A description of the fossil fish remains of the Cretaceous, Eocene and Miocene formations of New Jersey

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’ “GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NEW JERSEY

HENRY B. KUMMEL, STATE GEOLOGIST

BULLETIN: 4.

A Description of the Fossil
Fish Kemains

OF THE

Cretaceous, Eocene and Miocene Formations

of New Jersey /

By HENRY W. FOWLER
of the Academy of Natural Bricdees of Philadelphia
With a Chapter on the Geology by
HENRY B. KUMMEL

- +<B+—

TRENTON, N. J.
MacCrellish & Quigley, State Printers, Opposite Post Office.

1911.

Letter of Transmittal.

TreNToN, N. J., Marcu 17, IgIt.
The State Printing Board,
Trenton, N. J.

GENTLEMEN—Chapter 46, Laws of 1910, provides that in
addition to an annual administrative report, the State Geologist
shall prepare or cause to be prepared such scientific reports as
are pertinent to the work of his department, and that the State
Printing Bédard shall have authority, on recommendation of the
Board of Managers of the Survey, to order printed such scien-
tific reports.

The Board of Managers of the Survey, on December 6, 1910,
adopted the following motion: ‘That the publication of reports
on the Plant Remains of the Cretaceous Clay Beds, and on the
Fossil Fishes of the Cretaceous and Miocene Formations of
South Jersey, already prepared or in process of preparation
under the direction of the State Geologist, be recommended for
printing to the State Printing Board, as provided in Chapter 46,
Laws of IgI0.

In accordance with the above, I request that the State Printing
Board order printed 1,500 copies each of the two reports above
mentioned, 100 to be bound, the balance in stiff covers sewed,
as provided in the specifications for printing the Geological Sur-
vey reports.

Respectfully submitted,
HENRY B. KUMMEL,
State Geologist.

(3)

4 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
OFFICE OF COMPTROLLER OF THE TREASURY.
TRENTON, Marcu 20, IQII.
Henry B. Kiimmel, Esq.,
State Geologist,
Trenton, N. J.

DEAR StR—Your communication of the 17th inst., addressed
to the State Printing Board, was laid before the Board at its
meeting held on Friday, last, and, on motion, it was ordered
that the publications referred to in your letter be printed and
bound as requested. ‘The work will be done by MacCrellish &
Quigley, who were awarded the contract last fall.

Very respectfully, id
EF. J. EDWARDS;
Comptroller, as Secretary, State Printing Board.

INTRODUCTION.

The present work is intended simply as a descriptive summary
of the fish remains known from the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic
formations within the limits of the State of New Jersey. A
full account of the stratigraphic paleontology of the Cretaceous
is given by Dr. Stuart Weller, in his account of these forma-
tions, published in volume IV of the Paleontology series of the
Geological Survey in 1907. Though no new collections have
been made it is hoped that an exposition of the older ones, many
of which have not been studied before, will be of value. The one
great disadvantage is, as may have been expected, the lack of
definite stratigraphic position for each species, the original data
usually being incomplete or meager. This was due to the earlier
collectors not attaching sufficient importance to preserving exact
horizons and localities with their specimens. In many cases Dr.
H. B. Kummel, through his familiarity with the local geology,
has been able to indicate the horizon from which the specimens
came, and all such references to the present classification in the
text are on his authority. To avoid confusion such references
are inclosed in brackets with the initial K. In some cases com-
parison with other material in the collection of the Academy has
greatly facilitated determinations, especially in’ the case of types
or authoritatively determined material. I have attempted to
illustrate as well as describe each species, wherever possible, from
specimens, though in some cases have been obliged to use the
original accounts. ‘This is especially true among the chimeroids,
where I have also allowed reproductions from Dr. Louis Hus-
sakof’s photographs. The general scheme of classification is that
of Dr. David Starr Jordan, sometimes freely used or modified
to suit present purposes.

Dr. O. P. Hay’s Catalogue of Fossil Vertebrata of North
America, and Dr. A. $. Woodward’s Catalogue of Fossil Fishes
in the British Museum, have been freely consulted with respect

(5)

6 CRE LACH OUS AND MEE Ran tues Sis

to the diagnoses of the higher groups and generic synonymy.
The writer is indebted to the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, for the use of its library and collections, where
most of this work was carried on. I am also under obligations
to Dr. Henry B. Kummel, the State Geologist, for the oppor-
tunity of consulting the collections of the State Geological Sur-
vey. All the figures are natural size, unless otherwise stated,
in which case the reduction is shown by a line which indicates
an inch. The material from the Geological Survey collections is
indicated in the explanation by a *.

THE CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMA-
MONS OF NEW JERSEY!

H. B. KuMMEL.

THE CRETACEOUS SYSTEM.

The Cretaceous strata of New Jersey outcrop southeast of
a line from Trenton to New Brunswick, and as shown by well
borings underlie all of South Jersey, although over most of the
area they are deeply buried beneath later formations of Tertiary
age and even along their belt of outcrop they are frequently
covered with a mantle of sand and gravel of Quaternary age.

They comprise unconsolidated sands and clays, which dip 50
to 25 feet per mile to the southeast, and which have an aggre-
gate thickness of from 500 to 1,000 feet, the greater thickness
being found in the northern portion of the area. The lower-
most beds are referred to the upper part of the Lower Cretaceous
and are of non-marine origin. The middle and upper portions,
however, belong to the Upper Cretaceous and contain an abun-
dant marine fauna.

Raritan formation.—The Raritan formation is extremely vari-
able, consisting chiefly of light-colored sands and clays, some of
the latter being highly refractory. There is on the whole a pre-
ponderance of clays in the lower, and of sands in the upper, half
of the series. Since it was laid down on an irregular surface
its thickness is variable, ranging from 150 to 250 feet at the
outcrop, but increasing to the southeastward, as shown by well-
borings, to over 500 feet. Northeast of Trenton it rests uncon-
formably upon the beveled Triassic shales, but farther southward
upon the ancient crystailines of early Paleozoic or pre-Paleozoic
age, and perhaps at undetermined points still farther south on
earlier Cretaceous beds. It dips 4o to 50 feet per mile to the

()

8 CREMACEOUS PAINDinE RADAR amr See

southeast, the basal beds having the steeper inclination. The
known fauna is very limited, consisting of a few pelecypods,
some of which are blackish-water types, while two are typically
marine, a plesiosaurian bone, and possibly an insect. Its flora
embraces a wide range of genera and species, especially of
dicotyledons, many of which are closely related to modern forms.
It has been regarded by Ward as late Lower Cretaceous, and,
therefore, approximately equivalent to the Gault of England
and the Albian of continental Europe.?. Berry, however, has
recently presented the paleobotanical evidence for its Cenomanian
age.”

Magothy formation.—The lignitic sands and clays referred to
the Magothy formation, and regarded as the lowermost of the
Upper Cretaceous formations, were until recently included in the
Raritan. On the shores of Raritan Bay they attain a thickness
of about 50 feet, but diminish to the southwest and along Dela-
ware River are only 25 or 30 feet. ‘They are slightly glau-
conitic near the top. The Magothy rests unconformably on the
Raritan, but the discordance is not great and indicates only a
slight epeirogenic movement. A marine fauna of 43 species,
possessing close affinities to that of the Ripley beds of the south
and to the Senonian of Europe, is found on the shores of Rari-
tan Bay, but farther southwest the deposits are apparently
estuarine. The flora is abundant and presents a much more
recent aspect than that of the Raritan. It is regarded by paleo-
botanists as showing upper Cenomanian affinities.

Merchantville clay—The Merchantville is a black, glau-
conitic, micaeous clay, usually greasy in appearance and mas-

1In continental Europe the Cretaceous system is divided as follows:
Danian
; Senonian
\ Turonian
Cenomanian
Unconformity
~ Albian
Optian
Barremian
Neoconian.
* Berry E. W., Bulletin No. 3, p. 20 et seq., Geological Survey of New Jersey.

Upper Cretaceous

Lower Cretaceous +

CRE EAC ROUS AND TITER RITEAR YORORMAIIONS. 99

Sive in structure, weathering to an indurated brown earth. Its
thickness is about 60 feet. It is conformable to the Magothy
formation below and the Woodbury clay above. Its inverte-
brate fauna is large and varied, and although it contains many
forms common to the beds above and below, its most character-
istic species are conspicuous for their absence or great rarity
in the adjoining strata. The Merchantville clay represents the
lower part of the Crosswicks clay of Clark, forms the base of
the Clay-marl series of Cook, and is the lowest of the five forma-
tions in New Jersey which are correlated with the Matawan for-
mation of Maryland.

Woodbury clay.—The Woodbury is a black, non-glauconitic,
jointed clay about 50 feet thick, which weathers to a light choco-
late color, and when dry breaks into innumerable blocks, fre-
quently with a conchoidal fracture. Its invertebrate fauna of
Q5 marine species is more closely allied to that of the Magothy
than to the subjacent Merchantville. It is conformable both
with the Merchantville below and the Englishtown sand above.
It is the upper part of the Crosswick clay of Clark, and forms
part of the Clay-marl series of Cook. It is also one of the
formations correlated with the Matawan of Maryland.

Englishtown sand.—The Englishtown is a conspicuous bed of
white or yellow quartz sand slightly micaceous and sparingly
glauconitic. Locally it contains thin laminae of fine brittle clay.
So far as known it contains no fossils. It decreases in thickness
from 100 feet near Atlantic Highlands to less than 20 feet in
the southern portion of the State. It represents the lower part
of the Hazlett sand of Clark, and forms a part of Cook’s Clay-
marl series. It was formerly called the Columbus sand and is
the equivalent of a part of the Matawan formation.

Marshalltown clay-marl—The Marshalltown ranges from a
black sandy clay to an argillaceous greensand marl. Locally it is
abundantly fossiliferous, its characteristic invertebrate species
being in part recurrent forms from the Merchantville, and in
part a new element, which recurs again in a higher formation.
although absent or inconspicuous in the immediately succeeding
beds. Its thickness is 30 to 35 feet. It is a portion of the
“laminated” sands which formed the upper part of the Clay marl

IO CRE MACE OUS ANDES RATA Wer iste

series of Cook, although in the southwestern protion of the
State he referred these beds to the Navesink (Lower) marl. It
was included in Clark’s Hazlett sands, a sub-division of his
Matawan. .

The Wenonah and Mount Laurel sands——Above the Marshall-
town clay-marl there 1s a considerable thickness of sand regarding
which there has been some difference of opinion. The terms
Wenonah and Mount Laurel have both been applied to it in whole
or in part. Lithologically these sand layers are not sharply dif-
ferentiated from each other, although the lower part (Wenonah)
is generally a fine micaceous sand and the upper part (Mount
Laurel) is coarser and contains considerable greensand. Pale-
ontologically, however, they are quite distinct. The Wenonah
fauna is largely recurrent from the Woodbury, with compara-
tively few prominent species common either to the Marshalltown
below or the Mount Laurel and Navesink above. The same
elements are prominent again still higher in the Red Bank. The
Mount Laurel invertebrate fauna is identical with that of the
Navesink above, and is closely allied to the Marshalltown, but
contains a foreign element, chief among which is the cephalopod
Belemnitella americana and the brachiopod Terebratella plicata,
so that the indistinct lithological line between the Wenonah sand
and Mount Laurel sand is of considerable paleontological sig-
nificance. ‘The combined thickness of these formations is 40 to
So feet, the Mount Laurel being limited to a_very thin bed at
Atlantic Highlands (Cook’s sand-marl) but increasing much in
thickness toward the southwest. The Wenonah sand is the
highest bed correlated with the Matawan of Maryland, while the
Mount Laurel is the base of the Monmouth.

Navesink marl—The Navesink marl consists of greensand
marl, mixed with varying amounts of quartz sand and fine earth,
the latter of which contains much carbonate of lime in a powdery
state. Where purest the marl has a dark-green or bluish-black
color. The upper part of the bed contains progressively less
ereensand and is more clayey. ‘The invertebrate fauna is large
(121 species, Weller), and is allied with that of the Marshall-
town and Merchantville beds, while the characteristic forms of

CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS. 11

the Magothy, Woodbury and Wenonah are absent. The forma-
tion has a maximum thickness of about 4o feet, diminishing
southward to 25 feet or less. It corresponds in general to Cook's.
Lower Marl, although locally beds referred by him to the Lower
Marl have proved to be the Marshalltown. It rests conformably
upon the beds below and grades upward into the Red Bank sand,
or where that is absent into the Hornerstown marl.

Red Bank sand.—The Red Bank sand is for the most part a.
fairly coarse ferruginous yellow and reddish-brown quartz sand,
locally indurated by the infiltration of iron. The lower beds are
in many places somewhat clayey. The Red Bank invertebrate
fauna has come chiefly from these clayey layers. In its essential.
features it is a recurrence of the Lucina cretacea fauna of the
Magothy, Woodbury and Wenonah formations, and differs in.
important respects from the Navesink fauna immediately below.
It occurs only in the northern part of the coastal plain, where its
maximum thickness is 100 feet, but it thins out and disappears
midway across the State. It is the Red Sand of Cook and earlier
writers, but does not include certain sands in the southern portion
which were correlated by him with the Red Sand of Monmouth
county, but which in reality are referable to the Wenonah-Mt.
Laurel horizon. With the overlying Tinton bed, it is the upper-
most of the beds correlated with the Monmouth formation of
Maryland.

Tinton bed.—A lense of green indurated clayey and sandy
marl, having a thickness of from 10 to 20 feet, overlies the Red
Bank sand in Monmouth County. Its invertebrate fauna is more
closely allied to that of the Navesink than of the Red Bank and
is characterized by large numbers of crustacean claws of the
genus Callianassa. It is Cook’s “indurated green earth,” re-
garded by him and other writers as a part of the Red Sand, but
in view of its faunal and lithologic differences it deserves some
separate recognition.

Correlation, of the Magothy-Tinton beds.—The assemblage of
fossils making up the invertebrate faunas of the beds from the
Magothy to the Tinton inclusive constitute a larger faunal unit,
much more sharply separated from the faunas above and below

12 CRETACEOUS) AND MEE Reaves ile

than are any of its constituent faunules from each other. Weller
has shown that this larger faunal unit is made up of two or
more distinct facies, one of which, the Cucullaea fauna, is char-
acteristic of the more glauconitic beds; namely, the Merchantville,
Marshalltown, Navesink and ‘Tinton, while the other facies char-
acterized by Lucina cretacea or its associates occurs in the clays
or clayey sands of the Cliffwood, Woodbury, Wenonah and Red
Bank formations. The two facies existed contemporaneously
and migrated backward and forward across the present outcrop
of these beds in New Jersey as deeper or shallower water con-
ditions prevailed. The larger faunal unit is closely related to the
Ripley fauna of Alabama, Mississippi and Texas. On faunal
evidence all the formations from the Magothy to Tinton inclusive
are referable to the Senonian of Europe, although on floral evi-
dence the Magothy might be regarded as Cenomanian.
Hornerstown marl—The Hornerstown marl is a bed of
glauconite with clay and sand and not differing materially from
the Navesink. Its fauna is meager, but is totally different in its
essential characteristics from the faunas of all the underlying
formations. Terebratula harlami, Cucullaea vulgaris and
Gryphaca dissimilaris (Weller) are characteristic forms. A shell
bed at the top of the formation is a conspicuous feature at many
localities. The thickness is 30 feet or less. At the north it rests
with apparent conformity on the Tinton; where that is absent it
lies on the Red Bank, and farther south it is continuous with the
Navesink, owing to the disappearance of the Red Bank. It is
conformably overlain by the Vincentown except where over-
lapped by Miocene formations. It is the Middle Marl of Cook,
the Sewell marl of Clark, and is a part of the Rancocas group.
Vincentown sand.—The Vincentown sand presents two phases,
a calcareous or limesand, semi-indurated and largely a mass of
broken bryozoan, echinoid, coral and other calcareous remains,
and a glauconitic quartz-sand phase. ‘The two phases occur in
alternating layers, although the former is more common in the
basal portion, particularly to the south, while the quartz-sand
phase predominates in Monmouth County. The fauna of the
limesand phase contains large numbers of bryozoa, echinoids and

CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS. 13

foraminifera, while in the siliceous phase elements of the
Hornerstown fauna occur in association with forms characteristic
of the calcareous phase. Its thickness varies from 25 to 70 feet,
but well-borings have shown that it thickens greatly down the dip.
It rests conformably upon the Hornerstown marl and is overlain
conformably by the Manasquan marl or overlapped by Miocene
beds. It includes the “limesand” and “yellow sand” of Cook, the
former of which was regarded by him as a part of the Middle
Marl.

Manasquan marl.—The Manasquan marl in its lower portion
(13-17) is composed chiefly of glauconite, but the upper part
(8-12 feet) is made up of very fine sand mixed with greenish-
white clay, piles of which look like heaps of ashes—hence the
name “ash marl.” The invertebrate fossils are not abundant and
are poorly preserved, the commonest occurring also either in the
Hornerstown or Vincentown. Its thickness is about 25 feet. It
corresponds to the “green” and “ash” marls of Cook’s Upper
Marl bed and is the youngest of the Cretaceous formations ex-
posed in New Jersey. It probably rests conformably upon the
Vincentown and at most exposures is succeeded unconformably
by Miocene or Pleistocene deposits, although locally it is overlain
by a bluish marl of Eocene age without apparent unconformity.

Correlation of the Hornerstown, Vincentown and Manasquan.
—The invertebrate faunas of these three formations are closely
related and form a larger fauna sharply separated from the
Ripleyian fauna of the underlying Magothy and Tinton beds.
This fauna has not been recognized south of Maryland. It shows
certain affinities with the lower or Maestrichtian division of the
Danian series of Western Europe (Weller).

EOCENE SYSTEM.

Shark River marl.—Eocene deposits in New Jersey are
limited in outcrop to small areas near Allenhurst (Deal), Shark
River and Farmingdale, in Monmouth County, where a mixture
of greensand and light-colored earth 11 feet in thickness and
carrying Eocene fossils rests without apparent unconformity

14 (CIE IVMCOWS AUNID) SBIR INUEAIR I IPILSIEL,

upon the “ash” marl of the Manasquan. The conformity, how-
ever, is only apparent, well-borings indicating that the Shark
River, as this formation has been called, probably overlaps the
Cretaceous. Clark! considers that it is not possible to correlate
the Shark River marl with any other known Eocene deposits and
tegards them as probably older than the Eocene of Maryland.
By some other authors, however, they have been placed above
the Maryland Eocene.

MIOCENE SYSTEM.

Beds of known Miocene age are widely distributed in the
coastal-plain portion of New Jersey, where they overlap the
Eocene and many of the Cretaceous formations. At the north
they rest on beds ranging from the Eocene to the Hornerstown
marl, while in the southern portion outliers are found upon the
Mount Laurel sand.

Kirkwood formation.—Under the term Kirkwood have been
included all beds of demonstrable Miocene age which outcrop in
New Jersey. These beds vary lithologically in different regions,
but they are predominantly fine micaceous quartz sands often deli-
cately banded in shades of salmon-pink and yellow. Black,
lignitic clays occur in many localities at or near the base. In the
southern portion (Salem and the adjoining portion of Cumber-
land County) a thick (80-90 feet) bed of chocolate or drab-
colored clay occurs, above which there are (or were formerly)
exposures of a fine clayey sand containing great numbers of shells
(the Shiloh marl of many reports), which, in the localities where
it occurs, forms the upper bed of the Kirkwood. ‘The thickness
is about 100 feet or more along the outcrop. On the basis of the
abundant invertebrate fauna in the beds at Shiloh, the Kirkwood
is believed to correspond in a general way with the Calvert for-
mation of Maryland, the lowest division of the Chesapeake group.

Well-borings at Atlantic City, Wildwood and other points
along the coast have demonstrated the presence there of a great
thickness of Miocene strata not apparently represented in outcrop.

* Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for 1893, p. 346.

CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS. 15

At Atlantic City clays, sands and marls from 390 to 1,225 feet
below tide carry Miocene fossils, and at Wildwood those from
300 feet to 1,090 feet and perhaps to 1,244 are Miocene. From
the fossils it is evident that strata referable to the St. Marys,
Choptank and Calvert horizons of the Chesapeake group are
present.

Cohansey sand.—Overlying the Kirkwood at its outcrop is a
formation composed chiefly of quartz sand, locally with laminae
and lenses of light-colored clay and occasional lenses of gravel.
This formation outcrops over a wider area of the coastal plain
than any of those heretofore discussed. Obscure casts of
molluscan shells have been found in it, but these are of no value
in determining its age. Plant remains from near Bridgeton
indicate a flora comparable with that of certain European upper
Miocene localities. It dips southeastward 9 or 10 feet per mile,
and overlies the Kirkwood with seeming unconformity.

Inasmuch as sands and clays similar to the Cohansey are re-
vealed in borings along the coast and there overlie clays carrying
Miocene fossils characteristic of the St. Marys, the highest divi-
sion of the Chesapeake group, the Cohansey apparently belongs
to a still later stage of the Miocene or perhaps even to the Plio-
cene. It is possible, however, that as now defined it may repre-
sent in part at least the’ shoreward phases of the fossiliferous
Miocene clays found in the borings along the coast, and that it
should be correlated with the Choptank and St. Marys of
Maryland. In the light of all data at present available, how-
ever, the former view seems most probably the true one.

PLIOCENE SYSTEM.

Beacon Hill formation Under the term Beacon Hill there
were described certain beds of gravel and sand occurring as
outliers on the higher hills of Monmouth County. Later the
sand beds were correlated with the great body of sand now in-
cluded in the Cohansey formation, leaving only the gravel in
the Beacon Hill formation. It is chiefly quartz, but contains
much chert and some hard sandstone and, quartzite. The chert
pebbles are uniformly much decayed and are frequently very

6 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

soft. The quartz and quartzites are often more or less corroded.
The formation occurs as isolated remnants on some of the high-
est hills of the coastal plain. It is perhaps to be correlated with
the Lafayette formation farther south.

CORRELATION OF LOCALITIES FURNISHING FISH REMAINS.

The fossils described in this report so far as any definite
localities are given were obtained from comparatively few points.
The same names recur again and again. Long Branch,
Deal, Poplar, Shark River, Farmingdale, Hornerstown, Cross-
wicks, Pemberton, Birmingham, Vincentown, Blackwoodstown,
Barnsboro, Mullica Hill, Allowaystown, Shiloh, and Stow Creek
are frequently mentioned. At some of these localities the geo-
logical formation can be identified with certainty, while at others
several formations outcrop in the pits from which the specimens
probably were obtained so that there is some element of doubt.
The following paragraphs indicate the possibilities at each local-
ity.

Long Branch—The Hornerstown marl outcrops north of
Long Branch and at an early day was dug at several points.
South of that place it is covered by the Vincentown sand (Cook’s
yellow sand), but was reached in pits at a few localities. Speci-
mens labelled Long Branch are assumed to come aro the
Hornerstown marl.

Deal and Poplar—The numerous marl pits along Poplar
Brook near Poplar and Deal are in the Manasquan marl—the
green marl and ash marl of Cook’s Upper Marl. South of Deal,
however, near the head of the north arm of Deal Lake the
Shark River (Eocene) marl is found. It seems to be safe to
conclude that specimens from Poplar are to be regarded as from
the Manasquan marl, while those from Deal may be either from
the Manasquan marl or the Shark River marl with chances per-
haps favoring the former since the pits in the Manasquan were
more numerous than those in the Shark River.

Shark River.—Eocene beds—the Shark River marl—are ex-
posed in pits along Shark River above the village of that name.
Some of these pits penetrated also the Manasquan marl, while

CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS. 17

locally a dark astringent clay of Miocene age overlies the Shark
River marl. Under these circumstances there is some uncer-
tainty as to the formations from which the fossils came. Inas-
much, however, as the Shark River marl was better exposed
here than elsewhere in the State most of the species are prob-
ably referable to this horizon, unless there is specific evidence
to the contrary. >
Farmingdale and Squankum.—Immediately north of Farm-,
ingdale in a large pit along the railroad there is an extensive
exposure of the Manasquan marl overlain by a dark clay of
Miocene age. Southwest of the village along Manasquan River
is a line of openings mostly in the Manasquan marl, overlain
by Miocene or Pleistocene deposits, but, as stated by Cook, two
of them in the “blue and ash marls,”’ 7. ¢., the Shark River and
upper part of the Manasquan marl. Whitfield? cites numerous
Eocene invertebrate forms “in the upper layers of the Upper
Green marls at Shark River, Farmingdale and Squankum, New
Jersey,’’ so that it seems to be well established that Eocene fos-
sils have been collected from Farmingdale and Squankum, al-
though the Manasquan marl is the one most commonly exposed.
In this report specimens labelled simply “from Farmingdale,”
“from Squankum” are tentatively referred to the Manasquan
marl, although it is recognized that they may be from the Shark
River formation. In the case of others there is no doubt since
their labels expressly state “from the Eocene marl at Farming-
dale,” etc. The Miocene clay also may have yielded some forms.
Hornerstown.—Of the specimens herein described from
Hornerstown it is probably safe to refer them all to the Horners-
town marl bed (Cook’s Middle Marl), since that layer was ex-
tensively opened for marl at various points near Hornerstown
during the years when these collections were made. However,
the Red Bank sand occurs along the creek west of the village
beneath which at a slightly lower level the Navesink marl is
found. It is possible, therefore, that some material was ob-

*Gasteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Raritan Clays and Greensand Marls
of New Jersey. Geol. Survey of N. J., ae det Vole Mi ealsorUnisiG:
S. Monographs XVIII, 1801.

2 GEOL

18 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

tained from one or the other of the lower formations and not
from the Hornerstown marl.

Crosswicks.—Some material has been reported from “Cross-
wicks.” If it was obtained near the village of that name it is
referable to either the Woodbury clay or the Merchantville clay,
both of which formations occur near that place, the former being
the better exposed. Neither of these is a marl, although the
Merchantville is generally a marly clay. If, on the other hand,
the locality should be Crosswicks Creek, the specimens may have
come from any one of half a dozen horizons, as all the forma-
tions from the Merchantville to Vincentown are well exposed
along the creek between Crosswicks and New Egypt. Since,
however, the Navesink marl (Cook’s Lower Marl) was the only
one actively exploited in those days, the chances are that they
came from it, if the locality reference is to the creek. In the
suggested correlations it has been assumed that the specimens
came from the village and they are referred to the Woodbury
or Merchantville clays, but with more or less doubt.

Birmingham.—At Birmingham there are extensive marl pits
formerly worked by the Pemberton Marl Company. A few
miles northeast of this point the Red Bank sand which separates
the Navesink from the Hornerstown marl, disappears and the
two marl beds are combined. It is the combined bed which
was so extensively worked at Birmingham, and the specimens
are referred to the Navesink—Hornerstown marl.

Pemberton.—The village of Pemberton lies a scant two miles
east of Birmingham. Many of the fossils whose locality is
cited as Pemberton, unquestionably came from the pits of the
Pemberton Marl Company, as is shown by the donor, J. C.
Gaskill, who was superintendent of the pits, and they are,
therefore, referable to the Navesink-Hornerstown marl. At
Pemberton, itself, the Manasquan marl is exposed in the creek
banks and was formerly dug at numerous points above the
village. Hence some of the material labelled Pemberton may
be from the Manasquan formation. The outcrop of Vincentown
sand lies between Birmingham and Pemberton, so that the pos-
sibility of some material coming from this horizon must not be
overlooked.

CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS. 109

Vincentown.—Below Vincentown, the limesand (Vincentown
sand) and Navesink—Hornerstown marl are exposed in a line of
pits extending for two miles or more down stream to Eayres-
town. At Vincentown and upstream for a mile or more the
Manasquan marl was formerly dug. It seems best to refer to
the Manasquan the specimens credited to Vincentown except
where their occurrence in the limesand beds is expressly stated.

Blackwoodstown.—South of Blackwood are old pits in the
Navesink-Hornerstown marl, which is here overlaid by the
Vincentown limesand and that in turn by the Kirkwood
(Miocene) sand. Specimens from ‘the greensand at Black-
woodstown”’ are clearly from the combined Navesink-Horners- |
town bed. Other specimens may be from the Vincentown or the
Miocene.

Barnsboro.—There are no marl beds at Barnsboro, but in the
valleys of several branches of Mantua creek from one to three
miles east, south and west of the village, there are numerous
exposures of the Navesink—Hornerstown marl and several old
pits, once extensively worked. The material from ‘“Barnes-
borough” probably came from these pits. The Vincentown
limesand is found at some points in the vicinity and above that
the Kirkwood sand, either of which horizons may have fur-
nished some specimens.

Mullica Hill—A prominent bluff within the village and just
south of the creek at Mullica Hill has always been a favorite
collecting ground. The conspicuous feature of the section is a
“‘s-foot indurated shell bed, filled with fossils: The matrix in
which the fossils are imbedded is sandy, with pea-like quartz
pebbles, the whole colored dark green by a considerable per-
centage of glauconite. Above the shell bed is a nearly pure
greensand marl, while beneath it there are exposed 20 feet or
more of yellow or red quartz sand containing poorly preserved
casts of Belemnitella americana, Gryphea and Neithea.” ‘This
sand is the Mount Laurel sand, while the shell bed and overlying
glauconite bed represent the Navesink marl and perhaps a por-
tion of the Hornerstown marl, which, in this portion of the State,
are not separated by any intervening horizon. Since the fossils
collected at this exposure probably came chiefly from the shell

20 CRETACEOUS! AND? PER WAIRS. SEO Sie

bed and lower portion of the marl they are unquestionably to be
referred to the Navesink, or to the Navesink-Hornerstown marl.

In marl pits along the creek a mile or more above the village
the upper portion of the Navesink—Hornerstown bed is exposed
and above it the Vincentown limesand. ‘These localities may
have yielded some of the material credited to Mullica Hill. The
Kirkwood sand is now exposed in a small bank in the southern
limits of the village and overlies the Vincentown sand at the
marl pits, and while the writer has never noted any fossils in it,
the possibility of some Miocene forms being found in this
locality must not be wholly overlooked.

Alloway and Riddleton—A number of specimens are credited
to “Allowaystown.” No greensand marl beds are known nearer
to Alloway than two and one-half miles northwest along the
headwaters of Swede’s Run. Here there are old pits in the
Manasquan marl. Since these exposures are only a mile west
of Riddleton, the material credited to that place may have come
from them, but there is less certainty regarding that credited to
Alloway. In the vicinity of the latter place there are numerous
exposures of a dark, tough clay, sometimes called the Alloway
clay,t known to be of Miocene age and now included in the
Kirkwood formation. Possibly the material “from Alloways-
town” may be Miocene and from this clay.

Shiloh, Jerico, Stow Creek.—Miocene fossils have been
found in great abundance in the marl pits along the headwaters
of Stow Creek near Shiloh and Jerico in Cumberland County.
These beds have often been called the Shiloh marl and the speci-
mens credited to Shiloh, Jerico and Stow Creek all came without
question from these pits. ‘These pits lie four and one-half to five
miles southeast of Alloway and perhaps the material labeled
Allowaystown is also from them. The Shiloh marl is regarded
aS a part of the Kirkwood formation.

Greensand No. 5, of New Jersey.—Many of the specimens are
referred by Cope to “Greensand No. 5, of New Jersey,” “Green-
sand No. 4, of N. J.,” etc. From the localities cited it has been
possible to identify “No. 5” as the Hornerstown marl, but I

*Report on Clay, Vol. VI., Final Report Series Geol. Surv. of New Jersey,
1904.

CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS. 21

have not been able to find any certain explanation of these desig-
nations.

Whitfield’ in discussing the paleontological horizons of the
marl beds of New Jersey, speaks of “seven distinct horizons.
six of which may be classed as Cretaceous and one as Eocene,”
which “conform very closely, if not exactly, to certain strati-
graphical lines, which were long since established by the State
Seolesist ~~ 52)» These were, 2)», the. Raritan sclays;
2) The Camden clays at Fish House, containing 12 species of
Unionidae; 3) The micaceous clays at Crosswicks Creek below
the Lower Marl bed; 4) the Lower Marl bed; 5) the Middle
Marl bed; 6) the Cretaceous portion of the Upper Marl bed
(Manasquan marl), and 7) the Eocene portion of the Upper
Marl (the Shark River). Possibly it is some such correlation
as this that Cope had in mind. If so, his “Greensand No. 2”
must be relegated to the Pleistocene as it is now known that the
Unionide clays at Fish House are not Cretaceous but Pleisto-
cene; Greensand No. 3 may include the Merchantville, Wood-
bury, Marshalltown clays and certain clayey layers in the English-
town and Wenonah sands. Greensand No. 4 would correspond
to the Navesink marl, but might also include certain phases of.
the Red Bank sand.

* Whitfield, loc. cit. p. 19, 20.

22 CRELACEOUS AND DE RTVARY Hist:

DESCRIMMON OF SEECIESs

Class PISCES.

THE FISHES.

Cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates breathing by means of gills
nct purse-shaped, but attached to cartilaginous or bony gill-
arches. Skull with lower jaw. Limbs developed as fins, rarely
wanting. Body usually covered with scales, bony plates or horny
appendages, sometimes naked. Median line of body with one
or more fins composed of cartilaginous rays joined by membrane

The Leptocardii (Lancelets) and Cyclostomes (Lampreys),
usually to be considered with all fish-like vertebrate faunas, are
not known from any undoubted fossil remains, and comprise but
a small number of existing forms. The opinions of many writers
vary as to the value of the different sub-classes embraced in the
present class, though most all agree as to the status of the lance-
lets and lampreys. I accept five, as the Elasmobranchu, Holo-
cephali, Dipnoi, Crossopterygia and the Actimopteri. At the
present time only the Elasmobranchti and Actmopteri are rep-
resented by existing types within the limits of New Jersey,
though it is probable that some Holocephali may yet be found
off our shores in deep water. The Elasmobranchu and Holo-
cephalt are, however, very abundant among the remains in our
Cretaceous beds, and the former represent about half the entire
number of fossil fishes known from that formation.

Sub-Class ELASMOBRANCHII.
SHARK-LIKE FISHES.

Teeth distinct. Jaws distinct from skull, joined to it by sus-
pensory bones. Gill-openings five to seven slits on each side of
pharynx. Membrane bones of head undeveloped, except some-

*By Henry W. Fowler.

BKLASMOBRANCHII. 22

times rudimentary opercle. Skeleton cartilaginous. Skull with-
out sutures, mandibular suspensorium present. No air-vessel.
Intestine with a spiral valve. Arterial bulb with three series of
valves. Optic nerves united by a chiasma. Cerebral hemispheres
united. Gills not free, attached to skin by outer margin. Ova
few and large, impregnated and sometimes developed internally.
Embryo with deciduous external gills. Tail hetorocercal. Ven-
tral fins abdominal. Males with large intromittent organs or
claspers attached to ventral fins. Skin naked or covered with
minute rough scales, sometimes with spines.

