;  its  figure  much 
refembles  a  chocolate-mill.  Many  fpecimens  may  be  feen 
in  the  Tower  of  London,  and  other  armouries.  It  was  not 
out  of  ufe  long  after  the  invention  of  hand-guns  ;  for  we 
read  of  its  having  been  ufed  by  moft  nations  more  than  100 
years  ago  ;  and  in  a  medley,  it  is  faid,  they  may  be  more 
ferviceable  than  fwords  ;  for  when  tliey  are  guided  by  a 
ftrong  arm,  we  find  that  the  party  ilruck  with  them  was 
either  felled  from  his  horfe,  or,  having  his  head-piece  beat 
clofe  to  his  head,  was  made  to  reel  on  his  faddle,  with  the 
blood  nmning  plentifully  from  his  nofe.  This  kind  of  mace, 
which  is  the  fame  as  that  ufed  by  the  Turks,  is  im.properly 
called  by  fome  military  writers  the  club  of  Hercules  ;  the 
club  given  to  that  demi-god  by  the  Grecian  ilatuarics, 
being  a  huge  knotty  hmb  of  a  tree.  Father  Daniel  has 
engraved  two  weapons,  fhewn  In  the  abbey  of  Roncevaux, 

as 


MAC 


MAC 


as  the  maces  of  thofe  famous  heroes  of  romance,  Roland 
and  Oliver,  who  ai'c  faid  to  have  lived  in  the  time  of  Char- 
lemagne. One  is  a  large  ball  of  iron,  fallened  with  three 
chains  to  a  ftrong  truncheon,  or  ftaff,  about  two  feet  long  ; 
the  other  is  of  mixed  metal,  in  the  form  of  a  channelled 
melon,  faftened  alfo  to  a  llafT  by  a  triple  chain  :  thefe  balls 
weigh  eight  pounds.  At  the  end  of  both  the  Haves  are 
rings  for  holding  ends  or  leathers  to  faften  them  to  the 
hand.  Contrivances  like  thefe,  except  that  the  balls  were 
armed  with  fpikes,  were  long  carried  by  the  pioneers  of  the 
trained  bands,  or  city  militia :  they  are  generally  called 
♦'  Morning  Stars."  The  morning  ilar,  or  Morgan  ftern, 
was  a  weapon  formerly  ufed  for  the  defence  of  trenches. 
It  was  a  large  llafF,  banded  about  with  iron,  hke  the  fliaft 
of  a  halbert,  having  an  iron  ball  at  the  end,  with  crofs  iron 
fpikes. 

At  prefent  the  mace  is  generally  made  of  the  precious 
metals,  and  highly  ornamented  and  ufed  as  an  emblem  of 
the  authority  of  the  officers  of  ftate  before  whom  it  is 
carried. 

Mace,  Thomas,  in  Biography,  one  of  the  clerks  of  Tri- 
nity college,  Cambridge,  in  the  feventeenth  century,  of 
quaint  and  lingular  memory,  publifhed  in  folio,  1676,  a 
treatife,  entitled  "  Mufick's  Monument  ;  or,  a  Remem- 
brance of  the  bell  praftical  Mufick,  both  Divine  and  Civil, 
that  has  ever  been  known  in  the  World  ;"  a  work  that  mull 
not  be  forgotten  among  the  curiofities  of  this  period.  It  is 
impoflible  to  defcribe  the  ftyle  of  this  original  book  by  any 
choice  or  arrangement  of  words,  but  the  author's  own. 
The  work  is  divided  into  three  parts  ;  the  firft.  treats  of 
pfalm-fmging  and  cathedral  mufic  ;  the  fecond,  of  the  no- 
ble lute,  "  now  made  eafy,  and  all  its  occult,  locked-up- 
fecrets,  plainly  laid  open  ;  (hewing  a  genera!  ivay  of  pro- 
curing invention  and  playing  voluntarily  upon  the  lute,  viol, 
or  any  other  inftrument,  with  two  pretty  devices,  &c. 
In  the  third  part  the  generous  viol,  in  its  rightejl  ufe,  is  treated 
upon  ;  with  fome  curious  obfervations,  never  before  handled, 
■  concerning  it,  and  muiic  in  general." 

In  pfalm-finging  the  author  re  commends Jhort-/quare-even 
and  uniform  ayres,  and  is  "  bold  to  fay  that  many  of  our  old 
pfalm-tunes  are  fo  excellently  good,  that  art  cannot  mend  them 
or  make  them  better."  In  fpeaking  of  the  difficulty  of 
finging  in  tune,  even  with  a  good  voice,  he  obferves,  that 
"  with  an  unjkilful-inharmonious-coarje-grained-harjh-voice,  it  is 
impoflible.  'Tis  fad  to  hear  what  whining,  toling,  yelling, 
or  fcreeking  there  is  in  our  country  congregations,  where,  if 
there  be  no  organ  to  compel  them  to  harmonical  unity,  the 
people  feem  affrighted  or  dillradted." 

The  liberal  ufe  of  compounds  by  the  ingenious  mailer 
Mace  gives  his  language  a  very  Grecian  appearance.  He 
doubts  not  but  that  there  are  "  many  rational-ingenious-ivell- 
compofed-'willing-good-ChriJlians,  who  would  gladly y^rw  God 
aright,  if  poffibly  they  knew  tut  how;"  and  therefore  he 
advifes  the  purchafe  of  an  organ  of  thirty,  forty,  fifty,  or 
fixty  pounds  ;  and  then,  "  the  clerk  to  learn  to  pulfe  or 
Jlriie  the  pfalm-tunes,  which  he  offers  hiinfelf  to  teach  for 
thirty  or  forty  fhillings  ;  and  the  clerk  afterwards  may  in- 
flruft  all  the  boys  in  the  parifh  for  a  (hiUing  or  two  a-piece 
to  perform  the  bufuiefs  as  well  as  himfelf.  And  thus  by 
little  and  little,  the  parilh  will  fiuarm  or  abound  with  or- 
ganifts." 

The  lute  and  viol  are  mailer  Mace's  favourite  inftruments, 
concerning  the  effefis  of  which,  and,  indeed,  of  mufic  in 
general,  he  is  a  great  rapturift.  On  the  lute,  though  "  he 
had  occafion  to  break  both  his  arms,  by  reafon  of  which  he 
could  not  make  the  nerve fhake  well,  nor  ftrong  ;  yet,  by  a 
certain  motion  of  his  arm,  he  had  gained  fuch  a  contentive- 


Jhaie,  that  his  fcholars  aflced  him  frequently  how  they  Ihould 
do  to  get  the  like  ?" 

We  fliall  not  attempt  to  recreate  our  readers  with  more 
extrafts  from  this  matchlefs,  though  not  fcarce,  book  ;  but 
recommend  its  pcrufal  to  all  who  have  taile  for  exceffive 
fimplicity  and  quaintnefs,  and  can  extraCl  pleafure  from  the 
fincere  and  undifTembled  happinefs  of  an  author,  who,  with 
exalted  notions  of  his  fubjeft  and  abihtics,  difclofes  to  his 
reader  every  inward  working  of  felf-approbation  in  as  un- 
difguifed  a  manner,  as  if  he  were  communing  with  himfelf 
in  all  the  plenitude  of  mental  comfurt  and  privacy.  We 
fliall,  however,  prefent  fuch  readers  with  an  advertifement 
from  good  mailer  Mace,  that  was  written  on  Iiis  arrival  in 
London,  1690,  fourteen  years  after  the  publication  of  his 
book.  We  found  it  in  the  Britidi  Mufeum,  N"'  5'936,  in  a 
coUedlion  of  title-pages,  devices,  and  advertifements. 

yin  Advertifement. 

"  To  all  Lovers  of  the  beft  Sort  of  MuficV 

"  Men  fay  the  times  are  (Irange 'tis  true  : 

'Caufe  many  flrange  things  hap  to  be. 
Let  it  not  then  feem  llrange  to  you 

That  here  one  llrange  thing  more  you  fee." 

"  That  is,  in  Devereux-court,  next  the  Grecian  coS^se- 
houfe,  at  the  Temple  back-gate,  there  is  a  deaf  perfon 
tcacheth  mufic  to  perfedlion  ;  who,  by  reafon  of  his  great 
age,  v.  77,  is  come  to  town,  with  his  whole  (lock  of  rich 
mufical  furniture,  v.  inftruments  and  books  to  put  o(f,  to 
whomfoever  delights  in  luch  choice  things  ;  for  he  has  no- 
thing light  or  vain,  but  all  fubfiantial  and  folid  music. 
Some  particulars  do  here  follow  : 

"  I.  There  is  a  late  invented  organ,  which  (for  private 
ufe)  excels  all  other  fafhioned  organs  whatever ;  and  for 
which,  fubftaatial-artificial  reafons  will  be  given  ;  and  (for 
its  beauty)  it  may  become  a  nobleman's  dining-room. 

"  2.  There  belongs  to  it  a  pair  of  fair,  large-fi^ed  confort- 
viols,  chiefly  fitted  and  fuited  for  That,  or  confort  ufe  ;  and 
'tis  great  pity  theyflould  be  parted. 

"  :;.  i'here  is  a  pedal  harp/icon  (the  abfolute  beft  fort  of 
confort  harpficons  that  has  been  invented)  ;  there  being  in  it 
more  than  twenty  varieties,  moft  of  them  to  come  in  with 
the  foot  of  the  player,  without  the  leaft  hindrance  of  play 
(exceedingly  pleafant).     And 

"  4.   Is  a  fingle  harpficon. 

"  5.  A  new  invented  inftrument,  called  a  dyphone,  v.  a 
double  lute  ;  it  is  both  theorbo -a-ud  French-lute  i:om^\e\.e  ;  and 
as  ealy  to  play  upon  as  any  other  lute. 

"  6.  Several  other  theorbos,  lutes,  and  viols,  very  good. 

"  7.  Great  ftore  of  choice  coUeclions  of  the  works  of 
the  mofl  famous  compofers,  that  have  lived  in  thefe  laft  hundred 
years,  as  Latin,  Englifli,  Italian,  and  fome  French. 

"  8.  There  is  the  publiflier's  own  Mufick's  Monument; 
fome  few  copies  thereof  he  has  ftill  by  him  to  put  off ;  it 
being  a  fubfcribed  book,  and  not  expofed  to  common  fale. 
All  thefe  will  be  fold  at  very  eafy  rates,  for  the  reafons 
aforefaid  ;  and  becaufe  (indeed)  he  cannot  ftay  in  town 
longer  than  four  months  (exaftly)." 

He  farther  adds,  "  if  any  be  defirous  to  partake  of  his 
^experimental  flvill  in  this  high-nobk-art,  during  his  ftay  in 
town,  he  is  ready  to  afGll  them;  and  (hapiy)  they  may 
obtain  that  from  him,  which  they  may  not  meet  withal  clfe- 
where.  He  teacheth  thefe  five  things,  v.  the  theorbo,  the 
French-lute,  and  the  viol,  in  all  their  excellent  ways  arid 
ufes  ;  as  alfo  compofttion,  together  with  the  knack  of  pro- 
curing invention  to  young  compofers  (the  general  and  greateft 
difficulty  they  meet  withal),  this  laft  thing  not  being  at- 
tempted 


MAC 

tempted  by  any  author  (as  he  knows  of),  yet  maybe  ianf  ; 
though  fome  ha9  been  fo  wife  (or  othervvife)  to  contradict 
it: 

"  Sed  experientia  docult." 

"  Any  of  thefe  five  things  may  be  learned  fo  underftand- 
ingly,  in  this  little  time  he  (lays  (by  fiich  general  rules  as 
he  gives,  together  with  Mufick's  Moinniunt,  written  princi- 
pally to  yi;  .-A /ar/iq/J/),  as  that  any  aptly  inclined,  may  (for 
the  future)  teach  themfelves  without  any  other  help." 

Mace,'Fran"cis,  a  teamed  French  prieft,  was  born  at 
Paris  about  the  year  1 640,  and  being  deligned  for  the  church, 
he  purhicd  his  lludies  with  that  view  at  the  univerlity  of 
his  native  city,  where  he  took  his  degrees.  His  firft  public 
employment  was  that  of  focretary  to  the  council  for  manag- 
ing the  domains  and  finances  of  the  queen,  confort  to  Lewis 
XiV.  It  was  not  till  the  year  1685  that  he  took  holy 
orders,  when  he  was  immediately  appointed  canon,  veftry- 
keeper,  and  retlor  of  the  roval  collegiate  and  parochial 
church  of  St.  Opportune,  at  Paris.  He  was  a  very  dih- 
gent  iludent  as  well  in  profane  as  in  facred  literature,  and 
was  celebrated  for  his  popular  talents  as  a  preacher.  He 
died  in  17?!,  leaving  behind  him  a  great  number  of  works 
that  do  honour  to  hia  memory,  of  which  we  fiiall  mention  "  A 
Chrgnological,  Hiftorical,  and  Moral  Abridgment  of  the 
Old  and  New  Teftament,"  in  2  vols.  410.  ;  '■  Scriptural 
Knowledge,  reduced  into  Four  Tables  ;"  a  French  verlion 
of  the  apjcryphal  "Teilaments  of  theTwelve  Patriarchs  ;" 
of  which  Groffetefte,  bifhop  of  Lincoln,  gave  the  firll  Latin 
tranflation,  Grabe  the  firft  Greek  edition,  from  MSS.  in  the 
Enghfh  Qiiiverfitiss,  and  Whillon  an  Engliih  verfion  ;  "  The 
Hillory  of  the  Four  Ciceros,"  which  abound  in  learned  and 
curious  enquiries,  and  intended  to  prove,  from  the  teftimony 
of  Greek  rnd  Irttin  hiltorians,  that  the  fons  of  Cicero  were 
as  illullrious  as  their  father      Moreri. 

Mace,  in  Commerce,  a  fmall  gold  coin,  current  in  Su- 
matra, and  fome  other  Eaft  India  iflands.  It  weighs  nine 
grains,  and  is  worth  about  14J.  ilerling.  Sixteen  mace  are 
eaual  64  copangs  =;  4  pardovvs  =  a  tale  :  and  2J00  fmall 
pieces  of  tin  or  lead,  called  calhes,  ufually  pafs  for  a 
mace. 

Mace,  Mach,  is  a  pretty  thick,  tough,  undluous  mem- 
brane, reticular  or  varioully  chapt,  of  a  lively  reddiili-yel- 
low  colour,  approaching  to  that  of  fafFron,  enveloprng  the 
(hell  of  the  fruit,  whofe  kernel  is  the  nutmeg.  The  mace, 
when  frefli,  is  of  a  blood-red  colour,  and  acquires  its  yellow 
hue  in  drying.  It  is  dried  in  the  fun,  upon  hurdles  fixed 
above  one  another,  and  then,  as  it  is  faid,  fprinkled  with  fea- 
water,  to  prevent  its  crumbling  in  carriage. 

Mace  has  a  pleafant  aromatic  fmell,  and  a  warm,  hit- 
terilh,  moderately  pungent  tafte  ;  it  is  a  thhi  and  flat  mem- 
branaceous lubftance,  of  an  oleaginous  nature,  and  of  a 
yellowifh  colour.  We  meet  with  it  in  flakes  of  an  inch  or 
more  in  length,  which  are  divided  into  a  multitude  of  irre- 
gular ramifications  ;  it  is  of  an  extremely  fmooth  furface, 
-and  of  a  tolerably  clofe  texture,  yet  friable,  and  ver)-  eafily 
cut  to  pieces.  It  is  of  an  extremely  fragrant,  aromatic,  and 
agreeable  fmell,  and  of  a  pleafant,  but  acrid  and  oleaginous 
tafle  ;  it  is  to  be  chofen  new,  not  dry,  and  of  a  fragrant 
fmell,  tough,  oleaginous,  and  of  a  good  yellow.  The  peo- 
ple who  colle£l  the  nutmeg  fruit  cut  it  open,  and  throw 
away  the  pulpy  fubftance,  or  external  coat  ;  they  then  fee 
the  mace  covering  the  nutmeg,  wrapping  itfelf  every  where 
round  its  outer  woody  (hell.  The  mace  is  at  this  time  of  a 
red  colour  ;  they  take  it  carefully  off  from  the  nutmeg,  and 
lay  it  in  the  fun  for  the  whole  day.  In  this  time  its  colour, 
from  a  llrong  blood-red,  becomes  dufky ;  it  is  after  this 

Vol.  XXI. 


MAC 

earried  to  another  place,  where  the  fun  lias  lefs  power,  and 
there  expofed  again  to  its  rays,  the  few  hours  they  reach 
thither.  By  thii,  means  it  dries  gently,  and  remains  tough, 
and  retains  its  fragrancy  and  colour  in  a  great  degree  :  if  it 
were  dried  more  hallily,  it  would  he  whi;i(h,  brirtle,  and 
would  lofe  much  of  its  fmell  ;  after  this  it  is  (lightly 
fprinkled  over  with  fea-water,  and  then  put  up  into  bales 
in  which  it  is  preflcd  down  firm  and  dole,  by  way  of  pre. 
ferving  its  fragrance  and  confillence. 

It  is  of  an  aftringent  and  dr^'ing  nature,  and  is  ufcd  as  a 
corrector  in  cardiac  and  cathartic  coinpolitions.  In  its  ge- 
neral quality  it  is  nearly  fimilar  to  the  nutmeg,  which  lee  ; 
the  principal  difference  confiits  in  the  mace-  being  much 
warmer,  more  bitterifh,  lefs  uiiftuous,  and  fitting  eafier  on 
weak  ftomachs  ;  in  its  yielding  by  exprcflion  a  more  fluid 
oil,  and  in  diftillation  with  water  a  more  fnbtile  volatile  one. 
Lewis's  Mat.  Med. 

Mace,  Oil  rj",  is  a  kind  of  febaceous  matter,  faid  to  be 
expreffed  from  the  nutmt-g,  and  appearing  to  be  a  mixture 
of  the  grofs  febaceous  matter  of  the  nutmeg,  with  a  little 
of  the  efiential  or  aromatic  oil ;  both  which  may  be  per- 
feflly  feparated  from  one  another  by  maceration  or  digeftion 
in  rectified  fpirit,  or  by  diftillation  with  water.  The  beft 
fort  of  this  oil  is  brought  from  the  Eaft  Indies  in  ftonejars, 
and  is  fomewhat  foft,  of  a  yellow  colour,  and  of  a  ftrong 
agreeable  fmell,  much  refembling  that  of  the  nutmeg  itfelf. 
There  is  another  fort  brought  from  Holland  in  lolid  mafies, 
generally  flat,  and  of  a  fquare  figure  of  a  paler  colour,  and 
much  weaker  fmell.     Lewis. 

Mace,  Reed,  in  Botany.     See  Typha. 

MACEDA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Galicia  ;  five  miles  S.E.  of  Santiago. 

MACEDO,  Fr.  Franxisco  DE  Santo  Agostikiio,  in 
Biography,  a  learned  Portuguefe,  was  born  at  Coimbra  in 
1 ,9^,  and  at  a  very  early  age  difcovercd  premature  and  extra- 
ordinary proofs  of  memory  and  imitation.  At  the  age  of 
eleven  he  could  repeat  the  whole  of  the  JEncid,  and  compofe 
good  Latin  verfes.  He  joined  the  company  of  the  Jefuits, 
which  he  quitted,  and  entered  the  Francifcan  order  in  the 
reformed  province  of  St.  Antonio.  When  the  Braganzaii 
revolution  broke  out,  Maeedo  efpoufed  the  patriotic  fide, 
was  called  to  political  exertions,  and  vifited  Rome,  Paris, 
and  London  with  ambaffadors  of  Joam  IV.  As  he  ad- 
vanced in  years  he  retired  to  Rome,  where  he  obtained  the 
profefforfhip  of  ecclefiaftical  hiftorv,  and  other  offices  in  the 
college  De  Propaganda  Fide  ;  for  fome  time  he  performed 
all  the  high  duties  attached  to  his  feveral  ftations  with  credit, 
and  to  the  entire  fatisfaftion  of  the  pope,  whofe  favour  he 
forfeited  for  refufing  to  expunge  a  word  in  an  epitaph  writ- 
ten upon  a  fervant  of  his  holinefs.  .  At  Rome,  and  alfo  at 
Venice,  he  engaged  in  many  learned  difputes  with  charafters 
of  the  firll  literary  reputation.  To  all  his  opponents  Ma- 
eedo replied  moft  readily  and  without  the  fmalleft  embarralT- 
ment,  corretling  their  falfe  quotations,  and  confuting  their 
arguments  ;  and  he  is  faid  to  have  crowned  the  whole  by 
reciting  a  thoufand  extempore  verfes,  and  an  epigram  in 
praife  of  the  city  of  Venice,  which  epigram  was  by  order 
of  the  republic  written  under  his  picture,  and  placed  in  the 
library  of  St.  Mark.  From  the  wonderful  powers  of  his 
memory  he  obtained  the  title  of  the  walking  Cyclopxdia. 
He  died  in  1681,  at  the  great  age  of  eighty-five.  H«. 
left  a  vaft  multitude  of  works  either  in  maiiufcript  or  it 
print  ;  he  eftimated  the  number  of  verfes  which  he  LaJ 
made  at  a  million  and  a  half.  Of  this  prodigious  number, 
lays  Mr,  Soutliey,  nobody  now  reidj  a  fingle  hne.  Gen. 
Biog. 

5  A  MACEDONI-\, 


MACEDONIA. 


MACEDONIA,  in  Anclait  Gtogrcphy,  a  country  of 
Europe,  dilUngiiifhed  by  various  appellations,  belonuing  to 
one  or  other  of  its  diftrifts,  according  as  the  people  who 
inhabited  thofe  diftricls  happened  to  prevail.  In  the  moll 
ancient  times  it  took  its  name  from  iEmathia,  a  denomi- 
n.ition  derived  from  ^mathius,  a  prince  of  great  antiquity  ; 
but  aft^;rwards  the  Greeks  called  it  Macedonia,  either  from 
king  Macedo,  a  dcfcendaut,  as  fome  pretend,  from  Deuca- 
lion, or,  as  others  fay,  by  au  cafy  change  of  Mygdonia,  the 
name  of  one  of  its  provinces,  into  Macedonia.  .  Its  bound- 
aries have  been  very  various,  fometimes  more  extended  and 
fomelimes  more  confined,  according  to  the  good  or  bad  for- 
tune of  its  reigning  princes.  It  was  bounded  originally  on 
the  E.  by  theiEgean  fea,  on  the  S.  by  Thelfaly  and  Epirus, 
on  the  W.  by  the  Adriatic,  or  the  Ionian  fea,  and  on  the  N. 
by  the'  river  Strymon  and  the  Searuian  mountains,  after- 
wards by  the  river  Nelfus,  or  Nc'.lus.  Pliny  fays,  that  no 
Icfs  than  150  different  nations  were  featcd  within  its  terri- 
tory, and  Mela  tells  us,  that  it  had  as  many  nations  as 
cities  ;  but  in  the  time  of  Ptolemy,  it  appears  from  his 
geography,  that  this  number  was  very  confiderable.  Livy 
(c.  XXX.)  comprehends  the  feveral  divifious  of  Macedonia 
under  four  principal  parts,  which  he  dcfwibes  as  follows : 
«'  Pars  prim.i,  Bifahas  habet  fortiffimos  viros  :  trans  Neflum 
amnem  incohmt  et  circa  Strymoncm,  &c."  This  part  was 
fertile,  contained  mines,  and  had  for  its  principal  town  Am- 
phipolis,  which  guarded  the  entrance  into  Macedonia,  to- 
wards the  eall.  "  Secunda  pars,  celeberrimas  urbes  ThefTa- 
lonicam  et  CafTandriam  habet."  To  this  part  was  joined 
Pallcna,  a  country  very  fertile,  and  abundant  in  grain,  and 
having  good  ports.  "  Tertia  regio,  nobiles  urbes  EdefTam 
et  Beru;am,  et  Pellam  et  Vettiorum  bellicofam  gentem  :  in- 
colas  quoque  permultos  Gallos  et  Illyrios  impigros  culto- 
res."  "  Quartam  regionem  Eord;ei,  et  Lynceftse,  el  Pilago- 
nes  incoUint.  .Juncta  his  Atintania  et  Styinphaliset  Eliniio- 
tis."  Cellarius  didirr^'uidies  "  Macedonia  propria,"  from  Ma. 
cedonia  adjunfta."  Macedonia  propria,  or  Macedon  proper, 
contains  the  following  parts.  I .  In  this  part  were  the  yflonipll 
in  tlie  north,  where  the  mountains  Hxmusandthe  Scardus 
join.  This  country  is  called  Almopia  by  Thucydidcs  ;  and 
Livy  places  here  mount  Boreas.  Pdiigonia,  ca'led  by 
Strabo  TfiTroXili,-.  becaufe  it  contained  three  towns,  though 
Ptolemy  afilgns  to  it  only  two,  is  the  fourth  region  of 
Livy,  fuppofed  to  be  the .  fame  with  Piemua.  Lycejlh  or 
l.yncellis,  ini-.abited  by  the  Lynceftx,  lay  to  the  S.VV".  of 
P?eonia.  The  chief  town  v;as  Heraclea.  Eordsa,  i;iha- 
bited  by  the  Eord^-i,  was  fituated  W.  of  the  Lyncella;,  or' 
between  the  country  of  the  Taulantii  and  Oreftes.  North 
of  thefe  was  the  territory  of  the  DalfarctK,  whofe  chief 
towns  were  Lychnides  and  Evia.  The  former  was  called 
Lychnidia  by  Polybius,  and  was  pleafantly  fituated  near  a 
lake  of  the  fame  name.  It  is  now  called  Ochrida.  To  this 
part  belonged  alio  a  portion  of  Elymlotis  ;  the  reft  was  in 
Illyria,  as  v.-ell  as  Candavia.  3.  The  fecond'part  was  com- 
prifed  between  the  rivers  Erigon  and  Axius.  Here  are 
found  the  famous  tov.'ns  of  Edeffa,  Bercea,  and  Pella. 
Livy  places  in  this  part  the  famous  nation  of  Vettii.  To- 
wards the  north  lies  a  portion  of  Pasonia,  called  Deurhpus, 
•W-hich,  according  t©  Strabo,  had  three  towns,  ws.  Brya- 
iiium,  Alalconenx,  and  Stybsra.  In  the  part  of  Pxonia, 
which  was  on  this  tide  of  the  Axius,  was  Armiffa,  which, 
according  to  Thucydides,  was  the  firft  town  of  the  king- 
dom of  Pcrdiceas.  JEmaih'ia  was  the  mod  confiderable  part 
of  Macedonia,  io  as  formerly  to  have  given  it  its  name  ;  in 
U'hicb  country  we  find  Tyritfa,  Scydra,  Meyza  ;  and  fince 
among  the  Cyrrhtjla,  Cyrrlius,  Idomene,  Gortynia  or  Gor- 
fiynia,  -£ge,    and  Pella.    Towards  the  fea  waa  the  fmall 


country,  called  Bolu,ea,  or  Bollirlu.  As  Herodotus  attri- 
butes to  this  fmall  country  the  towns  of  IcUni  and  Peila» 
Cluvier  conjedlures  that  VEmathia  was  enlarged  by  its  en- 
croachments on  this  province.  P'terla  lay  to  the  fouth 
of  this  fmall  country,  and  in  procefs  of  time  comprehended 
Bottiasa.  In  Pieria  were  the  towns  of  Aloru;',  Methone, 
Pidna,  called  Citron,  Dium,  and  others  lefs  confiderable. 
The  river  Enipeus,  flowing  from  the  vallies  of  mount 
Olympus,  difcharged  itfelf  into  the  fea,  fouth  of  Dium, 
and  at  its  mouth  was  Phyla,  a  ftrong  town,  built  by  De- 
metrius Gonatas.  3.  The  third  part  of  Macedonia,  ac- 
cording to  Cellarius,  was  comprehended  between  the  rivers 
Axius  and  Strymon  ;  and  this  is  the  fecond  according  to 
the  didribution  of  I..ivy.  In  this  part  are  fou:id  jlwphax'ilts, 
E.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Axius,  on  the  Thermaic  gulf.  The 
moil  confiderable  town  was  Thcrma,  which  afterwards  took 
the  name  of  Theifaloniea,  and  is  now  called  Saloniclii. 
Mygdonia  lay  to  the  N.  of  the  Therm.aic  gulf,  but  did  not 
extend  to  the  fea.  Here  were  the  to\'-i;Sof  Antigonea  and 
StobijPhyfca,  Terpillas,  Aflbrus,  and  Xvlopolis  ;  and  by  ex- 
tending this  part  towards  the  fouth,  it  will  be  made  to 
comprehend  the  towns  of  ApoUonia  and  Arethufa.  Thu- 
cydides places  immediately  after  Mygdonia,  Grcjlon'ia,  An- 
ihcinus,  and  R'lfali'ta.  Anthcmus  probably  derived  its  name 
from  the  town  of  Anthemus,  placed  by  M.  d'Anville  to- 
wards the  E.  of  Amphaxitis,  near  the  fource  of  the  Re- 
chius.  Grejlonia  or  Crejloiiia,  was  fituated  N.E.  of  Am- 
phaxitis, and  liad  a  town  of  the  fame  name.  The  Eche- 
dorus  had  its  fource  in  this  country,  and  ran  from  hence 
into  Mygdonia.  S'tntke  and  Bljaltia  lay  towards  the  N. 
and  N.E.  of  Crellonia,  upon  the  Pontus,  between  the 
mountains,  and  had  a  town  named  Heraclea  Siritica.  Bi- 
fah'ia  was  a  country  inhabited  by  the  Bifaltte,  who  occupied 
a  territory  near  the  river  Strymon.  Another  confiderable 
part  of  Macedonia  was  comprehended  in  a  peninfula,  which 
projected  between  the  Thermaic  gulf  to  the  weft,  and  ll.e 
Strymonic  gulf  to  the  call.  Towards  the  N.W.  was, the 
fmall  country  called  Grejfca ;  fouthwards  from  the  fea  to 
the  E.  was  Chaleidica,  terminated  by  three  long  perinfulas, 
paffing  in  a  direiti'-.n  from  N.W.  to  S.E.  The  moll  weft- 
erly  was  called  Pallcna,  which  had  formerly  borne  the  name 
of  Phlegra ;  the  next  wm  Sithonia ;  and  the  third  was  a 
peninfiUa  joined  to  the  continent  by  a  tongue  of  land,  in 
which  was  fituated  mount  Athos.  On  the  wellern  coaif  is 
Crojlia,  with  its  towns  jEnia  or  ^nea,  Gigonus,  Smyla, 
Antigonea,  Combrea,  and  Lipaxos  or  Lipaxus.  Upon 
the  illhmus  which  connects  Pallcna  with  the  continent,  was 
the  town  called  Potidsa,  and  afterwards  Caffandra ;  to  the 
W.  were  the  towns  Sana,  Menda,  Scione,  and  Thrambus- 
or  Theramhus.  At  the  extremit)''  of  the  S.E.  was  Ca- 
najlmeum  PromoiUoriiim,  together  with  a  place  of  the  fame 
name.  Upon  the  eaftern  coall  were  iEga  and  Aphitis. 
Between  the  eallern  coall  of  Pallcna  and  the  weftern  coalt 
of  Sithon'ia,  the  fea  formed  a  gulf,  cvWeiToroiMictis  Sinus } 
at  the  bottom  of  this  gulf,  on  an  eminence,  was  the  town 
of  Olynthus,  feparated  from  the  gulf  by  the  Bolyca  palus^ 
a  marih  into  which  were  difcharged  the  two  fmall  rivers 
Olynthius  and  Atnnias.  Upon  the  wellern  coall  oi  SUIio- 
tiia  were  the  towns  of  Mecyberna,  Senr.yla,  Galepfus,  and 
Torone,  whence  the  Toronaic  gulf  derived  its  name.  At 
the  weftern.  extremity  of  this  peninfula  was  the  Promcntorium 
Deiris,  and  at  the  S.E.  point  was  the  Promonlor'uim  Am- 
pelos.  On  the  eaftern  fide  were  Sarga,  Singus,  Pidaurus, 
and  Alfa,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Chabrius.  The  gulf,  whieli 
bathed  this  coall,  haJ  taken  its  name  from  Singus,  fituated 
at  the  entrance  of  a  very  large  bay.  •  Thff  peninfula,  iii 
which  ftood  mount  Athos,  had  fevewl  places  fituated  along 
I.  the 


MACEDONIA. 


tlie  fea  conft.  On  the  coafl  towards  the  N.  were  Sana, 
Cleonx,  ThyfTum,  near  the  Protnotitorium  Nymphsmn.  Upon 
the  coall  towards  the  S.E.  at  tlie  foot  of  the  niounlain, 
was  ApolJonia,  and  the  promontory  tliat  bore  the  name  of 
Acro-Alhos  Promoiitonum.  Towards  the  N.  W.  were  tlie 
towxs  of  Olophyxus,  Dium,  and  Acanthus,  fitiiatcd  in  a 
bay  in  which  Xerxes  would  have  brought  his  (hips  into  tiie 
Singitic  ^ulf  when  he  meant  to  cut  through  Athos,  in  or- 
der to  prevent  the  necefTity  and  danger  of  doubling  the  two 
promontories,  Acro-Athos  and  Nymphit-um.  I'o  the  N., 
on  the  fame  coaft,  are  Stagyra,  Arna,  Arethufa,  Bro- 
mifcus,  Argilus,  and  Eion  at  the  mouth  of  the  Strymon, 
where  alfo  was  Amphipolis. 

The  Maccd'jma  adjcSa  of  Cclhrins,  was  that  which  wa» 
taken  from  Thrace  in  the  time  of  Philip,  and  extended  from 
the  river  Strymon  on  the  W.  to  the  Nyflus  on  the  E.  Am- 
phipolis,  the  port  of  which  was  Eion,  belonged  to  this  part. 
Cluverius  places  ajfo  in  this  part  the  town  of  Berga,  but  it 
really  lav  W.  of  the  river.  From  Berga  was  derived  the 
proverbial  expreflion  Esj-,  ki  Jhv  atli  ra  i/.nJfv  aAiiSs  X^ym,  Bcrgai- 
zare,  id  ell,  nihil  veri  dicere,  for  exaggeration,  or  faying 
any  thing  tliat  was  fcarcely  credible.  To  the  E.  of  Stry- 
mon was  Gazolus  ;  on  the  fca-coall,  beyond  Eion,  were 
Phagres,  Gapfelus,  jEfyma,  and  Neapolis.  In  the  inland 
territory  \yas  Philippi,  formerly  called  Crenides  and  Datus, 
and  which  under  its  latter  name  became  a  Roman  colony  ; 
and  towards  the  W.  Drabefcus,  Triuiluni,  Domenis,   &c. 

Macedonia  was  interlected  by  many  Roman  ways,  the  moll 
ancient  of  which  was  called  J'ia  Egtml'ia.  It  was  thought 
to  have  been  a  continuation  of  this  Roman  way,  that  termi- 
nated at  Brundufium  ;  it  commenced  at  Dyrrachium,  v.hence 
it  palled  by  Hydrantuni  to  Anion,  on  the  coaft  of  Epirus. 
From  each  of  thefe  towns  it  branched  off  to  Claudiana. 
From  this  place  it  paifed  to  Lichnidus,  belonging  to  the 
Daflaretii,  and  thence  turning  to  the  S.,  it  paffed  by  Hera- 
clea,  belonging  to  the  Lvncells,  by  Edefl'a,  Fella,  Theffalo- 
iiica,  ApoUonia,  Amphipohs,  Philippi,  Neapolis,  and  the 
reft  of  Thrace,  as  far  as  Cypfelus  or  Cyplela  on  the  Hebrus. 
Some  authors  have  continued  it  as  far  as  Conftantinople. 

Ptolemy  extends  Macedonia  as  far  as  the  Ionian  fea,  and 
afligns  as  its  boundaries  on  the  N.  Dalmatia  and  Mceiia,  and 
on  the  weft  Thrace.  On  the  coaft  he  places  the  Taulantii,  then 
the  Elymioti,  Oreftis,  Edonis  and  Odomanlice  on  the  Stry- 
monic  gulf,  and  on  the  fame  gulf  Aniphaxitis,  then  Chal- 
cidica,  Paraxiae  on  the  coaft,  Pierix  on  the  Thermaic 
gulf,  the  Pelalgioti  on  the  coaft,  Phthiotis  on  the  Pelafgic 
gulf;  and  northwards,  towards  the  W.,  &c.  the  Albani,  the 
Almopi,  Orbellx,  the  Eordati,  the  Eftrasi,  Joranum,  Sintices, 
the  Daflaretii,  Lyceftis,  Pelagonia,  Bifaltix,  Mygdonia, 
Etnathia,  the  Parthyxi,  Stymphalis,  the  Eftioti,  and  the 
Theffalii.  The  iflands  which  he  afligns  to  Macedonia  were 
Safo  in  the  Ionian  fea,  and  in  the  jEgean  fea,  Lemnos  with 
its  two  towns  Myrina  and  Hephafftia,  Scixthos  with  a  town 
of  the  fame  name,  Scopelos,  and  Scyros  with  a  town  of 
the  fame  name. 

According  to  M.  dcl'Ifle's  map  of  Greece,  the  extent  of 
Macedonia  from  N.  to  S.  was  about  i6o  miles,  and  from 
W.  to  E.  about  220.  Its  form  was  very  irregular  ;  but  its 
fituation  was  excellent,  its  flioresbemg  waftied  on  the  E.  by 
the  .^gean,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Ionian  feas  :  but  thefe 
advantages  with  regard  to  navigation  and  commerce,  v.'ere 
never  well  improved  ;  as  the  Mivcedonians  were  never  power- 
ful at  fea,  notwithftanding  the  many  noble  bays  and  excellent 
harbours  which  their  coaft  aftorded. 

Among  the  moft  confiderable  mountains  of  this  country, 
we  may  reckon  the  great  ridge,  which  traverfed  the  northern 
part,  called  the  Scardiau  mountains.     In  this  part  alfo  was 


fituated  mount  Pangreus,  which  was  lofty  and  well  covered  witk 
wood,  and  which  was  more  valuable  on  account  of  its  mines 
of  gold  and  hirer.  From  Thrace  it  was  divided  by  mount 
Hxmus,  which  towards  the  W.  joined  the  Scardian  hills. 
Athos,  in  the  Chalcidian  region,  was  one  of  the  moft  cele- 
brated mountains  in  the  world.  (See  Athos.)  Olympus 
was  alfo  another  mountain,  that  was  fo  lofty  as  to  reach 
almoft  the  conlines  of  heaven,  whence  the  poets  took  the 
liberty  of  making  it  tlie  feat  of  the  gods.  ( See  Oly.mpu.s.) 
The  Scardian  hilis  and  mount  .Xthos  were  well  covered  with 
woods ;  and,  indeed,  the  whole  kingdom  of  Macedonia, 
benig  every  where  intermixed  with  mountains  and  riling 
grounds,  abounded  with  all  forts  of  trees,  that  were  valua- 
ble on  account  either  of  timber,  fruit,  or  (hade.  The  feaa 
that  adjoined  it  were  the  Adriatic,  which  afforded  feveral 
(ale  ports,  beiides  the  great  haven  of  Epidamnus,  now 
Duraz/.o  ;  and  the  iEgean  fea,  v.'hich  opened  to  this  country 
not  only  the  trade  of  Greece,  but  that  of  Afia.  Its  bays 
were  fpacious,  a'nd  four  of  them  were  efpecially  remarkable  ; 
viz.  Sinus  Strymonicus,  which  enclofed  in  its  bofom  the 
ifland  of  Thafus,  and  is  now  called  Golfo  di  ContefTa  : — Si- 
nus Singiticus,  having  on  one  fide  mount  Athos,  and  on  the 
other  a  long  flip  of  land,  once  full  of  rich  and  populous 
towns,  now  fty  led  Golfo  di  Monte  Santo  : — SinusToronaicus, 
having  the  ridge  of  land  jutt  mentioned  on  one  fide,  and  part 
of  the  region  Paraxia  on  the  other,  now  called, Golfo  di 
Aiomama  :--and  Sinus  Thermasus,  60  mfles  in  length,  now 
called  the  gulf  of  Saloniehi.  Of  the  rivers  of  Macedonia,  thofe 
that  fell  nito  the  Adriatic  were  the  Panyafus,  the  Apfus, 
the  I^aous,  called  alfo  jEas  and  Aous,  and  Celydnus  or 
Pepylichus,  which  is  conflJered  as  the  boundary  between 
Macedon  and  Epirus.  The  nvers  that  difcharged  themfelves 
into  the  iEgean  fea  were  the  Aliacmon,  the  Erigon,  the 
Axius  (fee  Axius),  and  the  Strymon,  the  ancient  boundary 
between  Macedon  and  Thrace,  but  fince  the  time  of  Philip 
this  boundary  has  been  the  NefFus.  As  to  the  lakes  of  Ma- 
cedonia, befides  thofe  formed  by  the  overflowing  of  the 
river  Strymon,  and  the  junftion  of  the  rivers  Axius  and 
Erigon,  there  is  almofl  in  the  centre  of  the  country,  not 
far  from  the  Candavian  mountains,  a  large  and  famous  lake, 
called  the  lake  of  Lychnidus,  or  the  lake  of  Prefpa.  There 
is  alfo  another  lake  in  the  province  of  Mygdonia  ;  and  a 
third  near  the  ancient  city  of  Sintia,  called  afterwards  He- 
raclea  Sintica. 

