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Full text of "A dictionary of the Holy Bible : containing, an historical account of the persons; a geographical and historical account of the places; a literal, critical, and systematical description of other objects, whether natural, artificial, civil, religious, or military; and the explication of the appellative terms, mentioned in the writings of the Old and New Testament .."

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7 .  T  B  R 

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OF  THE 

'T^heological 

S  e  m  i  n 

PRINCETON,    n.j. 

Case, 

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No. 

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DICTIONARY 

OF     THE 

HOLY   bible: 

CONTAINING, 

An  Historical  Account  of  the  Persons  : 
A  Geographical  and  Historical  Account  of  the  Places: 
A  Literal,  Critical,  and  Systematical  Description  of  other  Objects, 
^  Whether  Natural,  Artificial,  Civil,  Religious,  or  Military: 

AND 

The  Explication  of  the    Appellative  Terms, 
I  Mentioned  in  the  Writings  of  the 

I  OLD   AND    NEW   TESTAMENT. 

THE    WHOLE    COMPRISING 

Whatever  important  is  known  concerning  the  Antiquities  of  the  Hebrew 
Nation  and  Church  of  God  ;  forming  a  facred  Commentary  ;  a  Body  of 
Scripture  History,  Chronology,  and  Divinity  j  and  ferving  in  a 
great  Meafure  as  a  Concordance  to  the  Bible. 

By  the  Rev.  JOHN  BROWN, 

LATE  MINISTER   OF   THE   GOSPEL   AT  HADDINGTON. 

ANEWEDITION, 

carefully  retised,  and  improved  with  the 
AUTHOR'S   LAST  ADDITIONS  AND    CORRECTIOJ^S, 


In    TWO     VOLUMES. 


VOL.      IL 


EDINBURGH: 

POINTED  and  Sold  by  Murray  &   CochranIe. 

Sold  Jilfo  by  Bell  &  Bradf\?te. 

i  7  9  7- 


€ntereD  in  Stationers  IDsfll, 


THIS  EDITION  is  improved  and  enlarged  with  7ndny  Additions  and 
€or regions  made  by  the  Author  on  a  Copy  of  the  Booky  -which  the  Printers^ 
together  with  the  Copy-right  ^  pur  chafed  from  the  Author'*  s  WidtV). 


A 


DICTIONARY 


O  F    T  H  E 


HOLY      BIBLE. 


I  When  it  relates  to  God,  is  ex- 
preflive  of  his  dignity,  Pfal. 
5  Ixxxi.  lO.  ;  his  power,  Gen* 
xvii.  I.  ;  his  felf-exiftence  and  un- 
changeablencfs,  Exod.  iii.  14.  ;  or  the 
certainty  of  his  promifes  and  threaten- 
ings,  Exod.  vi.  2.  Numb.  xiv.  3^. 
Referring  to  men,  it  expreffes  their 
pride,  If.  xlvii.  8. ;  the  certainty  of 
what  they  fay.  Gal.  v.  2.  Phil.  iii. 
19.  ;  and  their  rcadinefs  to  perform 
their  duty,  Mic.  iii.  8.  Matth.  xxi.  30, 

JABAL.     See  Lamech. 

JABBOK  ;  a  brook  on  the  eaft  of 
Jordan,  rifmg  in  the  mountains  of  Gi- 
lead,  and  falling  into  Jordan  a  little 
fouth  of  the  fea  of  Tiberias.  It  fe- 
parated  the  kingdom  of  Sihon,  from 
that  of  Og  king  of  Bafhan  ;  and  near 
to  it  Jacob  wreitled  v/ith  the  Angel  of 
the  covenant,  and  prevailed,  Dcut.  ii. 
37.   Gen.  xxxii.  22. 

JABESH,  or  Jabeth-gilead  ;  a 
city  of  the  eaftern  Manaffites,  at  the 
foot  of  mount  Gilead,  about  fix  miles 
from  Pella,  where  the  Chriftian  Jews 
found  refuge,  amidll  the  ruins  of  Ju- 
dea  by  the  Romans.  It  was  at  no 
great  diilance  from  Gadara.  The  in- 
habitants of  this,  city,  neglefting  to 
join  their  brethren  againft  the  Benja- 
mites  in  the  affair  of  Gibeah,  were  all 
put  to  the  fword,  except  400  virgins, 
who  were  bellowed  on  the  furviving 

Vol.  IL 


JAB 

Benjamites,  Judg.  xxi.  About  310 
years  after,  this  city  fuilained  a  furi- 
ous fiege  from  Nahafh  king  of  the 
Ammonites  ;  and  the  inhabitants  could 
obtain  no  terms,  but  of  having  their 
right  eyes  pulled  out,  as  a  reproach  to 
Ifrael.  Unwilling  to  fubmit  directly, 
they  obtained  a  truce  of  feven  days, 
before  the  end  of  which,  Saul,  at  their 
requeft,  raifed  an  army,  routed  the 
Ammonites,  and  raifed  the  fiege.  In 
the  grateful  remembrance  of  which, 
the  valiant  men  of  Jabefh,  about  forty 
years  after,  at  the  hazard  of  their  lives, 
took  the  bodies  of  Saul  and  his  fons, 
from  the  wall  of  Bethfhan,  where  the 
Philiftines  had  hung  them,  and  gave 
them  a  decent  interment,  i  Sam.  xi. 
xxxi.  1  Chron.  x.  11.  12. 

JABEZ  appears  to  have  been  a  de- 
fcendant  of  Judah  by  Afhur.  His  mo- 
ther bare  him  with  much  pain  and  for- 
row,  Vv'hich  was  the  cauf^e  of  his  name. 
His  noted  religion,  authority,  and  feed, 
rendered  him  more  honourable  than 
his  brethren.  With  diftinguifhcd  fer- 
vour, he  begged  that  God  would  tru- 
ly and  fignally  blefs  him  ;  would  en- 
large his  family  and  inheritance  ;  would 
affift  and  direft  him  in  every  underta- 
king ;  and  prefcrve  him  from  every 
thing  fmful  and  dangerous.  God  fig- 
nally granted  his  requeft,  i  Chron.  iv* 
5.- 10. 

A  JABJKi 


JAB  [     '. 

JABIN;  (l.)  A  king  of  Hazor, 
m  the  north  parts  of  Canaan,  and  the 
/'voll  powerful  of  all  the  fovercigns  hi 
thefe  quarters.  Struck  with  the  rapi- 
dity of  Jofhua's  conqueils,  he  engaged 
till  the  kings  on  tlil;  nortli  of  Canaan, 
particularly  the  kings  of  Madon,  Jo- 
bVib,  Shimron,  Achfhaph,  ^c.  to  af- 
fill  him.  -Their  whole  forces  rende/,- 
voufed  at  the  waters  of  Merom,  to 
attack  the  Hebrews  ;  but  the  J^^ord 
delivered  them  into  Jofliua's  hand,  who  _ 
gave  them  an  entire  defeat,  purfued 
their  fugitives  as  far  &s  Great  Ziddn 
to  the  north-wcfl,  and  to  Mezrephotli- 
maim  on  the  call.  He  then  marched 
back  to  Hazor,  and  burnt  it,  and  kil- 
led Jabin  its  icing:  Jofh.  xi.  (2.) 
Jabin  king  of  Hazor,  and  perhaps  the 
great-grandchild  of  the  former,  was  a 
very  powerful  monarch,  had  900  clia- 
riots,  armed  with  iron-fcythcs,  and  an 
army  under  Sifera  his  general,  of 
997,000  men,  according  to  Philo  By- 
blius.  After  he  had  twenty  years, 
from  about  2699  to  2719,  or  2747  to 
2767,  mightily  opprefTed  the  Hebrews, 
his  army  was  routed  by  Deborah  and 
Barak,  and,  it  is  probable,  a  terrible 
ilorm  of  rain,  that  made  the  river  Ki- 
/hon  fweep  away  multitudes  of  them. 
Sifera  the  general  fled  away  on  his 
feet,  and  was  kindly  received  by  Jael, 
the' wife  of  Heber  the  Kenite.  His 
fatigue  occafioned  his  falling  into  a 
dee^  deep.  Jael,  divinely  inftigated 
Jigainfl  this  murderer  of  the  Hebrews, , 
killed  him,  by  driving  a  nail  through 
his  head,  and  afterwards  ihewed  him 
to  Barak,  Judg.  iv.  v. 

JABNEH,  or  Jamnia  ;  a  city  of 
the  Dahites,  on  the  fea-fhore,  and  at 
no  great  diltancc  fouthward  of  Joppa. 
It  fecms  it  had  been  in  the  hands  of 
tjie  Philiilines  for  fome  time  before 
Uzziah  broke  down  the  walls  of  it,  a- 
long  with  thofe  of  Gath,  2  Chron. 
xxvi.  6.  There  was  a  famous  univer- 
fity  of  the  Jew^s  in  this  place,  fonte 
ages  after  Chrift:. 

JACINCT,  or  Jacinth  ;  a  preci- 
ous ftone,  of  a  violet  and  purple  co- 
lour, not  unlike  the  amethyft.  It  is 
Very  hard  j  but  th?  divimond  will  make 


'■    1      -    J.AC 

an,  imprefiion  on  it.  It  was  the  llth 
foundation  in  the  new  Jerufalem,  Rev, 
xxi.  20.  That  which  fome  moderns 
c^l\jac}nt/.i,  has  a  yellow  colour,  fome- 
what  like  a  flame. 

JACOB,  the  younger  Ton  of  Ifaiac 
and  Rebekah,  was  born  j4,  M.  21 68 
or  2173,  along  witli  Efau.  In  the 
w'omb  they  had  fome  ftruggling  with 
one  another,  and  the  Lord  informed 
their  mother  that  flie  was  with  twin^, 
both  of  w^hich,  fliould  become  Rations, 
but  of  a  very  different  temper,  llatc, 
and  condition  ;  but  the  dder  fliould 
ferve  the  yoimger.  In  their  birth,  the 
laft  took  hold  of  his  brother's  heel, 
and  for  that  reafon  was  called  yacob, 
the  heeler,  or  fnpplanter.  When  he 
grew  up,  he,  was  of  a  quiet  and  peac(^-. 
able  temper,  and  llaid  much  at  home 
with  his  mother ;  while  his  brother 
was  of  a  reillefs  temper,  and  paflion- 
ately  fond  of  hunting.  He  bought 
the  birth-right  of  his  brother  for  a 
mefs  of  coarfe  pottage.  By  prefent- 
ing  fome  favoury  meat,  which  his  mo- 
ther had  prepared,  to  his  dim-fighted 
father,  and  pretending  he  was  Efau, 
he  obtained  his  principal  blefling,  of  a 
fat  land  w^ell  w^atered,  and  of  the  do- 
minion, over  all  his  brethren.  Enra- 
ged hereat,  Efau  refolved  to  murder 
him.  R.ebtkah  his  mother,  who  had 
advifed  him,  informed  hereof,  defired 
Jacob  to  retire  to  Mefopotamia,  to  her 
brother  Laban's  family,  and  abide 
there,  till  Efau's,  fury  fhould  be  cool- 
ed. Afterward  (he  communicated  the 
matter  to  Ifaac,  and  told  him,  what 
an  infupportable  burden  it  would  be  to 
her,  if  Jacob  {hould  marry  a  Canaanl- 
tifli  woman.  Ifaac  fent  for  Jacob, 
gave  him  his  blefling,  r^nd  charged  him 
to  go  to  Padan-aram,  and  there  marry 
one  of  Laban  his  uncle's  daughters. 

Jacob  departed  privately  from  Beer- 
fheba.  After  funfet,  he,  probably  on 
'the  fecond  day  of  his  journey,  hghted 
on  a  place  called  Luz,  on  account  of 
the  multitude  of  almonds  or  ha%el-nuts 
that  grew  thereabouts.  Here  he  laid 
himfelf  down  to  rell  all  night,  under 
the  open  fl<y,  with  a  fl:one  under  his 
head  for  a  pillow.    Here,  in  his  dream, 

he 


JAC  [ 

he  faw  a  ladder,  whofe  foot  flood  on 
the  earth,  and  its  top  reached  unto 
heaven  ;  the  angels  of  God  aicended 
-and  defce.nded  on  the  rounds  of  it. 
Above  the  top  of  it  ftood  the  Lord 
God,  and  alTured  him  he  was  the  God 
of  liis  fathers,  Abraham  and  Ifaac, 
and  would  give  him  aid  his  feed  the 
land  of  Canaan  for  their  inheritance, 
render  them  nimierous  as  the  faud  by 
the  fea-ihore,  and  render  all  nations 
bleffed  in  him  and  his  feed.  This  lad- 
der reprefented  the  providence  of  God, 
adminiilered  by  angels  and  managed  by- 
God,  as  a  God  in  covenant  ;  and  Je- 
fus  Chrift  as  the  wonder  and  Lord  of 
angels,  and  our  Mediator  between, 
God  and  man,  and  the  way  of  accefs 
to  him,  fprung  of  Jacob  in  his  huma- 
nity, but  in  his  divine  nature  the  l^ord 
from  heaven,  and  the  means  of  all  blef- 
lings  from  God  to  finful  men.  Awa- 
kened from  his  fleep,  Jacob  was  deeply 
ftruck  with  a  reverential  impveffion  of 
the  divine  greatnefs,  took  the  Hone 
which  he  had  for  his  pillow,  ere(5led  it 
as  a  monument,  poured  oil  on  the  top 
of  it,  and  called  the  name  of  the  place 
Bethel,  or  the  houfe  of  God ;  and  en- 
gaged, that  fmce  God  had  promifed 
to  proted  him,  and  provide  for  him^ 
and  bring  him  bacl^  to  Canaan,  he 
would  ferve  him,  give  him  the  tithes 
pf  all  he  acquired,  and,  at  his  return, 
make  Bethel  a  place  of  folemn  worfliip^ 
Gen.  XXV.  xxvii.  xxviii. 

Encouragx'd  by  this  vifion,  he  fped 
forward  to  Haran,  where  Laban  his 
uncle  lived.  Near  to  the  place,  fome 
Ihepherds  informed  him  where  Laban 
dwelt,  and  that  his  family  was  well, 
and  that  Rachel  his  daughter  was  jud 
coming  to  water  her  flock.  At  her 
coming  up  he  kindly  faluted  her,  help- 
ed her  to  water  her  flock,  and  told 
her  that  he  was  the  fon  of  Rebekah 
her  aunt.  She  hafl;ily  informed  her 
father :  he  came,  and  conducted  Ja- 
cob to  his  houfe.  When  Jacob  had 
continued  here  about  a  month,  Laban 
propofed  to  give  him  wages.  Jacob 
offered  feven  years  fervice  for  Rachel 
his  younger,  but  moll  beaatiful  daugh- 
ter ;  and  with  great  chccrfulnefs  he 
fxillilled  his  engagement,  fr^m  tlie  t^^reat 


3     1    .         JAC 

love  which  he  bare  to  her.  Wlien  the 
marriage-night  came,  as  .a  providential 
punifliment  to  Jacob  for  deceiving  his 
dim-eyed  father,  Laban  conduced 
Leah  his  elder  daughter,  whofe  beauty 
was  far  inferior,  to  Jacob's  bed,  inr 
ftead  of  Rachel.  Next  morning  the 
cheat  was  difcovered  ;  and  Jacob  warm- 
ly chod  with  his  uncle  about  it.  Pie 
pretended,  that  it  was  contvary  to  the 
cuflom  of  their  country,  to  niarry  the 
younger  daughter  firft  ^  but,  marking 
himfelf  a  greedy  w^-etch,  told  him  he 
might  have  Rachel  too,  for  feven  years 
more  fervice.  This  Jacob  agreed  to. 
Of  his  two  wives,  Jacob  much  prefer- 
red Rachel ;  but  God  favoured  Leah 
with  children,  Reuben,  Simeon,  Levi, 
and  Judah  ;  and,  it  feems,  with  a 
thankful  heart,  while  Rachel  was  bar- 
ren. Vexed  hereat,  flie  begged  that 
Jacob  would  make  her  conceive,  or  elfe 
fhe  would  die  of  grief,  or  by  fome  vio- 
lent means.  With  indignation  at  her 
rafhnefs,  he  told  her,  he  was  not  a 
God  to  beftow,  or  with-hold  the  fruit 
of  the  womb  at  his  pleafure.  She  next 
ordered  Bilhah  her  maid,  whom  her 
fathier  had  given  he/,  to  take  her  place 
in  her  hufband's  bed,  that  by  her  flie 
might  have  children,  to  pafs  for  her 
own.  By  this  means  Jacob  had  two 
fons,  the  one  Rachel  called  Dan,  as  if 
flie  hoped  God  would  judge  her,  and 
avenge  her  want  of  children  on  her  Af- 
ter. The  other  flie  called  Naphtali,  as 
if  with  great  nvrejlling  flie  had  prevailed 
againil  her  fifl:er.  Li  imitation  hereof, 
Leah  put  her  maid  Zilpah  to  Jacob's 
bed,  and  fli^  bare  him  two  fons,  Gad 
and  Aflier,  by  whofe  names  Leah  in- 
tended to  hint  her  expedation,  that  a 
troop  of  children  was  coming,  and  that 
the  daughtj.'rs  would  call  her  llejfed.-^ 
Soon  after,  Leah  with  her  fon  Reu- 
ben's mandrakes,  hired  her  hufband  for 
Rachel's  night  to  fleep  in  her  bed,  and, 
in  confequence  hereof,  bare  IjTachar  ; 
and  not  long  after,  Ihe  bare  Zebulun, 
and  a  daughter  called  Dinah  :  nor  was 
it  long,  when  the  Lord  pitied  Rachel, 
and  gave  her  a  fon,  whom  flie  called 
Jofeph,  in  hopes  that  flie  fliould  have 
another  fon  added  to  him. 

A  2  Jacob's 


J  A  C  [4 

Jacob's  fourteen  years  fer\icc  for 
his  two  wives  being  finifhed,  he  beg- 
ged, that  Laban,  his  father-in-law, 
would  permit  him  to  return  to  his 
countr)'-,  with  his  family  along  with 
him,  tliat  he  might' provide  for  hlm- 
felf.  Senfible  of  the  advantage  of  his 
fervice,  Laban  offered  him  what  wages- 
he  pleafed,  if  he  would  ftay.  To 
mark  his  dependence  on  the  providence 
of  God,  Jacob  moved,  that  all  the 
fpotted  cattle  and  brown  fhcep  after- 
wards produced,  fhould  be  his  hire. 
Laban,  cxnecling  thefe  could  not  be 
many,  readily  co.ifented.  To  prevent 
all  difputes,  and  hinder  as  much  as 
poflible,  the  future  producl  of  fpotted 
cattle  and  brown  fheep,  all  t)f  thefe  kinds 
were  removed  to  the'diflance  of  three 
days  journey,  and  intrufted  to  the  care 
of  Laban 's  fons  ;  and  the  reft  were 
committed  to  the  overfight  of  Jacob. 
Inftigated  by  a  vifion,  Jacob  laid 
fpeckled,  fpotted,  and  ringftreaked 
rods  of  poplar,  &c.  in  the  watering- 
troughs,  about  the  time  when  the 
flronger  cattle  coupled  aijd  conceived  ; 
thefe  ftriking  their  imagination  as 
they  drunk,  made  them  conceive  a 
fpotted  offspring  j  but  he  laid  them  not 
in  when  the  weaker  cattle  conceived  : 
by  this  means,  all  the  flronger  cattle 
were  Jacob's,  and  his  flocks  and  herd$ 
exceedingly  increafed.  Laban  there- 
fore frequently  changed  his  hire  ;  but 
whatever  was  allotted  to  Jacob  exceed, 
ingly  increafed,  Laban,  too,  caufed 
Jacob  bear  the  lofs  of  whatever  \vas 
mifhng  of  his  flocks  or  herds.  After 
Jacob  had  ferved  other  fix  years  with 
great  labour  and  fidelity,  Laban  and 
his  fons  carried  very  furly  towards  him, 
pretending,  that  he  had  made  himfelf 
rich  at  their  expence.  Meanwhile, 
God  in  a  dream  ordered  him  to  return 
to  Canaan.  Refolving  to  do  fo,  he, 
perhaps  when  he  was  fhearing  his  own 
iheep,  at  a  diftance  from  thofe  of  La- 
ban, acquainted  his  wives,  that  he  faw 
their  father's  deportment  towards  hini 
changed,  and  that  he  intendod  to  re- 
turn to  Canaan.  They,  being  fenfible 
of. their  father's  injurious  behaviour, 
were  glad  to  part  with  him.     So  Ja- 


1  JAG 

cob,  his  wives  and  children,  and  fer- 
vants,  and  flocks,  moved  towards  Ca- 
naan, and  Rachel  carried  off  fome  of 
her  father's  idols.  On  the  third  day 
after,  Laban,  informed  of  their  de- 
parture, purfued  them  in  no  fmall  fury  ; 
but  God  in  a  dream  charged  him,  to 
beware  of  giving  Jacob  fo  much  as  an 
injurious  word.  On  the  feventh  day, 
he  overtook  them  on  the  mountain  of 
Gilead..  Some  (harp  words  were  ex- 
changed, and  Laban  heavily  complain- 
ed that  they  had  carried  off  his  gods. 
Jacob  dcfired  him  to  rummage  all  his 
ftore,  and  if  his  gods  were  found  with 
any,  let  the  perfon  be  put  to  death. 
Laban  fearched  with  the  utmoft  care  ; 
but  Rachel  having  taken  the  idols,  and 
put  them  into  the  camels  furniture,  fat 
upon  them,  pretending,  that  her  fre- 
quent diilemper  hindered  her  to  rife. 
Nothing  of  Labau's  being  found,  he 
and  Jacob  made  a  folemn  cpvenant 
of  perpetual  friendfhip,  in  tellimony 
whereof,  they  reared  an  heap  of  ftones, 
which  Jacob  called  Galeed  or  Gilead, 
and  Laban,  Jegar-fahadiithay  both 
which  defignations  fignified  the  heap 
of  nv'itnef^.  After  Jacob  had  cfleicd 
facrifice,  and  given  an  entertainment 
to  his  friends,  Laban  and  his  company 
affe6lionately  parted,  and  returned  to 
Padan-aram,  while  Jacob  and  his  fa- 
mily went  forward  to  Canaan,  Gen. 
xxix.  XXX.  xxxi.  When  Jacob  had 
advanced  to  the  ford  of  Jabbok,  God 
fliewed  him  that  he  was  guarded  with 
angels  on  every  lide,  both  from  Laban 
and  Efaii  ;  therefore  Jacob  called  the 
name  of  the  place,  Mabana'im,  or  the 
double  camp.  Fearing  the  remains  of 
Efau's  refentment,  he  fent  mefTengers 
to  inform  him  of  his  return,  and  to 
fuppilcate  his  favour.  Jacob,  inform- 
ed by  his  mefTengers,  that  Efau  came 
to  meet  him  with  400  men,  juftly  fuf- 
peclcd  his  intentions  were  murderous, 
and  fent  off  before  him  a  large  prefent 
of  220  goats,  220  fheep,  30  milk-ca- 
mels with  their  colts,  40  kine  and  10 
bulls,  20  flie-affes  and  10  foles.  Thefe 
he  divided  into  five  droves,  and  order- 
ed the  drivers  of  each  to  tell  Efau  as 
they  met  him,    that  it  was  a  prefent 

to 


J.AC  [     5 

to  Ini^'  By  this  means,  he  hoped  to 
appeafe  his  brother's-  anger.  .  Mean- 
while, he  fpent  the  whole  night  in  fo- 
lemn  prayer.  Our  Redeemer  appear- 
ed to  him  in  the, form  of  a  man,  and  to 
check  him  for  attempting  to  detain 
him  by  force,  touched  the  hollow  of 
his  thigh,  till  it  ihrank,  and  made 
liim.  always  after  go  halting  ;  to  com- 
memorate which,  his  pollerity  never 
eat  of  the  fmiilar  finew  in  animals  :  but 
by  weeping  and  fupplicalion  to  the  ap- 
pearijig  Son  of  God,  he  obtained  a 
change  of  his  name  to  Ifrad,  becaufe 
as  a  prince  he  liad  wreftled  with  GocU 
and  ha.d  prevailed,  and  obtained  a  fo- 
lemn  bleffing  on  himfelf  and  his  feed. 
Havi;ig  crofTed  the  Jabbok,  he  divided 
his  family  into  three  divifions,  that,  if 
Efau  murdered  the  foremoft,  the  o- 
thers  might  flee.  The  two  handmaids, 
and  their  children,  went  foremoll  ; 
Leah  and  her's  next ;  and  Rachel  and  > 
Jofeph  laft,  that  fhe  might  have  moil 
opportunity  to  get  ofF,  if  there  was 
danger.  According  to  Jacob's  direc- 
tion, they  all,  in  the  humbleft  manner, 
did  obeifance  to  Efau.  Partly  moved 
by  this  deportment,  and  chiefly  by  the 
providence  of  God,  Efau  met  Jacob 
with  the  moll  tender  affetlion,  gene- 
rouOy  refufed  his  prefent,  becaufe  he 
had  much  wealth  already  ;  but  Jacob 
urged  him,  becaufe,  faid  he,  I  have 
every  thing,  and  have  had  the  great 
happinefs  to  meet  thee  in  kindnefs  and 
love.  Efau  offered  to  attend  him  on 
his  journey  to  mount  Seir  ;  but  Jacob, 
not  over-fond  of  his  company,  begged 
he  would  not  trouble  himfelf,  as  the 
flocks  and  little  ones  could  but  move 
very  flowly.  After  Efau's  departure, 
Jacob  coming  tfo  the  fpot  where  Suc- 
coth  was  aftervv'ards  built,  reared  up 
an  houfe  for  himfelf^  and  booths  for 
his  cattle.  Not  long  after,  he  croffed 
the  Jordan  wellward,  and  coming  to 
Shalem,  he  bought  a  piece  of  ground 
from  Hamor,  the  father  of  Shechem, 
for  an  hundred  pieces  of  filver,  pro- 
bably fliekels,  and  fo  a  little  more  than 
1 1 /.  6  s.  Sterling.  Here  he  erected 
an  altar,  and  called  it  El-Elohe-Ifrad, 
importing,  that  it  was  facre4  to  the 


.1  J  .A  c 

mt^rhty    and    ivotJJjipful   God  of  Ifraelf 
Gen.  xxxii.  xxxiii. 

He  had  not  dwelt  long  here,  when 
Dinah  his  daughter,  an  handfome  girl 
of  about  14  years  of  age,  at  fome  ball, 
or  fmiilar  occafion,  went  to  fee  the 
young  women  of  the  country.  She- 
chem, the  fon  of  Hamor,  and  prince 
of  the  city  of  Shechem,  captivated 
with  her  comelinefs,  took  her,  and  de- 
filed her.  He  and  his  father  begged 
her  in  marriage  for  him,  and  he  offer- 
ed them  any  price  they  pleafed,  to  ob' 
tain  her.  Jacob  waited  till  his  fons 
came  home.  They  deceitfully  propo-* 
fed,  that  the  Shechemites  fliould  be  all 
circumcifed,  as  the  only  terms  of  ob- 
taining Dinah.  This  they  propofed  as 
a  means  to  render  them  incapable  to 
defend  themfelves,  horridly  abufing  the 
feal  of  God's  covenant,  to  promote 
their  murderous  intentions.  Dreading 
nothing,  Hamor  and  Shechem,  by  hint- 
ing to  their  people  how  it  would  gain 
them  the  wealth  of  Jacob's  family,  per- 
fuaded  them  to  undergo  the  operation. 
On  the  third  day,  wlien  they  w^ere  at 
the  foreft,  Simeon  and  Levi,  and  per- 
haps a  number  of  fervants,  entered  the 
city,  and  murdered  the  inhabitants ;  and 
the  other  fons  of  Jacob  coiiiing  up,  fei- 
zed  on  the  fpoil.  This  they  did,  to 
revenge  Shechem's  ufmg  of  their  fifter 
as  if  an  harlot.  Dreading  the  refent- 
ment  of  the  Canaanites  around,  and  di- 
re6led  of  God  to  go  up  to  Bethel  and 
dwell  there,  Jacob,  remembering  his 
vow  which  he  had  made  as  he  went  to 
Padan-aram,  ordered  his  family  to  pu- 
rify themfelves,  and  to  put  away  their 
ftrange  gods,  for  feveral  of  his  fervants 
were  Heathens.  They,  and  no  doubt 
Raphel  among  them,  delivered  up  their 
idols  to  him,  and  he  hid  them  under  an 
oak.  Protected  of  God,  by  a  dread 
feizing  the  Canaanites  around,  he  and 
his  family  came  fafe  to  Bethel.  There 
he  offered  facrifices  to  God ;  God  ap- 
peared to  him,  and  renewed  his  for- 
mer bleffmg.  Soon  after,  Jacob  moved 
fouthward  to  Hebron,  to  vifit  Ifaac  his 
father.  Meanwhile,  Deborah  his  mo- 
ther's nurfe  died,  to  the  no  fmall  grief 
of  the  family,     Rachel  too,  who  had 

faid 


J  AC       r. 

faid  (he  would  die  if  flie  got  not  chil- 
dren,^ died  in  childbed  of  lier  fecond 
fon,  whom  flie,  in  her  lad  agonies,  cul- 
led Benoniy  the  fon  of  my  forroiv^  but 
his  father  called  him  Benjamin  :  flie 
was  buried  near  Bethlehem.  Not  long 
after,  Reuben  committed  inceil  with 
Bilhah,  his  father's  concubine.  Jacob 
had  fcarce  dwelt  three  years  with  Ifaac 
his  father,  when  he  had  Jofeph  carried 
off  from  him ;  and  for  twenty-two  years, 
bewailed  his  lofs,  imagining  that  forae 
■wild  beaft  had  devoured  him.  About 
twelve  years  after,  Ifaac  died,  and  was 
buried  by  Jacob  and  Efau.  It  feems, 
the  two  brothers  inclined  to  have  lived 
together,  but  the  vail  number  of  their 
herds  and  flocks  would  not  admit  it  : 
therefore  Efau  retired  to  Seir,  leaving 
Jacob  in  the  fouth  of  Canaan.  Mean- 
while, he  had^his  iTiare  of  affliftion, 
from  the  diforders  in  the  family  of  Ju- 
dah.     Gen.  xxxv. — xxxviii. 

About  nine  years  after  the  death  of 
Ifaac,  Jacob,  difl:refled  by  a  famine, 
fent  his  ten  elder  fons  to  Egypt,  to 
buy  corn  for  their  fubfiftence.  At  their 
return,  he  was  fhocked  to  find  that  each 
man*s  money  was  returned  in  his  fack  ; 
but  more,  that  Simeon  was  detained  a 
prifoner,  and  the  governor  of  Egypt 
had  demanded  a  fight  of  Benjamin  his 
darling,  and,  as  he  thought,  the  only 
lurviving  fon  of  his  beloved  Rachel. 
Pinching  famine,  and  the  repeated  en- 
treaties of  his  children,  particularly  of 
Reuben  and  Judah,  obliged  him  to  per- 
mit Benjamin  to  go  with  the'  reit  on 
their  fecond  journey  to  Egypt,  not 
without  angry  hints,  that  all  thefe 
things  were  againit  him,  and  that  he 
was  bereaved  of  his  children.  On  their 
return,  he  found  that  Jofeph  was  yet 
alive,  and  governor  of  Egypt,  and  that 
he  had  fent  for  him  and  his  family  to 
come  hither  for  fubfillence.  He,  with 
great  joy,  left  the  plain  of  Mamre  near 
Hebron,  and  moved  towards  Egypt. 
At  Beerflieba  he  offered  facrifices  to 
the  Lord,  and  the  Lord  encouraged 
him  to  go  down  into  Egypt,  and  alfu- 
red  him,  that  his  feed  fliould  thence 
return  to  Canaan,  in  the  time  fixed  by 
the  promife  ;    and  that  there  Jofeph 


6    1 


J  A  C 


fliould  attend  him  in  his  laft  moments?, 
clofing  his  eyes.  He,  and  66  of  his 
offspring,  with  eight  wives,  went  down 
into  Egypt,  where  were  already  Jofeph 
and  his  t^wo  fons.  Liformed  by  Judah, 
who  went  before  the  refl:,  Jofeph  met 
him  with  the  utmoll  exprelfions  of  ten- 
der alreclion.  Jacob  was  by  him  pre- 
fented  to  Pharoah,  He  wiflied  that 
monarch  all  true  happinefs,  and  inform- 
ed him,  that  he  had  lived  130  years, 
chiefly  in  troubles.  Let  us  learn  the  fniit 
of  iinhrotherly  conduEl^  and  of  obtaining 
hlcjfmgs  hy  unhallonved  means.  Jacob  and 
his  family  had  lived  but  1 7  years  in  E- 
gypt,  when  he  fell  into  his  lafi:  ficknefs. 
Jofeph,  whom  a  little  before  he  had 
caufed  fwear  he  would  bury  him  in  Ca- 
naan, with  his  two  fons  Manafleh  and 
Ephraim,  came  to  vifit  him.  He  in- 
formed them  of  God's  blefling  him  at 
Luz  or  Bethel  ;  he  bleffed  Jofeph,  af- 
fured  him  hi^  fons  fliould  form  two  dif- 
tinct  tribes  of  the- Hebrew  nation,  but 
that'  of  Ephraim  fliould  be  the  mofl;  nu- 
merous and  honoured.  He  affured  him 
God  would  bring  all  his  pofterity  back 
to  Canaan  in  due  time  ;  and  afligned  to 
Jofeph's  feed  a  piece  of  ground  near 
Shechem,  which  he  had  firfl:  bought, 
and  afterwards  recovered  by  force,  out 
of  the  hand  of  the  Amorites.  After 
this  he  convened  his  twelve  fons,  gave 
them  his  lall  benedidion,  and  foretold 
what  would  befal  their  families  in  future 
ages.  Reuben,  Simeon,  and  Levi,  he 
reproached  with  their  finful  conduct, 
and  predicted  how  God  would  challife 
it  in  the  fate  of  their  feed.  He  efpe- 
cially  commended  Judah  and  Jofeph, 
and  foretold  the  future  glory  of  their 
families.  He  foretold  the  coming  of 
Chrift;,  and  the  gathering  of  the  Gen- 
tiles  to  him.  Amidfl:  the  blefling  of  his 
children,  he  exprefled  his  fl:rong  defires 
of  the  Mefiiah's  incarnation,  and  of  his 
own  full  enjoyment  of  God.  After  char- 
ging his  fons  to  bury  him  in  the  cave  of 
Machpelah,  where  Abraham,  Sarah,  I- 
faac,  Rebekah,  and  Leah  had  been  buri- 
ed, he  laid  down  himfelf  on  the  bed,  and 
breathed  out  his  lafl:,  about  A.  M.  2316 
or  2320,  and  in  the  147th  of  his  life. 
After  his  body  was  embalmed,  and  a 

foleipn 


JAG.  [ 

folemn  mourning  of  70  days  performed 
for  liim  in  Egypt,  Jofcph  and  his  breth- 
ren, with  the  chief  men  of  Egypt,  at- 
tended his  corpfe  to  its  interment  in 
Canaan.  At  the  threlhing- floor  of 
At^d  they  Hopped,  and  had  a  fecond 
mourning  of  feven  days  ;  on  account  of 
which,  tlic  Canaanites  called  the  fpot 
^bel-mi'z.rnlm,  the  inourn'uig  of  the  Egyp- 
tians. He  was  interred  in  the  cave  of 
Machpelah.  Gen.  xlii.  -  1.  His  pof- 
terity,  as  well  as  himfelf,  are  called  Ja- 
cob or  Ifraeh  A  well  which  he  ufed, 
and  perhaps  digged,  near  Shechem,  is 
called  his  well,  John  iv.  12.  Deut.  x. 
22.  Jofli.  xxiii.  4.  Pfal.  cv.  10 — 23. 
Ad^s  vii.  II. — 16.   Hof.  xii. 

Was  not  our  Redeemer,  who  is  cal- 
led Jacob  and  Israel,  prefigured  by 
this  patriarch  ?  How  long  expected, 
earnelUy  defired,  and  fupernatural  his 
birth  !  how  divinely  was  he  chofen  to 
be  the  father  of  the  faved  nations  of  e- 
led  men  ?  how  he  took  the  lirfl  Adam 
by  the  heel,  fulfilling  the  covenant 
which  he  had  broken  !  how  he  fup- 
planted  and  overthrew  fin  and  Satan  ! 
By  what  red  and  bloody  fufferings  he 
purchafed  the  mediatorial  heirfliip  of 
all  things  !  What  inellimable  and  irre- 
verfible  blefTings  he  obtained,  by  offer- 
ing himfelf  to  God  in  the  likenefs  of 
fmful  flelli !  How  fearfully  was  he  ex- 
pofed  to  trouble,  from  Jewifh  brethren, 
from  Satan  the  father  of  his  bride,  and 
from  his  oifended  father  !  How  direful 
his  earthly  exile !  how  hard  his  fervice ! 
how  numerous  his  forrows  1  how  unfet- 
tled  his  lot  among  men  !  but  how  no- 
ted his  plainness  and  integrity  !  What 
love  he  bears  to  his  mother  and  fpoufe 
the  church  !  how  faithful  in  his  work  ! 
how  prevalent  his  interceflion !  how  glo- 
rious his  reward  !  Having  fmifhed  his  • 
work,  and  bleffed  his  difciples,  he  reti- 
red to  his  reft  in  the  heavenly  Canaan ! 
What  a  multitude  of  fpiritual  feed 
fpring  from  the  twelve  apoftles,  thefe 
patriarchal  fathers  of  the  gofpel  church ! 
Pfal.  xxiv.  6.    If.  xlix.  3. 

JADDUA  or  Jaddus,  the  fon  of 
Jonathan,  and  high-prieft  of  the  Jews. 
He  officiated  a  coifiderable  time  after 
the   captivity,    Neh.  xii,  iT.      He    is 


7    1  J  A  I 

thought  to  be  the  Jaddus  who  lived  n? 
the  time  of  Alexander  the  Great.  Jo- 
fephus  fays,  that  Alexai^ler,  when  be- 
fieging  Tyre,  demanded  fome  afTiftance. 
Jaddus  begged  to  be  cxcufed,  as  he  had 
("worn  fidelity  to  Darius  the  Perfian. 
Highly  provoked,  Alexander  vowed  a 
revenge.  After  taking  of  Tyre,  he: 
marched  towards  Jerufalem.  After  the 
people  had  exercifed  themfelves  in  faft- 
ing  and  prayer,  Jaddus  and  his  fellow 
priefti,  directed  of  God,  met  Alexan- 
der in  their  facred  robes.  Struck  with 
the  appearance  of  the  high-prieft,  he, 
inftead  of  reproaching  him,  fell  at  his 
feet,  and  told  PaVmenio  his  general, 
that  fuch  a  form  had  appeared  to  him 
in  Macedonia,  and  promifed  him  the 
empire  of  the  world  :  and,  at  the  high- 
prieft's  requeft,  eafed  the  Jews  of  their 
tribute.  But  as  none  of  Alexander's 
hiftorians  mention  this  matter,  it  is  pof- 
fibly  a  Jewifli  fable, 

JAEL.     See  Jabin,  Siserta. 

JAH.     See  Jehovah. 

JAHAZ,  Jahazah,  or  Jahzah; 
probably  the  Ziza  of  Ptolemy;  a  city 
near  Aroer,  between  Medeba  and  Dib- 
lathaim,  on  the  north  frontiers  of  Moab, 
and  near  to  the  fpot  where  Mofes  de- 
feated the  army  of  Sihon.  It  was  gi- 
ven to  *the  Reubenites,  and  by  them  to 
the  Levites,  Numb.  xxi.  23.  Jofh.  xiii. 
18.  I  Chron.  vi.  78.  After  the  death 
of  Ahab,  it  feems  the  Moabites  feized 
on  it.  It  fliared  in  the  ruinous  ravage 
of  the  Afl'yrians  and  Chaldeans,  If.  xv. 
4.  Jer.  xlviii.  21. 

JAIR  ;  ( I.)  The  fon  of  Segub,  the 
fon  of  Hezron,  of  the  tribe  of  Judah- 
By  his  grandmother,  the  daughter  of 
Machir  the  Manaffite,  he  fell  heir  ta 
an  eftate  eaftward  of  Jordan,  and  con-' 
quered  the  whole  country  of  Argob,  as 
far  as  the  borders  of  Gefhuri  and  Ma- 
achathi,  i  Chron.  ii.  21. —  23.  Numb, 
xxxii.  40.  41.  (2.)  A  Judge  of  If- 
rael,  who  fucceeded  Tola,  A.  M.  279^ 
or  2857,  and  governed  22  years.  He 
was  a  Gileadite,  probably  of  Manafleh. 
He  had  30  fons,  who  rode  on  50  afs- 
coks,  and  were  lords  of  30  towns,  cal- 
led Havoth-jair,  or  th'.-  tov/ns  of  Jair, 


JAI  [     8 

J  AIR  or  Jairus,  a  chief  ruler  of 
the  fynagogiie  at  Capernaum.  His 
daughter  falling  grievoufly  fick,  he 
begged  that  Jtfus  would  come,  lay  his 
hands  on  her,  and  cure  her.  On  their 
way  to  the  houfe,  feme  from  it  met 
him,  and  told  him  it  was  nei-dlefs  to 
trouble  our  Saviour,  as  his  daughter 
v/as  dead.  Jefus  bid  him  fear  not,  but 
only  behove.  When  they  entered  the 
houfe,  they  found  the  mourners  prepa- 
red to  attend  the  corpfe  to  the  grave, 
and  making  a  noife.  Jefus  bade  them 
be  filent,  as  the  maid  was  not  to  be  gi- 
ven up  for  dead.  They  laughed  at  him. 
To  punifh  their  derifion  of  him,  he  put 
them  to  the  door  ;  and  when  no  more 
but  her  father  and  mother  and  three  of 
his  difciples  were  prefent,  he  took  her 
by  the  hand,  and  bade  her  arife.  She 
did  fo,  and  Jefus  ordered  to  give  her 
fome  viduals.  Matth.  ix.  i8. —  26. 
Mark  V.  21. — 43.  Luke  viii.  41.— 56. 

JAMES  the  Great,  or  Elder,  and 
JOHN  the  Evangelill:,  fons  of  Zebedee 
and  Salome,  were  originally  filhers  of 
Bethfaida  in  Galilee,  and  left  every 
thing  at  our  Saviour's  call,  to  follow 
him,  Matth.  iv.  21.  Both  were  con- 
ftituted  apoilles:  both  were  witneOesof 
Jefus*s  transfiguration  :  Matth.  x.  2. 
xvii.  2.  Both  begged  his  leave  to  call 
down  fire  from  heaven  on  the  Saniari- 
tans,  who  refufed  to  receive  him  ;  and 
on  this  account,  as  well  as  for  their 
bold  preaching,  were  called  Boanerges 
or  Banc  regem,  the  fons  cf  thunder.  He 
checked  their  furious  zeal,  and  told 
them  that  they  knew  not  what  unrea- 
fonable  temper  they  were  of,  Luke  ix. 
54.  Our  Saviour's  fmgular  honour  of 
them,  and  regard  to  them,  occafioncd 
their  mother's  begging  they  might  be 
made  chief  minifters  of  ftate  in  his  tem- 
'poral  kingdom.  After  they  had  pro- 
fefled  their  ability  to  undergo  fufferino-s 
along  with  him,  he  told  them  that  fuf- 
fer  they  mull,  but  his  Father  had  the 
difpofal  of  eminent  places  in  his  kincr- 
dom,  Matth.  xx.  20. —  24.  Mark,  x. 
35- — 45*  They  witneiTed  his  agony 
in  the  garden,  Matth.  xxvi.  37.  Af- 
ter our  Saviour's  refurre6iion,  it  feems 
^hey,  for  a  while,  returned  to  their  bu- 


]  JAM 

fmefs  of  fifhing,  John  xxi.  2,  3.  Aboiit 
y/.  D„  42  or  44,  if  not  49,  James  was 
taken  and  murdered  by  Herod,  Afts 
xii.  I.  and  is  now  the  pretended  patron 
of  Spain. — Whether  his  brother  John 
was  the  bridegroom  at  Cana  of  Galilee, 
we  know  not ;  but  he  was  our  Saviour's 
beloved  difciplc.  To  him,  Jefus,  as  he 
fat  next  to  him  on  the  couch  at  the  paf- 
fover,  intimated  who  fhould  be  the  trai- 
tor. It  is  believed  that  he  went  up  to 
the  high-priell's  hall,  and  being  known 
to  the  fervants,  introduced  Peter  ;  but 
perhaps  that  difciple  might  be  Nicode- 
mus,  or  Jofeph  of  Arimathea,  John 
xviii.  15,  16.  He,  at  our  Saviour's 
dying  dire6lion,  took  home  the  bleffed 
Virgin  to  his  houfe,  and  provided  for 
her.  At  the  Galilean  fea,  he  firft  dif- 
covered  our  Saviour  on  the  fhore  to  Pe- 
ter, John  xix.  25,  26,  27.  xxi,  i. —  7. 
After  dinner  with  our  Saviour  there, 
Peter  aflvcd  him  what  fhould  become 
of  John  ?  Jefus  replied,  That  it  was 
none  of  his  bufmefs,  though  he  fhould 
live  till  his  coming.  This  expreilion, 
fondly  miflaken,  made  many  primitive 
Chriftians  imagine  that  John  fhould  ne- 
ver die;  but  himfelf  and  other  hiflories 
contradict  this  ill -grounded  fancy,  John 
xxi.  18. —  25.  He,  for  a  time,  fhared 
along  with  Peter  in  preaching,  work- 
ing miracles,  and  enduring  perfecution 
from  the  Jews  at  Jerufalem ;  and  at  Sa- 
maria they  conferred  the  Holy  Ghofl, 
by  the  laying  on  of  hands,  Ads  iii.  iv. 
v.  viii. 

About  J,  D.  51,  John  continued  a 
noted  pillar  of  the  Chriflian  church  in 
Judea,  GaL  ii.  7.  It  is  faid  he  after- 
wards preached  the  gofpel  to  the  Par- 
thians  and  Indians  ;  but  it  is  more  evi- 
dent that  he  preached  fome  time  in  Lcf- 
fer  Afia.  In  Domitian's  perfecution, 
about  y^.  D.  95,  it  is  faid  he  was  cafl 
into  a  caldron  of  boiling  oil,  and  co- 
ming out  unhurt,  vigorous  and  clean, 
was  baniflied  to  Patmos,  to  be  ftarved 
to  death.  Under  the  Emperor  Nerva 
he  was  recalled  from  exile,  and  return- 
ing to  Ephefus,  preached  the  gofpel 
there,  till  he  died,  about  90  or  100 
years  old.  He  appears  to  have  been, 
of  a  mofl  kindly  and  aifedionate  tem- 
per ; 


JAM      r 

ipCY ;  and  yet  it  is  faid  he  leaped  out  of 
the  bath,  whenever  he  underdood  that 
Ceiiithiis,  who  denied  ■  the  divinity  of 
our  Saviour,  was  in  it ;  fo  r^reat  was 
his  zeai.  In  his  old  ac^e  he  wrote  three 
cpidles,  one  to  the  Jewi'h  Chriftians  in 
general,  another  to  a  noted  lady,  and 
a  third  to  one  Gaius.  The  fcope  is, 
to  inculcate  brotherly  love,  holy  con- 
verfation,  felf-examination,  and  cau- 
tious fnunning  of  falfe  teachers,  parti- 
cularly fuch  as  denied  the  incarnation 
and  true  Qodhead  of  our  Saviour.  He 
wrote  an  hiftory  of  Jefus's  life,  con- 
taining a  great  many  things  omitted 
by  the  other  three  evangelifts,  chiefly 
a  number  of  excellent  difcourres.  It  is 
principally,  calculated  to  evince  our  Sa- 
viour's divinity.  In  the  ifie  of  Patmos 
he  had  various  revelations  and  vifions. 
Thence^  from  Jefus's  mouth,  he  wrote 
feven  epiftles  to  the  Afian  churches  ; 
and  in  this  book  of  Revelation,  under 
the  vifions  of  feals  opened,  trumpets 
founded,  and  vials  poured  out,  &c.  he 
exhibits  the  whole  ilate  of  the  Chrif- 
tian  church  to  the  end  of  the  world. 
From  the  fablimity  of  his  revelations, 
and  his  vindication  of  our  Saviour's  di- 
vinity, he  came  to  be  called  yolm  the 
Dlvhie.  The  book  of  his  travels,  and 
of  his  acl:s,  and  of  the  Virgin  Mary's 
death  and  aifumption  to  heaven,  and 
the  creed  afcribed  to  him,  contain  plain 
documents  of  forgery. 

2.  James  the  Lei's,  called  the  bro- 
ther of  our  Lord.  He  was  the  fon  of 
Cleophas,  by  Mary,  the  fiftcr  of  the 
bleffed  Virgin.  For  the  admirable  ho- 
linefs  of  his  life,  he  was  firnamed  the 
JuJ}.  Our  Saviour  appeared  to  him 
by  himfelf,  after  his  refuiTe6lion,  i  Cor. 
XV.  7.  About  three  years  after  Paul's 
converfion  he  was  at  Jernfalem,  and  con- 
fidered  as  a  pillar  or  noted  fupporter  of 
the*  church  there,  Gal.  i.  19.  About 
14  years  after,  he  was  prefent  at  the 
apoflolic  council ;  and,  fpeaking  among 
the  laft,  he  gave  his  fentimcnt,  that  as 
God,  according  to  the  ancient  promi- 
fes,  had  called  a  churcli  from  among 
the  Gentiles  to  himlelf.  It  was  not  pro- 
per to  burden  them  with  Jewifh  cere- 
monies, fo  hard  to  be  borne  ;  but  mere- 

Vol.  IL 


0    1      .JAN 

ly  to  require  them,  for  tlie  fake  of  edi- 
fication, in  the  prefent  circumftances, 
to  forbeare  ating  of  things  ftrangled,  or 
blood,  and  to  abftain  from  fornication, 
and  meats  offered  to  idols.  To  this  all 
prefent  agreed.  About  nine  years  af- 
ter, he  wrote  an  epiflle  to  the  Jewifh 
believers,  wherein  he  fharply  reproves 
fuch  as  pretended  to  faith  v/ithout  good 
works,  indulging  themfelves  in  inftabi- 
lity,  naughtinefs,  partiality,  reviling, 
covetoufnefs,  opprefTion,  vain  fwear- 
ing,  &c.  About  A.  D.  63,  when  Fef- 
tus  was  dead,  and  Albinus  had  not  come 
to  fucceed  him,  the  Jews  being  exceed- 
ingly enraged  at  the  fuccefs  of  the  gof- 
pel,  Ananus  fon  of  Annas,  it  is  laid, 
ordered  James  to  afcend  one  of  the  gal- 
leries of  the  temple,  and  inform  the 
people,  that  they  had  without  ground 
believed  Jefus  of  Nazareth  to  be  the 
Melfiah.  He  got  up,  and  cried  witli 
a  loud  voice,  that  Jcfus  was  the  Son 
of  God,  and  would  quickly  appear  in 
the  clouds  to  judge  the  world.  Many 
glorified  God,  and  believed  ;  but  the 
Pharifees  threw  him  over  the  battle- 
ment. He  was  fore  bruifed,  but  got 
up  on  his  knees,  and  prayed  for  his 
murderers,  amid  a  fhower  of  ilones 
which  they  caft  at  him,  till  one  beat 
out  his  brains  with  a  fuller's  club.  To 
the  death  of  this  jufl  man,  fome  Jews 
a^'"cribe  the  ruin  of  their  nation.  The 
Talmud  afcribes*  a  variety  of  miracles 
to  James  the  difciple  of  Jefus,  there 
called  the  carpenter, 

JANGLING  ;  vain  or  contentious 
talking  about  trifles,  or  what  people 
do  not  underffand,  or  know  what  they 
would  be  at,    i  Tim.  i.  6. 

JANNES  and  JAMBRES,  called 
by  Pliny  Jauine  and  Jotape,  and  by 
fome  Jewifh  writers  Johanne  and  Mam- 
re,  were  two  principal  magicians  of  E- 
gypt,  who  withflood  Mofes  in  apijig 
fome  of  his  miracles,  in  the  change  of 
their  rods  into  ferpents,  turning  waters 
into  blood,  and  producing  frogs,  2  Tim. 
iii.  8.  Exod.  vii.  viii.  Jonathan,  the 
Chaldee  paraphraft,  fabulou  "iy  fays  tliey 
were  Balaam's  fon^,  and  attended  him 
when  he  went  to  3alak. 

JANOAH,  Janohah,  a  city  of  the 
B  j^phraimites. 


JAP       r   . 

Ephralmites,  on  thtir  north  border, 
and  about  1 2  miles  eaftward  from  She- 
chem,  Joih.  xvi.  6.  It  was  taken  and 
ruined  by  Tiglath-pileier  Ling  of  Affy- 
ria,   2  Kings  xv.  29. 

JAPHETH,  the  elder  fon  of 
Noah,  born  J.  M.  1556,  Gen,  x.  21. 
V.  32.  To  reward  his  kind  and  mo- 
deft  covering,  of  his  father's  naked- 
nefs,  as- he  lay  drunk,-  his  father  bleff- 
cd  him',  faying,  that  God  would  en- 
large and  perfuade  him,  and  make  him 
to  dwell  in  the  tents  of  Shem,  and  ren- 
der the  offspring  of  Canaan  his  fervants. 
His  pollerity  were  prodigioufjy  nume- 
rous ;  •  he  had  feven  fons,  Gomer,  IVJa- 
gog,  Mkdai,  Javan,  Tubal,  Mefhech, 
and  Tiras.  Their  poflerity  peopled  the 
north  half  of  Afia,  almoit  all  the  Me- 
diterranean ifles,  all  Europe^  and,  I 
fuppofe,  moft  of  America.  How  the 
Greeks  and  Romans  feized  on  the 
original  refidence  of  the  defcendants  of 
Shem  in  Syria,  Paleftine,  Mefopota^ 
mia,  Affyria,  Perfia,  &c.  ■;  how  the 
Scythians,  Tartars,  Turks,  or  Moguls, 
the  defcendants  of  Gog  and  Magog, 
have  made  themfelves  mafters  of  fouth- 
ern  Afia,  may  be  feen  under  thefe  ar- 
ticles'. How  the  Dutch,  Englifli,  Por- 
tuguefe,  Spaniards,  and  Danes,  have 
feized  the  iilands  or  other  fettleme-nts 
in  Southern  Afta  and  its  adjacents,  is 
notorious.  I  know  no  country  of  note 
originally  belonging  to  the  offspring  of 
Shem,  part  of  Arabia  excepted,  that 
lias  not,  or  is  not  now  claimed  or  pof- 
feffed  by  the  offspring  of  Japheth,  God 
\\^^  perfuaded  multitudes  of  them  to  be- 
come his  peculiar  people,  w^hen  the 
Jewifh  defcendants  of  Shem  are  ^ail 
off.  How  the  Ganaanites  in  Ca- 
naan, Phenicia,  North  Africa,  Baeo- 
tia,  Heraclea,  Arcadia,  or  Italy,  have 
been  enflaved  by  Japheth's  Grecian, 
Roman,  Vandal,  or  Turkiih  defcen- 
dants, is  marked  in  that  article,.  Gen. 
ix.  27.  As  Japheth  or  Japetus  was 
the  father  of  the  Greeks^  no  wonder 
he  be  fo  often  mentioned  in  their  an- 
cient fables. 

J  A  P  H I A  ;  probably  the  fame  as 
Japha,  a  city  belonging  to  the  Zebu- 
lunite?,  fiirrounded  with  a  double  wall; 


o     1  J  AS 

but  taken  and  cruelly  ravaged  by  thd 
RomaUvS    To^i*  xix.  12. *  • 

Jr^PHb.     SeeJoppA.. 

JAREEt  We  find  no  certain  evi- 
dence that  there  was  fuch  a  king  of 
Afl'yria  ;  perhaps  it  might  be  read  the 
king  of  jtir€b,  becaufe  he  might  dwell 
at  a  place  called  Jareb  :  or  the  word 
maybe  rendered,  the  king  that fi  all Jlrhje, 

I.  e.  fight  againil  and  ruin  them,  Hof, 
V.  13.   X.  6» 

JARMUTH  or  Jermus,  a  city  a- 
bout  ten  miles  fouth-weft  of  Jerufalem, 
and  as  much  north-eaft  of  Elentheropo- 
lis,  once  a  famed  city  of  Judea.  It  was 
a  village  about  1400  years  ago,  Jofh. 
X.  5. 

The  book  of  JASHER  was  proba. 
bly  fome  noted  hii^ory  of  the  jewifh 
nation,  wherein  things  were  recorded 
with  great  cai-e  and  integrity  ;  but  it 
was  not  infpired,  jofli.  x.  13*  2  Sam; 
i.  18. 

j  A  S  H  O  B  E  A  M  the  Hachmonite 
or  Tachmonite,  the  fame  as  Adino  the 
Eznite.  It  feems  he  fat  on  a  kind  of 
throne,  at  the  head  of  David's  mighty 
men.  He  in  one  inftance  attacked 
800,  and  in  another  300,  and  cut  them 
off  to  a  man  :■  or  he  routed  800,  flev/ 
300  of  them,  and  his  followers  flew 
the  other  500.  He,  Vv-ith  Eleazer  and 
Shammah,  brake  through- the  army  of 
the  Philiilines,  and  brought  their  maf- 
ter  w^ater  from  the  well  of  Bethlehem, 
2-  Sam.   xxiii..  8..  16.  17.     iChron..  xi» 

II.  18.  i<).  I  fuppofe  that  it  was  he 
who  commanded  the  royal  guard  of 
24,000  for  the  firff  month,  i  Chron, 
xxvii.  2.  ;-  but  that  he  was  the  defcen- 
dant  of  Benjamin  by  Koreh,  I  dare  not 
affirm,    i  Chron..  xii.  6. 

JASON,  a  kinfman  of  Paul's,  and 
his  hoff  at  Theffalonica,  v>'ho  hazarded 
his  life  in  a  mob  to  preferve  PauL  It 
feems  he  afterwards  removed  to  Rome, 
Acls  xvii.  7.    Rom.  xvi.  21. 

J  A  SPE  R,  a  precious  ftone,  or  a  kind 
of  fcrupus,  being  probably  an  opaque 
cryftahne  mafs,  debafed  with  a  mixture 
of  earth,  hence  proceed  its  various  co- 
lours of  white,  red,  brown,  bluifh  green.' 
It  is  fomewhat  like  the  finer  marble,  or 
the  half  tranfparent  gems.     It  ftrikes 

fire 


J  A  V  [     I 

^re  Avitli  (leel ;  but  makes  no  boiling 
appc.vrn.nce  in  aquafortis.  It  is  found 
in  '.h  Indies,  in  Pcrfia,  Syria,  Armc- 
ta:\.  i^ohemia,  &c.  It  was  the  third 
ftone  in  the  fourth  row  of  the  high- 
priell's  breafkplate,  and  might  figure 
cut  faints  having  much  carthh'nefs  mix- 
ed with  their  grace,  Exod.  xxviii.  20. 
It  was  the  firll  foundation  of  the  new 
Jerufalem,  and  might  reprefent  lefus, 
as  at  once  the  Lord  from  heaven,  and 
the  fruit  of  the  eartli.  Rev.  xxi.  19. 
God  is  Kkencd-  to  a  jofpe-y  to  denote 
his  manifold  and  well-ccnne»?ted  excel- 
lencies, the  p-jrpctual  (hining  th'ireof, 
andthepleafure  there  is  in  beholding 
him.  Rev.  iv.  3.  xxi.  11.  The  medi- 
cinal virtues  attributed  to  j a/per  are4iot 
to  be  depended  on. 

jAVAN.  See  Greece. 
JAVELIN.  See  Dart." 
JAW.  Wicked  mens  pow€r,-or  m- 
ftruments  of  holding  what  they  have, 
or  of  doing  brutiHi  and  outrageous  mif- 
chief,  are  CdMto. ja'zvs  of  jaiv-ieethy  lob 
Kxix.  17.  Prov.  XXX.  14. 

JAZER  or  -  AAZER,  a  city  about  15 
Tniles  north  frc^n  Hefhboii;,  and  a  L'ttle 
fouth  of  Ramoth-gilead,  at  the  foot  of 
the  mountains  of  Gih^ad,  r.ear  the  brook 
-or  lake  of  Jazer.     it  was  given  by  the 

but  after- 
:he  Mcab- 
•ites,    Tofh.  xxi.  39.   IL  xvi.  9. 

IBLEAM  or  Bileam,  a  city  of 
the  wellern  ManruTites,  on  the  border 
of  IiTachar.  It  fcems  to  have  been  gi- 
ven to  the  Levites  for  Gath-rimmon, 
but  the  Canaanites  kept  poffeffion  of  it. 
Jofli.  xvii.  II.  12.  I  Chron.  vi.  70. 
Judg.  i.  27.  Gur,  where  Ahaziah  king 
of  Judah  was  flain,-v;as  hard  by  Ibleam, 
•2  Kings  ix.  27. 

IBZAN,  of  the  tribe  of  Judah,  fuc- 
ceeded  Jephthah,  about  yl.  M.  2823 
or  2878,  and  judged  Ifrael  feven  years. 
He  had  30  fons,  and  as  many  daugh- 
ters, all  whom  he  married  in  his  own 
lifetime.  He  was  buried  in  Bethlehem, 
and  fucceeded  by  Elon,  Judg.  xii.  8. — 
•  10. 

ICHABOD.     See  Eli. 
ICONIUM,  now  CoGNi,  was  for- 
'  nierly  the  capital  of  Lycaonia,  in  Lef- 


I    ]  ID 

fer  Afia,  and  flands  in  a  moft 
plain,  near  the  lake  Trogilis, 
fupplies  it  with  fi(h 


0 

fertile 

which 

About  A.  D.  45, 


•tribe  of  Gad  to  tlie  Levites, 
•v/arda  fell  into  the  hanc^s.  of  t 


Paul  and  Barnabas  preached  the  gofpel 
here  ;  and,  it  is  faid,  the  famous  The- 
cla    was    converted.       A    perfecution, 
raifed  by  the   malicious  Jews,  obliged 
them  to  flee  ;  but   a   Chriftian  church 
continued  about  800  years  after.    The 
ravages  of  the  Saracens,  but  efpecially 
the  Seljukian  Turks,  making  it  the  ca- 
pital of  one  of  their  four  fultanies  or 
kingdoms,  reduced  the  Chriftians  to  a 
very  low  condition.     At  prefent,  it  is 
the  moll  noted  place  in  Caramania,  and 
the  feat  of  an  Ottoman;  Beglerbeg.     It 
is  furrounded  by  a  ftrong^wall  of  about 
four  miles,  and  iortihed  with  i06  {late- 
ly towers,  at  equal  dillances  ;    but  a 
conf^derable  part  of  the  inclofed  fpace 
lies  wade.    None  but  Turks  are  alk-A'- 
€d  to  inhabit  the  city  ;  but  Jews,  Ar- 
menians, and  Chriftians  of  the  Greek 
church,  with  their  archbifhop,  live   in 
the  fuburbs.     Ads  xiii.  51.    xiv.  l.-— 
•5.  xvi.  2. 

•  IDLE  ;  without  work,  without  ufe'^ 

•fulnefs,  Exod.  v.  8.  17.  Matth.  xx.  3. 

■6.     Idlenefs  was  part  of  Sodom's  fin  ; 

and  it  brings  mens  outward  circUmftan- 

ces  to  ruin,  and  induces  them   to   be 

^tattlers  and  bul'y -bodies ;    nor    ought 

thofe  given  to  ilto  be  fupported  in  lite 

Aby    their   neighbours,     Ezek.  xvi.  49. 

•Eccl.  x.  18.   i;Tim.  V.13.  aTheff.  iii. 

-10.     Idle   "juords   -axe.   fuch  as   neither 

tend  to  the  glory  of  God,  nor  the  real 

welfare   of   men,    Matth.  xii.  36.     In 

God's  account,  they  are  idle  who  are 

unconcerned  about  the  great  work   of 

their  falvation,  as  no  other  labour  can 

yield  much  comfort  or  advantage.  Mat. 

XX.  6. 

IDOL.;  any  thing  worfhipped  in 
room  of  the  true  God,  and  particular- 
ly, an  image  or  reprefentation  of  a  tru-e 
or  falfe  god,  I  John  v.  21.  i  Gor,  viii. 
I.  Idols  are  reprefented  in  fcripturc 
as  horrors  which  men  oug-ht  to  be  ter- 
rified at,  2  Chron.  xv.  -f  16.  ;  as  /or- 
menting  pangs f  Pfal.  o'i.  f  36.  If.  xlv. 
f  16.  ;  as  dung-gods  J  Deut.  xxix.  \  1 7. 
and  about  forty-fix  other  places  ;  Jluni' 
bi'wg  blocks,  Zeph.  i.  f  3.-;.  as  a  jhan::- 
13  2  /«/ 


I D  o      r  I 

ful  thing,  Jer.  x).  lo.  as  nothings, 
VANITIES,  Lev.  xix.  f  4.  I  Cor.  vlii. 
4.  \  Jlrange  gods,  ne-vj  gGds,  mere  up  ft  art 
deities,  aad  which  the  Hebrews  Iiad 
not  been  ufed  to,  Deut.  xxxii.  16.  17. 
Some  good  authors  fufpec^t,  that  ido- 
latry, or  worfliipping  oi"  falfe  gods,  or 
of  the  true  God  by  images  or  human 
devices,  began  before  the  deluge  ; 
and  fome  vainly  imagine  that  Enofli  in- 
troduced it,  becaufe  it  is  faid,  that  in 
his  days  men  began  to  call  on  or  profane 
the  name  of  the  Lord.  Soon  after  the 
flood,  almoft  all  the  world  were  mad 
on  idolatry.  Abraham's  father's  fami- 
ly lerved  other  gods  beyond  the  river 
Euphrates.  It  is  plain  that  Laban  had 
idols,  which  Rachel,  who  it  feems  lo- 
ved them  too  well,  brought  along  with 
her.  Thefe,  and  other  idols  retained 
by  fome  of  his  family,  Jacob  hid  under 
an  oak,  that  they  might  ufe  them-  no 
more.  Jofh.  xxiv.  2.  Gen.  xxxi.  30. 
XXXV.  2.-4.  Probably  the  fun,  moon, 
and  ftars,  were  the  firft  objects  of  mens 
avowed  idolatry,  and  the  lire  might  be 
worfliipped  as  a  fymbol  of  the  fun,  job 
xxxi.  26.--28.  The  other  idols  men- 
tioned in  fcripture,  are,  the  teraphim, 
golden  calves,  Baal,  Bel,  Baalpeor, 
Baalberith,  Beelzebub,  Moloch,  An- 
ammelech,  Adrammelech,  Remphan, 
Dagon,  Nergal,  Afhima,  Nibhas,  Tar- 
tack,  Rimmon,  Niiroch,  Tamraus, 
Sheihach,  Nebo,  Meni,  Gad,  Mahuz- 
zim,  god  of  forces,  or  protedling  gods 
of  the  Papifts,  Aflitaroth,  and  Suc- 
coth-benoth  ;  fundry  of  which  are  no 
doubt  the  fame  under  different  names. 
In  procefs  of  time,  noted  parents  oy 
kings  deceafed,  animals  of  various 
kinds,  as  apes,  bulls,  and  the  like  ; 
plants,  ilones,  and,  in  fine,  whatever 
people  took  a  fancy  for,  as  whores,  or 
even  imaginary  beings,  came  to  be  wor- 
fliipped.  Mens  minds  forfaking  their 
true  reft  in  the  Moft'  High,  and  find- 
ing no  reft  in  one  idol,  added  others  : 
hence,  while  almoft  every  nation  had 
idols  peculiar  to  themfelves,  they  were 
ready  to  receive  thofe  of  their  neigh- 
bours. Nor  did  their  highe.ft  preten- 
ces to  philufophy  in  the  leaft  Reform 
iiiiy  country.    The  Egyptians,  though 


2     1  I  D  O 

high  pretenders  to  wifdom,  worfiiipped 
pyed  bulls,  fnipes,  leeks,  onions,  SiC, 
The  Greeks  had  about  30,000  gods. 
The  Gomerians  deified  their  ancient 
kings  and  others.  Nor  were  the  Chal- 
deans, Romans,  Chinefe,  &c.  a  v^^hit 
lefs  abfurd.  Nor  did  they  ftick  at  vio- 
lating the  moft  natural  afte^lions,  by 
murdering  multitudes  of  their  neigh- 
bours and  children,  under- pretence  of 
facrificing  them  to  their  god.  Some 
nations  of  Germany,  Scandinavia,  and 
Tartary,  imagined,  that  violent  death 
in  v/ar,  or  by  felf-murder,  was  the  pro- 
per method  of  accefs  to  the  future  en- 
joyment of  their  gods.  In  far  later 
times,  about  64,000  perfons  were  fa- 
crificed  at  the  dedication  of  one  idola- 
trous temple,  in  the  fpace  of  four  days, 
in  America. 

The  Hebrews  never  had  any  idols  of 
their  own,  but  they  adopted  thofe  of 
the  nations  around.  Their  readinefs  to 
worfhip  the  golden  calf  at  Sinai,  ftrong-. 
ly  tempts  one  to  think  they,  had  prac- 
tifed  fuch  abomination  in  Egypt,  Exod, 
xxxii.  Ezek.  xv.  7.  8.  They  after- 
wards adopted  the  idols  of  the  Moab- 
ites.  Ammonites,  Canaanites,  Syrians, 
&c.  During  their  862  years  relidence 
in  Canaan,  before  the  Chaldean  capti- 
vity, they  relapfed  14  or  15  times  in- 
to idolatry.  Judges  ii. —  2  Kings  xxiv. 
The  kingdom  of  the  ten.  tribes  had  it 
long  for  their  eftablilhed  religion  ;  and 
it  was  but  feldom  the  kingdom  of  Ju- 
dah  was  fully  purged  from  it,  the  ido- 
latrous high-places  being  feldom  remo- 
ved, 2  Kings  vvii.  Ezek,  xvi.  xx.  xxiii. 
Jer.  iii.  Since  their  return  from  Ba- 
bylon, the  Jews  have  generally  abhor- 
red idols,  and  fuft'ered  no  fmall  hard- 
fhip  on  that  account.  The  Mahome- 
tans, too,  are  great  pretenders  to  zeal 
againft  idolatry.  The  Papifts  worfliip 
of  the  Virgin  Mary,  and  of  other  faints 
and  angels  unnumbered,  and  of  the 
bread  in  the  facrament,  and  of  relics 
and  images,  is  no  fmall  offence  to  them, 
and  tempts  them  to  confider  Chriftiani- 
ty  as  a  Jcene  of  idolatry.  Nor  indeed 
are  the  Chriftians  of  the  Greek  church, 
generally  taken,  much  more  free  of  i- 
dolatry  than  the   Papifts.     Covetouf- 

nefs. 


nefs,  in  which  is  implied  a  fetting  of 
i)ur  heart  on  worldly  things  inllcad  of 
X^od,  and  all  inordinate  care  for  the 
belly,  or  finful  love  to  or  trufl  in  any 
creature,  is  idolatry  in  God^s  account, 
and  conllitutes  the  perfon  guilty,  an 
IDOLATER,  or  worlhipper  of  idols,  Eph. 
V.  5.    Col.  iii.  5.    Phil.  iii.  19. 

JEALOUS  ;  much  given  to  fuf- 
ptd  ADULTERY,  or  danger.  God's 
jealoufy  or  ZEAL,  denotes  his  dilhuft 
ot  creatures ;  his  eminent  care  for 
his  people  and  ordinances,  and  his 
readinefs  to  punifli  fuch  as  injure 
them,  Zech.  i.  14.  Zeph.  i.  1,8.  Exod. 
XX.  5.  Paul's  holy  jealoufy,  over  the 
Corinthians,  was  an  earneft  concern 
for  their  welfare,  and  a  painful  fear, 
they  had,  <5r  might  do  i'omewhat  a- 
miis,  2  Cor.  xi.  7.  The  isivai?,  jealoufy, 
cruel  as  the  grave,  is  an  earneft  deiire 
to  enjoy  fellowfhip  with  Chrift,  and  a 
painful  fear  of  loling  it,  Song  viii.  6. 

JEBUSITES  ;  a  tribe  of  the  Ca- 
naanites,  that  dwelt  about  Jerufalem, 
and  the  m.ountainous  country  adjacent, 
Numb.  xiii.  29.  Jofhua  cut  off  multi- 
tudes of  them  ;  and  foon  after  Jerufa- 
lem was  taken  from  them  ;  but  they 
quickly  recovered  it,  Judg.  i.  ?i. 
When,  about  400  years  after,  David  at- 
tempted to  wreft  this  city  from  them, 
they  rudely  infulted  him,  as  if  their 
blind  and  lame  were  capable  to  defend 
their  vveil-fortilied  walls  againii:  all  his 
army.  Joab,  however,  took  the  city, 
and  no  doubt  killed  multitudes  of 
them.  Numbers,  however,  fecmed  to 
have  been  fpared,  of  which  Araunah 
was  one,  2  Sam.  v.  xxiv.  16.  Ekron 
fiall  he  as  a  ^ehufte ;  the  Philiftines 
I'hall  be  reduced  by,  and  incorporated 
with,  the  Jewifh  nation  :  or  Ihali  be 
converted  to  Chriftianity  by  Jefus's 
power,  as  the  Jebuhtes  were  reduced 
by  David,  Zech.  ix.  7. 

JEDUTHUN.     See  Ethan. 

JEHOAHAZ;  (i.)  Thefameas 
Ahaziah,  grandfon  of  Jehofhaphat. 
(2.)  The  fon  of  Jehu:  lie  wickedly 
followed  the  pattern  of  Jeroboam  tlie 
fon  of  Nebat.  To  punifh  his  and  his 
people's  wickcdnefs,  God  gave  them 
up  to  the  fury  of  Kazael  the  Syrian, 


3     T  JEH 

who  reduced  the  ten  tribes  to  fuch  « 
degree,  that  Jehoahaz  had  but  10 
chariots,  50  horfemen,  and  1 0,000 
footmen  left  him,  in  his  army.  After 
he  had  reigned  1 7  years,  from  Jl.  M, 
3148  to  3165,  he  died,  and  Jeho:  ih, 
who  had  been  inflalled  two  years  be- 
fore, became  fole  king,  2  Kings  xiii. 
(3.)  Jehoahaz,  or  Shallum,  the 
fon  of  Jofiah.  He  was  not  the  cldeft  ; 
however,  the  people  judged  him  fit- 
left  to  govern  iu  that  critical  juncture, 
when  Pharaoh-necho  had  but  juft  kill- 
ed his  father  ;  and  it  feems,  to  prevent 
difputes  about  his  right,  they  folemnly 
anointed  him.  He  had  but  reigaed 
three  months,  when  Pliaraoh,  return- 
ing from  CarchemiHi  a  conqueror,  or- 
dered him  to  attend  him  at  Riblath, 
ftript  him  of  his  royalty,  and  carried 
him  a  prifoner  to  Egypt, '  ivhere  he 
died  ;  and  placed  Jehoiakim  his  elder 
brother,  who  perhaps  was  then  a  pri- 
foner in  Pharaoh's  army,  king  in  his 
ftead,  I  Chron.  iii.  15.  2  Kings  xxiii. 
30.  —  32.  Jer.  xxii.  Ii.  2  Chron. 
xxxvi.  I. — 4. 

JEHOASH.      See  Jo  ash. 

JEHOIACHIN,  CoNiAH,  or  Je- 
CONIAH,  the  fon  of  Jehoiakim,  and 
grandfon  of  Joliah.  It  feems,  his  fa- 
ther inftallcd  him  when  he  was  but 
eight  years  of  age  ;  and  after  his  fa- 
ther's death,  ji.  M,  3404,  he,  at  18, 
fucceeded  to  the  fole  government. 
After  a  fhort  and  wicked  reign,  of 
three  months  and  ten  days,  Nebuchad- 
nezzar king  of  Babylon  came  up  and 
befieged  Jerufalem  ;  Jehoiachin,  with 
Nehufiita  his  n^other,  and  his  wives, 
princes,  and  fervants,  furrendered  them- 
felves ;  and,  with  the  principal  artiiicers, 
judges,  and  warriors,  to  the  number  of 
18,000,  and  the  treafures,  and  part  of 
the  vefl'els  of  the  temple,  were  carried 
to  Babylon,  Jer.  xxii.  24.  2  Kings 
xxiv.  8.  — 16.  2  Chron.  xxxvi.  9.  10. 
After  37  years  imprii'onment  in  Chal- 
dea,  Evil-m^erodach  rd-leafed  him,  and 
raifed  him  to  confiderable  dignity,  2 
Kings  XXV.  27.—  30.  Jer.  Iii.  31.  -  34- 
Jeremiah  was  divinely  ordered  to  write 
him  ch'ildkfs ;  but  either  that  related 
only  to  his  liaving  no  children  fitting 


J  E  H  [     H    ] 

on  the  throne  of  Judah,  or  he  had  ad-  nrurderous 
<opted  a  variety  of  children  ;  for  we 
find  Salathiel,  Malchiram,  Pedaiah, 
Shcna/ar,  Jecamiah,  Hofliama,  and 
Nedabiah,  mentioned  as  his  children, 
Jer.  xxii.  24. — 3c.  I  Chron.  iii.  17. 
•iS.  Jechonias,  in  Matth.  i.  11.  feems 
to  fignify  Jelioiakim. 

JEHOIADA.     See  Joash. 

JEHOIAKIM,  the  elder  fon  of 
Jofiah.  When  Pharaoh-necho  killed 
Jofiah,  he  perhaps  took  Eliakim  pri- 
soner :  in  his  return  home,  he  made 
^.im  king  inllead  of  Jehoahaz,  and 
changed  his  name  to  Jehoiakim,  and 
■laid  him  under  a  tribute  of  39)693  A 
15  J-.  Sterling.  This  money  Jehoiakim 
•exacted  of  his  fubjeAs,  according  to 
:rheir  ability.  At  25  years  of  age  he 
i)egan  his  reign,  and  fat  on  the  throne 
"I  I  yearSv  He  wickedly  opprefled  his 
*^ubje£ts,  to  procure  money  to  build 
•iiimielf  a  palace  :  he  kept  back  part 
•of  the  hire  of  hrc  workmen  :  he  aban- 
<loned  himfelf  to  inhumanity  and  ava- 
»!ce,  Jer  xxii.  13.-- 23. :  he  hated  the 
prophets,  which  warned  him  or  his 
people  to  repent  of  their  wickedncfs, 
•cr  tlweatened  the  judgements  of  God 
j£g2)nft  him.  Ur-jah,  one  of  thera, 
•fled  for  his  life  into  Egypt.;  but  Jeho- 
iakim fent  Elnathan  the  fon  of  Ach- 
^hor^  poffibly  his  father-in-law,  along 
-ivith  a  troop^  to  bring  him  back,  and 
jnurdered  him,  and  cail  his  corpfe  into 
.tiie  graves  of  the  common  people;  Jer. 
■xxvi,  20.— .23.  In  the  fourth  year  of 
!his  rejgn,  he  had  a  copy  of  Jeremiah's 
predictions  brought,  before  him,  by  E- 
iifliama  the  fcribe,  Delaiah  the  fon  of 
-Shemaiah,  Elnathan  the  fon  of  Ach- 
.feor^  Gemariah  the  fon  of  Shaphan, 
and  Michaiah  his  fon,  and  Zedekiah 
the  fon  of  Hananiah.  Jehudi,  who 
perhaps  xvas  a  fcribe,  had  fcarce  read 
three  or  four  leaves,  when  Jehoiakim, 
jiotwithflanding  the  intercefiion  of  El- 
nathan, Delaiah,  and  Gemariah,  cut 
the  roll  with  a  pen-knife,  and  caft  it 
anto  the  fire  ;  and  fent  Jerahmeel  the 
ion  of  Hammelech,  Seraiah  the  fon  of 
Azriel,  and  Shelemiah,  the  fon  of 
Abdeel,    to   apprehend   Jeremiah    and 


J  1  H 

intentions,  kept  them  out 
of  his  hands.  This  did  but  draw 
down  new  curfes  on  his  head.  Nebu- 
chadnezzar, having  routed  the  army 
of  Pharoah  at  CarchemiAi,  pnrfued  his 


.Baruchj  but  the  Lord  knowing  his 


viftor)',  rendered  himfelf  m.afler  of  Ca- 
naan, and  part  of  Phenice,  Jehoiakim 
was  taken  prifoner  in  Jerufalem,  and 
put  in  '<:hains  to  be  carried  to  Babylon  ; 
but  on  his  fubmiflion  to  the  conquer- 
or's terms,  was  reftored  to  his  king- 
dom. After  he  had  continued  three 
years  a  peaceful  tributary,  he  thought 
to  Ihake  off  the  yoke.  Nebuchad- 
nezzar detached  a  part  of  his  army  a- 
gainft  him,  the  reft  being,  it  feems, 
employed  in  the  fiege  of  Nineveh  : 
thefe,  with '  bands  of  Syrians,  Moab- 
ites,  and  Ammonites,  terribly  haraf- 
fed  the  kingdom  of  Judah.  After 
four  years,  Nebuchadnezzar,  having 
taken  Nineveh,  came  in  perfon.  Je- 
hoiakim was  taken  prifoner,  put  to 
death,  and  his  body  caft  into  a  com- 
mon fewer,  in  the  manner  of  the  un- 
buried  carcafs  of  an  afs,  2  Kings  xxiv. 
2  Chron.  xxxvi,  Jer.  xxii.  18.  19. 
xxxvi.  30.  Perhaps  Jehoiakim  is  put 
for  the  brother  of  Jehoiakim,  viz.  Ze- 
dekiah, or  the  yokes  were  made  under 
Jehoiakim,  but  not  fent  till  .Zedekiaii 
was  king;,  Jer.  xxvii«  i. 

JEHONADAB.  See  Johadab„ 
JEHORAM.  SeeJoRAM. 
JEHOSHAPHAT,  the  fon  of 
Afa  king  of  Judah,  by  .Azubah,  the 
daughter  of  Sbilh:.  At  35  years  of 
«ge  he  fucceeded  his  father.  ^.  Mo 
3.090,  and  re.igned  25  years.  To 
•ftrengthen  himfelf  againft  the. kingdom 
of  the  ten  tribes,  he  placed  ftrong  gar- 
rifous  in  all  the  cities  of  Judah,  and  in 
thof'^  cities  .vvhich  his  father  had  taken 
from  the  Ifraelites,  The  more  his 
riches  and  honour  increafed,  the  more 
his  heart  was  lifted  up  in  the  ways  of 
the  Lord.  In  the  third  year  of  his 
ireign,  he  ordered  Benhall,  Obadiah, 
Zechariah,  Nethaneel,  and  Michaiah, 
princes,  with  Ehlhama  and  Jehoram, 
priefts,  and  Shemalah,  Nethaniah,  Zc- 
badiah,  Afahel,  Shemiramoth,  jcho- 
nathan,  Adonijah,  Tobijah,  and  Tob- 
.adonjjah, ,  Levjtcs,   to .  go  through  the 

cities 


TEH      r  I 

^tic3  ofjudah,  and  teach  the  people 
the  law  of  the  Lord.  To  reward  his 
zeal,  God  made  his  neighbours  to  re- 
vere him :  the  Philiftines  and  Arabs 
brougl:t  him  Jargc  prefents  of  flocks 
or  money  ;  while,  befides  his  garrifons, 
he  had  an  enrolled  militia  of  1,160,000 
under  his  generals  Adnah,  Jehohanan, 
Amafiah,  Ehada,  and  Jcho/abad,  z. 
Chron.  xvii.  Unhappily,  he  joined  in 
affinity  with  the  wicked  A  had,  and 
married  his  fon  Jehoram  to  Athaliah, 
the  daughter  of  Ahab.  This  occafion- 
cd  his  being  at  Samaria,  and  affiiling 
Ahab  to  retake  Ramoth-gilead  from 
the  Syrians- ;  in  which  war,-  by  the 
treacherous  artifice  of  Ahab,  he  had 
loil  his  life  by  the  Syrian  forces,  had 
not  God,  at  his  requell,  moved  them 
to  leave  him.  On  his  return  to  Jeru- 
falem,  Jehu,  the  fon  of  Hanani,  a 
prophet,  rebuked  him  fharply,  for  af- 
iifting  Ahab,  a  noted  idolater  5  and 
alfured  him,  that  wrath  from  the  Lord 
hung  over  his  family  and  kingdom  on 
that  account.  Taking  this  faithful  ad- 
monition in  good  part,  Jehofhaphat 
applied  himfelf  v/ith  the  utmoll  earneft- 
nefs,  to  ellabhfli  the  bell  civil  and  re- 
ligious order  in  his  kingdom  :  the  So- 
domites, but  not  the  high  places,  were 
removed.  Scarce  was  this  linifhed, 
when  he  was  informed,  that  a  power- 
ful league  of  Edoraites,  I/limaelites, 
Hagarens,  Giblites,,  Moabites,  Am- 
monites, Amalekites,  Philillines,  Ty- 
rians,  and  Afhurites,  was  formed  a- 
gainlt  him  ;  and  that  the  army  of 
Moabites,  Ammonites^  and  Edomites, 
were  advanced  to  Kngedi,  a  place  a- 
bout  38  miles  fouth-eall  of  J.erufalem. 
Fearing  that  the  time  of  thieateped 
judgements  was  at  hand,  he  and  his 
people  at  Jerufalem  obferved  a  folemn 
faft,  to  implore  the  protection  of  Hea- 
ven ;  and  himfelf  prayed  as-  the  mouth 
of  the  multitude,  in  the  new  court  of 
the  temple.  His  prayers  were  heard. 
Jahaziel,  a  prophet,  divinely  aflured 
him  pf  an  eafy  and  miraculous  vidlory, 
near  the  rock  Ziz,  and  on  the  eaft  of 
the  wildernefs  of  Jerucl.  The  very 
»ext  day,  as  the  Hebrew  fingers  before 
die  army  began  to  praife  \\\<:   Lord, 


5    1       J  EH 

God  llruck  his  enemies  with  a-frenzyi- 
that  they  murdered  one  another  ;  and 
firft  the  Edomites,  who  had  a  treache- 
rous, and  perhaps  a  principal  hand  in 
this  alliance,  formed  to  root  out  the 
liVaelites  from  under  heaven,  were  de- 
llroyed.  Jehofliaphat  and  his  people 
had  no  occafion  to  fight  ;  but  the  ga- 
thering of  the  fpoil  took  them  up 
three  days  :  the  fourth  day  they  ob^ 
ferved  in  folemn  thankfgiving  to  God^ 
in  the  valley  called,  from  that  event, 
the  valley  of  Berachah,  or  hlejfing.  A 
few  months  after,  Jehofliaphat  joined 
his  fleet  bound  for  Tarfliifli,  with  that 
of  the  impious  Ahaziali,  elder  fon  o^ 
Ahab.  According  to  the  predidion 
of  Eliezer,  the  fon.  of  Dodavah,  oi' 
Marelha,  the  fleet  was  daflied  to  pieces 
by  a  llorm  before  Ezion-geber.  Not 
very  long  after,  Jehoihaphat,  antl 
his  deputy  the  king  of  Edom,  march- 
ed with  the  wicked  Jehoram,  fecond' 
fon  of  Ahab,.  againll  the  Moabites, 
and  had  all  perifhed  with  thirit,  had 
not  Eliflia  procured  them  a  miraculous 
fupply  of  water,.  Jehofliaphat  was- 
fcarce  dead,  when  the  vengeance  of 
God,  occafioned  by  his  alliance  witli 
the  family  of  Ahab,  in  the  time  of  his 
fon  Jehoram,  and  grandfon  Ahaziah» 
almoll  quite  deilroyed  his  family,  and 
reduced  his  kingdom  to  the  moll 
wretched  condition,  \  Kings  xxii.  3 
Kings  iii.  2  Chron.  xviii. — xx.  PfaL 
Ixxxiii. 

The  valley  of  Jehofiaphat^.v^Ti^  either 
the  fame  with  the  valley  of  Berachah, 
or  a  valley  between  Jerufalem  and  the 
mount  of  Olives  ;  or  perhaps  that  men- 
tioned by  Joel,  fignihes  no  more  than 
the  valley  or  place  where  the  Lord 
JJ:all  jtidgcy  and  punifli  them>  Joel  iii. 
2.  12. 

JEHOVAH,  Jah,  and  Ehyeh-^ 
ASHER-EHYEH,.  I  am  that  I  am;  or, 
tuill  be  'what  I  iv'ill  he  ;  are  the  incom- 
municable name  of  God,  and  fignify 
his  abfolute  independency,  felf-exiil- 
ence,  eternity,  and  being,  the  caufe 
of  exiftence  to  all  creatures.  Thii 
name  feems  not  to  have  been  much 
ufed  in  the  primitive  ages.  It  is  not 
compounded  with  any  cf  their  names.; 

nor 


J  E  H      r 

<lor  IS  It  found  in  the  fpeechcs  of  Job 
or  bis  friends :  yet  when  God  fays, 
that  by  his  name  Jehovah  he  was  not 
known  to  Abrah:un,  Ifaac,  and  Jacob, 
it  means,  that  they  had  not  f'een  it  ef- 
ficacioufly  difplayed  in  his  ..giving  a 
being  to,  or  fulfilhng.  his  promifes, 
Exod.  vi.  2.  This  name,  often  ren- 
dered Lord  in  our  Bibles,  is  printed 
in  capital  letters,  to  diilinguifh  it  from 
'*v.  Lord,  fignifying  ?i  governor.  It  is  oft 
•  "'  joined  in  fiored  infcriptions  with  other 
w  jrds,  as  jfebovah-jirch,  the  Lord  nvJU 
fee,  or  J>rovide ;  yehovah-^i'ifi,  the  Lord 
is  my  banner  ;  'Jeho'vahfJjahf&i  ihe  Lord 
nvill  perfeEf,  or  fend  peace  ;  "wvl  Jehovch- 
Jhammah,  the  Lord  is  there.  It  is  ah"© 
coirtpounded  with  other  words,  in  a 
multitude  or  names,  as  in  thofe  begin- 
ning with  Jeho,  and  many  of  thofe 
in  To,  and  i^i  thofe  ending  with  i  ^h. 
W!;enever  the  name  Jehovah  is  given 
•  to  an  angel,  it  fignifies,  that  he  is  the 
Angel  of  the  covenant,  i.  e.  the  Son 
of  God.  Nor  is  it  given  to  the  church, 
in  Jer.  xxxiii.  i6.  ;  for  the  words  would 
be  better  rendered.  He  who  fliall  call 
her,  is  the  Lord  our  righteoufnefs  ;  or, 
He  fiiail  be  called  by  her,  the  Lord 
©ur  righteoufnefs.  The  modern  Jews 
{iiperilitioufly  decline  pronouncing  the 
name  Jehovah.  —  Jeiio,  Jao,  Jahoh, 
jfaou,  Jaod,  and  even  the  Jidoa  of  the 
Moors,  feem  to  be  but  different  pro- 
nunciations of  Jehqvah. 