An almost perfect gradation exists from the true sharks to
the skates, though the notidanid sharks are somewhat removed
from the former. The orders are the Ichthyotomi, Notidani,
Asterospondyli, Cyclospondyli, Rhine and Batoidei. The first
of these is entirely extinct, though no fossils have been found in
New Jersey referable to this group.’ All the others are repre-
sented by living forms, and possibly at least one of the Notidam
may occur off our shores in deep water.

Order NOTIDANI.
THE NOTIDANOID SHARKS.

Vertebral column imperfectly segmented, each segment equiv-
alent to 2 vertebree and bearing 2 neural arches. Gill-openings
6 or 7. Dorsal fini. Anal present.

This order contains the most primitive of existing sharks.
Families 2, recent and extinct.

Family HEXANCHID A.
THE GRISETS.

Eyes anterior or submedian. No nictitating membrane.
Teeth above, 1 or 2 pairs, awl-like, next 6 broader, and each
with several cusps, 1 enlarged. ‘Teeth below, 6 large comb-like

*I may note that a tooth of Petalodus, reported by Leidy, in Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila, 1876, p. 9. is doubtfully ascribed to the New Jersey
Cretaceous and is therefore not likely admissible to that fauna.

DA CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

laterally, besides small posterior. Gill slits 6 or 7. Spiracle
small. Dorsal 1, no spine, opposite and like anal. No caudal
pit. Viviparous. .

Living species in warm seas, some reaching a very large size.
Genera 2 or 3.

“4

Genus HEPTRANCHIAS Rafinesque.

Heptranchias Rafinesque, Car. Nuoy. An. Sicil. 1810, p. 13. Type Squalus
cinereus Gmelin, monotypic.

Heptanchus, Heptancus, auct.

Aellopos Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1843, p. 376. Type Aellopos wagneri
Agassiz, first species.

Notorynchus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1856, p. 72. Type Notoryn-
chus maculatus Ayres, monotypic.

Notorhynchus, auct.

Differs from Hewanchus in the presence of seven gill-openings.
The fossils referred to this genus are only known from detached
teeth. About 11 living, and about 33 extinct species have been de-
scribed, mostly under the generic name Notidanus, which is
properly a synonym of the earlier Hexanchus.

HEPTRANCHIAS PRIMIGENIUS (Agassiz).

Notidanus primigenius Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875,
p. 362 (Cumberland Co., Miocene).

Lateral teeth wide, thin, and greatly compressed. Coronal

region wide, polycuspid, faces similarly convex, smooth and
compressed. Cutting-edges entire. Anterior cusp enlarged, well
inclined externally, and followed by 6 or 7 similar ones gradu-
ated to last, latter quite small. Preceding largest cusp 6 to 10
anterior small graduated cusps, graduated down, first scarcely
larger than penultimate or last of external cusps. Graduation
of these cusps also slight, as all small. Apices of all cusps com-
pressed, not twisted. Root compressed, rather thin, outer face
flattened and inner bulging a little convexly. Lower margin
entire or slightly convex. In transverse section root somewhat
cuneate. Height of largest example 20 mm.

ELASMOBRANCHII. 25

2

Fic. 1.—Heptranchias primigenius (Agassiz). ‘1-2, Allowaystown (Yar-
row) ; 3-7, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).

All of my examples agree largely with Agassiz’s figures 16
and 17’. Eastman considers H. plectrodon Cope identical’.

Formation and locality. ‘This species was originally found
in the State in Cumberland County, in Miocene beds. _Known
only from detached teeth. My examples are 4 teeth from Mon-
mouth Gounty (W. Cleburne) without formation, though pos-
sibly Eocene; 2 teeth from the Miocene [Eocene? K], of Shark
River in Monmouth County (T. A. Conrad) ; and 2 teeth from
Allowaystown, Salem County (H. C. Yarrow), without for-
mation.

Genus XIPHODOLAMIA Leidy.

Xiphodolamia Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (2) VIII, 1877, p. 252.
Type Xiphodolamia ensis Leidy, monotypic.
Xiphodontolamia Leidy, 1. c., nom. orig.

*Poiss. Foss., III, 1843, p. 218, Pl. 27, figs. 6-8, 13-17, (4-5 doubtful).
*Md. Geol. Surv. Miocene, 1904, p. 78.

26 CRETACEOUS PANID IPE RANE MRVemENIES Ele

Teeth awl-shaped, rather sigmoid, without any basal cusps,
roots unequal or nearly equal and approximated.

Originally this genus was thought to be of uncertain relation.
Woodward has suggested its relation with Heptranclias, point-
ing out that the teeth are apparently referable to the symphysis
of the upper jaw of that genus’. Provisionally, at least, 1 retain
it as distinct.

XIPHODOLAMIA ENSIS Leidy.

Xiphodolamia ensis Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) VIII, 1877,
p. 252, Pl. 34, figs. 25-30. Vincentown, Monmouth County, Burlington
County, Allowaystown, N. J.

Teeth slender, compressed laterally. Crown smooth, usually
sigmoid, sabre-like in form, front edge sharp and hind border
obtuse. Outer surface flat, inner convex. Cutting-edge entire.
Apex erect, slender, sharp-pointed. No cusps. Root with both
sides apparently approximated, so that ends are directed ob-
liquely and parallel, and these sometimes nearly equal. Outer

6
I 2 4 }

or

bi aa

Fic. 2—Xiphodolamia ensis Leidy. 1, Allowaystown (Yarrow) ; 2-5, Mon-
mouth Co. (Knieskern); 6, Burlington Co. (Abbott); 7-8, Vincentown
(Bryan).

surface depressed or concave, and inner bulging convexly, though
inferiorly, inner surface also slopes down flattened. Length -
28 mm.
This species is known only from the above described paratypes.
Formation and locality. I have examined Leidy’s paratypes,
doubtfully ascribed to the Cretaceous? of New Jersey. They

*Cat. Foss. F. Brit. Mus., I, 1899, p. 168.

BKUASMOBRANCHII. 27

are 4 teeth from Monmouth County (P. D. Knieskern) ; 4 from
Vincentown [The Manasquan marl, K.] in Burlington County
(T. M. Bryan); 1 from Burlington County (C. C. Abbott) ; 1
from Allowaystown, in Salem County (H.C. Yarrow). Orig-
inally there were 12 specimens in the Bryan collection, but I
have only examined 4.

Order ASTEROSPONDYLI.

THE TYPICAL SHARKS.

Vertebral column well segmented, each segment forming a
neural arch and one centrum. Vertebrze each with internal cal-
careous lamellze radiating from central ring. Gill-openings 5.
Dorsal fins 2. Anal fin present.

This order includes the greater number of living sharks.

Sub-Order PROARTHRI.
THE CESTRACIONT SHARKS.

Gill-openings 5, always lateral. Palato-quadrate apparatus
articulated to preorbital part of skull. Dorsal fins 2, well de-
veloped, each with a large spine.

Usually three families are embraced in this group, all repre-
sented by fossil forms, and only one, the Heterodontide, is
found living, with a few species in the Indo-Pacific.

Family HETERODONTID..
THE BULL-HEAD SHARKS.

Body robust in front. Head high, thick. Mouth small, nar-
row, 7 upper lip lobes-and fold on lower lip. Teeth alike in
jaws, small and obtuse in front, large and molar behind. Nostrils
confluent with mouth. Gills 5. Spiracles small. T’wo dorsals,
strong spine on each. Caudal tip notched usually. Oviparous,
egg-cases spiral.

Genera 15, all represented by extinct forms with Heterodontus
still existing.

28 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
Genus ACRODUS Buckland.

Acrodus Buckland, Geol. Mineral, Ed. 2, II, 1837, p. 47. Type Acrodus
nobilis Buckland, monotypic.

Thectodus Meyer and Plieninger, Beitr. Pal. Witirttemb., 1844, p. 116. Type
Thectodus crenatus Meyer and Plieninger, first species.

Teeth conic, non-cuspidate, crown mostly striated, with one
principal elevation, and one or more lateral prominences in either
side diminishing outwards. Root much or moderately depressed.
Symphyseal teeth few, relatively large. Notochord persistent.
Two large hooked-shaped semi-barbed dermal spines immediately
after each eye. Shagreen sparse, consisting of small, conical, ra-
diately-grooved tubercles, sometimes fused into groups of three.
Dorsal fin-spines longitudinally ridged and grooved, ridges not
denticulated, and two posterior longitudinal series of denticles, not
marginal, but placed together mesially. Anterior dorsal spine
longer and more slender than posterior.

This genus is closely related to Hybodus Agassiz, and differs
only in the rounded and non-cuspidate character of its teeth. The
dorsal fin-spines are also scarcely to be distinguished from those
assigned to the same, their determination being based on their
association and stratigraphical order. Altogether, possibly 55
species may be referred to this genus.

AcroDUS HUMILIS Leidy.

Acrodus humilis Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 163. Lime-
stone from New Jersey cretaceous.
Leidy, Rep. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, 1873, pp. 300, 352, Pl. 37, fig. 5
(type).

Tooth depressed. Crown smooth, evenly convex over its entire
upper surface, greatest width not quite one-third its length, ends
rather angular, and long edges broadly projecting over narrow
base, with under surfaces nearly level or but slightly inclined.
Upper surface of crown, though with smooth aspect, shows retic-
ulations, which, though rather coarse along median axis soon
become smaller, and along edges are very minute. Base width
about one-half that of crown, with ridge anteriorly and groove

ELASMOBRANCHII. 29

posteriorly along longitudinal surfaces, former not very high
and latter shallow. Lower surface of base flat. Length (width)
16 mm.

Fic. 3—Acrodus humilis Leidy. ° (Type.) 1, upper view; 2, lateral view;
3, end view; 4, enlarged 4x.

Formation and locality. I have examined only the above ex-
ample, the type ascribed to the “limestone from the New Jersey
cretaceous,’ from Vincentown, in Burlington County [The Vin-
centown formation, K].

Sub-Order GALEI.
THE TRUE SHARKS.

Gill-openings 5, always lateral. Palato-quadrate apparatus
not articulated with skull. Dorsal fins 2, well developed, each
without spine.

This group contains the greater number of existing and fossil
families of sharks.

Family GINGLYMOSTOMID.
THE NURSE SHARKS.

Eyes very small. Upper and lower lips developed, latter not
extending across symphysis. Nasal and buccal cavities confluent.
Nasal valves at both sides form one quadrangular flap before
mouth, and each provided with a free cylindrical cirrus. Spiracle

30 CRE TACKOUSTAND RE RAMA arose

minute behind eye. First dorsal above or after ventral, second
opposite and somewhat before anal. Tail most abruptly bent up
at base.

Large sharks of warm seas, referred to two genera.

Genus GINGLYMOSTOMA Miller and Henle.

Ginglymostoma Miller and Henle, Arch. Naturg., 1837, p. 396. (No species
given.) Type Squalus cirratus Gmelin, virtually designated by Bonaparte,
Nuov. An. Soc. Nat. Bologna, II, 1838, p. 212.

Plicodus Winkler, Arch. Mus. Teyler, III, 1874, p. 301. Type Plicodus
thielensis Winkler, monotypic.

Acrodobatis Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) VIII, 1877, p. 250.
Type Acrodobatis serra Leidy, first species, designated by Hay, Bull. U.
S. Geol. Surv., No. 179, 1902, p. 310.

Acrodontobatis Leidy, 1. c., nom. orig.

Many series of teeth in jaws, each with a strong median cusp
and one or two small basal cusps each side. Second dorsal nearly
opposite anal. Tail about one-half rest of body.

About seven extinct and two existing species are known.

GINGLYMOSTOMA OBLIQUUM (Leidy).

Acrodobatis obliquum Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) VIII, 1877,
p. 250, Pl. 34, fig. 14. Marl of Monmouth Co., N. J.

Crown wider than high and base extended downward at mid-
dle in a rounded prominence, and backward posteriorly in a
similar prominence. Summit arises in a tapering point, and
lateral acute borders show seven denticles successively decreasing
in size. Outer side presents two larger denticles succeeded by

Fic. 4.—Ginglymostoma obliquum (Leidy). (From Leidy.)

four minute ones. Inner acute border of crown long, convex in
its course from base of main point. Length 7 mm. (From
Leidy. )

ELASMOBRANCHII. Bil

Though Leidy expressly states that the type of this species, a
tooth only 4 of an inch long, was presented to the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia by Dr. Knieskern, I have not
located it among the collections. Leidy points out that it differs
from Ginglymostoma serra in having the main point of the crown
inclined to one side.

Formation and locality. Known only from the Eocene of New
Jersey.

Family LAMNIDAS.
THE MACKEREL SHARKS.

Body stout. Mouth wide. Teeth large, sharp. Gill-openings
wide, all before pectorals, entirely lateral, not extending under
throat. Spiracles minute or absent. First dorsal large. Second
dorsal and anal very small. Tail slender. Caudal lunate, both
lobes not very unequal and upper strongly bent upward. Caudal
peduncle with strong lateral keel on each side. Pit at caudal
root. Pectorals large. WVentrals moderate.

Large, fierce sharks in all seas, referred to eight or nine genera,
of which three still persist to the present time. ‘The muscular
system and dentition reaches its greatest degree of specialization
known among sharks in this family.

Genus ISURUS Rafinesque.

Isurus Rafinesque, Car. Nuov. Gen. Sicil., 1810, p. 11. Type Isurus oxyrin-
chus Rafinesque, monotypic.

Oxyrhina Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1836, pp. 87, 276. Type Lamna
oxyrhina Valenciennes, monotypic.

Oxyrrhina, auct.

Isuropsis Gill, Ann. Lyc. N. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1862, pp. 308, 408. Type
Oxyrhina glauca Miller and Henle, designated.

Anotodus LeHon, Prél. Mém. Poiss. Tert. Belg., 1871, p. 8. Type Anat-
odus agassizii LeHon, monotypic.

Body mackerel or tunny-like, caudal peduncle slender. Snout
rather long, pointed. Teeth long, lanceolate, cutting-edges sharp
and entire, and no basal cusps. First dorsal large, entirely be-
hind pectoral, or nearly midway between latter and ventral.
Second dorsal and anal very small. Pectoral large.

32 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

About three existing and 39 fossil species have been referred to
this genus.

IsuRUS DESORII (Agassiz).

Oxyrhina minutus (nec Agassiz) Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila,
XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.)

Anterior teeth narrow, robust, much elevated and _ thick.
Crown slightly curved inwards towards apex. Outer coronal
surface more or less flattened, and inner well convex. Apex
scarcely deflected. Cutting-edges entire. No basal cusps. Root
thick, concave or flattened on outer surface, inner face with large,
pronounced, bulging or convex surface, and each end a long
divergent branch, often unequal and acute. Lateral teeth more
compressed, root shorter and with more diverging ends, crown
narrow, apex scarcely deflected, and usually entire cutting-edges
eradually divergent to ends of base. Length varies to 54 mm.

According to Woodward this species differs from the existing
Isurus oxyrinchus only in the less curvature of the lateral teeth.
From worn and fragmentary examples of Lamna elegans, in
which the inner coronal striz seem to be obliterated, I cannot
distinguish some material positively. Frequently the teeth of
Isurus are more or less depressed basally on their inner surfaces.
It is also almost impossible to distinguish the teeth of Lamma
cuspidata, and no doubt a number of the teeth of the present
species may be listed under that name. This form is known only
from the detached teeth.

Formation and locality. A number of examples in the collec-
tions of the Academy from the Cretaceous marls, all without
beds indicated, are: 1 tooth from “New Jersey” (E. D. Cope),
2 teeth from Deal [probably from Manasquan marl, K.]
(Breed), 1 from Monmouth County (C. C. Abbott) and 8 more
from the same region (W. Cleburne), 3 from Burlington
County (T. A. Conrad), 5 from Vincentown [Manasquan marl
or Vincentown limesand, K.] (T. M. Bryan), 2 from 5 miles
from Mullica Hill (Abbott) and 1 from the latter locality [ Nave-
sink-Hornerstown marl, K.] (J. Da Costa) and 7 from Allo-
waystown in Salem County (H. C. Yarrow).

ELASMOBRANCHIL. 33
3

Fic. 5.—Isurus desorii (Agassiz). 1-22, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas) ; 22,
Monmouth Co. (Cleburne); 23, Vincentown (Bryan); 24, Mullica Hill
(Abbott) ; 25-26, Mullica Hill (Da Costa); 27, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).

3, GEOL

34 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

19
15 !

Fic. 6.—IJsurus desorii (Agassiz). 1-13, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas); 14,
Deal (Breed); 15-17, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 18-19, Monmouth Co.
(Abbott) ; 20-24, Vincentown (Bryan).

ELASMOBRANCHII. 25

Abbott's Monmouth County example is more compressed at
the crown than the other examples. It also has flaring trenchant
edges, and its inner face basally is swollen. His Mullica Hill
examples agree largely with Da Costa’s, which, in turn, differ
from Maryland Miocene examples! in the slightly deflected
crown, the latter more convex on its inner surface.

The present species does not seem to have been recorded pre-
viously from New Jersey, except if confused with Jsurus min-
utus, as contended by Eastman.

In the Geological Survey collection I have examined 2 teeth
without data, and 34 from Shiloh in Cumberland County (EF.
Davis) [from the so-called Shiloh marl of the Kirkwood (Mio-
cene) formation, K.], probably belonging to this species.

IsURUS HASTALIS (Agassiz).

Oxyrhina xiphodon Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p.
362 (Cumberland Co. Miocene).

Anterior teeth broad, thin, compressed, widely triangular.
Crown slightly curved outward towards apex. Outer coronal
surface flat or slightly concave, rarely with basal vertical wrin-
kles, and inner surface moderately and evenly convex. Apex
usually deflected a little laterally. Cutting-edges entire. Some-
times an obselete broad short convex basal cusp at one or each
side of base. Root short, with usually blunt obtuse edges, outer
surface flattened or slightly concave, inner surface moderately
convex, and lower profile a little emarginated. Lateral teeth
with coronal edges gradually curving to ends of base, and apex
often slightly deflected externally. Length reaches 47 mm.

This species is known only from its detached teeth, usually to
be identified by their broad and thin appearance. Woodward
Says it is almost impossible to distinguish many of the postero-
lateral teeth from those of [surus desoru and the existing Isurus
oxyrinchus. He suggests Otodus apiculatus Agassiz, with a
rudimentary lateral denticle as a synonym. ‘The present species
does not seem to be very numerous among New Jersey fossils.

*Oxzyrhina desoru Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 142.

36 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

Fic. 7.--Isurus hastalis (Agassiz). 1-2, Vincentown (Bryan), and others
from Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).

ELASMOBRANCHII. 37

Fic. 8—Isurus hastalis (Agassiz). Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).

38 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

Formation and locality. I have 7 teeth from the marls [Man-
asquan formation, K.] at Vincentown (T. M. Bryan), also 2
from Delaware (P. Uhler). |

IsuRUS ACUMINATUS (Morton).

Squalus sp. Morton, Synop. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 31, Pl. 11, fig.
11. New Jersey.

Lamma acuminata (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art., XXVIII, 1835,
p. 277 (name only, based on preceding).

Squalus sp. Morton, Synop. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 31, Pl. 11, fig. 4.
No locality.

Lamma mantelli (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art., XXVIII, 1835. p.
277 (name only, based on preceding).

Teeth moderately robust, compressed, and vary from widely
angular to acuminate. Crown slightly curved out toward apex.
Outer coronal surface mostly flattened, sometimes a few vertical
basal wrinkles, and inner surface moderately and evenly convex.
Apex usually deflected slightly to one side. Cutting-edges entire.
Sometimes a low, obsolete, broad, basal cusp at one or each side
of base, variable. Root short, with usually obtuse edges, outer
surface flattened or concave, inner surface moderately convex,
and lower profile a little emarginated. Anterior teeth compara- .
tively wide, with only a gentle curved crown, and lateral teeth
with root much broader than crown, thus forming a sudden basal]
expansion behind and often anteriorly. Length reaches 40 mm.

Known only from detached teeth. Although this species is
usually known by the specific name mantelli, Agassiz’s name acu-
minata occurs first on the same page in Morton’s work. Mor-
ton’s figure is rather incomplete, though it shows a basal cusp.
His figure of mantelli, though also crude, represents a much
larger tooth, and is probably the same as the one Agassiz pub-
lishes later.

Formation and locality. The following examples appear to
belong to this species, most all evidently from the Cretaceous
marls. They are: 5 imperfect teeth from “New Jersey” (C. C-
Abbott), 2 from the same (Burtt), to from Monmouth County
(W. Cleburne), 1 from the same without donor, 1 from the
same (P. D. Knieskern), 5 from the Miocene formation of

ELASMOBRANCHII.

” Fic. 9.—Isurus acuminatus (Morton). 1-2, New Jersey (Abbott) : 3, Deal;
4-6, Shark River (Conrad); 7, Long Branch; 8-16, Monmouth Co. (Cle-
burne); 17, Monmouth Co. (Breed); 18-19, Vincentown (Bryan); 20,
Burlington Co. (Conrad) ; 21-21, Mullica Hill (Abbott) ; (23-24 are Isurus
désoru) 25-26, Allowaystown (Yarrow).

4o CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

BAMA ES

~

6

Fic. 10.—Isurus acuminatus (Morton). 1, Burlington Co. (Conrad); 2,
Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 3, Bridgeton (H. B. Abbott); 4, Burlington
Co. (Conrad) ; *5-6, Vincentown (Dick).

Shark River (T. A. Conrad), 1 from Deal [ Manasquan or Shark
River formations, probably the former, K.] and 3 from Long
Branch [Hornerstown ? K.], all without donor, 2 from Burling-
ton County (T. A. Conrad), 2 from Vincentown [Manasquan
formation, K.] (T. A. Bryan), 2 from Mullica Hill [Navesink
marl ? K.] in Gloucester County (C. C. Abbott), 2 from Allo-
waystown in Salem County (H. C. Yarrow), and 1 from the
Miocene of Cumberland County along the “Bridgeton Pike” (C.
C. Abbott).

ISURUS SILLIMANII (Gibbes).

Oxyrhina minutus (nec Agassiz) Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila.,
XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.)

Teeth moderately compressed, rather thin, and formed as a
moderate isoceles triangle. Crown variably curved slightly out-
ward, or inwards toward apex. Outer coronal surface flattened
or slightly convex, inner surface flattened or slightly convex, and
latter without basal vertical folds. Apex deflected, sometimes
strongly so, to one side. Cutting-edges entire. Usually at base
on either or each side one or two obsolete broad cusps, low, and
their edges also entire. Roots short or moderate, outer surface
flattened or slightly concave, inner surface bulging in prominent
convexity, and lower profile forming a moderate emarginate
blunt angle. Ends of roots deep, though not produced. Reaches
a length of 34 mm. This description from 24 examples from the
Calvert formation of Charles County, Md., in the Miocene.

ELASMOBRANCHIIL. 41

Fic. 11.—IJsurus sillimanii (Gibbes). Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).
’

42 CREDACE OU S PANID PE Ra TARA sill Siem

I have included this species entirely on the authority of Dr.
Eastman, who says that Cope partly, at least, determined ap-
parently young examples of the present species as Osryrhina
minutus. ‘The former also states that Cope’s determination is
further practically incorrect, and that some are Isurus desorit
and others Eulamia.

Formation and locality. Cope’s material was from the Mio-
cene of Cumberland County.

IsuRUS SP.

Oxyrhina sp. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II, 1875, p. 206.
(Greensand No. 4.)

A species with flat but narrower crown than the last
[Oxyrhina extenta Leidy], and with perfectly smooth cementum,
the base of the latter being serrulate in the convex side of the
crown. No denticles. Crown with a lateral curvature. (From -
Cope. )

Formation and locality. Common in the “greensand, No. 4,
New Jersey,’ according to Cope, though I have no examples.

ISURUS SP.

Oxyrhina sp. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II, 1875, p. 296.
(Greensand No. 4.)

With crown flatter and broader than the last; frequently
oblique, but not curved, and not infrequently with lateral den-
ticles. Cementum smooth, except a short distance from the base
on the convex side striate-grooved. (From Cope.)

Formation and locality. Common in the “greensand, No. 4,
New Jersey,” according to Cope. It seems possible this may be-
long with Lamna elegans, representing its short posterior teeth.

Genus LAMNA Cuvier.

Lamna Cuvier, Regne Animal, II, 1817, p. 126. Type Squalus cornubicus
Gmelin, restricted by Gill, Ann. Lyc. N. Hist. N. Y., VIII, 1861, p. 32.
Lamia Risso, H. N. Eur. Merid., III, 1826, p. 123. Type Squalus cornubicus

Gmelin, monotype. (Preoccupied in insects.)
Selanonius Fleming, Brit. An. 1828, p. 169. Type Squalus selanoneus
Walker, monotype.

*Md. Geol. Surv. Miocene, 1904, p. 81.

EBLASMOBRANCHII. A3

Body short, stout, back somewhat elevated. Snout prominent,
pointed. Teeth triangular, pointed, entire, each with one small
basal cusp on each side, though cusps sometimes obsolete on
some teeth in young. Gill-openings wide. First dorsal and pec-
toral fins somewhat falcate, former close behind pectoral bases.
Second dorsal and anal very small, nearly opposite one another.

Large fierce sharks in most cool seas, to which three existing
species and about 34 extinct have been referred.

LAMNA CUSPIDATA Agassiz.

Lamna cuspidata Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1872, p. 166. (Prob-
ably New Jersey Cretaceous.)
Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland
Co. Miocene.)

Lamna denticulata Cope 1. c. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.)

Anterior teeth usually long, slender, compressed and moder-
ately triangular, scarcely sigmoid in character. Crown usually
slender, subulate, erect or sometimes diverging outwards. Outer
coronal surface flattened or but slightly convex, smooth. Inner
coronal face usually well convex, sometimes little flattened
medianly, and entirely smooth. Apex erect or variously de-
flected. Cutting-edges prominent, entire. Usually one, sometimes
two, small acute basal cusps on one or each side. Root large,
outer face concavely depressed, and inner convexly bulging till
very pronounced, the convexity usually with more or less complete
sulcus. Branches of root usually long, moderately divergent,
and angle between branches usually well marked. Lateral teeth
broader, shorter, especially crowns, which are often well de-
flected, wider angle between branches of base and basal cusps
varying quite broad. Length reaches 43 mm.

This is a very common fossil in the New Jersey marls and I
have examined many teeth. This species is known only from
detached teeth, scarcely distinguishable in many instances from
those of Iswrus acuminatus. ‘The teeth may also be confused
with those of other related sharks, though they do not appear
to reach quite so large a size as the well-marked Lamna elegans.
From Isurus desoru it may often be distinguished by the pres-

CRETAICEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

Fic. 12.—Lamna cuspidata Agassiz. 1, Farmingdale (Pilsbry); 2-3, Pemberton
(Budd); 4, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 5, Vincentown (Bryan); 6-7, Burlington Co.
(Conrad); 8, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 9-13, Burlington Co. (Budd); 14-15, Bur-
lington Co. (Conrad); 16-21, Pemberton (Budd); 22-23, Allowavstown (Yarrow); 24-35;
Vincentown (Bryan); *36, Shark R. (A. Shafter).

ELASMOBRANCHII.

Fic. 13.—Lamna cuspidata Agassiz.
Cos. (©
burne); 11-12, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne and Abbott); 13-18, Burlington Co. (Conrad) ;

E 1-4, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 5-8, Monmouth
leburne); 9, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne and Abbott); 10, Monmouth Co. (Cle-

19-20, Burlington Co. (Budd); 21-22, Burlington Co. (Conrad);

23-26, Pemberton
(Budd); 27, Allowaystown (Yarrow); 28-40, Vincentown (Bryan).

46 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

Fic. 14.—Lamna cuspidata Agassiz. 31, New Jersey (Cope); 2-3, New Jersey (Abbott) ;
4-5, New Jersey (Kilvington); 6-8, Shark R. (Conrad); 9-10, Long Branch (Chapman) ;
11-12, Long Branch; 13-17, Monmouth Co.; 18, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern and Abbott) ;
19-22, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 23, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); 24-26, Monmouth Co.
(Knieskern and Abbott); 27-28, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne); 29-33, Monmouth Co.
(Knieskern and Abbott); 34-36, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne); 37, Burlington Co. (Budd);
38, Burlington Co. (Conrad); 39, Farmingdale (Pilsbry); 40, Burlington Co. (Conrad).

ELASMOBRANCHII. 7

Fic. 15.—Lamna cuspidata Agassiz. 1, Vincentown (Bryan); 2-4, Mon-
mouth Co. (Knieskern); 5-7, Vincentown (Bryan); 8-9, Monmouth Co.
(Knieskern) ; 10-13, Burlington Co. (Conrad) ; 14, Burlington Co. (Conrad) ;
15, Vincentown (Bryan); 16, Pemberton (Budd); 17-19, Vincentown
(Bryan); 20-21, Burlington Co. (Conrad); z2, Allowaystown (Yarrow) ;
23, Vincentown (Bryan) ; *24, Farmingdale (Johnson) ; *25-26, Farmingdale.

ence of small pointed basal cusps. Some of the specimens listed
below may belong really to Isurus desoru, I. acumimatus, or
others.

Formation and locality. ‘The following teeth, none of which
have the formation given, are in the collection of the Academy:

48 CRETAICEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

From “New Jersey” 3 (E. D. Cope), 8 (C. C. Abbott), 3 (P. D.
Knieskern), 3 (Kilvington); Monmouth County 40 without
donor, 18 (Knieskern), 178 (W. Cleburne), 1 (Abbott), 95 (Ab-
bott and Knieskern); Farmingdale 2 (H. A. Pilsbry); Shark
River 5 without donor and 26 (T. A. Conrad); Long Branch
20 without donor and 3 (H. C. Chapman); Burlington County
gg (Conrad) and 21 (C. Budd); Pemberton 31 (Budd); Vin-
centown 127 (T. A. Bryan); Allowaystown in Salem County
13 (H.C. Yarrow). [The geological horizons from which these
came.are probably as follows: Farmingdale, the Manasquan
marl; Shark River, the Shark River marl (Eocene), perhaps
the Manasquan marl; Long Branch, the Hornerstown or Man-
asquan; Pemberton, Manasquan; Vincentown, Manasquan marl,
less probably the Vincentown limesand; Allowaystown, the Kirk-
wood (Miocene) K.]

In the collection of the Geological Survey I have found
the following teeth: From the upper marl of Shark River
[Eocene, K.] 8 (A. Shafter’s pits), the upper marl [Manas-
quan, ? K.] of Farmingdale 1 (Johnson’s pits). Manasquan
marl, 1 mile south of Farmingdale, 9 fragmentary crowns with-
out basal cusps, probably 7 teeth from Shiloh [Miocene, K. |
(E. Davis), 1 from top of the Red Bank sand at Hornerstown,
104 from Monmouth County (Knieskern), and 5 without data.

LAMNA ELEGANS Agassiz.

Lamna elegans Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat: Sci. Phila. 1872, p. 166. (New
Jersey Cretaceous. )

Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland
Co. Miocene.)

Anterior teeth long, slender, compressed and moderately tri-
angular, scarcely sigmoidal in profile. Crown usually slender,
subulate, erect or sometimes diverging outwards. Outer coronal
surface flattened or but slightly convex, smooth. Inner coronal
surface usually well convex, sometimes little flattened in middle,
and marked with very many fine, delicate parallel vertical striz.
Apex erect or variously deflected. Cutting-edges prominent, en-
tire. Usually one, sometimes two, small acute basal cusps in one

49

BRLASMOBRANCHII.

others

1-3, Deal; 4-6, Monmouth Co.;

Fic. 16—Lamna elegans Agassiz.

from Vincentown (Bryan).

4 GEOL

50 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

Fic. 17—Lamna elegans Agassiz. 1, New Jersey (Cope); 2, Monmouth
Co. (Knieskern); 3, Pemberton (Budd); 4-6, Vincentown (Slack); 7-12,
Vincentown (Bryan).

or each side. Root large, outer face concavely depressed, and
inner convexly bulging till very pronounced, the convexity usually
with more or less complete sulcus. Branches of root usually long,
moderately divergent, and angle between branches usually well
marked. Lateral teeth with lower crowns, often well deflected,
wider angle between branches of root and basal cusps varying till
quite broad. Length to 65 mm.

This well-marked species is easily distinguished, when not
worn, from the other species of the genus by the fine vertical
striz in the inner coronal surface. It is quite variable, and in
the variation of form closely resembles Lamna cuspidata.

KLASMOBRANCHIL 51

Formation and locality. ‘The following teeth are all from the
Cretaceous and Eocene marls, without formation: New Jersey
5 (C. C. Abbott), 2 (E. D. Cope) ; Monmouth County 15 with-
out donor, 68 (J. H. Slack, J. Parke, J. H. Powell, Jr., and Ab-
bott), 17 (P. D. Knieskern), 3 (Knieskern and Abbott); Deal
84 no donor; Long Branch 11 no donor, 14 (H. C. Chapman) ;
Shark River 1 (T. A. Conrad) and 3 (Knieskern); Farming-
dale 6 (H. A. Pilsbry) ; Burlington County to (Conrad) and 8
(C. Budd); Pemberton 33 (Budd); Vincentown 188 (T. A.
Bryan); Medford 1 (L. Woolman); Mullica Hill 1 (W. M.
Gabb); Bridgeton 5 (Budd) and 1 (C. B. Barrett). The last
are evidently Miocene.

In the Geological Survey collection I have examined the fol-
lowing teeth: From the Wenonah sand a little less than 1 mile
southeast of Cranford’s Corner 4 (J. Longstreet’s pit), Man-
asquan marl 1 mile south of Farmingdale 11 mostly fragmentary,
Shiloh [Miocene, K.] 4 (E. Davis), Woodbury clay east of
Matawan 3 (D. Farry’s brickyards), middle marl [ Manasquan, ?
K.] at Riddleton 2 (Hackett’s pits), upper marl [ Manasquan,
K.] at Poplar 7, and 4 without data.

[The geological range of these specimens is from the Wood-
bury clay, Cretaceous, into the Miocene, K. ]

LAMNA MUDGEI Cope.
Lamna mudgei Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II. 1875, p. 297,

Pl. 42, figs. 11-12. Niobara epoch of Kansas. Greensand No. 4, of New
Jersey.

Indicated by three teeth from the Niobara epoch of Kansas,
and one from the greensand, “No. 4,” of New Jersey. ‘These
teeth are rather stout, especially at the base, and the crown not

Fic. 18—Lamna mudgei Cope. (From Cope.)

52 ORETACE OUS ANID ile Rela AIayesea Sil

very elongate. The root is excessively protuberant, projecting
horizontally beyond the convex side, and flat or truncate below
the protuberance. The enamel is entirely smooth. Measure-
ments of the New Jersey specimen: Length of crown, 14 mm.;
diameter of base, longitudinal, 4 mm.; transverse, 7 mm.; long
diameter of roots at basis of crown, 8mm. (From Cope. )

The above description seems to be all that is known of this
species in New Jersey.

Formation and locality. As given above, these fossils are Cre-
taceous.

LAMNA TEXANA Roemer.