The  climate  of  Macedonia  was  falubrious  and  favourable 
to  longevity  ;  the  foil  was  generally  fertile,  efpecially  on  the 
fea-coaft,  producing  in  abundance  corn,  wine,  and  oil  ;  but 
the  principal  riches  of  Macedonia  conilited  in  its  mines  of 
almoft  all  kinds  of  metals,  but  more  particularly  of  gold. 
The  Romans,  when  they  reduced  Macedonia  into  a  province, 
reftrained  the  inhabitants  from  digging  or  refiiiing  gold  or 
filver,  but  left  them  at  liberty  with  regard  to  any  other  metal. 
In  ancient  times  Macedonia  abounded  with  horfes  above  all 
the  other  countries  of  Greece.  Three  lumdred  ftallious, 
and  30,000  mares,  were  kept  in  the  royal  llud  near  Pella. 

Macedoxi.V,  ITiJlory  of.  This  country  was  originally  in- 
habited by  many  nations.  Thofe  from  wjiom  the  race  fprang, 
which  from  fmall  beginnings  became  lords  of  Greece, 
were  Arglves.  Under  the  condudl  of  Caranus,  who  was 
defcended  from  Hercules  by  his  fon  Temenus,  they  came 
into  this  country  about  81 4 years  B.C.,  and  eftabliflied  them- 
felves by  their  arms.  Their  dominion  was  afterwards  conll- 
derably  enlarged  by  their  prudence  as  much  as  by  tlieir  va- 
lour ;  for  erecting  no  trophies  after  their  victories,  and  treat- 
ing thole  whom  they  had  fubdued  with  the  tendernefs  of 
brethren,  they  engaged  the  aflFcftions  of  the  conquered,  with 
whom  they  aifociated  as  one  people,  and  thus  various  tribes 
5  A   2  were 


MACEDONIA. 


were  reduced  into  one  nation.  Although  the  Macedonians 
were  always  gtiverned  by  kings,  they  prcfervcd  as  great  or 
even  greater  hbcrty  than  mod  of  the  Grecian  common- 
wealths :  their  munarchs  always  ruling  them  according  to 
the  maxims  of  natural  etiuity.  This  was  the  original 
conftitution,  and  it  may  be  faid,  very  much  to  their 
honour,  that  it  was  not  fubvertcd  but  with  the  kingdom.  In 
Cdlos  where  the  p\inilhment  was  capital,  the  caufe  was  heard 
by  tiie  army  or  by  the  people  ;  and  till  they  condemned 
the  party,  the  king  did  not  pretend  to  put  him  to  death. 
Alexander  in  many  inllanccs  adiiercd  to  this  cnttom  ;  A- 
though  a  rigid  regard  to  the  conlUtntion  of  his  country  was 
not  always  the  ruling  principle  in  a  Macedonian  monarch,  as 
we  are  informed  by  I'olybius.  The  throne  was  iiereditary  ; 
and  continued  in  tlie  race  of  Caranns,  till  the  (laughter  of 
Alexander's  family  ;  and  in  general  the  cldefl  fon  fucceed- 
ed.  The  ancient  kings  of  Macedon  made  no  ollentatious 
difplay  of  regal  dignity.  Alexander  the  Great  was  the  fir  ft  who 
wore  a  diadem  and  rich  robes  of  ftate,  which  were  transferred 
to  his  fuccelTors.  The  people  were  loyal  and  attached  to 
their  prince.  With  regard  to  marriage,  the  Macedonian 
kings  were  not  very  fcrupulous  ;  as  they  had  frequently  le- 
vcral  wives  and  a  number  of  concubines.  In  the  education 
of  their  children  they  were  very  exemplary,  their  fons  being 
placed  under  the  tuition  of  the  bell  mafters,  who  inculcated 
the  love  and  praflice  of  great  and  glorious  aftions  ;  and  their 
daughters  were  initiated  m  the  praftice  of  every  virtue.  In 
the  conduft  of  their  own  affairs  they  were  moderate  and  pru- 
dent, affefting  no  magnificent  entertainments,  condefcending 
to  their  fubjects,  and  habituated  to  bufinefs.  Their  chief 
djverfion  was  hunting-.  Thefe  princes  wck  generally  learned, 
or  at  lead  patrons  of  learned  men.  In  the  mo!l  folemii  ads 
of  their  aduiiniflration,  they  maintained  fuch  a  xlecorum  as 
rather  endeared  them  to  than  awed  their  fubjefts.  They 
heard  caufes  in  perfon,  and  fuffered  thofe  who  pleaded  be- 
fore them  to  fpeak  with  the  greatell  freedom.  After  their 
deaths,  the  Macedonian  kings  were  interred  in  the  royal  fepul- 
chre  ;  and  as  they  were  beloved  whilll  they  lived,  the  people 
mourned  for  them  when  they  died  as  for  their  common  parents. 

The  Macedonians,  with  refpeft  to  religion,  followed  the 
opinions  embraced  by  the  rell  of  the  Greeks,  worlTiipping 
many  gods,  and  indulging  a  great  variety  of  ridiculous  rites. 
Jupiter,  Hercules,  and  Diana,  were  the  objefts  of  their 
fpecial  reverence.  They  were  flrict  in  their  morals,  and 
temperate  in  their  ordinary  mode  of  living,  but  magnificent 
and  felf-indulgent  in  their  feafts.  At  thefe  feafts  no  women 
were  admitted  ;  and  it  was  an  inviolable  rule  that  nothing 
fhould  be  divulged,  that  palled  at  their  convivial  meetings. 
They  ufed  their  captives  as  concubines,  but  held  it  dif- 
honourable  to  marry  them.  In  capital  cafes,  judgment  was 
given  by  the  voice  of  the  army  ;  in  cafes  of  doubt  torture 
was  allowed  ;  and  their  punilhments  were  various.  Some- 
times, but  chiefly  on  extraordinary  occafions,  and  in  con- 
formity to  foreign  cuiloms,  the  criminal  was  thrufc  through 
with  darts,  or  crucified  with  his  head  downwards,  or  thrown 
chained  into  rivers  ;  however,  the  moll  frequent  punifliment, 
and  that  which  feems  to  have  been  legal,  was  Honing  to  death, 
in  which  the  army,  as  they  had  been  coiulituted  judges, 
were  executioners. 

As  there  were  feveral  mines  in  Macedonia,  there  was  un- 
der its  feveral  kings  a  variety  of  lilver  and  gold  coins  ;  of 
the  latter  fort  were  the  Philippics,  fo  cal'ed  from  bearing 
the  bull  of  Philip,  the  father  of  Alexander.  Thefe  were 
for  a  long  time  the  mod  current  coin-s  in  Greece. 

The  language  of  the  Macedonians  differed  very  much 
from  the  feveral  dialcfls  of  the  Greek ;  infomuch  that 
the  natives  of  Greece,  who  ferved  in  Alexander's  army, 


were  not  able  to  underdand  a  difcotirle  delivered  in  tlie 
Macedonian  tongue. 

Their  military  difcipline  deferves  particular  notice,  as  it 
ferved  to  raife  them  from  being  a  mean  and  obfciire  people 
to  be  lords  of  Greece.  At  fird  they  were  brave  and  war- 
like, and  bv  degrees  they  became  invincible  from  the  union 
of  fuperior  courage  with  military  flcill.  Their  army  con- 
fided of  their  natural  born  fubjefts,  their  allies,  and  mer- 
cenaries. The  natives  ferved  at  their  own  expence,  and  con- 
tented themfelves  with  the  fpoil  of  their  enemies.  The 
allies  were  compofed  of  the  refpedlive  quotas  ol  ThefTaly, 
P^EOnia,  and  other  dependent  provinces,  and  of  auxihary 
troops  furnillicd  by  Greece.  The  raei-cenaries  were  foldiers 
of  fortune,  who  lerved  only  for  pay.  The  Theffalians  fnr- 
nilhcd  liorl'e,  and  there  were  alfo  many  troops  of  Macedo- 
nian cavalry  ;  the  difcipline  of  which  was  fo  drift,  that  if 
any  of  the  private  men  lod  their  horles,  either  by  fickntfs  or 
in  aftion,  their  officers  were  obhged  to  furnidi  others  out  of 
their  own  dables.  I'he  infantry  were  compofed  of  three 
bodies,  viz.  the  light-armed,  the  peltada;,  who  were 
better  armed,  and  the  heavy-armed  foldiers,  of  whom  the 
phalanx  was  compofed.  Thefe  troops  were  adapted  to  all 
forts  of  enterprifes.  The  heavy-armed  foot  were  generally 
drawn  up  in  the  centre  of  the  army,  in  a  fquare  body,  called 
the  phalanx.  This  confided,  according  to  Polybius,  of  i6 
in  flank,  and  500  in  front,  all  pikemen,  the  foldiers  llanding 
fo  clofe,  that  the  pikes  of  the  fifth  rank  reached  their  points 
beyond  the  front  of  the  battle.  As  to  the  arms  of  the 
Macedonians,  they  were  offenfive  and  defenfive.  At  firll 
their  targeteers  had  only  wooden  bucklers,  or  fuch  as  were 
made  of  a  kind  of  wicker  ;  but  in  procefs  of  time,  they  had 
them  of  leather  and  brafs.  Their  fwords,  like  thofe  of 
other  Greeks,  were  made  both  for  pufliing  and  cutting  ; 
and  they  alfo  made-ufe  of  dagijers.  Their  fpears  were  both 
long  and  fhort  ;  they  had  alio  bread-plates  made  of  linen 
quilted  to  a  proper  thicknefs,  and  a  particular  kind  of  mili- 
tary flioe.  When  the  army  was  in  the  field,  the  phalanx 
was  drawn  up  generally  in  the  centre.  The  horfe  and  light- 
armed  troops  in  two  lines  on  the  right  and  left.  Imme- 
diately before  battle,  the  king  or  general  ufually  made  an 
oration,  of  which  the  foldiers  expreflcd  their  approbation 
by  cladiing  their  arms  ;  but  if  it  did  not  afieft  them,  they 
remained  lilent.  When  they  charged,  they  exclaimed,  Alala ! 
Alala  !  and  when  they  defired  quarter,  they  held  their  fpears 
aloft  in  the  air.  All  authors  agree  in  reprefenting  the  hardi- 
nefs,  frugality,  and  good  order  of  the  jilacedoniau  troops. 
Their  camp  was  always  fortified  with  a  good  ditch  and  en- 
trenchment. Their  tents  were  fmall,  made  of  ikins,  and 
when  folded  up,  they  made  ufe  of  them  in  paffing  rivers. 
The  king's  tent  was  pitched  in  the  centre,  and  confided  of 
two  rooms,  one  in  which  he  fiept  and  the  other  in  which  he 
law  company  ;  and  before  the  door  of  it,  his  guards  did 
duty.  I'lie  military  fignals  of  the  Macedonians  were  either 
trumpets  or  fires.  On  a  march  the  cavalry  and  light-armed 
troops  took  pod  in  the  van,  the  phalanx  in  the  centre,  and 
the  baggage  in  the  rear,  unlefs  they  apprehended  a  fudden 
engagement ;  in  which  cafe  they  marched  in  order  of  battle. 
Every  foldier  had  a  kind  of  knapfack,  and  the  army  was  at- 
tended with  a  certain  number  of  carts  and  waggons;  but  the 
Macedonians  did  not  allow  either  women  or  ufelefs  fervants 
to  follow  the  camp.  The  plunder  was  fometimes  didributed 
among  the  foldiers,  at  other  times  colledted  and  fold  for  the 
ufe  of  the  king,  or  for  the  army.  In  quarters,  the  army 
was  preferved  from  corruption,  and  its  difcipline  maintained 
by  military  games,  in  which  rewards,  both  honorary  and 
lucrative,  were  bedowed.  After  vicloiies,  the  kings  were 
accuftoraed    to   reward   all   who   diftinguilhed   themfelves. 

Thofe 


MAC 


M  A  C 


Thofe  who  died  in  the  fervice  were  honoured  with  public 
monuments,  and  their  children  and  relations  were  freed  from 
tribute.  In  all  other  rcfpcfts,  they  were  treated  with  the 
greateft  humanity  and  condefcenlion  ;  and  when  the  time 
limited  for  their  fervice  expired,  or  their  wounds  rendered 
them  incapable  of  forving,  they  were  difmilTcd,  with  ample 
provifion  for  themfelves  and  families,  that  they  might  enjoy 
the  fruits  of  their  labour,  and  by  living  in  eafe  and  peace, 
excite  younger  and  more  robuft  men  to  come  cheerfully  in 
their  room. 

The  kingdom  of  Macedon  commenced  with  Caranus  in 
the  year  814  B.C.  and  continued  646  years,  till  the  battle  of 
Pydna. 

A  Table  of  the  kings  of  Macedon  from  its  ettablilhment 
to  its  difTolution. 

Carunus. 

Csnus. 

Thurimas. 

P>;rdicca3  I. 

Argacus  1. 

Philip  I. 

•  ^ropas. 

Aleclus  or  Alcetas. 

Amyiitas  1. 

Alexander  I. 

Perdiccas  II. 

Archelaus,  laid  to  be  the  patron 
of  learning. 

Amyntas  II. 

Paufanias. 

Amyntas  II. 

Argaius  II   the  Tyrant. 

Amyntas  II.  reftored. 

Alexander  II. 

Ptolemy  Alontss. 

Perdiccas  III. 

Philip  II.  fon  of  Amyntas. 

Ale.sander  II I. -called  thg  Great. 

Philip  III.  Ar'idauu 

Caffander. 

Antipater. 

Alexander. 

Demetrius  PolkcerteS' 

Pyrrhus. 

Lyfimachus 

Ptolemy  Ccraunus. 

Melcager. 

Antipater  the  Ele/ian. 

Antigonus,  called  Conatas, 

Demetrius  II. 

Antigonus  Do/on. 

Philip  V. 

Perfeus. 

Perfeus  defeated  at  the  battle  of 
Pydna,  and  taken  prifoner  by 
the  Romans,  which  properly 
hnilhes  the  kingdom  of  Mace- 
don. 
152  -  Andrifcus,  pretending  to  be  the 
fon  of  Perfeus,  affumcd  ■  the 
tyranny  of  Macedon,  but  died 
ill  the  year  148  B.C. 

In  the  preceding  reigns  no  very  interefting  event  occurred, 
till  that  of  Amyntas,   to   whom  Megabyzus,  the  Perflau 


J?.C. 
8t4 

7S6 

774 
729 
678 
640 
602 
576 
547 
497 
454 
4'3 

399 
39S 
397 
392 
390 
371 
370 
366 
360 
336 
S^i 
316 
298 
297 
294 
287 
286 
280 
279 
278 
277 

243 
232 
221 
179 
J  OS 


general,  fent  feven  of  the  principal  comnianders  of  Ins  army 
to  require  him  to  acknowledge  king  Darius.  Amyntaj 
complied,  and  gave  them  a  magnificent  fcaft.  Being  in- 
toxicated with  wine,  they  defired  that  the  women  might  be 
produced  according  to  the  cullom  of  P.-rfvi.  In  this  par- 
ticular they  were  alfo  gratified  ;  but  as  tlieir  intoxication 
increafed,  they  began  to  behave  in  a  brutal  manner,  and 
were  all  flain  by  the  contrivance  of  Alexander,  the  fon  of 
Amyntas.  Upon  this  B  baris  was  fent  by  Megabyzus, 
with  a  confiderablc  body  of  troop.s,  to  reycnge  their  deaths ; 
but  Alexander  contrived  to  pacity  Bubaris,  by  introducing 
to  him  Gyg^a  his  filler,  who  was  a  very  beautiful  woman  ; 
and  who  fo  far  captivated  the  officer,  that  for  the  fake  of  ob- 
taining her  for  a  wife,  he  adjulled  all  things  to  the  fatis- 
faSion  of  Amyntas.  From  this  time  the  kings  of  Macedon 
became  tributary  to  the  Perfi:n  emperors;  but  tiicy  were 
always  regarded  as  faithful  allies,  and  treated  with  kindnefs 
and  rcfpeft.  From  this  reign  the  hillory  of  the  kmtrs  of 
Macedonia  begins  to  be  blended  with  that  of  the  other 
powers  ef  Greece.  The  Maced  mian  fovereigns  infenfibly 
extended  their  potfenions  and  authority  both  to  the  eall  and 
weft  of  their  country  ;  -and  the  prudence  of  Perdiccas  I. 
paved  the  way  for  the  profperous  reign  of  Philip  II.,  and 
for  the  fucceeding  conqueits  of  his  f^n  Alexander.  (See 
the  biographical  articles  of  Philip  and  Alexander  ibc 
Great.)  After  a  reign  of  about  r2  years,  the  extenfive 
dominions  of  Alexander  were  divided  among  his  generals  ; 
Philip  Arida^us  was  recognifed  as  his  fuccelTor  ;  but  the 
ambition  of  the  oiher  princes  deprived  him  of  a  great  part 
of  his  father's  pod'effions.  His  fuccelTors,  after  many  de- 
llrudtive  wars  with  the  princes  who  reigned  in  Afia,  termi- 
nated their  career  by  a  war  with  the  Romans,  which  proved 
diiaftrous  to  them  ;  fo  that  Perfeus,  after  his  defeat,  was 
carried  captive  to  Rome  ;  and  in  a  {hort  time  Macedonia 
became  a  part  of  the  Roman  empire.  See  the  next  article. 
Macedonia  Saluturis.  When  Paulus  jEmilius  had 
finifhed  the  conquell  of  Macedonia,  by  his  viclory  over 
Perfeus  its  lall  king,  he  divided  this  kingdom  into  four 
diftinft  regions,  which  became  fubjeft  to  different  forts  of 
government,  fometimes  at  the  will  of  the  emperor,  and  at 
other  times  under  the  authority  of  the  fenate.  At  length, 
after  the  reign  of  Conliantine,  Macedonia  became  fubjedt 
to  the  government  of  the  prsetorian  prefecl  of  the  Eafteru 
Illyria,  and  was  divided  into  two  provinces.  The  fecond 
of  thefe  provinces  was  named  Salutaris,  on  account  of  its 
mineral  waters  ;  it  extended  itfelf  to  the  upper  part  of 
Macedonia,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  mountains  which  fepa- 
rated  this  province  from  ISIcefia  Superior  or  Dardania.  It 
was  under  the  metropohs  of  Sobi,  and  comprifed  eight 
towns.     Pliny. 

Macedonia,  in  Modern  Geography,  a  province  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Servia,  on  the  E.  by 
Romania,  on  the  S.  by  Theffaly  and  the  Archipelago,  and 
on  the  W.  by  Albania.  Its  figure  is  irregular;  its  fituation  ad- 
vantageous ;  and  the  air  clear,  iharp,  and  falubrious.  The 
foil  is,  in  general,  fertile  ;  and  the  maritime  coalts  particu- 
larly abound  with  corn,  wine,  and  oil.  In  the  inland  parts 
are  ieveral  uninhabited  walles.  It  had  formerly  mines  and 
plenty  of  timber.  Its  numerons  line  bays  render  it  conve- 
nient  for  trade.  Its  capical  is  Salonichi.  See  the  article 
Macedonia. 

MACEDONIAN  Kingdo.m,  in  Ancient  Hijlory,  one  of 
the  four  kingdoms  into  which  the  empire  of  Alexander  was 
divided  after  his  death.  This  kingdom,  under  Perfeus, 
who  was  overcome  and  taken  by  ./Erailius,  and  carried  ia 
triumph  to  Rome,  where  he  died  in  prifon,  was  reduced  ta 

the 


MAC 


MAC 


the  form  of  a  Roman  province.  The  other  three,  viz.  the 
Afiatic,  Syrian,  and  Egyptian  kingdoms,  flouriflied  for  a 
confiderable  time  under  their  own  kings,  but  were  at  laft 
compelled  to  receive  the  Roman  yoke. 

Macedonia?;  PaiyJcy,  in  Gardening.     See  Bubon. 

Macedonian  Tear.     See  Year. 

MACEDONIANS,  in  Ecrkfnjical  Hiflory,  the  fol- 
lowers of  Macedonius,  bilhop  of  Conltantinople,  who,  through 
the  influence  of  the  E'.inomians,  was  depofed  by  the  council 
of  Conllantinople  in  360,  and  fent  into  exile.  He  confi- 
dered  the  Holy  Ghoib  as  a  divine  energy  diffufed -throughout 
the  univerfe,  and  not  as  a  perfan  diltin.ft  from  the  Father 
and  the  Son.  The  feft  of  Macedonians  was  crudicd  before 
it  had  arrived  at  its  full  maturity,  by  the  council  af- 
femblcd  by  Theodolius  in  jSi,  at  Conftantinoplc.  See 
Semi-auians. 

MACEIRA,  or  MiDJ.VHi!,  in  G;-;gro.phy,  an  idand  in 
the  Arabian  fea,  near  the  coatt,  about  JO  miles  long,  and 
from  three  to  eight  broad.  It  is  barren  and  uninhabited,  and 
on  the  N.W.  coaft  are  dangerous  (lioals,  extending  90  miles 
along  the  fhorc,  and  far  into  the  fea,  io  that  the  land  cannot 
be  feen  till  the  unflvilful  pilot  touches  the  rocks.  N.  lat.  26' 
48'.     E.  long.  57^  3  J'. 

Maceira,  Lhik,  an  ifland  in  the  Arabian  fea,  i6  miles 
lontj  and  three  broid  ;   10  miles  W.  of  Maceira. 

M.A.CER,  ./E.Mii.iLK.  in  Biography,  a  Roman  poet,  who 
flourifhed  in  the  age  and  reign  of  Augullus,  and  is  men- 
tioned as  a  writer  in  natural  hiftery.  His  works  are  referred 
to  by  Ovid,  particularly  a  poem  on  the  events  of  the  Trojan 
war,  after  the  period  at  which  Homer  concludes.  A  poem, 
*'  De  Herbarnm  Virtutibus,''  extant  under  the  name  of 
Jilacer,  is  now  given  up  as  fuppufititious. 

Mac-eu,  in  GiOgraphy,  a  river  of  Africa,  in  the  country 
of  Tripoli,  which  runs  mto  the  Mediterranean. 

Macer,  in  the  Materia  Mcdka.  The  Grecian  niacer  is 
brought  from  Barbary  ;  and  the  part  in  ufe  is  the  thick  yel- 
low bark,  which  has  a  very  allringeut  talle,  and  is  faid  by 
Diofcorides  to  be  good  againft  fpitting  of  blood,  the  dy- 
feiitery,  and  fluxes.     See  Sim.\rouba. 

MACE  RATA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Lavo- 
ra,  about  three  miles  from  Capua. — Aifo,  a  town  in  the  mar- 
quifate  of  Ancona,  on  the  Chienta,  the  fee  of  a  birtiop,  fuffra- 
gan  of  Fermo;  containing  feveral  churches,  13  convents,  an 
univerfity,  two  academies,  and  about  lOjOO  inhabitants  ;  20 
miles  S.  of  Ancona.  N.  lat.  43  i  j'.  E.  long.  13-  31'. — 
Alfo,  a  town  in  the  duchy  of  Urbino  ;  10  miles  N.W.  of 
Urbino.      N.  lat.  43 "' 48'.      E.  long.  12    3^'. 

MACERATION,  in  Pharmacy,  the' operation  of  dif- 
folvintr  a  folid  body  bj  means  of  w-at^r,  or  fome  other 
liquor. 

■  In  this  fenfe,  the  word  amounts  to  much  the  fame  with 
liquefaction,  or  liquation. 

Maceration  is  alfo  ufed  for  the  infufing  of  a  body  in  any 
meniiruous  fluid,  or  in  order  to  a  folution  of  its  principles, 
whether  with  or  without  lire. 

In  which  fenfe  maceration  amounts  to  much  the  fame  with 
digeftion. 

Others  reftrain  maceration  to  that  particular  kind  of  di- 
geftion which  is  performed  in  thiek  fubllances,  as  when 
having  mixed  rofes  with  fat  to  make  unguent,  rofatum, 
tlie  mixture  is  expofed  for  fome  days  to  the  fun,  that  the 
virtue  of  the  rofes  may  be  the  better  communicated  to  the 
fat. 

MACHA  Mona,  a  kind  of  African  calaballi.  "  It  is  the 
fruit  of  a  very  large  tree  which  grows  in  Africa,  ar.d  the 
American  illands.     Wh.n  this  fruit  is  ripe,  the  pulp  has  a 


fourifii  tafte,  with  a  little  aftringency  :  it  is  delicious  in  hot 
countries ;  and  they  prepare  a  liquor  of  it,  which  they  ufe 
inftead  of  lemonade,  to  cool  and  refrefh  themfclves,  and  give  it 
to  lick  perfons  under  a  loofenefs.  The  pulp,  dried,  taltes  as 
well  as  the  fpiced  bread  of  Rheims.  The  fiavcs  make  a  kind  of 
thick  gruel  with  this  pulp  and  water  ;  it  is  of  an  abiorbcnt 
quality.  The  African  v.  omen  ufe  the  pulp  inllead  of  rennet, 
for  curdling  their  milk. 

Tlie  feeds  of  this  fruit  are  as  big  as  fmall  pine-apple 
kernels,  kidney-lhaped,  of  a  chefnut-colour,  and  enclofing 
an  almond  far  more  delicious  than  our  fweet  almonds. 

MACHACA,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  dio- 
cefe  of  La  Paz  ;  80  miles  S.W.  of  La  Paz.  S.  lat.  17" 
40'.     W.  long.  69  '  14'. 

M.ACH^RIN.V,  in  Botany,  Vahl.  Enum.  v.  2.  238. 
See  8cuo,;;nu.s. 

MACHtERION,  a  word  ufed  by  chirurgical  writers,  a.s 
the  name  of  an  inllrument  of  the  nature  of  the  incilion 
knife.  It  is  alfo  fomecimes  ufed  to  exprel's  an  incifion  ; 
and  by  the  arufpices  of  old  it  was  applied  to  fome  parti- 
cular part  of  the  liver  of  animals,  from  which  they  prcfaged 
events. 

M.ACHjERUS,  orM.\CIlERONTE,  in  Ancient  Geography, 
a  city  and  fort  beyond  Jordan,  in  the  tribe  of  Reuben,  N. 
and  E.  of  the  lake  Afphaltites,  tsvo  or  three  leagues  from 
Jordan,  and  not  far  from  its  mouth  in  the  Dead  fea.  This 
calllehad  been  fortified  by  the  Afmoneans.  Gabinius  demo- 
lidied  it,  and  Arillobulus  fortified  it  anew  ;  and  Herod  the 
Great  made  great  additions  to  its  llrength.  At  or  near  it 
was  a  fpring  of  very  falutary  hot  waters.  John  the  Baptill 
was  put  in  prifon,  and  beheaded  at  Machasrus,  by  the  order 
of  licroJ  Antipas.      Jofephus  Ant. 

MACHALA,  in  Geography,  ■d.  lawn  ol  South  America, 
in  the  audience  of  Quito,  and  iurifdidlion  of  Guayaquil  ; 
annexed  to  the  lieutenancy  of  Puna.  It  lies  on  the  coalt  of 
Tunibez,  together  with  that  of  Naranjol,  the  landing-place 
of  the  river  of  the  fame  name,  called  alfo  the  Suya,  near 
which  is  a  road  leading  to  the  jurifdictions  of  Cuenca  and 
Alaufi.  The  jurifdittions  of  Machala  and  Manaranjol  pro- 
duce great  quantities  of  cacao,  and  that  of  the  former  is  ef- 
teemed  the  bell  in  Guayaquil.  In  its  neighbourhood,  as  well 
as  in  the  ifland  of  Puna,  are  great  numbers  of  mangrove- 
trees  ;  in  the  wood  of  which  the  Indians  pay  their  annual 
tribute.  This  wood  is  ufed  in  (hips,  &c.  and  is  very  durable, 
as  it  is  fubjeft  neither  to  fplit  nor  i-ot  ;  j'j  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Loxa.     S.lat.  3'i^'.     W.  long.  79. 

MACHAON,  in  Biography,  an  ilhiflrious  hero  and  phy- 
fician,  who,  with  his  brother  Podahrius,  accompanied  the 
Grecian  army  in  the  expedition  againfl  Troy,  and  performed 
great  fervices  among  the  troops.  Thefe  two  perfons  were 
deemed  the  fons  of  Efculapius  ;  and  Machaon  appears  to 
have  been  the  e'der  brother,  according  to  the  poet  Quintus 
Calaber,  who  introduces  Podalirius  as  faying,  on  the  occa- 
fioii  of  his  death,  that  "  his  dear  brother  had  brought  him 
up  like  a  fon,  after  their  father  was  taken  into  heaven,  and 
had  taught  him  to  cure  difeafes."  (Lib.  vii.  v.  60.)  Homer, 
indacd,  mentions  Podalirius  firll,  when  he  names  both  toge- 
ther ;  but  that  feems  to  have  arifen  only  from  the  conveni- 
ence of  the  verfe.'  IIoJK^!l'pws  ^Js  May-iVv.  For  Machaon 
appears  to  have  been  moif  highly  efteemed  by  the  great  offi- 
cers of  the  army.  It  was  he  who  admi[ii!lered  to  Menelaus, 
when  wounded  by  Tmdarus,  firil  wiping  tlie  blood  from  the 
wound,  and  then  applying  emolhent  remedies,  after  the 
manner  of  his  father.  It  was  Machaon,  alio,  who  cured  the 
lamcnefs  of  Philottetes,  occafioned  by  dropping  an  arrow, 
dipped  in  chcgall  of  the  Leniean  Hydra,  bequeathed  him  by- 
Hercules, 


MAC 


M  A  C 


Hercules,  on   lus  foot.     "  Tarda  Philoftetoe  fanavit  crura 
Machaon.''     Prop.  lib.  ii. 

It  appears,  too,  from  the  \vridn<TS  of  the  poets,  that 
Machaon  was  a  brave  and  aftive  foldicr  ;  for  he  is  men- 
tioned as  engaged  in  fome  of  the  mod:  dangerous  enterprifes, 
with  the  other  celebrated  leaders.  Homer  tells  of  a  wound 
which  he  received  in  the  flioulder,  in  one  of  the  failies  of  the 
Trojans :  and  Virgil  and  Hyginus  inform  us,  that  he  was 
one  of  the  brave  warriors  who  entered  the  wooden  horfc, 
from  which,  according  to  the  former,  he  was  the  firll  to  de- 
fcend.  (jlineid.  lib.  ii.  v.  263.  Hygin.  Fabul.  lib.  i.  cap.  81. 
&c.)  He  is  faidto  have  loll  his  life  in  lingle  combat  with 
Nereus,  or,  aV others  itate,  with  Eurypilus,  the  fon  of  Tc- 
lephus,  during  the  fiege  of  Troy  ;  whicli,  however,  is  in- 
conliitent  with  the  afTertion  juft  mentioned,  Cnce  the  fiege  was 
terminated  by  the  introdu<ftion  of  the  troops  in  the  wooden 
horfe.  (See  Paufanias  in  Laconic.  2.  Calaber,  Ub.  vi.  5c 
vii.)  Paufanias  adds,  that  the  remains  of  Machaon  were 
prelerved  by  Neftor,  and  conveyed  to  MefTenia,  where  they 
were  buried. 

Macliaon  married  Anticlea,  daughter  of  Diodes,  king  of 
Meffenia,  by  whom  he  had  two  fon  5,  Nichoniachus  and  Gor- 
gafus,  who  reilded  at  Pherae,  and  poffefred  the  territory  of 
their  grandfather,  until  the  Heraclidce,  on  their  return 
from  Troy,  made  themfelves  mailers  of  MefTenia,  and  tlie 
reft  of  the  Peloponnefus.  Machaon  is  fuppofed  to  have  been 
a  king,  either  in  his  own  right,  or  that  of  his  wife,  fince 
Homer,  in  two  or  three  places,  calls  him  "  Pa!lor  of  the 
people,"  (^rAjx.ivx.  Xc.ij),  a  title  which  he  gives  to  Agamemnon 
a']d  the  other  kings.  Paufanias  mentions  three  other  fons 
ot  Machaon,  namely,  Sphyrus,  Alexanor,  and  Polemocrate?, 
who  are  fuppofed  to  have  Ijeen  the  fruit  of  another  marriage. 
M.  Goulin,  in  his  literary  and  critical  memoirs,  ftates  his 
opinion,  that  the  birth  of  Machaon  may  be  fixed  about  the 
year  of  the  world  3765.  See  Le  Clerc.  Hift.  de  la  Me- 
decine.   Schultzius  Hill.  Medicinre. 

MACHAU,  GciLLAUME,  a  French  poet  and<Tnufician, 
born  about  1282.  He  was  at  firll  in  the  fervice  of  the  con- 
fort  of  Philippe-le-Bel,  and,  in  1307,  was  appointed  valet- 
de-chambre  to  the  king,  and  continued  to  occupy  this  office 
to  the  end  of  that  prince's  reign,  who  died  in  13 14. 

As  the  works  of  this  author  are  the  mod  ancient  lyric  com- 
pofitions  that  have  been  preferved  in  France,  with  the  ori- 
ginal muficy  great  pains  have,bepn  taken  in  commenting  them, 
and  rendering  both  words  and  mulic  intelligible. 

The  abbe  Leboeuf,  in  the  year  1 746,  gave  a  Very  ample 
and  fatisfaclory  account  to  the  Academy  of  Infcriptions 
at  Paris  ot  two  volumes  of  French  and  Latin  poems, 
preferved  in  the  hbrary  of  the  Carm.elites  of  that.city,  "  with 
a  defcription  of  the  kind  of  mulic  to  which  iomc  of  thefe 
poems  were  fet." 

In  1747,  the  count  dc  Caylus,  leaving  found  in  the  king  of 
France's  library,  N'7609 — 2,  a  duplicate  of  thefe  poems, 
gave  likewife  an  account  of  them  to  the  fame  Academy,  in 
two  memoirs.  The  author,  Guillaume  dfe  Machau,  is 
ftyled  by  the  count,  J:ot't  end  mufician;  and  both  thefe  excel- 
lent critics  agree,  that  he  flourilhed  about  the  middle  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  and  died  in  1:570.  Among  the  poems, 
which  are  written  upon  various  fubjefls,  there  is  an  infinite 
number  of  lai?,  virelais,  ballads,  and  rondeaux,  chiefly  in 
old  French,  with  a  few  in  Latin,  and  fet  to  mufic  :  fome  for 
a  fingle  voice,  and  others  in  four  parts,  tripliun,  tenor,  con- 
tratenor,  and  a  fourth  part,  without  a  name.  In  thefe  full 
pieces,  as  the  words  are  placed  only  under  the  tenor  part,  it 
is  natural  to  conclude  that  this  was  the  principal  melody.  In 
the  mufic,  which  is  written  with  great  care  and  neatnefs, 
notes  in  a  lozenge  form,  with  tails  to  them,  frequently  oc- 
cur ;  thefe,  whether  the  heads  were  full  or  open,  were  at 


firft  called  minims  ;  but  when  a  dill  quicker  note  was  thought 
necelfary,  the  white  or  open  notes  only  had  that  title,  and 
the  black  were  by  the  French  called  noir,  and  by  Englifli 
crotchets  :  a  name  give  by  the  French  with  more  propriety, 
from  the  hook  or  curvature  of  the  tail,  to  the  llill  more  ra- 
pid note,  which  we  call  a  quaver. 

The  Latin  poems  are  chiefly  motets,  and  for  a  fingle 
voice  ;  fome  of  which  are  written  in  black  and  red  notes, 
with  this  inilruftisn  to  the  fingers  :  "  nigras  funt  perfeftx, 
&  rubra:  impcrfcftx."  An  admonition  worth  remembering 
by  thofe  who  wifli  to  decipher  mufic  of  the  fourteenth  and 
fifteenth  centuries,  in  which  red  notes  frequently  occur.  It 
was  an  eafy  expedient  of  diminution,  till  the  invention  of 
printing,  when  the  ufe  of  ink  of  different  colours,  on  the 
fame  page,  occafioned  the  expence  and  trouble  of  double 
printing.  The  abbe  Leboeuf  obferve?,  that  the  dilTedlion  and 
accelerated  motion  of  notes,  during  thefe  ages,  gave  great 
offence  and  fcandal  to  pious  and'  fober  Cliriftians.  In  a 
kyrie  eleifon  to  the  Gregorian  chant,  wriich  is  called  ten-ir, 
the  three  parts  that  are  added  to  it  are  called  triplum,  mote- 
tus,  and  contratenor.  In  the  fecond  volume  of  thefe  poems  the 
common  chants  of  the  whole  mafs,  and  even  the  credo,  are 
written  in  four  parts.  This  mafs  is  fuppofed  to  have  been 
fung  at    the    coronation    of  Charles  V.   king   of  France, 

I3''4- 

There  are  in  the  French  MS.  many  ballads  and  rondeaux 
in  three  parts,  tenor,  triplum,  and  contratenor.  The  four- 
teenth century  feems  the  era  when  mufic  in  parts,  moving 
in  different  melodies,  came  firll  into  general  favour  ;  for  of 
the  preceding  age  no  mufic  can  be  found  of  more  th^n  two 
parts  in  llrict  cinmterpoint  of  note  againfl  note. 

Machau  calls  his  coUeftion  of  fongs  fet  to  mufic,  Remedes 
de  fortune,  regarding  mufic  as  a  fpecific,  or  at  leaft  an  opiate, 
againll:  the  ills  of  life.  In  the  illuminations  to  tliefe  lyric 
compofitions  an  affembly  of  minllrels  is  reprefented  with 
thirty  or  forty  mufical  inflruments,  of  which  he  gives  the 
names.  His  poem  called  "  Le  Dit  de  la  Harpe,"  is  a  mo- 
ral and  allegorical  piece  in  the  ftyle  of  the  famous  "  Romaiv 
de  la  Rofe,"   by  Guillaume  de  Loris,  and  Jean  de  Meun. 

The  abbe  Rive  has  likewife  given  an  hillorical  and  criti- 
cal account  of  another  MS.  copy  of  thofe  poems  in  the 
coUeClion  of  the  duke  de  le  Valhere  ;  but  none  of  thefe 
gentlemen  have  produced  fpecimens  of  Machau's  mufical 
compofitions  ;  indeed  the  count  de  Caylus  frankly  confelTes, 
that  though  he  has  Rudied  this  n:ufic  with  the  utmofl  atten- 
tion, and  confulted  tiie  moll  learned  muficians,  he  has  been 
utteri)  unable  to  latisfy  his  curiofity  concerning  their  intrinfic 
worth. 

Maciiau,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the 
circle  of  Konigingratz  ;  eight  miles  S.W.  of  Branaw. 

MACHAVANA,  a  river  of  Africa,  which  runs  into 
the  Indian  k?.,   S.  lat.  26    4J'. 

MACHAULT,  James  de,  in  Biography,  a  French 
Jefuit,  was  a  native  of  Paris,  and  born  in  1599.  He  en- 
tered on  liis  noviciate  in  his  eighteenth  year,  and  after  Tiavin^ 
finidied  the  ufual  courfe  of  academic  lludies,  he  was  fe- 
lefted  to  teach,  firll  polite  literature,  then  philofophy,  and 
for  feveral  years  divinity,  in  different  feminaries  belonging  to 
the  order.  He  was  elcdtcd  fucceffively  rcclor  of  the  colleges 
at  Alenjon,  Orleans,  and  Caen,  and  died  in  his  native  city 
in  1680.  He  was  author  of  many  con fidcrable  works,  as 
"  Tiie  Account  of  the  MifTions  in  Paraguay  and  ot'-.er  Parts 
of  South  America,"  8vo.  1636  ;  "  A  Relation  of  the  State 
of  Affairs  in  Japan,"  1646  ;  "  Account  of  the  Provinces  of 
Goa,"  &c.  ;  "  A  Relation  of  the  Travels  of  twenty-five 
Members  of  the  .Society  on  the  Indian  Miflion,"  1659  j 
•'  Account  cf  tbcMifiioiiof  the  Society  in  Perfia,"  &c. 


MAC 

Macmault,  in  Geography,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  ArdouK-s,  und  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in 
the  diftriti  of  Vouzicrs ;  nine  miles  S.W.  of  Vou/.iers. 
The  place  cont.',!"s  69.5,  and  the  canton  4000  inhabitants, 
on  a  territory  ol   2425  kiliomet.rcs,  in  14  commimes. 

