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| DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ALCYONARIA COLLECTED 
PS BY THE U.S. FISHERIES STEAMER “ALBATROSS,” 
MAINLY IN JAPANESE WATERS, DURING 1906 


BY 


CHARLES C. NUTTING 


Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa 


No. 1923.—From the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 
Vol. 43, pages 1-104, with Plates 1-21 


Published November 23, 1912 


Washington 
Government Printing Office 
1912 


BY 


CHARLES C. NUTTING 


Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa 


Vol. 43, pages 1-104, with Plates 1-21 


Published November 23, 1912 


cE NRE *e> 


Washington 
Government Printing Office 
1912 


DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ALCYONARIA COLLECTED BY 
THE U. 8S. FISHERIES STEAMER “ALBATROSS,” MAINLY 
IN JAPANESE WATERS, DURING 1906. 


By Cuartes C. Nutrine, 
Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa. 


INTRODUCTION. 


But an insignificant proportion of the aleyonarian material col- 
lected by the U. S. Fisheries steamer Albatross during her cruise in 
the Northwest Pacific during 1906 was secured outside of Japanese 
waters. Hence this paper is substantially a contribution to our 
knowledge of the Japanese Alcyonaria. 

The surprising richness of the marine fauna in the vicinity of Japan 
has long been recognized, and the extent of the collection of Aleyona- 
ria secured by the Albatross was, in some degree at least, anticipated, 
although the number of new forms is somewhat greater than might 
have been expected, especially in view of the number of excellent 
papers that have appeared in recent years treating of the Alcyonaria 
of those regions. 

A number of more or less extensive collections have made their 
way to European museums and have been reported on by various 
writers. Perhaps the most important of these collections was that 
made during 1904-5 by Dr. F. Doflein and reported on by Prof. 
W. Kiikenthal, who has discussed the Aleyonacea and Gorgonacea! 
in three masterly monographs, giving excellent discussions of these 
groups in general, as well as of the species collected by Doctor Doflein. 
The Pennatulacea are being reported on by Dr. H. Balss, who has 
given some preliminary descriptions in the Zoologischer Anzeiger 
for 1909. 

_A notable work, Primnoide von Japan, by K. Kinoshita, appeared 
in the Journal of the College of Science of the Imperial University 
of Tokyo, 1908. The descriptions and figures in this work are 
excellent, and proved an unusually efficient aid in identification of 
species in the progress of the present work. 


_ 1 Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens. Herausgegeben von Dr. F. Doflein, Japanische Alcyonaceen, 
1906; Japanische Gorgoniden, Teil I, 1908; Teil II, 1909. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. 43—No. 1923. 
48702°—Proc.N.M.vol.43—12——1 


2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 43. 


Wright and Studer, in their report on the Aleyonaria of the Chal- 
lenger expedition, described a number of species from Japanese 
waters, and others have since been reported from that region. 

In view of these comprehensive monographs and other less pre- 
tentious papers, it would seem that the alcyonarian fauna of the 
Japanese region had been pretty thoroughly worked, and that further 
investigations of the same region would not be very profitable, at 
least:so far as the discovery of new forms is concerned. On the 
contrary, however, the collection secured by the Albatross is of ex- 
ceptional interest, adding many species, most of which are new, to 
the already extensive list from that region, as well as furnishing 
numerous items of interest concerning the geographical distribution 
of the group. 4 

As a whole the Japanese Alcyonaria are more circumscribed in 
their distribution than one would consider likely, there beihg com- 
paratively few species found both in Japanese waters and other 
parts of the Western Pacific, as is well shown in comparing the lists 
of species in the present work with those found in the monographic 
reports on the aleyonarians of the Gulf of Manaar by Thomson and 
Henderson,! and the two bulky works which constitute the reports 
on the Alcyonaria secured by the Investigator in the Indian Ocean.? 
_ Such a comparison shows that the faunz of the Indian Ocean and of 
Japan are by no means intimately related, reminding one of the same 
condition of affairs found in the Caribbean Sea as compared with the 
adjacent waters of the North Atlantic. 


SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS OF ALCYONARIANS COLLECTED BY THE U. §. 
FISHERIES STEAMER “ALBATROSS” IN THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC 
DURING 1906. 


[The asterisk (*) indicates a new genus or species.] 


Order ALCYONACEA. 
Family CoRNULARIDE. 


Clavularia dispersa, C. sulcata,* C. eburnea, C. japonica.* 


Family NreratHyipa. 
Inthophytum roseum.* 
Dendronephthya splendens, D. acaulis, D. magnacantha,* D. nigripes,* D. oviformis.* 
Paraspongodes striata. 
Family ALcYonIDa. 


Alcyonium kiikenthah,* A. gracillimum. 
Mdalia rubra, N. gracilis.* 

Bellonella flava.* 

Anthomastus japonicus.* 


1 Report on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, The Alcyonaria, 1905. 
2 Thomson and Henderson, Report on the Alcyonarians collected by R. I. M.S. S. Investigator in the 


Indian Ocean. 1 The Aleyonaria of the Deep Sea, 1906; 2. (Thomson and Simpson) The Alcyonaria of 
the Littoral Zone, 1909. 


no. 1923. DHSCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 3 


Family SIpHONOGORGIDA. 
Siphonogorgia splendens. 
oes Order PENNATULACEA. 


Family PENNATULIDA. 
Pitilosarcus brevicaulis.* 
Pennatula aculeata, P. sulcata, P. murrayi, P. pendula, P. naresi, P. longistyla,* P. 
rubescens,* P. brevipenna,* P. inermis.* 
Pieroides sagamiense. 
Halisceptrum gustavianum, H. cystiferum, H. album.* 


Family VIRGULARIDA. 
Virgularia, sp.? 
Balticina finmarchica, B. pacifica, B. californica. 
Halipteris christir. 

Family UMBELLULIDE. 


Umbellula magnifiora, U. carpenter, U. eloisa.* 


Family KopHoBELEMNONIDA, 
Kophobelemnon ferrugineum, K. hispidum.* 


Family ANTHOPTILIDA. 
Anthoptilum murrayi. 
Family EcHINopPTILip=. 
Echinoptilum macintosht. 
Family Proropriuipa. 
Protoptilum orientale.* 
Stachyptilum macleari. 
Trichoptilum spinosum.* 
Helicoptilum * rigidum.* 
Order GORGONACEA. 


Suborder HOLAXONTIA. 


Family CorysogorGIDaA. 
Lepidogorgia petersi. 
Chrysogorgia lata, C. flexilis, C. agassizii, C. dichotoma. 


Family PRIMNOIDA. 


Calyptrophora ijimai, C. japonica, C. kerberti. 

Stachyodes megalepis. 

Caligorgia flabellum, C. ventrilabrum, C. aspera. 

Plumarella spinosa, P. flabellata, P. carinata, P. spicata,* P. adherans.* 
Thouarella hilgendorfi, T. recta,* T. typica, T. striata, T. alternata.* 
Primnodendron* superbum.* 


Family Muriceipa. 


Acanthogorgia striata, A. fusca,* A. paradoxa.* 

Anthomuricea aberrans.* 5 
Muriceides cylindrica,* M. nigra.* 

Muriceila reticulata,* M. abnormalis.* 

Thesea placoderma. 

Acis syuamata, A. spinifera.* 


4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 43. 


Sa a Pe cA Tk MENT SOU A REE ES ee 
Placogorgia japonica.* 
Villogorgia brunnea.* 
Elasmogorgia filiformis, E. ramosa.* 
Menella indica. 
Bebryce hicksont. 

Family PLEXAURIDA. 
Euplexaura pinnata. 

Family isipz. 

Acanella norman. 
Bathygorgia profunda. 
Ceratoisis paucispinosa, C. philippinensis. 
Melitodes dichotoma. 
Parisis fruticosa. 


Family Gor@onipza. 


Platycaulus danielssent. 
Leptogorgia beringt.* 
Callistephanus pacificus.* 


‘ 


Family GoRGONELLIDA. 


Scirpearella gracilis, S. rubra. 


Suborder SCLERAXONIA. 
Family BriaREID&. 


Paragorgia nodosa, P. regalis.* 


The above list shows that the collection contains 102 species of 
Alcyonaria distributed among 54 genera belonging to 18 families. 
There are 40 new species and 2 new genera. The Muriceide includes 
the largest number of genera (11) and 17 species. The family con- 
taining the greatest number of species is the Primnoidz, with 18 
species and 1 new genus. 

The genus represented by the largest number of species is Pen- 
natula, with 9 species, 4 of which are new, and this genus probably 
has the greatest geographical range. 

The 40 new species, constituting just about 39 per cent of the 
whole number, are pretty well distributed over the various families 
and genera of the order, although there is a proportionally greater 
number in the family Muriceide than in any other, 11 of the 17 


species of this family bemg new. Of the 18 species of the Primnoidze 
but 5 are new. 


no. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 5 


Record of dredging stations at which Alcyonaria were secured during the northwest Pacific 
cruise of the ‘‘ Albatross” in 1906. 


4894 


4895 


4918 
4924 
4934 


Position. 


West pt. Yunaska Id., S. 
37° E., 43.5 miles. 
Koniuji Id., S. 22.5° W., 27 


miles. 
54° 20’ 30’’ N.; 179° 09’ 30”’ E. 


54° 30’ 40’ N.; 179° 14’ BE... 
54° 30’ N.; 179° 17’ ....... 


54° 30’ 30” N.; 179° 14’ E.... 

Semisopochnoi Id., r. t. 8. 
45° W.,1.t.S.12° W., about 
12 miles. 

52°01" N.; 174° 39’ Bes... 5. 


52° 14’ 30’ N.; 174° 13’ E.... 


East Cape, Attu Id., S. 18° 
W., 4 miles. 

North pt. Copper Id., N. 79° 

-, 8.5 miles. 

Cape Monati, Bering Id., N. 
52° W., 8.75 miles. 

Cape Monati, Bering Id., N. 
50° W., 8.2 miles. 

Torperkov Id., Hbr. of 
Nikolski, Bering Id., N. 
58° E., 44 miles. 

Cape Tsiuka, S. 58° W., 10.3 


miles. 
Cape Tsiuka, S. 61° W., 10.6 


“Niigata Lt., S. 25° E., 21.5 


Niigata Lt., S. 29° E., 18 
miles. 


Tateisha Zaki Lt., S. 53° E., 
8 miles. 

Saigo Misaki (Dogo Id.), S. 
64° W.., 6.1 miles. 

Oki Shima, S. 29° W., 5.3 
miles. 

Oki Shima, S. 70° W., 7.5 
miles. 

Nomo Zaki, N. 57° E., 16.5 
miles. 

Ose Saki Lt., N. 2° W., 10 


miles. 
Ose Saki Lt., N. 29° E., 5.5 
miles. 


Ose Saki Lt., N. 41° E., 5 
miles. 


Ose Saki Lt., N. 42° E., 4.7 
miles. 


Gwaja Shima, S. 38° EH, 34 
miles, 
Nagada Saki, N. 8° E., 18 


miles. 


Depth in 
fathoms. 


1,217 


1,766 


764 


244-237 
426 


344-372 
43-33 


71 
135 
106-95 


95 


95 


361 
159 


miles. 
aoe Misaki Lt., N.77.5° E., | 152-103 


Kind of bottom. Species of Aleyonaria. 
Fine black sand.......| Anthoptilum murrayi. 
No specimen.......... Pennatula aculeata, Bathygor- 
gia profunda. 
Green-brown mud: | Balticina pacifica. 
fine black sand. 
Gray sand; green mud.| Plumarella spinosa. 
Broken shells........- ? Plumarella spicata, ? Thoua- 
; rella hilgendorfi. 
Greenish brown sand..| Paragorgia nodosa. 
Fine black gravel..... Thouarella striata, Primnoden- 
dron superbum. 
Gray mud; sand; peb- | Plumarella spicata, Leptogor- 
bles. gia beringi. 


Fine gray sand; peb- 
bles. 


Coarse pebbles........ 


Greensand =a 2. ces cee 


Shells; coarse gravel... 


Sand; shells; 
gravel. 


Dark green sand ...... 


coarse 


Fine gray sand.......- 


Brown-green mud.... 
Fine green sand; shells. 


Fine gray sand; broken 
shells. 


Dark gray sand; bro- 
ken shells. 


Gray sand; broken 
shells; pebbles. 


Green sand; broken 
shells; pebbles. 


Gray sand; Globiger- 
ina; broken shells. 
No specimen; rocky... 


Clavularia eburnea, Plumarella 
spinosa, Muriceides cylin- 
rica, Callistephanus pacifi- 


cus. 

Plumarelia flabellata, Muri- 
ceides nigra. 

Plumarella spinosa. 


Clavularia sulcata. 
Balticina pacifica. 


? Helicoptilum rigidum. 


Nidalia rubra, Ptilosarcus 
brevicaulis. 

Piilosarcus brevicaulis, Halis- 
ceptrum gustavianum, Meli- 
todes dichotoma. 

Nidalia rubra, Siphonogorgia 
Spine, Pennatula long- 
istyla, 

Halisceptrum album. 


Elasmogorgia filiformis. 
Echinoptilum macintoshi. 


Piilosarcus brevicaulis, Pen- 
natula inermis, Haliscep- 
trum album. 

? Dendronephthya acaulis, D. 
splendens. 

Clavularia japonica, Dendro- 
nephihya oviformis. 

Acanthogorgia paradoxa, Meli- 
todes dichotoma. 

Clavularia japonica, Dendro- 

nephthya splendens, Pluma- 

rella carinata, Muricella re- 
ticulata, Parisis fruticosa, 

Melitodes dichotoma, Scir- 

pearella gracilis, S. rubra. 

lavularia japonica, Bellonella 
flava, Siphonogorgia splen- 
dens, Chrysogorgia dichotoma, 

Plumarella adhzrans, P. 

carinata, Thouareila typica, 

Acanthogorgia paradoza, The- 

sea placoderma, EHuplexaura 
innata, Parisis Jruticosa. 

Plumareilla adherans, P. carie 
nata, Thouarella hilgendorfi, 
? Muriceides cylindrica, Pa- 
risis fruticosa. 

Stachyodes megalepis. 


2) 


Calyptrophora japonica. 


Siphonogorgia splendens, Pen- 
natula sulcata, P. murrayi, 
Thouarella hilgendorfi. 


6 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


a 


Record of dredging stations at wh 


cruise of the 


BBP HOS ela gOS RL Oa 2 


Station 


number. 


4935 


4936 


4946 
4947 
4948 


4956 


4958 
4959 
4960 
4973 
4975 


4976 
4977 


4983 
4984 
4985 
4986 
4987 
4990 
4992 
4998 
5005 
5006 
5007 
5015 
5016 
5026 
5029 
5031 
5043 
5047 
5050 
5054 


5056 


Position. 


Sata Misaki Lt., N. 58° E., 
4.5 miles. 


Sata Misaki Lt., N. 21° E., 
5.7 miles. 


Okiko Jima, N. 31° E., 4 
miles. 
Okiko Jima, N. 17° E., 4.4 


miles. 
O Shima Lt., N. 11° E., 12 
miles. 


Mizunoko Shima Lt., N. 22° 
W., 33 miles. 


Mizimoko Shima Lt., N. 26° 
W., 29.3 miles. 

Mizimoko Shima Lt., N. 23° 
W.., 28.5 miles. 

Mizimoko Shima Lt., N. 19° 
W., 30.5 miles. 

Shio Misaki Lt., N. 82° E., 
12.5 miles. 

Shio Misaki Lt., N. 49° E., 7 
miles. 


Shio Misaki Lt., N. 59° E., 
6.4 miles. 

Shio Misaki Lt., N. 65° E., 7 
miles. 


Benkei Mizaki Lt., 8. 2° E., 
12 miles. i 

Benkei Mizaki Lt., $.3° W., 
15 miles. 

Kamoi Mizaki Lt.,N.17°H., 
15.2 miles. 

Benkei Mizaki Lt.,N.35° E., 
15 miles. 

Kamoi Mizaki Lt., N.76° E., 
3.2 miles. 

AZo AN ING a0 580 Hyseeer oe 

45° 24’ N.; 140° 49’ 10" B.... 

47° 39’ 10” N.; 141° 31’ 40" B. 


46° 04’ 40’ N.; 142° 27’ 30” B. 


46° 04’ N.; 142° 29’ H.......- 
46° 03’ N.; 142° 31’ E........ 
46° 44’ N.; 144° 02’ E........- 


46° 44’ 30’’ N.; 148° 45’ EH... 
48° 36’ 10’’ N.; 145° 17’ 30" E.. 


48° 22’ 30’’ N.; 145° 43’ 30’ E.. 
44° 04’ N.; 145° 32’) E....... 
42° 10' 20’’ N.; 142° 15’ 20’ E.. 


Kinka San Lt., N. 69.5° W., 
11.6 miles. 

Kinka San Lt., N. 78° W., 
25.7 miles. 

Omai Saki Lt., 8. 54° W., 
29.5 miles. 

Ose Saki., N. 37° E., 5 miles. 


Depth in 
fathoms. 


103 


39 
51 
65 


720 


405 
405-578 
578 
600 
712-545 


549-544 
544 


Kind of bottom. 


SPOMES tikes ceike ace 


Brown sand; broken 
shells; pebbles. 


Dark gray volcanic 
sand; broken shell; 
pebbles. 

Green-brown mud; fine 
ray sand; Forami- 
era. 


Brown mud; stones... 


Brown mud; pebbles; 
Foraminifera. 

Brown mud; small 
stones. 

Brown mud; finesand. 


Green mud..-.-....2-- 

Brown mud, fine gray 
sand. 

Green mud; fine gray 
sand. 


Brown mud; fine black 
sand; coral; rock. 

Green mud; black 
sand; gravel. 

Black sand; gravel.... 

Dark sand; gravel... .- 

Brown mud; fine black 
sand; coral; sand. 

Dark gray sand; broken 
shells; pebbles. 

Dark gray sand; broken 
shells; Foraminifera. 


282 | Green mud; broken 
: pneu: Foraminifera. 
See Co eS ees ed La 


ich Alcyonaria were secured during the northwest Pacific 
“‘ Albatross’’ in 1906—Continued. 


“ 


Species of Aleyonaria. 


Dendronephthya splendens, Si- 


phonogorgia splendens, 
Stachyodes megalepis, Calyp- 
trophora japonica, Acantho- 
gorgia fusca, Placogorgia ja- 
ponica, Bebryce hicksont, Elas- 
mogorgiaramosa, Parisis fru- 
ticosa, Melitodes dichotoma. 
Dendronephthya magnacantha, 
D. splendens, Chrysogorgia 
dichotoma, Stachyodes mega- 
lepis, Caligorgia flabellum, 
C. aspera, Thowarella hilgen- 
dorfi, T. typica, Acanthogor- 


gia striata, Muricella reticu- — 


lata, Thesea placoderma, Acis 

squamata, A. spinifera, Pla- 

cogorgia japonica, Villogorgia 

brunnea, Parisis fruticosa. 
Nidalia gracilis. 


Virgularia, sp.? 


Pennatula brevipenna. 


Kophobelemnon hispidum, 
Acanella normani. 


Pennatula pendula. 


Pennatula penduia, Trichop- 
tilum spinosum. : 
Pennatula naresi. 


Pennatula naresi, Umbellula 
eloisa, A nthoptilum murrayi. 

Umbellula magnifiora, Helicop- 
tilum rigidum, Chrysogorgia 
flexilis. 

Anthomastus japonicus, Lep- 
idogorgia petersi. 

Kophobelemnon hispidum, He- 
licoptilum rigidum, Lepido- 
gorgia peterst. — 

Balticina finmarchica. 


Balticina californica, Halipter- 
is christit. 

Clavularia dispersa, Balticina 
pacifica. : 

Balticina californica. 

A nthomuricea aberrans. 

Kophobelemnon ferrugineum. 

Clavularia dispersa. 

Bailticina finmarchica. 

Alcyonium gracillimum. 

Alcyonium gracillimum. 

A lcyonium gracillimum. 

Halisceptrum cystiferum, .Um- 
bellula carpenter. 

Alcyonium kikenthali. 

Lithophytum roseum. 

Ceratoisis philippinensis. 

Balticina pacifico, . 

A nthomastus japonicus. 

Balticina finmarchica. 

A nthomastus japonicus. 

Protoptilum orientale. 


Pennatula sulcata, Protopti- 
lum orientale. 


VOL, 43. 


No. 1923. DEHSCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. fF; 


Record of dredging stations at which Aleyonaria were secured during the norihwest Pacific 
cruise of the ‘‘Albatross’’ in 1906—Continued. 


eee Position. Depth in) Kind of bottom. Species of Aleyonaria. 
5070 | Ose Saki, 8. 8°. W.,1.8 miles. 108 | Mud; sand; broken | Dendronephthya magnacantha, 
shells. Caligorgia aspera, Pluma- 


rella adhzrans, Thoucrella 
hilgendorfi, Acanthogorgia 
paradoxa, Muricella abnor- 
malis, Placogorgia japonica, 
Melitodes dichotoma. 
5071 | Ose Saki, S. 53.5° W., 2.6 BYMiBs coaneees (C2) SARs Dendronephthya acaulis, Para- 
miles. spongodes striata, Penna- 
tula_rubescens, Stachyptilum 
macleari, Menella indica. 


5072 muna Eat Lt., S. 37° W., | 284-148). Gray: mud........--.. Pennatula inermis. 
-7 miles. 
5074 pat ca IIS SiG as, Niven AUN sissies COs anes ate aes Dendronephthya nigripes. 
4m 
5079 | Omai Saki Lt., N. 29° H., 24 475-505 | Pebbles..............- ?Chrysogorgia lata, Calyptro- 
miles. phora ijimai, Thouarella al- 
ternata, T. recta, Paragor- 
gia regalis. 
5080 | Omai Saki Lt., N. 23.5 E., 28 505 | Fine gray sand; Glo- | Umbellula carpenteri, Lepido- 
miles. bigerina. gorgia petersi, Chry ysogorgia 
agassiztt, Calypirophora 2dt- 
mai, Thouarella aliernata. 
5083 | Omai Saki Lt., N. 23.5° E., 624 |..... GOs AER te Sees Ceratoisis paucispinosa. 
34.5 miles. 
5087 | Joka Sima Lt., S. 84.5° E., 614 | Green mud: .-....-.-- Calyptrophora ijimai. 
14.8 miles. 
5091 | Yoga Shima Lt., N. 15° W., 197 | Green mud; coarse | Chrysogorgia lata. 
4.2 miles. black sand; pebbles. 
5092 | Joga Sua LijNe Yew 70 | Coarse black sand.-..- Pennatula sulcata. 
3.5 miles. : 
5093 | Joga Shima Lt., N. 8° W., 5 BOM eases OhoR ri eree acres Calyptrophora kerberti, Thoua- 
miles. rella hilgendorfi. 


Jt appears that alcyonarians were secured from 75 stations during 
the cruise. The greatest yield was from station 4936, at a depth of 
103 fathoms, where 16 species were secured; the next best haul being 
from station 4894, with a yield of 11 species. This last was almost 
equaled at station 4935, where 10 species were dredged. Other good 
hauls were from station 4893, where 8 species were secured; and 
station 5070, yielding 8 species. All of these extraordinarily suc- 
cessful hauls were from depths ranging from 95 to 108 fathoms, and 
all were in Japanese waters. 

The deepest haul was near Bering Island, where Felicoptilum 
rigidum, a species for which a new genus of sinnerrlte is described, 
was secured from a depth of 2,700 fathoms. At station 4766, near 
Koniuji Island, one of the Aleutian Group, in a depth of 1,766 fathoms 
Pennatula aculcata and Bathygorgia profunda were secured. At sta- 
tion 4765, Anthoptilum murrayi was dredged from 1,217 fathoms, and 
at station 4780, Plumarella spicata and “Pyaginne beringt from a 
depth of 1,046 fathoms. These were the four deepest hauls at. which 
Aleyonaria were obtained. Of the 6 species from these depths, 3 are 
pennatulids, and 3 belong to the Gorgonacea, while all belong to families 
of wide distribution in the deep seas. 


8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 43. 


Geographical and bathymetrical distribution of Alcyonaria collected by the “ Albatross” in 
the northwest Pacific during 1906. 


[The asterisk (*) indicates a new species.] 


Bathymetrical distribu- 


Geographical distribution. tion (in fathoms). 


mn ek eontue 
$18 § 18 
cop) rt fete [pei es 
eo | 3 BE 
é 5 S) Ses 
Name. ele|s .||.. Slee 
si/8\s|./3/21% |o8las 
Blole|8/s/2|8 lgs\se NG ee eS) 
slSlSle/ClS|s Fake [sis /Siss 
Blslsiaisleléle lexisl=l|slelele 
S ita | may ec | Bigs ie pes eo/P l/s] ] 8 
a] sj] SOietls {32 o;}+ x 
Si/a\e See sj iS |¥|/ol18/s]ss 
Bb | Hi/8l|Hliom @ salolal|alo}]o 
Clavularia dispersd.....-+------------ 
(Cass SUIeGnte) 793 soe ooankonooeos|paoo|eecoi|Poca|sosclaas|ssocllaacelleSacliessaiass- 
Clavularia eburnea..-..--------------- 
Clavularia japonica *_.......---------- 
Lithophytum roseum *....------------ 
Dendronephthya splendens ....--- 
Dendronephthya acaulis....-.-. 
Dendronephthya magnacantha *...-...- 
Dendronephthya nigripes *.....---.-.- 
Dendronephthya oviformis *....---.-.- 
Paraspongodes striata. ..--.----------- 
Alcyonium kikenthali *....-.-.---.--- 
Alcyonium gracilimum..---.--------- 
DRUG TOUT oo soa ease aoaSHessso< 
INE TTS Hs 3 eas cee nose cones 
BELLO ELLUM LGN Mco oe eae a neen = aise 
Anthomasius japonicus *...-.-.-.----- 
Siphonogorgia splendens...-.--.--.---- a6 
Ptilosarcus brevicaulis *.....--..-..--- + ; 
Pennatula aculeata.....---------------|---- SO Nam || Seeelleodelesoalpsise|ace: + f----}b] He] eR] ty st 
LEAN BUNCH AS SB eA bokesasoosoone celeselsonaeees|-seeleestieocsiesescuolesas +]+ 4) + |----]---- 
Pennatula murrayt....--------5-5-.-- rs tel ereseaes| boseeke St hy aes) ise) RO! sic ie] (apes We ec sgeeliscinc 
Pennatula pendula....-.----------.-.- te eee ea ese Be Brees eee pera ee soee)seel sas +] + d--.- 
IPCANEEULONTLONESte meee ince eieaiianieiae laa seer aero) RO Wea) [rel Laermer) evened (esses | Pe +] + |... 
Pennatula longistyla *......-..--.----- te 
Pennatula rubescens *....--.--.------- + 
Pennatula brevipenna*.....--.....--- + 
Pennatula inermis *......------------ + 
Pteroides sagamiense..----------- oe 
Haliscepirum gustavianum . .-.- 4) a 
Halisceptrum cystiferum ...-- -| + 
Halisceptrum album *.....-.---.--.--- + 
WORDS oso essobcosbocaossosse — 
Balticina finmarchica......------.-..-- oe 
Balticina pacifica....-.--.-.---------- a+ 
Bac NM CHLUfOTNICH.- =~ 2 mene we = + 
ETO M LCT IS CHTESUIL mia alnclcloate iain ainsi eee + 
Umbellula magniflora......-.-.-.-...- + 
Umbellula carpenteri.....-.-----..-..- aL 
Cnbeliailarelois mee erm cence oeeee cee + 
Kophobelemnon ferruginewm....-......| + 
Kophobelemnon hispidum *.....- ees + 
Anthoptilum murrayi...-.--------.--- ab 
Echinoptilum macintoshi.-.-...-....-- ab 
Protoptilum orientale *...-- en Racy ae 
Stachyptilum macleari........-.---.-.- + 
Trichoptilum spinosum *.......-.--..- + 
Helicoptilum rigidum *...-...--..-.--- + he. 
SE CICOGOTOLO PCLCT Sta ee ee eee eee + 
Chingy sogorgiaatdese ase ese ae sb 
Chiysagongiaileriis ee ene ee ae He {pes 
Chrysogorgia agassizit-...--.-.-222-5-_- ak 
Chrysogorgia dichotoma.-........-...... ae 
Caliyptrophond 1jIneiee eee ea eee =e ee 
Calypirophora japonica.......---.....- ak 
Calyptrophora kerberti.....-.-. Beet 
Stachyodes megalepis . -- te 
Caligorgia flabellum ... - ah 
Caligorgia ventrilabrum . . See oe 
Caligorgimasperd see eee eens + 
PUN CUOSDULOS Uae eenenar sence ae + 
Plumarella flabellata...........-----.- + 
PLUMOnEULG CORN ane eeeeene eee een + 
ELTON CLLG SIC hem eeie seer te | ae 
Plumarella adherans *......-.-....-.- + 


NO. 1923, 


DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 9 


. Geographical and bathymeirical distribution of Alcyonaria collected by the ‘‘ Albatross’? in 
the northwest Pacific during 1906—Continued. 


Bathymetrical distribu- 


Geographical distribution. tion (in fathoms). 


: y oY} ‘ 
$|s EE 
mM = wo! = 
a0 oO 3 Cn 
N Sel ete aed ; 3 (48 
aay glzla| |alS\. eee 
» Ss a | Sis 
Blolslalel2|@ lesee are 
Q |. =) dq 210 BIZ ev A eS lh So. |= 
els 2 /e(ClS|S ZRF leis isles 
SS! fer ee la leuee| Sila] Leela) |e 
Cs a mie ies = qd |} 28 @ se 2S) 8 
SSS ee ica ee ee iS) SSE iy eae |S) 
3 Sig | Plo/SI/SI/8/& 
eS |< = Sle i/Hloa 4 ese loaloajaslsnso 
Thouarella hilgendorfi.......----.----- + [?-+ OSS bee SN eR fH fb ]) sb) ae ak 
PAMOUMRCUOTECLE E -3). a\5b eese ete oes =~ Se css + 
PRROUAT EMG CY DICE oe sees see Bek + 
PMO TELLORGET OL @2 28 es cinelecice cies] <2 = 
Thouarella alternata *........-.-.-- easel] Se ieese 
Primnodendron superbum *........---|---- 
Acanthogorgia striata ....--..--.------- SE |loscel|aco- 
Acanthogorgia fusca *......-.-.-.----- ap |jese= 
Acanthogorgia paradozra *.........-..-- = 
Anthomuricea aberrans *.....-...----- se 
Muriceides cylindrica *.......-.-.-.-.- + 
MMU TMCCLUES NOTE fo <= 2 < J tinasee eons + 
Muricella reticulata *....-...--..-.-.- ar 
Muricella abnormalis *...-.-.....-.--- + 
RRCSEOMMIQCOOCTMNG 2. =---2 52-5222 + 
PALISISIIMOMOL Se cans see on cesses en + 
PRP SISPIMILIFET > tan bcc ce coe once snces <i + 
Placogorgia japonica *.........----...- + 
Villogorgia brunnea *....----..------- + 
Elasmogorgia filiformis .....-..-..--.--- + 
Elasmogorgia ramosa *.....-...-.----- + 
AV TOAND ACCES POSE EE ASE Bees + 
SRCUNUECHMICK SOM) os 22 ose sel ke bees + 
Huplezaura pinnata...-.--.-----.---.- + 
Acapella NONMAN..<=---2---202+e---% + 
Bathygorgia profunda....--.-..---.--- + 
Ceratoisis paucispinosa...-.-...---.--- =f er 
Ceratoisis philippinensis........--.--.- =eulesnas 
Melitodes dichotoma....-..--.-..-..--- + 
PEMUTISIS LUC OSHS ah oi2 ose eee ls edna ae + 
Platycaulus danielsseni....--.....-.--- ot 
Leptogorgia beringi *......--........--|---- 
Callistephanus pacificus *............-|.--- 
Scirpearella gracilis .......--.-.--..--- + 
Scirpearella rubra ........------------- + 
Paragorgia nodosa......-..-....-.----- + 
SPOTEGONOWTEGAUS Fs 2.3. t eek ne te ea + 


Of the 102 species secured, 96 have been reported from Japanese 
waters, and 60 are, so far as known, exclusively Japanese. Of the 37 
Japanese species known to occur elsewhere 16, or 43 per cent, are from 
the East Indies; 8, or 22 per cent, are found in the Indian Ocean; 8, 

or 22 per cent, have been reported from the Hawaiian Islands, and. 
but 1 from Chinese waters. 

Four species are common to Japan and the South Seas, and 7 to 
Japan and the north Atlantic. Four of these latter are found nowhere 
else except in Japan and in the north Atlantic. 

Five species are common to Japan and the north Pacific, including 
Alaska, and four are common to Japan and the west coast of America. 


10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


It is interesting to note in this connection that there are more_ 
species common to Japan and the west coast of North America than 
to the Hawaiian region and the west coast of North America.’ 

An inspection of the table headed ‘“‘Bathymetrical distribution” 
shows that the depth between 100 and 200 fathoms yielded the best 
results, 45 species being secured from that depth. ‘The depth of from 
50 to 100 fathoms appears to come next in order, with a record of 41 
species, although a less range of depth is here included than m the 100 
to 200 fathom column. A very common source of error in discussing 
such tables lies in the fact that no attention is ordinarily given to the 
number of hauls taken in each zone. 