Lamna sp. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 166. (New Jersey
Cretaceous. )

Lamna texana Leidy, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, 1873, p. 304, Pl.
18, figs. 46-47. (Clay near Haddonfield, in Camden Co., and Cre-
taceous greensand of Mullica Hill, in Gloucester Co.)

Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II, 1875, p. 206. (Greensand
No. 4 of New Jersey.)

Anterior teeth long, slender, compressed, scarcely sigmoid in
profile. Crown slender, moderately thickened, erect. Outer
coronal surface flattened or but slightly convex, and smooth.
Inner coronal surface convex, sometimes little depressed basally,
and marked at least over greater extent basally with prominent
vertical striz. These striz more sparse than in related species.
Apex erect, scarcely deflected. Cutting-edges prominent, entire.
No basal cusps. Root large, outer surface concavely depressed,
and inner bulging in prominent convexity, usually with more or
less complete sulcus. Branches of root usually long, moderately
divergent, and angle between usually well marked. Length
reaches 48 mm. |

Leidy first notices the two teeth ascribed to this species from
clay near Haddonfield, which he found with a skeleton of Hadro-
saurus foulku and shells of Exogyra costata, Ammonites pla-
centa, etc. This species is only known from detached teeth, and
may be distinguished from Lamna elegans by the coarser striz
on the outer coronal surface.

Formation and locality. Known from the Cretaceous. I have
26 teeth from Mullica Hill [Navesink-Hornerstown marl, K.]

ELASMOBRANCHIL. 53

Fic. 19—Lamna texana Roemer. 1-2, Pemberton (Budd); 3-4, Vincen-
town (Bryan); 5-8, Haddonfield; 9, Mullica Hill (Gabb).

(W. M. Gabb), 2 from Haddonfield [Woodbury clay K.] (J.
Leidy), 1 from Vincentown [the Manasquan ? marl, K.] (T. M.

Bryan) and 1 from Pemberton [Manasquan marl K.] (C.
Budd).

Genus OTODUS Agassiz.

Otodus Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1843, pp. 266, 307. Type Otodus obliquus
Agassiz, first species, restricted by Hay, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 179,
1902, p. 304.

A provisional genus, embracing species evidently of large size,
and known only from the teeth, which are large, thickened,
though somewhat compressed, elongately triangular, with sharp-
ened and entire cutting-edges, and 1 or 2 rather large cusps each
side basally. Roots also large and thickened.

54 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

All the species, of which about 38 have been described, are ex-
tinct.

OTODUS APPENDICULATUS Agassiz.

Otodus appendiculatus Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (2) I, August,
1849, p. 199. (New Jersey Greensand.)
Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland
Co. Miocene.)
Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II, 1875, p. 295. (Green-
sand No. 5, N. J.)

Teeth robust, thickened and moderately compressed. Coronal
surface slightly compressed, usually low or but moderately at-
tenuated and sharply pointed. Outer face usually more or less
flattened, or but slightly convex and smooth, sometimes a little
concave basally, but without any vertical wrinkles. Inner coronal
face usually well convex, rather prominently so basally, and
smooth. Apex slightly deflected or erect. Cutting-edges trench-
ant, sharp, entire. Usually one large basal cusp on one or each
side, sometimes two. These cusps vary from broad till quite
slender, and are always sharply pointed and with entire cutting-
edges. Root robust, thick, outer face usually flattened and inner
face swelling in a large convexity. In profile lower margin vary-
ing rather widely crescentic, and ends sometimes flaring a little.
Length to 36 mim.

This species seems to differ from Otodus lanceolatus chiefly in
its smaller size. According to Woodward the anterior teeth are
erect and slender, and the lateral teeth well inclined back, their
front edges being more arcuate and longer than the hind ones.
He further says that the thick root has the nutrative foramen not
in a groove, and the outer coronal face has often'a few indefinite:
vertical folds on its basal half.

Formation and locality. I have examined a number of de-
tached teeth from the Cretaceous formations. They are: “New
Jersey” 2 (T. A. Conrad), 1 (Burtt), 2 (W. M. Gabb), 1 with-
out donor, 3 (C. C. Abbott); Monmouth County 1 (W.
Cleburne), 3 (P. D. Knieskern and Cleburne), 3 (Abhoitye
Shark River 1 (Knieskern) ; Long Branch 4 (H. C. Chapman) ;
Burlington County 4 (C. Budd); Crosswicks 1 (Conrad) ; Vin-

BLASMOBRANCHITI. 55

Fic. z0.—Otodus appendiculatus Agassiz. 1-4, Long Branch (Chapman); 5, New
Jersey (Burtt); 6-7, Blackwoodtown (Collins); 8, New Jersey (Conrad); 9-10, New
Jersey (Gabb); 11, Mullica Hill (Abbott); 12, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); 13-14, Mullica
Hill (Abbott); 15-18, near Long Branch (Chapman); 19, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); 20,
Monmouth Co.; 21-22, New Jersey (Conrad); 23-38, Vincentown (Bryan).

56 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

g
A

sau

Fic. 21.—Otodus appendiculatus Agassiz. 1-2, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas) ;
3, Allowaystown (Yarrow); 4, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne); 5-7, Burlington
Co. (Budd); 8, Shark R. (Knieskern); 9, Vincentown (Bryan); 10, Mon-
mouth Co. (Knieskern and Cleburne); *11, no data; 12, Monmouth Co.
(Knieskern and Cleburne); 13-15, Vincentown (Bryan); *16, near Craw-
ford’s Corner; *17, Shark R.; *18, one mile southwest of Farmingdale.

centown 25 (T. M. Bryan); Blackwoodstown in Camden
County 2 (W. Collins); Mullica Hill in Gloucester County 3
(Abbott) ; Allowaystown in Salem County 1 (H. C. Yarrow).

In the collection of the Geological Survey are the following
teeth: Marl at Shark River 1, Manasquan marl 1 mile south of
Farmingdale 2, somewhat fragmentary; Monmouth County 12
(Knieskern), and middle marl (Manasquan) at Riddleton 2 frag-
ments (Hackett’s pits). [From the above enumeration of
localities the fragments of specimens apparently have been derived
from the Merchantville or Woodbury clay (Crosswicks), Nave-
sink marl (Mullica Hill), Navesink-Hornerstown marl (Black-
wood and Riddleton), Manasquan marl (Farmingdale) and the
Miocene (Allowaystown) K.]

ELASMOBRANCHII. EF
Oropus LEviIs Gibbes.

’ Otodus levis Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (2) I, August, 1849, p.
199, Pl. 26, fig. 141 (type). (New Jersey.)

Known only from the record of Gibbes from within the limits
of the State. He says: “I have since seen one in the cabinet of

)

the Academy from New Jersey.” I cannot find that his figures

Fic. 22—Otodus levis Gibbes. (From Gibbes.)

differ from those I give as Otodus appendiculatus, except that he
shows the crown deflected and more elongate.

Formation and locality.. This species has been ascribed to the
Eocene, but no special locality within the State has been given
by Gibbes. It was originally obtained in the same formation of
South Carolina.

Oropus LANCEOLATUS (Morton).

Squalus sp. Morton, Synop. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 31, Pl. 11, fig. 5.
New Jersey.
Lamna lanceolata (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art., 1835, p. 277 (name
only, based on preceding).
Squalus sp. Morton, Synop. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 31, Pl. 11, fig. 1.
Arenaceous beds of New Jersey.
Lamna obliqua (Agassiz) Morton, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII, 1842,
p. 15 (name only, based on preceding).
Otodus obliqguus Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) I, August, 1849,
p. 199, figs. 131-137. (New Jersey Eocene casts.)
Reidy, youn Acad, Nat, se, Einla, ie) Vlliee 1877, p. 230) Vans
centown. ) \

Teeth robust, usually elongated as an isoceles triangle, and
rather thick. Coronal surface but slightly compressed, attenuated,

&
58 CRETACEOUS AND» DEAR IEAIR Ya: EutSisle

sharply pointed, and faces convex in varying degrees, but usually
outer less so. Occasionally distinct vertical plications on outer
coronal face. Apex usually erect, seldom deflected much. Cut-
ting-edges mostly entire, or only occasionally in small examples.
with a few obsolete serrations near base. Usually one cusp
basally on each side, often large, and edges entire. Rarely still
a second smaller basal external cusp. Root robust, thick, outer
face usually flattened, and inner face swelling in a large con-
vexity. In profile lower margin of root emarginated to cres-
centic, and ends not much produced. Teeth reach 84 mm. in
length.

This appears to be rather variable. Some writers think cer-
tain teeth ascribed to it may belong to Carcharodon, as in rare in-
stances their edges show the faint serrations alluded to above.
Though known only from detached teeth, this species would evi-
dently have obtained some size, being very likely an all-sufficient
predatory monster. The teeth are among the most abundant of
all the sharks’ teeth found in the fossil beds in the State. Un-
fortunately Morton’s Lamna lanceolata is the oldest name avail-
able for this species, having virtually several years priority over
the familiar Otodus obliquus Agassiz.

Formation and locality. I have examined nyany series of speci-
mens in the collections of the Academy, most of which are with-
Out detailed data. New Jersey 5 (Burtt), 1 (C) Budd )pamG@e
P. Wetherill), 1 (B: Coates), m4. (C: Cy Abbott), 5 iGeaewe
Cope); Monmouth County 12 (J. H./Slack,.J- Parker siege
Powell, jr.; Abbott); 1 (Powell), 1 (Abbott), 2 (Slack)iau:
(W. Cleburne), 1 (Burtt); Farmingdale 12 (H. A. Pilsbry in
1892); Shark River 1 (P. D. Knieskern) ; Long Branch 1, no
donor, 1 (H. C. Chapman); Burlington County 3 (C. Budd),
39 (T. A. Conrad); Vincentown 84 (T. M. Bryan), 21 (Bryan
on May 4th, 1875) from greensand, 1 (G. Bryan), 1 (C. B. Bar-
rett); Pemberton 7 (C. Budd); Pointville 2 (W. F. Atlee in
December, 1863); Fostertown 1 (H. N. Potts); Medford 6
(L. Woolman) ; Allowaystown in Salem County 1 (H. C. Yar-
row).

In the collection of the Geological Survey are the following:
Monmouth County 2 (P. D. Knieskern), upper marl of Far-

.

a.

re a oe) Aieanen hy
risa: st eG eT

ve

20
New Jersey (Wetherill) ; 2, New Jersey (Coates); 3-5, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne) ; 6-7, Burlington Co.
(Wetherill) ; 8-9, Pemberton (Budd); 10-21, Vincentown (Bryan).

Fic. 23—Otodus lanceolatus (Morton). 1,

Fic. 24—Otodus lanceolatus (Morton). 1, Monmouth Co, (Abbott) ; 2, Long Branch; 3, Long Branch (Chapman); 4, Shark R. (Knieskern); 5, Farmingdale (Pilsbry); 6, Burlington Co. (Budd); 7-10 Medford (Woolman};
11-32, Vincentown (Bryan); 33, Vincentown (Barrett).

Fic, 25—Otodus lanceolatus (Morton). 1-4, New Jersey (Cope); 5, New Jersey (Abbott); 6-7, Monmouth Co. (Slack, ete.); 8, Monmouth Co. (Slack); 9, Monmouth Co.; 10, Monmouth Co. (Burtt); 11, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne) ; 12-13, Farmingdale (Pilsbry) ; 14, Burlington Co.
(Budd) ; 15-18, Burlington Co. (Conrad) ; 19-20, Burlington Co. (Atlee) ; 21-26, Vincentown (Bryan) ; 27-30, Pemberton (Budd) ; 31-34 Charles Co., Md. (Thomas) ; *35 Shark R.; 36-37, Vincentown (Bryan).

EBLASMOBRANCHII. 59

mingdale 2 (Johnson's pits), upper marl of Shark River 1 (A
- Shafter’s pits), Shiloh 16 (E. Dlavis), marl of Shark River 1
without donor, Manasquan marl 1 mile south of Farmingdale 6,
somewhat fragmentary; upper marl at Poplar 1; Vincentown
Cretaceous 1 (Dr. Brown); upper marl of Vincentown I
(Dick’s pit), and 14 without data.

[The material from the above localities, so far as any refer-
ence can be made, apparently came from the Manasquan marl,
the Shark River marl and the Shiloh marl, 7. ¢., from the top of
the Cretaceous, the Eocene and the Miocene, K. |

Genus CARCHARODON Miller and Henle.

Carcharodon (Smith) Miller and Henle, Arch. Naturg., 1838, p. 84. Type
Carcharodon verus Agassiz, virtually monotypic.

Teeth large, flat, erect, regularly triangular, edges serrated.
Spiracles minute or absent. First dorsal moderate, nearly mid-
way between pectorals and ventrals. Second dorsal and anal
very small. Caudal peduncle rather stout, lobes of lunate fin not
very unequal. Pectorals large. Ventrals small.

Large pelagic fishes found in most all warm seas and reputed
the strongest and most voracious of all fishes. The fossils em- .
braced in this genus represent the remains of species many times
larger, and thus far more formidable than those existing, or the
so-called “man-eaters.”’ It is possibly the sole survivor of about
Ig described extinct species, all of which are only known from
detached teeth.

CARCHARODON AURICULATUS (Blainville).

Squalus sp. Morton, Syn. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 16, Pl: 12, figs. 3
and 5. New Jersey.

Carcharias canceolatus (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art., XXVIII,
1835, p. 277 (name only, based on above and impr. err.).

Carcharias lanceolatus (Agassiz) Morton, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila..
VIII, 1842, p. 16 (name only, based on above).

60 CRETACEOUS PAN Moan WARNE ili Siee

Squalus sp. Morton, Syn. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 16, Pl. 12, fig. 4.
New Jersey.
Carcharias megalotis (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art., XX VIII, 1835,
p. 277 (name only, based on preceding).
Carcharodon acutidens Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (2) I, August,
1848, p. 146, figs. 39-44. (New Jersey.)
Carcharodon angustidens Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II,
1875, p. 205. (Greensand of No. 5, New Jersey.)
Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumber-
land Co. Miocene.)
Leidy,, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sct: Phila, (@) Will, 1877p) 230.n Ga
centown. )

Teeth comparatively narrow, robust, thickened and com-
pressed. Coronal surface variably convex, though outer usually
slightly more or less flattened. Apex often decidedly acuminate
and deflected to one side. Cutting-edges usually coarsely ser-
rated, the serre often individually variable, and always gradu-
ated small towards tip of apex. Usually a broad basal cusp on
each side, sometimes a second, and serrations in its cutting-edge
usually enlarged. Tips of most all serratures rounded. Root
variable, usually robust, outer face flattened concavely, and inner
face often swelling in a large median bulge. In profile lower
margin of root often evenly emarginate to crescentic, though
ends not especially produced. Teeth reach 112 mm.

This is quite variable and shows many variations in the teeth.
Some examples from the Maryland Miocene and others from
Monmouth County, N. J., approach Carcharodon polygurus, but
have the basal lateral cusps but slightly differentiated. Besides
detached teeth this species is known from two nearly complete
skeletons from near Antwerp in Belgium.

Formation and locality. I have examined a series of examples
from the State now in the Academy, all detached teeth. Mon-
mouth County ro (P. D. Knieskern), 1 (Grier), 1 (C. C. Ab
bott); Deal 2 (C. Breed), 4 (W. G. Budd); Shark Rivera
without donor, 3 (Knieskern), 2 from the Miocene (T. A. Con-
rad); Long Branch 2 (H. C. Chapman); Farmingdale (H. A.
Pilsbry in 1892) ; Trenton Falls [Tinton Falls ? K.] (Abbott) ;
Burlington County 1 (Abbott), 16 (Conrad), 7 (C. Budd), 2
(J. P. Wetherill), 4 (E. Hallowell) ; Pemberton 3 (C. Budd),
1 (T. M. Bryan); Vincentown 17 (C. B. Barrett), from the

f a

pe

he C8, a sit
nes! OO PO
»s = "Gero ort

. “ee Lg
. 2%
Sep edat

Fic. 26.—Carcharodon auriculatus (Blainville

|
1

AR
i Mt) IN}
wilt Ni,

\
Zi a

ELASMOBRANCHII. 61

greensand 115 (Bryan); Mullica Hill in Gloucester County 1
(Abbott) ; Cumberland County 1 (T. B. Gillette). The follow-
eeeeclaneled: simply’ “New ‘Jersey’ ares! me (Coates) yi
(Budd), 1 (Wetherill), 2 (Chaloner), 3 (Abbott), 1 (W. Cle
burne), 4 without donor.

In the Geological Survey collection are the following teeth:
Monmouth County 6 (Knieskern) ; Shiloh 9 (E. Davis); Vin-
centown Cretaceous 2 (Dr. Brown), and 3 without data. [The
formations apparently represented are the Navesink-Horners-
town bed, the Manasquan marl, Shark River marl and the Shiloh
marl, 7. e., Cretaceous, Focene, Miocene beds, K. ]

CARCHARODON POoLYGURUS (Morton).

Squalus sp. Morton, Synop. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 31, Pl. 12, fig. 2.
“Found in both the arenaceous and calcareous strata” [the former evi-
dently with reference to New Jersey].

Carcharias polygurus (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art. XXVIII,
1835, p. 277 (name only, based on preceding).

Carcharodon megalodon Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila, XIV, 1875,
p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.)

Teeth comparatively broad, compressed and not especially
thick. Coronal surface moderately convex, outer somewhat flat-
tened. Apex slightly deflected to one side. Cutting-edges ser-
rated, more distinct mostly in smaller examples, and then small.
No basal cusps. ‘Tips of serratures rounded. Root compressed,
outer face flattened, and inner face rather evenly though usually
moderately convex. In profile lower margin of root forms emar-
gination often at an obtuse angle, or moderately crescentic. Ends
of roots usually compressed and about as broad as rest of basal
portion. Teeth range from 40 to 133 mm. in length.

This species seems to be known only from the large detached
teeth. These are often with their edges so worn that the mar-
ginal serrz appear obsolete or in some cases to be absent. Prob-
ably the largest of all fishes, it having been estimated to have
reached a length of over twice that of the largest known existing
fish, Cetorhinus maximus, or nearly three times that of its
nearest existing relative, Carcharodon carcharias. Bowerbank
estimated the length of Carcharodon megalodon to be about 87

62 CRETACEOUSTAND WER REN HISEE

feet 7 inches. Its distribution through most all Tertiary seas
must have rendered incessant the butchery of the majority of
other acquatic animals. Smaller teeth of this species from the
Maryland Miocene have their edges finely serrated, one showing
traces of an imperfect or very obsolete basal cusp. Altogether,
except some of Yarrow’s examples, the entire series of New
Jersey teeth examined differ little from Agassiz’s figures, except
in having the serrations along the cutting-edges worn.

Carcharias polygurus Morton seems to be the oldest available
name for this species, and must, therefore, be adopted, C. meg-
alodon Charlesworth, the name now widely adopted, not appear-
ing until the following year.

Formation and locality. I have examined the following teeth
from the Tertiary marls: Monmouth County 1 without donor, |
— (Grier); Shark River 2 (P. D. Knieskern) ; Burlington
County 1 (T. A. Conrad); Vincentown 5 (T. M. Bryan); At- ©
lantic City in Atlantic County 1 (E. Lippincott) ; Allowaystown
in Salem County 3 fragments (H. C. Yarrow); “New Jersey”
1 (Spachman), 2 (J. P. Wetherill), 1 (G. Watson) ; “Delaware
Bay” 1 (Corse), 1 (C. C. Abbott). I also have seen an example
from Delaware (P. Uhler).

In the Geological Survey collection are 4 teeth without data.
[The formations represented are apparently the Manasquan,
Shark River and perhaps the Miocene, K. ]

Genus CORAX Agassiz.

Corax Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1843, p. 224. Type Galeus pristodontus
Agassiz, first species, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. F. Brit. Mus.,
I, 1889, p. 423.

Teeth compressed, more or less triangular, usually with dis-
tinct marginal serrations. In external form very suggestive of
teeth or Sphyrna or Eulamia, but differing in the absence of an
internal cavity.

An imperfectly definable genus, comprising extinct species of
small or moderate size, known only by the teeth. About 11
species have been described.

wy

Wit
W/.

ELASMOBRANCHIL. 63
Cre.

CoRAX FALCATUS Agassiz.

Galeocerdo falcatus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II, 1875,
p. 295. (Greensand of New Jersey.)

Teeth moderately broad, greatly compressed, and moderately
high. Crown moderately oblique to nearly erect, high, smooth,
broad and greatly compressed. Outer coronal surface usually,
flattened or but slightly convex. Inner coronal surface convex.
Apex slightly deflected, broad, compressed. Cutting-edges with
feeble serrations, or almost smooth. No basal cusps. Root
moderately broad, deep, compressed, inner surface depressed or
slightly concave and outer surface moderately convex, not bulg-
ing much. Lower margin emarginate. Length 20 mm.

BAAAS

DIS

Fic. 28.—Corax falcatus Agassiz. 1-4, New Jersey (Kilvington) ; 5, Mon-
mouth Co. (Knieskern) ; 6, Mullica Hill (Abbott) ; 7-8, Pemberton (Bryan).

This is a smaller species than the next, which it closely re-
sembles.

Formation and locality. The following from the Cretaceous,
without data as to the beds, seem to belong to this species: ““New ©
Jersey” 5 (Kilvington); Monmouth County 1 (P. D. Knies-
kern) ; Pemberton in Burlington County 2 (T. M. Bryan) ; Mul-
lica Hill in Gloucester County 1 (C. C. Abbott). [The forma-
tions are probably the Navesink-Hornerstown marl and the Man-
asquan marl, K.]

64 "CRE DACE OWS? AND ME Ran RVaE Sie

Corax PRISToDONTUS (Morton).

Squalus sp. Morton, Synop. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 31, Pl. 11, fig. 6.
No locality.
Galeus pristodontus (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art., XXVIII, 1835,
p. 277 (name only, based on above).
Galeocerdo pristodontus Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) I, August,
1849, p. 162, fig. 70. (Burlington Cretaceous.)
Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II, 1875, p. 205. (Green-
sand of No. 5, New Jersey.)

Teeth broad, greatly compressed, and nearly wide as high.
Crown greatly oblique to sometimes erect, low, and greatly com-
pressed. Outer coronal surface usually flattened, or usually con-
siderably less convex than inner surface, and sometimes a few
basal vertical wrinkles. Latter with surface evenly convex.
Apex often deflected, especially in lateral teeth. Cutting-edges
finely and entirely serrated. Basal cusp sometimes present, low,
broad, lateral, variable. Root very broad, deep, usually deeper
than crown, compressed, surfaces slightly convex or inner flat-
tened and sloping down below trenchant, so that lower profile is
slightly emarginate. Ends of roots blunt, not produced. The
lateral teeth seem to differ only in having their apices deflected to
one side. Length reaches 30 mm.

This species appears closely allied with Corax falcatus, 1f not
scarcely distinguishable by its less inclined lateral teeth and larger
size. The example recorded by Cope as Galeocerdo appendicu-
latus from the Maryland Miocene agrees largely with figures 16
and 17 of Corax appendiculatus Agassiz. ‘The latter has been
suggested by Woodward to be the hinder teeth of either Corax
pristodontus or Corax affinis. Eastman says! “what species is
meant by his citation? in the same place of the nomen nudum
‘Galeocerdo appendiculatus Ag.,’ cannot now be even conject-
ured, as there are no specimens in the collection bearing that
designation.” Galeocerdo appendiculatus Cope is not a nonum
nudum, but the apparently wrong allocation of Corax appendi-
culatus in the genus Galeocerdo, as may be attested by an exami-
nation of the single specimen in the Thomas collection labeled in

*Md. Geol. Surv. Miocene, 1904, p. 90.
*Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1867, p. 141.

BLASMOBRANCHII. 65

Cope’s own handwriting (see Fig. 29, No. 23). I might add that
Morton’s name is the earliest available for this species.

Formation and locality. I have examined the following teeth
in the Academy’s collection: “New Jersey’ 1 from the green-
sand without data and 3 from the Cretaceous; Monmouth

Fic. 29—Corax pristodontus (Morton). *1, no data; 2-5, New Jersey;
6-14, Monmouth Co. (Slack); 15, Crosswicks (Gabb); 16-17, Vincentown
(Bryan); 18-20, Pemberton (Budd); 21, Mullica Hill (Abbott); *22, one

mile southeast of Crawford’s Corner in Wenonah sand (J. Longstreet) ; 23,
Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).

5 GEOL

66 CREMACE OUST AINID ed RADE evar Sele

County 1 (C. C. Abbott), 8 (J. H. Slack) ; Crosswicks in Mer-
cer County 1 (W. M. Gabb); Vincentown 2 (T. M. Bryan on
May’ 4th, 1875), 2 (Bryan); Pemberton) 3° (Bryan) eee
Budd) ; - Mullica Hill in Gloucester County 1 (Abbott).

In the Geological Survey collection I found the following:
Monmouth County 1 (P. D. Knieskern) and a fragmentary
crown from the Wenonah sand a little less than 1 mile southeast
of Crawford’s Corner (J. Longstreet’s pit). [The formations
represented are the Merchantville or Woodbury clay, the We-
nonah sand, the Navesink-Hornerstown marl and the Manasquan
marl, K.]

Family GALEORHINIDA.
THE REQUIEM SHARKS.

Body elongate. Head normal. Snout longitudinally and nor-
mally produced. Eyes with nictitating membranes. Gill-open-
ings moderate, last above pectoral base. Spiracles small or ob-
solete. Oviparous. Dorsals 2, first high, short and entirely be-
fore ventrals. Second dorsal comparatively small, opposite anal.
Tail mostly bent up from base of caudal fin, and sides without
keel. Fins without spines.

This is the largest group of recent sharks, and with many
closely related forms, difficult of determination, is found living in
most all seas. The living forms comprise about 20 genera, and
only to a few of them have fossils been referred. Also, two
extinct genera have been described.

Genus GALEOCERDO Miiller and Henle.

Galeocerdo Miller and Henle, Syst. Besch. Plag., 1838, p. 590. Type Galeo-
cerdo tigrinus Miller and Henle, first species, restricted by Gill, Ann.
yee Ne east. NS Ys Vii t862\psa02:

Galeodes Heckel, Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, XI, 1853, p. 324. Type Galeodes
priscus Heckel, monotypic.

Boreogaleus Gill, 1. c.* Type Squalus arcticus Faber, specified, montoype.

Mouth crescent-shaped. ‘Teeth similar in both jaws, large,
oblique, coarsely serrated on both margins and with deep notch

*See diagnosis, p. 4II.

ELASMOBRANCHII. 67

on outer margin. Spiracles present. First dorsal opposite space
between pectorals and ventrals. Caudal with double notch. Pit
on tail above and below at caudal base.

Among existing species large sharks in most seas, referred to
about four species. About 30 fossil species have been described.

GALEOCERDO ADUNCUS Agassiz.

Galeocerdo aduncus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362.
(Cumberland Co. Miocene.)

Teeth compressed, broad, elevated, and rather thin. Coronal
surfaces rather low, compressed, smooth, broad, pointed, and
inner slightly more convex than outer, which is somewhat flat-
tened in most cases. Apex usually deflected greatly to one side, ©
and longer coronal margin mostly forming a very obtuse angle,
sometimes nearly evenly convex. Cutting-edges finely serrated.
Margin below notch with graduated serre, those at notch largest,
and generally at least four more conspicuous. No basal cusps.
Root broad, compressed, deep internally and moderately convex,
and externally rather concave and shallow. Lower margin usu-
ally moderately emarginate. Length 18 mm.

This species seems to be close to Galeocerdo contortus, and
appears to differ chiefly in the coronal apex of the teeth, being
flatly compressed and broad. According to Woodward, it closely
resembles the living Galeocerdo arcticus in the dentition, but the
teeth are smaller. JI have identified the material here listed to
some extent provisionally. 5;

Formation and location. Known from upper Cretaceous and
Miocene, where most likely the following were obtained: “New

Jersey” 2 (Burtt); Monmouth County 3 (P. D. Knieskern), 3
_ (W. Cleburne); Deal 1 (W. A. Powell) ; Shark River Miocene
3 (T. A. Conrad); Burlington County 4 (Conrad); Vincen-
town 2 (T. M. Bryan); Allowaystown in Salem County 1 with-
out donor.

In the Geological Survey collection is a single tooth from the
middle marl of Riddleton (Hackett’s pits). [From the above

68 CRETACEOUS -AND TERTIARY FISH.

Fic. 30—Galeocerdo aduncus Agassiz. 1, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); *2,
Riddleton (Hackett), and others from Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).

ELASMOBRANCHII. 69

Fic. 31—Galeocerdo aduncus Agassiz. 1-3, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne) ;
4-5, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); 6, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 7, Deal
(Powell); 8-10, Burlington Co. (Conrad); 11-15, Vincentown (Bryan) ;
16-18, Allowaystown (Yarrow).

record the geologic formations are inferred to be the Navesink-
Hornerstown marl, the Manasquan marl and the Kirkwood clay
(Shark River Miocene) K.]

GALEOCERDO CONTORTUS Gibbes.

Teeth robust, well elevated, little compressed. Coronal sur-
face well convex, high, and sharply pointed. Inner coronal sur-
face, though evenly convex, scarcely more so than outer, which

Fic. 32.—Galeocerdo contortus Gibbes. 1, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); 2,
Monmouth Co. (Cleburne) ; 3, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern) ; 4-6, Burlington
Co. (Conrad); 7-9, Vincentown (Bryan); 10-11, Allowaystown (Yarrow).

is more or less flattened basally. Apex elongated, slender or
attenuated, usually well twisted, and deflected laterally. Longer

70 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

coronal margin usually a little undulated. Cutting-edges all
finely serrated, margin below notch usually with slightly enlarged
serre, graduated externally. No basal cusps. Root robust, thick,
outer surface depressed to slightly concave, and inner bulging
convexly and extending high. Lower margin of root emar-
ginate. Length 24 mm.

This species does not appear to have ever been recorded from
New Jersey before.

Formation and locality. A plentiful species in the Maryland
Miocene, and the following, except the last, are probably from
the upper Cretaceous: Monmouth County 2 (C. C. Abbott), 3
(W. Cleburne), 2 (P. D. Knieskern) and 1 without donor; Bur-
lington County 3 (T. A. Conrad); Vincentown [Manasquan
marl, K.] 3 (T. M. Bryan); Allowaystown in Salem County 2
Gai Cy Yarrow):

GALEOCERDO LATIDENS Agassiz.

Teeth very broad, well compressed, low, and rather thin.
Coronal surfaces low, well compressed, smooth, moderately
broad, pointed, outer somewhat depressed or flattened and not

Ln Cy G3 EX
BABA

Fic. 33.—Galeocerdo latidens Agassiz. Allowaystown (Yarrow).

quite so convex as inner. Apex usually well deflected to one side,
and longer coronal margin usually rather evenly convex. Cut-
ting-edges finely serrated. Margin below notch with graduated
serre, those at notch largest, generally several rather conspicu-
ous. No basal cusps. Root very broad in proportion, well com-
pressed, not very deep, outer surface a little concave and inner a
little convex. Length 18 mm.

This species closely resembles Galeocerdo aduncus and may be
distinguished with difficulty. The only conspicuous character

ELASMOBRANCHIL. 71

appears to be the broader base with the lower crown. It has not
before been reported from New Jersey.

Formation and locality. I have eight teeth from near Allo-
waystown in Salem County, probably from the Miocene beds (H.
C. Yarrow).

Genus HEMIPRISTIS Agassiz.

Hemipristis Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1843, pp. 237, 302. Type Hemiupristis
serra Agassiz, first species, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fish. Brit.

Mus., I, 1880, p. 450.
Dirrhizodon Klunzinger, Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien., XXI, 1871, p. 664. Type
Dirrhizodon elongatus Klunzinger, monotypic.

Body elongated. Teeth elevated, triangular, mostly curved or
inclined backward towards apex, both coronal edges becoming
coarsely serrated. Root divided with two divergent branches.
Upper teeth relatively large, broad, flat. Front lower teeth
slender, subulate, curved inward, without denticles or only one or
two minute basal points. -Gill-openings wide. First dorsal close
behind pectoral base. Second dorsal over anal. Caudal with
upper lobe much longer, notched near end.

A single living species in the Red Sea, and seven extinct species
have been described.

HEMIPRISTIS SERRA Agassiz.

Hemipristis serra Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362.
(Cumberland Co. Miocene.)

Lateral teeth broadly triangular, well compressed, and with
moderate thickness. Crown elevated, well compressed, falcate,
surfaces convex, but outer slightly flattened, and smooth. Some-
times a few short basal wrinkles vertically on outer surface.
Cutting-edges strongly serrated, serree becoming slightly en-
larged, or remaining subequal in size well on apex, though not
extending to its tip. Apex usually strongly deflected laterally,
usually inner serree more numerous and much smaller than those
on external edge. Often surfaces of crown are slightly twisted
or undulated in places, giving quite irregular profiles. No basal
cusps. Root well compressed, inner surface often flattened or

72 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

Fic. 34.—Hemipristis serra Agassiz. 1-2, Pemberton (Bryan) ; *3, Vincen-
town (Dick); 4-5, Salem Co. (Uhler) ; 67, Allowaystown (Yarrow) ; 8-20,
Charles Co., Md. (‘Thomas).

ELASMOBRANCHIL 73

Fic. 35.—Hemipristis serra Agassiz. Charles Co.. Md. (Thomas).

74 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

concave, and outer moderately convex. Ends of root widely
diverging, and lower edge usually a little emarginated medianly.
Cutting-edges of lower front teeth very sharp or blade-like along
each edge of crown for apical half. These teeth also differ in
often having no serratures, and others show one to twelve basally.
They also have a very swollen or protruding inner base, fre-
quently with a median sulcus, and the ends of the root are often
markedly unequal. Length reaches 4 cm.

This is a strongly marked form, and only the median slender
lower teeth somewhat suggest Jsurus or Lamna, but are much
thicker. Most all of Agassiz’s figures agree with my material.

Formation and locality. I have examined the following from
New Jersey: Monmouth County 11 (P. D. Knieskern); Long
Branch 1 without donor; Pemberton 2 (T. M. Bryan) and Vin-
centown 1 (Bryan) in Burlington County; Mullica Hill in Glou-
cester County 1 (W. M. Gabb); Allowaystown 9 (H. C. Yar-
row); in Salem County 5 (P. Uhler). :

I have also examined a tooth in the Geological Survey collec-
tion from Shiloh in Cumberland County (FE. Davis). [From
the above citation of localities the specimens are probably from
the Navesink-Hornerstown marl, the Manasquan marl of Cre-
taceous and from the Kirkwood formation of the Miocene, K. ]

Genus GLYPHIS Agassiz.

Glyphis Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1843, p. 243. Type Glyphis hastalis Agassiz,
monotypic.

Cynocephalus (Klein) Walbaum, Pet. Arted. Gen. Pisc., III, 1792, p. 579.
Type Squalus glaucus Linnzus, second species, virtually restricted by
Gill, Ann. Lyc. N. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1862, p. 401. (Name considered
inadmissible as simply a reprint, also preoccupied.)