JEHU;  (i.)  A  prophet  that  re- 
buked Baasha  and  Jehoshaphat, 
I  Kings  xvi.  I.---  7.  2  Chion.  xix.  i. 
2.  {2.)  The  foa  of  JehoHiaphat,  and 
grandfon  of  Nimfl-ii,  captain  of  the 
army  to  Joram  king  of  Ifrael.  In 
confequence  of  a  divine  appointment 
given  to  Elijah,  Elifha,  about  eleven 
years  after  his  mafter*s  tinnflation,  fcnt 
a  young  prophet  to  anoint  him  to  be 
king  of  Ifrael,  as  he  commanded  the 
army  at  Ramoth-gilead,  in  Jehoram's 
abfence.  The  yo\ing  prophet  called 
him  aiide  from  liis  fellow-officers,  car- 
ried him  into  a  private  chamber,  an- 
ointed him  with  oil  iu  the  name  of 
the  Lord  ;  and  told  him,  he  fnould 
cut  off  the  whole  houfe  of  Ahab.  The 
jjrophet  immediately  iled  off,  that  he 


16   1        J  E  H 

might  not  be  known.  Jehu  informed 
his  fellows  what  had  happened,  andf 
they  acknowledged  him  king.  After 
giving  orders,  that  none  fhould  ftir 
from  the  camp  to  carry/.idings,  Jehif 
polled  off  m  his  chariot,'  to  furprife 
Joram  at  Jezreel.  Informed  of  his 
approach,  Joram  fent  one  to  meet  him, 
and  alk,  if  all  was  well  in  the  army. 
At  Jehu's  orders,  the  melTengcr  join- 
ed the  company.  A  fecond  mefTenger 
came  up,  and  did  the  fame.  Under- 
{landing  by  the  furious  driving  of  the 
chariot,  that  it  was  like  to,  be  Jehu  his 
general,  Joram,  and  Ahaziah  king  of 
judah,  who  had  come  to  vifit  him,  fet 
off  in  their  chariots  to  meet  him,  Jo- 
ram afl<ed  Jehu,  if  all  things  in  the 
army  were  well,  and  at  peace  ?  Jehu 
told  him,  he  needed  expe<5l  no  peace, 
while  the  whoredoms  and  witchcrafts 
of  Jez.bel  his  mother  were  fo  many. 
■Oram  cried  to  Ahaziah,  that  certainly 
a  plot  was  laid  for  their  life,  and  fled 
off-:  but  Jehu  killed  him  with  an  ar- 
row fhot  after  him  ;  and  ordered  Bid- 
kar  to  caff  his  dead  body  into  the  field 
of  Naboth.  By  his  orders  too,  A- 
haziah  was  purfued,  and  flain.  As 
Jehu  rode  through  Jezreel,  Jezebel, 
with  her  face  painted,  looking  over  u 
window,  af]<ed  him.  If  Zimri,  who 
flew  his  mafler, ,  had  much  profperity  ? 
Jehu,  looking  up,  afked,  if  any  body 
within  fa 'J  cured  him.  ?  and  two  or  three 
eunuchs  looked  out..  At  his  orders^ 
they  immediately  threw  Jezebel  over 
the  window  :  the  horfes  trode  her  to 
death,  and  in  a  few  minutes  the  dogs 
did  eat  up  her  whole  body,  except 
fome  principal  bones,  which  Jehu  or- 
dered to  be  interred.  Having  killed 
all  that  pertained  to  Ahab  in  Jezreel, 
he  ordered  the  nobles  of  l^am.aria  to 
fend  him  the  heads  of  the  70  children 
of  Ahab,  who  had  been  committed  to 
tht^ir  care.  Next  day  he  went  to  Sa- 
maria, and  having  met  42  of  the  near 
relations  of  Ahaziah  king  of  Judah 
coming  to  vifit  Joram,  and  h'is-  ^<*|ueen, 
he  ordered  them  to  be  killed  on  the 
fpot.  Going  a  little  farther,  he  met 
with  Jo)i:'-dab,  the  fon  of  Rechab,  and 
ilnding  him  hearty  in  his  intereff,  took 

hinn 


JEM     r  .1 

him  into  his  chariot,  and  bid  him  go 
and  fee  his  zeal  for  the  Lord.  When- 
ever he  came  to  Samaria,  he  ilew  all 
that  remained  of  the  family  of  Ahab. 
Under  pretence  ofhonourin^r  Baal  with 
a  very  folemn  feftival,  he  ordered  all  the 
priefts  of  Baal  in  the  kin<jdom  to  at- 
tend in  his  temple,  without  one  wor- 
iliipper  of  the  Hebrew  God  amoncr 
them.  They  did  fo.  He  ordered  his 
guards  to  fall  upon  them  in  the  temple, 
and  kill  them  to  a  man.  He  broke 
down  the  image  of  Baal,  demoliihcd 
hia  temple,  and  turned  it  into  a  place 
for  cafing  of  nature.  To  reward  Jehu's 
labour,  in  cutting  off  the  idolatrous 
i"ami!y  of  Ahab,  and  deft  roving  Baal, 
God  promifed  to  him  and  his  feed,  to 
the  fuurth  generation,  the  crown  of  the 
ten  tribes  ;  but  offended  with  the  am- 
bition and  refentment  which  influenced 
his  condu61:,  he  threatened  to  revenge 
the  blood  of  Ahab's  family  on  his  feed. 
As  Jehu  perfifted  in  the  worfhip  of  the 
golden  calves,  and  in  other  wickednefs, 
God  permitted  Hazael  king  of  Syria 
terribly  to  ravage  his  territories.  Af- 
ter a  reign  of  28  years,  Jehu  died, 
yf.  AT.  3148,  2  Kings  iK.  x.  Hof.  i.  4. 

JEMUEL,  or  Nemuel,  the  fon  of 
Simeon,  Gen.  xlvi.  10.  I  Chron.  iv.  24. 

To  JEOPARD,  is  to  expofe  to 
danger.     Jeopardy,  is  hazard,  peril, 

Judg.  XV..  18. 

JEPHTHAH,  who  fucceeded  Jair 
in  judging  the  Hebrews.  He  was  the 
fon  of  one  Gilead,  not  the  fon  of  Ma- 
chir,  by  an  harlot,  a  native  of  eaft 
Mizpeh  beyond  Jordan.  When  his 
father's  lawful  children  expelled  him 
the  family,  he  retired  into  the  land  of 
Tob,  ajjd  commanded  a  gang  of  rob- 
bers. TTie  Hebrews  on  the  eaft  of 
Jordan,  having  been  long  oppreffed  by 
the  Ammonites,  and  knowing  his  va- 
lour, begged  that  he  would  be  their 
captajn,  and  lead  them  againft  the  e- 
nemy.  He  reproached  them  with 
their  expulfion  of  him  from  his  father's 
houfe  ;  but  on  their  repeated  intreaties, 
he  offered  to  be  their  leader,  if  they 
"vould  fubmit  to  him  as  their  chief  after 
the  war  Oiould  be  ended.  They  gave 
him  their  oath  that  thev  '.vould.       \f- 

Vcr.  II. 


7    1  .         JEP  ' 

ter  his  inflalment,  he,  without  fuccefs, 
expoftulated  with  the  king  of  the  Am- 
monites, on  the  unjuftncfs  of  his  pre- 
tcnfions  to  the  land  of  Gilead :  and 
reprefented,  that  neither  Balak,  nor 
any  other,  for  about  300  years,  pre- 
tended to  any  fuch  claim  ;  that  as  the 
Ifraelites  claimed  no  territory  but  \sdiat 
had  been  given  them  of  God,  he  would 
refer  the  matter  to  a  divine  decilion  by 
the  fwprd,  unlefs  the  Ammonites  gave 
up  their  groundlefs  pretenfions.  As  the 
haughty  Ammonite  defpifed  thefe  juft 
expoftulations,  Jcphthah,  animated  of 
God,  levied  an  army  of  the  Hebrews 
on  the  eaft  of  Jordan.  As  he  prepa- 
red for  battle,  he  raftily  vowed,  that  if 
the  Lord  fhould  fucceed  him,  he  would 
devote,  or  facrifice  whatever  ftiould 
flrft  meet  him  from  his  houfe.  A  battle 
was  fought,  and  Jephthah  being  con- 
queror, ravaged  the  country  of  Am- 
nion. In  his  return  home,  his  only 
daughter,  with  timbrels  and  dances, 
was  the  ilrft  who  met  him  from  his 
houfe.  At  the  fight  of  her,  Jephthah 
cried  otit,  that  he  was  ruined.  On 
hearing  the  matter,  his  daughter  con-' 
fented  that  he  fhould  do  with  her  ac- 
cording to  his  vow.  She  only  "begged 
he  would  allow  her  two  months  to  go 
up  and  down  in  the  mountains,  along 
with  her  companions,  and  bewail  her 
virginity.  After  fhe  had  done  with  this 
mourning,  fhe  returned  to  her  father, 
who  did  with  her  according  to  his  vow: 
but  whether  he  offered  her  in  facrifice, 
or  only  devoted  her  to  perpetual  vir- 
ginity, is  not  agreed.  Such  as  nfain- 
tain  the  latter,  obfcnrc,  how  unlawful 
fuch  a  facrifice  would  have  been  ;  that 
neither  he  nor  the  prieft  could  be  igno- 
rant, that  he  might  have  redeemed  her 
at  perhaps-  no  more  than  ten  pieces  of 
filver  ;  that  fhe  did  not  bevrail  her 
death  but  her  virginity,  which  would 
occafion  the  extirpation  of  her  father's 
family:  and  that  the  word,  relative  to 
the  yearly  cuftom  of  the  Hebrew  girls, 
which  we  render  lament,  fignitics  to 
talk  nv'ithj  and  fo  implied,  that  Jeph- 
thah'S  daughter  was  in  life.  Thofe  on 
the  other  fide,  and  to  which  I  am  chief- 
ly inclined,  allow  the  facrifice  to  have 
C  bean 


J  E  R  [     I 

been  abominable  ;  but  remark,  that  the 
law  allowed  of  the  redemption  of  no- 
thing devoted  under  form  of  a  curfe  ; 
that  in  Jephthah's  age,  idolatry  and  ig- 
norance greatly  prevailed  :  that  Jeph- 
thah's manner  of  life  promifed  fmall  ac- 
quaintance with  the  law  ;  that  about 
this  time  the  high-prieflhood  was  tranf- 
mittcd  from  the  family  of  Eleazar,  to 
that  of  Ithamar,  whiv.-li  was  probably 
occafioned  by  fome  horrible  crime ; 
that  vows  of  perpetual  virginity  are 
matters  of  a  far  later  date  ;  that  if  there 
had  been  no  more  in  it  but  perpetual 
virginity,  Jephthah  had  too  fmall  oc- 
cafion  for  fuch  agony  of  mind,  and 
tearing  of  his  clothes,  at  the  fight  of 
his  daughter ;  that  the  plain  tendency 
of  the  whole  palTage,  is  to  perfuade  us 
that  ihe  was  facrificed  ;  that  not  long 
after  this,  the  flory  of,  one  Iphigenia, 
or  the  daughter  of  Jephthah,  being  fa- 
crificed by  her  father,  was  fpread 
through  no  fmall  part  of  the  eaft, 
though  a  different  fcene  was  fixed  for  it. 
Be  it  as  it  will,  let  us  beheve  that  he 
acied  in  the  fincerity  of  his  heart ;  and 
reqiember,  that  in  his  trophies  of  faith, 
the  apoftle  gives  us  ground'  to  hope, 
that  Jephthah  was  a  real  faint,  Judg, 
%u  Heb.  xi.  32.  Whatever  hazard 
and  lofs  this  vi6lory  over  the  Ammo- 
nites coll  Jephthah,  the  haughty.  E- 
phraimites  were  fo  horridly  ungrateful, 
as  to  march  over  Jordan  in  a  body, 
and  threaten  to  burn  his  houfe  on 
him,  for  fighti'ig  without  their  con- 
currence. He  told  them,  he  had  in- 
vited them  to  a  fhare  in  the  war,  but 
tJiey  came  not.  They, continued  their 
i'nfults,  and  railed  at  the  Gileadites,  as 
a  parcel  of  vagabonds,  that  had  been 
obliged  to  flee  their  country,  and  fettle 
on  the  eail  of  Jordan.  Enraged  here- 
>vith,  Jephthah  and  his  friends  attack- 
ed them  by  force,  and  cut  off  42,000 
of  them.  He  judged  Ifrael  fix  years, 
and  died  about  ^.  M.  2823,  or  2 87 8. 
JEREMIAH,  the  fon  of  Hilkiah, 
a  prieft  probably  of  the  race  of  Itha- 
mar, and  a  native  of  Anathoth.  As 
God  very  early  called  him  to  the  pro- 
phetical woirk,  he  begged  to  be  excu- 
hdy  becaufe  of  his  youth  j   but  Qod 


8     1  J  E  R 

promifed  to  be  with  him,  and  render 
him  as  bold  as  if  he  were  a  brazen 
wall,  in  oppofition  to  the  wicked  prin- 
ces and  people  of  Judah.  He  began 
his  work  in  the  thirteenth  year  of  Jo- 
fiah.  The  firfl  part  of  his  prophecy 
chiefly  confiflis  of  a  mixture  of  invec- 
tives againft  the  fins  of  the  Jews,  and 
of  alarming  threatenings  of  heavy 
judgements,  and  of  fome  calls  to  re- 
pentance, and  complaints  of  his  own 
afflictions.  Sometimes  the  mind  of 
God  was  reprefented  to  him  by  figura- 
tive emblems.  By  the  vifionary  em- 
blem of  an  almond  branchy  and  boiling 
pot^  with  its  face  towards  the  north, 
God  reprefented,  that  ruinous  calami- 
ties fhould  quickly  come  from  Chaldea. 
on  the  Jewifh  nation.  By  the  mar- 
ring of  a  girdle  in  the  bank  of  the  Eu- 
phrates, was  fignified  the  minous  con- 
dition of  the  Jews  in  Chaldea.  B7 
the  emblem  of  a  potter  making  his  vef- 
f"ds,  is  figured  out  God's  fovereign 
power  to  form  or  deflroy  the  nations  ' 
at  his  pleafurc.  By  the  breaking  of  a 
niejjel  on  the  nvheel,  is  fignified;  the  un- 
profitable ttate  of  the  Jewifli  nation  in 
Chaldea,  Jen  i.  xiii.  xviii.  xix.  Per- 
haps a  great  part  of  what  we  find  in 
the  firfl:  nineteen  chapters,  was  pro- 
•nounccd  before  Jofiah  had  carried  his 
reformation  to  perfe£lion;  or,  during 
it,  there  might  remain  great  obftinacy 
in  finning,  and  an  inward  cleaving  to 
their  idob.  It  was  alfo,  perhaps,  du- 
ring this  period  of  Jofiah's  reign,  that 
his  fellow-citizens  of  Anathoth  fought 
to  murder  him,  and  were  threatened 
with  ruinous  vengeance  On  account  of 
it.  Or  rather,  a  great  fart  of  thefe 
prophecies  relate  to  the  time  of  Jeho- 
ahaz  and  Jehoiakim.  Chap.  i. — xix. 

When,  about  the  beginning  of  the 
reign  of  Jehoiakim,^  he  foretold  that 
Judah  and  Jerufalem  fliould  be  render- 
ed adefolation,.Pafhur,  the  fon  of  Im- 
mer  the  prieft,  chief  governor  of  thfc 
temple,  fmote  him,  and  clapt  him  u|> 
in  the  flocks,  in  the  gate  of  Benjamin. 
Jeremiah  afTured  him,  that  he  /hould 
be  terribly  punifhed  in  his  perfon,  and 
he  and  his  family  be  cafried,  along  with  _ 
other  Jews,  into  a  wretched  captivity;      | 

He 


JER  Ft 

He  complained  of   the   flandcrs  that 
were  carried  about  on  him,  and  curfed 
the  day  of  his  birth,  Jer.  xix.  xx.    He 
warned  the  Jews    to   repent   of  their 
•wicked  courfes,  if  they  wifhcd  to  pre- 
vent their  ruin.     The  priefls  and  falfe 
prophets  attempted  to  ftir  up  the  prin- 
ces to  put   him    to    death  ;    but    the 
people  and  princes  oppofed  it,  and  ob- 
ferved,  that   Micah   had  predicied  the 
•defolation  of  Jcrufalcm,    and  the   ruin 
of  the  temple,  and  yet  Hczeiviah   did 
him  no  hurt  j  but  he   and  hi$  people 
turned  to  the   Lord,    and  the  judge- 
ments were  prevented.    Not  long  after, 
he  predicied  the  calamities  tliat  ihould 
come  upon  the  Egyptians,   Philiftincs, 
Phenicians,  Edomites,  Arabians,  Moab- 
ites,   Ammonites,    Syrians,    and   Per- 
fians,  by  the  hand  of  Nebuchadnezzar, 
Jer.  XXV.  xlvi. — xlLx.    It  vsras,  perhaps, 
about  this  time  that  he  formed  yokes 
of  wood,  to  be   fent    by  the  ambaffa- 
dors  of  thefe  nations,  to   their  refpec- 
tive  mailers,  as  a  token  of  their  fervi- 
tude  to    N^ibuchadnezzar,  and  his  fon 
and  fon's  fon  ;  though  he  did  not  fend 
them  off  till   the    rdgn   of  Zedekiah, 
Jer.  xxvii.  i.     During  the  fourth  year 
of  Jehoiakim,  he,    under  the   emblem 
of  a  cup  given  around  to  thcfe  nations, 
and  to    the    Jews,    Medes.,  and,  atter 
all,  to   the   Chaldeans,    predieted  ter- 
rible and  llupifying  calamities  to  come 
on  them,  Jer.  xxv.  .  In  the  9th  month 
of  this  year,  he   caufed    Baruch  write 
out  a  copy  of  all  his  prophecies.- which 
he  had  uttered,   and  read   them  before 
the    people    on    a  faft>-day    appointed 
by  the  king,  in  order  to   excite  them 
to    repentance.      Michaiah,    a   young 
prince,  informed  his  father  Gemariah, 
■Delaiah,  and  other  princes  ;  they  fent 
Jehudi  to  bring  Baruch   and  the  roll. 
Baruch    read   it    to    them,    and   they 
were  much  afTefted  ;   they  adyifed  Ba- 
ruch and  Jeremiah  to  hide   themfelves, 
while  they  informed  the  king  of  thcfe 
predictions.       Scarce     had    the    king 
heard  a   few  leaves  read,   when  he  cut 
and  burnt  the  roll,  and  fought  for  Je- 
remiah  and    Baruch,   to   put   them  to 
death  ;  but  the   Lord  kept  them  hid. 
-At  -the  diredion  of  God,    Jeremiah 


9    1        JER 

caufed  Baruch  write  a  new  roll,   and 
added  to  it  feveral  threatenings  not  in 
the  former,  and  added  predictions  of 
Jehoiakim's  unhappy  death,  Jer.  xx>:vL 
It  was  alfo  during  the   reign  of  Jehoi- 
akim, that,  by  trying  the   Rechabites 
with  drinking  of  wine,  he  figuratively 
(howed  the  unreafonable  nature  of  the 
Jews  rebelHon   againil  the  comir-ands 
of  their  divine  Father  ;    and  predicied 
an  happy  reward   to  the   Rechabitce, 
for  their  obedience  to  their  earthly  pa- 
rent,  Jer.  XXXV-     Towards  the  end  of 
this  reign,    he  denounced  judgements 
on  Jehoiakim,    for  his   pride,    oppref- 
fion,  and  other  wickednefs ;  and  foon 
after,  on  Jehoiachin,  and  the  rulers  of 
church  and  ftate  in  Judah,  xxii.  x>iii. 
In  the  beginning  of  Zedekiah's  reign, 
h^  delivered  the  yokes   emblematic  of 
flavery,  to  the  ambalTadors  of  the   va- 
rious nations  concerned,   to  be  fent  to 
their  mailers.     To  reprefent  the  haf- 
tening  ruin  and  flavery  of  the  Jews,  he 
wore   a  yoke   and   chain   on  his  own 
neck,  and  advifed  Zedekiah  to  fubmit 
to  bondage,  as  the  means  of  efcaping 
ruin.     Hananiah,  the  fon  of  Azur  i>£ 
Gibeon,    a  falfe   prophet,    broke  this 
yoke,  and  told   the   people   prefent  in 
the  court   of  the  temple,   that   fo  the 
Lord  would  in  two  years  break,  or  fi- 
nilh  the  bondage  of  the  nations  to  the 
Chaldeans-     Jeremiah   ironically  wifli- 
ed    it  might  be  as  he  had  faid,    but 
liinted  there  was  little   ground  to  ex- 
pert it  ;  and  foon  after  told  Hananiah, 
that  his  uttering  faifehood  in  the  name 
of  the  Lord,    fhould  be  puniftied  with 
death  that  very  year  ;    which  accord- 
ingly happened,  Jer.  xxvii.^  xxviii.    A- 
bout  this   time,    he   had  his  vifion  -^of 
two  hajlets  of  Jigs  ;  the  one  very  good, 
and  the  other  very  bad,   by  which  was 
reprefented,    the  piety  and  happincfs 
of  many  that  had  been    carried  captive 
to  Babylon  along  with  Jehoiachin,    and 
the  wickednefs  and  ruin    of  thofe  who 
remained    in    Jerufalem,    chap.    xxiv. 
Soon  after,  he  fent  a  letter  to  the  cap- 
tives in  Babylon,  advifmg  them  to  cul- 
tivate   fields,    and    build   houfes,    and 
pray  for  the  peace  of  the   country,   as 
they  might  expedl   70  years  continu- 
.  C  7,  ance 


E  R  [  .  2c    ]  J  E  R 

;   at  the  end  of  which    Hah  the  fon  of  Pafhur,  and  two  other 
princes,   offended  with  his  faithful  pre- 


ancc  in  Bahylon  , 

they  fliould  be  delivered  ;  and  denoun- 
ced terrible  judgements  of  burning  to 
death  by  the  Chaldeans,  to  Ahab  the 
fon  of  Kolaiah,  and  Zedekiah  the  fon 
of  Maafeiah,  two  falfe  prophets.  This 
letter  he  fcnt  by  the  hand  of  Elafah, 
the  fon  of  Shaphan,  and  Gemariah 
the  fon  of  Hilkiah,  whom  Zedekiah 
fent,  probably  with  his  tribute,  to 
Nebuchadnezzar.  On  account  of  this 
letter,  Shemaiah,  a  Neheiamite,  or 
dreamer,  informed  Zeplianiah,  the  fon 
of  Maafeiah  the  prieft  at  Jerufalem, 
and  defired  him  to  clap  up  Jeremiah 
in  the  flocks  as  a  madman.  This  let- 
ter was  read  to  Jeremiah  ;  and  he  prc- 
dided  the  ruin  of  Shemaiah  and  his 
family,  chap.  xxix.  Twice  this  fame 
Zephaniah  was  fent  by  Zedekiah  to 
Jeremiah,  to  beg  his  prayers  for  the 
kingdom,  as  it  was  in  danger  from^the 
Chaldeans  :  but  he  affured  the  king, 
that  the  city  and  nation  fhould  be  de- 
flroyed  for  their  wickednefs,  chap, 
xxxi.  xxxvii.  This  happened  about 
the  ninth  year  of  Zedekiah.  His  warn- 
ings had  fuch  effeft,  that  Zedekiah 
and  his  people  covenanted  to  leave  off 
their  oppreflive  detention  of  their  fer- 
vants ;  but  they  had  fcarce  difmifled 
them,  when  they  forced  them  back  ; 
on  which  account  Jeremiah  predided 
God*s  giving  the  (word  a  ccmmifTion 
to  deflroy  them,  chap,  xxxiv.  When 
the  Chaldeans  raifed  the  fiege  of  Jeru- 
falem., to  go  light  the  Egyptians,  Je- 
remiah afl'ured  the  Jews  they  needed 
cxpe£l  no  real  advantage  from  the 
Egyptians ;  and  that  the  Chaldeans 
would  take  Jerufalem,  and  burn  it  with 
fire.  Meanwhile  Jeremiah  intended  to 
leave  the  city.  Urijah,  the  fon  of 
Shelemiah,  apprehended  him,  as  if  he 
had  intended  to  furrender  himfelf  to 
the  Chaldeans.  The  princes  call  him 
into  the  dungeon.  Being  fent  for,  he 
told  Zedekiah  he  fiiould  fall  into  the 
hands  of  the  king,  of  Babylon  ;  and 
begged  he  might  not  be  returned  to 
his  dungeon,  as  he  had  given  no  of- 
fence. He  was  allowed  to  continue 
in  the  court  of  the  prifon.  But  She- 
phatiah  the  fon  of  Mattan,  and  Geda- 


diftions,  begged  that  Zedekiah  would 
put  him  to  death.  Zedekiah  bade 
them  do  with  him  as  they  pleafed. 
They  threw  him  into  a  dungeon,  wliofe 
bottom  was  a  deep  mire,  into  which 
Jeremiah  funk  ;  but  Ebedmelech  foon 
after  procured  his  liberty  from  this  ; 
and  he  was  returned  to  the  court  of 
the  prifon  ;  and  had  fo  much  food  al- 
lowed him  every  day  :  he  predifted 
Ebedmelech's  prefervation  :  he  told 
Zedekiah,  that  his  furrendering  him- 
felf to  the  Chaldeans  would  fave  him- 
felf and  his  capital  ;  but  if  he  did  it 
not,  it  fhould  be  deflroyed,  and  him- 
felf taken,  and  reproachfully  ufcd, 
chap,  xxxvii.  xxxviii.  It  was  during, 
or  about  the  time  of  his  imprifonment, 
that  he  foretold  the  happy  return  of  the 
Jews  from  their  mournful  captivity ; 
and  bought  a  field  from  Hanameel  his 
coufin,  and  laid  up  the  rights  in  an 
earthen  veifel,  as  a  token,  he  believed 
his  feed  fnould  return  and  pofTefs  it, 
Jer.  XXX. — xxxii.  When  Jerufalem 
was  taken,  he  was  relieved  :  and  Nebu- 
zar-adan  was  extremely  careful  of  gi- 
ving him  his  choice,  either  to  go  to 
Chaldea  and  be  well  provided  for,  or 
abide  in  Canaan  with  Gldaliah. 
He  ilaid  with  Gedaliah„  After  that 
prince  was  bafely  murdered,  Johanan 
the  fon  of  Kareah,  and  his  followers, 
defired  Jeremiah  to  confult  the  Lord, 
Vv'hether  they  fliould  go  to  Egypt  or 
not.  He,  in  God's  name,  charged 
them  with  their  diffmiulation,  and 
warned  them  not  to  go  to  Egypt  ;  but 
they  pretended,  that  not  tlie  Lord, 
but  Baruch,  had  direfted  him  to  fay 
thcfe  things  ;  and  forced  him  along 
with  them  into  Egypt.  There,  with- 
out fuccefs,  he  rebuked  their  idolatry, 
and  threatened  them  with  ruin  from  the 
hand  of  the  Chaldeans,  Jer.  xv.  lo. — 
14.  xxxix. — xliv.  After  prophefying 
above  40  years,  he  died ;  but  where, 
or  in  what  manner,  we  know  not. 

Befides  his  book  of  prophecies,  the 
lafl  chapter  of  which  was  added  by 
fome  other  hand,  Jeremiah  composed 
Lamlntations.       Thofe    which    he 

compofed 


J  E  R  [2 

,  compofed  on  the  occallon  of  Jofiah'^ 
•■d«ath  we  fuppole  are  lofl ;  and  that 
thofe  which  remain  are  whab  he  com- 
pofed  on  the  deftrudion  of  Jerufalem. 
"They  confift  of  five  chapters.  In  the 
trrll  two,  he  bewails  the  miferies  of  the 
fie  ;e  ;  in  the  third,  his  own  particular 
afflidions  ;  in  the  fourth,  he  bewails 
the  ruin  of  the  t^^mple  und  city,  and 
the  miferies  of  all  ranks,  king,  princes, 
NazArites,  Sec.  and  denounces  ruin 
on  the  Edomites  for  their  cruelty  ;  in 
the  fifth,  he  further  deplores  the  mi- 
feiy  of  his  nation,  and  prays  for  deli- 
verance. He  chiefly  infills  on  fubjecfls 
mournful  and  ruinous,  but  has  here  and 
there  the  cleared  difplays  of  free  grace, 
as  in  his  prophecy,  chap.  iii.  xxiii.  xxx. 
xxxi.  xxxii.  xxxiii.  His  manner  is  or- 
dinarily very  plain.  His  llyle  is  not  a 
little  enlivened  with  figures,  and  is  ten- 
der and  moving  to  admiration.  His 
Lamentations,  and  part  of  his  prophe- 
cy, as  chap.  iv.  19.  — 26.  ix.  i.  Sic.  are 
altonilhing  in  tlae  pathetic  kind.  A 
fagacious  difcerner  would  think  every 
letter  written  with  a  tear,  every  word 
the  found  of  a  breaking  heart,  and  the 
writer  a  man  of  forrows,  who  fcarce  e* 
ver  breathed  but  in  fighs,  or  fpoke  but 
in  groans. 

A  prophecy  relative  to  tj^c  purchafe 
of  the  Potter's  field  for  30  pieces  of 
filver,  found  in  Zech.  xi.  is  afcribed  to 
Jeremiah,  Matth.  xxvii.  9.  Perhaps 
Jeremiah  might  utter  that  prediction, 
and  Matthew  does  not'  fay  that  he 
wrote  it ;  and  it  might  be  again  utter- 
4'd,  and  alfo  written  by  Zechariah  ;  or, 
as  Jeremiah  anciently  flood  in  the  front 
of  the  prophetic  writings,  the  Jews 
might  call  the  whole  book  by  his 
name,  as  they  did  the  books  of  Mofes 
by  their  firll  word  ;  or,  as  the  ancient" 
Greek  copies  were  oft  full  of  contrac- 
tions, what  if  zou  was  altered  into 
jou  ?  Nay,  what  great  affair,  to  fup- 
pofe  ^Jeremiah  an  addition  of  the  tran- 
icribers,  as  well  as' Caman  P  Luke  iii. 
36. 

JERICHO,  a  noted  city  of  the 
Benjamites,  near  eight  miles  vv'cfl  from 
Jordan,  and  19  eafl  from  Jcrufalem, 
and  a  littje  fouthward  from  the  lot  of 


I     1  JER 

Ephraim,  Jofh.  xvi.  i.  7.  The  ground 
v.-as  lower  than  at  Jerufalem,  Luke  x. 
30.  It  was  extremely  fertile,  noted  for 
palm-trees,  and  for  the  befl  of  balm  : 
nor  was  there  any  want  of  venomous 
ferpents.  Jericho  was  the  firfl  city 
that  Jofliua  fpied  and  took  m  a  mira- 
culous manner  :  he  devoted  every  per- 
fon,  fave  Rahab  and  her  friends,  to 
ruin,  and  all  the  wealth  to  the  fire  or 
to  the  Lord  ;  curfed  the  man  who 
fhould  rebuild  it,  to  lofe  his  cldefl  Ton 
as  he  laid  the  foundation,  and  his 
youngefl  as  he  hung  on  the  gates^ 
Though  another  city  of  the  fame  name, 
or  called  the  city  of  palm-trees,  was 
built  near  it  in  or  before  the  days  of 
Ehud,  and  from  which  the  Kenites 
went  up,  Judg.  Iii.  13.  i.  16.  ;  yet  for 
about  530  years,  no  man  dared  to  re- 
build Jericho  itfelf.  At  laft,  in  the 
days  of  Ahab,  when  men  had  cafl  off 
all  fear  of  God,  Hiel  a  Bethehte  re- 
built it,  and  lofl  hk  fons  Abiram  and 
Segub,  according  to  the  tenor  of  Jo- 
fh ua's  curfe,  I  Kings  xvi.  34.  After 
it  was  rebuilt,  no  body  feared  to  inha- 
bit it ;  and  there  was  here  a  noted  col- 
lege of  young  prophets,  for  whofe  be- 
hoof Ehfha  cured  the  bad  tafte  of  the 
water  and  the  barrennefs  of  the  foil 
which  had  followed  on  Jofhua's  curfe, 
2  Kings  ii.  Great  numbers  of  priefls 
and  rabbins  often  dwelt  at  it.  In 
Chrifl's  timCj  it  was  a  fplendid  city, 
and  one  of  the  feats  of  the  courts  for 
government  of  the  Hebrews  ;  and  near 
it  he  cured  two  if  not  three  blind  men, 
Mark  i\'.  Luke  xis..  If  it  was  not  al- 
mofl  furrounded  with  hills,  it  had  one 
that  as  it  were  hung  over  it,  and  hence 
was  exceffively  warm  ;  but  it  is  faid 
that  the  water  of  it  grew  hot  or  cold 
as  the  air  grew  cold  or  hot,  by  a  kind 
of  contrariety.  Since  the  Romans  de- 
llroyed  it,  it  has  made  no  great  appear- 
ance. It  is  now  a  poor  village  of  about 
30  houfes. 

JEROBOAM,  the  fon  of  Nebat, 
and  Zeruah  of  Zereda,  in  the  tribe  of 
Ephraim.  Solomon  obferving  him  a 
bold  and  enterprizing  youth,  appoint- 
ed Jiim  to  levy  the  tax  from  the  tribes 
pf  Ephraim   and   Manaffeh.      Ahijali 

the 


J  E  R  [2 

the  prophet  having  found  him,  rent 
his  garment  into  12  parts,  and  gave 
Jeroboam  10  of  them,  as  a  token  that 
God  would  maJiC  him  king  over  10 
of  the  Hebrew  tribes.  He,  without 
\raiting  for  Solomon's  de.ith,  began 
to  prepare  the  people  for  a  revolt. 
Informed  hereof,  Solomon  fought  to 
apprehend  him,  but  he  fled  into  E- 
^pt,  whofe  king,  Shifhak,  was  dif- 
guiled  with  Solomon.  Provoked  with 
the  foolifh  anfwer  of  Rehoboam  to 
their  petition  for  redrefs  of  their  bur- 
dcuSj  ten  of  the  tribes  revolted,  and 
fet  up  Jeroboam,  who  was  juft  returned 
from  Egypt,  fer  theii*  king.  To  awe 
hiy  fuljecls  iato  proper  fubjeftion,  he 
fortified  Shechem,"  where  he  was  made 
king,  and  rebuilt  Penuel.  God  had 
promifed  to  eftablifh  the  kingdom  to 
iiim  and  his  feed,  on  condition  they 
ihould  walk  in  the  ways  of  King  Da- 
vid. Inftead  of  regarding  thcfc  termSj 
lie,  fearing  that  the  frequent  aj;ten- 
-dance  of  his  fubje£ls  at  Jerufaiem  in 
t:he  w^orfaip  of  God,  might  iffue  in 
their  refubmiflion  to  the  family  of  Da- 
vid, formed  two  golden  calves,  placed 
the  one  at  Bethel,  in  the  fouth  part  of 
-his  kingdom,  and  the  otiier  at  Dan, 
on  the  north,  and  ordered  his  fubjedts 
not  to  burden  themfelves  with  travel- 
ling to  Jerufolcm,  but  to  worlliip  the 
*God  who  had  brought  them  out  of 
the  land  of  Egypt,  as  reprefented  by 
-thefe  calves  ;  he  built  high-places,  and 
made  priefts  of  the  loweft  of  the  peo- 
ple, regardlefs  whether  they  were  Le- 
vites  or  not.  He  appointed  a  folemn 
feaft  on  the  15th  day  of  the  eighth 
month,  which  was  a  month  after  the 
feafl  of  tabernacles. 

When  he  had  aflembled  the  people 
to  begin  the  v/orfliip  of  his  idols,  he 
went  up  to  the  altar  at  Bethel  to  ofier 
facrifices  thereon  ;  a  prophet  from  Ju- 
vdah,  but  not  Iddo,  who  hved  a  con- 
fiderable  time  after,  cried  out,  that  in 
fome  future  time,  one  Jofiah,  a  defcen- 
dant  of  David,  ihould  pollute  that  al- 
tar, burning  thereon  the  bones  of  the 
idolatrous  priefts  that  fhould  ferve  at 
it ;  in  token  whereof,  it  fliould  be  now 
rent^  and  the  afhes  thereof  jpoured  out. 


2    ]        J  E  R 

Jeroboam  ftretchad  out  his  hand,  ah3 
ordered  to  apprehend  him  ;  his  hand 
was  immediately  fo  withered  that  he 
could  not  draw  it  in  ;  the  altar  was 
rent,  and  the  aflies  poured  on  the 
ground.  At  Jeroboam's  requeft,  the 
prophet,  by  prayer,  procured  the  heal- 
ing of  the  arm,  but  refufed  his  dinner 
and  prefent,  as  the  Lord,  in  token  of 
his  deteftation  of  the  place,  had  forbid 
him  to  eat  or  drink  in  it,  or  return  by 
the  way  he  came  to  it ;  but  by  the  vil- 
lanous  pretenfions  of  a  falie  prophet, 
he  was  brought  back,  and  decoyed  to 
eat  and  drink.  To  punilh  his  difobe- 
dience,  a  lion  foon  after  met  him,  and 
killed  him,  but  touched  not  his  afs. 
None  of  thefe  alarming  events  in  the 
ieaft  reformed  Jeroboam.  He  pro- 
ceeded to  oblige  his  fubjefts  to  follow 
his  idols,  and  fo  eftablilhed  that  idola- 
try which  at  laft  ruined  the  nation. 
Nor  did  Providence  forbear  to  punifh 
him  ;  his  beil  fubjedls  forfook  his  do- 
minions, and  retired  into  the  kingdom 
of  Judah  :  he  had  almcft  conftant  wars 
with  the  family  of  David,  Rehoboam, 
and  Abljah,  in  which  he  had  500,000 
of  his  fubjecls  cut  off  in  one  battle. 
His  only  pious  fon  Abijah  fell  fick. 
Fearing  to  go  himfelf,  and  unwilling 
to  be  an  example  of  confulting  the  pro- 
phets of  the  Lord,  he  fent  his  Aviie  in 
difguife  to  confult  Ahijah  if  he  fhould 
recover.  She  received  but  an  awful 
denunciation  of  death  on  her  child, 
and  of  ruin  on  the  whole  family.  Je- 
roboam died,  after  a  reign  of  22  years: 
.  his  fon  Nadab  fucceeded  him,  and  in 
the  fecond  year  of  his  reign,  was  mur- 
dered by  Baafha  at  the  ficge  of  Gibbe- 
thon,  and  the  whole  family  dellroyed 
in  a  moll  inhuman  manner,  and  their 
carcafes  left  to  be  eaten  by  the  dogs 
and  wild  beafts,  i  ICings  xi.  26. — 40. 
xii. —  XV.   2  Cha-on.  x.   xiii. 

2.  Jeroboam,  the  fon  of  Joafli,  and 
great-grandfon  of  Jehu,  began  his  reign 
about  y/.  M.  3179,  and  reigned  41 
years.  He  followed  the  former  Jero- 
boam in  his  idolatrous  worihip  of  the 
calves.  The  Lord,  how^ever,  by  him, 
according  to  the  predictions  of  the 
prophet  JoR:ih,  rcftored  the   Idngdom 

of 


J  E  R  T    2 

q(  th€  ten  tribes  to  its  greatcft  fplen- 
dor.  All  the  countries  on  the  eaft  of 
Jordan  he  reduced.  It  appears  from 
the  writings  of  Hofea  and  Amos,  that 
idlenefs,  effeminacy,  pride,  oppreflion, 
injuftice,  idolatry,  and  luxury,  mighti- 
ly prevailed  in  his  reign.  Nor  was  it 
long  after  his  death,  before  the  Lord, 
according  to  the  prcdiftions  of  Amos, 
cut  off  his  family  with  the  fword.  It 
was  23  years  after  his  death  ere  his  fon 
Zachariah  could  get  himfelf  fettled  on 
the  throne  ;  and  in  fix  months,  he  and 
the  v/hole  family  of  Jehu  were  murder- 
ed, 2  Kings  xiv.  XV.  Hof.  i.  4.  &c. 
Amos  vii.   &c. 

JERUBBAAL  OrjERUBBESHEXH, 

the  fame  as  Gideon. 

JERUSALEM,  Jebus,  or  Salem, 
the  moil  noted  city  of  Canaan,  about 
25  miles  weftward  of  Jordan,  and  42 
eaft  of  the  Mediterranean  fea.  It  was 
built  on,  and  had  hills  around  it;  Some 
have  thought  it  as  ancient  as  the  days 
of  Melchizedek,  and  to  have  been  his 
capital.  It  is  far  more  certain  that  it 
oonftituted  one  of  the  more  powerful 
kingdoms  of  Canaan  in  the  days  of 
Jofhua :  he  routed  Adonizedek  the  king 
of  it ;  but  that  he  reduced  the  city,  is 
not  faid.  It  was  partly  giv^n  to  the 
tribe  of  Judah,  and  partly  to  the  Ben- 
jamites,  Jofhua  XV.  63.  xviii,  28.  Not 
long  after  Jofhua's  death,  the  tribe  of 
Judah  took  and  burnt  it,  Judges  i.  8. 
The  Jebufites  rebuilt  and  fortified*  it  to 
fuch  a  degree,  that  they  thought  their 
blind  and  lame  fufficient  to  defend  it 
againft  all  David's  forces.  David, 
however,  by  means  of  Joab,  made  him- 
felf mailer  of  it.  He  built  a  new  city 
on  the  north-weft  of  the  former  ;  and 
a  valley  run  from  well  to  call,  betv/een 
the  two  hills  of  Zion  on  the  fouth  and 
Acra  on  the  north  :  and  over  againil 
the  north-caft  end  of  Zion  the  temple 
was  built  on  mount  Moriah.  Under 
David' and  Solomon  this  city  was  ex- 
ceedingly enlarged.  We  find  ten  or 
eleven  gates  of  it  mentioned,  whicli 
tve  fuppofc  fituated  in  the  following 
Tnanner  ;  the  Jberj>-gat^,  near  to  which 
was  the  fheep-market,  on  the  north- 
Kill  and  northward  of  the  temple;  tlie 


3   1        JER 

fjl?-gafi',  at  fome  confiderable  diftance 
to  the  weftward  ;  the  old  gate  ^  or  gate- 
of  Damafcus,  ftill  farther  weftward,. 
and  which  is  perhaps  the  fame  as  the 
high  gate  of  Benjamin  ;  the  gate  of  Eph- 
rainiy  on  the  north-weft  ;  the  valley- 
gatey  at  the  weft  end  ;  the  dung-gate^ 
on  the  fouth-weft ;  eaft  from  it  the 
fountain-gate  ;  on  the  fouth-eall  corner, 
the  water-gate;  and  at  the  eaft  end, 
fouth  of  the  temple,  the  horfe-gate,  and 
the  Miphkad  ov  prifon-gate.  The  walk 
round  ferufalem  never  feem  to  have 
been  above  47  miles,  if  they  were  an- 
ciently fo  much.  On  thefe  walls  tow- 
ers were  built,  2  Chron.  xxvi.  9.  ;  the 
tower  of  Meah  on  the  eaft,  of  Hana- 
neel  on  the  north-eaft,  of  Hattanourim 
or  the  furnaces  on  the  weft,  and  of  O- 
phel  on  the  fouth.  The  city  had  but 
a  moderate  fupply  of  water,  and  what 
they  had  was  brackifti.  Nor  was  the 
country  around  it  proper  for  digging 
wells.  In  order  to  prevent  Sennache- 
rib's having  plenty  of  water  in  the 
fiege,  Hezekiah  brought  the  ftream  of 
GihoH,  'which  ufed  to  run  along  the 
fouth  of  the  city,  into  it,  and  caufed 
it  run  ftraight  eaftward.  Pilate  brought 
water  from  Etam,  by  an  aquedu6l,  in- 
to the  city.  It  is  faid  that  no  trees 
except  roie-buflies  grew  in  it ;  that  fire 
being  not  much  ufed  in  it,  except  of 
charcoal,  there  were  no  chimnies  in 
it,  any  more  than  latticed  windows. 
Having  become  the  refidence  of  the 
fymbols  of  the  divine  prefence,  or  the 
lioly  city,  Jerufalem  became  as  it  were 
common  to  all  the  tribes  of  Ifrael  ; 
they  vifited  it  thrice  a-year  at  the  fo- 
lemn  feafts  ;  and  it  was  every  whit  as 
capable  to  lodge  them  all  in  houfts  or 
tents,  as  Mecca,  which  contains  '  but 
about  1000  families,  is  able  to  lodge 
70,000  when  the  caravans  go  thither. 
Under  Rehoboam,  it  was  taken  and 
pillaged  by  Shilhak,  i  Kings  xiv.  26- 
27.  2  Chron.  xii«  2. — 9.  Under  A- 
mazitih,  it  was  taken  by  Joaih  king  of 
Ifrael,  2  Kings  xiv.  2  Chron.  xxv.  No 
doubt  the  Aflyrians  took  it  in  the  time 
of  Manaffeh,  2  Chron.  xxxiii.  11.  Pha- 
raoh-neclio  entered  it ;  but  we  do  not 
■fcrd  that  he  plur.dered  it  when  he  made 

Jehoiakim 


JER  t 

Jchoiakim  king/  Ntbuchadnczzar  ra- 
vaged ft  oftencr  than  once,  and  after 
a  fiege  of  about  two  years,  burnt  it 
with  fire,  in  the  nth  year  of  Zed^- 
klah,  2  Kings  xxiv.  xxv.  2  Chron. 
XXX vi.  Jer.  lii.  After  it  had  lain  al- 
mofl  in  ruins  about  1^6  years,  Nehe- 
miah,  together  with  Eh'alhib  the  high- 
priefl,  and  a  great  number  of  others, 
repaired  its  walls,  and  it  became  po- 
pulous, as  in  former  times.  Long  af- 
ter, Ptolemy  took  it  by  ftratagem,  and 
carried  off  vaft  midtitudes  of  the  inhabi- 
tants to  Egypt.  Antiochus  Epiphanes 
ravaged  it,  and  murdered  about  40,000, 
and  fold  as  many  more  to  be  flaves. 
Two  years  after,  ApoUonius  took  it,  and 
murdered  multitudes  of  the  inhabitants. 
Many  of  the  furvivors  left  it  to  the 
Heathen  and  their  idolitries.  Judas 
Maccabeus  retook  it,  and  built  a  third 
part  on  the  north  fide,  which  was  chief- 
ly inhabited  by  artificers.  Pompey  the 
Roman  took  it  about  fixty  ^rears  before 
our  Saviour's  birth.  About  twenty- 
four  years  after,  it  was  taken  by  Sofius 
the  Roman  and  Herod.  About  j4.  D. 
70,  after  a  moil  miferable  fiege,  it  was 
reduced  to  a  heap  of  ruins  by  Titus. 
About  fifty  or  fixty  years  after,  a  new 
city  was  built  on  mount  Calvaiy,  where 
was  for  fome  ages  a  Chriftian  church  ; 
but  the  Jews  were  not  allowed  to  come 
near  it.  About  y/.  D.  360,  Julian,  the 
apoftate  emperor,  to  falfify  our  Sa- 
viour's prediction,  encouraged  the  re- 
building of  the  city  and  temple  ;  but 
fiery  earthquakes  ftopt  them.  About 
ji,  D.  614,  the  Perfians  took  Jerufa- 
lem,  and  90,000  of  the  Chriftian  inha- 
bitants were^crificed  to  the  malice  of 
the  Jews  ;  but  •  ft  was  quickly  retaken 
by  Heraclius  the  Roman  emperor,  and 
the  Jews  malice  returned  on  their  heads. 
In  A.  Z).  637,  the  Arabic  Saracens 
feized  on  it.  In  1079,  '^^^  Seljukfan 
Turks  took  ft  from  them.  In  1099, 
Godfrey  ofBoulogne,wfth  his  European 
croifades,  wrefted  it  from  thefe.  In 
1 187,  Saladfn  the  fultan  of  Eg\'pt  took 
it  from  the  Chriftian  croifades."  In  15 1 7, 
the-  Ottoman  Turks  took  it  from  the 
Egyptians,  and  remain  ftill  mafters  of 
it.     At  prefent  it  is  a  place  of  about 


24    1  J  E  S 

three  miles  circuit,  poor,  and  thi*n!>j^ 
inhabited.  On  mount  Moriah  there  is 
built,  but  I  know  not  by  whom,  a 
mock  temple,  inclofed  by  a  court  of 
570  paces  in  length,  and  370  iiv 
breadth  ;  and  where  the  holy  of  holies 
ftood  is  a  Mahometan  mofque.  No 
Chrii^Ian  dare  enter  this  inclofure  un- 
der pain  of  death  ;  but  thofe  of  diffe- 
rent denominations,  Papiftp,  Greeks, 
Amienians,  &-c.  vifit  the  church  of 
our  Lord's  fepulchre  with  much  cere- 
mony. It  feems  that  about  the  be- 
ginning af  the  Millennium,  Jerufalem^ 
with  the  Jevv'S  in  it,  fliall  fuflain  a  ter- 
rible fiege  from  the  armies  of  Gog  and 
Magog  ;  but  the  befiegers  fhall  be  di- 
vinely deftroyed.  Luke  xix.  41. — 44, 
xxi.  24.  Zech.  xiv.  i. — 5.  The  gof- 
pel-church  is  called  yerufalan :  in  her 
i%  the  peculiar  prefence  and  ordinances 
of  God  ;  in  her  the  tribes  of  redeemed 
men  meet  and  ferve  him.  O  how  beauti- 
ful and  compact  her  form !  how  firm  her 
foundation  !  how  ftrongly  fortified  and 
prote<?ted  by  the  laws,  perfe6lions,  and 
providences  of  God  !  how  rich,  weal- 
thy, and 'free  her  true  members  !  how 
readily  they  welcome  others  to  refide 
with  them  !  Gal,  iv.  26.  Is  not  the 
heavenly  ftate  of  glory  called  Jcrufa- 
lem,  or  Ncrv  "jerufalemy  for  fimilar  rea- 
fons  ?  Rev.  lii.  12. 

JESSE,  the  fon  of  Obed,  and  grand- 
fon  of  BoAZ.  His  fons  were  EHab, 
Abinadab,  Shimea,  Nethaneel,  Rad- 
dai,  O'zem,  and  David.  His  daugh- 
ters were  Zeruiah,  the  mother  of  Joab, 
Abifhai,  and  Afahel ;  and  Abigail,  the 
mother  of  Amafa,  i  Chron.  iii.  13. — 
16.  Out,  of  his  family  did  the  moft 
and  beft  of  the  Hebrew  kings,  and  e- 
ven  the  MelFiah,  proceed,  i  Sam.  xvi. 
I  Chron.  iii.  If.  xi.  i.  As  by  reafoD 
of  his  extreme  old  age  he  was  inca- 
pable to  attend  David  in  his  exile,  Da- 
vid put  him  and  his  wife  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  king  of  Moab^  I*,  is  faid 
that  the  Moabites  m.urdered  them,  and 
fo  drew  David's  refentment  on  them- 
felves,    I  Sam.  xxii.  3.4.    2  Sara.  vfii. 

JESUS.  See  Joshua  the  fon  of 
Nun.    Christ.    God. 

JETHRO;  cither  the  fo.T  of  or  the 

fajTif- 


JEW  f     2 

fame  with  Reiiel,  a  defccndant  of  A- 
braham,  raid  priell  of  M'dian.  From 
h:s  fdciificing  when  he  came  to  vifit 
Mofes  at  the  foot  of  Siuai,  it  is  pro- 
bable that  the  true  worOiip  of  God  re- 
mained in  his  family.  He  had  a  fon 
called  Hobab,  and  feven  daughters  ; 
one  of  whom,  Zippporah  by  name, 
married  Mofes.  It  is  probable  he  con- 
tinued with  the  Hebrews,  after  he  had 
got  a  fet  of  new  officers  eflabliflied  a- 
mong  them,  till  they  were  departing 
from  Sinai,  and  then  left  Hobab  with 
Moses.      Ex;)d.  ii.   xviii.   Numb.  k. 

JEWEL  ;  a  precious  and  coilly  or- 
nament of  gold,  filver,  &c.  Jewels 
were  ufed  on  the  forehead,  nofe,  ear, 
and  hand,  or  even  in  the  fervice  of  i- 
dols,  Ezek.  xvi.  14.  17.  God's  people 
are  his  jeivels,  or  peculiar  treafure  ; 
they  are  dear  to  him,  rendered  comely 
by  his  righteoufnefs  and  grace  ;  he 
carefully  preferves  them  ;  and  by  them 
he  ihews  forth  his  honour,  greatnefs, 
and  wealth,  Mai.  iii.  17.  The  lips  of 
knowledge  are  as  r  precious  jetuel ;  pru- 
dent and  fenfible  fpeech  is  valuable  and 
honourable,  Prov.  xx.  15.  A  fair  wo- 
man without  difcretion,  is  like  a  jezuel 
of  gold  in  a  fwine's  fnout ;  ilie  makes 
but  a  poor  and  fantaftic  appearance, 
and  debafeth  her  cometinefs  by  her  fil- 
thy practices,  Prov.  xi.  22. 

JEWS.  It  is  no  more  wonderful 
that  profane  hiilories  fliould  fay  fo  little 
of  them  and  their  capital,  than  that 
they  fhould  fay  almoft  nothing  of  Pal- 
myra and  Baalbeck,  and  their  magniti- 
cent  ruins.  There  is  ueither  jfcw  nor 
Grethy  bond  nor  free,  male  nor  female  m 
Chriil  ;  none  is  regarded  before  God 
on  account  of  any  outward  circumftan- 
ces ;  and  now  under  the  gofpel  all  have 
equal  warrant  and  accefs  to  receive  him, 
and  enjoy  fellowfhip  with  him,  in  all 
the  bleffings  of  grace  and  glory,  Xjal. 
iii.  28.  Col.  iii.  II.  AJetv  otitiuardly, 
is  one  who  is  a  defcendant  of  Jacob,  or 
profefTor  of  the  Jewiih  religion.  AJsiv 
hivardly,  is  a  real  believer  and  fearer  of 
God,  anfwerable  to  his  profelTion.  See 
Hebrews  ;  Judah. 

JEZEBEL,  the  daughter  of  Eth-. 
baal  king  of  Zidyn,  a.ad  wife  of  K-ing 
Vol.  XL 


Ahab.  She  ufed  witchcraft ;  and  af- 
ter her  husband's  death,  if  not  before 
it,  turned  whore.  She  was  fo  mad  oa 
idolatry,  that  fhe  maintained,  at  her 
own  expence,  400  prijfts  of  the  groves 
facred  to  Afhtaroth,  while  her  hufband 
maintained  450  for  Baal.  She  inftlga- 
ted  her  hufband  to  murder  the  prophet* 
of  God  wherever  they  could  be  found. 
Enraged  at  Elijah  for  the  flaughter  of 
4  JO  idolatrous  priefts  of  Baal,  fhe  vow- 
ed to  kill  him  ;  but  his  flight,  prevent- 
ed her.  In  the  moft  villanous  mannef 
fhe  murdered  Naboth,  and  procured 
his  vineyard  for  Ahab,  I  Kings  xvi.-. 
xviii.  xix.  xxi.  At  lafl,  according  to 
the  predi;'?lion  of  Elijah,  fhe  was  thrown 
out  of  a  window  by  the  wall  of  Jezreel, 
and  trodden  to  death  by  horfes.  Im- 
mediately the  dogs  did  cat  up  her  bo- 
dy, that  nothing  remained  to  be  buried 
but  her  flcull,  her  feet,  and  the  palms 
of  her  hands,   2  Kings  ix.  30. —  37. 

The  name  Uzebel  has  often  been 
proverbially  ufed  to  fignify  any  woman 
exceffively  cruel,  wicked,  or  given  to 
idolatry-.  In  this  fenfe  perhaps  it  is 
applied  to  that  wicked  woman  in  the 
church  of  Thyatira,  who  fo  diligently 
feduced  peop'e  to  commit  fornication, 
and  eat  things  facrificed  to  idols,  Rev, 
ii.  20. 

JEZREEL;  a  celebrated  city  of 
the  weftern  Manaflites,  fituated  on  the 
fouth  border  of  Iffachar.  The  beau- 
tiful plain  of  Jezreel,  now  EfdraeloO;, 
of  about  ten  miles  in  length,  lay  near 
it.  Ahab  had  his  palace  in  Jezreel, 
and  here  his  family  were  ruined  :  but 
God  revenged  on  Jehu  the  blood  which 
he  had  Tned  in  Jezreel,  becaufe  he  cut 
them  off,  not  in  obedience  to  God,  but 
from  a  felfifli  dcfire  to  obtain  the  throne, 
I  Kings  xxi.     2  Kings  ix.    x.    Hof.  i. 

4. See  Ho  SEA, 

IF  is  ufed  to  exprefs,  (  1.)  -^  ^^^-* 
dition,  Deut.  xxviii.  15.  Luke  ii:.  23, 
(2.')  A  fuppofition,  Rom.  iv.  2.-  (3.) 
Tiie  reafon  of  a  thing.  It  fignities> 
(i.)  Surely:  in  this  fenfe  it  is  taken 
in  oaths  and  affeverations,  and  fuppo- 
fes  an  imprecation  of  fomething  huttful 
and  dcitraftive,  if  what  is  threatened, 
proirJfedj  or  afTerted  do  not  prove  true, 
D  Numb. 


I  G  N  [2 

Kumb.  xiV.  23.  Heb.  iii.  fir.  (2.) 
Steing,  Gen.  xxviii.  f  20.  (3.)  Whe- 
ther or  not,  Gen.  viii.  8.  (4.)  When, 
judg.  xxi.  21.    John  xii.  32* 

IG  N  O  M  I  N  Y  ;  fliame  ;  llandcr, 
Prov.  xviii.  3. 

IGNORANCE;  ( I.)  Want  of  the 
thie  knowledge  of  God  and  his  tr-jlhs, 
Eph.  iv.  18.  (2.)  Miftake  ;  fnrprife. 
Lev.  iv.  2.  13.  Heathens  are  ignorant; 
dell:itut€  of  the  true  knowledge  of  God, 
AtTts  xyii.  23.  Wicked  teachers  are  ig- 
tiorant;  they  know  not  what  the)r  ought 
to  teach  others,  If.  Ivi.  10.  Paul  fin- 
ned Ignorantly  againft  Chrift  before  his 
converfion,  not  knowing  the  truth  of 
the  Chriftian  religion,  i  Tim.  i.  13. 
Peter  and  John  v/ere  igncrant,  u  e,  not 
trained  up  in  the  fchcols  of  polite  learn- 
ing, Ads  iv.  13.  Abraham  in  heaven 
is  ignorant  of  his  children  on  earth  ;  he 
neither  knaws  their  cafe,  nor  acknow* 
ledges  or  helps  them,  If.  Ixiii.  16. 

ILLUMINATED  ;  endowed  with 
the  faving  knowledge  of  Chrift  and  di- 
vine things,  Heb.  x.  32. 

ILLYRICUM ;  a  country  on  the 
eaft  of  the  gulf  of  Venice,  about  480 
ji-iiles  in  length,  and  120  in  breadth. 
It  has  Auftria  and  part  of  Hungary  on 
thf^-northj-Myfia  or  Servia  on  the  eaft, 
and  part  of  Macedonia  on  the  fouth. 
•Counting  from  north-weft  to  fouth-eall, 
it  was  divided  into  Sclavonia,  Bofnia, 
jDahnatia,.  and  Albania ;  but  fometimes 
it  was  taken  in  a  more  large  fenfe.  To 
.relate  the  reduclion  of  this  country  by 
Cadmus,  by  Philip  tlie  father  of  Alex- 
ander, or  by  the  Romans,-  and  its  ra- 
vages by  the  Quadi,  Goths,  and  Huns, 
and  by  the  Ottoman  Turks,  under 
wiiorh  the  moft  of  it  is  at  prefent, 
would  be  to  fmall  purpofe  in  this  work. 
Here  the  gofpcl  was  preached,  and  a 
Clirirtian  church  planted  by  Paul.  The 
Centuriator*  of  Magdeburgh  trace  their 
bifiiops  through  eight  centuries  ;  and 
to  this  day  there  are  not  a  few  in  it 
who  have  the  name  of  Chriftians,  Rom. 
XV.  19. 

IMx-lGE ;  the  reprefentation  or  likc- 
nefs  of  a  thing,  as  piAures  or  flatues  are 
^of  men.  ^  Chriil  is  the  image  nf  the  invi- 
^hle  God:  S5  God's  Sen,  he  has  the 


;6     1  IMA 

fame  nature  as  hisFather,.and  rp-fembles 
him  in  power;  and  in  his  perfon,  God- 
rnan,  and  mediatorial  office,  he  is  a 
bright  reprefentation  of  all  the  perfec- 
tions of  God,  Heb.  i.  3.  Col.  i.  13, 
Man  was  made  in  the  image  of  God  ;. 
he  refcmnled  God  in  the  fpiritual  and 
immortal  nature  of  his  foul,  and  in  his 
true  kno\<ledge,  righteoufnefs,  and  ho- 
linefs,  and  in  his  dominion  over  the 
creatures.  Gen.  i.  26.  27.  Man,  with 
refpeft  to  his  wife,  is  the  image  of  Gody 
in  refpefi:'  of  dominion  and  power, 
1  Cor.  xi.  7.  We  are  bom  in  the  i- 
mage  of  Adam  ;  like  him  in  our  natu- 
ral foiT.i,  and  in  our  rebellion  againft 
God,  Gen.  v.  3.  ;  and  we  bear  the  ;'- 
mage  of  Chrift,  and  are  renewed  after 
it,  when  our  nature  is  changed,  and 
we  are  therein  made  like  God  in  fpi- 
ritual knowledge,  righteoufnefs,  holi- 
nefs,  and  every  other  grace,  i  Cor. 
x^  49.  Col.  iii.  10.  All  images  \\\ 
worfhip,  are  exprefsly  condemned,  and 
are  reprefented  as  teachers  of  faJJehood,^ 
as  none  can  juftly  reprefent  any  divine 
perfon,  Exod.  xx.  4.  Jer.  x.  3.—  16. 
Hab.  '-L  18.  Pfal.  cxv.  4. — 8.  cxxxv. 
15. — 18.  Many  of  the  Heathen  ima- 
ges of  their  gods  were  m.onftroufly  mix- 
ed pi6lures  of  Imman  and  brutal  ani- 
mals. Some  were  monftroufly  large. 
That  of  Belus,  erected  by  Nebuchad* 
nezzar  in  the  plain  of  Dura,  was  at 
leaft  90  foot  high  and  nine  foot  thick, 
Dan.  iii.  i.  That  of  Apollo  at  Rhodes 
was  aimoft  128  foot  high,  and  the  tali* 
eft  fhips  in  thefe  times  might  fail  in  bQ»» 
twcen  its  legs.  The  image  of  the  v/ic- 
ked,  which  God  defpifeth,  is  their;out- 
ward  appearance,  glory,  and  happinefs, 
Pfal.  Ixxiii.  20.  The  image  of  the  beaft 
is  a  likcnefs  to  the  form  of  the  Hea^ 
then  empire,  or  the  fhadow  of  the  Ro- 
man empire  in  that  of  Germany,  Rev, 
xiii,  14.  15. 

To  IMAGINE,  is  to  form  a  repre- 
fentation in  our  mind  ;  to  devife,  PfaL 
xxxviii.  12.  Imagination  denotes, 
(i.)  The  firft  ideas,  purpofes,  and  in- 
clinations of  the  foul.  Gen.  vi.  5.  (2.) 
Corrupt  reafonings,  2  Cor.  x.  5.  In 
fundry  places,  the  original  word  might 
be  i^n^cx^d.  jlubhornvefs,  Jeniii.  17*  &c. 


I  M  M 

IMMEDIATELY; 
in  a  Hiort  time,  John  v.- 9. 


r  27  1 


1  N 


m  a  moment; 
Luke  XIX.  1 1. 

IMMORTAL  }  that  which  doth 
not  or  cannot  die.  God  is  immortal y 
and  only  hath  Immortalify  ;  he  hath  Hfe 
in  and  of  himfelf,  and  is  iniinitely  fe- 
cure  againit  death,  hurt,  or  ruin  of 
any  kind,  i  Tim.  i.  1 7.  vi.  1 6.  ^  The 
eternal  bleffednefs  of  the  faints  is  called 
•  imuwrtality  ;  it  can  never  ceafe,  and  is 
'free  from  fuch  pain,  corruption,  or  un- 
iightlinefs  as  attends  di^ath,  Rom.  ii. 
7.  ;  and  it  is  brought  to  light,  /.  e. 
more  clearly  difcovered  by  the  gofpel- 
difpenfation,  2  Tim.  i.  10.  Our  mor- 
tal body  ihali  put  on  immortality^  when 
it  (liall  glorioiifly  rife  from  the  dead, 
and  be  no  more  fubjeft  .to  any  tenden- 
cy towards  diflblution  or  wafting, 
i  Cor.  XV,  53. 

I M  M  U TAB  I L I TY  ;  unchange- 
ablenefsj   Heb.  vi,  17.  18. 

IMPART  ;  to  bellow  of  one's  M- 
nefs  on  others,  Luke  iii.  11.  The  a- 
poftles  were  willing  to  impart  their  fouls, 
■fpending  their  flrength,  exerting  their 
'ilcill,  and  expofing  their  hfe  to  edify 
their  hearers,  2  ThefT.  ii.  8. 

IMPEDIMENT  in  fpeech,  is  that 
which  hinders  one  to  fpeak  plain,  and 
makes  to  iiutler  or  itamnier,  Mark  vii. 

^"^IM^ENITENT;  not  difpofed  to 
repent  of  fms  committed,   Rom.  ii.  5, 

IMPERIOUS;  proudly  difpofed 
to  bear  rule,   Ezelc  xvi.  30. 

IMPLACABLE  ;  fcarcely  to  be 
pacified  or  reconciled,   Rom.  i.  31. 

IMPLEAD;  to  charge  with  crimes 
before  a  jiidtre.  Acts  xix.  38. 

-IMPORTUNITY ;  earneR,nefs  in 
•requeuing.  It  might  be  traullated 
J/jameli^/hfs, '  Liukt  yii.  S. 

IMPOSE  J  to  layer  bind  upon  one, 
Heb.  ix.  10. 

IMPOSSIBLE;  what  cannot  be 
done.  In  refpeilt  of  God's  nature,  it 
is  impojfible  for  him  to  lie,  or  deny  him- 
felf, Heb.  vi.  18.  Tit.  i.  2.  In  refpeft 
of  his  power,  nothing  good  is  impojfible 
to  him,  Luke  i.  37.  xviii.  27.  In  re- 
fpect  of  God's  purpoies  and  providcn- 
,  tial  methods,  it  is  impojjiole  that  offen- 
ces ihould  iiot  come,  or  thut  the  cie^t 


fliould  be  deceived,  Lukexni.  i.  Mat 
xxiv.  24.  In  refpedl  of  his  attendant 
power,  nothing  miraculous  was  impnjjlbh 
to  the^apoftles,  Matth.  xvii.  20.  That 
is  impojfible  for  men,  which  is  above  their 
ftrength,  Matth.  xix.  16. 

IMPOTENT;  weak;  difeafed  ; 
without  ability  in  legs,  feet,  £cc.  John 
V.  7,, 

IMPOVERISH;  to  make  poor;  to 
carry  off  wealth  from  one,  Jer.  v.  17. 

IMPRISON ;  to  fliut  up  in  prifon, 
Acts  xxii.  19. 

IMPUDENT;  fhamelefs  in  finning. 
Whores,  and-perfons  given  to  boldnefs 
in  wickednefs,  are  impudmty  Prov.  vii. 
13.   Ezek.  iii.  7. 

IMPUTE  ;  to  account  to  one,  in 
law-reckoning,  what  himfelf,  or  another 
in  his  room,  hath  done,  in  order  'to  re- 
ward or  punifii  him  for  it.  We  have 
i'lghteoufnefs  ivit/jout  works  itnputed  to  Ui., 
vv'hen  the  obedience  and  fuflerings  of 
Jefus  Chrift  in  our  flead  is  legally  rec- 
koned to  the  account  of  us  guilty  fin- 
ners,  to  render  us  righteous  in  law  be- 
fore God  as  a  judge,  Rom.  iv.  6.  1 1. 
Sin  is  hnpiitedy  when  one  is  charged 
with  it,  in  order  to  his  fuffering  of  pu- 
nifhment  for  it,  2  Sam.  xix,  19.  Lev. 
xvii,  4.  ;  and  the  not  imputing  it,  im- 
ports the  free  and  full  forgivenefs  of  it, 
■Rom.  v.  13..  In  order  to  warrant  fuch 
imputation,  the  a6lor  and  the  one  to 
v/hom  it -is  imputed  muft  be  one,  ei- 
ther really  or  legally.  .The  Chaldean 
king  imputed  his  power  to  his  god,  ac- 
counted his  idol  to  have  aififted  hjm  iii 
•conquering  the  nations,  Hab.  i.-  ij. 

IN  J  in  the  midft  of  a  thing,  or  ha- 
ving fome  very  clofe  connedtion  with 
it.  God  is  in  Chrill ;  is  one  with  him 
as  God  ;  has  the  clofell  connedion,  is 
well  pleaf«l  -with  and  reconciled  to  men 
in  him  ;^  and  Chriil  is  in  him  ;  has  the 
fame  nature  as  his  Father,  John  xiv.  10. 
2  Cor.  v.  19.  God  is  in  all  the  faints, 
is  fpecially  united  to  ajid  dwells  in  them 
by  his  fpirit,  Eph.  iv.  6.  God  purpo- 
ied  in  Chrijl ;  conaefted  with  him  as 
our  covenant-head,  he  purpofed  to  ef- 
fect our  whole  falvalion  through  Chrilt, 
Eph.  iii.  1 1.  The  law  of  the  Spirit  of 
-life  is  -in  Chrift  ;  the  aew  covenant  is 
D  2  eflablifhcd 


IN  [28 

•fttblinied  with  him  ;  he  is  the  ^reat 
a^cnt  in  it,  and  means  of  its  operation. 
The  Holy  Ghoft,  as  the  Spirit  of 
Chrift,  operates  in  us,  by  uniting  us 
to  and  maintaining  our  fcllovvniip  with 
Chrill,  Rom.  viii.  2.  To  believe  or 
truft  in  Chrift,  or  in  God,  or  in  his 
name,  is,  in  a  way  of  receiving  Chrift, 
and  God  /'//  him,  as  the  hufband  and 
faviour  of  our  foul,  offered  in  the  pro- 
mifes,  to  expert  from  his  perfeAions, 
relations,  and  work  whatever  is  g(;od 
and  neceffary  for  us,  John  dv.  i.  To 
live,  move,  and  have  our  being  in  God, 
is  to  e\ift  and  a£l  by  virtue  of  our  con- 
nexion with  him,  and  by  his  fupport- 
ing  and  aftuating  influence,  A6ls  xvii. 
28.  Col.  i.  3.  The  truth  is  in  Chrift  ; 
he  is  the  fubftance  and  e  .emplification 
of  it ;  by  his  death  it  is  ratified  ;  and 
in  beholding  and  receiving  of  him,  its 
light  and  glory  are  perceived,  and  its 
power  felt,  Eph.  iv.  21.  2  Cor.  i.  21. 
"We  are  bleffed,  chofen,  called,  jufti- 
iicd,  adopted,  fanftified,  and  obtain  an 
inheritance  in  Chrift  ;  our  whole  falva- 
tion  was  concerted  with  him  as  our' 
Surety,  purchafed  by  him  as  our  Ran- 
fomer,  is  lodged  in  him  as  our  treaiu- 
r)"-,  and  in  a  ftate  of  union  to  him,  we 
Ihare  of  it ;  and  the  enjoyment  of  him 
as  the  Lord  ourwifdum,  righteoufnefs, 
fanclification,  and  redemption,  is  the 
fum  of  it,  Eph.  i.  3.  4.  6.  &c.  We 
are  in  Chrift,  and  he  in  us.  He  dwells 
in  our  heart  by  faith,  and  \\c  are  clofe- 
ly  united  to  him  as  our  furety,  our 
head,  hufband,  and  root  of  fpiritual  in- 
fluence, John  xvii.  26.  Rom.  wi.  7. 
But  perfons  are  faid  to  be  in  Chrift,  if 
they  are  members  of  his  vihble  church, 
and  in  outy/ard  profefilon  joined  to  him, 
John  XV,  6.  To  glory  in  the  Lord,  is 
to  make  him  the  object  of  our  fpiritual 
boafting,  i  Cor.  i.  31.  To  be  ftrong 
in  the  Lord,  be  faithful  in  the  Lord, 
labour  in  the  Lord,  and  falute  others 
in  the  Lord,  is,  in  a  ftate  of  union  to 
Jefus's  perfon,  and  e.-ercife  of  daily  re- 
ceiving out  of  his  fulncfs,  to  ftudy  f  aith- 
fulnefs  and  diligence  in  the  work  of 
preaching  the  gofpel,  or  pradiftng  ho- 
linefs ;  and  to  Idlute  others  from  love 
to  the  Lord,  and  on  account  of  their 


10.    I 


Cor. 
To  be  dead 
is  to  be 


1     .  .  ^  ^  ^ 

bearing  his  image,  Eph.  vi. 
iv.  17.  Rom.  vi.  12.  22. 
in  fm,  or  perifh  in  iniquity, 
under  the  reigning  power  of  it,  and  to 
be  dead  and  perifli  by  means  of  it,  Eph, 
ii.  I.  J.-fh.  \xii.  20.  John  viii.  21.  The 
accurate  confideration  of  the  fenfe  of 
this  prepiifition  in,  is  often  of  great 
ufe  to  lead  to  the  true  meaning  of  ma- 
ny infpired  te-  ts. 

INCENSE  ;  that  which  is  ordina- 
rily fo  called,  is  a  precious  and  fragrant 
gum,  iftuing  from  the  fraiikincenfe  tree. 
The  incenie  ufed  i;;  the  Jewifli  ofrer'^ 
ings,  at  leaft  that  which  was  burnt  on 
the  altar  of  incenfe  and  before  the  ark, 
was  a  precious  mi:ture  of  fweet  fpices, 
ftafte,  onycha,  galbanum,  and  pure 
fraukincenfe,  beaten  very  fmall.  None 
but  priefts  were  to  burn  it,  nor  was 
any,  under  pain  of  death,  to  make  any 
like  to  it.  This  incenfe  was  burnt  twice 
a-day  on  the  golden  altar.  On  the 
faft  of  e  piation,  two  hands  full  of  it 
was  burnt  before  the  ark,  in  the  Holy 
of  hohes,  to  prevent  every  curious  and 
dangerous  look  to  the  ark.  By  it 
was  fignified  Chrift's  precious,  hearty, 
powerful, .  and  conftant  intercefiion 
within  the  vail,  on  the  footing  of  his 
own  righteoufnefs,  which  renders  us 
and  our  fpiriiuai  fervices  acceptable  to 
God,  E  od.  Kxx.  34. — 38.  Lev.  xvi. 
12. — 14.  Accep'tabie  prayers  and  prai- 
fes  are  called  incenfe  and  ofiering,  Mai. 
i.  1 1.   Pfal.  ckH.  2. 


To  be  iNCEMSED  agaiuft  one,  is  to 
be  filled  with  rage  and  enmity,  If.  xli. 
II.  nIv.  24. 

INCHANT.     See  Divination. 

INCLINE.  The  ear  is  inclined, 
when  it  carefully  liftens  to  hear,  Prov. 
V.  13.  The  heart  is  inclined,  when  it 
earneftly  affeds,  delires,  or  ftudies, 
Judg.  1.3,  The  houfe  of  an  harlot 
inclines  to  death.  Men's  going  into  it, 
or  indulging  themfclves  in  whoredoms, 
confirms  fpiritual  death,  and  haft  ens  for- 
ward temporal  and  eternal  death,  Prov, 
ii.  18. 

INCLOSE;  (i.)  Tocompafs;  ftiut 

up   round    about,    as   with    a   wall   or 

hedge,    Pfal.  xxii.  16.       (2.)    To  fix 

in  the  middle  of  a  furrounding  piece  of 

•  metal. 


INC  [2 

metal,  E-cod.  :!jxxl  .  6.  The  church 
is  tnclofed ;  protedled  by  God,  and  cou- 
iecratcd  to  his  fole  honour  and  ufe, 
Song  iv.  12.  Men  are  tnclofed  in  their 
own  fat,  when  they  can  fcavce  fee  for 
plumpncfs  ;  when  their  wealth  abounds 
G\\  every  fide,  and  their  hearts  are  ftu- 
pid  and  deftitute  of  the  fear  of  God, 
Pfal.  xvii.  lo.  God  inclofcs  mens  ways 
with  hewn  Hone,  when,  by  outward 
calamities,  he  bereaves  them  of  liberty, 
eafc,  or  hope  of  outqate.  Lam.  iii.  9. 

INCONTINENT;  given  to  un- 
challity  and  intemperance,  2  Tim.  iii. 
3.  Incontinencv  ;  an  inability  to 
refrain  defire  of  the  lawful  pleafures  of 
marriage,   2  Cor.  vii.  5, 

INCORRUPTIBLE;  what  can- 
not grow  worfe,  or  rot.  Corruption 
puts  on  incorruptiony  when  our  once  cor- 
i-upted  and  rotvcn  bodies  are  rendered 
altogether  free  of  all  vilenefs,  or  ten- 
dency towards  death,   i  Cor.  xv.  59. 

INCREASE.     See  grow. 

INCREDIBLE  ;  what  cannot  be 
believed.  The  refurrection  of  the 
dead,  is  not  incredible;  God's  power 
and  wifdom  can  cfiect  it  ;  his  iuftice 
and  goodnefs  require  i:  ;  his  word 
plainly  foretels  it  ;  and  his  providence 
hath  already  given  pledges  of  it.  Ads 
xxvi.  8. 

INCURABLE  ;  what  cannot  be 
bjakd,  2  Chron.  xxi.  18.;  or  what 
can  hardly  be  healed,  |er.  xxx.  12. 

INDEED;  (i.)  truly;  affuredly, 
Dcut.  ii.  15.  (2.)  Eminently;  \\\  a 
veiy  hngular  manner.  So  Chriil  makes 
free  indeed,  with  a  glorious  liberty, 
which  can  never  be  taken  away,  John 
viii.  31.  36.  His  flelli  and  blood  are 
meat  indeed,  fuited  to  every  perfon,  and 
are  quickening  to  the  foul  ;  do  fecure 
everlaiHng  life  and  flrength,  and  are 
inhnitely  fweet  and  fubilantial,  John 
vi.  55.  And  an  Ifraelite  indeed,  is  one 
truly  and  eminently  holy,  and  noted 
for  wrellling  with  God,  John  i.  47. 
Widows  indeed,  are  fuch  as  behave 
g^iavely  and  piouily,  aniwerably  to  their 
condition,  and  are  really  poor  and  def- 
titute,    I  Tim.  v.  3.  5.  16. 

INDIA ;  a  large  country  on  the 
fouth  of  Alia,   extendincj  from   north 


9     ]  INF 

to  fouth  about  2400  miles,  and  from 
eaft  to  weft  1 800.  It  is  chiefly  water- 
ed by  the  Indus  on  the  weft,  and  the 
Ganges  and  Burrampooter  in  the  middle 
of  the  country,  and  the  various  rivers 
that  run  into  thefe  three.  The  foil  is 
very  fruitful  in  rice,  millet,  fruits,  and 
fpices.  This  country  affords  elephants, 
camels,  monkeys,  mines  of  gold  and 
filvcr,  diamonds,  rubies,  and  almoft  all 
manner  of  precious  ftones.  The  em- 
pire of  the  Perlians  and  Greeks  ex- 
tended to  the  north-weft  parts  of  it, 
Efth.  i.  I. 

INDIGNATION;  anger  kind- 
led to  a  very  high  degree.  Jeremiah 
was  filled  with  indignation  by  God  ;  he 
was  appointed  to  deliver  meflages  of 
vyrath  ;  he  was  expofed  to  trouble,  and 
to  the  fury  of  the  Jews,  and  moved 
with  holy  zeal  againft  their  evil  ways, 
Jer.  xv.  17. 

INDITE  ;  to  form  thoughts  for 
fpeech  or  writing.  The  word  figni- 
fies  to  boil  up,  as  water  in  a  fpring ; 
or,  as  the  facred  oil  in  the  frying-pan, 
Pial.  xlv.  I. 

INDUSTPaOUS;  fenfiblc,  and 
active  in  bulinefs,    i  Kings  xi.  28. 

INFALLIBLE;  which  cannot 
fail ;  cannot  admit  of  any  doubt,   Ads 

i-  3- 

INFAMY.     See  reproach. 

INFANT;  a  child  almoft  newly- 
born,  X^uke  xviii.  15.  During  the 
Millennium,  there  JJjall  not  he  an  infant 
of  days  i  profefTors  of  Chriftianity  ftiall 
not  be  fo  ignorant,  or  eafily  tempted 
to  fin,  as  now  ;  nor  perhaps  fliah  infants 
fo  frequently  die  as  now.   If.  Ixv.  20. 

INFERIOR;  leffer  in  honour, 
wealth,  wifdom,  or  excellency.  Job 
xii.  3. 

INFIDEL  ;  an  Heathen,  who  be- 
lieves not  tlie  revelations  of  God  in 
fcripture,   2  Cor.  vi.  15.    i  Tim.  v.  8. 

INFINITE  ;  ( I.)  Exceeding  great, 
Nah.  iii.  9.  (2.)  Altogether  unbound- 
ed, Pfal.  cxlvi).  5. 

INFIRMITY.     See  weakness. 

INFLAME  ;  to  fet  on  fire.  Wine 
ipjinincs  men,  if  drunk  to  excefs  ;  it 
too  much  heats  the  bodily  conftitution, 
and   provokes  ileihly  lufts,    If.  v.  1 1. 

Men 


I  N  F 


Men  inflame  themfelves  with  idols,  when 
they  have  a  burning  zeal  for  their  fer- 
vicc  and  worfhip,  and  are  ready  to  ex- 
pend their  wealth,  honour,  and  llrength 
in  it,  If.  Ivii.  5.  Inflammation  ;  a 
burning  boil,  either  in  the  inner  or 
outer  part  of  the  body,  occafioned  by 
•an  exceflive  flow  oi  the  blood  into  that 
part ;  or  the  blood  lx:comes  too  thick, 
■or  the  fibres  are  relaxed  or  bruifed, 
X)eut,  xxviii.  22. 

INFLUENCE ;  the  virtue  that 
<f!ows  from  one  thing  to  anotlier,  as 
from  the  fun,  moon,  liars,  or  rain,  tp 
caufe  the  earth  bring  forth  fruit,  Job 
;cxxviii,  31. 

INFOLD  ;  to  wrap  up  ;  catx:h  hold 
«rf,  Ezek.  i.  4. 

INGATHERING  ;  the  feafl,  of 
ingathering,  «i>/2i.  after  all  the  produA 
•of  fields  and  vineyards  was  gathered  in, 
Mas  the  fame  with  the  feast  of  taber- 
aiacles,  Exod.y.xiii.  I'6. 


I       30       ] 


INS 


.INGRAFT. 
INHABIT ; 

3ITATION. 

INHERIT. 
•INIOUITY. 


See   GRAFF. 

to  dwell  in.    See 


See  HEIR. 
^_  See  SIN. 

INJURE;  to  do  one  wrong  or  in- 
^uftice.  Gal.  iv.  12.  An  injurious  per- 
'fon,  is  one  that  does  wrong  tx>  God, 
his  people,  tfc.   1  Tim.  i.  13. 

IN'K  ;  a  liquor  for  writing  with  on 
paper,  parchmtnt,  iyc.  Common  ink 
is  made  of  galls,  copperas,  gum  ara- 
ble, vitriol,  iifc.  Printer's  ink  is  made 
of  nut  or  lintieed  oil,  turpentine,  and 
lamp-black.  Cliinefc  or  Indian  ink  is 
a  rare  compofition  of  fmcke-black,  e- 
fpecially  of  that  of  fat  pork,  with  lorne 
•oil  and  odoriferous  ingredients  ;  and  is 
^made  up  in  folid  pieces,  which  muH 
be  diiToived  in  water,  Jcr.  xxxvi.  i8. 
2  John  1-2.  .  3  John  13.  In  the  Le- 
-Trantj  great  men  affix  their  feals  to 
■deeds  with  ink.  The  people  of  the 
Xail  were  wont  to  carry  their  ink- 
horns  by  their  fide,  and  to  this  day 
the  iecretanes  or  writers  in  Turkey 
-do  fo.  Jelus  Chrift  is  reprefented  as 
'having  an  ink-born  at  his  lide,  to  de- 
note his  readiiicfs  to  mark  out  his 
speople  for  prefer'vation,  arnidft  com- 
£j:mn  caliunitits,   Ezek.  ix.  2.  3..;:. 


INN  ;  a  place  for  trrivellers  to  lodge 
or  refrelh  themfelves  at.  In  ancient 
times,  hofpitality  was  fo  common, 
that  inns  were  much  lefs  neceflary  thai. 
now  :  yet  it  appears  there  were  fome. 
Gen.  xlii.  27.  Chrift's  church  is  an 
inn ;  tlrere  his  people  travelling  to 
glory  lodge  and  refrefli  themfelves, 
and  are  under  the  care  of  his  angels 
and  mini{lers,  Luke  x.  34. 

INNOCENT;  not  guilty  of 
crimes;  not  guil^'.y  of  fome  particular 
crimes,  Job  xxii.  30. 

INNUMERABLE;  fo  many  as 
cannot  be  numbered,  Job  xxi.  ^^. 

INORDINATE;  difcrderly  ;  ex- 
ceflive,  Ezek.  xxiii.  11.    Col.  iii.  5. 

INQUISITION;  fearch;  exami'- 
nation,  Beut.  xi.K..'i8.  God  makes 
inquifition  for  blood,  when,  in  his  provi. 
•dcnce,  he  difcovers  and  p?iiiilhes  mur-. 
dertrs  arid  oppreflbrs,  PiaL  ix.  12. 

•INSCRIPTION,  or  SUPERSCRIP- 
TION ;  a  writing  on  pillars,  altars, 
marble,  coins,  &r.  Ads  xvii.  23. 
•Matth.  xxii.  20.  Anciently  the  hif- 
tory  of  nations  and  the  principles  of 
fcience  were  often  marked  in  infcrip- 
tions.  A  Grecian  hiftory  of  about 
13 1 8  years  was  infcril5ed  on  the  A- 
rundelian  marbles.  -Graevius  has  filled 
three  volumes  in  folio,  with  infcrip- 
tions  of  the  ancient  Greeks  and  Ro- 
■mans.  At  leall  an  abridgement  of 
Mofes's  law,-  or  a  copy  of  the  bleflings 
and  curfes,  was  inlcribed  on  the  altj^r 
at  Eba],  Deut.  xxvii.  8. 

INSPIRATION  ;  God's  convey, 
ing  of  directive  and  exciting  influence 
to  mens  fouls.  Job  xxxii.  8.  The  in- 
Jpiraiion  whereby  God  indited  his  word, 
was  not  merely  his  iuperintending  the 
minds  of  the  facred  writers,  fo  as  to 
keep  them  from  grolfer  faults,  but  his 
imprefling  their  mind?  in  fuch  a  man- 
ner as  fully  convinced  them  they  were 
moved  of  God,  and  his  (uggefling  to 
them  what  they  ihould  write,  and 
words  fit  for  exprefling  it.  Should  we, 
with  fome  learned  men,  admit  fuperin- 
tendency  to  preitrve  from  grofs  errors, 
and  no  more,  our  Bible  may  be  a  inafs 
of  frnailer  errors,  even   in   its   orijriiial 


;ht :  ai>d  if 


ongi 
a(knit  the  writers 
to 


INS-  [     3 

to- have  been  left  to  thcmrelves-m  the 
choice  of  thei'r  words,  for  aught  we 
know,  they  may  have  every  where  ex- 
prefTed  their  juft  ideas  in  words  very 
improper,   2  Tim.  iii.  16. 

INSTANT  ;  very  eager  and  ear- 
ned, Rom.  xii.  12.  An  tnjlanty  is  a 
moment,  or  fhort  period  of  time,  Jer. 
xviii.  7.   Luke  ii.  38. 

INSTRUCT.     See  teach. 