An examination of the records shows that aleyonarians were 
secured from 75 stations during the cruise. A depth of 1 to 50 
fathoms is recorded for 8 stations, 50 to 100 fathoms at 22 stations, 
100 to 200 fathoms at 14 stations, 200 to 500 fathoms at 18 stations, 
500 to 1,000 fathoms at 12 stations, and over 1,000 fathoms at 4 sta- 
tions. Calculating the number of species to 100 stations in each of 
these zones, we reach the following result: 

In the 1 to 50 fathom zone the rate was 162 species to 100 hauls. 

In the 50 to 100 fathom zone the rate was 200 species to 100 hauls. 

Tn the 100 to 200 fathom zone the rate was 333 species to 100 hauls. 

In the 200 to 500 fathom zone the rate was 172 species to 100 hauls. 

Tn the 500 to 1,000 fathom zone the rate was 200 species to 100 hauls. 

In depths of 1,000 fathoms or more the rate was 225 species to 100 
hauls. 

This shows still more clearly that the richest grounds were at daphne 
between 100 and 200 fathoms. In order, however, to compare zones 
of equal depths we should add the 1 to 50 fathom and the 50 to 100 
fathom zones, in order to compare with the 100 to 200 fathom zone. 
When this is done we find that the zone 1 to 100 fathom yielded species 
“at the rate of 183 to 100 hauls, which still further emphasizes the 
difference between the two; showing that the second, or 100 to 200 
fathom zone, yields twice the ned of species to 100 tak that were 
secured at depths under 100 fathoms. 

Below 200 fathoms the. ratio is still miginteined fairly well, the 
average bemg about two species to each successful haul at all depths 
explored. The number of hauls, however, in the deeper zones was 
too small to give conclusive evidence. It nevertheless indicates, in a 
general way, that the bathymetric distribution is more equable than 
has generally been supposed, and that the deeper zones seem to yield 
as much in proportion to the number of successful hauls as the 
shallower, with the exception of the 100 to 200 fathom zone, which 
seems particularly adapted to alcyonarian life. 


1A discussion on this point will be found in my Descriptions of Hawaiian Aleyonaria, Proc. U. 8. Nat. 
-Mus., vol. 34, 1908, p. 548. 


VOL. 43. a 


no. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 18 


As before stated, Helicoptilum rigidum, representing a new genus. 
and species, was secured at a depth of 2,700 fathoms off Bering Island. 
So far as the writer has been able to ascertain, this is the greatest 
depth from which an alcyonarian of any kind has thus far been 
dredged. This form is also unique among the Pennatulacea on 
account of its extreme rigidity, being possessed of an exceedingly 
dense and heavy axis cylinder with a remarkably compact cortex 
of spicules. 

No specimens were secured between the extreme depth just men- 
tioned (2,700 fathoms) and 1,766 fathoms where two previously 
described species were secured as noted on page 7. 


SYSTEMATIC DISCUSSION OF THE ALCYONARIA SECURED BY THE 
U.S. FISHERIES STEAMER “ALBATROSS”? DURING ITS CRUISE IN 
THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC IN 1906. 


Order ALCYONACEA Verrill. 
Polyps single or in fixed colonies, without an axis cylinder. 
Family CORNULARIDA Verrill. 


Polyps united by solenia; colonies sometimes forming lobular 
encrusting masses, sometimes ‘branching through new polyps budding: 
from the sides of older ones. 


Genus CLAVULARIA Quoy and Gaimard (modified by 
Nutting). 


Spicules present. Colonies consisting of band-like stolons, from 
which the polyps arise singly, or of branched forms arising from a 
stolon-like or encrusting base.! 


CLAVULARIA DISPERSA Kiikenthal. 


Clavularia dispersa KUKENTHAL, Japanische Alcyonaceen, 1906, p. 18. 

Colonies growing on very dark-colored worm tubes, broken, the 
largest fragment being 15 cm. long; but the worm tube is 9.2 cm. 
longer. The colony rather thinly encrusts the tube, which, with the 
alcyonarian, is about 4 mm. in diameter. The polyps are dis- 
- tributed without any regularity whatever, sometimes being in clumps 
or clusters, and at others being as much as 6 mm. apart. 

The calyces are tubular or conical, a typical one being 3 mm. in 
height and about as broad at base as high, their walls filled with 
rather slender spindles 1 mm. long and longitudinally arranged. 
Sometimes there are 8 longitudinal corrugations on the calyx walls, 

1C. C. Nutting, Descriptions of Hawaiian Aleyonaria, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, p. 553. In this paper 
and another on Alcyonaria of the Californian coast (same publication, vol. 35, pp. 681-727) the writer gives 


short diagnostic definitions of families and genera. In the present work these definitions will be used so 
far as they appear to the writer to be satisfactory. 


1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 43. 


and at others these are not evident. The polyps are often extruded 
above the calyces, their walls are filled with slender spindles verti- 


cally disposed, and are longitudinally corrugated with 8 ridges on — 


which the spindles sometimes assume an en chevron arrangement. 
The tentacles bear numerous minute spindles irregularly disposed 
over their dorsal surfaces. 


The coenenchyma is packed with slender spindles, like those of the — 


polyps and calyx walls. They are usually vertically disposed, but 
are sometimes crossed in various directions. 

The color of the colonies is light grayish yellow. 

Localities —Station 4992; Bomasiri Shima (off north end of Rebun 


To), Sea of Japan; 325 fathoms. Station 4985; Kamoi Mizaki Light, 


N.17° E., 15.2 miles; 224 fathoms. 

Type-locality—Japan Sea, 1,000 meters. 

Apparently near Sympodvum indicum Thomson and Henderson.? 
These writers describe several species of Sympodium which would go 
into the genus Clavularia, as used in this paper. 


CLAVULARIA SULCATA, new species. 


Plate 1, figs. 2, 2a; plate 17, fig. 1. 


The largest colony is growing on a worm tube, and is 3.6 cm. in 
height. The polyps are thickly emplanted over the distal portion 
of the tube. Another colony grows in a straggling manner over a 
pebble. The calyces are bent so as to be directed upward. 
» A typical calyx is 1 cm. im height, club-shaped, 3 mm. broad at the 
clavate end and 2 mm. broad near its base. The 8 ribs are very 
strongly marked, and are closely packed with small longitudinal 
spicules. The margin is 8-lobed, and the polyps are completely 
retractile, their walls thin and with 8 strongly marked rows of longi- 
tudinal and parallel spindles. The general coenenchyma is packed 
with stouter spindles than those on the calyces. The tentacles are 
strongly retracted and do not appear to bear spicules. 

The spicules are small spindles, closely warted throughout, rarely 
attaining a length of over0.5mm. They are quite uniform, but vary 
in diameter, some being almost bar-like. 

Color: Yellowish-brown, or tan color throughout. 

Locahty.—Station 4791; Cape Monati, Bering Island, N. 52° W., 
8.75 miles; 76-72 fathoms. 

Ty pe-specumen.—Cat. No. 30026, U.S.N.M. 

This species resembles C. petersont Kiikenthal,? but differs in the 
arrangement of spicules. 


1 Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Report, The Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 1. 
2 Japanische Aleyonaceen, 1906, p. 16. 


no. 1923. DHSCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 13 


CLAVULARIA EBURNEA Kiikenthal. 


Clavularia eburnea KUKENTHAL, Japanische Alcyonaceen, 1906, p. 14. 

A specimen secured by the U. 8. Fisheries steamer Albatross is 
attached to an alcyonarian stem. The polyps attain but 7 mm. in 
leneth. Otherwise they agree with the type. 

Locality Station 4781; lat. 52° 14’-30’’ N.; long. 174° 13’ 00” 
E.; 482 fathoms. 

Type-locality.—Sea of Japan, 600-1,200 meters. 


CLAVULARIA JAPONICA, new species. 
Plate 1, figs. 1, la; plate 17, fig. 2. 


Specimens in fragments. The largest piece is a straight stem or 
mother calyx, both ends lacking, 5.5 cm. long, from which a number 
of irregularly placed secondary polyps arise. The main stem (or 
polyp) shows the even vertical lines of Telesto arborea, and is 1.7 mm. 
in diameter throughout most of its length. The secondary calyces 
are arranged in an irregular spiral, two in a vertical series being 
separated by about 6 mm. They grow at an angle of nearly 45 
degrees from the stem, are cylindrical in form, 5 mm. in length and 
1.6 mm. in diameter. They narrow gradually toward the base, and 
are truncate at their distal ends. The calycular surface is perfectly 
smooth, without corrugations, either longitudinal or transverse, except 
at distal end. Their walls are filled with vertical spindles covered 
with complex verruce which interlock with those of adjacent spicules, 
forming an even mosaic which it is hard to separate. These are 
embedded in the superficial layer of the calyces. Within this is 
another very thin and delicate layer of more slender spindles. 

Spicules: These are modified spindles covered with short, variously 
branched and tuberculate processes, as described above. 

Color: The entire specimen is very light yellowish, or cream color. 

tiny Siaton 4888} Nomo Zaki, N. 57° E., 16.5 miles; 71 
fathoms (type). “Station 4893; Ose Saki Light, N. 29° E., 5.5 miles; 


106-95 fathoms. Station 4894; Ose Saki Light, N. 41° E., 5 miles; 95 


fathoms. 
Ty pe-specomen.—Cat. No. 30039, U.S.N.M. 


Family NEPHTHYID Verrill. 


Colony with a usually sterile stem or trunk which bears a dendritic 
branching mass of polypiferous ramifications. Polyps not retractile. 


Genus LITHOPHYTUM ForskAal. 


Nephthyide in which the polyps are arranged in lappets, and are 
without “Stutzbundeln” (Kiikenthal). 


i Revision der Alcyonarien, 1903, p. 106. 


14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 43. 


LITHOPHYTUM ROSEUM, new species. 
Plate 1, figs. 3, 3a; plate 17, fig. 3. 


Colony a compact lobulated mass 3.8 cm. in height and with a 
greater diameter of 3.2 cm. and a lesser diameter of 1.9 cm. The 
main stem is very short, in the form of a flattened disk. The branches. 
bear closely approximated nodules, oval when viewed from above, 
and with a larger diameter of 5 mm. on the average; but they are 
also smaller in many cases. The branches are very short. 

The individual calyces are entirely included, looking like those of 
Pocillopora. Their margins form a very shght elevated rmg. They 
are about 1 mm. broad, and the retracted polyps fill them level with 
the margin. The polyp walls bear eight longitudinal bands of pink 
spicules vertically arranged, not en chevron. 'The tentacles are short, 
broad, fringed, and apparently without spicules. The sides and under 
parts of the nodules bear warty protuberances which may be zooids, 
but are more likely young polyps. 

Spicules: These are minute spindles, usually slender and with regu- 
larly disposed verruce. Sometimes they are stouter, tending to an 
oval shape, and, rarely, irregularly branched. Those in the polyp 
walls are pink, the others white. 
_ Color: The stem is pallid, the retracted polyps and margins oF the 

calyces are pinkish. The general cenenchyma is whitish. 

There are well developed ova in the bottoms of the calyx cavities. 

Locality.—Station 5026; lat. 48° 36’ 10’’ N.; long. 145° 17’ 30”’ E.; 
119 fathoms. 

Ty pe-specumen.—Cat. No. 30020, U.S.N.M. 


Genus DENDRONEPHTHYA Kikenthal. 


Nephthyide in which the polyps are usually in bundles, and in 
which the individual polyp is supported by several large spindles 
constituting the ‘‘Stutzbundeln” of German writers. 


DENDRONEPHTHYA SPLENDENS (Kiikenthal). 
Spongodes splendens KUKENTHAL, Alcyonaceen von Ternate, 1896, p. 104. 


Colony a beautifully symmetrical dendroid form 21.5 cm. in height. 
The sterile stem is 10 cm. high, wrinkled longitudinally throughout 
and with fine transverse rugosities on its distal end. The stem 
greatly resembles that of Ptilosarcus, and looks as if it were inflatable. 
The main stem continues throughout the colony to near the distal 
‘end, whereit forks. ‘The branches are very numerous, short, and tend 
to an arrangement in whorls. They are sometimes strictly cylin- 
drical and at others much flattened. The younger branches seem 
to be the round ones, the older flattened. The branches vary greatly 
in the extent of ramification, some of the larger ones being minia- 


no. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 15 


tures of the colony from which they spring, bearing whorls of branch- 
lets which again divide once or twice before the final bundles are 
reached. Other (younger) branches are very simple, in some cases 
bearing but one bundle of polyps. There are from three to eight or 
more polyps in the bundle. 

The polyp and pedicel together measure 2.6 mm. in height, on the 
average. The diameter of the polyp head is about 1.2 mm. The 
calyx margin is surrounded by a crown of points, some of which 
project as much as 1.5 mm. beyond the margin. « Their number is 
variable, but eight is quite common. Often two or three of these 
are the projecting points of spicules in the ‘“‘Stutzbundeln.”” Another 
set of smaller spindles are longitudinally placed on the dorsal sur- 
faces of the infolded tentacles. 

Spicules: These are all spindles of various sizes, except stellate 
forms found in the stem. The largest spindles are on the under 
surfaces of the twigs, where they sometimes attain a length of 5 mm. 
These large spindles are quite smooth under a low power, but show 
a surface closely set with sharp thorny points under a higher power. 
The stem walls contain sparsely scattered small spicules, cruciform, 
or irregularly stellate. 

Color: The main stem, branches, and branchlets are pallid or whit- 
ish, the polyp heads are brownish-red. 

Localities —Station 4879; Oki Shima, S. 70° W., 7.5 miles; 59 
fathoms. Station 4893; Ose Saki Light, N. 29° E., 5.5 miles; 106-95 
fathoms. Station 4935; Sata Misaki Light, N. 58° E., 4.5 miles; 103 
fathoms. Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21° E., 5.7 miles; 103 
fathoms. 

DENDRONEPHTHYA ACAULIS Kiikenthal. 


Dendronephthya acaulis KixentTHat, Japanische Alcyonaceen, 1906, p. 40. 


The single specimen agrees well with the description and figures 
given by Kikenthal. I do not find, however, any of the small 
‘branched spicules illustrated in fig. 30, 7. c. Some of the long red 
- spindles from the ccenenchyma of the branches attain a length of 
over 4 mm. 

Locality Station 5071; Ose Saki, S. 53.5° W., 2.6 miles; 57 
fathoms. 

General distribution.—Uragakanal, Japan, 150 meters. (Type- 
locality.) 

Another fragmentary specimen from station 4879, near Oki Shima, 
59 fathoms, is referred with doubt to this species. The crown of 
thorns is much more conspicuous than in the type described by 
Kikenthal, and the color is a bright red. 


16 PROCHEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


DENDRONEPHTHYA MAGNACANTHA, new species. 
Plate 2, figs. 2, 2a; plate 17, fig. 5. 


Colony small, but 2.1 cm. in height and 1 cm. in width. The stalk 
is 1.3 cm. long, 3.5 mm. in diameter, and is overlaid with large white, 
bent spindles vertically disposed. Some of these large spindles are 
as much as 4.5 mm. in length. 

The head consists of a dense mass of heavily spiculated polyps, each — 
consisting of a distinct pedicel and polyp head. The stalk is abruptly 
bent just below the head so that the tentacles usually face downward. 
If straightened out, the whole would be about 6 mm. in length; stalk 
or pedicel, being about 4 mm. in height, and the head 2 mm. high 
and 2.5 in diameter. The stalk bears on its convex surface a bundle 
of very strong white spicules about 3.5 mm. long and 2 to 4m number. 
The points of one or two of these large spicules usually project be- 
yond the polyp head, and a few shorter spindles are longitudinally 
arranged on the sides of the stalk; but there are none on the ventral 
or concave side of the stalk or pedicel. 

There is a very strong collaret of curved white spindles below the 
tentacle bases disposed in one or two circular rows. Often these 
spindles are bent at the middle so that the convex or upper side lies 
over the tentacle bases. 

The tentacles are armed with bent longitudinal spindles, two of 
which are usually placed with their proximal ends divaricated (em- 
bracing the tentacle bases) and their distal ends approximated so as 
to form a point directed toward the center of the mass of infolded 
tentacles. This pair of spicules is usually a little over 1 mm. m 
length, and is often reenforced by one to three smaller white spindles. 
The distal ends of the tentacles bear a number of comparatively 
small, even minute, spindles, irregularly disposed; but tending to be 
transversely alee! near the tips of the tentacles and le 
arranged nearer the base. 

Spicules: These are all densely tuberculate spindles, many of thew! 
unusually stout and heavy, showing white when in situ. 

Color: The stalk is buffy-yellow, overlaid with white spindles. The 
polyps are chocolate-brown, overlaid with white spicules. 

Localities Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21° E., 5.7 miles; 
103 fathoms (type). Station 5070; Ose Saki,S. 8° W., 1.8 miles; 108 
fathoms. 

Type-specumen.—Cat. No. 30090, U.S.N.M. 

This species is very different from any other Dendronephthya in the 
collection, and is quite striking in color, the white spicules being well 
set off in contrast with the buffy and chocolate color of the stalks and 
polyp heads. 


no. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. ta 


DENDRONEPHTHYA NIGRIPES, new species. 
Plate 2, figs. 1, la; plate 17, fig. 4. 


_ A number of colonies of this form were secured. A typical one is — 
dentritic in its mode of branching and measures 3.5 cm. in height from 
base of stem, and 2.2 cm. in diameter. The main stem or stalk is 
terete in form, being 1 cm. in diameter at its broadest part and 
narrowing both above and below, where it is longitudinally grooved 
so as to resemble the body of an Umbellula. The main branches 
are flattened, very short, and soon subdivide into several very flat, 
leaf-like terminal twigs which bear polyps both on their edges and 
upper surfaces. 

The root of the colony is peculiar, being divided into numerous 
soft, flattened, slender, ribbon-like processes which are almost black 
except at their distal ends, which are an orange-brown. The whole 
polypiferous part of the colony is very compactly arranged, so as to 
present an almost solid mass of polyps on its surface. The canals of 
the stem extend into the thin-walled root-like processes described 
above. 

The individual polyp heads are borne on slender pedicels, the two 
together measuring but 2.2 mm.; the diameter of the pedicel being 
about 0.7 mm., and of the head 1.1 mm. 

The spicules of the ‘‘Stutzbundeln”’ do not project conspicuously 
beyond the polyp head. Those in the polyp walls are arranged 
loosely en chevron, and are strongly marked, being red on a white or 
creamy background, and the points of the chevron appear as mar- 
ginal projections over the tentacle bases. 

Hach tentacle is provided with a pseudo-operculum much as in 
the Muriceidz, each tentacle bearing on its dorsal surface two or 
more long slender spindles reaching nearly to the center of the mass 
ef infolded tentacles, the whole forming a slender-rayed rosette, 
when viewed from above. 

Spicules: These are all slender spindles with fine points over their 
entire surface, and often bent or sinuous. The largest are found 
on the under surfaces of the branchlets, where they attain a length 
of 4 mm. and sometimes extend rib-like from the base to the polyp- 
iferous border of the branchlet. These large spicules are inter- 
‘spersed with much smaller but relatively somewhat stouter spindles. 
The spicules of the pedicels are usually white or yellowish longitu- 
dinal spindles, while those of the polyp heads are still smaller, and 
pinkish in color. The tentacular spindles are colorless. 

Color: The peculiar root filaments are dark greenish-brown, al- 
most black. The trunk and branches are white, sometimes tinged 
with pink. The calyces on some of the branches are white; but in 
most of them they are pinkish, sometimes tinged with yellowish. 

48702°—Proc.N.M.vol.48—12——2 


. 


18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you. 43. 


Locality Station 5074; Omai Saki Light, 5. 37.5° W., 6.4 miles; 
47 fathoms. | 

Type-specimen. —Cat. No. 30091, U.S.N.M. 

This species is not far from Spongodes pulchra Thomson and 
Henderson; but the stem and branch spicules are much larger, 
and the color of the root processes is so striking that it would be 
noted by any careful describer. 


DENDRONEPHTHYA OVIFORMIS, new species. 
Plate 2, figs. 3, 8a; plate 17, fig. 6. 


Colony ovoid in shape, 3.1 cm. in height, and 2.9 em. in diameter. 
The stem is short and stout, being 1.2 cm. in height and terminating 
below in a small greenish mass of rootlets. The branches are flat- 
tened and frilled plates emplanted in two whorls, the lower of which 
projects outward and downward (thereby concealing most of the 
stem in side view), while the upper extends outward and upward. 
Each is divided into short flattened branchlets which bear the polyp 
bundles. Each bundle consists of from three to eight polyps, a 
common number being four. The branches of the upper whorl bear 
branchlets on their surfaces; these support bundles of polyps which 
fill the upper rounded surface of the colony. 

The pedicels are usually quite short and stout for this genus, the 
‘pedicel and polyp head together not averaging more than 1.8 mm. 
in length. The pedicel wall is ornamented with curved red spindles 
usually diagonally placed and sparsely distributed on the front and 
sides, usually being transverse on the latter. The backs are strength- 
ened by very large yellowish or pmk spindles which are slightly 
curved and attain a length of 5mm., projecting as much as 1.7 mm. 
above the polyp head. The upper aes of the polyps bear small 
red spindles arranged en chevron. Often several large spictles form 
a bundle with their points appressed and projecting nearly 2 mm. 
beyond the margin. Besides these there are a number of spindle 
ends forming a marginal crown, much as in Acanthogorgia. 

The dorsal surfaces of the infolded tentacles are armed with a 
row of curved spiny spindles, placed transversely and curving to 
fit the rounded surface of*the tentacle. 

Spicules: The spicules of the polyps, twigs and branches are all 
spindles, the larger ones being comparatively smooth, but bearmg 
very fine spines on their surfaces. They are usually more or less 
curved, sometimes S-shaped. The bare parts of the stem bear 
many minute oval or stellate spicules, and sometimes crosses. 

Color: The stem, branches, and pedicels are light yellow. The 
polyps are white, but this color is largely concealed by the pink or 
scarlet spicules. The root is dark greenish. 


No. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 19 


_ Locality—Station 4888; Nomo Zaki, N. 57° E., 16.5 miles; 71 
fathoms. 
Type-specumen.—Cat. No. 30041, U.S.N.M. 


Genus PARASPONGODES Kiikenthal. 


Nephthyidz, resembling Dendronephthya in structure, but having 
polyps without supporting bundles of spicules. Polyps either single 
or united in bundles. 


PARASPONGODES STRIATA Thomson and Henderson. 


Paraspongodes striata THomson and HENDERSON, Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report, 
1905, p. 277. 

Colony arborescent, 6.1 cm. high and 4.5 cm. broad. The barren 
part of the stem is 2.2 cm. long and 1.8 cm. broad, narrowing above 
and below. Its proximal end is covered with numerous slender, 
soft, root-like filaments of a dark greenish-brown color. The branches 
are in two whorls, those in the lower being contiguous and confluent 
basally; some branchlets bemg directed downward and others up- 
ward. Except near the bases of the larger branches the branches 
are all round in section. Branchings up to the fifth order are at- 
tamed, all branches being very distinctly and regularly wrinkled 
transversely, resembling trachzary tissue. The polyp bundles are 
small, as are the individual polyps. The latter are so matted to- 
gether that it is hard to determine the number in a bundle, probably 
the average being six to eight. The pedicel and polyp head together 
are about 2 mm. long, and the head is but slightly broader than the 
pedicel, the diameter being about 1 mm. 

The polyps are terete in form, like grains of wheat. The walls are 
armed with spindles arranged roughly en chevron, and some of them 
project over the margin. The largest spicules are those in the twigs 
bearing the bundles, some of these attainmg 5 mm. in length. AI of 
these spindles are slender, sinuous or bent, and their surface is covered 
with closely set spiny points. There are few spicules projecting much 
beyond the margin. The spicules in the walls of the stem are intri- 
cately branched crosses of minute size. 

Spicules: These are all spindles of various sizes, but of the type 
described, and crosses which are profusely branched. 

Color: The stem and branches are grayish-white, the polyps dull © 
brown. The rootlets are dull greenish-brown. 

Locaiity —Station 5071; Ose Saki, 8. 53.5° W.,2.6 miles; 57 fathoms. 

Ty pe-locality—_ Gulf of Manaar. 


Family ALCYONIDZ Verrill (emended). 


Colonial Aleyonacea in which the polyps are retractile. The proxi- 
mal pari of the stem is usually devoid of polyps, the ccenenchyma is 


20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you. 43. 


thick, and the spicules abundant. The endodermal canals are not in 
direct communication with each other. 


Genus ALCYONIUM Linnzeus (emended by Kitikenthal). 


Colonies of various forms. Polyps retractile, as are the calyces 
when evident. Canal system not divided distinctly into inner and 
outer layers. ih 

J ALCYONIUM KUKENTHALI, new species. 

Plate 3, figs. 1, la; plate 18, fig. 1. 


Colony an exceedingly irregular lobulated mass, apparently broken 
from a much larger specimen. Most of the sterile portion of the stem — 
is missing. The part of the colony present is 8.2 cm. high and 5.3 
em. wide. The opposite flat surfaces seem to have been the upper and 
lower sides of a flattened lobular branch of the original colony. The 
lower surface is largely devoid of polyps, and appears to be the naked 
surface of the very broad fleshy, spongy, main stem. The upper sur- 
face and lateral edges of the mass are almost covered with rounded 
lobes of various sizes averaging about 1.5 em. broad and 1.1 em. high, 
Each is born on a very short, thick, fleshy branch from the main stem. 
A section of a large branch shows a spongy tissue traversed by very 
numerous comparatively small canals, with no spicules in the walls 
between them. The peripheral canals show externally as longitu- 
dinal ridges. 

The polyps are thickly scattered over the lobes, and are completely 
retractile, although many of them are fairly well expanded in the 
specimen described, reaching a height of 2mm. Their diameter is a 
little over 1 mm. The polyp walls are ornamented with eight vertical 
bands of tuberculate spindles, each band consisting of several irreg- 
ular rows longitudinally placed and extending to the polyp margin. 
There are a few scattered spindles between these rows. The tentacles 
are rather long and deeply fringed. They appear to be destitute of 
spindles. 

Spicules: These are very sparse in this species, being confined 
merely to the rows of spindles just described on the polyp bodies. 
There are none on the surface of the branches, and they also appear 
to be absent in the spongy interior. They are nearly all small or 
minute slender spindles, with well marked verruce. ‘There are also 
a very few minute cruciform spicules and rudely stellate and branched 
forms. 

Color: The whole specimen is a pallid light brown. Another speci- 
men in the same bottle, apparently the same species, has the polyps 
all completely retracted, and the nodules subdivided or broken up into 
smaller groups of polyps. 

Locality.—Station 5016; lat. 46° 44’ 30’” N.; long. 143° 45’ H.; 64 
fathoms. 


& 
é 


no. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 21 


Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 30036, U.S.N.M. 
Named in honor of Prof. W. Kiikenthal, of Breslau, whose admirable 


work on Alcyonaria has added so much to our knowledge of that 


group. 


2 
ALCYONIUM GRACILLIMUM Kiikenthal. 


_Aleyonium gracilimum KUKENTHAL, Japanische Alcyonaceen, 1906, p. 34. 


A number of specimens in the collection agree well with the original 
description and figures of this species. The colonies are growing on 
soft, fleshy tubes which are presumably worm tubes. 

The polyps are retractile, but in expansion they raise the surround- 
ing tissue into short calyces with pinkish, warty spindles arranged 
vertically. The lower part of the exposed polyp has 8 double rows of 
slightly pinkish spindles arranged en chevron and extending upward 
into 8 longitudinal bands. The basal parts of the tentacles bear 
transverse spicules. 

The spicules are small stout spindles, with comparatively large 
verruce. 

Color: Light yellowish-brown. 

Localities.—Station 5005; lat. 46° 04’ 40’’ N.; long. 142° 27’ 30’ E.; 
42-43 fathoms. Station 5006; lat. 46° 04’ N.; long. 142° 29’ BH.; 


.42-43 fathoms. Station 5007; lat. 46° 03’ N.; long. 142° 31’ E.; 42 


fathoms. 
General distribution.—The type-locality is Misaki, Sagami Bay, 
Japan. ; 
Genus NIDALIA Gray (emended by Kiikenthal). 


Colony simple. Thesterile and polypiferous portions sharply differ- 
entiated. The delicate polyps retractile within nonretractile calyces. 
Zooids absent. Spicules warty rods and spindles. 


NIDALIA RUBRA (Brundin). 


- Bellonella rubra Brunpin, Alcyonarien des zoologischen Museums in Upsala,- 
1896, p. 6. 
Nidalia rubra KUKENTHAL, Japanische Alcyonarien, 1906, p. 22. 
Four specimens from station 4807 agree very well with Kikenthal’s 
description and figures. They are lighter red than those figured by 


that author; but one, the smallest, is brighter than the others, and is 


more nearly the color represented by Kiikenthal. 

Height of colony 3.6cm. Stem 1.4cm.long. The diameter of the 
stem is 7 mm., and of the polypiferous part of thecolony13mm. The 
details of the polyps, spiculation, etc., agree well with the description 
referred to. 


. 17This definition is a condensed and abridged translation of the one given by Kukenthal, Japanische 


Aleyonaceen, 1906, p. 19. 


22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Locality.—Station 4807; Cape Tsiuka, S. 58° W., 10.3 miles; 44-47. : 


fathoms. Station 4815; Niigata Light, S. 25° H., 21.5 miles; 70 


fathoms. 
General distribution—Korea Straits and Tsugaru Straits, Japan 
(Brundin). Misaki, Sagami Bay, Japan (Kiikenthal). 


NIDALIA GRACILIS, new species. 
Plate 3, figs. 3, 3a; plate 18, fig. 2. 
Colony unbranched, slender, 8.2 cm. in height. The stem is very 


short, being but 1.5 cm. long with a diameter of 8 mm., while that of 
the widest part of the colony is 6 mm. 


The stem is forked below and spreads out in lobular processes which _ 


are adherent to the two sides of a flat shell, and is both longitudinally 
and transversely corrugated. 


The polyps are more sparsely distributed than in N. rubra, often — 


being as much as 3 mm. apart, and scattered over all sides of the rod- 
like polypiferous part of the colony. 

The individual calyces attain a height of about 2 mm. and a 
diameter of 2.5 mm. at the base. The summit is 8-lobed and the 
walls contain numerous rodlike spicules which appear like granules 
under low magnification. These spicules are very small, terete, 
densely tuberculate spindles. | 

The polyps are retractile, but many of them are fairly well expanded 
in the type. The distal parts are expanded so as to appear as if borne 
on pedicels. The polyp extends 2.5 mm. above the calyx margin, 
and about 2 mm. of this is included in the tentacular mass, which is 
about 1.5 mm.in diameter. The polyp walls have afew transversely 
disposed red spindles at the bottom, eight double rows arranged en 
chevron above these, vertical spindles on the distal part forming 
vertical bands extending to the tentacle bases. The distal parts of 
the tentacles show no spicules. 

Spicules: These are of two main types. 1. Rather slender but 
highly tuberculate spindles found in the polyp walls and the general 
ceenenchyma; 2. Very short, oval, much tuberculated spicules which 
sometimes intergrade with*round, or even stellate, forms. 

Color: The stem is yellowish-brown; the general cconenchyma and 
sides of calyces rather dull red; the margins of the calyces yellow; 
and tne polyp bodies, below the tentacle bases, yellow, while the 
polyp head is white. 

Locality. Station 4946; Okiko Jima, N. 31° E., 4 miles; 39 fathoms. 

Type-specumen.—Cat. No. 30101, U.S.N.M. 


Genus BELLONELLA Gray. 


Colony unbranched, rod-like or conical. Calyces largely included, 
verruciform. Spicules often stars, crosses, and other branched forms. 


you. 43. : 


! 
‘ 
A 


‘No. 1928. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 23 


BELLONELLA FLAVA, new species. 
Plate 2, figs. 4, 4a; plate 18, fig. 3. 


Colony a single, thick, unbranched, curved stem, 4.4 cm. in height, 
round, with a greatest diameter of 1.1 cm. The basal nonpolyp- 
iferous part is like a turgid collar around the base, 4.5 mm. high and 
12 mm. in diameter. The polyp-bearing part is somewhat terete in 
side view, with arounded end. The polyps are emplanted on all sides 
on low rounded eminences averaging about 3 mm. from center to cen- 
ter. The axis of the stem is traversed by large cylindrical cavities, or 
conspicuous longitudinal canals. The intervals between the rounded 
eminences, or verrucz, and the verruce themselves are marked by a 
mesh of wrinkles which checker the whole surface, the wrinkles being 
mainly longitudinal and transverse. The calyces are marked by 
eight strong longitudinal lobes or corrugations, ending at the margin 
which closes over the retracted polyp. The calyces near the margin 
are 1.5 mm. m diameter; and the infolded margins are lobed, and 
yellowish in color. 

There is a well-marked collaret of small red spindles in several’ 
transverse rows. ‘The tentacle bases are armed with similar spindles 
arranged en chevron, and the distal portions of their dorsal surfaces 
bear three or four rows of similar spindles longitudinally disposed, 
forming a rosette when the retracted polyp is viewed from above. 