Prionodon Miller and Henle, Syst. Besch. Plag., 1838, p. 35. Type Squalus
glaucus Linnzus, first species. (Name preoccupied.)

Prionace Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XVIII, 1849, p. 3900. Type
Squalus glaucus Linnzus, virtually as this name is proposed to replace
Prionodon.

Body slender. Head rather long, slender. Teeth in both jaws
strongly serrated in adult, those in upper broad and lower nar-
rower, straight and claviform. No spiracles. Embryo not at-
tached to uterus by a placenta. First dorsal large, inserted

ELASMOBRANCHIL. 75

midway between pectoral axils and ventrals. Second dorsal
much smaller than first, usually not larger than anal.

Large, slender, swift, voracious sharks in warm seas, compris-
ing about two existing and 27 extinct species.

GLYPHIS EGERTONI (Agassiz).

Galeocerdo egertonit Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p.
362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.)

Glyphis subulata Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) I, August, 1849,
p. 194, Pl. 25, figs. 86-87. (New Jersey Greensand, from Wetherill.)

Teeth broadly triangular, well compressed. Crown com-
pressed, erect or moderately inclined, and notched on each mar-
gin, though posterior or external most conspicuous. Surfaces
smooth, convex on inner and outer flattened, latter sometimes
with a few vertical basal folds or wrinkles. Cutting-edges finely
and conspicuously serrated, the serratures usually extending to
the apex. Apex pointed, sometimes deflected. No basal cusps.
Root compressed, outer surface depressed or concave and inner
moderately convex. Ends of root widely divergent, and lower
margin usually emarginate. Length about 17 mm. in larger.

The lower teeth are said to be probably narrower than the
upper. The specimens I have listed all appear to belong to this
species, though the differences between Aprionodon gibbesu,
Sphyrna prisca and Glyphis egertoni are scarcely evident in some
cases. ‘The latter may, to some extent, be characterized by its
broad upper teeth.

Formation and locality. The following, teeth are probably
from the upper Cretaceous or Miocene beds [the Navesink-Hor-
nerstown bed marl, the Manasquan marl, the Kirkwood forma-
tions, K.], though no such information is given on any of the
labels. Monmouth County 2 without donor, 2 (P. D. Knies-
kern), 26 (Knieskern, W. Cleburne, C. C. Abbott) ; Burlington
County 13 (T. A. Conrad); Vincentown 15 (1. M. Bryan) ;
Mullica Hill in Gloucester County 3 (Abbott); Allowaystown
in Salem County 48 (H.C. Yarrow).

The following teeth in the collection of the Geological Survey
are probably this species: Monmouth County 1 (Knieskern), 2

76 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

A AsA& At

EK JX
A, dX. EXYA AA
A LA,
ABADSZ4LESS
AAA AS A
ah Ald ae

Fic. 36.—Glyphis egertoni (Agassiz). *1, no data; 2-11, Monmouth Co.
(Knieskern, etc.) ; 12, Monmouth Co, (Knieskern) ; 13-15, Burlington Co.
(Conrad); 16-24, Vincentown (Bryan); *25, Vincentown (Dick); 20,
Mullica Hill (Abbott); 27-47, Allowaystown (Yarrow); *48-49, Riddleton
(Hackett) ; *50, no data.

ELASMOBRANCHII. OG)

from the middle marl at Riddleton (Hackett’s pits) and 1 with-
out data.

Family SPHYRNIDA‘.
THE HAMMER-HEAD SHARKS.

Mouth crescent-shaped, under “hammer.” Teeth in jaws
similar, oblique, each with notch on outside near base. Nostrils
anterior and eyes on side of “hammer.” Last gill-opening over
pectoral. No spiracles. First dorsal and pectorals large, and
dorsals nearer pectorals than ventrals. Second dorsal and anal
small. Pit at caudal root, single notch towards fin tip.

Large sharks, among living forms easily distinguished by the
peculiar form of the head, which is slightly different in each
species. Though a number of generic names have been proposed,
they are now generally referred to the single genus Sphyrna.

Genus SPHYRNA Rafinesque.

Sphyrna Rafinesque, Ind. It. Sicil., 1810, pp. 46, 60. Type Squalus zygena
Linnzus, virtually first species, restricted by Jordan and Gilbert, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 26.

Sphyra, auct.

Cestracion (Klein) Walbaum, Pet. Arted. Gen. Pisc., III, 1792, p. 580. ‘Type
Squalus zygena Linnzus, virtually first species, restricted by Gill, Ann.
EP VeINe Hist Never VLD SOlsp. 37:

Sphyrmas Rafinesque, Analyse de la nature, 1815, p. —? ‘Type Squalus
zygena Linnzus, virtually, as this name is offered to replace Sphyrna
considered too short.

Cestrorhinus Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, 1816, p. 121. Type
Squalus zygena Linnzus, first species.

Zygena Cuvier, Regne Animal, II, 1867, p. 27. Type Squalus zygena Lin-
nzus, first species, by tautonomy, but preoccupied in insects.

Zygana, auct.

Platysqualus Swainson, Lard. Cab. Cyclop. N. H., II, 1839, p. 318. Type
Squalus tiburc Linneus, monotypic.

Eusphyra Gill, Ann. Lyc. N. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1862, pp. 403, 412. ‘Type
Zygena blochii Cuvier, designated, monotypic.

Remiceps Gill, 1. c. Type Squalus tiburo Linneus, designated, monotypic.

Characters of the genus expressed in those of the family.
About six existing species have been described, grading almost
perfectly from the narrow hammer of Sphyrna blochi to that of

78 CRE PACE OWS AINIDT avi yh AVRO Va aENES a

the kidney-shaped head of Sphyrna tiburo. ‘The fossils are only
known from detached teeth, which seem to be largely doubtfully
located in this genus, owing to their close resemblance to those
of Eulamia, and are referred to six species.

SPHYRNA GIBBESII Hay.

Teeth compressed, triangular and moderately thick. Crown
moderately large, compressed, sharp-pointed, its base width about
one-half its height, outer face flattened and inner evenly convex,
surfaces smooth. Apex slightly deflected. Cutting-edges entire.
At base of crown 3 or 4 broad-pointed cusps, graduated down
externally till outer are quite small. Edges of cusps entire,
though trenchant. Root rather wide, moderately thick, inner
surface flattened or slightly concave, and outer surface moder-
ately swollen convexly. Lower edge of root a little emarginate.

Length 8 mm.
ch A

Fie. 37.—Sphyrna gibbesii Hay. Monmouth Co. (Knieskern).

My examples seem to be this species, which appears to be char-
acterized by its small size, entire cutting-edge and enlarged basal
cusps. ‘They agree largely with Gibbes’ figure of Sphyrna den-
ticulata. ‘The species has not before been recorded from New
Jersey.

Formation and locality. I have six teeth from Monmouth
County (P. D. Knieskern). These are without definite indica-
tion as to which of the Cretaceous beds they were found in, but
presumably the upper would be correct.

SPHYRNA PRISCA Agassiz.
5

Zygena prisca Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila, XIV, 1875, p. 362.
(Cumberland Co. Miocene.)

Lateral teeth well compressed, with broad base, triangular.
Crown small, narrowly triangular, compressed somewhat
smooth, outer surface flattened and inner surface evenly convex.

ELASMOBRANCHIL 70

Outer basal surface rarely with several short wrinkles. Apex
deflected more or less laterally, slender-pointed. Cutting-edges
finely serrated and serrze of about more or less even size. Lat-
eral coronal margins long, but little less than rest of crown itself
when measured to notches, and low. Serre always more or less
conspicuous on these lateral crown margins, even when obsolete
or absent on coronal margin above notches. No basal cusps.
Root compressed, usually wide, conspicuous, depressed or con-
cave externally, and inside swelling slightly convex. Ends of

Fic. 38—Sphyrna prisca Agassiz. Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).

roots widely diverging, so that lower edge is concave or at least
slightly notched medianly. Length reaches 15 mm. ‘This de-
scription from a series of examples from the Maryland Miocene.

This species is close to Glyphis egertoni, and possibly ma-
terial identified with it may belong to that species, but, following
Cope, I have allowed it all to fall with the present provisionally.
The crown in most of the examples is conspicuously narrow or
small, and the root is mostly very wide. Several examples with
extremely wide roots suggested a new species to Cope, but they

ry

80 CRETACEOUS -AINID al ol AUR AVG Ens itele

are scarcely different in other respects. They have been called
Carcharias collata by Eastman. I have not examined any New
Jersey material.

Formation and locality. Known only by Cope’s record from
the Miocene of Cumberland County.

Order BATOIDEEL.

aE RIAA S:

Body typically disk-like, broad, flat, margin of disk usually
formed by expanded pectorals. Tail comparatively slender. Gill-
openings inferior, slit-like, 5 in number. Spiracles present. Ver-
tebree cyclospondylous, or each one with internal calcareous
lamelle not radiating, arranged in one or more concentric circles
or Series around central ring. Dorsal fins inserted on tail when
present. No anal fin. Caudal fin small or wanting.

The extremes of specialization in this group widely depart
from the typical sharks, though many intergradations render
them nearly complete. As many fossils have been found, they
probably evolved quite early. Except the Rajide, most all the
members of this group are ovoviviparous.

Sub-Order SARCURA.

Tail comparatively thick, with two dorsals and a caudal fin, but
no serrated caudal spine.

About four families are usually admitted, and all represented
by at least a few fossils.

Family PRISTIDA.

THE SAW FISHES.

Body elongate, depressed. Snout saw-like, much produced,
flat, armed with strong teeth on each side set at right angles to
its axis. No tentacles. No nictitating membrane. Teeth in

BLASMOBRANCHII. SI

jaws minute, obtuse. Nostrils inferior. Gill-openings moderate,
inferior. Spiracles wide, behind eye. Dorsal fins large, without
spines, first nearly opposite ventrals. Caudal well developed,
bent upward. A fold along each side of tail. Pectorals mod-
erate, front margin quite free and not reaching to head.

Large shark-like rays, with the disk gradually passing into the
tail, found in most warm seas about sandy shores. A single
existing genus, the exact batoid prototype of the Pristiophoride.
The fossil species of this family are all provisional, being known
chiefly by rostral teeth, fragments of the rostrum, detached ver-
tebree, etc., thus rendering the descriptions too imperfect for
final determination. They have been referred to three genera, be-
sides to the existing Pristis.

Genus PRISTIS Linck.

Pristis Linck, Mag. P. Naturg. Gotha, VI, 1790, p. 31. Type Squalus pristis
Linnzus, monotypic.

Pristobatus Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, 1816, p. 121. Type Pristis
antiquorum Latham, first species.

Pristibatis, Pristobatis, auct.

Myriosteon Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 163. Type Myriosteon
higginsit Gray, monotypic. (Proposed as “probably indicating a new
group of Echinodermata,’ though really based on one of the hollow

- cartilaginous rostral rods of Pristis.)

Pristiopsis Fowler, Proc. Acad. Naf. Sci. Phila., 1905, p. 459. ‘Type Pristis
perrotteti Muller and Henle, designated.

Eopristis Stromer, Beitr. Pal. Oester. Ung., XVIII, 1905, p. 52 (16). Type
Pristis (Eopristis) reinachi Stromer, monotype.

Characters of the genus expressed in those of the family.

About eight existing species are known, and about 19 extinct
species have been described.

PRISTIS AMBLODON Cope.

Pristis amblodon Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, 1860, p. 312. New
Jersey Eocene Greensand.
Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., XXV, 10908, p. 34, fig. If
(types).

Rostral teeth well compressed. Front margin convex, and sur-
face smooth. Hind margin convex and smooth. Length of
smaller example (imperfect) 26 mm.

6 GEOL

82 CRETACEOUS. AND TERTIARY FISH.

The two fragmentary examples I have, evidently of this species,
both show their front and hind edges convex. Cope pointed out
this character originally, adding that both edges were also curved
to the tip, though one curvature greater than the other. Further,

[=

Fic. 39.—Pristis amblodon Cope. 1-4, Monmouth Co. (Cope) ; 5-6, Pem-
berton (Bryan).

he says the teeth are not curved out of the horizontal plane, and
his example measured 32 mm.

Formation and locality. ‘Two examples described above, ros-
tral teeth from Monmouth County (E. D. Cope), are credited
by Cope to the New Jersey Eocene.

PRISTIS CURVIDENS Leidy.

Pristis curvidens Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 414. Near Pem-
berton, N. J., Greensand.

Teeth of rostrum well compressed. Front margin evenly con-
vex and surface smooth. Hind margin slightly concave, some-
times a little oblique on sinistral surface, and each edge distinct
or a trifle trenchant or keeled. Distal edge of front margin more
suddenly convex than hind margin, and convexity of former
begins more distally. Teeth nearly or quite level in horizontal
plane to well decurved. Length reaches 96 mm.

This species seems to be characterized chiefly by having its
rostral teeth considerably curved downward. The type was
about 22 cm. long.

Formation and locality. The following examples in the col-
lection of the Academy, all rostral teeth, have been examined:
Monmouth County 1 (P. D. Knieskern) ; Burlington County 1

ELASMOBRANCHIL. 83

ee
UAE REE

3
OT GE ese
Fic. 40.—Pristis curvidens Leidy. 1-2, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern) ; *3-4,

Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 5-6, Burlington Co. (Conrad) ; 7-8, Vincen-
town (Bryan).

(T. A. Conrad) ; Vincentown 1 without donor and Pemberton 1
(T. M. Bryan).
I have also seen a rostral tooth in the collection of she Geologi-

cal Survey without data. So far as determinable, the geologic
horizon is probably the Manasquan marl.

84 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

Sub-Order MASTICURA.

Tail comparatively slender, dorsal fin single or wanting, and
tail above usually armed with one or more serrated spines.

This group comprises four families, of which the Ptychodon-
tide are entirely extinct. Of the latter Ptychodus mammillaris
Agassiz has been ascribed to the Cretaceous of Delaware, though
no representatives have been found in New Jersey.

Family MYLIOBATID/:.

THE EAGLE RAYS.

Disk broad. Nasal valves forming rectangular flap with pos-
terior margin free and attached by frenum to upper jaw. Ovo-
viviparous. Skull less depressed than usual among rays, its sur-
face raised so that eyes and spiracles are lateral in position. Skin
smooth. ‘Tail very long, slender, whip-like, with single dorsal
near its root, behind which is usually a strong retrorsely ser-
rated spine. Pectorals ceasing at sides of head and reappearing
in front of snout as one or two cephalic fins supported by fin rays.
No differentiated spines in pectorals in males, sexes similar.
Ventrals not emarginate.

The existing forms large sting rays in warm seas, feeding
chiefly on mollusks, which they crush with their large grinding
teeth. All the known six genera are represented by extinct
species, though only three of the former have persisted till the
present time.

Genus MYLIOBATIS G. St. Hilaire.

Myliobatis G. St. Hilaire, Descr. Egypt, 1809, Pl. 26, fig. 1. Type Mylio-
batis bovina G. St. Hilaire, second species.

Myliobates, auct.

Ictetus Rafinesque, Analyse de la nature, 1815, p. 93 (nom nud.).

Ptychopleurus Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1838, Pl. 45, figs. 1-3. Type
Ptychacanthus faujasii Agassiz, virtually monotypic.

Holorhinus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 331. Type Rhinoptera
vespertilio Girard, virtually monotype.

Bates Probst, Jahresh. Ver. Vaterl. Nuturk Wiurtt., XX XIII, 1877, p. 88.
Type Bates spectabilis Probst, monotypic.

ELASMOBRANCHII. 85

Disk broad, pectoral fins not continued to snout end, ending on
head. sides, and reappearing on snout front as one or two cephalic
fins supported by fin-rays. Tail very long, slender, whip-like, with
single dorsal fin near root, behind latter usually strong retrorsely
serrated spine. Nasal valves form rectangular flap, hind edge
free, attached by frenum to upper jaw. Teeth hexangular, large,
flat, tessellated, median usually broader than others. Skull less
depressed than usual among rays, surface raised so eyes and
spiracles are lateral in position. Ovoviviparous. Skin smooth,
without pectoral spines, and sexes alike. Ventrals not emar-
ginate.

The existing species, about 15, are large sting-rays feeding
largely on mollusks which they crush with their large grinding
teeth. They are found in most all warm seas. About 80 extinct
species have been described.

MyLiopatis pisuLcus (Marsh).

Myliobates bisulcus Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1869, p. 220.
Eocene greensand of Monmouth Co., N. J.
Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (2) VIII, 1877, p. 239 (remarks).

Dental plate with central row of teeth marked along median
line by a deep groove, otherwise remarkably smooth and flat.
(Marsh. )

The account by Marsh is insufficient, and the species may be
considered purely nominal until further elucidated. Leidy thinks
M. fastigiatus may be the lower dental plate, in which case
Marsh’s name would have priority.

Formation and locality. The type was originally in the Mu-
seum of Yale College, and was from the Eocene [Shark River
K.] greensand of Monmouth County.

MYLIopATIS FASTIGIATUS (Leidy).

Myliobates fastigiatus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, p. 86. Mon-
mouth Co., N. J. Eocene. (No description). —
Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (2) VIII, 1877, p. 238, Pl. 31, fig.
11, Pl. 33, fig. 6 (types).
Myliobatis fastigiatus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXv, 1908, p. 32
(type).

86 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH:

Dental plate arched in form, composed of nine median teeth and
a row of about four lateral teeth on each side. Enamel surface’
convex, with strong median and lesser convex transverse lateral
convexity, so that surface is undulated. Basal surface presents
concave surface sloping each side from median range, though lat-
ter with convex surface and not sharply defined. Transverse

Fic. 41.—M yliobatis fastigiatus (Leidy). (Type.) Monmouth Co. (Cleburne).

median sutures backward in median convexity and forward on
concave depressions. Vertical diameter of median teeth about
one-seventh horizontal diameter, their surfaces with feeble ver-
tical wrinkles in concave depressions and on lateral depressions,
otherwise nearly smooth. Lateral small teeth rather hexagonal,
horizontal diameter about three-fifths to two-thirds vertical diam-

ELASMOBRANCHIL. 87

eter, and surface of each with a depression. Length (width)
82 mm.

Known from the type described above and a paratype. Both
are thought to be the upper dental plates, anteriorly abraded by
the attrition of food. Leidy suggested M. bisulcus may possibly
prove to be the lower jaw of this species, as it has a median deep
groove. The other example he describes has seven large median
transverse teeth in its dental plate. Although Hussakof has

Fic. 42.—Myliobatis fastigiatus (Leidy). (Paratype.) Monmouth Co.
(Slack).
listed an example of this species as typical and being in the
American Museum in New York, the original of Leidy’s figure
I1 isin the Academy. Further, his example is said to be an upper
dental pavement with 11 median and several small lateral teeth.
Leidy states that this example has seven median teeth, together
with three small teeth of the first row of one side.

Formation and locality. Known from the Eocene of Mon-
mouth County by the type (W. Cleburne) and one paratype (J.
H. Slack).

8g CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

MYLIoBATIS GLOTTOIDES Cope.

Myliobatis glottoides Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1870, p. 293.
Eocene bed at Farmingdale, Monmouth Co., N. J.
Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., XXV, 1008, p. 32, fig. 8
(type).

‘Dental plate convex in longitudinal as well as transverse direc-
tion, composed of eight teeth, and lateral portions on either side
each slightly convex, and thin off to single series of lateral teeth.
On median line teeth suddenly swollen, forming together broad,

Fic. 43.—Myliobatis glottoides Cope. (From Hussakof.)

obtuse median ridge. Transversely each tooth is nearly straight,
extremity slightly and abruptly curved backwards. Worn sur-
face forms sub-triangular concavity. Basal surface obtusely an-
gulate in median line below. Vertical diameter of median teeth
about one-fourth horizontal diameter. Length (width) about
60 mm. (damaged). (Largely from Cope.)

Cope says this species is thick-toothed like Myliobatis pachyo-
don Cope and Myliobatis holmesti Agassiz, but they are not so

BRLASMOBRANCHII. 89

clearly three-ribbed in section as this one. Myliobatis obesus is
somewhat similar, but much wider, with more curvature of teeth
and biserial laterals. Each tooth is both wider (longer) and
deeper than in most of the described species.

Formation and locality. Known from the Eocene [Shark
River marl K.] of Farmingdale in Monmouth County. I have
not examined any specimens.

MYLIOBATIS MAGISTER (Leidy).

Dental plate depressed in form, thick, composed of six median
teeth, and apparently no traces of lateral teeth. Enamel surface
convex, with slight median concave longitudinal depression, so

Fic. 44—WMyliobatis magister (Leidy). Vincentown (Bryan).

that surface is double convex with each side sloping down
strongly convex. Basal surface presents convex surface sloping
each side from median longitudinal convexity. Transverse
median sutures nearly horizontally straight, or curving slightly
posteriorly each side. Vertical diameter of median teeth about
47% of horizontal diameter (imperfect) and their surfaces almost
entirely smooth. Length (width) about 60 mm. (damaged).

90 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

The above-described fragment is the only example I have seen
from our limits, and seems to agree with Myliobatis magister,
which species has not been recorded before from New Jersey. It
is evidently a lower dental plate. Eastman has pertinent remarks
concerning this species.?

Formation and locality. One example from Vincentown (T.
M. Bryan) from the marl [ Manasquan, K.].

MytLiopatis Jucosus (Leidy).

Myliobates jugosus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, p. 86. (Eocene
marl beds of Burlington Co., N. J.) (No description).
Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat: Sci. Phila. (2) WIT, 1877, pe 24082 eacie
figs. 4-5. Vincentown, Burlington Co., N. J.

Transverse tooth nearly straight, ends angular and possibly ar-
ticulated with small lateral hexagonal teeth. Crown forms thick
median, transversely convex prominence, with sides extended, out-
wardly thin. Triturating surface transversely convex on median
prominence and becoming nearly flat on its reflected sides. An-

:, \ eres
Sem TTT ee Te

Fic. 45.—Myliobatis jugosus (Leidy). (From Leidy.)

terior inclining surface of crown and projecting posterior sur-
face indicate somewhat imbricated arrangement of median teeth.
Base of crown opposite median eminence concave, and this cur-
vature at sides slightly deflected. Root straight on its attaching
surface. Vertical diameter about five in horizontal diameter.
Length (width) about 63 mm. (From Leidy.)

*Md. Geol. Surv. Eocene, 1901, p. 100, Pl. 12, fig. 3, Pl. 13, figs. ta, rb.

ELASMOBRANCHIL. gl

Leidy notes that the above tooth at the median prominence is
no thicker than in the smaller of the dental plates described as
Myhobatis fastigiatus, while it is considerably broader. The
prominence appears as an exaggeration of the median ridge o*
the dental plate of M. fastigiatus, due to the more abrupt depres-
sion of the sides of the crown. In this specimen the coronal emi-
nence is unsymmetrical.

Formation and locality. Only the above-described tooth, said
to be from the Eocene [Manasquan ? K.] marl beds at Vincen-
town, in Burlington County (T. M. Bryan), and presented to
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. I have not
located this specimen.

My.iopatis LEIDYI Hay.

Myliobatis leidyi Hay, Amer. Nat. XXXIII, 1899, p. 785 (name based on
Leidy).
Myliobates serratus (nec Meyer 1848) Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1855, p. 239. Greensand of Burlington Co., N. J.
Leidy, Journ. Acad: Nat. Sci. Phila:, (2) VIIL, 1877, p. 2390, Pl. 32; fig: 5}
(Pemberton Eocene, same example.)

Dental plate depressed in form, composed of six median teeth
and a single series of lateral teeth on each side. Triturating sur-

Fic. 46.—Myliobatis leidyi Hay. (From Leidy.)

face of plate dull, but slightly impressed along median line, in-
clines forward and downward on first tooth, apparently as result
of wearing. Transverse sutures of median teeth gently curved
with convexity backward. Lateral teeth hexagonal, nearly broad
as fore and aft wide. Sutures generally, especially outer parts

92 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH:

of median transverse sutures and those uniting median and lateral
teeth, as well as these together, remarkable for their unusually
serrulate condition. Root surface slopes strongly in each side
from median line. Vertical diameter of median tooth about one-
sixth of horizontal. Length (width) about 27 mm. (From
Leidy.)

Leidy originally identified this species with Myliobatis serratus
Meyer, though according to Hay, as the latter was from the
lower Miocene, he names Leidy’s specimen M. leidy. Leidy also
pointed out its resemblance to the dental armature of Myliobatis
toliapicus Agassiz and M. suturalis Agassiz.

Formation and locality. Known only from the above-described
dental plate ascribed to the [Manasquan, K.] marl of Pember-
ton in Burlington County (C. H. Budd). I have not located it
in the collection of the Academy, where it was originally de-
posited.

MYLIoBATIS RECTIDENS Cope.

Myliobatis rectidens Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1870, p. 294.
Harrisonville, Gloucester Co., N. J. Miocene?
Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 32, fig. 9 (type).

Dental plate apparently depressed in form, composed of seven
median teeth and at least two series of lateral teeth each side.
Median teeth entirely plane and with perfectly transverse sutures,
the series very slightly convex in both directions. Vertical diam-
eter of median teeth about five in horizontal diameter. Several of
lateral teeth in inner series at least wider than long. Length
(width) about 70 mm. (damaged). (Largely from Cope.)

Cope says this species resembles Myliobatis gigas Cope, though
in the latter there are twice as many, or 12, teeth in a series of the
same length and width as the present. In this species the median
Series are straight and in Myliobatis gigas’ are recurved at the
extremities.

Formation and locality. The type specimen now in the Ameri-
can Museum of New York seems to be the only one known. Cope

* Eastman identifies Myliobatis vicomicanus Cope with this species in Md.
Geol. Surv. Miocene, 1904, p. 73, Pl. 28, figs. 3a, 3b, Pl. 20, figs. ra, 1b.

ELASMOBRANCHII. 93

Fic. 47—WMyliobatis rectidens Cope. (From Hussakof.)

states it is from marl excavations at Harrisonville, Gloucester
County. [These marls are now referred to the Navesink-Hor-
nerstown bed. The Vincentown limesand also occurs here and
the Miocene clay appears on the higher slopes in the neighbor-
hood, K.] Ihave not seen this example.

MYLiopaTis opesus (Leidy).

Myliobates obesus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 306. Green-
sand of Burlington Co., N. J.

Reidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila., (2) VIII, 1877, p. 236, Pl. 31, fie.
6-10, Pl. 34, fig. 44 (types of M. rugosus and M. obesus). (Pem-
berton and Mullica Hill.)

Myliobates rugosus (nec Meyer 1844) Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1855, p. 395. Marl of New Egypt, Ocean Co., N. J.

Dental plate arched in form, composed of four median teeth
and at least a row of lateral teeth each side. Enamel surface in
general evenly convex. Basal surface convex, swelling to median
longitudinal axis moderately. Transverse median sutures curve

94 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH:

at first slightly convex back till posterior are quite convex. Ver-
tical diameter of median teeth about five in horizontal diameter,
their surfaces with usually distinct transverse or vertical wrin-
kles or nearly smooth. Length (width) 59 mm.

——

cr rc i Dor:

Fic, 48—Myliobatis obesus (Leidy). 1-2, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); 3-4,
New Egypt (Conrad) (type of Myliobates rugosus Leidy); *5-6, Farming-
dale; 7-8, Pemberton (Budd); 9-10, Vincentown (Bryan) (type of Mylhio-
bates obesus Leidy) ; 11-13, Mullica Hill (Atkinson).

ELASMOBRANCHIL. 95

This seems to be the most abundant species found in New Jer-
sey. and is characterized largely by its convex surface, with
slightly convex striz posteriorly.

Mylicbates rugosus Leidy is preoccupied by Myliobatis (Zygo-
batis) rugosus Meyer, Neu. Jahrb., 1844, p. 335, from the
lower Miocene of Weinheim, and for this reason obesus is re-
tained.

Formation and locality. Known chiefly from the Cretaceous
marls. I have examined the following examples: The type from
New Egypt in Ocean County (T. A. Conrad); the type of My-
liobates obesus Leidy from Vincentown (C. H. Budd), both
Burlington County; 2 from Mullica Hill in Gloucester County
(W. B. Atkinson). [The Hornerstown marl, the Vincentown
limesand and the Manasquan marls, all Cretaceous, are the for-
mations apparently involved, although the Miocene is known near
Mullica Hill, K.]

MYLIoBATIS KUMMELI sp. nov.

Dental plate depressed in form, moderately thick, composed of
17 median teeth, and at least two series of lateral teeth. Enamel
surface generally slightly convex, with slight median concave
longitudinal depression, so that surface is very slightly double
convex, with each side sloping down somewhat strongly convex.
Median depression concavely so shallow as to scarcely appear
concave. Basal surface largely well and evenly convex from
median axis, inclining well towards each side. Transverse
median sutures posteriorly, rather evenly, though slightly convex,
but anteriorly becoming somewhat slightly double convex. Ver-
tical diameter of anterior median teeth about one-ninth of hori-
zontal diameter, and of posterior teeth much greater. Lateral
teeth hexagonal, 13 in one series on right side and two series of
IO in the inner and seven in the outer on left side. ‘Though all
enameled surfaces smooth median teeth show a number of vertical
wrinkles é€xtending more or less transversely over dental area,
with pronounced ridge submedianly extending over at least first
12 median teeth. This ridge assymmetrical or a little nearer right
than left side. At lateral portion of each median tooth are one or

96 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

Fic. 49—Myliobatis kummeli Fowler. (Type.)

ELASMOBRANCHIL 97

Fic. 50—Myliobatis kummeli Fowler. (Type, in transverse sectional view).

two wrinkles of enameled surface, directed obliquely towards cen-
tral keel. Similar wrinkles occur on each lateral tooth. Length
(width) about 100 mm.

This species is only known to me from the above-described
dental plate, which is nearly entire. It seems to differ from any
other American species, and certainly from any I have examined
in the lateral wrinkles on the enamel, which are not only distinct
on the lateral teeth, but also on the lateral moieties of the median
as well.

Formation and locality. Specimen No. 7395, type, collection of
the New Jersey State Geological Survey. From the marl of Stow
Creek Township in Cumberland County [the so-called Shiloh
marl, which is referable to the Kirkwood formations of the
Miocene, K.] (Isaac Smalley in March of 1880).

(I take pleasure in dedicating this species to Dr. Henry B.
Kutmmel, the State Geologist of New Jersey.)

MYLIOBATIS PACHYRHIZODUS sp. nov.

Dental plate depressed in form, thick, especially medianly,
composed of seven median teeth, and at least two series of lateral
teeth. Enamel surface slightly convex, with slight median de-
pression, scarcely concave, also each side sloping very slightly to
edges. Basal surface greatly convex, formed as median elevated
axis from which each side slopes abruptly down. ‘Transverse
median sutures rather evenly and distinctly convex. Vertical
diameter of median teeth about one-fifth of horizontal diameter.
Lateral teeth rather large, only on right side, four in inner and
apparently same number in outer series. Enamel surfaces
smooth, without any very distinct wrinkles. Length (width)
about 53 mm.

7 GEOL

no

98 CRETACEOUS AND ia Ra TANS V@e rit Stele

Sees
ae.

Fic. 51.—Myliobatis pachyrhizodus Fowler. (Type.)

Known from the above-described dental plate, unfortunately
imperfect. This species is distinguished by its very thick root.

Formation and locality —Specimen No. 6660, type, in the col-
lection of the Geological Survey of New Jersey, and is from the
upper marl [ Manasquan, K.] at Poplar.

(Pachyrhizodus, i. e., thick-rooted tooth.)

Genus AETOBATUS Blainville.

Aetobatus Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, 1816, p. 112. Type Raja
narinari Euphrasen, tenth species, virtually restricted by Gill, Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus., 1894, p. I12.

A;tobatis, Atobatus, Aetobatis, Aetobates, auct.

Goniobatis Agassiz, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., VI, 1839, p. 385. Type Raja
flagellum Schneider, monotypic.

Stoasodon Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (Cat. Malay. Fish.), 1849, p.
434. Type Raja narinari Euphrasen, monotypic, and mame based on
AZtobatis Muller and Henle=Blainville.

ELASMOBRANCHII. 99

Differs from Myliobatis in having the teeth uniserial, very
broad, and no small lateral ones. Upper dental lamina straight
and lower lamina projecting beyond upper, curved. Free hind
edge of nasal valve deeply emarginated.

A: single existing species in tropical seas, and 13 extinct species
have been described, the latter only known from dental plates.

AETOBATUS PERSPICUUS (Leidy).

Aetobatis perspicuus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 396. Mon-
mouth Co., N. J. Eocene?

Atobatis perspicuus Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) VIII, 1877, p.
244, Pl. 31, fig. 13 (type).

Median tooth of dental plate well arched or angular, turning
abruptly upward at end of tooth. Enamel surface rather broad,
flat, and end only slightly rounded. Greatest width or vertical
diameter of enameled surface usually uniform, and about one-
seventh in entire horizontal diameter. Anterior edge of tooth
angularly convex greater part of its extent, feebly deflected for-

Fic. 52.—Aetobatus perspicuus (Leidy). (From Leidy.)

ward laterally, and at end presents projection adapted to cres-
centoid depression or socket of contiguous tooth. Posterior edge
presents a narrow flange along greater portion of its length, and
crescentoid socket at end of tooth adapted to receive projecting
border of contiguous tooth. Root with laminze projecting poste-
riorily about space equal to one-half vertical diameter of enameled
surface, and all directed obliquely towards median axis of tooth.
Length (width) about 60mm. (From Leidy.)

Formation and locality. Only the type known described above,
from the Eocene of Monmouth County (J. L. Burtt), originally
' presented to the Academy, but which I have not seen.

100 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH:

Genus PLINTHICUS Cope.

Plinthicus Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., XII, 1860, p. 316. Type Plin-
thicus stenodon Cope, monotypic.

Known from thin and rather depressed teeth. Related to
Aetobatus, but differing in having the roots of the teeth project-
ing but slightly posterior to enameled surface.

One species described, extinct.

PLINTHICUS STENODON Cope.

Plinthicus stenodon Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, 1869, p. 316.
Shiloh, Cumberland Co., N. J. Miocene.
Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 33, fig. 10 (type).

Dental plate greatly depressed, mostly with transverse or hori-
zontal teeth nearly straight or but slightly and rather evenly con-

ae

Fic. 53.—Plinthicus stenodon Cope. Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).

KLASMOBRANCHILI. IOI

vex. Enamel surface broad, depressed or usually more or less
flattened, and edges of front teeth at least varying more or less
convex. Greatest width or vertical diameter of enameled surface
usually uniform, and about one-fourth in entire horizontal diam-
ater. Root low, greatly depressed, greatly inclined backward, so
that beginning of lower level surface is about opposite medial
lesser diameter of enameled surface. Posterior part of root al-
Ways seen projecting a little more or less for slight distance behind
enameled surface as latter is viewed from above. Entire surface
of root marked with moderately numerous sutures, all parallel,
and most distinct behind. Front edge of enamel surface curves
slightly convexly over root, leaving a slight longitudinal groove
below. Posterior edge just below enamel with a slight longi-
tudinal ridge. Length (greatest breadth) 40 mm. Here de-
scribed from examples from the Maryland Miocene.