INSTRUMENT;  a  tool  .where- 
with one  labours,  plays  mufic,  ^c. 
Exod.  XXV.  9.  The  fecond  caufes, 
whereby  God  executes  his '  Avorks  of 
mercy  or  judgement,  are  his  injirumentsy 
il".  xli.  15.  Sword,  famine,  peftilence, 
and  difeafcs,  are  his  wjiruments  of  death, 
Pfal.  vii»  13."  Mens  bodies,  or  mem- 
bers, are  tnjlruments  of  righteoufnefs  or 
unrighteoufnefs  ;  are  as  it  were  tools 
whereby  we  work  the  one  or  the  other 
in  outward  acls,  Rom.  vi.  13.  The 
cjU  tnjiruments  of  the  churl,  are  the 
fmful  methods  which  he  ufeth  tt)  in- 
creafe  his  wealth.  If.  xxxii.  7.  Ze- 
chariah  took  to  him  the  injlruments  of 
a  foolifh  ftiepherd,  a  fcrip  and  llafF, 
and  behaved  as  a  foolifh  fhepherd  :  this 
fignified  the  foolifhnefs  and  tyranny  of 
the  Jewiih  rulers  after  the  time  of 
Chrift.  Some  think  it  alfo  marked 
the  foolifimefs  and  tyranny  of  the  Ro- 
miih  popes:  Zech.  xi.  15.  16.  The 
injlruments  of  cruelty  in  Simeon  and 
Levi's  habitations,  were  their  fwords, 
therewith  they  had  murdered  the  She- 
chemites,  Gen.  xlix.  5. 
^  INSURRECTION ;  a  rebellious 
rifmg  of  fubjefts  againil  their  magif- 
trates,  Pfal.  Kiv.  2.  Mark  xv.  2. 

INTANGLE ;  to  bring  into  trouble 
or  danger,  that  one  can  hardly  efcape, 
iDie  Hebrevt's  were  tntangled  at  the 
Red-fea,  the  fea  being  before  them, 
the  Egyptians  behind  them,  and  rug- 
ged rocks  en  every  hand  of  them, 
Exod.  xiv.  3.  The  Jews  thought  to 
intangle  Chiift  in  his  talk,  by  decoying 
him  to  fpeak  fomething  criminal,  and 
v;hich  he  could  not  excufe  or  defend, 
Mitth.  xxii.  15,  The  Jews  were  in- 
tangled  with  the  inflaving  yoke  of  cere- 
monies ;  fo  fixedly  accuftomed  to  them, 
»A  aeither  to  be  able  or  willing  to  free 


I     ]  TNT 

thenifelves  therefrom.  Gal.  v.  i.    Mca. 

are  intnngled  by  their  lufls,  when  fo  Jn-- 
veigled  and  fixed  in  a  courfe  of  fin^ 
that  they  neither  v/ill  nor  can  leave  it,. 
2  Pet.  ii.  20.  Men  are  tntangled  \n  the 
affairs  of  this  life,  when  their  care  ofjj, 
and  labour  therein,  diflrail  and. capti- 
vate their  minds,   2  Tim.  ii.  4. 

INTEGRITY  ;  downright  honef. 
ty,  fincerity.  Job  xxvii.  5. 

INTELLIGENCE ;  correfpond- 
ence  for  information,  Dan.  xi.  30. 

INTEND  ;  to  aim  ;  to  purpofe^ 
Afts  V.  28.  35.  Intent  ;  end,  2  Sam. 
xvii.  14.  A(^s  x.  29.  The  intents  of 
the  hearty  are  its  fecret  purpofes  and 
aims,  Jer  xxx.  24. 

INTERCESSION;  a  pleading  in 
behalf  ot  others.  Chrifl  maketh  inter- 
ce/fion  for  us  ;  he  appears  before  God 
in  our  nature,  and  pleads,  that  the 
blefTmgs  purchafed  with  his  blood  may 
be  given  us.  If.  liii.  12.  Rom.  iii.  34. 
The  Holy  Ghofl  makes  intercejfwn  for 
us  wath  groanings  that  cannot  be  ut- 
tered ;  he  excites  to  prayer,  direfts 
what  to  aflc,  and  enables  to  offer  our 
requefts  to  God  in  a  duly  earned  man- 
ner, Rom.  viii.  26.  We  make  inter" 
cejfon  for  men,  when  we  plead  with 
God  on.  their  behalf,  and  for  his  gifts; 
and  graces  to  them,  i  Tim.  ii.  i .  In 
a  time  of  univerfal  apcilafy,  God  won- 
dered that  there  was  no  inter cejfor^ 
none  to  ftand  up  in  behalf  of  religion, 
and  wreflle  with  him  for  the  turning 
away  of  his  wrath,   If.  lix.  1 6. 

INTERMEDDLE;  (i.)  To  at- 
tempt to  deal  in,  Prov.  xviii.  i».  (2.) 
To  fhare  of,    Prov.  xiv.  10. 

INTERMISSION;  ceafmg,break- 
ing  off  a  little,  Lam.  iii.  49. 

INTERPRET;  (i.)  To  explain 
the  words  of  one  language  into  thofe 
of  another,  i  Cor.  xii.  30.  (2.)  Tc» 
fhew  the  fenfe  of  fomething  myilerioua 
and  obfcure,  Gen.  xli.  8.  Jellis  is  aa 
interpreter,  one  ?.mc ng  a  thoufand  :  hc» 
by  the  powerful  illumination  of  hia 
word  and  Spirit,  explains  and  fhows 
unto  men  the  deep  and  dark  things  o£ 
God,  Job  xx\iii.  23. 

INTREAT;  (I.)  Tobefeech;  tOL 
beg  carheilly  ;  to  pray,  Exod.  liii.  8. 

•    Genv 


t  N  T  t     3 

Gen.  xy.ili.8.  Ruth  i.  i6.  (2.)  To  enter- 
tain ;  deal  with,  Cen.  \u.  16.  Exod. 
V.  22.  To  be  inlreated^  is,  kindly  to  re- 
gard and  grant  a  requefl:,  '.-en.  xxv.  21. 

INTRUDE;  proudly  toprefs  in 
by  force  ;  to  pry  intd  things  above 
our  reach,  and  which  we  have  no  call 
nor  need  to  know,  Col.  ii.  18. 

INVADE  ;  to  enter  a  country, 
with  a  view  to  cut  off  or  fubdue  the 
inhabitants,  or  to  carry  off  their  wealth, 
2  Kings  yiii.  20. 

INVENT  ;  to  contrive  ;  find  out. 
Inventions  are,  (i.)  Wife  contri- 
vances, refpefting  knowledge,  arts, 
management,  Prov.  viii.  12.  (2.)  I- 
dolatrous  and  other  finful  devices  and 
practices,  contrived  by  men,  to  render 
themfelves  happy  or  honoured,  Pfal. 
cvi.  29.   xci  .  8.   Eccl.  vii.  29. 

INVISIBLE  ;  what  cannot  be  feen 
by  our  bodily  eyes,   Rom.  i.  20. 

INWARD.  Inward  parts,  denote 
the  foul  or  heart  :  and  hi-zvard  fignifies 
what  belongs  to  the  foul,  Pfal.  li.  6. 
An  inivard friend,  is  one  who  truly  and 
from  the  heart  loves  us  ;  or  who  is 
very  familiar  with  us,  and  (hares  of  our 
fecrets,  Job  xi\.  19. 

JOAB,  the  fon  of  Zeruiah,  brother 
ti  Abifliai  and  Afahel,  the  nephew  and 
general  of  King  David,  was, a  faithful 
and  valiant  commander  ;  but  imperious, 
cruel,  and  revengeful.  No  doubt  h'e 
attended  his  uncle  in  his  exile,  under 
Saul.  At  Gibeon,  he  finfully  com- 
plied with  Abner's  propoial  of  a  com- 
bat betwixt  twelve  on  each  fide,  of 
JDavid's  and  Ifhboffieth's  men.  That 
very  day  he  defeated  the  troops  under 
Abner,  but  loll  Afahel  his  brother. 
To  revenge  his  death,  he  afterv/ards 
treacherouHy  murdered  Abner  ;  nor 
curft  David  punifh  him  for  fo  doing, 
as  he  and  his  brother  Abifliai  had  the 
troops  fo  much  at  their  beck.  By 
firft  entering  the  city  of  Jerufalem, 
and  driving  back  the  Jebufite  guards, 
he  procured  himfelf  the  office  of  com- 
mander to  all  the  Hebrew  troops. 
Chiefly  under  his  direftion  of  the  army, 
the  Moabites,  Phihflines,  Edomites, 
Syrians,  and  Am.monites,  were  ren- 
dered tributary  to  Ifrael.     At  David's 


\  1.  JO  A 

dire^iion,  he  bafely  promoted  the 
murder  of  Uriah.  By  his  dircf^lion 
the  widow  of  Tekoah  procured  Abfa- 
lom's  return  from  exile.  He  after- 
wards procured  his  admiffion  to  court  ; 
but  was  his  hearty  oppofer  when  he 
rebelled  againft  his  father  ;  and,  con- 
trary to  David's  orders,  killed  him, 
as  he  hung  by  his  hair  on  an  oak-tree. 
He  wifely,  but  harfhly,  chid  David 
for  his  excelfive  and  ill-timed  forro^v 
for  Abfalom's  death,  and  his  neglec?!. 
of  the  brave  warriors  who  had  routed 
the  rebellious  hoft.  The  killing  of 
A'bfalom,  and  this  harfli  ufage,  David 
refented,  by  difplacing  him  from  his 
generalfhip,  and  putting  Amafa  his 
coufin,  and  the  commander  of  Abfa- 
lom's hoft,  in  his  room.  Joab,  how- 
ever, attended  his  brother  Abifhai's 
troop,  as  a  volunteer,  in  the  purfuit 
of  Sheba  the  fon  of  Bichri,  who  had 
raifed  a  new  rebellion.  He  quick- 
ly murdered'  Amafa,  when  he  came 
up,  and  refumed  his  command.  He 
purfued,  and  quickly  procured,  the 
head  of  Sheba,  and  quafhed  his  rebel- 
lion. He  wifely  remonftrated  againft 
David's  numbering  the  people,  but 
was  obliged  to  execute  that  tallv  ;  and 
in  ten  months  performed  the  greater 
part  of  it,  2  Sam.  ii.  iii.  v.  viii. —  xri. 
xiv.  xviii. — xx.  xxiv.  When,  through 
old  age,  David  concerned  himfelf  little 
in  the  government  of  the  kingdom, 
Joab  and  Abiathar,  contrary  to  their 
mafter's  known  intentions,  thought  to 
have  fet  up  Adonijah  to  be  his  fuccef- 
for.  The  attempt  mifcanied,  but 
tended  to  increafe  David's  difguft  at 
Joab.  On  his  death-bed,  he  requefted 
Solomon  to  punifli  him  for  the  murder 
of  Abner  and  Amafa.  Some  time  af- 
ter David's  death,  Joab,  hearing  that 
Adonijah  was  executed  by  Solomon's 
orders,  fled  to  the  horns  of  the  brazen 
altar  at  Gibeon,  for  refuge.  Solomon 
fent  Benaiah,  now  general  of  the  hoft, 
to  require  him  to  quit  his  place  of  pro- 
teftion.  Joab  refufed,  and  faid  he 
would  die  on  the  fpot.  Solomon  or- 
dered him  to  be  killed  where  he  was. 
This  being  done,  he  was  buried  'in  his 
own  houfe,inthe  wildernefs,  i  Kings i.ii* 

JOASH, 


J  O  A 

JO  ASH,    or    Jehoash 
«.F  Ahaxlah  king   of  Judah.     Jehofl-ic- 
bah,  the  wife   of  Jehoiada  the    high- 
prieft,    his  aunt,  preferved   him   from 
the  murderous  defigns  of  Athaliak, 
his  grandmother,   when  he   was  but  a 
year  old,  and  kept  him  hid  fix  ycurs  in 
a  chamber  belonging    to    the  temple. 
When  he  was  feven  years   of  age,  Je- 
hoiada entered  into  a  folemn  covenant 
with  Azariah  the  fon  of  Jeroham,  Ifii- 
rFaael  the  fon   of  Jehohanan,   Azariah 
the   fon  of  Obed,    Maafeiah  the  fon  of 
Adaiah,      and   Elilhaphat   the   fon   of 
"Zichri,    to    f<!t    up    young  Joafli    for 
their  fovereign,  and  dethrone  the  wick- 
ed Athaliah.     After  preparing  matters 
^n  the  kingdom,  and  bringing  the  Le- 
icites,  and  fucli    others  as  they  could 
tru'ft,  to  Jerufalem,  they  crowned  him 
in  the  court  of  the  temple  with  great 
folemnity.     Alarmed  with  the  accla- 
mations,   Athaliah  run  to   the   court, 
but  was  quickly  carried  forth  and  flain. 
Joafh  and  his  fubjefts  covenanted  with 
the  Lord  to  ferve  him  only,  and  with 
one    another.      No    fooner  was  Joafli 
placed  in  the  palace,  than  the  people 
pulled  down  the  ftatue  of   Baal,  and 
demolilhed  his  temple,  and  flew  Mat- 
tan    his   prieft ;    but   the   high   places 
were  not  removed.     Jehoiada  then,    as 
tutor  for  Joafh,   fet  on  foot  the  repairs 
of  the   temple;    but   it   was  fo   flowly 
done,  that  in  the  23d  year  of  Joaili  it 
was  fcarce  begun.    Iniligated  by  Joafli, 
Jehoiada  fet  about    it   effetfually,   by 
a  voluntary  colleclipn.     While    Jehoi- 
ada lived,    Joafli   zealoufly    promoted 
reformation  ;  but   no   fooner  was  that 
high-prieft    in  his    grave,    than  Joafli 
hearkened    to    his    wicked    courtiers. 
The  worfliip  of  God  was   neglected, 
and  idolatry  prevailed.     Zechariah  the 
prieft,  the  fon   of  Jehoiada,  faithfully 
warned  the  people  of  their  fin  and  dan- 
ger.    By  order  of  Joafli,  his  ungrate- 
ful coufin,  he  was  floned  to  death  be- 
tween the  porch  and  the  altar.     This 
martyr,  when  dying,  aflured  them  that 
his  death  fliould  be  divinely  revenged. 
His  prediction  was  quickly  accomplifli- 
ed.       Hazael    invaded    the    kingdom  ; 
but,  with  a  large  fnm  of  money,  Joafli 
Vol.  II 


r       33       1 

the    fon     redeemed 


his  capital  from  plunder. 
About  a  year  after,  a  fmall  holt  of  Sy- 
rians ravaged  the  country,  defeated 
the  huge  army  of  Joafli,  pillaged  his 
capital,  and  murdered  liis  princes.  Af- 
ter loading  himfelf  with  ignominy  and 
difgrace,  they  left  him  ;  but  his  own 
fervants,  foon  after,  murdered  him  in 
his  own  bed,  in  the  41ft  year  of  his 
reign,  y/.  AT.  31 16;  and  he  was  bu- 
ried in  the  royal  city,  but  not  in  the 
fepulchres  of  the  kings,  2  Kings  xi. 
xii.   2  Chron.  xxiii.  xxjv. 

JoASH,  or  Jehoash,  fon  of  Jeho- 
ahaz,  and  grandfon  of  Jehu.  After 
a  reign  of  two  years  in  Gonjun6:ion 
with  his  father,  he  reigned  fourteen 
more  alone  over  the  kingdom  of  Ifrael. 
He  copied  after  the  wickednefs  of  Je- 
roboam the  Ion  of  Nebat,  and  perhaps 
honoured  him  with  the  name  of  his 
fon.  By  Joafl\,  God  delivered  the  If- 
raelites  from  their  Syrian  oppreflbrs. 
With  no  fmall  concern  he  vifited  the 
prophet  Eliflia  in  his  dying  moments  ; 
and  from  him  had  the  prtdiClion  of  a 
triple  vi6lory  over  the  Syrians,  joafli 
hud  not  long  routed  the  Syrians,  and 
recovered  the  cities  which  they  had 
taken  from  Ifrael,  when  Amaziah  king 
of  Judah  provoked  him  to  war ;  but 
Joafli  defeated  him,  pillaged  his  capi- 
tal, and  returned  to  Samaria  in  triumph, 
and  died  yl.  M.  31 79>  2  Kings  xiii. 
2  Cliron.  XXV. 

JOB,  a  noted  inhabitant  of  the  land 
of  Uz,  eaftward  of  Gilead.  An  ad- 
dition to  the  Septuagint  verfion  of  his 
book,  as  well  as  Philo,,  Arifteas,  and. 
Polyhiftor,  and  a  great  many  of  the 
fathers,  reckoned  him  the  fame  as  j^o- 
i/ab,  one  of  the  ancient  kings  of  Edom, 
an4  third  in  defcent  from  Efau  ;  but  it 
is  more  probable  that  he  was  a  defcend- 
ant  of  Nahor,  by  Huz  his  eldeft  fon, 
as  Elihu  was  by  Buz  his  fecond.  Dr 
Owen  thinks  Job  was  contemporary 
with  Abraham  :  but  how  then  could 
Eliphaz,  a  defcendant  of  Efau,  have 
been  his  aged  friend  ?  Some  place  him 
as  late  as  the  times  of  Ezekiel :  but 
how  then  have  we  no  allufion  in  his 
book  to  the  paflage  of  the  Elebrewi* 
through  the  Red  fca,  or  their  entrance 
E  inttti 


JOB 

into  Canaan,  thoucjh  there  is  to  the 
dehige,  and  to  the  burning  of  Sodom 
and  Gomorrah  with  fire  and  brim- 
ftone  ?  This  renders  it  probable  that 
his  afflidion  was  before  the  Hebrews 
departure  from  Egypt  ;  though  per- 
haps a  great  part  of  his  140  years  h'fe 
aft'.nvards  might  be  pofterior  to  it. 
This  is  confirmed  by  the  confideration 
of  Ehphaz,  his  aged  friend,  who  fpoke 
firft,  his  being    a   Temanite,  and  con- 

fequently  at  Icaft  a  great-grandchild  of  vants  they  murdered.  He  next 
Efau.  Some  have  pretended,  that  the 
whole  book  of  Job  is  but  a  dramatic 
fiction,  and  that  no  fuch  perfon  ever 
exifted  :  but  God's  mention  of  him  as 
a  righteous  man,  together  with  Noah 
and  Daniel,  and  James's  teitimony  to 
his  patience  and  happy  end,  fufFiciint- 
ly  refute  that  imagination,  Ezek,  xiv. 
James  v.  1 1. 

At  firft,  Job  was  in  a  very  profper- 
ous  condition  ;  he  had  feven  fons  and 
three  daughters,  who  lived  in  the  ut- 
moll  harmony  and  affluence  :  he  had  a 
prodigious  number  of  iiocks,  herds, 
and  fervants;  and  was  the  greatell 
man  in  that  country.  His  piety  and 
integrity  were  diilinguifhed  ;  his  clear- 
nefs  from  idolatry  and  unchallity,  his 
abhorrence  of  pride  and  injullice,  Avere 
remarkably  fo.  Not  only  did  he  re- 
gulate his  own  perfonal  praftice,  but 
took  care  of  the  piety  of  his  children. 
When  his  fons  held  their  annual  fcafts, 
perhaps  on  their  refpedive  birth-days, 
he  always  rofe  early  next  morning, 
and,  with  prayer,  offered  up  facrifices 
for  them,  fearing  left  they  might 
have  finned,  and  curfed,  contemned, 
or  forfaken  God  in  their  hearts.  Job  i, 
3. — 5.   xxix.  xxxi. 

Upon  a  certain  day,  when  the  an- 
gelic or  the  human  fons  of  God  were 
affembled  together  before  God,  Satan 
prefented  hiiritelf  among  them.  In  a 
manner,  we  do  not  underftand,  God 
queltioned  the  fiend,  where  he  had 
been  employed  ?  and  if  he  had  confi- 
dered,  or  fet  his  heart  againft  his  fer- 
vant  Job,  fo  diflinguiihed  for  piety 
and  goodnefs  I  Satan  replied,  that  Job 
, was 'but  a  mercenary  hypocrite,  who 
■Icryed  God  to  obtain  and  preferve  his 


34    ]  JOB 

uncommon  wealth ;  but  if  he  was 
fliarply,  or  even  a  Httle  afflifted,  he 
would  conterpptuoufiy  curfe  his  Maker, 
and  bid  adieu  to  his  fervice.  For  the 
manifeftation  and  esercife  of  Job's 
grace,  Satan  was  permitted  to  ruin  all 
he  had  ;  but  limited  from  touching  his 
perfon.  He  immedia'tely  vented  his 
malice  ag^ainft  Job  :  lie  llirred  up  the 
thievifli  vSabcans  to  fall  on  his  cattle. 
Thefc  they  drove   away,    and   his  fer- 

caufed 
fire  from  heaven  fall  on  his  flocks,  and 
burn  them  up,  and  the  fen^ants  that 
kept  them.  Next  he  made  the  favage 
Chaldeans  fall  on  the  camels,  and  mur- 
der the  fervants  who  attended  them. 
Much  about  the  fame  time,  while  the 
ten  children  feafted  in  the  houfe  of 
their  elder  brother,  he  raifed  a  terrible 
ftorm,  that  buried  them  all  in  the  ruins 
of  the  houfe.  In  each  of  thefe  difaf- 
ters,  jufl  one  was  preferved,  to  bring 
the  tidings  to  Job,  Scarce  had  one 
finiflied  his  doleful  ftory,  when  another 
came  up  with  his.  In  great  compofure 
Job  heai'd  all ;  and  at  lait,  to  mark  his 
grief,  rent  his  clothes,  and  fliaved  off 
the  hair  of  his  head.  With  refigna- 
tion  to  the  whole,  he  blefi'ed  God, 
Avho  had  given  him  his  children  and 
wealth,  and  who  had  taken  them  a- 
way.     Job  i. 

Not  long  after,  Satan  prefented  him- 
felf. again  before  God  in  the  former 
manner,  and  was  divinely  afl<ed,  where 
he  had  been  ?  and  if  he  had  obferved' 
how  pioufly  Job  had  behaved  himfelf 
under  his  heavy  afflictions,  which  had 
not  been  merited  by  any  pecuhar  wick- 
ednefs  ?  Ke  fuggelled,  that  there  was 
ver)^  little  in  Job's  being  content  to 
lofe  his  children  and  wealtii,  when  his 
perfon  was  untouched ;  but  alled- 
ged,  if  that  Avere  touched,  he  would 
contemptuoufly  curfe  God,  and  give 
up  with  his  fervice.  For  the  further 
difcovery  and  excitement  of  Job's 
grace,  Satan  was  permitted  to  do  all 
ihat  he-  could  againll  his  body,  if"  he 
but  fpared  his  life.  He  immediately 
infc6ted  his  body  all  over  with  moft 
loathfome  boils.  Job  laid  himfelf  down 
on   a   dunghill,    and  with    a  potflierd 

ic  raped 


JOB.  [3 

fcraped  off  the  putrid  matter  that  ran 
from  his  boils.  In  an  upbraiding  tone, 
his  wife  bid  him  curfe  God,  and  put 
an  end  to  his  Hfe.  He  rephcd,  that 
the  motion  was  quite  abfurd,  as  it  be- 
comes us  to  receive  afflivftion  out  of 
God's  hand,  as  wilhngly  as  the  moll 
agreeable  outward  f:wours,  Job  ii.  His 
friends,  hearing  of  his  dilaller,  came  to 
vilit  him.  The  chief  were  Eliphaz 
the  Temanite,  Bildad  the  Shuhite, 
Zophar  the  Naamathite,  with  a  young 
man  named  Elihu.  When  they  faw 
him  at  a  diilance,  they  could  fcarce 
believe  it  was  he  :  when  they  came 
near,  they  could  not  fpeak  to  him  for 
feven  days  ;  they  were  fo  fhocked  at 
his  trouble,  and  faw  him  fo  affcA- 
ed  with  his  pain.  At  laft  Job's  pa- 
tience was  overcome,  and  he  curfed  the 
day  of  his  birth,  and  wiihed,  that  ei- 
ther lie  had  never  been  born,  or  had 
been  foon  after  cut  off  by  death.  Tliis 
occafioned  a  conference  betwixt  him  and 
his  friends.  Eliphaz  and  Bildad  took 
three  different  turns  in  the  convcrfa- 
tion,  and  Zophar  two.  To  add  to  his 
trouble,  they  infifted,  that  God  never 
punifhea  men  with  uncommion  ftrokes, 
but  for  uncommon  hns.  They  inliil- 
ed,  that  certainly  he  was  a  wicked  hy- 
pocrite, fmce  he  had  been  fo  uncom- 
monly paniflied.  They  intermingled 
a  great  many  excellent  hints  concern- 
ing God,  and  advices  ^to  duty.  He 
anfwered  them  all  in  their  turns  ;  ht 
maintained  that  he  was  no  hypocrjte, 
but  a  true  fearer  of  God  ;  and  that 
■diilinguiflied  afflictions  in  this  world 
were  often  the  lot  of  the  godly,  though 
:  eternal  punifhments  in  hell  were  refer- 
ved  only  for  the  wicked.  By  his  rea- 
fonings,  and  his  folemn  protellations 
of  his  integrity,  he  put  them  to  lilence. 
Elihu  then  fpoke,  and  admitting  Job 
to  be  a  faint,  he  Iharply  reproved  him. 
for  his  unguarded  fpeeches,  and  his 
defire  to  julliiy  himfelf,  at  the  expence 
of  the  divine  honour.  His  difcourfe 
introduced  Job's  coirviiction.  God, 
by  a  folemn  fpeech,  declaratory  of  his 
power  and  fovereignty  in  the  works  of 
nature,  particularly  with  refpeft  to  the 
earth,  the  fea,  air,  liars,  liens,  goats, 


5.  1    .     JOB 

hinds,  wild  affes,  unicorn,  oflrlches, 
borfe,  hawks,  eagles,  behemoth,  and  le- 
viathan ;  and,  by  a  number  of  pungent 
(pieries,  convinced  Job  of  his  ignorance 
and  vilenefs,  to  a  great  degree.  Job  no 
fooner  repented  of  his  mifcarriages,thaii 
God  reproved  his  three  friends,  for  their 
mifreprefentation  of  his  providence,  and 
charged  them  to  offer  facrifice,  and  to 
defire  Job  to  pray  for  forgivenefs  to 
them.  Hereon  Job  was  relieved  from 
his  diffrefs.  His  friends  came  to  him 
on  every  fide,  and  each  gave  him  pre- 
fents  of  money.  It  was  not  long  when 
his  riches  were  double  of  what  they 
had  been,  and  he  had  as  rriany  children 
as  before.  Thefe  were  not  doubled, 
as  the  former  were  not  loft,  but  gone 
to  the  eternal  ftate.  To  his  three 
daughters,  the  moft  comely  in  the 
country,  he  gave  names,  Jemima,  Ke- 
zia,  Keren-happuch,  fignifying,  that 
his  profperity,  happinefs,  and  glory, 
were  recovered.  After  this,  Job  lived 
140  years,  and  faw  his  pofterity  to  the 
fourth  generation. — Was  Job  a  type 
of  our  bleffed  Redeemer  ?  How  infi- 
nitely rich  and  righteous  he  !  yet  for 
our  fakes  he  becanie  poor  :  how^  quick- 
ly reduced  to  deeps  of  abafement  1 
how  ftupendous  the  trouble  he  fuffer- 
ed  from  God  1  from  Satan  1  from  men 
both  good  and  bad  !  hcw^  te^npted,  re- 
proached, afflicted !  but  how  marvel- 
lous his  refignation  and  patience  !  how 
feafonable  and  neceffary  his  facrifice  ! 
how  undeferved  and  powerful  his  inter- 
cefiion  !  how  illuftrious  the  glory  and 
honour,  and  his  numerous  family  a- 
mong  the  Gentiles,  that  fucceeded  his 
poverty  and  fuffering  ! 

Who  was  the  writer  of  our  infpired 
account  of  Job ;  whether  Job,  Elihu,  Mo- 
fes,  or  fome  other,  we  do  not  certainly 
know.  From  chap.  iii.  to  xlii.  6.  it  is  ge- 
nerally wrote  in  a  kind  of  poefy  J  but  the 
peculiar  rules  of  the  metre  are  not  eafy 
to  be  ftated.  The  ftyle  is  for'the  molt 
part  extremely  fublime,  and  the  figures 
bold  and  firiking  in  an  uncommon  de- 
gree. The  poetic  part  of  it  is,  per- 
haps, in  the  very  language  of  the  A- 
rabs  in  the  days  of  Job.  The  frequent 
allufio;is  in  it  to  thino^s 


E  2 


which  we  are 
unac- 


to  E  [     36 

unacquainted  with,  render:;  a  variety  of 
JjafTages  in  it  not  eafily  Intelligible  to  us. 
Though  the  hiitorical  account  of  Job 
be  infpired,  we  muft  not  therefore  con- 
clude, that  every  fentence  narrated  in 
it  Is  fo  too.  From  God's  finding  no 
fault  with  Elihu,  it  feems  that  what 
he  faid  is  divinely  fuitained  as  true. 
From  God's  linding  fault  with  Job  and 
his  friends-  for  their  fpeeches,  it  is  plain 
we  mult  not  Took  on  them  as  the  lland- 
ard  of  our  faith  and  practice,  as  their 
fpeeches,  but  only  In  as  far  as  fup- 
ported  by  other  fcriptures.  Only  Job's 
fentiments  with  refped  to  the  outward 
providences  of  God,  making  no  dif- 
tindion  as  to  mens  Hates,  is  divinely 
approven. ' '  • 

JOEL,  the  fon  of  Pethuel,  whom 
fome,  without  ground,  take  for  Sa- 
muel, was  one  of  the  leffer  prophets. 
As  he  makes  no  mention  of  the  ten 
tribes,  it  feems  that  he  prophefied  af- 
ter their  captivity,  in  the  time  of  Pf  e- 
zekiah  or  Manafieh.  He  reprcfents  a 
fearful  famine,  occafioned  by  exceflive 
drought,  and  by  deftruttlve  vermin  : 
he  directs  to  falling  and  prayer,  as  the 
means  of  deliverance  :  he  foretels  the 
deliverance  from  the  famine,  and  the 
effuficn  of  the  Holy  Ghoil  on  multi- 
tudes in  the  apoftolic  age  :  he  predidts 
the  ruin  of  the  Phillitines  and  Phenl- 
cians  ;  and  perhaps  of  the  Affyrlan  ar- 
my in  the  valle}'  of  Jehofhaphat  :  he 
concludes  vs-Iih  promifes  of  dehverance 
to  the  Jews  in  the  latter  days. 

JOHANAN,  the  fon  of  Kareah, 
with  his  brother  Jonathan,  and  Sera- 
iah,  and  Jezaniah,  and  fome  other 
captains,  who  had  fied  off  in  fmall 
bodies,  came  to  Gedaliah  at  wellern 
Mizpahj  and  he  with  an  oath  under- 
took for  their  fafcty,  if  they  fliould 
continue  ful)jeft  to  the  Chaldeans. 
They  informed  Gedaliah  of  lilimaers 
intended  murder  of  him.  After  it  was 
over,  and  they  had  purfued  Khmael, 
and  recovered  the  captives  he  had  car- 
ried off,  they  retired  to  Chlmham, 
which  is  by  Bethlehem.  There  they 
defired  Jeremiah  to  afe  direction  of 
Gcd,  whether  they  ffiould  go  to  E- 
gypt  or  not.     As  they  were  dvtermi- 


]       JOH 


ned  to  go  thither  at  any  rate,  they  dif- 
regarded  his  warnings  againil  it,  and 
pretended,  that  not  God,  but  Baruch, 
the  fon  of  Ncriah, 


had  prompted  him 
to  fpeak  fo,  that  he  might  deliver  them 
up  to  the  enraged  Chaldeans.  As 
Jeremiah  had  told  them  of  their  diffi- 
mulation,  now  it  appeared.  Johanan, 
and  his  fellow-captains,  carried  all  tire 
people  left  in  the  land,  Jeremiah  not 
excepted,  into  Egypt  :  where,  in  a- 
bout  fourteen  years  after,  they  liad  a 
miferable  end  by  the  Chaldean  invafion, 

Jer.  xl. — xliv. 

JOHN  Baptist,  the  celebrated 
forerunner  of  our  Saviour,  and  the  E- 
lias  of  the  New  Teftament.  He  -was 
the  fon  of  Zacha:rias  the  aged  prleil:, 
and  the  long  barren  EHfabeth.  Hi's 
birth  and  work  were  predicted  by  the 
Angel  Gabriel ;  and  his  unbelieving  fit- 
ther's  dumbnefs  while  he  was  in  the 
womb,  was  the  miraculous  token  of  its 
fulfilment.  Being  conceived  fix  month's 
before  our  Saviour,  he  leapt  in  his  mo^ 
ther's  womb  at  the  falutation  of  the 
bleffed  Virgin,  now  with  child  of  our 
Sa\nour.  At  his  birth,  his  parents  were 
exceeding  glad  ;  and  his  father  foonr 
after  had  his  tongue  loofed,  and  pre- 
dI6led  his  and  our  Saviour's  appearance 
and  work.  From  his  infancy,  he  was 
endowed  with  the  Holy  Ghoft  in  an 
extraordinary  manner ;  through  hfs 
whole  life  he  was  a  Nazaritey  drinking 
neither  wine  nor  ftrong  drink.  Af- 
ter fpending  his  earllell  years  in  hfs 
father's  houfe,  he  retired  to  the  de- 
ferts,  where  he  lived  on  locufts  and 
wild  honey,  zind  was  occupied  in  me- 
ditation and  prayer.  His  garments 
were  of  camel's  hair,  and  he  was 
girt  about  the  waiil  with  a  leathern 
girdle.  About  J.  D.  28,  he  began 
to  publifh  the  approaching  appearance 
of  the  Mefiiah,  and  called  the  people 
to  repent,  becaufe  the  kingdom  of 
God,  or  New-Teftament  difpenfation 
of  the  gofpel,  was  at  hand  ;  he  affured 
them,  that  their  circumilances  were 
very  critical ;  and  if  they  did  not  fpeed- 
ily  repent,  the  axe  of  God's  judge- 
ments would  certainly  cut  them  off. 
Such  as  profcffed  their  repentance,  and 

made 


made  confcflion  of  their  fins, 
tized  with  water,  charging  them  to  be- 
lieve on  the  Meiliah,  who  was  to  be 
immediately  revealed,  and  would  en- 
dov/  them  with  the  Holy  Ghoil,  and 
grant  them  the  forgivenefs  of  their 
fm  ;  he  directed  them  how  to  behave 
in  their  Various  llations.  Sundry  clave 
to  him  as  his  difciples,  and  afTiiled 
him  in  calling  the  oeople  to  repentance. 
Such  was  his  virtue  and  fame,  that 
many  of  the  Jews  f\ifpe6lcd  he  might 
be  the  Melfiah.  He  affured  them  he 
was  not  ;  and,  by  divine  direction,  in- 
formed them,  that  he  on  whom  tliey 
fliould  foon  fee  the  Holy  Ghoft  de- 
fcend  and  remain,  was  the  Mefliah. 
Jefus  came,  and  defired  baptifm  :  John 
difcerning  his  tnie  chara6ter,  would 
have  excufed  himfelf,  as  iniht  for  the 
office  ;  but  on  Jefus  hinting,  that  it 
was  neceffary  to  his  fulfilment  of  all 
righteoufnefs,  he  complied.  To  the 
meffengers  fent  by  the  prieils  and  ru- 
lers, to  know  what  he  pretended  to 
be,  he  replied,  that  he  was  neither 
the  MefTiah,  nor  the  ancient  Elijah, 
nor  an  old  prophet  rifen  from  the 
dead  ;  but  wss  a  poor  unfubftantial 
voice  in  the  wildernefs,  calling  them 
to  prepr.re  for  the  Melliah,  and  to  re- 
move every  hinderance  of  receiving 
him.  Next  day  John  pointed  out  Je- 
fus to  the  multitude,  and  foon  after  to 
two  of  his  difciplcs,  as  the  Lamb  of 
God,  that  takes  away  the  fm  of  the 
world,  Luke  i.  iii.  Matth.  iii.  John  i. 
Not  long  after,  when  John  was  bap- 
tlfmg  at  Enon,  near  Salim,  where  was 
a  number  of  fmall  rivulets,  fome  of  his 
difciplcs  informed  him  that  Jefus  Chrift 
had  begun  to  bdptize  by  his  difciples, 
and  was  like  to  be  followed  by  all  the 
country  ;  he  replied,  that  he  had  no 
honour  but  what  was  freely  given  him 
of  God  ;  that  as  Chriil  was  the  divine 
Bridegroom  of  the  church,  he  was  glad 
to  have  his  ov/n  honour  vailed  and  di- 
minifhed,  that  that  of  Jefus  might  in- 
creafe  and  fliine  forth  ;  and  that  as  Je- 
fus was  a  divine  perfon,  endov/ed  v/ith 
an  unmcafurable  fulnefs  of  the  Holy 
Ghoft,  and  ruler  over  all,  tlicy  could 
not  efcape  the   vcnjeancc   <j»f  Qod  i^ 


[     37     1    .        J  <^  I      .    ... 

he  bap-  they  believed  not  on  him,  John  in.  25. 
—  36.  He  was  for  a  while  revered  and 
heard  by  Herod  the  tetrarch  of  Galilee; 
but  having  reproved  th^t  v/icked  man 
for  marrying  his  brother's  wife,  he  was 
imprifoned  in  the  caftle  of  Macherus. 
From  hence  he  fent  two  of  his  difciples 
to  a(k  Jefus  if  he  was  the  true  MeHiah, 
or  if  they  ftiould  look  for  another  ? 
Perhaps  his  imprifonment,  which  laid 
him  afide  from  his  work,  had  made  his 
faith  to  ftagger  ;  or  perhaps  they  were 
fent  for  their  own  confirmation  in  the 
faith.  Jefus  bade  them  go  tell  John 
what  miracles  they  faw  performed,  and 
wh:i':  tidings  of  falvation  they  heard 
preached  to  the  poor,  Matth.  xi.  Soon 
after,  to  gratify  the  mahce  of  Herodias, 
and  reward  her  daughter's  fine  dancing, 
his  head  was  cut  off,  and  delivered  as 
a  prefent  to  the  damfel.  His  diiciples, 
permitted  by  Herod,  carried  off  his 
body,  and  buried  it.  He  died  about 
a  year  before  our  Saviour.  Jefus  affures 
us,  that  John  was  no  unconftant  be- 
liever or  preacher  ;  no  reed  fliakcn  with 
the  wind  ;  but  one  of  the  greateft  men 
that  had  appeared  in  the  world  ;  and 
yet  that  there  is  none  in  heaven  but  is 
more  holy  and  perfect  than  he  was  ; 
and  no  believer  in  the  New-Teftament 
church  but  hath  clearer  views  of  the 
method  of  falvation,  and  better  tidings 
to  tell,  than  he  ;  even,  that  Jefus  hath 
died  for  our  offences,  and  is  raifed  a- 
gain  for  our  juftification.  As  John's 
life  was  very  auftere,  the  wicked  Pha- 
riiees  faid  he  had  a  devil,  but  were  a- 
fraid  openly  to  avow  their  fentiments, 
Matth.  xi.  xiv. 

JOHNtheEvANGELisT.  See  James 
fon  of  Zcbedee. 

JOIN  ;  (i.)  To  knit  or  unite  toge- 
ther. Job  xli.  17.  (2.)  To  make  an 
alliance  or  league,  Dan.  xi.  6.  (3.) 
To  enter  into  intimacy  with,  A6ls  viii. 
29.  (4.)  To  be  reckoned  with.  Job 
iii.  6.  Joining  is  applied,  (i.)  To 
things  :  fo  houfe  is  joined  io  kotife,  when 
one  is  added  to  another  under  the  fame 
mafter,  Ifa.  v.  8.  (2.)  To  pcrfohs, 
when  they  are  united  in  marriage,  Eph. 
v.  31.  ;  in  affinity,  2  Chroa,  xviii.  i.  ; 
:n  alTiftance,  Excd.  i.  IP- ;  or  in  church- 
fellcwlhipt 


JOI.  r     38 

fcllowHiip,  Ads  ix.  26. ;  or  in  battle,  tre 
army  fighting  clofe  with  army,  i  Sam. 
iv.  2.  (3.)  To  minds,  when  people 
are  united  in  judgement  and  affection. 
T^o  he  joined  to  the  Lord^  is  to  be  fpi- 
ritually  efpouled  to  his  Son,  and  fo- 
lemnly  devoted  to  his  fervice,  i  Cor. 
vi.  17.  Jer.  1.  5.  To  he  joined  to  idolsy 
is  to  be  .firmly  intent  on  worfliipping 
them,  Hof.  iv.  17.  To  h^  joined  to  an 
harlot,  is  to  liave  the  afTedlions  fet  up- 
on her,  and  to  commit  whoredom  with 
lier,   I  Cor.  vi.  16. 

Joints,  are,  (i.)  The  unitings  of 
the  bories  in  an  animal  body,  Dan.  v. 
6.  (2.)  The  uniting  parts  of  an  har- 
iiefs,  2  Chron.  xviii.  33.  T\it  joints  and 
lUnd^  which  unite  Chrill's  mylUcal  bo- 
dy, are  his  Spirit,  ordinances,  and  in- 
fluences, and  their  mutual  relations  to 
him  and  to  one  another,  and  their  gra- 
ces of  faith  and  love  fixed  on  him,  and 
in  him  loving  one  another,  Col.  ii.  19. 
Eph.  iv.  16.  'XXiQ.  joints  of  the  church's 
thighs  may  be  her  public  llandards  of 
do6trine,  worfiiip,  difcipline,  and  go- 
vernment ;  and  her  young  converts  ; 
which  add  greatly  to  her  comely  de- 
portment* In  particular  faints,  the 
joints  of  the  thighs  may  denote  their  in- 
ward gofpel-principles  of  aftion,  Song 
vii.  I.  ''Hh.t  joints  and  ma rroiu  oiAixtws 
lieart,  are  their  fecret  difpofitions,  whi<i^ 
the  convincing  word  of  God,  with  no 
fmall  pain  to  them,  fhovrs  and  affects 
them  with,'  Heb.  iv.  12. 

JOKTAN,  the  cldeil  fon  of  Hcber. 
Not  Joldhan,  the  fecond  fon  of  Kctu- 
rah,  as  Calmet  will  have  it  ;  but  tiiis 
Joktan  was  the  Kahtan,  or  father  of 
)f  whom  are 
About 
a  mile  w^eil  from  Mecca,  there  was,  if 
there  is  not  Hill,  a  place  called  Baifath- 
yektan,  or  the  dweliing  of  jfok'tan.  Jok- 
tan had  13  fons,  Almodad,  the  father 
of  the  Almcda:  or  Allumaetce  ;  Sheleph, 
theYather  of  the  Thalapeni  or  Alapeni ; 
Hazarmaveth,  from  whom  fprung  the 
A  tramitre,  Chatramotitse,  or  Chatramo- 
nitas  ;  Jerah,  or  as  the  Arabs  call  him. 


the  ancient  Arabs,  part  ol 
called   Catanitne  by  Ptolemy. 


Yarab  and  Yorham,  the  father  of  thi 

Yeracheans  or  Yorhamites  ;   Hs 

the  father  of  the  Adramitx  cr  Drima-    f^U  on  J 


1  JON 

Uzal,  the  father  of  the  Auzalites, 
or  Aufarites,  in  the  kingdom  of  the 
Gebanites  ;  Diklah  ;  Obal,  the  father 
of  the  Avalites,  Abdites,  or  Adulites, 
Abimael,  the  father  of  the  Malites  ; 
Shcba,  the  father  of  a  tribe  of  the  Sa- 
beans  ;  Ophir,  who  perhaps  gave  nam.e 
to  Copher,  a  village  .on  the  Arabian 
gulph,  or  to  Urphe,  an  ifland  in  the 
Red  fea,  and  might  be  the  father  of 
the  Caffanites  or  Gliairanites  ;  Havilah, 
whofe  pollerity  inhabited  Chaulan,  on 
the  border  of  the  Sabeans  ;  and  Jo- 
bab,  of  whom  came  the  Jobarites,  or 
Jobabites.  The  Arabs  defcended  from 
Joktan,  dwelt  from  Mcfiia,^  which  is 
perhaps  the  fame  as  Muza  or  Mecca, 
on  the  call  of  the  Red  fea,  to  Sephar, 
a  mount  of  the  fouth-eall  of  Arabia 
Felix,  Gen.  x.  25. —  30.  i  Chron.  i. 
19.— 23. 

JONADAB  or  Jehonadab.  See 
Kenites. 

JONAH,  the  fon  of  Amittai,  a  pro- 
})het  of  Gath-hepher  in  Galilee.  Some 
Jews  would  have  him  to  be  the  widow 
of  Sarepta's  fon,  raifed  to  life  by  Eli- 
jah ;  but  the  diftance  of  time  renders 
it  almoft  impoflible.  Nor  is  it  a  whit 
more  certain  that  he  was  the  fon  of  the 
Shunamite  rellored  to  life  by  Eliflia,  cr 
the  young  prophet  who  anointed  Jehu. 
It  is  certain  that  he  predidted  that  God 
would  rellore  to  the  Hebrews  the  cities 
which  tJie  Syrians  had  taken  from  them 
during  the  reigns  of  Ahab,  Jehoram, 
Jehu,  and  Jehoahaz,  2  Kings  xiv.  25. 
God  ordered  this  prophet  to  go  to  Ni- 
neveh, and  warn  the  inhabitants  of  their 
approaching  deib-u6tion.  Fearing  that 
the  merciful  Lord  might  forbear  punili;- 
ing  them  if  they  repented,  and  fo  feem- 
ingly  tarnifli  his  honour,  Jonah  fliipped 
oil  liimfelf  at  Joppa  for  Tarfhifh,  v.  :-e- 
ther  in  Cilicia,  Africa,  or  Spain,  is  un- 
certain ;  thatj  being  out  of  the  promifed 
land,  the  fpirit  of  prophecy  might  for- 
bear to  excite  him.  A  Itorm  quickly 
purfued  the  Ihip  wherein  he  was.  The 
Heathen  mariners  awaked  him,  and  re- 
quired him  to  call  on  his  God  for  deli- 
verance. Lots  being  caft  to  difcern 
for  whofe  fake  the  florm  rofe,  the  lot 
onah.  With  fliame  he  confef- 
fed 


JON 

fed  his  guilt  to  the  mariners.  He  dc- 
fired  them  to  call  him  into  the  fea,  that 
the  ftorm  might  be  flayed.  With  re- 
luftance  they  at  lad  were  obh'ged  to  do 
it,  whereon  the  llorm  immediately  cea- 
fed.  A  large  fi(h  fwallowed  up  Jonah, 
and  retained  him  fafe  in  her  belly  for 
three  days.  There  he  earneflly  prayed 
to  the  Lord,  at  whofe  command  the 
fiih  vomited  him  alive  on  the  dry  land ; 
but  whether  on  the  eall  end  of  the  Sy- 
rian fea,  near  Scanderoon,  we  know 
not,  though  that  is  moll  probable.  His 
orders  to  warn  the  Nincvites  of  their 
approaching  deilru6lion  were  imme- 
d'ately  renewed.  All  obedient,  he 
hailed  to  that  vail  city.  He  .had  not 
travelled  in  it  above  a  day's  journey, 
denouncing  their  ruin,  when  the  king, 
whom  ^we  cannot  fuppofe  Pul,  but  one 
about  50  or  60  years  earlier,  and  all 
his  people,  applied  themfelves  to  folemn 
failing  ajul  prayer.  Hereupon  God 
forbore  to  execute  his  vengeance  upon 
them,  which  had  been  but  condition- 
ally threatened.  Difpleafed  with  the 
divine  mercy,  Jonah  angrily  wifhed  to 
die,  rather  than  live  and  fee  his  pre- 
diction unfulfilled.  While  he  fat  with- 
out the  city,  waiting  for  his  defired 
view  of  Nineveh's  ruin,  God  caufed  a 
gourd  quickly  fpring  up  to  overfliadow 
him  from  the  fcorching  lieat  of  the  fun : 
but  next  day,  a  worm  having  bitten  its 
root,  it  fuddenly  withered.  The  fcorch- 
ing fun  and  blafting  wind  vehemently 
beating  on  Jonah,  he  fainted,  and  an- 
grily wifned  to  die,  and  averred  to  God 
himfelf  that  he  was  ricrht  in  fo  doino-. 
The  Lord  bid  him  think,  if  he  had  pi- 
ty on  the  fiiort-lived  gourd,  was  there 
not  far  more  reafon  for  his  and  their 
Maker  to  pity  the  penitent  inhabitants 
of  Nineveh,  where  were  above  120, coo 
infants,  and  much  cattle  :.  Jon.  i. — iv. 
Did  not  the  fate  of  this  prophet  typify 
our  Saviour's  beinc]r  tall  into  the  racrin<r 
fea  of  divine  wrath  ;  his  lying  a  part 'of 
three  days  in  tlie  grave  ;  his  glorious 
refurrection  from  the  dead  ;  and  the 
elfedlnal  publication  of  the  gofpel  to 
multitudes  of  fmners,  for  tlieir  everlafl- 
ing  falvation,  that  followed  ? 
'JONATH AN  ;  t  .  The  fon  of  Gcr- 


39    1  JON 

(lion,  and  perhaps  grandion  of  Mofes. 
Afrcr  he  had  ofiioiated  for  fome  time 
as  idol-prlefl  to  Micah,  at  the  yearly- 
rate  of  his  vi'5kiab,  a  fvn't  of  clothes,' 
and  not  quite  23  ihillings  Sterling;  he, 
pretending  to  confult  his  idol,  alFured 
the  Danites  that  their  undertaking  at 
l^aiih  Ihould  profper  ;  and  afterwards 
went  along  with  600  Danites,  and  he 
and  his  pofterity  were  priefls  to  that 
idol  at  Dan  till  the  captivity  of  the 
land.      Judg.  xvii.  xviii. 

2.  Jonathan,  the  fon  of  vSaul,  was. 
a  prince,  pious,  and  of  diftinguifhed 
valour.  When  the  Philidinrs  had  in- 
vaded, and  quite  terrified  the  whole 
H.ebrew  nation,  near  Michmafh,  wher? 
ilood  the  rocks  Bozcz  and  Seneh,  Jo- 
nathan and  his  arbciur-be»irer,  t:iking 
it  as  a  divine  fignal,  that  the  Philillines 
bade  them  come  up  to  them  on  the  rock 
where  the  garrifon  were  polled,  climbed 
up  on  their  hands  and  feet,  and  flew 
20  men  within  about  half  an  acre  of 
ground.  At  the  view  of  this  difcom- 
liture,  the  Philillines  were  put  i'nto  the 
utmofl  confufion  ;  Saul  and  his  fric-ht- 
ed  troops  obferving  it,  purfued  them. 
Not  hearing  his  father's  rafh'  fentence 
of  death  againil  the  man  v/ho  fliould 
ilop  the  purfuit  till  night,  by  taking 
of  food,  Jonathan,  by  tailing  a  little 
honey  on  the  top  of  his  ftalT  as  it  drop- 
ped in  a  wood,  brought  hirafelf  into 
the  utmofl  danger.  But  the  people 
boldly  told  his  father,  that  they  would 
not  fuffer  his  innocent  fon,  by  whom 
the  Lord  had  wrought  fo  great  a  de- 
liverance, to  be  unnaturally  murdered, 
2  Sam.  xiv. 

After  David  had  killed  Goliath,  Jo- 
nathan conceived  the  ilrongell  afPeclion 
for  him ;  he  prefent'ed  him  with  his 
robe,  his  bow,  and  girdle  ;  he  vindica- 
ted his  charnder  to  his  angry  father,  and 
faithfully  inforaicd  him  of  the  danger 
he  was  in,  even  though  he  knew  he  was 
to  be  king  in  his  Head  after  his  father. 
During  David's  exile,  Jonathan  once 
and  again  reforted  to  him,  and  there 
was  a  covenant  of  mutual  friendfliip  be- 
twixt them.  He  even  encouraired  liim 
to  hope  for  the  Hebrew  throne  at  hi3 
own  c'xpence.      Some  years  after,    tq 

the 


[     40     1. 

Jonatlian  was     fame    time, 


JO  P 

tlic  great  grief  of  David 
flain  with  his  father  at  Gilboa.  David 
tenderly  bewailed  his  death,  and  fhew- 
ed  the  molt  afFeftionate  kindnefs  to 
IN^ephibolheth  his  fon,  i  Sam.  xix.  xx. 
2  Sam.  i.  ix. 

JOPPA  or  Jap  HO,  a  beautiful  fea- 
port  on  the  weft  of  Canaan,  about  34 
miles  north-weft  of  Jerufalem,  from 
which  it  was  feen,  as  it  ftood  on  a  hill 
amidft  a  dehghtful  plain.  It  is  thought 
by  feme  to  have  been  built  before  the 
flood  ;  but  afterwards^  it  perhaps  be- 
longed to  the  Danites.  In  the  days 
of  Solomon,  it  was  a  noted  fea-port, 
where  the  wood  brought  from  Leba- 
non was  unloaded.  It  was  probably 
fo  in  the  time  of  Jeroboam  the  Second, 
when  Jonah  failed  from  it  to  Tarfhifh. 
Before  its  harbour,  the  Maccabees 
burnt  the  Syro-Grecian  fleet.  Here 
Peter  reftored  Dorcas  to  life,  and  re- 
ceived the  mefTages  of  Cornelius.  The 
Romans  deftroyed  it-  We  read  of  no 
bifhops  here  till  the  5th  and  6th  cen- 
tury. In  the  time  of  the  Antichrillian 
war  of  the  Croifades,  Lewis  of  France, 
and  Godfrey  of  Boulogne,  and  others, 
repaired  and  adorned  it ;  but  in  thefe 
>inhappy  times,  what  was  one  year  a 
beautiful  city,  was  oft  in  the  next  an 
heap  of  ruins.  •  At  prefent,  and  for  ages 
paft,  it  hath  but  a  bad  harbour,  and 
is  remarkable  for  nothing  but  ruinous 
remains  of  antiquity,  Jofh.  xix.  46. 
2Chron.  ii.  16.   Ads.  ix.  x. 

JORAM  or  Jehoram,  the  fon  of 
Jehofliaphat,  and  fon-in-law  of  King 
-Ahab.  Inftigated  by  Athaliah  his 
wife,  he  was  exceedingly  wicked.  His 
i'vther  made  him  his  partner  in  the 
kingdom,  about  ^.  M.  3109,  and  a- 
bout  five  years  after,  he  began  to  reign 
by  himfelf.  He  murdered  his  breth- 
ren, Azariah,  Jehiel,  Zechariah,  Mi- 
chael, and  Shephatiah,  whom  their  fa- 
ther had  endowed  with  rich  prefents, 
and  made  governors  of  fenced  cities. 
In  idolatry  and  other  wickednefs,  he 
made  Ahab  his  pattern.  To  punifh 
Lis  impiety,  the  Edomites  revolted, 
and  haraficd  the  kingdom  of  Judah. 
Though  he  defeated  them,  yet  they 
continued    their    revolt.       About    the 


J  O  R 

Libnah,  a  city  of  the 
priells,  fliook  off  his  government.  Let- 
ters written  by  Elijah,  reproached 
him  with  his  wickednefs,  and  denoun- 
ced fearfvd  judgements  againil  him  and 
his  family.  Thefe  threatenings  were 
fulfilled  ;  the  Phiiiftines  and  Arabians 
ravaged  his  kingdom,  plundered  his 
palace,  carried  captive  all  his  wives  and 
children,  fave  Ahaziah  the  youngeft, 
who  fucceeied  him,  and  foon  after, 
with  almoft  all  the  family,  came  to  a 
miferable  end.  Jehoram  was  feized 
with  a  terrible  diftcmper,  of  which,  af- 
ter two  years,  his  bowels  fell  out,  and 
he  died.  His  fubje6ls  refnfed  him  the 
ordinai-y  honours  of  their  deceafed  fove- 
reigns.  They  neither  burnt  any  fpices 
for  him,  nor  interred  him  in  the  royal 
fepulchres,  2  Kings  i.  17.  viii.  16. — 25. 
2  Chron.  xxi. 

JoRAM  or  Jehoram,  the Ton  of  A- 
hab,  fucceeded  his  elder  brother  Aha- 
ziah, J,  M.  3 108.  While  Jehoram  of 
Judah  introduced  the  worfhip  of  Baal 
into  his  kingdom,  this  Jehoram  of  If- 
racl  removed  the  ftatues  of  Baal  which 
his  father  had  erected.  Having  Jeho- 
fliaphat of  Judah  and  the  Edomites  for 
his  allies,  he  marched  to  reduce  Mefha 
the  king  of  the  revolted  Moabites.  In 
their  march  around  the  fouth  of  the 
Dead  fea,  they  had  almoft  periflied  for 
want  of  water.  After  a  fharp  reproof, 
and  a  bidding  Jehoram  go  apply  for 
relief  to  the  prophets  of  his  father  and 
mother,  Eliflia  procured  a  miraculous 
fupply  of  water,  without  either  wind 
or  rain..  The  Moabites  miflaking  this 
water,  reddened  with  the  beams  of  the 
rifmg  fun,  for  the  blood  of  the  allies, 
furiouily  hafted  to  the  fpot,  and  were 
moftly  cut  off.  Wlien  Benhadad  fent 
Naaman  to  be  healed  of  his  leprofy, 
Jehoram  rent  his  clothes,  reckoning 
that  it  was  done  to  pick  a  quarrel  with 
him ;  but  Elifha  removed  his  fears. 
The  Syrian  invaders  often  laid  fnarcs 
for  his  life,  but  Eliflia  difcovered  them, 
and  the  ciTeA  was  prevented.  When 
the  Syrians  befieged  Samaria,  till  wo- 
men did  eat  their  own  children,  Je- 
horam. intended  to  have  murdered  E- 
lifha,  becaufe  he  did   not  deliver  the 

city 


.  J. OR      r.  4 

city  from  its  mifery  ;  but  that  being 
prevented,  Jehoram  defperately  conclu- 
ded it  was  needlefs  to  expecl  or  wait 
for  dtiliverance  from  God.  Jehoram 
fometimcs  took  pleafure  to  hear  Geha- 
zi  relate  the  miracles  of  Ell(ha"his  maf- 
ter,  and  readily  reftored  to  the  Shu- 
namite  her  whole  inheritance,  becaufe 
EhOia  had  removed  her  fon  to  life.  Af- 
ter the  L :)rd  had  miraculoufly  terrified 
th(^  Syrians,  aid  made  them  run  out 
of  the  Hebrew  kingdom,  Joram,  it 
feems,  took  Ramoth-gilead  out  of 
their  hands,  at  leall,  he  laid  fiege  to 
ft ;  but  being  wounded,  he  went  home 
tojezreel,  to  be  healed  of  his  wounds; 
nor  was  he  long  there,  when  f  ehu  came . 
and  murdered  him,  and  caft  his  dead 
body  into  the  field  or  vineyard  of  Ivfa- 
both  the  Jezreelite,  whofe  murder  God 
had  threatened  to  avenge  on  the  family 
of  Ahab,  and  which  Jehu  deftroy'ed  at 
the  fame  time  he  killed  Joram  his  maf- 
ter,  viz.  A.  M,  3120.  2  Kings  ii.  17. 
iii.   V.   vi.   viii.  —  x.   2  Chron.  xxii. 

JORDAN  ;  a  river  of  no  fmall  note 
in  Canaan  ;  but  whether  the  name  fig- 
nifies  \\\t  fpr'ing  of  Dan,  or  the  defcend- 
ing  rivery  we  fhall  not  determine.  The 
uppermoft  fpring  of  Jordan  is  in  mount 
Lebanon,  about  12  miles  north  of  Ce- 
farea-Philippi.     After  it  has  run  about 

12  miles  more  to  the  fouth,  it  receives 
a  more  confiderable  branch,  which,  un- 
der ground,  proceeds  from  the  lake 
Phiala.  About  15  miles  farther  fouth, 
it  forms  the  waters  of  Merom,  or  lake 
of  Samechon,  both  names  figriifying 
the  higher  lake,  which  is-  near  4  miles 
broad,  and  yi  long.  After  running 
about  28  miles  farther  fouth,  it  forms 
the  lake  of  Genefareth,  which  is  about 

1 3  miles  in  length,  and  5  in  breadth. 
From  thence,  it  runs  fouthward  thro* 
a  long  valley,  whofe  air  is  unwhole- 
fome,  and  moft  of  it  defert,  till  it  lofe 
itfelf  in  the  Dead  fea.  Its  whole 
courfe  is  about  160  miles.  It  once  o- 
verflowed  its  banks  in  March  or  April, 
by  means  of  the  melting  of  the  fnow 
on  Lebanon  and  Hermon  ;  but  from 
the  conjundl  teftimony  of  Maundrel 
and  Thomfon,  it  feems  it  does  not  fo 
now  to  any  degree.     Perhaps  the  rca- 

•     Vol.  IL 


fon  is,  that  its  channel  is  now  funk  fo 
deep.  Before  it  enter  the  Dead  fea, 
its  ordinary  current  is  but  30  yards  in 
breailth,  according  to  Shaw,  aid  no 
more  than  25,  according  to  Thomfon; 
but  is  exceeding  deep,  even  at  the  edge 
of  its  inner  bank.  It  has  an  outer  bank, 
about  a  furlong  of  diftance  from  the  o- 
ther  :  fuch  it  feems  was  its  wi'.ltli  when 
it  was  fwelled.  The  banks  of  a  great 
part  of  it  are  fo  covered  with  thickets, 
that  in  many  places  one  cannot  fee  it 
till  at  the  very  brink  of  it ;  rtnd  in  thefe 
thickets  lions  were  wont  to  lodge,  but 
were  driven  thence  by  the  overflowing 
of  the  river,  at  which  feafon  they  wan- 
dered about,  and  were  dangerous  to 
fuch  as  dwelt  near,  Jer.  xlix.  19.  The 
deep  llream  of  Jordan  was  divided  un- 
der Jofliua,  and  by  Elijah  and  Ehfha. 
At  it  John  baptifed  multitudes,  and 
our  Saviour  among  them,  Jofh.  iii. 
2  Kings  ii.   Matth.  iii. 

JOSEPH,  ihe  fon  of  Jacob  and  Ra- 
chel, was  born  in  Mefopotamia,  A.  M, 
2259.  Very  early  God  favoured  him 
with  a  prophetic  dream,  of  the  eleven 
(heaves  of  his  brethren  doing  obeifance 
to  his  fheaf,  and  of  the  fun,  moon,  and 
eleven  ftars  doing  reverence  to  him. 
Thefe  emblems  imported,  that  all  his 
father's  family  fliould  be  under  his  rule. 
On  account  of  his  piety,  and  for  the 
fake  of  Rachel  his  mother,  Jacob  was 
extremely  fond  of  him,  and  made  him 
a  party-coloured  coat,  fuch  as,  young 
princes  then  wore.  Jofeph  too  inform- 
ed him  of  fome  wickednefs  his  brethren, 
fons  of  Bilhah  and  Zilpah,  had  been 
guilty  of.  On  thefe  accounts,  his 
brethren  heartily  hated  him.  When 
he  was  feventeen  years  of  age,  his  fa- 
ther, who  generally  retained  him  at 
home,  fent  him  to  fee  where  his  breth- 
ren Avere  feeding  their  flocks,  and  how 
they  were  in  their  clrcumilances.  Go- 
ing to  Shechem,  and  thence  to  Dothan, 
he  carefully  fought  them  out.  At  lirft: 
fight  of  him,  they  refolved  to  murder 
him,  and  tell  their  father  that  fome  ra- 
venous beafl:  had  devoured  him.  They 
took  him  and  ftripped  him.  His  molt 
moving  appearances  and  outcries  made 
no  impreHion  on  the  mqfl; ;  but  R^'u» 
F  ben» 


.   T  OS  [4 

Hen,  -.nio  detcfled  the  murder,  begged 
they  7/ouid  throw  him  into  a  dry  pit : 
from  this  he  intended  to  convey  him- 
fecretly,  that  he  might  efcape  to  his 
father.  As  he  fetched  a  compafs  to 
effectuate  this,  fome  Ifhmaehtifh  arid 
Midianitifli  merchants  pafled  tliat  way, 
carrying  fpices  and  gum  from  mount 
Gilead  to  the  land  of  Egypt  ;  on  fight 
of  them,  Jafeph's  nine  brethren  imime- 
diatcly  refolved  to  fell  him  for  a  flave. 
His  price  was  20  pieces  of  filver,  or 
about  //.  2,  6  J.  Sterling.  His  coat 
of  divers  colours  "they  dipt  in  the  blood 
of  a  kid,  and  carried  to  their  father, 
as  what  they  had  found,  and  defired 
him  to  think  Avhether  it  was  Jofeph's 
cr  not.  He  knev»'  the  coat,  and  was 
overwhelifted  v/ith  grief  for  the  lofs  of 
his  fon,  whom  he  believed  to  have  been 
devoured  by  fome  wild  beaft,  Gen,- 
XXX.  xxxvii. 

The  Arabian  merchants  fold  him  to 
Fotiphar,  the  captain  of  the  loyal 
guards  of  the  Egyptian  king.  Jo- 
feph's good '  behaviour  quickly  gained 
him  the  efteem.  of  hi^  mafter ;  and  he 
made  him  his  fteward.  Meanwhile  his 
miilrefs  conceived  a  criminal  paffion  for 
him.  He  refilled  her  impudent  folici- 
tations  for  the  gratification  of  her  abo- 
minable luft.  When  fhe  one  day  urged 
him  v.'ith  the  greateH  eamefi;nefs,  he  re* 
monftrated,  that  it  would  be  thr  high- 
eft  ingratitude  to  his  kind  mafter,  who 
had  given  him  fo  much  power,  and  the 
it.od  horrid  wickednefs  againll  God. 
Unmoved,  flic  caught  hold  of  his  gar- 
ment,'to  force  him  to  cornp'y.  He 
i!ed  off,  leaving  his  coat  in  her  hand. 
Enraged  with  this  difappointment,  Ihe 
raifed  a  terrible  outcry,' pretending  to 
the  icrvants,  and  to  her  huPoand  w4ien 
lie  cam.e^  home,  that  Jofeph  had  at- 
tempted to  debauch  her,  and  at  her 
outcries  had  run  off,,  leaving  his  gar- 
ment in  her  hand. '  Potiphar  believed 
his  wife,  and  caft  Joi"eph  into  prifon. 
^ere  his  virtuous  behaviour  gained 
him  the  favour  of  the  keeper,  ,if  not 
alfo  regained  him  the  favour  of;  Poti- 
phar. The  other  prifoners  v^-tte  en- 
trufted  to  his  care.'  The  king's  butler 
^db^ker  were  prifoners  at  thut  time. 


2    ]  JOS 

Each  of  them  dreamed  a  dream  ;  the* 
butler,  that  he  faw  a  vine  of  three  bran- 
ches, and  prelfed  the  grapes,  and  g:ive 
the  wine  ii>to  Pharaoh's  hand.  This,  Jo- 
feph told  them,  fignified,  that  in  three 
days  he  fliould  be  reilored  to  his  ofnce. 
The  baker  dreamed,  that  he  had  three 
baflcets  full  of  baken  meats  on  his  heady 
of  which  the  birds  did  come  and  eat. 
This,  Jofeph  told  him',  meant,  that  in 
three  days  he  fhould  be'  beheaded. 
Both  interpretations  were  verifred  by 
the  event ;  but  the  butler,  contrary 
I'o  Jofeph's  requeft,  neglefted  to  exert 
himfelf,  when  reilored  to  his  office,  to 
procure  Jofeph  his  liberty.      Gen.  xl. 

Jofeph  had  lain  about  three  \''ears  In 
prifon^  when  Pharaoh  dreamed  a  dream, 
of  feven  fat  kine  devoured  hy  feven  lean 
kine  ;  and  afterward,  of  feven  good  ears 
of  corn  confumed  by  feven  cars  empty 
and  withered.  While  Pharaoh  was  un- 
eafy  that  no  body  could  explain  his 
dreams,  the  butler  remembered  the  ftc-- 
ry  of  Jofeph's  interpreting  his  and  the 
baker's  according  to  truth  ;  zfnd  told 
Pliai'aoh  of  him.  Pharaoh  ordered 
him  direftly  from  prifon.  Jcieph,  af- 
ter {having  himfelf,  and  changing  his 
clothes,  prefcnted  hiiufelf  before  Pha- 
raoh. Scared  had  Pharaoh  related  his 
dream,  when  Jofeph  told  him,  that 
both  the  dreams  fignified  that  there 
fhould  quickly  be  feven  years  of  great 
plenty,  fucceeded  by  as  many  of  ter- 
rible liimine.  He  alfo  hinted,  that  it 
would  be  proper  to  appoint  fome  per- 
fon  of  flcill  and  prudence,  .to  collect  in- 
to the  royal  granaries  a  fifth ,  part  of 
the  crop,  during  the  feven  plenteous 
years,  tliat  there  might  be  d  referve  of 
food  in  the  years  of  famine.  This  hint 
was  readily  profecuted  ;  and  Jofeph 
himfelf  was  made  mailer  of  the  ftores, 
and  fecond  governor  in  all  the  land  of 
Egypt.  He  was  gorgeoufly  arrayed; 
His  name  was  called  Zaphneath-paanc^h-f 
which,  in  the  old  Egyptian  tongucj 
fignified  the  fwutcur  of  the  ivorhl ;  but 
in  the  Hebrew  might  be  rendered,  the 
revsaler  of  fecrets.  He  was  married  to 
Afenath,  the  daughter  of  Potipherah, 
priefl  or  prince  of  On,  and  had  by  hei- 
two  fons,  Manalfeh  and  Ephraim.    'Dn- 


JOS  [4 

ring  the  years  of  plenty,  Jofcph,  wlih 
the  iitmoft  prudence  and  activity, 
bought,  with  Pharaoh's  money,  great 
quantities  of  corn,  and  laid  .it  up  in 
public  granaries. 

The  neighbouring  nations,  who  had 
laid  up  little  or  nothing,  foon  felt  the 
preflfure  of  famine,  and  cam'j  to  buy 
corn  in  Egypt.  Jacob  fent  his  ten 
fons  among  the  reft  ;  but  he  retained 
Benjamin  at  home,  lell  fume  mifchief 
iliould  happen  to  him.  Jofeph  knew 
his  brethren,  but  they  knew  him  not. 
Waiting  for  the  operation  of  Divine 
Providence,  he  had  ftill  concealed  his 
cafe  ;  and  now,  to  awaken  his  breth- 
rens  confcience,  he  fpake  roughly  to 
them,  charged  them  of  being  Jpiea, 
come  to  fee  how  the  country  might  be 
mod.  eafily  conquered. '  After  inquiring 
-into  their  family-circumftances,  he  dif- 
miffed  them,  on  this  condition,  that 
Benjamin,  their  younger  brother,-  iliould 
come  along  witli  them  next  time  ;  ant' 
to  fecure  this,  kept  Simeon,,  who  per- 
haps had  been  m^oft  cruel  to  him,  pri- 
foner  and  hoilajre  for  the  brino-ine  of 
Benjamin.  On  this,  their  confciences 
ten-ibly  ftinged  them  for  their  <:ruelty 
to  Jofeph.  To  try  their  honef^y,  he 
caufed  each  man's  money  to  be  fecret- 
ly  returned  in  their  facks.  Next  year, 
Jacob,. with  great  reluilance,  fent  Ben- 
jamin, along  with  the  rell  ;  and  they 
brought  the  returned  rponey,  with  more 
for  their  new  loading.  Finding  his  bro- 
ther Benjamin  with  them,  Jofeph  pre- 
pared them  a  fcail.  When  they  came 
to  the  fteward^  they  told  him   of  the 


,  return  of  their  money 


facks.  PL 


told  them,  that  God  had  given  tliem 
treafure  iji  their  facks;  for  their  m.oney 
was  paid  in  liis  reckoning.-  When  they 
were  called  into-  Jofeph's  houfc,  they 
'.vere  mightily  afraid  :  they  bowed  to 
iaim  .with  the  greateft  reverence.  J-Ie 
alked  them  of  the  welfare  of  their  fii- 
ther,  and  if  Benjamin  was  tlieir  young- 
er brother  ;  and  Simeon  \ras  releafed. 
They  dined  at  a  feparate  table  from 
the  Egyptians  ;  and,  to  their  lurprife, 
Joieph  placed  them  at  the  table  accor- 
ding to  their  age,  not  in  the  confufed 
w.iy  cf  the  Arabs,  but   in  the   polite 


3     1  JOS 

manner  now  ufed  by  the  Ferfians.  To 
try  his  brother's  temperance,  and  jnark 
his  pecuh'ar  love,  heordered  a  five-fold 
mcfs  for  Benjamin.  His  brethren  were 
quite  allonilhed  at  thefe  things.  Next 
morning  their  facks  were  filled. with 
corn  :  aiid  Jofeph's  filver  cupi  was,  by 
his  orders,  privately  put  into  Benja- 
min's. They  had  fcarce  gone  out  of 
the  city,  when  Jofeph  fent  his  ileward 
after  them,  to  upbraid  them  for  their 
ungrateful  dealing  of  his  fdver  cup, 
wherein  he  ufed  to  drink.  Their  fackb 
were  fearched,  and  the  cup  was  found 
In  Benjamin's.  Shocked  herewith,  they 
returned  to  Jofepli,  and  furrendered 
-tlkemfelves  to  his  mercy,  to  make;  flaves 
,cf  them  ^11.  Jofeph  refuted  to  accept -of 
•any  of  them  for  ilavesbut  Benjamin,  in 
whofe  fack  the  cup  had  been  found.  Ju- 
..dab,  in  the  moil  prudent  andjaffedionate 
mamier,  begged  that  he  would  accept 
.of  him  for  a  (Ifive  Inftead  of  Benjamin, 
as  his  father  could  not  pofTibly  live  be- 
reaved of  his  fav<)unte  fon,  and  himfelf 
could  not.witnefs  the  angulfli  of  his  fa- 
ther, i^  they  returned  without  Benja- 
.mln.  Overcome  with  affedlon,  Jofeph 
ordered  the  Egyptians  to  leave  him  , 
and  then,  witha  plentiful  flow  of  tears, 
he  told  his  brethren  that  he  was  Jofepu 
their  brother,  whom  they  had  fold  ;  and 
he  kindly  encouraged  them  not  to  fear, 
as  God  had  fent  him  hither  ibr-.  their 
prefervatlon.  He  ordered  them  to  go 
haimonloufly  home,  and  bring  their  fa- 
.  ther,  and  all  they  had,  down  to  Egypt, 
as  the  famine  would  continue  other  hve 
years.  He  fent  waggons  along  with 
them,  to  bring,  his  father's  family  and 
furniture.  At  the  news  of  Jofeph's 
being  alive,  and  governor  of  Egypt, 
Jacob  fainted  ;  but  when  he  faw  the 
•  waggons,  he  revived,  and  went  off  qh 
his  journey,  fofeph  met  his  father  on 
,  the  north-ead  frontier  of  Egypt,  and 
great  were  their  tranfports  of  mutual 
affertlon  and  giadnefs.  Jofeph  prefent- 
ed  his  father  to  Pharaqh,  and,  at  his 
direction,  placed  his  father  and  breth- 
ren in  the  land  of  Gofncn,  whence  their 
return  to  Canaan  might  be  eafy. 

The    famine   ftill  increafed,  aud  jo- 
feph, by  the.falc  of  corn,  drew  all  the 
F  2  monev 


JOS  t     44     T 

tnoney  of  Egypt  into  the  king's  cxche-  church  ! 
qucr.  When  money  failed,  he  gave 
the  Egyptians  corn  for  their  flocks  and 
herds  :  thefe  exhaufted,  he  fold  them 
corn  for  their  lands  and  perfons.  Thus 
all  the  Egyptians  became  in  a  manner 
the  property  of  their  king  ;  and  they 
paid  him  yearly  a  fifth  part  of  their 
crop,  as  the  proprietor  of  their  land. 
Oily  neither  the  pricfts  nor  their  lands 
were  thus  purchased,  as  they  had  their 
inaiiitenance  from  the  flate.  When  fa- 
cob  died,  about  feventeen  years  after, 
Jofeph  and  his  fons  were  remarkably 
blv:ircd  by  him.  The  bleffing  impHed, 
that  his  pofterity  by  Manaffeh,  and  e- 
fpecially  by  Ephraim,  fhould  be  fignal- 
ly  numerous  and  honoured.  When  his 
iaaier  died,  'ofeph  melted  into  tears  ; 
and,  according  to  his  oath,  buried  him, 
with  great  folemnity,  in  the  cave  of 
Machpelah.  After  his  return  from  the 
interment,  his  brethren,  as  in  their  fa- 
ther's name,  by  meffengcrs,  begged 
that  he  would  forgive  them  what  in- 
jmy  they  had  done  him,  in  refolving 
to  murder  him,  and  in  felling  *him  for 
a  flave.  Jofeph  wept,  and  anfwered, 
that  they  had  nothing  but  kindnefs  to 
expert  from  him,  as  God-  had  ordered 
their  evil  defigns  for  the  prefervation  of 
multitudes.  After  jofeph  had  hved 
no  years,  he  fickencd.  He  afTured 
his  brethren  that  God  would  bring  up 
their  pofterity  from  Egypt  ;  and  he 
made  them  fwear  they  would  carry  his 
bones  to  Canaan  along  with  them.  Af- 
ter his  death,  yi.  M.  2369,  his  body 
was  put  into  a  coffin,  but  remained  in 
Egypt  144  years,  till  the  Hebrews  car- 
ried it  with  them  ;  and,  in  the  time  of 
Jofhua,  it  was  buried  near  Shechem,  in 
the  very  fpot  wh'ch  Jacob,  by  his  blef- 
fmg,  had  afligned  him.  The  Egyptians, 
to  this  day,  afcribe  almoft  every  thing 
grand  and  wife  to  jofeph.  Gen.  xxxix. 
— 1.   Exod.  xiii.  19.     ofli.  xxiv.  32. 

Was  not  this  patriarch  a  noted  type 
of  our  adored  Saviour  ?  How  certain 
a  pledge  was  he,  that  God  would  ad^ 
to  the  church,  and  add  bieflings  to  men ! 
What  diftinguifned  darling  of  his  hea- 
venly Father  !  hov/  precious  and  only 
beloved  in  the  firht  of  h'is  mother  the 


T  o  s 

how  beautiful  the  robe  of  his 
humanity,  adorned  with  everj^  grace  ! 
how  abundantly  blcffed  of  his  Father  ! 
and  how  deHghtfulb-  God  is  in  and 
with  him !  what  an  affectionate  brother, 
that  vifits  us  in  our  wildernefs  ftate  ;  is 
patient  under  the  injuries  we  do  him  ; 
deals  roughly  with  us,  to  hvnnble  and 
prove  us,  and  do  us  good  in  our  lall 
end  !  how  heart-melting  his  difcoveries 
of  himfelf !  and  how  richly  he  makes 
us  fliare  the  fatnefs  of  his  houfe  !   what 


a  dexterous,  faithful,  and  fuccefsful  fer- 
vant !  what  an  illuminated  prophet,  who 
foretels  his  own  future  honours,  and  the 
future  happinefs  or  mifery  of  men !  how 
noted  a  refifter  of  temptations  from  Sa- 
tan and  a  whorifli  world  !  how  nume- 
rous and  heavy  his  fufferings  !  how  ha- 
ted, reviled,  fold,  falfely  accufed,  con- 
demned, crucified,  and  tor  three  days 
imprifoned  in  the  grave  1  how  patient 
under  his  prefTures  !  how  attentive  to 
the  hand  of  God  therein  !  how  ready 
to  forgive  his  injurers,  and  render  them 
good  for  evil  !  To  what  amazing  glo-' 
ry  has  he  enteied  through  luffering  ! 
how  bleffed  his  marriage  with  the  gof- 
pel-church !  how  numerous  his  fpiritual 
feed  !  and  they  are  the  ten  thoufands 
of  Gentiles,  and  thoufands  of    udah. 

2.  Joseph  the  carpenter  was  pro- 
bably dead  before  our  Saviour  began 
his  public  minittry,  as  we  never  hear  of 
him  at  the  marriage  of  Cana  or  elle- 
where  ;  and  Christ,  when  dying,  re- 
commended his  mother  to  the  care  of 
John,   Matth.  i.  ii.  ^c.     See  Christ. 

3.  Joseph  of  Arimathea,  a  private 
difciple  of  our  Saviour's,  and  a  Jewifh 
fenator,  who  confented  not  to  the  deed 
of  the  fanhedrim,  in  condemning  and 
crucifying  Chrift.  He  begged  his  body 
from  Pilate,  and  he  andNicodemus,  now 
more  avowed  followers  of  Jefus  than 
before,  honourably  interred  it  in  Jo- 
feph's  nev/  fepulchre,  John  xix.  38. — • 
4i.  Matth.  xxvii.  6.  It  does  not  ap> 
pear  that  he  attended  the  fanhedrim 
any  more  after  our  Lord's  crucifixion. 

4.  Joseph,  or  Joses,  the  brother 
of  James  the  Lefs,  and  fon  ot  Cleophas, 
is,  perhaps,  the  fame  with  Barlabas, 
Mark  xv.  ^o.  Matth.  xiii.  5  ^r.  xxvii.  36. 

JOSHUA, 


JOS 

JOSHUA,  or  Jesus,  Aasvn 
Heb.  iv.  8.  a  defcendaiit  of  Ephraim, 
born  ^.  M.  2460.  His  firft  name 
was  Hofhea,  Utt  to  mark  that  he 
would  render  Hy^l  fafe  and  happy^  he 
was  called  JehoJJma  or  Jnjhua,  He 
was  a  noted  lervant  or  agent  for  Mo- 
fes.  At  Mofes's  dire6^Ion  he  enga^^ed 
and  routed  the  Amalekites,  and  was 
diviiiely  informed  of  God's  perpetual 
indignation  againfl  that  people.  When 
M  'fes  was  on  the  mount,  Jofhua  tar- 
ried fomewhere  on  the  fide  of  it,  and 
came  down  with  him.  His  relidence 
WIS  near  the  tabernacle.  Zealous  for 
Mjfes's  honour,  he  was  for  prohibit- 
ing Eldad  and  Medad  to  prophefy. 
He  was  one  of  the  fpies  that  fearched 
the  promifed  land,  Exod.  wii.  x  iv. 
xv.ai.  xxxiii.  12.  Numb.  xi.  28.  29. 
xiii.  xiv.  A  little  before  Mofes's  death, 
Jofhua  was  folemnly  inftalled  in  the  go- 
vernment of  the  Hrbrcw  nation  ;  and 
fuch  honour  was  by  Mofes  put  upon 
him,  as  tended  to  make  them  reverence 
and  obey  him.  Numb,  xxvii.  18.— 23. 
Deut.  iii.  21.   xxxi.  14.  —  23. 

After  Mofes's  death,  God  directed 
and  encouraged  Joihua  to  take  on  him 
the  government  of  tlie  Hebrews,  and 
promifed  to  give  him  his  continued 
prefence  and  fupport.  Jofhua  warned 
the  Reubenites,  Gadites,  and  eaflern 
Manaflites,  who  were  fettled  by  Mofes, 
to  prepare  for  crofling  the  Jordan,  and 
conquering  Canaan,  along  with  their 
bretln-en.  Spies  were  fent  to  view  Je- 
richo. Thefe,  by  means  of  Rahab, 
were  prefervcd  and  returned  fafe, 
though  no  fmall  fearch  had  been  made 
for  them  :  they  reported,  that  the  Ca- 
r.aanites  were  in  the  utmoft  cenilerna- 
tion,  for  fear  of  the  Hebrew  invafion. 
At  this  time  the  Jordan  overflowed  its 
banks ;  but  as  foon  as  the  feet  of  the 
priefts,  who  bare  the  ark  of  the  Lord) 
going  at  the  dillance  of  2000  cubits, 
or  3648  feet,  before  the  hoft,  touched 
the  brim  of  the  waters  of  Jordan,  they 
parted  :  thofe  above  flood  like  a  moun- 
tain, and  thofe  below  run  oft'  into  the 
Dead  Sea,  leaving  an  empty  fpace  ofa- 
bout  fix  miles  for  the  Hebrew  tribes  to 
pafs  ever.     The  priefts,  with  the  ark, 


I    45   .1     .     J  f^  S 

45.  continued  in  the  middle  of  the  channel 
till  all  were  got  over.  Ta  commemorate 
this  event,  Joihua  ereded  1 2  largre  ftones 
in  tlie  very  fpot  where  the  ark  had  ftood; 
and  taking  12  .other  ftones  from  the 
mid  channel  of  the  river,  ereded  them 
on  the  bank.  Some  days  after,  he  or- 
dered all  that  had  been  born  for  38 
years  back  to  be  circumcifed  ;  fully 
affured  of  God's  proteding  them,  when 
fore,  from  their  foes.  Next,  the  paff- 
over  was  celebrated.  On  the  morrow 
after,  they  began  to  eat  tlie  old  corn  of 
Canaan,  and  the  manna  fell  no  more 
about  their  tents.  Soon  after,  the 
Son  of  God  appeared  to  Jofhua  as  a  glo- 
rious man  with  a  drawn  fword,  and  told 
him  he  v/as  come,  as  chief  command- 
er of  the  Hebrew  troops  in  their  ap- 
proaching wars.  He  fell  on  his  face,  and 
reverently  put  oft' his  fhoes,  Jofli.  i.— v. 
Direcled  of  God,  Joihua  made  his 
troops  encompafs  Jericho  feven  days, 
and  feven  times  on  the  feventh,  with 
the  ark  carried  before  them,  and  fome 
founding  with  rams  horns.  When  they 
had  linifhedthe  13th  circuit,  they  gave 
a  great  fliout,  and  the  walls  of  Jericho, 
all  around,  fell  flat  to  the  ground. 
None  but  Rahab  and  her  family  were 
faved.  The  metal  found  in  it  was  de- 
voted to  the  fervice  of  God,  and  every 
thing  elfe  to  ruin  ;  and  a  curfe  was 
denounced  againfl;  the  rebuilder  of  the 
city.  Achan,  however,  coveted,  and 
took  part  of  the  fpoil.  Advifed  by 
fome,  Jofliua,  to  eafe  his  troops,  fent 
no  more  but  3000  to  attack  Ai.  To 
punifti  Achan's  theft,  they  were  repul- 
fed,  and  36  flain.  This  exceedingly 
grieved  Jofliua,  as  he  thought  it  would 
make  the  Canaanites  triumph  over 
God  and  his  people.  After  folema 
prayer,  he  was  informed  of  the  caufe, 
and  the  facrilege  was  puniflied  in  the 
death  of  Achan  and  his  family.  Next, 
the  Lord  ordered  the  whole  Hebrew 
holt  to  attack  Ai,  and  to  ufe  ftrata- 
gems  befide.  It  being  taken,  Jofliua 
and  the  Hebrews  feem  to  have  march- 
ed northward,  to  Ebal,  and  Gerizzim. 
On  Ebal  they  erected  ftones,  and  plaf- 
tered  them  with  plafter,  and  wrote 
thereon  plainly  a  copy  of  the  Mofaic 

laws. 


taws,  6y  rather  an  abridgement,  or 
perhaps  no  more  than  the  bkflings  and 
curfes  in  Dcut.  xxvii.  xxviif.  An  al- 
tar of  rough  ftones  was  ralfed,  and  the 
burnt-offerings  and  peace-offerings  hc- 
jng  finifhed,  the  people  feafted  on  the 
ilefh  of  the  lafl,  with  joy  and  gladnefs, 
that  they  were  the  people  of  God. 
The  priefls  then  went  down  to  the 
valley  of  Moreh  between  the  two 
iiills,  and  with  a  loud  voice  read 
the  bleiTmgs  and  curfes.  Six  of  the 
tribes  defcended  from  , free  -  women, 
with  their  wives,  and  the  ftrangcrs  a- 
-:mong  them,  flood  on  Gerizzim,  and 
•echoed  Amen  to  the  blefhngs.  Six 
of  the  tribes,  four  of  which  were  de- 
fceiwied  of  bond-women,  and  one  of 
■Reuben,  who  had  lofl  his  birth-right, 
with  their  wives,  anil  the  flrangers, 
ilood  on  mount  Ebal,  and  echoed  their 
Amen  to  the  curies  as  they  were  read. 
Aft ."  this  folemn  dedication  of  thcm- 
;i"elvLS  to  God's  fervice,  the  Hebrews 
returned  to  Gilgal,  Jofh.  vi.  —  viii. 
-Deut.  xxvii.  Next,  Jofhua  an^  the 
princes  entered  into  a  league  with  the 
Gibeonites,  and  being  convinced  of  his 
mistake,  he  devoted  that  people  to  the 
-iHavifh  part  of  the  fervice  of  Ged. 
{Enraged  that  the-Gibeonites  had  made- 
peace  with  Jofhua,  Adonizedek,  and 
ifour  of  his  neighbouring  princes,  en- 
tered into  a  league  to  dellroy  them. 
'Informed  hereof,  Jofhua  marched  to 
their  afTiflancc,    and  routed    the    five 


ikings.  -In  their  flight  hail-flones  kill- 
'  cd  multitudes  ef  them  ;  and,  at  Jo- 
*  !lhua's  requefl,  the-  fun  and  moon  flood 
ilill,  for  a  whole  day,  to  give  him 
Jight  to  purfue  the  fugitive  Canaanites, 
and  fuch  as  allillcd  them.  A  little  be- 
fore fun-fet',  Joiliua  caufcd  bring  thefe 
*iive  kings  out  of  the  cave  at  Makkc- 
dah,  where  he  had  fhut  them  up,'  and, 
after  caufmg  his  captains  trample  on 
their  necks,  he  hanged  them.  Jofhua 
proceeded  to  burn  their  cities,  and  flay 
the  inhabitants,  all  over  the  fouth  part 
of  the  promifed  land.—  Perhaps  it  was 
V  ibme  years  after,  that  he  routed  Jabin 
of  Hazor  and  his  aUies,  and  made 
himielf  mafcer  of  the  north  parts  of 
the   coiiutry.      ^^fter  .employing   hij 


46   ^         JOS 

troopsfix  years  in  the  conquefl  of  Ca- 
naan, he  began  to  divide  it  to  the  He- 
brew tribes.  Caleb,  and  after  him  his 
brethren  of  Judah,  and  next  the  tribe 
of  Ephraim,  and  the  weflern  Manaf- 
fites,  had  their  fhares  afligned  them. 
After  this,"  the  tabernacle  was  fr-.ed  at 
Shiloh,  and  the  tribes  of  Benjamin, 
Simeon,  Zebulun,  .Iflachar,  Afner, 
Naphtali,  and  Daji,  received  their  por- 
tion, and  three  other  cities  of  refuge 
were  appointed,  and  the  Reubenites, 
Gadites,  and  eaflern  ManafTites,  were 
difmifTed  to  their  homes.  After  Jo- 
fhua had  governed  the  Hebrews  17,  or 
perhaps  25  years,  he,  finding  his  end 
•approaching,  aiTembled  the  Hebrews, 
rehearfed  to  them  what  God  had  done 
for  them,  and  made  them  renew  their 
■folemn  engagements  to  worlliip  and 
.ferve  him.  >He  died,  aged  no,  and 
was  buried  at  Timnath-ferah,  Jofh.  ix. 
—  xxiv.  Probably  himfelf  wrote  the 
book  that  records  his  tranfa6lions. 
■The  Samaritans  have  another  book  of 
•Jofliua,  different  from  ours,  confifting 
of  47  chapters,  carrying  down  the  hif- 
tory  till  about  1 00  years -after  our, Sa- 
viour's death,  and  lilled  with  fables^ 
the  mofl  childifh  and  trifling. 