Spicules: These are all small, the prevailing types being double 
heads and double crosses. Sometimes the double heads are flattened 
so as to resemble the “‘collar-button”’ spicules of the genus Bebryce. 
There are a few relatively large slender spindles with sparsely dis- 
tributed thorny points on their surfaces; these are white and yellow. 

Color: General surface dull, ight yellow, brighter on the calyces, 
polyp spicules bright carmine sen 

Locality.—Station 4894; Ose Saki Light, N. 41° E., 5 miles; 95 
fathoms. 

Type-specimen. —Cat. No. 30089, U.S.N.M. 

This species differs from Midalia rubra (Brundin)! not only in color, 
but also in the spicules, particularly those of the tentacles. 


Genus ANTHOMASTUS Verrill. 


Colony mushroom-shaped, with a thick rounded head on a short 
round sterile stem. Polyps large and completely retractile. Zooids 
present, between the polyps. 


1 Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des zoologischen Museums in Upsala, 1896, p. 6. 


- 


24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 43, 


ANTHOMASTUS JAPONICUS, new species. 
Plate 3, figs. 2, 2a; plate 18, fig. 4. 


Capitulum round, 4.1 cm. in diameter. Total height of colony 7 
em., the sterile stem being about 6 cm. in height. The capitulum 
has its outer edge folded downward so that its edge is 2.2 cm. below 


its central and highest point. The whole colony is in the shape of a ~ 


typical toadstool. The stem of this specimen differs from the others, 
and all other species of the genus thus far described, in having a sharp 
constriction about 2 cm. from its distal end, below which the stem is 
produced into a tongue-shaped termination, rounded and even at the 


end, like many pennatulids. The other specimens end in ragged 


lobular edges, where the stem has been torn from its support, the one 
described being the only one that is certainly complete. 

The stem measures 15 mm. in greatest diameter. The polyps are 
about 45 in number, of which about 30 are situated on the edge of the 
capitulum. The upper surface is much less thickly emplanted. 
Smaller polyps appear irregularly among the larger ones, the latter 
measuring 12 mm. to base of tentacles, the tentacles themselves 
reaching 7 mm. in length. The polyp bodies increase in diameter 
from below upwards, being in some cases 5 mm. in diameter just below 
.the tentacular bases. The body cavities extend directly to join the 
stem cavity. 

Siphonozooids are densely crowded over the entire upper surface of 
the capitulum between the polyps, giving it a granular appearance. 


Under a low power of the microscope they appear as closely packed, 


rounded, or cone-shaped verruce with a pit in the center. Upon 
dissection these siphonozooids are seen to contain ova. 

Spicules: These are almost all needle-like or bar-like forms, nearly 
smooth, or at least not with pronounced verruce, as described in other 
species of the genus. In the polyps there are a number of minute, 
smooth, barlike spicules, also minute crosses, stars, and double stars. 
All spicules smaller than usual in the genus. | 

Color: The colony is dark red, the polyps somewhat darker. The 
stem is red above, fading to a grayish-red below. Two specimens 
from station 5050 were much more brilliant in color than the type, the 
capitulum and polyps being bright scarlet. 

Localities.—Station 4976; Shio Misaki Light, N. 59° E., 6.4 miles; 
545-544 fathoms. Station 5043; 42° 10’ 20’’ N., 142° 15’ 20” K.; 
330-309 fathoms (type). Station 5050; Kinka San Light, N. 78° W., 
25.7 miles; 266 fathoms. 

Ty pe-speciomen.—Cat. No. 30038, U.S.N.M. 

A specimen from station 4976 has a triangular capitulum with 
large polyps at the corners and a greater diameter of 3.2 cm. One 
of the polyps is 2 cm. long to the tentacles, and the tentacles are 


Eee ay ep ee 


) 


no. 1923. DHSCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 25 


1.8 cm. long. The polyp bodies are strongly ridged longitudinally, 
the ridges extending along the basal part of the tentacles. The 
zooids have their summits surrounded by circles of small spicules. 
The color is bright scarlet, the stem being dull grayish. Although 
this specimen differs considerably from the others, it is doubtless 
specifically identical with them. 


Family SIPHONOGORGID  Kéolliker (emended by Kiikenthal.) 


Siphonogorgide KUKENTHAL, Japanische Alcyonaceen, 1906, p. 69. 


Alcyonacea with the general appearance of Gorgonacea. Ccenen- 
chyma hard. Polyps borne only on the ends of ultimate branchlets 
and retractile within calyces, with their body cavities lengthened into 
canals which traverse the interior of the branches and contain but four 
mesenteries.* 

Genus SIPHONOGORGIA Kolliker. 


_ Being the only genus of the family Siphonogorgide, its definition 
is the same as that given above. It has been abbreviated by Kiiken- 
thal.2 The following is the substance of his definition: 

Sarcosoma with little connective tissue except in the canals, which 
are continuous with the body cavities of the polyps. Calyces with 
slightly developed opercula. 


SIPHONOGORGIA SPLENDENS Kiikenthal. 


Siphonogorgia splendens KiKENTHAL, Japanische Alcyonaceen, 1906, p. 80. 


A specimen from station 4935 agrees very well with the original 
description of this species. The colony is 5.5 cm. long; stem quite 
thick and longitudinally wrinkled, and breaks up 2.3 cm. from its base 
into three unequal branches. All of the larger branches bear small 
ultimate branchlets scattered throughout their length; but the distal 
branchlets are crowded at their ends with bright red polyps. 

The calyces vary greatly in size, 3 mm. being a common height. 
Their walls are supported by strong, usually vertical spicules which are 
heavily tuberculated and end in a series of blunt, irregular marginal 
points. They do not project much beyond the calyx margin, however. 

The polyps are retractile to their strongly marked collar, which is 
composed of three-or more rows of transverse spindles. The tenta- 
eles are armed with a pseudo-operculum much like that in the Muri- 
ceidz, and as figured by Kiikenthal. 

The spicules are very strongly tuberculate spindles, sometimeg 
reaching 5 mm. in length. 

1 This definition and one for the genus Siphonogorgia are condensed and abbreviated translations from 


the original by Ktikenthal. 
2 Japanische Alcyonaceen, p. 69. 


/ 


26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 43, 


Color: The stem and branches are very light buffy, the polyps 
bright red, nearly scarlet. 

Localities —Station 4815; Nigata Light, S. 25° E., 21.5 miles; 70 
fathoms. Station 4894; Ose Saki Light, N. 41° E., 5 miles; 95 fath- 
oms. Station 4934;Sata Misaki Light, N.77.5° E., 7 miles; 152-103 
fathoms. Station 4935; Sata Misaki Light, N. 58° E., 4.5 miles; 

103 fathoms. 

Type-locality China Sea. 

Another specimen, from station 4935, is much larger, 13 cm. long, 
and shows the general mode of branching to be irregularly dendritic. 


Order PENNATULACEA. 


Colonial forms not permanently attached to the bottom, or to other 
objects. Stem with an axial cavity which is often longitudinally sub- 
divided by thin partitions, and contains an axis cylmder. Spicules 
needle-like or bar-like, never warty. Both polyps and siphonozooids 
are generally present.’ 


Family PENNATULID Kolliker. 


Axis and pinne present, the latter large, and without calcareous, 
ray-like bodies. Colony pimnate. Zooids on ventral and lateral 
sides of the rachis. 


Genus PTILOSARCUS Gray. 


Calyx with two marginal teeth. Polyps without spicules. 


PTILOSARCUS BREVICAULIS, new species. 
Plate 4, figs. 3, 3a. 


A typical specimen from station 4876, preserved in formalin, meas- 
ures 18 cm. in total length, of which the stem constitutes 5.2 em. 
The stem is spindle-formed, being greatly inflated a little above its 
middle, and greatly constricted just below the rachis and at its lower 
end. Greatest diameter of stem 2 cm. Diameter just below the 
pinne 6 mm. 

This character seems constant in all the specimens secured, and is 
doubtless due partly to contraction; but nevertheless it is much more 
pronounced than in P. guadrangularis. 

The stem is strongly furrowed longitudinally. Rachis very much 
inflated, and nearly round in section, with the exception of the dorsal 
and ventral grooves. Its greatest dorso-ventral diameter is 2.5 cm. 
and the diameter from side to side is almost exactly the same. There 


1 Hawaiian Alcyonaria, Nutting, 1908, p. 557. The definitions of families and genera of the Pennatulacea 
are mostly adapted from those given by KGlliker in his Anatomisch-Systematische Beschreibung der 
Aleyonaria, Die Pennatuliden, 1872; and the report on the Challenger Pennatulacea, by the same auther. 


no. 1923. DHSCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 27 


are 33 pairs of leaves, and their ventral edges are straight, one of the 
lorigest having this edge 3 cm. long. The polypiferous border isnot 
nearly so extensively convoluted as in P. quadrangularis or Leioptilum 
undulatum, and is about 6 cm. long and rather regularly curved from 
the ventral end to where it joins the rachis dorsally. 

The calyces are in two or three rows on the borders of the leaves. 
They are small, usually with two opposite marginal pointsor teeth. In 
places there appears to be but one wavy row of calyces. The marginal 
teeth are filled with needle-like spicules, and these descend in bands 
above the partitions between the leaf chambers that are the continua- 
tions of the body cavities of the polyps. These spicules are not con- 
fined to a narrow band immediately below the polypiferous border, 
but are thinly and irregularly scattered along the partitions clear to 
the base of the leaf. The calyces measure about 2 mm. in height, 
along the side of the edge of the leaf, and are less than 1 mm. in diam- 
eter. They are closely appressed to each other along the border, leav- 
ing but their margins elevated above the surface. 

The polyps are small, white, and appear to be without spicules. 

The zooids are in two very broad turgid bands along the entire 
length of the rachis, with a narrow median furrow between them, much 
narrower than in P. quadrangularis. Unlike that species, the zooids 
in the present form extend around between the leaves to the termi- 
nation of the latter on the ventral surface, entirely covering the spaces 
between the leaves. The zooids are minute rounded points emplanted 
thickly, but not contiguous. Each is surrounded by a fence of spicules. 

The spicules are small, smooth, sharp needles, characteristic of the 
family. 

Color: The colony is light brownish-yellow. The polypiferous bor- 
ders of leaves and end of stem somewhat darker. Leaves translucent. 

Localitves.—Station 4807; Cape Tsiuka, 8. 58° W., 10.3 miles; 44-47 
fathoms. Station 4808; Cape Tsiuka,S.61° W., 10.6 miles; 47 fathoms. 
Station 4876; Oki Shima, S. 29° W., 5.3 miles; 59 fathoms (type). 

Type-specrmen.—Cat. No. 30013, U.S.N.M. 


Genus PENNATULA Linngzeus. 


The rachis bears zooids on the ventral side only. Spicules scattered 
over the entire surface, not being confined to the leaf borders. 


PENNATULA ACULEATA Danielssen. t 
Pennatula aculeata DaNtevssEN, Forh. Vid. Sel. Christiania, 1858, p. 25. 


A few small specimens from station 4766 are referred with some 
doubt to this widely distributed and variable species. They may be 
young colonies. 

Length of colony 7.1 cm.; stem 3.4cm. The stem swelling is long, 
occupying 1.7 cm. The leaves are in 12 pairs, directed forward, 


tre 
. 


98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 43, 


lanceolate, slender, opaque. There are five or six polyps to the leaf, 
one of which forms the leaf termination. Calyces slender, obconical, 
separate, sometimes 4 mm. long to the end of the teeth, with eight very 
slender acute teeth or spines projecting 2 mm. beyond the margin. 

Zooids: The ventral zooids are very numerous on ventral surface, 
except on the middle band. Lateral zooids in rows of four or six 
between leaf bases, really dorsal in position. 

Spicules: These oredone sharp needles, reddish- or yellowish-white 
in color. 

Color: The colony is grayish-yellow, tinged on leaves with red. 

Locality —Station 4766; Koniuji Island, S. 22.5° W., 27 miles; 
1,766 fathoms. 

General distribution. — Greatest depthreported, 1255 fathoms. New. 
England coasts. Common on eastern shores of the Atlantic and in the 
North Sea. Californian coast (Nutting). . 


PENNATULA SULCATA Kolliker. 


Pennatula sulcata Kouu1KER, Challenger Report, the Pennatulide, 1880, p. 8. 
?Pennatula fimbriata Herxtorts, teste H. Balss, Zool. Anzeiger, vol. 34, 1909, 
p. 428. 


Several specimens in the collection agree quite closely with Kélli- 
ker’s description of this species. In some of these there is a more 
abrupt swelling on the upper part of the stem than is figured by that 
writer, and in some the rachis is not twice as long as the stem. 

The length of a large specimen is 12.5 cm. The longest pinna is 
2.3 cm. in length and its width is 7 mm. There are 20 to 24 polyps 
on the fully developed leaves, and the calyces are armed with eight 
points composed of bundles of spicules. The polyps have rather long 
tentacles, for this genus; and these are deeply fringed, and bear a few 
very delicate spicules on their dorsal surfaces. 

The spicules are colorless, stout needles, borne on the rachis, pinne, 
and calyces. The proximal portion of the stem has the surface filled 
with minute oval disks. 

The zooids are very numerous, there being two very ‘bead turgid 
bands on the ventral surface, ana these bands are divided op a deep 
groove. There are also narrow bands of zooids between the bases of 
the leaves. 

Localities.—Station 4934; Sata Misaki Light, N. 77.5° E., 7 miles; 
152-103 fathoms. Station 5056; Ose Saki, N. 37° E., 5 miles; 258 
fathoms. Station 5092; Joga Shima Light, N. 19° W., 3.5 miles; 
70 fathoms. ; 

Doctor Balss identifies this species with P. fimbriata Herklots, but 
does not give any description. The matter of specific differentiation 
is so far from being reduced to any actual standard, and the views 
regarding specific characters are so varied, that the writer hesitates 


. Flee, 


no. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 29 


about reducing an accepted name to the ranks of synonymy unless 
the evidence is presented. . 


PENNATULA MURRAYI Kolliker. 


Pennaiula murrayi KOui1KER, Challenger Report, the Pennatulidz, 1880, p. 5. 


Total length of colony12cm. Stem4cm. long, with a sharply defined 
terete swelling just below the rudimentary pinne. The leaves are slen- 
der, 22 pairs, lanceolate, 10 mm. long and 3 mm. broad. The calyces 
are 9 to each leaf, when the latter is fully developed, tubular, much 
exserted, 2 mm. long, 1 mm. broad; not expanding at the margin, 
but contracting shghtly. The marginal points are much broken in 
the specimen described, but they do not appear to be regularly 8 in 
number. The spicules are longitudinally placed on the calyx walls, 
and are usually nearly parallel. In the leaves the spicules are criss- - 
erossed. The polyps are yellowish, probably yellow in life. 

The zooids differ greatly in size, one or two of the ventral series being 
very large, looking like rudimentary polyps opposite each leaf base. 
Continuous with these is a broken row or patch of lateral zooids, 
between the bases of the leaves and running around to the dorsal 
surface, which, however, they do not invade. The zooids are con- 
ical in shape and surrounded by a group of spicules with their distal 
ends approximated, forming the apex of the cone. 

The spicules are red and yellow needles, characteristic of the 
pennatulids, the longest being about 1.5 cm. long. They are found 
in the stem, rachis, leaves, and calyces. 

Color: The prevailing color is red. The leaves, ventral surface of 
rachis and basal end of stem, rather dull yellow, as are the polyps. 
The specimen agrees well with the original description. 

- Locality.—Station 4934; Sata Misaki Light, N. 77.5° E., 7 miles; 
152-103 fathoms. 

General distributuon.—The type was found by the Challenger south- 
east of Ceram, west of New Guinea, 29 fathoms. Maldives, 43 
fathoms (Hickson). 

This specimen differs from the original description in the length of 
leaves, which Kolhiker describes as 17 mm. long, instead of 10 mm., 
as in the specimen described above. In detail, however, the 

description tallies well. 


PENNATULA PENDULA Thomson and Henderson. 


Pennatula pendula Tomson and Hrenperson, Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean; 
I, Alcyonaria of the Deep Sea, 1906, p. 118. 


The colony is scarlet, total length 10.5 cm. The stem to rudimen- 
tary leaves, 3.1 cm., slender, swollen at about its middle and with a 
moderately distended end bulb. Its greatest diameter is 2.1 mm., 
and its least diameter, below rachis, 1 mm. There are 15 pairs of 
leaves from the first that show developed calyces. Leaves triangular 


30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. — vou. 43. 


in shape, a well developed one being 1.5 cm. in length and 4 mm. 


broad at the base. The leaves are closely approximated, forming a 
dense tuft or clump at the end of the colony. They overlap on the 
dorsal surface, being alternate in position. . There are eight calyces 
in a single row on a fully developed leaf, directed outward, forward, 
-and upward. 

The individual calyces are tubular in shape, 2.5 mom. high and 1.9 
mm. broad at the margin. The margin is ornamented with 8 sharp 
points ‘composed of a bundle of needle-like spindles with their distal 
ends approximated. The proximal ends of the same bundles form 8 
rather obscure vertical ridges on the calyx walls. Inside of these 
bundles there are a number of shorter horizontal needles on the 
upper parts of the walls, and others irregularly disposed on other - 
parts of the walls. Some of the points project as much as 1.5 mm. 
above the margin. 

The polyps are white, strongly retracted, and seem to have a few 
small red spindles on the tentacles. 

The zooids are small, inconspicuous and situated in broken rows, 
sometimes patches, in the sides of the rachis and between the leaves, 
there being 12 to 15 in arow. Each zooid shows as a white papilla, 
minute and surrounded by a fence of spicules. ! 

The dorsal and ventral surfaces of the rachis seem devoid of zooids, 
although one of the rows may end in a patch of 5 or 6 on the ventro- 
lateral side. 

The whole rachis is covered with red spicules, laid on haphazard. 
The axis extends nearly to the end of the end bulb. 

The spicules are all slender, smooth needles, attaining a length of 
2 mm. 

The color of the colony. as a whole is a bright scarlet. The stem is 
creamy white, and the polyps white. 

Localities.—Station 4958; Mizimoko Shima Light, N. 26° W., 29.3 
miles; 405 fathoms. Station 4959; Mizimoko Shima Light, N. 23° 
W., 28.5 miles; 405-578 fathoms. 

Type-locality—Indian Ocean. 

This species is very near to P. sanguinea Nutting, which has 6 
polyps to the leaf, and the leaves less closely approximated. 


PENNATULA NARESI Kolliker. 


Pennatula naresi KOuurKER, Challenger Report, the Pennatulacea, 1880, p. 2. 


Colony 40 cm. long, stem 8.5 cm. long, with a strong deeply 
corrugated enlargement about 1 cm. below the rachis, and a club- 
shaped end bulb. The rachis is quadrate in section, being laterally 
compressed. Its dorso-ventral diameter is 5 mm. and from side to 
side it is 3mm. There are about 35 pairs of leaves, which are not 
closely approximated. The individual leaves are sickle-shaped, and 


_ no. 1923. DHSCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 31 


are often bent backward, outward and inward so that their distal ends 
almost meet. This is not constant, however, some of the leaves tak- 
ing an opposite direction, their ends almost meeting on the ventral 
side of the rachis. 

‘The fully developed leaves are about 3 cm. long, measured around 
the polypiferous border, and 1.7 cm. directly across from base to tip. 
Their greatest diameter is 9 mm. 

The calyces are curiously distributed, there being a group of 4 or 
5 on the proximal end of the pinnule, the others being placed in a 
zigzag row (sometimes double) along the border, there being 28 or 
30 in a full grown leaf. The individual calyces are somewhat hour- 
glass-shaped, expanding at top and bottom, about 3 mm. high to 
base of points, and having a marginal diameter of 2 mm. There is 
a crown of points, the typical number being 8, around the margin. 
These points are often very unequal in size, and each is composed of 
a bundle of needle-like yellow spicules with their distal ends approxi- 
mated. These points occasionally extend 2.5 mm. beyond the mar- 
gin. Similar spicules are vertically disposed in the calyx walls, 
tending to form 8 longitudinal bands. A few small red spindles are 
on the basal parts of the calyx walls. 

The spicules*of the leaves are smaller and red, criss-crossed and 
mingled with the yellow ones near the polypiferous zone. The polyps 
are white, with a few red, curved spicules lying lengthwise on the 
dorsal surfaces of the tentacles. 

The zooids are very numerous and conspicuous, forming yellow 
bands along the ventro-lateral surfaces, the bands broadening into 
triangular patches between the bases of the leaves and extending 
in a line of smaller zooids along between the leaf bases. The zooids 
in the ventro-lateral bands are the larger, and are surrounded by 
clumps.of yellow spindles. 

The spicules are red and yellow, needle-like, smooth spindles, 
giving their color to the colony, and attaining about 2 mm. in length. 

Color: The leaves, distal portion of the stem, and those parts of the 
rachis not occupied by zooids are rather dull scarlet. The polyps 
and zooid zones are bright yellow. The lower part of the stem is 
yellowish. 

- Localhities.—Station 4960; Misimoko Shima Light, N. 19° W., 
30.5 miles; 578 fathoms. Station 4973; Shio Misaki Light, N. 82° E., 
12.5 miles; 600 fathoms. 

Type-locality.— South of Yeddo, Japan; 345 fathoms. 

This is one of the most brilliant of all known pennatulids, and must 
be a gorgeous object when symmetrically expanded. 


32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOU. Asa ue 


PENNATULA LONGISTYLA, new species. 
Plate 4, figs. 2, 2a. 


Colony 9.8 cm. in length and 2.1 cm. wide. The stem is 4.8 cm. 
long, with a slight, not abrupt,swelling 3 mm. in diameter 1 cm. from 
the rachis. There is no evident end-bulb. The rachis bears 20 
pairs of leaves, which are narrow and straight for this genus, and end 
proximally in a short twisted pedicel, beyond which the leaf is re- 
markably uniform in width. The length of a fully developed leaf 
is 1.6 cm. and its diameter 3 mm. 

There are five normal polyps on each leaf, and a rudimentary one 
on its proximal end. 

The calyces lie closely set along the leaf border in a single series. 
overlapping each other and almost parallel to thé border. Their 
length is hard to determine, but appears to be about 3mm. The 
calyces are narrow, tubular, and a little over 1 mm. in diameter. 
The margin bears 8 slender, acute, not very conspicuous points com- 
posed usually of but one or two spicules. The polyps are white, 
with long tentacles fringed with long papille which often appear 
capitate. 

The zooids are much as in Pennatula sulcata as to distribution, but 
much larger and more conspicuous. There are two broad bands 
- occupying the whole ventral surface of the rachis except a narrow 
median groove. The zooids are densely crowded and papilliform, 
longer than broad, the papille being directed toward the distal end 
of the rachis. These bands extend to and cover the rounded top of 
the rachis, and broaden between the leaf bases. The lateral zooids 
are in close set lines extending around below each leaf base to the 
dorsal surface. They are smaller than those on the ventral bands. 

The spicules are small needles, light brownish-yellow in color, 
on the rachis pinnules and calyces; and shorter, more bar-like needles 
in the stem. 

The color of the colony in general is light yellowish-brown, the 
stem being lighter than the rachis. 

Locality—Station 4815; Niigata Light, S. 25° E., 21.5 miles; 70 
fathoms. 

Ty pe-speciomen.—Cat. No. 30095, U.S.N.M. 


PENNATULA RUBESCENS, new species. 
Plate 5, figs. 1, la. 


Colony 12.7 cm. in length, of which the stem is 3.5 cm. The stem 
has a very slight swelling a little below the rudimentary leaves, and 
a very slender termination. The greatest diameter of the stem is 
2.6 mm., and the least, below the swelling, 1.2 mm. 

There are about 40 pairs of leaves, counting the rudimentary 
ones. They are very slender triangles 1.2 cm.in length and 3 mm. 


__-No.1928. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 33 


in diameter. There are 12 calyces in a single row on each fully 
developed leaf. 

The calyces are tubular, enlarging somewhat at the distal end 
and with margins armed with 8 distinct sharp points, each point con- 
taining a number of red spicules with their distal ends approximated. 
A number of other spicules, mostly colorless, are embedded in the 
calyx walls and usually vertical in position. The surface of the leaf 
contains numerous spicules which are criss-crossed. Ova can be 
seen in the transparent coenenchyma of the leaf. The calyces are 
2 mm. high and a little more than 1 mm. broad at their margins. 

The ventral mid-line of the rachis is deeply grooved. 

The zooids differ greatly in size. There is a group of 3 or 4 very 
large ones on the ventral surface,.opposite the base of each leaf and, 
continuous with these, a patch of 8 or 10 smaller ones extending 
toward, but not reaching, the dorsal surface. All of the zooids are 
conical in shape, their walls being beset with red spicules which have 
their distal ends converging to a point. The ventral surface of the 
rachis is beset with red spicules criss-crossed and intermixed with 
colorless ones. The same is true of the dorsal surface. 

The spicules are as described above. All are red or colorless 
needles, rather small. There are few if any on the stem. 

Color: The colony is grayish, except that the calyces are bordered 
with light carmine red, and the rachis tinged with red. This color 
is also seen in the swelling on the stem. The specimens are much 
injured and dirty. Originally they must have been very daintily 
colored. 

Locality Station 5071; Ose Saki, S. 53.5° W., 2.6 miles; 57 
fathoms. 

Type-specomen.—Cat. No. 30047, U.S.N.M. 


PENNATULA BREVIPENNA, new species. 


Plate 4, figs. 1, la. 


Colony very slender; leaves very short, so that the whole affair 
approaches a virgularian in general appearance. Total length, 35.7 
em. Stem to rudimentary leaves 13 cm., very slender, with a not 
very well marked swelling the middle of which is 5.3 cm. from the 
end; and a slender end bulb. Diameter at swelling 3 mm. Least 
feamieter, between swelling and leaves, 1.3 mm. 

There are about 65 pairs of leaves, sive distant in proximal part 
of rachis, and closely crowded on distal part. They are a lengthened 
triangle in shape, 9 mm. long, in a straight line, and 4 mm. broad at 
the base. They are alternate in position, and their bases overlap 
each other on the mid-dorsal surface of the rachis. There are 10 
calyces arranged in a single row on each fully developed leaf. The 

48702°—Proc.N.M.vol.48—12——3 


34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 43. 


BEN VO ee 
individual calyx is a double cone or spindle in shape, the distal end 
being much longer and more pointed than the proximal; or they might 
be regarded as flask-shaped, about 2.5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. broad 
at the basal swelling. The calyx spicules do not project much beyond 
the margin, but form 8 well-defined vertical bands of small delicate 
spicules, much less conspicuous than other species of this genus in the 
collection. 3 

Zooids: There is a very large zooid on the ventro-lateral surface 
just at the edge of the base of each leaf, consisting of an elevated 
ring surrounding a relatively enormous aperture. From this a triple 
row of much smaller zooids passes upward and dorsally along the 
rachis between the leaf bases, but does not reach the dorsal surface. 
This row finally becomes a single row of zooids, and near its end is a 
very small but evident calyx, showing polyp tentacles; a feature not 
seen before. The zooids have minute spicules in their walls. 

Spicules: These are all relatively small colorless needles. 

Color: Light grayish-brown throughout, darkening to reddish-brown 
on end of stem. 

Locality. Station 4948; O Shima Light, N. 11° E., 12 miles; 65 
fathoms. 

Type-specumen.—Cat. No. 30048, U.S.N.M. 


PENNATULA INERMIS, new species. 
Plate 5, fig. 3. 


Total length of colony, 43 cm.; stem, 7 cm. There is a spindle- 
shaped swelling with a greatest diameter of 5 mm., 4.6 cm. from the 
end, which is longitudinally grooved in the preserved specimen, 
and an end bulb in the shape of a flattened lobe. 

There are about 50 pairs of leaves which are rather distant for this 
group, there being a space of about 3 mm. between adjacent leaves. 
The individual leaf is strictly triangular in shape, the edges all being 
nearly straight. The lower edge is 14 mm. in length, the polypiferous 
border 12 mm., and the attached base 9mm. The leaf is fleshy and 
opaque. 

The calyces are in two rows, although there appear to be three in 
places, about 28 to the row. They are tubular in form, and so thin 
that the polyps appear to be nude. They are 2 mm. in length, the 
margin being faintly evident as a slightly thickened collar around the 
polyp. There are 8 dimly outlined longitudinal corrugations. The 
calyces and dorsal surfaces of the tentacles are encrusted with very 
short bar-like or oval disk-like spicules. . 

Zooids: There is a band of ventral zooids on either side of a well- 
marked ventral groove on the rachis, but quite distant from it. The 
individual zooids are minute and there are about three rows in each 
band. The lateral zooids are larger finger-like bodies in rows run- 


yo. 1923, DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 25 


ning dorsally and distally from the end of the polypiferous border 
of each leaf, 6 or 8 in each row, diminishing in size dorsally. 

Spicules: Those in the calyces and polyps are different from any 
others that I know of in these positions in the genus Pennatula. 
They are oval, or very short bar-like forms, very minute, seen with 
difficulty and apt to be entirely overlooked. They form streaks on 
the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles and encrust the calycine walls. 

Color: The colony is very light yellow, almost cream-colored. 
The end of stem is reddish-brown. . 

Localities —Station 4876; Oki Shima, S. 29° W., 5.3 miles; 59 
fathoms (type). ?%Station 5072; Omai Saki Light, S. 37° W., 11.7 
miles; 284-148 fathoms. 

Type-specumen.—Cat. No. 30049, U.S.N.M. 

A specimen from the station 5072 has apparently been dried and 
is therefore hard to identify. It has the general form of this species, 
however, and the very characteristic form of the spicules described 
above. The leaf borders are carmine red. 

This species bears some resemblance to Pennatula splendens Thom- 
_ son and Henderson ! especially in the form of spicules. 


Genus PTEROIDES Herklots. 


Pennatulide with well-developed leaves, each of which is supported 
by thorn-like bony stays radiating outward from its base. Zooids 
are found on the pinne, but not on the rachis. 


|. - PTEROIDES SAGAMIENSE Moroft. 

Pteroides sagamiense Mororr, Studien tiber Octocorallien, Zoologische Jahr- 

biicher, Abth. Syst. Geogr. Biol. Thiere, vol. 17, Heft 3, 1902, p. 366, pl. 18, 
figs. 11-12. 

There are several specimens in the collection that agree very 
closely with Morofl’s description of his “specimen No. 2,’ and 
especially in the details of his figure 11, plate 18. 

The colony is very fleshy, the stem thick and straight, and the 
leaves straight, and directed upward and forward. On the lower 
part of the rachis the pinne close over and conceal its dorsal surface 
completely. Their outer edges are reenforced by strong spine- 
like spicules in a series parallel to the leaf border. Other similar 
spine-like spicules are radiated from the bases of the leaves toward 
the polypiferous zone. The ventral surface of the rachis is thick 
and turgid, and shows a distinct median furrow. 

The color of the colony (in alcohol) is livid or whitish with large 
areas of slaty gray. In one specimen this color covers the dorsal 
surface of the rachis. In others it simply shows through a whitish 
integument. 

Locality —Shimizu, Suruga, shore. 


1 Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, I, Alcyonaria of the Deep Sea, 1906, p. 117. 


36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 43. 


Type-locality—_Sagami Bay, Japan. Type collected by Doctor 
Haberer. 
Genus HALISCEPTRUM Herklots. 
Pennatulidez which bear well-developed leaves devoid of spicules. 
HALISCEPTRUM GUSTAVIANUM Herklots. 


Halisceptrum gustavianum Herxtorts, Nederl. Tijdskr. v. Dierkunde, vol. 1, 1863, 
p. 31. 

Colony 13.6 cm. in height; stem, to rudimentary leaves, 3.3 cm., 
6 mm. thick with hardly any differentiated end bulb. The rudi- 
mentary leaves are very numerous, occupying 3.2 cm. of the rachis, 
diminishing to a mere slender tone below. 

The pinne are very numerous, closely appressed. The nol are 
in several rows on each leaf, .very numerous, small, acorn-shaped, 
the tentacles forming the Guslicn ends of the acorns. The leaves are 
convoluted on their polypiferous borders. 

The zooids are very numerous on the ventral side of the rachis 
on either side of a small, sharply distinguished median groove. There 
also appear to be numerous lateral and dorsal zooids, and a dorsal 
oTOOve. 

The color of the colony is very light brownish, or ‘‘pallid”’ Gu = 
out. 
Locality Station 4808; Cape Tsiuka, S. 61° W., 10.6 miles; 
47 fathoms. 

Type-locality—Amoy, China. 

HALISCEPTRUM CYSTIFERUM Nutting. 
Halisceptrum cystiferum Nutrine, Alcyonaria of the Californian Coast, 1909, p. 698. 


Colony 13.8 cm. long. Both the proximal and distal ends of the 
specimen are missing, leaving 9 cm. of the rachis and part of the 
stem. The number of polyps to the leaf (4 or 5), as well as their 
size and shape, agrees well with the original description. 

The end of the stem being missing it is impossible to determine 
whether the characteristic structure, that is, the bladder-like end bulb, 
is present in the specimen or not. 

Locality.—Station 5015; lat. 46° 44’ N.; long. 144° 02’ F.; 510 
fathoms. 

Type-locality.— Off Point Pinos, California, 394-609 fathoms. 