Known only from the dental plates.

Formation and locality. I have not examined any examples
from New Jersey where it has been ascribed to the Miocene.
Cope originally had a single example and I do not think any
others have been recorded from the State since [Shiloh marl,
Kirkwood formation, Miocene, K.].

Genus RHINOPTERA Cuvier.

Rhinoptera (Kuhl) Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, II, 1828, p. 401. Type
Myliobatis marginata G. St. Hilaire, first species, restricted by Bonaparte,
Nuoy. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna, II, 1838, p. 201.

Zygobatis Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1843, p. 79. Type Myliobatis jussiem
Cuvier, virtually monotypic.

Zygobates, auct.

Trikeras Harless, Abh. N. Phys. Class., V, 1850, p. 841. No species given.

Mylorhina Gill, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1865, p. 136. Type Rhinoptera
lalandu Miller and Henle, designated, monotypic.

Micromesus Gill, 1. c. Type Rhinoptera adspersa Miller and Henle, desig-
nated, monotypic.

Trycera (Koch) Doderlein, Man. I. Med., III, 1885, p. 242. Type Trycera
typica Koch (= Mylobatis marginata G. St. Hilaire), nom. in syn.

This genus resembles Myliobatis in its dentition, having the
teeth in several series, the median being very broad. It differs,
however, in the emarginated muzzle and having the cephalic fins
below the level of the disk.

102 CRETACEOUS AND! Tilia) PARA EISIEl

The existing species, about 10, distributed in tropical seas.
About five extinct species have been described.

RHINOPTERA DUBIA Leidy.

Dental plate depressed, evidently upper or enameled surface
well convex and lower or basal surface equally concave, though
both surfaces evenly so. Enamel surface smooth, of usually even
thickness, and edges usually abrupt. Extremities of tooth form
rather obtuse angle, and apex would form medianly in vertical
diameter. Vertical diameter of enamel surface nearly one-seventh
of horizontal. Root not visible as enameled surface is viewed
from above, low, greatly depressed, sometimes moderately deep,
and uniformly concave. Vertical grooves rather variable, numer-
ous or moderate. Greatest breadth 46 mm.

This species does not ever appear to have been noted from
New Jersey before. Many of my examples agree entirely with
Leidy’s, but other specimens must be admitted somewhat pro-
visionally, as they are possibly teeth belonging to Myliobaits.
Known only from detached teeth or dental plates. -

Formation and locality. The following examples in the collee-
tion of the Academy have been examined: Monmouth County 10
(W. Cleburne) and 2 (P. D. Knieskern); Vincentown, in the
marl of Burlington County 1 (C. B. Barrett), and 1 said to be
from the Miocene labeled “Bridgeton Pike” (C. C. Abbott).

I have also examined some fragmentary dental remains in the
collection of the Geological Survey taken from well-borings at
214 feet on July 23d, 1909, on the beach front at Bradford Cot-
tage, Fortesque, in Cumberland County. From 200 to 214 feet
the shell-beds were in a tough, leathery mud, and in this horizon
were found the fragments of the present species. For informa-
tion and these specimens the Survey is indebted to Mr. S. P.
Foster, of Elmer, and Mr. C. Holaday, of Hornersville. A com-
parison with a large series of examples from the Maryland Mio-
cene, with which they agree in most respects, would point to
their being from the same formation.

ELASMOBRANCHII. 103

= ae

J = ST
ES ee ae
——
— NY ee

Fic. 54.—Rhinoptera dubia Leidy. Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).

104 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY BISE:

S (Gama
— — a

Fic. 55.—Rhinoptera dubia Leidy. Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).

ELASMOBRANCHII. 105

Fic. 57—Rhinoptera dubia Leidy. 1-2, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern) ; 3-8,
Monmouth Co. (Cleburne); 9-10, Vincentown (Barrett); 11-12, Bridgeton
Pike (Abbott).

FRAGMENTARY SELACHIANS.

A large number of detached vertebre (Figs. 58, 59) are in the
collection of the Academy, representatives of which I have fig-

106 CRETACZOUSTANDY TERIIARY iSite

Fic. 58—Detached vertebre. 1-12, Vincentown; 13-14, Pemberton
(Ashurst) ; 15-17, Mullica Hill; 18-22, Shiloh (Conrad).

ELASMOBRANCHIL. 107

Fic. 59.—Detached vertebre. 1-2, New Jersey (Abbott); 3-4, Long Branch (Chap-
man); 5-6, Monmouth Co. (Slack); 7, Monmouth Co (Vandyke); 8, Monmouth Co.
(Abbott); 9-11, Monmouth Co. (Cope); 12-15, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne); 16-17, Farm-
ingdale (Pilsbry); 18-21, New Egypt (Chaloner); 22-23, Pemberton (Budd); 24-26,
Pemberton (Ashurst); 27-44, Vincentown (Bryan); 45-46, Blackwoodtown (Lamb);
47-48, Allowaystown (Yarrow); 49-50, Lenola (Conard); *51-52, Wenonah Sand; *53-54,
Hurffville (Hurff); 55-56, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).

108 CRETACEOUS: AND TERTIARY FISH.

ured in this connection, though I have been unable to locate their
true identity. Many are, no doubt, selachians, though many may
also belong to teleosts. They are all from Cretaceous beds, but
are without stratigraphical position, like most all of the older col-

QA RAMA SSAA ASA SSS

Fic. 60—Myliobatis spine? Vincentown (Bryan).

=: 71 Ge)?

S= 2 5 GES Ge

Fic. 61.—Teleost otoliths. 1-3, Haddonfield; 4-8, Mt. Laurel (Woolman).

a) 8 eT
CT ae pe
‘sie Mie aha es

Fic. 62.—Rays from a batoid fish? Vincentown (Bryan).

lections. There is also a spine, possibly of Mylhobatis (Fig.
60), and several teleost otoliths (Fig. 61). Several small, thin,
rod-like fossils may also belong to rays (Fig. 62).

Sub-Class HOLOCEPHALI.
THE CHIMAERAS.

Teeth united to form bony plates. Jaws coalescent with skull.
Gill-openings single in each side of pharynx, leading to four gill-
slits. Skull without system of membrane bones, as opercles,
suborbitals, etc. Skeleton cartilaginous. Mandibular suspens-
orium wanting. Intestine with a spiral valve. Derivative radii
sessile in sides of basal bones of limbs. Pectoral fins normally

MOLOCE PHATE 109

developed, placed low. Ventral fins abdominal. Males with
claspers attached to ventrals. Skin scaleless, its muciferous sys-
tem well developed.

This group generally includes six families.

Order CHIMAEROIDEEL.

Characters included in those of the sub-class.

Family CHIMZERIDZ.
THE CHIMARAS.

Body elongate, rather robust anteriorly, tapering posteriorly.
Head compressed. Mouth inferior, small. Upper lip deeply
notched. Jaws with teeth confluent into four bony plates above
and two below. Nostrils confluent with mouth, separated by nar-
row isthmus. Free gills 3, half gills 2, one on each side. Rakers
smal]. Isthmus moderate. Males usually with cartilaginous hook
on snout above, prickly at tip, turned forward. No spiracles.
Skin naked, rarely somewhat prickly. Lateral line present, usually
branched anteriorly. Dorsal usually divided, anteriorly with
strong posteriorly grooved spine. Caudal low, fold-like. Pec-
torals free, low. Ventral abdominal, many rayed. Males with
claspers.

The existing forms are remarkable for their striking appear-
ance. They are all natives of deep water and cold seas. Repro-
duction is oviparous, the egg-cases long, elliptical and with silky
filaments: About 17 genera have been described, all extinct, and
only Chimera persisting to the present time. Possibly Chimera
atims (Capello) may occur in deep water off our coast, though
it has not ever been so recorded.

Passalodon was founded on vomerine teeth and Psittaoodon
on mandibular teeth of two European fossils. Woodward says?
“the species mentioned below have also been determined upon

*Cat. Foss. F. Brit. Mus., II, 1801, p. 84.

mo, CRE PACEOUS AND ADR EARN rISIEl

the evidence of detached teeth, and, by a misunderstanding of the
generic characters, the majority of the American forms have
hitherto been ascribed to Ischyodus. Most of the type specimens
of the latter are in the collection of Prof. E. D. Cope, Philadel-
phia, where the present writer has had the privilege of examin-
ing them, and many of the specific distinctions cited in the
diagnoses would be regarded as varietal in Britain.’”’ However,
the present writer seems justified in following the views of Hus-
sakof, who has studied these specimens now in the American
Museum of Natural History in New York City.

Genus EDAPHODON Buckland.

Edaphodon Agassiz’, Poiss. Foss., III, 1843, p. 351. Type Edaphodon buck-
landi Agassiz, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes, II, 1891, p. 80.

Edaphodus, auct.

Passalodon Buckland, Proc. Geol. Soc. London, II, 1838, p. 687. No de-
scription or species.

Psittacodon Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1843, pp. 340, 348. Type Chimera
mantellu Agassiz, virtually designated, first species.

Dipristis Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1869, p. 230. Type Dipristis
miersit Marsh, monotypic. (Not of Gervais.)

Eumylodus Leidy, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. I, 1873, p. 309. Type
Eumylodus iaqueatus Leidy, monotypic.

Diphrissa Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875 (Feb. oth)’, (2) p. Io.
Type Ischyodus solidulus Cope, designated, monotypic.

Mandibular tooth massive, with no definite thickening on
outer aspect, symphyseal facette very broad. Anterior tritor 1,
sometimes smaller one below. Median tritor 1, occasionally di-
vided longitudinally. External tritors 2. Palantine teeth robust,
no well-defined thickening on outer aspect, and three tritors as
two inner and one outer. Vomerine teeth mostly triangular in side
view, tritors on oral edge. Postoral region laterally expanded,
without any thickening.

The species, about 26, are all extinct.

* Buckland, Proc. Geol. Soc. Lond., II, 1838, p. 687. Descr. imperfect, no
species given.
* Issued April 20th, 1875.

HOLOCEPHALI. TOA

EDAPHODON STENOBRYUS (Cope).

Ischyodus stenobryus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 284,
285. Hornerstown, N. J.. Greensand No. 5.

Edaphodon stenobryus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p.
39, Pl. 2, figs. 6-7 (types).

Fic 63—Edaphodon stenobryus (Cope). (From Hussakof.) .

I12 CRETACEOUS AND “hb RAIA. ariltSiss

Mandibulars compressed, outer edge rising rapidly from little
behind apex, first to a shoulder which supports first exterior den-
tinal area, and then steeply to an oblique border which bears hind
dentinal area. Dentinal areas very small, inner represented by -
two columns widely separated from each other. Inner masticatory
margin remains parallel with lower edge of jaw, marking one-
third total depth. Grinding face vertical behind. External areas
very narrow, and behind anterior smaller one appears in position
of inner one of &. tripartitus, thus representing outer part of large
removed from former, narrow, and extends little anterior to
anterior border of anterior outer.. Apex of jaw obtuse, and
terminal area on its superior aspect oval, and continues as edge
of a lamina along outer margin of beak. No symphyseal plane,
whole jaw much compressed and narrowed. Length 70 mm.
(From Cope.)

Said to have much the form of Leptomylus forfex, and ap-
proaching E. laterigerus.

Formation and locality. Only known from the type, a pair of
mandibulars now in the collection of the American Museum,
N. Y. They are from “Greensand No. 5” [the Hornerstown
marl, K.] at Hornerstown in Monmouth County. I have not
seen this species.

EDAPHODON TRIPARTITUS (Cope).

Ischyodus tripartitus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 284,
286. Hurffuille, N. J. Upper bed of Greensand.

Edaphodon tripartitus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908,
p. 40, fig. 16, Pl. 3, figs. 5-6 (types).

Ischyodus mirificus (nec Leidy) Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XII,
1860, p. 314 (note).

Ischyodus longirostris Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 284,
287. Birmingham, N. J. Greensand No. 5.

Mandibulars little more than twice as long as deep, rami con-
verging in slight curve and ending in narrow produced symphy-
seal beak. Outer face of mandible with two longitudinal convexi-
ties, inner nearly vertical, and with short symphyseal plane.
Dentinal areas moderate, anterior border not much produced,
inner represented by three adjacent areas or three columns united
at their adjacent borders, and outer more than twice as large as
either of two interior ones. Latter separated from inner angle of

Fic. 64.—Edaphodon triparitus (Cope).

1-3, Types of Ischyodus tripartitus Cope; 4, Type of Ischyodus longirostris Cope; (all from Hussakof).

HOLOCEPHALT: I13

jaw by an oblique plane of same width. External areas narrow,
posterior quite small, anterior elongate and extends far in advance
of inner areas along summit of horizontal ridge, latter produced
as strong step on outer margin. Outer narrow border rises ab-
ruptly opposite middle of anterior area, causing masticatory
face to be very oblique at that point. Superior groove wide, outer
face not produced. Length 175 mm. (From Cope.)

This is the largest American species of the genus and said to
be not uncommon. Hussakof has united Ischyodus longirostris
Cope with this species after an examination of the types. Ac-
cording to Cope the former differed in having the inner den-
tinal area of the mandibular undivided, contracted and separated
by a plane from inner margin. Outer posterior area lost in his
specimen, but outer anterior opens in front of interior on hori-
zontal step which forms strong angle of outer border. ‘This
border, therefore, abruptly excavated from that point forward,
while inner border descends gradually from inner angle. Ter-
minal area quite large and oblique. Symphyseal face large, in-
ferior border of jaw obtuse and jaw end narrowly compressed.
Palatal characterized by its small size and posterior position of
anterior dentinal area, so that bone appedis more produced. Pos-
terior areas large.

Formation and locality. ‘The type, consisting of both mandi-
bulars and left palatal, are from Hurffville in Gloucester County.
The type of J. longirostris consists of one mandibular and one
palatal, both from Birmingham in Burlington County (J. C. Gas-
kill). All are recorded as from the greensand No. 5. [According
to the present classification all would be referred to the Horners-
town marl, although at both these localities the Hornerstown and
Navesink marl beds are united in a single layer, so that they may
be from the Navesink or lower member, K.]. They are now in
the American Museum of New York. I have not examined these
specimens.

EDAPHODON LATERIGERUS (Cope).

Ischyodus laterigerus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1860, p. 243.
Hornerstown, New Jersey. Cretaceous Greensand No. 5.
Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 284, 288 (type).
Edaphodon laterigerus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV., 1908, p. 38,
Pl. 1, figs. 7-8 (type).
8 GEOL

74 CRETACEOUS AND PE RGLARIVe HSE

Fic. 65.—Edaphodon laterigerus (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.)

Mandibular little more than twice as long as deep, end pro-
longed and more flattened than any other species from our
region, and thoroughly and regularly curved outwards and back-
wards. Inner dentinal area undivided, extending to inner mar-
gin of superior face of mandible, large in all dimensions. Below

HOLOCEPHALI. nis

a slender intero-lateral column. Anterior area produced anterior
to inner area. -External areas on laminar crests of border, pos-
terior area very small or less than one-third anterior, and anterior
crest produced, or long and narrow, its middle marking anterior
end of great inner area. When two mandibular rami are in place
it follows from the above that median line of beak forms deep
concavity walled in by high anterior outer crest. Posterior outer
crest well developed, also prolonged acutely beyond posterior
dentinal area. External terminal column largely developed ver-
tically. Length about 165 mm. (From Cope.)

Known only from the above example, the type, said by Cope
to approach &. smockit, but of double its size, more compressed
and curved, with a much smaller posterior outer dentinal area
and a very long anterior outer crest.

Formation and locality. The type is a large left mandibular,
almost perfect, from the marl [Hornerstown K.] at Horners-
town in Monmouth County (J. C. Meirs), now in the American
Museum at New York. I have not examined this specimen.

EpAPHODON SMOCKII (Cope).

Ischyodus smocku Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., XII, 1860, p. 316. New
Jersey. Cretaceous Greensand.
Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Sury. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 284, 288. Horners-
town. Greensand No. 5.
Edaphodon smocki Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 309,
Pl. 2, figs. 4-5 (type).

Mandibular moderately long and stout. Outer face uniformly
concave transversely, inner also with longitudinal concavity much
stronger. Surface striez longitudinal, sometimes broken. Den-
tinal areas large, surfaces rather plane, elevated supero-anteri-
orly, and plane of posterior face descends abruptly from supero-
anterior margin of each. Outer margin, therefore, an incline of
two steps, inner of one. Outer areas narrowed in front, and inner
areas more obtuse and large, separated by very narrow strip
from outer posterior, undivided and extending to inner margin
of superior face of mandible. Length about 58 mm. (From
Cope. )

116 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

ip vic
a5 Rao

Fic, 66.—Edaphodon smockii (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.)

This seems to be a well-marked species, about half the size of
the smaller E. divaricatus. It is much less stout than in the latter
and also less elongate than &. tripartitus.

Formation and locality. Known from the types in the Ameri-
can Museum at New York, consisting of three mandibular teeth
and two fragments, and one of these represented only by an
anterior extremity is thought by Hussakof to be probably differ-
ent. They are all ascribed to the Greensand No. 5 [Hornerstown
marl, K.] from Hornerstown in Monmouth County (J. C. Miers).
I have not examined any specimens.

EDAPHODON EOCaANUS (Cope).

Ischyodus eocenus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 285, 288.
Eocene greensand of Farmingdale, Monmouth Co., N. J.

Edaphodon eocenus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p.
37, fig. 14 (type).

Mandibular with outer border of beak rising abruptly to con-
siderable elevation, supporting anterior outer dentinal area. Lat-

HOLOCEPHALL m7

ter oval, well within border, cut off at its posterior portion, but in
advance of position of inner area. Dentinal areas moderate,
inner undivided, extending to inner margin on upper face of
mandible, and outer area produced anterior to inner area. Inner
and posterior outer dentinal areas lost. Length, to anterior outer
area, 50mm. Terminal column laminar, extending well back on
outer edge of beak. Outer face of jaw uniformly convex to an-
terior outer area, apex transverse, not compressed. Symphyseal
face not well marked. (From Cope.)

This species is stated by Cope to be quite near &. mirificus, dif-
fering in uniform convexity of outer face, which in the latter is

Fic. 67—Edaphodon eocenus (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.)

partially concave. Cope says the palatal areas are large, elongate,
but not on elevated bases as in E. smockii. Outer face of palatal
smooth, lower border very oblique to interior, which is longitu-
dinally grooved. The specimen he had included five dentinal
columns, inner borders more or less exposed, and median or in-
terior column longest. This piece was similar in generic char-
acters to that of &. mirificus.

Formation and locality. ‘The type consists of a mandibular in
the American Museum at New York. Two paratypes are a pala-
tal and a fragment, all from the Eocene greensand of Farming-
dale in Monmouth County. I have not examined any examples.

118 CRETACEOUS AND EER ITARY HillSign

EDAPHODON INCRASSATUS (Cope).

Ischyodus incrassatus Cope, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 285,
289. Hornerstown, New Jersey. Greensand of Cretaceous No. 5.

Edaphodon incrassatus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908,
p. 38, Pl. 1, figs. 5-6 (type).

Mandibular with beak little curved outward, long, thick, sym-
physeal face a narrow border along inner edge. Convexity of
lower half of outer face of jaw very strong, so that lower border
thicker than in any other of our species. Inner dentinal area un-

Fic. 68—Edaphodon incrassatus (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.)

divided, of median extent, extending to inner margin of superior
face of mandible, apex marking only middle of anterior oval
outer area instead of anterior extremity, latter horizontal on a
considerable tuberosity removed well within outer border of jaw
so that latter not angulated there as in some similar species-
Length 125 mm. (From Cope.)

HOLOCEPHALT. T19g

Formation and locality. Only known from the type, an im-
perfect right manibular in the American Museum at New
York, from the “Greensand of the Cretaceous No. 5” [Horners-
town marl, K.] at Hornerstown in Monmouth County (J. G.
Miers). I have not examined this example.

EpAPHODON FECUNDUS (Cope).

Ischyodus fecundus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 285,
200. Medford, N. J. Greensand of Cretaceous, No. 5, from Birmingham
and Hornerstown.

Edaphodon fecundus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. XXV, 1908,
p. 38 (type).

Fic. 69—Edaphodon ends (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.)

120 CRETACEOUS) AND Ran TAI Vee EiilSie

Mandibular moderately long, long axis strongly curved, and
outer side concave in vertical as well as transverse section. Inner
face also concave, with narrow symphyseal plane along inner
border. Inner border of beak with same abrupt descent as outer.
Dentinal areas moderate, inner undivided, both narrowed an-
teriorly and terminating on same transverse line. Anterior outer

tas

Fic. 70.—Edaphodon fecundus (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.)

rather small and wide, horizontal, so that apex rises abruptly
above outer border of beak. Posterior outer area rather small,
while inner large and extending to inner edge of upper face of
mandible. Apical column an oblique lamina. Length 135 mm.
(From Cope. )
According to Cope this species is second in size in the genus t
E. tripartitus or about twice the size of FE. smocku. Palatals nar-

HOLOCEPHALI. 121

rowed and truncate in front, and dentinal areas large, especially
posterior. Superior groove deep, and outer face extensive and
longitudinally ridged.

Formation and locality. Known from eight lower jaws, some
with palatals, of which seven mandibulars and one palatal are in
the American Museum of New York. They are from the marl
[ Hornerstown marl, K.] at Birmingham and Hornerstown. Cope
also had an example from Medford. I have not seen any
material.

EDAPHODON MIRIFICUS Leidy.

Edaphodon mirificus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 221. Bur-
lington Co., N. J. Cretaceous Greensand.
Leidy, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., I, 1873, pp. 306, 350, Pl. 37, figs.
6-12 (types).
Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 38, Pl. 2, fig. 3 (Cope’s
material).

Ischyodus mirificus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 285, 201.
(Barnesborough and Hornerstown, N. J. Greensand No. 5.)
Ischyodus monolophus Cope,- Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., XII, 1860, p. 314.

Barnesboro (Barnesborough), Gloucester Co., N. J. Greensand.
Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 285, 289 (type, Green-
sand No. 5).
Ischyodus gaskillu Cope, |. c., pp. 285, 290. Birmingham, Greensand of New
Jersey, No. 5.

Mandibulars a little more than twice as long as deep, rami
converging in a curve and ending in a long, symphyseal, bird-like
beak. Outer surface of each mandibular concave medianly and
convex above and below. Outer profile concave anteriorly, then
sloping up convexly, and below and behind convex. Inner sym-
physeal edge beveled, flat and rather narrow, and below this and
posteriorly slightly convex with several longitudinal striz. Oral
surface of beak concave and posteriorly forms plane sloping in-
wards, this largest dental area. Anteriorly and externally an-
other small rounded dental area, situated on a slight convexity,
and followed back by a concavity at first rather spacious and then
narrow where it separates a third dental area. Latter situated
just inside external crest of mandible and about opposite middle
in length of largest dental area, and elongate, though same width
as anterior dental area about twice as long. A fourth short, nar-

122 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

row dental area on external oral extremity of beak, and another
still shorter along inner edge. A fifth area, small, varying in
elliptical pattern, at posterior symphyseal bevel opposite front of
largest oral dental area, and followed by a prominent ridge which
is convex with about two rather prominent longitudinal ridges,
and curving back forms edge of mandible ramus posteriorly
inside.

Upper maxillaries a little more than twice as long as wide, and
their depth a little less. Form generally depressed. Upper sur-
face of each with a deep wide gutter extending forward about two-
thirds its length and ending in a deep pit, anterior to which area is

Fic. 71—Edaphodon mirificus Leidy. (Type of Ischyodus gaskillii_ Cope,
from Hussakof. )

flat and horizontal. Sides of upper maxillaries flat and sloping
obliquely out. Lower surface with prominence in front sloping
forward, its crest giving rise to an elongated round dental area
sloping slightly down behind, where a crest forms, which gives
rise in turn to largest dental area. Latter extends well back and
close to inner edge, rounded, and also sloping down concavely
behind, while laterally it also extends well towards outer edge.
Just external to largest dental area another elongated dental area
arising on a slight convexity opposite hind region of anterior
dental areas, and extending back opposite deep posterior con-

‘
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4

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Fic. 72—Edaphodon mirificus Leidy. *1-5 New Jersey; 6-9, New Jersey “greensand.”

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Fic. 73—Edaphodon mirificus Leidy. *1-6, New Jersey (6616).

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Fic. 74—Edaphodon mirificus Leidy. *1-8, New Jersey (6658).

Talal Rat
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mirificus Leidy. (Types.)

Fic, 75—Edaphodon

HOLOCEPHALI. 123

cavity of largest dental area. Between anterior and lateral
dental areas on oral surface a concave depression extending back
to largest dental area. Posteriorly on oral surface externally
edge arises in an elevated ridge, apex forming about opposite
concavity in largest dental area, surface inside evenly concave.
Inner surface of upper maxillary entirely flat.

As Leidy pointed out, the dental areas appear as white chalky
friable spaces, which have more or less decomposed, leaving the
little more durable tubules of the vaso-dentine projecting from
their surfaces. He supposes originally tubecular structures were
found over the dental areas covering the dental columns, but
have now disappeared, leaving only their depressed and crum-
bling surfaces as now seen. These dental columns, corresponding
with the dental areas, may all be located at the posterior ends of
all the maxillaries. Length of longest lower maxillary 14 cm.

I have described several of Leidy’s types above, now in the
Academy, and note that the others agree in most respects, as he |
has already remarked. At present they are a pair of maxil-
laries and two pairs of mandibulars. Another small example, a
right mandibular, agrees. It is from the New Jersey greensand,
and shows a few transverse crescentic striz on its damaged in-
ferior surface.

Formation and locality. Known from the Cretaceous green-
sand at Barnsboro and Hornerstown [the Hornerstown marl
probably, K.]. According to Hussakof Ischyodus gaskillii Cope
and J. monolophus Cope, the types of which he has examined, and
which are now in the American Museum at New York, are a
small left mandibular, apparently of a young individual, and two
mandibular teeth, respectively, of the present species.

I have also seen several examples in the collection of the
Geological Survey. They are a right and left mandibular from
the Cretaceous of “New Jersey,” and one right and two left
mandibulars without data.

EDAPHODON MIERSII (Marsh).

Dipristis nviersit Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1869, p. 230. Horners-
town, N. J. Upper Cretaceous Marl.

Ischyodus miersii Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 285, 292.
(Hornerstown, Monmouth Co., N. J.)

124 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY PISEE

Mandibular with long and straight beak, and outer face con-
cave to base of anterior outer dentinal area. Long axis of jaw
straight, also inferior border. Inner dentinal area undivided,
transversely thickened, narrow and extending to inner edge of
superior face of mandible. Anterior outer dental area not pro-
duced anterior to border of inner area, not on a projection, and
not extending as far as inner. Apical area end of a curved lami-
nar column. Length 100 mm. (From Cope.)

This species was originally described by Marsh from an
ichthyodurlite he assigned to a chimeeroid fish. It was a nearly
perfect dorsal spine about 356 mm. long, somewhat curved, re-
markably slender, tapering regularly to its apex, compressed
transversely, outline generally suboval, posterior surface slightly
concave in lower portion, upper half of this surface armed with
two rows of very sharp decurved teeth while corresponding part
of anterior face had sharp cutting-edge finely serrated toward
distal end, and sides of spine smooth or faintly striated. He
also noted that fragments of this species of much larger size
were not uncommon in the same geological horizon in other
parts of the State.

Formation and locality. Cope had a broken mandible and a
dorsal spine, which latter he thought identical with the one
noticed by Marsh. All the material examined by these two
writers was from the upper Cretaceous marl bed near Horners-
town [the Hornerstown marl] in Monmouth County (J. G.
Meirs). The identity of the mandible, described above from
Cope, must be considered provisional, resting entirely on the fact
that it was topotypic and has not been demonstrated positively
to belong to the same fish to which the ichythodorulite belonged.

EDAPHODON DIVARICATUS (Cope).

Ischyodus divaricatus Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, 1860, p. 315-
Cretaceous marl of Burlington Co., N. J.
Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 285, 292. (New Jersey
greensand, No. 5, from near Hornerstown.)

Right mandibular a trifle more than twice as long as deep,
and rami would apparently converge in a slight curve, nearly an

HOLOCEPHALT: I

to
1

a

Fig. 76.—Edaphodon divaricatus (Cope). (Type.)

126 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

isoceles triangle, ending in a moderate symphyseal beak. Outer
surface of mandibular concave medianly and convex above
(below damaged). Outer profile concave anteriorly, then sloping
up somewhat undulated and ending above convexly, below and
behind (damaged) apparently more or less convex. Inner sym-
physeal edge beveled rather short and deep and flattened, except
behind, where a slight convex ridge projects and continued back
as a groove along posterior inner edge. Inner surface of mandi-
bular below and behind symphysis very slightly concave above
and equally convex below, with several indistinct longitudinal
striz. Oral surface of beak well concave and posteriorly forms
plane sloping slightly inwards, equally slightly convex, edges not
elevated externally. Inner dental area largest, comprising whole
inner posterior surface, extending forward slightly before an-
terior dental surface as sharp angle along inner edge, and form-
ing deep undulation or loop just below anterior outer dental area.
Latter smallest of dental areas, rounded, and placed on com-
paratively level surface. Posterior outer dental area much longer
than anterior, close to edge, elongated and still closer to inner
dental area, only separated by a narrow level area. Lower sur-
face of mandibular exposing rather broad longitudinal area
marked with numerous even broadly lunate striz. Length 115
mm.

Only the type described above have I been able to examine.
Cope had three other examples besides the type from Greensand
No. 5, near Hornerstown, in Monmouth County. He notes that
they showed the general peculiarities, as interrupted masticatory
surface, small external areas, anterior subround and opposite or
behind apex of very large inner. Narrowed beak forms an angle
with posterior part of jaw and penetrated by a laminar column
of little width.

Formation and locality. ‘This species is recorded as from the
Cretaceous marls of Burlington County and near Hornerstown
in Greensand No. 5. It is tentatively referred to the Horners-
town marl.

HOLOCE PHA: 12

NI

EDAPHODON SOLIDULUS (Cope).

Ischyodus solidulus Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. XI, 1867, p. 244.
Hornerstown, Monmouth Co., N. J. Greensand No. 5.

Diphrissa solidula Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 283.
(Hornerstown, N. J. Greensand No. 5.)

Edaphodon solidulus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 39,
Pl. 2, figs. 1-2 (type).

Mandibular compressed, rather deep, or depth about half its
length. No distinct external crests. Terminal area of beak
forms round extremity of a narrow column. Inner and outer
margins, anterior to large area, of equal elevation, regularly
curved outwards without angulation. No anterior outer den-

Fic. 77—Edaphodon solidulus (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.)

tinal area. Posterior outer dentinal area very small and faces
inwards from gradual elevation of outer superior margin. Inner
area very large, undivided, accompanied on inner margin by a
slender column which issues in posterior corner of symphyseal
‘plane. Length (restored) about 64 mm. (From Cope.)

This species was made the basis of a separate genus by Cope.
The large inner area of dentinal tubules, with a terminal one is-
suing near the apex, and only a single small external dentinal
area were the chief characters he advanced. However, I accept
Hay’s action in merging Diphrissa with Edaphodon.

128 CRETACEOUSTAND 4 RA PAIRWES ine

Formation and locality. Known only from the type, a left
mandibular, from “Greensand No. 5” [the Hornerstown marl,
K.] at Hornerstown in Monmouth County (J. G. Miers) now in
the American Museum at New York.

EDAPHODON LATIDENS (Cope).

Diphrissa latidens Cope, Rep. U. S$. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 283.
Greensand of New Jersey, No. 5.
Edaphodon latidens Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p.

38, fig. 15 (type).

Fic. 78—Edaphodon latidens (Cope). (Type, from Hussakef.)

Mandibular with anterior portion of beak narrowed, apical
area flat or crescent-like. Inner area very wide, leaving but nar-
row border on outer side. This band but little oblique, edge
slightly elevated and without any dentinal area. Single outer
column issues near border, hind edge in transverse line with an-
terior edge of inner area, its front end extending short distance
beyond. Anterior border of inner area broad and obtuse. Length
94mm. (From Cope. )

HOLROCE REA. 129

Formation and locality. Only known from an imperfect man-
dibular ascribed to the “Greensand of New Jersey No. 5” [the
Hornerstown marl, K.] and now in the American Museum at
New York.

EDAPHODON sp.

Right palatal depressed, a trifle more than twice as long as
wide, and depth about one-third length. Upper surface with a
deep wide gutter ending in a deep pit, anterior to which area is flat-
tened and horizontal. Side flattened and sloping obliquely out.
Lower surface with conspicuous prominence in front or crest,»

Fic. 79.—Edaphodon sp. New Jersey “greensand.”

sloping steeply forward. Apex of crest gives rise to anterior den-
tal area, latter elongated, scarcely wider posteriorly, though at
that point deeply concave, and extending slightly behind front of
inner posterior dental area. External posterior dental area
arises very slightly behind front end of posterior inner dental
area. Inner surface of upper maxillary entirely flat. Length
70 mm.
Q GEOL

130 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY -FISH.

I have but the single example, fragmentary, described above.
It somewhat resembles the palatal of E. mirificus, except that the
anterior dental areas are much longer and arise on a much higher
crest. : | :

Formation and locality. Recorded only as “from the Green-
sand of New Jersey.”

EDAPHODON sp.

Mandibular bone, right ramus, a trifle more than twice as long
as deep, and width a little more than a third its length, so that
rami would converge nearly in a triangle, ending in a short, deep
symphyseal beak. Outer surface of mandibular generally de-

Fic. 80.—Edaphodon sp. New Jersey “greensand” (Gabb).

pressed, slightly concave medianly and equally slightly convex
above and below. Outer profile undulated slightly anteriorly,
arising somewhat convexly behind above. Lower anterior pro-
file convex, then sloping up posteriorly and hind profile verti-
cally convex. No beveled symphyseal edge, though anteriorly
well depressed or flattened, then surface rather convex, and
flaring slightly, more so inward, behind. Oral surface well
marked by lateral edges, though these scarcely prominent ridges,
except slightly at anterior symphyseal region and posterior ex-

HOLOCEPHALT: 131i

ternal. Front region of oral surface, near symphysis, and about
midway in its length or opposite front of inner dental area, dis-
tinct concavities. Inner dental area extends forward slightly be-
fore middle in length along inner edge ard externally well
towards outer edge. Below anterior symphyseal region traces of
parallel striz transversely. Lower surface of mandibular largely
convex. Length 63 mm.

Besides the above fragment another with same data seems to
resemble the posterior or outer flange of the palatal of E. miri-
ficus.

Formation and locality. I have two fragments “from the
Greensand of New Jersey” (W. M. Gabb).

EDAPHODON sp.