MACHECOl,'^,  a  town  of  Trance,  in  the  department 
of  the  Lower  Loire,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in  the 
diftria  of  Nantes  ,  :8  miles  S.W.  of  Nantes.  The  place 
contains  1899,  and  th- canton  5152  inhabitants,  on  a  terri- 
tory of  I  j5  kiliomelres,  in  lix  communes.  N.  lat.  47  '. 
W'long.  i°44'. 

MACHERA  Lapis,  in  Natural  H'ljloty,  the  name  of  a 
flone  of  a  ferruginous  colour,  frequent  on  mount  Berccyn- 
thus  in  Phrygia.  Plutarch,  and  many  other  grave  writers, 
relate,  that  if  any  perfon  found  this  Itone,  and  took  it  up  at 
the  time  of  the  celebration  of  Cybele,  he  inftantly  wasfeized 
with  niadnefs. 

MACHERIA,  in  Geography,  atownof  Hindooflan,  in 
Palnaud  ;  fix  mile  S.W.  of  Timerycotta.  N.  lat.  27^  35'. 
E.  long.  77°  15'. 

MACHERN,  a  town  of  Pruffia,  in  Natangcn  ;  2;  miles 
S.  of  Rallenburg 

MACHERRY,  atownof  Hindooftan,  in  the  country 
of  Mewat  ;  70  miles  S.S.W.  of  Delhi. 

MACHES  IN,  or  Machisin,  a  town  of  Afiatic  Turkey, 
in  the  province  of  Diarbekir  ;    105  miles  S.E.  of  Raca. 

MACHIA,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  country  of  Mo- 
life;  12  miles  S  W.  of  Molife. — Alfo,  a  town  of  Naples, 
ia  the  Capitanata  ;  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  Volturara — Alfo, 
a  towii  of  Naplef,  in  Calabria  Citra ;  five  nnles  N.  of  Bi- 
Ignano.-  Alfo,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Citra,  on 
the  coaft  ;   15  miles  S.  of  Capaccio. 

MACHIAN,  one  of  the  Molucca  idands,  near  the  W. 
coaft  of  Gilolo  ;  about  18  miles  in  circumference,  and  po- 
pulous. The  Datch  have  three  forts  garrifoned  with 
foldiers.  lis  principal  articles  of  commerce  are  cloves  and 
fago  :  a  'ittle  N.  of  the  line.     E.  long.  127  '  21'. 

MACllLANA,  an  ifland  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of 
the  Amazons,  about  15  miles  long  and  three  broad;  ahttle 
S.  of  the  line.     W.long.  57   2'. 

MACHIAS,  a  port  of  entry,  pod-town,  and  feat  of 
juftice  m  Wadiington  county,  and  ftate  of  Maine,  Ame- 
rica, fitiiated  on  a  bay  of  the  fame  name  ;  20  mi  es  S.W.  of 
Paflamaquoddy,  in  N.  lat.  47"  37'.  This  town  carries  on  a 
confiderable  trade  to  Boflon  and  the  Weft  Indies,  in  fifli, 
lumber,  &c.  It  was  permanently  fettled  in  1 763,  and  in- 
corporated in  1784.  The  chief  fettlements  are  at  the  E.  and 
W.  Falls,  and  at  Middle  river.  At,  W.  Falls,  there  is  a 
f;aol,  and  the  eoui'y  courts  are  held  there.  The  entrance 
of  Mdchias  river  is  in  N.  lat.  44  '  3^'.  W.  long  66  56'. 
The  town  is  divded  into  four  dillrirts  for  the  fupport  of 
fchools,  and  into  ^  ivo  for  the  convenience  of  public  worlhip. 
In  1792  Vv'afhington  academy  was  eftabli(hed  here,  which  has 
for  its  fupport  a  townfhip  of  land.  In  1800  the  town  con- 
tained i<  14  inhabitants.  The  exports  confill  principally 
of  lumber,  vh-  boards,  (hingles,  clap-boards,  laths,  and 
various  kinds  of  liewed  timber.  The  cod-filliery,  which 
might  be  profecuted  to  advantage,  has  been  neglected.  The 
faw-mills  are  1 7  in  number,  and  much  employed.  The  total 
amount  of  exports  annually  exceeds  15,000  dollars.  From 
Machias  bay  to  the  mouth  of  St.  Croix  tliere  are  many  fine 
iflands.     Morfe. 

MACHIAVELISM,  in  Literary  H'tflory,  is  a.  fpecies  of 
deti  liable  poliiics,  which  may  be  defined  m  few  words,  the 
an  of  reicjning  tyrannically,  the  principles  of  which  are  in- 
culcated in  the  works  of  Machiavel,  a  native  of  Florence, 
iindpaiticularly  in  his  treatife,  entitled  "  Tiie  Prince."  M.  dc 
6 


MAC 

Wicquefort  obferves.  concerningthechara£lerof  this  writer* 
Machiavel  fays  almoll  every  where  what  princes  do,  and  not 
what  they  ought  to  do.  To  the  fame  purpofe  the  chancellor 
Bacon  remarks :  "  Eft  quod  gratias  agamus  Macchiavello 
et  hujus  modi  fcriptoribus  qui  aperte  &  indidimulanter  profe- 
runt  quid  homines  facere  foleant  non  quid  debeant."  Machi- 
avel was  feci etary,  and  afterwards  hilloriograplier  to  the  re- 
public at  Florence.  He  was  put  to  the  rack  upon  the  fuf- 
picion  of  being  concerned  in  a  confederacy  againft  the  houfe 
of  Medicis  ;  but  he  endured  the  torments  of  it,  without 
making  any  confelfion.  Fle  was  as  much  an  enemy  to  reli- 
gion  as  to  found  po'itics ;  and  is  faid  to  have  died  in  tlie  year 
I J30,  uttering  profane  jefts  and  blafphemies.  Bayle.  Sec 
Macchiavelli. 

MACHIAWARA,  in  Geography,  atown  of  Hindooftan, 
in  the  circar  of  Sirhind  ;   28  miles  N.  of  Sirhind. 

MACHICOLATION,  from  mccbe,  a  match  or  wick 
to  preferve  fire,  and  couhr,  to  flow,  in  Fortification,  perpcn- 
dicular  apertures  in  the  upper  part  of  the  gate  of  an  ancient 
caftle,  for  the  purpofe  of  pouring  down  various  burning  fub- 
ilances  on  the  afiailants,  when  they  were  battering  them,  or 
otherwife  trying  to  force  them  open.  In  various  ancient 
charters,  permiffion  was  granted  to  the  owners  of  calUes, 
emhattelandi,  k/rnellandi,  and  machicolandi. 

MACHICORA,  in  Geography,  a  river  of  Madagafcar, 
which  gives  name  to  a  province,  and  runs  into  the  fea  on  the 
S.  coalt.     S.  lat.  25''  3'.     E.  long.  41'  12'. 

MACHIGASTA,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  the 
province  of  Tucuman  ;  50  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Fer- 
nand. 

MACHINE,  in  a  general  fcnfe,  fignifies  any  thing  that 
is  ufed  to  augment  or  to  regulate  moving  force3"or  powers ; 
or,  it  is  any  inftrument  employed  to  pnjduce  motion,  fo  as 
to  fave  either  time  or  force.  The  word  is  derivcd^from 
uK^ayr,  machine.  Invention,  art;  and  is  therefore  properly 
aoplicd  to  any  agent  in  which  thefe  are  combined,  whatever 
may  be  the  ftrength  or  folidity  of  the  materials  of  which  it  is 
compofed.  The  term  machine,  however,  is  by  common 
ufage  generally  rellriflcd  to  a  certain  clafs  of  agents,  whicli 
feem  to  hold  a  middle  place  between  the  moll  fimple  organn, 
commonly  called  tools  or  inftruments,  and  the  more  compli- 
cated and  powerful,  termed  engines.  This  diftinftion,  however, 
does  not  enter  into  the  pretent  article  ;  we  fhall  coufider 
machines  under  two  he&ds,Jii>!p/e  and  conipounJ.  To  the  firft 
clafs  belong  the  k-ver,  the  Inclined  plane,  the  fcreiv,  the  ivejge, 
the  ivheel  and  axle,  and  the  pulley,  commonly  called  the  fix 
mechanical  powers ;  though  fome  authors  will  only  allow  the 
lever,  and  the  inclined  plane,  to  be  fimple  machines,  the 
ethers  being  compounded  of  thofe  two. 

Compound  machines  are  all  fuch  as  confifl  of  a  combina- 
tion of  the  feveral  fimple  machines  or  mechanical  powers 
above-mentioned,  the  number  of  which  in  the  prefent  ad- 
vanced Hate  of  the  fciences  is  almoft  infinite.  Thefe  are 
again  clafled  ujider  difFer;.'nt  denominations,  according  to  the 
agents  bv  which  they  are  put  in  motion,  the  purpoles  they 
are  intended  to  effetl,  or  the  art  in  which  they  are  employed, 
as  hydraulic,  pneumatic,  inilitai'y,  architeQural,  &c.  machines. 
The  ancients  excelled  in  the  two  latter  fpecies  of  engines, 
but  in  thofe  which  relate  to  civil  arts  and  inanufaftory,  the 
moderns  have  doubtlefs  far  exceeded  their  mailers.  With 
regard  to  military  machines,  the  invention  of  gunpowder  has 
completelv  changed  their  nature,  and  all  thofe  of  the  an- 
cients are  become  ufelefs  and  forgotten  ;  thefe  were  princi- 
pally of  three  dillinct  fpecies,  -viz.  thofe  employed  for 
tlirowing  deltruflive  u-eapons  ;  as  the  fiorplon,  which  was 
for  cafting  arrows  ;  the  catapulla  for  (lones  and  javehns  ;  the 
pyrolgle  for  flaming  darts ;  the  ballijla  for  bullets,    &c.  &c. 

Others 


MACHINE. 


Cthcrs  were  foi-  razing  the  walls  of  fortified  places,  of  which 
the  principal  was  the  aries,  or  batttr'mg  ram  ;  and  thofe  of  tiic 
llurd  kind  were  for  covering  the  approaches  of  the  bcfiegers, 
as  tile  wooden  tower,&c.  ;  for  a  defcription  of  which  fee  the 
rcfpective  articles.  The  warlike  machines  employed  by 
Archimedes  in  the  defence  of  Syracnfc  have  been  much  ap- 
plauded by  the  ancients,  and  though  many  of  the  circum- 
ilances  related  on  this  head  are  doubtlefs  falfe  or  exaggerated, 
yet  it  is  fuificient  to  know  the  genius  of  their  author  to  be 
convinced  that  they  were  powerful  and  effedlive,  probably 
much  exceeding  any  of  thofe  of  which  the  conitrudion  has 
been  afcertained. 

Of  the  architectural  machines  of  the  ancients  we  are  totally 
ur.acquainted,  and  one  is  at  a  lofs  to  conceive  what  means 
they  employed  for  trarifporting  and  railing  thofe  enormous 
Itones  which  are  found  in  the  walls  of  I'ome  ancient  buildings, 
though  It  is  not  unlikely  that  they  owed  as  much  to  their 
patient  perleverance  and  manual  labour,  as  to  the  power  of 
their  machines.  The  Spaniards,  when  tliey  made  the  con- 
quell  of  Peru,  were  llruck  with  allonifhment  to  hnd  the  na- 
tives, whom  they  confidered  as  favages  and  barbarians,  raifing 
enormous  mafles  of  Hone  of  ten  feet  fquare  for  building  walls 
and  other  purpofes,  without  the  airiilauce  of  any  mftruments 
than  thofe  which  nature  had  fupplied  them  with  :  unac- 
quainted with  any  other  fcalTolding  but  that  of  banks  of  earth 
raifed  againll  their  buildings,  they  contrived  by  ilrength  of 
hand  to  raife  thefe  mally  U)ads  up  the  inclined  planes  thus 
formed  ;  and  many  of  the  Druidical  remains  in  this  country 
were  probably  erected  in  a  fimilar  manner.  The  ancient  Greek 
and  Roman  architedts,  however,  were  no  doubt  acquainted 
with,  and  employed  very  powerful  machines  in  the  conftruc- 
tion  of  their  noble  edifices,  with  the  nature  of  which  we 
have  not  been  informed  ;  even  Vitruvius,  who  writes  cx- 
prefsly  on  the  fubjeA,  has  left  us  nothing  that  can  throw 
any  light  on  the  conllru£tion  of  thefe  engines,  yet  that  they 
were  in  pclTeiuon  ot  immer.fe  and  wonderful  machinery, 
appears  in  the  moll  convincing  manner  to  any  peVfon  who 
relietts  on  the  magnificent  llruttures  which  they  ereiltd, 
and  which  excite  to  this  day  the  wonder  and  admiration 
of  the  world,  not  only  on  account  of  their  grandeur  and 
incomparable  elei^ance,  but  alfo  on  account  of  the  mechani- 
cal knowledge  that  feems  indifpenfably  iiecefTary  for  their 
eredlion. 

The  hydraulic  machines  of  the  ancients  were  indeed  much 
inferior  to  thofe  of  modern  invention.  'T\k  fcreiu  of  Archi- 
medes, and  the  pumps  of  Ctefibius,  were  the  principal  en- 
gines of  this  delcripuon  ;  for  which  fee  the  refpeCtive  articles. 
As  to  the  modern  machines  tliey  are  too  numerous  to  admit 
even  of  a  (light  enumeration  in  this  place  ;  moll  of  them,  how- 
ever, of  any  importance,  will  be  found  under  the  feveral  heads 
in  this  work.  See  Ckanes,  Wind  and  Water  Mills, 
iJTEAM  En^Jne,  &c.  &c. 

Montucla,  at  the  conclufion  of  the  third  volume  of  his 
"  Hiltoire  des  Mathematiques,"  has  given  a  catalogue  of 
feveral  intereltiiig  works,  which  have  been  compiled  in  order 
to  defcribe  and  exhibit  the  moll  important  and  curious  ma- 
chines, both  ancient  and  modern,  of  which  we  have  feleftcd 
a  few  for  the  information  of  thofe  who  may  not  pofTefs  the 
above-mentioned  work. 

I.  The  firft  and  niofl  interefting  modern  work  of  this 
defcription  is  entitled  "  Le  diverfe  et  artificiofe  machine  del 
<;apitano  Agollino  Ramelli  dal  ponte  dellaTrelia,  6i:c.  &c. 
■compolte  in  lingua  Italiana  et  Francefe  ;  a  Parigi  1^88," 
.in  folio,  (in  Germany,)  in  1620.  This  is  a  very  tcarcc 
.work,  leldom  to  be  met  with  but  in  choice  libraries. 

2.  "  Machinas  navx  Faulli  Vcrantii  cum  declarationc,  La- 
WoL.  XXL 


tina,  Italica,  Hifpanica,  Gallica,  et  Germanica,"  Venetii* 
1591,   162J,  in  folio,  with  figures. 

3.  "  Recueil  de  plufieurs  Machines  militaires,  &c.  pour 
la  Guerre  et  Recreations,"  par  Frangois  Thypourelet  Jeaa 
Appus,  1620,  4to. 

4.  "  Heinrich  Zeizings,  Theatrum  machirarum,"  Leipfic 
1621. 

5.  "A  Century  of  Inventions,  &c."  by  Edward  So- 
merfet,  marquis  of  Worcefler,  London  166^?,  in  i2mo. 

6.  ''  Les  dix  Livres  d'Architefture' de  Vitruve,  &c." 
tranflated  into  French  by  Claude  Perrault,  167J,  fo'io. 

7.  "  Vtterum  mathematicorum,  Athenaci,  Apollodori, 
&c."  1G93,  folio.  This  learned  ar.d  curious  edition  of  the 
ancient  Greek  machinicians  was  begun  by  Tlievenol,  and 
finilhed  by  La  Hire  ;  but  it  relates  principally  to  military 
engines. 

8.  "  Theatrum  machinarum  univerfale,  &c."  by  Jacob 
Leupold,  Leipfic,  feven  volumes  folio,  1724,  1727,  1774. 
This  is  thegreatell  and  moll  complete  work  of  the  kind  that 
ever  was  pubhfhed.  The  fird  volume  is  little  more  thaa 
an  introduftion  to  the  work  ;  the  fecond  and  third  volumes 
containdefcriptions  of  hydraulic  machines  ;  the  next  two  vo- 
lumes relate  to  machines  for  railing  weights,  the  theory  of 
levelling,  and  other  fubjefts  ;  and  the  fixth  treats  principally 
on  machines  conneiiled  with  the  conftruction  of  bridges  ;  the 
feventh  volume  is  entitled  "Theatre  arithmetico  geome- 
trique,"  where  the  author  treats  of  all  inllruments  emoloved 
in  thefe  two  fcienccs.  This  work  would  have  been  much 
more  conliderable,  if  its  author  had  lived  to  complete  the 
immenfe  tallc  he  had  undertaken. 

9.  "A  Ihort  Account  of  the  Methods  made  ufe  of  in  laying 
of  the  Foundation  of  the  Piers  of  Weilminfter  Bridge,"  by 
Charles  Labelye,  1 739. 

10.  "TheAdvancementof  Arts,  Manufaftures,  and  Com- 
merce; or,  A  Defcription  of  ufeful  Machines  and  Models,"  by 
A.  M.  Bailly,  London  1778,  1779,  folio. 

Befides  the  above-meationed  works,  many  ufeful  parti- 
culars may  be  gathered  from  Strada,  BelTon,  Beroaldus, 
Bockles,  Beyer,  Lempergli,  Van  Zyl,  Behdor's  Archi- 
tefture  hydraulique,  Delagulieri's  Courfe  of  experimental 
Philofophy,  Emcrfon's  Mechanics.  The  Royal  Academy  of 
Sciences  at  Paris  have  alfo  given  a  collection  of  machines  and 
inventions  approved  of  by  them.  This  work,  publiihed  by 
M.  Gallon,  confills  of  fix  volumes  in  quarto,  containing  en- 
graved reprefentations  of  the  machines,  with  their  defcrip. 
tions  annexed. 

We  might  has-e  carried  the  enumeration  of  works  of  this 
kind  to  a  much  greater  length,  but  the  above  are  the  mod 
interefting,  and  the  reader  who  wifhes  for  farther  information 
on  this  fubjecl  may  confult  the  hiilory  of  Montucla  above- 
mentioned.  But  we  ought  not  to  omit  to  mention  in  this 
place,  the  fecond  volume  of  the  "  Architefture  Hydrau- 
lique" of  Prony,  and  the  fecond  volume  of  Gregory's  Me- 
chanics ;  the  firil  of  thefe  relates  principally  to  lieam  engines, 
but  the  latter  contains  a  defcription  of  the  moil  ufeful  mo- 
dern machines  for  various  purpofes. 

In  the  conllruclion  of  machinery,  as  alfo  in  eftimating  its 
effeft.s,  feveral  important  conlideralions  naturally  arife  in  the 
mindofaflcilfulartifl.fuch  asthe  efFeClof  FiucriON.RioiDlTr 
ot /•o/>«,  the  Strength  and  SruE-s.sofmaterials;  theproper  mea- 
fure,  comparifon,  and  equilibrium  of  Forces,  the  law.s  of  Rota- 
tory and  AccELEUATED  motion,  &c.  Sec.  Thefe  are  all  treated 
of  under  tiie  refpeCtive  articles  in  the  Cyc!op3:d>a,  and  it 
therefore  only  remains  for  us  in  this  place  to  offer  a  few  re- 
marks on  the  nature  of  machines  in  general,  and  the  belt 
means  of  determining  their  maximum  cfrects. 

Machines  are  introduced  for  three  purpofes,  t/s.  to  ac- 
j'  B  commodate 


I\I  A  C  H  I  N  E. 


commodate  tlio  direction  of  the  moving  force  to  that  of  the 
re liihince  to  be  overcome  :  to  incrcafc  the  cfled  of  a  given 
fmite  power,  fo  as  to  overcome  a  refiilance  which  is  greater, 
and  would  olherwifc  ever  remain  unchanged  :  and  lallly,  to 
regulate  and  modify  a  variable  force,  fo  as  to  produce  a  con- 
ftant  and  uniform  elTec^.  Thefe  are  the  principal  endsto  te 
accomplifhed  by  machines,  and  tha  experienced  engineer 
will  always  endeavour  to  execute  them  in  the  fimplell  man- 
ner poffible;  for  complicated  machinery  is  not  only  mod 
liable  to  inaccurate  adjudment,  and  frequent  difanangement, 
but  is  likewife  more  cumberfome  and  cxpeufivc,  at  tlie  fame 
time  that  the  retardation  arifmg  from  fridion,  adhefion,  and 
inertia,  is  more  confiderable,  and  conftquently  a  greater 
power  becomes  neceil'ary,"  in  order  to  produce  the  fame 
effeft.  Another  important  point  to  be  attended  to,  is  the 
molt  advantageous  ajiplication  of  the  firll  mover,  whether 
this  agent  be  air,  water,  Ream,  or  animal  ftrength.  To 
enter  upon  this  qiiellion  in  all  its  generality,  would  far  ex- 
ceed our  limits;  bifides,  with  regard  to  the  three  former,  they 
\vill  be  better  invelligated  under  the  articles  Wind  and  Water 
Mills,  ^t-exm  Engine,  &c.;  what  few  remarks,  therefore, 
we  have  to  make  on  this  head,  will  be  confined  to  the  appli- 
cation of  animal  exeriion  to  the  motion  of  machines,  and  for 
the  other  agents  we  mult  refer  the  reader  to  the  articles 
above-mentioned. 

We  have  aftriking  inllancc  of  the  injudicious  application 
of  the  exertion  of  men,  in  the  old  crane  worked  by  means  ot 
an  internal  walking  wheel,  which,  from  its  nature,  mult  be 
very  heavy,  while  the  action  of  the  man  is  exerted  at  a  very 
trifling  diftar.ce  from  the  axle,  and  confequently  at  a  great 
mechanical  difadvantage  ;  whereas  in  Hardie's  crane,  the 
ir.an  acting  externally  at  the  greatefl;  diltance  from  the  ful- 
crum, produces  a  much  greater  effedl  with  lefs  expence  of 
labour ;  the  other  advantages  which  this  machine  poffefTes 
over  the  one  above-mentioned,  not  arifmg  lolely  from  this 
caufe,  are  not  conneAed  with  our  preient  enquiry. 

The  above  remark  applies  principally  to  the  mechanical 
advantage  to  be  obtnined  in  the  application  of  a  firil  mover  ; 
but  there  is  alfo  another  confideration  of  a  phyfical  nature, 
which  is  equally  important,  and  ought  therefore  to  be  par- 
ticularly attended  to.  No  animal  can  exert  more  than  a  de- 
terminate and  limited  force;  and,  confequently,  if  it  re- 
quires all  this  force  merely  to  produce  an  equilibrium,  no 
effeft  will  refult  from  the  aftion  :  and,  on  the  other  hand, 
if  all  the  ftrength  of  a  man  or  horfe  is  employed  in  giving 
motion  to  himfelf,  or  to  external  objcfts  before  the  applica- 
tion reaches  the  refiilance,  there  is  Hill  the  fame  unproduc- 
tive eP.ed.  A  man,  for  exam;;lc,  pnfliing  at  a  capltan  bar, 
muft  fird  of  all  walk  as  faft  as  the  bar  moves  round,  which 
evidently  requires  an  expenditure  of  his  mufcular  power  ; 
but  this  alone  will  not  render  his  exertion  effective  :  tie  muil 
alfo  prefs  the  bar  forward,  with  as  much  force  as  he  has  re- 
maining above  that  which  he  expended  in  walking  at  that 
ra'e.  The  proportion  of  thefe  two  expenditures  may  be 
very  different  under  diflerent  circumllances ;  and  on  the 
judicious  feleftion  of  fuch  circumftanees  as  make  the  firll  of 
thefe  aS  fmall  as  poffible,  lies  much  of  the  IkiU  of  the  en- 
gineer.. In  the  common  operation  of  thrafhing  corn,  much 
more  than  half  the  man's  power  is  expended  in  giving  the 
necefTary  motion  to  his  own  body  ;  and  only  the  rfcmaindcr 
is  employed  in  urging  forward  the  fwiple  with  a  momentum 
fufficient  for  fhakmg  out  the  ripe  grains  from  the  ilalk.  '  Dr. 
Robifon  mentions  an  experiment,  made  in  order  to  afccrtam 
the  quantity  of  power  thus  loll.  In  order  to  which,  the 
fwiple  was  taken  off  the  flail,  and  the  fame  weight  of  lead 
put  on  the  end  of  the  ftaff ;  then  by  caufing  the  labourer  to 
perform  tlie  ufual  motions  of  thrafhing,  with  all  the  rapidity 


that  he  could  continue  during  the  ordinary  hours  of  work  ; 
it  was  found  that  the  number  of  iiK^tions  thus  made  was 
to  thofe  made  in  the  actual  operation  of  thrafhing,  in  about 
the  ratio  of  j  toa  :  whence  we  may  inter,  tlmt  at  leall  half 
the  tliraflier's  power  is  expended  in  merely  moving  his  own 
body.  We  may  alfo  bring  another  very  fimplo  cafe,  by  way 
of  further  illullration.  8uppofe  a  quantity  of  earth  is  to  be 
removed  from  one  place  to  another  by  barrows.  It  is  ob- 
vious tliat  the  loads  may  be  fo  great,  that  a  man  mull  exert 
his  whole  ftrength  barely  to  lift  up  the  fliafts,  and  confe- 
quently will  have  none  left  to  pufh  the  barrow  forward  :  if 
part  of  the  load  be  taken  off,  he  can  go  forward,  and  fu 
much  the  failer  as  tlie  quantity  of  the  load  is  reduced ;  but 
if  even  the  whole  be  taken  away,  he  can -dill  only  move  at  a 
certain  rate,  and,  confequently,  in  neither  of  the  extreme 
cafes  isfany  effeit  produced.  It  becomes  then  an  intereding 
quedion  to  determine  what  load  he  ought  to  carry,  in  order 
to  produce  the  greated  pofiible  efTedt  in  a  given  time.  We 
fliall  not,  in  this  place,  enter  any,  farther  upon  this  fubjeft, 
truding  that  what  has  been  already  advanced  will  be  lufTi- 
cient  to  point  out  the  ncceffity  of  attending  to  fuch  circum- 
llances ;  and  in  the  fubfequent  part  of  the  preient  article, 
we  will  endeavour  to  explain  in  what  manner  the  proper  ad- 
judment of  power  and  effett  may  be  computed. 

The  nature  of  the  lirfl  movement  being  determined,  the 
next  object  is  to  communicate  it_ to  the  dtllined  point,  where 
the  refinance  is  to  be  overcome  ;  and  much  of  an  artid's  ikill 
depends  upon  performing  this  in  the  fimplefl  and  mod  cf- 
fedual  manner  pofnble.  In  ord.er  to  this,  it  frequently  be- 
comes necefTary  to  convert  one  fpecies  of  motion  into  an- 
other fpecies  :  as,  for  exatnp'e,  a  rotatory  into  a  recipro- 
cating motion,  or  a  reciprocating  into  a  rotatory  motion, 
Sec.  &c.  The  methods  of  forming  this  communication  are 
extremely  numerous,  and  it  will  not  therefore  be  expeded 
that  we  fhould  attempt  an  enumeration  of  them.  In  fome 
indauces,  a  fimple  Jever  or  tinbent  cord  will  anfwer  better 
than  any  combination  ;  in  others,  it  is  highly  advantageous 
to  ufe  a  combination  of  levers  ading  upon  each  tilher  by 
means  of  fo  many  fulcra,  and  by  which  the  diredion  of  the 
motion  may  be  changed  at  pleafure  ;  in  others,  as  when  mo- 
tion is  communicated  to  a  feries  of  wheels  and  axles,  in  iuc- 
cefiion,  it  may  be  cffeded  by  a  rope  running  in  grooves 
round  one  wheel  and  the  fucceeding  axle,  or  by  means  of 
tooth  and  pinion  work,  by  a  barrel  and  endlefs  fcrew,  and 
various  other  contrivances  which  will  naturally  fugged  them- 
felves,  according  to  the  circumitances  under  which  they 
arife. 

This  part  of  the  condrudion  being  fettled,  other  im- 
portant circumdances  require  particular  attention,  iiix,.  to 
adjud  the  feveral  parts  of  the  machine  fo,  that  its  motion 
may  be  eafy,  free,  and  uniform.  One  of  the  mod  obvious 
methods  of  rendering  a  motion  uniform  is  by  means  of  a 
J  pendulum  zn&  fcapcment  (fee  thefe  two  articles)  ;  and  where 
thefe  cannot  conveniently  apply,  a  fly  is  fon.etimes  em- 
ployed ;  for  a  particu'ar  defcription  of  which,  fee  Fly. 
The  uniformity  of  a  machine  is  not,  however,  wholly  de- 
pendent upon  the  application  of  fuch  regulators :  there  are 
other  points  conneited  with  this  fubjed,  that  mull  not  be 
overlooked,  and  on  which  we  intend  to  offer  a  few  remarks ; 
■availing  ourfelves,  for  this  purpofe,  of  the  obfervations  of 
Dr.  Robifon.  When  heavy  dampers  are  to  be  ratfcd,  in 
order  to  drop  on  the  matters  to  be  pounded,  the  wipers  by 
which  they  are  lifted  fhouid  be  made  of  fuch  a  form,  that 
the  damper  may  be  raifed  by  a  uniform  preffure,  or  with  a 
motion  almoft  perfedly  uniform  :  if  this  is  not  attended  to, 
and  the  wiper  is  merely  a  pin  dieking  out  from  the  axi?,  the 
damper  is  forced  into  adion  at  once,  which  occafions  violcHt 

jolts 


M  A  C  H  I  N  E. 


jolts  to  the  machine,  and  great  flrains  on  its  moving  parts, 
and  their  points  of  fupport ;  whereas,  when  they  are  gra- 
dually lifted,  the  inequality  of  the  motion  is  never  felt  at 
tiiat  point  of  the  machine  where  the  power  is  applied.  We 
have  fcen,  fays  the  profeffor,  pi  (Ions  moved  by  means  of  a 
double  rack  on  the'  pifton  rod,  where  a  half  wheel  takes 
hold  of  one  rack,  and  raifes  it  to  the  required  height  ;  and 
the  moment  the  half  wheel  has  quitted  that  fide  of  the  rack, 
it  lays  hold  of  the  other  fide,  and  forces  the  pifton  down 
again.  This  was  cotilidcred  as  an  improvement  of  the  com- 
mon  method  of  the  crank,  by  correctin^^  the  uiieqiiable  mo- 
lion  of  the  pifton.  But  in  fail  it  is  far  inferior  to  the  latter, 
as  it  occafions  fuch  abrupt  chani^es  of  motion,  that  the  ma- 
chine is  ftiaken  and  torn  to  pieces  with  the  jolts  it  occafions  ; 
a  circumftance  which  will  always  be  avoided  as  much  as 
pofTible  by  a  judicious  engineer. 

When  feveral  ftampers,  pifton?,  or  other  reciprocal 
movers,  are  to  be  raifed  and  deprefted,  their  times  of  ac- 
tion ought  to  be  diftributed  in  a  uniform  manner,  fo  that 
the  machine  may  sal  ways  be  equally  loaded  with  work. 
When  this  is  done,  and  the  obfervations  in  the  preceding 
paragraph  attended  to,  the  machine  may  be  made  to  move 
almoft  as  fmoothly  as  if  there  were  no  reciprocations  on  it. 
Nothing  {hews  the  ingenuity  of  the  conftruftor  more  than 
the  artful,  yet  fimple,  contrivances  for  obviating  thofe  dif- 
ficulties-that  unavoidably  arile  from  the  very  nature  of  the 
work  that  muft  be  performed  by  the  machine,  and  of  the 
power  employed.  We  mentioned,  above,  the  converfion  of 
the  continued  rotation  of  an  axis  into  the  reciprocating  mo- 
tion cf  a  pillon,  and  the  improvement  that  was  thought  ..to 
have  been  made  in  the  common  and  obvious  contrivance  of 
the  crank,  but  which,  as  was  obferved,  occafioned  fuch 
jolts  as  would  in  a  fhorl  time  have  dellroyed  the  machine. 
In  order  to  avoid  this,  in  a  large  forge  where  a  great  fledge 
hammer  of  feven  hundred  weight  was  to  be  railed,  the  en- 
gineer formed  the  wipers  into  fpirals,  which  communicated 
motion  to  the  hammer  almoft;  without  any  jolt  whatever : 
and  under  fome  circumftances,  this  contrivance  would  have 
been  highly  beneficial ;  but  in  the  machine  to  which  we  al- 
lude, it  would  not  apply,  as  it  did  not  communicate  a  fuf- 
ficient  momentum  to  the  hammer  in  its  defcent :  yet  it  is 
deferving  of  notice,  as  it  might  in  fome  cafes  become  ex- 
tremely advantageous. 

In  employing  a  power,  which  of  neceffitv  reciprocates,  to 
drive  machinery,  in  which  a  rotatory  motion  is  required,  as 
in  applying  the  ftcam-engine  to  a  cotton  or  grirt-mill,  C9n- 
fiderable  difficulties  alfo  arife,  which  muft  be  attended  to 
with  particular  care.  The  neceftlty'of  reciprocation  on  the 
firft  mover  wattes  much  power,  becaufe  the  iullruincnt  that 
communicates  fuch  immenfe  force  muft  be  extremely  ftrong, 
and  well  fupported.  The  impelling  power  is  wafted  in  im- 
parting, and  afterwards  deftroying,  a  great  quantity  of 
motion  in  the  working  beam.  The  fkilfiil  engineer  will  at- 
tend to  this,  and  do  his  utmoft  to  procure  the  neceftary 
ftrength  of  the  firft  mover,  without  miking  it  a  vail  load  of 
inert  matter :  he  will  alfo  ren:iark  that  all  the  ftrains  on  it, 
and  on  its  fupports,  are  changing  their  direction  on  every 
llroke ;  which  therefore  requires  particular  attention  in  the 
manner  of  fupporting  it.  It  we  obfcrve  ftcam-engines  that 
have  been  long  erected,  we  ftiall  find  that  they  have  uni- 
formly fhaken  the  building  to  pieces,  which  is  principally 
to  be  attributed  to  the  inattention  of  the  engineer  to  this  cir- 
cumftance ;  and  experience  has  now  taught  us,  that  no 
building  can  long  vvithftand  the  defukory  and  oppofite  jolts 
of  Inch  immenfe  maifes  ;  and,  cenfequently,  that  the  great 
movements  ought  to  be  lupported  by  a  frame-work,  inde- 
pendent of  the   building  which  coniains  it.     Another  cir- 


cumftance, on  which  the  uniformity  of  the  motion  dep'cndf, 
is  the  form  given  to  the  teeth  of  the  wheel :  this  is  of  great 
importance,  and  has  excited  great  attention  amongft  both 
theoretical  and  praftical  machinicians.  Two  forms  have 
been  propofed  :  of  thefe  the  firft  was  given  by  La  Hire, 
who  affirmed  that  the  preffiire  would  be  uniform,  if  the 
teeth  were  formed  into  epicycloids ;  and  M.  Camus,  in  his 
"  Cours  de  Mathematique,"  has' adopted  and  purfucd  La 
Hire's  principle,  and  applied  it  to  the  various  cafes  that  are 
likely  to  arife  in  practice.  This  conftrudlion,  however,^  is 
liable  to  a  limitation  ;  on  which  account,  a  fecond  method 
has  been  propofed,  which  fecures  the  perfect  uniformity  of 
motion,  without  any  fuch  limitation.  This  confifts  of  mak- 
ing both  teeth  portions  of  involutes  of  circles;  but  as  wc 
Ihall  confider  this  fubjeft  under  the  articles  Tooth  and 
Pinion  Work,  it  will  be  ufelefs  to  infift  any  farther  upon  it 
in  this  place ;  and  we  will  therefore  proceed  to  the  theo- 
retical inveftigation  of  the  power  of  machines,  and  their 
maxiiiium  cffefts ;  limiting  our  obfervation  to  thofe  prin- 
cipally whofe  motion  is  uniform,  thefe  forming  by  far  the 
moft;  numerous  clafs,  and  the  knowledge  of  which  is,  there- 
fore, of  the  greatell  importance. 

Ofthi  mcix-imiim  EJecls  of  Machines When  forces  afting 

in  contrary  directions,  or  in  any  fuch  diredlio;is  as  produce 
contrary  effefts,  there  is  with  refpeft  to  every  fimple  ma- 
chine, and  confequently  with  refpeiit  to  every  compound 
one,  a  certain  relation  between  the  powers  and  the  diftances 
at  which  tliey  aft,  which,  if  fubfifting  in  any  fuch  machine 
when  at  reft,  will  prcferve  it  in  that  ftate  of  ftatical  equi- 
hbriunv;  becaufe  the  efforts  of  thefe  powers,  when  thus 
related  with  regard  to  magnitude  and  diftance,  being  equal 
and  oppofite,  deftroy  each  other,  and  have  no  tendency  to 
change  the  ftate  of  the  fyftem  to  which  they  are  applied. 
So  alfo,  if  the  fame  machine  have  been  put  into  a  ftate  of 
uniform  motion,  whether  reililinear  or  rotatory,  by  the 
action  of  any  power  diftinft  fi-om  thofe  we  are  now  confi- 
dering,  and  thefe  two  powers  be  made  to  act  upon  the  ma- 
chine in  fuch  motion,  in  a  fimilar  manner  to  that  in  which 
they  aCt  upon  it  when  at  reft,  their  fimultancous  aftion 
will  preferve  it  in  that  ftate  of  uniform  motion,  or  dynamical 
equilibrium,  and  this  for  the  fame  reafon  as  before  ;  becaufe 
thfir  contrary  effefts  deftroy  each  other,  and  have,  there-  " 
fore,  no  tendency  to  change  the  ftate  of  the  machine.  But 
if  at  the  time  a  machi.e  is  in  a  ftate  of  balanced  reft,  anvv 
one  of  the  oppofite  forces  be  increafed,  while  it  continues 
to  aft  at  the  lame  diftance,  this  excefs  of  force  will  difturb 
the  ftatical  equilibrium,  and  produce  motion  in  the  machine; 
and  if  the  fume  excefs  of  force  continues  to  act  in  the  fame 
manner,  it  will,  like  every  conftant  force,  produce  an  ac- 
celerated motion  ;  or  if  it  fhould  undergo  particular  modi- 
fications, whea  the  machine  is  in  ditTerent  pofitions,  it  may 
occafion  fuch  variations  as  will  render  it  alternately  acce- 
lerated and  retarded.  Or,  the  different  fpecies  of  reiiftancc 
to  which  a  moving  machine  is  fubjefted,  as  the  rigidity  of 
cords,  friction,  refiftance  of  the  an-,  &c.  may  fo  modify  it, 
as  to  change  a  regular  or  irregular  variable  motion  into 
one  which  is  uniform.  Hence,  then,  the  motion  of  machines 
m^y  be  confidered  as  of  three  kinds,  as  that  which  is  gra- 
dually accelerated,  which  obtains  commonly  in  the  firll  in- 
ftants  of  the  communication.  i.  That  which  is  entirely 
uniform.  3.  That  which  is  alternately  accelerated  and  re- 
tarded. Pendulum  clocks  and  machines  that  are  moved  bv  a 
balance  are  related  to  the  third  clafs.  Moft  other  machines 
are  of  the  iecond  clafs,  at  leaft  a  fhort  time  after  their  mo- 
tion is  commenced. 

Nov.-,  although  trie  motion   of  a  machine  be  alternately 

accelerated  and  retarded,  it   may,  notwithllanding,  be  mea- 

j  B  2  furej 


MACHINE. 


furcd  by  an  uniform  motion,  in  confcqiicnce  of  the  period- 
ical and  regular  repetition  which  may  exill  in  the  accele- 
ration and  retardation.  Thus,  the  motion  of  a  fecond  pen- 
dulum, confidered  in  relation  to  a  fingle  ofcillation,  is  ac- 
celerated during  the  firll  half  fecond,  and  retarded  during 
the  fecond  ;  but  the  fame  motion  taken  for  many  ofcilla- 
tions  may  be  confidered  as  uniform.  Suppofc,  for  example, 
that  the  extent  of  each  ofcillation  is  five  inches,  and  that 
the  pendulum  has  made  ten  ofciUalions ;  its  total  cfl'eft  will 
be  to  have  run  over  50  inclies  in  10  feconds,  and  as  the 
fpace  defcribed  in  ejch  fecond  is  the  fame,  we  may  compare 
the  effects  to  a  moveable,  which  moves  for  1  o  feconds  at 
the  rate  of  five  inches  per  fecond.  We  fee,  therefore,  that 
the  theory  of  machines,  whofe  motions  are  uniform,  con- 
duces naturally  to  the  eftimation  of  the  efFedts  of  ihofe 
whofe  motion  is  alternately  accelerated  and  retarded,  fo 
that  what  follows  wi'l  be  directed  to  thofe  machines  only, 
whofe  motion  falls  under  the  fecond  head,  fuch  problems 
bcinij  of  far  the  greatell  utility  in  practice. 