HALISCEPTRUM ALBUM, new species. 
Plate 5, figs. 2, 2a. 


There are two specimens in the collection, one consisting of the 
proximal and the other of the distal part of colonies of this species, 
and the following description is a composite of the two, as they 
very nearly supplement each other. 


no. 1923. DHSCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 37 


Combined length 31 cm. Stem to rudimentary leaves 5 cm., with 
a spindle-shaped swelling with its widest part 3.5 cm. from its end, 
8 mm. in diameter. There is no distinct end bulb, but the end is 
curved. The axis is hard, stony, and quadrangular in section, 
reaching to within 12 mm. of the end of the stem, hard and unyield- 
ing to the end. Part of the fleshy part is stripped from the axis in 
both specimens, but is still attached by the fleshy ccenenchyma. 
There are approximately 50 pairs of leaves, but some of them are so 
matted together that their number is hard to determine. 

The individual leaves are broad, and their borders so frilled that 
their true shape is hard to Jesacenine They are broadly triangular, 
with a much curved and frilled border. Length of fully developed 
leaf 1.8 cm.; greatest width 2cm. The polyps are arranged in single 
rows at the two ends of the leaf, and in two or three rows throughout 
the median portions of the polypiferous border. They-are so soft 
and matted together that it is almost impossible to count them with- 
out separating them one by one; but there are from 45 to 50 in a 
fully developed leaf. 

The individual calyx is slender, tubular, gradually enlarging toward 
the margin, where it ends in eight rounded finger-like lobes which 
might be mistaken for contracted tentacles. These lobes are con- 
tinued downward, narrowing as they go, into faintly defined per- 
pendicular ridges running the entire length of the calyx wall. The 
calyces are about 3 mm. in length and 2.8 mm. in diameter at the 
margin. The polyps are well retracted, only their massed tentacles 
showing above the calyx. The walls of the leaves are translucent, 
and the septa and mesenterial filaments can be seen to the bottom or 
stem part of the leaves. 

Zooids: The ventral zooids are numerous, in two broken series, 
bordering an impressed line along the mid-ventral surface. From 
these rows the lateral zooids run in single rows around between the 
leaf bases, but do not extend to the dorsal surface. This is bare of 
zooids, and seems to correspond to the ventral surface of Ptilo- 
sarcus, for instance. 

Spicules: There are no spicules in leaves, polyps or ccoenenchyma 
of rachis. Near the end bulb of the stem, however, there are numer- 
ous minute calcareots particles embedded in the ccenenchyma. 
They are exceedingly irregular, and seem to have no characteristic 
shape. 

Color: The entire colony-is very pale yellowish-brown. 

Locahities.—Station 4817; Nugata Light, S. 29° E., 18 miles; 61 
fathoms (distal part of the colany), type. Station 4876; Oki Shima, 
S. 29° W., 5.3 miles; 59 fathoms (proximal part of colony). 

Type-specumen.—Cat. No. 30092, U.S.N.M. 


388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. — you. 43. 


Although the presence of spicules would seem to indicate that 
this species should besplaced in the genus Pennatula, the general 
appearance, and absence of spicules from nearly the entire colony 
seems to justify assigning it to Halisceptrum. 


Family VIRGULARIDL. 

Colony slender; pinne short, often reduced to a band and without 
a plate of spine-like spicules at their bases. 
VIRGULARIA, species ? 


A specimen belonging apparently. to this genus, but in too poor 
condition, and too fragmentary to admit of satisfactory description, 


was secured at station 4947; Okiko Jima, N. 17° E., 4.4 miles; 51 _ 


fathoms. 
Genus BALTICINA Gray. 
Stem thick; rachis very long in proportion to stem; pinnz reduced 
to band-like rows of calyces; spicules in the tentacles of the polyps. 


BALTICINA FINMARCHICA (Sars). 
Virgularia finmarchica Sars, Fauna Lit. Norvegiz, vol. 2, 1856, p. 68. 


Colony 152 cm. in length; stem 53 cm.; end bulb and swelling 
confluent and 15 cm. long and with a greatest diameter of 2.8 em. 
and least diameter of 8mm. Stem and rachis dorso-ventrally flat- 
tened. Greatest diameter of rachis, with leaf bands, 1.7 em.; lesser 
diameter, at same point, 1.2 cm. There are 237 polyp bands, with 
11 or 12 polyps to each band. Exposed portion of bands 5 mm. 
broad. The bands are oblique and closely appressed, meeting on 
dorsal surface of rachis. The ventral surface of the rachis is entirely 
bare. 

The calyces of a given row are adherent to each other at their 
margins. Hach has two spine-like or horn-like processes projecting 
from the two sides of the exposed surface. These, as well as the 
calyx walls, are leathery, without any external evidence of spicules. 
The calyces decrease in size from the dorsal to the ventral surface of 
the rachis, and are packed full of ova. . 

Zooids: There is a row of rounded verruciform zooids between 
adjacent leaves. Hach row spreads into a patch of scattered zooids 
on the ventro-lateral surface between the leaf endings. The row 
and patch combined contain about 15 zooids. 

Spicules: There are no spicules in calyces or polyps; neither have 
I found them in other parts of the colony, except a few amorphous 
calcareous particles. 

Localities.—Station 4983; Benkei Mizaki Light, S. 2° E., 12 miles; 
428 fathoms. Station 4998; lat. 47° 39’ 10’’ N.; long. 141° 31’ 40”” 
E.; 66 fathoms. Station 5047; Kinka San Light, N. 69.5°, 11.6 miles; 
107 fathoms. 


No. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NU1TING. 39 


_ Type-locality— Oxfjord, Finmark. 

In one specimen the polyps are sometimes 15 in a row; otherwise 
the specimen agrees with the description given above. 

This species appears to the writer to be identical with the one 
called Verrilha blaket Stearns, and redescribed by the writer in his 
Aleyonaria of the Californian Coast, 1909, page 706, where a discus- 
sion of the synonymy will be found. 

These specimens agree so closely with the figures and descriptions 
of Balivcina finmarchica (Sars) that I assign them to that species 
in spite of the apparent absence of spicules from the tentacles. 


BALTICINA PACIFICA Nutting. 
Plate 6, fig. 4. 


Balticina pacifica Nuttine, Alcyonaria of the Californian coast, 1909, p. 704. 


Colony 47 cm. in length, of which the stem is 15 cm. In some 
specimens there is a greatly distended swelling on the stem; in one 
case 7 mm. thick and over 5 cm. long, while the least diameter of 
the stem below the rachis is but 1.7 mm. In the specimen described, 
however, the swelling is less distended than the end bulb, although 
this may be partially due to shrinking. 

There are about 94 rows of polyps, 2 or 3 to a row, on each side. 
In the lower part of the rachis there is but one polyp to represent 
each row; higher up there is one large outer one and a rudimentary 
inner one; still higher a third, innermost one appears, and in the 
fully developed rows there are three of about equal size. The rows 
are quite oblique and are all on the latero-ventral surface, leaving 
the whole dorsal surface bare. 

Hach calyx has two sharp spines projecting from its outer margin, 
the spines being filled with needlelike spicules which also extend to 
other exposed parts of the calyx walls. The inner margin of the 
calyx is not differentiated from the polyp body, and lies snugly 
against the stem. . The height of a typical calyx is about 3 mm., and 
the diameter is 2 mm. The tentacles have their dorsal surfaces 
covered with very numerous barlike spicules in many parallel rows. 
In one specimen the body walls of the polyps are greatly distended, 
and form sacklike transparent protuberances on the inner, or stem 
side, of the polyp. 

Zooids: The zooids are very few and inconspicuous and irregular 
in distribution, appearing as whitish dots sparsely distributed on the 
ventral surface. The lateral zooids are in an irregular row or patch 
of 5 or 6 between adjacent polyp rows. 

Spicules: These are numerous, being quite abundant in both polyps 
and calyces. They appear to be wanting elsewhere. The axis 
cylinder in the rachis is round in section, and smooth. 


40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOU 4500 ee 


Color: The polyps are reddish-brown and the rachis light Ma 
The end bulb is reddish-brown. 


Localities —Station 4768; lat. 54° 20’ 30’’ N.; long. 179° 09’ 30” E.; ae 


764 fathoms. Station 4792; Cape Monati, Bering Island, N. 50° W., 
8.2 miles; 72 fathoms. Station 4985; Kamoi Misaki Light, N. 17° E., 
15.2 miles; 224 fathoms. The specimen described came from this 
station. Station 5031; lat. 44° 04’ 00’’ N.; long. 145° 32’ 00” H.; 
86 fathoms. 

Specimens from station 4792 had the tentacles expanded, and their 
dorsal surfaces were marked by clear-cut white lines of silvery spicules. 

General distribution.—The type-locality is off the Californian coast. 


BALTICINA CALIFORNICA (Moroff). 


Pavonaria californica Mororr, Studien tiber Octocorallien, Zoologische Jahr- 
biicher, Abth. Syst. Geogr. Biol. Thiere, ser. 5, vol. 17, Heft 3, 1902, p. 393. 
Length 97.5 cm., stem 32 cm. There are 115 polyp rows, polyps 
3to5ineachrow. There are spicules in the two teeth on the margin 
of each calyx. The tentacles are without spicules, the characteristic 
feature of this species. 

The polyps are reddish-brown. 

Localities.—Station 4984; Benkei Mizaki Light, S. 3° W., 15 miles; 
248-224 fathoms. Station 4986; Benkei Mizaki Light, N. 35° E., 
15 miles; 172 fathoms. 

dance distribution.—The type-specimens were presumably from 
the Californian coast, although this fact is not noted in the original 
description. 


This species may be the same as the last, but the absence of ten-— 


tacular spicules is-a character which, if constant, would be a good 
specific character. Both specimens in this collection have parasitic 
or symbiotic astrophytons attached to them. 


Genus HALIPTERIS Kolliker, modified by Jungersen.! 
Calyces with 2 to 4 teeth; zooids lateral. 


HALIPTERIS CHRISTII (Koren and Danielssen). 


Virgularia christti KorEN and DANIELSSEN, Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 
vol. 5, 1848, p. 269. 
Halipteris christ KOtu1KER, Anatomisch-Systematische Beschreibung der Aleyo- 
naria, 1, Die Pennatuliden, 1872, p. 249. 
Length of colony 12 cm. Stem 3.2 cm., very slender, with no 
evident swelling, and a very slender and inconspicuous end bulb. 
The calyces are arranged in a single zigzag row, or double row, 


1 This genus is here placed in the family Virgularide, instead of the Protoptilidze, on account of the argu- 
ment presented by Jiingersen in Danish Ingolf Expedition, vol. 5, 1904, p. 45. This writer, however, 
institutes the family Pavonaride, in which he includes Halipteris. He finds that the genus Stichoptilum 
of Grieg represents merely the young stages of Halipteris. 


no. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 41 


according to interpretation. The well developed calyces are further 
from the mid-dorsal line than the developing calyces, which lie in 
such a way that each developing calyx is supported as it were on its 
lower and outer side by a full-grown one. A well developed calyx is 
2.3 mm. high on its outer side, and reduced to almost nothing on the 
side next the rachis; and about 1.5 mm. in diameter. Its walls are 
filed with vertical needles which project in conspicuous points 
beyond the margin. Some of them have two very large points and 
others four smaller ones. Still others have no regular points. On 
the proximal part of the rachis there is but a single row of calyces 
on each side. Many of the developing calyces have their distal 
portions pointed, the spicules closing over the apertures by meeting 
at the apex of a cone. 

The polyp tentacles have each a broad band of several rows of 
vertically disposed barlike spicules which are very conspicuous. 

Zooids: The zooids are smooth, brown, yellowish bodies, quite 
distant from each other. The plan of distribution seems to be, one 
on the inner and dorsal, and another on the latero-ventral side of each 
calyx base; but this order is not constant, although there are gener- 
ally two to each calyx. 

Spicules: These are of two general types. The ordinary needle- 
like form in the calyces and general surface of the rachis, and the 
barlike spicules seen in the tentacles. 

Color: The stem is very light straw color; the calyces have a faint 
pinkish or purplish tinge due to the showing through of the dark 
brown bodies of the polyps. The tentacles are whitish. 

_ Locality.—Station 4984; Benkei Mizaki Light, S. 3° W., 15 miles; 

248-224 fathoms. 

General distribution—Type-locality, Lofoten, Norway.: Also re- 
ported from Tynemouth, England. 

The specimens in the coliection agree in essentials with the defi- 
nition of the genus Stichoptilum Grieg, which Jimgersen regards as the 
young of Halipteris. From the latter author’s discussion, I regard 
this specimen as the young of Halipteris christir. 


Family UMBELLULID. 


Polyps very large, without calyces and borne in a cluster at the 
end of a very long and slender stem. 


Genus UMBELLULA Lamarck. 


Being the only genus in the family, it bears the characters of the 
Umbellulide. 


* 


42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


ee EEE ESE 


UMBELLULA MAGNIFLORA Kolliker. 
Umbellula magniflora Kouu1KER, Challenger Reports, the Pennatulida, 1880, p. 24. 


Five fine specimens in an excellent state of preservation and all 
evidently of the same species, afford an interesting study in the 
variations in measurements of this beautiful Umbellula. The series 
was arranged with reference to the size of polyps. 


Specimen Total Rachis and Number of 
No. length. polyps. Polyps. | Tentacles. polyps. 
Cm. Cm Cm. Cm. 
1 51 9.3 4.9 2.8 21 
2 83 5.0 3.8 Absent. 10 
3 58 5.3 2.9 1.6 9 
4 54 5.0 2.4 1.2 8 
5 80 5.5 2.3 1.5 9 


No. 1 is a distinct pinkish salmon in color, except some of the 
polyp bodies which are a reddish brown. This color is superficial, 
however, and is easly rubbed off. 

Nos: 3, 4, and 5 are almost white, with a slight pinkish cast, tend- 
ing to a light salmon in the pinnules. 

These measurements seem to show that there is no relation between 
the age of the colony, as indicated by the number of polyps and the 
length of the stalk. There seems, however, to be a general relation 
between the size of the polyps and the number on a colony. 

Aside from being much larger, the polyps of No. 1 are much more 
fully expanded than those of the other specimens. 

The following additional facts were noted regarding specimen 
No. 1: : 

There is a distinct swelling above the end bulb, 1.2 cm. in diameter, 
the least diameter of the stem being 2 mm. The polyps are fully 
extended and increase from 2.5 mm. in diameter near the distal 
end to 6mm. near the base. The polyp walls are smooth and semi- 
pellucid, the mesenteries showing plainly through them. There 
are a number of shallow corrugations disposed in an annular manner 
around the upper part of the body walls. 

There are about 34 pairs of long, filiform pinnules in each tentacle. 

The zooids are very numerous, covering the rachis where not 
occupied by the polyps. Those on the rachis do not regularly have 
tentacles and appear to the naked eye as rounded granules. Under 
magnification they show a central mouth. On the lower part of 
the stalk they are smaller, but each has a long unbranched tentacle. 
Although rubbed off in places, they were undoubtedly originally 
emplanted on all parts of the stalk. 

There were no spicules found in these specimens. 


vou. 43. 


Tam as : BRS en ste oe Se eee se ae hiee = 
eee eee ee Oe ee a a rd na = Sy oe aa = = SPE 


No. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 43 


Locality —Station 4975; Shio Misaki Light, N. 49° E., 7 miles; 
712 to 545 fathoms. 

General distribution.—The type-locality is in the South Sea, east 
of Kerguelen Island, 1,600 fathoms. Hawaiian region, 216-438 fath- 
oms (Nutting). 

-  UMBELLULA CARPENTERI Killiker. 


Umbellula carpentert KOLuIKER, Challenger Reports, the Pennatulida, 1880, p. 23. 


Two specimens, both female with ova, were secured at station 
5080; 505 fathoms. ) 

The larger specimen is 75 cm. in length, the head measuring 5 cm., 
polyp bodies 2.4 cm. long, and the tentacles 1.6 cm. The swelling 
above the end bulb is 6 mm. wide, and about 4.3 cm. long. The 
stem is very slender, its least diameter being 1.2 mm. 

There are 8 polyps, almost white, with 8 longitudinal corruga- 
tions. The tentacles are smooth, their dorsal surfaces colorless, 
the rest of the tentacles and pinnules being very light salmon. The 
pinnules are about 30 in number. 

The zooids are numerous and many of them bear single tentacles, 
usually unbranched. There are very few calcareous particles, 
even in the end bulb. 

The smaller specimen also has 8 polyps and agrees more nearly 
with Kolliker’s measurements. The details are much the same as 
in the other specimen. 

Localities.—Station 5080; Omai Saki Light, N. 23.5° E., 28 miles; 
505 fathoms. Specimens collected at station 5015, lat. 46° 44’ N.; 
long. 144° 02’ E., 510 fathoms, are apparently of this species. 

General distribution.—Type-locality, South Polar Sea, southwest 
of Australia, 1,975 and 1,950 fathoms. Hawaiian region, 595 to 
1,124 fathoms (Nutting). 


UMBELLULA ELOISA, new species. 
Plate 6, figs. 3, 3a. 


Totai length of colony, 73 cm. Head, including enlargement of 
stem, 7 cm. The lower part of the stem has no very evident end 
bulb, but terminates in a bent, club-shaped end, which is continuous 

with the stem swelling. The greatest diameter of the swelling is 
6 mm; the least diameter of the stem, 2 mm. The beginning 
of the enlargement of the rachis to the base of the polyps is 1.9 em., 
the diameter of the rachis just below the polyp bases being 1.5 cm. 
The polyps are very large, 14 in number, 7 in an outer whorl and 
7 within. The length of the largest polyp to tentacle bases is 2.4 
em. The tentacles are much shrunken and are 1.7 cm. in length, 
making the whole length of tentacles and polyp 4.1 cm. This is 
the largest aleyonoid polyp that the writer has seen. 


44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vor Aa 


The polyp bodies are not regularly corrugated as in many species 
of the genus, but have a tough leathery surface, with a few irregular 
wrinkles due to shrinking. Polyps of a dull purplish color below, 
livid above, this color extending along the greater part of the dorsal 
surface. The tentacles are erect, more rigid than usual, their inner 
and lateral surfaces being deep purplish-brown, as are the distal 
parts all around. The pinnules are about 24 on each side, their 
dorsal sides livid, the rest purplish-brown. Their bases are overlaid 
with comparatively large, bar-like colorless spicules, most of which 
are longitudinally disposed. Some of them are over 1 mm. in length. 

Very large, bar-like spicules, some of them 2.5 mm. long, are 
embedded in the tough ccenenchyma of the tentacle bases, a group 
of several being longitudinally disposed along the proximal dorsal — 
part of each tentacle and reaching to the pinnules. 

The general integument of the polyps, rachis, and stem is filled 
with minute calcareous bodies of an oval or biscuit shape, which are 
too small to be seen with the unaided eye. 

The zooids are very numerous, but small and inconspicuous. 
They surround the polyp bases and extend downward in ill-defined 
triangular patches nearly to the bottom of the swelling below the 
rachis. They are also scattered between the polyps on the rachis; 
but the polyps are so compactly crowded on the rachis that there 

‘is but little room left for zooids. 

The whole head is so symmetrical that one can not tell without 
dissection whether there is a terminal polyp or not. 

Spicules: These have been described. Some of those on ‘the 
tentacle bases are by far the largest that I find mentioned as found 
in the Umbellulide, except in U. durissima Kolliker. 

Color: The stem is grayish, end-swelling and bulb yellowish- 
brown; basal parts of polyps reddish-brown or dull purplish, distal 
parts of bodies and dorsum of tentacles to near tips livid. The rest 
of the tentacles and most of the pinnules are rich purplish-brown, 
almost a wine color. 

Locality.— Station 4973; Shio Misaki Light, N. 82° H., 12.5 miles; 
600 fathoms. 

Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 30009, U.S.N.M. 

This is the finest Umbellula that the writer has seen. It may 
possibly be U. durissima Kolliker, which it resembles in spiculation 
and color; but it can not be placed here until intergrading specimens 
are found. 


no. 1923. DHSCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 45 


Family KOPHOBELEMNONID. 


Polyps in distinct rows or series on both sides of the rachis, large, 
sessile, and not provided with calyces. Rachis elongated in com- 
parison with the Umbellulide. 


Genus KOPHOBELEMNON Absjornsen (modified). 
Polyps not symmetrically in pairs; spicules abundant. 
KOPHOBELEMNON FERRUGINEUM Killiker. 


Kophobelemnon ferrugineum K6utrKer, Challenger Reports, the Pennatulida, 
1880, p. 16. 
_ Colony 9.5 cm. in length, of which the stem is 4.7 cm. The end 
bulb is evident and swollen in the form of a clavate knob. Greatest 
diameter of stem, near distal end, 6 mm.; between end bulb and 
swelling, 4.5 mm.; end bulb, 7 mm. The rachis has a pointed 
termination. 

The polyps are large, partially retractile, irregularly distributed on 
the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the rachis, very much shrunken and 
distorted. The polyp bodies are almost entirely included or retracted 
in the specimen. Visible wall, 3 mm. long, 4 mm. in diameter and 
rudely corrugated vertically. The tentacles are 5 mm. long, each 
having a dorsal ridge or sharply defined longitudinal crest, packed 
with needles which are both longitudinal and criss-crossed, show- 
ing as a white band and sending branches to dorsal surface of each 
' pinnule. 

There are about 18 pinnules on each side. The sides of the tenta- 
cles, below pinnules, bear transverse needles, but the mid-ventral line 
of the tentacles is almost free. 

Zooids: These are closely and evenly packed over the entire sur- 
face of the rachis which is not occupied by polyps. They are com- 
paratively large, conical, with their distal ends pointed outward and 
upward, their walls filled with needles usually tending to a vertical 
position. 

Color: The colony is grayish-brown, the inner sides of the tentacles 
_ dusky brown. . 

_ Spicules: The entire surface is packed with needles. 

Locality.—Station 4990; lat. 48° 40’ N.; long. 140° 58’ E.; 200 
fathoms. 

Type-locality—South of Yeddo, Japan, 345 fathoms. 

The specimen agrees fairly well with Kolliker’s exceedingly brief 
description. 


46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 43. 


KOPHOBELEMNON HISPIDUM, new species. 
Plate 6, figs. 2, 2a. 


The colony is 7.8cm. in length. The stalk is short and not sharply 
distinguished from the rachis, broadened immediately below the 
polyps, where it is 1.5 cm. wide in front view, but only 4 mm. thick 
from front to back. Its proximal end is broadened and truncated, 
the leathery integument with which it is covered being tucked in at 
the end as if partly involuted. The narrowest part of the stem is 
immediately above the end bulb, where it is round and 4.5 mm. in 
diameter, and its surface is covered with numerous small needles, 
giving it a hispid appearance, which suggests its specific name. 

The polyps are three in number, almost in line above the flattened . 
rachis, the middle one, however, being distinctly higher than the 
lateral ones, which are on the same level. They are much shrunken 
and distorted, the bodies being narrower below and broadening to 
5 mm. at the tentacle bases. Height to tentacles 1.2 cm. Tentacles 
1.6 cm. long, laterally compressed. There are 16 pinnules which are 
very slender, round in section, and covered on back and sides with a 
close felting of longitudinal spicules so closely packed as to completely 
. cover the surface. The tentacles are also covered on all sides with 
these slender needles. . 

The zooids are low, verruciform bodies, often showing a central 
aperture. They are regularly distributed on all exposed parts of the 
stem and rachis. Their walls are filled with the same needle-like 
spicules that cover the entire colony. They are vertically arranged _ 
in the walls of the zooids, with their points converging toward the 
margins. 

Spicules: These are all slender needles, or rather slender rods with 
rounded ends. They are seldom over 1 mm. in length. 

Color: The colony is gray, excepting the tentacles, which have a 
brownish tinge. 

Localities.—Station 4956; Mizunoko Shima Light, N. 22° W., 33 
miles; 720 fathoms (type). Station 4977; Shio Misaki Light, N. 65° 
E., 7 miles; 544 fathoms. 

Type-specomen.—Cat. No. 30094, U.S.N.M. 

This form greatly resembles one that the writer has described as 
Umbellula, sp.%* 


Family ANTHOPTILIDA Koélliker. 


Pennatulids bearing free, sessile polyps. Calyces absent. 


1 Nutting, Hawaiian Alcyonaria, 1908, p. 565. 


no. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 47 


Genus ANTHOPTILUM Kolliker. 


Polyps large, disposed in numerous short rows. Rachis without a 
streak of undeveloped polyps below the developed ones. Zooids may 
be on all sides of the rachis. Spicules, if present, confined to the 
proximal end of stalk. 


ANTHOPTILUM MURRAYI Kolliker. 


Anthoptilum murrayt KOLiuIKER, Challenger Reports, the Pennatulida, 1880, p. 14. 


The colony is 44 cm. in length, of which the stalk is 5.1 em. The 
stem has a distinct enlargement just below the rachis and diminishes 
gradually in size to the end bulb, the two being almost of the same size 
and insensibly blending into each other. The diameter of the swell- 
ing is 8mm. and of the end bulb 5.5mm. The narrowest part of the 
stem is between the two and is 4.5 mm. broad. The swelling has a 
series of very evident wrinkles or longitudinal furrows. 

_ The polyp bodies are tubular, transversely wrinkled or corrugated, 

6 mm. high to the bases of the tentacles, 2 mm. in diameter at the 
middle, diminishing slightly in diameter at each end. The tentacles 
are 5 mm. long, not longer than body in specimens studied. The pin- 
nules are numerous. The polyps are very irregularly distributed, 
perhaps an average distance between them is 5 mm. They can 
hardly be said to be arranged in transverse rows, the midline, ven- 
trally, being occasionally invaded by polyps, though in general it is 
free. On the proximal part of the rachis the polyps are scattered 
singly or in pairs; on the distal portion they are more crowded and 
generally occur in pairs or in short oblique rows of three. At the 
_ distal end they are crowded into a dense tuft, in the larger and older 
specimens, and their arrangement is hard to ascertain, the lateral 
and ventral surfaces of the rachis being entirely covered with polyps. 

The ventral midline is covered, and the mass of polyps is as dense 
as in A. thomsont Kélliker. _The bases of the polyps in a given line 
are often slightly coherent. 

Zooids: These are small and numerous, and are scattered over 
pretty much the whole surface of the rachis, except the ventral region, 
which is not occupied by a furrow and is rarely invaded by zooids. 
There is a narrow dorsal band, sometimes depressed, which is usually 
free from zooids but is occasionally invaded. The zooids are unevenly 
distributed, sometimes forming patches or lines, and at others scat- 
tered haphazard. They are all small. 

The spicules are absent. While there are a few calcareous particles 
on the end bulbs, I am not sure that they are not adventitious. 

Color: The upper part of the stem, the rachis, and lower parts of 
the polyps are pale yellowish, with a reddish-brown tinge. The upper 
parts of the polyps and the tentacles are warm reddish-brown, the 


48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 43, 


former darker, sometimes a purplish-brown. The swelling and end 
bulb a light reddish-brown. } 

Localities.—Station 4765; West Point Yunaska Island, S. 37° H., 
43.5 miles; 1,217 fathoms. Station 4973; Shio Misaki Light, N. 82° 
E., 12.5 miles; 600 fathoms. 

General distribution.—The type-locality is North Atlantic, south of 
Halifax, 1,250 fathoms, Hawaiian region, 233 fathoms (Nutting). 
Indian Ocean, 1,000 fathoms (Thomson and Henderson). 

The specimens from station 4973 are in very poor condition and 
may possibly be incorrectly identified. 


Family ECHINOPTILIDA Hubrecht. 
Small, pennatula-like forms in which the axis cylinder is wanting. 
Genus ECHINOPTILUM Hubrecht. 


Being the only genus of Echinoptilide, it has the characters of the 
family. 
ECHINOPTILUM MACINTOSHI Hubrecht. 


Echinoptilum macintoshi Husrecat, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1885, p. 512. 


Colony 9.2 cm. in length, curved in a semicircle, the end bulb more 
_ sharply curved in the same direction. The stem, below rudimentary 
polyps, about 3 em. long, decreasing gradually in diameter from 7 mm. 
to 4.5 mm. near the rather sharply pointed end. Greatest diameter, 
across rachis, 9mm. The rachis is round or obscurely quadrangular 
in section, with a distinct groove on the concave side. The polyps 
are arranged in vertical rows, about 20 to a row, and also in oblique 
transverse rows of 6 to 7 from mid-dorsal to mid-ventral surface. 
Polyps 3.5 mm. long, on outer side, to top of spines. 

Each calyx margin bears two strong spines composed of groups of 
spicules which sometimes project as much as 1.5 mm. above the 
margin. Calyces about 2 mm. broad at base, narrowing to the mar- 
gin. The calyces are smallest near the groove and lower rachis. 

Zooids: These are scattered plentifully between the calyces, being 
absent from the groove only. 

Spicules: These are all sharply pointed needles, characteristic of 
the pennatulids. 

There is no axis cylinder. 

Color: Rather dull pink throughout, the color of the needles. 

Locality Station 4842; Saigo Misaki (Dogo Island), S. 64° W., 
6.1 miles; 82 fathoms. 

General disiribution—The type was from the Japanese Sea, 71 
fathoms. The species has also been reported from the Hawaiian 
Region (Nutting). 


. no. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 49 


— 


Family PROTOPTILID Kolliker. 


The rachis is long and slender; polyps sessile, in a single irregular 
series on each side; calyces present. 


Genus PROTOPTILUM Kolliker. 


Zooids on all sides of the rachis, leaving nothing but the ventral 


line uncovered. 
PROTOPTILUM ORIENTALE, new species. 


Plate 6, figs. 1, la. 


_ Colony 13.3 cm. in length; stem to first rudimentary polyp 6.3 cm., 
ending in an ovoid, bladder-like end bulb which is longitudinally 
striated and measures 11 mm. by 7 mm. 

The least diameter of the stem above end bulb is 2.5 mm.; median 
diameter 3.5 mm. 

There is a row of polyps along each side of the dorsal median space, 
about 10 polyps in each. The calyces are short, directed distally, with 
the inner walls very short or lacking. The outer wall is 3 mm. high, 
and with 8 regular, large, vertical corrugations ending in lobular pro- 
jections around the margin, covered with small needle-like spicules. 
The polyps are partly retracted, exposing but about 2.5 cm. of their 
length. They are 2 mm. in diameter, and their bodies are covered 
with an armature of very conspicuous spicules which are bar-shaped 
with the ends enlarged. They lie in every direction in the body walls, 
and average about 1 mm. in length. The tentacles are about 3.5 
mm. long, and have their dorsal surfaces covered by triple or double 
rows of the same spicules placed longitudinally and very conspicuous. 
The pinnules are short and rather distant. 

_ There is a row of rudimentary polyps, 17 in one specimen and but 4 
in another. ‘The spaces between the lateral calyces, margin to margin, 
are about 5 mm. 

Zooids: The ventral zooids are in two regular rows, one on each 
side of the dorsal surface, very regularly spaced. Opposite each of 
the calyces these rows become double. Sometimes there are one or 
two on the outer side of the base of each calyx, and there are often 
one or two opposite the inner margin. The zooids are conical or 
dome-shaped, with distinct apertures. They bear small needle- 
shaped spicules in their walls. 

The rachis ends distally in a blunt, rounded point projecting 3.5 
mm. above the last calyx. 

The spicules have already been described. The bar-shaped forms 
in the polyps are sometimes almost fiddle-shaped. 

Color: Rather dull grayish-brown throughout. 

48702°—Proc.N.M.vol.48—12——4 


50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. 43. 


Localities —Station 5054; Omai Saki Light, S. 54° W., 29.5 miles; 
282 fathoms (type). Station 5056; Ose Saki, N. 37° E., 5 miles; 258 
fathoms. 

Type-specimem.—Cat. No. 30099, U.S. N. M. 

One specimen has several expanded polyps with bodies 3.5 mm. 
long. The spicules lie longitudinally in the body walls. Another 
specimen is attached to a shell by its end bulb, an anomalous condi- 
tion for a pennatulid. 


Genus STACHYPTILUM Kolliker. 


Calyces present, free; zooids ventral. 
STACHYPTILUM MACLEARI Killiker. 


Stachyptilum macleari KOLuIKER, Challenger Reports, the Pennatulida, 1880, p. 12. 


Length of colony 5.9 cm. Stem 3.5 cm., slender, with hardly 
evident end. bulb and swelling; greatest diameter 2 mm. The 
calyces are in 12 rows on each side, 4 in each row. Rows oblique. 
A row of single rudimentary calyces extends quite a distance below 
the fully developed ones. The ventral calyces are the largest and 
the dorsal the smallest. The proximal and distal rows bear reduced 
numbers of calyces. 

' The calyces are contiguous, the larger ones being 2 mm. high and 
very obliquely placed, their walls covered with needle-like spicules 
longitudinally arranged, and borders armed with an indefinite num- 
ber of irregular points composed of groups of spicules. Each ten- 
tacle bears a narrow band of small bar-like spicules on its dorsal 
surface. These spicules do not resemble those figured by Kéliker. 

The zooids are numerous on all parts of the rachis not occupied 
by calyces or a narrow ventral median groove. Each zooid is sur- 
rounded by a radiating fence of needle-like spicules projecting in 
points. The zooids extend in a line alongside of the line of rudi- 
mentary polyps described above. 