Mandibular bone, right ramus (hind end largely broken away)
about half long as deep, and rami probably well diverging
behind. Symphyseal plain, moderate, distinct. Outer mandi-
bular surface generally depressed, somewhat concavely. Inner
dentinal area large, and apparently begins a little behind outer,
though latter but imperfectly preserved. Length about 68 mm.

The above fragment is in the collection of the Geological Sur-
vey and is without data, though, like the next, was most likely
from the Cretaceous of New Jersey. Similarly it suggests E.
incrassatus, but is too imperfect for satisfactory comparison.

Formation and locality. Not given.

Fic. 81.—Edaphodon sp. *New Jersey.

EDAPHODON sp.

Mandibular bone, right ramus (probably half broken away) a
trifle more than half deep as long, and width similar, and rami
probably slightly diverging. Symphyseal plane moderate, dis-
tinct. Outer mandibular surface generally depressed. Inner
dental area (only anterior portion remains) extends to inner

HOLOCEPHALI. 133

Fic. 82.—Edaphodon sp. *New Jersey.

134 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

mandibular edge, and in front begins slightly behind outer den-
tinal area. Latter similar, and apparently large. Length about
80 mm.

This fragment is in the collection of the Geological Survey
and is without data. It suggests E. incrassatus and may be iden-
tical or referable to some similar species as yet undescribed.

Formation and locality. Not given. —

Genus BRYACTINUS Cope.

Bryactinus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 282. Type Bry-
actinus amorphus Cope, monotypic.

This genus differs from Edaphodon in having several dentinal
areas exposed along outer edges, the apical tube exposed at both
extremities and the excavation of posterior half of inner face.

A single extinct species known.

BRYACTINUS AMORPHUS Cope.

Bryactinus amorphus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 282,
Pl. 45, fig. 12. Hornerstown, N. J. Greensand of No. 5.
Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX V, 1908, p. 37, fig. b (type).

Fic. 83.—Bryactinus amorphus Cope. (Type, from Hussakof.)

Dental plate triangular, base representing grinding face, not
level, but like others slightly convex. Opposite angular ridge
only extends half jaw length, then sinks and exposes hind end
of apical column of dentine. On grinding surface along outer
border three other columns issue, not parallel in their courses, but

HOLOCEPHALI. 135

divergent from nearer origins. Inner face behind posterior exit
of apical column excavated, possibly for application of another
bone. Grinding face convex at middle, divided into two planes
behind, outer narrow and elevated, and inner oblique and sepa-
rated by an obtuse angle from excavation of inner side. Length
42mm. (From Cope.)

Formation and locality. Known only from the type described
above, from the “Greensand No. 5” [Hornerstown marl, K.] of
Hornerstown, N. J., and now in the American Museum at New
York. I have not seen this example.

Genus ISOTAENIA Cope.

Isotenia Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 203. Type Isotenia
neocesariensis Cope, monotypic.

Differs from Edaphodon in lacking superior groove. Repre-
senting two anterior dentinal columns of the latter are two similar
exposures, both on same plane and masticatory face together,
only separated by a narrow partition.

A single species, extinct.

ISOlH@NIA NEOCZHSARIENSIS Cope.

Isotenia neocesariensis Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 293.
Hornerstown, N. J. Greensand No. 5.
Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 41, Pl. 3, figs. 3-4
(type).

Palatal with three solid planes, widest opposite to dentinal
columns and parallel, and nearly wide as latter. Lateral planes
not parallel, with one another, wider forms acute angle with last
described and narrower very obtuse angle so as-nearly continuous
with same, running out into it posteriorly. More vertical side re-
tains same depth throughout. One end of bone rounded and
truncate, other end excavated directly at right angles to den-
tinal areas and then continued as an edentulous plate. Length
93 mm. (From Cope.)

Formation and locality. Known only from the above-described
type from “Greensand No, 5” [the Hornerstown marl, K.] at

136 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

Fic. 84.—Isotenia neocesariensis Cope. (Type, from Hussakof.)

Hornerstown in Monmouth County (J. G. Miers), and now in
the American Museum at New York. I have not seen this speci-
men.

Genus LEPTOMYLUS Cope.

Leptomylus Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., XII, 1869, p. 313. Type Lepto-
mylus densus Cope, monotypic.

This genus is related to Psaliodus Egerton,’ différing in hav-
ing a single small, narrow dentinal area near the inner margin’
of the mandibular, which is also without any symphyseal bevel.
Median interior longitudinal ridge obtuse and little marked,
coated with dense glossy layer.

Species 3, all extinct.

*This genus shows no dentinal areas in the mandibulars.

HOLOCEPHALI. 137,

LEPTOMYLUS cCooKII Cope.

Leptomylus cookii Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila. XI, 1870, p. 384.
Near Mount Holly, Burlington Co., N. J. Greensand No. 5.
Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 282. (Near Mount Holly,
Burlington Co., N. J. Greensand No. 5.)
Leptomylus cooki Hussakof. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 41,
Pl. 2, figs. 8-9 (type).

Mandibular with posterior portion curved out from symphy-
seal, latter much compressed and moderately prolonged with
inner face quite concave, posteriorly outer face also slightly con-
cave. A single obtuse external crest descends gradually to plane

Fic. 85.—Leptomylus cookti Cope. (Type, from Hussakof.)

of beak, presenting no dentinal area. A single small oval area
represents internal, lies along inner margin and latter much
thickened, rolled over inwards and symphyseal face very narrow.
End of beak (broken away) in section shows no inferior plate-
like column, but a round column, which issues on upper surface
of beak behind apex. Length nearly 70 mm. (From Cope.)
Cope says the apical dentinal column distinguished it from
L. densus, in which no such column exists. He also says at hind
fractured section of jaw apical column is seen, while internal
dentinal area not, latter occupying only a pocket, not a column.
The species is like Edaphodon solidulus in the apical. column,

138 CRETACEOUS: AND THRITARY PHISH:

which has same form in both, though two dentinal faces latter
possesses are those of true Edaphodon.

Formation and locality. Known only from the type, described
above, a right mandibular, from the marl near Mount Holly in
Burlington County, referred to by Cope as “Greensand No. 5”
[but now recognized as the combined Navesink-Hornerstown
marl bed, K.] now in the American Museum at New York.

LEPTOMYLUS DENSUS Cope.

Leptomylus densus Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, 1869, p. 313.
Birmingham, N. J. Cretaceous marl pits.
Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. II, 1875, p. 281. (Birmingham, N, J.
Greensand No. 5.) ‘

Mandibular with front end prolonged, slightly narrowed, hind
face plane, and transversely concave longitudinally. When ex-
ternal edge rises internal falls off, and narrow dentinal area di-
rected obliquely upwards and inwards. Inner face, above an
anterior thickened margin as deep as prolonged beak, concave,
but again convex near superior margin. Marked with obscure
curved, coarse lines parallel to hind outer edge. Lower or front
edge a contracted ridge, inner plane vertical and upper part of
inner face expanding upwards. Dentinal column supporting
tubercle large as a goose quill. No other columns. Length
from first point about 140 mm. (From Cope.)

Cope also describes a palatal he thinks may belong to this
species. It differs from Edaphodon in the presence of two very
narrow dentinal bands, which are opposite and parallel, one on
the outer margin and the other within the inner margin of the
bone. Form much depressed and spade-like, superior face
scarcely descending regularly to edge. Outer margin expands an
inch behind end and beveled off from continued width of upper
face, latter showing slight longitudinal striz. Proximally usual
large groove.

Formation and locality. Known only from Cope’s account,
reproduced above, based on a mandibular from the “Greensand
No. 5” [the Navesink-Hornerstown marl bed, K.] of Birming-
ham in Burlington County (J. Gaskill). Also a supposed palatal,
with same data.

HOLOCEPHALI. 139

LEPTOMYLUS FORFEX Cope.

Leptomylus forfex Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1875 (Feb. oth), p. 19
(nomen nurum). New Jersey Cretaceous.
Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., IT, 1875, p. 281. Hornerstown and
Barnesborough, N J. Greensand No. 5.
Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 41, Pl. 3, figs. 1-2
(type).

Mandibular much elevated, elevation being confined to outer
side which rises as a lamina, causing masticatory face nearly
vertical much its length, and but short extent level to apex.
Slight marginal swelling where anterior outer dental should be,
and an abrupt rise in margin to position occupied in Edaphodon
by posterior outer area. Inner border of masticating surface
parallel to inferior border of jaw except where two converge to
apex, here entire face included between them occupied by large
symphyseal facet. Inner dentinal area represented by narrow
acuminate patch on inner angle of masticatory face opposite
tuberosity representing anterior outer. Apical area very narrow,
extends same distance along exterior angle of superior face.
Length 135 mm. (From Cope.)

Cope also notes that the palatal found in connection with the
mandibles of Edaphodon mirificus does not pertain to them, and
is only inferentially referred to this species. The resemblance
to the species is very great. Its oblique superior and outer face
greatly extended, while inner narrow and vertical. Usual
superior groove present, close to edge of latter. Inferior border
quite thin. Only two dentinal areas, these exceedingly small and
representing outer and anterior inner of species of Edaphodon.
Length 140 mm.

Formation and locality. Known from the type, described
above, from ‘“‘Greensand No. 5” [the Hornerstown marl, K.] at
Hornerstown in Monmouth County (J. C. Miers), now in the
American Museum at New York. Cope also had a mandibular
and palatal from near Barnsboro in Gloucester County (J. C.
Vorhees [probably from the combined Navesink-Hornerstown
marl beds, K.]. .

140

ERETACEOUS AND iE Rt TARY SrSiEr

Fic. 86.—Leptomylus forfex Cope.

(Type, from Hussakof.)

ICHTHYODORULITES. TAI
ICHTHYODORULITES.

This group is purely artificial, and is used merely as a reposi-
tory for various spines, dermal armature, tubercles, etc., of such
cartilaginous fishes as sharks and chimeras, which are only
known from fragmentary remains. It often follows that
such incomplete indications of these animals are very similar in
the various genera, and that their determination as to higher
rank is very difficult, if not impossible, for which reason it would
be convenient to at least indicate them in this provisional ar-
rangement. About 82 genera have been described.

Genus CYLINDRACANTHUS Leidy.

Cylindracanthus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII, 1856,'p. 12. Type
Cylindracanthus ornatus Leidy, monotypic.

Celorhynchus (nec Giorna) Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., V, 1843, pp. 892. Type
Celorhynchus rectus Agassiz, first species, and name only, restricted by
Hay, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 179, 1902, p. 331.

Glyptorhynchus Leriche, Poiss. Eoc. Basin Belge, 1906, p. —(not consulted).

Spine very long, slender, gradually tapering, rounded in sec-
tion, without denticles, external face longitudinally ridged and
grooved, each ridge corresponding to wedge-shaped plate which
forms small sector of spine. Central cavity relatively small,
sometimes in part simple, but usually divided by median parti-
tion. Division plane passing through middle of partition, thus
allowing spine to be readily split into two symmetrical halves.

This genus was originally thought to be possibly allied with the
sword fishes, and others have thought it located near the chimz-
roids. Its true position must still be considered doubtful.

CYLINDRACANTHUS oRNATUS Leidy.

Cylindracanthus ornatus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 12.
Cretaceous near Pemberton, Burlington Co., N. J. (W. Taylor), and
Alabama,

Celorhynchus ornatus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1870, p.
294. (Eocene Marl of Farmingdale, Monmouth Co., N. J.)

Spine cylindrical, slightly tapering (both ends damaged).
Surface with longitudinal strie of more or less even length,

142 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

variation in striz only due to greater width or depth of grooves
separating them, and entire surface evenly smooth to touch. As
spine narrows occasionally, two will unite and then continue
singly. Striz vary 35 to 45 in number. Length (damaged) 87
mm. Diameter 14 mm.

All the smaller examples exhibit about 35 or 36 striz, while
in the largest there are 45. Allowing for the flutings, which are
not over 10, the variation is considerable.

Formation, and locality. The types, three fragmentary spines
from the “Cretaceous near Pemberton” [may mean the Navesink-
Hornerstown marl just west of Pemberton at Birmingham, the
Vincentown limesand nearer town, or the Manasquan marl, ex-
posed in the banks of the creek at Pemberton, K.], in Burlington
County (W. Taylor), and four small fragmentary spines from the
Eocene marl of Farmingdale in Monmouth County (A. J.
Smith).

CYLINDRACANTHUS ACUS (Cope).

Celorhynchus acus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XII, 1870, p. 294.
Eocene Marl of Farmingdale, Monmouth Co., N. J.

Cylindracanthus acus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908,
p. 44, fig. 1 (type).

Fragment of small spine with single median cavity, and exter-
nally 19 ridges separated by narrow grooves. Length about 29
mm. (From Cope.)

Cope originally states this to be a portion of the muzzle of a
fish similar to C. rectus, but smaller, also much smaller than C.
ornatus, and differing from the latter in much fewer ridges.

Formation and locality. ‘The type, described above, from the
Eocene marl of Farmingdale in Monmouth County (A. J.
Smith), and now in the American Museum at New York.

ICHTHYODORULITES. 143

Fic. 87.—Cylindracanthus ornatus Leidy. 1-6, New Jersey; 7-10, Mon-
mouth Co.

_————

Fic. 88.—Cylindracanthus acus Cope. (Type, from Hussakof.)

Genus SPHAGEPCHA Cope.

Sphagepea Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1869, p. 241. Type
Sphagepea aciculata Cope, virtually designated, monotypic.

Spine slender, acute, nearly straight, with thin projecting an-
terior edge deeply notched from tip to short distance above base,
producing an acute dentition. No teeth behind, but two promin-
ent ridges separated by a deep groove. Sides of spine longitudi-
nally grooved. The single extinct species known.

144 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

SPHAGEPGA ACICULATA Cope.

Sphagepea aciculata Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Phila., XI, 1869, p. 241.
Cretaceous Greensand of the upper bed, Birmingham, N. J.
Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 293. (Birmingham, N. J.
Greensand No. 5.)
Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 50, fig. 22 (type).

Spine much compressed in general form, but section of eden-
tulous portion broad as deep. Sides with two elevated ridges, an-
terior only continued to near tip, gradually broken into series of
tubercles near base. Length about 140 mm. (From Cope.)

Cope says this spine may be referred to either a pycnodont,
chimeroid or possibly even a plectognath fish. He also adds it
resembles the spine of Microdon nuchalis figured by Dixon.

Fic. 89.—Sphagepaa aciculata Cope. (Type, % size, from Hussakof.)

Formation and locality. Known only from the type which
Cope says was discovered in the Cretaceous greensand of the
upper bed at the pits of the Pemberton Marl Company, Birming-
ham, in Burlington county (T. Kite). Hussakof, however, gives
the locality as Hornerstown. [In either event it seems referable
to the Hornerstown marl, K.].

Sub-Class ACTINOPTERI.
THE TRUE FISHES.

Membrane head bones, as opercle, preopercle, etc., developed.
Skeleton sometimes cartilaginous, usually bony. Skull with
sutures. Lungs imperfectly developed, or degraded to form
swim-vessel, or entirely absent. Heart developed, divided into
an auricle, ventricle and arterial bulb. Gills with their outer

ACTINOPTERL 145

edges free, their bases attached to bony arches, normally four pairs
of these, and fifth pair being typically modified into tooth-bear-
ing lower pharyngeals. Ova small. Median and paired fins de-
veloped, latter with distinct rays. No claspers.

Series GANOIDEI.
THE GANOID FISHES.

A scarcely definable assemblage of largely provisional nature
first used by Agassiz for those fishes armed with bony plates in-
stead of the usual type of cycloid or ctenoid scales. The orders
are: Lysopteri, Chondrostei, Selachostomi, Pycnodontt, Lepi-
dostet and Halecomorphi.

Order PYCNODONTI.

THE PYCNODONTS.

Notochord persistent, without ossifications in its sheath.
Opercle small. Preopercle large. Branchiostegal apparatus re-
duced. No subopercle or interopercle. No infraclavicles.

This order contains a single family.

Family PYCNODONTIDZ.
THE PYCNODONTS.

Trunk deeply fusiform or cycloidal. Mouth gape small. Pre-
hensile teeth on premaxillary and dentary, wanting on maxillary
(if this bone present) and pterygo-palatine arcade, tritorial on
single yomer and splenials, and all teeth without vertical suc-
cessors. Cranial bones robust, median occipital plate separating
parietals. Facial bones delicate or wanting. Opercle reduced till
small, preopercle large. Branchiostegals not more thantwo. Man-
dibular suspensorium much inclined forward. Notochord per-
sistent, without ossifications in sheath. Scales rhombic when
present, frequently wanting on whole or part of caudal region,
and almost invariably strengthened by inner rib on anterior edge

IO GEOL

146 CRE DACE OUSPAND RAN ARavaM itil

and united by peg-and-socket articulation in connection there-
with. Fin-rays robust, majority well-spaced and articulated,
fulcra absent, except perhaps quite at base of caudal fin. Dorsal
and anal more or less extended.

This family, of which all its members are extinct, is appar-
ently most closely related to the sturgeons, near which it has been
placed. About 15 genera have been described.

Genus PYCNODUS Agassiz.

Pycnodus Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., II, 1835, p. 183. Type Zeus platessus Blain-
ville, first species, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes, III, 1895,
p. 276. : 5

Periodus Agassiz, |. c., p. 201. Type Periodus hoemigii Agassiz, monotypic.

Trunk deeply fusiform, gradually passing into slender caudal
peduncle. Teeth smooth or with slight apical pit and feeble
rugosity. Oral vomerine surface slightly convex from side to
side, with five longitudinal series of teeth. Splenial dentition com-
prising three series of teeth, innermost largest. Head and oper-
cular bones externally rugose and punctate. Neural and hzmal
arches of axial skeleton of trunk expanding to encircle notochord.
Scales covering front part of body before median fins. Fin rays
delicate, spaced, articulated, somewhat divided distally. Pelvic
fins present. Dorsal and anal low, fringe-like, former occupies
greater part of back and latter much shorter, arising posteriorly.
Caudal with slightly excavated hinder border.

About 32 species have been described.

PycnopUS PHASEOLUS Hay.

Pycnodus phaseolus Hay, Amer. Nat., XXXIII, 1890, p. 788 (name only,
based on Leidy).

Pycnodus faba (nec Meyer) Leidy, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., I, 1873, pp. 292,
340, Pl. 10, fig. 15-16. Greensand Marl of Crosswicks, Burlington
Cosine ds:

Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 280. (Greensand No.
oF INL)

Jaw fragment with three broad teeth arranged obliquely parallel
with one another from within backward and outward. Outline

ACTINOPTERLI. 147

elongated, bean-shaped, slightly concave in front and convex
behind, and slightly wider externally than internally. Length of
tooth about 20 mm. (From Leidy.)

The above paratype, figured by Leidy, differs from his type in
not having small lateral teeth in at least one series each side
of the median, and on one side traces of a second series.

Formation and locality. Originally from the Cretaceous of
Mississippi, but also known from Leidy’s record of the above-
described example from the greensand marl of Crosswicks in

Fic. 90.—Pycnodus phaseolus Hay. (Type, from Leidy.)

Burlington County (J. H. Slack). This example was said to
have been in the collection of the Academy, but I have not located
it. [A marly clay, the Merchantville formation, outcrops at
Crosswicks village, but no true marl beds occur within several
miles of that place. The Navesink marl was formerly dug along
Crosswicks Creek, south of Walnford, and 6 or 7 miles above
Crosswicks village. It is impossible to determine whether the
specimen is referable to the Merchantville clay or to the Nave-
sink marl, probably the latter, K. |

Pycnopus Bopustus Leidy.

Pycnodus robustus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, p. 168. Green-
sand of New Jersey.
Leidy, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., I, 1873, pp. 203, 350, Pl. 37, figs.
18-19 (type).

Tooth elongate, rather depressed, slightly convex anteriorly as
viewed above, with either end very slightly tapering and rounded.
Edges all rounded and like surface smooth. Viewed below

148 CRETACEOUS ANID Ai Ra PARays SE Siee

tooth deeply excavated, leaving trenchant edges all around and
longer ones slightly more approximated than edges of upper
surface. Length about 29 mm.

This was probably inclined from left downward to right end,
and beginning at former greater portion beveled as triturating

Fic. 91.—Pycnodus robustus Leidy. (Type).

surface, leaving lower right portion more convex. Coloration
brownish and all about edges rather pale slaty.

Formation and locality. Only the type, described above, with-
out definite locality or geological horizon (G. H. Cook) is known.
It is now in the collection of the Academy.

Order lEriIDOSTE!

THE BONY GANOIDS.

Skeleton bony. Subopercle and preopercle present, also coro-
noid and mesocoracoid. Branchiostegals present. Ventral fins
abdominal, with basilar segments rudimentary, as in ordinary
fishes. Primary radii of hind limb generally reduced to one rudi-
ment. Optic nerves form chiasma. Intestine with spiral valve.
Arterial bulb with several pairs of valves. Air vessel lung-like,
cellular, connected, with cesophagus by duct. Skin covered with
ganoid or cycloid scales. Tail heterocercal.

ACTINOPTERI. 149

Family LEPISOSTEIDAE.
EEC GARG PIKRS:

Body elongate, subcylindrical. Jaws mostly elongate, spatu-
late or beak-like, upper projecting beyond lower. Eyes small.
Premaxillary forms most of upper jaw edge. Maxillary trans-
versely divided in several pieces. Lower jaw composed of as
many pieces as in reptiles, coronoid present. Both jaws with outer
series of small teeth followed by one or two series of large teeth,
besides series of small close-set rasp-like teeth on jaws, vomer
and palatines. Large jaw teeth of conic form, pointed, striate,
placed at right angles to jaw. These teeth resting in rather deep
furrow protected on outside by raised border of jaw, on inside
by similar ridge, pierced in center by foramen communicating
with maxillary canal through which nerves and blood-vessels
enter pulp cavity of tooth. Forms of folded dentine layers within
teeth peculiar. Pharyngeal teeth rasp-like. Tongue tooth-
less, short, broad, emarginate, set free at tip. Nostrils close to
upper jaw tip. Gill-membranes somewhat connected, free from
isthmus. Gills 4, slit after fourth. Gill-rakers very short.
Pseudobranchie present. Branchiostegals 3. Accessory gill on
inner side of opercle. Air-vessel cellular, lung-like, somewhat
functional. Stomach not cecal. Pyloric appendages numerous.
Intestinal spiral valve rudimentary. Body covered with hard
thombic ganoid scales or plates, imbricated in oblique series ex-
tending downward and backward. External skull bones very
hard, rugose. Fins with fulcra. Dorsal fin short, rather high,
posterior, nearly opposite similar anal. Tail heterocercal, in
young produced as filament beyond caudal. Caudal convex.
Pectorals and ventrals moderate, few rayed, latter nearly mid-
way between former and anal.

The existing forms are large fishes, chiefly of the fresh waters
of North America, referred to one or two genera. Several generic
names have been applied to the fragmentary fossil forms, which
are here included under Lepisosteus. It seems likely that the
existing forms are divisable into two genera, of which Cylin-
drosteus may also be maintained.

130 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

Genus LEPISOSTEUS Lacépéde.

Lepisosteus Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1803, p. 330. Type Lepisosteus
gavial Lacépéde, first species, restricted by Jordan and Gilbert, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, p: 84.

Lepidosteus, auct. ;

Psallisostonus Walbaum, Pet. Arted. Gen. Pisc., III, 1792, p. Type (no
species given, except “Esocis species L.”) Esex osseus Linneus, affixed

by Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, p. 81. (Name inad-

missible as only a reprint.)

Cylindrosteus Rafinesque, Ich. Obhien., 1820, p. 72. Type Lepisosteus platos-
tomus Rafinesque, first species, restricted by. Jordan and Gilbert, 1. c.,
p. 87.

Atractosteus Rafinesque, 1. c. Type Lepisosteus ferox Rafinesque, first
species, restricted by Jordan and Gilbert, 1. c.

Sarchirus Rafinesque, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. I, pt. 2, 1818, p. 418.
Type Sarchirus vittatus Rafinesque, monotype.

Pneumatosteus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila. XI, 1869, p. 242-
Type Pneumatosteus nahunticus Cope, monotype.

Clastes Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872 (1873), p. 633. Type
Clastes cycliferus Cope, second species, restricted by Woodward, Cat.
Foss. Fishes, III, 1895, p. 445.

Trichiurides Winkler, Arch. Mus. Teyler, IV, 1876, p. 31. Type Trichiurides
sagittidens Winkler, monotypic.

Characters included in those of the family.

LEPISOSTEUS KNIESKERNI Sp. nov.

Detached scale of lateral line unevenly rhomboid in contour of
enameled surface, both upper and lower anterior edges slightly
concave and upper posterior side longest. Enameled surface
with number of minute pores, and median transverse short exca-
vation (evidently a pore of lateral line) about first three-sevenths

Fic. 92.—Lepisosteus knieskerni Fowler. (Type.)

in length of scale. This pore opens on under side of scale in a pore
placed about last third in its length, and continued back hori-
zontally as rather deep groove. Inner or lower surface of scale
rough, not enameled, with short hook-like process at upper angle.
Length about 17 mm.

a

ACTINOPTERI. I51

This species is only known to me from the above-described
type, No. 2264, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., from Monmouth County,
N. J. (Dr. P. D. Knieskern). Unfortunately it is without other
data and is accompanied by two small fragmentary bones, one
minutely denticulated, possibly belonging to the same animal?
This fossil is quite interesting as indicating the first instance of
the antiquity of Lepisosteus within our limits.

Formation and locality. No formation or definite locality has
been given for this species, which would, however, seem to be
Cretaceous? (Named for Dr. P. D. Knieskern, who collected
the type.)

Order ISOSPONDYLI.
THE ISOSPONDYLOUS FISHES.

Anterior vertebre simple, unmodified, without auditory ossi-
cles. Symplectic present. Opercles distinct. Pharyngeal bones
simple above and below, lower not falciform. Jaw bones de-
veloped. Maxillary broad, distinct from premaxillary, forms
part of upper jaw edge. No barbels. Shoulder-girdle well de-
veloped, connected with cranium by bony post-temporal. No
interclavicles. Mesocoracoid arch always well developed, as in
ganoids, forming bridge from hypercoracoid to hypocoracoid
Gills 4, slit after fourth. Air-vessel, if present, with pneumatic
duct. Scales usually cycloid, sometimes ctenoid, occasionally
absent. No developed photophores. Dorsal and anal fins with-
out true spines. Adipose fin present or absent. Ventral fins ab-
dominal, sometimes wanting.

A large group, containing about 54 ent, some of which
show characters analogous in some of the ganoid Halecomorphi,
seemingly pointing to a possible line of descent. The present
order is a very large group, containing a vast number of marine,
soft-rayed fishes among living forms, though the fossils are
much less numerous.

Family RAPHIOSAURIDA.

Dentition with short stout fangs occupying alveoli, of which
inner side and part of anterior posterior walls incomplete ‘Teeth

LS CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

more or less pleurodont, but extremity of root received into
conic fundus of alveolus. Premaxillary bones well developed,
maxillaries more so, and enter largely into composition of mouth
border. Well developed angle of mandible.

This family differs from the C/irocentride in its dentition.
All its species are extinct. Genera about 21. IJ may note that
Pachyrlizgodus Dixon? is antedated by Raphiosaurus Owen,? and
therefore the present family appellation should stand as above
rather than as Pachyrhizodontide.

Genus CONOSAURUS Gibbes.

Conosaurus Gibbes, Smiths. Contrib. Knowl., II, 1851, p. 9. Type Conosaurus
bowmani Gibbes.

Conosurus, auct.

Conosaurops Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 202. Type Cono-
saurus bowmant Gibbes, virtually, as this name proposed to replace
Conosaurus believed preoccupied.

Detached teeth conic, in transverse section circular, solid,
sharp-pointed, slightly curved backward, fluted near base on
inner face with smooth and fine enamel, and with an expanded
osseus support.

Only a single species.

CoNOSAURUS BOWMANI Gibbes.

Conosaurus bowmani Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, p. 200.
(Greensand of Burlington Co.)

Conosaurus bowmanti Cope, Rep. U. §S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 276.
(Greensand of Burlington Co.)

Fragment of jaw slightly compressed, outer surface above less
inclined than inner above, also former nearly plane or scarcely
convex and latter slightly concave with inclination extending
well down. As viewed above fragment slightly convex in general
contour. At present three teeth alternate with four deep alveoli,
latter appear as slightly ellipsoid pits of rather large size when

* Geol. Sussex, 1850, p. 374.
* Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1841 (1842), pp. 145, 190.

ACTINOPTERI. 153

viewed from above. Anterior tooth perfect, inclined slightly
back, entirely conical, and tip directed slightly inside. Last two
teeth damaged apically, solid, similar to first, and last smallest.
Teeth all placed close together. Length 70 mm.

The above example is described by Leidy and referred to this
species. Another smaller fragment, similar, only with two teeth,
an alveolus between and traces of one externally to each tooth,

Fic. 93.—Conosaurus bowmani Gibbes. Burlington Co. (Taylor).

agrees in having solid conic teeth. In this fragment the ex-
ternal face, apparently, of the jaw, is well inclined. Length about
41 mm.

Formation and locality. ‘The two fragments above described
are from the greensand of Burlington County [which are Creta-
ceous, K.] (W. J. Taylor). The species was originally ascribed
to the Eocene of South Carolina.

154 CREDACEOUS SAND DRA DNRVaa ES Ee

Family ICHTHYODECTID®.

Body elongate. Snout not produced. Teeth acuminate, al-
“most or exclusively confined to premaxilla, maxilla and dentary
bones. Supraoccipital prominent, partly or completely separat-
ing parietals in median line. Squamosals reduced, otic region
very prominent. Parasphenoid enclosing basicranial canal.
Cheek-plates well developed. Mandibular suspensorium in-
clined forwards, but mouth gape wide. Premaxilla and maxilla
robust and firmly fixed, both entering upper mouth. border.
Opercular apparatus complete, with branchiostegal rays, but no
gular plate. Vertebral centra well ossified, none with transverse
processes. Rubs nearly or completely encircling abdominal cavity.
Hzemal arches more or less fused at base of tail. Intermuscular
bones present. Post-temporal bones in contact with postero-
lateral angles of cranium. Scales thin, cycloid. Fin-fulcra ab-
sent. Fin rays divided and closely articulated distally. Dorsal
and anal fins remote, latter elevated into an acuminate lobe an-
teriorly.

Represented by about eight genera, all extinct. Possibly the
most salient character, as distinctive from the Chirocentrid@ is the
anal fin having an elevated anterior lobe.

Genus SAUROCEPHALUS Harlan.

Saurocephalus Harlan, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., III, 1824, p. 337. Type
Saurocephalus lanciformis Harlan, monotypic.

Saurodon Hays, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., (2) III, 1830, p. 475. Type
Saurodon lee Hays, monotypic.

Daptimus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1873, p. 339. Type Sauro-
cephalus phlebotomus Cope, specified, monotypic.

J .

Teeth hollow, in sockets, compressed to sharp edge in front

and behind. Maxillary and dentary teeth almost uniform, only

slightly increasing in size backwards, and those on premaxillary

not much enlarged. Successional teeth formed on inner side of

functional teeth, and a series of nutritive foramina on inner face

of jaw below alveolar border or inner margin of each dental

alveolus deeply notched. Small toothless presymphyseal bone

ACTINOPTERI. V5)

in mandible. Vertebrze about 60 (—=2¢ + 35). Centra ex-
hibiting two deep longitudinally extended pits on each side.
About 20 species.

SAUROCEPHALUS LEANUS (Hays).

Saurodon lee Hays, Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila, (2) III, 1830, p. 476.
Upper Cretaceous of Pensauken Creek.
Saurodon leanus Hays, |. c., p. 477, Pl. 16, figs. 1-10 (type).
Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1870, p. 536 (compiled).
Cope, U. S. Geol. Surv. Wyom., 1871, p. 421 (reference).
Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 255. (Greensand No. 5,
N: Jz)
Saurocephalus leanus Harlan, Tr. Geol. Soc. Pa., I, pt. 1, 1834, p. 83 (not
consulted).
Harlan, Med. Phys. Res., 1835, p. 286 (remarks).
Morton, Amer. Journ. Sci. Art., XXVIII, 1835, p. 277. (name only).
Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 302 (compiled).
Leidy, Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1857, pp. 91, 94, Pl. 6, figs. 12-15,
(largely compiled).

Fic. 94.—Saurocephalus leanus (Hays). 1-2, Allowaystown (Yarrow), and.
others type (from Hays). 5

156 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

Portion of mandible with rami nearly parallel, below through
whole extent of fragment in contact apparently united by suture.
Posteriorly on each a smooth shallow cavity. Near hind end
appearance of suture, most distinct on left side. Dental bone
with single row of alveoli continued in front for teeth. Just
below alveolar border a series of foramina, one foramen to each
alveolus. Teeth of mandible (crushed?) close within upper.
Just within dentai bone on left side rectangular portion of unde-
termined bone. Premaxillaries very distinct, united behind by
squamous suture to upper maxillary, and apparently lachrymal,
anteriorly premaxillaries rounded, and hind portions each side
with four or five teeth. A lachrymal between premaxillary and
maxillary on each side, deep groove on its front portion passing
forward and down becomes smaller as it descends. Each lachry-
mal with small smooth superficial groove on upper portions, inside
small smooth, slightly convex, apparently articulating surface.
Maxillary above and in front, near junction with lachrymal,
with smooth convex articulating surface inclining little inwards
and alveoli for teeth distinct. Near alveolar edge, on inner sur-
face regular series of foramina. Outer surfaces of maxillary and
premaxillary with shagreen appearance. Teeth in both jaws
close together, uniserial, in distinct alveoli, similar or mandibular
rather more compressed, and anterior of latter also smaller than
posterior. Crowns of teeth enameled, smooth, lanciform, slightly
inclined inwards, and those at hind part of mandible slightly
curved forward. Roots hollow, slightly grooved externally, and
very slight groove internally. Apparently 9 or Io intermaxillary
teeth and about 30 in each maxillary. Length about 87 mm.
(From Hays. )

Formation and locality. The type was found in the upper
Cretaceous marl of Pensauken creek 5 miles southeast of Moores-
town (J. Brick). [The headwaters of Pensauken Creek originate
in the belt of Navesink-Hornerstown marl south of Mount
Laurel, so that the specimen may be referred to that horizon, K. |
I have not examined any examples unless a detached tooth from
the marl at Allowaystown [Miocene, K.] (H. C. Yarrow) is
identical.

ACTINOPTERI. 157
Family ENCHODONTID.

Snout not produced. Teeth fused with supporting bone, not
in complete sockets, those on pterygo-palatine arcade and dentary
largest. Supraoccipital not prominent, but extending forwards
to frontals and separating small parietals in median line. Squa-
mosal reduced, only partly covering otic region, which projects
laterally. No basicranial canal. Cheek-plates well developed.
Mandibular suspensorium vertical or inclined backwards, and
mouth gape wide. Premaxilla delicate, considerably extended,
and excluding great part of slender maxilla from upper mouth
border. Opercular apparatus complete, with few slender branch-
iostegal rays and no gular plate. Vertebral centra well ossified,
none with transverse processes. Ribs not completely encircling
adominal cavity. Compound hypural bone at tail base. Inter-
muscular bones present. Scales delicate or absent, but occa-
sional longitudinal series of scutes and dorsal series, when pres-
ent, unpaired. Fin fulcra absent. Rayed dorsal never extended
much, usually near middle of back, and sometimes an adipose fin
behind.