Was  not  Jofhua  a  diilinguifhed  type 
of  our  Redeemer  ?  He  was  trained  up 
under  Mofes's  broken  law  ;  God  fo- 
lemnly  called  and  fitted  him  for  his 
office  ;  nor  did  he  ever  fail  or  forfakc 
him.  -How  pregnant  his ,  name  with 
fahat'ion  !  Through  v/hat  Jordans  of' 
■  trouble  he  brings  his  church  into  their 
gofpel-ftate,  and  her  true  membei^s  in- 
to their  gracious  Hate  !  how  he  cir- 
cumcifcs  their  hearts  ;  feafls  them  on 
his  fiefh  and  blood  ;  powerfully  inter- 
cedes for  them  ;  miraculoully  conquerG 
their  foes,  and  enables  them  to  tread 
on  theii*  necks;  purchafes  ajr.d  pie- 
pares  for  them  the  -heavenly  inheri- 
tance, and  puts  them  into  pofTelTion 
-thereof ;  and  by  bringing  them  into 
covenant,  caufes  them  to  ferve  the 
Ijord,  after  his  own  example.  How 
ready  to  receive  returning  fmners  of 
the  vrcntlles  !  nor  till  his  vidories  be.fi- 
nifned,  fhall  th.e  luminaries  of  heaven,  or 
of-thecL-L.-^h,  ;'Jihdi'aw  :!.eir  fliininst. 

JosnuAj, 


JOS 

JOSHUA,  or  Jkshua  ;  the 
Jozadak,  or  Jefcdcch,  was  high-priefl 
,of  tVie  Jews  when  they  rcturzied  from 
Babylon.  He  aihiled  Zenibbabel  in 
rebuilding  the  temple.  Zechariah  faw 
}iim  reprefented  as  Handing  before  the 
Lord  in  filthy  garments,  and  Satan 
(landing  at  his  right  hand  to  accufe 
and  refill  him  ;  but  the  AngclJrfiovAH 
rebuked  the  devil,  and  arrayed  Jyihua 
rn  pure  raiment.  Not  long  after,  Ze- 
chariah was  dire£led  to  make  a  golden 
crown  for  him.  Did  not  he  prefigure 
Jefus,  as  the  high-priell,  eredlor,  and 
Saviour  of  his  church,  who,  though 
once  laden  with  our  iniquities,  and  in 
the  likenefs  of  finful  fleih,  is  now  glo- 
rious in  his  apparel,  and  crowned  with 
many  crowns  ?  Ezraiv.  3.  Hag.  i.  1.2. 
Zech.  iii.  vi.  * 

JOSIAH,  the  fonof  Amon,  and 
king  of  Judah,  began  his  reign  in  the 
8th  year  of  his  age,  Jl.  M.  3363.  ,  In 
the  8th  year  of  his  reign  he  began  to 
be  noted  for  his  piety  and  zeal.  In 
the  1 2th,  he  began  to  purge  Jerufalem 
and  Judah  from  idols,  and  burnt  the 
deceafed  prieils  bones  on  the  altars  of 
the  falfe  gods  which  they  had  ferved. 
As  the  Aflyrians  had  no  more  power 
to  protccl  their  whole  territories,  or 
perhaps  had  given  him  the  infpec\i<jn 
of  it,  he  extended  his  power  over  the 
countiy  of  the  ten  tribes,  and  dellroy- 
ed  the  idols  and  monuments  of  their 
falfe  woriliip.  The  altar  of  Bethel  he 
quite  demoliihed,  and  burnt  dead  mens 
bones  on  it ;  but  fpared  the  bones  of 
the  prophet  who  had  foretold  its  ruin. 
Having  deilroyed  the  monuments  of 
idolatry,  he  repaired  the  temple  of  the 
Lord.  As  they  were  repairing  the 
temple,  Hilkiah  the  high-priell  found 
a  copy,  perhaps  the  original  one,  of 
the  law  of  Mofes,  v/hich  had  been  put 
into  the  fide  of  the  ark.  Informed  of 
this  book,  by  Shaphan  the  fcribc,  Jo- 
fiah,  who,  it  feems,  had  been  former- 
ly little  acquainted  with  it,  having 
heard  a  part  of  it  read,  was  extremely 
affedled  tkat  the  divine  laws  had   been 


f    47    T  J^S 

fon  of  Achbor,  Shaphan,  and  Afaiah,  t3 
Huldah  the  prophetefs,  wife  of  Shal- 
lum,  the  keeper  of  the  wardrobe,  to 
confult  her  what  was  to  be  done.  Sh& 
aflured  his  mefTengers,  that  what  was 
threatened  fhould  be  fulfilled  ;  but  or* 
account  of  Jofiah's  piety  and  grief  for 
the  wickednefs  that  had  prevailed,  the 
ftroke  Ihould  be  delayed,  and  lie  fhould 
be  interred  in  his  grave  before  the  ruin- 
ous calamities  were  begun.  Finding, 
by  this  book  of  the  law,  what  a  fhame~ 
ful  neglecl  there  had  been  of  the  three 
folcmn  feafls,  he  ordered  his  fubjedls- 
to  celebrate  the  pallbver  with  fuch  fo- 
lemnity  and  exadlnefs,  as  had  not  been 
done  fince  the  days  of  Samuel.  Not 
long  before,  if  not  afterwards,  he  con- 
vened the  elders  of  Judah,  and,  with" 
out  ufing  any  force,  caufed  his  fubjeAs 
renew  their  folemn  covenant  with  God.> 
— He  -gave  orders  to  dcllroy  the  footh- 
layers  and  Sodomites  out  of  the  land,, 
and  to  pull,  down  every  remainder  of 
fuperftition  and  idolatry  in  Judah  and 
Jerufalem.  To  defile  the  valley"  of 
Hinnom,  where  Molech,  and  perhaps 
other  idols,  had  been  worfhipped,  he 
filled  it  with  dead  mens  bones,  and 
brake  down  the  ftatues.  Jofiah  went 
on  n\  his  reformation,  and  while  he 
lived  continued  an  eminent  fearer  oif 
God ;  but  it  appears  from  the  pro- 
phecies of  Jeremiah  and  Zephaniah, 
that  moft  of  his  fubjefts  turned  to  the 
Lord  but  in  a  feigned  manner.  After 
\t  had  four  fons,  Jehoiakim,  Jehoa- 
haz,  Zedekiah,  and  Johanan,  three  of 
whom  fuGcecdcd   him    in   the   throne,. 


and  had  lived  39  years,  and  reigned 
31,  Pharaoh-necho,  king  of  Egypt, 
marched  his  forces  that  way.  Jofiah, 
either  being  in  league  with  Nabopolaf- 
far,  king  of  Babylon,  or  with  the  Af- 
fyrians,  levied  an  army  to  Hop  him. 
In  the  battle  he  was  llain,  to  the  ex- 
ceflive  lofs  and  grief  of  his  fubjedls. 
He  died  in  peace  with  God,  and  his 
confcience,  and  in  a  war  in  which  his 
nation  was  not  concerned.  Jeremiak 
compofed  lamentations   over  his  death. 


fo  broken,  and  fuch  fearful  judgements  and  his  army  at  Hadad  rimmon,'  in 
incurred.  After  rending  his  clothes  the  valley  of  Megiddo,  bewailed  his 
-or  grief,  he  fent   Hilkiah,  Ahikam,     death  in  the  moil  rueful   manner,    i 

KingfL 


JOT       r 

Kings  xiii.  2.  2  KinjTs  xxii.  xxiii.  2 
Chron.  xxxiv.  xxxv.   Zech.  xii.  II, 

JOT,  the  fmallcft  part.  There  I's 
an  alkifion  to  the  letter  Jod^  which, 
in  the  Hebrew  alphabet,  is  very  fmall, 
Matth.  V.  1 8. 

JOTHAM;  the  youngeft  fon  of 
Gideon,  who  efcciped,  while  his  70 
brethren  were  flain  by  Abiineli  ch  their 
baftard-brother.  By  a  parable  of  olives, 
Jigs,  and  'vines,  refufing  to  reign  over 
the  trees,  while  the  bramble  confented, 
which  he  uttered  with  a  loud  voice 
from  the  top  of  an  adjacent  mount,  he 
hinted  to  the  men  of  Shechem,  that 
fmce,  while  his  father  and  worthy 
brethren  refufed  to  reign  over  Ifrael, 
they  had  made  the  worfl  and  bafell 
their  king,  they  might  exped  that  he 
and  they  fhould  quickly  turn  out  mu- 
tual plagues  one  to  another.  After  he 
had  finiflied  this  parable,  he  fled  away 
to  Beer,  and  concealed  himfelf,  and 
probably  lived  to  fee  his  parable  fulfil- 
led, Judg.  Ix. 

JoTHAM,  or  JoATHAM  ;  the  fon  and 
fucceJTor  of  Uzziah  king  of  Judah. 
When  his  father  became  leprous,  Jo- 
tham  for  fome  years  ruled  as  his  vice- 
roy. In  the  25th  year  of  his  age,  he 
commenced  fole  governor,  A.  M.  3246. 
On  the  main,  he  did  that  which  plea- 
fed  the  Lord,  but  permitted  the  people 
to  continue  facrificing  in  the  high 
places.  He  built  the  great  gate  of  the 
temple,  fortified  part  of  the  wall  of  Je- 
rufalem,  built  caflles  in  mountains  and 
Ibrefts,  reduced  the  revolting  Ammo- 
rites,  and  laid  them  under  tribute. 
But  in  the  end  of  his  reign,  his  king- 
«iom  was  haraffed  by  the  Syrians  un- 
der Rezin,  and  the  Ifraehtes  under 
Pekah.  After  he  had  reigned  16 
yea^-s,  he  died,  and  was  fucceeded  by 
Ahaz  ;  and  fo  the  twentieth  year  from 
the  beginning  of  his  reign,  is  the  fourth 
of  Ahaz,  2  Kings  xv.  30.— 38.  2 
Chron.  ^    vii. 

JOURNEY  ;  a  travel  from  one 
place  to  another.  A  day^s  journey  is 
•reckoned  about  16  or  20  miles.  So 
-far  around  the  Hebrew  camp  were 
the  quails  fcattered  for  them,  Numb. 
xi.  31,     Shaw  thinks  the  eleven  days 


48    1 


JOY 

journey  from  Sinai  to  Kade(h-barnea, 
is  but  about  no  miles,  Deut.  i.  2. 
A  Sabbath-day^ s  journey  is  reckoned  by 
the  Hebrews  at  2000  cubits,  or  near 
730  paces  ;  and  it  is  faid,  that  if  any 
Jew  travelled  above  this  from  the  city 
on  Sabbath,  he  was  beaten  ;  but  it  is 
probable,  they  were  allowed  to  tra- 
vel as  far  to  the  fynagogue  as  was 
neceffary,  Adls  i.  12.  2  Kings  iv.  23. 
The  Hebrews  feem  to  have  had  52 
journeys  or  marches  from  Ramefes  to 
Gilgal,  Numb,  xxxiii.  The  modern 
orientals  fet  out  on  their  journeys  at 
the  new  moons,  and  from  a  place  of 
common  rendezvous. 

JOY,  or  GLADNESS,  is  an  agreeable 
affedion  arifing  from  felt  pofTeflion,  or 
from  hope  of  enjoying  fomething  plea- 
fant  or  valuable ;  and  the  expreflion 
thereof  in  praife,  mirth,  Cffr.  i  Chron. 
xii.  4.  Joy  is  either,  (i.)  Divine, 
which  denotes,  that  infinite  pleafure 
God  takes  in  his  people  or  work,  and 
to  do  good  to,  and  fupport  the  fame, 
I  fa.  1  ii.  5.  Zeph.  iii.  17.  Pfal.  civ. 
31.  (2.)  Natural  among  creatures, 
confifling  in  natural  cheerfulnefs,  and 
arifing  from  fome  outward  pleafure  or 
profit,  Prov.  xxiii.  24.  (3.)  Spiritual, 
excited  by  the  Holy  C  holl,  and  ari- 
fing from  union  to,  poffeflion  of,  and 
hope  to  enjoy  for  ever,  a  God  in  Chrift  ; 
and  is  attended  witn  an  agreeable  ear- 
neflnefs  in  a6ling  to  his  honour,  Gal. 
v,  22.  Thus  the  faints  rejoice  in  Chrill, 
or  in  God  ;  they  take  pleafure  in,  and 
boail  of  their  conne<5lion  with  him  ; 
they  praife  him  for  his  kindnefs  to 
them  ;  and  for  what  he  is  in  himfelf, 
Luke  i.  47.  Their  rejoicing  of  hope,  is 
their  delightful  views,  holy  boailing, 
and  cheerful  praife,  on  account  of  their 
infallible  perfeverajice,  and  eternal  hap- 
pinefs,  Heb.  iii.  6.  A  faint's  rejoicing 
in  himfelf,  means  his  inward  fatisfaftion 
in  the  teftimony  of  a  good  confcicnce, 
Gal.  vi.  4.  (4.)  Shadorvy  2M^  hypocri- 
tical, arifing  from  a  fancied  perfuafidn 
of  relation  to,  and  fellowfhip  with 
God,  and  an  ill-grounded  hope  of  the 
everlafting  enjoyment  of  him,  Matth. 
xiii.  20.  (5.)  Sinful,  when  men  re- 
joice, in   their  fin,  Prov,  xv.  21. ;  and 

even 


JOY  [     40     1  T  R  O 

even  carnal  joy  or  mirth  becomes  finful     troubles,  is  to  be  accounted  all  joy  ;  as 


if  it  is  excefliTe,  or  takes  place  when 
Cod  calls  to  mourning  and  grief,  If. 
x^ii.  13.  —  Gladnefs  is  fown  for  the  up- 
ricfht,  aiui  their  hope  is  gladnefs  ;  fpi- 
ritinl  pleafure  and  endlf  fs  joy,  are  pre- 
pared for,  and  fliall,  as  they  exped,  be 
enjoyed  by  them,  Pfal.  xcvii.  1 1.  Prov. 
X.  28.  The  day  of  our  fpiritual  mar- 
riage occafions  gladnefs  to  Chrifl's 
heart :  therein  he  enjoys  the  promifed 
reward  of  his  fervice  ;  he  beholds  the 
efficacy  of  his  Father's  love,  and  plucks 
loft  finners  as  brands  out  of  the  burn- 
ing.  Song  iii.  1 1. 

The  ground  or  obje6l  of  one's  rejoi- 
cing is  called  his  joy.*  thus  God  is  the 
joy,  the  exceeding  joy  of  his  people  ;  he, 
as  theirs,  and  as  enjoyed  by  them,  is 
the  caufe  and  ground  of  their  eternal 
and  fuperlative  joy,  Pfal.  Am.  4. 
Chrift's  exaltation  promifed  to  him,  to 
encourage  him  in  his  work,  is  the  joy 
Jet  before  h'lm^  Hrb.  -  ii.  2.  Our  hea- 
venly blefiednefs  is  called  the  joy  of  the 
Lord,  It  confifts  in  our  delightful  en- 
jo^'ment  of  God  in  Chrift,  and  it  much 
refembles  that  plcafure  he  has  in  our 
redemption,  Matth.  xxv.  21.  23.  But 
the  joy  of  the  Lordf  that  is  the  ftrength 
of  faints,  is  the  grounds  of  joy  con- 
tained in  the  gofpel-promifes,  and  the 
inward  gladnefs  arifing  from  a  believing 
view  thereof ;  both  which  increafe  their 
fpiritual  vigour  and  might,  Neh.  viii. 
10.  Converts  are  th.^  joy  ot  miniftcrs, 
who  are  inftrumejital  in  brino-ing  them 
to  Chrift,  I  Theft",  ii.  20.  The  temple, 
and  its  worftiip,  was  the  joy  of  the 
Jews,  Ezek.  x:av.  25.  Jerufalem  and 
Zion  was  Xhtjoy  of  the  nvhole  earth  ;  as 
God  was  there  prefent  and  peculiarly 
worftiipped,  there  wks  more  ground  of 
joy  than  elfewhere  ;  or  the  words  may 
fignify,  that  they  were  the  joy  of  the 
whole  land  ;  as  all  the  Jews  took  plca- 
fure therein,  and  boafted  thereof,  Pfal. 
xlviii.  2.  Lam.  ii.  15.  The  church  is 
Created  a  rejoicing,  and  her  people  ^joy; 
when  ftie  is  fo  reformed,  fettled,  pur- 
ged, and  blefted,  as  to  abound  v/ith 
fpiritual  gladnefs,  and  to  rejoice  the 
heart  of  every  pious  beholder.  If.  Ixv. 
18.       Falling     into    temptation'^-,     or 

Vol.  II. 


troubles  work  exceedingly  for  our  real 
good.  Jam.  i.  2.  The  joy  of  God's  faU 
vation,  is  the  heart-exhilarating  bleflings 
therein  contained,  and  the  fpiritual 
gladnefs  that  ift"ues  therefrom,  Pfal.  Ii. 
12.  Spiritual  gladnefs  is  called  joy  in 
the  Holy  Ghojlj  as  it  proceeds  from  his 
dwelling  and  working  in  our  heart, 
Rom,  xiv.  17.  A  defert  place  is  cal- 
led, a  joy  of  ivdd  a/fes ;  thefe  animals, 
who  abhor  the  noife  and  multitude  in 
cities,  .  with  pleafure  haunt  and  feed 
there,  If.  xlviii.  14.  The  Medes  re- 
joiced in  God's  highnefs  :  they  cheerfully 
executed  his  awful  judgements  on  the 
Chaldeans,  If.  xiii.  3.  Mirth  is  chief- 
ly the  outward  expreffion  of  joy.  That 
at  the  return  of  the  prodigal,  is  the  a- 
mazing  pleafure  on  od's  fide,  and 
the  joy  and  praife  on  the  fide  of  men 
and  angels  occafioned  thereby,  which 
begins,  but  (hall  never  end,  Luke  xv. 

23-  -32. 

Joyous;  (i.)  Pleafant  and  delight- 
ful, Heb.  xii.  II.  (2.)  FuU  of  mirth 
and  revelling.  If.  x:di.  2. 

IRON;  a  well-known  ft.rong  and 
ufeful  metal,  and  which,  by  an  artful 
management,  is  rendered  fteel.  War- 
like inftruments  were  made  of  iron. 
Perhaps  no  iron  was  ufed  in  the  taber- 
nacle, to  hint,  that  great  is  the  peace 
with  God,  our  confcience,  and  the 
faints,  enjoyed  in  Chrift  and  his  church. 
The  ftones  of  Canaan  were  iron  ;  were 
hard,  and  contained  iron-ore,  Deut. 
viii.  9.  The  heavens  are  irony  and  the 
earth  brafs,  when  the  air  yields  no 
rain,  and  the  haidened  earth  no  crop. 
Lev.  xxvi.  19.  Iron  applied  to  yoke, 
fiarnace,  fceptre,  denotes  what  is  gal- 
ling and  fevere,  Jer.  xxviii.  13.  xi.  4. 
Deut.  iv.  20.  Plal.  ii.  9.  Rev.  ii.  27. 
xii.  5.  I  Kings  viii.  61.  i^c.  ;  whem 
applied  to  hoofs,  or  teeth,  it  denotes 
great  pov/er  to  defeat,  and  ability  to 
deftroy,  Mic.  iv.  13.  Dan.  vii.  7.  Can 
iron  break  the  northern  iron  and  thejleel^ 
in  vain  the  obftinate  Jews  thought  to 
outbrave  the  prophet  Jeremiah,  whom 
God  made  like  an  iron  pillar :  in  vain 
they  attempted  to  r-jfift  the  Chaldeaa 
arrav,    I'er.  xv.  t2. 

G  ISAAC  1 


ISA'  [     50 

ISAAC  ;  the  fon  of  Abraham  by 
Sarah,  fo  called,  to  mark  the  laughter 
and  gladnefs  occafioned  by  his  birth. 
His  mother,  though  90  years  old, 
fuckled  him  herfelf.  He  was  but 
young  when  he  received  jfome  bad  u- 
fage  from  I s  > '  m  a  e  l.  When  I faac  was 
about  25,  or  perhaps  33  years  of  c^cre, 
his  father  was  ordei-ed  to  ofl'er  hi'n  for 
a  burnt  offering.  Ilaac  himfelf  ca-  ried 
the  wood  for  burning  his  body.  When 
the  knife  was  juft- to  be  plunged  into 
his  throat,  the  execution  was  divinely 
topped,  and  a  ram  provided  in  his 
ilecid.  Wlien  he  was  about  40,  his  fa- 
ther, by  means  of  Eliezcr,  provided 
him  with  Rebekah  the  Syrian  to  wife. 
Ifaac  met  her  in  the  field,  as  fhe  came, 
-aid  lodged  her  in  his  mother's  tent, 
who  was  now  dead.  Rebekah  conti- 
nued long  barren,  and  Ifaac,  by  prayer, 
procured  her  pregnancy.  In  the  ?,oth 
year  of  their  m.arrin_ge,  Rebekali  fell 
with  twins.  They  llrugglcd  in  her 
womb.  Upon  her  enquiry,  the  Lord 
informed  her,  that  the  two  children  in 
her  womb  fhould  be  very  different  in 
their  tempers,  and  the  nations  to  fpring 
from  them  very  different  in  their  fate, 
and  that  the  elder  fnould  ferve  the 
younger.  Her  two  children  were  E- 
SAU  and  Jacob  ;  of  whom  the  firil 
was  the  darling  of  his  father,  and  the 
laft  of  his  m.other,  Gen.  xi.i.  xxii.  xxiii. 
xxiv.  *:^xvi. 

After  Ifaac  had  fallen  heir  to  Abra- 
ham, a  famine  happened  in  Canaan. 
He  retired  to  Gerar,  where  Afime- 
LJECH  was  king,  in  his  way  towards 
Egypt ;  but  God  prohibited  him  from 
going  down  to  it,  and  eilabliihed  his 
covenant  with  him  and  his  feed.  •  Fear- 
W^  thdt  the  Philiftines  of  Gerar  might 
k''J  him,  for  the  fake  of  his  beautiful 
wife,  Ifaac  and  R^t^bekah  agreed  to 
pretend  tliat  fhe  was  his  filler.,  But 
Abimelcch,  from  his  window, .  obfer- 
ving  ICaac  ufe  fuch  familiarity  with 
Rebekah,  as  was  not  proper  between 
brother  and  fifter,  cabled  him,  and  chid 
him  for  pretending  that  fhe  was  his 
lifter,  and  thus  laying  a  fnare  to  in- 
volve his  kingdom  m  guilt.  All  the 
fubje<$l3  were  charged  to  beware  of  \\\- 


j  ISA 

juring  Ifaac  or  Rebekah.  Ifaac  had 
fine  crops,  and  his  flocks  multiplied 
exceedingly.  He  opened  the  wells 
which  his  father  had  digged,  aud 
which  the  Philiftines  had  ftopped. 
Finding  Abimelech  wearied  of  him,  I- 
faac  retired  ea  ft  ward  to  the  valley  of 
Gerar.  Here  his  fervants  digged  wells. 
For  two  of  them  the  Philiftines  ftrove, 
and  pretended  that  the  water  was 
theirs.  Ifaac  called  the  one  Efek,  'i.e, 
contentioriy  and  the  other  Sitnah,  /".  e, 
hatred.  For  a  third  they  ftrove  not, 
and  he  called  it  Rehoboth,  as  a  m.emo- 
rial  that  the  Lord  had  made  room  for 
him.  Weary  of  ftrife,  he  retired  eaft- 
ward  to  Beerfheba,  where  God  again 
renewed  his  promife  and  covenant  with 
him ;  and  Abimelech,  dreading  the 
increafe  of  his  wealth,  came  to  make 
an  alliance  with  him.  When  he  was 
about  the  looth  year  of  -his  age,  he 
and  Rebekah  were  mightily  grievcd- 
with  the  condudl  of  Efau,  in  his  mar- 
riage of  two  Canaanitifli  w^mcn,  Gen. 
xxvi. 

When  he  was  about  137  years  of 
age,'  his  fight  failed  him  exceedingly, 
Suppofing  his  death  to  be  at  hand,  he 
dclired  his  darling  Efau  to  bring  him 
fome  favoury  venifon,  that  he  might 
eat  and  give  him  his  tendereft  blefling 
before  his  deceafe.  P^ebekah  over- 
hearing, caufcd  Jacob  go  to  the  fold, 
and  bring  her  home  fome  fiefn,  of 
which  ffiC  made  favoury  meat  for  I- 
faac.  This  fiie  caufed  Jacob,  whom 
ffte  had  dreffcd  as  like  Efau  as  'l'p.^ 
could,  carry  to  his  father,  and  pretend 
that  he  was  Elau.  '  He  complied  with 
her  fiuful  directions  how  to  obtain  tiic 
promif^d  blelling.  His  father  fufpecl- 
ed  and  felt  him  ;  but  he  conftantly  af— 
ferted  that  he  was  Efau.  Ifaac  there- 
on bleifed  Jacob  with  a  fruitful  land, 
and  dominion  over  ail  iiis  brethren. 
Jacob  had  fcarce  gone  off,  when  Efaa 
came  with  his  venifon,  and  demanded 
his  father's  bleffing.  Finding  that  Ja^. 
cob  had  impofed  on  liim,  Ifaac  trern* 
bled  to  think  how  the  providejice  of 
God  was  to  work  :  ftrongly  he  incli-* 
ned  to  recal  the  blelTmg  of  Jacob,  but 
he  could  not.      At  .Efau's  bitter  in* 

treaties^. 


treat >es,  he  bleiTcd  him  in  an  inferior 
degree.  Fir^dino;  that  Jacob's  h'fe  was 
ill  danger  from  Efaii,  whom  he  had 
tricked  out  of  his  birthright  and  blef- 
dngj  Ifaac  and  R'jl>ek.ah  agreed  to 
fend  him  to  Mefopotamia,  and  charged 
him  to  beware  of  efpoufing  a  Canaan- 
itefs.  About  43  years  after,  and  lo 
years  bcforejacob  went  down  into  E- 
gypt,  Ifaac  died,  and  was  honourably 
interred,  by  J?cob  and  Efau,  in  the 
cave  of  Machpclah.  Here  too,  Re- 
bekah  was  buried,  Gen.  xxvii.  xxviii. 
XXXV.  27.-29. 

Was  this  patriarch  a  diftinguifhed 
type  of  our  Saviour  ?  Hqw  often  pro- 
'uiied  ;  how  earneftly  defired  ;  how 
long  expc^Aed  ;  and  how  fupeniatural 
•lis  birth  !  What  joy  it  gave  to  angels 
and  men  !  and  in  his  name  is  the  whole 
joy  and  conjolation  of  Ifrael  wrapt  up. 
He  is  the  only  begotten  fon  of  Jeho- 
vah, and  the  darling  of ■  his  heart: 
nut  at  the  expence  of  their  own  rejec- 
tion from  the  church  of  God,  how  ha- 
ted, mocked,  perfecuted,  and  murder- 
ed by  his  Jewifh  brethren  !  In  his  doc- 
trine and  work,  how  he  redigged  the 
wells  of  his  Father's  love !  and  how  op- 
pofed  by  Jews  and  Gentiles  therein  ! 
with  what  cheerfulnefs  he  affumed  and 
bare  our  guilt  ;  bare  hi?  crofs  ;  and 
laid  down  his  life  a  facrilice  for  us  ! 
how  willingly  he  went  with  his  Father 
into  inconceivable  fcenes  of  wo  !  O  the  ■ 
r.umerous  feed,  and  the  unbounded 
blefungs  for  them,  that  are  the  reward 
of  his  work  1  and  how  firmly  the  new 
covenant  is  ratified',  in  his  death  !  Ha- 
ving rifen  from  the  dead,  and  having  a 
church,  a  fpoufe,  chiefly  of  Gentiles, 
allotted  to  him  by  his '  Father,  hov/ 
quickly  his  blood  and  his  prayers  pro- 
duced a  multitude  of  fpiritual.  ^ed  ! 
For  a  while,  what  a  flruETCfle  betwetn 
the  Jewiih  and  Gentile  church  !  At 
lafl  the  Jews,  like  Efau,  rcjefted  their 
birthright,  and  forfeiting  the  bleifing, 
were  call  out ;  while  the  Gentiles,  Ir's 
younger  feed,  became  the  highjy  fa- 
voured, but  much  afflicled  people  of 
God. 

ISAIAII,  or  EsAiAS,  the. prophet, 
ihe  fon  of  Amcz  ;  and  it  is  faid,  but 


I    ]  ISA 

without  any  probable  ground,  that  he 
was  the  coufiji  of  King  Uzziah,  in  the 
latter  end  of  whofe  reign  he  began  his 
predictions.  Perhapp  the  firft  five  chap- 
ters were  uttered  before  the  death  of 
that  king.  lo  the  year  of  Uzziah's 
death,  ht  liad  a  glorious  vifion  of  our 
Redeemer,  attended  and  praifed  by 
fcraphic  angels  and  minifters.  AU 
felf-debafed,  he  bewailed  his  own  loath- 
fomenefs  ;  but  a  feraph  touching  hiG 
mouth  with  a  burning  coal  from  the 
altar,  intimated,  that  his  pollution  was 
purged  away.  Readily  he  offered  him- 
felf  to  the  prophetic  work,  and  was 
informed,  that  his  preaching  (hould 
occafion  the  hardening  and  ruin  of  his 
hearers,  till  the  AfTyrians  fhould  have 
rendered  the  land  almoft  wholly  defolate. 
When  AhaZ'  and  his  people  were  put 
into  the  utmoft  confternation  by  the 
ravages  of  Pckah  and  Rezin,  IfaiaK 
told  Ahaz,  that  he  had  no  reafon  to 
be  afraid  of  thefe  kings,  as  the  ruin  of 
them  and  their  kingdoms  was  at  hand. 
V7hen  Ahaz  refufed  to  afl^  a  fign  of 
the  prefervation  of  his  kingdom,  God 
gave  him  the  fign  of  theMeffiah's  pro- 
ceeding from  the  Jewifii  royal  family, 
as  an  infallible  fccurity  thereof.  Point- 
ing to  Sliearjalhub,  his  child  in  his 
arms,  he  told  Aha?^  that  before  tha.t 
child  fhould  come  to  the  years  of  dif- 
cretion,  boih  Syria  and  the  ten  tribes 
ihould  be.  dellitute  of  a  king.  He 
however  told  him,  that  the  Aflyrians 
would  lay  the  land  of  Judah  almoil  de- 
folate, when  tliey  ruined  the  kingdom 
of  Ifrael.  Ifaiah  had  another  fon, 
Avhom  the  Lord  ordered  him  to  call 
Maherfhalal-halh-baz.;  i.  e.  in  haftcnlng 
to  the  fpn'il  make  hajle  to  the pr^y  :  he  a:- 
fured  the  Jews,  before  witnefles,  tliat 
l)efore  that  child  ihould  be  able  to  cry. 
My  father  or  mother,  tlic  kingdoms  cf 
Syria  and  Samaria  fhould  be  ruined  by 
tlie  AlTyrians ;  and  not  long  after, 
Judah  bti  brought  to  the  brink  ef 
ruin,  chap.  i. — viii.  When  Hezekiali 
was  fore  dillreircd  of  hi:^  bodily  difliem- 
per,  and  by  the  Afl^/rian  invafion,  I- 
f  u'ah  prayed  for,  dilvdcd,  and  coiri-- 
forted  iiim  :  but  afterwards  propheliedj 
that,  for  hi?  vr.nity,  his  feed  fliould  be 
G  2  eunuch-: 


.ISA  is 

eunuchs  in  the  palace  of  Babylon. 
While  Sargon's  army  befieired  Afhdod, 
Ifalah,  by  going  bare  foot,  and  with 
few  chithes,  for  thrpe  years,  prefi^rured 
the  diftrefr;.-d  condition  of  the  E^ryp- 
tiaiis  and  Ethiopians,  for  three  years, 
under  the  AfTyrian  yoke,  If.  xxxvi.  - 
xxxix.  XX.  Notwithftanding  Ifaiah's 
excellent  qualifications  for  his  work, 
and  his  faithful  difcharge  thereof,'  his 
fuccefs  was  fmall,  If.  xlix.  1.-5.  Af- 
ter he  had  prophefied  45,  or  rather  60 
years,  he  was  killed,  perhaps  fawn  a- 
lunder,  or  died  a  natural  death,  about 
the  beginning  of  ManalTeh's  reign. 

Ifaiah*s  feparate  hillory  of  King  Uz- 
ziah's  'reign  was  uninfpired,  and  is 
now  loft,  2  Chron.  xxvi.  22.  His  in- 
fpired  prophecy  remains.  The  firft 
part  of  it  conlifts  chiefly  of  declarations 
of  fmsaud  threatenings  of  judgements  : 
the  lafl  27  chapters,  together  with 
chap.  iv.  xi.  xii.  xxv.  xxxii.  and  xxxv. 
confift  chiefly  of  promifes.  In  chap, 
i.  ii.  iii.  and  v.  the  general  fcope  is,  to 
reprefent  the  ingratitude,  unfruitfulnefs 
in  good  works,  idolatrj^,  profanenefs, 
pride  of  women,  opprelfion,  drunk- 
ennels,  pervert'nf^  of  judgement,  &c. 
among  the  H'  brews  ;  and  to  pre- 
dict their  terrible  miferies  by  the 
Adrians,  Chaldeans,  cr  Romans^ 
This,  too,  is  the  fcope  of  chap.  vii. 
17.  25.  and  viii.  ix.  xxii.  xxiv.  xxvii. 
7.  II.  and  xxviii.  xxix.  xxx.  i.  17. 
xxxi.  I.  3.  lix.  Ixv.  and  Ixvi.  In 
chap.  vii.  5.  9.  viii.  4.  ix.  8.  ■  2 1, 
and  xvii.  he  predids  the  ruin  of  Syria, 
and  of  the  kingdom  of  the  ten  tribes  ; 
and  the  calamities  of  the  Philiftines, 
chap.  xiv.  29.  30.  31.  ;  o^  Moab,  chap. 
XV.  xvi.  and  xxv.  10.  ;  of  the  Egyp- 
tians and  Ethiopians,  chap,  xviii.  xix, 
XX.  ;  of  the  Arabians,  chap.  xxi.  13. 
— 17.  ;  of  the  Edomites,  chap.  xxi. 
II.  12.  and  xxxiv.  ;  of  Tyre,  chap, 
xxiii.  ;  of  the  AfTyrians  before  Jerufa- 
lem,.  chap.  x.  xiv.  24.—  27.  xvii.  12. 
13.  xxvii.  I.  xxx.  27. —  33.  xxxi.  4. 
—  g,  xxxiii.  and  xxxvii.  ;  and  of  the 
Chaldeans,  chap.  xiii.  xiv.  xxi.  i. — 10. 
xliii.  14.  xiv.  I. — 4.  xlvi.  i.  2.  11. 
and  xlvii.  Aniidft  thefe denunciations 
of  wrath,  we  have  many   pleafant  pro- 


2    1  T  s  H 

mifes  of  the  redemption  and  gloriou* 
kingdom  of  the  Mefliah,  as  chap.  i.  18. 
25.  27.  ii.  I. — 5.  iv.  2. — 6.  vii.  14, 
viii.  14.    ix.  6.  7.    xi.   xii.   xxv.   xxvi. 

xxviii.  16.  and  xxxv.  ^c.  From  chap. 
xl.  to  the  end,  the  deHverance  of  the 
Jews  from  Babylon,  and  the  vanity  of 
idols,  are  often  occafionally  hinted  ; 
but  the  chief  fcope  is  to  foretel  the  in- 
carnation, fufFerings,  and  glory  of  the 
MelTiah  ;  the  ereftion  of  the  gofpel- 
church  among  the  Gentiles  ;  the  re- 
jection of  the  Jews,  and  their  future 
reftoration.  The  ftyle  of  this  prophet 
is  fublime  in  the  higheft  degree,  and 
his  views  are  extremely  evangelic. 

ISHBOSHETH,  or  Eshbaal, 
the  fon  and  fucceflbr  of  King  Saul.  In 
the  40th  year  of  his  life,  Abner  made 
him  king  in  the  room  of  his  father,  o- 
ver  all  the  Hebrew  tribes,  except  that 
of  Judah,  which  clave  to  David.  He 
reigned  two  years  pretty  peaceably ; 
but  Abner's  forv.'ardnefs  drew  on  a  war 
between  the  party  of  Ifliboflieth  and 
the  fubjecls  of  David.  It  never  feems 
to  have  gone  beyond  fmall  fivirmiflies. 
Abner,  takingolfence  at  Iflibofheth'sac- 
cufmg  him  of  an  intrigue  with  Rizpah, 
the  concubine  of  Saul,  deferted  him, 
and  began  to  fet  on  foot  the  intereft  of 
David  ;  but  he  was  murdered  by  Joab. 
Informed  hereof,  Ifhbofheth  loft  all 
courage  ;  a;;d,  as  he  took  his  noon- 
tide fleep,  Baanah  and  Rechab,  his 
captains,  and  perhaps  kinfuicn,  mur- 
dered hini,  brought  his  head  to  David, 
and  were  rewarded  with  the  ignomini- 
ous lofs  of  their  life.  Ifliboftieth's 
head  was  decently  interred  in  the  fe- 
pulchre  of  Abner.  Thus  fell  the  royal 
dignity  of  the   houfe  of  Saul,  y/.  il/. 

•  3956. 

ISHI.  Thou  fhalt  no  more  call 
me  Bafi/iy  but  thou  ftialt  call  me  I/]:} ; 
thou  flialt  look  on  me  not  as  a  rigid 
lore/,  but  as  a  kind  and  affeclionate 
hiifiand ;  and  flialt  worfliip  me  in  a 
manner  quite  free  from  the  idolatry  of 
Banl,   Hof.  ii.  16. 

ISRMAEL  ;  1.  The  fon  of  Abra- 
ham by  Hagar.  When  about  18  years 
of  age,  he  fported  too  roughly  with 
Ifaac,  a  child  of  four  cr  five.     On  this 

account 


1  S  H 


[     S3     1 


I  s  s 


account  he  and  his  mother  were  ex- 
pelled the  family.  After  being  almoft 
cut  off  with  third  in  his  way  to  Egypt, 
and  miraculoufly  refreflied,  he  and  his 
mother  took  up  their  refidence  in  the 
wildernefs  of  Paran,  and  lived  by  his 
(hooting  of  venifon.  He  married  an 
Egyptian,  at  his  mother's  diredlion. 
According  to  the  divine  predivlilions  to 
his  father  and  mother,  he  had  12  fons, 
Nebaioth,  Kedar,  Adbeel,  Mibfam, 
Minima,  Diimah,  Mafia,  Hadar,  Te- 
ma,  Jetur,  Naphifh,  and  Kedemah  ; 
parents  and  princes  of  twelve  Arabian 
tribes.  He  had  alfo  a  daughter,  cal- 
led Mahalath,  or  Bafhen-.ath,  who  was 
the  wife  of  Efau  her  coufin.  His  pof- 
tciity  took  up  their  refidence  between 
Havilah  and  Shur,  in  Arabia  the  Stony, 
and  in  part  of  Arabia  Deferta,  and 
were  called  Ifhmaelites,  Hagarenes, 
and  in  the  later  times  Saracens.  See 
Arabia.  After  Ifhmael  had  lived  130 
years,  he  died  amidft  his  friends,  the 
offspring  of  Keturah,  8cc.  Gen.  xvi. 
xxi.  XXV. 

2.  IsHMAEL,  the  fon  of  Nethaniah, 
being  one  of  the  royal  family  of  Judah, 
was  fent  by  Baaiis,  king  of  the  Am- 
monites, to  murder  Gcdaliah,  the  de- 
puty of  Nebuchadnezzar  over  the  Jews 
who  were  left  in  Canaan.  After  he 
had  ungratefully  murdered  that  good 
man,  fo  averfe  to  fufpeft  his  wicked 
defigns,  and  a  number  of  Jews  and 
Chaldeans  along  with  him,  he  murder- 
ed other  70  whom  he  met  with,  all 
except  ten,  who  begged  him  to  fpare 
them,  that  they  might  difcover  to  him 
their  hid  treafures.  The  reff  of  the 
Jews  prefent,  women  and  children,  he 
carried  captive,  and  marched  towards 
his  country  of  Ammon,  where  he  had 
dwelt  for  fome  time.  But  Johanan 
the"  fon  of  Kareah,  and  the  other  war- 
riors, returning  to  Mizpeh,  and  find- 
ing what  he  had  done,  purfued  him  ; 
recovered  his  captives  and  fpoil  :  but 
himfelf,  and  eight  of  his  band,  efca- 
ped  fafe  to  the  Ammonites,  Jer.  xh 
xli. 

ISRAEL.    See  Jacob.   Hebrews. 

ISLE,  Island  ;  properly  a  ipct  of 
earth  furrounded  with  fe?..     The  mod 


noted  ifles  on  the  north  of  Europe,  are 
Britain,  Ireland,  and  Iceland,  and  a- 
bout  three  or  four  hundred  fmaller 
ones.  The  mofl  noted  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, are  Cyprus,  Crete,  Rhodes, 
Eubcea,  Sicily,  Malta,  Sardinia,  Cor- 
fica,  Minorca,  Majorca,  and  a  multi- 
tude of  leffcr  ones.  Between  Europe 
and  America  are  the  Azores  and  New- 
foundland ;  and  on  the  weft  of  Africa 
are  the  Canaries  ;  and  almoft  ftraight 
weft  from  thefe,  as  in  the  eaftern  bo- 
fom  of  America,  are  the  Carribees  and 
Antilles  iflaads,  the  largeft  of  which 
are  Cuba,  Hifpaniola,  Jamaica,  and 
Martinico.  On  the  eaft  of  Africa  is 
the  iile  of  Madagascar.  On  the  fouth, 
and  fouth-eaft  of  the  Eaft  Indies,  are 
Ceylon,  Sumatra,  Java,  .Borneo,  Ce- 
lebes, Gilolo,  Mindano,  and  Manilla, 
with  about  12,000  others.  On  the 
foaith-eaft  of  Tartary,  are  Japan  and 
Jeffo.  The  Hebrews  called  any  plac.e 
Separated  by  fea  from  their  country, 
or  even  a  place  on  the  fea-coaft,  an 
ifland.  So  Leffer  Afia  and  Europe, 
peopled  by  the  defcendantsof  Japheth, 
are  called  the  i/Ies  of  the  Gentiles  ;  and 
to  thefe  a  number  of  promifes  of  the 
fpread  of  the  gofpel  relate.  Gen.  x.  5. 
If.  xlii.  4.  10.  xlix.  I.  The  ifles  on 
v/hich  Ahafuerus  laid  his  tribute,  were 
the  maritime  countries  of  Leffer  Afia, 
and  the  iiles  in  the  eaftern  part  of  the 
Mediterranean  fea,  Efth.  x.  i.  Canaan 
is  called  an  ifie^  If.  xx.  6. 

ISSACHAR,  the  fifth  fon  of  Ja- 
cob by  Leah.  The  name  Iffachar.figni- 
fying  HIRE,  was  given  him,  becaufe 
the  occafion  of  his  birth  was  purchafed 
by  fome  mandrakes,  which  Leah  gave 
to  Rachel.  He  had  four  fons.  Tola, 
Phuvah  or  Pliua,  Job  or  Jafhub,  and 
Shimron.  When  this  tribe  came  out 
of  Egypt,  they  amounted  to  54,400, 
under  the  government  of  Nathaneel 
the  fon  of  Zuar.  Their  fpy  to  view 
the  promiicd  land  was  Igal  the  fon  o^ 
Jofeph  ;  and  their  agent  to  divide  it, 
was  Paltiel  the  fon  of  Azzan  :  they 
were  Rationed  before  the  tabernacle,  in 
the  camp  of  Judah,  and  increafcd  in 
the  wildernefs  to  64,300,  Gcr\.  xxx.  14. 
— iS.  xlvi.  13.  Numb.  i.  8.  29.  x.  14. 

15- 


t  s  s 


55.  xin.  7.  XXVI.  23. — 25.  xxxiv 
They  had  their  lot  In  one  of  the  fatteft 
places  of  Canaan,  between  the  Zebu- 
.lunites  on  the  north,  and  the  weftern 
Manaflites  on  the  fouth.  They  were 
extremely  laborious  and  wealthy,  ready, 
like  the  obedient  afs,  to  bear  the  hca- 
\M"eft  burden  of  labour  or  tribute.  Nor 
-did  they  forget  to  invite  one  another 
to  the  worfhip  of  God,  Gen.  xlix.  14. 
15.  Deut.  xxxiii.  18,  19.  Tolah  the 
judge,  and  Baafha  the  king  of  Ifrael, 
i  ivere  the  moft  noted  of  this  tribe. 
"Their  princes  were  very  aftive  in  the 
tDverthrow  of  Jabin's  army  by  Barak, 
Judg.  V.  15.  Two  hundred  of  the 
principal  men,  who  had  the  reft  at 
their  direction,  attended  at  Da^'id's 
Coronation,  and  brought  much  provi- 
:'ifion  with  them.  Under  his  reign, 
Om.ri,  the  fon  of  Michael,  was  their 
deputy-governor,  and  their  number 
able  to  draw  fvvord  was  143,600,  i 
Chron.  xii.  30.  40.    xxvii.  .18;    vii.  i. 

6.     Sundry  of  this  tribe  attended  at 

Hezekiah's  folemn-  pafTover,  2  Chron. 
«xx.  18. 

ISSUE  ;  ■(  I.)  Children  ;  poften'ty, 
'Gen.  xlviii.  6.  (2.)  A  running  of 
"blood,  feed,  ^c.  Lev.  xii.  7.  xv.  2. 
Ezek.  xxiii.  20.  An  iflue  of  this  kind 
-was  very  polluting;  but  a  mother's  did 
-not  pollute  her  fucking  child.  Did  it 
not  reprefent  fcandalous  fins,  that  are 
very  infecting  ?  The  jfues  from  death, 
that  is,  all  the  means  of  efcape  from 
fm  or  mifery,  and  all  the  perfons  re- 
deemed, belong  to  the  Lord,  Pfal. 
Ixviii.  20.  Out  of  the  heart  are  the  [[fues 
(f  life ;  the  Jioly  thoughts  and  good 
works  of  men,  demonftrate  life  to  be 
in  their  heart,  and  prepare  them  for 
'Eternal  hfe.  Pro  v.  iv.  23.  To  iffue^ 
is  to  fpring  forth  ;  flow  along,  Ezek. 
xlvii.  8.  2  Kings  xx.  10.  ;  or  to  march 
forth  in  hafte,  Jofli.  viii.  22. 

ITALY  ;  a  noted  country  in  tlie 
fouth  of  Europe,  ftretched  out  to  the 
fouth-eaft,  between  the  gulf  of  Venice 
on  the  eaft,  and  the  Tufcan  fea  on  the 
fouth-v/eft  :  it  has  part  of  France, 
Switzerland,  and  part  qf  Germany,  on 
the  north  ;  and  is  fliaped  like'a  boot. 
It  was  anciently  inhabited  by  the  Um- 


{54.1  ITtT 

26.  bri,  who  are  perhaps  the  fame  with  tk? 
Gomerians.  The  Etrufclms  came  af- 
terwards, whom  we  fuppofe  of  a  Ca- 
naan itifli  original ;  and  the  Greeks  al- 
fo  lei/ed  on  a  part  of  it.  It  was  pof- 
feffed  by  a  great  many  different  tribes, 
Etrufcans,  Samnites,  Campanians,  ^Cy 
but  the  Romans  fwallowed  up  all. 
At  prefent,  it  is  ^livided  into  a  variety 
of  Hates.  Piedmont,  Montferrat,  Mi- 
lan, and  Venice,  lie  in  the  north  part, 
or  head  cf  the  boot.  Southward  of 
thcfe  are  Genoa,  Pai-ma,  and  Mantua. 
Still  fartlvjr  fouth,  and  in  what  ir.ay 
be  called  the  mid-leg,  are  Lucca,  Mo- 
dena,  Romania,  Tufcany,  Florence, 
and  the  Pope's  territory.  The  ancle 
and  foot  contain  the  kingdom  of 
Naples  ;  and  the  Tar;^ntefe  is  the  heel. 
The  Italians  are  great  pretenders  to 
polite  learning  ;  but  are  generally  de- 
voted flaves  of  the  Pope,  or  what  is  no 
better,  a  fcandai  to  the  Chriftian 
•nam.e,  with  their  impiety  and  profane- 
nels,  A6ts  xxvii.  i.  Hence  Paul  wrote 
his  letter  to  the  Hebrews,  ch.  xiii.  24. 

ITCH  ;  a  difeafe  of  the  fldn,  in 
which  fharp  and  faltifh  humours  ouze 
forth,  and  gather  into  fmall  boils, 
which  occafion  itching.  Probably  it 
is  produced  by  certain  anim.alcules  neft- 
ling  in,  and  preying  o;i  the  ikin,  and 
there' breeding  their  young.  Hence^ 
one  by  touching  the  infedled,  catches, 
the  contagion,  as  thefe  vermin  faften  on 
his  flefh.  In  curing  the  itch,  not  only 
muft  all  the  animalcules,  but  theii-  eggs, 
be  deftroyed,  by  falts,  fulphur,  mer- 
cury, &c.  The  itch  is  two-fold  ;  the 
moift,  which  is  more  eafy  of  cure,  and 
the  dry,  which  can  fcarce  be  •healed, 
Deut.  xxviii.  27. 

ITHAMAR,     the    fourth    fon    of 

Aaron.     Never  but    in    Eli's    family, 

high-priefthood  vefted   in  his 

but   his   defcendants  conftitu- 

of  the  orders  of  the  priefts, 

xxiv.  I. — 3, 

ITUREA  ;  a  county  on  the  fouth- 
eafl  of  Syria,  and  eaftward  of  Bafhan. 
Probably  it  was  denominated  from  Je- 
tur  the  fon  of  Ifhmael,  and  peopled  by 
his  pofterity.  Ariftobuluf;,  king  of 
the  Jews,  compelled  them   to  receive 

circum- 


was  the 
family  ; 
ted  eigh 
I  Chron 


J  U  B 

circumcifion   In    the    Jewifh 
Philip,  a  foil  of  Herod  the  Great,  was 
tetrarch   here   in  our    Saviour's  time, 
Luke  iii.  I. 

JUBILEE.     See  feast. 

JUDAH,  the  fourth  fon  of  Jacob 
by  Leah  :  his  name  imports,  that  his 
mother  praifed  the  Lord  for  giving  her 
children.  When  about  14  years  of 
age,  he  contradled  a  great  famih'arity 
with  Hira,  a  Canaanite  of  Adullam  ; 
in  confeqnence  whereof  he  marri-.d  one 


r   55.1        JUD 

manner,  ted  him  to  go  with  them  to  Egyptr 
By  a  moft  affefting  oration  he  j)led 
the  caufe  of  Benjamin,  when  charged 
with  fteah'ng  of  Joseph's  cup  ;  and  by 
offering  himfelf  a  Have  for  him,  he. 
melted  the  heart  of-Jofeph,  Gen.  xliv. 
In  liis  laft  benediction,  Jacob  conftitu- 
ted  Judah  the  fnperior  of  h!s1>rethren  5. 
and  prediCled  liim  the  father  of  the 
MeiTiah  ;  and  allotted  him  a  land  a- 
bounding  with  vines.  The  event  an- 
fvvered   the  prediction.     Jadah's  tribC;, 


Shuali  a  Canaanitefs,  by  whom  he  had*  by  his  three  fons,  Shelah,  Pharez,  and 


three  fons ;  Er,  Onan,  and  Shelah. 
Judah  married  Er,  when  very  young, 
to  Tamar  a  Canaanitefs  :  for  fome  hor- 
rid wickednefs,  the  Lord  cut  him  off 
by  an  untimely,  death.  According  to 
the  then  cuflom  of  the  eaft,  Judah  made 
Gnan  her  hufband,  that  he  might  raife 
up  feed  to  his  brother.  Onaii  knowing 
that  the  feed  fliould  not  be  reckoned  his, 
did,  in  an  abominable  manner,  prevent 
his  wife's  pregnancy.  For  this  the  Lord 
cut  him  off  by  death.  Inflead  of  gi- 
ving Tamar  Shelah  his  third  fon  to  be 
her  hyfband.  Judah  amufed  her  with 
empty  promifes.  This  difgulled  her 
at  him.  Plearing  that  he  was  to  pafs 
that  way  to  fhear  his  fheep,  fhe  dref- 
fed  herfelf  as  an  harlot,  and  fat  by  the 
way-fide  till  he  came  by.  Caught 
with  the  fnare,  Judah,  now  a  widower, 
went  in  to  her  ;  for  allowance  of  which 
he  agreed  to  give  her  a  kid ;  and  gave 
his  fiaff  and  bracelets  as  a  pledge  of  it. 
Immediately  after,  he  fent  the  kid  by 
his  friend  Hira ;  but  fhe  could  not  be 
found,  aad  the  men  of  the  place  told 
liim,  that  there  was  no  harlot  among 
them..  Not  long  after,  Judah  heard 
that, Tamar  w^s  with  child,  and  was 
for  burning  her  quick  :  but  her  exhi- 
bition of  his  bracelets  and  flafF  made 
him  quite  afnamed  ;  and  he  acknow- 
ledged his  fauH  in  tempting  her  to 
what  fhe  had  done,  in  not  giving  her 
Shelah  for  her  hufband.  She  quickly 
bare  to  him  Pharez  and  Zerah,  Gen. 
xxxviii.  Judah  moved  the  felling  of  Jo- 
feph  to  the  Arabian  merchants,  rather 
than  to  kill  him,  Gen.  xxxvii.  26.  27. 
H::  folcmnly  engaged  to  return  Ben- 
jLsaiiij  £afc  to  his  father,,  if  hftspermit* 


Zerah,  prodigioufly  incrcafed.  At 
their  coming  out  of  Egypt,  their  fight- 
ing men  amounted  to  74,600,  under 
Nahfhon,  the  fon  of  Amminadab.  In 
the  wildernefs  they  increafcd  to  76,^oo>. 
Their  fpy  to  view,  and  agent  to  divide 
the  promifed  land,  was  Caleb  the  fon 
ofjephuneh.  They,  with  the  tribes 
of  Iffachar  and  Zebulun,  marched  m 
the  firfl  divifion  through  the  wilder- 
nefs. Numb.  i.  10.  xiii.  xxvi.  xxxivv 
They  had  the  firft,  the  fouthmofl,  and 
by  far  the  largefl  portion,  on  the  weft 
of  Jordan.  Soon  after  their  fettlemen^, 
they,  infligated  by  Caleb,  were  the 
mofl  aftive  to  expel  the  Canaanites 
from  their  territory.  They  marched 
lirfl  of  the  Hebrew  tribes  againfl  the 
wicked  Gibeathites,  Join.  xv.  Judg. 
i.  I. — 10.  XX.  18.  Otbniel,  the  firit 
judge  and  deliverer  of  Ifrael,  was  of 
this  tribe,  Judg.  iii.  In  SauPs  wr\r 
with  Nahafli,  the  men  of  Judah  in  his 
army  were  but  30,000,  and  of  the  o- 
ther  tribes,  300,000.  In  his  war  with 
Amalek,  no  more  than  10,000  of  this 
tribe  afhfled  him,  though  •  the  other 
tribes  farnifhed  him  200,000.  Whe? 
ther  the  Philiilmes  had  exceedingly 
reduced  the  tribe  of  Judah,  or  wliat 
elfe  was  the  caufe  of  this  great  difpro- 
poilioh  on  thefe  occaiions,  we  know 
not>  After  Saul's  death,  the  Hebrew 
kijigjrbcgan  to  be  of  the  tribe  of  Ju- 
dah and  family  of  David.  Nor-  did 
the  govcnmient  ever  depart  from  them, 
till  the  MefTiah  appeared,  i  Sam.  xi 
8.  XV.  4.  Gen.  xlix.  10.  See  Hf 
BREWS.  Jndah's  poflerity  are  often 
caPed  by  his  name.  Bethlehem  is 
ca'lei  Uie  city  of  Tudah,  or  Bethlohem- 

Judah : 


JUD  I     56 

Jivhli  ;  it  was  tlie  native  place  of  Da-  ter. 
vld  their  king,  2  Chron.  xxv.  28.  But 
thtre  was  another  city  called  Judah,  on 
the  foiith-eall  corner  of  the  portion  of 
Naphtili ;  but  whether  on  the  eaft  or 
Avcd  fide  of  Jordan,  wc  cannot  pofitively 
determine,  Jofli.  xix.  34. 

JUDEA,  or  Jewry.  The  country 
of  Judah  was  never  fo  callec*  till  after 
the  captivity ;  fometimes  the  whole 
land  of  Canaan  feems  to  have  been  cal- 
led Judea,  Matth.  xxiv.  16.  Gal.  i. 
21.  ;  but  more  properly  it  was  divided 
into  Perca  beyond  Jordan ;  Galilee, 
Samaria,  and  Judea,  on  the  well  of 
Jordan.  Judea,  thus  taken,  contained 
the  original  portions  of  the  tribes  of 
Jiidah,  Benjamin,  Dan,  and  Simeon. 
It  confided  of  three  parts  ;  the  plain 
country  on  the  weft  ;  the  hill-country 
fouthward  of  Jern.falem  ;  and  the  fouth 
on  the  north  borders  of  the  land  of  E- 
dom,  Matth.  iii.  i.  Ads  ii.  9.  Zech. 
vii.  7. 

JUDAS  ISCARIOT.  Why  he 
Avas  called  IJcariot,  whether  becaufe  he 
was  Ijlj-kartoth,  an  inhabitant  of  Ke- 
rioth  ;  or  becaufe  he  was  IJh-fcar'wiay 
the  man  who  had  the  bag  ;  or  IJlo  -ca- 
rat^ the  man  that  cuts  off  ;  or  Ififiak- 
raty  the  man  of  the  reward  or  bribe,  I 
know  not.  Our  Saviour  chofe  him  to 
be  one  of  his  difciples,  and  gave  him 
the  charge  of  what  money  or  provifion 
he  carried  about  with  him.  There  is 
no  evidence  that  his  religious  appear- 
ances, or  his  preaching,  or  miracles, 
were  inferior  to  thofe  of  his  brethren  : 
but  covetoufnefs  ftill  reigned  in  his 
heart.  Highly  provoked  that  Mary 
had  fpent  fo  much  oil  in  anointing  our 
Saviour's  head,  and  that  he  juftifiedher 
condutl,  he  refolved,  in  revenge,  to 
betray  him.  He  agreed  with  the 
chief-pnefts  and  elders  to  dehvcr  liim 
into  their  hands  for  J^.  3  :  8  :  5.  He 
returned,  and  eat  the  paifover  witli  liis 
Mailer  and  fcllow-difciples.  At  the 
flipper  of  bitter  herbs,  Jefus,  to  gra- 
tify Juhn,  and  manifell  his  own  divine 
omnifcience,  pointed  him  out  as  the 
traitor.  Filled  with  rage,  he  went  di^ 
tectly  to  the  chief  priefls,  and  brought 
^  band  cf  men  to   apprehend  his  Maf-    goes  by  his 


JUD 

He  led  them  to  the  garden, 
where  Jefus  was  wont  to  retire  for  his 
devotion.  He,  by  a  kifs  of  our  Sa- 
viour, gave  them  the  Hgnal  whom  they 
fhould  apprehend.  No  fooner  had  he 
feen  his  Maft;r  condemned  by  the 
Jewifh  council,  than  his  confcience  up- 
braided him  ;  he  brought  back  the  30 
pieces  of  filver,  and  confeffed  he  had 
betrayed  his  innocent  Mafter.  When 
the  Je\\'i{h  rulers  told  him,  that  that 
was  none  of  their  bufinefs,  he  might 
blame  himfelf ;  he  caft  down  the  mo- 
ney, and,  as  they  thought  the  price 
of  blood  was  not  fit  for  the  treafury, 
they,  as  agents  for  Judas,  gave  it  for 
the  Potter's  field  to  bury  flrangers  in. 
Meanwhile  Judas  hanged  himfelf ;  but 
the  rope  breaking,  or  the  tree  giving 
way,  he  fell,  and  his  body  burft  afun- 
der,  and  his  bowels  gufhed  out.  Some 
think  the  word  we  render  hangedy  im- 
ports, that  he  was  choahed  nvith  griefs 
and  tliat  m  the  extremity  of  his  agony, 
he  fell  on  his  face,  and  burft  afunder, 
Matth.  xxvi.  xxvii.  A6:s  i.  i6. — 20. 

JUDAS,  or  JuDE  ;  the  fame  as 
Thaddeus  Lchheus,  the  fon  of  Cleophas, 
and  brother  of  James  the  Lefs,  and  the 
coufin  and  apoftle  of  our  Lord,  Matth. 
X.  3.  At  his  laft  fupper  he  afked  Je- 
fus, how  he  would  manifeft  himfelf  to 
his  people  and  not  to  the  world  ?  John 
xiv.  22.  It  is  faid  he  was  married,  had 
two  grand-children  martyrs  for  the 
Chriilian  faith,  and  that,  having  preach- 
ed at  EdefTa,  and  in  Mefopotamia,  Ju- 
dea, Samaria,  Idumea,  and  chiefly  in 
Perfia  and  Arme  ia,  he  died  in  Lybia  : 
but  it  is  more  certain  that,  to  confute  the 
Gnofticks  and  other  heretics,  he  wrote 
an  epiftle  to  the  fcattered  Jews.  His 
allufions  to  the  fecond  epiftle  of  Peter, 
and  to  the  fecond  of  Paul  to  Timothy, 
renders  it  probable  that  it  was  written 
after  yf.  D.  66.  From  the  charadler 
ofiaints,  and  the  _  various  judgements 
of  God  on  finning  angels  and  men,  paft: 
or  future,  and  from  the  odious  charac- 
ter of  feducers  ;  he  urges  on  them  a 
conllant  zeal  for  truth,  and  a  continu- 
ed praftice  of  holinefs.  His  quoting  a 
fa\in<r  of  Enoch,  not  the  book  that 
nam^^,  and  a  paffagc  con- 
cerning 


J  u  p 

cerning    the    body    of   Mofes, 

fome   rafhly  queftion   the   authenticity 

of  his  epiftle. 

To  JUDGE  ;  (i.)  To  try  and  de- 
tcrmine  a  caufe,  Exod.  xviii.  13.  The 
manner  of  giving  fentence  was  diffe- 
rent in  different  nations.  The  Jewifh 
judges  gave  fentence  by  fimply  decla- 
ring to  the  pannel,  Thou  art  guilty^  or 
Thou  art  hmocent*  The  Romans  did 
it  by  calling  various  tables  into  a  box 
or  urn,  marked  with  an  y^,  if  they  ab- 
folved,  and  with  a  Cy  if  they  condemn- 
ed ,the  pannel.  Some  of  the  Greeks 
^  intimated  the  fentence  of  abfolntion, 
by  giving  a  white  ftone,  and  of  con- 
demnation, by  giving  a  black  one  ;  to 
this  the  allufion  is  mnde,  Rev.  ii.  17. 
(2.)  To  underfland  a  matter  :  fo  the 
fpiritual  man  judgeth  all  th'mgs,  and  is 
judged  of  no  man  ;  he  has  a  folid  know- 
ledge of  ail  things  important  ;  but  no 
natural  man  can  underftand  his  views 
and  experiences,  i  Cor.  ii.  15.  (;^.) 
To  efteem  ;  account,  as  if  on  trial, 
Kdis  xvi.  15.  (4.)  To  rule  and  go- 
vern, ?13  one  having  power  to  try  and 
determine  caufes,  Pfal.  Ixvii.  4.  (5.) 
To  punifh,  as  in  confequence  of  trial 
and  fentence  ;  and  to  declare  and  de-^ 
nounce  fuch  punirtiment,  Heb.  xiii.  4. 
Ezek.  vii.  3.  8.  xxii.  2.  (6.)  To  cen- 
fure  rafhly,  Matth.  vii.  i.  (7.)  To  ap- 
pear upon  one's  fide,  as  in  confequence 
of  trial  of  his  caufe,  Prov.  xviii.  18^ 
Chriil  does  not  judge  according  to  the 
feeing  of  the  eye,  or  hearing  of  the  ear  ; 
does  not  elleem  perfons  or  things, 
or  give  fentence,  merely  according  to 
outward  appearance,  If.  xi.  3.  Saints 
judge  the  'world,  judge  angels  ;  they  now 
condemn  the  wickednefs  of  the  world, 
by  their  holy  profefTion  and  pradlice. 
At  the  laft  day  they  (hall  affent  to  the 
fentences  of  damnation  pronounced  a- 
gainft  wicked  angels  and  men,  i  Cor. 
vi.  2.  The  faints  are  judged  according 
to  men  in  theflefl:,  and  live  according  to 
God  in  the  fpirii  ;  when  tliey  are  out- 
wardly corrected  for  their  {m,  or  pcrfe- 
cuted  by  wicked  men,  and  yet  inward- 
ly live  a  life  of  fellowfhip  with  God, 
I  Pet.  iv.  6.  Men  become  judges  of 
evil  thoughts,  when,  in  a  parli:il  rr.an- 

VCL.   II. 


r     57     1  JXTD 

ma4e     ncr,  they  prefer  one  perfon  to  another. 
Jam.  ii    4. 

A  Judge  is  one  that  tries  the  caufc 
of  others,  and  pafies  fentence  upon 
them,  Pfal.  ii.  10.  God  is  the  Judge 
of  all  the  earth  ;  he  rules  over,  tries  the 
cafe,  and  gives  fentence  on  all  its  inha- 
bitants, Heb.  xii.  23.  Gen.  xviii.  25. 
Chrift  is  called  the  Judge ;  he  is  ap- 
pointed of  God  to  try  the  ftate  and  ac- 
tions of  all  men,  and  to  pafs  the  fen- 
tence of  everlafling  happinefs  or  mifery 
upon  them,  2  Tim.  iv.  1.  8.  Autho- 
rity-, wifdom,  courage,  activity,  and  im- 
partial equity,  are  neceffary  to  qualify 
one  to  be  a  judge.  The  Jews  had  or- 
dinary judges,  both  for  civil  and  reli- 
gious caufes.  In  reforming  the  nation, 
Jehofhaphat  eftablifhed  two  clalTcs  or 
courts  of  judges  ;  one  cognofced  mat- 
ters pertaining  to  the  Lord,  the  other 
cognofced  what  belonged  to  the  ftate, 
2Chron.  xix.  Thefe  judges  or  elders, 
it  is  faid,  were  formed  into  three  courts, 
(i.)  The  court  of  three  judges,  which 
decided  fmall  affairs  of  lofs,  gain,  refti- 
tution,  intercalation  of  months,  &c.  and 
had  only  pov.-er  to  punifh  with  whip- 
ping. Perhaps  this  was  no  more  than 
a  court  of  arbitration,  each  party  chofe 
a  judge,  and  the  two  chofen  judges 
chofe  a  third.  The  fecond  court  con- 
filled  of  23  judges.  This  determined 
matters  of  great  moment,  relative  to 
mens  lives.  And  the  third  court  or 
fanhedrim  confifted  ot  70  or  72  judges. 
This  determined  in  the  higheft  affairs 
relative  to  church  and  flatc.  The  high- 
priefl  was  a  kind  of  fupreme  judge.  No 
judge  was  allowed  to  receive  prefents, 
nor  to  regard  men  for  either  poverty  or 
greatnefs,  or  to  follow  a  multitude ;  and 
all  were  required  to  honour  them,  Exod. 
xxii.  28.  xxiii.  Deut.  xvi.  No  man  was 
to  be  condemned  unheard,  nor  on  the 
tellimony  of  Icfs  than  two  or  three  wit- 
nesses,  John  vii.  5 1.   Deut.  xvii.  6. 

The  Hebrews  had  alfo  extraordinary 
judges,  Vv*ho  being  raifed  up  by  God, 
on  neceffary  occaiions,  had  a  kind  gf 
fovereign  power.  Some  of  them  were 
immediately  called  of  God,  others  were 
elected  by  the  people,  as  Judg.  iii.  xi. 
Nor  dges  it  appear  that  the  puwer  of 
^  each 


J  UD 

^ch  extended  ovtr  all  Ifrael. 
Jephtliah  did  not  cxerclfc  his  power  on 
the  weft  of  Jordan,  nor  Barak  his  to 
the  eaft  of  it.  Thefe  judges  had  the 
folc  management  of  peace  and  war,  and 
decided  caufes  with  an  ablohite  autho- 
rity ;  they  executed  the  laws,  reformed 
or  protected  religion,  punidied  ii.'v)l:\- 
ters,  and  other  malcfadors  ;  but  t.vjy 
Jevied  no  taxes,  nor  had  any  train  but 
what  their  own  revenues  could  afiord  : 
and,  in  fine,  were  much  the   fame  as 


the  archons  of  Athens,  the  dictators  of 
Rome,  the  fuffetes  of  Carthage,  and 
the  governors  of  Germany,  Gaul,  and 
Britain,  before  the  Roman  invafion. 

After  the  death  of  Jofliua  and  the 
elders  which  outlived  him,  their  judges 
were,  Othniel,  Ehud,  Shamgar,  Barak, 
Gideon,  Abimelech,  Tola,  Jair,  Jeph- 
thah,  Ibzan,  Elon,  Abdon,,  Samfon  a- 
long,  with  Eli,  and  Samuel.  As  the 
temple  is  exprefsly  faid  to  be  founded 
in  the  480th  year  after  the  Hebrev/s 
came  out  of  Egypt,  ft  is  not  eafy  to 
calculate  the  time  of  the  judges,  fo  as 
to  con-efpond  herewith  ;  and  fo  much 
the  more  fo,  as  Paul  avers  that  God 
gave  them  judges  about  450  years ; 
I  Kings  vi.  I.  Ads  xifi.  20,  But  per- 
haps PauPs  expreffion  denotes,  not  the 
time  of  the  judge-.,  liut  the  period  be- 
tween the  birth  of  Ifaac  and  the  fettlc- 
ment  in  Canaan,  which  was  447,  or  a- 
biut  450  years  ;  or  if  it  relate  to  the  pe- 
riod of  the  judges,  the  1 1 1  years  of  fer- 
vitude  mufi  be  taken  into  the  account; 
though,  according  to  the  other  rcckon- 
ircr,  I'n  the  book  of  Kings,  thefe  years 
of  fervitude  muft  be  comprch'jnded  un- 
der the  years  of  the  judges,  or  the  re{i:3 
procui*ed  by  them.  And  it  may  be  ad- 
ded, that  when  it  is  faid  the  land  under 
Othniel  had  reft  40  years,  thai  perhaps 
means,,  till  the  4Cth  year  of  their  fcttle- 
ment  ;  and  under  Ehud  and  Shamgar, 
80  years,  perhaps  means  no  more  than 
till  the  80th  year  of  their  fettlemer^t. 
Befides,  tlie  years  of  fome  of  the  jud- 
ges might  run  into  thofe  of  another  ; 
or  thole  of  Samuel  and  Saul  were  per- 
haps but  40  years  between  them.  Or 
the  480  years  may  be  reckoned  thus  : 
ftom  the  departure  from  Egypt  to  the 


I      58     1       .    JUD 

Perhaps  fettlement  in  Canaan,  47  ;  from  thence, 
during  the  refts  of  40,  of  80,  of  4c,  of 
40  years,  under  Othniel,  Ehud,  Barak, 
Gideon,  200  ;  to  which  add,  for  the 
duration  of  the  government  of  Abime- 
lech, Tola,  Jair,  Jephthah,  Ibzan,  E- 
lon,  Abdon,  SamCon,  and  Eli,  109  ; 
and  for  Samuel,  Saul,  David,  and  the 
firft  four  years  of  Solomon,  124;  and 
then  we  have  precifely  480.  Or  from 
the  departure  from.  Egypt  to  the  fet- 
tlement of  the  Reubenites  and  Gadites, 
40  years  ;  from  thence  to  the  invafion 
of  the  Ammonites,  300,  Judg.  xi.  26. 
thence  to  the  reign  of  Saul,  36.  ;  and 
from  thence  to  the  building  of  the  tem- 
ple, 84  years  ;  in  all  480.  After  the 
death  of  Gideon,  two,  if  not  fometimcs 
three  judges  ruled  at  the  fame  time  in 
different  places. 

Probably  the  book  of  Judges  wa;; 
written  by  Samuel,^  and  the  book  of 
Ruth  written  as  an  appendix  thereto. 
In  the  2d  chapter,  at  the  end,  he  gives, 
a  fummary  of  the  whole.  The  Jebu- 
fites  were  raafters  of  Jerufalem  when  it 
was  written,  chap.  i.  21.  ;  the  houfc 
of  God  was  no  more  at  Shiloh,  chap. 
xviii.  3 1 .  His  fo  often  marking  that 
then  there  was  no  king  in  Ifrael  during 
the  period  of  that  hiftory,  infmuates, 
th^it  there  was  a  king  in  Ifrael  when 
the  penm.an  of  this  book  lived.  The 
mention  of  the  capthlty  of  the  land, 
chap,  xviii.  31.  fcenls  to  point  thif 
book  to  fome  writer  more  late  than  Sa- 
muel;  but  he  might  call  that  ravage  of 
the  country  under  Eli  a  capthuty  ;  or  that 
claufemigcht  be  long  after addedby Ezra. 

JUDGEMENT  ;  (  l.)  Wifdom  and 
prudence,  whereby  one  can  judge  of; 
what  is  proper  or  iniproper,  right  or 
wrong,  Jer.  x.  24.    If.  xxx.  18.    Pfal, 


Ixxii.  I.  (2.)  Striel  equity,  fuch  as 
ihould  appear  in  judging,  Luke  xi.  42. 
(3.)  The  power  of  governing  and  jud- 
ging the  world  :  this  God  hath  com- 
mitted to  Chrift,  John  v.  ^2;-  xvi.  8. 
(4.)  The  wife  feparating  of  men  one 
from  another,  fome  to  damnation,  o- 
thers  for  falvation,  John  ix.  39.  (5.) 
The  decifion  of  a  judge,  i  Kings  iii. 
28.  (6.)  God's  purpofes 
cution  thereof,  Rom.  xi 


,  and  the  exe 
33-     ( 


7.)  The 

folemn 


T  U  D 


[     59     "t 


I  V  o 


i  oicmn  trial  of  men  at  the  laft  day,  that 
the  wicked   may   be   condemned,  and 
the  righteous   adjudged   to   everlafting 
life,   Eccl.  xii.  14.     Jude  6.  15.      (8.) 
The  punifhment  inflidcd  for  fin,  Prov. 
xix.  29.      Ezek.  XXX.  14.      Ifa.  liii.  8. 
(9.)   Chailifement   inflifted   on   faints, 
I  Pet.  iv.  17.      (10.)   The  ilatutes  or 
commandments    of  Ood,    or   what    he 
hath  decided  ia   hi3   w*.  rj,  particularly 
in    what   relates   to   civil   punilhments, 
Pfal.  xix.  7.     Matth.  xii.  18.     Exod. 
xxi.  I.      (11.)   Courts  for  trying   cau- 
fes,    Matth.  V.  21.      (i2-)   Controver- 
fies  to  be  tried  and  decided,   i  Cor.  vi. 
4.      (13-)   Sentiment,  opinion,  advice, 
iCor.  i.  10.  vii.  25.     God  brings  forth 
mens  juJgement  as  the  noon-day,   when, 
in  his  wife  and  righteous  providence,  he 
openly  manifeils  and  rewards  them   ac- 
cording to  the  goodnefs  and  equity  of 
their  caufe,  Pfal.  xxxvii.  6.    Zion  Ihail 
•be  redeemed  avith  judgement ;    Ihall  be 
-  delivered  according  to  the  wifdom  and 
equity  of  God,  and  through  the  inflic- 
tion of  punifliment  on  God's  Son,   Ifa. 
i.  27.      Chrifi   brings  furtk  judgement  to 
the  Gentiles,  fends  it  forth  unto  vidory, 
•when  he  effedually  reveals  the  truths 
of  God,  fully  fatisfies  his  offended  juf- 
tice,  and,  in  a  way  of  executing  ven- 
geance on  Satan  and  his  interefts,  forms 
a  people  to  himfelf,  Iv  xlii.  2.  3.  Mat. 
xii.  18.  20.   Nc-iu  Is  the  judgement  of  this 
ivorld  come  ;  noiu  JJmll  the  prince  of  this 
.  Tvorld  be  cajiout.     Now"<hall  God  fepa- 
rate  multitudes   to    himfelf;  now    fliall 
.-"he  bring  down  their  carnal  lulls  and   i- 
maginations  ;  now  fhall  the  Jev/ilh  na- 
tion be  punifhed;  now  ihall  Satan  be  call 
out  from  mens  hearts,   and  lofe  his  au- 
thority in  the  world,  John  xii.  31.   The 
Holy  Gholl  fliall  convince  men  oi judge- 
ment, becaufe  the  prince   of  this  world 
'is  judged,;  by  diflodging    Sataii   from 
mens  bodies,  and  cafling   him  .  out   of 
their  hearts,  he   fhall  demonilrate  Jt- 
fus's  power  and  authority,  and  evince  his 
future  appearance  to  judgement,  John 
xvi.  II.      God' 3 judgetnents  lire  true  nnd 
righteous  ;  his  condu6l  in  delivering  h's 
people  and  puniiliing  his  enemies,  cov- 
refponds  with  the  predictions  andthreat- 
enings  of   his  word  and  the  equity  of 
hiii  nature,  Rev,  xix.  2, 


JULIUS,  the  centurion  of  Augul> 
tu3*s  band.  Into  his  hands  Feftus  com- 
mitted Paul,  to  convey  him  prifoner  to 
P.ome.  Pie  fhowed  a  great  regard  for 
that  apoftle.     See  Paul.     Ads  xxvii. 

JUNIA  ;  an  early  convert  to  the 
Chriilian  faith,  and  of  note  among  the 
apofues.  But  whether  this  perfon  to 
whom  Paul  fends  his  falutation  was  a 
man,  or  a  woman,  and  the  wife  of  An- 
dronicus,    I    cannot   determine,    Rom. 

jlJNIPER;  a  well-known  fhrub, 
whofe  male-ilowers  are  of  the  amenta- 
ceous kind,  and  confift  of  many  fmall 
prickly  leaves  ;  the  fruit  is  a  roundifti 
flelny  kind  of  berry  ;  the  kernels  are 
angular,  and  the  feed  oblong.  The 
leaves  are  ever  green,  and  are  plain  and 
fim.ple^  not  like  thole  of  the  cyprefs. 
Its  appearance  is  a  little  fimilar  to  that 
of  the  cedar,  and  fome  of  the  Greeks 
called  it  by  that  name.  Tournefort 
mentions  five  kinds  of  the  juniper.  Whe- 
ther the  Hebrev/  Ret  hem  fignifies  juni- 
per, is  not  altogether  certain.  So  the 
■ancient  interpreters  Aquila  and  Jerome 
indeed  render  it  ;  but  the  valuable  Sy- 
riac  tranflation  renders  it  turpentine- 
tree  ;  and  the  Chaldaic  paraphrafe  and 
the  great  Schultens  render  it  broom.  'It 
is,  cc*rtain  a  turpentine-tree  was  lit  for 
Elijah  to  reft  under,  and  that  the  fuel 
of  it  burns  very  fiercely,  i  Kings  xix. 
4.  5.  Pfal.  cxx.  4.  ;  but  whether  the 
root  of  either  *it  or  juniper  could  be 
food,  I  know  not  ;  but  it  is  certain, 
broom  has  fometimes  a  rape  or  navew 
about  its  root,  that  may  be  eaten.  Job 
XXX.  4.  As  coals  of  juniper  or  turpen- 
tine-tree burn  long  or  fiercely,  they  are 
an  emblem  of  terrible  calamities  here, 
and  of  everlafting  torments  hereafter, 
Pfal.  cxx.  4.  Calmet  thinks  Rethem 
fignifies  any  wild  ftirub. 

IVORY  ;  a  hard  fubftance,  white 
in  colour,  and  capable  of  a  fine  polilli. 
It  is  the  tuflvs  of  elephants,  which  are 
hollow  from  the  bafe  to  a  certain  height, 
and  the  cavity  is  filled  up  with  a  mar- 
rowy fubftance  mingled  with  glandc, 
Tliefe  ivory  tulks  refemble  horns,  Ezek. 
xxvii.  15.  Some  ivory  tulks  are  from 
(;0  to  125  pound  weight;  and  one 
H  2  found 


J  U  P  [     60 

found  in  the  ilk  of  Suiriatra  in  thu  iialt 
Indies  is  faid  to  have  been  330  pound. 
It  is  r.ild  the  ivorf  of  Ceylon  and  A- 
chem  does  not  become  yellow  by  \ve?r- 
in^.  In  Ruflia,  and  other  places  of 
Europe,  a  kind  of  ivory  is  found  bu- 
ried in  the  ground  ;  and  at  Peterfbur^h 
is  a  talk  of  [80  pound  weight:  but 
whether  thefe  be  real  teeth  of  elephants, 
long  ago  there  dropt,  or  horns  of  fifh- 
cs  brought  thither  at   the   flood,  or  a 


kind  of  fubftance  formed  in  the  earth, 
we  cannot  determine.  Ivory  was  an- 
ciently very  plentiful  in  Canaan  ;  ward- 
robes were  boxed  with  it,  to  prevent 
the  damage  of  moths,  Pfal.  xlv.  8.  So- 
lomon had  a  throne  of  it,  i  Kings  x. 
18.  22.  Ahab  and  fome  of  the  Ifrael- 
itilh  nobles  had  their  houfes  boxed  with 
it,  and  their  beds  made  of  it,  i  Kings 
xxii.  39.  Amosiii.  15.  vi.  4.  At  Tyre, 
they  fometimes  made  the  feats  for  the 
rowers  of  their  fhips  of  it,  Ezek.  xxvii. 
6.  In  metaphoric  language,  it  repre- 
lents  what  is  comely,  pure,  Rrong,  ^nd 
Jurab]f\      See  Belly.     Neck. 

JUPITER  ;  the  great  god  of  the 
Hcathe.is.  Perhaps  the  name  is  deri- 
ved from  Jao,  Jeve,  or  Jehovah,  and 
patcTy  father.  It  is  certain,  the  Jupi- 
ters  among  the  Latins  and  Zeus's  a- 
mong  the  Greeks,  were  as  common  as 
the  Baals  in  the  eaft.  Three  Jupiters 
were  principally  fan-.ous,  the  fon  of  JE- 
ther,  the  fon  of  Citlus,  but  chieliy 
the  fon  of  Saturn.  His  father  is  faid 
to  have  been  king  of  Crete  about  the 
time  of  Mofes,  or  perhaps  300  years 
later,  and  to  have  endeavoured  the  de- 
llrudion  of  all  his  children.  When  Ju- 
piter, who  was  fecretly  brought  up, 
came  to  man's  age,  he  llripped  his  fa- 
ther of  his  kingdom,  and  appears  to 
have  been  one  ot  the  moH  adulterous 
and  other^vife  unclean  wretchco  that 
ever  breathed.  The  Heathens,  how- 
ever, believed  he  had  the  government 
of  heaven  and  earth  ;  and  that  he  gave 
to  his  brother  Neptune  the  government 
of  the  fea,  and  to  Pluto  the  government 
of  hell.  See  Noah.  The  Jews  appear 
to  have  known  nothing  of  Jupiter  or 
Zeus  till  the   times  of  Alexander  the 


1         J 

a  llalue   of  ju^^iter 
temple  of  Jerufalem 


ter,  the  defender  of  ft 


US 

Olympius   in   the 
another  of  Jupi- 


rangers,  m 


the 


Samaritaii  temple  of  Gerizzim..  On  ac- 
count of  his  gravity  and  majeftic  mien, 
Barnabas  v.-as  taken  for  Jupiter  at  Ly- 
ftra,  Acts  xiv.  11.  12. 

JUST  or  RIGHTEOUS  ;  what  is  a- 
greeable  to  giving  every  one  his  due. 
God  isjuji  anc^  righteous  :  of  his  own  na- 
ture he  is  infallibly  difpofed  to  render 
to  himfelf,  and  to  every  one  of  his 
creatures,  what  is  juft  and  equal,  a- 
greeable  to  their  nature,  or  according 
to  their  deferts,  or  the  deferts  of  ano- 
ther in  their  ftead,  Deut.  xxxii.  4. 
Pfal,  xi.  7.  Chriftisy'/yy?  and  righteous  ; 
he  is  infiriitely  juft  and  holy  as  God, 
perfectly  holy  and  obedient  as  man, 
and  has  fulfilled,  in  our  ftead,  the 
whole  demands  of  the  broken  cove- 
nant of  works,  I  Pet.  iii.  18.  i  Joiin 
ii.  I.  The  faints  ^rajujl  and  righteous; 
through  the  imputed  righteoufnefs  of 
Jefus  Chrift,  they  are  conftituted  com- 
plete fulfillers  of  the  law  as, a  covenant, 
before  God  as  an  imDartiyl  judge,  and, 
in  confequence  hereof,  arc,  by  the  Spi- 
rit of  God  in  them,  conformed  to 
God's  image  and  law,  in  their  nature 
and  life,  and  are  ii.clined  to  do  to  every- 
one what  is  juft  and  equal,  K^m.  i. 
17.  Luke  xxii  ,.  50.  Jofeph,  the  huf- 
band  of  Mary,  was  ^ji'-fi  man  ;  not  ri- 
gid, and  averie  to  do  Mury,  who,  he 
fuppofed,  had  been  unwiUingly  defiled, 
any  injuiy,  in  procuring  her  death, 
^latth.  i.  19.  Mafters  give  fervants 
w^hat  is  jujl  and  equal,  when  they  are 
fufficiently  compaffionate  of,  kind  to, 
and  give-  them  due  Uiaintenance  and 
reward  for  their  fervice.  Col.  iv.  i. 

Justice,  righteousness,  or  e- 
QuiTY  J  the  giving  of  every  one  his 
due.  God's  jujlice  or  righteoufnefs,  is 
that  efTential  perfection  of  his  nature, 
whereby  he  is  difpofed  to  render  to  e- 
very  one  his  due  ;  gives  creatures  laws 
fuited  to  their  nature,  and  which  he 
originally  gives  them  fufhcient  ftrength 
and   renders   to  them  the 


G: 


Antii 


Epiplianes 


plac'-d 


to  perform  , 

due  rev/ard  of  that  moral  good  or  evil 

which  is  juitly  charged  to  their  account. 


i:ii:urancc 


tlUL 


rigliteoufuefs 


of 
God, 


JUS  [6 

God,  occafions  men  going  about  to 
<?ilablifh  their  own  rightcoufnef«,  Rom. 
X.  3.  God's  r'lghteoujiu'fs  fomctimes 
may  lignify,  his  mercy,  goodnefs,  and 
faithfuLiefs,  Deat.  vi.  25.  If.  xh'i.  6. 
The  righteoufnefi^  of  Jcfus  Chrill,  is 
that  equity  which  he  obferves  \\\  all 
his  management,  2  Tim.  iv.  8.  parti- 
cularly his  complete  fulhhnent  of  the 
precepts,  and  latisfa^lion  of  the  pe- 
nalty of  the  broken  covenant  in  our 
Head,  Matth.  iii.  15.  If.  xlii.  21.  It 
io  called  the  i-'igLlcoufnefs  nf  the  Li<'kV,  bc- 
caufe  it  fully  anfvver§  all  its  demands, 
Rjm.  vlii.  4,  It  is  called  the  rlgbteouf- 
n^fs  of,  or  by  fa'ithy  becaufe  it  is  not 
fulfilled  in  cur  perfon,  but  received  by 
faith,  as  offered  in  the  gofpel,  Rom. 
iii.  22.  iv.  13.  X.  6.  It  is  called  the 
rightcoufnefs  of  God ;  God  the  Father 
deviled  and  exacled.  it,  God  the  Son 
fulfilled  it,  God  the  Holy  Ghoft  ap- 
plies  it  ;  and  it  is  infinitely  worthy  of 
the  divine  acceptance  and  reward, 
Rom.  i.  17.  iii.  21.  Believers  are 
made  the  rigbleoufiiffs  of  God  in  Chriil  ; 
having  Jefus's  furety-righteoufnefs  im- 
puted to  .them,  they  are  conllituted 
perfeAly  righteous  before  God  as  a 
judge,  2  Cor.  v,  21.  Mens  r'ighteouf- 
rifs^  is  either  their  univerftd  holin^fs 
of  nature  and  life,  in  conformity  to 
the  divine  law,  i  Cor«  xv.  34.  ;  or 
their  jullice  and  equity  in  their  deal- 
ings with  men,  Luke  i«  75.  ;  or  a  loo- 
ted acl  of  obedience  to  the  divine  lav/, 
Pfal  cvi.  31.  ;  or  their  ianocency  of  a 
particular  crime,  G^Vl.  xxxviii.  26.  ; 
or  the  free  gifts  they  give  to  the  poor, 
Pfal.  cxii.  9.  2  Cor.  viii.  10.  j  or  their 
evidence  of  honefty,  Gen.  xxx.  33. 
The  faints  have  a  threefold  righteoui- 
nefs  :  (i.)  The  righteoufnefs  of  their 
perion  as  in  Chrill  :  this  is  Jefus's  ho- 
linefs  of  human  nature,  obedience  of  life, 
and  fatisfa£lory  fulFerings,  imputed  to 
them  ;  of  this  they  glory  and  bo.'.»l:,  If. 
xlv.  24.  (2.)  The  righteoufnefs  of  their 
nature  and  life,  as  renewed,  affiled, 
and  direcl:ed  by  the  Spirit  of  God  ; 
this  they  difclaim  in  the  cafe  of  juiti- 
iication,  and,  ar,  performed  by  them, 
count  dung  and  filthy  rags  before 
God  as  a  judge,  If.  Ixiv..  (5.  Phil  iii.  9. 