Color: The entire colony is white, in alcohol. 

Locality —Station 5071; Ose Saki, S. 53.5° W., 2.6 miles; 57 
fathoms. 

Type-locality—Southeast of Ceram, west of New Guinea, 129 
fathoms. 

The specimen described above agrees with the original description 
except in the shape of the tentacular spicules. 


Genus TRICHOPTILUM KéOlliker. 


Protoptilide with alternate calyces which have their margins 
armed with 8 spines, dorsal zooids, and numerous spicules in polyps 
and tentacles. 


No. 1923, DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 51 


TRICHOPTILUM SPINOSUM, new species. 
Plate 7, figs. 3, 3a. 


Colony 13.6 cm. long. Stem 6 cm. long, very slender, end bulb 
hardly evident and but 1 mm. in diameter. The calyces are in two 
very irregular rows on opposite sides of rachis and of various sizes. 
Small (or young?) polyps are usually found growing just above and 
inside of the larger ones. Some of the larger calyces measure 6 mm. 
to the ends of the spines, and have a marginal diameter of 2 mm. 
The general shape of the calyx is a cylinder gradually expanded 
toward the margin. The margin is armed with 8 prominent spines, 
some of which project as much as 2 mm., each point being composed 
of a number of needles gathered in a bundle. Other long needles form 
8 longitudinal ridges on the calyx walls, resembling those of Pen- 
natula. A number of smaller needles are found all over the calyx 
walls lying criss-cross, but tending to form a horizontal band just 
below the margin. An almost complete gradation can be found 
between the large calyces described and apparently rudimentary 
ones less than i mm. high. 

Spicules are numerous throughout the rachis. 

Zooids: Although these are present, I am unable to make out any 
definite arrangement, or to discriminate surely between them and the 
smallest of the rudimentary polyps, without dissecting the only 
specimen secured. 

Color: The stalk is straw-yellow, deepening to an orange on the 
end bulb. The polyps are pallid, with the distal portions showing a 
tinge of red. ‘The spicules are all colorless. 

Locahty—Station 4959; Mizimoko Shima Light, N. 23° W., 28.5 
miles; 405-578 fathoms. 

Ty pe-specuomen.—Cat. No. 30100, U.S.N.M. 


Genus HELICOPTILUM, new genus. 


Colony in the form of a stiff spiral; calyces biserial, each with two 
very conspicuous spines or horns projecting from its outer margin. 


HELICOPTILUM RIGIDUM, new species. 
Plate 7, figs. 2, 2a; plate 18, fig. 5. 


Colony (incomplete) growing in an open spiral. Axisvery strong and 
stiff, quadrate in section. The largest specimen is 21 cm. in length, 
stem missing. The rachis is flattened dorso-ventrally, lesser diam- 
eter 2 mm., greater diameter (not including calyces), 2.7 mm. The 
calyces are in two rows, regularly alternate, their outer margins being 
very greatly prolonged into two conspicuous horns which often project 
as much as 2 mm. beyond the rest of the margin. The length of 


52 _ PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 43, 


calyx, including spines, 3.5 mm; diameter at base, 1.9 mm; diameter 
between tips of spines, 2.3mm. The inner sides of the calyces are cut 
away to the level of their bases, the polyp issuing ventrally between 
the enormous spines and facing directly upward as if issuing from 
the upper side of the calyx at its base. The calyx walls are filled 
with long orange-brown needles arranged vertically and parallel. 


Distance between calyx bases, 2.3mm. There is a swelling beneath — 


each calyx base. 

There are no spicules in the polyps. The tentacles have large 
pinnules. 

Zooids: There are usually two zooids just above and inside of the 


base of each calyx on the dorsal? side, although there is often but 


one; and one in a similar position on the ventral? side. There are 
no grooves on the rachis, and the dorsal and ventral sides differ only 
in the fact that the calyces are slightly inclined toward what I con- 
sider, with some doubt, as the dorsal side. There is no fence of 
spicules around the zooids. 

Spicules: These are all needle-like forms, slender, smooth and 
sharp, averaging about 1 mm. long. 

Color: Golden brown, the rachis lighter and the calyces darker. 
Polyps colorless. 
Localities — Station 4793; Toperkov Island, Harbor of Nikolski, 
Bering Island, N. 58° E., 44 miles; 2,700 fathoms. Station 4975; 


Shio Misaki Light, N. 49° E., 7 miles; 712-545 fathoms (type). — 


Station 4977; Shio Misaki Light, N. 65° E., 7 miles; 544 fathoms. 
Type-specimen.—Oat. No. 30042, U.S.N.M. 
A remarkable species, differing from all other pennatulids in habit 
of growth. 
Order GORGONACEA. 


Fixed colonial forms with an axis cylinder composed of calcareous 
or chitinous material. 


Section HOLAXONIA. 


Axis consisting of amorphous horny or calcareous material, or 
both, and not penetrated by longitudinal canals; except, in some 
cases, a central one. 


Family CHRYSOGORGID Verrill. 


Coenenchyma thin; polyps large, distant, uniserial, without dis- 
tinct calyces, and with neither operculum nor collaret; root calca- 
reous; axis often with a brilliant metallic lustre. 


‘No. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 53 


Genus LEPIDOGORGIA Verrill. 


; Lepidogorgia Verrityt, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, ser. 5, vol. 28, 1884, p. 220. 
Strophogorgia Wricut and StupEr, Challenger Reports, The Alcyonaria, 1889, 
p. 2. 


Colony unbranched, slender; polyps growing on one side only. 
LEPIDOGORGIA PETERSI (Wright and Studer). 


Strophogorgia peters, Wricut and StupErR, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 
1889, p. 2. 

Pe scria petersi VERSLUYS, Chrysogorgiide of the Siboga Expedition, 1902, 
p. 7. 

Specimens fragmentary, the largest being 45 cm. long with both 
extremities lacking. 

The stem is 2 mm. in diameter; axis hard and stony, with a golden 
iridescence. 

The polyps are uniserial, evenly spaced, about 4 mm. apart, 5 to 
6 mm. in height and 2 mm. in diameter. The polyp walls contain 
long bar-like spicules, often somewhat flattened, sometimes bent, 
with rounded ends, sometimes as much as 3.5 mm. long. These are 
vertical in position. At the bases of the pclyps are small groups of 
transverse spicules, often 3 or 4 to the group. The retracted tentacles 
are very irregularly disposed, being curled up and tucked together 
haphazard. Their dorsal surfaces are armed with bar-like spicules 
much shorter than those in the calyx walls. The tentacles are very 
unequal in size, the adcauline one being rudimentary, as pointed out 
by Versluys. 

The stem is covered with a thin coenenchyma the surface of which 
is filled with thin, flattened, scale-like spicules of various forms but 
not greatly branched, and with closely fitted edges. They are 
usually smaller than the spicules of the polyps. 

Localities.—Station 4976; Shio Misaki Light, N. 59° E., 6.4 miles; 
545-544fathoms. Station 4977; Shio Misaki Light, N. 65° E., 7 miles; 
544 fathoms. Station 5080; Omai Saki Light, N. 23.5° E., 28 miles; 
505 fathoms. f 

General distribution. —Type-locality, Yeddo, Japan, 345 fathoms. 


_ East Indies, 621—-1,301 meters (Siboga Expedition). 


A specimen from station 5080 was 45 cm. long. 


Genus CHRYSOGORGIA Verrill. 


Colony branched; branches spirally arranged, giving off geniculate 
branchlets all from the same side of the branch; stem sympodial; 
tentacles never retractile.* 


1 This definition is condensed from that given by Doctor Versluys in his excellent work on the Chryso- 
gorgiidee of the Siboga Expedition, 1902, p. 18. 


54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you 43. 


CHRYSOGORGIA LATA Versluys. 


Chrysogorgia lata Versuuys, Chrysogorgiidee of the Siboga Expedition, 1902, p. 33. 
Colony incomplete, 18 cm. high and with a spread of about 8 cm. 


The root is missing. The branch origins are in a left-handed spiral, 


1/4; that is, the fourth will be immediately above the first, and the 4 
origins will have made a single spiral around the stem. The average 
distance between branches is about 4 mm., and they give origin to 
branchlets up to the fourth order. There are about 3 polyps to each 
internode of the branches and branchlets. The polyps are small, 
about 1 mm. high to the base of the tentacles, and with bodies ovate 
or columnar according to the state of contraction and 0.4 mm. in 


diameter. ‘Their walls are armed with 8 rather indefinite vertical 


rows of spindles which are bar-shaped with rounded ends. These 
rows are extended over the basal portions of the tentacles, usually 
in double rows. The tentacles are long, with smaller spicules usually 
irregular in distribution but sometimes transversely disposed on 
distal portions. There are small spicules also on the dorsal surfaces 
of the pinnules. 

The branches have a thin coating of flattened, scale-like spicules. 

Color: The stem is grayish, lightening distally. The branches are 
yellowish, with a golden gleam showing through from the iridescent 
‘axis. The polyps are white. 

Localities—Station 5091; Joga Shima Light, N. 15°, W., 4.2 
miles; 197 fathoms. ?Station 5079; Omai Saki Light, N. 29° E., 24 
miles; 475-505 fathoms. A mere fragment, not identified with cer- 
tainty, was secured from this station. 

General distribution.—The type was taken by the Siboga Expedition 
in Celebes Sea from a depth of 190 meters. Hawaiian Islands, 
411-476 fathoms (Nutting). 


CHRYSOGORGIA FLEXILIS (Wright and Studer). 


Dasygorgia flecilis Wricut and StupeR, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, 
p. 10. 


Chrysogorgia flecilis VersLuys, Chrysogorgiide of the Siboga Expedition, 1902, 
p. 43. 

Several fragments, mostly destitute of polyps, were secured. The 
first, nodes of the branches are much longer than in the original 
description, although this is not true of the smaller specimens secured. 
Branches in a right-handed spiral, 2/5, as described by Versluys from 
the type. Branchings to the fourth order are produced. ‘There is 
usually but a single polyp to the internode, except in the distal ones, 
where there may be two or three. The polyps are expanded above 
and below, a typical one being 2 mm. in height. 

The walls show 8 vertical rows of bar-like spicules with ends 
rounded and often expanded. There are a few verruce on the 


~ 


| ; 
No. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 55 


spicules. The spicules at the polyp bases are more crowded and 
irregular, the whole spiculation being more crowded than in type, 
almost covering the body walls. Usually, however, there are evident 
bare streaks between the rows of spicules, the spicules of a given row 


often imbricating. ‘The rows are extended over the basal parts of 


the tentacles; but are smaller, irregularly placed, often transverse on 
the distal parts, some extending lengthwise over the pinnules. 

The stem spicules are more flattened and scale-like, often fitted as 
in mosaic. 

Color: The proximal part of the stem is dark brown, lightening on 
distal parts of branches and twigs to a horn yellow. The polyps are 
white. 

Locality.—Station 4975; Shio Misaki Light, N. 49° E., 7 miles; 712- 
545 fathoms. _ 

General distribution.—The type is from the coast of Chile, 120 
fathoms. Siboga Expedition, Hast Indies, 822-918 meters. Hawaiian 
Islands, 280-323 fathoms (Nutting). 


CHRYSOGORGIA AGASSIZII (Verrill). 


Dasygorgia agassizit VERRILL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., vol. 11, No. 1, 1883, p. 22. 


~ Only a fragmentary specimen of this species was secured, but it 
shows the essential features as described by Verrill. 

The base is a delicately branching mass of ivory-white rootlets 
which are purely calcareous. Branches 2/5, in the right-handed 
spiral. The basal internodes of the branches are much shorter than 
in the last species, being about 6 mm. long. Intermediate internodes 
about 5 mm. long, with a single polyp usually nearer the distal than 
the proximal end of the internode. 

The polyps are less obliquely placed than described by Verrill, 
although in some cases they assume the erect posture figured by that 
writer. A typical polyp measures 2.2 mm. in height; body rather 


slender but expanding at each end, 1.2 mm. broad across tentacle bases 


and 1.5 mm. across the base of the polyp. The polyp walls are prac- 
tically covered with vertical spicules that are not arranged in vertical 
bands of eight, although there is sometimes such a tendency in the 
distal parts. Double rows of thin, broad-ended spicules extend along 
the basal parts of the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles. Similar but 
smaller spicules lie transversely across the distal portions of the 
tentacles. 

Spicules: These are bar-like with slichtly expanded and rounded 
ends, and are distinctly tuberculate. The cenenchyma is rather thick, 
white, and contains few spicules. 

falar. The stem is golden yellow and the 7 . and branches 
white. 


56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 43. 


Locality. Station 5080; Omai Saki Light, N. 23.5° E., 28 miles; 
505 fathoms. 

Type-locality.—Georges Bank, Atlantic coast of United States, 
1,242 fathoms. 


CHRYSOGORGIA DICHOTOMA Thomson and Henderson. 


Chrysogorgia dichotoma THomson and Henperson, Alcyonaria of the Indian 
Ocean, I, Alcyonaria of the Deep Sea, 1906, p. 29. 

The specimens are all incomplete. One is 6.8 em. in height, with 

a diameter of 6.3 em. The stem is very strong, wiry, and brittle. 

The branches are arranged in a spiral of 1/5, left-handed. The 

branches are closely approximated, a whorl occupying but 3 mm. of 


the stem. The longest branch is 4.2 cm. in length. The branches — 
divide dichotomously, sometimes forking as much as five times. The — 


polyps are lacking on the main stem, and on the proximal internodes 
of the branches. On one branch there are 3 polyps on the third inter- 
node, 7 on the fourth, 6 on the fifth, and 2 or 3 on the last. The 
fourth internode is the longest (12 mm.). Many of the polyps are 
stripped off, but it is not uncommon to find as many as 8 on an inter- 
node. 

The individual polyps have the bodies greatly expanded with ova, 
thus being ovate in shape and enlarging again at tentacle bases; small, 


measuring less than 1 mm. to tentacle bases. The body spicules are | 


bar-shaped, not scales, with somewhat enlarged ends, more slender 
than in ©. japonica.1. They are irregular in distribution, with a 
decided tendency to a vertical position, sometimes with an approach 
to 8 longitudinal bands. The dorsal surfaces of the tentacles are 
covered with sharply marked bands of similar spindles, there being 
two to three rows to the band. Similar but somewhat more slender 
spicules are embedded loosely in the ccenenchyma of the twigs and 
branches. 

The zooids are numerous on the surfaces of the branches between 
the polyps. 

Color: The axis is dark green, with a metallic luster in main stem. 
The branches are golden-brown proximally, lightening distally to a 
light green. The axis of the branches and twigs has a brilliant green 
luster except at ends of twigs. The polyps, in alcohol, are of a 
decided reddish-brown, thus differing from any others that I have 
seen in the genus. 

Localities. Station 4894; Ose Saki Light, N. 41° E., 5 miles; 95 
fathoms. Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21° E., 5.7 miles; 103 
fathoms. 

The type-locality is in the Indian Ocean. 


1 According to Versluys, Chrysogorgiid of the Siboga Expedition, p. 70. 


NESE ana eae 


Es 
; 
Der 
7 


No. 1923, DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 57 


| 
The number of polyps to the internode and the color of the polyps 
are distinguishing marks of this species. 


FAMILY PRIMNOIDA. 


Colonial Gorgonacea with calcareous roots. Axis calcareous or 
horny, but never with alternating calcareous and horny joints. 
Calyces with opercula composed of 8 scales. Polyps often in whorls, 
their walls covered with scale-like spicules. 


Subfamily CALYPTROPHORIN A Versluys. 


Calyx spicules reduced to two or three pairs of large scales. 
Operculum conspicuous, turned toward branch when the polyp is 
retracted. 


Genus CALYPTROPHORA Wright and Studer (emended 
by Versluys). 


Calyx body with but two pairs of very large scale-like spicules 
usually entirely encircling the polyp. 


CALYPTROPHORA IJIMAI Kinoshita. 
Plate 16, figs. 2, 3. 


Calyptrophora vimai Kinosuira, Ann. Zool. Japan, ser. 6, vol. 3, 1907, p. 234. 
Arthogorgia membranacea KUKENTHAL and GoRzAWSEY, Japanische Gorgoniden,,. 
Peil J, 1908, p. 29. 

Colony 10.5 cm. in height. The first branch arises 8 mm. above 
the base. The branches are pinnately arranged, alternate, undivided 
and erect, originating at an acute angle with the main stem and 
sometimes attaining a length of 7 cm. Diameter of the main stem 
1.3mm. The branches are attenuated and straight, ending in a mere 
thread. 

The axis has a light green iridescence near its base, where it is 


apparently striated. There is no luster in the axis of stem and 


branches. 
The polyps are in whorls of 4 or 5, all facing downward. The whorls 
are about 2mm. apart. Calyces 2.2 mm. in height (measured parallel 


with the branch) and project about the same distance from the branch. 


Both the basal and distal pairs of spicules form incomplete rings, 
failmg to meet on the stem side, and in both the individual spicules 
of a pair are cemented together. The distal pair bears four sharply 
pointed spines projecting nearly 1 mm. from the free fluted border. 
This pair is about 1.6 mm. long to base of spines. 

The basal pair bears two very slender, often curved, spines pro- 
jecting nearly 2 mm. beyond the border. This pair is almost 2 mm. 


1Tn some cases there are a few additional scales of small size near the base of calyx. 


58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you a 


Soe Os ee ———————— 
long. The base of the polyp is surrounded by a group of much 
smaller scales, forming a sort of collar in which the polyp is encircled. — 
The operculum is strongly developed, as 1s usual in this genus; but 
it is rather high, and the individual scales are slender triangles with 
their distal ends sharply pointed. Those on the abaxial side are longer - 
than the others and overlap them considerably. ' 

The branches are covered with a complete layer of comparatively 
small, flattened, irregular scales. 

Color: The basal part of the stem and branches very pale yellow, 
ealyces white. 

Localities. Station 5079; Omai Saki Light, N. 29° E., 24 miles; 
475-505 fathoms. Station 5080; Omai Saki Light, N. 23.5° H., 28 
miles; 505 fathoms. Station 5087; Joka Sima Light, 8. 84.5° E., 14.8 © 
miles; 614 fathoms. 

General distribution.—Type-locality, Sagami Sea, 550 fathoms. 
Okinose Bank, 400 fathoms. Yodomi, Sagami Bay. 

Superficially the calyces of this species greatly resemble those of 
C. japonica; but they all face downward, and both pairs of scales 
form an incomplete ring. 

The specimens secured by the U.S. Fisheries steamer Albatross all 
show the curious membranaceous structure formed of strangely 
modified spicules which give refuge to a symbiotic annelid. 


CALYPTROPHORA JAPONICA Gray. 
Calyptrophora japonica Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1866, p. 25. 


Colony incomplete, 13.1 cm. in height. The branchlets arise from 
the upper sides only of the branches, regularly spaced, 6 mm. apart 
and about 11 cm. long. The calyces are in whorls of 4 to 6 on the 
distal parts of branches and are about 2 mm. long. Both proximal 
and distal pairs of calyx spicules form a closed ring. The distal ring 
has four spines projecting downward, and the proximal ring has two 
spines projecting outward. 

The polyps face the base of the stem or branch. 

Operculum not very prominent, dome-shaped. Each flap is thin, 
triangular, with edges turned upward, the adaxial plate being much 
smaller than the others. 

The branches are covered with flattened scales of irregular shape. 

Color: The axis is almost black proximally, lightening distally. 
The colony in general is light brown. 

Localities —Station 4924; Nagada Saki, N. 8° E., 18 miles; 159 
fathoms. Station 4935; Sata Misaki Light, N. 58° E., 4.5 miles; 
103 fathoms. i 

General distribution.—The type was from Japan. The Challenger 
found it near the Fiji Islands, 610 fathoms. The Siboga expedition 
secured it from the Malay Archipelago, 400-1,301 meters. Hawaiian 


No. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 59 


Islands, 135-577 fathoms (Nutting). Japan, Satsuma, and Sagami 
Sea, 300-400 fathoms (Kinoshita). 

The U.S. Fisheries steamer Albatross specimens closely resemble 
the one figured by Kinoshita. 


CALYPTROPHORA KERBERTI Versluys. 
Calyptrophora kerberti Verstuys, Primnoide of the Siboga Expedition, 1906, 
p.105. - 

Several fragments of this species were secured from station 5093. 
The largest specimen is 9.5 cm. high, dichotomously branched. The 
polyps face downward, many of them broken off in the specimen, 
normally in whorls of four. Whorls about 2 mm. apart. The 
calyces are about 2 mm. high, and project 1.7 mm. from the branch. 
The basal scales do not form a complete ring on inner side, each with 
a spine-like process from its distal end and outer corner a little more 
than 1 mm. long. Buccal scales also forming an incomplete ring, 
often with no spines on distal ends, as figured by Versluys, but quite 
frequently showing two small spines. There is often a small ridge or 
- keel at the superior junction of these two scales. The margin is not 
so straight as represented by Versluys, but is more or less sinuous 
and hood-shaped. . 

The scales in the branches are thin, often slender, and their ends 
are imbricating. 

The axis is almost black proximally, lighter distally: The branches 
are gray and the calyces are almost white. 

Locality—Station 5093; Joga Shima Light, N. 8° W., 5 miles; 
302 fathoms. 

The type-locality is Japan (Hilgendorf). 


‘Genus STACHYODES Wright and Studer. 


Calyx consisting of three pairs of large scale-like spicules, the 
basal pair usually not completely encircling the polyp. 


STACHYODES MEGALEPIS Kinoshita. 
Stachyodes megalepis Kinosuita, Primnoide von Japan, 1908, p. 47. 


Several small specimens secured by the U. S. Fisheries steamer 
_ Albatross agree quite closely with the original descriptions and figures 
of this species. 

Colony incomplete, 12.3 cm. high, flabellate in form. The main 
stem, or branch, gives off two main branches which divide dichoto- 
mously into four. The axis has a greenish-gold luster. On the basal 
parts the calyces are in whorls of 7 or 8; on the distal parts they are 
in whorls of 5, closely approximated. Calyces about 3 mm. high. 
The basal scales are the largest and the middle pair the smallest, 
each pair with its margin curved slightly backward, and each has the 
appearance of having a marginal border of different texture from the 


60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 43. 


rest of the scale. Tho pairs all fail to make a Bea ig ring, being 
lacking on the adaxial side. 

The operculum is composed of very thin scales more or less fluted 
or frilled on the edges, so that the borders are turned upward. The 
adaxial scales are much smaller and have much less pronounced 
frills than the others. 

The branches are covered with small thin fluted scales. In places 


these are enormously enlarged by a parasitic annelid, forming an _ | 


arcade along the branch, which furnished a character for Allman’s 
genus Calyptervnus.* 

Color: The colony is dull, yellowish-brown. 

Localities —Station 4918; Gwaja Shima, S. 38° E., 34 miles; 361 
fathoms. Station 4935; Sata Misaki Light, N. 58° E., 4.5 miles; 
103 fathoms. Station 4936 ; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21° E., 5.7 miles; 
103 fathoms. 

General distribution—The type was secured from Gokeba, south- 
west from the Province of Awa, Japan. Another fragment was from 
the Sagami Sea. 


Genus CALIGORGIA Gray (emended by Versluys). 


Colony flabellate, pinnate or dichotomous, without secondary 
-branchings. Calyces in whorls, club-shaped, appressed to the 
branches and with their adaxial walls incomplete. Circumoper- 
cular scales lacking. 


CALIGORGIA FLABELLUM (Killiker). 
Primnoa flabellum K6uu1KER, Icones Histologic, vol. 2, 1865, p. 135. 
Calligorgia flabellum StupER, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 646. 

Colony 20 em. high, strictly flabellate, breaking up near its base 
into four large branches which are scarcely flattened. Secondary 
branches rare. Branchlets regularly alternate, averaging about 6 
mm. apart, all in one plane. 

The calyces are clavate, much curved, nearly facing the branch. 
Ordinarily they are in whorls of four, but increase proximally until 
there are as many as 18 on the bases of the larger branches. The 
individual calyces are 1.5 mm. in height, and nearly uniform in 
diameter. There are usually about 8 whorls to the em. There are” 
7 scales in each of the abaxial rows and 4 or 5 in the outer lateral 
rows. Adaxial scales 2. The sculpturing on the distal scales is not 
so pronounced as figured by Versluys and Kinoshita; but the calyces 
are practically identical with those figured by Wright and Studer. 

The operculum is high, conical, composed of slender triangular 
flaps, the adaxial ones being shorter than the others. All of the 
spicules are plainly granulated. 


1 Challenger Reports, the Aleyonaria, 1889, p. 53. 


no.1923. DHSCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 61 


Color: The colony is a light buffy-brown. 
Lecality.— Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21° E., 5.7 miles; 
103 fathoms. . 
General disiribution.—Pacific and Indian Oceans; Japan. Down 
to 1,250 meters. 
_ CALIGORGIA VENTILABRUM Studer. 


Caligorgia ventilabrum StupER, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 647. 


A number of very large fragments of one or more specimens of 
this species were collected by the U. S. Fisheries steamer Albatross. 
Station label lost. 

One fragment is 54 cm. long. Diameter at base 6.5 mm. The 
main branch is somewhat flattened. The branching is typically 
dichotomous, except that the main branch gives off a number of 
laterals, mainly from one side. The terminal twigs are very long, as 
much as 20 cm. in some cases. All of the branches are erect, nearly 
parallel, the whole forming a flabellate structure. The average 
diameter of the secondary branches is 4 mm. 

The calyces are in regular whorls of 4 on distal ends of branchlets 
and 12 on large branches. On the longest branches they are irreg- 
ular, often wanting. There are but 4 or 5 whorls of calyces to the cm. 
The individual calyces are large, 2 mm. long, with 9 or 10 scales to 
the adaxial and outer lateral rows. Some of the latter have the | 
peculiar lateral processes figured by Versluys in Caligorgia affinis.t 
Otherwise the specimens agree better with C. ventilabrum. 

The inner laterals and adaxials are greatly reduced in number, 
being apparently represented by their distal elements alone; although 
these appear to be rudimentary scales representing the basal ones. 

The operculum is not conspicuous, composed of smooth triangular 
scales, the adaxial being the smallest and the abaxial the largest 
and overlapping slightly the others. 

Color: The axis is almost black proximally, lightening distally. 
The general color of the colony is very light tan-brown. 

Locality —Label lost. 

Type-locality —North of New Zealand, 90 fathoms. 

A very fine species. The specimens just described are the largest 


of the genus. 
CALIGORGIA ASPERA Kinoshita. 


Caligorgia aspera Kinosuita, Primnoide von Japan, 1908, p. 39. 


Colony in fragments, the longest piece being 12.2 cm. long and 
with a spread of 6.2 cm. There are branches on two sides of the 
main branch, forming a flabellate structure; side branches dividing 
dichotomously sometimes to branchings of the sixth order and attain- 
ing a length of 5.9 cm. in some cases. 


1 Primnoide of the Siboga Expedition, p. 76. 


62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 43. 


"The calyces are ordinarily in whorls of 3, the 3 being on front and 
sides of the branch, usually leaving the back free from polyps. There 


are 8 to 10 whorls to the cm. On thicker parts of branches whorls of - 


4, rarely 5, are seen. They are seldom in pairs, except at the very 


ends of the twigs. The individual calyces are strongly curved, their | 


distal ends turned toward the branch. They are 1.5 mm. long, 
measuring with dividers across the curve, and about 1 mm. in oper- 
cular diameter. The scales are well marked, apparently imbricating 
and with their surfaces covered with pointed granules. The calyx 
margin is quite even, being squarely cut off all around, although the 
abaxial scales may form slight rounded lobes. The abaxial rows 


contain usually 6, sometimes 5, scales; outer lateral with one large 


distal scale and sometimes another proximal one. Occasionally one 
or two small inner laterals can be seen, but they are not constant. 

There are no adaxials. 

The operculum is strong, dome-shaped, with scales thick, heavily 
granulated, with large basal lateral lobes and narrowing distally to a 
comparatively slender point. The basal edges of the abaxials overlap 
the outer laterals, and these overlap the inner laterals. The adaxial 
opercular scales are shorter than the others, but are not overlapped 
by their points. 

_ The scales on the twig surfaces are rounded, flat, rather large and 
granulated like those of the calyces. 

Color: The axis is light green with a golden luster. The general 
color of the calyces and branches is tan-brown. 

Localities.—Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21° E., 5.7 miles; 
103 fathoms. ? Station 5070; Ose Saki, S. 8° W., 1.8 miles; 108 
fathoms. 

General distribution.—Type-locality, west coast of Satsuma, Japan. 


Subfamily THOUARBEHLLIN 4 Versluys. 


Colony usually pinnate and with secondary short branches. 
Calyces arranged in various ways, seldom appressed to the branch. 
Longitudinal rows of calyx scales evident, not greatly reduced on the 
adaxial side. 


Genus PLUMARELLA Gray (modified by Kinoshita). 


Colony pinnate, with short twigs, but never with secondary short 
twigs. Calyces never in well-defined whorls or in pairs, with openings 
directed distally. Polyp scales in 8 longitudinal rows, without 
circumopercular scales. Operculum evident. 


ie No. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 63 


PLUMARELLA SPINOSA Kinoshita (not Kiikenthal). 


Plumarella spinosa Kinosuira, Primnoidze von Japan, 1908, p. 11. 


Colony 35 cm. long, and with a spread of 25 cm.; strictly flabellate, 
the main stem giving off irregularly alternate main branches which 
themselves give off a few irregularly disposed secondary branches. 
Ultimate branches irregularly alternate, forming a plane surface, 
about 10 or 12 to 5cm. The calyces are in 2 rows on distal ends of 
twigs only, otherwise in 3 to 5 irregular rows, but not in whorls; club- 
shaped, 1.5 cm. high including operculum, and 1 mm. broad at distal 
end. The margin is armed with usually 4, sometimes 5 or 6, not 
very long points. The scales are in 8 rows, 6 to the row except in the 
adaxials, which have 3. The scales regularly imbricating, each with 
a rounded distal edge. 

The operculum is only moderately elevated, composed of flat 
triangular flaps, the ends of the adaxial ones being tucked under the 
ends of the others. 

Color: Axis dark brown, lightening distally. General color light 
butfy-brown. 

Locahities.—Station 4769; lat. 54° 30’ 40’’ N.; long. 179° 14’ E.; 
244-237 fathoms. Station 4781; lat. 52° 14’ 30’’ N.; long. 174° 13’ 
E.; 482 fathoms. Station 4787; north point Copper Island, N. 79° E., 
8.5 miles; 54-57 fathoms. 

Distribution.—The type was from Mochiyama, Japan, 180 fathoms, 
and other specimens from Doketsuba, Japan, 130 fathoms. 

The calyces resemble the type quite exactly. The specimen 
described above is coarser than the type and usually has 4 rows of 
calyces instead of 2, although there are 2 on the distal ends of the 
twigs. 

PLUMARELLA FLABELLATA Versluys. 


Plumarella flabellata VERstuys, Primnoide of the Siboga Expedition, 1906, p. 16. 


A fragmentary specimen is referred to this species. It consists of a 
single branch 18 cm. long, slightly flattened (the cross section is 2mm. 
by 2.5 mm.), forking distally. 

The ultimate branches are alternate, 10 or 11 to 5 cm. in length of 
branch. The calyces are irregularly distributed on all sides of the 
branches, sometimes in pairs but never in regular whorls, thickly 
crowded, 25 to 30 in 1 cm. They are small, stout, club-shaped, 
usually less than 1 mm. in height. The scales are heavy, coarsely 
granulated, the edges with irregular lobes and points or irregularly 
ctenate. Some of the marginal scales bear short spines, but they 
are often as represented by Versluys. Some of these points are 
triangular and others are spatulate. The adaxials are 3 or 4 in 
number; the abaxials 6. 


~ 


64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 43. 


The operculum is strongly developed, conical, each flap consisting 
of a triangular scale beset with sharp points, the inner scales not 
much smaller than the outer. 

_ Locality Station 4784; Hast Cape, Attu Island, S. 18° W., 4 
miles; 135 fathoms. 

General distribution.—The type-locality is Japan. 

The specimen differs from the type in the superficial granulation of 
the scales and the presence of spines on many of the marginal scales, 
but it agrees well in other details. 


PLUMARELLA CARINATA Kinoshita. 


Plumarella carinata Kinosuira, Primnoide von Japan, 1908, p. 17. © 


Several specimens, mostly fragmentary, evidently belong to this 

very well-marked species. 

The calyx scales differ from others of the genus, except P. costata 
Kiikenthal, by having well marked median carine. These keels, 
however, are not easily seen when the specimen is immersed in fluid; 
but become quite evident when the specimen is partly dried. 

Another characteristic pomted out by Kinoshita is the compara- 
tively small size of the abaxial scales, these being actually smaller — 
than the laterals, a character that is very rare in thisfamily. Another 
_ peculiar feature is the abrupt turning upward of the calyx, which has 
its basal part projecting outward and its distal part turned upward, 
thus resembling a tobacco pipe inform. This results in the adcauline 
side of the calyces being entirely free from the branches. 