We  have  had  already  frequent  occafion  to  make  ufe  of 
the  terms  mover,  or  moving  force  and  rcjijlancc  ;  and  in  wliat 
follows,  they  will  be  uled  in  the  fame  general  fcnfe.  By 
the  lirft  is  always  to  be  underllood  any  caufe  of  motion 
whatever,  and  by  the  latter,  any  thing  that  is  oppofed  to 
the  adion  of  the  former.  The  impelled  point  of  a  machine, 
is  that  to  which  the  aAion  of  the  moving  power  may  be  con- 
fidered as  immediately  applied  ;  and  the  •working point  is  that 
where  the  reliilance  arifing  from  the  work  to  be  performed 
immediately  afts,  or  to  which  it  ought  all  to  be  reduced. 
Thus  in  the  wheel  and  axle,  Plate  ^-JJg-  6.  Mechanics,  where 
the  moving  power  P  is  to  overcome  the  weight  or  refillance 
W,  by  the  application  of  the  cord  to  the  wheel  and  to  the . 
axle,  A  is  the  impelled  point,  and  E  the  working  point. 
The  velocity  of  the  moving  power  is  the  fame  as  the  velocity 
of  the  impelled  point  ;  and  the  veLcity  of  the  refijlance,  the 
fame  as  that  of  the  working  point.  The  perjormunce  or 
rJjeLl  of  a  machine,  or  the  '■^vork  done,  is  mealured  by  the 
product  of  the  refiftance  into  the  velocity  of  the  working 
point;  and  the  momentum  of  impulfe  h  mcafured  by  the  pro- 
duct of  the  moving  force  into  the  velocity  of  the  impelled 
point. 

Thefe  definitions  being  cdabliflied,  we  may  exhibit  a 
few  of  the  moft  ufeful  problems  relative  to  the  effect  of 
machines,  and  with  which  we  mull  conclude  this  article. 

Let  A  B  {P late 'KX.y^ll.  Mechanics,  fg.  1.)  reprefent  the 
velocity  of  a  ftream,  A  C  the  velocity  of  the  part  of  the 
engine  which  it  llrikes,  when  the  motion  of  the  machine 
becomes  uniform,  and  C  B  will  reprefent  their  relative 
velocity,  upon  which  the  effeft  of  the  engine  depemis.  It 
is  known  that  the  aftion  of  a  fluid  upon  a  given  plane,' 
is  as  the  fquare  of  this  relative  velocity  ;  confequently  the 
•weight  raifed  by  the  engine,  wheii  its  motion  becomes  uni- 
form, being  equal  to  this  aftion,  it  is  lik'jwife  as  the  fquare 
of  C  B.  Let  this  be  multiplied  by  A  C,  the  velocity  of 
the  part  of  the  engine,  impelled  by  the  fluid  ;  arid  the  ef- 
ft'fi  of  the  engine  in  a  given  time  will  be  proportional  to 
AC  X  C  B-  =  (fuppofing  C  B  to  be  bifi-fted  in  D) 
ACx2CDx2DR-4ACxCDxDB;  coniV- 
<juently,  the  cffeft  of  the  engine  is  greateil  when  the  produdt 
of  A  C,  C  D,  and  D  B  is  greatelL  But  it  is  cafy  to  fee, 
that  this  product  is  greatell  when  the  parts  AC,  C  U,  ai;d  ' 
D  B,  are  equal  ;  for  if  you  defcribc  a  femicircle  upon 
A  D,  and  the  perpendicular  C  E  meet  the  circle  in  E, 
then  ACxCb=CE,  and  is  greatell  when  C  is  the 
centre  of  the.  circle  ;  fo  that  in  order  that  AD  x  C  D 
X  D  B  may  be  the  greatell  poffibie,  A  D  mult  be  bifotled 
in  C  ;  and  C  B  having  beea  bifcdcd  in  P,  it  follows 
1 


that  A  C,  C  D,  D  B,  mud  be  equal  ;  or  that  A  C.  t!tt 
velocity  of  the  part  of  the  engine  impelled  by  the  ftream, 
ought  to  be  but  one-third  of  A  B,  the  velocity  of  the 
dream.  Iji  this  cafe,  when,  (abftrafting  from  friction) 
the  engine  aCls  with  the  utmoll  advantage  ;  the  weight 
raifed  by  it  is  to  the  weight  that  would  jiilt  fullain  the 
force  of  the  dream,  as  the  fquare  of  C  B,  t!ie  relative 
velocity  of  the  engine  and  llream,  to  the  fquare  of  A  B, 
which  would  be  the  relative  velocity,  if  the  engine  wa& 
quiefcent  ;  that  is,  as  2  x  2  to  3  x  3,  or  4  to  9.  There- 
fore, that  the  engine  may  have  the  greatell  cfiVct  pofiible, 
it  ought  to  be  loaded  with  no  more  than  ^ths  of  the  weight, 
which  is  juft  able  to  fullain  the  efforts  of  the  llream.  See 
Maclaurin's  Account  of  fir  Ifaac  Newton's  Difcoveries, 
p.  iji,  and  Fluxions,  art.  908. 

Again,  fuppo'ethat  a  given  weight  P.  (Jig.  2.)  defcend- 
ing  by  its  gravity  in  the  vertical  line,  raifts  a  greater  weight 
W,  likewife  given,  by  the  rope  P  M  W,  (that  pafles  over 
the  fixed  pul'ey  M)  along  the  inclined  plane  B  D,  the  height 
ot  which  B  A  is  given  ;  and  let  it  be  required  to  find 
the  pofition  of  thi.s  plane,  along  which  W  will  be  raifed 
in  the  lead  time,  from  the  horizontal  line  A  D  to  B. 
Let  B  C  be  the-  plane  upon  which,  if  W  was  placed,  it 
would  be  exactly  fudained  by  P  ;  in  which  cafe,  P  is  to 
W  as  A  B  to  B  C.  But  W  is  to  the  force  with  which 
it  tends  to  defcend  along  the  plane  B  D,  as  B  D  to  A  B  ; 
confequently  the  weight  P  is  to  that  force,  as  B  D  to  B  C. 
Therefore  the  excels  of  P  above  that  force  (which  excefs 
is  the  power  that  accelerates  the  motion  of  P  and  W)  is  to 
P,  as  B  D  -  B  C  to  B  D  ;  or  taking  B  H  upon  B  C  equal 
to  B  D,  as  C  H  to  B  D.  But  it  is  known  that  the  fpaces 
defcribed  by  motions  uniformly  accelerated,  are  in  the  com- 
pound ratio  of  the  forces  which  produce  tliem  and  the 
fquaros  of  the  times  ;  or,  that  the  fquare  of  the  time  is  di- 
rectly as  the  fpace  defcribed  in  that  time,  and  invcrfely 
as  the  force  ;  confequently,  the  fquare  of  the  time  in  which 
B  D   is    defcribed   by  W,  will  be  direflly  as    B  D,  and 


inverfely  as 


that 


.ind  will  be  lead  when 


BD^ 
CH' 


when 


BC^ 
C  H 


-f  C  H  +  2  B  C,  or  (becaufe 

B  C- 
2  B  C  is  invariable)    when  ~— rj    +  C  H,  is  a  minimum. 

Now  as  when  the  fum  of  two  quantities  is  given,  their  pro- 
duct is  a  maximum  when  they  are  equal  to  each  oiIkt  ;  fo 
it  is  manifed,  that,  when  their  product  is  given,  their  fum 
mull  be  a  minimum  when  they  are  equal.  Thus  it  is  evi- 
dent, that  as  in  Jig.  i,  the  redtangle  or  produdt  of  the 
equal  parts  A  C  and  C  D  was  equal  to  C  E' ;  fo  the  reiftan- 
gle  of  any  two  unequal  parts,  into  which  A  D  may  be  di- 
vided, is  lefs  than  C  E  ,  and  A  D  is  the  leall  fum  of  any 
two  quantities,  the  produdt  of  which  is  equal  to  C  E'.     But 

B  C" 

the  produdt  of  and   C  H  is   B  C,  and  confequently. 

given  :    therefore  the  fum  of  and  C  H  is  lead  when 

thefe  parts  are  equal,  that  is,  wJien  C  H  Ls  equal  to  B  C, 
or  B  D  equal  to  2  B  C.  It  appears,  therefore,  that  wlien 
the  power  P  and  weight  W  are  given,  and  W  is.  to  be  riiifed 
by  an  inclined  plai.e,  from  the  level  of  a  given  point  A  to 
the  given  point  B  in  the  lead  time  poflible  ;  we  are  fird 
to  find  the  plane  B  C,  upon  which  W  would  be  fudained  by 
P,  and  to  take  the  plane  B  D  double  in  length  of  the  plane, 
B  C  ;  or  wc  arc  to  make  ufe  of  the  plane  B  D,  upon  which 

a  weight 


MACHINE. 


a  weif'ht  tliat  is  double  of  W  couM  be  fuflained  bv  the 
power  P. 

l-'or  another  example  ;  fuppofe  a  fluid,  moving  with  the 
velocity  and  direction  A  C,  [Jig-  ,>•)  ftrike  the  plane 
C  E  ;  and  fuppofe  that  this  plane  moves  parallel  to  itfclf 
in  the  direction  C  B,  perpendicular  to  C  A,  or  that  it 
cannot  move  in  any  other  direction.  Tiien  let  it  be  re- 
quired to  find  the  mod  advantageous  pofition  of  the  plane 
C  E,  that  it  may  receive  the  greatefl  impulfe  from  the 
aftion  of  the  fluid.  Let  A  P  be  perpendicular  to  C  E  in 
P,  draw  A  K  pa-allel  to^  B,  and  let  P  K  be  perpendicu- 
lar upon  it  in  K,  and  A  K  -A-ill  mcafure  the  force  with  "which 
any  particle  of  the  fluid  impels  the  plane  E  C,  in  the  direc- 
tion C  B.  For  the  force  of  any  fuch  particle  being  re- 
prefented  by  A  C,  let  this  force  be  refolved  into  A  Q, 
parallel  to  E  C,  and  A  P  perpendic  ilar  to  it  ;  and  it  is 
manifeft,  that  tlie  latter  A  P  only  has  any  effeft  upon  the 
plane  C  E.  Let  this  force  A  P  be  refolved  into  tlie 
force  A  L  perpendicular  to  C  B,  and  the  force  A  K  pa- 
rallel to  it  ;  then  it  is  manifeft,  that  the  former,  A  L, 
has  no  effect  in  prom.oting  the  motion  of  the  plane  in  the 
direction  C  B  ;  fo  that  the  latter  A  K,  only,  meafures  the 
effort  hy  which  the  particle  promotes  the  motion  of  the 
plane  C  E  in  the  direction  C  B.  Let  E  M  and  E  N  be 
perpendicular  to  C  A  and  C  B,  in  M  and  N  ;  and  the 
number  of  particles,  moving  with  direftions  parallel  to 
A  C,  incident  upon  the  plane  C  E,  v.-ill  be  as  E  M. 
Therefore  the  effort  of  the  fluid  upon  C  E  being  as  the 
force  of  each  particle,  and  the  number  of  particles  to- 
gether,   it    will    be    as  A  K  X   E  M  ;  or,    becaufe  A  K 

M  F=  y   FN 
is  to  A  P  (=  E  M)   as  E  N  to  C  E,  as  cE"^' 

fo  that  C  E  being  given,  the  problem  is  reduced  to  this,  to 
find  wiien  E  M'  x  E  N  is  the  greateft  poffible,  or  a  maxi- 
mum. Bntbecaufe  the  fumtif  E  M-and  of  E  N'  (=  C  M') 
is  given,  being  always  equal  to  C  E',  it  follows  that  E  N' 
X  E  M-  is  greateft  when  E  N"  =  j  C  E  ;  in  the  fame 
manner  as  it  was  demonllrated  above,  that  when  the  fum  of 
AC  and  CB  (;%•  I-)  was  given,  AC  x  C  B'  was 
greateft,  when  AC  =  i  A  B.  But  when  E  N'  X  E  M'  is 
greateft,  its  fquare  root  EN  x  E  M'  isof  neceflity  at  the 
fame  time  greateft.  Tiierefore  the  aftion  of  the  fluid  upon 
the  plane  C  E,  in  the  direflion  C  Bj  is  greateft  when  E  N" 
=  i  C  ES  and  confequently  E  M '=;  *  C  E  ;  ihat  is,  when 
E  M,  the  fine  of  the  angle  ACE,  in  which  the  ft;ream 
ftrikes  the  plane,  is  to  the  radius,  as  the  ./  2  to  ,/  3  ;  in 
which  cafe  it  eaiiiy  appears,  from  the  trigonometrical  tables, 
that  this  angle  is  of  j'4°  44'. 

Several  ufeful  problems  in  mechanics  may  be  refolved  by 
■what  was  ftiewn  in  the  preceding  paragraph.  If  we  re- 
prefent  the  velocity  of  the  wind  by  A  C,  a  feftion  of  the 
fail  of  a  windmill,  perpendicular  to  its  length  by  C  E, 
as  it  follows  from  the  nati>re  of  the  engine,  that  its  axis 
ought  to  be  turned  dircftly  towards  the  wind,  and  the 
fail  can  only  move  in  a  direftion  perpendicular  to  the  axis, 
it  appears,  that  when  the  motion  begins,  the  wind  will  have 
the  greattlt  effect  to  produce  this  motion,  when  the 
angle  A  C  E,  in  which  the  wind  ftrikes  the  fail,  is  of 
54  44'.  Ib  the  fame  manner,  if  C  B  reprefent  the  di- 
rection of  the  motion  of  a  fnip,  or  the  pofition  of  her  keel, 
abftracting  from  her  lee-way,  aad  A  C  be  the  direftion  of 
the  wind,  perpendicular  to  her  way,  then  the  moil  ad- 
vantageous petition  of  the  fail  C  E,  to  promote  her  motion 
in  the  direftion  C  B,  is  when  the  angle  ACE,  in  which 
the  wind  ftrikes  the  fail,  is  of  i^^'  44'.  The  belt  pofition  of 
the  ladder,  where  it  may  have  the  greatell  effeft  in  turning. 


round  the  ftiip,  is  determined  in  like  tnanner,  and  the  fame 
angle  enters  likewife  into  the  determination  of  the  figure  of 
the  rhombufes  tjiat  form  the  bafes  of  the  cells  in  which 
the  bees  depofit  their  honey  in  the  moll  frugal  manner. 
(See  HoxEY-Comi  )  But  it  is  to  be  carefully  obferved,  that 
when  the  fine  of  the  angle  A  C  E  is  to  the  radius  as  ^/  2  to 
^/  3  ;  or,  which  is  the  fame  thing,  when  its  tangent  is  to 
the  radius  as  the  diagonal  of  afquarc  to  its  fide  ;  this  is  the 
moft  advantageous  angle  only  at  the  beginning  of  the 
motion  of  the  engine  ;  fo  that  the  fails  of  a  common 
windmill  osight  to  be  fo  iiiuated,  that  the  wind  may  in- 
deed ftrike  tliem  in  a  greater  angle  than  that  of  54'  44'. 
For  it  IS  demonftrablc,  that  when  any  part  of  the  engine 
has  acquired  the  velocity  c,  the  effort  of  the  wind  upon 
that  part  will  be  greatell,  when  the  tangent  of  the  angle 
in  which  the  wind  ftrikes  it,  is  to  the  radius,  not  as  the 

V  2  to  I,  but  ^/  2  x    -- —  X    —  to  I,  the  velocity  of  the 

4  a'         2  a 

wind  being  reprefented  by  a.  If,  for  example,  c  ■=  iaf 
then  the  tangent  of  the  angle  ACE  ought  to  be  double 
of  the  radius  ;  that  is,  the  angle  ACE  ought  to  be  of 
63^26'.  If  c  =  a;  then  ACE  ought  to  be  of  74^  19'^ 
This  obfervation  is  of  the  more  importance,  becaufe,  in 
this  engine,  the  velocity  of  the  parts  of  the  fail  remote 
from  the  axis  bears  a  confiderable  proportion  to  the  ve- 
locity of  the  wind,  and  perhaps  fometimes  is  equal  to- 
it  ;  and  becaufe  a  learned  author,  Daniel  Bernouilli,  has 
drawn  an  oppofite  conclufion  from  his  computations  in 
his  hydrodynamics,  by  miftaking  a  minimum  for  a  maxi- 
mum ;  where  he  infers,  that  the  angle  in  which  the  wind 
ftrikes  the    fail,    ought    to    decreafe  as  the  diftance  from 


the    axis    of   motion  increafes 
ought   to  ftrike 


thal^  if  ;:  =  a,  the  wind 
in  an  angle  of  4^'' ;  and  that  if  the  fail 
be  in  one  p'ane,  it  ought  to  be  inclined  to  the  wind,  at 
a  medium,  in  an  angle  of  50".  How  he  fell  into  thefe 
mi'lakcs,   is   fhewn  by   Maclaurin,  in  his  Fluxions,  5  914. 

In  like  mann.r,  though  the  angle  -\  C  E  of  54  44' 
be  the  moit  advantageous  at  the  beginning  of  the  motion, 
when  a  ihip  fails  with  a  fide  wind  ;  yet  it  ought  to  be 
enlarged  afiervvards  as  the  motion  increafes.  In  general, 
let  A  a  (Jig.  3  )  parallel  to  C  B,  be  to  A  C,  as  the  ve- 
locity whicti  tire  engine  has  already  acquired  in  the  direc- 
tion C  B,  to  that  of  the  ftream  ;  upon  A  C  produced,, 
take  A  D  to  A  C  as  4  to  5,  draw  D  G  parallel  to  C  B, 
and  let  a  circle  delcribed  from  the  centre  C  with  the  ra- 
dius C  a,  meet  D  G  in  ^ ;  and  the  plane  C  E  fhall  be  in 
the  moft  advantageous  fituation  for  promoting  the  motion, 
of  die  engine,  when  it  bifefts  the  angle  a  C  g. 

It  is  generally  fuppofed,  that  a  direft  wind  always  pro- 
motes the  motion  of  a  fliip,  the  fail  being  perpendicular  to 
the  wind,  more  than  any  fide-wir.d  ;  and  this  has  been  af- 
firmed in  feveral  late  ingenious  treatifes  ;  but,  to  prevent 
miftakes,  we  are  obliged  to  obfcri-e,  that  Maclaurin  has 
demon  ftrated  the  contrary  in  his  Trealife  of  Fluxions^ 
J  919  ;  where  other  inftances  of  this  fecond  general  problem 
in  mechanics  are  given,  to  which  we  refer.  See  Maclau- 
rin's  Account  of  fir  Ifaac  Newton's  Philofophical  Difcove- 
ries,  book  ii.  chap.  3.  p.  1 73. 

Let  <?  denote  the  abfolute  effort  of  any  movijig  force>, 
when  it  has  no  velocity,  and  fuppofe  it  not  capable  o£ 
any  effort  when  the  velocity  is  W  ;  let  F  be  the  effort  an-.- 
fwering  to  the  velocity  V,  then  if  the  force  be  uniform,  w&; 
ftiali  have 


MACHINE. 


Tor  it  is  tVie  diiTerence  between  ttie  velocities  W  an'l  V 
which  is  efficient,  and  theaftion,  being  conllant,  will  vary  as 
tlie  fqiiare  of  the  efficient  velocity.  Hence  we  (hall  have 
this  analogy, 

0  :  F  ::  (W-o)'-;  (W  -  V)', 

and,  confeqaently, 

¥  =  <p 


velocity  of  the  force,  in  order  that  the  work  done  may  be  S 


maximum. 


Akhotigh  the  prolTure  of  an  animal  is  not  a£lually  uniform 
during  the  whole  time  of  its  aftion,  yet  it  is  nearly  fo,  and 
therefore  in  geweral  we  may  adopt  this  hypotbelis,  in  or- 
der to  approximate  to  the  true  nature  of  animal  adion.  On 
which  fuppofition  the  preceding  propofition,  as  well  as  the 
following  one,  will  apply  to  animal  exertion.  By  retaining 
the  fame  notation^  we  have  alfo 


Or  the  'oiorh  done  hy  an  animal  Is  the  greatejl  when  the  'vg' 
locity  with  which  it  moites,  is  ene-third  of  the  grentejl  •vetocitj 
ivith  which  it  is  capable  of  moving  ivhen  not  impeded. 

Agaui,  lince  we  have 


T  =  <p 


W  = 


V  a/(P 


,/  0  -  ^/  F 

Avhich  formula,  applied  to  the  motion  of  animals,  gives  the 
following  theorem. 

The  ulnic/l  velocity  with  which  an  animal,  unimpeded,  can  move, 
is  to  the  velocity  ivith  tvhich  it  m.ves  when  impeded  with  a  given 
rejijlance  ;  as  the  fquare  root  of  its  abfolute  force  to  the  dif- 
Jercnce  of  the  fquare  roots  of  its  abfolute  and  efficient  forces. 

Again,  to  inveftigate  expreffions  by  means  of  which  the 
maximum  effeft..  in  machines  whofe  motion  is  uniform,  may 
be  determined. 

1.  it  follows  from  the  obfervations made  in  the  preceding 
-part  of  this  article,  that  when  a  machine,  whether  limple  or 
compound,  is  put  into  motion,  the  veloc;t  es  of  the  impelled 
and  working  points  are  inverfely  as  the  fwrces  which  are  in 
equilibrio  when  applied  to  thofe  points  in  the  direftion  of 
their  motion.  Confequently,  if  /"  denotes  the  refillance 
when  reduced  to  tlie  working  point,  and  v  its  velocity  ; 
while  F  denotes  the  force  acting  at  the  impelled  point,  and  V 
its  velocity,  we  (hall  have  F  V  :=;  _/"■!),  or  introducing  t,  the 
time,  F  V  ^  zi:  y  "u  /      Hence 

In  all  working  machines  which  have  acquired  an  uniform  mo- 
tion/the  performance  of  the  machine  is  equal  to  the  momentum  of 
.the  impulfe. 

2.  Let  F  be  the  effort  of  a  force  upon  the  impelled  point 
of  a  macTiine,  when  it  moves  with  a  velocity  V,  the  velocity 
being  W,  when  F  =  o,  and  let  the  relative  velocity  W  — 
V  ^  u. 


Then,  fince  F  = 


/W  - 
W 


^)-,  b, 


the  foregoing  pro- 


pofition, the  momentum  of  impulfe  F  V  becomes 

becaufe,  fince  W  —  V  =  «,  we  have  V  =  W  —  //. 

Now  making  this  expreffion  for  F  V  a  maximum,  or  fup- 
preffing  the  conftant  quantities,  and  making 

,a'  (W  —  a)  ^  a  maximum, 
we  have,  by  throwing  it  into  fluxions, 

a  a  «  W  —  3  a'  a  =  O,  or  2  W  =  3  M,  or  a  =  I  W  ; 

whence,  again,  V  =  W-  a  =:  W  -  JW  =  4  W. 

•Confequently,  when  the  ratio  of  V  to  ii  is  given  by  the 
condruftion  of  the  machine  ;  and  the  refillance  is  fiifceptible 
of  variation,  we  ought  to  load  the  machine  more  or  lefs,  till 
the  velocity  of  the  impelled  point  is  one-third  of  the  greateH 


u 

W'  "  ''     W 
in  the  cafe  of  the  maximum,  we  have  alfo    ' 

•       FV=|?)V=$^.i  W=/^<pAV, 

for  the  momentum  of  impulfe,  or  for  the  work  done  when 
the  machine  is  in  the  bed  (late. 

Confequently,  when  the  refiftance  is  a  given  quantity,  we 
mud  make 

V  :  •u  :  :  9/  :  4.  ?:, 
•which  ftnidlure  of  the  machine  will  give  the  maximum  effedl 
=  ,V  ^  W.  . 

If  we  enquire  the  greateft  effect  on  the  fuppofition 
that  1^  only  is  variable,  we  mud  make  it  infinite  in  the 
above  expreffion  for  the  work  done,  which  would  then  be- 
come 

WF,  orW  -/,  or  W-//, 

V  V 

including  the  time  in  the  formula. 

Whence  we  come  to  this  important  conclufion,  viz. 

Thai  the  fum  of  the  agents  employed  to  movea  machine  may  le 
infinite,  <whHe  the -effed  is  finite. 

For  the  variations  of  I,  Avhich  are  proportional  to  this 
fum,  do  not  influence  the  above  expreffion  for  the  effeft. 
The  lad  theorem  may  be  applied  to  the  aftion  of  men  and 
of  horfes,  with  more  accuracy  than  might  at  fird  be  fuppofed. 
Obfervations  have  been  made  on  men  and  horfes  drawing  a 
lighter  along  a  canal,  and  working  feveral  days  together. 
The  force  exerted  was  mealiired  by  tlie  curvature  and  weight 
of  the  track  rope,  and  afterwards  by  a  fpring  ileelyard. 
The  produil  of  the  force  thus  afcertained  into  the  velocity 
perhowt,  was  confidered  as  the  momentum  ;  and  in  this  way 
the  adlion  of  the  men  was  found  to  be  very  nearly  as 
(VV  —  V)'.  The  aftion  of  the  horfes,  loaded  fo  as  not  to 
be  able  to  trot,  was  nearly  as  (W  —  V)  •",  or  as  (W  —  V^|^ 
Hence  the  hypothefis  above  adopted  may,  in  many  cafes,  be 
fafely  alTumed.  According  to  the  bed  obfervations,  the 
force  of  a  man  at  red  is  on  an  average  about  feventy  pounds, 
and  the  utmod  velocity  with  which  he  can  walk  is  about  fix 
feet  per  fecond,  taken  at  a  medium.  Hence  in  the  above 
theorems  ^  =  70,  and  W  =  6  ;  confequently  F  =:  ^  9 
=  ji^lbs.,  the  greated  force  a  man  can  exert  when  in  mo- 
tion, and  he  will  then  move  at  the  rate  of  i  W,  or  two  feet 
per  fecond,  or  rather  lefs  than  1  4  mile  per  hour. 

The  drength  of  a  horfe  is  generally  reckoned  about  fix 
times  that  of  a  man,  that  is,  about  42olbs.  at  a  dead  pull. 
His  utmod  walking  velocity  is  about  ten  feet  per  fecond  ; 
and  therefore  his  maximum  aflion  will  be  i  x  420=3  iS6fibs. 
and  he  will  then  move  at  the  rate  of  \  of  10,  or  3^  ieet  per 
fecond,  or  nearly  2^  mi  es  per  hour.  In  both  thefe  initances 
we  fiippofe  the  force  to  be  exerted  in  drawing  a  weight, 
by  a  cord  running  over  a  puUey,  which  makes  its  direction 
horizontal. 

The  theorem  above  given  may  ferve  to  fhew  under  what 

points  of  view  machines  ought  to  be  coiifid-ered  by  thofe 

who  would  labour  beneficially  for  tlieir  improvement.     The 

ikft  objeCil  of  utihty  is  in   furiiilhing  the  means  of  giving 

4  to 


M  A  C  H  I  N  E. 


^  tVe  mbving  force  the  mod  commodious  diredion,  and 
whc;  it  can  be  done  of  caufing  its  aclion  to  be  applied  im.'ne- 
dia;ely  to  the  body  to  be  rtiovcd.  Thefe,  it  is  true,  can 
rarelv  be  united,  but  the  former  may,  in  moll  inllances,  be  ac- 
complifiied  ;  of  which  the  ufe  of  the  fintple  lever,  pulley 
and  wheel  and  axle,  furnifh  many  examples.  The  fecond 
objeft  gained  by  the  ufe  of  machines,  is  an  accommodation 
of  the  velocity  of  the  work  to  be  performed,  to  the  velocity 
with  which  alone  a  natural  power  can  a<S.  Thus,  whenever 
the  working  pov/er  acls  with  a  certain  velocity,  which  cannot 
be  changed,  and  the  work  mull  be  performed  with  a  greater 
velocity,  a  machine  is  interpofid  round  a  fixed  fupport,  and 
the  diliance  of  the  impelled  and  working  points  are  taken 
ia  the  proportion  of  the  two  given  velocities.  But  the  ef- 
fen'^ial  advantage  of  machines,  and  that  in  faft  which  proper- 
ly ^pertains  to  the  theory  of  mechanics,  confiifs  in  augment- 
iog,  or  rather  modifying  the  energy  of  the  moving  power, 
in  fuch  a  manner  that  it  may  produce  effeds,  of  which  it 
would  otherwife  have  been  ir.capable.  Thus  a  man  might 
carry  up  a  flight  of  ileps  twenty  pieces  of  ftone,  each  weigh- 
ing fay  3olbs.  one  by  one,  i..  as  fmall  a  time  as  he  could,  with 
the  fame  labour,  raife  them  all  together  with  a  piece  of  ma- 
chinery, that  would  have  tlit!  velocities  of  the  impelled  and 
working  points  as  twenty  to  one,  and  in  this  cafe  the  inftru- 
ment  would  furnifli  no  real  advantage  except  in  laving  his 
fteps.  B  !t  if  a  large  block  of  20  times  30,  or  6colbs  ,  were 
to  be  raifed  to  the  fame  height,  it  would  far  exceed  his  ut- 
raolt  eiForts  to  accompli{h  it,  without  the  intervention  of 
feme  machine.  Or  the  fame  purpofe  mav  be  illwflrated 
fomewhat  differently,  confining  the  attention  ItiU  to  thofe  ma- 
chines whofe  motion  ia  uniform.  The  produciy-u  reprefen's, 
during  the  unit  of  time,  the  effeil  which  refults  from  the 
motion  of  therefiftance  ;  this  motion  being  produced  in  any 
manner  whatever.  If  it  be  produced  by  applying  the  moving 
force  immediately  to  the  rcfiilance,  ic  is  neceffary,  not  only 
that  the  produft  F  V  :=■  f'd,hut  alfo  at  the  fame  time  F  =f 
and  V  =  ^> ;'  if,  therefore,  as  mod  frequently  happens,  f  be 
greater  than  F,  it  will  be  abfo'.utely  impoffible  to  put  the  re- 
finance in  motion,  by  applying  the  ra''vjng  power  mmiediate- 
Jy  to  it.  Now,  machines  furnifh  the  means  of  difpofing  of  the 
product  F  V  in  fuch  a  manner,  that  it  may  always  be  equal  to 
jf-v,  however  m.uch  the  faclorsf  F  V  rr.ay  differ  from  the  analo- 
gous factors  iny  *  ;  and  confequently  of  putting  the  fyltem  in 
motion,  whatever  may  be  the  excefs  ofy" above  F.  Or,  gene- 
rally, as  Prony  remarks,  (Arch.  Hydiaul.  art.  501.)  ma- 
chines enable  us  to  difpofe  of  the  factors  F  V  /  in  fuch  a 
manner,  that  while  that  .product  conti^iues  the  fame,  its  fac- 
tors may  have  to  each  other  any  ratio  at  pleafure.  Thus,  to 
give  another  example  :  fuppofe  that  a  man,  exerting  his 
llrenglh  immediately  upon  a  mafs  of  25lbs.  can  raife  it  ver- 
tically, with  the  velocity  of  four  feet^cr  fecond  ;  the  fame 
man  afting  upon  a  mafs  of  iooo!i>s.  cannot  give  it  any  ver- 
tical motion,  though  he  exerts  his  utmoll  ftrength,  unlefs  he 
has  rt'courfe  to  lome  machine.  Now  he  is  capable  of  producing 
an  efFett  equal  to  3,  x  4  x  /  ;  the  letter  t  being  introduced, 
becaufe,  if  the  labour  be  continued,  the  vaiue  of  t  will  not 
be  indefinite,  but  comprifed  wilhm  aifignable  limits.  Thus 
we  have  25  X  4  x  /  ^  1000  x  ^<  x  /  ;  and,  confequently, 
1)  :=  -r'cth  of  a  foot.  This  man  may,  therefore,  with  a  machine 
as  a  lever,  or  axis  in  peritrichlo,  caufea  mafs  oT  icoolbs. 
to  rife  ,'j,th  of  a  foot  m  the  fame  timS  that  he  could  raife 
iclbs.  4  feet  without  a  machine ;  or  he  may  raife  the 
crreater  weight  as  far  as  the  lefs,  by  employing  forty  times 
as  much  time.  From  what  has  now  been  fajd  on  the  extent 
of  the  effefts  which  may  be  attained  by  machines,  it  will  be 
fetn,  that  fo  long  as  a  moving  force  «xercifes  a  detertninate 


effort  with  a  velocity  hkewife  determinate,  or  fo  long  as  the 
produft  of  thcfe  is  conftant,  the  effects  of  the  machine  will 
remain  the  fame  :  fo  that  under  this  point  of  view,  fuppofing 
the  preponderance  of  the  effort  of  the  moving  power,  and  ab- 
llrafting  from  inertia  and  friction  of  materials,  the  conve- 
nience of  application,  &c.,  all  machir.es  are  equally  perfect. 
But  from  what  has  been  (hewn  in  the  preceding  part  of  this 
article,  a  moving  force  may,  by  diminifhing  its  velocity,  aug- 
ment its  effort,  and  reciprocally.  There  is,  therefore,  a  cer- 
tain effort  of  the  moving  force,  fuch  that  its  product  bv  the 
velocity,  which  comports  to  that  effort,  is  the  greateft  polfi- 
ble.  Now  admitting  of  the  truth  of  the  refults  in  the  pre- 
ceding propofitions  V  =  ^  W,  or  F  =  5  ^,  and  thefe  two  ■ 
values  obtaining  together  their  produdl,  -^\  i  W  expreffes 
the  value  of  the  greatelt  effect  with  refpeft  to  the  unit  of 
tm;e ;  and  in  prattice  it  will  always  be  advifable  to  approach 
as  nearly  to  thefe  values  as  circumftances  will  admit,  for  it 
cannot  be  expected  that  it  can  al.va)  s  be  exactly  attained. - 
But  a  fmall  variation  will  not  be  of  much  confequence ;  for 
by  a  well  known  property  of  thofe  quantities,  which  admit;' 
ot  a  proper  maximum  or  minimum,  a  value  affumed  at  a  mo- 
derate diliance  from  either  of  thefe  e.\tremes,  will  produce- 
no  fenfible  change  in  the  etfeft. 

If  the  relation  of  F  to  V  followed  any  other  law  than  that' 
which  we  have  affumed,  we  Hioiild  find  from  •  the  expreffion 
of  that  law,  values  of  Fand  V,,&c.  different  from  the  pre- 
ceding, but  the  general  method   would   be  Hill  nearly  the 
famv. 

Wi*h  refpeft  to  praftice,  the  grand   ohjeft-  in   all  cafes^- 
Ihould  be  to  procure  an  uniform  motion,  becaufe  it  is  fronv- 
that  which,  ceteris  paribus,  the  greatelt  eftett,  always  refults. 
Every  irregularity  in  the  motion  wattes  fome  of  the  impelling;^ 
power,  and  it  is  the  greatelt  only  of  the  varying  velocities 
which  is  equal  to  that,  which  it  would  acquire   if  it  moved  ■ 
uniformly  tliroughout  ;   for  while  the  motion  accelerates,  the 
impelling  power  is  greater  than   what  balances  the  refiftance- 
at  that  timeoppofed  to  it,  and  the  velocity  is  lefs  than  what 
the  machine  would  acquire,  if  moving  uniformlv  ]  and  when  • 
the  machine  attains  its  greateft  velocity,  it  attains  it  becaufe 
the  power  is  not  then  acting  againit  tiie  whole  reCftance.      In 
both  thefe  cafes,  tlierefore,  the  performance  of  the  machine 
is  lefs  than  if  the  power  and   the  refiftance  were  exactly  ba-- 
lanced,  ia   which  cafe  it  would   move   uniformly.     Befides  - 
this,  when    the   motion  of  a   machine,  and  particularly    a- 
vc-ry   ponderous  one,  is  irregtilar,  there  are,  as  we  have  al- 
ready remarked  in  the  preceding  part  of  this  article,  conti- 
nual repetition';  of  fti-ains  and  joits",  which  foon  derange,  ands 
ultid'.afely  dellroy  the  whole  liructure. 

In  the  preceding  remarks  and  propofitions,  relative  to  the  ■ 
maximum  eff-i5t  of  machines,  we  have  availed  ourfelves  of  an  ' 
interefting  chapter  on  this  iubject  in  Gregory's  Mechanics,  . 
in  which  the  theory  is  purfued  to  a  much  greater  length  than  • 
our  limits  will  admit  of,  botli  with  regard  to  machines  whofe 
motions  are  uniform  and  accelerated ;  and  to  which  we  would  ; 
refer  the  reader  for  further   information.      See  al.'o  Prony'g  - 
"  Architedture   Hydraulique,"  from  art.  487  to  507  ;  and 
the  lall  cd  tion  of  Fcrgufon's   Mechanics  by   Brewller,    in  ■ 
which  an  interefting  paper  on  this  fubjedt  is  given  by  pro- 
feffor  Lcflie. 

Machine  for  taking  down  extemporaneous  pieces  of  mu- 
fic,  commonly  called  •uolunlaries.     Such  a   contrivance  h^s  ■ 
been  long  among  mufical  defidir:i\i   ai  the  moil  important 
kind.     To   fix  fuch  floating   founds   as   are   generated   in 
the   extatic  moments   of  enthufiafm,  while   "  bnght-eyed . 
fancy 

«•  Scatters  ■ 


MACHINE. 


«  Scatters  from  her  piclured  urn. 

Thoughts  that  breathe,  and  nolcs  that  burn," 

•would  be  giving  permanence  to  ideas  which  refleAion  can 
never  find,  nor  memory  retain. 

The  firfl  idea  of  fuvh  a  contrivance  being  prafticable  was 
fug^efted  to  the  Royal  Society  of  London,  in  a  paper  writ- 
ten by  the  late  Rtv,  Mr.  Creed,  and  fent  to  the  prcfident, 
1747,  under  the  foUowinij  title  : 

"A  demonflration  of  the  poffibility  i>i  making  a  machine 
that  fliall  write  exlnnpore  vjhintarks,  or  other  pieces  of  mulic, 
as  fall  as  any  mailer  Ihal!  he  able  to  play  them,  upon  a:i  or- 
gan, harpfichord,  &c.  and  that  in  a  cl  arjcter  more  natural 
and  intelligib'e,  and  more  expreffive  of  all  the  varieties  tliofe 
inllrnments  are  capable  of  exhibiting,  than  the  charafter  now 
in  ufe." 

This  paper  was  publiflied  the  fame  year  in  the  Philofo- 
phical  Tranfaflions,  N"  183,  and,  afterwards,  in  Martyn's 
Abridgment,  vol.  x.  p.  266  ;  and  the  author's  idea  always 
appeared  to  us  fo  feafible,  that  we  have  long  wondered  at  its 
not  having  been  executed  by  fome  ingenious  Eiigiilh  ree- 
■chanic. 

The  firft  mention  that  we  can  find  to  have  been  made  at 
Berlin,  of  fuch  a  contrivance,  was  in  1752,  in  a  printed 
"Weekly  Account  of  the  mod  remarkable  Difcoveries  in 
Nature  and  Science."  In  175.5,  an  ample  defcription  of 
fuch  a  machine  appeared  in  the  fame  weekly  publication  : 
and  here,  in  an  elaborate  preface,  the  author  point.s  out  the 
great  want  of  fuch  a  piece  of  mechanilm,  its  utility,  and 
properties  ;  and  concludes  with  faying,  that  this  mnchii.e, 
io  big  with  advantages  to  mufic  aati  mui'cians,  is  the  particu- 
lar in-vcntiou,  BcfouTiCce  CrIiiiTiune,  of  M.  Uiiger. 

The  defcription  preceded  the  execution  fome  time.  The 
invention  was  here  only  recommended  to  the  public,  and  of- 
fered to  be  completed,  and  applied  to  a  keyed  inftrument,  at 
a  fmall  expence.  It  was  M.  Hohlfeld  who  afterwards  con- 
llrufted  the  machine,  and  rendered  it  fo  perfeft,  that  we  were 
alTured  by  a  great  performer,  who  tried  it  upon  a  clavichord, 
that  there  was  no  rellnement  in  mufic  which  it  could  notex- 
prefs,  except  tempo  rubato. 