I     1  JUS 

(3.)  Their  righteoufnefs  or  innocen- 
cy  with  refped  to  a  particular  caufe, 
Pfal.  vii.  8.  This  kind  "of  his  righte- 
oufnefs Job  defended  too  much,  to  the. 
charging  of  God  with  injuilice,  Job 
XXXV.  2.  They  believe  unto  righteouf- 
iiifs  ;  and  their  faith  is  counted  to  them 
for  r'lghtcnufncfs  :  by  faith  they  receive 
Jefus's  righteoufnefs,  and  this  objeft 
of  their  faith  is  accounted  to  them  as 
their  jufUfying  righteoufnefs  before 
God,  Rom.  X.  IG.  iv.  3.  5.  9.  The 
Holy  Ghoft  can-vlnccs  of  r'lghlconfnefs  ; 
i.  f.  that  we  have  no  righteoufnefs  of 
our  own,  that  Jefus  was  a  righteous 
perfon,  and  hath  fully  finiflicd  his  me- 
diatorial   righteoufnefs    for    us,     John 

xvi.  10.  R'lghfeoufnefs    alfo    figni- 

fics,  the  rev/ard  of  righteoufnefs  im- 
puted or  implanted  ;  or  the  bleiTings 
that  flow  therefi-om,  Pfiil.  xxiv.  5.  If.' 
Iviii.  8.  'Judgement  is  before  God,  he 
attends  to  equity,  wifdom,  and  pru- 
dence, in  all  his  condudf.  Job  xxxv. 
14.  God  enters  into  judge?nenty  when 
he  calls  men  to  account  for  their  con- 
duft,  that  he  may  deal  with  them  ac- 
cording to  their  works,  Pfal.  Cxliii.  2. 
Judgement  returns  to  righteoufnefs,  wlien, 
cither  by  God  or  men,  the  wicked  arc 
remarkably  puniflied,  and  the  righte- 
ous remarkably  favoured,  Pf.  xciv.  15. 
JUSTIFY;  to  fulhiin,  or  declare 
one   rio-hteous.      It    never   fifxnifies   to 

o  o 

render  one  holy  ;  God  or  Chriil  cannot 
be  rendered  holy.  It  is  reprefented  as 
finful  to  juflify  the  luicked,  or  ^ojujiify 
one's  felf  ;  but  it  could  never  be  finful, 
to  render  holy  the  wicked,  or  one's 
felf.  To  jujlifyy  is  the  oppofite  of  con  - 
demnaiion,  Prov.  xvii.  15.  Deut  xxv.  i. 
Matth.  xii.  37.  God  is  jufiified,  when 
tjie  righteoufnefs  of  his  conduA  is  open- 
ly manifelled  and  declared  :  David's  fin 
juffied  God  ;  God  appeared  perfcdlly 
nighteous  in  threatening  or  punifhing 
it;  and  his  confeflion  J^/z/fti/ God,  as 
therein  he  acknowledged  God's  ho- 
iinefs  and  righteoufnefs  in  all  that  camo 
upon  him  for  it,  Pfal.  li.  4.  Godjuf- 
ti/iid  Chrill,  in  accepting  his  fervice  nx^ 
pur  ilead,  in  bringing  him  from  the 
dead,  and  giving  him  glory,  as  the 
full  evidence  of  his  having  fully  finifhed 

what 


JUS       r  6 

xvhat  was  required  of  him  as  our  fure- 
ty,  If.  1.  B.  Chrill  was  jnjltfied  in  the 
Spirit.  By  the  power  of  his  divine  na- 
ture, he  rofe  from  the  grave,  as  our 
juftified  head  ;  and  by  the  miraculous 
and  laving  influences  of  the  Holy  Gholl, 
he  was  manifefted  to  be  the  righteous 
-Son  of  God,  and  the  Mediator  who 
had  finifhed  the  work  of  fighteoufnefs, 
which  the  Father  gave  him  to  do, 
I  Tim.  iii.  1 6.  God  ju/li/les  men y  when 
he  fullains  them  perfe£ily  righteous  in 
his  fight,  as  their  judge,  freed  from 
the  guilt  of  fin,  and  accepted  into  his 
favour,  and  entitled  to  endlefs  felicity, 
Rom.  iii..:24,  28,  30.  vili.  33.  v.  9. 
They  areconlidered,  as  ungodly  in  them- 
selves, Rom.  iv.  5.  This  juilification 
J3  founded  on  no  works  done,  or  to  be 
done  by  us  ;  none  of  thefe  can  fatisfy 
the  unchanging  law  of  God,  and  all  of 
them  are  in  eveiy  fhape  excluded  from 
the  matter  of  our  juftifying  righteouf- 
jiefs  before  God,  Gal.  iii.  10,  12.  Rom. 
Jii.  20,  24,  28.  Gal.  il.  16.  But  it 
fprings  from  the  abfolutely  free  grace 
of  God,  Tit.  iii.  7.  Rom.  iii.  24.;  and 
is  founded  on  the  rightequfnefs  of  Jefus 
Chrift,  as  fulfilled  in  our  ftead,  and 
imputed  to  our  perfon.  Gal.  ii.  16. 
Jlom.  iii.  24.  V.  9,  19.  Phil.  ill.  8,  9. 
If.  xlv.  24.  Jer.  xxiii.  6.  xxxiii.  16.  ; 
:^nd  it  is  by  the  fait/j  or  kno^uledge  of 
Chrifl,  as  by  faith  we  receive  Jefus's 
3)erfon,  righteoufnefs,  and  a  full  jufti- 
iication  thereby.  Gal,  iii.  8.  Rom.  v.  i. 
iii.  28.  iv.  5.  If.  liii.  1 1.  Good  works, 
"being  the  infallible  fruits  of  juftifi- 
jcation,  jujlify  the  faints  ;  they  mani- 
fefl  to   their  own  confcience,  and  to 


2    1  JUT 

the  world,  that  they  are  juftitied, 
and  righteous  before  God,  James  ii. 
21, — 25.  Minifters  pjlify  viany^  or 
turn  them  to  righteoufnefs ;  they  preach 
the  juftifying  righteoufnefs  of  Jefus 
Chrift,  that  men  may  receive  it ;  and 
publiih  the  fentence  of  juftification  con- 
tained in  the  gofpel-promife  ;  and  they 
abfolve  men  from  fcandals,  Dan.  xii.  3. 
Our  juftification  is  through  the  death 
and  refurredion  of  Chrift  ;  his  death, 
blood,  or  righteoufnefs,  is  the  price 
and  ground  of  it,  or  the  very  righte- 
oufnefs, in  which  we  are  fuftained 
righteous  before  God  ;  and  in  his  re- 
furreftion,  he  was  juftified  as  our  pub- 
lic head,  and  begun  to  be  exalted,  that 
he  might  give  us  -repentance  and  re- 
miffion  of  fins,  Rom.  iv.  25.  viii.  34. 
and  it  \%  jujlijication  of  life,  in  as  much 
as  we  are  therein  entitled  to  eternal 
life  of  holinefs  and  happinefs  ;  arid  all 
the  perfedlions  of  God  are  deeply  en- 
gaged to  beftow  the  fame  upon  us- 
Rom.  V.  16,  18. — Men  jupfy  God, 
when  they  acknowledge  and  declare 
the  righteoufnefs  of  his  condudl,  Luke 
vii.  29,  35.  They  jujlify  themfelves, 
when  they  imagine  or  declare  them- 
felves  blamelefs  in  whole  or  in  part, 
Luke  x.  29.  xvi.  15.  '^Vhtj  jujlify  o- 
thers,  when  they  believe  or  declare 
them  righteous,  Deut.  xw.  i.  Prov. 
xvii.  15.;  or  J  by  a  worfe  pradtice,  fhew 
and  vindicate  them  as  lefs  guilty  than 
themfelves,  Ezek.  xvi.  51.  Jer.  iii.  11. 
JUTTAH  ;  a  city  of  the  portion 
of  Judah  ;  but  whether  the  fame  as 
the  city  Juda,  Luke  i.  39.  I  know 
not,  Jofh.  XV.  ^^. 


K 


IC  A  B 

KAB  ;  a  meafure  of  ?ibout  96  fo- 
lid  inches,  which  is  about  fix 
lefs  than  our  Scotch  pint,  and  fome- 
what  more  than  3{-  pints  EngHfli  wine 
meafure,  2  Kings  vi.  25. 

KABZEEL,  or  Jekabzeel,  was 
A  city  of  Judah  ;  it  feems,  near  the 
%veft   iliore    of  the    Dead    fca,    Jcfb. 


K  A  D 

XV.  2 I.J  and  here  Benaiah,  the  general 
of  Solomon's  army,  Avas  born,  2  Sam. 
xxiii.  20. 

KADESH,  Kedfsh,  or  Kadesh- 
PARNEA  ;  was  a  place  on  the  fouth  of 
Canaan,  about  24  miles  fouth  from  He- 
b-on,  and  on  the  Qd^gQ  of  the  wilder- 
nels  of  Paran..     It  'v?"  anciently  fcfltt'ed 

Enm'ifhfat, 


K  A  D  [     63     1  K  E  E 

Enmfipat^  becaufe  there  the  Canaanites     about  the  fouth   parts  of  Arabia  the 


nad  judged  their  people,  near  to^  a 
well,  Gen.  xiv.  7.  Perhaps  it  was 
called  Rithmah^  from  the  junipers,  or 
turpentine-trees,  or  other  flirubs,  that 
grew  near  to  it,  Numb,  xxxiii.  18. 
xii.  16.  xiii.  i.  xxxii.  8.  Here  the 
Hebrews  long  fojourned,  and  from 
hence  Mofes  fent  the  fpies  to  view  the 
promifed  land,  Deut.  i.  46.  Whether 
this  be  the  Kadefh  in  the  wildernefs  of 
Zin,  where  Miriam  died,  I  dare  not 
affirm..  Lightfoot  is  pofitive  it  was  ; 
and  Wells  thinks  it  was  not.  There 
was  another  Kkdesh  in  the  lot  of 
Naphtali,  which  was  given  to  the  Ger- 
flionites,  and  made  a  city  of  refuge, 
Jofh.  xxi.  32.  XX.  7.  Kiihon,  of  the 
tribe  of  IlTachar,  which  was  alfo  given 
to  the  Gerfhonites,  was  alfo  called  Ke- 
dePo,    I  Chron.-vi.  72. 

KADMONITES,  or  Easter- 
ling  s  ;  a  tribe  of  the  Canaanites  who 
dwelt  to  the  north-eaft  of  Canaan,  near 
mount  Hermon.  PoiTibly  Cadmus, 
who  retired  to  Bosotia  in  the  time  of 
Joihua  or  David,  was  one  of  them,  and 
his  wife  Hermoine  had  her  name  from 
Hermon, 

KANAH  ;  (i.)  A  river  on  the 
fouth  border  of  the  weftern  Manaffites; 
by  fome  thought  to  be  the  fame  as 
Cherith,  fo  called  from  the  reeds  or 
canes  grov/ing  about  it  :  but  perhaps 
it  was  a  different  river,  and  run  well- 
ward  intp  the  Mediterranean  fea,  Jofh. 
xvi.  8.  xvii.  9,  10.  (-2.)  Kanah  ;  .a 
city  of  the  tribe  of  Aiher,  and  not  far 
from  Zidon,  Jofh  xix.  28.  ;  but  whe- 
ther this,  or  another  place  about  four 
miles  north  of  Nazareth,  was  the  Cana 
•2/'  Galilee,  where  our  Saviour  attended 
at  a  marriage,  I  cannot  certainly  de- 
termine ;  though,  with  Focas  and 
Maundrel,.  I  rather  incline  to  the  lat- 
ter, as  it  was  much  nearer  the  refidence 
of  Ciirill's  mother,  John  ii. 

KARKOR.  We  fuppofe  it,  and 
Nobah,  and  Jogbehah,  were  all  cities 
about  the  head  of  the  river  Arnon, 
or  a  little  northward  from  it,  Judg. 
viii,  10. 

KEDAR,  a  fon  of  Ifhmael,  and 
father  of  the   Kcdarenes,.  who  refided 


Defert,  ordinarily  in  tents,  but  fome- 
times  in  villages,  and  whofe  glory  and 
wealth  chiefly  confiftcd  in  their  llocks- 
and  herds.  Song  i.  5.-  If.  xlii.  11. 
xxi.  1 6.  It  feems  David  lurked  here 
during  the  perfecution  of  Saul,  Pfal. 
cxx.  5..;  but  it  is  more  certain,  that  the 
offspring  of  Kedar  traded  with  the  an- 
cient Tyrians  in  Jheep  and  goats,  Ezek.. 
xxvii.  21.;  and  that  they  were  terribly 
haraifed'  by  the  AfTyrians  and  Chal- 
deans in  their  turn,  If.  xxi.  17.  Jer^ 
xhx.  28. 

KEDEMAH,  the  youngeft  fon  of 
Iflimael.  He  could  not  be  the  father 
of  the  Kadmonites,  as  they  exilled  be- 
fore he  was  born,  Gen.  xv.  19.  xxv.  15^ 
His  pofterity  roved  about  the  fouth- 
call  of  Gilead,  and  perhaps  gave  name 
to  the  city  of  Kedemoth,  near  the 
river  Arnon,  and  given,-  by  the  Reu~ 
benites,  to  the  Lcvites  of  Merari's 
family,  Deut.  11.  16.  Jofh.  xiii.  18  < 
xxi.  37. 

KEEP;  (i.)  To  hold  fall,  pre- 
ferve  firmly,  2  Tim.  i.  12,  14.  (2,) 
To  watch  over;  proted,  Pfal.cxxvli.  i. 
(3.)  Tofave;  preferve;  deliver,  John 
xvii.  15.  (4.)  To  obferve  ;  to  put  in 
practice  fincerely  or  perfeilly,  Pfal, 
cxix.  ,4.  Matth.  xix.  1,7.  God  keef^ 
co'ucnant  and  meiry  :  according  to  the 
tenor  of  his  covenant,  lie  is  ever  ready 
to  forgive  his  people's  fms,  and  to 
grant  free  favours  to  them,  I  King5 
viii.  23.  He  keeps  the  door  of  mens 
lip;?,  in  preferving  them  from  vain,  im- 
prudent, and  finful  fpeech,  Pfal.  cxli.  3. 
Minifters  are  keepers  of  the  vineyard ; 
they  watch  over,  and  labour  in  the. 
church,  and  preferve  the  truths,  ordi- 
nances, and  members  thereof,  ^rc«i 
fpiritual  hurt.  Song  viii.  il.  *ne 
faints  are  made  flavifli  keepers  of  the  vine- 
yard, to  the  negleft  of  their  own,  when, 
by  adminiilering  public  offices,  inter- 
meddling too  much  with  carnal  bufi- 
nefs,  or  by  oppreffion  with  the  impo- 
fitions  of  men,  they  are  made  to  ne- 
glect the  due  management  of  their  own 
heart  or  life,  Song  i.  6.  To  keep  the 
hear!-  ivilh  all  diligaicey  or  keeping,  is 
watchfully  to   obferve  its  inclinations 


K  E 

and  motions,  that   it 


ith 


conipiY 
temptation,  no  appearance  of  evil,  and 
earrieftiy  to  ftudy  that  its  whole  tem- 
per, thoughts,  and  the  words  and 
works  proceeding  therefrom,  corre- 
fpond  with  the  imerring  law  of  God, 
Prov.  iv.  23.  To  heep  God's  word, 
ftatutes,  or  laws,  is  to  believe  them 
firmly,  as  indeed  the  word  of  G(vi  ;  to 
love,  efleem,  and  delight  in  them  ;  and 
diligently  endeavour  to  have  our  wh.ole 
life  exadly  conformed  thereto,  Pfal. 
cxix.  17,  34.  ThebaiTcn  woman  leeps 
hmtfc^  when  flie  is  made  to  conceive, 
bring  forth,  and  attend  children,  Pfal. 
cxiii.  9.  The  arms  are  called  helpers 
of  the  houfe,  which  faake  in  old  age, 
Eccl.  xii.  3. 

KEILAH  ;  a  city  belonging  to 
the  tribe  of  Judah.  It'  ftood  north- 
weft  of  Hebron,  and  about  16  or  20 
miles  fouth-weft  of  Jerufalem,  Jofh.  xv. 
44.  Naham,  or  Achotnaham,  was  the 
prince  or  chief  proprietor  of  it  in  the 
riays  of  Jofhua,  i  Chron.  iv.  19.  Da- 
vid faved  it  from  the  ravage  of  the  Phi- 
liftines  during  his  exile  ;  and  yet  had 
te  continued  in  it,  the  inhabitants 
would  have  ungratefully  delivered  him 
Bp  into  the  hands  of  Saul,  i  Sam. 
<^xiii.  I, — 12.  In  tiie  time  of  Nehe- 
^iah  it  was  a  confiderable  place,  Neh. 
iii.  17,  18.  About  400  years  after 
Chrift  it  was  a  place  of  fome  note. 

KEMUEL,  the  third  fon  of  Nahor, 
'mnd  father  of  Aram  ;  from  him.  proba- 
bly fprung  the  Kamelites,  who,  Strabo 
^ys,  dwelt  on  the  eaft  of  Syria,  and 
weftward  of  the  Euphrates,  Gen.  xxii. 
•21. 

KENATH  ;  a  town  of  the  eafiern 
ManafTite?.  Nobah,  one  of  them,  took 
!W  from  the  Canaanites,  and  called  it 
affcr  himfelf,  Numb,  xxxii.  42.  It 
•fecmiS,  that  it  afterwards  recovered  its 
ancient  name  ;  and  is  placed  by  Pliny 
in  Decapolis,  but  by  Eufebius  in  Tra- 
chonitis,  about  four  miles  from  Jogbe- 
hah. 

KENITES  ;  an  ancient  tribe,  that 
3^'fided  fomewhere  in  the  defert  of  A- 
rabia,  between  the  Dead  fea,  and  the 
g'J'f  of  Elath,  if  not  further  to  the 
north-well.     It   feems   thev  coalefced 


64     ]  KEN 

o  with  the  Midianites;  for  Jethro,  prieft 
r/ Miclian,  was  a  Kenite,  Judg.  i.  16. 
Th^ir  land  wcrs  promifed  to  the  He- 
brews, Gen.  XV.  19.  ;  but  for  the  fake 
of  Jethvo",  th?y  were  generally  fparcd, 
and  dwelt  moftly  in  the  inacceffible 
rocks  of  iVrabia,  Numb,  xxiv,  21. 
Such  as  dwelt  in  the  fouth  coafts  of 
Canaan  mingled  themfelves  with  the 
Amalekites,  perhaps  to  evite  the  rava- 
ges of  the  Philiftines  ;  but,  at  SauPs 
dire(5lion,  as  he  marched  to  deftroy  the 
Amalekites,  they  feparated  from  them, 
and  returned  to  the  fouth  parts  of  the 
lot  of  Judah,  I  Sam.  xv.  6.  xxvii.  ic. 
They  were  often  haraffed  by  their  ene- 
mies, and  at  laft  the  Affyrians  carried 
the  moft  of  them  captive,  into  countries 
more  to  the  euflward.  Numb.  xxiv.  21. 
One  Rechab,  whom  we  fuppofe  to 
have  defcended  from  Hobab,  the  bro- 
ther-in-law of  Mofes,  was  one  of  tlic 
moft  confiderable  chiefs  of  the  Kenites, 
and  gave  name  to  a  tribe  of  them. 
Thefe  Rechabites  appear  to  have  been 
fubdivided  into  three  tribes,  the  Tira- 
tliites,  the  Shimeathites,  and  the  Su- 
chathites  :  they  were  profelytes  to  the 
Jewifii  religion,  and  many  of  them 
followed  the  bufinefs  of  fcribes,  1  Chron. 
ii.  ^^.  Jonadab,  the  fon  of  Rechab 
and  friend  of  Jehu,  having  feen  the 
terrible  cafe  of  the  Jews  who  lived  in 
cities,  in  the  time  of  Ahab,  Jehoram, 
ifjc.  and  perhaps  feen  fome  fatal  confe- 
quences  of  the  drinking  of  wine,  folemn- 
ly  charged  the  Rechabites  never  to  drink 
wine  or  Itrong  drink,  nor  to  build  any 
houfes  ;  but  to  dwell  in  tents  and  feed 
cattle.  This  charge  they  fo  carefully 
obferved,  that  when  they  had  fled  into 
Jerufalem  in  the  time  of  Zedekiah, 
which  was  about  300  years  after,  and 
Jeremiah  took  them  into  an  apartment 
belonging  to  the  temple,  and  urged 
wine  ;  thev  begged   to 


them  to  drink 

be  excufed,  that  they  might  not  tranf- 
grcfs  the  charge  of  their  anceftor.  The 
Lord  declared  his  high  approbation  of 
their  obedience,  and  promifed  to  re- 
ward it  with  the  perpetual  prefervation 
of  their  family,  whether  in  the  Chal- 
dean captivity,  or  the  prefent  difper- 
fion  of  the  Hebrevv'  nation,  Jer.  xxxv. 

The 


KEN  [     6,- 

Thc  ICENIZZITES  were  a  tribe     per 
of  the  ancient    Canaauites,  who  Teem 
to    have  relided   in   the   mountains  of 


Jud: 


Gen.  XV.  lo. 


The  KERCH lEFS  ufed  by  the  falfe 
prophetedl's,  are  thouy;ht  to  have  l)een 
h.ead-tires,  or  vails  bound  to  the  head,  (o 
as  to  cover  moll,  if  not  all,  of  the  face. 
They  make  krrchiefs  on  the  head  of  every 
flatue  to  hunt  fouls;  th.ev  put  them  on 
the  head  of  the  idolatrous  ftatues  ;  or 
they  put  them  on  the  head  of  thofe  they 
jpoke  to,  as  if  a  divine  toke:»  of  their 
])rote(?t:ion  :  or  it  may  mean,  that  they 
blindfolded  people  with  their  delufive 
fpeeches,   E/ek.  xiii.  iS. 

KERIOTH-HEZRON,  was  alfo 
called  HAZOR.,  and  was  a  city  of 
the  tribe  of  Judah,  Jofli.  xv.  25.  There 
was  another  city  called  Kerioth,  in  the 
country  of  Moab,  and  which  the  Af- 
fyrians  and  Chaldeans  terribly  wailed, 
Amos  ii.  2.    fer.  xlviii.  24,  41. 

KETURAH,  See  Abraham. 

KEY,  is  often  ufed  to  denote  pow- 
er and  authority,  whereby  perfons  are 
ihut  up,  or  fet  at  liberty.  Eliakim's 
ley  of  the  houje  of  Dnvhly  was  power  to 
tranfad;  affairs  in  the  kingdom  of  Ju- 
dah, as  miniller  of  Hate  to  Hc/ekiah, 
the  defcendant  of  David,  If.  xxii,  23. 
Chrill  has  the  hey  of  Davld^  and  open- 
eth,  and  no  man  (hutteth,  and  fhut- 
teth,  and  no  man  openeth  ;  has  full 
power  and  authority  to  admit  or  ex- 
clude men  from  the  church,  or  from 
heaven  ;  and  to  open  or  fhut  mens 
hearts  ;  and  to  open  up  or  fcal  the  ora- 
cles of  God,  as  he  plcafeth.  Rev.  iii.  7. 
He  hath  the  key  of  the  hoitomlefs  pit ;  the 
keys  of  hell  and  death  ;  hath  power  and 
authority  to  permit  or  reiirain  Satan 
and  his  agents  as  he  pleafeth  ;  and  tq 
fave  from,  or  condemn  to,  death  and 
hell,  as  feemeth  good  in  his  fight,  Rev. 
XX.  I.  i.  18,  Ability  and  authoi-ity 
to  explain  the  Icripturcs  to  men,  are 
called  the  key  ofknonvled^e,  Luke  xi.  52. 
The  keys  of  the  kingdom  of  heaven,  are 
power  -  and  authority  to  preach  the 
gofpel,  and  adminiller  the  facraments, 
and  to  exercife  government  and  difci- 
pline,  that  men  may  be  admitted  to, 
or  excluded  from  the  chuich,  as  is  pro- 

VOL.  II. 


I  KID 

Matth.  xvi.  19.  The  key  of  th^ 
hoitomlefs  pit  given  to  the  fallen  flar,  is 
pov/er  and  authority,  permitted  by 
God  to  Antichrill  and  Mahomet,  to 
fend  forth  and  employ  the  policy  and 
legions  of  hell,  to  affift  them  in  their 
delufive  projedls,    Rom.  ix.  i. 

To  Kick,  is  a  met'aphor  taken  from 
a  fed  horfe,  or  like  animal,  kicking 
with  his  HEELS,  at  his  owner,  when 
he  gives  him  provilion,  pricks  him  for- 
ward, or  the  like.  To  kick  againft 
God,  is  wantonly  and  ilubbornly  to 
rebel  againft  him,  and  makes  his  bene- 
fits an  occafion  of  rebelling  again li 
him,  Deut.  xxxii.  15.  To  kick  at  his 
facrifce,  is  wantonly  to  profane  and  a- 
bufe  it,  in  contempt  and  hatred  of  him, 
I  Sam.  ii.  19.  It  was  hard  for  Paul 
to  kick  agnmfl  the  pricks  ;  it  was  not 
only  witliout  fuccefs,  but  infinitely  ab- 
furd  and  hazardous,  wantonly  and  out- 
rageoully  to  rebel  againft  the  Almigh-r 
ty  God,  to  the  pricking,  tormenting, 
and  ruining  of  his  own  foul,  A6ls  ix.  5. 

KID ;  a  young  goat,  very  often  u- 
fed  in  fin-offerings,  and  reprefented  Je- 
fus  as  in  the  likenefs  of  finful  tlefli,  and, 
through  weaknefs  crucified,  to  make 
atonement  for  our  fin,  Numb.  vii.  xv, 
xxviii.  xxix.  Kids  were  fometimes  gi- 
ven in  prefents,  and  their  fiefli  was  e- 
fteemed  a  delicious  dilh,  but  was  never 
to  be  boiled  in  its  mother's  milk,  as 
that  would  have  been  an  appearance  of 
cruelty,  and  an  imitation,  of  Heathen 
fuperftition.  Gen.  xxxviii.  17.  Judg. 
XV.  I,  I  Sam.  xvi.  20.  Judg.  vi.  19. 
xiii.  15.  Gen.  xxvii.  9.  Exod.  xxiii. 
19.  xxxiv.  26.  In  allufion  to  which 
it  is  faid.  Thou  never  gavejl  me  a  kid,  to 
mcke  merry  with  my  friends  ;  thou  ne- 
ver gaveft  me  any  dillinguifhed  token/ 
of  thy  favour,  or  fuch  delightful  expe* 
rience  of  thy  redeeming  goodnefs,  as  I 
might  mention,  to  the  great  joy  of  my 
friends,  Luke  xv.  25.  Saints  harmlefs, 
lender,  weak,  fomewhat  comely  in  their 
converfation,  but  ftill  polluted  with  fad 
remains  of  corruption,  are  called  kids., 
Song  i.  8.     See  Flock. 

KIDNEYS;  (i.)   Inward  parts  of 

fome   animals,   Lev.  iii.  4.      (2.)   The 

kernel  or  fubituntial  part  gf  grains  of 

i  >vheat^ 


KID  [66 

wheat,  Deut.  xxxii.  14.  (3.)  'i'^e  in- 
moft  powers,  thoughts,  and  defires  of 
the  foul,  and  which  arc  fomctimes  call- 
ed rdns,   Pfa!.  xvi.  f  7. 

KIDRON  or  Cfdron  ;  a  brook 
vhich  runs  fouth-eaihvard,  along  the 
call  fide  of  Jerufalem,  through  what  is 
called  the  valley  of  j^'horaaphat,  or  val- 
ley of  the  fon  of  Hinnom.  It  runs  a- 
long  the  weft  fide  of  the  mount  of  O- 
lives,  between  it  ^nd  the  city,  and  then 
runs  fouth-eailward  into  the  Dead  fca. 
David  crofled  it  in  his  efcape  from  Ab- 
i^dom,  and  Jefus,  in  his  way  to  the 
garden  of  Gethfemane,  2  Sam.  xv.  23. 
John  xviii.  i.  The  brook  Kidivon,  tho' 
it  receives  all  the  rivulets  about  Jerufa- 
lem, is  generally  but  fmall,  and  fome- 
times  dry  ;  but  amidit  fudden  and  hea- 
vy rains,  it  fwells  exceedingly,  and  runs 
with  great  violence  ;  and  on  fuch  oc- 
cafions  carries  off  the  filth  of  the  city, 
which  by  the  common  fewers  is  carried 
into  it.  The  valley  through  which  this 
brook  runs  for  about  1 2  miles,  is  con- 
fiderably  unfjghtly.  About  the  well 
end  of  it,  Afa,  He^ekiah,  and  Jofiah, 
burnt  the  idols  of  their  apoftate  prede- 
cefibrs,  i  Kings  xv.  3.  2  Chron,  xxix. 
16.    2  icings  xxiii.  4. 

KILL  ;  SLAY,  God  kills  men  not 
only  with  natural,  but  with  fpiritual 
and  eternal  death,  Rev.  ii.  23.  Matth. 
X.  28.  The  iiiiing  of  wifdom's  beafts, 
of  God's  oxen,  fa^tlings,  or  fatted  calf, 
fignifies  the  whole  fufierings  and  death 
of  our  Saviour,  to  render  him  a  fit  Re- 
deemer of  and  provifion  for  our  fouls, 
Prov.  ix.  2,  Matth.  xxii,  4.  Luke  xv. 
ay.  The  faints  are  i/ZW  all  day  long, 
when  they  are  grievoufly  oppreffed  and 
perfecuted,  Pfal,  xliv.  22.  Rom.  viii. 
36.  The  Wng  of  Chriil's  witncf^cs 
by  Antichrilt,  includes  not  only  the 
murder  of  their  bodies,  but,  I  think, 
chiefly  the  fedu£lion  of  Protcftants  from 
their  holy  profelhon  and  zeal  for  God, 
7.     To  kill 'whh  tlie  f-word.,  in- 


Rev.  XI. 

eludes  all  kinds  cf  violent  deatlrs.  Rev 
xiii.  10.  Not  only  the  wrath  and  iea- 
loufy  of  God,  but  a  man's  own  Vv^rath 
and  envy  kill  him  ;  they  vv^ille  his  vital 
fpirits,  prompt  him  to  fuch  ralh  and 
\N'icked  things  as  hailen  his  death.  Job 


]  KIN 

V.  2.  GodyZtrv.j  men  by  ihe  li/on/j  of  his 
tnoutb,  when  he  denounces  and  executes 
his  deftructive  judgements  upon  them, 
Hof.  vi.  5.  The  lellcry  or  covenant  of 
works,  kilkth;  it  is  the  llrength  of  fm, 
and  condemns  men  to  death,  fpiritual, 
temporal,  and  eternal.  The  letter,  or 
external  part  of  ceremonies,  without 
regard  to  the  gofpel-fignification,  killed 
men,  and  hindered  them  from  Chrift. 
and  falvation,  and  cleaving  thereto,  bra- 
ilened  ruin  on  the  Jewifii  nation.  The* 
letter,  or  unfaiiCtified  head-knowledge 
of  divine  truth,  kills  ;  it  encourageth 
pride,  and  makes  men  efteem  themfelves 
and  contemn  Chrift,  and,  to  their  own 
ruin,  refufe  the  offers  of  the  gofpel, 
2  Cor.  iii.  6.  The  defire  of  the  flothr 
ful  kills  them ;  their  delight  in  eafe  hurts 
their  conllitution,  and  expofes  them  to 
great  ftraits  and  poverty  :  or  their  de- 
lire  after  things  for  which  they  care 
not  to  labour,  leads  them  to  methods 
that  bring  them  to  an  unhappy  end, 
Prov.  xxi.  25.  Sin  flays  men,  when 
the  prevalence  of  its  reigning  power, 
and  the  ap.prehenfion  of  its  guilt,  ren- 
der theri  worfe,  and  undo  all  their 
hopes  of  felicity,  Rom.  vii.  1 1 .  ,The 
Hebrews  flaying  children  in  the  valleys f 
figniiies  their  offering  them  in  facrifice 
to  Molech,  or  other  idols,  in  the  val- 
ley of  thi  fon  of  Kinnom,  or  other 
concealed  places.   If.  Ivii.  5, 

KIND;  { I.)  A  fort,  Gen.  i.  II. 
viii.  19.  (2.)  Courteous,  loving,  and 
ready  to  do  good  offices,  Luke  vi,  35. 
I  Cor.  xiii.  4.  2  Chron.  x.  7.  The 
Hebrews  kindnefs  of  youth,  and  love  of 
efpoufids,  denotes  God's  ancieat  favours 
to  tliem,  and  their  zealous  profcflion 
of  regard  and  obedience  to  God  in  the 
v/ildernefs,  as  they  liad  paffed  the  Red 
fea,  and  came  to  mount  Sinai,  Jer.  ii.  2. 

KINDLE ;  ( I . )  I'o  caufe  to  burn : 
to  Uir  up  ftrife,  anger,  judgements,  com-v 
paiiion,  Prov,  xxvi.  21.  Pfal,  ii.  12.  L- 
zek.  XX.  48.  Hof.  xi.  8 

KINDRED  ;  a  number  of  people 
reL'ited  to  one  another  by  blood  or  maiv 
riage,  Th-e  all  kindreds  cf  the  earth,  that 
ihall  mourn  at  Chriff's  fecond  appear- 
ance, are  the  vaft  multitudes  of  wicked 
and  worldly  men,  Rev.  i.  7.     The  all 

kindreds 


r 

rules. 


KIN 

linlrecis  over  which  Antlchrift  .i^^o, 
are  vaft  multitudes  of  diiTerent  nations, 
fexes,  and  conditions,  Rev.  xiii.7.  xi.  9. 
God'sNew-Tcllament  people  are  gather- 
ed out  of  every  hindrerfy  and  tongue,  and 
people,  and  nation  ;  they  are  of  many 
difTcrent  nations,  famihcs,  languages, 
and  conditions.   Rev.  v.  9.   vii.  9. 

KING  ;  a  chief  ruler  of  a  tribe  or 
nation.  At  firll  the  power  of  kings 
was  of  very  fmall  extent,  over  but  one 
city  or  large  village.  Benhadad  had 
32  kings  fubjecl:  to  him,  I  Kings  xx. 
I.  16.  In  Canaan,  Adonibezek  con- 
quered 70  kings,  and  made  theiu  eat 
bread  under  his  table.  Jofhua  conquer- 
ed 31,  Judg.  i.  7.  Jofli.  xii.  Nimrod 
of  Babylon  was  the  iirft  king  we  read 
of ;  but  foon  after,  we  hnd  kings  in 
Egypt,  Perfia,  Canaan,  Edom,  &c. 
Gen.  X.  10.  xiii.  xiv.  xx.  xxxvi.  In 
the  eaft,  kings  were  fuppofcd  to  have 
uncommon  wifdom,  and  malefactors 
were  not  allowed  to  look  upon  them, 
2  Sam.  xiv.  17.  20.  Gen.  xhv.  18.  EftH. 
vii.  8.  After  the  Hebrews  were  ere6l- 
ed  into  a  feparate  nation,  God  was  pro- 
perly their  Icing  :  he  gave  them  their 
civil  laws,  and  by  the  Urim  and  Thum-i 
mim,  and  by  the  prophets,  or  by  vi- 
fions,  was  his  mind  declared  to  them. 
Mofes,  who  is  called  ^ing  in  Jejlourimy 
or  the  upright  people,  as  well  as  Jo- 
fhua and  the  Judges,  were  but  the  de- 
puties of  heaven,  and  had  no  legiflative 
power.  After  the  Hebrews  had  been 
under  this  government  for  about  396 
years,  they,  pretending  that  Samuel's 
fons  behaved  unjuiUy,  begged  to  have 
a  king  like  the  nations  around.  As 
God  had  liinted  to  Mofes  that  the  He- 
brews Ihould  have  kings  chofen  from 
among  their  brethren,  and  required 
them  to  write  each  for  himfelf  a  copy 
of  the  lav,',  and  obferve  the  fame  in 
their  whole  conduct,  and'  prohibited 
them  to  multiply  horfes,  wives,  or  trea- 
fnres  ;  it  feems,  their  defire  of  a  king 
was  not  fmful  in  itfelf,  but  only  in  its 
manner,  as  it  implied  a  wearinefs  of  the 
divine  goveniinent,  and  in  its  end,  to 
be  like  the  nations  around.  After  lay- 
ing before  them  the  manner  in  which 
mofl   of  the   kintrs   they  fhould    Iravc 


67    1 

would  oppre 
helds,  crops, 
pleafure,  Got 
his  ancfc 
his 


KIN 

s  them,  difpoling  of  their 
fons,  and   daughters,  at 

I  gave  them  King  Saul  in 
and  afterward  cut  him  off  i/i 
wrath,  Hof.  xiii,  il.  After  this 
their  theocracy  was  in  a  languifliing 
condition,  and  their  kings  power  was 
not  a  little  fimilar  to  the  juil  power  of 
kings  in  our  own  times. 

Befides  Saul,  David,  and  Solomon, 
their  general  fovereigns,  the  tribe  of 
Judah  were  governed  by  Rehoboam, 
Abijah,  Afa,  Jehofhaphat,  Jehoram, 
Ahaziah,  Athaliah,  Joafh,  Amaziah, 
A'/ariah,  Jotham,  Ahaz,  Hezekiah, 
ManalTeh,  Anion,  Jofiah,  Jehoahaz, 
Jehoiakim,  Jehoiachin,  and  Zedekiah, 
twenty  in  all  ;  and  the  ten  tribes  by 
Iflibofheth,  Jeroboam,  Nadab,  Baaiha, 
Elah,  Zimri,  Oitiri,  Ahab,  Ahaziah, 
Joram,  Jehu,  Jehoahaz,  JoaOi,  Jero- 
boam, Zachariah,  Shallum,  Menahem, 
Pekahiah,  Pekah,  and  Hofhea,  twenty 
in  all.  After  their  return  from  Baby- 
lon, the  Hebrews  had  no  kings  of  their 
own  fof  about  400  years,  but  had  their 
ov/n  deputy-governors  under  the  Per- 
fians  or  Greeks.  After  that,  Hirca- 
nus,  Ariftobulus,  Janneus,  and  his  fons 
Hircanus  and  Ariftobulus,  all  high- 
priefto,  ruled  with  fupreme  power.  Af- 
ter thefe,  Herod  the  Great,  Archelaus, 
Herod  Agrippa,  and  Agrippa  his  foil, 
were  kings  tributary  to  the  Romans  ; 
and  the  laft  had  fcarce  any  power  at 
all,  but  to  manage  the  affairs  of  the 
temple.  The  two  books  containing 
the  hillory  of  the  Hebrew  kings  for  a- 
bout  456  years,  from  the  death  of  Da- 
vid to  the  releafe  of  Jehoiachin,  feem: 
to  have  been  v^Tote  piece-meal  by  Ahi- 
jah  the  Shilonite,  Iddo  the  feer,  Ifaiah, 
&c.  and  to  have  been  reduced  into  one 
work  by  Jeremiah  or  Ezra.  The  joint 
reign  of  forae  kings,  the  father  \nth 
the  fon,  the  reckonmg  of  the  fame 
year  to  the  deceafed  king  and  to  his 
fucceffor,  and  the  inter-reigns  that  hap- 
pened before  the  fettlement  of  fome 
kings,  as  before  the  reign  of  Omri,  Za- 
chariah, and  Hofhea,  kings  of  Ifrael, 
and  before  the  reign  of  Azariah  in  Ju- 
dah, render  it  fomctimes  hard  to  adjuft 
the  dates  in  this  book. 

I  2  God 


K  I  N 


r  6 


God  is  a  K'mgy  and  King  of  nations: 
with  great  wlidom  and  power  he  go- 
verns and  protccls  all  things  in  heaven 
'and  earth,  Pfal.  xliv.  4.  Chrifl  is  a 
King  ;  King  of  hitigs,  and  Lord  of 
lords  ;  and  King  of  faints  ;  by  his  Fa- 
ther's appoint!ntnt,lic  I'ubdiies, governs, 
and  defends  his  church  ;  and  hath  all 
power  in  heaven  and  earth  given  him, 
for  the  promoting  of  her  welfare  ;  he 
relirains  and  conquers  her  enemies,  and 
at  the  lail  day,  he  will  pafs  an  irrever- 
iible  fentcnce  of  judgement  on  the  whole 
world,  Pfal.  ii.  6.  xlv.  i.  Matth.  xxv. 
34.  Rev.  xvii.  14.  xiK.  16.  The  king 
that  n-igned  in  rightcoujmfs y  and  princes 
that  ruled  in  judgctnenty.  were  Hezekiah 
and  his  governors,  and  Chriit  and  his 
apoftles  and  minillers,  If,  xxxii.  i. 
Saints  are  kings  ;  they  have  tlie  king- 
dom of  God  within  them  ;  they  are 
lieirs  of  the  kingdom  of  glory  ;  they 
•war  againft  and  conquer  iin,  Satan, 
and  the  world  ;  thty  rule  their  own 
ipirit,  and  govern  their  body,  and  have 
110  fmall  influence  on  God's  govern- 
ment of  nations  and  churclies,  Rev.  i. 
6.  v.  10.  XX.  4.  Leviathan  is  king  o- 
vcr  all  the  children  of  pride,  or  fierce- 
looking  monllers  ;  in  ftrengtli  or  bulk 
he  exceeds  all  tlie  animals.  Job  xli.  34. 
Four  kings,  and  king  of  the  north  andfouth, 
Dan.  v.i.      See  Persians.     Greeks. 

KINGDOM;  (i.)  The  country 
or  countries  fubjeft  to  one  king,  Deut, 
ili.  4.  (2.)  The  power  of  acting  as 
king,     or   of   fupreme    adminillration, 

I  Sam.  xviii.  8.  xx.  31. God's  u- 

iiiverfal  dominion  over  all  things,  is 
called  his  kingdom  ;  thereby  he  pre- 
ferves,  protects,  gives  laws  to,  and  re- 
gulates all  his  creatures,  and  cim  dif- 
penfe  favours  or  judgements  as  he  plea- 
feth,  I  Chron.  xxix.  11.  Pfal.  cxlv, 
12.- — The  vihble  church,  efpecially 
under  the  New  Teflament,  is  called  a 
lingdom  ;  Chrifl  and  his  Father  rule  in 
it,  and  maijitain  order,  fafety,  and 
happinefs  therein.  It  is  called  the 
lingdom  of  heaven  ;  it  is  of  an  heavenly 
original,  has  a  heavenly  governor  and 
laws  ;  and  is  eredted  to  render  multi- 
tades  fit  for  heaven,  Matth.  iii.  2.  5. 
19.  20.    xiii.  47.  xvi.  18.     Col.  i.  I  j. 


i  KIR 

-The   faints  new-covenant  ft  a 


the  work  of  faving  grace  in  their  heart, 
are  called  the  kingdom  of  God,  and  the 
kingdom  of  heaven.  Therein  God  ereds 
his  throne  in  their  heart,  gives  laws 
and  privilege*  to  their  foul,  renders 
them  heavenly-minded,,  and  meet  to 
enter  the  heavenly  glory,  Matth.  vi. 
33.  xiii.  31.  Luke  xvii.  20.  21. — The 
llate  of  glory  in  heaven  is  tailed  a  king- 
dom. How  great  is  its  g^or}',  happi- 
nefs, and  order  [  how  r«ady  the  obe- 
dience of  all  the  unnumbered  fubjccfts 
of  God  aiid  the  Lamb  therein,  Matth. 
V.  10.  Luke  xxii.  16.  i  Cor,  vi.  9. — 
The  Hebrew  nation  and  the  faints,  are 
a  kingdom  of  prujis  ;  they  were,  or  are 
a  numerous  and  honoured  body,  who 
have  accefs  to  offer  up  facriilces,  prayer, 
praife,  and  good  wt)rks,  acceptable  to 
God  through  Jefus  Chrrfl,  Fxod.  xix. 
6.  I  Pet.  ii.  f  9.  Heathenifli  and 
Popidi  nations  are  called  the  kingdoms  of 
this  ncor/d.;  their  ends,  maxims,  and 
r-.:mner  of  government,  are  carnal  and 
earthly.   Rev.  xi.  15'. 

KINSMAN.     See  Redeemer. 

KIR,        KiRHERES,        KlRHARESH. 

Kir  HART  sHETVi  ;  a  principal  city  of 
the  Moabites,  ravaged  by  the  Hebrews 
under  Jehoram,  2  Kings  iii.  2^.  ;  and 
long  after  ruined  by  the  Affyrians,  and 
by  the  Chaldeans,  If.  xv.  i.  xvi.  7. 
II.  Jer:  xlviii.  31.  (2.)  Kii?.,  a  place 
In  Media,  whither  the  Syrians  and 
part  of  the  Hebrews  were  carried  cap- 
tive by  the  Afl'yrians,  and  part  of  the 
inhabitants  of  which  ferved  in  Senna- 
cherib*s  army  againil  Judah,  2  Kings. 
xvi.  19.  Amos  i.  5.  ix.  7.  If.  xxii.  6. 
KIRJATHAIM,  ov  doubh  city  ;  a 
city  on  the  eaft  of  Jordan,  about  10 
miles  weft  of  Medeba.  It  feems  to 
have  been  built  before  Chedorlaomer's 
ravages.  Gen.  xiv.  15.  Probably  Si- 
hon  took  it  from  the  Moabites,  and 
Mofes  took  it  from  him,  and  gave  it 
to  the  Reubenites  ;  but  the  Moabites 
long  after  retook  it.  It  was  deilroyed 
by  the  Chaldeans,  but  was  rebuilt  ; 
and  about  4CXD  years  after  Chrifl,  it 
was  called  Kariatha,  Numb,  xxxii.  37. 
Jer.  xlviii.  i.  23.  (2.)Tvirjathaim, 
or  K  A  p.  TAN,  m  the  tribe  of  Naphtali, 

and 


Jofli.  xxi 


K  I  R 

and  given   to  the    I^evltes 
32.    I  Cliron.  vi.  76. 

KIRJATHARIM,  Kirjathjea- 

RIM,    KlRJATHBAAL,    orBAALAH;     a 

city  of  Judah,  lituated  in  or  near  to  a 
wood,  about  9  or  10  miles  north-well 
of  Jcrufalcm.  It  was  one  of  the  cities 
of  the  Gibeonites.  Here  the  ark  of  God 
continued  for  perhaps, about  80  or  90 
years  after  it  came  back  from  the  land 
of  the  Phllillines,  Jolh.  ik.  17.  xv.  9. 
60.    I  Sam.  vii.  i.    i  Chron.  xiii. 

KISHON,  probably  the  fame  with 
Ptolemy's  Pagida  ;  a  river  that  is  faid 
to  take  its  rife  in  the  valley  of  Jezreel, 
and  run  almoll  llraight  weftward  into 
the  Mediterranean  fea,  by  the  port  of 
Accho.  Dr  Shaw,  however,  denies 
that  lis  fource  is  fo  far  call  as  fome 
make  it ;  and  affirms,  that,  rifing  near 
mount  Carmel,  it  runs  north-weil  till 
it  enter  the  fea.  It  hath  a  multitude 
of  turnings,  in  the  manner  of  the  Forth 
aear  Stirling.  As  a  multitude  of  rivu- 
lets fall  into  it  from  the  adjacent  hills, 
it  fwells  exceedingly  in  the  time  of 
rain.  About  the  eaft  end  of  it,  Ja- 
bin's  army  was  routed,  and  multitudes 
of  them  were  carried  dov/n  by  the 
fwcUing  current  of  this  river,  occafion- 
ed  by  a  terrible  fall  of  rain.  It  was 
called  ancient,  becaufe,  it  feems,  it  had 
been  early  famed  on  fome  account, 
Judg.  V.  21.  Pfal.  Ixxxiii.  9.  The  city 
KedeHi,  or  Kadelh,  was  called  Kifhon, 
or  Kilhlon,  perhaps  becaufe  it  ftood  on 
the  bank  of  this  river,  or  had  itsilreets 
tvind'wg  hither  and  thither,  Jolh.  xix. 
20.  xxi.  28.    I  Chron.  vi.  72. 

KISS,  is  ufed  as  a  token  of  affeftion 
to  a  friend,  or  of  reverence  and  fub- 
jc6lion  to  a  fuperior.  Gen.  xxvii.  26. 
27.  I  Sam.  XX.  41.  x.  1.  In  the  Eaft, 
kiihng  of  the  feet  or  ground  expreffeth 
vaffallagc  or  reverence  ;  killing  the  de- 
crees of  judges,  iniports  complaifant 
fubjeftion  ;  kifling  of  petitions,  an 
humble  prefenting  of  them.  Equals 
kifs  the  head,  ftioulder,  and  beard  of 
one  another  ;  but  they  kifs  the  hand 
of  facred  perfons,  and  kifs  their  own 
hand  in  honour  of  idols,  Pfal.  Ixxii.  8. 
9.  If.  xlix.  23.  Gen.  xli.  40.  xxxiii. 
4.      Job    x^'.xi.    26.    27.       At   their 


69     1  K  N  E 

.     meeting  for  religious  worlhip,  the  pri- 
mitive  Chyiilians  feem  to   have   beea 
wont  to  kifs  one  another.     This  the 
fcripture  requires   to   be   an   holy  k'tfs, 
and   a  kifs  of  chartty,  i.  e.   proceeding 
from  a  pure  heart,  and  the  moil  Chrlf- 
tian  and  challe  affection,  Rom.  xvi.  16. 
I  Pet.  v.  14.:  but  this   kifs,  and  the 
love-fealls,  happening  to  be  early  abu- 
fed,  to  promote  unchaility  or  diforder, 
were   laid   afide.      Kissing    has   been 
often  abufed  to  cover  treachery,  as  by 
Judas  and  Joab,   2  Sam.  xx.  9.   Matth. 
xxvi.  49.  ;   to  pretend  aft'eftion,  as  by 
Abfalom,    2  Sam.   xv.    5.  ;    to  excite 
unchalle  inclinations,  as  by  the  whore, 
Prov.  vii.  13.  ;  or  to   mark  idolatrous 
reverence  to   an  idol ;  this   was  done, 
either  by  kifling  the  idol   Itfelf,  or  by 
kiffing  of  the  hand,    and   dire£ling  it 
towards  the  idol,  Hof.  xiii.  2.    i  Kings 
xix.  18.     Job  xxxi.  27.       Every    man 
fliall  hfs  his  lips  that  giveth  a  right  an- 
fwer,  i.  e.  fhall  love  and  reverence  him 
who  bears  a  proper  teflimony,  or  gives 
a  right  decifion  in  an  affair,  Prov.  xxlv. 
26.     The  hiffl's  of  Chrill's  mouth,  are 
the  fenfible,  familiar,  and  frequently  re- 
peated applications  of  his  love,   by  his 
word    and    Spirit :     thefc    teffify    his 
friendffiip  and  affe6lion,  and  encourage 
and  draw  out  our  hearts  to  him,  Song 
i.  2.     The  faints  hijfing  of  Chrifl,  or 
kijfing  him   ivithout,    denotes   their   re- 
ceiving of  him  by  faith,   their  fubmif- 
fion  to  him>  their  public  profeffion  of, 
and   adoring   him,    Pfal.  ii.  12.    Song 
viii.  I.      Righteoufnefs   and  peace  lifs 
one  another  ;  thejuftice  of  God,  through 
the   imputed  righteoufnefs   of  Chrill, 
kindly  promotes  our  peace  with  God, 
and  with  one  another,  Pfal.  Ixxxv.  10. 
KITE.  See  Vulture. 
KITTIM.     SeeCHiTTiM. 
KNEE  not   only  fignifies  that  part 
of  the  body   fo   called,  but  the  whole 
body,  a  part  being  put  for  the  whole, 
Pfal.  cix.  24  ;  or  tor  perfons ;  fo  iveak 
imA  feeble  knees  denote  weak  and  difcon- 
folate    perfons.    Job  iv.  4.     Heb.  xif. 
12.   If.  XXXV.  3.      To  ho'Uf  the  knees  to 
one,    imports  adoration   of,_  or  prayer 
to   him,     I  Kings  xix.   18.     Eph.  iii. 
14.  ;  or  tc  reverence  and  be  infubjec- 

tion 


K  N  I  [7 

thn  t6  Kim,  Gen.  xli.  43.  PKil.  ii.  ic. 
To  bring  up,  or  Jan  HI c  on  the  knees  ^  is 
afTcftionatcIy  to  nourifh,  as  a  mother 
does  her  own  child,  Gen.  xsx.  3.  1. 
23.  If.  k'vi.  12.  T\\t  fniiting  of  the 
knees  one  np^alnfl  another,  is  expreflive 
of  extraordinary  terror  and  amazement, 
Dan.  V.  6. 

KNIFE.  To  put  a  kriife  to  our 
throat  at  the  table  of  the  churl,  is  care- 
fully to  reflrain  our  appetite,  as  if  we 
were  in  the  utmofi  hazard  of  eating 
too  much,  Prov.  xxiii.  2.  The  knives 
ufed  in  killing  and  cutting  the  facri- 
fices,  might  reprefejit  Pilate,  Herod, 
and  other  inftruments  of  our  Saviour's 
death,  E/.ra  i.  9. 

KNOCK.  Jefus  knocks  at  -the  door 
of  our  heart ;  by  his  word,  Spirit,  and 
providence,  he  awakens,  invites,  and 
urges  us  to  receive'  hin'ifelf  as  the  free 
ctift  of  God  arid  Saviour  come  to  feek 
and  fave  that  which  is  loll,  Rev.  iii. 
20,  Song  V,  2.  Our'  knocking  at  his 
door  of  mercy,  is  fervent  and  frequent 
prayed  for  his  diftinguifhed  prefence 
and  favours,  Matth.  vii.  7.  8.  Luke 
xi.   TO. 

KNOW  ;  (i.)  To  underfliand  ;  per- 
ceive,  Ruth  iii.  11.  (2.)  To  have 
the  experience  of,  2  Cor.  v.  zr.  (3.) 
To  acknowledge  ;  take  particular  no- 
tice of;  to  approve,  delight  in,  and 
fhew  diitinguilhed  regard  to,  If.  Iv.  5. 
I  Cor.  viii.  3.  John  x.  27.  Amos  iii. 
2.  Gen.  xxxix.  6.  i  Theff.  v.  12. 
(4.)  To  make  known  and  fee  difcover 
ed,  I  Cor.  ii.  2.  {^.)  To  havfe  car- 
nal dealing  with,  Gen.  iv.  r.  xix.  5. 
Judg.  xix.  22. — I  liiioib  nothing  by  my- 
felf;  t  am  not  confcious  of  any  al- 
lowed wickednefs,  i  Cor.  iv.  4.  We 
make  known  Our  rcquefts  unto  God, 
when  we,  direfted  by  his  Spirit,  ex- 
prcfs  the  deHres  of  our  heart  in  prayer 
to  him,  Phil.  iv.  6.  He  that  pervert- 
eth  his  way  is  knonvn^  when  God  ex- 
pofes  him  to  fliame  and  punifhmerit  on 
account  of  it,  Prov.  x.  9. 

Knowledge;  (i.)  The  infinite 
underftanding  of  God,  whereby  he 
perfcaiy  perceives  and  comprehends 
himfelf,  and  all  things  poflible  or  real, 
I  Saiii,  ii.   3.       {2.)    A    fpeculative 


o     ]         K  O  H 

knowledge,  whereby  one  has  a  merely- 
rational  p^Tception  of  things  natural  or 
divine,  without  any  faith  in,  or  love 
to  God  produced  or  llrengthened  there- 
by, I  Cor.  viii.  I.  Rom.  i.  21.  EccL 
i.  18.  (3.)  A  fpiritual  uptaking  of 
divine  things,  whereby,  through  the 
inftruftion  of  God's  vvord  and  Spirit, 
we  not  only  perceive,  "but  are  poAver- 
fully  and  kindly  difpofed  to  beheve  in, 
and  love  God  in  Chrifl  as  our  God, 
2  Cor.  vi.  6.  John  xvii.  3.  (4.)  The 
fupernatural  gift  of  interpreting  dreams, 
explaining  hard  pafTages  of  fcripture, 
or  forefeeing  things  future,  Dan.  v. 
12.  I  Cor.  xiii.  2.  (5.)  Spiritual 
prudence,  and  gracious  experience  in 
the  ways  of  God,  Prov.  xxviii.  2. 
(6.)  The  perfeft  and  immediate  views 
of  the  glory  of  God  in  heaven  ;  in  this 
we  kno'id  Godf  as  tue  are  kno-ivn  ;  ap- 
prehend his  exigence,  and  glorious  ex- 
cellencies and  work,  w^ithout  any  mif- 
take,  I  Cor.  xiii.  12.  (7.)-  Inftruc- 
tion,  whereby  knowledge  is  communi- 
cated, Prov.  xxii.  17.  (8.)  Faith  is 
called  kno-zuledgey  as  it  fuppofes  know- 
ledge, and  is  an  apprehending  of  things 
invifible,  on  the  tellimony  ot  God,  If. 
liil.  II.  ;  but  that  text  niay  alfo  mean, 
that  by  Jefus's  infinitely  fl:ilful  fulfil- 
ment of  his  work,  he  Ihull  juflify  many. 

Saints  are  enriched  with  all  knoiv- 

IcJgs  ;  they  ai'e  made  wife  unto  falva- 
tion,  and  know  eveiy  thing  important 
concerning  it,  Rom.  xv.  14.  i  Cor. 
i.  5.  I  John  ii.  20.  Through  knowledge 
the  jail  flrall  be  delivered  ;  by  the  infi- 
nite wifdom  of  God,  and  by  means  of 
their  faith,  fpiritual  knowledge,  and 
prudence,  fhall  they  efcape  trouble,  or 
get  out  of  it,  Prov.  xi.  9. 

KOHATH  ;  the  fecond  fon  of  Le- 
vi, and  father  of  Amram,  Izhar,  Pleb- 
ron,  and  Uzziel.  From  him,  by  Aa- 
ron the  fon  of  Amram,  fprung  the 
Hebrew  prieils.  The  refl  of  his  fami- 
ly, ^t  their  departure  from  Egypt> 
were  860O  males,  2750  of  which  Were 
fit  for  fervice.  They,  under  Eliza- 
phan  the  fon  of  Uzziel,  pitched  on  the" 
fouth  fide  of  the  tabernacle,  and  they 
marched  after  the  holl  of  Reuben.. 
Tlieir  bufinefo  was,  to   oirry  on  their 

flioulders 


K  O  R  f     7 

fliouWers  the  ark,  and  other  facred  u- 
teniils  of  the  tabernaelc;  but  were  not, 
under  pain  of  death,  allowed  to  look 
at  any  of  thefe,  except  perhaps  the 
brazen  lavcr,  Exod.  vi.  i6.  —  25. 
Numb.  iii.  iv.  x.  21.  Befides  the  thir- 
teen cities  of  the  priefts,  the  Kohath- 
ites  had,  from  the  Ephraimiles,  She- 
chem,  Gc/.er,  Kibzaim,  or  Jokmean, 
and  |3ethhoron  ;  from  tlie  Danitcs, 
Elthckeh,  Gibbethon,  Aijalon,  and 
Gathrimmon  ;  from  the  weltern  Ma- 
naflites,  Taanach  and  Gathrimmon, 
which  either  were  the  fanie,  or  after- 
wards exchanged  for  Aner  and  Ibleam, 
Jofh.  xxi.  20. — 26.  I  Cliron.  vi.  66. 
— 70.  In  the  days  of  David,  Shebuel, 
Rehabia,  Jeriah,  and  Micah,  were  the 
chief  of  the  Koliathites  ;  and  Shebuel 
and  Rehabiali,  defcendants  of  Mofes, 
had  the  charge  of  the  facred  treafures. 
4400  of  the  defcendants  of  Hebron, 
and  fundry  of  the  Iviharites,  were  of- 
ficers cm  the  eaft  and  weft  of  Jordan, 
in  affairs  civil  and  facred,  i  Chron. 
xxiii.  12. — :jo.   xxvi.  23. — 32. 

KORAH,  KoREH,  Core  ;  the 
couhn  of  Mofes,  fon  of  Izhar,  and  fa- 
ther of  Allir,  Elkanaii,  and  Abiafaph. 
Envying  the  authority  of  Mofes  and 
Aaron,  Korah,  together  with  Dathan 
and  Abiram,  fons  of  Eliab,  and  On 
the  fon  of  Peletli,  chief  men  of  tlie 
Reubenites,  ,with  250  other  chiefs  of 
the  congregation,  formed  a  party  a- 
gainft  them.  On  deferted  them,  but 
the  reft  ftuck  in  a  body.  They  haugh- 
tily upbraided  Mofes  and  Aaron,  as 
taking  too  mych  upon  them,  fince  the 
whole  congregation  v\-ere  facred  to 
God.  Mofea  repliei;!,  tliat  they  were 
too  arrogant  to  find  fault  with  the  pre- 


I    1       K  o  R 

fcriptions  of  God>  ^ind  that  to-mor- 
row the  Lord  would  fiiow  whom  he  al- 
lowed to  ofijci^te  in  the  priefthood. 
He  advifed  Korah,  and  his  250  ac- 
complices, to  appear  with  their  cen- 
fcrs  full  of  inccnfe,  on  that  occafion,  to 
ftand  the  trial.  They  did  fo,  and  put 
facred  fire  into  their  cenfers.  Ther 
alio  convened  a  great  body  of  tlic 
people,  to  rail  on  Mofes  and  Aaron, 
at  leaft  to  witncfs  God's  acceptance  t)i 
their  incenfe.  From  a  bright  cloud  ho- 
vering over  the  tabernacle,  God  order- 
ed Mofes  and  Aaron  to  feparate  thein- 
felves  froni  the  afiembly,  that  he  might 
deftroy  them  in  an  inft^int.  Mcrfes 
and  Aaron  begged,  that  he  would  not 
deftroy  the  whole  congregation  for  tlie 
fin  of  a  few,  who  had  ftirred  tlieqi  up. 
The  Lord  granted  their  requeft,  and 
direded  them  to  order  the  congrega- 
tion to  flee  as  faft  as  they  could  from 
the  tents  of  Korah,  Dathan,  and  Abi- 
ram. They  had  fcarce  retired,,  when 
the  earth,  according  to  Mofes's  prc- 
diftion,  opened  her  mouth,  and  fwal- 
lowed  them  up  alive,  and  all  their  tents 
and  families.  Meanwhile,  a  fire  from 
God  confumed  the  250  men  that  of- 
fered incenfe  along  with  Korah.  It 
feems,  the  fons  of  Korah  detefted  their 
father's  arrogance,  and  were  perhaps 
miraculouily  preferved,  and  continued 
in  their  facred  office.  Their  defcend- 
ants were  Samuel,  Heman,  and  others  ; 
facred  muficians  in  the  time  of  David  ; 
and  to  them  were  eleven  of  the  Pfalras, 
-viz.  42,  44.-- 49,  84,  S^,  87,  88,  de- 
li veix-'d  to  be  fet  to  mufic,  E^od.  vL 
24.  Numb.  xvi.  xxvi.  9.  11.  i  Chron. 
vi.  33. — 38.  XXV.  Some  of  them  were 
porters  to  the  temple,  chap.  xxvi.  •  •  •  •  • 


LAB 

LAB  AN,,  the  fon  of  Bethuel,  the 
brother  of  Rebekah,  and  father 
of  Leah  and  Rachel.  He  appears  to 
have  been  a  very  aclive  xuan,  and  to 
have  had  a  great  deal  of  power  in 
his   father's  lifetime  ;   but  he   was  an 


LAB 

Idolater,  and  a  moft  covetous  and  deceit- 
ful wretch.  See  Eliezer  and  Jacob, 
LABOUR;  (i.)  Diligent  care 
and  pains ;  and  fo  the  dihgent  and 
hard  work  of  the  miniftiy,  is  called  /a- 
lourf  and  minifters  labourers ;  and  tra- 
velling, 


LAC 


[     V' 


veiling,  is  called  lahour,  Prov.  xiv.  23. 
Eccl.  i.  3.  I  Their.  V.  12.  I  Tim.  v. 
17.  Jofli.  vil.  3.  (2.)  The  pangs  of 
a  woman  in  child-biith,  Gen.  xxxv. 
•t6.  17.  (3.),  The  tVuit  or  cfFc<Sl  of 
labour  and  diligence,  Exod.  xxiii.  16. 
Eccl.  ii.  10.  II.  Hab.  iii.  17.  (4.) 
Tlie  evil  of  fin  and  mlfeiy,  and  the 
painful  fervice  of  God,  Rev.  xiv.  13, 
The  labour  of  faints  and  minillers,  in- 
cludes both  their  obedience  and  fiif- 
fering,  2  Cor.  v.  9.  To  labour  in  the 
J.ordy  is,  in  a  ftate  of  union  to  the 
Eord  Jefus,  and  deriving  llrength 
from  him,  to  be  earneilly  employed  in 
his  fervice,  whether  of  preaching  the 
gofpel,  fupporting  fuch  as  do  it, 
privately  inllrucling  others,  or  caring 
for  the  poor,  i  Thefl.  v.  12.  Rom. 
xvi.  12.  Chriil's  hiring  labourers  into 
Iiis  vineyard,  at  the  3d,  6th,  9th,  and 
iithhour,  fignifies  his  effeclual  call- 
ing of  men  in  very'  different  periods  of 
Jife,  early,  middle,  declining,  or  de- 
crepit age,  or  in  different  periods  of 
times  under  the  Old  Teftament,  in  the 
Spoftolic,  or  in  the  millennial  age,  or 
in  the  different  periods  of  John  Bap- 
till,  Chriil's  and  his  apollles  minilh-a- 
tions,  Matth.  xx.  i. — 16. 

LACHISH  ;  a  city  of  Judah,  a- 
bout  20  miles  fouth-eall  of  Jerufalem, 
and'feven  fouth-weil  of  Eleutheropolis. 
The  king  of  it  was  one  of  the  afPiitants 
of  Adonizedck  againit  the  Gibeonites, 
and  had  his  kingdom  deftroyed  by 
Jofhua,  Jofh.  X.  5.  32.  xii.  11.  xv. 
39,  Rehoboam  fortified  it ;  Amaziah 
ficd  to  it  when  his  fer/ants  confpiivd 
Tigainfl  him,  2  Chron.  xi.  9.  2  Kings 
xiv.  19.  As  it  had  been  moft  early  or 
mofl  eminently  involved  in  idolatry,  the 
ii^habitants  are  ironically  warned  to 
fice  off  whenever  Sennacherib  invaded 
judea,  Mic.  i.  13.  When  he  came, 
lie  befieged  it  with  his  whole  force  ; 
and  hence  he  directed  his  threatening 
nilTive  to  Hezekiah  ;  tut  whether  La- 
chifh  w^s  taken,  or  whether  Sennache- 
rib railed  the  fiege  to  take  Libnah  ere 
Tirhakah  fliould  come  up  with  his  E- 
thiopian  troops,  I  know  not,  2  Kings 
xviii.  17.  icix.  8.  2  Chron.  xxxvi.  9. 
Ii. '::x:ivi.  2.  xxxvii.  b.     It  is  certain 


J     ]  LAM 

Nebuchadnezzar  took  and  dcmoliHicd 
it,  Jer.  XX  xiv.  7.  ;  but  it  was  after- 
wards rebuilt,  and  was  a  place  of  fomc 
note  about  400  years  after  Chrilf. 

LAISri,  or  Leshkm.     See  Dan. 

LADE  ;  men  are  faid  to  be  lackn^ 
when  opprefTed  with  grievous  taxes  and 
hard  fen-itude,  i  Kings  xii.  11.;  or 
oppreffed  wath  troublefome  ceremonies 
and  traditions,  Luke  xi.  46.  ;  or  op- 
preffed with  the  guilt  and  the  care  of 
getting  or  keeping  ill-gotten  wealth, 
Hab.  ii.  6.  ;  or  when  under  the  guilt 
and  power  of  much  fin.  If.  i.  4.  2 
Tim.  iii.  6.  ;  or  v\'htn  nnder  the  guilt 
and  power  of  fin, and  alfo  under  trouble, 
outward  or  inward,  Matth.  xi.  28. 

LADY.     See  Lord. 

LAKE  ;  a  loch,  or  very  large  pool 
of  flanding  water,  fuch  as  the  lake  6f 
Merom,  Gennefaret,  Sodom,  &c.  See 
Jordan,  sea.  The  lakes  of  Egypt 
are  for  a  defence  to  the  country.  If.  xix. 
5.  6.  7.  Ezck.  xxix.  3.  Hell  is  call- 
ed a  lahe  burning  ivith  jire  and  brimjlone, 
to  reprefent  the  terrible,  difagreeable, 
and  lailing  nature  of  its  torments.  Rev. 
xix.  20.   XX.  10. — 15. 

LAMB.      See  shkep. 

LAME  ;  maimed,  or  enfeebled  in 
the  limbs,  2  Sam.  iv.  4.  Lamenefs  dif- 
qualified  from  officiating  in  the  prieil- 
hood,  or  for  being  offered  in  facriliee. 
Did  not  this  intimate,  that  in  Jefus, 
ovir  great  prieft  and  facrifice,  there  is 
no  want  of  ability  to  perform  his  Avork, 
and  no  readinels  to  be  turned  out  of 
the  way  ?  Lev.  xxi.  18.  Dent.  xv.  21. 
Perfons  weak  in  body,  or  in  their  in- 
telleftuals  and  grace,  and  halting  be- 
tween different  opinions,  are  called 
lam£.y   If.  xxxiii.  23.   Hcb.  xii.  13. 

LAMECH  ;  a  defcendant  of  Cain 
by  Methufael.  He  is  reckoned  the 
firft  that  ever  married  more  wives  than 
one  ;  his  wives  were  Adah  and  Zillah. 
One  day  he,  with  a  folemn  air,  told 
them,  that  he  had  flaiji,  or  could  flay 
a  man  to,  or  in,  his  vrounding,  and  a 
young  man  to,  or  in,  his  hurt ;  and  that 
if  Cain  fhould  be  avenged  feven-fold, 
Lamech  fhould  be  feventy  times  feven- 
fold.  The  meaning  of  this  fpeech  is 
not  agreed   on.      Some  think,  that  in 

his 


LAM 

his  blindnefs  he  flew  Cain,  who  was 
hid  in  a  bufh,  miftaking  him  for  a  wild 
beaft,  and  afterwards  flew  his  own  fon 
Tubal-cain,  for  direfting  him  to  flioot 
at  that  bufh  :  others  think^  he  had  flain 
two  godly  perfons  ;  and  that  tlic  name 
of  Tubal-cain  his  fon,  imported  his  da- 
ring refolution  to  defy  the  vengeance 
of  Heaven,  and  bring  back  Cain  to  his 
native  foil.  Perhaps  rather,  he  meant 
no  more  but  to  threaten  his  unruly 
wives  with  fome  dreadful  mifchief,  if 
they  were  not  duly  fubmiflive  ;  boaft- 
,  Jng,  that  he  was  able  to  flay  a  man 
fuppofe  he  were  wounded ;  and  threat- 
ening, that  if  the  murderer  of  Cain 
v.'ho  killed  his  brother  was  to  be  feven- 
fold  puniflied  of  God,  they  might  ex- 
pert that  the  murderer  of  Lamech, 
who  had  killed  no  body,  fliould  be  fe- 
venty  times  more  puniflied. 

By  Adah,  Lamech  had  two  fons  ; 
Jabal,  who  firft  invented  dwelling  in 
tents,  and  roving  about  with  herds  of 
cattle  ;  and  Jubal,  who  was  the  flrft: 
inventer  of  mufic  on  harps  and  organs. 
By  Zillah  he  had  Tubal-cain,  the  firft 
inventor  of  foundry  and  fmith-work, 
and  is  fuppofed  to  be  the  Vulcan,  or 
god  of  fmiths  among  the  Heathen  ;  and 
a  daughter  called  Naamah,  or  the  come- 
ly one,  who  is  perhaps  the  moft  ancient 
Venus  of  the  Pagans,  Gen.  iv.  i8, — 
24.  (2.)  Lamech  the  fon  of  Methu- 
feiah,  and  father  of  Noah,  who  lived 
777  years,  and  died  five   years  before 


[     73     1 


OJ" 


-31.    I  Chron. 


the  flood.   Gen.  v. 
}.  3.   Luke  iii.  36. 

LAMENT.     See  mourn. 

LAMPS;  a  kind  of  hghts^made 
with  oil  in  a  veflel ;  they  were  crdina- 
ly  placed  on  a  high  ftand,  or  candle- 
iiick,  which  flood  on  the  ground. 
Perliaps  thofe  ufed  by  Gideon  and  his 
foldiers  were  a  kind  of  torches  of  old 
linen  rags,  wrapt  about  a  piece  of  iron 
or  potter\s  earth,  and  from  time  to 
time  moiftened  with  oil,  Judg.  vii.  20. 
Nineveh  was  taken  in  the  night,  when 
the  enemy  needed  torches  to  illuminate 
their  chariots,  Nah.  ii.  3,  4.  The  A- 
rabian  and  other  callern  princes  adorii 
their  tents  with  lamps.  In  Egypt,  all 
inhabited  apartments  liavc  a  lamo  buiT.- 

VOL.  U- 


L  A  M 

mg  m  them  all  night.  But  it  feems 
their  lamps,  atlealt  at  Cairo  in  Egypt, 
give  but  a  faint  light.  In  many  parts 
of  the  Eaft,  particularly  in  the  Indies, 
inftead  of  torches  and  flambeaux,  they 
carry  a  pot  of  oil  in  one  hand,  and 
a  lamp  full  of  oiled  rags  in  the  other, 
Matth.  XXV.  4.  Succefibrs  are  called 
a  lamp,  becaufe  they  increafe  or  conti- 
nue the  glory  of  their  predeceflbrs,  I 
Kings  XV.  4.  Pfal.  cxxxii.  17.  The 
governors  of  Judah  are  like  a  torch  in  a 
Jheaf  amidft  their  enemies  ;  the  Macca- 
bees and  their  fucceflbrs,  for  above 
100  years,  were  noted  deftroyers  of 
the  Syro-Grecians,  Arabians,  Edom- 
ites,  Philiftines,  and  others  ;  and  in 
the  beginning  erf  the  millennium  their 
governors  fliall  ftill  more  fignally  cut 
off  their  foes,  Zech.  xii.  6.  The  lurn- 
ing  lamp  ifluing  out  of  a  fmoaking  fur- 
nace, that  paffed  between  the  pieces 
of  Abraham's  divided  pieces  of  ani- 
mals, imported  the  peculiar  prefence 
of  God  with  the  Hebrews  in  their  E- 
gyptian  bondage,  and  that  their  falva- 
tion  therefrom  fliould  at  laft  be  glori- 
oufly  effcfted.  Gen.  xv.  17.  God  is 
likened  to  a  lamp,  he  enlightens,  com- 
forts, and  honours  his  people,  2  Sam. 
xxii.  29.  ^\i^  feven  lamps  of  the  gold- 
en candelfti'ck,  figured  out  Jefus  and 
his  church,  as  poflefl"ed  of  tlie  fulnefs 
of  the  Holy  Ghoft,  and  of  divine  o- 
racles  and  knowledge,  Exod.  :^xv.  37. 
The  Holy  Ghoft  'is  likened  to'  feveri 
lamps  of  jire  burning  before  God's 
throne,  to  mark  the  fully  inftruftivc, 
comforting,  heart-warn^'p.g,  and  fin- 
deftroyir.g  nature  of  his  iiiflaencc.  Rev. 
iv.  5.  The  fcveji  lamps  of  the  gold- 
en candleftick,  in  Zechariai's  vificn, 
which  received  their  oil  from  the  bowl 
or  fountain  by  pipes,  arc  a  fufiicient 
number  of  miniftcrs,  deriving  their 
light,  comfort,  gifts,  ailcl^grace,  from 
Jefus,  by  tlie  pipes  of  ordinances,  read- 
ing the  fcriptures,  meditation,  prayer, 
and  by  faith,  Zech.  iv.  2.  Chrift's 
eyes  of  infinite  knowledge,  and  of  dif- 
cov^red  affection  or  wrath,  are  as  lamps 
cfjire,  nioft  penetrating  and  pure,  and 
yet,  how  terrible  to  his  enemies  !  Dan. 
X.  6-  The  word  of  God  is  a  lamp  and 
K  light : 


LAN  [7 

light;  it  difcovcrs  manifold  myfteries  ; 
it  dircfts  mens  couife,  and  comforts 
their  hearts  amidll  the  darknefs  of  this 
world,  Pfal.  cxix.  105.  The /amp  or- 
dained  for  God's  anointed,  is  either  Je- 
fus,  who  is  the  light  of  the  world,  and 
the  continued  honour  of  David's  fami- 
ly ;  or  it  is  the  gofpti,  which,  from 
age  to  age,  maintains;  the  fame  and 
honour  of  our  Redeemer  in  the  world, 
Pfal.  cxxxii.  17.  A  profelTion  of  re- 
ligion is  called  a  Iiinip  ;  it  renders  men 
fhining  and  ufeful,  and  inftruAers  of 
others,  Matth.  xxv.  3,  4.  Profperity 
is  a  lamp  ;  it  renders  men  cheerful,  no- 
ted,    and    glorious,    Prov.  xiii.  9.   xx. 

20.  See       CANDLE,       FIRE,       LIGHT. 

The  falvation  of  the  church  from  her 
troubles  is  likened  to  a  burning  lamp  ; 
it  is  bright  and  vifible,  and  its  effects 
are  inllru6live  and  comforting,  If.  Ixii.  i . 

LANCE  ;  a  fpear ;  but  the  word 
CHiDON  is  tranflated  a  targety  1  Sam. 
xvii.  6. 

LANCETS  :  javelins  ;  fliort  fpears, 
I  Kings  xviii.  28. 

LANCH  ;  to  put  from  fliore  into 
the  fea,  Luke  viii.  22. 

LAND  ;  (  I.)  The  whole  continent 
of  the  earth,  as  dlllinguiflied  from  the 
fea,  Matth.  xxiil.  5.  (2.)  A  parti- 
cular country,  efpecially  what  parts  of 
it  are  fit  to  be  ploughed,  Matth.  ix. 
26.  Gen.  xxvi.  12.  Ads  iv.  37.  Mat. 
xix.  29.  (3.)  The  inhabitants  of  a 
countr)',  If.  xxxvii.  1 1.  Canaan  is  call- 
ed ImmannePs  land,  or  the  Lord's  land. 
It  enjoyed  the  peculiar  care,  protec- 
tion, prefence,  and  ordinances  of  our 
Redeemer ;  and  in  it  he  long  dwelt  in 
our  nature,  If.  viii.  8.  It  was  a  land 
cf  pronifey  as  given  by  promife  to  A- 
braham  and  his  feed,  Heb.  xi.  9.  It 
was  a  land  of  iiprightnefs  ;  as  there,  men 
liaving  the  oracles  of  God,  ought  to 
have  uprightly  behaved  towards  God 
and  man,  If.  xxvi.  10.  It  is  called  a 
land  of  unnvalled  'villages,  as  it  feems, 
the  Jews  at  their  return,  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  millennium,  will  not  fortify 
their  cities,  Ezek.  xxxviii.  11.  Egypt 
is  . called  a  land  of  trouble  and  angu'ijhy 
becaufe  there  the  Hebrews  were  ex- 
ceedingly  diilrefled,  and  it   has   long 


4    ]         LAN 

been  a  fcene  of  terrible  calamities,  If* 
XXX.  6.  Babylon  was  a  land  of  graven 
images  ;  idolatry  mightily  prevailed  in 
it,  Jer.  1.  38.  The  land  of  the  living 
is  this  world,  wherein  men  are  before 
death,  and  the  heavenly  flate,  where 
no  death  ever  enters,  Pfal.  cxvi.  9. 
xxvii.  13.  The  grave  is  the  land  of 
darhnefsy  andofthejhadcivofdeathy  Job 
X.  21,  22.  ;  2Li\6.offorgetfulnefsy,2i^  men 
are  foon  forgotten  after  they  are  bu- 
ried,  Pfal.  Ixxxviii.  13. 

LANES  ;  the  narrow  clofes  in  a 
city,  where  poor  people  generally 
dwell,    Luke  xiv.  21. 

LANGUAGE;  a  fet  of  words 
made  ufe  of  by  the  people  of  any  par- 
ticular country,  or  countries,  to  exprefs 
their  thoughts.  No  doubt  God,  at 
the  firft,  infpired  men  with  language. 
Without  fuppofing  this,  wc  fee  not 
how  they  could  fo  early  converfe  with 
God,  or  the  man  with  his  wife.  While 
men  lived  fo  long,  and  applied  only  to 
the  more  fimple  methods  of  life,  as  be- 
fore the  flood,  their  ideas  were  few, 
and  their  language  was  eafily  preferved 
without  alteration.  For  fome  time  af- 
ter the  flood,  mankind  were  fl:ill  of  one 
language  and  fpeech  ;  but  what  it  was  is 
not  fo  readily  agreed.  Could  we,  with 
Shuckford,  believe  that  Noah  went  al- 
mofl:  directly  eafl:ward  to  China,  we 
fhould  readily  imagine  the  Chinefe  lan- 
guage, whidi  is  but  fimple,  and  its  ori- 
ginal words  very  few,  was  the  firfl:  one. 
But  as  it  is  certain  Noah  did  not  retire 
to  thefe  eaflern  regions  before  the  build- 
ing of  Babel,  and  not  evident  that  he 
did  fo  afterwards,  we  cannot  adopt 
this  opinion.  When  we  obferve  the 
fimplicity  and  emphafis  of  the  Hebrew 
tongue  ;  when  we  confider  how  exactly 
tlie  Plebrew  names  of  animals fuit  their 
natures,  and  how  exactly  the  names  of 
perfons  fuit  to  the  reafon  of  their  im- 
pofition,  we  cannot  but  declare  for  the 
Hebrew.  It  is  abfurd  for  the  Chal- 
daic,  Afl'yrian,  Arabic,  or  Ethiopic, 
to  compete  in  this  claim.  Every  un- 
biafl'ed  obferver  will  plainly  fee  them 
but  dialefts  of  the  Hebrew  tongue  ; 
and  perhaps  they,  as  well  as  the  Phe- 
nician,     were    for    many    ages    almoft 

quite 


LAN  [ 

ijuite  the  fame  with  the  Hebrew, 
the  Jews  lived  in  a  manner  fo  diftind 
from  other  people,  they  bid  faireit  to 
preferve  their  language  uncorrupted. 
As  we  have  no  llandard  hook  in  the 
Hebrew  befides  the  Old  Tcllament, 
the  fignification  of  not  a  few  of  its 
words,  feldom  ufcd,  is  not  altogether 
certain  to  us  ;  but  by  tracing  them  in 
fimilar  words  of  the  Arabic,  iifc.  we 
may  arrive  at  what  is  very  probable. 

How  God  confounded  the  language 
of  mankind  at  Babel ;  whether  he  made 
them  forget  the  meaning  of  their  words, 
and  put  one  name  for  another  ;  or  whe- 
ther he  infpired  the  moil  of  them  with 
new  languages,  is  not  eafy  to  fay.  It 
is  certain,  the  ancient  language  of  the 
Gomerians,  Huns,  Greeks,  iffc.  did 
not  a  little  refemble  the  Hebrew ;  and 
that  there  are  other  languages,  fuch  as 
the  Sclavonic,  and  fundry  of  America, 
between  which  and  the  Hebrew  we  can 
fcarce  trace  the  fmallell  refemblance. 
Inlj  how  many  languages-  fpeech  was 
divided  at  Babel,  it  is  impofiible  to  fay. 
Allledius  enumerates  about  400  j  but 
makes  only  72  diflinguifhed  ones,  and. 
five  chief  ones,  vi-z.  the  Hebrew, 
Greek,  -Latin,  Germanic,  and  Scla- 
vonic. At  prefent  a  fort  of  Arabic 
mightily  prevails  in  weflern  Afia,  and 
"in  the  north  of  Africa.  Mingled 
dialeds  of  the  Latin  and  Teutonic, 
Iffc.  moilly  prevail  in  the  weft  of  Eu- 
rope. Tiie  French  and  Englifh  are 
the  moft  efteemed. — When  God  cail 
oil  the  Gentiles,  he  confounded  their 
language  ;  when  he  called  them  back 
to  his  church,  he  gave  his  apoftles 
the  miraculous  gift  of  fpeaking  with 
tongues.  Gen.  xi.  Acts  ii.  The  lan- 
guage of  Canaan,  or  a  pure  language ,  is 
a  proper  manner  of  fpeech  in  prayer  to 
God,  and  edifying  converfe  with  men, 
If.  xix.  18.   Zeph.  iii.  9. 

As  the  ufe  of  language  is  to  convey 
ideas  from  one  to  another,  that  muft 
be  the  beft  ftyle,  which  conveys  them 
in  the  moft  j\ii\,  clear,  and  affeAing 
manner,  fuiting,  at  once,  the  fubjedt 
fpoken  of,  and  the  perfon  fpeaking, 
and  thofe  to  whom  he  fpeaks.  To 
render    language    perfpicuous,     every 


75     1  LAN 

As     word  and  phrafe,  if  poffible,  fhould  be 
purej  belonging  to  the  idiom  in  which 


one  fpeaks  ;  fhould  be  proper,  autho- 
rifed   by  the  beft  fpeake^rs  and  writers 
in  that  language  ;  and   fhould  precifely 
exprefs  the  idea  to  be  conveyed,  with- 
out any  foreign  or  fuperfluous  circum- 
ftance   added    thereto.      In    fentences, 
there  ought  to  be  clearnefs,  the  words, 
cfpecially    thofe    which     exprefs     the 
principal  ideas,   being  fo  placed,    as  to 
mark  the  relation  of  one  idea  to   an- 
other, without    the    leaft    ambiguity  : 
there  ought  to  be  unityj  the  principal 
objeft  being  ftill  kept  unchanged,   and 
no  way  obfcured  or  diverted  from,' by 
a  mention  of  things  flightly  related  to 
it,  whether  included   in  parenthefis  ot 
not  :  there   ought  to  htjirengthy  fo  as 
it  may  make  the  more  impreffion  ;  ufe- 
lefs   words  ought  to  be  rejefted,  and 
the  principal  words  placed  where  they 
appear  moft  brightly,  and  the  members 
of  th-e  fentence  made  to  rife  in  their 
importance:  there  ought   to   be  har- 
mony,  the  words  being  fo   chofen   or 
difpofed,  as  the  found  may  be  expref» 
live  of  the  fcnfe,  at  leaft  not  difagree- 
able  to   the   ear.      In  every  language, 
efpecially  of  the  eaftern  nations,  whofe 
imaginations    were    warm,    there  is  a 
great   ufe   of  tropes   and   figures,  and 
which,  if  they  rife  naturally  from  the 
fubjeft,    and  from  the   genius  of  the 
fpeaker,  and  are  but   fparingly  ufed, 
■  and    that  only  to  exprefs  thoughts  of 
proper  dignity,  tend  not  a  little  to  ex- 
plain  a  fubjcct,  and  to   embellifh  the 
ftyle,    by  rendering   it  more  copious, 
more    dignified,    more   expreflive,    and 
more  piclurefque.     Metaphor,  hyper- 
bole, perfoniiication,  addrefs,    compa- 
rifon,    interrogation,    exclamation,    vi- 
•fion,  repetition,  and  amplification,  are 
the   principal   figures  ot   fpeech.     To 
r)referve    the    world    from   counterfeit 
writings,  God  has  endowed  every  man 
with   a   ftyle,  or  manner  of  language, 
peculiar  to   himfelf ;    and    often    it   is 
•concife,   d'lfj'ufe,  perplexed,  manly,  fmooth, 
fprlghtly,   fmart,   gloomy,    or  dull.    Sic. 
according   to   the  turn  of  the-perfon's 
pailion,  imagination,  or  thought.     To 
hide  pride  from  man,  fcarce  any  pof- 
K  2  fefs 


LAN  I"     76     1  LAN 

all  the   graces  of  language  :  few     the  overthrow  of  nature,  cities,  or  na 

tions,  how  noify  and  terrifying  ! 


fcfs 

towering  writers  are  very  coiTe6l  ;  and 

as   few  very  correft  writers  have  much 

fire.   Nay,  few  authors  write  always  like 

themfelvcs,  but  even  the  elegant  fome- 

tiines  fink  into  the  frigid,  or  foar  into 

airy  bonibjj}. — As  fublimity  of  ftyle  lies 

in  the  expreflion  of  grand  thoughts  in 

few  and  plain  words,  it  muft  indeed  be 

bppofite  to  air\'  bombaft,  or  high  fwol- 

len  language,    without   fentiment,    or 

clothing  thoughts,  puny  and  common  ; 

and    to    childifli   conceits,    filly    puns, 

forced  and  unnatural  antithcfes,  unna- 
tural   and    felf-oppofmg    comparifons, 

affe6led  jingles  of  found, — and  to  every 

i^-timed  elevation  or  fall  of  the  lan- 
guage, that  correfponds  not  with  the 

rile   or  fall  of  the  thought  :  but  it  is 

fo  far  from  being  contraiy  to  real  fim- 

phclty  and  plainnefs,   that  fimplicity  is 

one  of  the  principal  beauties  of  fublime"   grovelHng,  or  pickt   up  from  the  low 

rabble  !  In  God's  promulgation  of 
the   ten   commands   from   Sinai,    how 


2  Pet. 
HI.  9,  10.  Rev.  vi.  14, — 18.  If.  xxiv. 
Jer.  1.  li.  Nah.  i.  3, — 6.  ii.  i, — 10. 
iii.  17,  18.  In  pointing  forth  the 
MelTiah,  and  the  glory  and  peace  of 
his  kingdom,  how  fweet  and  delight- 
ful !  If.  xi.  xii.  XXXV.  In  gofpel-invi- 
tations  to  receive  him  as  the  free-gift 
of  God,  how  foft  and  captivating!  Pfal. 
xxxiv.  8.  Ixxxi.  10, — 12.  Deut.  xxxii. 
29.  Prov.  i.  23.  ix.  4,  5.  xxiii.  26. 
Song  iv.  8.  V.  I,  2.  If.  i.  18.  Iv.  i,  3,  7. 
In  expoftulation,  how  rapid  and  ur- 
gent*, Provi  i.  22.  Ezek.  xxxiii.  it. 
If.  Iv.  2.  In  lamentation,  how  pathe- 
tic and  tender^  as  if  every  word  was  a 
groan,  Jer.  ix.  i.  Lam.  i. — v.  Matth. 
xxiii.  37.  Luke  xix.  ^i, — 44.  In  the 
difcourfes  of  Jefus,  and  the  epiftles  of 
John,    how  famiHary  but  never  frigid. 


language,  and  nothing  is  more  contra- 


ry to  the  true  fublimity  of  llyle,  than 
the  airy  bombaft,  and  pert  conceited 
manner  which  fome  abfurdly  imagine 
the  perfection  of  language.  In  refpedl 
of  ornament,  ftyle  is  either  dry,  where 
there  is  fcarce  a  word  to  embellifti,  or 
plain f  or  neat,  or  elegant,  or  Jlorid.  As 
both  the  firft  and  laft  are  extremes, 
the  firft  approaching  to  the  frigid  and 
grovelling,  and  the  laft  to  the  airy  bom- 
baft, neither  are  m.uch  to  be  coveted. 
As  the  true  propriety  of  language 
lies  in  its  fuitablenefs  to  the  fubjedl, 
and  the  perfons  concerned,  nothing 
can  be  fuppofed  more  proper  to  be 
ufed  on  religious  fubjeds,  or  more  truly 
fublime,  than  the  ftyle  of  the  only  ivife, 
and  the  moft  gracious  God,  in  his 
word.  Nor  can  I  imagln.e,  what  can 
tempt  any  to  think  otherwife,  except  it 
be  their  vain  aff"edation  of  idle  roman- 
ces, their  ignorance  of  the  fcriptures, 
cfpecially  in  the  original  tongues,  and 
their  liatred  of  their  divine  Author.— 
Can  language  more  beautifully  corref- 
pond  wiLh  its  fubjeft  !  In  the  defcrip- 
t:ons    of   God,    and   his   appearances. 


how   grand   and    maje 

I, — 18.     Deut.  xxxii. 

jcviil.  I, — 1 8.   li.  xl.  10, — 2b' 

Ai^-OS  iv.  i;.   Hub.  iii.      In  defcribi;: 


Exod.  XV. 