Localities.—Station 4893 ; Ose Saki Light, N. 29° E., 5.5 miles; 106— 
95 fathoms. Station 4894; Ose Saki Light, N. 41° E., 5 miles; 95 
fathoms. Station 4895; Ose Saki Light, N. 42° E., 4.7 miles; 95 — 
fathoms. 

General distribution.—The type-locality is Kozu Island, south of 
the Province of Izu, Japan. 

This species very closely resembles Plumarella cristata Kikenthal, 
with which it may be identical, although this is denied by Kinoshita. 


PLUMARELLA SPICATA, new species. 


Plate 8, figs. 2, 2a; plate 18, fig. 6. 


A number of fragments from Station 4780 resemble Plumarella 
longispina Kinoshita,? but seem to be fairly distinct. 

Colony very loose and straggling in habit, flabellate, irregularly 
branching. The terminal twigs are about 6 to 8 in 5 cm. in length of 
branch. The calyces are irregularly distributed on two sides of the 
branch, and are only accidentally in pairs. They often project at a 


1 Kukenthal und Gorzawsky, Japanische Gorgoniden, Teil I, 1908, p. 16. 
2Primnoide von Japan, 1908, p. 14. 


A 


No. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 65 


_ tight angle from the branch, but are usually inclined outward and 
upward. Calyces about 1 mm. high to base of spines, club- “shaped, 
but not so much bent as is usual in this genus, although there is 
considerable variation in this feature. 

The marginal scales have long sharp spines, sometimes 1 mm. in 
length. There are 6 scales to each abaxial and outer lateral rows, 
and 5 scales to each inner lateral and adaxial row. All the scales 
have minutely ctenate edges and minutely granulated surfaces. 

The operculum is very high, reaching almost to the ends of the 
spines, each scale being an acute-angled triangle, and the adaxial 
ones being scarcely shorter than the others. 

The spicules of the stem and branches form an irregular mosaic, 
and do not greatly overlap. 

‘Color: The axis has a bright solder metallic luster, except on the 
proximal parts of the large branches, where it is greenish-brown. 
The general color of the colony is very light buffy-brown. 

Locality — Station 4780; lat. 52° 01’ N.; long. 174° 39’ E.; 1,046 
fathoms (type). ?Station 4771; lat. 54° 30’ N.; long. 179° 17’ E.; 
426 fathoms. Specimens from the latter station are so fragmentary 
and broken up that they are identified with doubt. 

Ty pe-specumen.—Cat. No. 30050, U.S.N.M 

This species has a more loose and straggling habit than any other 
of the genus that I have seen. 


PLUMARELLA ADHZERANS, new species. 
Plate 8, figs. 1, la; plate 19, fig. 1. 


Colony Gncomplete) 19 cm. long. The main stem, or branch, is 
flattened, being 2 by 3 mm. in section, and is forked near its middle. 
There are few secondary branches. 

The terminal.twigs are in the same plane, alternate, and are 
usually 6 or 7 to each 2 cm. of length of stem or branch. The calyces 
are in two rows, but not in pairs, usually alternate, and there are 
usually 11 or 12 to each cm. of branch. 

The individual calyces are short, stout, almost conical, with the 
adaxial sides closely appressed to the branch almost to the margin, 
a little over 1 mm. in height and 0.7 mm. broad at margin. Abaxial 
and outer lateral marginal scales armed with sharp spines; other- 
wise the margin is quite even and clean cut all around. Abaxial and 
lateral scales 5 in a row; adaxial rows with 2 wide short scales. All 
of the scales have even margins, not ctenate, but often with a central 
lobe and comparatively smooth surfaces. 

The operculum is a low cone or dome, well developed, each flap 
being a rather broad flat triangle, the adaxial ones being but slightly 
smaller than the others and with their points scarcely overlapped by 

48702°—Proc.N.M.vol.483—12——_5 


66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 43. 


the latter. The scales on the branches are rather large plates, the 
twigs themselves being thicker than usual. The scales often have 
their edges imbricating. ; 

Color: The axis is a dull yellowish-olive, branches and calyces 
light buffy-brown. 

Localities —Station 4894; Ose Saki Light, N. 41° E., 5 miles; 95 
fathoms. Station 4895; Ose Saki Light, N. 42° E., 4.7 miles; 95 
fathoms. Station 5070; Ose Saki, S. 8° W., 1.8 miles; 108 fathoms 
(type). 

Ty pe-specimen.—Cat. No. 29799, U.S.N.M. 

This species is distinguished from others of the genus by the size 
and form of the calyces. . 


Genus THOUARELLA Gray (modified). 


Colony usually flabellate and pinnate; ultimate twigs springing 
from all sides of the branches, very numerous; calyces either isolated 
or in whorls, club-shaped, seldom adherent to the branches; caly- 
cular scales in 8 rows, at least distally. 


THOUARELLA HILGENDORFI (Studer). 
Plumarella hilgendorfi StupER, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 648. 


Colony (incomplete) 14 cm. high and with a spread of 4.6 cm. A 
single branch only is present in the specimen described, which gives 
off numerous twigs from all sides so closely set that a spiral arrange- 
ment can not be made out, and attains a length of 3.9 cm. Those 
from the front of the colony are shorter, giving the whole specimen a 
flabellate appearance. The calyces are in whorls or short spirals of 
3, the summit of one not usually reaching the base of the one next 
above. There are about 18 whorls to 2 cm. in length of branches. 

The individual calyces are rather slender cones, but slightly bent 
toward the axis. Some are almost straight symmetrical cones, 1.3 
mm. high to margin. Each circumopercular scale has a median 
keel that is produced into a prominent point which is more pro- 
nounced than in Versluys’s description. The eight rows of scales 
overlap laterally, so as to be obscured on proximal portions. There 
are apparently 6 scales in the abaxial rows and 5 adaxials. The 
operculum is concealed by the circumopercular scales. It is com- 
posed of triangular flaps, the adaxial somewhat smaller than the 
others, and with their ends overlapped by the ends of the others. 

The stem scales are thin and more or less imbricating. 

Color: The colony is light yellowish-brown. 

Localities.—Station ?4771; lat. 54° 30’ N.; long. 179° 17’ H.; 426 
fathoms (fragment). Station 4895; Ose Saki Light, N. 42° E., 4.7 


1 Some of the points in this definition are condensed from that given by Kinoshita, Primnoid von Japan, 
1908 ,p. 21. 


NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 67 


miles; 95 fathoms. Station 4934; Sata Misaki Light, N. 77.5° E., 7 
miles; 152-103 fathoms (large colony, more decidedly brown than the 
others). Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21° E., 5.7 miles; 103 
fathoms. Station 5070; Ose Saki, S. 8° W., 1.8 miles; 108 fathoms 
(much like the next, but the polyps are smaller; spiculation the 
same). Station 5093; Joga Shima Light, N. 8° W., 5 miles; 302 
fathoms (brighter in color: spines very slender). 

General distribution. —The type was from Yeddo Bay, de apan. 
Other localities are Kei Islands, East Indies, 204-540 meters; Sagami 
Bay, Japan, 100-400 fathoms; Suruga er Japan, 1,200 inom 
Indian Ocean, 371 meters. 

These specimens differ from Versluys’ s figures’ in slenderness of 
calyces and prominence of spines. The latter is also noted by Kino- 
shita in his description of this species. 

_ This is a very abundant and variable species, but the intergrada- 
tions indicate that all of the specimens noted belong to the same 
form. 


THOUARELLA RECTA, new species. 
Plate 7, figs. 1, la; plate 19, fig. 2. 


Colony incomplete, consisting of a stem 4.7 cm. long, on the distal 
part of which the branches are arranged in spirals of three, while 
_ they are arranged irregularly on the proximal portion. The branches 
are usually simple, often fork, and occasionally give off branchlets. 
The longest ultimate branchlet is 2.4 cm.long. Twigs very slender, 
those of a given row being about 2 mm. apart. Polyps quite distant, 
very uregularly distributed, mostly lateral, but showing a tendency 
to an arrangement in long spirals of about 5 to a turn, each spiral 
occupying about 4 mm. of the length of the twig. 

The calyces stand straight out from the branch, as in Stenella, and 
are almost radially symmetrical, although the mouth is often slightly 
inclined toward the distal end of the colony. The height of a typical 
calyx is about 1.4 mm., although they vary greatly in size, as if 
calyces in various stages of growth were irregularly distributed along 
the branches. The circumopercular scales are all armed with long 
slender spines. There are six scales to each longitudinal row in the 
calyx walls, all provided with finely ctenate edges. 

The operculum is rather low and nearly concealed by the circum- 
opercular spines. The opercular scales are triangular, and there is 
little if any distinction between the adaxial and the others. The 
large edge of these scales is ctenate. 

The scales of the stem and branch surfaces are rounded or irregular, 
with some imbrication of their edges, and form two layers. 


1 Primnoide of the Siboga Expedition, 1906, p. 27, fig. 17. 


68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. 43. 


Color: The axis is a golden brown on the proximal parts of the 
fragment, lightening distally. The calyces and coenenchyma of the 
branches are very light, almost white. 

Locality—Station 5079; Omai Saki Light, N. 29° E.; 24 miles; 
475-505 fathoms. . 

Type-speciomen.—Cat. No. 30040, U. S. N. M. 

This species resembles Thouarella laza Versluys,! but it differs con- 
sistently in the arrangement of the calyces, which are never, or only 
accidentally, in pairs, as in the latter species. 


THOUARELLA TYPICA Kinoshita. 


Thouarella typica Kinosurra, Ann. Zool. Japan, ser. 6, vol. 3, 1907, p. 23. 


The specimen secured by the U. 8. Fisheries steamer Albatross 
is broken, but two specimens that seem to match measured together 
32 cm., with a spread of 5.6 cm. The stem is superficially very 
dark, almost black. Greatest diameter 4.3 mm. The stem gives 
off two branches. The twigs are very densely aggregated, forming 
a thick flattened brush, and arise from all sides of the stem, the longest 
being about 3.2 cm. in length. 

The calyces are in very short verticils of 2 or 3, there being 10 to 
12 verticils to 1 cm. in length of twig. The individual calyces are 
. rather slender clubs, often almost conical, standing with their inner 
sides almost touching the branch and their mouths opening upward. 
They are little over 1 mm. in height with an opercular diameter 
of about 0.7 mm. Calyx scales in very irregular rows, with plain 
rounded distal edges. The abaxial and lateral rows have 6 scales 
to the row, and the adaxials 4. The circumopercular scales have 
each a strong keel projecting from the inner side of its distal edge, 
and this keel ends in a rather blunt flattened point. 

The operculum is quite low and is concealed by the cireumopercular 
scales. Flaps rather slender triangles, those of the adaxial side 
being shorter than the others and having their edges tucked under 
them. 

The scales of the ceenenchyma are rounded and often imbricated 
like fish scales. 

Color: The axis is very dark, almost black, in the stem and twigs 
almost to their distal ends. The general color of the colony is a 
srayish-brown. 

Localities—Station 4894; Ose Saki Light, N. 41° E., 5 miles; 95 
fathoms. Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21° E., 5.7 miles; 
103 fathoms. 

The type-locality is west coast of Satsuma, Japan. 


1Primnoide of the Siboga Expedition, 1906, p. 30. 


ee ee ee ee ee ee 


no. 1923. DHSCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 69 
SSE aa EDR gg Se TTT 


THOUARELLA STRIATA Kiikenthal. 
Plate 10, figs. 2, 2a. 


Thouarella striata KUKENTHAL, Gorgoniden des Deutschen Tiefsee Expedition, 
1907, p. 204. 

Colony flabellate in form, 32 cm. in height and with a spread of 
25 em. The main stem is 1 cm. thick near base, and flattened, as 
are the main branches, and after sending off a few irregular small 
branches on one side the stem (11.5 cm. from its base) divides into 
two large branches. These divide irregularly into several branchlets, 
and these again sometimes divide until branchings of the fifth order 
are reached. The ultimate twigs are pinnately arranged, close set, 
often forking, and forming a flabellate structure. 

The calyces are in irregular whorls of 5 or 6 to even 10, closely 
set, nowhere distinct; but the calyces are arranged as in the genus 
Eumeea, for instance, without distinction of well-defined whorls 
even on the ultimate twigs. The calyces distinctly overlap. In 1 
cm. there are about 10 calyces in as near a longitudinal series as 
can be found. The individual calyces are not so decidedly bent 
toward the branch as is usual in this genus, but the adaxial rows 
of scales are reduced to 2 or 3. The calyces are about 1.5 mm. 
high, club-shaped, with a greatest diameter of about 1mm. The 
polyps face upward, not inward. The scales all have ctenate edges, 
the upper ones have radiating ribs and the basal ones are without 
evident ribs. All scales have distinctly granulated or verrucose 
surfaces, and the distal ones have radiating ridges, as stated above. 

All but the adaxial scales have usually 6 scales each, and the ~ 
distal scales have each a median rather blunt projecting point and 
a series of smaller lateral points on either side. 

The operculum is low, scarcely projecting above the marginal 
points, the individual flaps being rather thick triangular scales 
with a roughly granulated surface. The abaxial ones project over 
the points of the adaxial. 

The coenenchyma of the branches is covered with a mosaic of 
wregular scales. | 

Locaiity.— Station 4778, Semisopochnoi Island, right tangent S. 
45° W., left tangent S. 12° W., about 12 miles; 43-33 fathoms. 

Type-locality._—East side of Bouvet Island, South Sea, 457 meters. 

The lateral branches and terminal twigs of the specimen described 


are coarser than is usual in this genus, reminding one of Caligorgia. 
THOUARELLA ALTERNATA, new species. 
Plate 9, figs. 1, la; plate 19, fig. 3. 


Colony 16 em. high, and with a spread of 5.6 cm. The ultimate 
branches are borne on three sides of the main stem and reach a length 
of 3.2 cm, and are thickly emplanted, the distance between adjacent 


70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 43, 


ones in a given row being but 3mm. The calyces are distant and 
usually regularly alternate, averaging about 2 mm. apart. They 
are considerably curved, with large distal and slender proximal 
parts, as if borne on pedicels, they are almost never in pairs and 
are usually regularly alternate with the mouths opening upward. 
A typical calyx is 1.5 mm. high to margin. The scales are all thin 
and delicate, the cireumopercular ones with long sharp spines, 
those ‘on the adcauline scales being very short or absent. The 
edges of the calyx scales are minutely ctenate. The cireumopercular 
spines are 1 mm. long and very slender. Owing to the delicacy 
of the scales it is hard to determine the number in the several rows, 


but they are more numerous than usual, probably 8 or 9 in the 


abaxial rows and 6 or 7 in the laterals, and apparently 4 in the 
adaxials. 

The operculum is low, conical, composed of such exceedingly 
delicate scales that they are seen with difficulty by reflected light. 
They are flat, triangular. The tentacles of the polyps are partly 
protruded. 

The scales are the most delicate of any that I have seen in this 
family, but are of the common type found in Thouarella, Calgorgia, 
ete. 

- Color: The axis of the stem is golden-green. The general color 
of the colony is almost white. 

Localities—Station 5079; Omai Saki Light, N. 29° E., 24 miles; 
475-505 fathoms. Station 5080; Omai Saki Light, N. 23.5° H., 28 
- miles; 505 fathoms (type). 

Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 30097, U.S.N.M. 

The alternate disposition of the calyces and the number and 
extreme delicacy of the body scales are characteristic features of 
this species. 


Genus PRIMNODENDRON, new genus. 


Colony growing in dense flabellate tufts, each branch giving off 


a series of branchlets from all sides and each branchlet dividing 
into a dense tuft of terminal twigs which together form a closely 
compacted mass of twig terminations, most of which are directed 
anteriorly, formmeg a peculiar matted surface. Calyces in indistinet 
rows, being neither in pairs nor in whorls. Individual calyces much 
like those of Plumarella. 

Primnodtndron differs from Plumarella in bearing secondary 
branchings from the terminal twigs, and from Thouarella in having 
the calyces arranged neither in pairs nor in whorls. : 

Type of the genus.—Primnodendron superbum, new species. 


i : 
a ee ee ed cM iene Se ee ee a ee Se ee See ee. ee ae, en ee ON 


no. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. id 


PRIMNODENDRON SUPERBUM, new species. 


Plate 9, figs. 2, 2a; plate 19, fig. 4. 


Colony 31 cm. high, flabellate in general form. The main stem 
immediately divides into three branches, the central branch forming 
the main part of the colony. This gives off several lateral branches 
which, in turn, give off innumerable branchlets. These latter 
divide so as to form a small rigid tuft of ultimate twigs which together 
form a compact flattened mass so thick as to look like certain lobate 
heads of coral, as, for example, Pocillopora or certain flat forms. 

Each main branch gives off very numerous branches from all 
sides, but those from the front and back are shorter than those 
ee the sides and terminate approximately on the same planes in 
front and back of the colony. All are very closely compacted so 
that the spaces between the twig terminations are hardly greater 
than those occupied by the twig ends themselves. 

The calyces are rather thickly emplanted on all sides of the nee. 
neither in regular whorls nor in regular longitudinal rows, but some- 
times approaching the latter. In general there are Boon 4 to 6 
such irregular rows of calyces. The calyces -are rather slender 
eurved clubs about 2 mm. long and 1 mm. broad at distal ends. 
Their openings face directly upward and their margins are orna- 
mented by sharp points from the abaxial and lateral marginal 
scales. The adaxial marginal scales have very minute points, or 
none. Two or three horizontal rows of scales below the marginals 
have similar but smaller points. The eight vertical rows of scales 
are very plainly marked, and each scale overlaps considerably the 
base of the one above and ends in a somewhat flaring thin margin 
with a central point. These points decrease regularly in size from 
the margin to base of calyx, ending before the latter is reached. 
There are 6 or 7 scales in each abaxial, abaxial lateral and adaxial 
lateral row, and 3 or 4 to the adaxials. 

_ The operculum is well developed, each scale bearing a lengthened 
point much like those around the calyx margin. The adaxial oper- 
cular scales are much smaller than the others, and bear no points. 

The scales in the cenenchyma are smaller than those in the calyx 
walls, and are irregular in shape, forming a mosaic. 

Color: The colony is a light yellowish-brown and the axis is black 
proximally, and lightens distally. 

Locality —Station 4778; Semisopochnoi Island, right tangent S. 
45° W., left tangent S. 12° W., about 12 miles; 43-33 fathoms. 

A second specimen from the same station is larger than the one 
described, being 45 cm. high. 


72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 43. 


This is the handsomest primnoid in the collection, and shows 
such marked differences from all other known forms that it forms 
the type of a very well marked new genus. _ 

Ty pe-specomen.—Cat. No. 30691, US.N.M. 2 ja > 


Family MURICEIDA} 


Axis horny, unjointed, not surrounded by a regwar series of water- 
vascular canals. Calyces various, but never with apertures turned 
toward branch; a pseudo- ipeeans present, composed of 8 parts 
each of which is attached to a tentacle base and is usually com- 
posed of 3 spicules forming an acute-angled triangle; collaret present, 


composed of circular rows of spicules; coonenchyma usually bristling 


with spicules which are of exceedingly varied form. 


Genus ACANTHOGORGIA Gray (emended by Verrill and, 
later, by Nutting.) 


Calyces tubular, their walls with spicules arranged en chevron; 
margins with a crown of pomts composed of spicules with a distal 
thorny point and a proximal mass of tubercles or branched processes, 
the two parts being separated by a bend in the main shaft of the 

spicule. 


ACANTHOGORGIA STRIATA Nutting. 


Acanthogorgia striata Nuttinc, Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition, III, The 
Muriceide, 1910, p. 20. 


But a fragment of a branch 3.9 cm. long was secured by the U. S. 
Fisheries steamer Albatross. 

The calyces are rather thickly emplanted on all sides of the branch, 
in no apparent order. The individual calyces are tubular, with a 
constriction at the distal end, 2.7 mm. high and 1.3 mm. in diameter. 
The margin is crowned with an indefinite number of sharp thorny 
points, usually in small bundles of 3 or 4, projecting 1 mm. above the 
margin. The calyx walls are distinctly striated longitudinally 
on account of the darker brown mesenteries showing through, and 
are furnished with 8 longitudinal bands of spicules very distinctly 
arranged en chevron. Inside of the crown of pomts are a number 
of similar points some of which lie along the dorsal surfaces of the 
infolded tentacles. 

Spicules: The crown spicules are all of the regular acanthogorgian 
type, about 1 mm. long, the distal portion smooth and the proximal 
part not very abruptly bent and tuberculated. The other spicules 
are small warty spindles with an occasional tuberculate form. 

Color: The colony is light-brown, and the calyces are longitudinally 
striated with 8 darker bands. 


1 The definitions for the Muriceide and the genera included in it in the present work are condensed from 
the definitions given in the author’s Monograph on the Muriceidze of the Siboga Expedition, 1910. 


no. 1923. DHSCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 73 


Locality —Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21° E., 5.7 miles; 
103 fathoms. 
Distribution.—The ee is North Celebes, 80 meters; also 
found by the Siboga Expedition in Banda Sea, 304 meters. 
; ACANTHOGORGIA FUSCA, new species. 
Plate 10, figs. 1, la; plate 19, fig. 5. 


Colony flabellate in form, very dark in color, 12 cm. in height, 
and with a spread of 13 em. The stem is unbranched for 6.1 cm., 
above which two large branches are given off from each side and a 
stub on one side. The main branches are closely approximated, 
and each sends off several irregularly disposed lateral branches 
which sometimes fork, but usually remain simple. The calyces are 
very thickly distributed on all sides in indistinct whorls or spirals 
of 4 or 5, the distance between calyces being usually considerably 
less than 1 mm. 

The individual calyces are tubular with an abrupt constriction just 


- below the tentacle bases, 1.8 to 2 mm. in height and with a greatest 


- 


diameter of 1.2mm. There is a crown of conspicuous points projecting 
upward and outward from the margin, each point being formed by a 
single long sharp spicule projecting 1 mm. beyond the margin. The 
calyx walls are filled with long spindles arranged en chevron in 8 
rows, their points projecting upward and outward from the walls. 


The distal parts of the walls are much lighter in color than the rest 


and seem to have smaller spicules, excepting those of the margin. 
Inside the crown are a number of similar thorny spindles bending over 
the tentacle bases and almost completely ae the latter when 
viewed from above. 

The spicules are all spindles. Those of the crown are of the regular 
acanthogorgian type, 1.7 mm. long, with a long, slender, smooth 
pointed distal part, and a much shorter, densely tuberculate (but 
not branched) proximal part which is bent at an angle with the 
distal part and immersed in the calyx wall. The other spicules are 
bent or curved, rather slender spindles with surfaces covered with 
not very closely crowded pointed tubercles. 

Color: The stem is dark brown, calyces umber-brown lightening 
on distal parts; crown and tentacular portions appearing white on 
account of the dense tuft of colorless spicules. 

Locality. Station 4935; Sata Misaki Light, N. 58° E., 4.5 miles; 103 
fathoms. 

Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 30051, U.S.N.M. 


74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 43. 


ACANTHOGORGIA PARADOXA, new species. 


Plate 11, figs. 2, 2a; plate 20, fig..1. 


Colony (fragmentary) irregular, 5.5 cm. in height and with a 


spread of 2.8 cm. The main stem is but 9 mm.long. Immediately 
above the base it gives off 2 short stubs of branches, 1.8 cm. above this 
a forked lateral branch is produced, and about 6 mm. above this lat- 
ter is a branch bearing 2 laterals which are on opposite sides. The 
calyces are thickly emplanted on all sides of the stem and branches, 
there sometimes being irregular whorls of about 5, although no 
regular arrangement is discernible. 


The individual calyces are strictly columnar in shape and attain . 


a height of 3 mm. and a diameter of 1.3 mm. The margin is sur- 
rounded by a crown of spicules consisting of an irregular number of 
sharp points projecting upward and outward. Within the crown 
are a number of other similar points bending over the tentacle bases. 
The spiculation of the calyx walls is unique in the genus Acanthogorgia. 
Their surface is covered by a layer of vertical and parallel spindles 
many of which extend straight from base to crown, their proximal 
ends even bending and extending for some distance over the cceenen- 
chyma surrounding the calyces. Some of these spindles are nearly 
-3 mm. long. Inside of these and occasionally showing between 
them are a number of much smaller spindles which, at least near the 


distal ends of the calyces, show the en chevron arrangement character-_ 


istic of the genus. 

Spicules: The crown spicules are of the regular acanthogorgian type, 
attaining a length of nearly 3 mm. The proximal immersed por- 
tion is proportionally larger than in the last species and densely tuber- 
culate, and the distal part has a few distant points and is not so 
smooth as in the last. The spicules of the outer layer of the calyces 
and branches are coarse, short, often bent, densely tuberculate 
spindles sometimes 3 mm. long. * Besides these there are the much 
smaller spindles of the inner layer. 

Color: The whole colony is a rather light, clear tan-brown. 

Localities —Station 4890; Ose Saki Light, N. 2° W., 10 miles; 
135 fathoms (type). Station 4894; Ose Saki Light, N. 41° E., 5 
miles; 95 fathoms. Station 5070; Ose Saki, S. 8° W., 1.8 miles; 108 
fathoms (fragment). 

Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 30035, U.S.N.M. 

This form may need a new genus to include it; but as it substantially 
agrees with the definition given for Acanthogorgia, it is thought best 
to place it here. 


ro. 1923. DEHSCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 7 655 


Genus ANTHOMURICBEA Wright and Studer. 


Calyces cylindrical, without a crown of points, walls with spindles 
arranged en chevron. Operculum conspicuous, 8-rayed, the basal 
part with small spindles en chevron. 

Spicules without ‘‘Stachelplatten.”’ 


ANTHOMURICEA ABERRANS, new species. 
Plate 13, figs. 3, 3a; plate 20, fig. 2. 


Colony flabellate, irregularly branching, 9.7 cm. high and with 
a spread of 8.5cm. This stem is 3.4 mm. in diameter, slightly com- 
pressed laterally. After sending off four minute lateral branches 
it forks about 1.2 cm. from its base, into two large branches, both of 
which send off several irregularly disposed lateral branches which 
subdivide in the same manner until in one case branching of the 
fifth order is produced. The ultimate branches are scraggly, some- 
thing like those of an oak tree. The calyces are often in lateral 
position, but are on all sides of the terminal parts of the colony. 
They are as much as 2 mm. apart on main stem and branches, and 
about 1 mm. apart on the twigs. 

The individual calyces are very low verruce, but not entirely 
included although they closely approach this condition when the 
polyp is in complete retraction. When partly expanded the calyx 
may even approach the form of a very short tube, or rather circular 
- band or collar, about 0.5 mm. in height and 1.5 mm. broad at base. 
The calyx walls are filled with simple spindles which are often curved. 
Some are bent and more or less horizontal, while others are oblique 
or even vertical. In a dried fragment where the polyp was fairly well 
expanded the upper part of the calyx wall was armed with spindles 
arranged plainly en chevron, as in Anthomuricea. The polyp is com- 
pletely retractile, but often rests with the collaret on the margin. 
The collaret is well marked but narrow, consisting usually of two or 
three circular rows of spindles.. The operculum is composed of the 
usual three spindles arranged in an acute-angled triangle, reenforced 
by others in varying numbers. Each of the long sides of the triangle 
is often composed of two curved spindles lying side by side, instead 
of a single one. 

Spicules: The spicules of the ceenenchyma are small warty spindles 
lying haphazard. All spicules in this species are rather slender spin- 
dles, often curved and covered moderately well with tubercles, seldom 
exceeding 1.3 mm. in length, being smaller than in other species of the 
genus. 

Color: The colony is gray; axis yellowish-brown with a faint golden 
luster. 


76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 43. 


i eA a EMO eA 

Locality Station 4987; Kamoi Misaki Light, N. 76° E., 3.2 miles; 
59 fathoms. 

Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 30037, U.S.N.M. 

This species differs from others in the genus in the calyces, which 
are not truly cylindrical, and in the tendency toward a definite en 
chevron arrangement in the calyx walls. 


Genus MURICEIDES Wright and Studer (emended by 
Nutting). 


Muriceides StupER-+ Clematissa STUDER. 


Calyces cylindrical or conical, their walls filled with vertically 
placed spindles, clubs, disks, tri-radiate forms, etc. No crown of 
points. Spicules on tentacle bases arranged en chevron. 


MURICEIDES CYLINDRICA, new species. 


Plate 11, figs. 1, la; plate 20, fig. 3. 


Colony straggling in habit, 15 cm. in height, soft and flexible, flat- 
tened at branch origins, giving off two ramified branches near its 
base which are at right angles to the other branches. These latter 
are on the same plane and are very irregularly disposed, there being 
6 on one side and 3 on the other. The calyces are irregularly distrib- 
uted on the branches, but are ordinarily lateral in position although 
they are on all sides of the distal twigs. On an average they are about 
2 mm. apart, although this varies greatly. 

The variation in size of individual calyces is also very great. They 
are tubular in form and are surmounted by the polyp head, which is 
relatively large. A typical calyx measures a little over 2 mm. to 
margin and is 1.7 mm. in diameter, and the mass of tentacles and 
operculum rises about 2 mm. above this. The walls are filled with 
rather small, short, much tuberculated spindles vertically arranged 
and ending in jagged, irregular, not conspicuous points around the 
margin. The polyps are apparently not retractile, all of them resting 
with the collaret above the margin. Collaret very strong, composed 
of several transverse rows of rather small spindles aggregated in a 
conspicuous band. 

The operculum is heavy, composed of numerous rather small spin- 
dles arranged en chevron on basal parts of tentacles and lying parallel 
in vertical bands on distal parts.’ 

These bands are broad and conspicuous, covering the entire dorsal 
surfaces of the tentacles. The ccenenchyma of stem and branches is 
covered with small, stout, warty spindles irregularly disposed, but 
more often longitudinally arranged. 

Spicules: These are all spindles, small for this family, those of calyx 
walls longer and relatively more slender than those of the coenen- 


no. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. Te 


chyma, which are often terete forms, closely tuberculated. Small 
irregular spicules with expanded bases are sometimes seen. Very 
rarely they are branched. 

Color: The colony is dull yellowish-brown, and the spicules are 
colorless. . 

Localities Station 4781; lat. 52° 14’ 30’’ N.; long. 174° 13’ E.; 

482 fathoms (type). % Station 4895; Ose Saki Light, N. 42° E., 4.7 
miles; 95 fathoms. 

Ty pe-specumen.—Cat: No» 30046, U.S.N.M. 

In general appearance this species resembles the genus Anthogorgia, 
but differs notably from that genus in the arrangement of the oper- 
cular spindles and im the size of the spicules in general. A specimen 
from station 4895 appears to belong to this species, but the calyces are 
much smaller, as if shrunken. 


MURICEIDES NIGRA, new species. 
Plate 12, figs. 1, 1a; plate 20, fig. 4. 


Colony flabellate, resembling Muricea or Plexaura in general appear- 
ance, 17.5 cm. in height and with a spread of 9cm. The stem is short, 
and is 6.5 mm. in diameter. A branch is given off 1.7 mm. from its 
base, and this again branches, throwing off several lateral branchlets, 
some of which are again divided; 6.6 cm. from its base the stem again 
divides into two subequal parts each of which bears several lateral 
branchlets which are directed upward, as in Pleraura. The calyces 
are rather regularly distributed on all sides of the stem and branches 
without, however, showing any definite order. They are about 2 mm. 
apart on distal parts of the colony and more widely separated on the 
proximal parts. 

The individual calyces are tubular, a typical one measuring 3 mm. 
to its margin, and it has a diameter of 2mm. Many, however, are 
*much shorter. The walls are filled with quite small spindles, irregu- 
larly arranged, but with a strong tendency toward a vertical position. 
‘The spicules are smaller than in UM. cylindrica. The polyps are only 
partially retractile, resting with their collarets above the margins. 
The collaret is well marked, with 2 to 4 rows of spicules encircling the 
polyp just below the tentacle bases. The operculum is dome-shaped, 
moderately high, composed of spicules arranged en chevron on tentacle 
bases, and others forming longitudinal bands of 3 or 4 spicules in 
width on the distal parts of the tentacles. The ccenenchyma bears 
small spindles arranged longitudinally. 

Spicules: These are mostly spindles which are minute for this 
family, rather closely tuberculated. There are also a few small, irreg- 
ular tuberculate forms. 

Color: The colony (in alcohol) is very dark brown, almost black. 
The black color is most unusual among the Gorgonacea. This may, 


78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 43, 


however, possibly be due to some action of the preservative or other 


chemical process. 
Locality.—Station 4784; East Cape, Attu Island, S. 18° W., 4 


miles; 135 fathoms. 
Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 30019, U.S.N.M. 


Genus MURICELLA (emended). 


Calyces in the form of verruce or truncated cones, spicules all spin- 
dles vertically arranged except on tentacle bases, where they are en 
chevron. Calyx margin often showing eight blunt points. 


MURICELLA RETICULATA, new species. 
Plate 14, figs. 1, la; plate 20, fig. de 


Colony flabellate and reticulate, 24 cm. in height and with a spread 
of 15.5cm. The main stem is straight for much of its length, giving 
off numerous but trregularly disposed lateral branches, laterally com- 


pressed except at basal portion, where it is round and 4 mm. in ~ 


diameter. On the branch-bearing part it is 5 by 3.5 mm. in section. 
The main branches are likewise compressed in the same manner, espe- 
cially in their proximal parts. Those on one side are alternating 
stubs and large branches which often again divide, usually in a pmnate 
. manner, the ultimate twigs often anastomosing with those of adjacent 
branches. Branchings of the fourth order are sometimes attained. 
The branches are about 5 cm. apart. The calyces are thickly dis- 
tributed on all sides of the branches, but are less abundant on the 
back of the colony and most abundant on distal parts of the twigs, 
where they are usually less than 1 mm. apart. 