The  defcription  of  the  Berlin  machine  fo  much  refemblcs 
that  pj-opofed'by  Mr.  Creed,  that  we  (hall  not  infert  it  here, 
but  refer  our  readers  to  the  Philofophical  Tranfaftions,  where 
he  w.U  find  that  the  machine  was  to  confill  of  two  cylinders, 
■which  were  to  be  moved  by  clockwork,  at  the  rare  of  an  inch 
in  a  fecond  of  time  ;  one  of  thefe  was  to  furmlli  paper,  and 
the  other  was  to  receive  it  when  marked  by  pins  or  pencils, 
fixed  at  ths  ends  of  the  feveral  keys  of  die  inllrument  to 
which  the  machi'.e  was  applied.  The  paper  was  to  be  pre- 
vioufly  prepared  with  red  lines,  which  were  to  fall  under  their 
refpeftive  pencils. 

The  chief  difficulties  in  the  execution,  wliich  have  oc- 
curred to  Englifh  mechanics,  with  whom  we  have  converfed 
on  the  fubjcft,  were,  the  preparation  of  the  paper  for  re- 
ceiving the  marks  made  by  the  keys  ;  and  the  kind  of  inftru- 
ment which  was  to  ferve  as  a  pencil,  and  which,  if  hard  and 
pointed,  would,  in  the  forte  part",  tear  the  paper ;  and  if 
foft,  would  not  only  be  liable  to  break  when  ufed  with  vio- 
lence, but  would  be  worn  unequally,  and  want  frequent  cut- 
ting.   • 

In  the  Berlin  machine  the  pencils  were  approximated  ac- 
cording to  Mr.  Creed's  idea,  and  made  to  terminate  m  a  very 
narrow  compafs,  fo  that  'paper  of  an  uncommon  fize  was 
not  requifite  ;  but  it  was  not  found  necefl'ary  to  prepare  the 
paper,  as  propofed  in  the  Philofophical  Tranlaftions  ;  for 
the  degree  of  gravity  or  aculeiicfs  of  each  found  was  afcer- 


tained  by  a  ruler  applied  to  the  marked  paper,  when  lake?! 
off  the  cylinder. 

About  the  year  1780,  the  late  ingenious  and  marvellous 
mechanic  Merlin,  ftimulated  by  the  reports  ot  this  machine 
having  been  '"ucccfsfully  conllrufted  in  Germany,  and  by 
our  earned  recommendation  of  the  undertaking,  went  to 
work,  and  apparently  vanquiflicd  all  the  difficulties  of  con- 
ftruclion,  except  the  time  inevitably  necdlary  for  its  com- 
pletion ;  as  he  was  never  able  to  fimplity  the  mechanifm  fo 
much  as  to  render  its  appropriation  within  the  reach  of 
great  compofers  and  voluntary  players  in  general,  to  whof; 
ufe  only  it  feems  to  belong  ;  he  difpoled  of  his  model  to  a 
foreign  nobleman,  who  had  it  conveyed  to  Germany,  and 
we  believe  never  fabricated  another  machine  of  the  fame 
kind.     See  Mkblin. 

/  Machine,  in  Dramatic  Poetry,  is  when  the  poet  brings 
fome  divinity  or  fiiperr.atural  being  upon  the  llage  ;  to  per- 
form fome  exploit,  or  folve  fome  difficulty,  out  ot  the  reach 
of  human  povver. 

The  machines  of  the  drama  arc  gods,  angels,  ghofls,  &:c. 
They  arc  fo  called  from  the  machines  or  contrivances  by 
which  they  are  reprcfenled  upon  the  Ihigc,  and  afterwards 
removed  again. 

PIciice  the  ufe  of  the  word  machine  has  alfo  paffcd  into  the 
epic  poem  ;  though  the  reafon  of  its  name  be  there  want- 
ing. It  denotes,  in  both  cafes,  the  intervention  or  miniltry 
of  fome  divinity  ;  but  as  the  occafion  of  machines  in  the  one 
and  the  other  is  I'ome what  different,  the  rules  and  laws  of 
managing  them  are  different  likewife. 

The  ancient  dramatic  poets  never  brought  any  machine 
on  the  ftage,  but  where  there  was  an  abfolute  lu-cellity  for 
the  prefence  of  a  god  ;  and  they  were  generally  laughed  at 
for  fufft-ring  themfelves  to  be  reduced  to  iuch  a  neccffity. 
Accordingly,  Arillotle  lays  it  down  as  an  exprefs  law,  that 
the  unravelling  of  the  piece  fhould  arife  from  the  fable  it- 
felf,  and  not  from  any  foreign  machine,  as  in  the  Medea. 
Horace  is  iomewhat  lefs  fcvere,  and  contents  himlelr  with 
faying,  that  the  gods  fiiould  never  appear,  unlefs  where  the 
nodus,  or  knot,  is  worthy  of  their  prefence  ;  "  Nee  deus 
interlit,  nili  dignus  vindice  nodus — inciderit."  But  it  is 
quite  otherwife  with  the  epopea  ;  in  that  there  muft  be  ma- 
chines every  where,  and  in  every  part.  Homer  and  Virgil 
do  nothing  without  them.  Petronius,  with  his  ufual  fire, 
maintains,  that  the  poet  (hould  deal  more  with  the  gods 
than  with  men  ;  that  he  (liould  every  where  leave  marks  of 
his  prophetic  raptures,  and  of  the  divine  fury  that  poffeffes 
him  ;  that  his  thoughts  (hould  be  all  full  of  fables,  that  is, 
of  ahciiorics  and  figures  ;  in  fine,  he  will  have  a  poem  dif- 
tinguiilied  from  a  hillory  in  all  its  parts;  not  fo  much  by 
the  verfes,  as  by  that  poetical  fury,  which  expreffes  itfelf 
wholly  by  allegories  ;  and  does  nothing  but  by  machines, 
or  the  minillry  of  the  gods.  A  poet,  therefore,  mull  leave 
it  to  the  hiftorian  to  fay,  that  a  fleet  was  difperfed  by  a 
tt(n-m,  and  driven  to  foreign  (bores  ;  and  mult  himfelf  lay, 
with  Virgil,  that  Jnno  went  to  feek  ^olus  ;  and  that  this 
god,  at  her  requell,  turned  the  winds  loofe  againll  the  Tro- 
jans  :  he  muft  leave  the  hiilorian  to  write,  that  a  young 
prince  behaved  with  a  great  deal  of  prudence  and  difcretion 
on  all  occafions  ;  and  muft  fay,  with  Homer,  that  Minerva 
led  him  by  the  hand  in  all  his  enterprizes :  let' an  liifto- 
rian  fay,  that  Agamemnon,  quarrelling  with  Achilles,  hath 
a  mind  to  Ihew  him,  though  railtakenly,  that  he  can  take 
Troy  without  his  affiilance  ;  the  poet  mull  fay,  that  Thetis, 
piqued  at  the  affront  her  fon  had  received,  flies  up  to  heaven, 
thire  to  demand  veni;eauce  of  Jupiter;  and  that  this  god,  to 
fatisfy  her,  lisnds  the  god  Ssmirjs,  or  Sleep,  to  Agamemnon, 

to 


MACHINE. 


to  deceive  Wm,  and  make  him  believe  that  he  (hall  take  Troy 
that  day. 

It  is  thus  that  the  epic  poets  ufed  machines  in  all  parts  of 
their  works  ;  in  the  Iliad,  OdyiTey,  and  TEneid,  the  pro- 
pofition  mentions  them  ;  the  invocation  isaddrefTed  to  them; 
and  the  narration  is  full  of  them  :  they  are  tiie  caufes  of 
actions  ;  they  make  the  knots,  and  at  laft  they  unravel  them. 
This  laft  circiimftance  is  what  Ariftotle  forbids  in  the 
drama ;  but  it  is  what  Homer  and  Virgil  have  both  prac- 
tifed  in  the  epopea.  Thus-  Minerva  fights  for  Ulyffes 
againft  Penelope's  lovers  ;  helps  him  to  detlroy  them  ;  and, 
the  next  day,  herfelf  makes  the  peace  between  Ulyfles  and 
the  Ithacans  ;  which  clofes  the  OdyiTey.  The  ufe  of  ma- 
chines in  the  epic  poem  is,  on  fome  accounts,  entirely  op- 
pofite  to  what  Horace  prefcribes  for  the  theatre.  In  tra- 
gedy, that  critic  will  never  have  them  ufed  without  an  ab- 
iolute  neccffity  ;  whereas,  in  the  epopea,  they  (honld  never 
be  ufed,  but  where  they  may  be  as  well  let  alone  ;  and 
■where  the  action  appears  as  if  it  did  not  neceffarily  re- 
quire them.  How  many  gods  and  machines  does  Virgil  im- 
plore to  raife  the  ftorm  that  drives  ^neas  into  Carthage  ; 
which  yet  might  eafily  have  happened  in  the  ordinary  courfe 
©f  nature. 

In  Milton's  Paradife  Loft,  moft  of  the  aftors  are  fuper- 
natural  perfonages  ;  and  in  Voltaire's  Henriade,  the  poet  has 
made  excellent  ufe  of  St.  Louis. 

Machines,  in  the  epic  poem,  therefore,  are  not  contri- 
vances of  the  poet,  to  recover  him  felf  after  he  has  made  a 
falfe  ftep,  nor  to  folve  any  difficulty  peculiar  to  fome  part 
of  the  poem  ;  but  it  is  the  prefence  of  a  divinity,  and  fome 
fupematural  and  extraordinary  adlion,  which  the  poet  inferts 
in  moft  of  the  incidents  of  his  work,  to  render  it  more 
majeftic  and  admirable,  and  to  train  up  his  readers  to  piety 
and  virtue.  This  mixture  ftiould  always  be  fo  managed,  as 
that  the  machines  may  be  retrenched,  without  retrenching 
any  thing  from  the  aftion.  As  to  the  manner  in  which  the 
machines  are  to  aft  ;  it  may  be  obferved,  that  in  the  old  my- 
thology, there  are  gods  both  good,  bad,  and  indifferent  ;  and 
that  our  pafQons  may  be  converted  into  fo  many  allego- 
rical divinities  :  fo  that  every  thing,  both  good  and  bad  in  a 
poem,  may  be  attributed  to  thefe  machines,  and  may  be 
tranfafted  by  them.  They  do  not,  however,  always  aft 
in  the  fame  manner  ;  fometimes  they  aft  without  appearing, 
and  by  fimple  infpirations,  vv-hich  have  nothing  in  them  ex- 
traordinary or  miraculous  ;  as  when  we  fay,  the  devil  fng- 
gefted  fuch  a  thought,  &c.  The  fecond  manner  of  afting 
is  entirely  miraculous  ;  as  when  a  divinity  preients  itfelf  vi- 
fible  before  men,  fo  as  to  be  known  by  them  ;  or  when  they 
difguife  themfelves  under  fome  human  form  without  dif- 
covering  themfelves.  The  third  manner  partakes  of  each 
of  the  two,  and  confifts  in  oracles,  dreams,  and  extraordi- 
nary infpira'ions  :   all  which  Bofl-i  calls  dcniimacljims. 

All  thefe  msn  ers  ought  to  be  fo  managed  as  to  carry  a 
verifimilitude  :  and  though  verifimiluude  be  of  a  vail  extent 
in  machines,  as  being  founded  on  the  divine  power,  yet  it  has 
its  bounds.  See  farther,  on  the  importance  and  ufe  of  ma- 
chinery, the  article  Epic  Poem. 

Machine,  in  yijricu/lure,  a  term  applied  to  inftriiments 
of  various  kinds  which  are  contrived  either  for  jhe  pnr- 
pofe  of  leftcning  labour  or  performing  rhff  different  opera- 
tions and  procefles  of  the  art  with  greater  accuracy  and 
correftnefs,  fuch  as  thofe  of  fowing,  drilling,  reaping, 
threlhing,  winnowing,  and  a  great  many  others.  The  term 
is  moft  commonly  employed  when  the  nature  of  the  tool 
is  of  the  more  complex  kirid.  It  may,  however,  be  em- 
ployed  with  propriety  in  many  other  circumftances.  See 
THnESHING  Alaehine. 

Vol.  XXI. 


Machine,  /IrchiteSonical,  is  an  afTcmblage  of  pieces  of 
wood  fo'  difpofed,  as  that,  by  means  of  ropes  and  pullies, 
a  fmall  number  of  men  may  raife  vaft  loads,  and  lav  them 
in  their  places.     Such  are  cranes,  &c. 

It  is  hard  to  conceive  what  fort  of  machines  the  ancients 
mnft  have  ufed  to  raife  thofe  immenfe  ftones  found  in  feme 
of  the  antique  buildings.     See  Machine, yi/^ra. 

Machine,  Blowing.  See  Bellows,  and  Blowing  Ma- 
chine. 

Machine,  Bruifmg,  a  contrivance  for  the  purpofe  of 
cruftiing  and  reducing  grain,  pulfe,  malt,  and  othcf  arti- 
cles, fome  of  which  are  employed  as  team  fo')d.  Machines 
of  this  kind  are  made  in  London  by  Rowntree  and  others. 

Machine,  Chajf-cutttng,  a  tool  contrived  for  the  purpofe 
of  cutting  ftraw,  hay,  and  other  fimiiar  materials  into  chaff 
for  the  purpofe  of  food  for  tcam-horfes,  and  other  animals. 
There  are  various  dcfcriptions  of  this  kind  of  machinery 
which  aft  on  very  different  principles,  and  fome  of  them 
have  lately  undergone  very  much  improvement.    See  Chafp- 

CUTTER. 

Machine,  Draught,  a  fimple  contrivance  formed  for  the 
purpofe  of  afcertaining  the  force  or  power  of  draught,  in 
drawing  ploughs,  and  various  other  implements  where 
draught  is  required.  A  machine  of  this  fort,  invented  by 
Mr.  More,  late  fecretary  to  the  Society  for  the  Encourage- 
ment of  Arts,  &c.  in  London,  is  thus  defcribed  by  Mr. 
Young  in  the  firft  volume  of  the  Annals  of  Agriculture.  It 
is  a  fpring  coiled  within  a  cylindrical  cafe,  havijig  a  dial- 
plate,  marked  with  numbers  like  that  of  a  clock,  and  fo 
contrived  that  a  hand  moves  with  the  motion  of  the  fpring, 
and  points  to  the  numbers  in  proportion  as  the  force  is 
exerted  :  for  inftancc,  when  the  draught  equals  i  cwt. 
over  a  pulley,  the  hand  points  to  Jig.  i  ;  when  the  draught 
is  equal  to  2  cwt.  it  points  to  Jig.  i  ;  and  fo  on.  Till 
this,  very  ufeful  machine  was  invented,  Mr.  Young  fays, 
it  was  exceedingly  difficult  to  compare  the  draught  of  dif- 
ferent ploughs,  as  there  was  no  rule  to  judge  but  by  the 
exertions  of  the  horfes  as  apparent  to  the  eye  ;  a  very  in- 
decifive  mode  of  afcertaini;]g  their  force. 

Machine,  DrilU  that  fort  of  tool  which  is  employed  in 
fov.'ing  and  depoliting  various  kinds  of  grain,  pulfe,  and 
fnrall  feeds,  in  drills  or  rows.  They  are  very  differently 
formed,  according  to  the  purpofes  for  which  they  are  in- 
tended, and  the  manner  of  drilKng  which  is  intended  to  be 
praclifed. 

They  require  to  be  conftrufted  with  great  corrcftnefs, 
and  in  as  fimple  a  manner  as  poffible,  in^rder  that  they  may- 
perform  their  work  with  accuracy,  both  in  refpeft  to  the 
drills,  the  quantity  of  feed,  and  the  depth  of  depofitiiig  it 
in  the  foil. 

Iij  the  choice  of  this  fort  of  machinery,  the  farmer  (hould 
be  p;  incipally  directed  by  the  nature  and  extent  of  his  land, 
the  fituation  which  it  poffeffes,  and  the  kinds  of  crops  which 
he  intends  to  cultivate.  They  have  lately  been  fo  con- 
trived, as,  by  flight  alterations  in  the  fowing  parts,  to  be 
capable  of  not  only  fowing  grain  as  well  as  Imali  feeds,  but 
of  executing  the  v.-ork  at  diflerent  diftances,  and  in  a  greater 
or  lefs  number  of  rows  at  once,  as  circumftances  may  re- 
quire. 

There  are  fcveral  machines  of  this  nature,  which  perform 
the  bufinefs  in  a  very  exaft  and  regular  manner;  among 
which  arc  Cook's,  Bailey's,  Amofe's,  M'Dougal's,  and 
many  others ;  each  of  which  fow  fe-.-eral  rows  at  the  fame 
time,  and  fome  of  them  are  likewife  capable  of  forming 
horfe-hoes. 

BcfiJes  thefe.  there  are  alfo  drills  conftrufted  for  parti. 
%  C  cuiar 


M  A  C  H  I  N  E. 


eular  forts  of  crops,  as  tliofe  of  peas,  beans,  turnips,  Sec. 
See  Plough  Drill,  and  TuRNir  Drill. 

A  drill  machine,  invented  by  Mr.  Robert  Salmon  of 
Woburn,  Btdfordfhire,  which  obtained  the  premium  given 
by  the  duke  of  Bedford,  at  Wnluirn  fliccp-flicaring,  a  few 
years  ago,  for  the  bed  newly-invented  aejricultural  imple- 
ment, is  defcribed  below.  This  machine  drills  and  fows  at 
the  fame  time ;  and  tlie  principal  improvement  in  it,  as  in 
Cook's  drill,  and  others,  coiifills  in  conilrnfting  it  in  fuch  a 
manner,  that  the  workman  who  holds  the  drill  has  a  perfcft 
command  upon  it,  w'ith  rcfpeft  to  the  direflion  in  which  it 
fhall  move,  ev^-n  though  the  horie  which  draws  it  flionld  de- 
viate from  the  line  the  drill  is  intended  to  follow.  In  Plate 
{Machines)  /tgricullurc,  is  given  a  defcriptive  reprefcntation 
of  the  machine,  in  which  yTi;-.  i  is  a  feftion  of  a  part,  fig.  2 
an  elevation  of  the  fame,  fig.  4  is  a  pcrfpeftive  view  of  the 
whole,  dcndifigs.  3  and  5  detached  parts. 

The  great  wheels,  A,  A,  fig.  4,  have  their  axle-trees  at- 
tached to  the  bed  B,  to  which  are  framed  the  long  handles, 
D,  D,  forming  a  frame  independent  of  the  remainder  of  the 
machine,  and  having  no  connexion  with  it,  except  in  the 
middle  of  the  bed  B,  where  a  fiiort  beam,  E,  is  jointed  to 
it,  as  is  well  explained  in  fg.  1  ;  the  other  end  of  this  beam 
is  mortifed  into  a  crofs  beam  F,  to  which  the  three  drills, 
G,  G,  G,    are  fixed  ;    a  frame  formed  of  two   horizontal 
pieces,    H,  H,    fgs.   2   and  4,    and   four   vertical   pieces, 
I,  I,  I,  I,  is  erefted  upon  F  ;  the  handles,  D,  D,  pafs  ber 
tween   H,  H,  but  are  not  fixed  thereto  ;   the  hook  a,  by 
which  the  machine  is  drawn,  is  fixed  to  the  two  middle  up- 
rights,  I,  I,  and  a  llrong  chain  leads  to  the  harnefs  of  the 
horfe  employed  ;   K  is  the  feed-box  fiipported  from  H,  H, 
by  two  uprights  for  the  purpofe  ;  the  box  is  a  fruftum  of  a 
■pyramid,  and  joins  at  the  bottom  to  a  prifmatic  box,  con- 
taining the  feed-roller  b,  fg.  I,  which  is  exaftly  the  fame 
length  as  the  box,  and  comes  through  its  ends,  its  pivots 
being  fupported  by  a  piece  of  iron-plate  fixed  at  the  end  of 
the   box,  as   feen  in  fg.  4  ;    a  brufh,  d,  prelTes  upon  the 
roller,  and  is  adjuftable  by  a  fcrcw  that  it  may  always  bear 
upon  it  with  an  equal  degree  of  force  ;  a  number  of  notches 
is  cut  in  the  circumference  of  the  roller,  and  as  the  box  K 
is  full  of  feed,  it  always  refts  upon  the  roller  ;  when  it  turns 
round,  it  takes  one  of  the  notches  full  of  feed,  and  pafRng 
it  by  that  means  under  the  end  of  the  brudi  d,  delivers  it 
into  a  tin-plate  tube  r,  which  conveys  it  down  into  the  fur- 
row made  by  the  drill ;   the  Toller  has  three  feries  of  notches 
anfvvering  to   the  thrpe  drills   G,  G,  G  ;    at  e,  a  piece  of 
leather  prelTes  againft  the  roller,  to  prevent  any  feed  getting 
down,  except  that  which  palTes  under  the  brufli  ^;  y"  is  a 
Aider,  which  ftops  the  feed  from  coming  down  to  the  roller, 
when  {liovcd  in,  and  is  ufed  when  the  machine  is  required  to 
advance  without  fov.'ing,  or  when  a  lefTer  number  of  rows 
is  required  to  be  fown.     The  roller  is  turned  hy  means  of 
an  endlefs  chain,  q  q,  palling  round  a  groove  made  in  the 
middle  of  the  roller,   from   thence  it   proceeds  tlirough  a 
block   of  pullies  at  /,  fhewn   feparate  in  fg.  5,  to  a  frnall 
wheel  h  ;   the  block,  /,  is  made  of  cad-iron,  and  Aides  freely 
up  and  down  between  the  two  innermoft  uprights,  T,  I,  of 
the  frame;  its  weight  keeps  the  chain  always  tight,  and 
prevents  it   from  /lipping  without  turning  the  roller  ;   the 
wheel,  h,  is  fixed  upon  an  axle^,  on  the  end  of  which  is  a 
cog-wheel,  turned  by  anotlicr  cog-wheel  on  the  nave  of  the 
great  wheel  A  ;  ihefe  wheels  are  enclofed  in  a  box  /-,  which 
likewife  contains  a  contrivance  for  difengaging  the  wheels, 
fliewn  on  a  Urger  fcale  in  fg.  3,  where  /i  is  a  feftion  of  the 
axle /I,  pafTing  through  a  loHg  ftaple  fixed  to  the  bed  B  ;  it 
can  Aide  up  and  down  in  this  ftaple,  except  when  confined 
by  a  catch  0,  preffed  againft  it  by  a  fpring.     In  the  prefent 
8 


pofition,  the  cog-wheels  are  engaged  to  work  together  :  but 
by  pulling  the  cords  m  and  /,  the  former  draws  back  tfie 
catch  0 ;  and  the  other,  by  means  of  the  crooked  lever  n  n, 
raifcs  up  the  axle  p,  and  difengages  the  cog-wheels ;  the  re- 
turn of  the  catch,  0,  prevents  its  defccnt ;  the  cords,  /  and 
in,  are  coi}dudtcd  to  the  end  of  the  handles,  D,  D  where 
they  are  both  attached  to  one  handle,  in  reach  of  the  work- 
man who  guides  the  machine. 

The  operation  of  the  drill  is  exceedingly  fimple.  As  the 
horfe  draws  it  along  by  means  of  the  chain,  the  drills, 
G,  G,  G,  make  the  furrows,  and  the  feed-roller  delivers 
the  "feed  in  fmall  quantities,  and  at  regular  intervals  into 
them.  As  the  hook  a,  from  which  the  chain  draws,  is 
placed  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  machine,  it  will  ealiiy  be 
made  to  follow  any  other  line  than  that  in  which  the  horfe 
draws,  by  turning  the  handles,  D,  I),  to  one  Or  other  fide. 
This  alters  the  direftion  of  the  wheels.  A,  A,  which  im- 
mediately  proceed  in  that  line,  and  the  drill  follows  them. 
This  quality  is  of  the  greatell  conCequence  in  making 
ftraight  work.  L  is  a  crofs  piece  fixed  to  the  handles, 
D,  1),  and  fupporting  a  handle  M,  by  which,  and  one  of 
D,  the  workman  holds  when  he  guides  the  drill,  as  he  is 
then  in  a  pofition  to  fee  the  drills  made  lall,  and  adapt  the 
prefent  ones  to  them  ;  the  wheel  always  going  in  the  laft 
made  drill.  Another  handle,  fimilar  to  M,  is  hxed  to  the 
other  end  of  L,  to  be  ufed  when  the  machine  is  on  the  other 
fide  of  tlie  work ^  done  laft.  The  drills  arc  fixed  to  the 
piece  F  by  fcrew?,  and  their  dillanee  from  one  another  can 
be  altered  at  plealure.  The  feed-box  containing  the  roller 
is  Blade  in  two  halves,  connefted  by  hooks,  fo  that  it  can 
be  taken  apart,  and  the  roller  removed  for  a  frefli  one  to  be 
put  in  with  different  fized  ootches,  for  fowing  a  different 
kind  of  grain. 

The  drawing  Was  taken  from  a  machine  made  by  Mr. 
Shepherd,  Woburn,  and  exhibited  at  Woburn  fhcep-fhcaring, 
June  1808.  Mr.  Salmon  has  made  a  great  number  of  the 
fame  pattern,  which  are  now  in  ufe,  and  are  found  to  anfwer 
well.  Several  of  them  have  five  drills  inftead  of  three,  and 
are  in  that  cafe  worked  by  one  horfe. 

In  this  drill,  at  whatever  diftance  the  fliares  are  placed  to 
go  from  each  other,  the  diftance  from  the  wheels  to  the 
two  outfide  rows  is  alway  equal  thereto  ;  confcquently,  when 
at  work,  one  or  the  other  of  the  wheels  always  runs  in  the 
laft  fhade  drill,  thereby  guaging  accurately  the  interval  be- 
tween esch  bout  the  drill  goes ;  and  as  the  holder  always 
goes  in  the  line  of  the  wheel,  he  can  diftindly  fee  and  cor- 
rect the  fmalleft  error  that  may  have  been  made  in  any 
previous  bout. 

In  all  cafes,  one  horfe  is  fnfficient  to  draw  this  drill  either 
for  three  or  more  rows,  as  little  depends  on  the  liorfe's 
inclination ;  and  a  driver  can  be  dilpenled  with,  where 
tradlable  horfes  are  ufed.  As  in  all  machines  of  this  fort, 
in  proportion  to  the  number  and  diftance  of  rows  made,  fo 
will  be  the  quantity  of  work  performed. 

M.AcmxE,  Elellrlcal.     See  Electrical  Machine. 

MAriiiN'E,  Fan,  in  Agrhiilliire,  a  tommon  name  applied 
to  that  fort  of  tool  which  is  employed  in  removuig  the  chaff 
from  the  grain.     See  Windowing  Machine. 

Maciune,  Land'I .tvelling,  the  name  of  an  ufefiil  ma- 
chine, invented  by  Mr.  David  Charles,  for  the  purpofe  of 
rendering  high  ridges  and  other  inequalities,  in  fuch  lands 
as  are  in  a  ftate  more  level  and  even  in  their  lurface.'. 
It  would  feem  probable  that  no  effeftive  implement  of 
this  fort  has  hitherto  been  introduced.  But  fuch  a  ma- 
chine is  faid,  in  "  Tranfaftions  of  the  Society  of  Arts,"  to 
be  ufeful  and  neceffary  even  in  the  mod  fertile  parts  of  the 
country,  where  the  improved  fyftem  of  drill-hufbandry  has 

been 


MACHINE. 


been  introduced,  or  CTen  where  there  is  any  attention  to  the 
wafle  of  time,  or  to  the  eafe  of  cattle  iri  the  aft  of  plough- 
ing ;  in  order  to  get  rid  of  crooked  or  unequal  ridges,  with- 
out either  a  fummer  fallow  by  crofs  ploughing,  or  elfe  by 
frequent  repetitions  of  ploughing  in  the  winter  and  fpring, 
which  the  humidity  of  this  climate  will  not  allow  in  every 
kind  of  foil.     "  Fourteen  acres  of  land  were  redaced  with 
this  tool  by  the  inventor  to  a  perfeft  level,  where  the  crowns 
of  the  ndges  were  about  two  feet  higher  than  the  furrows, 
and   where  they   were   crooked  and   of  unequal  breadths. 
Bat  the  chief  fuccefs  has  been  upon  a  field  of  c'ght  acres, 
which  lay  in  an  unprofitable  flate,  and  which  is  a  deep  clay, 
that   had   produced   a  crop  of  wheat  from  an  old  lay  fod 
the  former  year,  without    any   manure,  which  was  winter 
ploughed,  and  lay  in  that  flate  until  the  machine  was  intro- 
duced the  firll  dry  weather  in  April.      It  was  preceded  by 


the  upper  frame  work  of  the  machine,  extending  from  the  axl^' 
to  the  extremity  of  the  handle^',  f,f,  and  fecured  lirmly  by 
the  crofs  pieces,  g,  g,  the  curved  iron  (lidtrs  of  the  machirif, 
which  may  be  raifed  or  depreifed  a  little  by  means  of  the 
pins,  /),  h,  which  pafs  through  holes  in  the  wood-work,  and 
alfo  in  the  iron  Oidcrs.     Thefe  llidcrs  form  one  piece  with 
thf  back  iron  fcraper  /',  in  the  manner  more  fully  explained 
m  Jig.  3,  k,  the  wooden  back  of  the  machine,  which  Ihould 
be  made  ftrong,  to  refill  the  weight  of  the  eartii  when  col- 
ledled  therein.     The  iron  fcraper  (hould  be  firmly  lecured 
to  this  by  fcrews  and  iron  work  ;  /,  /,  the  wooden  fides  of 
the   machine,    firmly  connedted    with  the   back  and  frami: 
work,  in  order  to  alFiil  in  coUecling  the  eartli  to  be  removed  ; 
m,  a  ttrong  crofs  piece,  into  which  the  ribs  which  fupport 
the  back  are  well  mortifed. 

The  interior  part  of  the  back  of  the  machine  is  fnev.n 


two  horfe  plougho,  taking  perhaps  a  fquare  of  an   acre  at     at  k,  m  Jig.  3  :    i,  the  iron   fcraper,    lli;irp  at  the  bottom, 

once:  thele  loofened  the  foil  the  depth  of  a  common  fur- 
row, and  twice  the  breadth  acrofs  the  ridges.     The  levelling 

machine  followed,  drawn  by  two  oxen  and  two  horfes,   with 

a  man  at  each  handle,  to  prefs  it  down  where  the  height  was 

to  be  removed,  and  to  lift  up  the  body  by  the  handles  where 

it  was  to  be  dilcharged.     Thus,  four  men,  one  driver,  and 

eight  head  of  cattle,   will  more  effertually  level  from  haif  an 

acre  to  three  roods  in  one  day,  according  as  the  earth  is 

light  or  heavy,  than  fixty  or  eighty  men  would  accompli Ih 

with  harrows  and  (hovels,   Sec.   even  with  the  alTidance  of  a 

plough.  In  fandy  ground,  where  the  depth  of  one  furrow 
will  bring  a'l  to  a  level,  as  much,  of  courie,  will  be  done  in 
one  day  as  two  ploughs  can  cover  ;"  but  in  this  cafe,  the 
ground  required  to  be  gone  over  feveral  times.  It  is  further 
ftated,  that  "  after  this  field  was  levelled,  the  backs  of  the 
ridges,  as  they  are  termed,  which  were  dripped  of  their 
vegetable  mould,  were  ploughed  up,  the  turrows  not  re- 
quiring it.  They  were  alio  harrowed,  and  the  field  copioufly 
manured  with  lime-compofl,  harrowed  in,  and  broke  into 
nine  feet  ridges,  perfedily  itraight,  in  order  to  introduce 
Duckit's  drill.  It  was  (own  under  furrow,  broad-caft,  the 
lafl:  of  it  not  until  the  ijth  of  May,  and  was  cut  down  a 
reafonable  crop  the  4th  of  September."  And  "  the  field 
now  lies  in  proper  form,  well  manured,  with  the  advantage 
of  a  fair  crop  from  heavy  tenacious  ground,  without  lofing 
a   feufon,   and  in    a  year   by   no  means  favourable."      The 


firmly  fcrewed  to  the  back  of  the  machine;  g, g,  parts  of 
the  fide  irons  or  fiiuer?,  fhcwlng  the  mode  in  which  they 
are  united  with  the  fcraper  /';  m,  tlie  crofs  piece  already 
defcribcd. 

Machines,  Military,  among  the  Ancients,  were  of  three 
kinds  :  the  firil  ferving  to  launch  arrows,  as  the  fcorpion  j 
or  javelins,  as  the  catapulta  ;  or  ftones,  as  the  balifla  ;  or 
fiery  darts,  as  the  pyrabolns  :  the  fecond  ferving  to  beat 
down  walls,  as  the  battering  ram  and  terebra :  and  the  third 
to  flie!ter  thole  who  approach  the  enemies  wall,  as  the  tor- 
toife  or  tefludo,  the  vinea,  phiteus,  and  the  towers  of  wood. 
Thefe  machines,  together  with  their  proportions  and  pro- 
perties, are  deicribed  in  the  works  of  Vitruvius,  Am.mianus 
i^.IarceUinus,  and  other  writers.  Mr.  Grofe  has  given  de- 
fcriptions  and  drawings  of  tliefe  in  ihe  Jir/l  volume  of  his 
"  Military  Antiquities,"  chap.  xii. 

Machine,  Stone-UJting,  in  Agriculture,  an  implement  of  the 
triangle  kind,  fimilar  to  that  uicd  by  vood-cuiters  for  weigh- 
ing bark,  conllrufted  for  the  purpofe  of  raifing  large  flones 
of  fome  tons  weight  ufed  in  the  northern  parts  of  Scotland, 
and  many  other  places.  It  is  fuppok-d  to  fave  much  es- 
pence  in  powder  and  boring,  as  well  as  labour,  three  men 
being  fufRcient  to  work  it.  It  is  defcribcd  in  the  Agricul- 
tural Survey  of  Perthihire  in  this  manner. 

"  The  three  legs,  ad,  b  d,  and  c  d,  which  are  ffjewn  at 
Jig.  4,  are  beams  of  any  hard  wood,  four  inches  thick*  {\-^ 


writer  is  "  well  aware  tliere  are  many  fliallow  foils,  where  niches  broad,  and  about  fourteen  feet  long.  Their  thin- 
it  may  be  hazardous  to  remove  the  enriched  furface,  and  nell  fide  points  inwards,  which  gives  them  more  ilrength. 
trull  perhaps  one  half  of  the  land  for  a  crop  that  had  never  Tlieir  feet  form  on  the  ground  an  equilateral  triangle  die, 
before  been  expofed  to  the  atmofphere ;  but  where  the  foil  and  their  three  tops  at  d  are  fixed  together  by  an  iron  rod, 
is  fufRcieiitly  deep,  or  there  is  a  good  under-flratum,  with  which   paffes  through  each.     The  two  legs  j  </ and  i  if  are 


manure  at  hand  to  correct  what  is  four  for  want  of  expofure 
and  tillage,  it  is  evident,  from  this  experiment,  that  no  ritk 
is  run."  And  in  order  "  to  avoid  the  ejfpence  of  a  fallow, 
and  to  lay  out  ground  in  ftraight  and  even  ridges,  even 
where  drill  hufb.indry  is  not  pratlifed,  fhould  be  objeAs  to 
every  rational  farmer ;  but  where  the  new  fyilem  is  intended 
to  be  adopted,  it  becomes  indifpenfibly  neccflary.  In- 
laying down  lawns,  parks,  &c.  v.here  furrows  are  an  eye- 
fore,  or  places  inacceflible  to  wheel-carriages  from  their  de- 
clivity, and  from  which  earth  is  to  be  removed,  it  will  alfo 
be  found  equally  ufetul."  BeUdes  thefe,  there  are  many 
other  cafes  in  which  the  old  rounded  ridges  may  be  levelled 
down  with  great  advantage,  either  by  this  or  fome  other 
means. 

A  reprefentation  of  this  machine  is  given  at^^'.  i.  in  Plate 
(Mackinei)  Agriculture,  in  which  a.  Jig.  2.  is  a  part  of  the  pole, 
to  wliichthe  oxen  or  horfes  which  draw  the  machine  are  fall- 
ened,  and  a  hich  is  attached  to  the  machine  by  a  pm  at  b  ;  c,c, 
the  two  wheels,  fhod  with  iron,  which  run  upon  the  axle  d'l  et, 


fixed  to  one  another  by  the  wiiidlafs  h,  and  by  the  crofs-bar 
0  p  q.  There  are  two  puUiea  ^  and  y",  with  an  iron  hook 
two  inches  in  circumference  to  each  ;  gg g  may  be  (more 
than  one,  but  rather)  one  iron  chain  winch  goes  round  the 
ftoiie  n,  while  lying  in  the  ground  at  in,  below  its  greatefl 
diameter,  or  where  it  begins  to  become  narrow.  This  chain 
confills  of  rounded  links,  which  are  about  three  inches  long, 
and  about  the  thicknefs  of  a  man's  little  finger.  It  has  a 
hook  at  one  end,  that  may  be  put  into  any  link  towards  the 
other  end,  which  will  make  it  embrace  the  Hone  exaclly, 
and  be  of  the  fame  circumference,  where  the  Itoiie  touches 
the  earth  ;  h g,  h g,  h g,  are  (horter  chains  oFthe  fame  v,ork. 
manfhip,  whufe  hosks  are  fixed  into  hnks  of  the  furround- 
ing  chain  at  ^^^'■,  and  to  on  round  the  ftone,  having  thi 
correfpunding  link  of  each  fixed  on  the  hook  of  the  lower 
pulley  at  /;.  Tlie  whole  rope  mull  be  of  the  fune  thicknefi 
with  the  two  great  liooks,  two  ir.i;hes  in  circumference. 

"All  things  being  thus  prepared,  two  men  turn  roar.d 
the  handles  of  the  cylinder,  and  the  wagjoner  alliihn^  them. 
SCz  by 


M  A  C 


MAC 


by  applyinjr  a  lever  to  any  fide  of  the  ftone  that  feems  to  be 
firmed,  tliey  force  it  aloft,  and  hold  it  up  at  the  proper 
height,  until  the  driver  put  his  carriage  backward  between 
i  and  c,  which  carriage  ought  to  have  a  i^rong  frame  upon 
four  low  llout  wheels  ;  then  the  ftone  is  let  gently  down 
and  carried  away." 

By  this  fort  of  machine  large  ftones  or  other  bodies  can 
be  raifed  and  removed  without  any  great  difficulty. 

Machine,  Thre/hing,  a  contrivance  made  ufe  of  inftead 
of  the  flail  for  threfliing  corn  and  other  feed  crops.  See 
Threshing  Mnchhf, 

Machine,  WaUr,  or  Hydraulic,  is  either  ufed  to  fignify 
a  fimple  machine,  ferving  to  conduft  or  raifc  water  ;  as  a 
fluice,  pump,  &;c.  or  feveral  of  thefe  afting  together,  to 
produce  fome  extraordinary  effeft  ;  as  the 

Machine  r/yl/dW;.  SeeMAHU.  See  alfo  YiRv^-engme, 
STK\M-enaine,   and  WATER-'ztioris. 

Maciiinl:,   IValfr-raipn^,  a  fort  of  machine  contrived  for 
the  purpofe  of  raifmg  water  a  few  feet  high  by  the  po  A-cr 
of  the  luinJ,  for  the   purpofe  of  draining   moraflTes,  or  of 
watering   lands   on   a  higher  level,  and   other   finiilar  ufes. 
A  feftion  of  it  is  given  at  fig.  j,  and  it  is  defcribed  by  the 
author  of  the  Philofuphy  of  Agriculture  and  Gardening  to 
"confift  of  a  windmill  fail  placed  horizontally,  like  that  cf 
a  fmoke-jack,  furroundcd  by  an  oclagpn  tower  ;  the  divcrg-- 
ing  rays  of  this  tower,  a  h,  a  i,  may  confift  of  two-inch  djals 
only,  if  on  a  fmall  fcale,  or  of  brick-work  if  on  a  larger  one. 
Thefe   upright   pillars  are   connefled  together   by  oblique 
horizontal  boards  at  A  B,  by  which  boards  placed  horizon- 
tally  from   pillar  to  pillar  in  refpeft  to  their  length,  but  at 
an  angle  of  alxjut  45  degrees  in  refpeft  to  their  breadth,   f  > 
as   to   form    a  complote  oftagon,   including   the  horizontal 
windmill  fail  near  the  top  of  it ;  the  wind,  as  it  ftrikes  againft 
any  of  them,  from   whatever  quarter  it  comes,  is  bent  up- 
wards,   and   then   ftrikes   againft   the    horizontal   wind-fail. 
Thefe  horizontal  boards,   which  form  the  fides  of  the  pfla- 
gon,  may   either  be  fixed  in  their  fituations,  or  be  made  to 
turn  upon  an  axis  a  little  below  their  centres  of  gravity,  fo 
as  to  clofe  thcmfelves  on  that  fide  of  the  oftagon  tower  moft 
didant  from  the  wind.      It  may  be  fuppofed  that  the  wind 
thus  reflefted,  would  lofe  confiderably  of  its  power  before  it 
ftrikes  on  the  wind-fail;  on -fixing  a  model  of  fuch    a  ma- 
chine, however,  on  the  arm  of  a  long  whirling  lever,   with 
proper  machinery  to  count  the  revolutions  of  the  wind-fail, 
when   thus  included   in  a  tower,   and  moving  horizontally  ; 
and  then   when   moved  vertically,  as  it  was  whirled  on   the 
arm  of  the  lever  with  the  fame  velocity,  it  was  found  on 
many   trials   by  Mr.  Edgeworth,  in  Ireland,  and  Dr.  Dar- 
win, at  Derby,  that  the  wind,  by  being  thus  reverted  up- 
wards by  a  fixed  planed  board,  did  not  feem  to  lofe  any  of 
its   power.     And  as  the  height  of  the  tower  may  be  made 
twice  as  great  as  the  diameter  of  the  fail,  there  is  reafon  to 
conclude,  the  doftor  thinks,  that  the  power  of  the  horizontal 
wind-fail  mjy  be  confiderably  greater,   than  if  the  fail  was 
placed  nearly  vertically  oppofed  to  the  wind  in  the   ufiial 
manner.      At   the   bottom   of  the  ftiaft  of  the  wind-fail  is 
placed  a  centrifugal  pump  with  two  arms  at  D,  C,  which 
confills  fimply   of  an  upright  bored  trunk,  or  cylinder  of 
lead,  with  two  oppofite  arms  with  an  adapted  valve  at  the 
bottom  to  prevent  the  return  of  the  water,  and  a  valve  at 
the  extremity   of  each  arm  to  prevent  any  ingrefs   of   air 
above  the  current  of  the   water  as  it  flows  out  ;  cccc  is  a 
circular  trough  to  receive  the  ftreams  of  water  from  C  and 
D,  to  convey  them  where  required  in  any  particular  opera- 
tion or  proceft. 