Related to the existing Evermanellide and Alepisauride, both
fishes of the deep sea. All the members of this family are ex-
tinct and comprise about Io genera.

Genus ENCHODUS Agassiz.

Enchodus Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. V, 1843, p. 64. Type Enchodus halcyon
Agassiz, first species, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes, IV,
I9QOI, p. IOI.

Isodus Heckel, Russegger. Reis., III, 1846-49, p. 342. Type Isodus sulcatus
Heckel, monotypic.

Ischyrocephalus Marck, Zeitsch. Deutsch: Geol. Ges., X, 1858, p. 248. Type
Ischyrocephalus gracilis Marck, monotypic.

Solenodon Kramberger, Jahrb. Geol. Reichsanst., XX XI, 1881, p. 373. ‘Type
Solenodon neocomiensis Kramberger, first species, restricted by Wood-
ward, l. c., p. 204. (Preoccupied by Brandt 1833.)

Holcodon Kramberger, Rad. Jugoslav. Akad., LXXII, 1885, p. 19. Type
Saurocephalus? lycodon Kner, virtually monotypic.

Euryganthus Davis, Tr. Roy. Dublin Soc., (2) III, 1887, p. 601. Type Eury-
ganthus ferox Davis, monotypic.

158 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

Trunk elongate-fusiform, and, like head, laterally com-
pressed. Mandible little prominent, with inner widely-spaced
series of large slender teeth, front largest, also marginal series
of minute teeth all nearly or completely solid. Premaxillary in
form of vertical lamina, deepest in front, tapering behind, with
uniserial small teeth. Maxillary long, slender, either finely
toothed or edentulous at oral edge. Palatine thickened, tumid,
with only one large tooth fixed at front end. Ectopterygoid ro-
bust, with single spaced series of large slender teeth, gradually
diminished in size backwards. No teeth barbed. Operculum
strengthened on inner side by ridge extending horizontally back
from point of suspension. Cranial roof with deep median longi-
tudinal depression, lateral and occipital margins ornamented like
other external bones, with ridges and tubercles of ganoine.
Branchiostegal rays about 12-16. Vertebrz 40-50, about half
caudal. Centra at least long as deep, constricted mesially, and
marked with small irregular longitudinal ridges. Rudimentary
dermal scutes not overlapping, in single median series between
occiput and dorsal and along course of lateral line. Pair of en-
larged hook-shaped dermal scutes at base of tail, one on either
side of caudal peduncle. All except foremost rays of each fin
finely divided distally, but none excessively elongated. No post-
clavicular plate. Dorsal and anal large, neither much longer than
deep, and former arising much before middle point of trunk, lat-
ter also far forwards. Posterior adipose dorsal. Caudal forked,
with curved fulcral rays and stout articulated undivided rays at
base both above and below. Pectoral large. Ventral much
smaller than pectoral, and far forward.

About 30 species have been described.

ENCHOoDUS FEROX Leidy.

Enchodus ferox Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 397. Greensand
near Mount Holly, N. J.
Emmons, Man. Geol. Ed. 2, 1860, p. 214, fig. 182 (no loc.).
Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 277. (Below Greensand
No. 5, New Jersey.)
Hay, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., XIX, 1903, p. 68, fig. 50 (Cope’s material).
Hussakof, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 72 (Cope’s material).

ACTINOPTERI. 159

Sphyrena Morton, Synop. Organ. Rem. Cret., 1834, p. 32, Pl. 12, fig. 1. (Blue
Marl of Monmouth Co.)
Enchodus pressidens Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1869, p. 241.
Cretaceous Greensand of New Jersey.
Cope, Rep. U. S. Geo. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 277. (Greensand No. ?
of N. J.)

Fragment of left premaxillary with base of anterior tooth
(damaged). Length 38 mm.

Tooth (damaged) compressed laterally, forming rather broad
longitudinal concave groove each side, and constricted convex
surface with numerous fine parallel vertical basal striz. Broad
expanded convex surface smooth. Entire cutting-edges sharp.
Crown of this tooth tapering rapidly to broad compressed and
finally sharp point. Base of crown slightly flaring a little behind.
Length 36 mm.

Another tooth comparatively broader, without striz, form
more compressed so convex side faces assymmetrical laterally.
This tooth also shows very minute serre along its cutting-edge.
Length 38 mm.

The above examples are described in detail as they are Mor-
ton’s originals. This species is the most abundant of the genus
within our limits. It seems to be characterized by the cutting-
edges of the large teeth extending both sides basally.

Formation and locality. Besides the above-described examples,
ascribed to the “Blue marl of Monmouth County” [either Nave-
sink or the Shark River, probably the former, K.] (3); a large
fang and portion of attachment from “the Greensand at Free-
hold in Monmouth County” [Navesink marl] (J. H. Slack 1) ;
also portion of jaw with three large conic teeth without other
locality than New Jersey (C. C. Abbott 1) ; portion of jaw and its
attachment labeled New Jersey, and fragment of jaw with two
large solid teeth and a series of externals of small size from Bur-
lington County. The following detached teeth seem to belong to
this species: 1 of moderate size found with Hadrosaurus foulku at
Haddonfield [in the Woodbury clay, K.]; 1 from “New Jersey”’
(C. C. Abbott); 1 from “New Jersey’ (E. D. Cope); 1 from
the Cretaceous of “New Jersey” (J. Leidy); 1 imperfect from
Monmouth County (C. C. Abbott); 1 from Vincentown in Bur-

160 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

Fic. 95.—Enchodus ferox Leidy. 1-2, New Jersey “greensand (Slack) ;
3-5, New Jersey (Abbott); 6-8, New Jersey (Cope); 9-12, New Jersey
(Leidy) ; 13-17, Monmouth Co. (Morton) ; 18-20, Monmouth Co. (Abbott) ;
21-22, Haddonfield.

ACTINOPTERI. 161

Fic. 96.—Enchodus ferox Leidy. 1, New Jersey (Abbott); 2, New Jersey;
3, Burlington Co.

Fic. 97.—Enchodus ferox Leidy. *1-6, one mile southwest of Farmingdale
in Manasquan Marl; *7-8, near Crawford’s Corner in Wenonah sand.

lington County [Manasquan marl or the Vincentown limesand,
K.] (T. M. Bryan). I have allowed Enchodus pressidens Cope
to fall with this species, as suggested by Hay.

II GEOL

162 CRETACEOUS ANID yale RAW ANROYa hs) le

ENCHODUS SEMISTRIATUS Marsh.

Enchodus semistriatus Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1869 (1870),
p. 230. Lower Cretaceous Marl Bed of New Jersey.

Phasganodus semistriatus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p.
277. (Greensand of No. 4, New Jersey.)

Tooth slightly sigmoid in shape, compressed, with front sharp
cutting-edge minutely denticulated. Rounded posterior surface
marked by delicate striz, except near apex, which latter is
furnished with a barb. Length about 23 mm. (From Marsh.)

Marsh also identified some smaller teeth more nearly straight,
but apparently without the apical barb.

Formation and locality. Known from detached teeth from the
“lower Cretaceous marl bed of New Jersey” [probably mean-
ing the Navesink marl bed, K.].

ENCHODUS SERRULATUS Sp. nov.

Tooth somewhat sigmoid in form, well compressed, and front
cutting-edge sharp, very finely serrated. Convex posterior sur-

Fic. 98.—Enchodus serrulatus Fowler. (Type.)

face with many fine longitudinal basal strize, not reaching apex or
cutting-edge. No distinct barb, but apex with entire cutting-
edges, posterior extending below short distance as minutely ser-
rated edge. Strize quite deep and distinct on basal part of crown.
Length 16 mm.

Formation and locality. A single ‘tooth, without formation,
from Vincentown in Burlington County [the Manasquan marl,
K.] (T. M. Bryan). This example approaches E. semistriatus,
but differs in its posterior serrated apical keel, the apex itself
being entire. Type No. 5,866, Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.

(Serrulatus, with little serre. )

ACTINOPTERI. ~ 163

ENCHODUS GENTRYI (Cope).

Phasganodus gentryi Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila, XIV, 1875, p.
362. Miocene of Cumberland Co., N. J.

Enchodus gentryi Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 72
(type).

Long tooth of jaw anteriorly slender, curved back, front view
shows cutting-edge from apex to base and no cutting-edge or
angle on posterior face (unless at damaged apex). On one side
cementum smooth, on other and posteriorly crown keeled-striate
from base to near apex. Length 10mm. (From Cope.)

This species seems to be distinguished by having a single cut-
ting-edge on the large front teeth in the jaw.

Formation and locality. Known only from the type now in
the American Museum at New York. It was from the Miocene
[the Kirkwood formation, K.] at Shiloh in Cumberland County.
I have not seen any material.

ENCHODUS TETRACUS Cope.

Enchodus tetrecus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 278.
Cretaceous No. 4, Delaware and New Jersey.

Hay, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIX, 103, p. 74, figs. 54-55 (types).

Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 73 (note on types).

Elongate anterior teeth narrow and slender, greatest basal
diameter at right angles to upper part of crown. Posterior side,
as usual, much more convex than anterior, two faces separated by

Fic. 99.—Enchodus tétrecus Cope. (Type, from Hay.)

cutting-edges, both of which extend to base of crown. Shallow
groove runs just behind each cutting-edge to base, giving latter
an unsymmetrical figure 8 form of section. Anterior face but
little convex, perfectly smooth and posterior very convex, marked
with sharply defined grooves about half way to apex from base
between lateral shallow grooves. Fifteen may be counted from
side to side. Length of crown 30 mm. (From Cope.)

164 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

Formation and locality. Known from various teeth, the type
a palatine tooth, in the collection of the American Museum at
-New York. It is from the ‘Cretaceous No. 4” at St. Georges,
Delaware, though Cope also had other material from the same
horizon in New Jersey. Not seen by me.

ENCHODUS OxytomuUS Cope.

Enchodus oxytomus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 278.
Clays below Cretaceous, No. 4, N. J.

Long tooth from front extremity of premaxillary or dentary.
Differs from other species of the genus in extent to which hind
cutting-edge prolongs downward toward base of tooth, nearly
equaling in this respect anterior edge. As in all other species of
the genus cutting-edges not opposite, and a section of base un-
symmetrical. Cementum mostly smooth. Crown rather broad
for its length, which is below average of Cretaceous species.
(From Cope.)

Only known from the above incompletely described example,
originally in the Cope collection.

Formation and locality. Known only from “clays below Cre-
taceous No. 4.”’ Not seen by me.

ENCHODUS SP.

Tooth solid, curved, compressed, rounded convexly behind and
constricted to sharp cutting-edge in front, and (though imper-
fect) apparently entire. Crown as viewed from cutting-edge

Fic. 100.—Enchodus sp. Monmouth Co. (Slack).

deflected convexly to one side, and basally slightly expanded.
Fach side of base with fine parallel strie of rather uneven depth,
and not extending up more than basal two-fifths. Length 14 mm.

ACTINOPTERI. 165

Formation and locality. A single imperfect tooth, with. front
cutting-edge extending whole length, from Monmouth County
(J. H. Slack), without formation.

ENCHODUS SP.

Tooth solid, slightly sigmoid, conic, swelling basally so that
transverse section would be deeply elliptical, and apex com-
pressed transversely with lateral keel extending downward each

Ab

Fic. 101.—Enchodus sp. Monmouth Co. (Knieskern).

side for about two-sevenths length. Edge of each keel under a
lens slightly roughened. Surface. of tooth entire or smooth,
though basally with minute parallel striz of various perfection.
Length 11 mm.

Formation and locality. A small tooth, without donmeitiarn
from Monmouth County (P. D. Knieskern).

ENCHODUS SP.

Teeth similar to the last except entirely conic, without any
keel whatever. Possibly striz were one time present, but only
one example shows basal longitudinal striz now. All are rather

1
Q : 9:
5
3
Fic. 102.—Enchodus sp. 1-2, New Jersey (Burtt); 3-5, Monmouth Co.

(Knieskern) ; 6-7, Vincentown (Bryan).

compressed basally so as to appear elliptical 1 in transverse section.
Length of largest 18 mm.

166 CRETACEOUS AND i PRAT ARNG Sie

Formation and locality. Like the last from Monmouth County
(P. D. Knieskern) 7. Besides these, also another tooth showing
several transverse rings below its middle, from “New Jersey”
(Burtt), and one from Vincentown [the Vincentown limesand
or the Manasquan marl, K.] in Burlington County (T. M.
Bryan).

Order HAPLOMI.
THE PIKE-LIKE FISHES.

Mouth with teeth. Post-temporal normally attached to cra-
nium. Parietals separated by supraoccipital. Symplectic pres-
ent. Opercular bones well developed. Mescoracoid wanting.
Coracoids normal. Hypocoracoid and hypercoracoid separate,
with developed actinosts. Pharyngeals distinct, superior di-
rected forward, 3 or 4 in number, lower not falciform. No inter-
clavicles. Scapular arch joined to cranium by post-temporal.
Front vertebrae unmodified. Air-vessel with distinct duct. Head
usually covered with cycloid scales, like on body. Fins with soft
rays. Dorsal low, mostly posterior, first ray occasionally stiff or
spine-like. No adipose fin. Pectoral placed low. Ventral ab-
dominal, rarely wanting. .

The fishes of this group are interesting as showing osteological
characters more in agreement with the /sospondyli, thus more
or less annectant with that order and the Acanthoptert. About six
families are known, comprising a number of mostly fresh-water
forms among existing fishes. The extinct forms have been re-
ferred entirely to the Esocide and Pecilude.

Family ESOCID.
CEUE, PURE.

Body elongate, not elevated, more or less compressed pos~
teriorly, broad anteriorly. Head long, snout prolonged and de-
pressed. Mouth large, its cleft forming about half length of
head. Upper jaw not protractile, most of its margin formed by
maxillaries, which are quite long and provided with a supple-

ACTINOPTERI. 167

mental bone. Lower jaw the longer. Premaxillaries, vomer and
palatines with broad bands of strong cardiform teeth which are
more or less movable. Lower jaw of strong teeth of different
sizes. Tongue with a broad band of small teeth. No barbels.
Gill-openings very wide. Gill-membranes separate, free from
isthmus. Gill-rakers tubercle-like. Pseudobranchiz glandular,
hidden. Branchiostegals 12 to 20. Stomach not cecal, without
pyloric appendages. Air-vessel simple. Basis cranii simple.
Head naked above. Cheeks and opercles more or less scaly.
Scales small. Lateral line weak, obsolete in young and developed
in adult. Dorsal posterior, opposite and similar to anal. No
adipose fin. Caudal fin emarginate. Pectoral fins small, inserted
low. Ventrals rather posterior.

A single genus, Esox, represented by 5 or 6 living species and
4 extinct. I have, however, included Ischyrhiza as only provi-
sionally, following Hay’s suggestion.

Genus ISCHYRHIZA Leidy.

Ischyrhiza Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 221. Type Ischyrhiza
mira Leidy, monotype.

Tooth with crown apparently laterally compressed, conical,
covered with smooth shining enamel. Fang more robust than
crown, curved pyramidal, quadrate in section, with base rugged
and divided antero-posteriorly. Pulp cavity expanded within
fang, closed below and narrowing towards crown.

An imperfectly defined genus, known only from detached teeth,
though subsequently vertebree have also been identified as iden-
tical. The three species described are extinct.

ISCHYRHIZA MIRA Lediy.

Ischyrliza mira Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 221. Cretaceous
Greensand of Burlington Co., N. J. (. T. Germain.)
Leidy, Holmes’s Post-pliocene Foss. S. C., 1860, p. 120, Pl. 25, figs. 3-0.
(Greensand of New Jersey.)
Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XII, 1872, p. 355 (name only).
Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 280. (Greensand, No. 5,
New Jersey, near Harrisonville.)

168 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

Tooth with crown compressed, elongate, acuminate, with entire
keel extending along each edge to base, and transverse section
elliptical. Enamel of crown smooth. Root about equal in length
to crown, conic continuation of crown apparently, and below hol-
low. Length 28 mm.

Formation and locality. Originally from the Cretaceous

Fic. 103.—Ischyrhiza mira Leidy. Haddonfield (Ford).

greensand and No. 5. I have examined a single tooth, described
above, in the matrix or Hadrosaurus clay from Haddonfield (J.
Ford). [The specimen from Haddonfield is referable to the
Woodbury clay; from Harrisonville (Cope) to the Hornerstown
marl or Vincentown limesand, K. ]

Order ACANTHOPTERI.
THE SPINY RAYED FISHES.

Mouth edge formed by premaxillary. Maxillary normally
distinct, always present, sometimes ossified with premaxillary.
Shoulder-girdle connected by post-temporal with skull. Post-
temporal normally furcate, usually not ossified with skull. Hy-
percoracoid and-hypocoracoid distinct, ossified, former usually
perforate. No mesocoracoid or interclavicles so far as known.
Pharyngeals well developed, lower rarely united, third upper
largest, fourth often absent. Opercular apparatus complete.
Front vertebre unmodified, without ossicula auditus. Gill-open-
ing before pectorals. Gills laminated. Air-vessel typically with-
out duct in adult. Scales variable, typically ctenoid. Lateral
line usually extends high. Front dorsal and anal rays typically

ACTINOPTERI. 169

simple or spinous, and all fin rays often articulate. Pectorals
placed above plane of abdomen, actinosts always present. Ven-
trals mostly anterior, normally attached by pelvis to shoulder-
girdle, usually with a spine and five rays, sometimes absent, some-
times without spine or with many rays, or otherwise modified.
The great majority of living fishes belong to this group, repre-
sented by usually very incomplete fossils. As it is impossible to
limit or define the present assemblage of fishes by any special
one or group of characters, not only as comparatively few of
these have been examined, and therefore the necessary data is
not available, most likely their genetic relations may never be
demonstrated, and this is due in large measure to the meager
palzontological record. The transition of forms is quite variable
from those with characters approaching the Haplomi to those »

more typical of the spiny-rayed series. About 27 sub-orders have
been defined.

Sub-Order PERCESOCES

Branchial arches well developed, bones all present except fourth
superior branchihyal. Third superior pharyngeal much enlarged.
Lower pharyngeals distinct. Scales cycloid. Spinous dorsal
usually present. Pectorals elevated, about level with upper hind
opercle angle. Ventrals I, 5, abdominal.

About six families, two of which are entirely extinct, have been
included in this group. The existing forms mostly fresh-water or
shore fishes of small size, though many quite large and voracious.

Family SPHYRAENIDA.
THE BARRACUDAS.

Body elongate, subterete. Head long, pointed, pike-like. Jaws
elongate, lower considerably projecting. Upper jaw nonpro-
tractile, its border formed by premaxillaries, behind which are
broad maxillaries. Large sharp teeth of unequal size on both
jaws and palatines. No teeth on vomer, usually a very strong
sharp canine near tip of lower jaw. Opercular bones without

1740) CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY MISE

spines or serratures. Gill-openings wide, gill-membranes not
united, free from isthmus. Gills 4, a slit behind fourth. Gill-
rakers very short or obsolete. Pseudobranchiz well developed.
Branchiostegals 7. First superior pharyngeal not present, sec-
ond, third and fourth separate, with teeth. Lower pharyngeals
separate. Air-vessel large, bifurcate anteriorly. Many pyloric
ceca. Vertebrze 24. Body covered with small cycloid scales.
Head scaly above on sides. Lateral line well developed, straight.
First dorsal over ventrals, of 5 rather stout spines. Second
dorsal remote from first dorsal, similar to anal and opposite to it.
Caudal forked. Pectorals short, placed in or below line of axis
of body. Ventrals I, 5, abdominal, in advance of middle of
body.

Usually a single genus, Sphyrena, is allowed, but, according to
Hay, Dictyvodus is admitted.

Genus DICTYODUS Owen.

Dictyodus Owen, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1838, p. 142. No species given.
Type Dictyodus destructor Owen, Cat. Foss. Rept. Pisc. Mus. Roy. Coll.
Surg., 1854, p. I6r.

Sphyrenodus Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., V, pt. 1, 1844, p. 98. Type Sphyrenodus
priscus Agassiz, first species, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes,

V, 1901, p. 473.

Teeth moderate, compressed, and each side with sharp keel,
often finely serrated. Apex sometimes notched.

Scarcely distinguished from Sphyrena, and known only from
fragmentary jaw and teeth. Only two species, described below.
Woodward refers this genus to the Scombride.

DicTyoDUS SILOVIANUS (Cope).

Sphyrenodus silovianus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875,
p. 362. Muocene of Cumberland Co., N. J.

Dictyodus silovianus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., X XV, 1908, p. 71,
fig. 37 (type).

Fragment of jaw with five teeth and alveoli for four others.
Jaw compressed and slightly curved, with smooth surface. Teeth
subequal, compressed, rather short and acute, without roots, and

ACTINOPTERI. 17t

at their bases alveolar borders notched. Length of fragment 20
mm. (From Cope.)
Formation and locality. Known only from the above, obtained

Fic. 104.—Dictyodus silovianus (Cope). (Type, x1%, from Hussakof.)

in the Miocene of Cumberland County and now in the American
Museum at New York. Not seen by me.

Dicryopus spEctosus (Leidy).

Sphyrena speciosus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 221. Muio-
cene Marl of Cumberland Co., N. J. (E. Davis.)

Sphyrenodus speciosus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila, XIV, 1875,
p. 362. (Miocene of Cumberland Co., N. J.)

Detached teeth compressed, without roots, inner side much
less convex than outer, so that transverse section would be un-
evenly elliptical, and cutting-edge on each side extending com-
pletely from base to apex, and also minutely serrated. Enameled

ObOSOGOLS te Bs
A iz

IG ler HI

Fic. 105.—Dictyodus speciosus (Leidy): 1-9, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern) ;
10-15, Vincentown (Bryan) ; 16-18, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).

surface smooth, without striz. Anterior tooth shows only single
cutting-edge, and though well compressed opposite edge well
convex and forming slight apical barb. Basally and around
convex edge many minute vertical strie. Length of largest ex-
ample 10 mm.

172 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

These examples all agree with Leidy’s account and strongly
suggest the teeth of our existing barracudas. |

Formation and locality. Originally from the Miocene marl of
Cumberland, County, it is very likely my nine examples are from
the same formation in Monmouth County (P. D. Knieskern).
Cope also had a single anterior tooth from the same formation
in the Thomas collection from Charles County, Md.1_ It seems
to agree, as much as its fragmentary nature will permit, with the
New Jersey material. Also two small teeth from Vincentown
[probably the Vincentown limesand or the Manasquan marl,
K.] (T. M. Bryan), may also belong to this species, though they
are somewhat more.-curved.

Sub-Order BERYCOIDEI.
THE BERYCOID FISHES.

No suborbital stay. Shoulder-girdle and pharyngeals normal.
Vertebree 24 to 30. Head with conspicuous mucous cavities.
Body naked or variously scaled, sometimes scales greatly special-
ized. Air-vessel with persistent duct in some forms throughout
life. Dorsal fin with few or many spines. Ventrals thoracic or
subabdominal, each with spine, usually seven branched rays, latter
varying five to ten, and in one group spine greatly enlarged, with
rays reduced in number.

Usually six families admitted, mostly living fishes in tropical
seas, and three are also represented by extinct forms.

Family BERYCID/.

Body oblong or ovate, compressed. Eye lateral, usually large.
Mouth wide, oblique. Premaxillaries protractile. Maxillary
rather large, usually with supplemental bone. Bands of villi-
form teeth on jaws and usually on vomer and palatines. Canines
sometimes present. Suborbitals narrow, not ensheathing cheeks.
Opercular bones usually spinous. No barbels. Gill-rakers mod-

*Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 142.

AC TINO RACE RY 11 , 173

erate. Gills 4, slit after fourth. Pseudobranchiz present. Gill-
membranes separate, free from isthmus. Branchiostegals 7 or 8.
Pyloric coeca numerous. Body covered with ctenoid or cycloid
scales, foliate or granular. Cheeks and opercles scaly. Head
with large muciferous cavities, covered by thin skin. Dorsal fin
continuous, spines weak, 2 to 8. Anal spines 2 to 4. Caudal
usually forked. Ventrals thoracic, mostly I, 7, number of rays
usually greater than I, 5.

Genera about eight, of which three are extinct. Most of the
existing forms are bathyic.

Genus BERYX Cuvier.

Beryx Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, II, 1820, p. 151. Type Beryx decadac-
tylus Cuvier, first species.

Body deep, compressed, abdomen trenchant without enlarged
scutes. Head large. Snout short. Eye large. Mouth oblique,
mandible end prominent. Both jaws, vomer and palatines with
villiform teeth. Opercles serrated. Opercle usually with spine.
Preopercle unarmed. Air-vessel simple. Pyloric coeca numer-
ous. Body covered with rather large ctenoid scales regularly ar-
ranged. Head with thin bones and high ridges with deep mucif-
erous cavities. Dorsal continuous, with four to six spines. Anal
spines 4, rays 26 to 30. Ventrals with about ten articulated
rays.

About six fossil species have been described. ‘The existing
species are brilliantly colored red and occur in deep water.

BERYX INSCULPTUS Cope.

Beryx insculptus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1860, p. 240.
Lower Greensand bed of Monmouth Co., N. J. Dark clay marl just
below Upper Greensand bed at Hornerstown.

Cope, 1. c., XII, 1872, p. 357 (name only).

Cape, Rep Usas) Geolbu Sun beri linis75 Pp. 272) Plas2. figs 4:
(Greensand No. 5, N. J.)

Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 63, fig. 31 (type).

Body stout. Scapular arch and cranium strongly marked with
narrow elevated ridges which form a reticulate relief. Scales

i 9 CRE TACK OUS AND TERA TARY isi

large, thick, also large and narrowly exposed below lateral line,
where in seven longitudinal series and not less than two above.
In lateral line 23 scales, possibly a few more, as point of departure
from suprascapula lost and greater part of cranium broken away.
Sculpture of scales consists of a series of radiating ridges, whose
interspaces are equal to them, and whose extremities project as

Fic. 106—Beryx insculptus Cope. (Type, from Hussakof.)

short acute points. These ridges interrupted at short distance
from middle of exposed surface, forming irregular obtuse eleva-
tions, while middle of area divided by shallow grooves into
irregular areas. Whole sometimes crossed by one or two shallow
interrupted concentric grooves. Tubes of lateral line not extend-
ing behind middle of exposed area, acute, with an areolate rugose

ACTINOPTERI. GN 15)

surface. Series of small smooth scales continues lateral line to
middle of tail. Fins not well preserved, but pectoral radii remain
and are of stout proportions. Diorsal and caudal rays very stout.
Length about 143 mm. to probably hind margin of pectoral arch.
(From Cope.)

Cope has pointed out its distinguishing characters as com-
pared with several European fossil forms.

Formation and locality. Known from part of the trunk, the
type now in the American Museum at New York, having been
found in the lower greensand [Navesink marl, K.] of Mon-
mouth County (S. Lockwood). Another example was also taken
just below the upper greensand in the dark clay marl [Red
Bank formation, K.] at Hornerstown, in the same county (J.
Meirs), and was in the Marsh collection. I have not seen this
species.

Sub-Order PERCOMORPHI.

THE PERCH-LIKE FISHES.

Body variously formed, usually oblong. Head usually com-
pressed laterally. Mouth and dentition various, usually ter-
minal with lateral cleft. Teeth typically pointed in bands on
jaws, vomer and palatines. Premaxillary forming mouth edge,
usually protractile. Mandibular bones distinct. Opercular
bones well developed, normal. Preopercle typically serrate. No
cranial spines. No bony stay connects suborbitals with opercle.
Gill-rakers various, usually sharp, stout, dentiferous. Gills 4,
slit behind last. Pseudobranchiz typically well developed. Gill-
membranes usually separate, sometimes joined, rarely attached
to isthmus. Branchiostegals few, usually 6 or 7. Lower pharyn-
geals mostly separate, usually with cardiform teeth, third upper
moderately enlarged, elongate, and not articulated to cranium,
and fourth usually present. Air-vessel usually present, without
air-duct in adult, simple, generally adheres to abdominal walls.
Stomach ccecal, with pyloric appendages. Intestines short in
carnivorous forms, long in herbivorous. Shoulder-girdle at-
tached to cranium by distinctly forked post-temporal, not adnate

176 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

to cranium or ossified with it. Coracoids normal, hypercoracoid
with median foramen. Pectoral actinosts normal, 3 or 4, hour-
glass shaped, longer than broad. Vertebre from 24 to 100,
usually numerous in pelagic, extra-tropical and fresh-water
forms. Scales variously cycloid, ctenoid, sometimes rough or
wanting, also small or large. Lateral line various, generally
regularly arched, sometimes wanting. Dorsal fin various, spinous
portion usually present, sometimes absent. Anal usually like
rayed dorsal, spines present or absent. Caudal usually lunate,
various, sometimes absent. Pectorals usually well developed.
Ventrals sometimes rudimentary or absent, generally present,
thoracic, subjugular or subabdominal, usually with one spine and
five or more rays.

This group is apparently somewhat provisional, and does not
seem to have been exactly defined, though two series of families
have generally been admitted, as the Scombroidea and the Per-
coidea, comprising a vast army of living fishes typified by the
mackerels and perch, respectively. A few.remains have been
found in the New Jersey Cretaceous, representatives of each.

Family ISTIOPHORIDA.

THE SAIL FISHES.

Body elongate, much compressed. Caudal peduncle with two
fleshy crests or keels. Bones of upper jaw consolidated into a
sword, which is roundish on edges and spear-like, shorter than
in the sword fishes. ‘Teeth in jaws small, persistent and granular.
Gills reticulated as in sword fishes. Vertebre 24, elongate and
hour-glass shaped. Neural and hemal spines flag-like. Ribs
well developed. Air-vessel very large, sacculate, of many sepa-
rate divisions. Intestine short, straight. Body covered with
elongate scutes. Dorsal single or divided into 2 contiguous parts,
first much longer than second, fin-rays distinct, first rays dis-
tinctly spinous. Anal divided. Last dorsal and anal rays suc-
torial. Ventrals attached to pelvic arch, each with one or two
rays.

ACTINOPTERI. Lay,

The recent forms comprise about two genera, and are oceanic or
pelagic, resemble the sword fishes, though of smaller size. The
fossils, known only from fragmentary rostra, have been referred
to the existing /stiophorus and two other genera.

Genus ISTIOPHORUS Lacépéde.

Istiophorus Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss. III, 1802, pp. 374, 375. Type
Istiophorus gladifer Lacépéde, monotypic.

Histiophorus, auct.

Makaira Lacépéde, |. c., IV, 1803, pp. 688, 689. Type Makaira nigricans
Lacépéde, monotypic.

Machera, Macaria, auct.

Nothistium Hermann, Observ. Zool., 1894, p. 304. Type Histiophorus ameri-
canus Valenciennes, virtually, as based on Guebucu Marcgrave, though
no binomial given.

Zanclurus Swainson, Nat. Hist. An., II, 1839, p. 239. Type Zanclurus in-
dicus Swainson, monotypic.

Body slender, much compressed. Rostrum usually shorter and
less flattened than in sword fishes, edge more rounded, and man-
dible more developed. .Many small teeth on jaws and palatines.
Air-vessel sacculate. Intestine short, nearly straight. Body cov-
ered with elongate scales, rougher than sword fishes. Dorsal fin
very high, continuous, as in young spear fishes and sword fishes,
rays numerous, none aborted, first rays much higher than body
depth. Anal divided. Ventral present, rays 2 or 3.

The recent forms large fishes of warm seas, the number of
species uncertain, likely several, and one recently found on our
coast. About six extinct forms.

IsTIOPHORUS ANTIOQUUS (Leidy).

Xiphias antiquus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII., 1855, p. 307.
Greensand of Burlington Co., N. J. (C. H. Budd.)

Histiophorus antiquus Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., XII, 1869, p. 310 (ref-
erence).

Rostrum well depressed, transversely oval in section, its short
diameter about one-half its long diameter, and anteriorly becom-
ing more cylindrical. Length about 265 mm. (From Leidy.)

I2 GEOL,

178 CRETACEOUS ANID Mie Rani AIROVasiitS isle

This was a large species, known only from its rostrum, and
especially characterized by its depressed form with the dentary
surfaces on one plane.

Formation and locality. Only the type known, described above,
from the greensand of Burlington County (C. H. Budd). Not
seen by me.

IsTIOPHORUS HOMALORHAMPHUS (Cope).

Histiophorus homalorhamphus Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, 1860,
p. 310. Eocene or Miocene Greensand near Squankum, N. J.

Rostrum in general form nearly cylindrical, tapering slightly,
depressed above and below, though former surface more so, thus
forming wide ovoid in transverse section with lesser diameter
one-seventh greater or horizontal at its base. Near end of ros-
trum vertical diameter but little less that of horizontal. Upper
surface evenly convex, and each side slopes down rather evenly
below somewhat in a plane, these surfaces approximating toward
end of rostrum and intermediate space at first moderately convex,
but gradually becoming very constricted.* At base two small ap-
proximated foramina a little below middle in vertical diameter.
Surface of rostrum entirely minutely porous. Length 170 mm.

The examples described above seem to be identical with Cope’s.
This species differs from J. antiquus in its more cylindrical form
and having the dentary surfaces on two planes. The following
characters are gathered from Cope’s account.

Rostrum nearly cylindrical, with a slight depression, trans-
verse diameter exceeding vertical by less than one-eighth of
former. Dentigerous inferior bands not separated by a groove,
width of each two-thirds lesser diameter, each forms with other a
strong obtuse angle and basally flattened, then curved upwards at
external margin. Alveolz numerous, small, 5 in one-tenth of an
inch. Base broken, but longer diameter 424 of length. Surface
of base not dentigerous, with numerous anastomosing striz.
Length about 110 mm.

Formation and locality. Eocene or Miocene greensand near
Squankum in Monmouth County (W. S. Vaux). Only known
from the above-described type, an osseous muzzle, and three

ACTINOPTERI. 179

Fic. 107.—Istiophorus homalorhamphus (Cope). Vincentown (Bryan).

180 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.

others from Vincentown [Manasquan marl, K.] in Burlington
County (T. M. Bryan).

IsTIOPHORUS PARVULUS (Marsh).

Histiophorus parvulus Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1860, p. 227
Eocene Greensand, Squankum Marl Company, in Monmouth Co.

Rostrum slender, very pointed, compressed transversely, and
lower surface nearly flat. Brush-like teeth on this portion re-
duced to two narrow bands. Remaining surface irregularly
striated. Length about 76 mm. (From Marsh.)

Formation and locality. This small species was originally
based on the above-described type from the Eocene greensand
from the pits of the Squankum Marl Company in Monmouth
County (O. B. Kinne), and presented to the Yale Museum.
[According to Cook only the Cretaceous marl (the Manasquan)
was dug at this company’s pits, K.] Not seen by me.