43.     Pfal. 

Ivii.  15. 


plain,  but  truly  fublime  ! 

No  book  has  its  ftyle  more  adorned 
with  every  beautifying  trope  or  figure 
than  the  oracles  of  God.  As  the  hif- 
torical  part  is  moft  furprifingly  plain, 
fo  the  poetic  and  other  parts  are  deck- 
ed with  ail  the  finery  of  true  ornament. 
Tropes  remove  the  words  ufed  from  their 
natural  fignification,  to  another  fome  way 
connected  therewith.  Tliofe  in  fcrip- 
ture  are  drawn  from  things  obvious  and 
well  known,  andreprefent  the  objed-t  ex- 
prelfed  under  the  intended  idea.  When 
the  name  of  the  caufe  is  put  for  that 
of  the  effed,  or  that  of  the  fubjed  for 
that  of  the  adjund,  or  the  reverfe,  it 
is  called  a  metonomy.  Rev.  i.  10.  Zech. 
xi,  I.  I  John  i.  3.  When  more  uni- 
verfal  terms  are  put  for  fuch  as  arc 
more  reftrided,  or  a  whole  for  a  part, 
or  the  contrary,  it  is  called  <i  fynecdoche, 
Matth.  iii.  5.  John  xix.  42.  Pfal.  i.  i. 
Ads  ii.  41.  When  more  is  fignified 
than  the  expreflion  neceffarily  bears,  it 
is  a  nieiofis,  or  abatement,  as  is  oft  the 
cafe  in  negative  precepts  and  promifes, 
Exod.  XX.  3, — 17.  If.  xhi.  3.  4.  When 
lefs  is  meant  than  the  expreflion  natu- 
rally bears,  it  is  an  hyperbole,  or  excefs 
of  the  language,   Gen.  xi.  4.    xiii.  16. 

Job 


LAN  [7 

jobxxix.  6.  2  Sam.  I.  23.  When  the 
contrary  of  what  the  expreflion  natu- 
rally fignifics  is  meant,  It  is  an  irotiy^ 
or  mock,  Deut.  xxxii.  38.  Eccl.  xi.  9. 
I  Kings  xviil.  27.  When  one  thing 
is  reprefented  in  words  that  natively 
mean  a  thing  fomewhat  fimilar,  it  is  a 
mdaphor,  J^^hii  x.  9.  xiv.  6.  A  me- 
taphor continued,  or  oft  repeated, 
forms  an  allegory  or"  parable.  Song  I. 
— viii.  Luke  xv.  Figures  relate  to  a 
whole  fentencc.  Tlieir  principal  kinds 
are,  (i.)  ^.x:fA;w^///o,v,  whereby,  as  with 
an  outcry,  the  vehemence  of  fome  par- 
ticular palfion  is  exprefled,  Zech.  ix. 
17.  Rom.  vii.  24.  (2.)  Doubty  where 
a  debate  in  one's  mind,  what  he  fliould 
do,  is  expreffed.  Gen.  xxxviii.  30. 
(3.)  Corrections  whereby  one  retrads 
what,  he  had  faid,  as  too  little,  or  too 
much,  or  as  an  entire  midake.  Gal. 
ii.  20.  I  Cor.  XV.  10.  (4.)  Sitpprejfiony 
when  one  Hops  before  he  finiih  his  fen- 
tence,  as  overwhelmed  with  wonder, 
grief,  rage,  ^c.  Pfal.  vi.  3.  (5.) 
Omijfion^  when  one  feems  to  pafs  what 
he  plainly,  but  briefly  hints,  Keb.  vi.  i. 
(6.)  Addrcfs  to  perfons  or  things, 
Pfal.  XXXV.  10.  I  Kings  xxii.  28.  Job 
xvi.  18.  (7.)  SiifpenftoTii  when  the 
principal  point  is  reierved  till  the  lail, 
and  the  reader  or  hearer  kept  in  ex- 
pectation of  it,  Luke  xvil.  26, — 30. 
(8.)  Interrogation,  when  queftions  are 
alked,  and  fometimes  anfwered,  in  a 
difcourfe  ;  to  which  expojltdaiory  reafon- 
iwg  with  one,  may  be  reduced,  John 
iii.  4.  Gen,  xviii.  14.  If  Iv.  2.  x.  3. 
(9  )  Prevention,  whereby  an  objeftion 
is  direclly  or  indirectly  llarted  and  an- 
fwered ;  to  which  may  be  joined  pre- 
munition,  whereby  one,  in  the  begin- 
ning of  his  difcourfe,  guards  himfelf 
againft  the  prejudice  and  mifapprehen- 
fion  of  thofe  he  fpeaks  to,  Rom.  ix. 
I, — 6.  19, — 23.  (lO")  ConceJJlon,  in 
v,'?iich  fomething  is  granted,  in  order 
to  infer  fome  other  thing  from  4t,  Job 
xix.  4.  Rom.  ii.  17, — 24.  Jam.  ii.  19. 
(11.)  Repetition  Q>i  the  fame  ideas,  in 
the  fam.e  or  in  different  vv'ords,  Pfal. 
xviii.  I, — 3.  xxii.  i.  If.  Ixi.  10.  (12.) 
Circumlocution,  whereby,  to  avoid  indc- 


7     1  LAN 

cency  or  the  like,  a  thing  is  defcribed 
in  words  more  in  number,  or  lefs  plain, 
Jer.  xxii.  28.  Job  xviii.  4.      (13.)  Am- 
plification, when  every  principal  expref- 
fionin  a  paflage  adds  plainnef?,  flrength, 
or  grandeur,  to  what  went  before  ;  to 
which   climax,  or  gradation,  where  the 
term  or  phrafc  conclufive  of  the  former 
exprefTion    begins    the   next,    may   be 
added,  If.  i.  22,  23.    Rom.  viii.  29,  30. 
(14.)   OmilJion   of  copulaiiiics,  to    mark 
eagernefs  of  palfion,  Rom.  i.  29, — 31.; 
and  fometimes  frequent  repetition  of  co-, 
pulallves  renders  a  fentence  folemn,  and 
every   verb   q^:  fubftantive  therein  em- 
phatic.   Rev.  v.  12.      (15.)    Oppofition, 
whereby  things  different,  or  contrary, 
are   placed   together,  that   the   nature 
of  cither,  or  both,  may  be  fhown  with 
more  clearnefs  and  force,   i  Tim.  i.  1 3. 
2  Cor.  v.  7.     Rom.  viii.  i.    Mark  xvi. 
16.     Ezek.    XX.       (16.)     Comparifon, 
whereby  things   fimilar  are  likened  to 
one  another,  to  illuftrate  o'ne  of  them. 
Song  ii.  2,  3.;  of  this  kind  ^rc parables. 
(17.)   Lively   defcription,   wherein,    by 
a   nice  arrangement    of   the    principal 
ideas,  the  thing  is  almoft  as  clearly  re- 
prefented as  if  it  were  before  our  eyes, 
2  Pet.  iii.  9,  10.      (l8.)    Vifion,  or  i- 
mage,  whereby  things   diftant,  or   un- 
feen,    are   reprefented  in   a  lively  and 
emphatic  manner,  to  raife  wonder,  ter- 
ror, companion,  care.   Rev.  xviii.  9, — 
19.   Heb.  xii.  I.      {l9')  PerfonificatioUf 
when  qualities,    or    things    inanimate, 
are  reprefented,  as  if  thinking,  fpeak- 
ing,    hearing,    or    afting,    as  rational 
perfons.    If.  i.  2.    xiv.  8, — 12.     Rom. 
viii.  22.  Job  xxviii.  22.     (20.)  Change 
of  perfon   or   time,  as  when  a  fpeaker 
puts  himfelf  for  others,  or  the  prefent 
time    for   the   pail   or  future,   &c.   If. 
xvi.  9.  liii.  12.     To  this  maybe  redu- 
ced, introduclio)i  of  perfons  fpeaking.  If. 
iii.  7.  iv.  I.      (21.)  Tranfition  from  one 
fubject   to  another,  in  which  a  fubjedt 
tending    to    illuilrate    the   principal  is 
fonfietimes  abruptly  introduced,    i  Cor. 
xii.  31.  If.  xi.  xii.  Rom.  xiv.  i.     (22.) 
Sentence,  is  a  fliort  and  lively  remark  on 
what  is  treated  of,    Rom.  iii.  31.      To 
which  may  be  reduced  epiphonema,  or  a 
concluding 


LAN 

croncluding    obferve     on     a    dlfcoiirfe, 
Ryn.  xi.  3^  *. 

LANGUISH;  the  world  or  earth 
lancrulfhithy  when  its  furface  is  wither- 
ed, its  cities  deftroyed,  and  inhabitants 
killed,  If.  xxiv.  4.  xxxiii.  9.  Vines, 
olives,  flowers,  and  other  vegetables, 
languifiy  when  they  wither  and  fade, 
Jer.  xxiv.  7.  Joel  i.  10.  Nah.  i.  4. 
Pcrfons  langmjl}^  when  they  become 
weak,  and  their  comelinefs  fades,  Jer. 
XV.  9.   Pfal.  xli.  3. 

LAODICEA.  There  were  at  leaft 
fix  cities  of  this  name  ;  but  the  fcrip- 
ture  mentions  only  that  of  Phrygia,  on 
^•t  river  Lycus  near  ColofTe.  It  was 
anciently  called  Jupiter's  city,  and 
then  Rhoas  ;  but  Scleucus,  or  perhaps 
Antiochus,  the  Syro-Grecian  king,  re- 
built it,  ?.  id  called  it  Laodicea  after 
his  wife.  Though  Paul  never  preach- 
ed here,  yet  a  Chriftian  church  was 
early  planted  in  this  place.  They 
were  \\\  the  fame  danger  of  falfe  teach- 
ers as  the  Coloflians  ;  and  fo  Paul  or- 
ders his  cpiille  to  the  Coloffians  to  be 
read  to  them.  He  alfo  mentions  a  let- 
ter from  Laodicea  ;  but  whether  it 
was  the  epiftle  to  Timothy,  or  that 
to  the  Ephefians,  which  the  Laodi- 
ceans  had  had  the  perufal  of,  or  whe- 
ther it  was  fome  letter  the  Laodiceans 
had  fent  him,  we  know  not.  There 
IS  Hill  extant  a  letter,  pretended  to  be 
that  of  Paul  to  the  Laodicean  church ; 
but  it  Is  agreed  to  be  fpurious,  and 
TImotheus,  a  priefl  of  Conllaatinople, 
fays,  it  was  forged  by  the  Manichees, 
Col.  ii.  I.  iv.  15,  16  About  A,  D. 
96,  the  Chriftians  of  Laodicea  were 
become  extremely  ignorant,  proud, 
felf-conceited,  and  carelefs  about  eter- 
nal things  ;  Jefus  Chrift  therefore  di- 
rected John  to  write  them  an  epiftle, 
•for  their  convidion  and  amendment  ; 
and  at  prefent,  Laodicea  is  not  only 
unchurched,  but  is  a  mere  defert,  with 
fome  ruins  fcarce  fuificient  to  mark 
that  ever  fuch  a  city  was  in  the  place, 
and  IS  called  Elkhiffar  by  tlie  Turks, 
Rev.  i.  1 1,   iii.  i^, — 21. 

LAPWING.     Calmet    thinks   the 

*  iet  1  i..p,.o.,y.    Book  I.  '  and  Iijtroduc- 
ti<m  to  Scff-tnter^reting  Bill:. 


[     78     ]  L  A  T 


Duch'iphah  is  the  hoopopoo,  which  is  a 
bird  about  the  bignefs  of  a  thrufh.  Its 
beak  is  long,  black,  thin,  and  a  little 
hooked.  It  has  a  tuft  of  feathers  on 
its  head,  which  it  raifes  or  lowers  as 
it  pleafeth.  Its  legs  are  grey  and 
fhort  ;  its  neck  and  ftomach  reddifh  ; 
its  wings  and  tail  black,  with  white 
ftreaks  ;  its  wings  roundifh  at  the 
point  ;  its  flight  flow.  In  northern 
countries  it  is  feen  but  about  three 
months  of  the  year  ;  during  the  reft 
of  it,  it  probably  removes  to  warmer 
regions.  Its  form  is  beautiful,  but  its 
voice  is  hoarfe  and  unmufical.  It  ge- 
nerally makes  its  neft  in  old  ruins,  or 
on  way-lides.  It  feeds  much  on  worms, 
and  on  human  dung,  and  makes  its  neft 
thereof.  Others  take  this  bird  to  be 
the  black-breafted  Tringa,  with  a  hang- 
ing creft,  or  top  on  its  head.  It  is  a 
beautiful  bird,  about  the  fize  of  a  pi- 
geon, and  very  common  in  fen  coun- 
tries, through  moft  of  Europe.  On 
each  foot  it  has  four  toes,  connected 
as  thofe  of  a  duck.  It  is  very  dexte- 
rous in  decoying  perfons  or  dogs  from 
its  neft,  Lev.  xi.  19. 

LARGE.  Aflyria  was  a  large  or 
extenfive  country,  or  place,  If.  \xii.  18. 
Hof.  iv.  16.  David  %vas  fet  in  a  large 
place^  or  room,  when  he  had  great  li- 
berty and  comfort,  and  was  advanced 
to  extenfive  power  and  authority,  Pfal. 
xviii.  19.   xxxi.  8.  cxviii.  5. 

LASCIVIOUSNESS,    See  wan- 

TON. 

LAST  ;  (i.)  Late,  later,  or  lateft 
in  time,  Gen.  xlix.  i.  God  is  thejnji 
and  the  lajl ;  is  from  eternity  to  eter- 
nity. If.  xliv.  6.  (2.)  Worft  in  con- 
dition :  Many  that  are  frjljloall  he  laJl, 
and  the  lajl Jloall  hejirjl  :  the  Jews,  that 
were  firft  brought  into  a  church-ftate, 
and  had  tiie  gofpel  firft  preached  to 
them,  fhall  in  the  end  be  moft  mifera- 
ble  ;  and  the  Gentiles  that  were  laft 
called  to  the  fellowflup  of  God's  Son, 
fliall,  multitudes  of  them,  be  for  ever 
moft  happy,  Matth.  xix.  30.  xx.  16. 

TiiL  LATIN  tongue,  was  the  lan- 
guage of  the  ancient  Romans,  but  new 
it  is  oily  learned  in  the  fcbools ;  but 
tile   It:di?.n^  -French,   Spanifh,  aiid,  in 

part, 


LAT  [79     ] 

part,  the  Englifh  and  Portuguefe  Ian-     xxxvii 

guage,  are  derived  from  it,  John  xix. 

20. 

LATTICE.     See  window. 

LAUD;   to  praife ;   extol,    Rom. 

XV.    II. 

L AVER ;  a  veflel  for  wafliing.  The 
Mofaic  laver  was  made  of  the  fine  bra- 
zen looking-glafTcs,  which  the  Hebrew 
women  brought  to  liim  for  the  fcrvice 
of  the  tabernacle.  This  laver  held  the 
facred  water  for  the  prieils  to  wafli 
their  hands  and  feet  with,  by  cocks, 
at  which  the  water  run  into  bafons.  It 
ilood  between  the  altar  and  the  entrance 
of  the  tabernacle,  Exod.  xxxviii.  8.  So- 
lomon made  ten  new  lavers.  According 
to  Calmet,  thefe  confifted  of  two  vefTels, 
a  fquare  one  placed  above  onefhapedlike 
a  bafon.  The  fquare  vefTel  was  adorned 
with  the  figures  of  the  head  of  an  ox, 
lion,  and  cherubim,  drawn  thereon. 
The  bafon  was  fupported  by  a  cheru- 
bim, Handing  on  a  pedeftal,  which  was 
mounted  on  brazen  wheels  to  run  on, 
from  one  place  to  another.  Each  of 
thefe  contained  40  baths,  or  about 
685^  Scots  pints.  Thefe  lavers  con- 
tained water  to  wafh  the  pieces  of  the 
facrifice,  and  were  placed  five  on  the 
fouth  fide  and  five  on  the  north  fide  of 
the  entrance  to  the  temple  ;  but  Ahaz 
removed  them  off  their  bafes,  to  make 
way  for  his  idolatrous  worfhip,  i  Kings 
vii.  27. — 39.  2  Chron.  iv.  6. — 14.  2 
Kings  xvi.  17.  Solomon  alfo  made  a 
huge  lavery  containing  2000  baths  for 
ordinary,  and  3OCO,  or  about  6426 
gallons  and  3  pints,  on  a  ftretch.  This 
was  fupported  by  12  brazen  oxen,  three 
of  which  had  tlieir  heads  toward  every 
airth  ;  this  was  for  the  prlefts  to  wafli 
at,  and  was  called  the  brazen  fea,  i  Kings 
vii.  22. — 44.  2  Chron.  iv.  Did  not 
thefe  lavers  reprefent  Jefus  in  his  ful- 
nefs  of  righteoufnefs  and  Spirit,  to  juf- 
tify  and  fan6\ify  his  people,  who  are 
prieils  unto  God  ;  and  to  render  their 
facrifices  of  prayer  and  praife  accept- 
able in  his  fight  ? 

LAUGH.  God  laughs  at  men  when 
he  difregards  their  trouble,  contemns 
their  oppofition,  and  takes  pleafure  in 
punilhing  them,  Job  ix.  23,  Pfal.  ii.  4. 


LAW 

13.  Prov.  i.  26.  Mens  laughlEf 
imports,  (l.)  Their  rejoicing  in  the 
bleflings  promifed  to  or  .poflefTed  by 
them,  and  in  their  divine  fecurity  from 
the  calamities  of  famine,  peftilence,  &c. 
Gen.  xvil.  17.  xxi.-6.  Luke  vi.  21.  Job 
V.  22.  (2.)  Their  finful  miith,  doubt 
of  God's  fulfilment  of  his  promife,  or 
their  derifion  of  other  men,  Luke  vi.  25, 
Gen.  xviii.  12.  13.  If  /  had  laughed 
on  them  they  believed  if  not,  and  the  light  of 
my  countenance  they  cajl  not  donvn.  When 
I.  looked  cheerfully  on  them,  or  even 
innocently  jefted  with  them,  they  did 
not  become  prefumptuous,  or  too  fa- 
miliar, but  fuppofed  I  had  a  ferious 
meaning,  and  they  were  afraid  of  abu- 
fing  my  fmiles.  Job  xxix.  24.  Even 
in  laughter  the  heart  is  forro-zvful ;  amidit 
finful  or  exceflive  mirth,  an  evil  con- 
fcience  often  illngs,  and  fad  calamities 
happen,  Prov.  xix.  13.  Laughter  is  mad, 
and  as  the  cradling  of  thorns ;  fooHlh 
and  exceflive  mirth  flicws  one  fo,far  def- 
titute  of  reafon,  is  very  dangerous  to  be 
meddled  with  ;  and  as  it  is  fenfelefs^ 
fo  it  is  fnort-Hved,   Eccl.  ii.  2.  vii.  6. 

A  LAW  properly  is  the  declared 
will  of  a  fuperior,  obliging  his  fubjedls 
to  perform  what  is  pleafing  to  him, 
and  to  avoid  what  difpleafes  him  ;  but 
the  fcripture  ufes  this  word  to  exprefs 
any  thing  that  communicates  inftruc- 
tion  to  or  occafions  any  obligation  on 
an  inferior.  It  is  the  fame  v^^ith  com- 
mandments, precepts,  llatutes.  When 
God  created  man  at  firft,  he  imprinted 
the  knowledge,  love,  and  awe  of  his 
law  on  their  minds.  Sin  has  defaced, 
but  not  utterly  erazed  this  inwrought 
imprefiion,  as  to  the  knowledge  and 
awe  of  the  divine  law,  Rom.  ii.  14.  15. 
Our  confciences  ft  ill  fuggeft  to  us  our 
obligation  to  believe  in,  wordiip,  and 
ferve  the  fupreme  Being  ;  to  honour 
our  parents  and  governors  ;  to  promote 
our  own  real  welfare  and  happincfs,  in 
time  and  eternity ;  and  to  do  to  others 
as  we  reafonably  wilh  they  would  unto 
us,  &c.  :  but  how  to  perform  t'l  efe 
things  truly  and  acceptably,  or  how  to 
obtain  pardon  of  what  we  do  anius, 
they  inform  us  not.  In  the  innocent 
ftate,  God  added  the  pofitive  laws  of 

obfeivin^r 


L  A  W       J     8 

obferving  a  Sabb:ith  ;  of  abftinence 
from  the  fruit  of  the  tree  of  know- 
ledge, and  cf  fruitfulncfs  in^  and  g^o- 
verninent  of  the  earth,  Gen.  i.  ii.  Af- 
ter the  fall,  the  law  of  facrifices  was 
impofcd,  Gen.  iii.  2i.  The  Jews  of- 
ten mention  tlie  k\en  precepts  impofed 
on  Noah  and  his  family ;  the  firft  where- 
of, they  fay,  enjoined  fubjeftion  to  go- 
vernors; the  fecond  prohibited  blaipl:-. - 
'  my  ;  the  third  prohibited  idolatry  and 
fuperftition  ;  the  fourth  forbade  inceft, 
fodomy,  beftiality,  and  the  h'ke  impu- 
rities; the  fifth  prohibited  murder;  the 
fixth  prohibited  all  kinds  of  theft ;  and 
the  feventh  forbade  the  eating  any  part 
of  an  animal  while  it  was  yet  living  : 
but  we  cannot  fafely  depend  on  their 
accounts  of  this  feven-fold  law,  Gen.  fx. 
God  impofed  the  law  of  circumcifion 
on  Abraham  and  his  family,  Gen.  xvii. 
To  Mofes  and  the  Hebrews  in  the  de- 
fert,  God  gave  a  threefold  fyilem  of 
laws  ;  a  inoral  lyftem,  whicli  binds  all 
perfons  cf  mankind,  in  every  nation 
and  age  ;  a  ceremonial^  which  prefcribed 
the  rites  of  their  worfhip  and  facred 
things,  and  thereby  pointed  out  Jefus 
Chriil:,  in  his  perfon  and  work,  and 
the  blehings  of  his  New-Tellament 
church  and  heavenly  kingdom  ;  and 
which  were  obligatory  only  till  Jefus 
had  finifhed  his  purchafing  work,  and 
began  to  ereft  his^gofpel-cliurch,  Heb. 
M.  i.  vii.  9. — II.  Eph.  ii.  15.  16.  Col. 
ii.  14.  Gal.  V.  2.  3.  ;  and  a  judicial  or 
political  fyilem,  which  dire6led  the  po- 
licy of  the  Jewiili  nation,  as  under  the 
peculiar  dominion  of  God  as  their  fu- 
preme  Magiftrate,  and  never,  except 
in  things  relative  to  moral  equity,  was 
binding  on  any  but  the  Hebrew  nation, 
efpecially  while  they  enjoyed  the  pof- 
fefllon  of  the  promifed  land. 

Tlie  moral  law  was  moft  foiemnly 
proclaimed  by  God  liimfelf,  after  a 
lerrible  thunder,  lightning,  and  earth- 
quake, and  from  the  midft  of  the  flames 
of  fire,  and  was  divided  into  ten  pre- 
cepts, and  w  ritten  by  God  himfelf  once 
and  again,  upon  two  tables  of  ftone. 
Four  refpefting  our  duty  to  God,  were 
written  on  the  firft,  which,  in  fum,  re- 
auired  our  Icviag  him,  as  the  Lord  our 


o    1         LAW 

God,  with  all  our  heart,  foul,  mi'nd^ 
and  ftrength  :  fix  were  written  .on  the 
fecond,  which,  in  fum,  required  our 
loving  ourneighbour  as  ourfelves,  Exod. 
xix.  XX.  xxxii.  xxxiv.  Matth.  xxii.  37. 
— 39.  More  particularly,  the  firft  com- 
mandment required,  that  God  alone 
ftiouid,  both  In  heart  and  life,  be  ac- 
knowledged, worlhipped,  and  glorified 
as  the  true  God,  and  our  God ;  and  all  A- 
theifm,  profanenefs,  and  Idolatry  abftain- 
ed  from.  The  fecond  required,  that  all 
the  ordinances  of  worftiip,  inftituted  by 
God,  In  his  word,  ftiould  be  received,  ob- 
ferved,  and  kept  pure  and  entire,  and 
all  carnal  conceptions  of  God,  all  idola- 
try and  fuperftition  and  monuments, 
or  occafions  thereof,  detefted.  The 
third  required,  that  God's  names,  ti- 
tles, attributes,  ordinances,  words,  and 
works,  ftiould  be,  under  the  fevereft 
penalties,  ufed  only  in  a  holy  and  re- 
verend manner.  The  fourth  required, 
that  whatever  times  God  has  appoint- 
ed in  his  word,  particularly  one  whole 
day  in  leven,  be  carefully  obfeiTed,  in 
fpirltual  exercifes,  as  holy  to  the  Lord. 
The  fifth  required  the  prefervation  of 
honour,  and  performance  of  relative 
duties  between  parents  and  children, 
huft)ands  and  wives,  mafters  and  fer- 
vants,  magiftrates  and  fubjefts,  minl- 
fters  and  people,  and,  in  fine,  between 
fuperiors  and  inferiors,  in  age,  ftation, 
gifts,  or  grace,  and  between  equals  one 
to  another.  The  fixth  required  all  law- 
ful endeavours  to  promote  and  preferve 
the  life  of  ourfelves  and  others,  tempo- 
ral, fpiritual,  or  eternal,  and  prohibi- 
ted all  malice,  envy,  murder,  angry- 
words,  drunkennefs,  and  every  thing 
elfe,  tending  to  the  hurt  of  foul  or  bo- 
dy. The  feventh  proliibited  all  kinds 
of  whoredom,  fornication,  adultery,  in- 
ceft,  beftiality,  felf-defilement,  and  o- 
ther  uncleauwefs,  and  every  thing  in 
heart,  fpeech,  or  behaviour,  tending 
thereto.  The  eighth  required,  that 
every  thing  lawful  be  done,  to  promote 
our  own  and  our  neighbour's  outward 
eftate,  and  all  difhonefty,  ftealing,  rob- 
ber)-, extortion,  opprelfion,  facrilegc, 
&c.  be  detefted.  The  ninth  required 
the  utmoft  care  to   maintain   and   pre- 

fervd 


LAW         f     8 

fcrvc  truth,  and  our  own  and  our  neigh- 
bour's good  name,  and  prohibited  all 
falfehood,    lying,    diflimulation,    flat- 
tery, railing,   or  reproachful  langu:ige. 
The  tenth  prohibited  the  very  rout  of 
wickednefs  in  the  heart,  and  firft  mo- 
tions thereof,  and   all   difcontentment, 
envy,  inordinate  afFeftions  towards  our 
neighbour,  or  any  thing  that   is  his. 
Thefe  precepts  may  be  confidered  in  a 
threefold  light,  (  i . )  As  the  law  of  na- 
ture ;  in  which  view,  they  require  per- 
fe6l   obedience,  under  the  penalty  of 
infinite   punifliment,  but   entail  no  re- 
ward of  eternal  life  on  the  perfect  ob- 
ferver  of  them.      (l.)   As  formv!d  into 
a   covenant   of  works,  in   which  fenfe 
they  are  called  the  la^ji)  of  nvorh,  and 
require  perfetl  obedience   under  pain 
©f  death,  temporal,  fpiritual,    and   e- 
ternal,  and  entail  eternal  happinefs  on 
the  complete  fulfiUer  thereof,  which, 
in  our  lapfed  Hate,  it  is  impoflible   for 
any  of  mankind  to  be,  Rom.  x.  5.  Gal. 
iii.  10.  12.  21.     All  men  by  nature  are 
under  and  defire  to  be  under  this  law, 
and  are  of  the  works   of  it.     As  they 
ignorantly  and  proudly  imagine  they 
can  fulfil  it,  at  leaft  in  a  good  degree, 
and  heartily  detefting  the    Lord  Jefus 
Chrift,  and  his  righteoufnefs,  and  the 
whole  method  of  falvation  through  him, 
they  cleave  to  it,  and  expeA  happinefs 
by  the  works  of  it,  Rom.  ix.  31. — 33. 
X.  3.      (3.)   As  the  law  of  Chrlll,  or 
a  rule   of  duty  in   the  hand  of  Jefus 
Chrift  as  Mediator ;  In  this  fenfe,  they 
require  perfeft  obedience  in  the  higheft 
degree,  but  admit  of  the  acceptance  of 
whatever  obedience  is  done   in   faith ; 
and   they  have  no   fandion   of  divine 
wrath  or  of  fervile  reward,  but  only  of 
fatherly  chaftifements  for  fin,  and  gra- 
cious rewards  of  duty,  and  in  the  hea- 
venly ftate  it  hath   no  fanftlon   at   all, 
nor  are  any  but  believers  under  the  law 
in    this    form,     Matth.  v.  48.     xi.  30. 
I  Cor.  ix.  21. 

Whether  the  divine  oracles  publifhed 
from  Sinai,  exhibited  the  covenant  of 
grace  or  the  covenant  of  v/orks,  or  a 
national  covenant  between  God  and  If- 
racl,  has  been  controverted.  To  me, 
the  Avhole  difpute  feems  eafv  to  be  c<^m. 
Vol.  IL 


i     1         LAW 

promifed.  When  we  confider  the  tei> 
commandments  as  ufhered  in  with  fuch 
terrible  thunders  and  lightnings,  and 
as  attended  with  a  curfe  to  the  breaker, 
they  appear  plainly  a  republication  of 
the  covenant  of  works,  in  order  to  a- 
larm  the  Hebrews  to  flee  from  it  to  Je- 
fus, the  deliverer,  Exod.  xix.  xx.  Deut. 
xxvli.  When  we  confider  the  ten  com- 
mandments as  founded  on  the  preface, 
and  laid  up  in  the  ark,  and  attended 
with  the  facrifices  and  other  ceremonies 
confidered  in  their  gofpel-fignification, 
there  appears  a  declaration  of  the  cove- 
nant of  grace,  and  of  the  law,  as  a  rule 
of  life  embofomed  therein.  When  we 
confider  thefe  laws  as  required  to  be 
obferved,  in  order  to  fecure  an  happy 
entrance  into  Canaan,  and  a  peaceful 
refidence  therein,  we  juft;ly  take  them 
up  as  the  matter  of  a  national  covenant 
between  God  and  Ifrael. 

The  ceremonial  law  regulated  the 
office  and  condu6l  oi priejlsy  Levites, 
Nethinims,  Nazarites,  and  of  cir- 
cumcision, FEASTS,  OFFERINGS,  TA* 
BERNACLE,  TEMPLE,  and  utcufils  there- 
of, 'vowsy  purifications.,  &c.  In  refpeft 
of  obfervance,  this  law  was  a  heavy 
yoke  and  partition-wall;  but  in  refpedi: 
of  the  fignificatlon  of  its  ceremonies,  it 
was  an  obfcure  gofpel.  Gal.  v.  i.  Eph, 
il.  14.  Col.  ii.  17.  The  judicial  law 
regulated  the  affairs  of  their  kings,  jud- 
ges, fields,  marriages,  punifiiments,  &c. 
Some  laws  relative  to  redeemers,  mur- 
ders, adultery,  cities  of  refuge,  hang- 
ed malefactors,  ftrangers,  &c.  fecm  to 
have  been  partly  ceremonial  and  partly 
judicial.  Great  care  was  taken  to  keep 
up  the  knowledge  of  the  divine  law. 
Befides  the  tables  of  the  ten  command- 
ments repofited  in  the  ark,  a  copy  of 
the  books  of  Mofes  v/as  laid  up  fome- 
where  in  the  iide  of  the  ark.  The  Jews 
fay  that  every  tribe  had  a  copy  of  it. 
From  this  other  copies  were  taken. 
Every  king  was  obliged  to  tranfcribe 
one  for  htmfelf.  The  whole  law  was 
to  be  publicly  read  over  at  the  feaft  of 
tabernacles  in  the  year  of  releafc,  be- 
fides the  reading  of  it  on  other  public 
occafions.  Nay,  they  were  required 
to  hwV^  it  wriuen  on  their  hearts,  and 
i.  tc 


L  A  W         [     g 

to  leach  it   flihVently  unto  tlitfir   chil- 
dre;i,   Dent.  xvii.   xxxi.  9.— 19.  vi.  x. 

To  this  day,  the  Jews  have  the  iitmoA; 
regard  for  their  law,  reading,  in  the  an- 
cient manner,  fo  much  of  it  every  Sab- 
bath in  their  fynagogues.  The  book 
of  it  pubHcly  ufed,  is  written  with  tl^e 
grentefl  c>:a6lnefs,  and  is  carefully  prc- 
ferved  from  evciy  thing  tending  to  <le- 
f-le  it.  Sec  Tradition.  With  a  great 
jDarade  of  "ancient  learning,  Spencer  at- 
tempts to  prove,  that  moft  of  the  Jew- 
iHi  laws,  of  the  ccremoniitl  kind,  are 
but  an  imitation  of  the  cuiloms  of  E- 
gypt ;  and  fome  the  very  reverfe  of  o- 
thcrs,  of  the  abominations  ufed  there, 
to  render  thefe  odious  to  them.  'I'hat 
fome  of  the  ceremonies  were  Int-ended 
to  render  "the  vile  ciiftoma  of  the  Hea- 
then ?irouhd  dctefted  by  the  Hebrew8, 
we  doubt  not  ;  but  that  God  fonried 
the  rites  of  his  worfhip  after  thofe  of 
jdolnter?,  we  dare  not  fup^pofe.  -His 
own  infinite  wifdom,  and  the  nature  of 
the  things  to  be  reprefented  thereby, 
were  a  ft'andard  of  regulation  much 
more  becoming  the  Majeity  of  Heaven. 
Many  of  the  Eg^-ptian  rites  were  Hill 
very  different  from  the  Jewifh  ;  and  as 
to  .he  fimilarity  of  fome,  it  is  reafon- 
nh'iQ  to  fuppcfe,  that  the  Egyptianr,, 
in  the  time  of  Jofeph,  Solomon,  He- 
zekiah,  or  afterward,  borrowed  them 
from  the  Hebrews. 

Some  think,  that  by  latus,  precepts^ 
or  ccmmandments  in  Mofcs,  is  meant  the 
nv,ral  law  ;  by  ftotutes,  the  ceremmwl  ; 
and  h^'  judgements y  xXxt  judk'ial  laws  are 
fjgniiied  ;  but  thi'j  oblervritian  will  not 
always  hold.  It  is  certain,  that  by 
]nw,  commandment,  precept,  ilatute, 
and  judgement,  ufed  in  this  fignifica- 
tion,  is  often  meant  one  and  the  fame 
thing.  The  name  /«w,  or  commandment ^ 
may  dencttr,  a  thing  as  the  will  of  a 
fuperiar  ;  fatide  reprefciits  it,  as  ordain- 
•ed  and  eftabliOicd  by  In'gh  authoiity  ; 
jvdifi'nienf  r€\5refents  it  as  full  of  wifdom, 
and  as  tl-A:^:'>vd;?.rd  \)y  which  God  will 
judge  mert.  Thofe  palTages  of  fcripture, 
AvhicJi  require  any  good  quality  in  us, 
or  good  work  to  be  performed  by  us, 
are  the  law  in  a  ilriCt  fenfc,  John  i'.  17. 
The  ten  commandm.ents  are- ci'.lled  th^c 


2     ]         LAW 

Iwoj  or  commandment :   My,  fomrtiirrcjJ 
the  laft  fix   are  fo   called,  Jaai.     xiii. 
II.   Rev.  xxii.  14.   Rom.  ii.  2^;^  vii.  7. 
8.  xiii.  8.     ^rhe  commfindment  of  lo- 
ving one  another  is  old,  as  it  nx'as   con- 
tained in  the  moral  law  ever  lince   the 
creation  ;  and  it  Wnew,  as  enjoined  a- 
frefli  by  our  Saviour,  a^  exempKf  ed  ia 
Ill's  life,  and  enforced  With  the  ncW  mo* 
tive   of  his   dying  lore,  John  ii.  7.  8. 
xiii.  14.      The   v/hole    conllitution    of 
the  covenant  between  God  and  th  •  He- 
brews, and  the  rites  of  worfliip  thereto 
belonging,  are  called  a  la-iv,  or  law  of 
ordinances,  and  d  carnal  commandment ; 
as,  by  the  authority  of  God,  fo  miany 
rites,  efpecially  relating  to  carnal  facri- 
.ftces,  wafhingo,  and  the  likej  were  there- 
in required,  Heb.  X.  I.  vii.  16.    Eph. 
ii.  15.     The  five  books -of  Mofes  aire 
called  the  lanv^   as  they  abound   with 
the  requirements   and   prohibitions   ot 
God,  Mai;  iv.  4.    Matth.  v.  17.;  and 
for  the  fame  reafon,  the  Old  Teilam,ent 
is   called   a  law,  John  x.  34.     xv.  55. 
I  Cor.  iv.  2 1 .     The  wnole  word  of  God 
IS  called  a  law,  Jlalutes,  &c.  as  it  is  the 
fole  rule  of  our  faith  and  pra6;ice,  Pfal, 
i.  2.  xix.  7.  8.     The  do6lnnes  of  the 
gofpel  are  called  a  hw,  and  the  law  of 
faith:  they  teach  and  inltru6l  men,  and 
when  believed  by  faith,   they  ftrongly 
influence  to  holy  obedience,  Ifa..  ii.  3. 
ilii.  4.   Rom.  iii.  27.  ;  and   they  are  a 
pefed  law  of  liheii:y,  proclaim  a  perfefh 
deHverance  and  redemption  to  us  thro* 
the  blood  of  God's  San,  and  iiiftigatc 
to  a  kindly  and  free  obedience  to  him^ 
or  this  perfe^l  law  of  liheriy  may  be  ta- 
ken for  the  law  as  a  rule  va  the  hand  ox 
Chrift,  which  is  plcafant  to  the  f:iints, 
James  i,  25.     ii.  12.      The   law    may 
foiTxCtimes  denote  mens   obfervancc   of 
God's  commandments,  as  that  corre- 
fponds  to  the  law  impofed  in  the  fcrip- 
ture, or  impreffed  on  :  he  heart,   Rom. 
iii.  2 1 .  Gal.  iii.  1 1 .  Phil.  iii.  1 1 .    The 
commandments  of  men  were  the  traditions 
of  the  Jewifh^ elders,  Mat.  xv.  9.      The 
ccmifiandments,  by  willingly  walking  af- 
ter which,  the  Jews  ruined  tlicmfc-ves, 
and  t\\(Z  flaliites  not  good,  given  to  them, 
were  the  idolatrous   lav.s  of  Jeroboam., 
Omri,  and  Ahab,  requiring  tnem   to 

wor/hip 


LAW         [ 

\voi;(Iiip^  the  "olden  calves,  Baal,  &c. 
^of.  V.  u.  Ezek.  XX.  25.  Mic.  yi.  16, 
Tkc  ■  cOiKiraandments  uand  word  of 
Got]  are  a  law  ordained  to  lifiy  and  are 
JkitHt^s  of  Ufi»  la  bjelleving  apd  obey- 
'  ing  thefo,  we  recfive  or  poflefs  life  tem- 
poral and  rpiriui'd,  and  are  prepared 
for  life  etcnud,  Rom.  vii.  10.  JEzek. 
xxxiii,  15.  Oiic  is  without  the  LiiVj 
when  not  under  the  ceremonial  law,  or 
not  bound,  by  tlie  law,  i  Cor.  ix.  21.  j 
or  whci^he  is  without  the  knowledge 
of  it,  and  deiticute  of  the  experience 
of  its  convincinc^  power  on  the  con- 
fcience,  Rom.  ii.  12.  vii,  8,  9.  ;  or 
when  they  have  not  the  word  of  God 
revealed  to  them,  Rom.  ii,  14.  Thofe 
wider  the  la-7Vy  are  either  Jews  under  the 
ceremoninl,  or  Tinners  under  the  broken 
covenant,  or  faints  under  the  law  as  a 
rule.  By  the  la-'o  is  the  knowledge  of 
lin  ;  by  our  conicience  comparing  our 
difpofitions  and  conduct  with  the  com- 
mands and  prohibitions  .  of  the  divine 
law,  our  finfulnefs  is  perceived,  Rom. 
iii.  2.0.  One  through  tht  lardu'  is  dead 
to  the  laiVf  and  dies,  when  the  com- 
mandinent  comes  hpme  in  its  convin- 
cing power  oa  liis  conicience.  Thro* 
its  convincing  force  on- mens  conicience, 
they  are  made  to  give  up  with  all'  ex- 
pectations of  life  by  their  ov.'u  works, 
-and  flee  to  Jefus  and  the  new  covenant 
for  relief.  Gal.  ii.  1 9.  Rom.  vii.  9.  The 
laiu  is  the  firengtJj  ^fj^'^  >  the  law  as  a 
covenant  occafionally  irritates  the  cor- 
ruption of  mens  nature,  they  btiug  of- 
fended with  the  Ifriclnefs  of  its  prer 
cepts,  and  the  tcrible  nature  of  its 
curfe ;  and  its  curie  binds  them  over  to 
underly  the  dominion  of  fm,  as  a  chief 
branch  of  their  punilliment,  i  Cor.  xv. 
^6.  Rom.  vi.  14.  The  lazt)  as  a  cove- 
nant ivorketh  ivrath  ;  it  condemns  us 
to  the  everiailing  wrath  of  God,  and 
occafionally  ilirs  up  our  corrupt  heart 
to  rage  againfi:  him  more  and  more, 
Rom,  iv.  15.  This  law  has  domlmon 
over  a  man  as-  long  as  ii  or  he  livcth. 
While  we  are  conneCled  with  it,  and 
not  married  to  Jefus  as  the  end  of  the 
law  for  righteoufnefs,  it  coniiantly  de- 
mands perfeCl  obedience,  under  pain  of 
eternal  v/rath,  and  full  fatisfaclion.  for 


83     1         LA  W 

the  crimes  We  liave  already  committed, 
and  retains  full  power  to  curfe  and  con-» 
demn  us  to  infernal  punilliments  for  the 
leail  fault,,  Rom.  vii.  2.  One  is  dead 
1,0  the  la-TV  ^  and  redeemed  from  under  it, 
by  the  body  or  mediation  of  Chrift, 
when,  through  the  application  of  Je- 
fus's  law-fulfiiling  and  magnifying  righ- 
teoufnefs to  his  perfon  and  confcience, 
he  is  united  to  him,  juftified,  and  in- 
fallibly ftxed  in  a  new-covenant  ftate, 
Rom,  vii.  4.  vi.  14.  Gal.  iv.  4.  5.  The 
law  Is  not,  vtjdj  f'}r  a  righteous  m^n  ;  it 
is  not  ma^ie  for  him  as  a  cpvenant  of 
works  t^,  tervify*  curfe,  and  condemn 
him:  hntthelaiv  is,  good,  if  a  man  ufe 
it  la-w fully  ;  if"  he  improve  it  as  a  cove- 
nant to  drive  him  to  Jefus  Chrill  ;  an^ 
impi:ove  it  as  Jt  rule,  to  infliigate  and  di* 
reti  him  how  to  walk  in  Chrift,  iTim, 
i,  8.  9.  The  law  entered^  that  the  of- 
fence might  abound  ;  the  publilhing  of 
the  law  moral  or  ceremonial,  from  Si- 
nai, occafion^ed  the  increafe  of  fin,  and 
m.ightiiy  tended  to  difcover  it,  Rom. 
V,  20.    It  was  added  becaife  of  tranfgref- 

Jion,  i.  e.  in  order  to  reftrain  and  difco- 
ver it;  b'^t  could  not  make  any  altera- 
tion on  the  free  promiftjs  of  grace,  as 
they  are  eftablifhed  in  the  law-magni- 
fying righteoufnefs  of  our  Redeemer, 
Gal.  iii.  17. — 19.  The  latu  is  a  fchool- 
mafter  to  bring  us  to  Chrifl ;  the  ceremo- 
nial law  pointed  him  out,  and  led  to 
him,§s  thejcnd  and-antitype  of  all  itd 
rites ;  the  law  as  a  covenant,  applied  by 
the  Holy  Ghoft,  inftigates  us  to  flee 
to  Jefus,  to  obtain  in  him  that  righ- 
teoufnefs which  it  requires,  and  efcape 
that  wr^th  which  it  denounceth.  Gal, 
iv.  24.  Cr^diputs  his  la-zusnto  mens  hearts, 
and  writes  it  in  their  inward, parts,  when^ 
by  the  powerful  application  of  hk  word;, 
he  fandtili.e^  their  nature,  and  rcndjcrs  it 
conform  io  his  law,  as  a  rule,  Heb.  viii^ 
10.  X.  l6s  Theld<woftheJpiritofii^ 
in  Chrtfl  y^fiis  makes  free  from  the  law  of 

fin  and  deqik^  The  covenant  of  grace 
or.  gofpol,..  powerfully  applied  by  the 
quickening  Spirit  of  Chrift,  frees  m 
from  the  broken  covenant  of  vvorks, 
wjiich  is  the  itrength,  irritator,  and 
difcovcrer  of  fm,  and  condemns  to 
dc:;th  :  the  energy  of  the  Holy  Ghoft, 
L  2  en 


LAW         [84 

as  In  and  uniting  us  to  Jcfus  Cnrlft, 
frees  us  from  the  corruption  of  our 
nature,  which  is  fin,  and  inftigates 
to  linful  deeds,  and  renders  us  obno- 
xii-us  to  death,  fpiritual,  temporal, 
and  eternal,  Rom.  viii.  2.  The  prin- 
ciple of  grace  in  the  faints  is  called  the 
laiu  of  their  mind ;  influenced  by' the 
views  of  God  in  Chrift,  it  reigns  and 
determines  the  foul  to  obedience.  The 
principle  of  corruption  in  men  is  called 
the  lanv  of  fin,  as  it  is  altogether  finful ; 
and  determines  to  finful  thoughts, 
words,  and  a6lions  ;  and  is  called  the 
laiu  in  the  members,  as,  though  diflodged 
from  its  throne  in  the  heart,  it  conti- 
nues ftrongly  to  ad^uate  the  powers  of 
the  foul,  and  members  of  the  body,  to 
•what  is  filthy  and  wicked,  Rom.  vii. 
23.  25.  Precept  upon  precept,  line  upon 
line,  &c.  imports,  inftrudions  given  in 
fmall  portions,  and  often  repeated,  as  to 
children  weak  in  capacity,  If.  xxviii.  10. 

Lawful  ;  agreeable  to  law.  ^11 
things  are  laauful,  but  all  things  are  not 
expedient :  it  is  lawful,  fimply  confider- 
ed,  to  eat  any  kind  of  provifion  ;  but 
it  may  be  fo  circumftantiated,  as  not 
to  promote  the  edification  of  others, 
I  Cor.  vi.  12.  In  his  trance,  Paul 
heard  things  which  were  not  laiv- 
ful  to  be  uttered ;  fo  myfterious  and 
grand,  that  it  was  not  proper  to  de- 
clare them  to  men  in  their  embodied 
•ftate,  as  they  could  not  be  profited 
thereby,   2  Cor.  xii.  4. 

Lawgiver.  God  or  Chrifl  is  a 
Lawgiver;  his  fovereign  will  is  the  in- 
fallible rule  of  our  condu6t  ;  and  he 
hath  prefcribed  laws  to  us  in  his  word. 
If.  xxxiii.  22.  James  iv.  12.  and  he  is 
the  only  Lord  ol  our  conkience,  whofe 
mere  will  binds  it  to  obedience,  and 
whofe  laws  are  fubjeft  to  no  examina- 
tion, being  abfolutely  fupreme  and  in- 
fallible. Mofes  was  a  lawgiver ;  by 
him  God  gave  his  fyftem  of  laws  to  the 
Hebrews  ;  the  law  is  called  his,  and 
he  is  faid  to  give  its  commandments, 
Numb.  xxi.  18.  Deut.  xxxiii.  2|.  Da- 
vid and  his  iucceffors  in  rule  are  called 
lawgivers;  they  had  povv'er  of  enading 
la\-  s  ior  the  civil  government  of  the  He- 
brew nation,  Gen.  xhx.  10.   Pial.  Ix.  7. 


1         L  A  Z 

Lawyer  ;  an  explainer  of  the  Jew- 
ifli  laws.  The  lawyers  were  generally 
enemies  to  our  Saviour  in  the  days  of 
his  flefh,  rejected  the  counfel  of  God 
againll  themfelves,  and  were  condemn- 
ed by  him,  for  binding  heavier  burdens 
on  others  than  themfelves  chufed  to 
bear,  Tit.  iii.  13.  Mat.  xxii.  35.  Luke 
vii.  30.   xi.  45. — 52. 

LAZARUS,  together  with  his  fif- 
ters  Martha  and  Mary,  dwelt  at  Betha- 
ny. Jelus  fometimes  lodged  in  their 
houfe.  One  time  when  he  was  there 
Martha,  the  elder  filler,  was  extremely 
careful  to  have  him  handfomely  enter- 
tained. She  complained  to  him,  that 
Mary,  who  anxioufly  attended  his  in- 
ftrudions,  did  not  aflill  her  in  preparing 
the  dinner.  Jefus  told  her,  that  her- 
felf  was  too  attentive  to  unneceffary 
things,  while  the  one  thing,  of  fecu- 
ring  eternal  falvation,  was  alone  abfo- 
lutely needful,  and  that  Mary  had  cho- 
fen  the  good  part,  of  an  intereft  in  and 
fellowfiiip  with  God,  which  (hould  ne- 
ver be  taken  from  her,  Luke  x.  38. — 
42.  Not  many  months  before  our  Sa- 
viour's death,  Lazarus  fell  dangeroufly 
fick  :  his  fillers  fent  to  Jefus,  who  was 
then  beyond  Jordan,  to  come  with  all 
expedition  to  cure  him.  Upon  hear- 
ing of  it,  Jefus  told  his  difciples,  that 
this  ficknefs  would  not  fluit  up  Lazarus 
into  the  llate  of  the  dead,  but  tend  to 
the  fignal  iiluftration  of  the  glory  of 
God.  That  the  intended  miracle  might 
be  the  more  noted,  Jefus  ftaid  two  days 
longer  where  he  was,  till  Lazarus  was 
adually  dead.  He  then  told  the  dif- 
ciples, that  their  friend  Lazarus  llept, 
he  meant,  in  death  ;  and  that  he  went 
to  awake  him.  Thomas  imagining  that 
he  fpoke  of  common  lleep,  replied,  that 
if  Lazarus  had  fallen  into  a  found  fleep, 
it  was  a  good  fign,  that  the  principal 
danger  of  the  fever  was  over.  Jefus 
then  told  them  plainly,  that  Lazarus 
was  adually  dead.  On  the  fourth  day 
after  his  death,  and  when  he  had  been 
for  fome  time  inten-ed,  Jefus  came  to 
Betiiany.  Martha  hearing  that  he  was 
at  Jiand,  met  him,  and  inattentive  to  his 
omnipotent  power,  fuggefled,  that  had 
he  been  prcieJit,  her  brother  had   not 

died. 


L  A  Z  r     85     T  L  E 

<lied.  Jefus  told  her,  her  brother  (hoiild  John  xi.  xn.  I. — 8. 
be  raifed  from  the  dead.  She  told  him, 
that  (he  knew  he  would  be  raifed  at  the 
laft  day.  Jefus  told  her,  that  as  him- 
felf  was  the  refurredlion  and  life,  he 
could  raife  him  when  he  pleafed  :  and 
upon  Jefus's  afking  if  (he  believed  this, 
file  replied,  that  fhe  believed  he  was 
the  Chrift,  the  fon  of  the  living  God. 
Martha  went  in,  ,and  informed  Mary 
that  Jefus,  the  Mafter,  was  come,  and 
called  for  her.  Mary  went  forth,  and 
the  Jews  imagined  fhe  was  going  to  her 
brother's  grave  to  weep.  Mary  met 
our  Saviour  all  in  tears,  fell  at  his  feet, 
and  faid,  if  he  had  been  prefent,  her 
brother  had  not  died.  When  he  faw 
what  grief  flie  and  the  Jews  who  came 
with  her  were  oppreflcd  with,  and 
thought  what  miferies  fm  hath  fubjeded 
men  to,  he  affectionately  groaned  in 
himfelf,  and  afked  where  Lazarus  was 
buried.  The  Jews  prefent  obferving 
him  weep,  faid.  Behold  how  he  loved 
him  !  and  added,  Could  not  this  man, 
who  opened  the  eyes  of  the  blind,  have 
prevented  his  friend's  death  ?  After 
coming  to  the  grave,  he  ordered  them 
to  remove  the  ftone  from  the  mouth'of 
it.  This  Martha  was  averfe  to,  and 
objefted,  that  now  her  brother's  fmell 
would  be  very  ofiTenfive,  as  he  had  been 
dead  four  days.  Jefus  admonirtied  her 
to  believe,  and  fhe  fhould  quickly  fee  a 
difplay  of  the  glorious  power  of  God. 
After  thanking  his  Father  for  hearing 
him  always,  he  bid  Lazarus  come  forth. 
The  dead  body  immediately  ftarted  up 
alive,  and  Jefus  ordered  thofe  prefent 
to  take  off  his  dead-clothes,  th"t  he 
might  be  able  to  walk.  This  noted 
miracle,  wrought  almoit  at  the  gates 
of  Jerufalem,  fo  enraged  the  Jewifh  ru- 
lers, that  they  refolved  to  murder  both 
Jefus  and  Lazarus,  that  the  report  of 
it  might  be  ftopt.  Six  days  before  his 
crucihxion,  Jefus  lodged  again  in  the 
houfe  of  Lazarus.  Lazarus  fat  at  the 
table,  Martha  ferved,  and  Mary,  to  the 
great  vexation  of  Judas,  anointed  our 
Saviour's  head.  Jefus  vindicated  her 
conduft,  and  told  his  difciples,  tliat 
this  deed  of  her's  fhould,  to  her  honour, 
be  divulged  through  the  whole  world» 


A 

Matth.  xxvi.  6.-^ 
13.  Mark  xiv.  3. — 9. 

Lazarus,  the  name  of  the  poor 
man  in  Chrift's  parable.  He  is  repre- 
fented  as  covered  with  ulcers  ;  as  laid 
at  a  rich  man's  gate,  and  in  vain 
begging  for  fome  of  the  crumbs  that 
fell  from  the  rich  man's  table  ;  as 
having  his  fores  licked  by  the  dogs  ; 
and,  in  fine,  as  dy'ng,  and  carried  by 
angels  into  the  heavenly  {late.  Soon 
after,  according  to  the  parable,  the 
rich  man  died,  and  was  buried  ;  but 
his  foul  being  tormented  in  hell,  he, 
feeing  Abraham  and  Lazarus  afar  off 
in  glory,  begged  that  Abraham  would, 
fend  Lazarus  to  dip  his  finger  in  water, 
and  cool  che  tip  of  his  tongue.  Abra- 
ham bid  him  remember,  that  Lazarus 
in  his  lifetime  had  been  afflicted,  but 
was  now  comforted  ;  and  that  himfelf 
had  enjoyed  his  profperity,  and  was  now 
tormented  ;  and  told,  that  there  was 
no  paffing  from  the  heavenly  ilate  to 
the  infernal  regions.  The  rich  man 
then  begged,  that  Lazarus  might  be 
fent  to  his  five  brethren,  to  warn  them 
to  flee  from  the  wrath  to  come  :  but 
this  was  alfo  refufed,  as  one's  return 
from  the  dead  could  be  no  more  effec- 
tual to  convince  them,  than  the  infpi- 
red  writings  which  they  had.  In  this 
parable,  perhaps,  our  Saviour  partly 
alludes   to   fome  real  event.      It  fliews 


the  danger  and  ruin 


of  fuch  as,,  amidft 


wealth  and  profperity,  contemn  the  in* 
digent,  afflidled,  and  pious.  Perhaps, 
too,  it  hints  the  tremendous  ruin  that 
fell  upon  the  Jewifli  rulers  and  people, 
for  their  defpifing  of  Jefus  ;  while  he, 
after  much  fuffering  and  contempt,  and 
amidft  multitudes  of  angels,  afcended 
to  heaven,  never  more  to  appear  in  the 
world,  till  the  end  of  time,  Luke  xvi. 
19.— 31. 

LEAD  ;  a  coarfe  and  heavy,  but 
ufeful  metal,  from  which  an  oil  and 
fpirit,  fomewhat  like  .vinegar,  is  fome- 
times  extracted,  and  with  the  ore  of 
which,  filver  is  ordinarily  mixed.  It 
feems,  that  as  early  as  the  age  of  Job, 
it  was  uied  in  engraving,  and  that  they 
poured  it  into  the  incifions  of  the  cha- 


racter'^,    for   the    lafti 


mg 


contmuancc 
thereof. 


LEA      r 

thereof.  Job  xix.  24.  It  is  certain  that 
the  M:dinnitcs,  not  long  after,  had 
conhdcrable  quantities  of  it  among 
them,  Numb.  xxxi.  22.  The  Tyrians 
had  plenty  of  it  from  Tarfliiili,  Ezek. 
:xxvii.  12.  ^  The  Jews  were  as  kac/, 
much  abounding  in  guilt  and  corrup- 
tion, and  eafily  melted  and  afflided  in 
the  fire  of  God's  wrath,  Ezekrxxii. 
18.  20.  Great  wickednefs,  or  the 
judgements  of  God  on  account  of  it, 
on  the  Jews  or  ChaUeans,  are  likened 
to  a  talent  of  lead  on  the  mouth  of  an 
ephah,  Zech.  v.  7.  8. 

To  lead;  (i)  To  direa,  Pfal. 
■xxxi.  3.  (2.)  To  govern,  conduft, 
Ffal.  Ixxx.  I.  (3.)  To  feduce  ;  draw 
into  error  and  wickednefs,  2  Tim.  iii. 
6.  God  led  l.he  Hebrews  in  the  wil- 
dernefs,  by  the  fymbol  of  his  prefence, 
in  the  pillar  of  cloud,  that  diredled  their 
motions,  PfaL  cxxxvi.  16.  If.  Ixiii. 
1 2.  ;  and  leads  his  people  in  every  age, 
bv  the  direclion  and  drawing  influence 
of  his  word.  Spirit,  and  providence, 
"Pfal.  xliii.  3.  His  goodnefs  leads  men 
to  repentance  ;  it  points  forth  the  duty 
and  advantage  thereof;  and  is  calcula- 
ted to  ftir  up  men  to  bewail  their  of- 
fence of  God,  fo  gracious  and  kind, 
Rom.  i".  4.  Jefus  is  a  leader,  w^ho,  by 
his  authoritative  word,  holy  Spirit,  and 
-•xemplary  pattern,  tcacheth  men  hov/ 
ro  walk  and  ad.  If.  Iv.  4.  The  Holy 
Gholl  leads  men  ;  by  a^:>plying  the 
word  of  God  to^thcir  heart,  and  by  his 
directive  and  drawing  influence,  he 
caufes  them  to  walk  aright  in  the  path 
of  holinefs,  Rom.  viii.  14.  Gal.  v.  18. 
Mi]iifters  arc  leaders,  by  their  directive 
and  exciting  doctrines,  and  by  their 
exemplivy  prafticc  :  and  magiftrates 
are  fuch,  by  their  laws,  and  the  pat- 
tern of  their  conduct,  If.  ix.  16.  The 
chiefs  of  a  clafs,  or  army,  are  their 
leaders,  who  dire6t  and  govern  them, 
I  Chron.  xii.  27.  xiii.  i.  The  faints 
had  and  bring  Jefus  to  their  mother's 
■houfe,  when  they  earneftly  and  fre- 
quently requeft  his  prefence  in  his 
church  and  ordinances  ;  prepare  ior  his 
coming,  and  affedlionately  wait  for  the 
niotiouL,  of  his  Spirit,   Song  viii.  2. 

LEAF;  there  are  leaves  of  trees  ; 


86    ]         LEA 

of  books;  of  doors.  Gen.  viii.  li. 
Jer.  xxxvi.  23.  i  Kings  vi.  34.  A- 
dam  and  Eve's  firll  clcathiug  of  /%•- 
leaves,  was  an  emblem  of  our  fcif-riglite- 
oufnefs,  which  muft  be  put  oft,  to  put 
on  the  Lord  Jefus,  our  glorious  facrifice, 
Geu,  iii,  7.  Chrilt's  lea^ves  for  the  heal- 
ing of  the  nations,  are  his  offices,  ap- 
pearancesy  word,  ordinances,  and  influ- 
ences, whereby  our  fpiritual  maladies 
are  cured.  Rev.  xxii.  2.  A  profeflion 
of  the  true  religion  is  called  leaves ; 
it  is  very  adorning  and  beautiful.  In 
.  the  faints,  it  and  the  happineis  attend- 
ing it,  never  wither  away  or  peri  (h;  and 
it  is  for  medicme,  is  a  blcffed  means  of 
bringing  others  toChrill  for  the  cure  and 
health  of  their  foul  ;  but  in  hypocrites, 
the  Jews,  or  othars,  how  quickly  it  leaded 
away,  and  had  no  good  fruits  attend- 
ing it,  Pfal.  i.  5.  Jer.  xvii.  9.  Ezeko 
xlvii.'  12.  Matth.  xxi.  19.  Profperity 
is  likened  to  a  leaf ;  how  comely  and 
pieafant  for  a  while  !  but  how  quickly 
it  withers  and  periflieth  away  !  Dan. 
iv.  12,  14.  To  mark  his  troubled^ 
reiliefs,  and  comfortlefs  condition,  JoId 
compares  himfclf  to  a  tajfcxl  leaf  and  dry 
Jlubble,  Job  xiii.  25.  To  fall,  or  fade 
as  a  leaf,  is  to  be  deftroyed,  or  lofe 
eveiy  good  appearance,  eafily  and  iud- 
denly.   If.  xxxiv.  4.  Ixiv.  6. 

LEAGUE  ;  a  covenant,  or  fo- 
kmn  agreement  for  peace,  proteftion, 
or  aifillance,  or  fubjedlion  between  na- 
tions, or  between  princes  and  people, 
Jofli*  ix.  1 1, — 16,  2  Sam.  v.  3.  i  King^s 
V.  12.  XV.  1 7.  After  the  league  made 
with  Antiochus  Epiphanes,  he  wrought 
deceitfully  ;  after  a  covenant  of  friend- 
fhip  w^ith  Demetrius,  his  nephew,  tlie 
true  heir,  he  deceitfully  procured  the 
kingdom  of  Syria  to  himfelf :  after  a 
covenant  of  friendfhip  with  his  other 
nephew,  Philometer  king  of  Egypt, 
he  deceitfully  invaded  that  country,  to 
feize  it  for  himfelf,  Dan.  xi.  23.  To 
be  in  league  with  the  flones  of  the  field, 
fowls,  or  beafts,  is  by  virtue  of  an  in- 
tereft  in  God's  new  covenant  of  peace, 
to  be  fecured  by  God,  their  proprietor 
and  manager,  from  receiving  any  hurt 
by  tliem.  Job  v.  23,  Ezek.  xxxiv.  25. 
Huf.  ii.  i^. 

LEAH. 


LEA  [ 

LEAH.     See  Jacob, 

LEAN.  An  animal  body  is  A^;;, 
when  there  is  fo  little  flcfli  that  the 
bones  ftick  out,  Gen.  xli.  3,  4.  A 
land  is  lecrn,  when  it  is  a  poor  barren 
foil,  and  proiliices  little  of  what  is  ufe- 
fiil,  Numb.  xiii.  20.  A  foul  is  Itan^ 
when  deftitute  of  the  gmce  and  com- 
fort of  God's  Spirit,  and  fo  rendered 
unfightly  in  his  prefence,  and  incapa- 
ble to  fidtil  his  fervice,  Pfal.  cvi.  15. 
Perfons  poor  and  debafed  in  this  worlds 
and  poor  in  theirown  eyes,  are  called 
Jean  cattle,  Ezek.  xxxiv.  20.  Jacob's 
iat  ik^fli  became  Lan,  when  his  once 
numerous  and  wealthy  pofterity  were 
reduced  to  a  fmp.ll  number,  and  render- 
ed miferable  by  the  Aflyrians  overturn- 
l\i^  the  kingdom  of  the  ten  tribes,  and 
ahnoft  ruining  that  of  Judah,  If.  xvii.  4. 
Mv  leannefs !  My  kannefs !  Wo  unto  me. 
Their  vvickedncfs,  in  the  time  of  He- 
zekiah,  and  aft;er  the  death  of  Jofiah, 
and  forty  years  after  Chrift,  brought 
fearful  and  v/afting  judgements  of  fword, 
famine,  and  peftilence  on  the  Hebrews : 
and  ftill  they  are  in  a  wretched  condi- 
tion as  to  both  fpirituals  and  temporals, 
If.  xxiv.  16.  God  fent  leannefs  on 
Sennacherib's  fat  ones,  when  his  cap- 
tains and  valiant  men,  to  the  number 
of  1 85,000,  were  deftroyed  by  an  angel 
in  one  night,  and  but  a  fmall  part  of 
his  army  left.  If.  x.  16. 

To  LEAN  upon  a  ftafF,  pillar,  orfup- 
porting  affiilant,  Heb.  xi.  21.  Jud. 
yvi.  26.  To  lecin^  in  the  metaphoric 
language,  figniiies,  to  truft,  or  depend 
upon  any  pei-fon  or  thing,  for  affiftance 
or  comfort,  2  Kings  xviii.  2 1 .  Saints 
iean  upon  Chrift,  when  trufting  in  his 
word,  they  cleave  to  his  perfon,  depend 
on  liis  rightecufnefs  and  ftrength,  and 
delight  them.feb'es  in  his  love.  Song 
viii.  5.  Hypocrites  lean  on  the  Lordy 
when  they  profeis  a  ftrong  attachment 
to  his  truths,  ordinances,  and  v.'ays, 
and  expe6l  that  he, will  Jhow  them  lin- 
gular favours  and  dehverance?,  Mic. 
ili.  II.  M^n  lean  to  their  own  under- 
ilanding,  when,  without  ferious  con- 
'Ung  of  God,    they    truft   to  their 

.1   wifdom  and   prudence  to   diredl 
cir  mann^ement^.  Prov,  iii.  5..    They 


87     ]  LEA 

lean  on  their  houfc,  when  they  depend" 
on  the  increafe  and  continuance  of  their 
children  and  wealth,  to  be  the  portion 
and  comfort  of  their  foul.  Job  viii.  15.. 

LEAP;  SKIP  ;  to  jump  to  and  fro, 
efpecially  to  exprefs  joy,  Jcr.  xlviii.  27. 
Ads  iii.  8.  (2.)  To  move,  or  march- 
with  great  chcerfulnefs  and  fpeed  :  fo 
the  Danites  leapt  from  Baflian,  v/hen 
they,  by  a  fpeedy  march,  feized  on 
Laifli,  on  the  north  border  of  Bafhan, 
Deut.  xxxiii.  22.  Jefus  Chrift  comes 
leaping  on  mountains,  and  fiipping  on 
hills,  when,  notv/ithftanding  of  our 
many  and' great  provocations,  he  comes, 
by  his  fpiritual  power,  in  his  ordinan- 
ces, to  comfort  and  fave  us,  Song  ii.  8. 
The  lame  vianJl:aU  leap  as  an  hart,  and 
the  'tongue  of  the  dtimbjhallfing.  Many 
lame  and  dumb  perfons  were,  to  their 
great  joy,  pcrfeAIy  healed  by  Jefus 
and  his  apoftles :  and  m.any,  by  the 
influences  of  his  Spirit,,  have  the  ma- 
ladies of  their  foul  removed,  and  art 
made  joyful  in  the  Lord,  If.  *:xxv.  6. 
By  God's  affiftance,  David  overleapt  a 
nvall\  he  furmounted  great  diiliculties, 
and  took  ftrong  towers  and  fenced  ci- 
ties, Pfal.  xviii.  29.  Thofe  who  leap- 
ed on  the  threJJjoldy  were  either  fuch 
as  irreverently  entered  the  courts  of 
the  Lord  ;  or  who  entered  the  temple 
of  idols,  as  Dagon's  priefts  did,  by 
jumping  over  the  threlliold  ;  or  who, 
by  violence  or  theft,  got  into  people's 
houfes,  and  returning  v*'ith' their  iil- 
gotten  goods,  joyfully  jumped  in  a^ 
their  mafter's  doors,  Zep'i.  i.  9. — The 
pofleffed  perfon  l^apt  upjn  the  fons  of 
Scheva,  and  violently  attacked  them.- 
Ads  x^x.  16. 

LEARN;  (i.)  To  get  the  know- 
ledge of  things  by  hearing  or  obferving, 
1  Cor.  xiv.  31.  Pfal.  cxix.  71.  (2.) 
To  imitate  ;  to  f  jilow  as  a  pattern, 
Pivd.  cvi.  35.  Matth.  xi.  29.  (3.)  T» 
take  heed,  i  Tim.  i.  20.  (4.)  To 
know  the  fentiment  of  others,  GjX. 
iii.  2.  Chrift  learned  obedience y  by  the 
things  which  he  fuffered  ;  by  his  fuf- 
ferings  he  experimentally,  felt  what  it 
v/as  to  obey  the  divine  law;  and  he 
improved  them  all  to  excite  his  Loh' 
manhood  to  fulfil  the  obtdiencC'  r&qui- 

redi 


LEA  r     88     1 


L  E  B 


,red  of  him,  Heb.  v.  8.  None  bcfides 
the  witnefles  for  Chn'ft  couU  learn  their 
new  fong  ;  none  but  faints  can  heartily 
afcribe  all  falvation  and  glory  to  God 
and  the  Lamb.  None  of  the  Papifts 
can  join  in  pure  gofpel-worfhip,  where 
all  the  glory  of  our  falvation  is  afcribed 
to  Jefus  alone,  becaufe  they  make  an- 
gels and  faints  fharers  thtr-of,  as  if 
they  were  mediators  along  with  him, 
Rev.  xiv.  3.  Some  are  ever  learnings 
and  yet  never  come  to  the  knowledge 
of  truth  ;  have  long  the  means  oi  in- 
ftruftion,  and  profefs  to  ufe  them,  and 
yet  never  have  any  folid  knowledge  of 
divine  things,   2  Tim.  iii.  7. 

LEASING  ;  falfehood,  lies,  Pfal. 
iv.  2.  V.  6. 

LEAST;  (l.)  The  fmalleft  quan- 
tity. Num.  xi.  32.  (2.)  Such  as  are 
meaneft,  of  loweft  rank,  value,  and  ufe- 
fulnefs,  Judg.  vi.  15.  Eph.  iii.  8.  {3.) 
Moft  humble  and  felf-debafed,  Luke 
ix.  48.  The  wilful  breaker  of  the  leaji 
of  God's  commandments,  fhall  be  call- 
ed leajl  in  the  kingdom  of  heaven,  u  e, 
fhall  be  of  little  ufe  or  efteem  in  the 
vifible  church ;  and  without  repentance, 
{hall  never  be  admitted  into  the  king- 
dom of  glor)>  Matth.  v.  19. 

To  LEAVE;  (i.)  To  depart  from, 
Job  xvi.  18.  ;  to  ceafe  dwelling  with, 
Gen.  ii.  24.  ;  to  ceafe  infilling  further 
on,  Heb.  vi.  I.  (2.)  To  let  remain 
behind,  Lev.  vii.  15.  Exod.  xvi.  19. 
Joel  ii.  14.  God  may  leave  his  peo- 
ple, fo  as  to  withdraw  his  fenfible  pre- 
fence  and  comfort  for  a  time,  but  ne- 
ver leaves  them  nor  forfakes  them,  fo  as 
to  break  liis  covenant-relation  to  them, 
as  their  God,  Saviour,  and  portion  ; 
or  as  to  with-hold  what  continued  fup- 
plies  of  gracious  influence  are  necef- 
fary  to  maintain  the  exiftence  of  their 
new  nature,  Pfal.  cxli.  8.  Heb.  xiii.  5. 
•Dying  parents  leave  their  fat  her  lefs  chil- 
dren on  God,  when,  by  the  effeftual 
fervent  prayer  of  faith,  they  commit 
-  them  to  his  care,  and  truft  in  his  pro- 
mife,  that  he  will  preferve,  direft,  and 
provide  for  them,  Jer.  xlix.  11. 

LEAVEN  ;  a  piece  of  dough,  but 
efpecially  what  is  falted  and  foured  for 
fermenting.     Such  bread  as  was  made 


of  dough  unfoured  and  unfcrmentcd^ 
was  called   unleavened ;  and  what   was 
made  of  fermented  dough,  was  called 
leavened,    Exod.   xii.   15.     To    leaven^ 
which   is  foufing  and   infedlious,    arc 
compared,  (  i . )  The  gofpel-church  of 
God,    which,  from   fmall  beginnings, 
gradually   fpreads  in   the   world  ;  and 
the  gofpel  of  Chrift,  which  gradually 
prevails  to  reform  and  convert  the  na- 
tions  of  the   world  ;  and  the  work  of 
inward  grace,  which  gradually  prevails 
in,  and  affimilates  the  heart  of  men  un- 
to  its   own  likenefs,    Matth.  xiii.  33. 
(2.)  The  erroneous  doctrines,  corrupt 
gloffes  of  the  fcnpture,  or  vain  tradi- 
tions of  the  Pharifees,  Sadducees,  and 
Herodians,    and    their    corrupt  exam- 
ples,   whereby    many    were    infefted, 
Matth.  xvi.  6,  12.      (3.)  Scandal,  and 
fcandalous  fmners,  who  infeft  and  caft 
a    blot    on    the    church,     i  Cor.  v.  6. 
(4.)  Malice,  hypocrify,  and  like  cor- 
ruptions in   the   heart,  which  exceed- 
ingly defile  us,  and  render  us  infectious 
to  others,    i  Cor.  v.  7.     To   comme-  ' 
morate    Ifrael's  haily  departure   from 
Egypt  without   having   time  to  leaven 
their  dough,  they   were   prohibited  to 
ufe   any  leaven  at  the  pafTover-feaft,  or 
to  offer  it  on  God's  altar  in  any  of  their 
meat-offerings.     Did  this   fignify   the 
perfeft  purity  of  Jefus,  our  all-compre- 
hendin'g   oblation  ;    and   that,    in    our 
whole   worfhip  of  God,  we  ought  to 
beware   of  the    infecting  influence  of 
our  finful  corruption,  but  adl  with  fm- 
cerity  and  truth,  Exod.  xii.  15, — 19. 
Lev.  ii.  II.   Amos  iv.  5.    I  Cor.  v.  8. 
A  portion  of  leavened  bread  was  allow- 
ed in   thank-offerings,  though   it  was 
not  put  on  the  altar  ;  and  might  hint, 
that   our   grateful  fervice  of  God  may 
be  accepted,  though  mingled  with  im- 
perfection.   Lev.  vii.  13.     Two  loaves 
of  leavened  bread  were  required  in  the 
feffival-oiFering  of  pentecoft,   perhaps 
to   denote   the    fpreading  influence  of 
the  gofpel,  and  the  operations  of  the 
Holy   Ghoft,   in   the   New-Tefl;ament 
church.  Lev.  xxiii.  17. 

LEBANON  ;  a  famed  mountain  in 
the  fouth  of  Syria,  and  north  of  Ca- 
jip.an.     When  t:iken  at  hrge,  it  is  a- 

bout 


L  E  B  [     Sg     ]  L  F.  B 


1)0Ut  300  miles  in  circumference,  and 
conlifts  of  two  large  mountains,  Leba- 
non or  Libanus,  and  Antillbanus.  Ac- 
cording to  the  ancients,  thefe  moun- 
tains lay  eaft  and  weft  ;  but  the  mo- 
derns fay,  that  they  lie  fouth  and  north, 
Lebanon  on  the  weft  fide,  and  Anti- 
libanus  on  the  eaft,  with  Hollow  Syria, 
or  the  pleafant  valley  of  Lebanon,  be- 
tween them,  Jofti.  xi.  17.  According 
to  Calmet,  mount  Lebanon  is  ftiaped 
like  a  horfe-ftioe,  with  its  opening  to- 
wards the  north.  It  begins  about  ten 
miles  from  the  Mediterranean  fea,  well 
northward  in  Syria,  and  runs  fouth 
till  almoft  over  againft  Zidon,  then 
turns  eaftward  on  the  north  frontiers 
of  Galilee,  and  laftly,  turns  northward, 
running  as  far  as  Laodicea  Scabiofa, 
in  Syria.  But  according  to  Maundrel 
and  Reland,  the  valley  between  the 
two  mountains  is  much  more  long  and 
narrow  than  Calmet*s  reprefentation 
will  allow  of.  But  the  truth  is,  tra- 
vellers are  in  fo  much  danger,  from  the 
wild  beafts  that  haunt  it,  and  from  the 
fcarce  tamer  Arabs  that  rove  about  it, 
that  they  dare  not  fearch  it  with  fuch 
tare  and  deliberation  as  an  exail  de- 
fcription  would  require.  Ln  Lebanon, 
it  is  faid,  four  mountains  do,  as  it 
were,  rife  one  above  another  ;  the  iirft 
has  a  fruitful  foil,  excellent  for  vines  : 
the  fecond  is  barren  :  the  third  enjoys 
an  almoft  perpetual  fpring  :  the  fourth 
is  often,  but  not  always  covered  with 
fnow.  This  mountain  is  thought  to 
be  higher  than  th«  Pyrenees  between 
France  and  Spain,  or  the  Alps  between 
the  eaft  of  France  and  Italy.  The 
vines  n  the  lower  parts  of  it,  and  the 
cedars  on  the  top  of  it,  which  were 
anciently  very  numerous,  but  now 
reduced  to  a  few,  rendered  it  ex- 
tremely beautiful  and  fragrant.  But 
vaft  numbers  of  lions,  leopards,  a. id 
other  wild  beafts,  rendered  it  dange- 
rous to  walk  on,  Hof.  xiv.  5. — 7. 
Song  iv.  8.  II.  V.  15.  The  fprings 
in  it,  and  the  water  that  defcendcd 
from  it  in  the  rivers  of  Jordan,  and 
Eleutherus,  Abana,  and  Pharphar,  that 
run  to  the  fouthward,  and  in  the  rivers 
of  Rofiian,  Cadichae,  and  Abvali,  thai 
Vol.  IL 


run  weft  or  north,  are  fine  water,  Jer. 
xviii.  14.  Mofes  had  a  ftroug  defire 
to  fee  Lebanon  ;  but  was  only  allow- 
ed a  diftant  profpedl  of  it,  Deut.  iii.  25. 
xxxiv.  From  Lebanon  Solomon  had 
his  wood  for  the  building  of  the  tem- 
ple, and  other  ftruc\ures  :  from  Leba- 
non the  Tyrians  and  Sidonians  had 
their  wood  for  fliipping  and  building  : 
from  Lebanon,  the  AfTyrians  and 
Chaldeans  had  a  great  part  o^  the 
wood  they  ufed  in  their  fieges  of  the 
cities  of  Syria,  Canaan,  and  Phenicia  : 
but  all  its  wogd  was  not  fufiicient  to 
burn  one  facrifice  that  could  truly  ex- 
piate fin.  If.  xxxiii.  9.  Hab.  ii,  17. 
If.  xl.  1 6.  The  toiver  of  Lebanon^  look- 
ing towards  Damafcus,  was  perhaps  a 
caftle  built  by  David  or  Solomon,  at 
the  fouth-eaft  of  Lebanon,  to  awe  the 
Syrians  ;  if  it  was  not  rather  the  houfe 
of  the  foreft  of  Lebanon,  a  ftately 
ftruAure  at  Jcrufalcm,  moftly  built 
with  cedars  from  Lebanon?  Song  vii.  4. 
I  Kings  vii.  2.  At  prefent,  a  kind  of 
Popifti  m.onks,  called  Maronites,  dwell 
about  the  lower  parts  of-  Lebanon,  ia 
circumftances  fufticiently  wretched- 
Wild  Arabs,  of  the  Mahomedan  fe6l 
of  Ali,  fwann  almoft  every  where 
in  it.  Here  alfo,  I  think  in  the  weft- 
em  parts  of  it,  dwell  the  Drufes,  who 
are  faid  to  be  chiefly  the  remains  of 
the  European  Croifades,  that  went  to 
thefe  parts  in  the  II  th,  12th,  and  13th 
centuries,  for  the  recovery  of  the  holy 
land.  They  are  baptifed,  and  heartily 
hate  the  Jews  and  Mahometans,  and 
have  hitherto  refufed  to  fubmit  to  the 
Turkifh  yoke  ;  but  the  bulk  of  them 
have  little  more  religion  than  the  wild 
beafts  among  whom  they  dwell,  allow- 
ing of  Icwdnefs  with  mothers,  fifters, 
daughters,  Iffc. 

Jefus  Chrift  and  his  church  are  liken- 
ed to  LehanoTiy  for  their  fpiritual  come- 
linefs  and  perpetual  flourifli,  and  for 
their  fragrancy  and  fruitful .lefs,  Song 
V.  15.  Pfal.  Ixxii.  16.  If.  XXXV.  2.  Ix. 
13.  Hof.  xiv.  5. — 7.  Jerulalem,  and 
the  temple  thereof,  are  called  Lebanorif 
becaufe  much  built  of  the  cedars  of 
Lebanon  ;  and  the  houfes  of  Jerufalera 
were  fd  many  aud  high,  ae  to  refemble 

lA  th9 


r 

Hab.  ii. 
3.   Jer.  xxii. 


and  the  Af- 


LEE 

tht  Toneft  of  Ldlinon,  ^ 
Zeph.  xi.  I.  E/.ek.  xvii, 
i>3.  Sennacherib's  army, 
fyfian  empire,  are  called  Lebanon.  How 
great  was  once  their  glory  and  ftrength! 
but  how  cut  down  at  laft  by  the  axe 
of  God's  judgements  !  If.  x.  34.  Ezek. 
x-xxi.  3.  15.  16.  This  world  is  bk^n- 
ed  to  LebnnoUi  Amana,  Shenir.,  and  •■■''•/•- 
man,  where  are  dens  of  lions  and  icp- 
pnrds  :  amidft  all  its  carnal  plcalures, 
profits,  ,and  honours,  there  is  fjreat 
danger  and  manifold  temptations  ;  and 
therefore  fair.ts  (hould  forfake  it,  to 
uck  for,  and  enjoy  fellowfliip  with 
Chrift,  Song  iv.  8.  Lebanon  Jholl  be 
lurned  into  a  fnutful  Jiijdy  and  the  fru'it- 
fvlfeld  be  ejiccmed  a  foreft.  The  Gen- 
tile nations  l"hall  become  a  flour ilhi.ng 
church,  and  the  Jews  (hall  be  call  out, 
and  live  without  God,  and  without 
Ghrift,  "and  without  hope  in  the  world, 
If.  xxix.  17.  XXX.  15.  To  go  up  to 
Lebanon  an.d  BaJJjany  or  mount  Gilead, 
and  cry,  fi^ifies,  that  the  Jews  would 
have  none  to  help  them,  Jer.  xxii.  21. 

LEEK.      See  Onion. 

LEDGE  ;  a  roll  of  fhort  brazen 
ftaves,  with  a  plate  of  brafs  along  their 
heads,   i  Kings  vii.  28.  35.  37. 

LEES  ;  the  dregs  of  wine  fettled 
to  the  bottom  ;  and  fo,  wines  on  the 
lees,  arc  wine  ftrong  and  purified,  by 
the  lees  fettling  to  the  bottom.  If. 
XXV.  6.  Men  are  fettled  on  their  lees, 
when,  through  long  prcfperity,  they 
have  arrived  at  much  outward  lirength, 
-  and  are  fixed  in,  and  delighted  with  cor- 
rupt courfes,  T f.  xlviii.  m.  Zeph.  i.  12. 

LEG.  Mens  legs  are  taken  for  their 
ftrength,  Pfal.  cxlvii.  10  ;  and  arc  call- 
ed fsrong  mei^,  who  bow  tnemfelvesy 
becoraing  feeble  in  old  age,  Eccl.  xii.  3. 
Ciir ill's  legs  as  pUlars  of  marble,  are  his 
ilrengtJi  to  bear  whatever  fm  or  punilh- 
ment  was  laid  upon  him,  or  what  ex- 
ceeding weight  of  glory  is  given  him  ; 
and  his  ability  to  finiih  his  whole  v/ork 
of  mediation  ;  and  his  wife  and  ficilful 
providencvvs,  and  the  liability  of  hir, 
kingdom  and  government.  Song  v.  15. 
The  iron  legs  of  Nebuchadnezzar's  vi- 
fionar)'  image,  and  feet  and  toes,  part- 
ly of  iron  and   clay,  not  right  coalef- 


90    1  LEO 

17.  cing  together,  reprefented  the  ilrong' 
Roman  empire,  with  two  confuls  at  its 
head  ;  and  after  many  ages^  divided  in- 
to the  eaftern  and  weftern  em.pires,  and 
which  at  laft  was  mingled  with  Goths, 
Huns,  Vandals,  l^c,  but  did  not  right- 
ly incorporate  with  them,  nor  retain 
its  ftrength,  after  they  had  well  begun 
thpir  invafions ;  and  which  was  divide 
cd  at  laft  into  ten  kingdoms.  See 
Horns.  Dan.  ii.  33.  A  parable  in 
the  mouth  of  fools,  is  like  the  unequal 
legs  of  the  lame  :  a  wife  fentence,  or 
fcripture  expreffion,  looks  ill  from  the 
mouth  of  foolifh  and  wicked  people, 
and  -is  difagreealple  and  inconfiftent, 
Prov.  xxvi.  27. 

LEGION  ;    a  band  of  foldiers   in . 
tlie   Roman   lu-my.     When   that   ftate 
^vas  but  in  its  increafe,  the  legion   was 
fmaller  ;  but  in  its  gloiy,  the  legion  or- 


dinarily confifted  of  about  6200  foot- 
men, and  730  horfemen.  In  fcrip- 
ture it  fignifies  a  great  number,  Matth, . 
xxvi.  53.  Luke  viii.  30.. 

To  LEND,  hoping  for  nothing  a- 
gain,  is  to  ^i\q.  freely,  or  lend  wrthout 
ufury,  Luke  vi.  35.  Lending  to  the 
needy  is  a  very  necelTary  duty,  Deut.  ■ 
XV.  8.  xxiii*  19.  In  ordinary  cafes^ 
borrowers  niuft,  in  forae  meafure,  fub- 
mit  theinfelves  to  the  will  0/  lenders^ 
Prov.  xxii.  7.  D^ut.  xxviii.  12.  ;  but 
defolating  judgements  m.ake  both  alike 
poor  and  miferable.  If.  xxiv.  2. 

LENTILES;  a  kind  of  grain* 
like  vetches  or  peafe^  of  which  was 
made  a  coarfe  kind  of  food,  ufed  by- 
mourners.  Gen.  XXV.  34. 