And  at  fy.  6    is  another  machine,  invented  by  Mr.  Ser- 
geant,  of  Whitehaven,    calculated  for   raifing    or  farcing 


water  in  particular  cafes,  as  for  domeftic  or  other  ufes.  ft 
is  extremely  fimple  and  cheap  in  its  conftruftion,  the  wdiole, 
exclufive  of  the  pump  pipes,  &c.  not  colling  more  than  five 
pounds.  The  objedt  for  which  it  was  particularly  contrived 
was  that  of  raifing  water  for  the  fupjjly  of  a  gentleman's 
houfe  from  a  ftream  running  at  the  dillance  of  about  140 
yards.  In  which  intention  a  dam  was  made  a  little  diftance 
above,  fo  as  to  eaufc  a  fall  of  about  four  feet,  the  water 
being  brought  by  a  wooden  trough,  into  which  was  inferted 
a  piece  of  twg-inch  leaden  pipe,  a  part  of  which  is  feen  at 
a,  in  the  figure;  the  llream  of  this  pipe  is  fo  directed  as  to 
run  into  the  bucket  be,  when  the  bucket  is  elevated  ;  but  as 
foon  as  it  begins  to  defcend,  the  ftream  flows  over  it,  and 
goes  to  fupply  the  wooden  trough,  or  well,  in  which  the 
foot  of  the  forcing  pump,  c,  ftands,  of  three  inches  bore  ; 
d  is  an  iron  cjlinder  attached  to  the  pump  rod,  which  pafles 
through  it,  which  is  filled  with  lead,  and  is  in  weij/ht  about 
240  pounds.  This  is  the  power  which  works  the  pump, 
forci.ig  the  water  through  240  feet  of  inch  pipe  from  the 
pump  up  to  the  houle.  At  e  a  cord  is  fixed,  which,  when 
the  bucket  comes  to  within  four  or  five  inches  of  its  loweft 
projeftion,  becomes  ftretched,  and  opens  a  valve  at  the 
bottom  of  it,  through  which  the  water  difcharges  itfelf. 
This  fort  of  pump  may  be  found  very  beneficial  in  a  variety 
of  inftances  where  its  application  can  be  admitted. 

Machine,  tFiiid.  See  Anemometeh,  and  Wind  Ma^ 
chine. 

MACHINERY,  in  the  Lyric  theatre,  or  Opera-houfe. 
In  the  early  operas  of  Italy,  during  the  17th  century,  it 
feldom  happened  that  the  names  of  the  poets,  compofers, 
or  fingers,  were  recorded  in  printed  copies  of  the  words  ; 
though  that  of  the  machinift  was  feldom  omitted;  and  much 
greater  care  feems  to  have  been  taken  to  am  ufe  the  eye  than 
the  ear  or  intelleft  of  thofe  who  attended  thefe  fpeiSacles. 

In  1675,  we  are  told,  in  the  Theatrical  Annals  of  Venice, 
that  a  mufical  drama,  called  La  Divifione  del  Mondo,  writ- 
ten by  Giulio  Cefare  Corradi,  and  fet  by  Legrenzi,  excited 
univerfal  admiration,  by  the  ftupendous  machinery  and  de- 
corations with  which  it  was  exhibited.  And  in  1680,  the 
opera  of  Berenice,  fet  by  Domenico  Frefchi,  was  performed 
at  Padua  in  a  manner  fo  fplcndid,  that  fome  of  the  decora- 
tions recorded  in  the  printed  copy  of  the  piece  feem  worthy 
of  notice  in  this  article.  The  mufical  drama  coi'.fifted  of 
poetry,  mufic,  dancing,  machinery,  and  decorations ;  and 
it  wotild  be  curious  to  point  out  the  encroachments  which 
any  one  of  thefe  conftitucnt  parts  at  different  periods  has 
made  upon  the  reft.  In  the  beginninef  it  was  certainly  the 
intention  of  opera  legiflators  to  favour  Poetry,  and  make  her 
miftrefs  of  the  feaft  ;  and  it  was  a  long  while  before  Mufic 
abfohitely  took  the  lead.  Dancing  only  ftept  into  import- 
ance during  the  laft  century;  but  very  early  in  the  17th 
century,  machinery  and  decorations  vis^e  fo  important,  that 
little  thought  or  expence  was  bellowed  on  poetry,  mufic,  or 
dancing,  provided  fome  means  could  be  devifed  of  exciting 
aftonifhment  in  the  fpeftators,  by  fplendid  fcenes  and  in- 
gei.ious  mechanical  contrivances. 

In  the  opera  of  Berenice  juft  mentioned,  there  were 
chorufes  of  one  hundred  virgins,  one  hundred  foldiers,  one 
hundred  horfemen  in  iron  armour,  forty  cornets  of  horfe, 
fix  trumpeters  on  horfeback,  fix  drummers,  fix  enfigns,  fix 
facbuts,  fix  great  flutes,  fix  minftrels  playing  on  Turkiih 
inftruments,  fix  others  on  o£lave  flutes,  fix  pages,  three 
ferjeants,  fix  c^'mbahils,  twelve  huiufmen,  twelve  grooms, 
fix  coachmen  for  the  triumph,  fix  others  for  the  procefijon, 
two  lions  led  by  two  Turks,  tv/o  elephants  by  two  others, 
Berenice's  triumphal  car  drawn  by  four  horieS,  fix  other 
cars  with  piifouers  and  fpoils  drawn  by  twelve  horfes,  fix 

coachea 


MACHINERY. 


Coaches  for  the  proccffion.  Among  the  fccnes  and  rcprc- 
fentations  in  the  firfl  aft,  was  a  vafl  plain,  with  two  trium- 
phal arches ;  another,  with  pavilions  and  tents ;  a  fqiiare 
prepared  for  the  entrance  of  the  triumph  ;  and  aTorcIl  for 
the  chace.  Aft  II.  the  royal  apartments  of  Berenice's 
temple  of  vengeance  ;  a  fpacious  court,  with  a  view  of  the 
prilon  ;  and  a  covered  way  for  tlie  coaches  to  move  in  pro- 
ceflion.  Aft  III,  the  royal  drefTina^  room,  completely  fur- 
nifhed  ;  ftables  with  one  hundred  live  horfcs  ;  portico 
adorned  with  ta;'eftry  ;  a  delicious  palace  in  pcrfpeftive. 
And  belidcs  a!l  thefe  attendants  and  decorations,  at  the  end 
of  the  firit  aft,  there  were  reprefentations  of  every  fpccies 
of  chace  :  as  of  the  wild  boar,  the  ftag,  deer,  and  bears  ; 
and  at  the  end  of  the  third  act,  an  enormous  globe  defcends 
from  the  fl:y,  which  opening  divider  itfelf  into  other  globes 
that  are  fufpended  in  the  air,  upon  one  of  which  is  the 
figure  of  Time,  on  a  fecond  that  of  Fame,  on  others. 
Honour,  Nobility,  Virtue,  and  Glory.  Had  the  falaries 
of  fingers  been  at  this  time  equal  to  the  prefent,  the  fupport 
of  fuch  expenfive  and  puerile  toys,  Would  have  inclined  the 
managers  to  enquire,  not  after  the  bed,  but  the  cheapeft 
vocal  performers  they  could  iind  ;  as  fplendid  ballets  often 
oblige  them  to  do  now  ;  and  it  is  certain,  that  during  the 
17th  century,  the  diflinftive  charafteri'.lic  charm  of  an  opera 
was  rot  the  mufic,  but  machinery.  Tlie  French  eftabliihed 
mufical  dramas  in  their  court  and  capital  during  the  rage  for 
mythological  reprefentation.s,  to  which  they  have  conllantly 
adhered  ever  fince  ;  and  when  they  are  obliged  to  allow  the 
mufical  compofition  and  finging  to  be  inferior  to  that  of 
Italy,  they  comfort  themfelves  and  humble  their  adverfaries 
by  obferving,  that  their  opera  is,  at  leaft,  a  fine  thing  to 
fee  :  "  c'efl  au  moins  un  beau  fpeftacle,  qu'un  opera  en 
France.'" 

Machinery,  in  Mechanics,  may  be  confidered  as  the  ope- 
rative and  movingparts  of  machines;  it  is, however,  very  gene- 
rally, though  perhaps  improperly,  applied  to  include  all  the 
parts  of  maclimes,  fixed  as  well  as  moving,  and  in  this  view 
may  be  confidered  as  the  inllruments  or  parts  by  which  the 
principles  of  mechanics  are  carried-into  execution,  and  ren- 
dered applicable  to  all  the  purpofe&of  arts  and  manufiftures. 

The  denomination  machine  is  now  vulgarly  given  to  a 
great  variety  of  fiibjefts  that  have  very  little  anal'^gy  by 
which  they  can  be  clafed  with  propriety  under  one  name  : 
we  fay  a  travelling  machine,  a  bathing  machine,  a  copying 
machine,  a  threfhing  machine,  an  eleftrical  machine,  &c. 
&c.  The  only  circumdances  in  which  all  thefe  agree,  feem 
to  be,  that  thtir  conftruHion  is  more  complex  and  artificial 
than  the  utenfils,  tools,  or  inftruments  which  ofi'er  themfelves 
to  the  firft  thoughts  of  uncultivated  people  ;  they  are  more 
artificial  than  the  common  cart,  the  bathing  tub,  the  flai', 
or  the  glafs  tube  which  firft  difcovercd  the  phenomena  of 
eleftricity.  In  the  language  of  ancient  A"hens  and  Rome, 
the  term  was  applied  to  every  tool  by  which  hard  labour  of 
any  kind  was  performed  ;  but  in  the  language  of  modern 
Europe,  it  feen-is  reftrifted  either  to  fuch  tools  or  inllruments 
as  are  employed  for  executing  fome  philofophical  purpofe, 
or  of  which  the  conftruftion  employs  the  fimple  mechanical 
powers  in  a  confpicuous  maniier,  fo  that  their  operation 
and  energy  engage  the  attention.  It  is  nearly  fynonimous, 
in  our  language,  with  engine  ;  a  term  altogether  modern, 
and  in  fome  meafure  honourable,  being  beftowed  only,  or 
chiefly,  on  contrivances  for  executing  work  in  which  in- 
genuity  and  mcehanical  Hiill  are  manifeft.  Either  of  thefe 
terms,  machine  or  engine,  is  applied  with  impropriety  to 
contrivances  in  which  fome  piece  of  work, is  not  executing 
on  materials^  which  are  then  faid  to  be  manufaftured.  A 
travelling  or  lathing  machine  is  furely  a  vulgarifm. 


A  machine  or  engine  is,  thtrefore,  a  tool,  but  of  compli- 
cated conllruftion,  peculiarly  fitted  for  expediting  labour» 
or  for  performing  it  according  to  certain  invariable  prin- 
ciples :  and  we  (hould  add,  that  the  dependence  of  its  effi- 
cacy or  mechanical  principles  muil  be  apparent,  and  even 
confpicuous. 

The  contrivance  and  ereftion  of  fuch  works  conftitirte 
the  profelTion  of  the  engineer  ;  a  profeffion  which  ought  by 
no  means  to  be  confounded  with  that  of  the  mechanic,  the 
artifan,  or  mannfafturer.  It  is  one  of  the  ^rtes  Ulerales  ; 
as  dcferving  of  the  title  as  medicine,  furgery,  architefture, 
painting,  or  fculpture.  Nay,  whether  we  confider  the  im- 
portance of  it  to  this  flo\iri(hing  nation,  or  the  fcience  that 
is  neceffary  for  giving  eminence  to  the  profeflor,  it  is  very 
doub'ful  whether  it  fliould  not  take  place  of  the  three  lall 
named,  and  go  ^a/v'/^«^/ with  furgery  and  medicine. 

In  the  language  of  our  praftical  mechanics,  the  terms 
machine,  engine,  and  mill,  are  ufed  without  a  proper  dif- 
tinftion  of  the  clafies  of  machinery  to  which  they  fhoidd 
in  ftriftnefs  be  applied.  All  thefe  denominations  are  alike 
the  praftical  applications  of  the  fcience  of  mechanics,  and 
confill  only  of  different  combi  ations  of  the  mechanical  pow- 
ers. Though  the  combinations  and  modifications  which  the 
ingenuity  of  mankind  is  conllantly  producing  are  cndlels, 
ftill  it  is  pofTible,  by  a  proper  claffification,  to  arrange  tiiemr 
under  their  proper  terms,  to  avoid  the  confufion  which  at 
prefent  prevails  amongfl.  thofe  of  our  ingenious  countrymen; 
who  have  laboured  to  imi)rove  the  arts  dependent  en  me- 
chanics, without  troubliiig  themfelves  to  fix  upon  the  moll 
precife  language  in  which  to  exprcfs  their  ideas.  If  we 
might  prefume  to  decide  upon  a  proper  definition  of  thefe  ■ 
words,  which  has  not  hitherto  been  done,  we  (hould  advife 
that  the  term  machine  be  ufed  as  generic,  and  applied  to  any 
m.ill,  engine,  inilrument,  or  apparatus  having  moving  parts. 
That  machinery  (hould^lfo  be  ufed  as  a  general  term,  figni- 
fying  the  m.oving  and  operative  parts  of  any  machine  or  en- 
gine whatever,  and  its  fynonimous  term  mechanifm  be  ap- 
plied to  the  moil  delicate  machmery,  fuch  as  the  parts  of 
watches  and  mathematical  inllruments,  or  to  the  mo!l  de- 
licate parts  of  any  other  machine,  as  the  machinery  of  a 
flour-mill,  or  fawing-mill ;  the  mechanifm  ~0t  a  clock, 
watch,  orrery,    &c. 

Let  the  term  engine  be  reftrifted  to  fiich  machines  as 
have  fome  relation  to  hydraulics  or  pneumatics,  on  in  flicrt, 
where  their  operations  depend  upon,  or  aftuate  fluids  ;  as  a 
fleam  ensjine,  a  water  engine,  pumping  engine,  blowing  en- 
gine, prefi'urc  engine,  and  fire  extinguiftiing  engine. 

Jlfl/l  ihould  be  applied  to  large  and  ■powerfi)!  compound 
machines,  or  fyllcms  of  machines ;  including  their  firft 
mover  in  the  term  ;  as  a  cotton  mi!l,  which  ci>Btains  a  vaff" 
number  of  different  machines,  and  alfi  the  water  v.heel,  or  ■ 
lleam  engine,  which  aftuates  them  all  ;  fo  likewife,  an 
iron  mill,  copper  mil',  rolling  mill,  grinding  mill,  log\vocd» 
mill,  worded  mill,  &c.  &c. 

Corn  mill,  or  Jlour  mill,  is,  in  fome  degree,  an  exception- 
to  our  definition,  becaule  in  the  early  ilages  of  fociety  if 
was  the  only  mill  in  ufe,  and  hence  the  term  became  pr-r— 
ticularly  attached  to  it  ;  and  any  machine  for  grinding- 
or  reducing  to  powder  is  called,  a  mill,  as  a  coffee  mill,-  . 
bark  rp.ill,  colour  mill,  malt  mill,  &c.  though^  in  llrictnefo,- 
thefe  fliould  be  called  machines. 

In  this  claflification,  we  have  ftudied  to  infringe  as  little' 
as  poflible  upon  the  diftinftions  which  have  been  made  by 
culloiTi,  and  confirmed  by  the  uiage  of  mechanics  them-:  - 
felves,  though  not  invariably,  for  they  have  dividing  en- 
gines, cutting  engines,  and  many  others  which  ftiould  be 
machines. 

The, 


MACHINERY. 


The  pracllcal  application  of  mechanics  to  t!ic  conllrudlion 
of  machinery,  is  a  liibjoft  of  the  utmoll  impiirtance  to  the 
welfare  of  our  country,  depending  fo  materially  a3  it  does 
upon  commerce,  wliich  is  derived  chiefly  from  our  manu- 
factures ;  and  thefe  owe  the  pre-eminence  they  have  over 
other  nations  to  the  general  introduftion  of  machinery, 
which  has  taken  place  within  thele  forty  years,  to  abridge 
manual  labour  in  every  department,  and  in  every  trifling  ope- 
ration :  it  is  to  this  foiirce  we  mud  look  for  the  increafe 
of  property  of  every  defcription,  as  the  introduftion  of 
every  machine  is  a  real  creation  of  all  the  work  it  will  per- 
form, without  the  addition  of  farther  increafe  of  human  la- 
bour. An  idea  is  very  generally  entertained,  that  machinery 
is  prejudicial  to  the  interefl:  of  mankind,  as  far  as  it  tend?  to 
diminidi  the  value  of  that  labour  by  which  the  lower  clalfes 
of  focicty  can  alone  purchafe  the  means  of  fubfutcnce  : 
this  idea  is,  however,  founded  on  error,  as  applied  to  any 
fuppcfcd  injury  fociet)'  in  general  can  fullain,  though  indi- 
viduals whole  labours  are  fuperfeded  by  machines,  will 
fuffer  inconvenience  for  a  time,  yet  it  is  only  for  a  time,  and 
fo  long  as  they,  or  others  more  intelligent,  fliall  difcover  a 
new  channel  for  the  exertion  of  their  induftry.  As  ma- 
chines tend  to  increafe  the  quantities  of  thoie  luxuries  and 
neceflaries  of  life  which  mankind  are  fo  anxious  to  obtain,  it 
only  requires  that  an  equitable  divifion  of  thefe  benefits 
fhould  be  made  to  obviate  every  objeflion,  and  really  im- 
prove the  condition  of  all  c'afles  ;  a  retiofpecl  of  the  lail 
forty  years  fliews  the  truth  of  this  obfervation,  for  though 
fo  many  machines  have  been  employed  in  all  trades  and  ma- 
r.ufaclures  as  probably  to  do  more  vvork  than  the  whole  po- 
pulation could  do  previous  to  that  period,  yet  the  value  of 
Tiuman  labour  has,  notwithllanding,  increafed  in  the  fame 
proportion  as  other  articles  have  advanced  in  price. 

We  fliall,  in  this  article,  enter  into  fome  general  obfer- 
vations  upon  the  conllruction  of  machinery,  and  particu- 
larly point  out  fuch  contrivances  as  feem  applicable  to 
other  purpofes  than  thofe  for  which  tht-ir  inventors  have 
employed  them  ;  and  we  fliall  give,  as  examples  of  praftical 
machinery,  a  defcription  of  the  famous  block  machines  at 
Portfmouth,  which  contain  many  new  contrivances.  We 
were  unable  to  introduce  thefe  under  the  article  Block, 
as  the  machines  were  not  erected  at  the  time  that  article  was 
printed. 

The  grand  objeft  of  all  mechanifm,  or  machinery,  is  to 
convey  and  modify  the  motion  of  the  firlt  mover  of  the  ma- 
chine, and  communicate  it  in  a  proper  manner  to  tlie  fubjeft 
to  be  operated  upon  :  thus,  the  flow  rotative  motion  of  a 
water-wheel  is,  by  the  machinery  of  cranks,  levers,  and 
toothed  wheels,  converted  into  a  rapid  reciprocating  mo- 
tion for  working  fawing  machines,  and  the  velocity  of  the 
motion  is  increafed  or  diminiflied,  as  ihe  occafian  requires 
either  great  power  or  great  fpeed.  In  like  manner,  the  reCli- 
iinear  motion  of  the  piftoii  rod  of  a  tteam  engiiie  is,  by  the 
machinery  of  parallel  levers,  working-beam,  connefting-rod, 
crank  and  fly-wheel,  converted  into  a  rotative  motion  ;  and 
this  motion  can  ajain,  by  the  machinery  of  wheel-work,  be 
adapted,  either  in  velocityor  power,  to  work  grinding-llones, 
circular  faws,  threfhing-mills,  and  other  fimilar  machines 
which  require  great  velocity  ;  or  fl.itting  mills,  boring  ma- 
chines, rafping  machines  f^r  logwood,  lead-pipe  drawing 
machines,  &c.  which  require  great  power  to  give  them  mo- 
tion, and  are,  therefore,  performed  with  a  lefs  vel  city. 
Machinery  is,  therefore,  the  organs  by  which  motion  is 
altered  in  its  velocity,  its  period,  and  direflion,  and  thus 
adapted  to  any  purpofe.  All  machinery  will  be  found, 
upon  minute  invefligation,  to  be  only  modifications  of  the 
fix  mechanical  powers :  the  greateft  number  will  be  found  to 


conflll  chiefly  of  parts  wliicK  have  a  tttotion  of  rotatiot 
round  fixed  axes,  and  derive  all  their  energy  from  levers 
virtually  contained  in  them  :  thus  the  pulhes,  wheel  and 
axle,  are  only  modifications  of  the  lever,  and  the  fcrew 
is  compounded  of  the  lever  with  a  variety  of  the  inclined 
plane  or  wedge,  fo  that  the  number  of  mechanical  powers 
may  be  reduced  to  two,  which  alFume  an  infinite  variety  of 
forms  and  motions.  The  theory  and  manner  of  calculating 
their  effefts  will  be  found  under  Mechanics. 

In  contriving  any  machinery,  the  engineer  fhould  always 
remember  that  nothing  contributes  more  to  the  perfection 
of  a  machine,  efpecially  if  it  is  maffive  and  ponderous,  thafi 
great  uniformity  of  motion.  Every  irregularity  of  motion 
waftes  fome  of  the  impelling  power  ;  and  it  is  only  the 
greatefliof  the  varying  velocity  which  is  equal  to  that  which 
the  machine  would  acquire  if  moving  uniformly  throughout ; 
for  while  the  motion  accelerates,  the  impi.liing  force  is 
greater  than  what  balances  the  reflftance  then  aftually  op. 
pcfed  to  it,  and  the  velocity  is  lefs  than  wliat  the  machine 
would  acquire  if  moving  uniformly  ;  and  when  the  machine 
attains  its  greatefl  velocity,  it  attains  it  becaufe  the  power 
is  then  not  aiting  againfl  the  whole  reflllance.  In  both  of 
thefe  fituations,  therefore,  the  performance  of  the  machine  is 
lefs  than  if  the  power  and  reflftance  conflantly  bore  the  fame 
relation  to  each  other,  in  which  cafe  it  would  move  uni- 
formly. 

Every  attention  fhould,  therefore,  be  given  to  this,  and 
we  fliould  endeavour  to  remove  all  caufe  of  irregularity 
through  the  whole  machine.  There  are  continual  returns  of 
ftrains  and  jolts  from  the  inertia  of  the  different  parts  adding 
in  oppoflte  dircttion.  Although  the  whole  mome!ita  may 
always  balance  each  other,  yet  the  general  motion  is  hob- 
bling, and  the  points  of  fupport  are  ilrained.  A  great 
engine,  lo  conflruCied,  commonly  caufes  the  building  to 
tremble  ;  but  when  uniform  motion  pervades  the  whole 
machine,  the  inertia  of  eaeh  part  tends  to  preferve  this 
uniformity,  and  all  goes  fmoolhiy.  It  is  alfo  defervmg  of 
remark,  that  when  the  communications  are  fo  contrived,  that 
the  uniform  motion  of  one  part  produces  uniform  motion  to 
the  next,  the  preffi'res  at  the  communicating  points  remain 
eonllant  or  invariable.  Now  the  accomplifhing  of  this  is 
generally  within  the  reach  of  n  echanics,  and  the  engineer 
fhould  adapt  his  machinery  to  the  particular  cafe  before 
him. 

In  the  machinery  for  modifying  and  adapting  a  rotatory 
motion,  the  tirll  which  prefents  itfVlf  is  the  communication 
by  means  of  toothed  wheels  acting  on  each  other.  This  is 
tlie  moif  general  method  in  machinery,  becaufe  it  tranfmits 
the  motion  with  certainty  and  accuracy,  and  if  the  teeth 
are  properly  formed,  wheels,  perhaps,  coufume  lefs  force  in 
fri"'.ion  than  any  other  method  ;  but  this  is  a  fubject  un- 
derflood  by  few  mechanics.  Jn  the  treatifes  on  the  con- 
ftruftion  of  mills,  and  other  works  of  this  kind,  are  many 
inllrucllons  for  the  formation  of  the  teeth  of  wheels,  and 
almoil  every  noted  millwright  has  his  own  noitrums  ;  but 
they  are  mofl  of  them  defective  in  principle,  or  at  Icaft  they 
are  only  corrett  in  certain  cafes,  which  have  by  experiment 
or  theory  been  determined,  and  are  extremely  fallacious 
when  applied  indifferently  for  all  cafes,  as  is  the  millwright's 
cullom.  An  inveltigation  of  this  fnbjeft,  as  applied  to 
delicate  mechanifm,  where  accuracy  rath<T  than  'Irergth  is 
the  objeft,  will  be  found  in  our  article  Clock  IFori,  and 
we  pr  'pofe  to  give  fome  further  applications  ot  tfiole  prin- 
ciples to  wheels  of  large  dimenflons  under  Mill  Il'ori. 

In  the  formation  of  the  teeth  of  wheels,  a  fmall  de- 
viation from  the  perfect  form  is  not,  perhaps,  of  very 
great  importance,  except  in  cafes  where  a  very  iarge  wheel 

drives 


MACHINERY. 


drives  a  rery  fmall  one,  a  cafe  the  judicious  engineer  fliould 
always  avoiti :  the  grand  point  to  be  attended  to,  is  to  adopt 
fiich  a  contlriiSion  as  will  infure  all  the  teeth  of  a  wheel 
being  precifely  equal,  and  to  make  as  great  a  number  of 
them  as  the  ftrength  will  admit.  This  will  caufe  feveral  teeth 
to  be  in  aftion  at  once,  and  make  the  communication  of  the 
motion  extremely  fmooth  and  uniform.  To  obtain  Itrength 
in  the  cogs  when  they  are  made  fine,  the  width  or  thicknefs 
ef  the  wheel  muft  be  increafed  ;  and  this  is  one  of  the  greatefl 
praiSical  improvements  which  has  been  made  in  machinery 
for  thefe  hd  twenty  years.  Formerly  the  bed  engineers, 
fuch  as  Smeaton,  direfted  the  teeth  of  large  cog-wheels  to 
be  four  and  five  inches  diftant  from  each  other,  or  pilch,  as 
the  millwright?  term  it.  Such  wheels  always  aft  unequally 
tipon  each  other  in  confequence  of  the  point  of  contaft 
of  the  large  cogs  conftantly  altering  its  pofition,  becoming 
alternately  nearer  or  farther  from  the  centre  of  one  or  other 
of  the  wheels ;  and  this,  tending  to  increafe  the  aning  ra- 
dius of  one,  whilft  it  diminiihes  the  other,  caufes  their 
velocity  and  powers  to  vary  at  every  cog  that  pafles  by, 
and  the  machine  works  by  ftarts  and  jerks.  The  wheel- 
work  of  modern  machinery  is  conftruded  with  fine  cogs, 
feldom  mora  than  one  and  a  half  or  two  inches  pitch,  and 
as  much  length  of  cog,  or  breadth  of  the  wheel,  as  will 
make  them  uifficiently  Itrong.  We  have  feen  fome  wheels 
in  a  large  cotton  mill  which  bore  a  ftrain  equal  to  thirty 
horfes'  power,  in  which  they  were  nine  and  twelve  inches 
broad  upon  the  face.  Cog-wheels  are  found  to  work  mod 
fmoothly  when  the  teeth  of  the  large  wheel  are  m«de 
of  hard  wood,  and  the  teeth  of  the  fmall  one  made  of  cad 
iron,  the  afting  furfaces  being  dreffed  or  filed  fmooth  and  to 
the  true  figiire.  A  mechanic,  in  contriving  any  machinery, 
(hould  always  bear  in  mind,  that  where  he  introduces  cog- 
wheels, they  (hould  be  as  large  in  their  diameters  as  is  con- 
liftent  with  other  circumftances,  becaufe  this  allows  the 
teeth  to  be  made  finer  in  proportion  to  the  power  they  are 
to  bear,  than  if  they  were  of  fmaller  radii ;  and  the  teeth, 
therefore,  nearer  the  centre  :  it  alfo  occafions  lefs  prefTure 
or  drift  upon  the  centre,  and  the  wear  of  the  whole  will  be 
equable.  Another  circumflance  is  worth  notice,  and  fhould 
always  be  attended  to,  where  it  will  not  interfere  with  more 
important  confiderations  ;  this  is,  the  direftion  in  which  any 
force  is  given  to,  and  taken  from,  any  piece  of  wheel-work  : 
fuppofe,  for  inftance,  a  water-wheel  turning  its  axis,  upon 
vhich  ii  fixed  a  cog-wheel  to  give  motion  to  a  fecond  wheel, 
for  the  purpofe  of  driving  any  machinery  ;  now  if  this  fe- 
cond cog-wheel  is  applied  on  that  fide  of  the  firft  cog- 
wheel which  is  afcending,  it  will  be  oppofite  to  that  fide  of 
the  wheel  which  is  loaded  with  water,  and  is  confequently 
defcending.  In  this  ftate  the  gudgeons  of  the  water-wheel 
will  have  to  bear  (in  fome  cafes)  double  the  ftrain  of  the 
power  of  the  machine  ;  becaufe  the  power,  wliich  is  the 
weight  of  the  v>'ater,  is  applied  on  one  fide  the  centre  of 
the  wheel,  and  is  taken  off  by  turning  the  fecond  cog- 
v.'heel  on  the  other  fide  :  the  centre,  or  fulcrum,  therefore, 
bears  the  whole  power,  and  alfo  the  re-a£lion  to  that  power, 
in  addition  to  the  weight  of  its  own  parts ;  in  the  fame  man- 
ner as  the  fulcrum  of  a  fleelyard  or  balance  beam  bears  the 
whole  of  the  weight  fufpended  from  cither  end,  and  its  own 
weight  alfo.  On  the  other  hand,  fuppofe  the  fecond  wheel 
applied  on  the  defcending  fide  of  the  water  whtel,  this 
being  on  the  fame  fide  of  the  centre,  the  prefTure  thereon 
will  be  far  lefs  than  the  power  of  the  machine.  In  fome 
cafes  (but  not  in  a  water-wheel),  by  the  proper  arrangement 
of  the  wheel  work,  the  power  may  be  m.ade  to  operate  to 
lift  the  centres,  and  thus  in  part  relieve  them  from  the 
weight  of  the  wheil,  fo  as  aftually  to  dimi:iifli  the  prefTure  of 


friftion  of  the  pivots,  when,  by  a  contrary  application,  k 
would  have  increafed  it  in  the  fame  degree.  Similar  ad- 
vantages will  attend  the  precaution  of  adapting  the  pofitiong 
<»f  different  wheels  upon  their  ftiafts  to  the  different  weights 
or  drains  they  have  to  bear,  fo  that  the  gudgeons  at  the  two 
ends  of  any  fhaft  may  have  an  equal  drift  or  prefTure  upon 
them.  This  will  caufe  them  to  wear  equally,  and  to  have  lefs 
friftion,  becaufe  they  may  be  made  fmaller  than  where  no 
fuch  care  is  taken,  dill  having  fuflicient  drength.  It  is  ac- 
complifhed  by  confidering  the  drift  or  prefl'ure  upon  the 
centre  of  every  wheel  upon  any  axis,  and  placing  the  two- 
gudgeons  or  pivots  of  the  axis  at  a  didance  from  each  of 
tile  wheels,  proportionate  to  the  drift  upon  its  centre.  Thus, 
fuppofe  a  diaft  has  a  cog-wheel  fixed  upon  it,  and  a  fmall 
wheel  or  pinion  alio  fixed  upon  it  at  fome  didance  from  the 
wheel,  the  power  is  given  to  the  axis  by  wheel-work  ope- 
rating upon  the  teeth  of  the  pinion,  and  the  re-action  to  this 
power  is  given  by  fome  machinery  which  the  teeth  of  the 
large  wheel  actuates.  In  this  cafe  the  drift  on  the  centre  of 
the  pinion  will  be  very  confiderable,  becaufe  the  power  is 
applied  near  the  centre  of  the  axis  ;  but  the  wheel  tranf- 
mitting  the  power  at  a  greater  radius,  will,  perhaps,  have 
much  lefs  drift  on  its  centre  (the  proportion  depending  in 
fome  degree  upon  the  direction  in  which  the  power  and  re- 
ailion  are  applied,  as  dated  in  our  lait  obfervation)  :  if  this 
is  the  cafe,  the  gudgeon  at  that  end  of  the  fhaft,  where  the 
pinion  is  placed,  fhould  be  lengthened  out,  fo  as  to  give  the 
bearing  point  at  a  greater  didance  from  it  than  the  wheel, 
which  fhould  have  its  gudgeon  placed  much  nearer  to  it, 
becaufe  lefs  drain  is  to  be  borne.  By  this  means  the  drift 
upon  the  two  ends  of  the  fhaft  will  be  equally  divided  be- 
tween them  :  and  though  this  proportion  of  the  centre  can- 
not be  always  accomplifhed  without  inconvenience,  the  en- 
gineer diould  always  have  it  in  view  ;  and  then,  where  it  is  not 
praiElicable,  he  fhould  attain  the  fame  end,  by  apportioning 
the  ftrength  or  diameter  of  the  gudgeons  to  the  relative 
drains  they  have  to  bear. 

An  endlefs  belt  or  drap  is  a  very  general  method  of 
tranfmitting  rotatory  motion  :  it  is  ufually  employed  in  cafes 
where  a  very  quick  motion  is  to  be  created,  and  the  re-aftioa 
to  be  overcome  is  nearly  equable.  In  fuch  cafes  it  has  the 
advantage  of  wheel-work  from  its  fimplicity  and  the  eafe  of 
its  motion.  Some  curious  properties  belong  to  the  ecdiefs 
ftrap,  I'iz.  that  the  pulley  or  rigger  it  works  t-pon  muft  be 
larged  in  the  middle,  that  is,  the  diameter  mull  be  greater 
in  the  middle  of  the  pulley  than  at  the  edges,  becaufe  the 
ftrap  always  rides  on  to  the  largeit  diameter  of  the  pulley, 
and  if  this  is  not  in  the  centre  it  will  flip  off  at  one  fide. 
It  is  not  eafy  to  give  any  fatisfadlory  explanation  of  this 
faft,  nor  of  another,  that  if,  by  accident,  one  of  the  puUies 
is  ftopped  while  the  ftrap  is  urged  round  by  the  motion  of 
the  other,  it  inftantly  flies  off  its  pulley,  unlefs  the  edge  of 
the  pulley  fhould  be  much  wider  than  tbe  drap.  This  pro- 
perty is  a  great  recommendation  of  it  for  fome  purpofes, 
fuch  as  threfhing  mills,  fiour-dreffing  machines,  lathes,  cot- 
ton machines,  &.c.  where  any  thing  accidentally  dopping  the 
machines  would  dedroy  them  if  driven  by  wheel-work,  but 
the  drap  flips  round,  and  very  foon  comes  off,  fo  as  to 
avoid  all  further  danger.  Belts  of  girt-'unb,  fuch  as  are  ufed 
for  faddle  girts,  are  fometimes  uied  inftead  of  leather  ftraps, 
though  thele  are  undoubtedly  preferable.  The  ftrsp  Jliould 
be  dreffed  to  an  eqii.il  thicknefs  and  breadth  throughout,  and 
the  ends  very  neatly  joined ;  that  i?,  of  the  fame  thicknefs 
there  as  at  every  other  part.  It  is  fometimes  done  by  few- 
ing,  but  the  bell  method  is  by  gluing  them  together,  with  a 
glue  compounded  of  Irifh  glue,  ifinglafs,  ale  grounds,  and 
boiled  linfeed  oil.     The  two  ends  being  tapered  away  and. 

overlapped 


MACHINERY. 

everlapped  are  united  witVi  this  cement,  and  will  be  as  flexible  forcing  themfclves  into  fpaces  not  exaftly  fituated  to  receive 

as  any  other   part,  but  fo  (Ironij  that  it  will  fear  to  pieces  them.      The  bed  way  is  to  make  the  links  in  the  manner  of 

in  any  part  rather  than  at  the  joint.     A   tool  for  equalizing  watch  or  clock  chains,  with  iron  plates,  and   holes  drilled 

the  thicknefs  and  breadth  of  the  (Iraps  for  belts  is  described  through  them  at  equal  diflances,  to  receive  crofs  pins  upon 

in   the   Tranfaflions    of  the   Society   of   Arts,  vol.   xxviii.  which  the  cogs  are  to  aft.      By  this  means  the  lengths  may 

p.  102,  invented  by  Mr.  Aubrey.      They  will  by  this  means  be  niade  far  mure  accurately  than  by  bending  the  iron  in  the 

■  be  rendered  very  correft,  for  nothing  can  be  more  unpleafant  manner  of  common  chain  links. 

in  machinery  than  the  joint   and  tiiick  places  in  the  endk-fs  Mr.  Nicholfon  has  dcfcribed  a  fpinning-wheel  for  children, 

ftraps  jerking   over  the  riggers,   and  caufing  a  violent  drift  at  a  charity-fchool,  in   which  a  large  horizontal  wheel,  with 

upon  the  centres  every  time  by  the  increafed  tenfion  of  the  a  flip   of  buff  leather  glued  on   its  upper  furface  near  the 

•[Jfgp_  outer  edge,  drove  twelve  fpindles,  at  which  the  lame  number 

A  mechanic,  in  calculating   any  cxtenfive  piece  of  ma-  of  children  fat. 
chinery  which  is  to  depend  upon   ilraps  for  the  communi-  The  fpindles  had  each  a  fmall  roller,  likewife  faced  with 
cation    of  its    motions,    particularly    if    they   are   of  great  leather,  and  were  capable,  by  an  eafy  and  inilantaneous  mo- 
length  to  convey  their  motion  ti  a  coullderable  diftance,  and  tion,   of  being   thrown  in  contaft   wiih  the  large  wheel  at 
have  much  drain    upon  them,  (liould   always  confider  that  pleafure  ;  each  child,   therefore,  could  throw  her  own  part 

fuch    machinery    will   lofe   fome   of  its  velocity  ;    that  the  of  the  apparatus  into  work,  or  caufe  it  to  flop  as  often  or 

wheels,  which  are  turned  by  fl raps,  will  never  make  quite  as  long  as  fhe  pleafed. 