Genus EMBALORHYNCHUS Marsh.

Embalorhynchus Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1869, p. 228. Type
Embalorhynchus kinnei Marsh, monotype.

iy

According to Marsh this was a small species of sword fish
allied with Cylindracanthus of the Eocene. The beak resembles
in general form that of Cylindracanthus, but is much smaller,
tapers more rapidly and has its lower surface flattened and
marked by two shallow grooves. Like the rostrum of Cylindra-
canthus it has a double cavity at the base and single median one.

One fossil species described.

EMBALORHYNCHUS KINNEI Marsh.

Embalorhynchus kinnei Marsh, Proc. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1869, p. 228.
Eocene Greensand, Squankum Marl Company, Monmouth Co.

Rostrum small, short, tapering rapidly, inferior surface flat-
tened and marked by two shallow grooves. Base of rostrum with
double cavity and single one through median portion of shaft.

ACTINOR TERT 181

Upper surface very delicately fluted. Length about 65 mm.
(From Marsh.)

Marsh thought the fish probably did not exceed 15 inches in
total length.

Formation and locality. Only the type known, described
above, irom the “Eocene greensand at the pits of the Squankum
Marl Company” in Monmouth Co. (O. B. Kinne). [See com-
ment on preceding specimens, K.] Not seen by me.

Family SPARID/.

THE PORGIES.

Body oblong or more or less elevated. Head large, crests of
skull usually largely developed. Mouth small, terminal, low,
horizontal. Premaxillaries little protractile. Maxillary short,
peculiar in form and in articulation, without supplemental bone
and slipping for most part of its length under preorbital edge,
which forms more or less distinct sheath. Preorbital usually
broad. Teeth strong, those in front of jaws conical, incisor-like .
or molar. No vomerine or palatine teeth. Hind nostril larger,
usually more or less oblong or slit-like. Preopercle entire or
serrate. Opercle without spines. Gill-membranes separate, free
from isthmus. Gills 4, large slit behind fourth. Gill-rakers
moderate. Pseudobranchiz large. Lower pharyngeals separate.
Air-vessel present, usually simple. Pyloric coeca few. Vertebrze
usually 24. Intestinal canal short. No suborbital stay. Body
covered with rather large adherent scales, never truly ctenoid.
Head sides usually scaly. Lateral line well developed, concurrent
with back, not extending on caudal. Dorsal fin single, continuous
or deeply notched, spines usually strong and depressible in a
groove. Dorsal spines heteracanthous, Io to 13. Anal rather
short, similar to rayed dorsal, spines 3. Caudal usually concave.
Ventrals I, 5, thoracic, usually with distinct scale-like basal ap-
pendage.

The recent genera, about 12, carnivorous shore fishes of tropical ©
seas, most valued as food. Fossils have also been referred to
some of these as well as about eight others.

182 CRETACEOUS ANID R Pi Ral WARING: Ets ice

CroMMyopus Cope.

Crommyodus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1860, p. 243. Type
Phacodus irregularis Cope, virtual designation eva monotypic. (Phaco-
dus preoccupied. )

Teeth fusiform, irregularly and closely crowded on surface of
an elongate semidiscoid bone of possibly hyoid apparatus. Mas-
ticatory surface moderately convex. Crown abruptly contracted
below into short root, which presents very small orifice for ad-
mission of nutrient vessels, etc. Teeth thus somewhat shape of
an onion inverted. Pulp cavity large. Superficial layer of crown
very thin, its structure not known, but its punctate appearance
resembles that of a worn surface of vaso-dentine.

Cope also states the successional teeth as very abundant, and
closely placed. They appear to rise through the spongy tissue of
the bone without reference to any definite line of succession or
superposition. ‘Those of the inferior series, visible on under sur-
face of bone, have an average larger size than those on upper
surface which are in use. A single extinct species.

CROMMYODUS IRREGULARIS (Cope).

Phacodus trregularis Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XIV, 1869, p. 33.
Miocene near Shiloh, Cumberland Co., N. J.
Crommyodus irregularis Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, eos
243 (reference).
Cope, 1. c., XIV, 1875, p. 362 (reference).

Teeth, though irregularly arranged for short distances in lon-
gitudinal lines, transversely ovate, closely packed or with slight
intervals. ‘Those at outer and inner margins of bone considerably
smaller than median and more rounded. Crown of successional
teeth flattened, as well as those in use. Median teeth number 5
in one-half inch, and lateral 7 in same length. Surface of root
finely striate, striz coarser at point of convergence at orifice of
pulp cavity. Crown in many teeth broken away, leaving short
conic pulp cavity and its thin walls exposed. Bone convex in
transverse direction, descending more gradually on convex mar-
gin. Length of bone about 40 mm. (From Cope.)

ACTINOPTERI. 183

Formation and locality. Known from the Miocene marl
[ Kirkwood, K.] near Shiloh in Cumberland County. Not seen
by me. oe

Sub-Order PHARYNGOGNATHI.

THE LABROID FISHES.

Nostrils double. Gills 3%, without slit after last. Lower
pharyngeals fully united. Scales weakly ctenoid or cycloid.
Dorsal and anal fin spines not very strong. Ventrals thoracic,
each with one spine and three rays. Otherwise not differing much
from the Percoidea.

The existing forms are mostly large tropical fishes, with bright
colors and strong dentition. About four families are admitted.

Family LABRIDZE.
THE WRASSE FISHES.

Body oblong or elongate. Mouth moderate, terminal. Pre-
maxillaries protractile. Maxillaries without supplemental bone,
slipping under membranaceous preorbital edge. Front teeth
usually very strong, canine-like. Jaw teeth separate or soldered
together at base, not forming continuous plate. No vomerine or
palatine teeth. Lips thick, longitudinally plicate. Nostrils round,
with two openings on each side. Gill-membranes somewhat con-
nected, sometimes joined to narrow isthmus. Gills 314, slit after
last arch, small or obsolete. Pseudobranchiz well developed.
Branchiostegals 5 or 6. Lower pharyngeals completely united
into one bone, without median suture, this bone T-shaped or
Y-shaped, its teeth conical or tubercular. Air-vessel present.
No pyloric coeca. Body covered with cycloid scales. Lateral line
well developed, continuous or interrupted, often angularly bent.
Dorsal fin continuous, spinous portion usually long, spines rather
slender, 3 to 20. Anal like rayed dorsal, spines 2 to 6. Ven-
trals thoracic, I, 5, inserted below pectorals, latter sometimes
thoracic.

184 CRETACEOUS AND TBR ls ri Sirt

The existing forms comprise about 60 genera, largely in tropi-
cal seas. Their dentition is admirably adapted for crushing the
shells of mollusks, upon which most of them feed. About 11 ex-
tinct genera have been described, and some few species referred
to several of the existing genera.

Genus PHYLLODUS Agassiz.

Phyllodus Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., II, pt. 2, 1844, p. 238. Type Phyllodus
toliapicus Agassiz, first species, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes,
ING TOOK, pa546:

Paraphyllodus Sauvage. Bull. Soc. Geol. France (3) III, 1875, p. 615. Atypie.

Pharyngeal dentition compact, tritoral, leaf-shaped, showing
pile of successional teeth beneath each functional tooth, and mid-
dle teeth much larger than marginal teeth. Upper pharyngeal
bones apparently fused together with lower pharyngeals.

This extinct genus is only known from the pharnygeal denti-
tion. About 20 or more species have been described.

PHYLLODUS CURVIDENS Marsh.

Phyllodus curvidens Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ady. Sci., 1860, p. 220.
Miocene Marl, near Shiloh, Cumberland Co.
Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Miocene of
Cumberland Co.)

Central portion of pharyngeal dental plate with very thick
teeth, longest of which considerably curved, so that crushing sur-
face of plate transversely concave. (From Marsh.)

Marsh says this species is readily distinguished by the un-
usual thickness of the teeth and the longest being considerably
curved.

Formation and locality. Known from the Miocene marl near
Shiloh [Kirkwood, K.] in Cumberland County. Not seen by me.

PHYLLODUS ELEGANS Marsh.

Phyllodus elegans Marsh, Proc. Amer, Ass. Ady. Sci., 1869, p. 228. Eocene
Greensand at Farmingdale, in Monmouth Co.

Pharyngeal dental plate obtusely triangular, small, and tri-
turating surface a little convex. Central teeth enlarged, circular,

ACTINOPTERI. 185

well depressed or disk-like with central portion well pressed
down, giving each tooth appearance of shallow cup. Only rims
of each tooth covered with smooth enamel. Though most all
teeth circular they vary into irregularities of circular design.
Marginal teeth all smaller, similar, only with triturating sur-
faces less concave, and enameled marginal ring less defined, so
enamel extends equally over concave median portions. Succes-
sional teeth equally enlarged median as seen from lower sur-

Fic. 108.—Phyllodus elegans Marsh. Monmouth Co.

face, as they are above, and marginal teeth also correspondingly
reduced. Longest diameter 18 mm.

The above-described example agrees with Marsh’s account,
which states the lateral or smaller teeth to be rather few.

Formation. and locality. Known only from the type ascribed
to the Eocene greensand at Farmingdale (A. J. Smith), and pre-
sented to the Yale Museum, and another example in the Academy
from Monmouth County (P. D. Knieskern), most likely from
the same horizon, though this is not given. [See comment on
page 180, K.]

END ES:

Names in italics represent synonyms.

Acanth opteri,
Acrodobatis,

serra,
Acrodontobatts,
Acrodus,

humilis,
nobilis,
Actin opteri,
43llopos wagneri,
Aetobates,
Aetobatts,
Aétobatus,

perspicuus,
Aetobates perspicuus,

Zz tobatis,
ADT Sg OI BRCM ORCI SEE
Albian formation,
Alepisauride,
Allopos,

CTT Ar af ee Os Co HONO BG DIE
Alloway, formations near,
Ammonites placentz,
Anotodus,

agassizu,

Aprionodon gibbesii,
Aster ospondyli,
Atractosteus,

B.
Barnsboro, formations near,
IDASLACUGAS «+2 c2.c ade tievese cis o/s wins
Barrennian formation,
Batoidei,

Spectavalis, (minis ses +s
Beacon Hill formation,
MSE CL are sai oke eye Sr onesie ate a iondt ee etka
Berycoidei, .....-. Sec wanaeaesee nee
Berycoid fishes,
Beryx,

decadactylus,

WUSCHUPTWS, Nationa once:
Birmingham, formations at, ......
Blackwoodstown, formations at,
Bony ganoids,
Boreogaleus,
Bryactinus,

amorphus,
Bullhead sharks,

Cc.
PAGE. PAGE.
168 Carcharias canceolatus, ........... 59
30 GOLLGEG, | actors eeseieteuatopersgere 80
30 lanceolatws nna. ctieyeol- ths 59
30 HARM NOD wean wacea6° 62
28 HARHIDIOS, Good ono ouS seach 60
28 DOMES) She diceg vec 61, 62
vA (Carrelaainclor, sdouocdsesuoucboo0[} 58, 59
22, 144 Acutidens Meme ane 60
24 angustidens, 60
98 AUTICULALUS eet cr: 59
98 carcharias, ...... : 61
98 MEZAIO AON so ercietsioi+ « 61
99 OMA, (aid dbo'n bo 60, 61
99 DOTS ree sever sistent ae 59
OSmeCenomatnian warrior ent knees 8
98 CESETACIOWS, Nie cs revses ous) ei sieneycinisteersierens 77
8 @estracionteshanicstene eer : (27
E57 + ECestrorninuss sce nai seiko oe ees 77
24 Cetorhinus maximus) 222.00 eee- 61
24 Chimzray® Ac aaa Be ostins Pari i 109
20 ATITIS a eleneerets ao a0.0'6.0 00 109
52 MILONIC LIV We sfote <tota lta ele) oket ei 110
31 @himerashieprne «aes eves ere ees reveieyose 108, 109
31 Chimeeridwiadapeian asso ee hss 109
75 Chimerotderiynwecosreeoe ee oe ele 109
23, 27 Chirocentrider arian eee 152, 154
150 Chordrosteiie eerie eee rectors 145
Clashes: Hieinetersrsn stave eee 150
CYCIUFCTUS or etialstetei ete) ei se 150
19 Cohanseyisaridierr p-ervettentteneists cies 15
he) (CIGARS, caobododdnoe0odeo.oC 141
8 COUSF ional oietets 142
23, 80 ORO. csosaocoge 141
84 ARIS a Aico odor 141
Sau CONOSAULOPS eee eee EEE 152
15 CONOSATITUS) 1 ciety Nstaiertaeeaes ie oie ols orate 152
172 Dowmariieurerorieeers 152
172 DOWIMANI: Vins eleteee 152
Lp2een IA COMOSUSWS) wuroueteeReley-yenNcheerer etree 152
O72 | A COTA Ne josyoliaie aye Pen aie ane eere oo 62
173 Blithe oo Sool Maer bidedce 64.
173 appendiculatus, .....:..<.. 64
18 LAlCAt US viceere ts chore re oe eaais 63, 64
19 PLISLOMOUEUS Wl rejes ate eae noite 64
148 Cretaceous, European, ........... 8
66 Cretaceous formations described, .. Fi
134 Crosswicks, formations near, ..... 18
134 Crommvyoduses-t erie eee 182
27 irregularis, 182

188

INDEX.

PAGE.
Grossoptenyeias cease -ciceiicstcien 22
Cylospomahyit; coabeccoscocna0dcd 2
@yclostomeseersercren erlerieeseneenctenets 22
Gylirdracanthiussieercyecricier enter 141, 180
ACUSS We ayeietey espa 142
Osaewes, dososdoc I4I, 142
MACS, “Sooo 060.00 142
CHACTOSIENS, acindésoosooocoddcat 149, 150
Gynocephalys eric tec 74
D.
IDG DUS. Bo onay opens acad He ooOCM 154
PWIEDOLONUWS ites oilers re 154
IDE SENSE Somos aioda tenn. Gork SET 8
Deals tormations near spacer yess 16
Di CtyO dS koncert settee aVetats oiciersite I70
Silovaansy) qelyeeiee siecle 170
SPEClOSUS sama ere iecic 171
Diphrissa, ...:... dea eiawa caret aa II0, 127
[Lei IABS. alcaoba50005000 128
SORCRMA, Sascidonooooc0 127
D) 10 OVA ee: SeeHollis cel sveushalsisissoroterete testenehe 22
DAD RUS HUSH vieiajceves suche avatet ells Safeaie (evabelors velivieke 110
MULE TSUN cveraicinssisicrdeer ae I10, 123
IDIFABANN, - SdiloobabnsbConood0oC 71
ClOWZOIUS, (2s eens 71
EX

Bagley may sects sere he Ie 84
Hocene SyStemlnw ceteles terrence 13

Edaphodon, 110,127, 129, 130, 131,
132, 135, 138, 139
bucklandt. steer 110
divanicatuss ume arr 116, 124
(Soyer Baa saposogso I16
WAOLIE, Anapaodssco IIQ
anerassatusy seis 118, 131, 134
laterigertss is jcl-veeers DL2 nT
latid ensMeir irene 128
MIETSIIe. een Neos 122

MITA CUS Hye a cieteieiere
TL 20 pL sOyna reso
SMOCRU Aoi telsinte sese os II5
SMOCKIMN sticin n=l II5, 117, 120
solidulysieisscre cies T27037,
Steno bivllsiee = eae III
tripartitus, ..... 112, 116, 120
ESA GPROGUS), .cceusats stich eee II0
Miasmobranchitsee: cee eee ee 22
Brmbaloghynchus;) «ciclo + ance sence 180
din els Ss,40.0% 5 siete 180
Bnchod antidce werent ete 157
Pn chodiiswenietc- aero 157, 158, 164, 165
FETOR Serre cee eR eee 158
Sentryiseci Ge wae wees 163
halcnon. wrote soe 157
OXVtOnIUS,Otetepiah ane Get 164
Pressidens Veen us Aves 159, 161
semistriatus) yen. eee 162
serrulatuss Shige. swictecs 162
VEEERSERS< b.s spo ge booses 163

PAGE.

Hnglishtownsandsanseeer eee 9

BORING, oobocedrooxtoen eee sparen Sr

Hsocide:. 4. worn taper ; ic 166

ES ORCS dest uaicveisuetey sions BiG CRO O FOO 60.6 56 167

OSSCUS, | die Hestee les are 150

I OL ee ote bc.c:01b'G 16 © 0 c 42

Inbllerbey Ss c60g000dd0 sdueiletel ecw leteees 62, 78

Himiylodussa scion be IIo

laqueatusd Vries IIo

EULN SNOLNUS emerald ae eee 157

ARE a OS 810.0 157

EWSPLYTO,. \elvecis ecient ee 77

Hyermanellidz sence eee I57

Hxogyracostatas seer 52
F.

Farmingdale, formations near, .... 17

FaAshesy, oeftinayeetece ays, bleie vel stcterevereretaeeeore 22

Hragmentany, selachians', se eee 105
G.

Galein\s oui athe Sina eee 29

Galeocerdo,... coeur ene 64, 66

adUNCUS waster 5 67, 70

appendiculatus, ..... a 64

EURGEISE, Gooconc0odCoar 67

CoystHonkG gochoncooad> 67, 69

€gertonit, 9). rere : 75

RufeiwIS, “Besooccscogsc 63

latidens® =i sone ee 70

PristodOntws, - etl nie 64

HSTINUS)) |o)-were lke steers 66

Galeode senna x sis teisin stots 66

PUISCUSS, is. mln apeeee even ee - 66

Galeorhinidey Ge.c- oe 66

Galens pristodontus, ~vmece5--52- 62, 64

Ganoidel,, esas sero cee Oe 145

Gar iptkessa i decgeeise tot alee 149

Gault eo Pate ied Ses ctestaers ts eee 8

Ginglymostoma,) ---p eerie er eee 30

obliqutuntweree ere 30

SELlal) oocyte 31

Ginglymostomide wc seiner 6 29

Glyphis,."* s.:ste-oc acme scene 7A

egertoni, .co25 aden 75,79

hastalis’ >. 28)... ..\. aero 74

subulata, .235jcesee eee 75

Gly ptorhynchus eee Eee eee 141

Gontobatis,. sis eases Eee : 98

Greensand No. 5 of New Jersey, .. 20

Grisetsy) \Aecl.c Sskrs aee ee ee 23

Gueducy, oc.50ih 20 be see ee 177
H.

Hadrosauruasy foulka- eee 52, 159

lalecomorphi,y .251% 6 one eee I45, 151

Elaplomi, | is'css'seeesns 22 OS ee 166, 169

Hemiprstis, .2).¢25 240256650 71

S€rray score eb oiedetotene 71

Heptanchuss \.id<0 35 525052 eee . 24

Te PLOn CUS see ee Sooobe s sRevainneus 24

INDEX.

PAGE.

ESTES MSY ce COCOS EU GOR OOOGL 24, 26
plectrodon, .... +... 2

primigenius, ........ 24, 25
EFEEEFOGONEGE: <..)< clei c:. Rae a 2

ibeterodontus, )-).-.)--)-)- leer : 27

LE. Sa GinGks Gepemopebeecous SoHE: 23

LIGSTIGIEES ooeadeoodoouconodaos 2 24

FEFESEROR MOTUS Ai avey = = lol otkore sc) <1 cveleicl a): 177

QMEPICONUS, «...-.--% 177

OTTERS BoeeUaeecal 177

homalorhamphus, ... 178

PETIOLES, “Sooudeoneas 180

ERE EOIT © ata /5¥s/2/0.5 odie seloscicis resi 157

Hialeceplalin syieon tere) renee eee LOS

.GLGAATUS. Boebascccodanoopeauon 84

Hornerstown, formations near, ... 17

Hornerstown marl. sone cies ate .ciers 12

IESG EES eB oGageuocboee coOReODSEDe 28

Il.

Wehthyodectida;, 2 -): sia cece ais tele ‘ 54

Kehthyodorulites, . ... ..1: sss cnicens 141

MGHEH VOLO, | coctc oo = shereieysievahel ieee 23

LG GEESE OAC Cece CUCL ot Oe 84

WSEFOGUUCTION. otc cciee sss cine orci soe 5

I SEM GOR Ropopce sone soousanoadan IIo

divaricatus, «222.2... 124

COCCHUS aetiieiaiste hiss: 116

FECUNAUS.. Bais cicisleei oe 119

aS erlitiyee ae veyeticcl cisse I2I, 123

SHELOSSOLUES HM etarnici= ici -1-16 118

FAteETAZeTUs, ..2000c02 00 113

BOMGIOSETASS) cise nne =e Wats ote}

GL en OO BOD One 123

MIT STREAUSS Be crete. cele aie se 112, 121

MONnOIGPHUS, ..22- 24 121, 123

SMOGRW, 2 «s/s», sisters Sizvnye 115

SOMGUINS, © cievecnre ce eiane I10, 127

SEEMODTYUS; aie ois jc 22 s+ III

PTIPORIAtUS. JAeseoe sae 112

SCH VENIZAM ne pisictstour css ».cis%s slecal eras 167

HISk Ce Jo S IAD ATA Ge DHE: 167

ESCHAPOLEBHAIUS) <5 Fz ccajo\e steve sttyctest 157

EVACHISS iicye clot 157

ECUGLT ORR Reh Pate ae ROE PRS EE 157

SULCOLWS stiches seine ot I57

ESOSHONGY LISS sore cere oie cine Oye eee I51
Isospondylous fishes, ............. I51

EAA ie be eearpeeeeet at ee Bes sean nye ea ete 135

neocesariensis, 135

Nettophoridces ny. as yn ee 180

ESELO PMO TES 15 erisn(0 pA RAO? 177

ATELGUUS, Pepe ioletesd eaten yy hs)

ANA E COOSROBEES os 177

homalorhamp-hus, ..... 178

Parviulus, He oc ec sees 180

SMS OP SUS ovate eo Soe 3 31

NSCS west oer aae ie 31, 32, 42, 74

ACHIMINIALTISS Ue vaeersiocoisiete 38, 43, 47

ESOL ce tor 32, 35, 43, 47

189
PAGE.
C2300 Wis So aotano Gobo douS 42
Inhastalis tue acrsnvercheysce i 35
oxyrinchus, 3 35
oxyrinchus) x scm. aS 32, 35
Gillies, Soysoueoanoocds 40
J.
Yerico, formations’ near, <......5..- 20
K.

Kirkwood formation, ........... ke 14
Kummel\ He Bs). report, bys eee 7
L.
al riG any oat pase nse icici tie tie scat heres 183
Labroid fishes, ..... Pad tee sto p 183
TY OMNAG!. WX Payaeeistasaestsneinatolese sono td 6 42
Ih rabo taints oc c-51pb DG EGG secbibepste avs So Ca oie
ILO eR GE aa TOs boa OOO As 52

ACLINUNGLDS raernaenneo cise 38
CER GEE, Goacooccoubobn 32, 43, 50
denticulata, ..... Li cnehepslioktie 43
elegans ..-eenineee 32, 43, 48, 52
lanceolata e-ycaseieie-lsicn 57,58
Cie palin, “obs anoa000 Reve 38
MIU SSI eyersicyestuerctehcksverereleks Ge
QUMGe oooddueuvnbougadus 57
(CLAMAON Cs OUIde Dobie b BOC 31
HEEEHIEN “Godiblooncaca eekorsKeVs 52
Wammnidze:/aeveisicre obits hAvente aes 4 31
Wampreysoy ies Hy sy iiatccubayetstatehieyetel tits 22
Wan Celet seo ean ein cnyrorre ICR e aoe 22
Wepidostet epee Neier svacsie 145, 148
IE CDUMOSLCMSAS clelel Fa. V NO eIN evar 150
Wepisosteidcenn Tepisisisisreusveroise kee 149
Wepisosteus) -acrvanincen einer 149, 150, 15.
ALCL eo Bae " 150
GUTH o500 000.0000 ‘ I50
kniteskertit, Gace meee 4 150
PlAtOSEOIMUS, lesser 150
IL Soe Goonaneopbooududucs vc 22
Weptoniylussm jaciueatenene chee 136
COORG uekbatnacener nets 137
COOKIN ei ccieyshenseeieiate 137
Census ncisrchuaeetanale 137, 138
LOPLER ayeveeist ae iekeevere ce I12, 139

Long Branch, formations near,
TOVSOPECLIh Ms stevevsy cushet etre ees aiepeeke 145

M.

MEAC OTM aye eae oe etter eee " 177
VICK AIA eel Cena oes birt teed A EI ea RPE one c 177
Mackerel sharksauen ces aeieniociincle 31
Magothy formation, ....... sealistatete 8
WE GR OU ere Rane ka eae 177
Manasqiuaremearls | prliicictieetee erie 13
Marshalltown formation, ......... 9
Miastictitare npsrccincutas ots enone 84
Merchantville formation, ..:.... Bh 8

Igo
PAGE.
Macrodony nuchaliss;,s554..-2-2 12. 144
WETOTDESUS, oO b650GnbonaoDedecoes 102
Miocenemsystentjun see eee I4
Mountwlyatrelsar dase -errrre tier 10
Mullica Hill, formations near, .... 19
WS LACHES A Sok OSCR MU COOL Oooo abn 84
(WSWIGUS. oa bau uodwe 85
(OSES: Be cloonaaae 85
OD ESIS Gt Ania tcearttoreu stats 93,95
FUSOSUOS Ga udeouc oOo 93, 95
DORRIT: obs cocoa ab QI
Mey lrobatidcemarnecriree ccmeeicenste 84
MiyvldobatisHmyermnicii rit 84, 99, IOI, 102, 108
DiSulCus aise eee er 85
Owinlas We ees tae stkers ones 84
PFAStioiatUS a eervelevee cae 85, 87, 91
PUTAS Hem nvavs cucve ke arenes 92
S1OtEOId essa yensiissera 88
holmesit;y = 71a ee 88
UGOSUSIy Nels eytera tice é 90
GWSSUCUIIS marenettetst ayn ceier IOI
kummelivn a. ctae nero 95
leidyine e5,a3 2 ee QI
MAGISTERS Wr sae rece 89, 90
MOR ZIN ALON eae ci reke IOI
ODESUSY HUN aes cee eas 93
pachyodony.-t-'.cjsrervetete 88
pachyrhizodus, ...... 97
FECtidens heels cee j 92
PUFOSUS eet nee eiere 89
(Zygobatis) rugosus, . 95
Somes Soodasconoaa = 92
suturalisie season 92
toliapicrsi ei. cle eerste ; 92
VICOMICANUS,. ..2.+00- 92
Mioylorhinae « alae la stsjarstetere te toi eyorave coat IoI
MN rvosteomn: © (eit susstavsisierspeievsscccuessievs 8x
PAZ LEN St ire eves eke terete lee 81
N.
Navesinkmmarliy mere eyietscret aie isis Io
INECCOMIANE Var. sce aneie ae 8
NOothistium™ “one mere eee ome. 177
Natidami. "25s season cere ceskeetcire 2
Wotidanoid, sharks) ee... oss 6 23
INO GON Ws. AS merce tate re ere ahora ter ctetts 24
primigenius, ....-..... 24
Notorhanchiutsy Psaastonce ce iene 24
Niotorwrchusay WY Me is ole teieis cen cso cheesn 24
INC CUIALWSS oe te tee eiete 24
Nurses Gharkssy..tceretiteels sce Sok ien's 29
O.
Optiansgapme sce ee sees oe
Otodusy cece scion snes ee 53
OPtCUlatUss” cae ciiaass 262s 35
appendiculatus, ......... Bek ne
lanceclatusi 2. acee. o- oe 54: 57
TEVA). Nes sk ars oes eS Sere 57
obliquus, Sosa Se ee 53,57: 58

INDEX.

PAGE.

OB SGA. oh ekatsctiienvor ener OE RE, Az
deSOTU,. kage ee 35

PIGUCO.” AA tee cere 31

TEES, | Go bbAdgoso 32, 35, 40, 42

CUPNO COM wete ite 35
Oxyrrhingr sale snes e cee 31

P.

Pachyrhizodontid@, ao se2 eee : 152
Rachyrhizodus\ ace aoe eee 152
Paraphyllodust ea eee 184
IOS HO, “Gaeosocapaedcdscoadoe 109, III
Pemberton, formations near, ...... 18
HET GESOCES War are bassisalie sree OS 169
Perchalike @nshesse.. eee eee 175
Percoidea), yo efi utye-- ieee eee 176, 183
IBSoyOrOl, Gopdagocdcadansce ee 17s
Periods: s Vactentsvei aleaisiciiece OR 146
hoemign, ....:- cee 146

Pétalodus (nxt cele eee 23
Phacodus arregularis, .......-+2.-- 182
Pharyncognathis se cryereii este neene 183
Phasganodus.icentryi, ores ee 163
S@mistriatus, 05.02 162

Phy llodustema seis SF ahs ae aioe 184
CUTUIGENS tele) ee 184

elegans. are cee et 184

toliapicus)) (aeceeee eee 184

Bike-like fishes ae. .rerei-ireei eerie 166
PIKES 10s sista vcyss eis ee aca eats Oo en 166
PisGes 5. ies, S hye cvsnsc ser eee Oe 22
BIGEVSQUCliU sy Werseusrcr-cornicrenelene reese 77
PU COdUSS: B23. 0's wireatin RE BO 30
tielensis:: :..,aaeee eee 30
Plinthicus,, <.Asccicis see eee 100
Sisal Kodoanadacos 100

Pliocene: system, 2.ceeia. er eee 15
Preumatosteus, \ csr eee 150
nahunticus, ..... 150

Poplar tormationsiathe eee 16
POrgvess os. 24) aieceiesoccsssscete us os Seen ae8 181
IME Gb O AAO OC OMRRAA CDOS 06 , 74.
Prionodon, ..... cherbuel sisiislorene terpenes 74
PHS Dalts.e ns dlenieie eet wee el ern 81
Bristidaes os..2.oleic scenes ayn sees Bs 80
Prestiopsus, . 2y<.s.01s5.3 02 Se Oe 81
Pristisy | .co00 Seascale 81
amblodon) ca... ere eae 81
antiquortim,s)+...5e eee 81
curvidens, “22 stieee eee ereie 82
perrottetis, <..50eree eee 81
(Eopristis,) reinachi, ..... 8r
Pristobatis; s93562c0 eee ete 81
Pristobvatus,, + .\sc-set eee ene 81
Proarthet. |. ncn eee Sree 27
Psaliodusy ses sid seeia we sae wane - 136
Psalltsostomus, ox 20242-2502 050 see 150
Pstttacodons cee I09Q, III
Ptychacanthus faujasti, ;.......... 84
Ptychodontide, <0. 24.056 eh eerie 84

Ptychodus mammillaris,
Piychobleurus,
Pycnodonti,
Pycnodontide,
Pycnodonts,
Pycnodus,

faba,
phaseolus,
robustus,

Raja flagellum,

narinart,
Rajide,
Raphiosauride,
Raphiosaurus,
Raritan formation,
Rays,
Red Bank sand,
Requiem sharks,
Rentceps,
Rhine,
Rhinoptera,

dubia,
Htiie sooo ObHE Coase
CGUZTOS Sosoocbone
Riddleton, formations near,

Sail fishes,
Sarchirus,

SECIIAS C2 CRIBE OE OE OR Ieee
AMLOCEDNALIS yar anette ley r ei cloe
MCANUS Sw Sacco tiere
lanciformis,
lycodon,

STG TTS Me Bee 6 Ue GOCOIA HOLE
HAS ee neg RC OOS DOCESE
VCANWS ee ovocttas crete
Saw fishes,
Scombridz,
Scombrotdea,
Selachostomi,
SAUMONIMUS Ree ee ee
Senonian formation,
Sitark-tken fishes: (Fer aon
Shark River, formations near,
SharkeRiver marl: s.snecneeae

Shiloh, formations near,

i ie i ar er ry

ee ed

ee ee er

SOLENOAOW Noe os Ss eee
NEOCOMMENSIS, ....22.0

PALI dae emclnce ees veo eeiclgeiashne
SPUAGE IAs Racers ht te ee
GETEULGLO ae pyiiee eet) oie)

ACICUMAL AZ isiiel ctate see

TULLE PIC RIEU DOE TCI TEE

INDEX.

102
102
103
102

Sphlryreeniay, (cia hesekerccs) erates seeetercnre eevee 170

SY PACH Pomme cienb ia e noite SIMA CHENG 159

SPECTOSUS,. a's. elake Hiei ouele 171

Sphyraenidc ence eee 169

SPLVrenod us waeeise see eie tn 170

SHOTS, o06e0'50 00 170

GYAROSIO, Godaoacco 171

Sphynnaan pets ciaeeaeas ee abersater eee torre 62,77

[wlofel bien ammo mod BotoO Gc 77

RCENLICUIOLO Mm eirneirceetteete 78

gibbesit iy me iaemitscciee mene 78

DIASCAG Cer sechalay ssn cistoerovs 75,78

LUD UO Saipretetersioe sane raheieronnene 78

SALAS. GodonauacoocoogaasGude 77

SWithvndiees eo eeassrooeomucon ates 77

Spiny, rayed@inshess sjevuvencresirensiens 168

SIGUA TUS Mate en erage eneeretccn ae ons 38, 57, 59, 60, 61

CPREHENS| ocododedboaddbe 66

COATRIG, Vanonoannoen6 o© 24

CORMIDTCWSMamereioetcienalcreels 42

OHEIG. SooosoogodoHude 74

PUUSEUSH ci aarti Merit eee 81

GALTAOGGIS,; Booacoos é 42

WANT, “soddsoodndoo0 O00 Dy

LY CONG Wve eels 77

-Squankum, formations near, ...... 17

SHOURUMD, cdbodadoobooaeooda soe 98

Stow Creek, formations near, 20
T.

eleostmotolithss ecient 108

Mextianyecormations ai. -\-seieere ster 7

SDN Neh oXe HT Tops ny res aay Bicone Hee EAL GIO Oe 28

(CHAMOERIS, Bo0God00db000 28

Tinton beds teesccinceie onsen wee Ir

IGA, VassiaoooospelesoouNeo 150

SARILHIGENS et aetlete 150

LMI CPOS: | ov ctatte ee cPalc clarateres easter eustats 102

PEriemhsShessrs cea cacisec nce irae 144

Sharks a eron sere eaaeecopege 29

DPM CONG, - inayat, Meret asics lorereulane tae eeu 102

EN PUC TMD Ne Micparcicilscstiaieisetos 102

MEAT GNIATE Wieyedarva rt vRevay salon Actevey cxetatele 8

Ly picalesnarksey servation 27
Vv.

Vincentown, formations near, 19
Waricentownsat dimer entre lier 12
Ww.

WGHoMels Gey Sododbabbossocboe 10

Whitfield, R., divisions of Cretace-

OUSMID Veneers heteiciatatavsrateleve ere rioe 21
Wioodburyaclayanmenicicieretecincre 9
Wirassellfishes iy acc) et sternite 183

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