The individual calyces are low cones or short tubes according to the 
state of retraction of the polyps. A typical calyx measures 1 mm. 
high to the collaret and is 1.3 mm. broad at the base; but they vary 
much in size. Their walls are covered with rather heavy warty spin- 
dles which often encircle the basal part, but may lie in almost any 
direction. On the distal parts the spindles are smaller, tending to be 
vertical, sometimes approaching an en chevron arrangement, forming 
blunt points which arise at regular intervals around the margin. 
Tentacles armed with strong socal which are arranged en chev 
proximally and are Ion fre ciel distally. 

Spicules: Besides the spindles in the calyx walls and polyps, there 
are two sorts found in the ceenenchyma: 1, very large, heavy tuber- 
culate spindles which are placed often at distant toma and some- 
times attain a length of 2.5 mm.; and 2, spindles of much smaller 
size, often lyig deeper on stem and branches, usually longitudinally 
disposed except where they encircle the calyx bases. 

Color: Colony deep chocolate-brown, silvered by the large colorless 
spicules. 


p's) ON OO eee, ee Se ae ee 


no. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 79 


Localities. —Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21° E., 5.7 miles; 
103 fathoms (type). Station 4893; Ose Saki Light, N. 29° | ee 
miles; 106-95 fathoms. 
Ty pe-specomen.—Cat. No. 30045, U.S.N.M. 
This species bears a superficial resemblance to Versluysia ramosa 
(Thomson and Henderson); but the spiculation of calyces and ten- 
tacles shows it to be a Muricella. 


MURICELLA ABNORMALIS, new species. 
Plate 11, figs. 3, 3a; plate 20, fig. 6. 


Colony (incomplete) consisting of three simple, straight, cylindrical 
branches, joined at their bases. The largest is 7.3 cm. in length and 
has a diameter of 4.5 mm. The general aspect of the branch is not 
at all like the typical Muricella, but more like the genus Thesea. The 
spiculation, however, shows that it can not belong to the latter genus. 
The calyces are thickly distributed on all sides, being seldom more 
than 1.5 mm. apart and usually much closer. 

The individual calyces are short cylinders or truncated cones, a 
_ typical one measuring 2 mm. in height and 1.9 mm. in diameter. 
Their walls are filled with loosely embedded long slender spindles, 
much more delicate than is usual in this genus, vertically disposed in 
proximal parts and with their distal ends approximated in an en 
chevron arrangement in distal part. Some of these spindles reach 
from base to beyond the margin of the calyx. Margin with 8 tri- 
angular points, usually equidistant, formed by the distal ends of one 
or more of these spindles. 

The polyps are retractile, and their spiculation differs from most 
species of this genus. There is a distinct, strong collaret composed of 
two or more circular rows of long, often curved, spindles. The oper- 
- culum is composed mainly, if not exclusively, of three spindles which 
are so disposed as to form an acute-angled triangle pointing toward 
the center of the operculum. This is yuite different from other species 
in the genus. 

Spicules: These are all slender, often bent or curved spindles; some- 
times attaining a length of 2 mm., but much more slender than is 
usual in this genus. Their surface is covered with sharply pointed 
tubercles which are much more thickly distributed on the larger than 
on the smaller spindles. These spindles, especially when curved, 
closely resemble many found in the genus Acanthogorgia. 

Color: Very light yellowish or creamy-white. The axis is brown. 

Locality Station 5070; Ose Saki, S. 8° W., 1.8 miles; 108 fathoms. 

Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 30093, U.S.N.M. 

It is with great hesitation that I place this species in the genus 
Muricella on account of the peculiar formation of the pseudo-oper- 
culum. Otherwise it goes into the genus easily enough. 


1 Ceylon Pearl Oyster Reports, Supplementary Reports, No. XX, 1905, p. 301. 


80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 43. 


Genus THESEA Duchassaing and Michelotti (modified by 
Nutting). 


Calyces verruciform, their walls filled with broad scale-like spindles 
armed with thorny processes on one side only, the opposite edge being 
tuberculate. Scales imbricating, the thorny processes being upper- 
most and overlapping the lower edges of other spicules. Heavy 
ordinary spindles are also present. 


THESEA PLACODERMA Nutting. 
Thesea placoderma Nurtine, Muriceide of the Siboga Expedition, 1910, p. 54. 


Colony flabellate, not reticulate, 7.3 ¢m. in height and with a spread 
of 4.6 cm. ia | 

The main stem is 2 mm. in diameter and gives off a few stubs of 
branches on one side and a number of simple twigs and two compound 
‘branches on the other. Branches of the third order sometimes pro- 
duced. The distance between branches varies considerably, perhaps 
averaging 4to6mm. The calyces are mostly lateral, with a few on 
front and back, particularly on distal parts. They are ordinarily 
less than 1 mm. apart. 

The individual calyces are low verruce of variable height, usually 
not exceeding 1 mm., and about 1.3 mm. in diameter. Their walls 
are filled with heavy plates or spindles with their upper edges armed 
with a row of jagged teeth. These scales are imbricating, the teeth 
pointing upward and outward and surrounding the margin with an 
irregular series of points. The polyps are retracted to their collarets. 
The operculum is heavy, each flap being composed mainly of two long 
spindles with their proximal ends divaricated and their distal ends 
approximated to form a point near the center of the mass of infolded 
tentacles. 

Spicules: These are of the characteristic Thesea type, as described 


above. The ccenenchyma of stem and branches is covered with scale- 


like plates with irregular, often jagged, edges. 

Color: The axis is dark brown, and the general color of the colony 
is grayish-brown. 

Localities Station 4894; Ose Saki Light, N. 41° E., 5 miles; 95 
fathoms. ‘Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21° E., 5.7 miles; 103 
fathoms. = 

The type-locality is in Flores Sea, Hast Indies, 73 meters. 


Genus ACIS Duchassaing and Michelotti (modified by 
Nutting). 


Colony branched, calyces varying in form, their walls and the ten- 
tacle bases with spindles not en chevron. Spicules of the cenenchyma 


very heavy spindles or plates, their edges often fitted as in mosaic. — 


‘no. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 81 


ACIS SQUAMATA Nutting. © 


Acis squamata Nurtine, Muriceide of the Siboga Expedition, 1910, p. 42. 

Colony flabellate, very profusely branched, 6.2 cm. long and with a 
spread of 5.2cm. The base is lacking, the part preserved consisting 
of two main branches which anastomose distally, their basal parts 
being free. The larger branches are three in number, sending off 
numerous side branches some of which again divide until branches of 
the fourth order are produced. Side branches very closely approxi- 
mated, often not more than 1mm. apart. The calyces are all anterior 
or antero-lateral, mostly the latter, close set, less than 1 mm. apart 
and often contiguous. 

The individual calyces are variable in shape, being low verrucae, 
short tubes, or truncated cones. A typical one measures 1.7 mm. in 
height and 2 mm. in diameter. Their walls are armed with large 
squarish plates often in two, sometimes in three, series. The trans- 
verse diameter of these plates is usually longer than the vertical, and 
their free edges are thin and finely ctenate, the other edges being fitted 
together forming a complete covering. The free edges are usually 
rounded. The distal row looks like an operculum composed of a 
flattened scale for each tentacle, but dissection shows that the true 
operculum is under these and is composed of two comparatively 
slender spindles lying longitudinally along the dorsal surfaces of the 
tentacles. The ccenenchyma is covered with squarish or polygonal 
plates, their edges nicely fitted. Those on the anterior surface of the 
colony are much larger than the others, sometimes reaching a length 
of 4mm. Those on the back of the colony are small, squarish or 
polygonal plates averaging not more than 1 mm. in diameter. 

The spicules have already been described. They are the heaviest 
that the writer has seen in the Gorgonacea. 

Color: The axis is dark brown, and the polyps are dak umber- 
brown with a slight purplish se. The general surface is white, but 
the dusky color of the axis and polyps shows through somewhat, 
imparting a slightly bluish tinge. 

Locality Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21° E., 5.7 miles; 
103 fathoms. 

The type-locality is Dutch East Indies, near Saleyer Island, 400 
meters. 

\ The U.S. Fisheries steamer Albatross specimens agree with the 
type except in the color of axis and polyps, which, in the type, are 
much lighter. This may be due partly to the fact that the Srdoga 
material has been longer preserved in alcohol than that secured by 
the Albatross. 

48702°—Proc.N.M.vol.48—12——6 


82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you. 43. 


ACIS SPINIFERA, new species. 


Plate 13, figs. 2, 2a; plate 21, fig. 1. 


Colony flabellate, straggling in habit, 9.6 cm. in height nl with a 
spread of 10 cm. The main stem is erect, slightly smuous, 2.5 mm. 
in diameter. The first branch arises 1.7 cm. from the renee. The 
branches are lateral and, for the most part, sub-opposite, 6 on one 
side and 7 on the other, about 9 mm. apart on the average, and 1.8 
mm. in diameter. Some of them give off branchlets to the fourth 
order. The calyces are thickly emplanted on all sides of the stem and 

branches, often less than 1 mm. apart. 

The individual calyces are in the form of short cylinders or broadly 
truncated cones, a typical one measuring 2.4 mm. in height to top of 
spines and 2 mm. broad at base. The walls are covered with broad 
scale-like plates, usually broader than long, imbricating. Those of 
the lower row have free rounded margins which are finely ctenate 
and overlap the plates of the upper row. The marginal plates have — 
broad bases, the sides of which overlap and are suddenly narrowed 
distally into prominent spine-like points which surround the margin 
with a conspicuous crown of points which are somewhat spatulate 
and often project more than 1 mm. beyond the margin. Usually — 
there are but two rows of plates on each calyx wall, although the — 
edges of the plates of the surrounding ccenenchyma may extend — 
somewhat upward over the basal part of the calyx. The collaretis © 
well developed, consisting of two or more rows of transverse spicules. 
The operculum is regular, composed of three spindles forming an ~ 
acute angled triangle. 

There are two layers of spicules on the stem and branches. First, — 
an outer layer of heavy plates or scales, usually polygonal, of various ~ 
shapes and sizes, sometimes with edges nicely fitted; but the larger — 
ones often have the edges more or less imbricated, and are rarely as © 
large as the calyx spicules. Second, a very thin delicate of 4 
minute rather sparsely distributed spindles. 

Spicules: Mostly polygonal plates of various shapes and sizes, the — 
largest usually curved to fit the calyx or branch, attaining a size of © 
2.5 by 2mm. The spine scales of the margin are often 2 by 1 mm. © 
There are also spindles from the collaret and operculum, and minute ~ 
ones from the inner layer of the ccenenchyma. ] 

Color: The colony is tan-brown throughout, and the axis dark 7 
golden-brown. q 

Locality.—Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21° E., 5.7 miles; 7 
103 fathoms. 4 

Ty pe-specimen.—Cat. No. 30088, U.S.N.M. 


pS 
Py 
cy 
> 
ti 


no. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 83 


This form resembles Acis spinosa Thomson and Simpson,! but 
_ differs in color, and has much larger spicules, according to the meas- 


| ~ urements given by these authors. 


Genus PLACOGORGIA Wright and Studer (emended by 
Nutting). 


Colony flabellate, sometimes reticulate; calyces low cones or ver- 


truce, their walls filled with imbricating disks or ‘‘Stachelplatten;”’ 
operculum composed of three spindles forming an acute-angled tri- 
angle in each opercular flap. 


PLACOGORGIA JAPONICA, new species. 
Plate 13, figs. 1, la; plate 21, fig. 2. 
Colony Gncomplete) 8.4 cm. long. Stem 6 mm. wide at base 


above which it forks into two very unequal main branches, the smaller 
of which forms the main part of the specimen. This again forks 1.6 


em. from its origin, and but one of the resultant branches remains. 
_ Above this the stem is unbranched for 2.5 cm., when it again forks. 


The ultimate branchlets are 3 mm.in diameter. The calyces are dis- 


_ tributed on all sides, more thickly on the distal parts, forming clusters 
on the ends of the twigs, and sometimes being as much as 2.5 mm. 


apart on the proximal parts of the colony. 
The individual calyces are low, dome-like verruce, a typical one 
measuring 2.1 mm. in diameter at the base. The calyx walls are 


filled with spindles or long flattened plates of various forms and 


variously arranged. Sometimes these plates encircle the base and 
at others they are all vertical in position, looking like strong spindles. 


In other cases the plates are haphazard in position, the distal ones 


with a tendency to be vertical. These vertical spicules are often 


triangular plates with comparatively straight edges, their acute 
angles forming a series of irregular points around the margin. 

- The polyp is retractile, but often rests with the collaret just above 
the calyx margin. This (the collaret) is strong, composed of two or 
three rows of encircling spindles. The operculum is composed of 


three spindles forming an acute-angled triangle on each flap. The 


points of the triangles thus formed reach almost to the center of the 
mass of infolded tentacles. 

Spicules: These are mostly heavy plates with various contours, but 
never forked nor conspicuously branched. They are usually oblong, 
sometimes squarish, triangular, or roughly oval in outline, seldom 
exceeding 2 mm. in length, and have their corners rounded. There 


are a few small spindles. 


1 Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, vol. 2, 1909, p. 77. 


84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you. 43. 


Color: The axis is brown proximally, lightening distally; colony in 
general apparently dark brown, but this seems to be accidental, as the 
spicules when wm situ are covered with black or dark-brown specks 
which do not appear in the cleaned spicules. The polyps are umber- 
brown. 

Localities. —Station 4935; Sata Misaki Light, N. 58° E., 4.5 miles; 
103 fathoms. Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21° E., 5.7 miles; 
103 fathoms. Station 5070 (type); Ose Saki, S. 8° W., 1.8 miles; 
108 fathoms. ; 

Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 30096, U.S.N.M. 

This species approaches Muricella, on the one hand, in the strong 


spindles, and Acis in some of the plate-like spicules. It bears some ~ : 


resemblance to Acanthomuricea ramosa Thomson and Henderson.! 
This species, however, will go very well into the genus Placogorgia 
of authors. 


Genus VILLOGORGIA Duchassaing and Michelotti ee 
by Wright and Studer). 


Colony flabellate, often reticulate; coonenchyma thin; calyces short; 
cylinders with an operculum in which each flap is composed of three 
spindles arranged in an acute-angled triangle. Spicules mainly tri- 
radiate or quadriradiate forms, or ‘‘Stachelplatten.”’ | 


VILLOGORGIA BRUNNEA, new species. 
Plate 12, figs. 2, 2a; plate 21, fig. 3. 


Colony flabellate and reticulate, 5.8 em. high and with a spread of 4.9 
cm. Main stem 2 mm. in diameter; 6 mm. from its base it forks 
into two subequal branches, offshoots of which anastomose. Branch- 
lets opposite and irregularly alternate, some of the distal ones again 
branching. The distance between branchlets averages about 5 mm. 
The calyces are mainly lateral, but some are on the front of the colony, 
irregularly alternate on antero-lateral surface, about 1:5 mm. apart. 

The individual calyces are in the form of short cylinders, a typical 
one measuring 1.3 mm. high to margin and 1.5 mm. broad. They are 
often more like broadly truncated cones. Their walls are filled with 
small triradiate and quadriradiate spicules, the points of which are 
inconspicuous but which are directed slightly upward and outward 
from the walls. There are no marginal points. The polyps usually 
rest with their collarets on the margin. Collarets well marked, con- 
sisting of two or more circular rows of spindles. Operculum formed 
mainly of three spindles in the usual position for this genus, forming 
an acute-angled triangle pointing toward the center of the dome- 
shaped tentacular mass. There are usually a few accessory spicules 
parallel with the others. 


1 Aleyonaria of the Indian Ocean, vol. 1, 1906, p. 61. 


No. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 85 


Spicules: These are mainly small triradiate and quadriradiate 
_ forms and butterfly shapes. Irregularly branched and radiate forms, 
with a few true spindles and a few clubs and daggers are found. 

Color: A rather lively yellowish-brown. 

Locality.—Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21° E., 5.7 miles; 
103 fathoms. 

Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 30098, U.S.N.M. 

Another specimen from the same station is characterized by much 
more prominent spicules, those on the calyx walls forming evident 
points. 


Genus ELASMOGORGIA Wright and Studer (emended). 


Colony simple or sparingly branched, very slender and flexible; 
calyces very low and distant verruce; spicules medium-sized spindles, 
not attaining the size of those in Muricella or Acis. 


ELASMOGORGIA FILIFORMIS Wright and Studer. 


Elasmogorgia filiformis Wricut and StupErR, Challenger Reporis, the Alcyonaria, 
1889, p. 133. 

Colony an unbranched stem, very slender and flexible, 47 cm. long, 
diameter 1 mm. 

Although in places the calyces tend to be lateral and alternate, they 
are really on all sides of the stem, somewhat distant but irregularly 
spaced, being about 3 mm. apart. 

The individual calyces are low conical verruce, about 0.7 mm. high 
and with a basal diameter of about 1.8 mm., although this is hard to 
estimate because the calyx walls slope so insensibly into the general 
surface of the cenenchyma. The calyx walls are filled with small 
short spindles arranged transversely on lower parts and a few small 
ones vertically placed around the margin, their ends forming an 
inconspicuous circlet of points. The polyps are usually completely 
retracted and almost entirely concealed by the indrawn margins. 
Some of them, however, rest with the collaret on the margin. The 
collaret is well marked, consisting of two or more circular rows of 
spindles. The operculum is strong, each flap consisting of three 
spindles forming an acute-angled triangle, reenforced by others lying 
parallel to these, or disposed longitudinally on the distal parts of the 
tentacles. . 

The cenenchyma is filled with a compact layer of short stout 
spindles lying lengthwise of the stem. 

Spicules: These are all rather small spindles for this family, their 
surface covered with conspicuous verruce. 

Color: The colony is rather dark brown; axis almost black. 

Locality Station 4837; Tateisha Zaki Light, S. 53° E., 8 miles; 57 
fathoms. 


86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 48 


Poe GSE eS Ae ee a a Tah toa. SS 

General distribution.—Type-locality, Arafura Sea, 28 fathoms. 
Reported by Nutting from California coast, 75-134 fhe and 
Dutch East Indies, 112 meters. 


ELASMOGORGIA RAMOSA, new species. 


Plate 15, figs. 2, 2a; plate 21, fig. 4. 


Colony subflabellate in form, 12.5 cm. in height and with a spread 
of 8.5 cm. Stem sinuous, 3.2 mm. in diameter, giving off irregularly 
disposed lateral branches at varying distances. Some of these latter 
branch until branchings of the fourth order are attained. 

The branches are slightly clavate at ends, with a distal diameter of 
2.3mm.,andnearbaseof 1.7mm. The calyces are entirely immersed, 
so that merely the mouths are evident as oval openings in the general 
surface of the coonenchyma. The calyx walls are not differentiated 
from ccenenchyma and are covered with short terete spindles with 
ctenate edges, sometimes imbricating. The operculum is irregular 
with mostly longitudinal spicules; sometimes there is an approach 
to the regular arrangement of three forming an acute-angled triangle. 

The spicules are all spindles which are short, small for this family, 
and covered with verruce. 

Color: The colony is very light grayish-brown. 

Locality—Station 4935; Sata Misaki Light, N. 58° E., 4.5 mie 
163 fathoms. 

Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 30043, U.S.N.M. 

The regular branching seems to be a character which is sufficient 
to constitute a new species. 


Genus MENELLA Gray (emended by Nutting). 


Colony sparingly branched; ccenenchyma thick; calyces included, 
elliptical in cross section. When the polyps are retracted there is a 
series of 8 soft lobes inside of the calyx margins. Spicules various, 
true spindles being rare. 


MENELLA INDICA Gray. 


(The original reference is not accessible to the writer, who identifies this species on 
the strength of the description given by Wright and Studer, Challenger Reports, the 
Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LIv.) 

Colony an unbranched cylindrical stem, 29.5 cm. long, average 
diameter 1.8 mm., but the diameter near the clavate end is 2.1mm. 
Calyces distributed rather unevenly on all sides, the low verruce 
fading almost insensibly into the general surface and making it hard 
to determine their limits. Two mm. is a common distance from sum- 
mit tosummit. The individual calyces are almost entirely included, 
distinctly oval in section, less than 1 mm. in height. Diameters 1.3 


ar 1923. DHSCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 87 


Sides eee 
and 1.8mm. The calyx walls are studded with sharp, conspicuous 
points projecting upward, particularly evident around the margin, 
where they form a crown of numerous points. Similar projections 
give a bristling appearance to the entire cenenchyma. The polyps 
are completely retractile and are all sunken so that the operculum is 
considerably below the margin. The operculum is composed of 
delicate spindles, two of which are nearly parallel along the dorsum of 
each tentacle. 

Spicules: These are exceedingly varied in form. The most con- 
spicuous is a quadriradiate form consisting of a triradiate base from 
which a much larger, straight, comparatively smooth point arises. 
This is the form that furnishes the bristling points mentioned above. 
There are also triradiate and multiradiate forms, symmetrical and 
unsymmetrical, a few five-pointed stars and ordinary spindles. 

Color: The cclony is rather dark grayish-brown; the spicules 
colorless. 

Locality —Station 5071; Ose Saki Light, S. 53.5° W ., 2.6 miles; 57 


| fathoms. 


General disiribution.—The type-locality is ‘‘india”’ (Gray). 

The U.S. Fisheries steamer Albatross specimen agrees well with the 
description given by Wright and Studer. The stem is very flexible, 
so that it can be tightly coiled without breaking, even after several 
years immersion in alcohol. 


Genus BEBRYCE Philippi (modified by KOlliker). 


Coenenchyma very thin, the outer layer filled with peculiar spicules 
which are shaped like a collar button and have usually frilled or scal- 
loped margins. They usually have a darker center and lighter mar- 
ginal area when in situ. 


BEBRYCE HICKSONI Thomson and Henderson. 


Bebryce hickson1 THomson and Seaaeaoe Ceylon Pearl Oyster Reports; Sup- 
plementary Reports, No. XX, 1905, p. 294. 


Colony flabellate, rudely pinnate, 10.2 cm. high and with a spread of 


about 9.4cem. The mainstem is straight and, like the main branches, 


is distinctly flattened, being 1.5mm.by2mm.insection. The branches 
are all lateral and in the same plane. One branch is compound and 
the others are simple on one side of the colony, and there are two 
compound branches and two short stubs on the other side. Branch- 
ings of the fourth order are produced, but there are no anastomoses and 
no terminal calyces. The calyces are almost all lateral in position, 
except near the distal ends of twigs, where they are on ali sides. 
Generally they are either alternate or opposite in arrangement. 
The individual calyces are conical or dome-shaped; a typical one 
measures 1.2 mm. in height and 2 mm. in diameter. Their walls are 


88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 43. 


filled with small round disks with darker centers and lighter edges. 


The polyps are retractile, with well-marked collarets consisting of 
usually three wavy bands of spicules, the convexities lying at the 
tentacle bases. The operculum is strong, composed of the usual three 
spindles forming an acute-angled triangle reenforced by other similar 
spindles, some of which lie along the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles. 

Spicules: These are of the characteristic ‘‘collar-button”’ type of 
this genus, the central stalk or pillar between the two expanded por- 
tions being rather longer than in other species, and the edges of the 
lower, or larger, disks being frilled. There are also a few slender, 
 tuberculate, ane often curved spindles. 


Locality Station 4935; Sata Misaki Light, N. 58° K., 4.5 miles; 


103 fathoms. 
General distribution.—Type-locality, Ceylon Seas; also reported 
from the Dutch East Indies (Nutting). 


Family PLEXAURID. 


Axis composed of lime salts and corneous matter, not in regular 
segments; calyces often included, found on all sides of the stem and 
branches; spicules various, often club-shaped; caenenchyma thick, 
with a regular series of large primary water-vascular canals arranged 
‘around the axis cylinder. 


Genus EUPLEXAURA Verrill (emended). - 


Axis consisting of a horny core surrounded by a thick cylinder of 
horny material extensively impregnated with calcareous matter. 
Calyces rather large for this family. Spicules mostly short, warty 
spindles and small crosses. 


EUPLEXAURA PINNATA Wright and Studer. 


Euplexaura pinnata Wriaut and Stuper, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 


1889, p. 144. 


Colony subflabellate, straggling in habit. Stem round, 4 mm. 
thick, unbranched for 4.8 cm. of its length. It then gives off a pair 
of opposite branches which attain branchings of the fourth order. 
Above this a number of lateral branches are given off, some opposite, 
some subopposite and some alternate; all rather distant, the distance 
varying from 1 cm. to 2.3cem. The branches are slightly clavate at 
their ends and have a diameter of about 2.5 mm. The ealyces are 
fairly regularly distributed on all sides of the stem and branches and 
are completely included in the coenenchyma, their oval openings alone 
indicating their presence aside from a slight tumidity around the 
margins. They are about 1.8 mm. from center to center. The 
polyps are completely rectractile. The tentacles bear longitudinally 
disposed curved spindles. 


en A ae ee ee a eS a ae. re ene a 


no. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 89 


_ Spicules: These are all small ovate or terete forms; densely tuber- 
culate clubs, double clubs and sometimes double wheels or collar- 
button forms, reminding one of the genus Bebryce, are also found. 

Color: The colony is grayish-brown. 

Locality.—Station 4894; Ose Saki Light, N. 41° E., 5 miles; 95 
fathoms. 

Type-locality Kobe, Japan, 8 and 50 fathoms. 

The primary water-vascular canals are not easily made out, and 
this species is hard to differentiate from some Muriceidz, such as 
Bebryce. 


Family ISIDH Gray (modified by Wright and Studer). 


_ Axis composed of alternating calcareous and horny joints, both of 
which are amorphous. . 


Genus ACANELLA Gray (amended by Verrill). 


Branches arising from the short horny internodes of the axis. No 
external layer of scale-like spicules. 


ACANELLA NORMANI Verrill. 


Acanella normani VERRILL, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol. 16, 1878, p. 212. 


Colony erect, tree-like, 16 cm. high. The root bears heavy branch- 
ing calcareous processes. The stem with lower nodes shorter and 
the upper longer, dividing into three main branches about 3 cm. 
from its base. Each of these gives off usually two, sometimes three 
branchlets in verticils from its horny nodes. Branchings to the 
fourth order are attained. The ccenenchyma is thin. The polyps 
are uniserial and distant on proximal parts of the branches, none on 
the stem and larger branches, often about 4 mm. apart, sometimes 
opposite, more closely crowded on distal parts where the terminal 
ones are often in pairs and larger than the others, sometimes attaining 
a height of 4.5 mm. 

The calyces are variable in shape, sometimes cylindrical, sometimes 
almost obconical as if on pedicels. Their walls are armed with long 
sharp spindles, which often project far beyond the margin in eight 
points. Some of these spicules on the outer side of calyx are very 
large and strong, running the entire length of the calyx and attaining 
a length of 3.5mm. They are often curved and pass obliquely partly 
around the calyx walls. Their surfaces are covered with minute 

spinules, as described by Verrill. 

Color: The colony is ivory-white with a brownish cast. Polyps 
golden-brown. 

Locality—Station 4956; Mizunoko Shima Light, N. 22° W., 33 
miles; 720 fathoms. 


90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 43, 


General distribution —Type-locality, Atlantic coast of North 
America, at considerable depths. 


Genus BATH YGORGIA Wright and Studer. 


Spicules of polyps and ccenenchyma bar-like forms with turgid 
rounded ends, often biclavate. 


BATHYGORGIA PROFUNDA Wright and Studer. 


Bathygorgia profunda Wricut and Sruprr, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 
1889, p. 32. 


A fragment secured by the U. S. Fisheries steamer Albatross — 
evidently belongs to this species. It is 11.4 em. long, and consists 
mainly of two stems or branches which seem to adhere throughout, 
a condition which is probably accidental or abnormal. 

The longest calcareous joint is 4.2 em. long. The horny joints are 
very short. The calyces are distant, unequally distributed on all 
sides of the stem or branch, and are spaced about 7 mm. apart. There 
ig a small branch given off from near the top of one of the calcareous 
joints, the polyps vary greatly in size, one of the largest being 4 mm. 
in height with a diameter of 1.5 mm., somewhat larger distally. 
There are a number of large, biclavate spicules or bars with enlarged 
ends. These bar-like forms are mostly longitudinal, but may be 
oblique on the basal part of the body. They seem to be stuck on to 
the surface of the ccenenchyma, and attain a length of 2mm. The 
upper part of calyx walls and bases of the tentacles bear smaller 
spicules of the same shape, usually longitudinal in position, but often 
criss-cross. The dorsal surface of the tentacle on median parts is 
covered with small bar-like spindles which are mainly transverse. 

Spicules: These are all bar-like forms, with turgid ends and surfaces 
irregularly striated and bearing minute points. 

The ccenenchyma is thin and contains numerous minute spicules 
of the same type. 

Color: Orange-brown, with the axis showing plainly through the 
ccenenchyma. The polyps are dark brown, silvered by the spicules. 

Locality —Station 4766; Koniuji Island, S. 22.5° W., 27 miles; 
1,766 fathoms. 

Type-locality— Between Yokohama and the Sandwich Islands, 
2,300 fathoms. . 

Genus CERATOISIS Wright. 


Calyces with a crown of needle-like spicules; axis simple or branched; 
cceenenchyma and often the calyces with oblong lenticular or oval 
scales with comparatively smooth surfaces. 


no. 1923. DHSCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 91 
eS eT TST See ET CRS SLT SG Ta pn a ee a es 
s CERATOISIS PAUCISPINOSA Wright and Studer. 


Ceratoisis paucispinosa Wricut and Stuper, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 
1889, p. 28. . 

A few fragments are ascribed to this species. The largest is a 
denuded axis 13 cm. long; longest joint, 2.4 em.; diameter, 1.6 mm. 
The horny joints are very short. 

Another fragment has a few polyps. The calyces are long and 
slender, curved basally so as to lie along the stem facing upward. 
Length to tip of spines, 6.5 mm; diameter at margin, 1.8 mm.; near 
base, 1.3 mm. There are a few remarkably long pointed spines 
lying vertically in the polyp walls, some of which have their points 
projecting beyond the margin, forming a very conspicuous crown of 
points. One of these spicules in 4.5 mm. long. Similar spicules 
lying loose in the bottle measure 5 mm. in length. 

The ccnenchyma of the stem contains a number of sparsely 
scattered comparatively minute bar-like spicules. 

Locality.—Station 5083; Omai Saki Light, N. 23.5° E., 34.5 miles; 
624 fathoms. 

General distribution.—Type-locality, Hyalonema Grounds, off 
Japan, 345 fathoms; Hawaiian region (Nutting); Dutch East Indies 
(Nutting). 


CERATOISIS PHILIPPINENSIS Wright and Studer. 


Ceratoisis philippinesis Wricut and StupErR, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 
1889, p. 27. 

A number of large fragments with the cenenchyma and calyces well 
preserved are included in the U.S. Fisheries steamer Albatross 
material. ‘This species breaks so easily at the internodes that it is 
unlikely that complete specimens will be secured by dredging. 

There is no evidence of branching, and it is likely that in life the 
species is a very beautiful rod-like form. 

The largest fragment is 13 cm. long and has a diameter of 1.7 
em., including the calyces. One large node is 5.2 cm. long and 4 mm. 
in diameter, without the ceenenchyma. ‘The surface is smooth, with 
an appearance of longitudinal striation, and the axis is hollow except 


at the ends. 


The calyces are densely aggregated on all sides of the stem, not in 
definite verticils but in about ten very irregular longitudinal rows; 
and quite contiguous. 

The individual calyces have long cylindrical bodies tapering below 
into a thick pedicel. Sometimes they are as much as 1 em. high to 
the top of the mass of infolded tentacles. Around the margin there 
is a regular series of rod-like white spicules alternating with the eight 
tentacle bases, but not projecting appreciably beyond the tentacles. 
These spicules are sometimes 3 mm. long and are entirely rod-like in 


92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 43. 


form. They have a thick coating of ceenenchyma when the polyps 
are well preserved. The tentacles have a few irregularly disposed, 
but mostly longitudinal, much smaller lenticular spicules on the 
dorsal surface. They often occur in two irregular longitudinal rows. 
The dorsal surfaces of the pinnules bear minute spicules. 

Color: The colcny is a bright orange-brown. The axis is white, 
with the horny nodes brown. 

Locality.—Station 5029; lat. 48° 22’ 30’’ N.; long. 145° 43’ 30” E.; 
440 fathoms. 

_ General distribution.—Type-locality, off the Philippines, 82 fathoms; 

Dutch East Indies (Nutting). 


Section SCLERAXONIA, 


Axis composed of calcareous spicules which are either free or 
fused into a more or less solid mass. 


Family MELITODID. 


Axis composed of alternating horny and calcareous joints both of 
which have a sclerogorgic basis with free or fused spicules. 


Genus MELITODES Verrill. 


Colony branched and reticulate; coenenchyma with an outer layer 
of spiny spindles or half-sided spindles. Verruce rather prominent. 