To  many  revolutions  as  they  ought  to  do  from  a  calculation  of  The  winding  bobbins  for  yarn  at  the  cotton  mills  operate 

their  diameters.    This  is  generally  fuppofed  to  arife  from  the  on   the.  fame  fimp'e  and  elegant  principles,  which  pofTeffes 

fti-ap   flipping,   in    fome   degree,    upon   the   furface    of  the  the  advantages  of  drawing  the  thread  with  an  equal  velocity, 

wheels  it  paffes  over,  but  we  are  inclined  to  fufpeft  that  it  whatever  may  be  the  quantity   of  the  bobbins,   and  cannot 

:.arifes  from   another  caufe  which  has  not  been  inveltiga'ed,  break  it.  The  fame  mode  of  cummunication  has  been  adopted 

-   I'iz.  the  elafticity  of  the  ftrap  :   for  inftance,   fuppofe  that  in  large  work  by  Mr.  Taylor,  of  Southampton,  in  his  faw 

the  diftance  between  two  wheels   conneftcd  by  a  ftrap  is 

ten   feet,  and  that   the  drain   upon  the  drap  is   fuch   as  to 

ftre'ch  or   extend  it   two   inches  in    that  length  on  the  fide 

which  bears  the  drain  (called  by  mechanics  the  leading  fide), 

on  the  other,  or  returning  fide,   there  will  be  no  drain,  and  to  make  the  wheels  bear  firm  agaiiid  each  other,  either  by  . 


mills.  In  this  the  wheels  afted  upon  each  other  by  the  con- 
taft  of  the  end  grain  of  wood  indead  of  cogs.  The  whole 
made  very  little  noife  and  wore  very  well  :  it  was  in  ufe 
nearly  twenty  years.     There  is  of  coufequencea  contrivance 


therefore  the  ftrap  will  return  to  its  original  length.  In  fuch 
a  cafe  the  wheel  which  is  driven  will  lofe  in  its  motion  tvro 
inches  in  every  ten  feet,  becaufe  the  ftrap  gives  out  that 
quantity  in  leading  to  the  wheel,  but  takes  it  up  again  in 
.returning,  as  foon  as  the  drain  is  removed  from  it. 


wedges  at  the  focket  or  by  levers.  This  principle  and 
method  of  tranfmilting  n  echanic  power  certainly  deferve 
attention;  particularly  as  the  cudomary  mode  by  means  of 
teeth  requii'es  much  ficill  and  care  in  the  execution  ;  and 
after  all  wants  frequent  ivp;iir.      We  have  feen  it  applied  to 


Small  machines  are   fometimes  turned  by  a  catgut  band,  a  threfliing  machine,  a  fmall  wheel   on   the  threfliing  drum 

the  ends  of  which  are  united  by  a  fmall  dcel  hook  and  eye,  being  applied  in  contact   with  the  large  wheel  which  gave 

the  hook  being  faftened  at  one  end  and  the  eyes  at  the  other,  motion  to  it,  and  a  preft"ure  fufficient  to  make   it  turn  the 

They  are  made  with  tubes,  for  the  reception  of  the  ends  of  machine  was  given  by  loading  the  focket  for  the  fpindle  of 

the  band,  which  are  tapped  with  a  fcrew  withinfide,  and  the  the  drum  with  a  confideiable   weight.     The  fame  principle 

band  being  tapered  and  fere  wed   into  the  tube  holds  very  is   capable   of  communicating  motion   with  great  accuracy 

fad.    But  to  prevent  it  drawing  out,  a  fmall  quantity  of  rofin  when  no  force  is  required,  as  will  be  feen  on  a  pernfal  of 

ihould   be   applied  to  the  end  of  the  band  which   projefts  Mr.  Troughton's  ingenious  method  of  dividing  aftronomical 

throuf'h  the    tube,  and    a  hot   wire   being    touched    to  it  indruments.     See  Graduation. 

fmges  and  hardens  the  end,  that  it  will  never  draw  out  of  The    conftruftiou    of    bearings,    pivots,    gudgeons,    or 

the  tube.     This  method  is  coudantly  ufed  in   fmall  lathes,  centres,  of  fpindles,  as  they  are  indifferently   termed,  is  a 

and  works  very  neatly.    The  pullies  for  a  catgut-band  diould  moft  important  point;  thefe  parts  being  the  principal  feats 

always  be  cut  with  a  ftiarp  angular  groove,  for  the  nception  of  that  friftion  which  is  the  dedrudtion  of  all  machinery. 

'  of  the  band,  and  it  fliould  not  touch  the  bottom  of  it,  or  it  Pivots  are  always  made  of  iron  or  dcel,  both  becaufe  thefe 

will  be  liable   to  flip.      For  the  fame  reafon,  the  pullies  are  fubftarces  are  better  adapted  for  rubbing  furfaces,  and  that 

bed  made   of  wood,   becaufe  metals  foon   acquire  a  polifh,  their  ftrength  admits  ths  pivot  being  as  fmall  as  pofiibic ; 

which  prevent  the  band  holding  firmly  upon  it.     The  wood  the  bearing,  or  bed  to  receive  the  gudgeons  or  pivots,  fhould 

fhould  be  cut  with  its  grain  acrofs  the  direction  of  the  band,  be  of  a  fofter  metal,  as  brafs,  tin,  or  zii  c,  and  kept  well 

that  every   part  of  the  circumference  may  be  of  a  fimilar  fuppUed  with  nil  when  at  Vork.     Hirdened  detl  is  a  moft 

texture.  adir.itjble  fubilance  for  pivots,  which  have  a  great  drain  to 

Endlefs  chains  are  fometimes  ufed  to  communicate  mo-  bear,  and  a  rapid  motion.     The  bearing  cr  bed  may  alfo  be 

tion  of  wheels,  and  frequently  cogs  are  formed  nn  the  wheels  made  of  the  iame  material,  and  is  the  only  inftance  where 

to  be  received  into  the  links  of  the  chains.     This  method  is  two   bodies,    having   friftion   againll   each  other,  can  v.ith 

very  prafticable  on  particular  occafions,  and  tliough  it  has  propriety  be  made  of  the  fame  fubftance  :   for  it  is  found, 

not   advantages   to   put  it   in   competition  with  cog-wheels  that  where  iron  or  foft  fteel  furfaces  are  worked  with  a  fric- 

actiiig   upon  each  other  when  they  can   be  applied,  it  is  in  tion  againll  parts  of  the  fame  fubdances,  the  fridtion  and 

many  inftances  a  valuable  refource  to  the  engineer  to  convey  abrafion  are  far  greater  than  when  a  fofter  matenal,  ks  brals, 

motion  to  fome  didance  when  it  requires  to  be  accurate,  and  tin,   hard  wood,  ivory,  horn,   &c.  is  ufed.     The  great  dif- 

where  it  would  injure  the  operation  of  the  machine  if  any  ficulty  of  making  hard  dtel  pivots  to  fpindles  is  the  only 

motion  was  loll  by  the  flipping  of  bands.     In  making  fuch  reafon  they  are  nut  generally  ufed  ;  but  there  are  fome  cafes, 

chains  the   greated  care  is  neceflary  to  have  all   the  links  in  which  nothing  elfe  can  be  employed;    where  iteadinels 

precifL-Iy  of  one  length,  and  the  cogs  very  accurately  fitted  and  accuracy  of  motion  are  required,  and  great  velocity  at  the 

■to  them,  or  a  great  friftion  will  be  caufed  by  the  cogs  fame  time.     To  obtain  this  accuracy,  it  it  neceflary  that  tlie 

4  pivot 


MACHINERY. 


pivot  (Rould  be  fitted,  and  kept  in  accurate  contaft  with  the 
interior  furface  of  its  focket  or  pivot-hole,  and  this  will 
prefent  a  fufficicnt  accefsof  oil,  to  prevent  any  other  fpindlc, 
than  one  of  hardened  (leel,  from  burning  or  heating  by 
the  friftion,  when  in  rapid  motion  ;  and  the  expanfion  oc- 
cafior:ed  by  this  heat  increafes  the  prefTure  and  the  friftion, 
till  the  pivot  becomes  fixed  in  its  focket,  and  will  rather 
twift  off  than  turn  round  in  it.  The  fpindle  for  a  turning 
lathe  mull  always  he  of  hard  fteel ;  and  even  then,  a  failure 
of  the  fupply  of  oil  for  a  moment,  will  caufe  it  to  burn  into 
the  collar.  Circular  faw-fpindles  are  frequently  burnt  in 
tht-  fame  manner  ;  their  motion  being  very  quick. 

The  bell  form  of  a  gudgeon  or  pivot  for  a  fpindle,  is  that 
of  a  cylinder,  with  a  flat  fhoulder,  to  prevent  it  from  fliift- 
ing  i'.s  pofition  endways.  This  form  will  bear  mofl  fairly 
and  lleadily  ;  but  it  is  neceffary  that  the  focket,  or  brafs 
•which  contains  the  pivot,  fhould  be  made  in  two  halves,  and 
put  together  with  fcrevs,  that  the  halves  may  be  fcrewcd 
clofcr  as  the  focket  enlarges  by  wearing  :  but  as  this  is  only 
an  imperfect  method,  becaufe  the  pivot  can  never  fit  accu- 
rately after  having  been  worn,  a  conical  form  is  ufed  for  the 
pivots  of  axles  requiring  great  accuracv,  as  thefe  may  be 
always  made  to  fill  their  focktt.i,  by  prefTing  the  cone  farther 
into  ks  fncket.  The  cone  is  ufed  in  many  turning  lathes, 
whil'l  others  are  made  very  nearly  cylindrical,  with  a 
fhoulder ;  and  as  the  collar  is  of  hard  fteel,  they  do  not 
wear  in  any  fenfible  degree.  Their  advantage  over  the  cone 
is,  that  they  have  no  drift  endways  upon  the  oppofite 
centre,  as  the  cone  has;  though  tliis  is  fo  (light  in  an  acute 
cone,  as  to  be  of  no  importance  in  fnall  machinery.  In 
heavy  work-",  fuch  as  the  gudgeons  of  water-wheels,  a 
■cinical  figure  would  be  highly  improper,  and  has  no  advan- 
tage to.  recommend  it ;  a=:  fuch  gudgeons  feldom  have  a:iy 
brafs  fcrewed  down  over  them,  their  own  weight  being  fuf- 
ficicnt to  keep  them  down,  and  they  always  fi'  true  as  they 
wear  away.  The  mod  accurate  and  fimple  of  a!l  piwors  is 
(hat  which  is  fimilar  to  a  piece  of  wo'k,  while  turning  in  a 
lathe  ;  the  axis  having  a  fmall  luile  made  in  each  end  of  it, 
and  the  fupports  formed  by'fharp  conical  points,  received 
into  the  ho'es  ;  and  one  of  them  muft  be  adjuftable  by  a 
ferew,  to  make  it  aKvavs  fit  the  length  of  the  fpindle.  It  is 
ufual  to  make  the  conical  points  on  the  ends  of  two  fcrews, 
either  of  which  may  then  be  adjulled.  The  fame  thing  may 
be  accompliflv  d  by  making  conical  points  at  the  ends  of  the 
fpindle,  and  forming  the  holes  for  its  reception  in  ends  of 
the  two  fixed  fcrews,  which  can  at  all  times  be  fcrewed  up 
as  the  parts  wear.  It  is  the  mod  perfeft  of  all  methods,  but 
is  not  adapted  to  bear  any  great  flrain,  becaufe  the  fcrews 
will  get  loofe,  and  all  the  objetlions  to  the  conical  fpindle 
apply  to  it. 

Tlie  pivot  at  the  lo.ve'r  end  of  a  vertical  (haft,  which  has 
a  great  weight  to  fuftain,  as  in  a  heavy  horle-wlieel,  is  v^-ry 
properly  made  of  a  hemifpherieal  figure,  and  received  in'o  a 
proper  cavity.  A  cylindrical  pivot,  having  a  flat  end,  is 
frequently  ufed  for  large  and  heavy  upright  axes  ;  but  it  is 
difficult  to  keep  oil  fupplied  to  tliem,  as  the  great  weight 
prefles  it  out  from  between  the  afting  furfaces,  and  the 
gudgeon  burns.  To  avoid  this,  fome  mechanics  make  a 
cleft  acrofs  the  lower  face  of  the  gudgeon,  exadlly  in  the 
manner  of  a  fcrew-head.  This  getting  full  of  oil,  is  con- 
ftantly  fupplied  to  the  afting  furfaces. 

We  have  feen  an  horizontal  windmil,  having  a  vertical 
axis  loo  feet  high,  with  fails  and  wheels  of  immenfe  weight, 
all  bearing  upon  one  pivot.  This  was  with  the  greatefl  dif- 
ficulty kept  in  order;  and  it  was  neceffary  to  keep  a  fmall 
ftream  of  cold  water  always  running  into  a  pan,  which  fur- 
rounded  the  gudgeon,  to  keep  it  cold.     This  method  of 

Vol..  XXI. 


watering,  inftead  of  oiling,  a  gudgeon  is  alfo  ufed  in  paper* 
mills ;  but  it  cannot  be  recommended  as  a  good  method. 

Friftion-rollers  are  frequently  ufed  for  fupporting  gud« 
geons,  and,  if  made  with  great  care,  have  the  leaft  friction 
which  can  be  conceived  ;  but  they  are  liable  to  get  out  of 
order,    if  not  made  with   extreme  accuracy.     See   Mill- 

A  great  number  of  machines  depend  upon  reciprocating 
motions,  fuch  as  pump-milh,  faw-mill.<i,  &c.  Where  the 
fird  mover  has  a  circular  motion,  as  a  water-wheel,  the  re- 
ciprocating movement  will  be  moft  conveniently  produced 
by  means  of  a  crank  ;  becaufe  it  commences  the  change  of 
motion  by  degrees,  and  does  not  fuddenly  urge  the  parts 
into  motion  in  a  contrary  diredlion  ;  nor  fuddenly  check  the 
movement  again,  but  effedts  both  changes  without  violence. 
It  is  proper,  in  fuch  cafes,  to  regulate  the  motion  of  the 
firft  mover  by  a  fly-wheel,  ocherwife  the  refiftance  of  the 
work,  at  the  inllant  of  the  change  of  motion,  it  fo  fmall, 
that  the  machine  would  accelerate  in  that  period,  and  then 
be  checked  agam.  The  fame  may  be  accomplifhsd  by- 
having  feveral  of  the  reciproca'ing  movements  and  thefe  a^ 
alternately,  that  v.hen  one  requires  the  moft  power,  the 
others  take  the  lead,  fo  as  to  equalize  the  refidance  to  the 
fird  mover,  and  make  the  motion  uniform.  All  recipro- 
cating machines  labour  under  great  difad vantages,  from  the 
circumftance  that  a  great  mafs  of  matter  mud  be  put  in 
motion,  and  this  motion  deltroyed  again.  Thus,  in  a  fingle 
pump  forcing  water  through  a  great  height  of  pipes,  the 
column  of  water  is,  at  every  ftroke  the  pump  makes,  put  in 
rapid  moti  in,  which  is  wholly  loft  during  the  return  of  the 
pump-bucket  for  another  ilrake,  when  fre(h  impetus  mnft  be 
given  to  the  water:  now  by  applying  a  double  atling 
pump,  or  two  or  three  pumps  afiting  at  intervals,  and  tlie 
water  regulated  by  an  air-velfel,  the  m.otion  wih  b\;  very 
eafy,  becaufe  the  column  of  water  will  be  in  conftant  mo- 
tion throu;h  the  pipes,  and  the  momentum  once  giveK  to  it 
will  continue  as  long  as  the  machine  is  at  work,  inilead  of 
requiring  a  repetition  of  it  at  every  ftroke. 

In  every  machine,  the  aClion  of  the  moving  power  ic 
tran^ferred  to  the  working  point,  through  the  parts  of  the 
machinery,  which  are  ma'erial,  inert,  and  heavy  ;  or,  to  de— 
fcribe  it  more  accuratelv,  before  the  necefl'ary  force  can  be 
excited  at  the  working  point  of  the  niacliine,  the  various 
connefting  forces  mnft  be  exerted  in  the  different  parts  of  the 
machine:  and  in  order  that  the  working  point  may  follow- 
out  the  imprefllon  already  made,  all  the  connecting  parts  or 
limbs  of  the  machine  mult  be  moved  in  difl^erent  diredtions, 
and  with  different  velocities.  Force  is  neceffary  for  thus 
changing  the  ilate  of  all  this  matter,  and  frequently  a  very 
confiderab'e  force.  Time  muft  alfo  elaple  before  all  this 
can  be  accomplifhed.  This  often  confumes,  and  really 
wades,  a  great  part  of  the  impelHng  power.  Thus,  in  a 
crane  worked  by  men  walking  in  a  wheel,  it  acquires  motion 
by  flow  degrees ;  becaufe,  in  order  to  give  fiitficient  roonx 
for  the  adlion  of  the  number  of  men  or  cattle  that  are  necef- 
fary, a  very  capacious  wheel  mud  be  employed,  containintr 
a  great  quantity  of  inert  matter.  Ail  of  this  muft  be  put  \a 
raoti,)n  by  a  very  moderate  preponderance  of  the  men:  it 
accelerates  flowly,  and  the  load  is  railed.  When  it  has  at- 
tained the  required  height,  all  this  matter,  now  in  coufider- 
able  mot:on,  mull  be  dopped.  This  cann.ot  be  done  in  aa 
inftant,  with  a  jolt,  which  would  be  very  inconvenient,  and 
even  hurtful :  it  is  therefore  brought  to  reft  gradually. 
This  alfi)  confumes  time.  Xay,  the  wiicel  mud  get  a  mo- 
tion in  the  contrary  direction,  that  tlie  load  may  be  lowered 
into  the  cart  or  lighter;  and  this  can  onlv  be  aceompiilhed. 
by  degrees.     Then  the  tackle  mift  be  lowered  down  agaiii 

S.D  for. 


MACHINERY. 


for  another  load,  which  alfo  muft  be  done  gradually.  All 
this  waftcs  a  great  deal  both  of  time  and  force,  and  renders 
a  walking-wheel  a  very  improper  form  for  the  firll  mover  of 
a  crane,  or  any  machine  whofe  ufe  requires  fuch  frequent 
changes  of  motion.  The  fame  thing  obtains,  although  in  a 
lower  degree,  in  the  (team-engine,  where  the  great  beam 
and  pump-rods,  fometimes  weighing  many  tons,  mufl  be 
made  to  acquire  a  vorv  bviflc  motion  in  oppofite  diredlions, 
twice  in  every  working  ttrokc.  It  operates  in  a  greater  or 
a  Icfs  degree,  in  all  engines  which  have  a  reciprocating  mo- 
tion in  any  of  their  parts.  Pump-milb  are  of  neceffity  fiib- 
jefted  to  this  inconvenience.  In  the  famous  engine  at 
Marly,  about  i-ths  of  the  whole  moving  power  of  fomc 
of  the  water-wheels  ia  employed  in  giving  a  reciprocating 
motion  to  a  fet  of  rods  and  chains,  which  extend  from  the 
wheels  to  a  ciftern  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  diftant, 
where  they  work  a  fet  of  pumps :  thus  the  engine  is,  by 
fuch  injudicious  conftruflion,  a  monument  of  magnificence, 
&nd  the  druggie  of  ignorance  with  the  unchangeable  laws  of 
nature.  In  machines,  all  the  parts  of  which  continue  the 
diredlion  of  their  motion  unchanged,  the  iner'.ia  of  a  great 
mafs  of  matter  does  no  harm  ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  con- 
tributes to  pfeferve  the  fleadincfs  of  the  motion,  in  fpite  of 
fmall  inequalities  of  power  or  refiftance,  or  unavoidable  ir- 
regularities of  force  in  the  interior  part.  But  in  all  recipro- 
cations, it  is  highly  prejudicial  to  the  performance  ;  and, 
therefore,  conftrudtions  which  admit  fuch  reciprocation 
without  neceffity,  are  avoided  by  all  the  intelligent  en- 
gineers. 

In  many  machines,  but  generally  in  fmall  works,  what 
are  called  hearts,  camms,  fnails,  excentric  wheels,  &c.  are 
a  very  excellent  method  of  producing  flight  reciprocating 
movements  to  levers.  From  the  rotatory  motion  of  an  axis, 
they  have  the  great  advantage  of  admitting  any  modification 
of  the  motion,  to  aft  fuddenly  or  gradually,  in  either  direftion, 
at  the  pleafurp  of  the  maker.  This  is  done,  by  wheels  of  a 
particular  form,  fattened  upon  an  axis,  and  levers  applied  in 
contaft  with  their  circumferences,  which  receive  a  motion  in 
proportion  as  the  different  radii  of  the  wheels  alter  their 
lengths ;  and  if,  at  any  point  of  the  motion,  the  lever  is  to 
be  in  a  ftate  of  reft,  the  periphery  of  the  wheel  is,  during 
that  period,  made  a  circular  arc,  and  concentric  with  the 
axis.  From  the  facility  of  producing  any  motion  whatever 
by  carams,  it  is  an  univerfal  method,  and  applicable  to  all 
fubjefts  ;  but  ftill  has  objeftions,  which  will  induce  the  en- 
gineer to  negleft  it  in  thofe  mftances,  where  any  other  move- 
ment will  anfwer  the  fame  purpofe.  Thefe  objeftions  are 
the  great  friftio;i,  and  wear  of  the  camms,  which  foon  unfits 
them  for  accurate  motion  ;  this  may  in  i'ome  meafure  be  ob- 
viated by  applying  rollers  in  the  ends  of  the  levers,  to  re- 
.  ceive  the  contaft  of  the  camm.  Another  objeftion  is,  that 
the  camm  is  unfit  for  producing  a  double  motion,  becauie  a 
fpring  or  weight  muft  be  introduced  to  return  the  lever,  and 
always  keep  it  in  contaft  with  the  camm.  Now  if  this 
fpring  is  only  ufed  to  return  the  lever,  it  will  operate  very 
well ;  bu'  if  it  is  made  fo  ftrong  as  to  effeft  any  operation  of 
the  machine,  the  friftion  will  be  grea',  and  be  a  ferious  ob- 
jeftion to  the  ufe  of  camms. 

The  principles  of  thefe  movements,  and  praftical  direc- 
tions for  conftrufting  camms  for  any  kind  of  movement,  is 
fully  explained  in  our  article  Diagonal  Motion,  which 
renders  it  unneceflfary  to  enlarge  upon  the  fubjeft  in  this 
place.  Camm.s  are  ufed  on  a  large  fcale  in  rolling-mills,  for 
working  the  flicars  with  which  large  iron  bars  are  clipped 
into  lengths.  They  are  alfo  employed  in  the  machine  for 
punching  holes  through  the  iron  plates  for  boilers,  weaving 
Tnachmes,  &c. ;  and  are  in  common  ufe  in  the  blowing  ma- 


chine ufed  in  iron   forges  ;  but  it  is  a  very  injudicious  ap- 
plication, and  a  common  crank  would  be  much  better. 

We  once  with  great  plcafure  contemplated  a  very  com- 
plicated machine,  m  which  were  many  reciprocating  parts 
necefiarily  operating  only  whilil  moving  in  one  direftion  ;  in 
the  other,  they  had  merely  to  return  to  repeat  their  opera- 
tions. To  produce  this  reciprocation,  the  inventor  applied 
a  crank,  which  was  caufed  to  revolve  by  theaftion  of  a  pair 
of  elliptical  cog-wheels,  each  balanced  on  an  axis  pafiing 
through  one  of  its  foci.  In  this  conllruftion,  the  motion 
of  the  driven  wheel  and  the  crank  it  carried,  was  exceedingly 
variable,  but  by  equal  increments  of  alternate  acceleraion 
and  retardation.  Thus  when  the  long  radius  of  the  lirft 
wheel  was  operating,  it  met  the  (hortell  radius  of  the  other, 
therelore  giving  it  and  alfo  the  crank  a  rapid  motion  :  in 
this  ftate,  the  crank  was  returning  to  repeat  its  ftroke,  and 
with  a  quick  ftroke  ;  but  by  the  time  it  had  completed  half 
a  revolution,  the  aftion  was  reverfed,  the  ftiort  radius  of  the 
firft  wheel  afting  upon  the  long  radius  of  the  fecond,  which 
was  therefore  with  its  crank  at  the  flovvcft  point  of  its  move- 
ment :  but  the  decreafe  of  the  motion,  from  the  quickeft  to 
the  floweft  point  of  its  revolution,  being  effefted  by  equal 
increments,  gave  no  fhock  to  the  machinery.  The  crank 
was  of  courie,  during  the  flow  half  of  its  movement,  pec- 
forming  its  work  ;  and  in  the  quick  period,  returning  to 
fetch  its  ftroke.  By  this  judicious  arrangement,  the  refift- 
ance to  the  firft  movement  was  very  nearly  equable  :  for 
when  it  had  work  to  perform,  the  wheel-work  gained  a 
power  upon  the  working  point ;  but  ii,i  returning,  it  caufed 
it  to  urge  the  working  point  with  fuch  an  increafed  velocity, 
as  in  fome  degree  counterbalanced  the  diminiftied  refiftance  : 
but  in  this,  no  lofs  was  occafioned,  becaufe  this  increafed 
velocity  ftiortened  the  period  of  inaftioB  haftening  the  re^ 
turn  to  a  fituation  for  repeating   its  operation. 

Thefe  elliptical  wheels  are,  in  the  hands  of  an  able  me- 
chanic, a  very  ufeful  contrivance,  but  they  have  not  been 
much  ufed  in  machinery,  from  the  difBculties  of  forming 
their  teeth  with  precifion.  In  the  Cometarium,  (fee  that 
article,)  they  are  introduced  toreprefent  the  elliptic  motions 
of  comets,  and  we  have  feen  two  inftances  of  their  being 
ufed  in  large  mac  hines,  where  they  operated  with  as  mucSi 
facility  as  circular  wheels.  It  is  to  be  obferved,  that  a  fmall 
excentricity  of  the  ellipfe,  confequently  a  flight  deviation 
from  the  circular  figure,  will  produce  a  great  inequality  of 
their  motion,  becaufe  the  mcreafe  of  the  afting  radius  of 
one  wheel,  is  attended  with  a  correlpondent  decreale  of 
the  other,  fo  that  to  produce  almoft  any  differences  of  mo- 
tion which  can  be  required  in  praftice,  the  excentricity  of 
the  wheels  will  be  luch  as  can  eafily  be  accomphftied,  and 
as  will  work  with  each  other  fmoothly  and  accurately. 
When  heavy  ftampers  are  to  be  raifed  in  order  to  drop  on 
the  matter  to  be  pounded,  the  wiper^,  by  which  they  are 
lifted,  fiiould  be  made  6f  fuch  a  form  that  the  ftamper 
may  be  raifed  by  an  uniform  prefigure,  or  with  a  motio'n  al- 
moft imperceptible  at  firft.  If  this  is  not  attended  to,  and  the 
wiper  is  only  a  pin  fticking  out  from  the  axis,  the  ftamper 
is  forced  into  motion  at  once.  This  occafions  a  violent  ' 
jolt  to  the  machine,  and  great  ftrains  on  its  moving  parts 
and  their  points  of  fupport  ;  whereas,  when  they  are  gra- 
dually  lifted  at  firft,  the  inequality  of  defultory  motion  is 
never  felt  at  the  impelled  point  of  the  machine. 

We  have  feen  pillons  of  pumps  moved  by  means  of  a  dou- 
ble rack  on  the  pifton  rod  :  a  half  wheel  takes  hold  of  one 
rack  and  raifes  it  to  the  required  height.  The  moment 
the  half  wheel  has  quitted  that  fide  of  tiie  rack,  it  lays  hold 
of  the  other  fide  and  forces  the  pifton  down  again.  This 
has  been  propofed  as  a  great   improvement,  by  correfting 

the 


MACHINERY. 


the  unequable  motion  ot  the  pitloii,  moved  in  tlie  common 
way  bv  a  crank  motion  ;  but  it  occalions  fuch  abrupt 
changes  of  motion,  that  the  machine  is  fhakeu  by  jolts.  In- 
deed, if  the  movements  were  accurately  executed,  the  ma- 
chine would  be  foon  tbnken  to  pieces,  if  the  parts  did  not 
^ive  way  by  bending  and  yielding.  Accordingly  we  have 
always  obferved  that  this  motion  foon  failed,  and  was  changed 
for  one  that  was  more  fmooth  :  a  judicious  engineer  will 
avoid  all  fuch  fndden  changes  of  motion,  efpecially  in  any 
ponderous  part  of  a  machine. 

When  feveral  rtampcrs,  piftons,  or  other  reciprocal  movers 
are  to  be  raifed  and  deprelTed,  common  fcnfe  teaches  ns  to 
diftribute  their  times  of  adlion  in  an  uniform  manner,  fo 
that  the  machine  may  always  be  equally  loaded  with  work. 
When  this  is  done,  and  the  obfcrvations  in  the  preceding 
paragraph  attended  to,  the  machine  may  be  made  to  move, 
almoll  as  fmoothly  as  if  there  were  no  reciprocations  in  it. 
Nothing  (hews  the  ingenuity  of  the  engineer  more,  than  the 
artful,  yet  fimple  and  effectual  contrivances,  for  obviating 
thofe  difficulties  that  unavoidably  ariie  from  the  very  nature 
of  tire  work  to  be  performed  by  the  machine,  or  in  the 
power  employed  to  actuate  it. 

In  the  contrivance  of  machinery,  an  engineer  mull  not  be 
tied  down  by  too  many  inviolable  maxims,  bccaufe  thofe 
contrivances  which  are  the  mod  improper  in  iome  fituations 
will  be  the  beft  of  all  in  other  cafes.  There  is  great  room 
for  ingenuity  and  good  judgment  in  the  management  of  the 
moving  power,  when  it  is  fuch  as  cannot  immediately  pro- 
duce the  kind  of  motion  required  for  efFefting  the  purpofe. 
We  mentioned  tlie  converfion  of  the  continued  rotation  of 
an  axis  into  the  reciprocating  motion  of  a  piibw,  and  the 
improvement  which  was  thought  to  have  been  made  on 
the  common  and  obvious  contrivance  of  a  crank,  by  lub- 
fiituting  a  double  rack  on  the  piifon  rod,  and  the  incon- 
venience arifing  from  tlie  jolts  occafioned  by  this  change. 
We  have  been  informed  of  a  great  forge,  where  the  engi- 
neer, in  order  to  avoid  the  fame  inconvenience  arillng  from 
the  abrupt  motion  given  to  the  gn-at  lledge  hammer  of  feven 
hundred  weight  refilling  with  a  five-fold  momentum,  f  )rmed 
the  wipers  for  lifting  it  into  fpirals,  which  communicated 
motion  to  the  'hammer  with  fcarcely  any  jolf;  whatever  : 
but  the  refult  was,  that  the  hammer  rofe  no  higher  than  it 
had  been  raifed  in  contaft  with  the  wiper,  and  then  fell 
on  the  iron  bloom,  with  very  little  effeil.  The  caufe  of  its 
inefficiency  was  not  gueffed  at  ;  but  it  was  removed,  and 
wipers  of  the  common  form  were  put  i:i  place  of  the  fpirals. 
In  this  operation  the  rapid  motion  of  the  hammer  is  abfo- 
lutely  necell'ary  ;  it  is  not  enough  to  lift  it  up,  it  muft  be 
raifed  up  fo  as  to  fly  higher  than  the  wiper  lifts  it,  and  to 
ilrike  with  great  force  the  ftrong  oaken  fpring  v/hich  is 
placed  in  its  way.  It  comprefl'es  this  fpring,  and  is  re- 
flected by  it  with  a  confiderable  velocit) ,  fo  aS  to  hit  the 
iron  as  if  it  had  fallen  from  a  great  height  :  had  it  been 
allowed  to  fly  to  that  height  it  would  have  fallen  upon  the 
iron  with  fomcwhat  more  force  (becaufe  no  oaken  fcring 
is  perfeftly  elaftic)  ;  but  this  would  have  required  more 
than  twice  the  time. 

In  employing  a  power  which  of  necefHty  reciprocates,  to 
drive  machinery  which  requires  a  continuous  motion  (as  in 
applyintr  the  Ream  engine  to  a  cotton  or  corn  grinding  mill), 
there  alfo  occur  great  difficulties.  The  necedi'y  of  reci- 
procation in  the  firlt  mover  walles  much  pfiwer,  becaufe 
the  inftrument  which  communicates  fuch  an  enormous  force 
mull  be  extremely  ftrong,  and  be  well  fiippsirted.  The  im- 
pelling power  is  waited  in  imparting,  and  afterwards  dc- 
flroying  a  vail  quantity  of  motion  in  the  working  beam. 
The  ikilfu!  engineei'  will  attend  to  this,  and  dsi   his  utmoll 


to   procure  the   neceflary  ftrength  of  this  lever,   without 
making  it  a  vail  Joad  of  inert   matter.     He  will  alfo  remark, 
that  all  the  Ilrains  on  it,  and  on  its  fupports,  are  changing 
their  direftions  in  every  ftrokc.     This  requires  particular  at- 
tention to  the  manner  of  fupportingit  :  ifweobferve  the  old 
fteam  engines  which  have  been  long  erefted,    we   fee  that 
they  have  uniformly  fhaken  the  building  to   pieces.     This 
has  been  owing  to  the  ignorance  or  inattention  of  the  engi- 
ncei'   in   this  particular  ;    they   are   much   more  judicioufly 
creftcd  now,  experience  having  taught  the   moft  ignorant 
that  no  building  can  withfiand  their  defultorv  and   oppofite 
jolts,  and  that  the  great  movements  mull   be  fupported  by 
a  frame  work  of  wood  or  iron,  independent  of  the  build- 
ing of  mafonry  which   contains   it.      The  gudgeons  of  a 
water  wheel  ftiould  never  reft  on  the  wall    of  the   building  ; 
it   fliakes  it,    and  if  fct  to  work  foon  after    the    building 
has  been  ercdled,  it  prevents  the  mortar  from   taking   firm 
bond,  perhaps  by  ftiattering  the  calcareous  cr^-ftals  as   they 
form. 

When  the  engineer  is  obliged  to  reft  the  gudgeons  in 
this  way,  they  fhould  be  fupported  by  a  block  of  oak  laid  a 
little  hollow  :  this  foftens  all  tremor,'--,  like  the  fprings  of 
a  wheel  carriage.  This  practice  would  be  very  ferviceable 
in  many  other  parts  of  the  conltruclion.  It  will  frequently 
conduce  to  the  good  performance  of  an  engme,  to  make 
the  action  of  the  felilling  work,  unequable,  and  accommo- 
dated to  the  inequalities  of  the  impelling  power.  This  will 
produce  a  more  uniform  motion  in  machines,  in  which  the 
momentum  of  inertia  is  inconfiderable.  There  are  fome 
beautiful  fpecimens  of  this  kind  of  adjuftment  in  the  me- 
chanifm  of  animal  bodies. 

In  many  compound  machines  it  is  of  confequence  to  be 
able  to  detach  part  of  the  movements  while  the  others  con- 
tinue in  motion.  Thus  in  cotton-fpinning  machines,  it  is  ne- 
celary  to  be  able  to  call  off  or  ftop  any  fpind  e  at  pleafure, 
without  dilturbing  the  reft  ;  and  in  a  large  mill  containing 
many  machines,  it  is  effeiitial  that  any  one  may  be  reieafed 
without  interruption  to  the  tirlt  mover.  Such  contrivances 
are  called  coupling  or  clutch-boxes  :  they  are  effected  in 
various  ways,  Iome  of  which  are  detailed  under  Coupling- 
BOX.  But  we  wifti  here  to  defcribe  a  recent  improvement, 
very  generally  adopted  in  cotton  and  woollen  mil  s  ;  the 
object  of  which  is  to  avoid  a  jerk  being  given  to  any  m.achine 
when  it  is  put  in  a£tion,  from  its  being  fuddenly  urged  from 
a  Hate  of  reft  to  a  ftate  of  motion  :  for  if  the  movement  is 
to  be  rapid,  nothing  can  be  more  dellructive  to  the  machine 
than  the  violence  ot  the  (hock  it  receives  from  the  common 
clutch-box.  To  avoid  this,  the  arm  which  gives  motion  to 
'he  machine  when  the  clutch  of  the  running  fpindle  is  en- 
gaged wi'h  it,  is  not  fixed  fall  upon  the  fpindle,  but  is 
made  in  two  halves  Icre.ved  together  upon  a  circular  part 
of  the-  fpindle,  and  pinched  upon  it  lo  fail  by  the  fcrews,  that 
it  will  have  fufiicieut  friction  to  turn  the  machii  e  round  in 
the  ordinary  courfe  of  its  work,  but  (lips  round  upon  the 
(pindle,  if  the  reliltance  is  greater  than  this  friction,  which 
thus  becomes  the  mealure  of  the  power  dealt  out  to  the 
machine. 

Suppole  a  machine  of  this  kind  at  reft,  the  clutch  is  turned 
by  the  tirlt  mover  with  a  confiderable  velocity,  and  is  fud- 
denly connedled  wi;h  the  arm  above  defcribed  :  now  it  re- 
quires fome  time  (independent  of  any  refiltance  or  work  of 
the  machine)  to  put  its  parts  in  motion.  In  this  time  the 
arm  (lips  round  upon  the  Ipindle,  but  the  friction  acts  con- 
Itantiy,  and  with  an  equable  force  upon  the  machine  to  turn 
it  round.  It  commences  its  motion,  which  gradua'lv  acce- 
lerates, until  it  arrives  at  the  fame  velocity  as  the  driving 
fpindle,  and  then  the  flipping  of  the  box  ceafes,  and  the 
5  D  2  machine 


MACHINERY. 


machine  proceeds  in  an  uniform  manner  :  flill  the  box  is  a 
very  ufeful  provilioii  in  cafe  of  any  accident  happening  to 
the  machine  to  flop  it,  by  anv  thin;^  gettinj^  into  its  move- 
ments :  the  box  then  Hips  round  uitiiout  breaiiinjj  the  works. 
All  machinery,  whicli  is  expofed  to  th<»  chance  of  great  vio- 
-lence,  fliou'd  be  provided  with  fomc  ecjuivalent  contrivance, 
Avhich  permits  the  movement  to  (lip  when  the  machine  is  over- 
loaded and  would  otherwife  be  broken.  An  inllance  of  this 
will  be  I'een  in  the  Dueuging  Eir^inc  j  fee  that  article.  The 
fame  efTett  may  be  produced  by  conical  wheels  fitting  into 
each  other,  in  the  manner  of  a  valve  and  its  feat.  One  of 
them  being  fixed  to  each  fpindle,  will,  when  they  are  jambed 
into  each  other,  comnmnicatc  the  motion,  b'lt  perniits  it  to 
flip  if  overloaded.  A  very  ingenious  application  of  this 
will  be  found,  in  the  mortifnig  machine  of  the  block  machines 
at  Portfmonth  (fee  MAClllXtRy  fir  manufailuring  Skips' 
i?/or/-j),  and  another  jndicions  application  oi  it  under  Lot-- 
-WOOD  Mill. 

Many  other  contrivances  are  in  ufe  for  detaching  or  uniting 
motions'  at  pleafure.  In  cog-wheclr,  the  fitpports  for  the 
gudgeons  are  fometimes  fitted  up  fo  as  to  be  moveable,  that 
the  wheels  can  be  feparated  to  fuch  a  diitance  as  to  relieve 
each  other's  teeth.  At  other  times  one  of  the  wheels  is  fitted 
on  a  round  part  of  its  axis,  and  united  with  it  at  pleafure 
by  a  clutch-box.  Thus  the  wheels  are  always  in  motion,  but 
one  of  them  can  be  detached  at  pleafure  from  its  axis,  on  which 
it  flips  freely.  Bevelled  cog-wheels  are  cafiiy  difengaged, 
•by  fuffering  the  axis  of  one  to  move  a  little  endways,  and 
then  their  teeth  are  feparated. 

Wheels  turned  by  (traps  are  readily  connected,  or  call  off, 
by  removing  the  llrap,  but  this  is  not  cafily  done  while  the 
wheels  are  in  motion  ;  though  fome  dextrous  workmen  are 
.able  to  put  on  the  ftraps  when  the  wheels  arc  going  ;  but 
it  is  attended  with  much  difficulty,  and  great  danger,  if  the 
motion  is  quick,  of  catching  the  fingers  in  the  ftrap.  We 
have  known  an  inllance  of  a  man's  arm  being  torn  away  at 
the  flioulder,  by  careleffnefs  in  perfornnng  this  operation. 