LEOPARD  jthe  long-tailed  fclis^ 
Its  upper  part  is  beautifully  fpotted^,. 
and  the  lower  is  ftreaked.  It  is  fmal- 
ler than  the  tyger  ;  but  furprifmgly 
fwift,  ftron;r,  and  active,  and  no  lefs 
voracious  and  fierce.  Its  feet  are  for- 
med for  climbing,  and  it  can  draw 
back  its  claws  at  pleaiure.  It  watches 
for  its  prey  by  way-fides,  or  wJiere  the 
animals  are  wont  to  haunt.  It  is  faid 
to  allure  them  with  a  fweet  fmell,  and 
then  to  fpring  or  le&p  from  a  tree  upon 
them,  and  tear  them.  It  will  often 
leap  17  or  18  feet  at  once  to  fall  upon 
them.     It  is  fo  inveterate   an    enemy 

to 


L  E  P  I 

to   mankind,  that,   it    is  faid,    it  will 
fly  upon  their  very  pidure  painted  on 
paper.      Some  orientals  however  tame 
leopards,  and  hunt  jaekalls,   &c.  with 
them.     God  compares  himielf  to  a  /dO' 
pard :  with  what  patience  he  waits  for 
the  prope^-  feafon  of  venfreance  !   with 
what  tierce  indignation  he  breaks  forth 
upon,  and   tears   to  piects  his   incorri- 
gible oppofers,  ciiielly  wicked   proftf- 
fors  of  the  true  religion  i   Hof.  xiii.  7. 
Wicked   men  arc   likened   to  leopards  ; 
how  fpotted  with  corruptions  in  heart 
and  life  !   how  fierce  and  untraceable  to 
xvhat  is   good,  till  God  by  liis   grace 
fubdue  them  !   If.  xi.  6.    Jer.  xiii.  23. 
Nebuchadnezzar  and   his  army  ai'e  lik- 
ened  to   leopards  ;  with   what  guileful 
cruelty,  and  liej-ce  rage,  they  watched 
over  and  befieged  the  cities  of  Judah, 
and  nations  around,  till  they  took  them, 
and  murdered  the  inhabitants!  Jer.  v.  6. 
Hab.  i.  8.  The  Grecian  empire  is  liken- 
ed to  a  leopard  iv'-ih-  four  'ivings  and  four 
heads  ;  from  fmail  beginnings,  and  with 
much  craft,  rapidity,  and  bloodlhed,  it 
v/as  founded.     Alexander,  who  formed 
it,  was  fpotted  witli  many  vices  :  his  ar- 
my was  adorned  with  many  ildlful  com- 
manders, and  he  quickly  made  himfelf 
i nailer  of  nations  unnumbered.      After 
la's  deatli,  his  empire  was  divided  into 
four  parts.        See    Greece,    horns. 
Dan.  vii,  6.     The  Antichriilian  Pope, 
and  his  agents,  are  likened  to  a  leopard^ 
to  mark  their  outward  glory  and  Iplen- 
dor,  and  their  crafty,  cruel,  and  bloody 
perfecution  of  the  faints,   Rev.  xiii.  2. 
LEPER  ;  one  affected  .with  the  Is- 
profy.     Lepers  were  excluded  from  the 
fociety    of    other   people,)   and   hence 
fometimes  formed   one   of  tiieir   own. 
We  find  four  of  them  in    cne^  in   the 
days  of  Ehfna,  and  ten  of  them  in*an- 
other,  in  the  days  of  our  Saviour,   2 
Kings  vii.  8.  Luke  xvii.  12.     The  le- 
proTy   h  twofold  in    kind   or    degree. 
That  of  th<;  Jews  was  probably  nuch 
LUe  fame  with  the  eiephantiaiis,  or  le- 
pi"ofy  of -the   Arabs,    Egyptians,  &c. 
and  which  came  into,  and  raged  in  Ita- 
ly about  fixty  years  before  tiie  birth  of 
<mr  Saviour,   it  chiefly  rages  in  warmer 
climates.  It  beci:ins  v/ithin  the  bodv,  and 


difiolve,    and  fo  Ilrongly 
with    imperceptible 


91    1        ,1^  E  P 

throws  out  a  faniolis  moillure,  that  cor- 
rupts the  outfide  of  it,  covering  it  with 
a  kind  of  vyhite  fcales,  attended  with  a 
moll  tormenting  itch.  The  afflidled  per- 
fon  becomes  hoarfe  :  iiis  blood  becomes 
■  mingled  with  whitifh  particles,  and  the 
ferum  of  it  fo  dry,  that  vinegar  pour- 
ed thereon  boils  up,  and  fait  apphed  to 
it,  docs  net 

bound  togeiner  witn  1 
threads,  that  calcined  lead  thrown  into 
it,  fwims  above  ;  his  hair  becomes  fhiff, 
and  it  pluckt,  brings  away  rotten  flefh 
with,  it  ;  his  eyes  become  red  and  inflar 
med,  fi^iiilar  to  thofc  of  a  cat ;  his  tongue 
becomes  dry,  black,  fwoUen,  ulcera- 
ted, and  furrowed  ;  his  face  refembles  a 
half-burnt  '  coal,  furrowed  with  hard 
knobs,  greeniili  at  bottom  and  white  at 
•  the  top.  The  body  becomes  fo  hot, 
that  a  frefh  apple  held  but  an  hour  io 
the  hand,  vs'iil  be  confiderably  wither- 
ed and  wrinkled;  the  parts  infefted 
become  infenfible,  and  at  laft,  the  nofe^ 
fingers,  privy  members,  &c.  fall  off, 
being  rotten.  In  the  loth  and  nth 
centuries,  this  terrible  diilemper  was 
common  in  Europe,  introduced,  I  fup- 
pofe,  by  the  Arabs  and  Moors  ;  and 
it  is  faid  there  was  about  15,000,  or 
rather,  according  to  Matthew  Paris, 
9000  hofpitals  for  lepers.  At  prefent, 
it  is  fcarce  known  in  Europe,  unlefs  \\x 
fuppofe  the  venereal  difeafe  to  be  a 
Jiind  of  it.  Sonie  time  ago,  a  leprofy 
refembling  that  of  the  Africans  terribly 
aliiicled  the  people  of  Barbadoes,  elpe- 
ciaily  the  blocks. 

The  Jews  generally  fuppofed  the  le- 
profy to  be  infiicled  of  God,  for  the 
punifhment  of  fome  horrible  crime. 
For  reproaching  of  Mofes,  the  diitin* 
f;;uiflied  deputy  of  God,  w<\8  Miiiam 
infecl:ed  :  for  treacherous  a-.d  difhonell 
procuring  of  clothes  a:id  mu;  ley,  vc<i8  Ge,- 
hazi  fmitten  :  for  profaiicly  prelun.ing 
tooH'erincenfe,  was  Kinglizziahpunilhr 
ed  with  it^' Numb. xii.  2  Kings  v.  2  Cnr, 
xxvi.  Mofes  dirc(its  to  no  medicine  for 
the  cure  of  it,  and  it,  docs  not  appear 
that  the  Jews  applied  any  remedies,  but 
waited  for  the  heaHng  of  it  only  from 
God.  Whenevjer  a  Hebrew  fulpe.tjd 
himfelf,  or  was fufpectcd by  others,  M-be 
M  2  infefled 


L  E  P  [ 

infe<5^ed  with   this   fearful   difeafe,  he' 
prefc  nted  himfelf  for  infpetftion  to   the 


prieft,  who,  in  trying  him,  was  m  no 
danger  of  catching  the  plague.  A 
freckle,  a  boil,  a  fpot,  or  fcab  in  the 
ikin,  or  the  falling  off  of  part  of 
the  hair,  were  no  tokens  of  leprofy. 
Neverthelefs,  the  fufpcAed  perfon  was 
to  wnfli  himfelf  and  clothes  in  water. 
A  fwelling  with  a  white  fpot  bright  and 
reddifh,  created  ftrong  fufpicions  ;  in 
which  cafe,  the  leper  was  to  be  fhut  up 
feven  days,  and  at  the  end  thereof  re- 
infpefted  by  the  prieft.  If  the  hair 
in  the  fore  had  turned  white  or  yellow  ; 
if  the  plague  was  in  fight  deeper  than 
the  (Icin  ;  if  it  continued  to  fpread  in 
the  flefh  after  the  firft  infpection ;  if 
there  was  quick  raw  flefh  in  the  fwoUen 
part  ;  if  there  was  a  white  reddifh  fore 
in  the  bald  head,  the  prieft  pronoun- 
ced him  unclean  ;  and  as  the  difeafe 
was  extremely  infeftious  to  fuch  as 
touched  or  drunk  after  thofe  who  had 
it,  he  was  excluded  from  the  city  or 
camp,  till  God  fhould  heal  him,  and 
was  obliged  to  cover  his  upper  lip, 
and  call  out  to  everybody  that  was 
coming  near  him,  that  he  was  unclean. 
If,  on  the  fecond  infpe^lion,  the  fore 
was  not  in  fight  deeper  than  the  flcin  ; 
if  it  had  fpread  nothing  during  the 
feven  days  ;  if  the  hair  of  the  infected 
place  was  not  turned  white,  or  if  the 
plague,  being  thrown  out  from  the  in- 
Xide,  had  covered  the  whole  body 
with  an  univerfal  leprofy,  the  prieft 
pronounced  him  clean  ;  only  he  was 
to  wafh  himfelf  in  water,  on  account 
of  his  fcabs. 

When  it  pleafed  God  to  heal  one 
that  had  been  pronounced  unclean,  the 
priefts  went  out  of  the  camp  or  city, 
and  infpedled  him.  For  his  ceremo- 
nial purgation,  two  birds  were  taken  : 
the  one  was  flain  over  a  vcffel  full  of 
frefh  water,  mingled  with  cedar  wood, 
fcarlet  wool,  and  hyfop.  The  other 
bird  was  dipt  into  this  mixture  of 
water  and  blood,  and  then  difmiffed, 
to  fly  whither  it  pleafed.  The  healed 
leper  was  feven  times  fpiinklcd  with 
the  mingled  blood  and  v/atcr.  ,  He 
then  fhaved  off  ail  the  hair  of  his  body. 


92    ]        L  E  p 

wafhed  his  clothes,  and  flefh  in  water  ; 
after  which,  he  might  come  into  the 
city  or  camp,  but  not  into  his  own 
houfe.  On  the  7th  day  he  again  fha- 
ved and  wafhed  himfelf.  On  the  8th, 
he  offered  two  he-lambs,  and  one  ewe- 
lamb,  for  a  trefpafs-offering,  burnt- 
offering,  and  fin-offering,  with  a  quan- 
tity of  oil ;  or,  if  poor,  offered  one 
lamb  and  two  young  doves.  Part  of  the 
blood  of  his  trefpafs-ofTering  was,  by 
the  prieft,  fprinkled  on  the  tip  of  his 
right  ear,  and  on  his  right  thumb  and 
right  toe.  After  fprlnkling  fo  much 
of  the  oil  feven  times  towards  the  ta- 
bernacle, the  above  parts  of  the  leper's 
body  were  anointed  with  another  part, 
and  the  reft  was  poured  on  his  head  ; 
and  after  the  offering  of  the  burnt-of- 
fering and  fin-offering,  he  was  difmif- 
fed to  go  to  his  houfe,  or  to  the  houfe 
of  God,  whenever  he  pleafed. Did 


not  this  leprofy  reprefent  the  corrup- 
tion of  our  nature,  in  the  reigning 
power  thereof,  and  which  is  of  a  moft 
penal,  dreadful,  defiling,  fpreading, 
and  obftinate  nature,  feparating  from 
God  ?  Not  any  linful  ad  of  infirmity 
marks  this  uncleannefs.  Inward  up- 
rightnefs,  bitter  repentance  for,  and 
hearty  ftriving  againft  lin,  and  particu- 
larly an  affefting  fenfe  of  the  univerfal 
vik'nefs  of  our  heart  and  life,  are  cer- 
tain tokens  that  we  are  not  under  the  do- 
minion of  lin  ;  but  every  appearance  of 
evil  muft  lead  us  to  wafli  ourfelves  in  a 
Saviour's  blood. — Dehght,  or  pining 
away  in  iniquity  ;  wilful  increafing  un- 
to more  uugodlineis  ;  dependence  on 
felf-righteouinefs  as  the  ground  of  our 
acceptance  before  God  ;  habitual  ra- 
ging at  reproof ;  fixed  embracement 
of  grofs  hereiies,  and  boafting  of  what 
is  plainly  linful ;  mark  us  under  the 
dominion  of  our  filthy  lulls. — Nor  is 
there  any  deliverance  from  this  plague, 
but  by  the  grace  of  God,  and  through 
the  application  of  Jefus's  blood  and 
Spirit  to  our  foul :  nor,  on  our  juftifi- 
cation,  are  we  immediately  admitted  to 
he:iven,  but  by  again  and  again  mor- 
tifying the  deeds  of  the  body  ;  and  at 
the  end  of  life,  making  a  noted  ufe  of 
the  blood  and  Spirit  of  our  iledeemer, 

ihall 


LET  [9 

(hail  we  at  laft  enter  into  the  full  en- 
joyment of  that  free  fellowfhip  with 
God,  and  his  holy  angels,  and  glori- 
fied faints. 

Perhaps  the  leprofy  of  a  garment 
was  produced,  by  a  fmall  kind  of  ver- 
min :  if  greenifh  or  reddiOi  fpots  ren- 
dered a  garment  fufpicious,  the  priefl 
was  to  infpedl  it,  and  ftiut  it  up  feven 
days.  If,  on  his  fecond  examination, 
he  found  the  tokens  of  leproly  fpread, 
he  tore  out  the  infcfted  threads,  and 
ordered  it  to  be  wafhed.  If  the  tokens 
were  not  fpread,  he  ordered  it  to  be 
waflied  ; — and  if,  on  the  third  infpec- 
tion,  he  found  the  tokens  departed,  it 
was  again  waflied,  and  fuitained  to  be 
clean.  If,  on  the  thiid  or  fourth  ex- 
amination, the  plague  continued  after 
the  infedled  threads  had  been  torn  out, 
the  whole  garment  was  to  be  burnt  in 
the  fire.  Did  this  leprofy  denote 
fcandals  in  the  converfation,  from  which 
Jefus's  blood  alone  can  cleanfe  us  ; 
and  unto  which,  if  we  again  and  c^gain 
relapfe,  if  we  be  faved,  it  mull  be  fo 
as  by  fire,  our  works  being  burnt  up 
and  loft  ? 

Probably, the  leprofy  of  a  houfe  was 
produced  by  vermin  of  the  fame  kind  ; 
if  pale  reddifli  fpots  in  the  wall,  lower 
than  the  reft,  rendered  a  houfe  fufpi- 
cious,  the  prieft,  after  infpecting  it, 
fhut  it  up  feven  days.  If,  on  the  yth, 
the  fymptoms  were  increafed,  the  in- 
fected materials  were  carefully  removed, 
and  pure  ones  put  in  their  place.  If 
the  leprofy  again  appeared,  the  houfe 
was  demolifhed,  and  its  materials  call 
into  an  unclean  place.  If  the  houfe 
was  got  cleanfed,  a  fprinkling,  with 
the  mixture  of  the  water  and  blood  of 
the  offering  of  birds,  removed  the  ce- 
remonial defilement.  Did  this  leprofy 
hint,  that  the  obftinate  continuance 
of  indwelling  fin  brings  on  the  diflblu- 
tion  of  our  mortal  frame  ?  and  that  ob- 
ftinacy  in  wickednefs  brings  ruin  and 
deftruCtion  upon  families,  nations, 
churches,  and  the  world  itfelf.  Lev. 
xiii.  xiv. 

LET;  is  exprelTive,  (i.)  Of  com- 
mand, Deut.  v.'i2.  (2.)  Ofintreaty, 
?  Sam.  xiii.  6.      (s-)  Of  permifhon, 


-!     1  LEV 

Gen.  xlix.  21.  (4.)  Of  entioifting,  or 
affigning  by  tack  or  leafe.  Song  viii. 
II.  To  /f/,  alfo  fignifies  to  hinder  ; 
keep  back,  If.  xliii.  13.   2  ThefT.  ii.  7. 

LETTER;  (i.)  A  mark  of  found 
ufed  in  writing.  The  Egyptian  me- 
thod of  writing,  by  a  kind  of  piftures 
of  the  things  themfelves,  was  perhaps 
the  moft  ancient  in  the  world.  The 
Chinefe  method  of  ufing  a  diftind  cha- 
racter for  evei-y  word,  fomevvhat  like 
our  fhort  hand,  is  alfo  very  ancient, 
but  it  is  very  incom.mcdious,  as  it  would 
take  a  man's  life  to  learn  the  half  of 
their  80,000  letters,  unlefs  thefe  let- 
ters, as  lome  fay,  be  formed  from  fimplc 
ones,  by  ftated  rules.  The  invention 
of  letters,  that  may  be  combined  in 
fo  many  thoufand  different  forms,  is  fo 
marvellous  and  ufeful,  that  I  am  al- 
moft  tempted  to  believe  God  himfelf 
the  author  of  it,  perhaps  in  the  tables 
of  the  law.  No  letters  were  known  in 
Europe,  till  Cadmus,  about  the  time 
of  David,  brought  1 6  of  the  Phenician 
charaders  hither.  From  thefe,  the 
Greek,  Roman,  Coptic,  Gothic,  and 
Sclavonic  charafters  were  formed,  one 
after  another.  From  the  Hebrew  or 
Affyrian  charafters,  the  Phenician,  Sy- 
rian, Samaritan,  Ethiopic,  and  Ara- 
bic characters,  feem  to  have  been  form- 
ed, though  with  confiderable  altera- 
tions. (2.)  A  milTive  or  epiftle,  fent 
by  one  perfon  to  another,  2  Sam.  xi« 
14.  Sanballat  infulted  Nehemiah  in 
fending  him  his  letter  open,  and  not 
rolled  up  in  the  Afiatic  form,  Neh.  vi. 
I .  ( 3. )  Learning,  knowledge  of  the 
myfterious  fenfe  of  God's  word,  John 
vii.  15.  (4.)  The  outfide  of  things; 
fo  circumcilion  of  the  flefh  is  called 
circumcifion  of  the  letter,  Rom.  ii.  29. 
The  outward  obfervance  of  Mofes's 
ceremiOnies  ;  outward  fervice  of  God  ; 
or  walking  according  to  our  corrupt 
lufts,  is  called  the  oldnefs  of  the  letter^ 
Rom.  vii.  6.      See  kill. 

LEVI  ;  the  third  fon  of  Jacob  by 
Leah,  born  about  A.  M.  22$^.  He  ^ 
afiifted  Simeon  in  murdering  the  She- 
chemites,  and  for  that  reafon  had  his 
father's  dying  denunciation,  that  his 
feed    fhould  be    fc^ttered    among  the 

Hebrew 


L  F  V 

Hebrew  tribes  in  Canaan, 


had  three 
fons,  Gcrllion,  Kohath,  and  Merari, 
and  a  daughter,  called  Jochebed.  Him- 
fclf  died,""  aged  137  years;  but  his 
three  fons  produced  three  different  fa- 
milies. At  their  return  from  Egypt, 
the  tribe  of  Levi  was  by  far  the  leail 
of  all  the  Hebrews,  confifting  of  but 
22,273  ^^^^^  above  a  mt»iith  old.  Thif 
Levites  faithfully  cut  off  Iheir  idola- 
trous friends,  for  their  worfhipping  of 
the  golden  calf.  God  rewarded  their 
zeal,  conftituting  them  his  facred  mi- 
nillers. — Aaron  and  his  male  defcend- 
ants  were  chofen  to  be  priefls.  The 
reft  of  the  tribe  were  made  a  kind  of 
inferior  agents  in  holy  things.  As  af- 
ter five  years  of  probation,  they  were 
to  enter  their  fervice  at  30  years  of  age, 
and  leave  it  at  50,*  no  more  than  8560 
-  were  fit  for  fervice.  In  their  confecia- 
tion,  they  were  fprinkled  with  the  ho- 
ly water  of  feparation  ;  they  fliaved  off 
their  hair,  and  vvaflied  their  clothes ; 
they  brought  two  bullocks  to  the  door 
of  the  tabernacle  :  the  firll-born  IfraeU 
ites,  or  fome  in  their  name,  laid  their 
hands  on  them,  to  denote  their  re- 
figning  to  them  their  ilation  in  the  pu- 
blic worfliip  of  God.  The  Levites 
then  laid  their  hands  on  the  two  young 
bullocks,  and  the  one  was  offered  for 
a  burnt-offering,  and  the  other  for  a 
ian-offering.  To  fignify,  their  being 
^dedicated  to  the  fervice  of  tht  God  of 
all  the  ends  of  the  earth,  they  were 
made  to  walk  to  an.d  fro  before  the  ta- 
bernacle ;  and  tlius  entered  on  their 
•work,  which,  in  tlie  wildcrnefs,  was 
to  bear  the  things  pertaining  to  the 
tabernacle ;  and  in  that,  and  after 
ages,  to  take  care  of  the  tabernacle, 
temple,  and  furniture  thereof,  and  to 
teach  the  people,  and  affid  the  prieils. 
They  liad  no  facred  apparel>  but, 
though  the  tribe  of  Levi  were  but  a- 
bout  the  40th  part  of  the  people,  they 
had  48  cities,  with  the  fuburbs  thereof, 
affigned  for  their  dwelling,  and  had 
about  the  5th  part  of  the  Hebrew  in- 
comes, E;iod.  vi.  xxxii.  16. — 2^.  26. 
• — 29.  Numb.  iii.  iv.  viii.  x.  xviii.  •  Did 
theic  Lcvi::es  prefigure  Jefus  ?    From 


[    94    1  LEV 

Gen.  xxxiv.  the  earliefl  ages  of  eternity  he  was  cho- 
fen to  his  work  ;  from  the  earhefl  ages 
of  time  he  was  promifed  ;  early  was  he 
circumcifod  and  initiated  ;  and  at  twelve 
years  he  began  his  fervice  in  the  temple. 
— Divinely  was  our  place  in  law,  and  our 
fins  transferred  upon  him  ;  and  folemn- 
ly  was  he,  in  his  birth,  andin  his  unc- 
tion at  his  baptifm,  fet  apart  to  his 
work  of  obedience  and  miniilry  In  holy 
things.  At  30  years  of  age,  he  enter- 
ed on  his  public  fervice,  and  having 
walled  his  body,  till,  it  feems,  he  ap- 
peared as  one  of  fifty,  he  retired,  by 
death,  refurreftion,  and  afcenfion,  to 
his  eternal  reft.  He  Is  the  great  bur- 
den-bearer of  his  church,  that  bears  all 
his  pec;;le's  fins,  and  bears  their  perfons 
and  cares  ;  and  fupports  the  whole 
frame  and  government  of  the  church  ; 
honours  his  Father  to  the  high'eft ; 
teaches,  governs,  and  faves  his  people  ; 


and  for  reward,  is  crowned  with  giory 
and  honour.  Terrible  is  the  curfe  that 
falls  on  fuch  as  continue  to  deny  him 
his  dues. — Did  thefe  Levites  reprefent 
gofpel-minifters,  who  being  chofen  to 
their  work  by  God  and  his  people,  are 
to  enter  on  it  in  a  folemn  manner, 
fanttified  by  the  blood  of  the  Lamb, 
and  by  his  purifying  Spirit ;  and  who 
fpcnd  and  are  fpent  in  the  fervice  of 
the  church,  bearing  Chrift's  name  be- 
fore  the  Gentiles,  teaching  and  ruMng 
the  people,  and  afliftiug  the  faints, 
thefe  fpiritual  priefts,  in  their  fa.red 
work  ;  and  who  are  to  be  duly  provided 
with  fubfiftence,  and  at  the  end,  are  to 
have  their  faithful  fervice  rewarded 
with  endlefs  honours  and  happinefs  ? — 
Did  they  refemble  the  faints,  who  are 
early  inrolled  in  the  Lamb's  book  of 
life,  and  in  due  time  are  folemnly  fet 
apart  to  the  holy  fervice  of  God,  to  carb 
for,  and  in  their  ftations  inftruit,  and 
promote  order  ;  and  after  they  have 
tinifhed  their  courfe,  retire  to  their  e- 
vcrlafting  reft,  to  enjoy  the  whole  ful- 
nefs  of  God  ?  If.  xlvi.  21.  When  Jo- 
ftuia  divided.  Ganaaii  to  the  Hebrew 
triber-,  he  gave  the  Levites  no  inheri- 
tano.',  as  they  were  to  live  on  facred 
oblations  ;  but  they  had  48  cities  fcat- 
tercd  amqn'r  Ahc  ath«r-4.ribe6,  wiih  it 

Held 


LEV  [     95     ]  LEV 


?ieid  of  3000  cubits  around  for  pafture 
and  gardens.      Six  of  thefe  cities  were 
cities  of  refuge,    and   others   of  them 
were  retained  by  the  Canaanites.   Their 
tithes  too,  and    other   dues,  were    but 
ill  paid,  as  oft  as  religion  was  in  a  lan- 
guifhing  condition,  Jofii.  xx.  xxi.  Judg. 
i.    Neh.  xiii.      Soon    after,    a    \'Tigrant 
Lcvite  helped  Micah,   and  the  Danites 
of  Laifhj  to   introduce    idolatry  ;    and 
his  defcendants    were    for    many   ages 
priefts  to  that  idol.      Another,  by  the 
affair  of  his  whorifh  wife  abuitd  at  Gi- 
bcah,  occafioned  the  death  of  40,000 
■iraelites,  and  of  the    whole    tribe    of 
Benjamin,  except  600,  and  all  the  in- 
habitants of  Jabefh-gilead,   except  400 
virgins,  Judg.  xvii. — xxi.     Eh  and  Sa- 
muel, botli  Levites,  were  judges  of  If- 
rael,    I  Sam.  i. — viii.       8300   Levites 
attended  at   David's  coronation  ;  and 
in  his  days  they  began  to  enter  on  their 
fervice  at  25   years  of  age,   and  there 
wer^  of  them  fit  for   fervice,  38,000  ; 
of  which  24,000  were  appointed  to  of- 
ficiate in  the  fervice  of  the  tabernacle 
or  temple  ;   6000  of  them  were  judges  ; 
4000  were  portr^rs  ;  and  4000  were  fa- 
ded  muficians.     The   officiating  Le- 
vites, as  well  as  the  priefts  and  fingers, 
if  not  alfo   the   porters,    were   di^'fded 
into  24  claffes,  and  had  their  turns  of 
fervice  afiigned  them  by  lot,   i  Chron. 
xii.  xxiii.. — xxvi.    When  Jeroboam  the 
fon  of  Nebat  eftablifhed  his  idolatrous 
worfhip  of  the  golden  calves,  many  of 
the  Le-v-ites  left  his   kingdom,  and  re- 
tired to  the  kingdom  of  Judah.    Jeho- 
iliaphat  difperfed  them  through  his  do- 
minions, along  vrith  fome  of  his  princes, 
to  teach  the  people.     Thofe  of  Lib- 
nah  revolted  from  King  Jehoram.   Un- 
der the  direction  of  Jehoiada,  the  Le- 
Tites,  being  furniflied  with  arms,  might- 
ily   aflifted   to  ellabhfli   Joafh  on  the 
throne.       In   Hezekiah's  time,    they 
were  more  hearty  for  promoting  refor- 
mation than  the  priefts  ;  a  few  of  the 
priefts  fanftified   themfelves,   and  the 
Levites  afiifted  in  killing  the  burnt-of- 
ferings.    Under  Jofiah,   they  direcled 
the  repairs  of  the  temple,  and  zealouf^ 
Vy  aflifted  at  the  folemn   paffovcr,    2 
Chron.  ju.  12.  i^  xix.  itxj.  10.  xxiii. 


xxix. — xxxi.  xxxiv.  xxxv.  A  conii- 
del  able  number  of  them  return  td  from. 
Babylon,  fome  along  with  Zerubbabel,, 
others  with  Ezra,  and  1760  priefts,. 
and  212  Levites,  dwelt  at  Jerufakm, 
Ezra  ii.  40. — 42.  viii.  18.  19.  i  Chron. 
ijv.  13.  Ten  of  tiiem,  at  Ezra's  direc- 
tion, put  away  their  ftrrjige  wives,  Ezra 
X.  23.  24.  Under  Nehemiah,  they  af- 
fifttd  at  his  folemn  faft,  in  reading  the 
law,  Neh.  viii.  7.  ix.  4.  5.  :  and  17 
of  them  fubfcribed  his  covenant,  for 
reformation,  chap,  x.  About  this 
time,-  or  not  long  after  it,  Nehei^iiali 
ordered  their  tithes  to  be  pundually 
given  them,  as  the  Vv-ith-h^lding  there- 
of had  obliged  them  to  delcrt  the  fer* 
vice  of  th'C  temple,  and  betake  them- 
felves to  civil  employs,  Neh.  xiii.  10. 
— -13.  After  our  Saviour's  death,  wc 
find  the  tribe  of  Levi  in  the  utmoft 
diforder  ;  the  high-priefthood  was  dif- 
pofed  of  to  the  bigheft  bidder  ;  the 
Levites  were  rllcwed  by  Agrippa  to 
wear  the  facerdotal.  robes  of  the  com- 
m.on  priefts>  and  tlie  porters  to  becom.e 
fingers. 

LEVITICUS,  the  third  Ijook  of 
Mofes,  fo  called  bccaufe  it  chiefly  con- 
fifts  of  laws  relative  to  the  Levitical 
pfiefthocd.  In  the  firil  feven  chapters, 
tire  prefcribed  the  laws  of  tl\e  various- 
offerings.  In  the  next  three,  we  have 
an  account  of  the  confecration  of  Aa- 
ron and  his  fons,  the  death  of  Nadab 
and  Abihu,  and  fome  rules  relative  to 
priefts  mourning,  and  their  drinkin^r 
no  wine  during  their  attendance  on 
their  facred  work.  I  .vim  chap.  xi.  to 
XV.  are  inferted  the  laws  relative  to  ce- 
remonial Durification,  from  unclean ncfs 
of  eating,  or  touching  of  unclean  beafts, 
and  of  child-birth,  leprofies,  running 
ifmes.  In  chap.  xvi.  are  the  laws  re- 
lative to  the  faft  of  expiation.  In  the 
fix  following  chapters  are  the  laws  pro- 
hibiting the  eating  of  blood,  the  facri- 
ficing  to  devils,  and  all  alliances  with 
the  Canaanites,  and  all  .heathenifh  fu- 
perftition,  divination,  idolatry,  theft, 
perjurj',  inceft,  fcdom.y,  and  beftiality ; 
and  thofe  requiring  four  years  abiii- 
nence  from  the  fruit  of  trees,  or  lea- 
ving'of  gleanings  to  ftrangers,  and  the 

loot     y 


LEV 


r     96    1  LEV 


poor ;  and  thofc  regulating  the  ble- 
mifhes  which  rendered  priells  unfit  for 
facrificing,  or  eating  the  more  facred 
food,  and  wliich  rendered  animals  un- 
fit to  be  facrihced.  In  chap,  xxiii.  are 
the  laws  for  the  facred  feafts,  the  palT- 
over,  pentecoll,  feail  of  trumpets,  feafl 
of  expiation,  and  feaft  of  tabernacles. 
In  chap.  xxiv.  we  have  an 
blalphemy,  and  the  law 
death  for  that  crime.  In  chap,  xxv, 
the  rules  of  the  years  of  releafe  and  ju- 
bilee are  prefcribed.  In  chap.  xxvi. 
are  promifes  of  mercy  to  the  obedient 
and  penitent,  and  fearful  threatenings 
of  vengeance  againft  the'djfobedient  and 
obftinate.  The  laft  regulates  the  de 
voting  of  things  to  the  Lord,  and  of 
redeeming  what  had  been  devoted.  All 
thefe  laws,  were  given  at  the  foot  of  fi- 
lial, perhaps  In  a  few  days  after  the 
eredlion  of  the  tabernacle.  To  a  car- 
nal reader,  nothing  appears  more  trif- 
ling "than  fome  parts  of  this  book  :  but 
to  one  truly  evangelic  and  fenfible, 
the  book  is  a  rich  mine  of  the  gofpel 
ofChrift. 

LEVIATHAN  ;  a  monftrous  ani- 
mal; but  whether  it  be  the  crocodile,  the 
teethed  whale,  or  the  huge  land-dragon, 
is  not  agreed;  and  Indeed  all  the  three 
might  be  known  to  Job.  The  crocodile 
is  of  the  lizard  kind,  with  a  two-edged 
tail,  and  triangular  feet  :  on  each  of  the 
two  fore  feet  are  four  toes,  and  on  the 
hinder  ones  five.  Crocodiles  grow  to 
about  25  or  30  feet,  or  moi-e.  In  length ; 
and  it  is  faid,  fome  grow  to  an  hun- 
dred ;  and  they  are  about  the  thlck- 
iiefs  of  a  human  body.  About  the 
33d  degree  of  north  latitude,  they  a- 
bound  in  America,  and  In  the  north 
parts  of  Africa,  and  no  where  more 
than  they  once  did  in  the  river  Nile  in 
Egypt.  They  depofit  their  eggs,  which 
are  not  bigger  than  thofe  of  a  turkey, 
in  the  fand  on  the  fliores,  that  they 
may  be  hatched  by  the  folar  heat :  and 
unlefs  the  ichneumon  fought  out  and 
dcftroyed  their  eggs,  they  would  quick- 
ly plague  the  adjacent  countries  with 
theiy  prodigious  increafe.  It  Is  faid, 
the  Tentyritns,  a  tribe  of  the  ancient 
Egyptians,  caught  them  with  nets,  or 


bridled  them  ;  but  none  elfe  were  fo  da* 
ring  :  they  are  fo  frightful,  that  it  Is  faid 
fome  have  been  terrified  out  of  their  wits 
at  the  fight  of  them.  It  is  extremely 
dangerous  to  awaken  one  that  is  afleep. 
They  are  covered  with  fcales,  like  to 
a  coat  of  mail,  almoft  impenetrable^ 
and  which  cannot  be  feparated,  only 
ilance  of  their  belly  Is  foft  and  eafily  pierced, 
ippolntlng  They  have  fcarce  any  tongue,  but  their 
teetl^,  to  the  number  of  36,  If  not  60, 
are  very  (harp  and  terrible,  and  are 
clofely  joined  together.  Their  mouth 
can  take  In  a  whole  man,  or  even  a 
cow.  Their  eyes  are  fparkling,  efpe- 
cially  when  they  fun  themfelves  and 
fneeze.  Their  breath  Is  exceflively 
warm,  and  Is  emitted  like  fmoke,  and 
with  their  motion  they  occafion  a  froth 
in  the  water.  They  generally  live  on 
fifh  ;  but  ordinarily  lie  among  rufhes 
and  reeds,  and  thence  dart  on  men,  or 
other  land-animals,  and  drag  them  Into 
the  water,  that,  being  drowned,  they 
may  be  the  more  eafily  maftered.  Un- 
terrlfied,  they  will  attack  any  creature, 
and  with  a  fweep  of  their  tail  break 
their  legs,  and  fo  bring  them  down  ; 
but  their  back-bone  being  ftlff,  they 
can  only  run  ftraight  forward.  In 
cold  climates  the  crocodiles  are  lefs, 
and  are  called  alligators,  and  their 
flefh  is  faid  not  to  be  unfavoury  meat. 
Whales  are  much  larger  than  croco- 
diles. Pliny  fpeaks  of  one  in  the  Red 
fea,  or  Arabian  river,  600  feet  long, 
and  360  broad  :  and  Pontopldan  fays, 
there  are  of  them  in  the  north  feas  of 
100  fathoms  long,  and  mentions  a 
monller  called  the  Kraken,  ftlU  far 
larger.  But  v/hales  are  commonly 
from  50  to  100  feet  in  length.  They 
breathe  by  lungs,  bring  forth  their 
young  alive,  and  fuckle  them,  and 
carry  t'hcm  along  with  them.  Their 
body  Is  thick,  their  head  very  large, 
the  lower  jaw  larger  than  the  other  ; 
their  eyes  are  fmall,  hke  thofe  of  a 
bullock,  and  placed  at  a  great  diftance 
from  one  another  ;  their  tail  is  a  httle 
forked.  From  their  fat  is  made  oil 
and  fpermaceti.  Some  whales  have 
jaws  12  or  14  feet  long,  and  teeth  of 
6,  8,  or  1 2  fe^  in  length,  which  clofe- 
ly 


\ 


LEV  [ 

ly  join  into  one  another.  Of  the  ma- 
ny kinds  of  whales,  the  teethed  ones 
are  reprefented  as  the  moft  fierce,  and 
feldom  taken.  They  liave  eyes  of  a- 
bout  a  foot  long,  and,  fonie  fay,  ten  or 
twelve  times  longer,  of  a  reddifli  co- 
lour, like  that  of  the  morning  flvy. 
They  oft  lie  among  hard  rocks  and 
ice,  and  are  extremely  bold  and  daring. 
They  throw  great  quantities  of  water 
out  o£  their  mouth,  and  fometimes  a 
ghllering  and  oily  mucus,  called  fper- 
maceti. 

Land-dragons  were  known  among 
ihe  Troglodytes  on  the  banks  of  tlie 
Red  fea.  They  haunt  lakes  and  fea- 
fhores,  and  can  plunge  into  rivers  and 
feas.  They  are  exceeding  big  and 
terrible  in  "their  appearance.  Their 
taws  are  wide';  their  tongue  three-fork- 
ed :  they  have  three  rows  of  fharp 
teeth,  and  are  all  over  covered  with 
hard  fcales,  impenetrable  to  arrows  or 
darts.  Their  breath  is  fiery,  and  eyes 
flaming.  They  are  terrible  to,  and 
fearlefs  of  every  other  animal  ;  will 
attack  and  conquer  an  elephant.  That 
one  which,  at  Bagrada,  was  like  to 
deftroy  the  Roman  army,  is  faid  to 
have  been  120  feet  long,  and  was  de- 
ftroyed  by  engines  that  threw  great 
Hones  at  it. 

The  kings  of  Egypt,  if  not  alfo  of 
AfTyria,  are  likened  to  this  monfler, 
which  is  alfo  called  a  dragt)n  a.nA  ferpent, 
to  denote  their  terrible  and  deflrucl:ive 
influence,  Pfal.  Ixxiv.  13.  14.  Ezck. 
xxix.  3.   If.  xxvli.  I. 

LEVY  ;  to  raife,  by  taking  a  part 
from  among  the  refl:,  as  tribute  is  raifed 
from  the  reft  of  the  incomes  of  the  na- 
tion ;  or  an  army,  or  number  of  work- 
men raifed  in  a  nation,  i  Kings  ix.  21. 
V.  13.  14. 

LEWD  ;  openly  wicked,  given  to 
the  moft  fhamelefs  courfe  of  unclean- 
nefs,  Afts  xvii.  5.  Ezek.  xxiii.  44. 
In  thy  filthinefs  is  kwJnefs  ;  thou  art 
become  ftiamelefs  and  obftinate  in  thy 
wickednefs,  idolatry,  i!fc,  Ezek.  xxiv. 
13.  Le'-judnefs  is  difcovered  and  bGrnCy 
when  finners  are  openly  and  heavily 
punifhed  for  it,   Ezek.  xxiii.  35. 

LIBERAL;  readv  to  giv-s  to  the 
Vpi,.  II. 


97     1  LIB 

poor  and  needy.  Men  ftand  by  liberal 
things,  as  fliewing  kinanefs  to  the  poor 
is  an  efpecial  means  of  procuring  and 
eftablilhing  one's  wealth.  If.  xxxii.  8. 
Prov.  xi.  25.  God  giveth  liberally y 
with  a  willing  and  bountiful  heart,  and 
in  large  abundance,  James  i.  5. 

LIBERALITY,  is  either  what  is 
given  to  the  poor,  or  the  bountiful 
difpofition  wherewith  one  gives  it,  i 
Cor.  xvi.  13.  2  Cor.  viii.  2. 

LIBERTY;  (i.)  Freedom,  to 
do  or  forbear  a  particular  action,  as 
one  pleafetli,  1  Cor.  vii.  39.  viii.  9. 
X.  29.  (2.)  Freedom  from  human 
(lavery  or  imprifonment.  Lev.  xxv.  10. 
Heb.  xiii.  23.  (3.)  Freedom  from 
the  ceremonial  and  broken  covenant  of 
works.  Gal.  v.  i.  (4.)  The  happy 
ftate  of  eternal  glory,  where  one'is  de- 
livered fjom  all  mifery  and  fervitude, 
Rom.  viii.  21.  Where  the  Jpirit  of  the 
Liord  is,  there  is  liberty  ;  i.  e.  freedom 
from  the  (lavery  of  fin,  Satan,  and  the 
broken  law,  and  now,  under  the  gof- 
pel,  from  the  ceremonial  yoke,  and 
great  pleafure  and  boldnefs  in  fellow- 
lliip  with  God,  2  Cor.  iii.  i  7.  It  is 
heinouOy  wicked,  to  ufe  Chriftian  li- 
berty, to  the  hurt  of  our  weak  brtch- 
ren,  or  to  cover  a  loofe  practice,  Rom. 
xiv.    I  Cor.  viii.    i  Pel.  ii.  16. 

LIBERTINES  ;  fuch  Jews  as  were 
free  citizens  or  burgefTes  of  Rome  ;  they 
had  a  fcparate  fyuago^ue  at  Jerufalenri, 
and  fundry  of  them  concurred  in  the 
perfecution  of  Stephen,  Acts  vi.  9. 

LIBNAH;  (i.)  A  place  in  the 
Arabian  defert,  where  the  wandering- 
Hebrews  encamped.  Numb,  xxxiii.  20. 
(2.)  A  city  of  Judah,  given  to  the 
pricfts,  and  which  I  fuppofc  ftood  a- 
bout  12  or  16  miles  fouth  weft  of  Je- 
rufalem,  Jofli.  xxi.  13.  ;  the  inhabi- 
tants of  it,  offended  Vv'ith  Jehoram  for 
his  idSIatry  and  murder,  revolted  from 
his  government,  2  Kings  viii.  22.  This 
city  fuftained  a  terrible  Iiege  from  Sen- 
nacherib, If.  xxxvii.  8.  About  300 
years  after  Chrift,  it  ft  ill  exiftcd  as  a 
village,  and  was  called  Labinah,  if  not 
alfo  Lobna. 

LIBYA  ;  a  large  countiy  weftward 
of  Egypt.     A  number  of  the  inhabi- 


N 


t^'y 


Lie  [08 

t&nts  lived  anciently  in  a  vagabond  man- 
ner, roving  from  place  to  place.  They 
were,  v^'e  fuppofe,  the  defcendants  of 
Lehabim,  the  fon  of  Mizraim,  and  are 
called  Lubim.  The  eaflern  part  of 
Libya  was  generally  fubjed  to  Egypt. 
The  Lubims  afiifttd  Shifhak  and  Ze- 
rah  in  their  warlike  expeditions,  2 
Chron.  xii.  3.  xvi.  S.  They  aflifted 
Pliaraoh-necho  and  Pharaoh-hophrah, 
againft  the  AfTyrians  or  Chaldeans,  and 
fuffered  terrible  ravage  and  ruin  by 
the  latter,  Neh.  iii.  9.  Jer.  xlvi.  9.  E- 
7ek.  XXX.  5.  The  weftern  Libyans 
had  bloody  wars  with  the  Carthagini- 
ans, and  in  the  end  were  miferably 
ruined.  Some  Jews,  who  ordinarily  re- 
sided in  Libya,  were  converted  by 
Peter's  fermon,  at  Pentecoft,  and  it 
feems  carried  Chriflianity  to  thofe 
quai-ters  ;  where,  for  fome  ages  after, 
we  find  a  Chriftian  church  ;  but  which, 
for  about  1200  years  paft,  has  fcarce 
made  any  appearance.  For  about 
2000  years  paft,  the  country  has  been 
cnflaved  by  the  Greeks,  Romans,  Sa 
raccns,  and  Ottoman  Turks,  in  their 
turn. 

LICE  ;  well  known  Infefts,  with  fix 
legs,  and  two  fimple  eyes  ;  and  with 
which  moft  other  animals  are  infedied. 
The  crab  and  common  kind  efpecially 
attend  mankind,  and  which,  where 
people  live  naftily,  as  in  eaft  Tartary, 
are  exceflively  numerous.  Swarms  of 
lice  were  one  of  the  plagues  of  lllgypt, 
nor  could  the  magicians  produce  any. 
But  the  feventy  interpreters  render 
Chinnimj  gnat  flies,  Exod.  viii.  16. — 19, 

LIE,  or  LVE  ;  (i.)  An  untruth 
told  with  a  defign  to  deceive,  or  at 
leaft  tending  to  it,  Judg.  xvi.  10. 
(2.)  Falfe  doArine,  John  ii.  21.  Rom. 
iii.  7.  All  lying  falfe-hood  and  equi- 
vocation are  condemned  in  fcripture, 
under  pain  of  eternal  damnation,  Ex- 
od. xxiii.  1.7.  Rev.  xxi.  8.  An  ido- 
latrous picture  of  God  is  called  a  He,  as 
it  gives  a  falfe  and  deceiving  reprefen- 
tation  of  him,  Rom.  i.  25.  Great 
men,  and  the  houfes  of  Achzib,  are  or 
were  a  Hey  veiy  unfubftantial,  and  rea- 
dy to  difappoinl  inch  as  iruil  in  them, 
Pfal.  Ixii.  9.  Mic.  i.  14. 


I  L  I  6 

LIEUTENANTS  ;  the  deputy- 
goveri.ors  of  the  Perfian  king,  Ezra 
viii.  36.   Efth.  iii.  12. 

LIFE.     See  live. 

LIFT  ;  (  L.)  To  raife  higher,  Gen. 
vii.  17.  (2.^  To  render  more  honour- 
able and  confpicuous,  i  Chron.  xiv.  2. 
I  Sam.  ii.  7.  God  lifts  up  himfelf,  or 
lifts  up  his  feet,  when  he  haftens  to 
deliver  his  people,  Pfal.  Ixxiv.  3.  and 
when  he  difplays  his  power  and  great- 
nefs,  and  overthrows  his  and  his  peo- 
ples enemies,  Pfal.  xciv.  2.  If.  xxxiii. 
3.  10.  Chrift  was  lifted  up  ;  when  ht 
hung  on  a  crofs ;  when  exalted  to 
heaven  ;  and  when  publicly  offered  in 
the  gofpel,  John  viii.  28.  xii.  32.  34. 
He  and  his  people  lift  up  the  head^ 
when  they  are  filled  with  joy,  glory^ 
and  honour,  Luke  pxxi.  28.  Pfal.  ex. 
7.  Men  lift  up  the  eyes^  when  they 
view  carefully.  Gen.  xiii.  20.  If.  xl. 
26.  ;  or  when  they  pray  with  expefta- 
tion  of  a  gracious  anfwer,  Pfal.  cxxf. 
I.  The  lifting  up  of  the  hands,  im- 
ports    fwcaring,      Deut.    xxxii.    40.  ;■ 


threatening,  Ezck.  xx.  15;  threat- 
ening and   oppreflion,  Job  xxxi.  21.  ; 

invitation.  If.  xlix.  2  2.  ;  blefTmg  of 
others.  Lev.  ix.  22  ;  prayer  to  God, 
Pfal.  xxviii.  2.  ;  applying  earneflly  to 
work,  Pfal.  cxix.  48.  rebeUing  againfl 
a  fovereign,  2  Sam.  xviii.  28.  ;  or. 
helping,  encouraging,  and  comforting 
a  diftrefled  and  difconfolate  neighbour, 
Hcb.  xii.  12.  The  If  ting  up  of  the 
heart  or  foul  to  God,  imports  folcmn 
dedication  to  God,  joy  in  his  fervice, 
and  eameft  prayer  to  him,  2  Chron. 
xvii.  6.   Lam.  iii.  41.   Pfal,  xxv.  i. 

LIGHT;  (l.)  Of  fmall  weight; 
not  heavy.  Numb.  xxi.  5.  (2.)  Of 
fmall  moment,  value,  or  ufe,  i  Sam. 
xviii.  23.  I  Kings  xvi.  31.  Perfons 
are  light  when  they  are  inconftant,  vain, 
frothy,  and  unchafte,  Judg.  ix.  4. 
Zeph.  iii.  4.  And  fo  lightnefs,  is  ei- 
ther frothinefs  and  lewdnefs,  Jer.  iii. 
9.  xxiii.  32.  ;  or  a  vain  and  thought- 
lefs  inconftancy  of  mind,  2  Cor.  i.  1 7. 
The  faints  afflidlions  are  light ;  far  ca- 
ller to  be  borne  than  what  they  deierve, 
and  than  what  Chrift  bore  for  them  ; 
and  made  eafy  by  his  alTifting  and  f up- 
porting 


LIG  [     99    ] 

porting  them  ;  and   Imall,  in  compari-     Saints 
fon  of  tho  glorious  reward.      S>fe  bur- 
j>tH.      To  fit  light  by,  or  make  light  ofy 
is  to  contemn  and  mock,  Deut.  xxvii. 
16     Matth.  xxii.  5. 

Light  is  a  very  marvellous  and  de- 
lightful fubflance.  Its  motion  is  ex- 
tremely quick,  and  is  faid  to  move  about 
ten  millions  of  miles  in  a  minute.  It 
renders  other  bodies  vifible  and  agree- 
able, Eccl.  xi.  7.  After  God  had  form- 
ed the  heavens  and  the  fubflance  of  the 
earth,  he  formed  light ;  and  by  inclu- 
ding it  in  a  kind  of  luminous  cloud  mo- 
ving round  the  earth,  or  having  the  earth 
moving  round  it,  he  divided  it  from 
the  darknefs.  On  the  4th  day  he 
made  the  fun,  moon,  and  liars,  to  be 
means  of  communicating  this  light  to 
our  lower  world  :  and  they  and  ail  o- 
ther  things  tending  to  give,  or  tranf- 
mit,  or  receive  light,  as  windows,  eyes, 
fight,  candles,  and  return  of  the  day, 
^c.  are  called  lights,  Genefis  i.  3.  16. 
I  Kings  vii.  5.  Pfal.  xxxviii.  10.  Job 
♦xxiv.  14.  God  is  light  ;  his  nature  is 
infinitely  pure  and  glorious  ;  he  has 
all  wifdom,  excellency,  and  ufefulnefs; 
and  is  the  author  of  all  knowledge  and 
comfort  to  his  creatures,  i  John  i.  5. 
Ifa.  X.  17.  Pial.  xxvii.  i.  He  is /«  the 
light,  pofiefles  his  own  excellencies  ;  is 
in  Chrifl  ;  and  is  clearly  manifeiled  in 
his  word  and  works,  i  John  i.  7. 
Chrifl  is  the  light  ;  he  is  the  fountain 
of  all  light  and  knowledge,  natural, 
fpiritual,  and  eternal  ;  and  in  him  we 
difcern  every  thing  important,  Luke 
ii.  32.  The  light  of  God's  coimtenance, 
or  light  of  the  Lord,  is  the  inftructioii 
given  by  him  ;  the  difcoveries  of  his 
glory  and  love  ;  the  comforts  of  hi^ 
Spirit,  and  joy  of  his  falvation,  Pial. 
iv.  6.  Ifa.  ii.  5,  God's  judgements 
are  as  the  light  that  goeth  forth  ;  his  laws 
are  clear  and  plain,  and  his  fentences 
and  punifliments  are  righteous,  pure, 
fpeedy,  and  irrehllible,  Hof.  vi.  5. 
John  Baptiil,  and  other  miniflers,  are 
called  light,  or  lights  ;  they  are  endow- 
ed with  the  knowledge  of  divine 
things,  and  are  delightful  means  of 
inilrucl:ing,  direfting,  and  comforting 
•thers,    John   v.    35.     Matth,    v.  .14. 


L  I  G 

are  compared  to  light :  they 
have  the  faving  knowledge  of  divine 
things,  and  by  their  inftruAion  and 
holy  converfation,  are  agreeable  means 
of  conveying  knowledge  and  comfort 
to  others,  Eph.  v.  8.  Luke  xvi.  8. 
Good  kings  are  called  light,  to  denote 
their  agreeable  fplendour,  and  the 
counfel  and  comfort  which  their  fub- 
jedls  receive  from  them,  2  Sam.  xxi.  7. 
A  fon,  or  fucceffor,  is  called  light',  as 
he  honours,  and  keeps  his  ancellors  in 
view,  I  Kings  xi.  36.  The  word  of 
God,  particularly  the  gofpel,  is  a  light, 
or  a  lamp  ;  it  difcovers  to  us  things 
divine  and  eternal,  and  guides  us  to 
glory  and  happinefs,  Pfal.  cxix.  105. 
Matth.  iv.  1 6.  The  faving  knowledge 
produced  by  God's  word  in  our  heart, 
is  light ;  we  thereby  difcern  the  moft 
glorious  aQd  eternal  objeAs,  and  arc 
wife  unto  falvation.  Profperity,  joy, 
or  comfort,  is  called  light.  How 
pleafant  in  itfelf,  and  it  renders  men 
confpicuousi  Ifa.  Iviii.  8.  Eflh.  viii. 
16.  Pfal.  xcvii.  II.  The  heavenly- 
glory  is  called  light,  and  light  of  life,  to 
reprefent  the  excellency,  purity,  and 
knowledge,  and  comfort  thereof,  CoL 
i.  12.  The  faints  whole  new-covenant 
flate  is  called  marvellous  light.  What 
knowledge,  comfort,  and  happinefs, 
are  therein  bellowed,  i  Pet.  ii.  9. 
The  light  of  the  faints,  JlAnes  more  and 
more  nnto  the  perfed.  day,  when  theiv  in- 
ward gifts  and  graces  increafe  more 
and  more,  and  are  more  and  more  ma- 
nifefled  in  their  holy  converfation, 
Matth.  V.  16.  Prov.  iv.  i8.  Their 
light  rejolceth,  when  their  found  know- 
ledge, grace,  and  good  works,  delight 
themfelves  and  others,  and  gradually 
increafe  in  brightnefs,  Prov.  xiii.  9. 
XV.  30.  •  The  light  of  the  moon  fhall  be 
us  the  light  of  the  fun,  and  the  light  of  the 
fun  fiall  be  as  the  light  of  feven  days. 
Great  fhall  be  the  comfort  of  the 
Jews  when  delivered  from  the  Afl'y- 
rians,  or  from  their  Chaldean  captivity, 
iijc. ;  and  much  fuperior  to  that  under 
the  Old  Teflament,  fhall  be  the  fpiri- 
tual knowledge  and  comfort  of  the 
New-Teflament  church,  in  the  apoflo^i 
lie  and  millennial  age,  Ifa.  xxx.  26. 

^^       LIGHTNING.: 


L  I  G  [     I 

LIGHTNING;  flafhes  of  fire 
that  attend  thunder.  The  motion 
thereof  is  quick  and  majeftic  ;  and  it 
is  called  God's  light j  that  is,  as  it  were, 
fpread  along  the  fl<y,  as  he  forms  it, 
and  it  is  grand  and  glorious,  Job 
xxviii.  26.  xxxvi.  30.  It  often  hap- 
pens in  Canaan  in  winter.  And  when 
it  is  in  the  fouth  or  fouth-weft,  and 
followed  with  thunder,  it  is  a  certain 
fign  of  rain.  Chrift's  face  is  as  light- 
ntngf  fhining  to  his  people,  but  awful  and 
terrible  to  his  enemies,  Dan.  x.  6.  His 
coming  to  deftroy  the  Jews  and  judge 
the  world,  is  as  lightnings  veiy  fudden, 
alarming,  and  of  a  wide-fpread  influ- 
ence ;  and  as  lightning  fprings  from 
the  eaft  even  unto  the  weft,  ,fo  the  Ro- 
man armies,  beginning  on  the  north- 
eaft  of  the  Jewifh  country,  fpread  ra- 
vage and  ruin  through  the  whole  of  it, 
Mat.  xxiv.  27.  Luke  xvii.  24.  Di- 
vine judgements  are  likened  to  light- 
tiing  :  how  terrible  ^^  fpreadii.'g  !  and 
how  oft,  in  the  execution  of  it,  citiec; 
are  fet  on  flames  and  burnt !  Rev.  viii.5, 
xvi.  18.  xi.  19.  Satan  falls  as //V/j/;/;';7o- 
fro?n  heaven f  when  his  power  and  inte- 
reft  are  fuddenly  ruined,  Luke  xi.  18. 

To  lighten;  (i.)  To  make  light 
by  unloading,  Ads  xxvii.  18.  (2.) 
To  make  to  fee  or  fhine ;  or  to  fill  with 
comfort,  Pfal.  Ixxvii.  18.  xxxiv.  5.  See 
Enlighten'. 

LIGURE  ;  a  precious  flone,  faid 
to  be  fpotted  like  the  animal  cal+ed  the 
lynx  or  ounce  ;  and  others  take  it  for 
the  jacinft.  It  was  the  firll  in  the  third 
row  of  the  high-prieft's  brcaft -plate,  and 
had  the  name  of  Gad  infcribcd  on  it, 
Exod.  xxviii.  ig. 

LIKEN.     Sec  Com  fart. 

LIKENESS;  fimilitude;  (i.)The 
outward  form  of  anything,  Ezek.  i.  5. 
(2.)  An  image,  reprefenting  a  perfon 
or  thing,  Deut.  iv.  12.  15.  (3.)  A  re- 
femblance  between  one  p.-rfon  pr  thing 
and  another,  A6ts  xiv.  11.  Adam  was 
made  after  the  likencfs  of  God,  in  the 
fpiritual  nature  of  his  foul,  and  in  the 
knowledge,  righteoufncfs  and  holinefs 
wherewi'wh  it  was  qualified  :  but  he  be- 
gat Set;h  in  his  civn  lihenefs^  corrupt  in 
4ifpoiitions  as  vvtU  as  himfelf.  Gen.  i. 


00    ]         L  I  L 

26.  v.  3.  Jcfus  was  fent  in  the  likenefr 
ofjinfuljlejlj  ;  appeared  in  outward  form 
as  another  man,  Rom.  viii.  3.  Mofes 
faw  the  fmnlitude  of  the  Lord  ;  h^d  a 
fingular  difplay  of  his  glory  ;  or  per- 
haps faw  the  fecond  perfon  of  the  God- 
head, in  the  form  of  a  man,  but  faw 
not  the  face  or  effential  glory  of  God, 
Numb.  xii.  8.     The  Hebrews  Jaw  no 

fimilitude^  that  is,  no  bodily  fliape  or 
form  of'  God,  at  Sinai,  Deut.  iv.  12. 
15.  Thofe  who  have  not  finned  after 
thtjimilitude  of  Adam's  tranfgrejfion y  are 
infants,  who  have  not  finned  actually  ; 
and  others,  who  have  not  finned  pre- 
fumptuoufly,  as  he  did,  Rom.  v.  14. 
God  ifed  Jimilitudes  by  the  miniftry  of 
the  prophets ;  Ke,  by  parables,  and  com- 
parifon  of  things  fpiritual  and  future 
to  what  was  earthly  and  prefent,  in- 
fl.ru 6led  the  Jews,  Hof.  x.  12. 

LILY;  one  of  the  principal  flowers. 
The  flower  confifts  of  fix  leaves,  form- 
ed into  the  fliape  of  a  bell ;  the  piftil  is 
in  the  centre  of  the  flower,  and  becomes 
an  oblong  and  three-cornered  fruit,  con- 
taining two  rows  of  feed.  The  root  is  of 
a  bulbous  form.  Lilies  are  very  high 
flowers,  and  many  fpring  from  one  root ; 
they  are  no  lefs  fragrant,  comely,  and 
medicinal,  efpecially  the  roots  of  Vv-hite 
lilies  are  excellent  for  foftening  and  for 
ripeninc:  fvvellinofs.  Tournefort  mentions 

'  46.kinds  of  liHes,  and  befdes,  there  is 
the  lily  of  the  valley y  which  has  but  one 
leaf,  formed  in  the  manner  of  a  bell  ; 
and  of  which  there  are  feven  kinds. 
Lilies  were  fo  plentiful  in  Canaan,  that, 
it  feems,  they  heated  their  ovens  with 
withered  ones,  INIatth.  vi.  28.  30.  In 
fome  countries,  lilies  grow  to  the  height 
of  four  feet,  but  their  neck  is  fo  weak 
that  it  can  fcarce  fupport  the  head. 
Chrift  is  likened  to  the  lily  of  the  valley  y 
to  exprefs  his  excellency,  purity,  fupe- 
riority  to  angels  and  men,  and  his  ful- 
nefs  of  the  fruits  and  bleffings  of  grace: 
deeply  was  he  humbled,  and  with  the 
lowly  he  dwells;  and  from  him,  as  their 
root,  do  the  multitudes  of  faints  pro- 
ceed. Saints  are  lilies  among  thorns.  A- 
midll  wicked  men,  and  manifold  trou-  ^ 
blcs,  they  grow  up  more  excellent  than 
their  neighbour;  how  filled  with  fruits 

of 


L  I  M      r   I 

of  righteoufnefs !  how  humble  and  fdf- 
denied  !  and  how  delightful  and  heal- 
ing are  their  graces  and  converfation  ! 
Song  ii.  I.  2.  Perhaps  gofpel-promifus 
as  well  as  faints,  are  called  lilies  ;  for 
how  delightful,  healing,  and  fructifying 
are  they  to  mens  fouls  !  Song.  vii.  2. 
V.  13. 

LIME  ;  a  kind  of  fubilance  formed 
from  chalk,  burnt  ilones,  fhells,  or 
bones,  &.c.  It  is  of  great  ufe  for  build- 
ing, and  for  manuring  holds.  One  of 
the  kings  of  Moab  having  got  a  king 
of  Edom,  perhaps  that  one  who  affiil- 
ed  Jehoram,  either  dead  or  alive,  burnt 
his  bones  into  lime,  Amos  ii.  i.  The 
Affyrian  army  was  like  the.'' burnings  oj 
lime,  when,  by  a  kind  of  pcililence, 
they  were  mollly  cut  off  in  the  lire  of 
God's  vengeance.   If.  xxxiii.  12. 

A  LIMIT  is  the  utmoft  boundary 
of  a  place.  The  limit  of  God's  houfe 
round  about  being  mojl  holy,  imports, 
that  even  the  moil  circumllantial  things 
belonging  to  the  church  are  holy  in 
tliemfelves,  and  tend  to  promote  holi- 
nefs,  Ezek.  xliii.  12.  To  limit,  is  to 
point  out  and  fix,  Heb.  iv.  7.  To  li- 
vnt  the  Holy  One  of  Ifracl,  is  to  doubt 
of  or  defy  the  power  of  God,  its  going 
beyond  certain  bounds,  which  we,  in 
our  imagination,  fix  for  it,  Pfal.  Ixxviii. 

41- 
LINE  ;  ( I.)  ^  <^ord  or  inftrument, 
to  meafure  and  adjull  things  by,  i  Kings 
vii.  15.  If.  xxxiv.  17.  2  iSam.  viii.  2. 
(2.)  A  province,  or  courfe  of  motion, 
Pfal.  xix.  4,  Thus  the  apollle's  line 
or  voice  went  to  the  ends  of  the  earth, 
Rom.  x.  18.  ;  and  to  boaft  in  another 
man's  line,  v\:as  to  go  where  he  had  la- 
boured, and  pretend  we  had  done  it, 
2  Cor.  X.  16.  (3.)  A  portion  which 
is  as  it  were  meaiured  out  by  lines,  Pfal. 
xvi.  6.  (4.)  A  fhort  inlfru6tion,  that 
might  be  as  it  were  written  in  one  line, 
If.  xxviii.  10.  The  word  of  God  is  a 
meafuring  line,  as  our  whole  conduct, 
and  all  the  fonr.s  and  ordinances  of  the 
church  mull  be  adjuiled  thereby,  Ezek. 
xl.  3.  In  a  promife,  t\\tjl retching  out  of 
the  line  upon  a  place,  imports,  the  mea- 
furmg  of  the  ground  to  build  houfes 
on  it,  Jer.  xxxi.  39.  Zech.  i.  16.  ii{  i. 


01    1         L  I  o 

But  to  {Iretch  the  line  of  confujion,  -and 
Jloncs  of  cmptinefs  on  a  place,  is  to  ren- 
der it  altogether  wafte.  If.  xxxiv.  ij, 
17.  .  Judgements  laid  on  according  to 
mens  deferts,  and  which  lay  cities  razed 
on  the  ground,  are  called  a  line,  I/am. 
ii.  8. ;  and  the  line  of  Samaria,  and  plum' 
met  of  the  houfe  of  Ahab,  is  fuch  ruin 
as  Samaria  and  the  family  of  Ahab 
met  with,  2  Kings  xxi.  i  3. :  and  to  lay- 
judgement  to  the  line,  and  righteoufnefs 
to  the  plunmt'!,  is  to  puniih  people  ac- 
cording to  the  due  defert  of  their  deeds. 
If.  xxviii.  17. 

LINEN.  The  three  Hebrew  word* 
for  it,  are  bad,  shf.sh,  and  butz. 
Calmet  thinks,  the  firll  ought  to  be 
rendered  linen  ;  and  of  this  the  priefts 
garments  confiiled  ;  the  fecond  cotton^ 
of  which  the  curtains  of  the  tabernacle 
confiiled  ;  and  the  thirdj  tht/dk  grow- 
ing on  the  fhell-fifh  called  pinna  :  but 
it  is  certain,  that  the  priefts  coats  and 
mitre  are  fometimes  faid  to  be  of  bad, 
and  fometimes  of  shesh,  which  in- 
infers  that  both  words  fignify  the  farce 
thing,  Exod.  xxviii.  39.  Lev.  xvi.  4. 
Solomon  too  ufes  butz,  toexprefsthe 
ftuft  of  the  facred  vails,  for  which  sh  esh 
.is  put  at  other  timesy  2  Chron.  iii.  14. 
Nor  can  I  believ^e  a  manufa6lure  of  fifh- 
filk  exifted  fo  early  at  Beerfheba,  that 
lay  at  a  confiderable  diflance  from  ti^e 
fea,  I  Chron.  iv.  21.  Tiie  beft  hnen 
was  anciently  made  in  Egypt,  as  their 
country  aiTorded  the  fineft  flax  ;  but, 
it  is  faid,  the  moft  of  their  linen  was 
coarfe  ;  and  Solomon,  it  feems,  bought 
linen-yarn  in  Egypt,  and  eftabhfhed  a 
factory  for  weaving  it  in  Judea,  Prov. 
vii.  16.  I  Kings  x.  28.  It  feems  that 
linen  was  anciently  ufed  for  writing  on, 
and  thtj  letters  formed  with  a  pencil. 
Chriil,  and  the  angels  whet  deftroy  An- 
tichriil,  are  reprefented  as  clothed  in 
pure  and  ivhite  linen,  to  mark  the  equi- 
ty and  holinefs  of  their  condudl,  Ezek. 
ix.  2.  Rev.  XV.  6.  The  righteoufnefs 
ot  the  faints,  their  holinefs  of  nature 
and  life,  but  chiefly  the  righteoufnefs 
of  Jefus  imputed  to  them,  is  called^«^ 
Hnen  clean  andiuhite ;  how  glorious,  pure, 
and  ornamenting!  Rev." xix.  8.  14. 
A  LION  is  the  flrongefl:  arxd  fier- 

ceft 


L  I  O  [     I 

cell  of  beafts.  In  fize,  he  is  larger 
than  a  maftiff ;  his  head  is  big,  his 
bread  broad,  his  legs  thick  and  ftrong, 
his  claws  long  and  thick  ;  he  is  of  a 
yellowifh  tawny  colour,  and  has  a  large 
mane  on  his  neck  ;  the  want  of  which 
makes  the  lionefs  appear  as  if  of  ano- 
ther fpecies.  Lions  lleep  little,  and 
with  their  eyes  not  wholly  covered  : 
they  are  exceedingly  fierce,  and  their 
roaring  is  terrible.  When  provoked, 
almoft  nothing  can  withftand  them  : 
when  they  fee  their  prey,  they  terrify 
it  with  roaring,  that  it  cannot  flee  a- 
way.  They  are  extremely  kind  to  their 
young  ones,  who,  it  is  faid,  fleep  fome 
days  after  their  birth,  till  the  roaring 
of  the  lion  awaken  thcnu  They  rea- 
dily fpare  fuch  as  fubmit  to  their  mer- 
cy, and  throw  themfelves  at  their  feet ; 
but  cannot  endure  to  be  looked  upon 
a-fquint  :  they  are  exceedingly  mind- 
ful of  favours  done  them,  and  grateful 
to  their  benefaftors.  Lions  abounded 
not  only  in  Lebanon,  but  alfo  in  the 
thickets  of  Jordan,  and  in  other  places 
of  Canaan,  wdiere  there  wer*^  woods. 
Samfon  tofe  a  lion  to  pieces  with  his 
hands,  Judg.  xiv.  David  killed  both 
a  lion  and  a  bear,  i  Sam.  xvii.  24. 
Benaiah  flew  a  lion  in  a  pit,  2  Sam. 
xxiii.  20.  A  lion  killed  the  man  of 
God  from  Judah,  who  prophelied  the 
ruin  of  the  idolatrous  altar  at  Bethel, 
and,  contrary  to  nature,  fpared  his  afs, 
I  Kings  xiii.  24. — 26.  Daniel  v/as  call 
into  a  den  full  of  hungry  lions,  but 
received  no  hurt,  Dan.  vi.  27.  The 
Heathen  perfecutors  often  expofed  the 
Chriftians  to  be  torn  of  lions  and  other 
wild  beafts.  God  is  compared  to  a  Hon  : 
how  ftrong  and  terrible  !  how  he  tears 
liis  enemies,  and  protedts  his  friends  ! 
how  fearful  the  voice  of  his  threaten- 
ings  and  judgements  !  how  great  the 
terror  of  his  chaftifements !  Hof.  v.  14. 
Amos  i.  2.  iii.  8.  Chrift  is  the  Hon  of 
the  tribe  of  "Judah ^  defcending  from  Ju- 
dah in  refpe<ft  of  his  manhood,  he  is 
the  almighty  awakener  and  conqueror 
of  fouls  ;  he  deftroys  his  and  his  peo- 
ple's enemies,  Rev.  v.  5.  The  church 
is  likened  to  a  lion  ftrengthened  of 
God ;  ftie  overcomes,    and  is  terrible 


02    3        L  I  o 

to  all  that  oppofe  her,  Mic.  v.  8. ;  her 
minifters,  efpecially  in  the  primitive 
ages,  were  like  I'lons^  bold,  courageous, 
and  adlive  in  their  work,  and  conquer- 
ed multitudes  to  Chrift,  Rev.  iv.  7. 
The  faints  are  reprefented  as  lions, 
becaufe  of  their  boldnefs  and  aftivity 
in  the  caufe  of  God,  Pro  v.  xxviii.  i. 
The  tribes  of  Judah  and  Dan  arc  liken- 
ed to  I'tons^  to  denote  their  courage,  ac- 
tivity, and  bravery,  and  conquefts  :  the 
tribe  of  Judah  had  kings  courageous 
and  terrible,  who  attacked  and  fubdued 
their  enemies.  In  Samfon,  the  Dan- 
ites,  as  lions,  mightily  mauled  their  e- 
nemies,  the  Philiftines,  Gen.  xlix.  9, 
Deut.  xxxiii.  22.  The  devil  is  a  roar- 
ing lion;  he  furioufly  goes  about  to  ter- 
rify the  faints,  and  deftroy  mankind, 
I  Pet.  v.  8.  Tyrants,  opprefTors,  fuch 
as  the  Aflyrian,  Chaldean,  and  Perfian 
conquerors  ;  and  the  four  iaft  kings  of 
Judah  are  called  lions:  how  cruelly  ine 
former  prevailed,  and  ruined  the  nations 
around  !  and  how  the  Iaft  murdered 
their  own  fubjeds  !  Amos  iii.  8.  Nah, 
ii.  12.  Jer.  iv.  7.  v.  6.  If.  xxi.  8.  E- 
zek.  xix.  Men  outrageous  in  wicked- 
nefs,  perfecution,  oppreftion,  are  liken- 
ed to  lions,  as  they  terrify,  tear,  and 
murder  others  around,  If.  xi.  7.  Ezek, 
xxii.  25.  The  Chaldean  monarchy  was 
as  a  lion:  what  a  proud,  powerful,  cou- 
rageous, and  cruel  terror  to  and  deftroy- 
er  of  nations  !  Dan.  vii.  4.  Pretended 
difficulties  are  likened  to  a  lion  in  the 
ivay  and  ftreets  :  they  as  effeftually 
deter  the  flothful  from  his  proper  work 
of  nature  or  duty,  as  if  they  were  real 
hons,  ready  to  tear  him  to  pieces,  if 
he  proceeded  in  his  courfe,  Prov.  li, 
13.  xxvi.  13,  Job  and  his  fons  repre- 
fented as  tyrannical  oppreffors,  fcem  t© 
be  the  Hon  and  luhelps,  pointed  at  as 
ruined.  Job  Iv.  10.  Ii.  Will  a  lion 
roar  ivhen  he  hath  no  prey  P-—  Can  a  bird 
fall  in  a  fnare  ivherc  no  gin  is  for  him  r*— ^ 
Shall  one  take  up  a  fnare,  and  have  taken 
nothing?  God  and  his  prophets  do  not 
threaten  men  but  when  deftrudlion  is 
a- coming,  a-:d  fm  has  made  them  a  lit 
prey  for  his  wrath.  Judgements  do 
not  happen  without  God's  providential 
direftion .;    uor  ar^^   they  rerrpved   till 

thev 


LIP  [ 

they  anfwer  his  end,  Amos  ili.  4.  5. 
The  threatening  words  and  providences 
of  God,  and  the  wrath  of  a  king,  and 
the  furious  noife  of  the  Aflyrian  and 
other  invaders  of  Judah,  are  very  ter- 
rible, as  the  roaring  of  lions ^  and  are  an 
awful  prefage  of  ruin  to  fuch  as  they 
rore  againft,  Jer.  xxv.  30.  Amos  i.  2. 
iii.  8.   Prov.  xix.  12.   If.  v.  29. 

LIP.     See  Mouth. 

LIST;  to  think  fit.  Mat.  xvii.  12. 

LISTEN  ;  to  hear  attentively,  if. 
xlix.  I. 

LITTERS  ;  a  kind  of  clofe  wag- 
gons. Their  Hebrew  name  almoll 
tempts  us  to  think  their  form  had  been 
copied  from  the  tortoife-fhell,  If.  Ixvi. 
20.  But  perhaps  Markaboth  never 
fignifies  chariots  but  in  cafes  of  war, 
but  ought  to  be  rendered  either  lit- 
ters or  couNES,  i.e.  a  kind  of  hand- 
fome  creels,  fomewhat  like  chairs,  one 
on  each  fide  of  the  camel. 

LITTLE,  small;  (i.)  Small  in 
quantity,  Exod.  xvi.  18.  (2.)  Few 
in  number,  Exod.  xii.  4.  (3.)  Short 
in  meafure  or  time,  2  Sam.  xvi.  i.  Job 
X.  20.  (4.)  Low  in  ftature,  Luke 
xix.  3.  {5.)  Young  in  age,  Efth.  iii. 
13.  (6.)  Weak  in  ilrength,  Luke  xii. 
28.  (7.)  Small  in  value  or  importance, 
Jofh.  xxii.  17.  (8.)  Poor,  contempt- 
ible, and  afflicted,  i  Sam.  xv.  17.  Rev. 
XX.  12.   Pfal.  cxix.  41.  Zech.  iv.  10. 

LIVE  ;  (i.)  To  have  a  power  of 
motion  and  a6lion.  Gen.  xlv.  3.  (2.) 
To  recover  from  dangerous  licknefs, 
John  iv.  50.  51.  (3.)  To  have  food, 
and  other  things  proper  for  the  main- 
tenance of  life,  I  Cor.  ix.  13.  (4.) 
To  be  inwardly  quickened,  nourifhed, 
and  actuated  by  the  influence  of  God, 
Ga).  ii.  20.  (5.)  To  be  greatly  re- 
frefhed  and  comforted,  Pfal.  xxii.  16. 
I  ThefT.  iii.  8.  (6.)  To  have  the  con- 
tinued poffefiion  of  grace  here,  and 
glory  hereafter,  John  xiv.  19,  God 
lives  in  and  of  himfelf,  he  has  incom- 
prehenfible  and  everlailing  aftivity  and 
happinefs,  Numb.  xiv.  21.  Chrilt  now 
lives,  pofTelfed  of  all  happinefs  for  him- 
felf. Rev.  i.  18.  He  lives  for  liis  peo- 
ple, perpetually  interceding  for  tnem, 
and   conveying  to  them  his  purchafed 


103    j  L  I  V 

bleffings,  Heb.  vii.  25.  :  and  he  livcj 
in  them,  as  a  quickening  Spirit  ;  he 
dwells  in  their  heart  by  faith,  and  is 
the  life-giving  principle,  from  which 
their  fpiritual  aftivity  and  comfort  doth 
proceed  ;  and  they  live  on  him  by  faith, 
drawing  virtue  from  his  word,  perfon, 
righteoufncfs,  and  fulnefs,  for  their 
quickening,  a6livity,  and  comfort.  Gal. 
ii.  20.  Men  live  tiot  by  bread  alone ,  but 
by  '  every  ivord  that  proceedeth  out  of  the 
mouth  of  God.      Even    when  there  arc 


no  apparent  means  of  fubfiflence,  we 
arc  to  truil  to  the  power  and  promife 
of  God  for  our  fupport  in  life,  Matth. 
iv.  4.  Men  live  nut  to  themfelves,  but 
unto  God,  or  Chrift,  when  they  make, 
not  their  carnal  eafe,  profit,  or  honour, 
their  great  end,  but  his  glory,  and  the 
edification  of  his  church,  Rom.  xiv» 
7.  8.  2  Cor.  v.  14,  15.  To  live  in 
God^s  fight,  is  to  be  preferved  by  his 
favour,  live  under  his  fpecial  care,  and 
in  the  exercife  of  fearing  and  honour- 
ing him,  Hof.  vi.  2.  Gen.  xvii.  18. 
Men  live  by  thefnvord,  when  they  fup- 
port themfelves  and  famiHes  by  plun- 
der and  war.  Gen.  xxvii.  40.  Peter 
lived  after  the  manner  of  the  G entiles y 
when  he  ufed  clean  provifion,  without 
regard  to  the  ceremonial  law,  Gal.  ii. 
14.  L I  v  I N  G ,  is  either  (  i . )  that  which 
has  life  ;  and  even  water  that  runs,  is 
called  living,  i  Kings  iii.  22.  Numb, 
xix.  f  17.  Or,  (2.)  A  man's  fub- 
flance  whereby  his  life  is  maintained, 
Luke  XV.  12.  Mark  xii.  44.  Chriil  is 
a  living  jlonc,  and  living  tvay :  he  has  life 
in  hiinielf,  and  quickens,  and  brings  to 
life  eternal,  fuch  as  come  to  unite  with, 
and  walk  in  him,  i  Pet.ii.4.  Heb.  x.  20. 
The  influences  of  his  Spirit  are  called 
living  ivater,  as  they  conftantly  iflue 
fcjrth  frefh  virtue,  to  beget,  preferve, 
reflore,  and  perfe6l,  our  fpiritual  life, 
Song  iv.  15.  John  iv.  10.  Rev.  xxii. 
17.  The  living,  are  either  fuch  as  live 
in  this  world,  Ezek.  xxvi.  20. ;  or  fuch 
as  live  in  the  eternal  flatc,  Matth.  xxii. 
32.  The  faints  religious  fervice  h 
called  a  living  and  reafoiiabk  facrifice, 
to  dilfiiiguifli  it  from  the  ancient  facri- 
ficcs  of  bealts  ;  and  becaufe  proceeding 
from  a  foul  fpiritually  quickened,  it  i^; 

p'^rforn^'d 


L  I  V  [     I 

performed  in   a  lively  and  aftive  man- 
'  iier,   Rom.  xii.  i . 

LIVELY  ;  full  of  life  ;  ftrong  and 
adive,  Exod.  i.  19.    Pfal.  xxxviii.  19. 
God's  oracles  are  lively,  proceed  from, 
and  refemble  the  living  God,  and  quick- 
en and  comfort  our  foul,  Afts  vii.  38. 
Saints   are   lively  Jlones,  quick^crjed  by 
the  Spirit,  and  adive  in  holinef-,,  1  Pet. 
ii.  7.  ;  and   their  hope  is  /iw{/,   as  it 
proceeds  from  fpiritual  life,  and  pow- 
erfully excites  to  holi;:efs,   i  Pet.  i.  3. 
LIFE;    (l.)   A   natural   power  of 
a6iing,  Job  iii.  20.   Eccl.  ii.  17.     (2.) 
Spiritual  life,  confiiling  in   our  being 
inflated  in  the  favour  of  God,  quick- 
ened by  his  Spirit,  and  conformed  to 
liis  image ;    in    confequence    whereof, 
■we,  by  fupernatural  influence,  live  on 
God's  fulnefs  of  grace,  enjoy  fellow- 
fhip   with  him,  and   a£l  to  his  glory, 
Rom.  viii.  6.    CoL  iii.  3.      (3.)   That 
eternal  holinefs   and  happinefs    which 
the  faints  pofTefs  in  heaven,  Rom.  v.  1 7'. 
JefuG   Chrifl   is  the  life  and  our  life  ;  he 
is  the  fource,  and  maintainer  of  life  to 
all   creatures  ;     he    purchafed    eternal 
life  for  his  people  ;  he  bcflows  it  on 
them  ;    he,    dwelling    in    their   heart, 
quickens    them,    comforts   them,    and 
will  raife  them  from  the  dead,  and  give 
them  eternal  bleffednefs,  John  xi.  25. 
xiv.  6.    I  John  i.  2.    Col.  iii.  4.'     By 
his  lifij  that  is,  by  his  refurreftion  and 
interceffion,    we   are  faved,    in   confe- 
quence of  our  reconcilement  unto  God 
by  his  death,   Rom.  v.  ic.      His  life  is 
manifflccU  in   his  people's  cheerful  en- 
during df  fuffering  for  his  fake  :   there- 
by are  clearly  evidenced  his  eternal  life 
in   heaven,    his  interceffion   for  them, 
and  his  living  in  them,  as  their  quicken- 
ing and  comforting  head,  2  Cor.  iv.  10.; 
his  words  are  life,,  as  they,  through  the 
Spirit,   quicken  dead  fouls,    and  prc- 
ferve  and  reflore  fpiritual   life   in  the 
faints,  John  vi.  63.     The  life  of  Goc\ 
from   which  the  wicked  are  alienated, 
is  that  life  of  grace  and  holinefs,  where- 
by he,  as  it  were,  lives  in  his  people, 
and   of  which  he  is  the  author,  direc- 
tor, fupporter,  and  end,  Eph.  iv.  18. 
Wifdom,  underflanding,  or  knov/ledge 
Oi^  God,  is  lif'j  or  eternal  life.     To  have 


04    1  L  I  V 

true  knowledge  and  wifdom,  is  to  have 
the  matter  and   means  of  fpiritual  life, 
and  the   means   and  pledge  of  eternal 
life.     And  to  poffefs  Jefus,   the  Wif- 
dom of  God,  is  to  have  the  true  foun- 
tain  of  life  \\\  us.   Pro  v.  iv.  13.  John 
xvii.  3.      A  found  heart  is  the  life  of  tl>e 
flejh  ;  inv^^ard  holinefs  and  candour  pro- 
mote the  comforts  of  natural  life,  and 
iffue  m  eternal  life,  Prov.  xiv.  30.    To 
be-    fpiritually     minded,     is    Ife    and 
peace  ;  it  implies  an  interefl  in  the  life- 
giving  covenant  of  peace,  and  union, 
and  communion,    with  Jefus,  the  hfe 
and   the   peace  ;  it  begets  a  lively  and 
peaceful  frame   in   our  foul,  and  pre- 
pares for  eternal  life  and  peace  in  hea- 
ven,  Rom.  viii.  6.     To  lofe  life^  is  to 
forego  it,  or  have  it  taken  away,  Judg. 
xviii.  25.      He  t\i3.l Jlndeih  his  life,  Jloall 
lofe  it ;  and  he   that  lofes   it  for   Chrift, 
fiall  Ji?id  it.       He    that   preferves    his 
life,  and  outv/ard  comforts,  at  the  ex- 
pence  of  denying  Chrifl  and  his  truth, 
fhall  but  hurt  himfelf,  and  forfeit  eter- 
nal life  ;  and   he   that  hazards  his  life 
for  Chrifl,  lliall  be  rewarded  with  eter- 
nal happinefs,  Matth.  x.  39.   xvlii.  25. 
Life   is  in   the  light  of  the  king*s  countC' 
nance  ;  the  king  with  a  fmile  may  give 
the  countenance,   or  the  outward  com- 
fort   of    life    to    men,    Prov.  xvi.  15. 
Life   and  death  are  in  the  power  of  the 
tongue  ;  by  our  words  we  do  much  to 
pre  mote,  or  to  hurt  and  undo  our  own 
life,  and  the  life  of  others,  Prov.  xviii. 
^21.     Blood  is  called  the  life  of  an  ani- 
mal,   as  its  motion   is   the   immediate 
means  of  it ;  and  tlie  flomach  is  called 
the  life,  as  it  receives  what  fupports  it; 
and   food  that  enters  into  the  ilomach, 
is  called  life,  becaufe  the  means  of  it, 
Gen.  ix.  4.  Job  xxxiii.  20.  Deut.  xx, 
19.    The  time  in  which  we  live  is  call- 
ed life,  as  it  is  the  meafure   of  its  du- 
ration,   Prov.  iii.  2.      Comforts    and 
blefhngs  are  called  life,  as  they  render 
it  truly  happy  and  ufcful,  I  Tim.  iv.  10. 
Our  acts  and  employ  arc  called  life,  as 
they  m.anifefl  it,  and  are  the  improve- 
ment that  renders  it  ufeful  or  wicked. 
Ails  xxvi.  4. 

LIVER  ;  an  inward  part  of  an  ani- 
mal j  and  which  was  one  of  the  entrails  of 

beafls, 


L  I  Z 


fceafts,  infpe6led  by  the  Chaldeans,  and 
other  Heathens,  in  their  divination, 
Ezek.  xxi.  21.  To  have  the  liver  pour- 
ed out,  is  expreflive  of  great  grief  and 
inward  vexation,  Lam.  ii.  ii.      To  be 

Jlriich  through  the  livery  imports  painful 
wafting  of  the  inwards,  and  complete 
ruin  by  means  thereof,   Pror.  vii.  23. 

LIZARDS,  aj-e  animals  that  live 
partly  in  water,  and  partly  on  land  : 
their  body  is  oblong  and  roundifh  ; 
they  have  four  legs,  and  hinder  parts 

.  terminated  by  a  tapering  tail,  as  may 
be  feen  in  the  common  efl<:.  Lizards 
are  of  many  different  kinds,  as  newts, 
crocodiles,  guanas,  Iffc.  In  Arabia 
there  are  newts  of  about  a  yard  long, 
and  in  India,  it  is  faid,  fome  of  them 
are  eight  yards  in  length.  One  of  the 
American  guanas  is  faid  to  be  a  fufii- 
cient  diet  for  four  men.  About  Kairo 
jn  Egypt,  many  poor  people  feed  on 
lizards,  or  perhaps  camelions,  a  parti- 
cular kind  of  them.  Lizards  were  un- 
clean under  the  law,  and  might  ,repre- 
fent  men,  whofe  minds  are  earthly  and 
covetous,  and  their  appearance  in  their 
converfation,  unholy  and  difagreeable, 
Lev.  xi.  30. 

LO  ;  the  fame  as  behold;  it  is 
oft  ufed  to  point  to  a  perfon  or  'thing 
in  fight  ;  and  fometimes  it  exprcffes 
cheerful  readinefs,   Gen.  xxix.  7.   Pfal. 

xl.  7. 

LOAD  ;  to  put  as  much  upon  a 
perfon  or  beail  as  they  can  bear.  God 
loads  men  with  benefits,  when  he  gives 
them  in  great  number  and  abundance, 
Pfal.  Ixviii.  19. 

LOAVES  of  bread  were  anciently 
fent  in  prefents,  even  to  perfons  of 
confiderable  note,  i  Sam.  xvii.  I7, 
XXV.  18.  I  Kings  xiv.  3.  2  Kings  iv. 
42.  They  were  commonly  very  fmallj 
and  thofe  of  barley  for  fuch  as  were 
very  poor. 

LOCK;  (i.)  An  inllrument  for 
fhutting  a  door.  In  the  ealt,  they  are 
often  of  wood  and  wire,  and  may  be 
eafily  opened  with  a  flick,  or  one's 
finger.  Unbelief  is  the  piiacipai  lock 
of  the  heart,  that  fhuts  out  Jcfus  and 
his  Spirit;  and  lukewarmnefs  and  Doth 
are  the  handles  of  it,   Song  v.  3.      (2. ) 

Vol.  II. 


r  to5  ^ 


L  O  C 


A  bunch  of  hair  on  the  fide  of  a  per  • 
fon*s  head.  Samfon,  it  fecms,  tied  up 
his  heir  into  feven  bunches  or  locksy 
Jud.  xvi.  13.  Jefus's  locks  black  and 
bujljy  as  a  raven,  are  his  ever  myfteri- 
ous,  and  unfading,  and  well-connefted 
purpofes,  his  ever  frefh  appearance, 
and  the  wife  adminiftration  of  his  go- 
vernment, Song  V.  II.;  but  the  fill- 
ing of  his  head  with  dew,  and  locks 
with  the  drops  of  the  night,  imports 
his  fearfid  and  numerous  fuffcrings, 
and  his  receiving  fad  contempt  and 
neglect  from  men.  Song  v.  2.  The 
church's  having  beautiful  eyes,  cheeks, 
or  temples  nvith'm  her  locks,  imports  the 
modefty  and  felf-denial  of  her  true 
members.  Her  locks,  too,  may  denote 
the  well-connected  affemblies  of  faints, 
and  numbers  of  good  works,  all  fixed 
in,  or  proceeding  from,  Jefus  Chrift 
her  head.  Song  iv.  i.  3.  vi.  7.  The 
uncovering  of  locks,  is  expreflive  of  great 
iliame,  difgrace,  and  grief.  If.  xlvii.  2. 
LO- AMMI,  /.  e.  not  my  people.    See 

Ho  SEA. 