MELITODES DICHOTOMA (Pallas). 
Isis dichotoma Patuas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 229. 


Colony flabellate in form, the base lacking, 11.3 cm. long and with a 
spread of 6 cm. The main stem is composed of short, alternating 
horny nodes and calcareous internodes, the former being more swollen. 
The unbranched portion of the stem is about 4 cm. long, S-shaped. 
The diameter of the nodes is about 5.5 mm. and of the internodes 
3.8 mm. 

The branching is dichotomous as a rule, dividing sometimes until the 
sixth order of branchings are produced. The branches and branchlets 
gradually decrease in size. The horny nodes at bifurcations from 
8.5mm. to 2.5mm.apart. There are a few anastomoses in the distal 
parts of the colony. The calyces are lateral, alternate or opposite as a 
rule, although they are not infrequently found on the front of the 
colony, often contiguous. 

The individual calyces are low, dome-shaped verruce usually 
about 1 mm. in height and 1.6 mm. in diameter at the base. Their 
walls are filled with spicules which appear like ctenate scales on 
superficial view, but are really red spindles which are often curved 
and irom the convex side of which heavy, sometimes branched, 


yo. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. aS 


tubercles arise. These convex edges are what look like ctenate and 
often imbricating scales on superficial view. There are also many 
terete spindles, clubs and other forms. 

The polyps are completely retractile, the collaret well developed. 
A pseudo-operculum much like that found in the Muriceide is formed 
by numerous white, often curved spindles arranged longitudinally on 
the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles and assuming an en chevron arrange- 
ment on their basal parts. 

The coenenchyma is thick, encrusted with spicules such as are found 
on the calyx walls. 

Color: The colony is brick red and the polyps colorless, in alcohol. 
Some of the fragments from station 4808 are pink, others white, 
others yellowish The pink ones have the polyp spicules yellow. 

Localities —Station 4808; Cape Tsiuka, S. 61° W., 10.6 miles; 47 
fathoms. Station 4890; Ose Saki Light, N. 2° W., 10 miles; 135 
fathoms. Station 4893; Ose Saki Light, N. 29° E., 5.5 miles; 106 
fathoms. Station 4935; Sata Misaki Light, N. 58° E., 4.5 miles; 103 
fathoms. Station 5070; Ose Saki, S. 8° W., 1.8 miles; 108 fathoms. 
General distribution —Type-locality ? (Pallas). Found by the Chal- 

- lenger in Torres Strait, and reported by Ridley from South Africa. 

Possibly an adequate amount of material and complete specimens 
would enable one to separate this species into definite groups; but 
with the material at hand this is impracticable. 


Genus PARISIS Verrill (emended by Studer.) 


Colony branched, the branches arising from the calcareous seg- 
ments; calyces prominent; spicules of irregular forms but consti- 
tuting a tesselated pavement on the surface of the coenenchyma. 


PARISIS FRUTICOSA Verrill. 
Parisis fruticosa VERRILL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 1, 1864, p. Eva 


The specimens are fragmentary. The largest is a branch, flabellate 
in form, 6.4 cm. long and 2.8 mm. in diameter; 1.5 cm. from its basal 
end it gives off a large branch, from a calcareous internode, which 
forms the main part of the colony. The nodes are 5 to 6 mm. long, 
fluted and rough on surface. The branchlets are mostly broken off 
on one side, and on the opposite side there are 4 branches, one of which 
gives off lateral twigs. One of these twigs is forked distally. The 
other fragments show some anastomoses. 

The calyces are lateral, sometimes opposite, and often subopposite. 
They are about 2 mm. apart from summit to summit, conical in shape, 
a typical one being 1.3 mm. high and 2 mm. broad at base. The 
calyx walls are covered with a mosaic-like pavement of polygonal or 
irrecular spicules, and similar ones cover the ceenenchyma. The speci- 
mens are covered with erect, minute. needle-like sponge spicules, as 


94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou.43. 


hc SE AC aR SRNL SSN Sea as 
described by Wright and Studer. The polyps are entirely retracted, 
the calyx walls meeting at the point of the cone. The tentacles are 
destitute of spicules. There are often two large ova or planule in the 
basal part of the calycular cavity. 

Spicules: These are rather irregular disks than spindles, with an 
oval outline, and coarsely tuberculate throughout. Sometimes they 
are thickly branched and have an irregular outline. 

Color: The colony is light yellow or creamy-white. The internodes 
are brownish. 

Localities Station 4893; Ose Saki Light, N. 29° E., 5.5 miles; 
106-95 fathoms. Station 4894; Ose Saki Light, N.41° H., 5 miles; 95 
fathoms. Station 4895; Ose Saki Light, N. 42° E., 4.7 miles; 95 
fathoms. Station 4935; Sata Misaki Light, N.58° E., 4.5 miles; 103 
fathoms. Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21° E., 5.7 miles; 103 
fathoms. . 

General distribution —Type-locality, Sulu Sea; ?Mauritius (Ridley) ; 
off Kei Islands, 103 fathoms (Wright and Studer). 


Family GORGONIDA. 


Colony branched, usually flabellate; axis usually horny, not jointed ; 
calyces lateral; spicules usually in the form of spindles; stem and 
_ branches often flattened. 


Genus PLATYCAULUS Wright and Studer. 


Axis with a calcareous center; calyces prominent; spicules spiny 
spindles and stellate forms. ‘ 


PLATYCAULUS DANIELSSENI Wright and Studer. 


Platycaulus danielsseni Wricut and StupER, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 
1889, p. 147. 

Colony roughly flabellate, profusely branched; the branches, but not 
the axis, flattened. The axis does not show the calcareous center 
described by Wright and Studer. 

Length 19.5 cm., spread about 18 em. The stem and proximal 
parts of main branches are not flattened, although the lateral position 
of the calyces gives the appearance of a flattening of the branches. The 
stem is 4.5 mm. in diameter and forks 1.8 cm. fromits base. One of 
the resultant branches is irregularly branched, approaching a pinnate 
manner of branching, giving off two short simple branchlets and two 
compound branchlets on one side and three simple branchlets on the 
other. The other main branch is very profuse and complex in its 
branching, some of its branchlets being turned down and bound 
together by parasitic ophiurans. The branches are all lateral and 
mainly pinnate in their branchings, the side branchlets being lateral 
and irregular but usually given off at right angles. Branchings of the 


“No. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 95 


fourth order produced. There are many parasitic ophiurans and 
anemones on the colony. The calyces are usually lateral in position, 
but there are a few on the front of some of the ultimate twigs. They 
vary greatly in their relative position and in the distance between 
them. The distal branches are distinctly flattened; but the axis is 
round and very slender, the flattened appearance of the branches 
being due to the thickening of the cenenchyma between the lateral 
calyces. 

The calyces are in the shape of domes or short tubes according to 
the state of contraction of the polyps. Their walls are filled with 
small spindles and stellate forms, and the region near the margin bears 
a number of dark red, comparatively heavy, bar-like forms trans- 
versely placed. These are continued over the bases of the tentacles 
and the tentacles themselves, being here longitudinal in position and 
packing the whole dorsal surfaces of the infolded tentacles. 

The coenenchyma contains very numerous terete spindles with 
regular whorls of tubercles and also double crosses, crosses, and minute 
stellate forms packed in several layers. 

A cross section of the stem shows a series of well-marked nutrient 
canals such as are seen in the Plexauride, to which this genus is closely 
allied. 

Besides the spicules already described, there are numerous club- 
_ shaped forms. 

The specimen is exceedingly friable, and fell to pieces in handling. 
It had been preserved in formalin, and it is barely possible that this 
had dissolved the calcareous portion of the axis. 

Color: The colony is dark red. The spicules are red by reflected 
light, the bar-like forms being darker, almost crimson and yellowish 
by transmitted light, which may account for the ‘‘amber color” of 
the original description. 

Locality—The label for this specimen is lost. 

Type-locality— Banda, East Indies. 


Genus LEPTOGORGIA Milne Edwards and Haime (emended 
by Verrill). 

» Colony flabellate and reticulate; branches flattened and grooved 

by the water-vascular canals; spicules minute double spindles. 


LEPTOGORGIA BERINGI, new species. 


Plate 16, figs. 1, la; plate 21, fig. 5. 


Colony flabellate, much branched, 7.9 cm. high and 7.2 cm. broad, 
base missing. The stem is 2 mm. in diameter, very slightly flattened. 
The axis is entirely horny. The stem branches 1.8 cm. from its base 
into four main branches, three of which are large, subequal and irreg- 
ularly branched, producing branchings of the fifth order. The fourth 


96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you. 43, 


main branch is anterior and gives off a number of lateral branchlets 


which are unequally distributed, being from 4 to 25 mm. apart. The 
calyces are very prominent and are mainly lateral but often anterior 
in position; but the back of the colony is bare. The calyces average 
about 2 mm. apart. 

The individual calyces are tubular in form. A typical one meas- 
ures 2.5 mm. to the top of the infolded tentacles, and 1.3 mm. in diam- 
eter. Its walls are filled with small fusiform spindles, closely packed, 
with no definite arrangement. Toward the margin there is a ten- 
dency to form eight broad shallow longitudinal folds, extending 
upward over the bases of the tentacles and forming a thick crest on 
their dorsal surfaces and eight lobes to the calyx margin. The distal 
parts of the tentacles are completely hidden and bear few if any 
spicules. 

_ The spicules are very small short terete spindles, densely tubercu- 

late, the tubercles forming regular whorls around the body of the 
spicule. Sometimes there is a girdle without tubercles around the 
center, forming double spindles or double heads. 

The ccenenchyma of the stem and branches is packed with similar 
spindles, usually longitudinal in position. 

Color: The colony is very light yellowish, almost cream color. The 
axis is dark brown proximally, lightening distally. 

Locality —Station 4780; lat. 52° 01’ N.; long. 174° 39’ H.; 1,046 
fathoms. 

Ty pe-specimen. —Cat. No. 30044, U.S.N.M. 

This species seems to be a Leptogorgia according to the definition 
given by Verrill, but has longer and more prominent calyces than any 
other species of the genus of which I can find description. 


Genus CALLISTEPHANUS Wright and Studer. 


Colony feebly branched; axis horny and calcareous; calyces dome- 
shaped; ceenenchyma thick; spicules spiny spindles, clubs and half- 
sided warty clubs. 


CALLISTEPHANUS PACIFICUS, new species. 


Plate 14, figs. 2, 2a; plate 21, fig. 6. 


Colony flabellate in form, 7.3 cm. high and 6.4 cm. broad, diameter 
of stem 1.8 mm.; 1.4 cm. above its base the main stem produces two 
opposite branches, projecting at right angles, but afterwards bent 
upward. One of these is unbranched and the other bears three 
branchlets on one side; 1.1 cm. above these the stem bends suddenly, 
giving off from its convex side another branch; 4 mm. above this it 
bears a large branch, then an opposite pair and a simple branch on 
one side. The distance between branches varies from 4 to 11 mm. 


: 


no. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 97 


The calyces are lateral, sometimes alternate and sometimes opposite, 
and about 3 to 4 mm. apart from summit to summit. 

The axis effervesces slightly in acid, but has no definite calcareous 
center. | 

_ The individual calyces are conical in shape, sometimes tubular. A 
typical one measures 1.2 mm. in height and 2.2mm.indiameter. The 
calyx walls are filled with irregularly placed small spindles, giving a 
granular appearance. The polyps are retractile, but often rest with 
the collaret on the calyx margin, and the tentacles are held in a verti- 
cal position, except their tips, making a subcylindrical mass with 8 
corrugations. The collaret consists of several rows of rather small 
warty spindles. The tentacles are armed with numerous similar 
spindles arranged en chevron basally and in several longitudinal rows 
distally. 

The coenenchyma of stem and branches is filled with spicules simi- 
lar to those in the calyx walls, with occasional stout, blunt-ended, 
bar-like forms irregularly placed. 

Spicules: These are exceedingly varied in form. There are regular 
_ warty spindles, small double spindles, radiate forms, clubs, etc., be- 
sides the very peculiar bar-like forms mentioned above. These are 
thicker and denser than the others, and more deeply colored, being 
an intense crimson while the others are nearer brick red or scarlet, 
3 mm. long. 

Color: The colony is light crimson in color, axis dark brown. 

Locality —Station 4781; lat. 52° 14’ 30’’ N.; long. 174° 13’ E.; 
482 fathoms. 

Ty pe-specomen.—Cat. No. 30024, U.S.N.M. 

This species, although bearing a very close resemblance to Cal- 
listephanus korent Wright and Studer, differs materially in its spicules, 
particularly in the bar-like forms which are quite abundant and char- 
acteristic. Geographical considerations render it unlikely that the 
two are identical. 


Family GORGONELLIDA. 


Axis consisting of a homogeneous calcareous structure or of a cal- 

- eareous core, not jointed, often fluted by the impressions of the water- 
_ vascular canals. Spicules usually girdled forms such as double heads, 
stars, and double clubs. 


Genus SCIRPEARELLA Wright and Studer. 


Gorgonellidz which are simple or branched, not reticulate; calyces 
in spirals or oblique rows in adult specimens, lateral in young colonies, 
rather prominent; ccoenenchyma rather thick, with spiny spindles and 
double heads. 

48702°—Proc.N.M.vol.48—12——7 


98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 43. 


SCIRPEARELLA GRACILIS Wright and Studer. 
Scirpearella gracilis Wricut and STUDER, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 
1889, p. 156. : : 

Colony incomplete, unbranched. Axis stony, round, 1.9 mm. in 
diameter. The specimen is 29 cm. long, with a basal diameter of 3 
mm. and a distal diameter of 2 mm. 

The calyces are in four rows or two pairs of rows, those of each row 


of a pair alternating with those of the other row of that pair. Indi-— 


vidual calyces low conical verrucee with the point inclined toward 
distal end of the colony, 0.9 mm. in diameter at base and 1 mm. high. 
The walls are filled with minute spicules most of which are warty double 
heads. The polyps are retractile, and the dorsal surface of the ten- 
tacles is packed with small well tuberculated spindles longitudinally 
arranged. 

The spicules are all small, most of them being densely tuberculate 
double heads or spiny spindles with a distinct depression around the 
middle. There are also a number of small crosses and a very few 
minute ordinary spindles. 

Color: The colony is very light grayish with a pinkish tinge. 

Locality Station 4893; OseSaki Light, N.29° E., 5.5 miles; 106-95 
fathoms. 


General distribution.—The type-locality is off the New Hebrides, 130” 


fathoms. The species is also widely distributed in the Indian Ocean, 
Dutch East Indies, etc. 


SCIRPEARELLA RUBRA Wright and Studer. 
Scirpearella rubra Wricut and StupER, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, 
p. 107. 

A single fragment 13.2 cm. long was secured. The calyces are more 
nearly tubular than in the last species, nearly 2 mm. high and 1.8 mm. 
wide at base. The margin shows 8 shallow lobes or corrugations. 
The spicules are much as in the last species, but the girdle around 
their middle is less conspicuous and often obliterated. A few of the 
polyps are much larger than the others, sometimes measuring 2.5 mm. 
high and 3.7 mm. in diameter at the base. On one of these being 
opened the body cavity was seen to be filled with an oval mass whose 
nature was not ascertained. 

Locality. —Station 4893; Ose Saki Light, N. 29° E., 5.5 miles; 106-95 
fathoms. 

General distribution—The type-locality is on the Hyalonema 
Grounds, off Japan, 345 fathoms. It is also found in the Dutch Hast 
Indies (Nutting). 


Suborder SCLERAXONIA. 


Gorgonacea with an axis cylinder composed of calcareous spicules, 
fused or free, immersed in a more or less fleshy matrix. 


ee ee es 


no. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 99 


Family BRIAREIDA. 


Scleraxonia with a pseudo-axis composed of closely packed spicules 
which are not fused. 


Genus PARAGORGIA. 


Colony upright, branched; axis with large water-vascular canals; 
siphonozooids present. 


PARAGORGIA NODOSA Koren and Danielssen. 


Paragorgia nodosa Korun and Danreussen, Nye Gorgonider og Pennatulider 
tilhorende Norges Fauna, 1883, p. 18. 

Colony consisting of a thick stem with short, simple clavate 
branches, 17 cm. long, 9 mm. in diameter at base. The stem is 
strongly archea throughout so that its distal end points downward, 
perhaps on account of being forced into a small bottle. The stem 
gives off a number of branches from all sides, some of which are merely 
irregular nodules seated immediately on the stem, and others are 
clavate branches. One of these is 3.4 cm. long, 4 mm. in diameter 
near its base, and 14 mm. across the thickest part of the nodulated, 
club-shaped distal end. These end sweilings are sometimes more like 
rude nodulated spheres than clavate in form, and at times such 
spheres are seated directly on the stem without evident pedicels. 

Nearly all of the polyps are situated on these nodulated portions. 
In one case there are about 18 calyces situated on one of these spher- 
ical terminations of a branch. The calyces are about 6.5 mm. apart, 
from opening to opening. Occasionally a polyp is seated on a main 
stem or branch, where it may be the beginning of a new branch. 

The individual calyces are low verruce with 8-lobed margins, 
about 3 mm. in height and 6 mm. in diameter at the base. Small 
polyps appear in the spaces between the larger ones. The polyps 
are completely retractile, and in retraction the tip of the infolded ten- 
tacles are far below the calyx margin, the latter itself bemg involuted 
during the compiete retraction of the polyp. The tentacles bear 


longitudinal spindles. 


The zooids are minute, and their external openings so tightly 
closed in alcoholic material as to be invisible. On dissection they 
can be seen in considerable numbers just beneath the surface. They 
appear to have but a single mesentery. 

A,cross section of a branch shows the undifferentiated axis-to be 
composed almost entirely of an aggregation of small spindles tray- 
ersed by large and conspicuous longitudinal canals of the water- 
vascular system. 

Spicules: These are mostly rather small irregular tuberculate 
spindles, and a few irregular minute double-heads, crosses, etc. The 
spicules in the pseudo-axis are mostly white in color. 


100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 43. 


Color: The colony is a light red, tending toward a salmon color. 
The polyps are yellow, with red spicules. 
Locality.—Station 4772; lat. 54° 30’ 30’ N.; long. 179° 14’ E.; 
344-372 fathoms. 
General distribution—The type was from Norwegian waters, 300 
fathoms. 
PARAGORGIA REGALIS, new species. 
Plate 15, figs. 1, la; plate 21, fig. 7. 


Two large specimens of this superb species were secured, but they 
are so friable that it is impossible to remove them without much 
breakage from the narrow-necked jar in which they were preserved. 
The largest specimen is about 30 cm. in height, rudely flabellate in 
form. The main stem is round and about 1.2 cm. in diameter. 
The axis is composed mainly of closely packed spindles and is tray- 
ersed by numerous water-vascular canals. 

There are two lateral stubs of branches on the lower part of the 
main stem. Above these the stem forks, and at the base of one of 
the resultant branches a small furcate branch is given off. Hach of 
the main branches gives off several small laterals, and these again 
fork, and this mode of branching continues until the ultimate branches 
are produced. All of the branches and twigs are round, nodulated 
in places and terminate in rounded knobs. A typical end knob is 


5.5 mm. in diameter, while the twig supporting it is but 2 mm. 


across. Branchings up to the so order are produced. 

The calyces are inserted on three sides of the branches, nodules 
and terminal swellings, being more thickly implanted on the distal 
parts of the colony, lacking on stem and larger branches and seldom 
seen on the backs of the branches except on the terminal swellings. 

The individual calyces are almost entirely included, being indicated 
merely by slight swellings around their openings. The margins are 
divided into 8 distinct lobes. Young polyps are scattered among 
the larger ones and are of all sizes up to the maximum. The largest 
verruce are about 2 mm. in diameter, and some of the smallest 
are hard to discriminate from zooids. The calyx walls are packed 
with small terete spindles, as is the general surface of the ccenen- 
chyma. Thepolyps are completely retractile. The upper parts of the 
polyp bodies are armed with 8 longitudinal bands of smail red 
spindles, very short and stout and longitudinally arranged. These 
bands broaden at the tentacle bases and pass on, up the dorsal sur- 
faces of the tentacles, where they are usually transversely plated, 
but may lie in any direction. 

The smaller or rudimentary polyps so intergrade with zooids, if 
the latter are present, that it is hard to determine which is which. 
Possibly the zooids are lacking altogether. 


SS nT RS SO OE ee Ce te 


e 
iE 
5° 

} 
4 
g x 


 no.1928. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 101 


' Spicules: These are mostly small, rather slender and straight, 
irregularly tuberculate spindles. There are a few minute double 


heads, crosses, etc. The spindles are rather larger and more slender, 


especially those of the axis, than in P. nodosa. Those of the axis 
are usually white or colorless. 

Color: The’colony is a light, clear, brick-red, which fades to nearly 
white at the base of the main stem. 

Locality—The type and one other specimen were found at sta- 
tion 5079; Omai Saki Light, N. 29° E., 24 miles; 475-505 fathoms. 

Type-specimen. —Cat. No. 30018, U. S, N.M. 

This is a very well marked species, with much smaller calyces and 
less well differentiated zooids than the last. Its size is far beyond 
the maximum of the type of the genus, P. nodosa, and both the 
nodules and individual calyces are much less prominent. 


LITERATURE CITED. 


Bauss, H. Ueber Pennatuliden des Miinchen Museums, Sonderabdruck aus dem 
Zoologischen Anzeiger, vol. 34, Nos. 13-14, June, 1909. 

Brunpin, A. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des zoologischen Museums in Upsala, 
Bihang til Svenska Vet. Akad. Handlingar, vol. 22, Afd.4, No.3. Stockholm, 
1896. 

Danretssen, D. C. Forbandl. Vidensk.-Selsk., Christiania, 1858. 

Husrecat, A. A. On a new Pennatulid from the Japanese Sea, Proc. Zool. Soc., 
London, 1885. 

JiincEeRsEN, H. F. E. The Danish Ingolf Expedition, I, the Bore ides 1904. 

Kinosuita, K. Primnoidz von Japan, Journal of the Cates of Science, Imperial 
University, Tokyo, Japan, vol. 23, article 12, Tokyo, 1908. 

On some Muriceid Corals belonging to the Genera Filigella and Acis, Journal 
of the College of Science, Imperial University, Tokyo, Japan, vol. 27, article 7, 

- Tokyo, 1909. 

K6éuuiker, A. von. Anatomisch-Systematische Beschreibung der Alcyonaria. Die 
Pennatuliden, 1872. ; 

Report on the Pennatulida dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 
1873-1876, Challenger Reports, Zoology, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1880. 

Koren, J. and Danietssen, D.C. Nyt Neen for Toten vol. 5, 
1848. 


Nye Gorgonider og Pennatulider tilhorende Norges Fauna, 1883. 

KitxentHat, W. Alcyonaceen von Ternate, Abhandl. der Senckenb. naturforsch. 
Gesellschaft, vol. 23, Heft I, 1896. 

Versuch einer Revision der Alcyonarien, II, Die Familie der Nephthyiden, 

Teil I, Zool. Jahrbticher, Abth. fiir Syst. Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 

vol. 19, 1903. 

(Same publication as above), Teil II, 1905. 

Japanische Alcyonaceen; Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens, Heraus- 

gegeben von Dr. F. Doflein. Einleitung von Dr. F. Doflein. Miinchen, 1906. 

und GorzAwsky, H. Japanische Gorgoniden (same publication as above), 

Teil I, Die Familien der Primnoiden, Muriceiden und Acanthogorgiiden. 1908. 

Japanische Gorgoniden (same publication as above), Teil II, Die Familien der 

Plexauriden, Chrysogorgiiden und Melitodiden. 1909. 

Diagnosen Neuer Japanischen Gorgoniden. Reise Doflein, 1904 (5). Zool. 

Anz., vol. 32, Nos. 20-21, 1908. 


102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 43. 


Ti ek aS ES EO oti) VI SO 

Nurtine, ©. C. Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the U. S. Bureau of 
Fisheries Steamer Albatross in the Vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands in 1902, 
Proceedings of the U. 8. National Museum, vol. 34, 1908, pp. 543-601. 

Alcyonarians of the Californian Coast, Eneeee ines of the U. S. National 

Museum, vol. 35, 1909, pp. 681-727. 

Gorgonacea a the Siboga Expedition, III, the Muriceidz. Leiden, 1910. 

Pautas, A.S. Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766. 

Sruper, Tu. Ubersicht der Anthozoa Alcyonaria welche wihrend die Reise S. M.S. 
Gazelle um die erde gesammelt wurden. Monatsbericht der kénigl. Akademie 
der Wissenschaiten zu Berlin, 1878. 


Tromson, J. A, and Hunperson, M.A. Report on the Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of 


Manaar, Supplementary Reports, No. XX, The Alcyonaria. London, 1906. 

An account of the Aleyonaria collected by the Royal Indian Marine Sur- 

vey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. I, The Alcyonaria of the Deep Sea. 

Calcutta, 1906. 

and Simpson. (Same publication as above.) II, The Alcyonaria of the Lit- 
toral Zone, Calcutta, 1909. 

Verrmt, A. E. Notice of recent additions to the Marine Fauna of the Hastern coast 
of North America, No. 2. American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. 16, 1878. 

Report on the Anthozoa and on some Additional Species dredged by the Blake 

in 1877-1879, and by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk in 1880. Bul- 

letin of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, vol. 11, No. 1; Cambridge, 1883. 

Notice of the Remarkable Marine Fauna occupying the outer banks off the 
Southern Coast of New England, No.9. American Journal of Science and Arts, 
ser. 5, vol. 28, 1884. 

Verstuys, J. Dis Gorgoniden der Siboga Expedition, I, Die “Chrysseonntes 
Leiden, 1902. 

(Same publication as above) II, Die Primnoide, Leiden, 1906. 

Wricut, E. P., and Sruper, Ta. Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. 8. 
Challenger during the Years 1873-1876, vol. 31, part 64. London, 1889. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


The photographs were made from nature by C. C. Nutting. 
The spicules were drawn under the camera lucida by Dayton Stoner. 


PLATE 1. 


Fig. 1. Clavularia japonica, natural size; 1a, single calyx X 4.3. 
. Clavularia sulcata, natural size; 2a, single calyx X 4.3. 


. Lithophytum roseum, natural size; 3a, portion of colony X 4.3. 


ob re 


PLATE 2. 


. Dendronephthya nigripes, natural size; 1a, part of branch X 4.3. 

. Dendronephthya magnacantha, natural size; 2a, part of branch X 4.3. 
. Dendronephthya oviformis, natural size; 3a, part of branch X 4.3. 

. Bellonella flava, natural size; 4a, part of colony X 4.3. 


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PLATE 3. 


Fig. 1. Alcyonium kiikenthalt, natural size; la, part of surface X 4.3. 
2. Anthomastus japonicus, natural size; 2a, zooids on surface X 4.3. 
3. Nidalia gracilis, natural size; 3a, part of colony X 4.3. 


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Fig. 1. 


Fig. 1. 


no. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 103 


PLATE 4, 


. Pennatula brevipenna, natural size; la, single leaf < 4.3. 
. Pennatula longistyla, natural size; 2a, part of leaf x 4.3. 
. Ptilosarcus brevicaulis, natural size; 3a, single leaf x 4.3. 


PLATE 5, 


. Pennatula rubescens, natural size; la, single leaf x 4.3. 
. Halisceptrum album, natural size; 2a, single leaf x 4.3. 
. Pennatula inermis, single leaf < 4.3. 


PLATE 6. 


. Protoptilum orientale; 1a, end of colony X 4.3. 

. Kophobelemnon hispidum, natural size; 2a, single tentacle < 4.3. 
. Umbellula eloisa, natural size; 3a, single tentacle x 4.3. 

. Balticina pacifica, part of colony X 4.3. 


PLATE 7. 


Thouarella recta, natural size; la, part of branch X 4.3. 


. Helicoptilum rigidum, natural size; 2a, part of colony x 4.3. 
. Trichoptilum spinosum, natural size; 3a, group of polyps X 4.3. 


Pate 8. 


Plumarella adhxrans, natural size; 1a, part of branch X 4.3. 


. Plumarella spicata, natural size; 2a, part of branch X 4.3. 


PLATE 9. 


. Thouarella alternata, natural size; 1a, part of branch X 4.3. 
. Primnodendron superbum, natural size; 2a, part of branch X 4.3. 


Puate 10. 


. Acanthogorgia fusca, natural size; 1a, part of branch X 4.3. 
. Thouarella striata, natural size; 2a, part of branch X 4.3. 


PLATE 11. 


. Muriceides cylindrica, natural size; 1a, part of branch X 4.3. 
. Acanthogorgia paradoxa, natural size; 2a, part of branch X 4.3. 
. Muricella abnormalis, natural size; 3a, part of branch X 4.3. 


Puate 12. 


. Muriceides nigra, natural size; 1a, part of branch X 4.3. 
. Villogorgia brunnea, natural size; 2a, part of branch X 4.3. 


Puate 13. 


. Placogorgia japonica, natural size; 1a, part of branch X 4.3. 
. Acis spinifera, natural size; 2a, part of branch X 4.3. 
. Anthomuricea aberrans, natural size; 3a, part of branch X 4.3. 


Puate 14. 


.1. Muricella reticulata, natural size; la, part of branch X 4.3. 


Callistephanus pacificus, natural size; 2a, part of branch X 4.3, 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


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. Paragorgia regalis, natural size; 1a, part of branch X 4.3. 
. Elasmogorgia ramosa, natural size; 2a, part of branch X 4.3. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


‘PLATE 15. 


: 
‘ 


PLATE 16. a 


. Leptogorgia beringi, natural size; la, part of a X 4.3. 
. Calyptrophora ijimat, natural size. oe 
. Calyptrophora ijimai, natural size, showing cgabbiotté annelid and the remark- 


able structure of shawanewes peed spicules created by its presence. 


PLATE 17. 


. Clavularia suleata. Four spicules, a, b, c, and d, X 120. 

. Clavularia japonica. Four spicules, a, b, ¢, and d, X 250. 

. Lithophytum roseum. Three spicules, a, 6, and ¢, X 250. 

. Dendronephthya nigripes. Three spicules, a, 6, and c, X 64; 6 is about one- 


half total length. 


. Dendronephthya magnacantha. Two spicules, a and b, X 64. 
. Dendronephthya oviformis. Two spicules, a and b, X 64. 


Puate 18. 


. Alcyonium kiikenthali. Three’spicules, a, 6, and c, X 120. 

. Nidalia gracilis. Three spicules, a, 6, and c, X 250. 

. Bellonella flava. Five spicules, a, X 250; 6, ¢, d, and e, X 88. 
. Anthomastus japonicus. Two spicules, a and 6, X 250. 

. Helicoptilum rigidum. Two spicules, a and 6, X 64. 

. Plumarella spicata. Three spicules, a and 6b, X 120; c, X 250. 


PuaTe 19. 


. Plumarella adherans. Three spicules, a, b, and c, X 120. 
. Thouarella recta. Three spicules, a and b, X 120; c, circumopercular scale, 


20: 


. Thouarella alternata. Four spicules, a, circumopercular scale, X 64; b, c, and 


d, X 88. 


. Primnodendron superbum. Three spicules, a, 6, and c, X 88. 
. Acanthogorgia fusca. Four spicules, a, 6, c, and d, X 64. 


PuatTE 20. 


. Acanthogorgia paradoxa. Three spicules, a, b, and c, X 88. 
. Anthomuricea aberrans. Three spicules, a, b, and c, X 88. 

. Muriceides cylindrica. Five spicules, a, b, c, d, and e, X 64. : a 
. Muriceides nigra. Three spicules, a, 6, and c; aand c, X 88; b, X 64. . 
. Muricella reticulata. Three spicules, aand b, x 64; ¢, X 88. 
. Muricella abnormalis. Two spicules, a and 6b, X 64. 


PLATE 21. ‘ 


. Acis spinifera. Four spicules, a, b, c, and d, X 64. ; 
. Placogorgia japonica. Three spicules, a, b, and c, X 88. ; 
. Villogorgia brunnea, Four spicules, a, b, c, and d, X 120. . 
. Elasmogorgia ramosa. Three spicules, a, b, and c, X 88. 

. Leptogorgia beringi. Two spicules, a and b, x 250. 

. Callistephanus pacificus. Six spicules, a, b, c, d, e, and f, X 120. 
. Paragorgia regalis. ‘Two spicules, a and b, X 88. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 43 PL. 1 


ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 102. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM © ‘ PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 43 PL. 2 


ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 102, 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 43 PL 3 


ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 102. 


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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 43 PL. 4 


ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 108. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 438 PL. 5 


3 


ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 103, 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 43 PL. 6 


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ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF FLATE SEE PAGE 108. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 43 PL. 7 


ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 103. 


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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 43 PL. 8 


ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 103. 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 43 PL. 9 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN. 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 43 PL. 10 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 103. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 43 PL. 11 


ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN. 


For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 103. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 43 PL. 12 


ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 103. 


S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 43 PL. 13 


ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN. 


For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 108. 


since 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 43 PL. 14 


ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 108. 


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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 43 PL. 15 


ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 104. 


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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 43 PL. 16 


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ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 104. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 438 PL. 17 


ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 104. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 43 PL. 13 


ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 104. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 43 PL. 19 


3 
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ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 104. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 43 PL. 20 


ALCYONARIA FROM THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 104. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 43 


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