For  difengaging  the  motion  of  a  Urap,  the  contrivance 
called  the  live  and  dead  pulley  is  very  ingenious  :  it  confitls 
of  two  pullies  placed  clofe  together  upon  any  axis  which  is 
to  receive  a  circular  motion.  The  endlefs  llrap  or  band,  by 
encompaffing  one  of  ihefe  pullies,  gives  it  a  conllant  rotatory 
motion.  Now  one  of  them  being  fixed  fall  upon  the  fpindle, 
and  the  other  flipping  freely  round  upon  it,  gives  the  means 
of  turning  or  difconlinuing  the  motion  of  the  fpindle  at 
pleafure,  by  flfifting  the  llrap  either  upon  the  live  or  dead 
pulley,  which,  as  they  are  exadly  of  the  fame  fize,  and 
clofe  to  each  oiher  upon  the  fpindle,  iseafily  done.  'I'helive 
pulley  IS  that  which  is  fixed  to  its  axis,  fo  called  from  its 
caufing  life  or  motion' to  the  fpindle,  and  the  machinery 
appended  to  it.  The  dead  or  idle  pulley  is  that  which  flips 
upon  its  fpindle  ;  therefore,  when  the  llrap  is  caufed  to  run 
upon  it,  it  turns  round  without  giving  any  motion  to  the 
fpin  Jle.  This  contrivance  is  extremely  well  adapted  to  give 
motion  to  fmall  machinery,  from  the  fimplicity  of  its  cou- 
ilruftion,  and  the  facility  with  which  it  is  put  in  motion  or 
at  reil.  It  polfefies  alfo  another  great  advantage,  w'z.  it 
occafions  no  fudden  fhock  to  the  machinery  at  firll  Ibuting, 
as  it  does  not  inllantly  communicate  to  it  the  lull  velocity. 
To  lUullrate  this,  fuppofethe  llrap  running  lipoii  the  dead 
pulley,  and  the  machine  therefore  at  rc!l,  the  leading  fide  of 
the  llrap  is  in  general  conduced  through  a  notch  in  a  piece 
of  board  wliich  is  fitted  in  a  groove,  fo  as  to  have  liberty  of 
Hiding  in  fuch  a  manner  that  it  may  condudl  the  llrap  to 
work  upon  either  of  the  pullies  ;  but  this  is  not  necellary 
nor  always  attended  to,  for  the  perfon  who  attends  the  ma- 
chine may,  by  the  flighteil  preflure  un  the  leading  iide  llrap 


by  his  hand,  caufe  it  to  fliift  upon  the  other  pulley ;  but  as 
this  is  not  done  inllantly,  it  communicates  the  motion  to  the 
live  pulley  by  degrees  ;  for  at  firll  fiiifting,  it  be^'ins  upon  a 
very  narrow  furface  of  the  pulley,  which  is,  therefore,  urged 
into  motion,  but  without  violence  to  the  machine,  as  the  llrap 
at  firll  flips  partially  upon  the  furface  of  the  live  pulley,  and 
this,  as  we  have  before  ilated,  caufcs  the  llrap  to  endeavour 
to  efcape  from  the  pulley  ;  but  the  attendant  continues  to 
prcfs  the  ftrap  on  the  leading  fide,  and  force  it  to  adt  upon 
the  live  pulley,  which  having  attained  its  full  velocity,  and 
the  ftrap  no  longer  (lipping  upon  it,  has  no  tendency  to  get 
olF,  uulefs  the  machine  is  overloaded,  and  then  it  will  get 
off  to  the  dead  pulley.  The  live  and  dead  pulley  is  very 
cxtenfively  ufed  in  cotton  machinery,  and  is  a  very  excellent 
contrivance;  the  only  objedion  to  it  being  that  the  bndi  in 
the  centre  of  the  idle  pulley  is  liable  to  wear  Very  loofe  m 
a  (hort  time.  It  is  fcarcely  necefiary  to  add,  that  the  driving 
wheel  for  the  (Irap  of  the  live  and  dead  pulley  mull  be  as 
broad  on  its  edge  as  both  the  live  and  dead  pulley  toge- 
ther ;  indeed,  it  is  generally  a  lonir  cylindrical  drum,  which 
receives  many  llraps  for  turning  different  machines. 

A  motion  is  frequently  required  in  machinery,  by  which 
a  wheel  or  axis  is  made  to  revolve  in  one  diretlion  for  any 
required  time,  and  then  at  plealurc  changed,  fo  as  to  re- 
volve in  the  other  diredlion.  Various  means  may  be  ufcd 
for  efietting  this  purpofe.  The  molt  common  is  by  means 
of  two  equal  and  fimilar  bevelled  orcontrate  wheels,  fituated 
on  the  fame  axis,  and  their  teeth  towards  each  other.  A 
third  bevelled  wheel  is  applied  with  its  axis  perpendicular 
to  tli£  former,  and  its  teeth  engaging  at  pleafure  with  either 
of  the  two  wheels,  which,  as  they  turn  the  fame  way  round, 
and  can  be  made  to  act  at  one  or  other  of  the  fides  of  the 
third  wheel,  fo  as  to  turn  it  in  either  diredlion,  as  it  is  engaged 
with  either  of  the  two  wheels.  This  movement  was  applied 
by  Mr.  Smeaton  to  a  machine  he  invented  for  drawing  coals 
from  coal-pits.  In  this  the  third  wheel  was  a  trundle,  and 
could  be,  by  a  lever,  made  to  work  in  the  teeth  of  either  of 
the  cog-wheels  which  were  mounted  upon  the  axis  of  a 
water-wheel,  and  thus  turned  the  trundle  either  way.  at  plea- 
fure, to  draw  up  or  let  down  the  balkcts  or  corves,  which 
were  fufpended  from  a  drum  upon  the  axis  of  the  trundle. 
Some  mechanics  have  conllrudled  the  contrivance  in  a  dif- 
ferent manner,  by  fitting  the  two  wheels  upim  a  circular 
part  of  their  fpindle,  and  fuffering  them  tu  turn  round  freely 
upon  it.  Their  teeth  are  a' ways  engaged  with  the  teeth  of 
the  third  wheel,  and,  therefore,  they  are  always  revolving 
in  oppofite  dired^ions,  and  either  can  at  plcalure  be  con- 
nedted  with  the  axis  by  a  fliding  clutch-box,  but  which  is  not 
long  enough  to  engage  both  at  once.  The  axis  can,  by  this 
means,  be  made  to  revolve  in  the  direction  of  either  wheel 
at  pleafure,  by  Hiding  the  clutch-box  towards  that  whee'. 

We  have  feen  a  very  ingenious  application  of  the  live  and 
dead  pulley  to  this  purpole,  for  a  crane  in  a  cotton  mill,  to 
take  up  and  down  the  goods,  work-people,  &c.  It  was  in- 
vented by  Mr.  Henry  Strutt,  and  has  been  applied  in  his 
cotton  mills  at  Belper,  Dcrbylhire.  In  this  machine  it  was 
necefl'ary  to  have  a  motion  which  could  be  turned  eitlier  way 
at  pleafure,  to  draw  up  or  let  down  .the  ba(l<et  ;  but  the 
double  wheel-work  above  defcribed  was  evidently  improper, 
from  the  fudden  jerk  it  would  liave  given  at  the  mltant  of 
changing  the  motion.  It  was  effedled  in  this  manner  ;  an  axis 
which  gave  motion  to  the  crane  barrel,  has  two  pair  of  live 
and  dead  pullies  upon  it,  and  alio  a  brake  wheel  to  llop  the 
motion,  which  is  fituated  between  the  two  pair:  an  endlefs 
llrap  is  condudled  to  each  pair,  being  turned  by  a  long  drum 
placed  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  pullies,  and  kept  in  conllant 
motion   by  the  mill.       One  of  thefe  endlefs  llraps  is  crolied 

between 


MACHINERY. 


between  the  drum  and  it?  piillies,  but  the  other  is  not, 
therefore  one  pair  cf  the  live  or  dead  pullies  are  always  re- 
volving in  one  direftion,  and  the  others  are  turning  in  an  op- 
poiite  way.  Both  ftraps  are  cond'ifted  through  guides  fixed 
to  afiidiiig  rail,  by  which  the  ftraps  can  be  (hiited  both  at 
once,  lldewavs.  When  this  rail  is  in  a  pofition  that  the  ftraps 
are  both  upon  their  dead  pullies,  the  axis  and  brake  wheel 
are  at  rell,  and  in  this  pofition  the  rail  has  a  tendency  to  re- 
main, unlefs  forced  by  hand.  On  moving  the  rail  one  way 
from  the  quiefcent  point,  one  of  the  ftraps  is  thrown  on  its 
live  piillev,  and  the  fpindle  tuims  with  it,  winding  up  the 
baflcet.  By  moving  the  rail  in  the  other  direction  beyond  its 
quiefcent  point,  this  ftrap  is  Ihifted  on  to  its  dead  pulley, 
and  becomes  inactive  ;  but  the  other  ftrap  operates  on  its  live 
pulley,  to  turn  the  fpindle  in  the  oppollte  direftion,  and  lets 
down  the ballvet.  We  ftiall  defcribe  this  very  ufefuland  curious 
machine  in  its  place  among  the  cotton  machinery.  See  Ma- 
nufacture of  Cotton. 

Logwood  rafping  engines,  fcrew  prefTes,  and  fome  other 
machines,  require  a  motion  to  work,  them  forwards  to  a  cer- 
tain extent,  and  then  the  direftion  is  to  be  reverftd  to  draw 
them  back,  which  requires  but  very  little  power  to  efteft  it. 
In  this  cafe  the  motion  may  be  effefted  by  a  pair  of  cog- 
wheels turning  each  other,  and  thus  communicating  the  mo- 
tion for  one  direilion  in  which  it  is  to  perform  the  work.  A 
couple  of  pullies  are  fixed  on  the  refpettive  axes  near  the  cog- 
wheels, and  an  endlefs  ftrap  connefts  them,  but  the  ftrsp  is 
fo  long,  that  when  the  cog-wheels  are  in  gear,  the  ftrap  hangs 
flack,  and  does  not  operate  :  but  to  reverie  the  movement,  the 
fockets  for  one  of  the  gudgeons  of  the  driving  fpindle  or 
axis  is  made  to  fhift,  that  the  diftance  between  tlic  centre  of 
the  two  wheels  may  be  increafed,  fo  as  to  difengage  the  teeth 
of  the  wheels,  and  the  ftrap  becomes  tight,  and  turns  the 
wheels  back  ;  but  on  bringing  the  wheels  together  again, 
the  ftrap  becomes  flack,  and  the  wheels  refume  their  original 
courfe. 

Screws  are,  of  all  the  mechanical  powers,  the  moft  fre- 
quently ufed  iw  machines,  though  not  always  as  moving 
pans,  being  chiefly  introduced  for  uniting  and  retaining  the 
parts.  They  are  not  fo  conftantly  employed  as  acting  move- 
ments, on  account  of  their  friflion,  and  the  trouble  of  making 
them  ;  they  are,  neverthelefs,  a  very  ufeful  agent  on  many  oc- 
cafions,  and  poflefs  the  advantage  of  accurately  retaining 
any  movement  they  make,  and  producing  an  extremely  flow 
motion  with  eafe,  and,  when  it  is  required,  with  the  moft  per- 
fect accuracy.  No  engineer  will  employ  fcrews  for  a  rapid 
motion,  as  their  friftion  and  great  wear  renders  them  unfit 
for  fuch  filuations.  To  the  endlefs  fcrew  afting  on  the  teeth 
of  cog-wheels,  this  objection  does  not  apply  fo  forcibly,  be- 
caufe  the  great  number  of  teeth  on  which  the  fcrew  operates 
fucceflively,  do  not  wear  fo  faft  as  the  nut  of  a  female  fcrew 
would  under  the  fame  circuinftances,  and  the  frittion  is  far 
lefs,  becaufe  the  fcrew  is  not  enclofed  all  round  its  thread. 
The  endlefs  fcrew  or  worm  is  ufeful  on  many  occafions  to  ob- 
tain a  flow  motion,  which  it  does  in  a  very  fimple  manner  ; 
but,  for  the  purpofe  of  obtaining  a  quick  motion,  it  ftiould 
never  be  ufed,  on  account  of  the  friftion  and  confequent 
wear.    This  is  leen  in  the  common  roaliing  jack. 

In  many  fituations  in  which  movn'g  fcrews  are  ufed,  the 
fameeffetts  maybe  produced  in  the  moft  fimple  and  convenient 
manner  by  Mr.  Braniah's  method  of  producing  and  applying 
a  more  confiderable  degrte  of  power  to  all  kinds  of  machinery 
requiring  motion  and  force,  than  by  any  means  at  prefent 
practifed  for  the  purpofe  This  method,  for  which,  on  the 
3  I  ft  of  March  1796,  he  obtained  a  patent,  conlills  in  tlie 
application  of  water,  or  other  denfe  fluids,  to  various  engines, 
fo  as,  in  lome  inftanccs,  to  caufe  them  to  ECt  with  immenfe 


force  ;  in  others,  to  communicate  the  motion  and  powers  of 
one  part  of  a  machine  to  fome  other  part  of  the  fame  ma< 
chine  ;  and  laftly,  to  communicate  the  motion  and  force  of  oce 
machine  to  another,  though  removed  to  a  great  diftance  from 
each  other,  and  where  their  local  fituations  preclude  the  ap- 
plication  of  all  other  methods  of  connection.     The  principle 
of  this  invention  is  the  fame  with  the  hydroftalic  paradox,  but 
its  various  applications  to    uleful   purpoles   is   due  to  Mr. 
Bramali.   The  liinplell  form  is  for  a  pix-fo,  or  machine,  to  raifc 
an  enormous  weight   to  a  fmall  height :  a  metallic  c)linder 
fufficiently  ftrong,  and   bored  perfectly  imooth  and  cylin- 
drical, IsiS  a  fi'lid  pifton  f.tted   into  it,  v  iiich  is  made  per- 
fectly watertight,  by  leather  packing  round  its  edge,  or  other 
means  ufed  in  hydraulic  engines.  The  bottom  of  the  cylinder 
mull  be  made  fufficiently  ftrong,  with  the  otiier  parts  of  the 
iurface,  to  refift  the  greateft  (train  which  can  ev>;r  be  applied 
to  it.     In  the  bottom  of  the  cylinder  is  ii.ferted  the  cud  of  a 
fmall  tube,  the   aperture   of  which   communicates  with  vUit 
infide  of  the  cylinder,  and  introduces  water  or  other  fluids 
into  it :  the  other  end  of  the  pipe  communicates  with  a  fmall 
forcing  pump,  by  which  the  water  can  be  injefted  into  the 
cylinder  under  its  pifton  :   the  pump  has  of  courfe  valves  to 
prevent  the  return  of  the  water.      Now  fuppofe  the  diameter 
of  the  cylinder  to  be  twelve  inches,  and  the  diameter  of  the 
pifton  of  the  fmall  pump  or  injeiftor  only  one  quarter  of  an 
inch,  the  proportion  between  the  two  furfaces  or  ends  of  the 
faid  piftons  will  be  as  1  to  2504  ;  and  fuppofing  the  inter- 
mediate fpace  between  them  to  he  filled  with  water,  or  other 
denfe  and  incompreffible  Huids,  any  force  applied  to  the  fmall 
pifton  will  operate  upon  the  otiicr  in  the  above  proportion, 
^•/^;.  as    I  to  2304.      Suppofe  the  fmall  pifton  or  injector  to 
be  forced  down  when  in  the  a£t  of  forcing  or  injecting  with 
a  weight  of  20  cwt.   wliich  can  eafily  be  done  by  means  of  a 
long  lever,  the  piftcn   of  ihe  great  cylinder  would  then  be 
moved  up,  with  a  force  equal  to  zocwt.  multiplied  by  2^04. 
Thus  is  conftruiited  a  hydro-mechanical  engine,  whereby  a 
Vv'eight  amounting  to   2304  tons   can  be   railed  by  a  fimple 
lever,  in  much  lefs  time  through  equal  fpace,  than  could  be 
done  by  any  apparatus  conftructed  on  the  known  principles 
of  mechanics,  and  it  may  be  proper  to  obfcrve,  that  the  effect 
of  all  other  mechanical  combinations  is  counteracted  by  an 
accumulated  complication  of  parts,  which  renders  tliein  in- 
capable of  being  uletully  extended  beyond  a  certain  degree, 
.but  in  machines  adted  uj.oii,  or  conftrudted  on  this  principle, 
every  difficulty  of  this  kind  is   obviated,  and   their  power 
fubjett  to  no  finite  reftraint.  To  prove  this,  it  will  be  only  ne- 
ceflary  to  remark,  that  the  force  of  any  machine  ading  upon 
this  principle  can  be  iwcieafed,  ad  infinitum,  either  by  ex- 
tending the  proportion  between  the  diameter  of  the  injeilor 
and  the  great  cylinder,  or  by  applying  greater  power  to  the 
lever  actuating  the  fmall  pump.      On  this  principle  very  won- 
derful  eiFefts  may  be  produced  inttantaneoufly,  by  means  of 
comprefted  air.       Suppofe  a  large  cyhnder,  furnilhed  with  a 
pifton  in  the   fame  manner   as  before  defcribed,  a  globular 
vefFel  is  ufed,  made  of  copper,  iron,  or  other  ftrong  material, 
capable  of  refifting  immenfe  force,  fimilar  to  thofe  ufed  for 
air  guns :  it  has  a  ftrong  tube  of  fmall  bore,  in  which  is  a 
ftop-cock  :  one  of  the  ends  of  this  tube  communicates  with 
the  great  cylinder  beneath  its  pifton,  and  the  other  end  with 
the  globe.     Now  fuppofe  the  great  cylinder  to  be  of  the  fame 
diameter  as  that  before  defcribed,  and  the  fmaU  tube  equal 
to  one  quarter  of  an  inch  diameter,  wlijch  is  the  fame  as  the 
injedting   pump  before-mentioned  fur  the  prefs  :  then  fup- 
pofe that  air  is  injedted  into  the  globe  (bv  the  cornmoD  me- 
thods)  till  it   prclles  agalnll  the  co^k  with  a   force    equal 
to  20  cwt.  which   can    be  done  ;  the  confequcnce  will  be, 
that  when  the  cock  is  opened,  the  pifton  will  be  inftantiy 
b  iriGvtd 


MACHINERY. 


moved  in  the  great  cylinder,  with  a  power  or  force  equal  to  by  cocks  admitting  it  into  various  cylinders,  many  power. 

2304  tons,  and  it  is  obvious,  as  in 'he  cafe  before-n-.en'ioned,  ful  operations  arc  performed:   it  works  an   immenfe  prefs 

that  any  other  unlimited  degree  of  f-rce  may  be  acquired  by  for  bending  ftrong  iron  bars,   or  breaking  cait  iron  for  the 

machines  or  engines   th'.is  conftrufted.      By  the  hydroftatic  foundery.      It    moves  the   carriage   of  the  planlng-cngine  ; 

principle,  the  power  and   motion   of  any  machine  may  be  and  he  has  brought  the  methods  of  packing  the  cylinders 

transferred  or  communii-ated  to  another,  let  their  dillai.ce  and  to  f';ch    perfeftion,   that  they  are  employed  to   make   the 

local  titualion  be  what  they  may.   Suppofe  two  fmall  tubes  or  mod  delicate  adjudments  in  the  parts  of  the  machine.      (See 

cylinders,  m   the  iniide  of  each  of  which  is  a   pifton   made  a  fidl  defcription  of  this  in  Planing  Engine,  and  alfo  Press, 

water  and  air-tight,  a  tube  may  be  conveyed  under  ground  Hydrojlatic.)      In  another  part  of  the  tattory,  it   works  u 

or  otherwife,  from  the  bottom  of  one  cylinder  to  the  o:her,  crane   for  lifting  the  heavieft  goods,   by  merely  opening  a 

to  form  a  communication  between  them,  notwithftanding  their  cock,  and  lowers  them  down,  by  opening  another,  with  the 

dillance  be  ever  fo  great.   Let  tliis  tube  be  filled  with  water,  utmoft  fafety.     A  very  large  Floodgate  is  alfo  raifed  up  by 

or  other  fluid,  until  it  touches  the  bottom  of  the  two  pidons  ;  two  cylinders.     (See   that  article.)     It  may   be   ufed  for 

then,  by  deprefling  the  pifton  of  one  cylinder,  the  pillon  of  turning  the    bridges   of   canals.      (Sec    Canal.)      On   the 

the  other  will  be  railed.      The  fame  effeft  will  be  produced,  whole,  we  cannot  conclude  this  article,  without  recommeild- 

■vice  verfd  ;  thus  bells  may  be  rung,   wheels  turned,  or  other  ing  the  hydroltatic  principle  very  Itrongly  to  engineers,  as 

machinery  put  invifibly  in  motion  by  a  power  being  applied  a  method  the  moll  perfeft  of  all  others  of  communicating 


to  cither  cylinder. 

By  ihefe  mean",  it  is  obvious,  that  moft  commodious  ma- 
chines of  prodigious  power,  and  fiifceptible  of  the  greatefl 
tlrength,  may  readily  be  formed.  If  the  fame  multiplication 
of  power  be  attempted  by  toothed- wheel  pinions  and  rackh. 


notion,  which  is  to  aft  only  for  fhort  extents,  or  with  great 
power,  as  it  can  fo  ealily  be  condufted  through  any  cir- 
cuitous rout,  and  lofcs  fo  little  power  by  friiHion.  The 
eafe  with  which  it  is  relieved  from  the  aftion,  or  caufed  to 
operate  in  a  contrary  direftion,  is  not  its  finallell  advantage  ; 


it  is  fcarcely  polTible  to  give  ftrength  enough  to  the  teeth  of    and   by  means  of  the  air-vcflel  the  power  may  be  accumu- 
the  racks,  and  the  machines  become  very  cumberfume,  and     lated  while  the  machine  is  preparing  tor  aftion,  and  then  an 


of  (Treat  expence.  But  Mr.  Bramah's  machine  may  be 
made  abundantly  ftrong  in  very  fniall  compafs.  It  only 
req"ires  very  accurate  execution.  The  hjdroltatic  prin- 
ciple on  which  it  depends  has  been  well  known  for  near'y 
two  centuries,  and  it  is  a  matter  of  furpnie  that  it  has 
never  before  been  applied  to  any  ufcfui   practical  piirpofe. 

The  application  v.hich  Mr.  Brauiah  has  made  of  this 
truly  valuable  principle  is  very  general  :  it  was  firll  applied 
for  preffes  inftead  of  large  fcrews,  for  which  purpofe  it  is 
greatly  fuperior  in  every  refpeft.  PrelFes  being  generally 
moved  by  the  ftrength  of  men  alone,  the  faving  of  power 
becomes  a   great   objeft  ;  and   tins   it  accompliihes,  having 


immenfe  pouer  fuddenly  given.  We  have  little  doubt  the 
hydroftatic-prefs  would  anfwer  the  bell  of  any  method  for 
expreffi'  g  oil.  The  prefent  oil-prefs  is  defcribed  under 
QlL-MUl,  a.d  operates  by  a  wedge,  driven  by  repeated 
blovvs  ot  a  heavy  Hamper.  The  method  is  ingenious  ;  but 
great  part  of  the  power  is  expended  in  triftion,  as  is  evident 
from  the  wedge  requiring  nothing  to  retain  it,  as  it  is  driven, 
the  friftion  over-balancing  all  the  re-adion  of  the  fubllances 
prelTed. 

A  motion  is  very  frequently  required  in  machinery  for 
giving  to  any  piece  of  wheel-work  an  increafed  or  diminillied 
velocity  at  pleafure.     The  molt  complete  of  thefe  are  the  Ex- 


no  proportion  of  the  friftion  of  the  fcrew,  and  immenfely  panding  Riggers  (fee  that  article);    but  many  other  means 

greater   power.     In    a  fcrew-pref?,   it    requires    nearly    as  may  be  employed.     Thus,  on  two  parallel  fpindles,  which  are 

much  labour  to   unfcrew  as  lo  fcrew  it  up,  an  evidence  of  to  turn  each  other,  place  a  number  of  wheels,  increafing  in 

the  enormous  friftion  of  a  fcrew,  when  afting  againll  a  great  fize  by  regular  fteps,  the  fmalleft  wheel  of  one  fpindlc  being 

prefTure  :   but  the  hydroftatic-prefs  only  requires  a  cock  to  oppofite  to  the  largcll  of  the  other.     The  fame  cndhfs  ftrap 

be  opened   to   let  out  the  water  from  beneath  the   pifton,  wiil  fit  any  pair  of  them,  and  give  a  great  variety  of  powers 


which  then  defcends  quickly,  by  its  own  gravity,  or  the 
elafticity  of  the  fwbttaices  under  the  prcHurc.  But  the 
greatell  convenience  of  the  hydroilatic  priiciple  is,  that 
its  power  can  fo  eafily  be  tranf  itted  to  any  diftance,  and  in 


and  velocities  :  the  fame  may  be  effefted  by  having  a  number 
of  cog-wheels  ;  and,  inftead  of  a  llrap,  ufing  an  intermediate 
cog-wheel,  which  can  be  applied  to  connedf  any  pair  of  the 
wheels  at  pleafure.     A  very  ingenious  application  of  double 


any  dirv.-v.'^ion,   by  means  of  pipes  condufted  along  in  fitua-  cones  is  ufed  in  a  cotton-niachine,  called  the  double  fpceder. 

tions  wh'  re  all  other  means  of  conveying  the  motion  would  See  Manufacture  o/'C««on,  alfo  Mr.  Braithwate's  Chane. 

be  complicated,  and  expenfive  in  the  extreme.     Thus,  in  a  It  is  very  cuftomary   to  add  what   is  called  a  fly  to   ;:  a- 

large  paper-mill,  an  injetling-pump  may  be  kept  in  conftant  chines.      This   is  a  heavy  did':   or  hoop,   or  other  mafs  of 

action  by  -he  water-mill,  or  fteam-engiiie,  and  injeft  water  matter,   balanced    on  its  axis,   and  fo   connedted   with    the 

into  an  air-vel'el,  from  which  pipes  are  coiidufted  to  preflTes  machinery,  as  to  turn  briflcly  round  with  it.      This  may  be 

in  all  par's  of  the  mill,  and  by  fimply  opening  a  cock  at  any  done  with  the  view  of  rendering  the  motion  of  the  v,-hole 

prefs,  any  required  prefTure  will  be  inilantly  given  by  the  more  regular,  iiotwithftanding  unavoidable  inequa'ities  of  the 

elafticity  of  the  confined  air  operating  on  the  ealargcd  fur-  accelerating  forces,  or  of  the  relillanccs  occalioncd  by  the 

face  of  the  pifton  cf  any  prefs.     The  air-veffel  has,  of  courfe,  work:  it  then  becomes  a  regulator.     Suppofe  the  refiltance 

a  fafety-valve,  to   allow  the  efcape   of  the   water  when  the  to    a    machine     extremely     unequal,     and     the     impelling 

preffiire  becomes  fo  great  as  to  endangei  the  rupture  of  any  power  perfeftly  conftant  ;  as  when  a  bucket-wheel  is  em- 

of  the  vetfels ;  for  it  is  to  be  obferved,  that  the  power  of  ployed    to  work   one  pump  ;  when  the  pillon  has  ended  its 

this  principle  is  irrefiftitle,  when  the  pump  is  worked  by  a  working-ftroke,  and  while  it  is  going  down  the  barrel,  the 

mill,  and  will  burft  any  velTels,  without  the  Icaft  appearance  power  of  the   wheel  being   fcarcely  oppoled,  it  accelerates 

of  rtrain  on   the  movino-  parts  of  the  pump.'  the  whole  machine,  and  the  pifton  arrives  at  the  bottom  of 

In  Mr.  Bramah's  extenfive  vvork-fliops  at  Pimlico,  and  the    barrel    with    confiderab'e   velocity  ;    but   in   the   rifing 

anotler   at    Mill-Bank,  London,   the   ftejm-engines  which  again,  the  wheel  is  oppofed  by  the  column  of  water  now 

turn    the    laih.  s,    boring-machines,    planing-machines,    &c.  preffing  on  the  pilton  :   this  immediately  retards  the  wheel  ; 

work    3    fmall    injefting-pump,    as    above-mentioned,    and  and  when  the  pifton  has  reached  the  top  of  the  barrc,  all  the 

fmall  coppsr  pipes  are  laid  to  every  part  of  the  works,  and  acceleration  is  undone,  and  is  to  begin  again.     The  motion  of 

2  fuch 


M  A  C  H  I N  E  R  Y. 


(uch  a  machine  is  very  hobbling  ;  but  the  furplus  of  acce- 
lerating fjrce,  at  the  beginning  ot  a  returning  rtroKe,  will  not 
make  fuch  a  change  in  the  motion  of  the  machme,  if  we 
conneil  the  fir  with  it  ;  for  the  accelerating  momentum  is 
a  determinate-  qiantity  :  ttierefbre,  if  the  radius  of  the  fly 
be  great,  this  momentum  will  be  attained  by  communicating 
a  fmil!  angular  m-xion  to  the  machine.  The  momentum 
of  the  fly  IS  as  the  fi;|uare  of  its  radius,  therefore  it  refifl:s  ac- 
celeration in  this  proportion  ;  and  although  the  overplus  of 
power  generates  the  fame  momentum  of  rotation  in  the 
whole  machine  as  before,  it  makes  but  a  fmaU  and  imper- 
ceptible addition  to  its  velocity.  If  the  diameter  of  the 
fly  be  doubled,  the  augmentation  of  rotation  will  be  reduced 
to  one-fourth.  Thus,  by  giving  a  rapid  motion  to  a  fmall 
quantity  of  matter,  the  great  acceleration  during  thfe  return- 
(troke  of  the  pillon  is  prevented.  This  acceleration  con- 
tinues, however,  during  the  whole  of  the  returning  ftroke, 
and  at  the  end  of  it  the  machine  has  acquired  its  greatell 
velocity.  Now,  the  working  Ih-oke  begins,  and  the  over- 
plus of  power  is  at  an  end.  The  machine  accelerates  no 
more  ;  but  if  the  power  is  juft  in  equilibrium  with  the  re- 
liftance,  it  keeps  the  velocity  which  it  has  acquired,  and  is 
ftill  more  accelerated  during  the  next  returning  ftroke. 
But  now,  at  the  beginning  of  the  fubfequent  working-ftroke, 
there  is  an  overplus  of  refillance,  and  a  retardation  begins 
and  continues  during  the  whole  rife  of  the  piilon  ;  but  it  is 
inconliderable  in  comparifon  of  what  it  would  have  been 
without  the  fly  :  for  the  fly,  retaining  its  acquired  momen- 
tum, drags  forwards  the  relt  of  the  machine,  aiding  the  im- 
pelling power  of  the  water-wheel.  It  does  this  by  all  the 
communications  takin^r  into  each  other  in  the  oppofite  direc- 
tion ;  the  teeth  of  the  intervening  wheels  are  heard  to 
drop  from  their  former  contaft  on  one  fide,  to  a  contaft  on 
the  other.  By  coniidering  this  procefs  with  attention,  we 
eafily  perceive  that  in  a  few  (Irokes  the  overplus  of  power, 
during  the  returning  ftroke,  comes  to  be  fo  adjulled  to  the 
efficiency,  during  the  working  ftroke,  that  the  accelerations 
and  retardations  exatlly  deftroy  each  other,  and  every  fuc- 
ceeding  ftroke  is  made  with  the  fame  velocity,  and  an  equal 
number  of  ftrokes  is  made  in  every  fucceeding  minute. 
Thus  the  machine  acquires  a  general  uniformity  with  tri- 
fling periodical  inequalities.  It  is  plain,  that  by  fufficiently 
enlarging  either  the  diameter,  or  the  weight  of  the  fly,  the 
irregularity  of  the  motion  may  be  rendered  as  fmall  as  we 
pleafe.  It  is  much  better  to  enlarge  the  diameter  :  this 
preferves  the  friition  more  moderate,  and  the  pivots  wear 
lefs.  For  thefe  reafons,  a  fly  is,  in  general,  a  coiifiderable 
improvement  in  machinery,  by  equalling  many  exertions 
that  are  naturally  very  irregular.  Thus  a  man,  working  at 
a  common  wmdlafs,  exerts  a  very  irregular  prefTure  on  the 
winch.  In  two  of  his  pofitions  in  each  turn,  he  can  exert 
a  force  of  near  feventy  pounds  without  fatigue,  but  in  others 
he  cannot  exert  above  twenty-five  ;  nor  muft  he  be  loaded 
with  much  above  this  in  general.  But  if  a  large  fly  be  con- 
nedled  properly  with  the  %vindlafs,  he  will  aft  with  equal 
eafe  and  fpeed  againft  thirty  or  even  forty  pounds. 

If  any  permanent  change  fliould  happen  in  the  impelling 
power,  or  in  the  refiftance,  the  fly  makes  no  obftacle  to  its 
produftion  in  its  full  effeft  on  the  machine,  and  it  will  be 
obferved  to  accelerate  or  retard  uniformly,  till  a  new  ge- 
neral fpeed  is  acquired,  exaftly  correfponding  with  this 
new  power  and  refiftance.  Many  machines  include  in  their 
conftruclioti  movements  which  are  equivalent  with  this  in- 
tentional regulation,  a  flour-mill  for  example.  There  is 
another  kind  of  regulating  fly,  confifting  of  wings  whirled 
briflcly  round  till  the  refiftance  of  the  air  prevents  any  great 
acceleration.    This  is  a  very  bad  one  for  a  working  machine, 


for  it  produces  its  effeft  by  really  wafting  a  part  of  the 
moving  power.  Frequently  it  employs  a  very  great  and 
unknown  part  of  it,  and  robs  the  proprietor  of  much  work 
It  fliould  never  be  introduced  into  any  machine  employed  in 
manufaftures,  except  in  the  inftance  of  letting  down  heavy 
weights,  where  a  wafte  or  re-a6tion  to  povcr  is  the  objeft. 

Some  rare  cafes  occur  where  a  very  diflFerent  regulator  is 
required,  when  a  certain  determined  velocity  is  found  ne- 
ceflary  :  in  this  cafe,  the  machine  is  furniflicd  at  its  extreme 
mover  with  a  conical  pendulum,  confifting  of  two  heavy 
balls  hanging  by  rods,  which  move  in  very  nice  and  fteady 
joint  at  the  top  of  a  vertical  axis.  It  is  well  known,  that 
when  tliis  axis  turns  round,  with  an  angular  velocity  fuited 
to  the  length  of  thofe  pendulums,  the  time  of  a  revolution 
is  determined. 

Thus,  if  the  length  of  each  pendulum  be  39^  inches,  the 
axis  will  make  a  revolution  in  two  feconds  very  nearly. 
It  we  attempt  to  force  it  more  fwiftly  round,  the  balls 
will  recede  a  little  from  the  axis,  but  it  employs  as  long 
time  for  a  revolution  as  before  ;  and  we  cannot  make  it  turn 
fwifter,  unlels  the  impelling  power  be  increafed  beyond  all 
probability:  inwhichcaie,  the  pendulum  will  fly  out  from 
the  centre  till  the  rods  are  horizontal,  after  which  every 
increafe  of  power  will  accelerate  the  machine  very  fcnfibly,  a« 
it  tlien  becomes  a  fimple  fly.  Watt  and  Boullon  have  applied 
this  contrivance  with  great  ingenuity  to  their  fteam  engines 
when  they  are  employed  for  driving  machinery  for  manu- 
factures which  have  a  very  changeable  refiftance,  and  where 
a  certain  fpeed  cannot  be  much  departed  from  without  great 
inconvenience.  They  have  connefted  this  recefs  of  the  balls 
from  the  axis  (which  gives  immediate  indication  of  an  in- 
creafe of  power,  or  a  diminution,  or  refiftance,)  with  a 
cock,  which  admits  the  fteam  to  the  working  cylinder. 
The  balls  flying  out  caufe  the  cock  to  clofe  a  little,  and 
diminifli  the  fupply  of  fteam,  if  the  impelling  power  di- 
minifties  the  next  moment,  and  the  balls  again  approach  the 
axis,  and  the  rotation  goes  on  as  before,  although  ihera 
may  have  occurred  a  very  great  excefs  or  deficiency  of 
power.  The  fame  contrivance  may  be  employed  to  raife 
or  lower  the  feeding  fluice  of  a  water-mill  employed  to 
drive  machniery.  (See  Mill.)  Suppofe  all  refiftance  re- 
nioved  from  the  working  point  of  a  machine  furniflied  with 
a  very  large  or  heavy  fly,  immediately  connetlcd  with  the 
working  point  ;  when  a  fmall  force  is  ap}>lied  to  the  im- 
pelled point  of  this  machine,  motion  will  begin  in  the 
machine,  and  the  fly  begin  to  turn,  continue  to  prefs  uni- 
formly,  and  the  machine  will  accelerate.  This  may  be  con- 
tinued till  the  fly  has  required  a  very  rapid  motion.  If,  at 
this  moment,  a  refilling  body  be  applied  to  the  working 
point,  it  will  be  afted  on  with  very  great  force  ;  for  the  fly 
has  now  accumulated,  in  its  circumference,  a  very  great  mo- 
mentum. 

If  a  body  were  expofed  immediately  to  the  a£lion  of  this 
circumference  it  would  be  violently  ftruck,  much  more  will 
it  be  lo,  if  the  body  be  expofed  to  the  aclion  of  the  work- 
ing point,  which  perhaps  makes  one  turn  while  the  fly  makes 
a  hundred.  It  will  exert  a  hundred  times  more  force  (very 
nearly)  than  at  its  own  circumference.  All  the  motion  wh.ch 
has  been  accumulated  in  the  fly,  during  the  whole  progrefs 
of  its  acceleration,  is  exerted  in  an  inftant  at  the  working 
point,  multiplied  by  the  momentum,  which  depends  on  the 
jjroportion  of  the  parts  of  the  machine.  It  is  thus  that  the 
coining  prefs  performs  its  office  ;  nay,  it  is  thus  that  the 
blacklmith  forges  a  bar  of  iron.  Swinging  the  great  fledge 
hammer  round  his  head,  and  urging  it  with  force  the  whole 
way,  this  accumulated  motion  is  at  once  cxtmguiflicd  by 
impafl  on  the  iron.     It  is  thus  vre  drive  a   nail ;    and  it  is 

tlius, 


44406*^ 


(•W 


MACHINERY. 


thu5,  that  by  accumulating  a  very  moderate  force  exerted 
during  four  or  five  turns  of  a  fly,  the  wiiolc  of  it  is  exerted 
on  a  punch,  fet  on  a  thick  plate  of  iron,  fuch  as  is  em- 
ployed for  the  boilers  of  tfeam  engines,   and  the   plate   is 
pierced  as  if  it  w?re  a  piece  of  chtefc.     This  accumulating 
power  of  a  fly  has  occafioned  many,  who  think  thcmlclvcs 
engineers,  to  imagine,  that  a  fir  really  adds  power  or  mecha- 
nical force  to  an  engine  ;  and,   net  underftanding  on   what 
its  efficacy  depends,  they  oi ten  place  the  fly  in  a   fuuation 
where  it  only  added  a  ufelefs  burden  to  the  machine.      If 
intended  for  a  mere  regulator,  it    fliould  be  rear    tlie  firll 
mover  :  if  it  is  intended  to  accumulate  forcK  in  the  working 
point,  it  (hould  not  be  far  feparated  from  it.-     In  a  ccrtain- 
I'enfe,  a  fly  may  be  faid  to  add  power  to  a  machine,  be- 
caufe   by  accumulating   into   the  exertion   of  oue   moment 
the  exertions  of  many,  we  can   fometimes  overcome  an    ob- 
llacle  that  we  nevirr  could  have  balanced  by  the   fame  ma» 
chine  unaided  by  the  fly.     See  I'Yy-wueel. 

It  is  this  accumulaiion  of  force  which  gives  fuch  an  ap- 
pearance of  power  to  fome  of  our  firll:  movers.  When  a 
man  i";  unfortunately  catched  by  the  teeth  of  a  paltry  coun- 
try mill;  he  if  crufhed  almoil  to  mummy.  The  power  of 
■%he  llreaia  is  conceived  to  be  prodigious,  and   yet  we   are 


certain,  \ipou  examination,  that  it  amounts  to  the  prefTure 
of  no  more  than  fifty  or  fixty  pounds  ;  but  this  force  has 
been  atliiig  for  foTC  time,  and  there  is  a  mill  (lone  of  a  ton 
weight  whirling  twice  round  in  a  fecond.  This  is  the  force 
that  crufiied  the  unfortunate  man  ;  and  it  required  it  all  to 
do  it,  for  the  mill  Hopped.  We  have  been  informed  of  a 
mill  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Elbingroda,  in  Hanover, 
where  there  was  a  contrivance  which  difengaged  the  mill- 
ftone  when  any  thing  got  entangled  in  the  teeth  of  the  wheels. 
On  being  tried  witli  a  head  of  cabbage,  it  crnlhed  it,  but  not 
violently,  and  would,  by  no  means,  have  broken  a  man's 
arm. 

It  is  hardly  neceffary  to  recommend  fimplicity  in  the  con- 
ftru£\ion  of  machines.  This  feems  now  lufficicntly  under- 
ftood.  Multiplicity  of  motions  and  communications  increafe 
friftion  ;  augment  the  unavoidable  lofies  by  bending  and 
yielding  in  every  part ;  expofe  all  the  imperfections  of 
workmanthip  ;  and  have  a  great  chance  of  being  indiflintlly 
conceived;  and  are  therefore  conlirut^ions  wiihout  fcience. 
We  fnall  confider  this  objeft  as  applied  to  large  machinery 
under  MiLL  IVori. 

M.\cHiXEiiY  /or  manufaPurlng  Cotton:  See  M.v*VFAC- 
TURE  of  Cotton. 


IND  OF  VOL.  XXL 


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