LOCUSTS;  flying  infeas,  mofl 
deflruftive  to  the  fruits  of  the  ground, 
particularly  vines,  and  the  corn  after 
it  is  in  the  ear  :  they  are  of  divers 
kinds  ;  are  very  fruitful,  and  go  forth 
by  bands.  The  great  green  loculls, 
watha  fword-formed  tail,  are  near  two 
inches  long,  and  about  the  thicknefs 
of  a  man's  finger.  In  A.  D.  1556, 
there  appeared  locufts  at  Milan  in  Italy, 
of  a  fpan  long  ;  and  Pliny  fpeaks  of 
loculls  in  India,  about  a  yard  long. 
Locufls  hatch  about  the  beginning  of 
April,  and  '\\\  May  fet  off  on  their  ra- 
vaging courfes,  and  continue  about  five 
months  in  the  fummer-feafon,  and  are 
very  numerous  in  Afia  and  Africa  ; 
but  in  cold  countries,  their  eggs  are 
often  ruined  in  the  winter.  In  cold 
days,  they  flicker  themfelves  in  hed- 
ges ;  but  the  warmth  of  the  fun  cheers 
and  ftrengthens  them,  Nah.  iii.  17. 
Sometimes  they  fall  like  a  cloud  on  a 
country,  and  in  their  flight,  fo  inter- 
cept the  rays  of  the  fun,  as  to  darken 
the  day,  and  fill  the  people  w^th  ter- 
ror, left  they  fhould  hght  on  their 
fields  ;  and  if  trenches  be  dug,  or  fires 
O  kindled. 


Lot)         [I 

kindled,  to  flop  tlicir  progrcfs,  they 
prefs  on,  regardlefs  of  danger,  till  they 
fill  the  trenches  and  quench  the  fires. 
Hot  fouth  winds  carry  them  remark- 
ably forward  i  arid  where  they  light, 
they  readily  eat  up  every  green  thing 
they  meet  with.  TKeir  very  touch  and 
moifture  are  infedious.  WKe  v  they 
die  in  great  numbers,  they  ar;:  ready 
to  infeft  the  air,  and  proda'.:_  pefti- 
]ence  ;  but  Providence  often  c'lrries 
them  into  fome  fea  at  laft.  I^ocufls 
were  one  of  the  plagues  of  Egypt. 
Thefe  were,  by  a  ftvong  wind,  carried 
into  the  Red  fea,  Exod.  x.  14. — 19. 
It  feems,  a  wind  drove  into  the  fea, 
thofe  terrible  fwarms  that  wailed  Ca- 
naan, and  occafioned  a  famine  in  the 
days  of  Joel ;  and  the  fca  driving  them 
afhore  in  heaps,  the  Hebrews  buried 
them,  Joel  ii.  If.  xxxiii.  4.  5.  The 
locufts  were  ceremonially  clean,  John 
Baptift,  and  many  others'^  particularly 
in  AbiiT^-nia,  eat  them;  and  being  fak- 
ed and  fried,  they  tafle  like  river  cray 
fifh.  Lev.  xi.  22.  The  AlTyr'ans  were 
like  tocufiSy  for  their  number,  and  their 
dellru^tive  influence,  in  the  kingdoms 
of  Ifrael  and  Judah,  If.  xxxiii.  4.  5. 
Nah.  iii.  15.  17.;  and  they  ruined  them, 
after  they  had  been  terribly  mowed  by 
the  Syrians,  Amos  vii.  i.  The  Sara- 
cens and  Popifh  clergy  were  like  ter- 
rible locuJIs  ilTuing  out  of  the  fmoke  of 
*he  bottomlefs  pit,  and  for  five  months 
ravaging  all  around.  Animated  with 
the  (lupid  and  infernal  dehifion  of  I\Ia- 
homet,  the  Saracens  for  about  150 
years,  made  terrible  progrefs  in  v/afting 
the  countries,  from  the  wcfl  of  Africa 
and  Spain,  to  almoft  the  weflern  bor- 
ders of  China.  From  the  fmoke  of 
ignorajice  and  fuperftition,  fprung  the 
Romifli  bands  of  Cardinals,  Biihops,- 
Monks,  ^V.  with  the  Pope  at  their 
head,  and  for  the  time  appointed  of 
God,  have,  or  fhall  fpiritually  waile  the 
nations.   Rev.  ix.  i. — 11. 

To  LODGE;  (i.)  To  continue 
for  a  night  or  more,  Gen,  xxviii.  11. 
Pfal.  xiix.  f  12.  (2.)  To  make  nefts 
for  lodging  in,  Mark  iv.  32.  Righ- 
teoufnefs /9tv^(?,^  in  Jerufalem,  when  it 
■was  much  pra($i^ifed  and  elleemedby 


06    1  LOO 

the  inhabitants,  If.  r,  21.     Prepare  mi'- 
a  loJg'ngf  i.  e.  every  thinfr  proper   to 
accommodate  a  ftranger,   Philcm.  22. 

LOFT  ;  a  ftory  of  a  houfe,  Ads 
XX.  9.  Lofty  ;  very  high.  God  is 
the  lofty  One,  his  excellency  and  autho- 
rity are  infinitely  fuperior  to  that  of 
any  ether,  If.  Ivii.  15.  Lofty  applied 
to  men,  denotes  their  pride  and  arro- 
gance, manifeftedintheirhaughty  looks, 
fpeeches,  or  behaviour,  Prov.  x^xx.  A 
lofty  city,  is  one  wealthy  and  honour- 
able,  Ifa.  xxvi.  5.  ^ 

LOG  j  a  meafure  for  things  liquid, 
containing  about  24.r  folid  inches, 
which  is  near  a  wine  pint  Englilh^ 
Lev.  xiv.  lo. 

LOINS  ;  the  lower  parts  of  the 
back,  "N'hereabout  the  feminal  veffels 
are  lodged,  Exod.  xxviii.  42.  i  Kings 
viii.  19.;  and' fometimes  they  are  put 
for  the  whole,  man,  Pfal,  lxvi„  .11, 

LONG  ;  ;cf-' great  extent  or  dura^- 
tion,  Pfal.  cxxix.  3,.cii.  6.  To  long, 
is  to  defire  very  earneftly,  as  a  lover 
doth  for  his  beloved;  or  one  hungry" 
or  thirfly  defircs  rcfrefhment.  Gen, 
xxxiv.  8.  2  Sam.  xxiii.  15.;  fo  perfons^ 
grievoufly  afflicted,  long  for  death,  Jok 
iii.  21.  Oavid's  foul  longed  for  his  ba- 
nillied  fon  Abfalom,  2  Sam.  xiii.  39. 
Exiles  lo'fig  to  fee  their  native  country. 
Gen.  xxxi.  30.  Faithful  minifters,  fick 
or  imprifoned,  lojig  to  vifif  their  people^* 
Phil.  ii.  26.  Saints  lo?ig  for  the  expe- 
rience of  God's  prefencc  and  power  ia 
his  ordinances,  and  for  his  faivation 
from  the  guilt,  power,  and  pollution 
of  fin,  to  perfeft  holinefs  aiid  happi-- 
nefs,  Plal.  Ixxxiv.  2.  cxix,  40.  174. 
God's  LONG  SUFFERING,  is  his  patient 
bearing  with  manifold  affronts,  while- 
he  forbears  to  execute  deferved  wrath 
upon  men,  and  waits  to  be  gracious  to 
them,  Rom.  ii.  4.  The  faints  long- 
ftjjer'mg,  is  their  unwearied  firmnefs  of 
mind  under  manifold  trouble,  their 
conftant  hope  of  the  performance  of 
God's  promifes,  and  their  patient  bear- 
ing with  others  to  promote  their. re- 
formiatlon.   Col.  iii.  12. 

LOOK;  (i.)  To  behold;  fee,  Deut. 

xxviii.  32.      (2.)     To   take    a   careful 

view  of,  Lev,  yMu  5.     (3.)   Fully  to 

underltand 


L  O  O         [     1 

underhand  and  rcveaj,  Rev.  v.  5.  (4.) 
To  choafe,  Ads  vi.  3.  (5.)  To  care 
^pr,  Jcr.  xl.  4.  ( 6. )  To  expect  ;  wait 
for,  Matth.  xi.  3.  (  7. )  To  believe  and 
truft  iu,  If.  xlv.  22.  xvii.  8.  God'f. 
looking  on  men,  imports,  his  perfect 
knowledge  of  their  conduft  ;  his  care 
of,  and  kindnefs  to  them,  Pfal.  liii.  2. 
Lam.  iii.  50.;  his  delightful  contem- 
plation of  their  grace  ■,  Song  vi.  13.; 
or  hi3  apparent  unconcern  about  theui, 
as  if  he  was  a  mere  by-llander,  Htib. 
i.  13.  Pfal.  XXXV.  17.;  or  his  terrify- 
ing, and  punilhing  thern,  Exod.  xiv.  24. 
Mens  looL'tn-r  to  God  or  Chrift,  imports, 
their  viewmg  him  by  faith,  in  his  ex- 
cellencies and  new-covenant  relations, 
defiring  direction,  fupport,  and  every 
bleliing  of  falvation  from  him,  and 
their  eyeing  him  as  their  pattern,  Pfal. 
xxxiv.  5.  If.  xlv.  22.  xvii.  7.  Heb. 
xii.  2.  Look  not  upon  me-,  for  I  am 
black,  for  the  fun  hath  looked  upon  me  : 
Look  not  upon  me  with  contempt  or 
angry  frowns  ;  look  not  upon  me,  lo 
as  to  obft.ve  merely  or  chiefly  my 
fins  and  troubles,  and  fo  fturable  at  re- 
ligion for  my  fake  ;  for  fiery  troubles 
and  temptations  have  fearfully  fcorch- 
ed  and  aiBideu  me,  Songi..5.  The 
ilnful  looking  of  the  Edomites  on  the 
Jews,  was  their  taking  pleafure  to  fee 
them  murdered,  and  their  cities  burnt 
w^ith  fire,  and  their  iniligating  the 
Chaldeans  to  cruelty,  Obad.  12. 

LOOSE;  ( I.)  To  unbind,  John 
xi.  44.  (2.)  To  open,  Rev.  v.  2. 
(3.)  To  putolf  llioes,  Jolh.  V.  15.  (4.) 
To  free  from  church-cenfure,  Matth. 
xvi.  16.  (5.)  To  fet  at  liberty,  Pfai. 
cii.  20.  cv.  2c.  (6.)  To  fet  fail,  Acls 
xiii.  13.  xxvii.  21.  God  loofes  the 
loins,  bond,  or  girdle  of  men,  when 
he  v/eakens  them,  and  takes  away  their 
power  and  authority.  If.  xlv.  i.  Job 
xii.  18.  f  21.  His /off////^  of  the  Turk- 
jfli  four  angels,  imports  his  permitting 
and  enabling  them  to  execute  his  judge- 
ments on  the  nations  weitward  of  the 
Euphrates,  Rev.  ix.  15.  God  loafs 
Satan,  when  he  permits  him  to  exer- 
cife  his  power.  Rev.  xx.  7.  He  loofth 
ihe  pr  if  oners,  when,  in  his  providence, 
he  brings  men  out  of  ccir.nion  .goals.; 


07    ]         LOR 

but  chiefly,  when  he  powerfully 
brings  the  bond-flaves  of  Satan  out 
of  their  Jinful  and  miferable  (late  ;  or 
brings  his  faints  out  of  great  trouble^ 
fpi ritual  or  temporal,  and  fills  their 
heart  v/ith  gladnefs,  Pfal.  cxlvi.  j. 
cxvi.  16.  J'-fus  loofing  the  feven  fals  bt 
hi'^  Fath'jv's  book,  and  reading  and 
looking  thereon,  imports  his  perfe6l 
knowledge  and  aclual  difcovery  of  his 
moil;  hidden  purpofes,  in  the  due  ordej- 
thereof.   Rev.  v.  vi. 

LOP  ;  to  cut  off  the  top  or  bran- 
ches of  a  tree.    ^See  Bough. 

LORD  ;  one  that  has  rule  and  au- 
thority ;  fuch  as  a  huibaud.  Gen.  xviii. 
12.  ;  a  mailer,  John  y.v.  15.  ;  a  prophet, 
I  Kings  xviii.  7. ;  a  prince,  or  noted  per* 
fon,  Gen.xxiv.  .18.  And  the  wives  or 
daughters  of  fuch  great  men  are  called 
ladles,  Judg.  v.  29.  When,  in  the  Old 
Teilament,  Lord  is  printed  in  capi- 
tals, it  is  ordinarily  the  tranflation  of 
Jehovah,  In  lefTer  characters,  it  is  the 
tranflation  of  jidon,  which  figniiies  a 
connecling  and  fupporting  ruler,  God, 
Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Ghoil,  is  of- 
ten called  Lord,  to  denote  his  felf- 
exillence,  his  giving  being  to,  and.  his 
fupporting  and  ruling  every  creature, 
Pfal.  ex.  I.  2  Their,  iii.  5.  He  is 
cdX\<t<l  Lord  of  hofls,  or  Lord  of  Sab- 
baoth  ;  as  he  made,  owns,  fupports, 
and  rules  all  the  armies  of  angels,  men, 
and  other  creatures,  Pfal.  xxiv.  10. 
James  v.  4.  When  Lord,  in  the  New 
Teilament,  is  the  tranflation  of  kyriosy 
it  very  often  lignifies  Chriil,  Rev.  xiv. 
13  ;  but  Lord,  the  tranflation  of  def 
potes,  or  mailer,  is  perhaps  never  a- 
fcribcd  to  Chrift,  but  to  God  effentially. 
See  A6ts  iv.  24.  Luke  ii.  29.  Jude  4. 
Rev.  vi.  10.  2  Pet.  ii.  I.  Jefus  Chrift 
is  called  Lord  of  lords^  zw^  Lord  of  all ; 
he  fupports  and  governs  all  kings,  maf- 
ters,  and  other  rulers,  nay,  all  perfons 
and  things  in  heaven  and  earth.  Rev. 
xix.  16.  A6ts  X.  36.  He  is  the  Lord 
of  glory  ;  he  poffelfeth  infinite  glory  in 
himfelf ;  purchafeth  everlafling  glory 
for,  and  beftows  it  upon  his  people, 
I  Cor.  ii.  8. 

He  is  the  Lord  of  the  church,  and 

efpecially  of  fp.iiits,  her  true  members  ; 

O  2  he 


LOR         [     io8 

lie  planned,  be  erefted  the  church,  he 
inftitutcs  every  ordinance  in  her,  and 
and  ftands  in  a  pecuh'ar  relation  to 
ehiirch-members,  as  their  hufband,  fu- 
preme  teacher,  and  ruler,  and  he  is  the 
fpiritual  hufband,  diretlor,  and  go- 
vernor, and  fource  of  endlefs  happi- 
nefs  to  the  faints,  Rom.  v.  i.  To  fay 
unto  Jefus,  Lord,  Lord,  is  to  make  a 
public  profeflion  of  fubjeClion  to  him, 
Matth.  vii.  21.  To  call  Jefus  Lordy 
in  a  proper  manner,  is  heartily  to  be- 
lieve in,  fubmit  to,  and  witnefs  for 
him,  as  the  Son  of  God  and  true  Mef- 
fiah,  I  Cor.  xii.  3.  Men  think  them- 
feV.es  lords,  when  filled  with  felf-con- 
ceit  of  their  wealth,  honour,  and  wif- 
dom,  Jer.  ii.  31.  Babylon  was  a  lady 
of  lingdoms  ;  an  honoured  ruler  of  na- 
tions, If.  xlvii.  5.  7. 

LO-RUHAMAH,  not  obtaining 
mercy ;  as  Ruhamah  fignifies,  having 
obtained  mercy .      SeeHosEA. 

LOSE  ;  tofufferto  peridi,  John  vi. 
39.  Chrill  lofes  none  of  his  eleft  ; 
fuffers  none  of  them  to  be  eternally 
ruined,  John  xvii.  12.  Cattle  or  mo- 
ney is  loji,  when  the  owner  knows  not 
what  is  become  thereof,  Exod.  xxix. 
9.  Men  are  Iq/i,  wlien  in  a  flate  of 
fin  and  mifery,  wherein  they  have  no 
happinefs,  and  are  of  no  fpiritual  good 
ufe  ;  or  when  they  go  on  in  a  courfe 
of  open  wickednefs,  or  of  noted  wan- 
dering from  God,  Luke  xix.  10.  xv.  6. 
9.  32.  Pfal.  cxix.  176.  Matth.  xviii.  11. 

LOT,  the  fon  of  Haran,  and  ncr 
phew  of  Abraham,  and,  as  we  fuppofe, 
brother  of  Sarah.  After  the  death  of 
his  father,  he  lived  and  travelled  with 
Abraham.  After  their  return  from 
Egypt,  the  number  of  their  flocks, 
and  itrife  of  their  herdrnen,  obliged 
them  to  feparate.  '  On  Abraham's 
humble  and  peaceful  offer,  Lot  too 
proudly  took  his  choice,  preferring 
himfelf  to  his  uncle.  Charmed  with 
the  fertile  appearances  of  the  country 
about  Sodom,  he,  perhaps  without 
confulting  his  Maker,  chofe  that  for 
his  place  of  fojourning.  His  pride  and 
carnal  mindednefs  were  feverely  punifli- 
ed.  The  wicked  behaviour  of  the  So- 
domites made  his  life  a  continual  bur- 


]         LOT 

den  to  him.  Nor  had  he  been  long 
there,  when  he,  if  not  alfo  the  moft  of 
what  he  had,  was  carried  captive  by 
Chedorlaomer.  He  was  recovered  by 
Abraham  ;  and  had  it  not  been  for  A- 
braham's  interceflion  with  God  in  his 
behalf,  he  had,  about  16  years  after, 
perifhed  in  the  overthrow  of  Sodom. 
On  the  evening  before  that  fatal  event, 
two  of  the  angels,  who  had  juft  feaft- 
ed  with  Abraham,  appeared  to  Lot, 
at  the  gate  of  Sodom,  as  travellers. 
Lot  humbly  begged  they  would  lodge 
in  his  houfe.  At  firft  they,  to  try  his 
hofpitality,  fpake  as  if  they  inclined  to 
lodge  all  night  in  the  ftreet  ;  but,  on 
his  farther  intreaty,  they  entered  his 
houfe,  and  fupped  with  him,  in  a  man- 
ner we  do  not  underftand.  Supper 
was  fcaice  finifhed,  when  a  multitude 
of  the  men  of  the  city  came  and  de- 
manded from  Lot  the  two  ftrangers; 
that  they  might  abufe  them  in  a  man- 
ner fhocking  to  chaftity.  Lot,  in  his 
confufion,  begged  they  would  rather 
take  his  two  virgin-daughters,  than  fo 
horridly  abufe  the  llrangers  who  had 
committed  themfelves  to  his  prote6lion. 
They  .upbraided  him  as  a  fancy  im- 
pertinent fellow,  who,  though  but  late- 
ly come  to  fojourn  among  them,  would 
ad  the  part  of  a  judge,  and  dictate  to 
them,  who  were  natives  of  the  place  ; 
and  they  threatened  to  ufe  him  worfe 
than  they  had  intended  to  do  with  the 
ftrangers.  Hereon  they  furloufly  rufh- 
ed  forward  to  break  up  the  door,  which 
Lot  had  fhut  behind  him.  The  angels 
pulled  Lot  in,  and  bolted  the  door, 
and  imote  the  Sodomites  about  it  with 
fuch  blindncfs  and  llupldlty,  that  they 
could  not  perceive  where  It  was  ;  and 
being  wearied  with  groping,  they  at 
lall  went  home.  Meanwhile,  the  an- 
gels informed  Lot  of  their  intentions 
to  dellroy  Sodom  and  the  cities  adja- 
cent, for  the  wickednefs  thereof,  and 
warned  him  and  all  his  relations  to 
leave  the  place  immediately.  He  fent 
and  warned  his  fons-in-law,  and  begged 
them  to  flee  ;  but  they  contemned  his 
meflage.  About  break  of  day,  Lot, 
his  wife,  and  two  unmarried  daughters, 
unvvilling  to  leave  their  fubilance,  or 

waiting 


LOT 


r   109  ] 


LOT 


vaiti'ng  for  the  other  daughters,  conti- 
nued to  put  off  the  time.  The  angels 
took  thtm  by  the  hand,  and  hailed 
them  out  of  their  houfe,  and  from  the 
city  ;  and  leaving  them,  warned  them 
to  run  with  all  their  might,  to  a  neigh- 
bouring mountain  ;  and  that  they 
fliould  be  confumed  if  they  fo  much  as 
looked  back.  At  Lot's  intercefiion, 
who  was  afraid  of  the  wild  bealls  of  the 
mountain,  the  angels,  direded'of  God, 
promifed  to  fpare  Zoar,  the  leail  of 
the  five  cities  marked  for  ruin,  as  a 
place  of  refuge  to  him  and  his  family. 
Through  carnal  affetlion  to  her  country 
and  wealth,  or  a  vain  curiofity  to  fee 
the  vengeance  of  God,  Lot's  wife 
looked  behind  her.  The  flames  of  di- 
vine vengeance  feized  her  'immediately, 
and  transformed  her  into  a  ftatiie  of 
petrified  fait ;  thus  making  her  a  Hand- 
ing monument  of  the  danger  of  incre- 
dulity, imprudence,  love  to  the  world, 
apoftafy  from,  and  difobedience  to 
God.  How  long  this  pillar  continued, 
we  know  not.  Jofephus  fays,  it  re- 
mained in  his  time,  which  was  near 
2000  years  after  it  was  formed.  Ire- 
neus  and  Tertullian  fay,  it  was  Hand- 
ing about  A.  D.  200.  Benjamin  of 
Xudela,  the  Jewifh  traveller,  avers, 
that  it  was  jRianding  near  1000  years 
after  ;  which  would  make  its  duration 
above  3000  years.  Some  modern  tra- 
vellers pretend  to  have  feen  it  ;  but 
their  relations  feem  fo  fabulous,  and 
differ  fo  widely,  that  we  cannot  credit 
them.  It  is  certain,,  that  Maundrel, 
Shaw,  and  Thomfon,  and  other  tra- 
vellers of  known  veracity,  do  not  pre- 
tend that  there  are  now  the  leait  remains 
of. this  noted  ftatue.  Shocked  with  the 
death  of  his  wife  and  the  ruin  of  his 
countiy.  Lot  was  afraid  to  dv/ell  in 
Zoar ;  but  he  and  his  daughters  reti- 
red to  the  adjacent  mountain.  Lot's 
daughters,  whom  he  but  lately  of- 
fered as  prollitutes  to  the  unclean  So- 
domites, decoyed  hiinfelf  into  drunk- 
ennefs  and  inceft.  Anxious  of  pofte- 
rity,  and  perhaps  defirous  to  be  mo- 
ther of  the  Meifiah,  and  fearing  there 
was  never  a  man  left  on  the  earth  be- 
sides then  fither,  or  at   leaft  none  to 


whom  they  could  have  accefs,  they  re- 
folved  to  have  children  by  him.  On 
two  different  nights  they  intoxicated 
him  with  wine,  and  lay  with  him,  the 
one  after  the  other.  They  both  fell 
with  child  by  him.  The  eldeft  daugh- 
ter im.pudently  called  her  fon  Moab, 
to  mark  that  he  was  begotten  by  her 
fatb.cr.  The  younger  called  her  fon 
Benamwij  tlie  fon  of  my  people.  From 
thcfe  two  fprung  the  Moabites  and 
Ammonites,  on  whom  tlie  curfe  of 
Heaven  remarkably  lay.  Gen.  xi.  3 1. 
xiii.  xiv.  xix.  2  Pet.  ii.  6. — 8.  Luke 
xvii.  32.  Some  think  Baal-peor,  the 
immodell  deity  worihipped  by  the  Am- 
monites and  Moabites,  was  a  reprefen- 
tation  of  Lot  in  his  fliameful  drunken- 
nefs  and  incelh 

Lot  ;  any  thing  cafl  or  drawn  in 
order  to  determi.u^  a  point  in  debate. 
It  is  a  folemn  appeal  to  God,  for  an 
immediate  interpofal  of  his  directive 
power,  for  determining  the  affair  ;  and, 
on  that  account,  ought  to  be  ufed  in 
nothing  but  what  is  important,  and 
cannot  otherwife  be  peacefully  deter-^ 
mined  in  ;  and  it  is  to  be  ufed  with  reve- 
rence and  prayer,  Prov.  xvi.  33.  xviii, 
18.  Ads  i.  24.  25.  26.  I  Sam.  xiv, 
41.  By  lot^  it  was  determined,  v/hich 
of  the  expiatory  goats  fhould  be  offer- 
ed, and  which  difmifled.  Lev.  xvi.  8, 
— 10.  By  lot,  the  land  of  Canaan 
was  divided  to  the  Hebrew  tribes,  and 
the  Levites  had  their  cities  alTigned, 
and  their  order  of  facred  fervice  deter- 
mined. Numb.  Xxvi.  ^^,  56.  xxxiii.  54. 
xxxiv.  Jcfh.  xiv. — xxi.  I  Chron.  vi. 
54.  61.  xxiv.  XXV.  By  loty  the  He- 
brews pitched  on  the  men  that  fhould 
demand  for  punifhment  the  delinquents 
of  Gibeah ;  and  difcovcred  who  had 
taken  the  accurfed  fpoil  of  Jericho, 
Judg.  XX.  9.  Jofli.  vii.  14. — 18.  By 
loty  Saul  was  marked  out  for  the  He- 
brew kingdom  ;  and  his  fon  Jonathan 
difcov<^red  to  have  tailed  the  honey, 
I  Sam.  X.  19. — 21.  xiv.  41.  42.  By 
lot  was  Jonah  difcovered  to  be  the 
caufe  cf  the  llorm  ;  and  Matthias  mark- 
ed for  the  apofllefliip,  Jon.  i.  7.  Acts 
i.  24. — 26.  By  lot,  the  Heathens  di- 
vided their  fliares  of  the  fpoil ;  and  the 

profanf 


LOT         (I 

•^ToTane  foldiers  determined  who  fliould 
iiave  Chrift's  vefture,  Obad.  i.  ii. 
"Nah.  fii.  10.  Pfal.  xxii.  19.  That 
<?hance,  which  is  but  the  want  of  de- 
iign,  determines  in  any  lot,  is  too  ab- 
furd  for  rational  beings  to  pretend. 
Ood,  or  the  devil,  muft  therefore  be 
i^.he  arbitrator,  to  whofe  determination 
the  matter  is,  by  loty  referred-  God 
challenges  it  as  his  property,  to  direct 
lotsy  Prov.  xvi.  33.  Nor,  I  fuppofe, 
will  great  numbers  be  found,  even  cf 
•players  at  cards  and  dice,  that  will  a- 
■70W  Satan  as  their  Referee.  How 
bafe  then,  and  how  fmful,  to  ufe  lot- 
ttry  in  trifles,  or  in  fports  or  games  ; 
or  to  direct  in  finful  attempts  !  Ezek. 
xxi.  18.  19.  Efth.  iii.  Whatever  fails 
to  one's  fliare,  by  carting  of  the  lot, 
or  the  providence  of  God,  is  called  his 
LOT,  Jofh.  XV.  I.  Pfal.  cxxv.  3.  xvi.  5. 
If.  xvii.  14.   Ads  viii.  21.   Luke  i.  9. 

LOTHE  ;  to  diflike  ;  abhor  ;  as 
the  flomach  does  lukewarm  water. 
God  loihes  men,  when,  on  account  of 
iin,  he  is  angry  with  them,  hides  him- 
.felf  from  them,  and  refufes  to  regard 
•or  help  them,  Jer.  xiv.  19.  Zech.  xi.-8. 
Men  lothc  and  abhor  themfelves,  when 
they  are  deeply  alhamed  of,  and  gricr 
■ved  for  their  finfulnefs  in  heai't  and  life, 
lEzek.  vi.  9.  XX..  43.  xxxvi.  31.  Men 
are  loathsome,  when  filled  with  lin, 
that  abominable  thing  which  God 
hates,  Prov.  xiii.  4. 

LOUD  ;  that  can  be  far  heard.  A 
Joud  cry,  noife,  or  voice,  is  expreffive 
of  great  danger,  earneft  defire,  or  great 
Joy.  A  whorifh  woman  is  loud  andjlub- 
born  ;  flie  is  given  to  fcold  and  trouble 
her  hufband ;  and  is  talkative,  and 
obflinate  in  fedacing  men,  Prov.  vii.  i  \. 

LOVE  ;  CHARITY  ;  (i.)  A  natu- 
ral affedlion  of  rational  creatures,  in- 
clining them  to  fnew  kindnefs  to,  or 
defire  fellowfhip  with,  or  clofc  poffef- 
fion  of  fome  perfon  or  things,  on  ac- 
count of  fome  excellency  apprehended 
therein.  This  is  good,  according  to 
its  objedl,  manner,  or  degree.  To 
love  relations  and  neighbours,  and 
one's  felf,  in  fubordination  to  God,  is 
.good,  Pfah  xxxiv.  12.  Eph.  v.  25. 
Love  to  idols,  fins,  or  to  wicked  per- 


10    1        L  o  V 

fons,  as  fuch,  or  in  order  to  carnal 
lull,  is  unlawful,  Jer.  ii.  25.  John  xii. 
25.  2  Tim.  iii.  2.  2  Sam.  xiii.  4.  Prov. 
vii.  18.  (2.)  A  gracious  habit,  nrin- 
ciple,  or  difpcfition,  wrought  in  our 
foul  by  the  vSpirit  of  God,  whereby 
we  efteem,  defire,  and  delight  in  God 
in  Chriil,  as  our  chief  good,  a.^.d  fum 
of  all  perfection  and  excellency,  and  the 
fountain  of  all  bleifings,  and  take  plea- 
fure  to  obey  his  laws  ;  and  whereby 
.we  are  inclined  and  enabled  to  eilcem, 
defire,  -and  delight  in  fpiritual  fellow- 
fhip with  fuch  as  bear  his  image,  and 
:  to  do  good  to  all  men,  even  our  ene- 
mies, I  John  iv.  19.  21.  This  love 
or  CHARITY  is  of  great  importance; 
without  it,  no  gifts  can  be  truly  valu- 
able ;  where  it  is  not,  there  can  be  no 
true  faith.  Love  for  ever  continues, 
when  once  implanted  ;  and  it  renders 
us  patient  under  trouble,  flow  to  an- 
ger, ready  to  forgive  injuries,  and 
make  us  ilraiten  curfelves  to  help  our 
neighbourj  makes  us  mourn  for  his 
faults  and  affliclions,  and  kindly  bear 
with  his  infirmities,  and  is  the  bond  of 
perfeAion  ;  and  in  fine,  if  pure  and 
fervent,  tends  to  render  our  life  a  very 
heaven  upon  earth.  Gal.  vi.  5.  ,1  Cor. 
xiii.  (3.)  Divine  love  ;  wliich  is  ei- 
ther God's  natural  dell^^lit  in  that 
which  is  good,  If.  Ixi.  8.  ;  or  that 
gracious  aifeftion  which  he  manifcfts 
to  men,  in  giving  iiis  Son  for  them,  as 
their  furety  and  ranfom,  and  in  giving 
him,  and  all  his  fulnefs  of  bleffings  to 
them,  as  tlieir  portion,  Rom.  v.  8.  1 
John  iv.  1 9.  The  love  ofGoci,oT  Chrill,  is 
either  the  love  they  bear  to  us,  or  our 
love,  of  which  they  are  the  objects, 
Rom.  V.  5.  Jude  20.  John  xv.  9.  (4.) 
The  object  beloved,  Song  ii.  2.  7. 
God  and  Chrift  are  called  love  ;  con- 
tain whatever  is  lovely  ;  delcrve  the 
higheit  love  and  elleem  ;  their  love  is 
the  greateft  motive  of  ail  they  do  ;  and 
to  allonifhment,  is  difplayed  in  all  the 
works  of  nature,  but  ciiielly  of  grace, 
John  iv.  8.  16.  Song  ii.  7.  Jefus's 
k)ve  hath  a  hreadlh,  length,  depth,  and 
height  :  it  is  like  a  mighty  ocean,  it 
reaches  over  all  the  world,  covers  e- 
vcry  fin,  a;:d  aom^rchends  every  blei- 


LOW       [     n 

ling  :  it  reaches  from  eternity  to  eter- 
nity :  it,  condefcends  to  the  loweft  fin- 
ner  and  cafe  ;  brought  Jefus  to  the 
loweft  plunge  of  fufFering,  and  favcs 
from  the  loweft  hell,  to  the  moft  in- 
conceivable heights  of  holinefs  and  hap- 
pinefs,  Eph.  iii.  1 8.  19^  To  be  di- 
refted  into  the  love  of  Gody  is  to  be  in- 
ftru^led,  excited,  and  enabled  to  be- 
lieve his  redeeming  love  to  us  ;  and  to 
live  in  the  exercife  of  fervent  love 
towards  him,  2  ThefT.  iii.  5.  To  give 
Chriil  our  loves^  or  lovely  Jioauers^  is  to 
exert  our  various  graces,  of  faith,  love, 
hope,  repentance,  relatively  to  him, 
and  to  pour  out  our  hearts  in  prayer 
and  praife  before  him,  Song  vii.  12. 
Not  to  kvc  our  lives  tinio  the  deaths  is 
to  prefer  the  honour  of  Chrift,  and  the 
interefts  of  his  truth.,  to  our  outward 
enjoyments,  and  even  to  natural  life 
itfelf.  Rev.  xii.  1 1 .  Clirifl  is  altogether 
hvely,  is  in  every  refpeft  and  degree, 
preciouG,  ufeful,  agreeable,  and  at- 
tracSling,  in  his  perfon,  office,  relation, 
ftates,  and  work,  Seng  v.  16.  ;  and 
his  ordinances  are  lovely  or  amiable^  as 
he  is  their  author,  fubllance,  and  end, 
Pfal.  Ixxxiv.  I. 

LOW.  Men  are  loiv,  or  fit  in  a 
>€iL<  place,  when  they  are  poor,  deba- 
Tcd,  and  overlooked,  Deut.  xxviii.  43. 
Eccl.  x.  6.  During  the  hail-llbrm,  the 
'::ity  is  lo<w  in  a  lo'w  place.  Amidll  Sen- 
nacherib's ravages,  Jerufalem  was  pro- 
tected ;  and  amid  llorms  of  perfecution, 
the  church  is  preferred.  If.  xxxii,  19. 
Let  the  rich  Chriftian  rejoice  in  that  he 
Is  made  lew  ;  humble  in  the  temper  of 
his  mind ;  or  even  that  he  hath  his  out- 
ward wealth  and  honour  taken  from  him, 
as  that  tends  to  his  real  good,  James  i. 
10.  Ghrift  was  made  for  a  little  while, 
or  in  a  little  degree,  loioer  than  the  an- 
gels,  in  his  ftate  of  humiliation,  Pfal. 
viii.  5.  Hcb.  ii.  7.  9.  The  lonver  parts 
of  the  earth  are,  (1.)  The  earth  itfelf, 
which  is  the  lower  region  of  this  world, 
Eph.  iv.  9.  (2.)  The  vallies  and  their 
in  habitants,  or  rather,  the  Gentile  world, 
If.  xliv.  23.  (3.)  The  womb  of  a  mo- 
ther, where  one  is  hid  as  in  a  deep  pit, 
Pfal.  cxxxix.  15.  (4.)  The  grave,  or 
ftate  of.  the  dead,  Pfal.  Ixiii.'  9.      To 


r     1         L  U  D 

be  lotuly,  is  to  be  meek  and  humble^ 
Pfal.  cxxxviii.  6.   Zech.  ix.  9. 

LOUR  ;  to  look  fad,  Mat.  xvi.  c;. 

LUBIM.     See  Libya. 

LUCIFER.     See  Star. 

LIICRE  ;  gain.     Sec  Filth. 

LUD,  the  fon  of  Shcm.  If  he  was 
the  father  of  the  I^ydians  in  Leffer  A- 
fia,  which  fome  very  learned  men  thinh 
he  was  not,  it  is  probnble  his  pofterity 
took  up  their  firll:  refidence  near  the 
Euphiates,  and  then  moved  wellward., 
and  fettled  among  the  children  of  Ja- 
pheth.  It  is  more  certain  that  Lydia,  • 
was  fituated  on  the  eaft  of  Ionia,  fouth 
of  Myfia,  wclVof  greater  Phrygia,  and 
north  of  Cana,  and  lay  between  the 
37th  and  39th  degree  of  north  latitude: 
but  in  the  more  iloarifhing  times  of 
their  laft  kings,  Alyattes  and  Craefus, 
the  Lydian  territories  were  far  more 
extenfive.  The  principal  cities  of  Ly- 
dia  were  Sardi?,  Philadciphia,  Thya- 
tira,  Magnena,  l-cc.  The  Lydians  had' 
kings  of  three  different  races,  who,  we 
fuppofe,  governed  them  about  600  or 
7C0  years.  After  the  country  had  been 
over-run  by  the  Gomeriar  »  or  Cimme- 
rians, about  A.  M.  3368,  and  had  not 
long  after  warred  furioiTfly  with  the 
Medes,  Milefians,  and  otlicrs,  and  juli 
after  Craefus  had  extended  his  empire, 
from  the  Egean  fea  to  the  river  Halye, 
he  having  entered  into  an  alliance  with 
the  Chaldeans  agr.'inft  the  Medes  and 
Perfians,  Cyrus  conquered  the  king- 
dom of  Lydia.  vSince  which  it  has^ 
by  turns,  been  fubie'il  to  the  Perfians^ 
Greeks,  Romans,  Saracens,  or  Turks ». 
Tlie  Lydians  were  extremely  wicked  ; 
their  women  had  to  earn  their  portion 
for  m.arriage  by  whoredom  ;  and  after 
the  fall  of  their  monarchy,  they  gene- 
rally became  a  mod  idle  and  effeminate 
race  :  the  gofpel,  however,  was  early- 
planted  here  ;  and  a  Chriftian  church 
Jiath  never  fince  been  wholly  extirpa- 
ted. Gen.  x.  22.  If.  \xv{.  19.  {2.) 
LuD,  the  fon  of  Mizraim,  and  father 
of  the  Ludim  in  Africa.  Thefe  we 
fuppofe  the  fame  as  the  Nubians,  or 
fome  Ethiopians  on  the  fouth  or  wefl 
of  Egypt.  They  were  famed  archers, 
and  altifted  Pharaoh-necho  againft  the 
Chaldean*  : 


L  U  H         \     1 

Chaldeans  ;  but  foon  after,  by  the  ra- 
vage of  their  country,  paid  dear  for 
th.-ir  pains,  Jer.  xlvi.  9.  Ezek.  xxx.  5. 
The  gofpel  was  here  preached  very  early 
by  foTie  of  the  Jews,  If.  Ixvi.  19. ;  but 
in  Nubia,  we  fcarce  know  of  the  fmall- 
cll  veftit^cs  of  Chriftianity  at  prefent. 

LUHITH  ;  a  town  in  the  land  of 
Moab,  probably  built  0.1  a  hill,  and 
between  Ar  and  Zoar  ;  ;ind  certainly 
ravaged  by  the  AlTyrians  and  Chal- 
deans,  If.  XV.  5.   Jer.  xlviii.  5. 

LUKE  or  LUCAS,  the  evangelift ; 
a  native  of  Antioch  in  Syria,  and  a  phy- 
iician  to  his  bufinefs.  Whetlier  he  was 
a  Jew  or  Gentile,  or  whether  he  was  the 
fame  as  Lucius  the  kinfman  of  Paul, 
Rom.  xvi.  21. ;  or  whether  Ixp  was  con- 
verted by  Paul  at  Antioch,  or  did  at 
firft  meet  with  him  at  Troas,  we  know 
not.  His  mention  of  himfelf  as  Paul's 
companion  begins  at  Troas  ;  and  after 
that  he  often  mentions  himfelf  as  along 
with  him,  A6ls  xvi.  &c.  compare  Col, 
iv.  14.  Philem.  23.  2  Tim.  iv.  11. 
Luke  wrote  the  hillory  of  Chrift's  life, 
and  the  hiftory  of  the  Acts  of  the  A- 
poftles,  and  ,dii*etled  them  both  to  one 
Theophilus,  who  it  feems  was  one  of  his 
godly  friends.  In  his  hiftory  of  Chrift, 
he  relates  a  great  many  circumftances 
of  his,  and  his  harbinger  John  Baptift's 
birth  and  privatelife,  which  are  not  men- 
tioned by  Matthew  and  Mark,  who  are 
generally,  though  uncertainly,  thought 
to  have  written  their  gofpels  before  him. 
He  alfo  records  a  variety  of  incidents 
and  parables  of  Jefus's  public  life  omit- 
ted by  them.  Nor  is  his  order  always 
the  fame  with  theirs  :  the  reafon  of 
which  is,  either  that  Jefus  repeated  or 
readied  fimilar  things  on  different  occa- 
fions;  or  that  the  Holy  Ghoft,  in  thefe 
hiilories,  doth  not  always  intend  to  in- 
form us  of  the  order,  but  of  the  facls 
that  were  really  done.  Li  his  A:l:s  of 
the  Apoftles,  Luke  principally  gives 
us  the  hiftory  of  Paul,  whom  he  fo 
much  attended.  Nothing  in  the  New 
Teftament  is  purer  Greek  than  the  lan- 
guage of  Luke,  and  it  is  admirably  ad- 
apted to  hiftory. 

LUKEWARM  ;  neither  cold  nor 
hot :  the  profefled  Chriftians  of  Laodi- 


12    1         LUS 

cea  are  fo  called,  becaufe  they  neither 
wholly  difregarded  Chrift  and  his  caufe, 
nor  were  they  zealous  in  lovinr^  liim 
and  promoting  his  honour;  and  fo  were 
loathfome  to  him.   Rev.  iii.  16. 

LUMP  ;  a  piece  of  clay,  dough,  or 
bunch  of  figs,  2  Kings  xx.  7.  To  it 
are  likened,  (i.)  All  mankind,  who 
have  all  the  fame  earthly  and  fmful  na- 
ture, Rom.  ix.  21.  (2.)  The  Jews 
defcending  from  holy  parents,  Rom.  xi. 
16.  (3.)  A  particular  congregation 
or  church,    i  Cor.  v.  6. 

LUNATIC  ;  perfoos  affecled  with 
fome  diftemper  influenced  by  the  moon, 
fuch  as  the  falling-ficknefs,  melancholy, 
madnefs,  &c.  They  are  often  worft 
at  the  new  and  full  moon.  Perhaps 
Satan  rendered  the  perfons  he  poffefled 
wo^-ft  at  thefe  times,  that  the  moon 
might  be  reckoned  the  caufe  of  the 
malady.  Our  Saviour  healed  divers 
lunatics,   Matth.  iv.  24.   xvii.  5. 

LURK  ;  to  hide  one's  felf.  Wicked 
men  /urk  to  do  mifchief,  when  they  ufe 
fecret  and  crafty  methods  to  opprefs  and 
ruin  the  righteous,  poor,  or  innocent, 
Prov.  i.  II.  Pfal.  X.  8. 

To  LUST,  is  earneftly  to  defire,. 
Deut.  xii.  15.  The.  Spirit  lujleth  againjl 
the  Jlejlo,  and  the  Jle/Jj  againjl  the  Spirit. 
The  Holy  Ghoft,  and  his  grace  im- 
planted in  the  faints,  earneftly  oppofe 
and  defire  the  luin  of  our  indwelling 
corruption  ;  and  indwelling  fm  earneft- 
ly oppofes  every  inclination  proceeding 
from  them.  Corruption,  of  nature  i« 
called  lujif  as  it  ftrongly  inclines  us  to 
evil,  James  i.  14.  15.  2  Pet.  I.  4.  Rom. 
vii.  7.  This  general  lull  is  diftinguifh- 
ed,  into  the  lujls  of  the  JJe/Jjy  fuch  as, 
unclean  defire  of  carnal  pleafure,  in- 
temperate defire  of  liquor  or  food.  Gal. 
v.  17.  iPet.  ii.  II.  2  Pet.  li*  10.  Pfal. 
Ixxviii.  18.  ;  and  the  hijis  of  the  7nind<, 
fuch  as  pride,  covetoufnei^,  unbelief, 
attachment  to  the  law  of  works,  Eph. 
ii.  3.  I  Pet.  iv.  2.  Thefe  lufts  are  un- 
god'yy  unlike  God,  and  mightily  tend- 
ing to  difiionour  him,  Jude  18.  ;  are 
de'vili/hy  of  Satan's  implantation,  inftl- 
gated  by  him,  -and  render  men  like  him, 
John  viii.  44. ;  are-  nvarring  againft  the 
Holy  Ghoft  and  his  grace,  and  even 

among 


L  U  Z  [     I 

ariiong  themfelves,  James  iv.  i.  i  Pet. 
ii.  II.  ;  are  deceitful  lulls,  impofing  on 
ourfelves,  and  making  us  to  deceive  o- 
thers,  Eph.  iv.  22.  ;  arc  wfatiable,  as 
the  more  one  fullils  them,  they  require 
the  more,  If.  Ivii.  lo.  Eccl.  i.  8.;  are 
■worldly.,  as  they  reign  in  worldly  men, 
and  relate  to  the  things  of  the  world, 
Tit.  ii.^  12.  ;  iv:c  former  lufts  to  the 
faints,  as  they  have  begun  to  mortify 
them,  I  Pet.  i.  14.  They  are  ^jwr//}//, 
as  they  pierce  men  through  with  many 
forrows,  outrageoufly  burn  in  them,  and 
walle  their  conilitution,  and  drozvn  them 
in  perdition,  iTim.  vi.  9. 10.  Rom.  i.  27. 

LUZ.  The  moll  ancient  Luz  was 
called  Bethel  ;  but  a  Canaanitifh  in- 
habitant of  it,  being  faved  alive  for  dif- 
covcring  to  the  Hebrews  a  fecret  en- 
trance into  the  city,  he  and  hio  family 
retired  into  the  land  of  the  Hittites, 
and  built  another  city,  called  Luz. 
But  whether  this  was  tlie  Luza  near 
Shechem,  or  the  Louffa  or  Lyfa  in 
Arabia,  which  was  perhaps  the  Lalha 
where  the  Canaanites  had  their  fouth- 
eaft  border,  and  feems  to  have  ilood 
near  the  fouth  point  of  the  Dead  lea, 
we  know  not.  Judg..i.  25.  26.  Gen. 
X.  19. 

LYBIA".     See  Libya. 

LYCx^ONIA;  a  province  of  LefTer 
Alia,  having  Cappadocia  on  the  eait, 
Galatia  on  the  north;  Phrygia  on  the 
weft,  and  Pifidia  on  the  fouth.  Ly- 
ftra,  Derbe,  and  Iconium,  were  cities 
of  this  province.  They  feem  to  have 
had  a  corrupt  Greek  for  their  language. 
Chriftian  churches  were  here  planted 
by  Paul  and  Barnabas,  which  conti- 
nued of  fome  note  till  the  country  was 
over-run  bv  the  Saracens,  Acls  xiv.  6. 
II.  18. 

LYCIA ;  a  province  of  LeFer  Afm, 
having  Caria  on  the  weft,  the  Mediter- 
ranean Tea  northward  of  Syria   on   the 


13    ]         L  Y  s 

loath,  and  Pamphylia  on  the  north- 
eaft.  It  anciently  contained  about  23 
cities,  and  fundry  other  large  towns  ; 
the  chief  were,  Telmelfus,  Piitara,  My- 
ra,  Olympus,  and  Pbafelis.  The  Ly- 
ciau".  were  a  colony  of  the  Cretians, 
and  were  famed  for  equity  in  more  an- 
cient times;  but  about  60  years  before 
our  Saviour's  birth,  many  of  them  on  the 
fea-coall  exercifed  piracy.  A6ls  xxvii.  5, 

LYDDAj  or  Lod,  was  built  by 
Shamed  the  fun  of  Jllpaal,  and  ftood 
about  14  miles  nprth-eaft  from  Joppa, 
and  32  weilward  from  Jerufalem.  It 
belonged  to  the  Kphr^imites ;  but  after 
the  Chaldean  captivity  the  Benjamites 
inhabited  it,  i  Chron.viii.  12.  Neh. 
xi.  35.  In  the  time  of  the  Maccabees, 
the  country  of  Lydda  was  taken  from 
Samaria  and  added  to  Judea.  At  Lyd- 
da Peter  mivaculoufly  healed  Eneas  of 
a  palfy,  that  had  for  eight  years  confi- 
ned him  to  his  bed ;  which  was  a  bleffed 
meilns  of  turning  many  to  the  Chriftian 
faith  :  and  here  a  church  continued  till 
the  Saracens  ruined  it.  There  was  a 
college  of  the  Jews  at  Lydda,  which 
produced  many  celebrated  do6lors. 

LYDIA  ;  ( I.)  A  woman  who  had 
been  born  in  Thyatira,  but  was  a  feller 
of  purple-dye  or  purple-filks  in  Philippi. 
Whether  fne  was  a  Jewefs  or  Gentile 
we  know  not ;  but  ftie  and  her  family 
being  converted  to  and  baptifed  in  the 
Chriftian  faith,  Paul,  upon  her  intrea- 
ty,  lodged  in  her  houfe,  Adts  xyi.  14. 
15.  40.  (2.)  A  country  in  Afiay  and 
another  in  Africa.     See  Lud. 

LYSTRA  was  a  city  of  Lycaonia ; 
but  fome  think  it  rather  pertained  to 
Jfauria.  Here  Timothy  was  born ;  here 
Paul  and  Barnabas  healed  a  man  who 
had  been  lame  from  his  birth,  and  were 
taken  for  Mercury  and  Jupiter ;  here 
Paul  fome  years  after  confirmed  the 
Ciiriiliaus,  Acls  xiv.  6.  18.   xvi.  i. 


M 


M  A  A 

MAACHAH,^  the  fon  of  Nahor, 
by    his     concubine     Reumah, 
Gen.  xxii.  24.      Some  will  have  him 
the  father  of  the  Makrtti,    in  Avabir. 
Vol.  II. 


M  A  A 
the  Happy  ;  and  imagine  tlie  city  Ma- 
ca    near   the    ftralts  oi  Ormus  on   the 
eaft,    or    Mocha  on   the   fouth  coail, 
may  have  been  called  by  his  ni\mt.     I 

P  rather 


M  A  A        [II 

rather  think  he  was  the  father  of  the 
M?achathites,  who  inhabited  a  fmall 
traft  on  the  eaft  of  the  fprings  of  Jor- 
dan,  called  Maachah,  Maachathi,  or 
Bethmaachah,  as  this  country  was 
not  far  diftant  from  Nahor's  country 
of  Padan-aram ;  and  hereabouts  the 
reft  of  Nahor^s  pofterity  dwelt.  It 
was,  perhaps,  regard  to  kindred,  that 
made  the  Hebrews  fpare  the  Maacha- 
thites  and  Gefhurites,  Deut.  iii.  14 
Jofh.  xii.  5.  As  the  Maachathites  af- 
fifted  the  Ammonites  againft  David,  he 
no  doubt  fubdued  their  country-.  2  Sam. 
X.  8.  9.  (2.)  Maachah,  or  Michai- 
ah :  (he  is  called  the  daughter  of  A- 
biflialom,  and  of  Uriel,  which  perhaps 
were  but  different  names  for  the  fame 
perfon  ;  or  (he  might  be  the  daughter 
of  Uriel,  who  married  Tamar,  the 
daughter  of  Abfalom.  She  was  the 
wife  of  Rehoboam,  and  grandmother 
of  King  Afa.  As  fhe  was  a  noted  i- 
dolater,  and  perhaps  dcbafed  herfelf  to 
be  the  prieftefs  of  the  obfcene  idol  Pri- 
apus,  Afa  ftript  her  of  what  authority 
fhe  had,  and  broke  to  pieces  her  idol, 
and  {limped  it  under  foot,  and  burnt 
it  at  the  brook  Kidron,  i  Kings  xv.  2. 
2  Chron.  xiii.  2.   xv.  16 

MAALEH  ACRABBIM;  i.e. 
the  afcent  of  Acrabbim  ;  fo  called 
from  the  multitude  of  Jerpents  and  fior- 
fiojis  that  frequented  that  place.  A- 
crabbim  is  probably  the  fame  as  Acra- 
batene  in  the  land  of  Edom,  which  I 
fuppofe  was  a  part  of  mount  Hor,  and 
is  now  called  Accaba,  and  hangs  over 
Elath,  and  was  the  black  77wunfmn  of 
Ptolemy.  Over  this  mountain  there  is 
a  ileep  rugged  path.  Numb,  xxxiv.  4. 
Jofh.  XV.  3. 

MACEDONIA  ;  a  large  country, 
on  the  north-eaft  of  Greece,  ancient- 
ly called  ^mathia,  from  one  of  its 
kings.  It  had  the  mountains  Scodrus 
and  Hacmus  on  the  north  and  north- 
eaft,  the  ^gean  fea  or  Archipe- 
lago, with  part  of  Thrace,  on  the 
eaft,  ThefTaly  on  the  fouth,  Epirus  on 
the  fouth-weft,  and  Albania  on  the 
w^eft.  It  v/as  peopled  by  a  vaft  num- 
ber of  tribes,  which,  we  think,  were 
moftly  defcended   from   Chittim,    the 


4    1        MAC 

fon  of  Javan.  The  monarchy  of  the 
Macedonians  had  ftood  about  400 
years,  when  King  Philip  added  Thef- 
faly,  with  part  of  Epirus  and  Albania, 
to  his  territories.  His  fon  Alexander, 
it  is  faid,  fubdued  1 50  nations.  It  is 
certain  he  made  himfelf  mafter  of 
Greece,  and  of  the  Perfian  cm.pire,  and 
of  part  of  India.  His  empire  was 
quickly  broken  to  pieces  :  and  Ma- 
cedonia, after  having  continued  a 
kingdom  about  646  years,  fell  into 
the  hands  of  the  Romans,  y^.  M. 
3856.  When  the  Roman  empire  was 
divided,  Macedonia  fell  to  the  ftiare  of 
the  Emperor  of  the  eaft.  After  it  had 
continued  fubjeft  to  the  Romans  al- 
moft  1600  years,  it  fell  under  the 
power  of  the  Ottoman  Turks,  who 
are  the  prefent  mafters  thereof.  Some 
of  its  principal  cities  were  Theflaloni- 
ca,  Amphipolis,  Philippi,  Berea,  Pel- 
la,  iffc.  A  vifion  dire  tied  Paul  to 
preach  the  gofpel  in  this  country  ;  he 
did  it  with  great  fuccefs  ;  many  be- 
lieved and  turned  to  the  Lord.  The 
Macedonian  Chriftians  were  very  for- 
ward in  charity  to  the  poor  faints  at 
Jerufalem,  and  In  liberal  fupply  of  the 
Apoftle  Paul,  and  in  zealous  dedica- 
tion of  themfelves  to  the  fervice  of 
Chrif],  A£t3  xvi.  9. — 40.  xvii.  i. — 
14.  2  Cor.  vill.  I. — 5.  xi.  8.  9.  Not- 
withftandlng  the  ravages  of  the  Goths, 
Bulgars,  and  others,  and  the  terrible 
opprcihon  of  the  Ottoman  Turks, 
Chriftianity,  though  in  a  poor  condi- 
tion, remains  here  till  this  day. 

MACHIR,  the  fon  of  Manaffeh, 
graudfon  of  Jofeph,  and  chief  of  the 
family  of  the  Machirites.  His  fons 
were  Gilead,  Perefti,  and  Shtrefh  : 
he  had  alfo  a  daughter  married  to  one 
Hc/,ron  of  the  tribe  of  Judah,  who 
bare  Segub,  the  father  of  jfair,  who 
had  23  cities  in  the  land  of  Gilead,  and 
took  Gefhuri,  Aram,  iifc.  from  the 
ancient  inhabitants,  Numb.  xxvi.  29. 
I  Chron.  vii.  16.  ii.  2i.  22.  Not  to 
Machir  himfelf,  but  to  his  feed,  did 
Mofes  give  the  land  of  Gilead,  Numb. 
xxxii.'40.  vSnme  ol  them  appear  to 
have  comm.anded  in  the  Hebrew  army 
underDL£ORAHandB;"-rak.  Judg.v.  14. 

MACH- 


MAC         [     I 

MACHPELAH,  where  Abraham 
and  fundry  of  his  family  were  buried 
in  a  cave,  was  near  Hebron,  Gen. 
xxiii.  XXV.  9.  xh'x.  31.  1.  13. 

MAD;  (i.)  Deftitute  of  reafon. 
Such  a  one  David  feigned  himfclf  to 
be  at  the  court  of  Achifti,  j  Sam.  xxi. 
13.  14-  I  Cor.  xiv.  23.  (2.)  Furi- 
ous and  outrageous  in  perlecuting 
men  ;  fo  Paul  was  exceedingly  mad  a- 
gainft  the  Chriftians,  A6ls  xxvi.  11. 
(3.)  Exceedingly  diftrefled  and  per- 
plexed, that  one  knows  not  what  he 
doth,  or  what  to  do  ;  fo  the  terrors  or 
judgements  of  God  render  men  mad  or 
d'tftraSed,  Deut.  xxviii.  34.  If.  xliv.  25. 
Pfal.  Ixxxviii.  15.  (4.)  Outrageouf- 
ly  violent  in  defire,  or  aftion,  notwith- 
ftanding  ftrong  reafons  to  the  contrary  ; 
fo  the  Chaldeans  were  mad  on  their 
idols  and  vanities,  Jer.  1.  18.  Falfe 
teachers  are  mad ;  they  foolifhly  vent 
falfehoods  of  their  own  invention,  in- 
ftead  of  the  truths  of  God,  and  at  laft 
God's  judgements  demonftrate  the  fol- 
ly and  falfehood  of  what  they  fay  ;  and 
men  reckon  them  to  have  been  out  of 
their  wits,  Hof.  ix.  7.  He  that  de- 
ceiveth  his  neighbour  in  fport,  is  like 
a  madman^  cafting  firebrands,  arrows, 
and  death.  Contrary  to  reafon,  he 
fpreads  hurt,  and  even  everlalling  de- 
ftruftion,  all  around  him,  Prov.xxvi.  1 8. 

MADAI,  the  third  fon  of  Japheth, 
Gen.  X.  2.  Some  will  have  him  the 
father  of  the  Macedonians,  and  obferve, 
that  jEmathia,  the  ancient  name  of 
Macedonia,  is  the  fame  as  Ai  or  Aia 
Madai,  the  ifle,  country,  or  land  of 
Madai.  In  Macedonia  there  was  an 
ancient  king  called  Medus,  or  Madai ; 
and  near  to  it  was  a  tribe  called  Mse- 
di,  or  Madi.  The  name  of  Media 
they  derive  from  Medea  a  famed  for- 
rerefs,  that  lived  in  Colchis,  near  the 
north-weft  corner  of  it,  about  the  time 
of  Afa.  But  as  Macedonia  is  too  re- 
mote for  a  fon  of  Japheth  to  come  to, 
and  as  Media  both  in  name  and  fitua- 
tion  anfwers  fo  well  for  Madai,  we 
cannot  but  reckon  him  the  father  of 
the  Medes.  Media,  now  called  Ai- 
derbeitzan,  is  a  pi'ctty  mountainous 
country,  en  the  {buth-weft  of  the  Caf- 


15    1       MAD 

pian  fea,  eaft  of  Armenia,  north  of 
Perfia,  and  weft  of  Parthia  and  Hyr- 
cania.  Its  principal  cities  in  ancient 
times  were  Ecbatan,  Rages,  ^c.  The 
Medes  were  fubdued  by  Pul,  or  Tig- 
lathpilefer,  king  of  AfTyria  ;  and  into 
Media  Shalmanefer  carried  his  Jewifli 
and  Syrian  captives.  As  the  Medes 
were  excellent  warriors,  part  of  them, 
of  the  city  or  county  of  Kir,  aflifted 
Sennacherib  in  his  invafion  of  Judea, 
If.  xxii.  6.  After  Sennacherib's  army 
was  deftroyed  at  Jerufalem,  the  Medes 
(hook  off  the  AiTyrian  yoke.  Arbaces 
feems  to  have  begun  the  work.  A- 
bout  the  20th  year  of  Hezekiah,  ..nd 
A.  M.  3298,  or  perhaps  three  years 
fooner,  Dejoces,  or  Arphaxad,  by 
fair  means,  got  himfelf  fettled  on  the 
throne.  After  building  Ecbatan,  he 
invaded  Aflyria,  but  Efarhaddon  gave 
him  a  terrible  defeat  in  the  plain  of 
Ragau.  His  fon  Phraortes,  whom 
fome  think  Arphaxad,  fucceeded  liim, 
A.  M.  3348.  He  fubdued  the  neigh- 
bouring nations  of  Upper  Afia,  and 
invaded  AfTyria  ;  but  was  flain  at  the 
fiege  of  Nineveh.  Cyaxares  his  fon  fuc- 
ceeded him,  y^.  M.  3370.  He  con- 
quered Perfia  ;  and  to  avenge  his  fa- 
ther's death,  and  the  ruin  of  Ecbatan 
the  capital  of  Media,  he  invaded  Affy- 
ria,  and  laid  fiege  to  Nineveh.  An 
invafion  of  the  Tartars  under  Madyes, 
or  Oguz-kan,  diverted  him  :  they  re- 
mained 28  years  ill  Media.  After 
the  Medes  had  maffacred  the  Tartars, 
and  a  peace  had  been  made  with  the 
Lydians,  who,  in  a  war  of  five  years, 
attempted  to  revenge  the  murder  of  the 
Tartars,  Cyaxares  and  Nebuchadnez- 
zar joined  their  forces  and  befieged  Ni- 
neveh ;  took  and  razed  it,  about  ^.  M. 
3403 ;  and  then  Nebuchadnezzar  march- 
ed againft,  and  reduced  Hollow-Syria 
Judea,  and  mod  of  Phenicia  :  Cyaxa- 
res reduced  Armenia,  Pontus,  and 
Cappadocia  ;  and  he  and  Nebuchad- 
nezzar conquered  Perfia.  About  ^. 
M,  3409,  Aftyages,  or  Ahafucrus  his 
fon,  fucceeded  him  :  his  fifter  Amyite 
was  the  wife  of  Nebuchadnezzar  j  his 
d?"  .iihter  Nitocris  was  married  to  E- 
vii-merodacb,  the  fon  cf  Nebuchad- 
P  2  nez22r. 


MAD     r  " 

nezzar,  and  Mandane  to  Camloyfes  the 
father  of  Cyrus.  His  fon  Cyaxares, 
or  Dallas,  fucceeded  him,  yl.  M.  3444. 
After  a  war  of  20  years,  and  terrible 
murder  of  the  people,  he,  affifted  by 
Gyrus  his  fon-in-la\v  and  nephew,  made 
himfclf  mnfter  of  Babylon,  and  the 
whole  empire  of  Chaldea  :  If.  xxi.  2. 
xiv.  17.  18.  Jer.  h.  11.  27.  28.  Dan. 
V.  31.  vi.  ix.  I;  Cyrus,  by  his  Vvife, 
fell  heir  t'>  the  Median  kingdom,  and 
united  it  with  that  of  PtRsiA,  A.  M. 
3470,  o-t  3468. 

MADMANNAH,  or  Madmen; 
a -city  of  Judah,  near  their  well  bor- 
der, and  not  far  from  Ziklag,  and  in- 
habited by  the  pollerity  of  Shaaph, 
was  deferted  for  fear  of  the  ravaging 
AfTvriuiis,  Joih.  XV.  31.  1  Chron.  ii.49. 
If.  X.  31. 

MAGDAIjA.   SceDALMANUTHA. 

MAGICIANS.   See  Divination. 

MAGISTRATES;  civil  Rulers; 
particularly  fuch  as  rule  over  particu- 
lar cities,  Judg.  xviii.  7.   Ezra  vii.  2^5. 

MAGNIFY;  to  make  great,  or 
declare  to  be  great.  God  magmjies  his 
own  mercy  or  name,  when,  by  the 
fulfilment  or  powerful  application  of 
his  word,  he  difcovers  the  unbounded 
nature  of  his  mercy  and  ^ther  perfec- 
tions, Gen.  xix.  10.  Acts  xix.  7.  K'e 
magnifies  hh  ivord  above  all  his  name, 
when  he  clearly  difcovers  his  mercy 
and  faithfulnefs  therein  contained  an-d 
pledged,  Pfal.  cxxxviii.  2.  Jefus  w^^-- 
nified  the  law,  and  m.ade  it  honourable; 
his  fubje£lion  to  it  who  was  the  great 
Lawgiver,  highly  dem>onftrated  the 
honour  and  infallible  obligation  of  it  ; 
and  he  rendered  to  it  an  infinitely 
more  valuable  obedience  than  ever  it 
could  have  received  of  men,  li;  xlii.  21. 
God  magnifies  men,  when  he  renders 
them  honourable,  wealthy,,  or  power- 
ful, JoOi.  fii.  7.  iv.  4.  I  Chron.  xxix. 
75.  2  Chi'on.  xxxii.  23. ;  or  even  when, 
by  afHi6ting  them,  he  Ihows  that  he 
takes  much  notice  of  them,  Job  vii.  1 7. 
!Men  v^rgnify  God  or  his  work,  when 
they  pubhih  and  declare  his  greatnefs 
Hnd  glory,  Pfal.  xxxiv.  2.  Job  xxxvi.  24. 
Men  77:agnify  themfelves,  w^hcn  they 
boaft'Of  their  power  and  wealth,  and 


6     ]         M  A  K 

behave  arrogantly  to  others.  Lam.  i.  9, 

MAGOG.     See  Gog. 

MAHANAIM  ;  a  city  onthe  eaft 
of  Jordan,  given  by  the  tribe  of  Gad 
to  the  Levites  of  Merarl's  family,  Jofli- 
xxi.  38.  It  received  its  name  from 
Jacob's  feeing  near  this  fpot  tivo  camps 
of  angels.  Gen.  xxxii.  i.  2.  Here 
Ifhbofneth  fixed  his  refidence  during 
his  fhort  reign,  2  Sam.  ii.  9.  Hither 
David  retired  from  the  fury  of  Abfa- 
lom  ;  and  near  to  it  his  army  defeated 
the  troops  of  that  ufurpsr,,  2  Sam.  xvii. 
xviii. 

MAHANE-DAN  ;  i.  e.  the  camp 
of  Dan  ;  a  place  near  Kirjath-jearim, 
where  the  600  Danites  encamped'  in 
their  way  to  Laifh,  Judg.  xviii.  12. 

MAID;  (i.)  A  young  woman, 
particularly  one  in  fervice,  2  Kings  v. 
4,  Gen  xvi.  2.  (2.)  A  virgin,  as 
young  women  generally  are,,  or  ought 
to  be,   Deut.  xxii.  14.   Judg.  xix.  24. 

MAJESTY  ;  the  royal  greatnefs  of 
God,  or  men,  which  commands  reve- 
rence and  awe,  Jude  25.   Eflh.  i.  4. 

MAIMED,  properly  fignifies,  fuch 
as  want  members  of  their  body,  Matth. 
xviii.  8.  :  but  thofe  maimed^  whom 
Chrift  healed,  appear  to  be  fuch  as 
had  legs,  but,  by  the  palfy  or  other- 
wife,  had  loft  the  ufe  of  them  ;  for  we 
never  read  of  his  giving  people  new 
members,  Matth.  xv.  30. 

MAINTAIN.     Sec  Ufhold, 

MAKE  ;  ( I.)  To  caufe  a  thing  tc- 
be  that  did  not  before  exift  :  fo  God 
at  frrft  made  all  things.  Gen.  i,  31, 
(2.)  To  put  perfonsor  things  into  fuch 
a  form,  office,  or  condition;,  as  they 
were  not  befor£,  Ii.  xlv.  9.  God  is 
our  Maker  ;  Makers. .  or  Creators  ;  by 
joint  operalion,  the  three  divine  Per- 
fons  give  us  our  being  and  condkion, 
as  they  fee  meet.  If.  liv.  5.  God  makes 
perfons  of  fuch  an  office,  when  he  calls 
them  to,  and  qualifies  them  for  it.  Mat. 
iv.  19.  Afts  xxvi.  16.  Amid  fick- 
nefs,  God  makes  the  bed  of  him  who 
wifely  confidereth  the  cafe  of  the  poor; 
by  mitigating  and  delivering  from 
trouble,  he,  as  it  were,  refreflies,  and 
makes  his  bedeafy  to  him.,  Pfal.  xli.  3. 
The  Word  was  made  fiefh,  not  by  any 

change 


M  A  K        [     II 

rliange  of  the  Son  of  God's  divine  na- 
ture into  flefli  or  manhood  ;  but  by  his 
affuming  a  manhood  into  perfonal  union 
with  his  divine  nature,  John  i.  14.  : 
but  water  was  7nad£  'wine,  by  turning 
the  fubflance  of  the  one  into  the  other, 
John  ii.  9. 

MAKKEDAH;  a  city  of  the 
tribe  of  Judah,  about  two  miles  eait 
from  Libnah,  and  10  or  14  well  of 
Jerufalem.  Near  this  pla(!e  Jofluia 
defeated  and  hanged  Adonizedck  and 
his  four  allied  kings  :  he  then  deftroy- 
edthe  place,  and  marched  weftward 
to  Libnah,  JoHi.  x.  10. — 28. 

MAKTESH  ;  a  ftreet  in  Je- 
rufalem ;  '  but  whether  that  of  the 
valley  'of  Shiloah,  which  almoft  fur- 
rounded  tl\e  temple,  and  was  fhaped 
fomewhat  like  a  mortar  ^  or  that  of 
the  cheefe-raongers  between  the  hills 
of  Acra  and  Zion  ;  or  any  other  ftreet 
of  the  city,  where  they  ufed  mcrtars 
for  bruifmg  the  fpice  which  they  fold, 
I  cannot  determine.  The  merchants 
that  dwelt  in  it  had  reafon  to  howl, 
when  by  the  Chaldean  invafion  their 
trade  was  flopped,  and  their  fhops  rif- 
ledy  Zeph.  i.  i. 

MALACHI  •  the  12th  of  the  lef- 
fer  prophets.  In  vain  it  has  been  pre- 
tended, that  he  was  Zerubbabel,  Ez- 
ra, Mordccai,  or  Nehemiali  ;  none  of 
thefe  are  ever  called  prophets  ;  nor 
had  they  any  caufe  to  change  their 
name  :  nor  is  it  a  whit  more  certain, 
that  he  was  of  the  tribe  of  Zebulim, 
and  a  native  of  the  city  of  Sephcris, 
and  died  young.  It  is  plain,  that  he 
prophefied  after  the  building  of  the  fe- 
cond  temple  ;  and,  v/e  fuppofe,  about 
Ji.  M.  3607,  about  fixteen  years  after 
the  death  of  Nehemiah.  ^  After  men- 
tioning the  diftinrruiflied  favours  of 
God  to  Jacob  and  his  feed,  -above 
vv^hat  had  been  rtiown  to  Efau,  v»'hofc 
land  was  by  this  time  confignedto  bar- 
rennefs  and  drought  ;  he  reproves  the 
Jews  for  their  ungrateful  and  unbeco- 
ming deportment  tov^ards  their  "Qod  ; 
he  hints,  that  the  Gentiles  fhould  be 
called  to  the  church  in  their  room  :  he 
charges  the  Jews  with  profanation  and 
wearinefs  of  the  worihip  of  God,  and 


7     ]        MAM 

with  offering  him  facriflces  blcmifiied 
and  corrupt,  chap.  i.  He  reprehends 
the  priefls  negledl  of  inflruding  the 
people  ;  reproves  their  marriage  of 
flrange  wives,  and  their  frequent  and 
groundltfs  divorces,  chap.  ii.  After 
informing  them  of  the  MefTiah's  near 
approach,  to  try  and  refine  them  tc 
purpofe,  he  rebukes  tlie  Jews  for  their 
facrilege  and  blafphcmy,  and  declares 
the  Lord's  dillinguidicd  r^rgard  for 
fuch  as  feared  him,  and  in  a  time  of 
general  corruption,  walked  in  his  way, 
chap.  iii.  He  concludes  with  a  pre- 
diction of  terrible  judgements  on  fuch 
Jews  and  others  as  fliould  rcjedl  the 
incarnate  MefTiah,  and  of  ngnal  mercy 
to  fuch  as  ihould  believe  on  him  ;  and 
adds  a  hint  of  John  Baptifl's  miffion, 
to  prepare  the  Jewifh  nation  to  receive 
the  Mefiiah,  cjiap.  iv. 

MAMMON  J  a  Syriac  word,  fig- 
nifying  multitude,  or  •ivorldly  riches.  No 
man  canfer-ve  God  and  inammon  ;  none 
can,  at  the  fame  time,  love  and  fervc 
G'od  with  his  heart,  wliile  his  great 
aim  anddefire  is  to  heap  up,  enjoy,  and 
retain  worldly  wealth,  Matth,  vii.  24V 
Make  to  yourfelves  friends  of  the  mammon, 
of  unr'igkteoiifnefs,  that  luhcn  thefe  riches 
fail.,  they  may  receive  you  into  everlajling 
habitations:  fpend  v/orldiy  riches,  which 
fo  many  get  unjuflly,  and  ufe  as  in- 
flruments  of  dilhonclly  and  •  ickednefs, 
in  a  pious  and  charitable  manner,  that 
the  poor  faints,  benefited  thereby,  may 
be  ilirred  up  to  pray  for  you  ;  and 
that  when  your  riche'^^  ptve  no  more  re- 
tained by  you,  ye  may  obtain  the  gra- 
cious reward  of  your  charity  in  hea- 
ven ;  and  thofe  poor  faints  whom  you 
have  fupported,  may  with  pleafure  wel- 
come you  into  the  celeilial  abodes, 
Luke  xvi.  13. 

'  MAMRE  ;  the  brother  of  Aner 
and  Elhcol ;  tliefe  Amoritcs  affilled 
.'Abraham  againfl  Chedorlacmer,  Gen. 
xiv.  Mamre  communicated  his  name 
to  a  plain  near  Hebron,  where  he  hved. 
Some  think,  that  inftead  of  the  plain 
of  Mamre,  we  fliould  read  the  oah  of 
Mamre.  Sozomen,  the  ecclefiaflic  hil- 
torian,  fays,  that  this  oak  was  Handing 
about   300    years  after  our    Saviour's 

death. 


M  A  L         [     I 

dcalh,  about  fix  miles  from  Hebron, 
and  was  mightily  honoured  by  pilgri- 
mages to  it,  and  annual  feafts  at  it  ; 
and  adds,  that  near  it  was  Abraham's 
well,  much  reforted  to  by  heathens 
and  Chriftians,  for  the  fake  of  devo- 
tion or  trade.   Gen.  xiii.  i8.   xxiii.  17. 

MALES.  The  malc»  or  he-ani- 
mals offered  in  facrifice,  figured  out 
the  fuperior  dignity,  itrcngth,  and 
ufefulnefs  of  our  Redeemer.  Thrice 
in  the  year,  at  the  paiTover,  pentecoft, 
and  feaft  of  tabernacles,  all  the  Hebrew 
males  able  to  travel  were  to  attend  at 
the  tabernacle  or  temple,  each  with 
his  gifts.  Did  this  figure  the  gather- 
ing of  the  eledl:  to  Chrift  in  the  apoftolic 
and  millennial  period,  and  of  all  the 
faints  to  him  at  the  laft  dav  ?  Exod. 
xxiii.  17.  None  but  the  males  of  Aa- 
ron's family  were  allowed  to  eat  of 
fm-offerings  or  trefpafs  offerings.  Lev. 
vi.  18.  29. 

MALICE  ;  deep-rooted  and  vio- 
lent hatred,  difpofing  us  to  render  e- 
vil  for  good.  Wicked  men  are  filled 
with,  and  live  in  it,  Rom.  i.  29.  Tit. 
iii.  3.  It  is  exceedingly  unbecoming 
the  faints,  and  unfits  them  for  fellow- 
fl\ip  with  Chrift  at  his  table,  or  other- 
wife,  I  Pet.  ii.  I.  I  Cor.  v.  8.  We 
ought  to  be  child7'en  in  malice^  quite  un- 
acquainted with  it  ;  but  in  imderjland- 
ing  men,  having  a  large  meafure  of  fo- 
lid  knowledge,    i  Cor.  xiv.  20. 

MALIGNITY  ;  a  pervcrfe  tern- 
per  of  mmd,  difpofing  one  to  delight 
in,  and  endeavour  by  all  means  to  ef- 
fed  the  deftruclion  of  others,  doing 
mifchief  formifchief's  fake,  Rom.  i.  29. 

MALLOWS;  a  kind  of  plant, 
whofe  flower  confiils  of  one  leaf,  and 
is  very  open  at  the  top,  and  divided 
into  feveral  fegments.  From  the  bot- 
tom of  the  flower  there  arifes  a  tube, 
fhaped  like  a  pyramid ;  and  from  the  cup 
arifes  a  piftil,  which  is  fixed  like  a  n?.il 
to  the  lower  part  of  the  flower  :  this 
ripens  into  a  flat  roundifli  fruit,  which 
contains  the  feed,  which  is  ufually  for- 
med as  a  kidney.  There  are  about  50 
or  60  kinds  of  mallows.  Mallows 
are  very  ufeful  in  medicine.  The 
"'eaves  are  ufeful  in  foftening  fcmenta- 


18     ]        MAN 

tions,  and  cataplafms.  A  decoftion 
of  the  roots  is  a  good  drink  in  pleuri- 
fies,  peripneumonies,  gravel,  inflam- 
mation of  the  kidneys,  and  in  ftrangu- 
ries,  and  all  kinds  of  fuppreffions  of 
the  urine.  Plutarch  and  Horace  re- 
prefent  mallows  as  eaten  for  food  by 
the  poor  :  but  perhaps  the  malluchim 
are  fome  kind  of  bramble,  whofe  tops 
and  leaves  are  eaten  by  poor  people, 
and  are  ft  ill  called  mallochla  by  the 
Moors,  Job  XXX.  4. 

MAN,  or  Man  KIND.  Inman,  theani- 
mal  and  angelic  natures  are  as  it  were 
conjoined.  An  animal  body  is  endowed 
with  a  rational  and  immortal  foul.  At 
firft,  man  was  created  male  and  female, 
after  the  image  of  God,  in  knowledge, 
righteoufnefs,  and  holinefs,  with  domi- 
nion over  the  creatures  ;  and  quickly 
after,  they  were  admitted  into  a  fede- 
ral relation  with  God.  Adam  their 
common  father,  and  whom,  had  they 
been  all  in  being,  they  could  not  but 
have  centered  in  by  their  choice,  was 
divinely  conftituted  their  covenant-head. 
Though  he  had  fufiicient  ftrength  to 
have  fulfilled  the  condition  of  perfedl 
obedience,  and  fo  for  ever  fecured  his 
and  their  eternal  happinefs,  he  was  fo 
far  from  doing  it,  that  on  the  firft 
temptation  he  broke  the  covenant, 
violating  the  exprefs  law  thereof,  rela- 
tive to  the  forbidden  fruit.  His  dif- 
obedience  involved  himfelf  and  all  his 
natural  ofFspring  in  a  finful  and  mifer- 
able  ftate.  What  offence  he  committed 
in  their  name,  being  thargeable  and 
jiiftly  charged  on  them,  in  the  very 
commencement  of  their  relation  to 
him,  the  curfe  condemning  to  death 
fpiritual,  as  well  as  temporal  and  eter- 
nal, prevents  God's  infufing  into  their 
fouls,  in  the  creation  thereof,  any  fanc- 
tity  of  nature  ;  and  lays  them  under 
the  ftrength  of  fin.  Hence  every  one 
is  fhapen  in  iniquity  and  conceived  in 
fin.   Gen.  i.   ii.   iii.    Rom.  v.  12. — 19. 

Eph.  ii.  I 3.  Job  xiv.  4.  John  iii.  6. 

Pfal.  Ii.  5.  in  this  fallen  ftate,  every 
im.agination  of  man's  heart  is  only  e- 
vil  from  his  you'i.h,  and  that  continu- 
ally. They  are  tranfgreffors  frcm  the 
v;omb,  and  go   aftra)',  fpeak ing   lies  ; 

their 


MAN     r   i» 

their  heart  is  deceitful  above  all  things, 
and  defperately  wicked,  and  their  car- 
nal mind  enmity  againft  God  ;  out  of 
theircorrupt  heart  proceed  evil  thoughts, 
murders,  adulteries,  fornications,  thefts, 
falfe  witnefs,  blafphcmics  ;  they  are 
filled  with  all  unrighteoufncfs,  fornica- 
tion, wickednefs,  covetoufnefs,  mali- 
cioufnefs,  envy,  murder,  debate,  de- 
ceit, malignity  ;  they  are  whifperers, 
backbiters,  haters  of  God,  deipitcful, 
proud,  inventors  of  evil  things,  difobe- 
dient  to  parents,  without  underlland- 
ing,  covenant-breakers,  without  natu- 
ral affedion,  implacable,  unmerciful ; 
they  are  lovers  of  themfelves,  boaflers, 
blafphemers,  unthankful,  unholy,  falfe 
accufers,  incontinent,  fierce,  dcfpifers 
of  eveiy  thing  good,  traitors,  heady, 
high-minded,  lovers  of  pleafures  more 
than  lovers  of  God  ; — foolifh,  difobe- 
dient,  deceived,  ferving  divers  lulls, 
living  in  malice  and  envy,  hateful,  and 
hating  one  another.  There  is  none  in 
their  natural  Itate  righteous,  no  not 
one  ;  there  is  none  that  underftandeth, 
and  feeketh  after  God  ;  they  are  alto- 
gether corrupt  and  abominable,  drink- 
ing up  iniquity  as  the  ox  drinketh  up 
the  water  ;  with  their  tongues  they 
ufe  deceit  ;  their  mouth  is  full  of  cur- 
fing  and  bitternefs  ;  their  feet  are  fwift 
to  filed  blood  ;  deftrudion  and  mifery 
are  in  all  their  ways,  and  the  way  of 
peace  have  they  not  known  :  there  is 
.  no  fear  of  God  before  their  eyes  :  Gen. 
vi.  5.  viii.  21.  Jer.  xvii.  9.  Rom.  viii. 
7.  Matth.  XV.  9.  Rom.  i.  29. — 31. 
2  Tim.  iii.  2. — 4.  Tit.  iii.  3.  Pfal.  xiv. 
Rom.  iii.  9. — 18.  By  reafon  of  fin 
men  are  rendered  miferable ;  the  frame  of 
this  lower  world  is  much  altered  ;  fields 
are  blafted  with  the  curfe  ;  the  air  in- 
fected with  peftilential  vapours  ;  winds 
and  feas  are  calculated  to  fwallow  up 
the  guilty.  Every  man  is  by  nature 
deflitute  of  happy  intereft  in,  or  fcl- 
lowfhip  with  God  ;  they  are  under  his 
wrath  and  curfe  ;  they  are  expofed  to 
famine,  war,  peftilence,  poverty,  re- 
proach, ficknefs,  difappointment,  toil, 
and  to  judicial  blindnefs  of  mind, 
hardnefs  of  heart,  vile  afifeCtions,  fear- 
ednefs  and  horror  of  confcience    a  re- 


9     ]        MAN 

probate  fenfe,  and  llavery  of  Satan  ; 
and  at  the  end  to  be  in  death  driven  a- 
way  in  their  wickednefs,  and  to  be  in 
hell  for  ever  tormented  ;  punifhed  with 
everlafting  deilru6tion,  from  the  pre- 
fencc  of  the  Lord,  and  the  glory  of 
his  power  :  Gen.  iii.  18.  19.  Eph.  i'u 
12.  Pfal.  v.  4.  5.  vii.  10. — 16.  Deut. 
xxvlii.  16. — 6S.  2Cor.  iv.  4.  2  ThefT. 
ii.  II.  12.  Rom.  i.  26.  28.  Prov.  xiv. 
32.   Rev.  xiv.  10.  II.   2  ThefT.  i.  8.9. 

Man  being  utterly  unconcerned  and 
incapable  to  recover  himfelf  from  this 
finful  and  miferable  Hate,  our  fin  and 
mifery  had  eternally  continued  and  in- 
creafed,  had  not  a  three-one  God  gra- 
ciouOy  provided  for  our  relief.  The 
electing  and  covenanting  love  of  the 
Father,  the  mediation  of  the  Son,  in 
his  perfon,  office,  and  ftate,  and  the 
Spirit's  almighty  application  to  our 
foul,  of  what  his  mediation  purchafes 
and  procures,  are  the  means  of  our  re- 
demption. Union  with  Jefus  Chrift, 
as  our  rightcoufnefs  and  llrength  ;  juf- 
tification  of  our  perfons,  through  his 
obedience  and  fufFering  imputed  to  us  ; 
adoption  into  his  family  ;  regeneration, 
and  fandification,  whereby  we  are  re- 
newed after  his  image,  in  heart  and 
lite  ;  comfort  in  his  friendfhip  and  ful- 
nefs  ;  and  endlefs  felicity  in  his  imme- 
diate prefence ;  are.thefummaryblelTmga 
therein  contained.  By  faith  in  Chrifl 
as  oilered  in  the  gofpel,  we  muft  re- 
ceive them  ;  by  repentance  and  new  o- 
bedience  to  all  the  precepts  of  his  law, 
and  by  walking  with  him  in  all  the  or- 
dinances of  his  grace,  muft  we  mark 
our  gratitude  to  God  for  his  kindnefs  : 
Hof.  xiii.  9.  Rom.  iii.  v.  Eph.  i.  ii.  iii. 
Gal.  iii.  iv.  Tit.  iii.  3. — 6.  Rom.  vi. 
xii. — XV.  Eph.  iv. — vi.  Matth.  v.  48. 
xxviii,  20. 

Notv/ithflanding  this  prepared  and 
publifhcd  redemption,  the  wickednefs 
of  man  has  Hill  been  great  in  the  earth. 
As  men  multiplied,  their  immoralities  in- 
creafed  :  Cain  and  his  feed  introduced 
a  deluge  of  profanenefs,  and  by  intermar- 
riage;^  with  them  were  the  pollerity  of 
Seth  corrupted.  God,  who  has  or- 
dinarily all  along  feverely  punifhed  the 
firft   introducers  of    wickednefs,    was 

provoked 


MAN     r   I 

■provoked  to  drov/n  them  all,  but  No- 
ah aad  other  feven  pcrfons.  Not  long 
after  the  flood,  had  thofe  prcferved 
from  It  begun  to  repeople  the  earth, 
when  wickednefs  revived  in  all  its  hor- 
rors ;  proudly  they  confpired  agaiiill 
the  Lord,  to  eftahlifh  their  own  fame 
and  prevent  their  difperfion.  Scatter- 
ed by  the  jufl  vengeance  of  Heaven, 
they  generally  cifl  off  all  proper  fear 
and  reverence  of  God.  For  near  2000 
years  the  true  worHiip  of  God,  or  true 
religion,  was  almoil  wholly  confined 
to  the  ilock  of  Abraham  ;  and  for  a- 
bout  1520  years,  to  the  Hebrew  part 
of  it.  Whilfl  the  reft  of  the  world 
were  plunged  in  the  grofleft  ignorance, 
the  moft  abfuyd  fuperllition,  and  the 
vileft  idolatr)',  and  Hved  in  the  m.oft 
unnatural  luft,  oppreffion,  and  murder, 
how  oft  did  the  Hebrews  madly  apo- 
flatize  from  their  Maker,  and  lived  at> 
the  heathens  !  The  refurreftion  of  our 
Saviour  iflued  in  the  fpread  of  the  gof- 
pel.:  multitudes  both  of  Jews  and  Gen- 
•tiles,  efpccially  of  the  latter,  wereturned 
to  the  Lord.  Thefe  fandtilied  ones, 
their  malicious  brethren  of  mankind, 
ior  almoft  300  years,  barbaroufly  per- 
fecuted  and  murdered. — Delivered 
from  heathen  perfecution,  the  profef- 
i'ed  Chriilians  indulged  thenrJelves  in 
ignorance,  pride,  fuperllition,  conten- 
tion, idolatry;  and  many  of  them  em- 
bracing the  Arian  or  other  herefies, 
furioufly  perfecuted  and  murdered  tht 
sdlierents  to  truth'.  During  the  1260 
years  of  Antichrill's  o^ign,  moll  of 
the  nominal  Chriilians  have  or  fliall 
fcarce  differ  from  Heathens  in  ig- 
norance, fuperllition,  idolatry,  and 
profanenefs.  At  prefent,  of  30  parts 
of  mankind,  abont  19  are  mere  hea- 
thens, without  Ciirill,  flrangers  to  the 
covenants  of  promife,  without  God,  and 
without  hope  in  the  world.  About 
five  parts  are  adherents  to  the  abomi- 
nable delufions  of  Mahomet  ;  and  on- 
ly fix  are  left  to  comprehend  all  that 
•wear  the  Chriftian  name.  Of  this  fifth 
part  of  mankind,  comprehending'  the 
callcrn  Chriilians  of  various  denomina- 
tions, and  the  PapiRs  and  Protellants 
in  Europe  and  America,    it  is  hard  to 


20    1        MAN 

fay,  if  the  looth  perfon  gives  any  prcN. 
per  evidence  of  his  having  the  true 
knowledge  and  fear  of  God  as  in 
Chrift,  reconciling  the  world  to  him- 
felf. — Nor  is  God's  leaving  fuch  mul- 
titudes to  walk  after  their  own  lulls, 
a  whit  more  inconfillent  with  his  good- 
nefs,  than  his  fuffering  the  angels  that 
fell  to  continue  unredeemed  :  Rom.  ix. 
It  is  remarkable,  that  as  God  eredled 
this  world  chiefly  for  the  execution  of 
his  redemption-work,  he  hath  alway 
difpofed  of  men  as  bell  ferved  to  an- 
fwer  the  defigus  of  it.  When  the  mul- 
titude of  the  wicked  threatened  to  bu- 
ry all  knowledge  of  the  redemption- 
fcheme,  he  drowned  them  by  a  gene- 
ral flood ;  when  they  afterwards  threat- 
ened the  fame,  he  ellablifhed  the  know- 
ledge thereof  in  the  one  family  of  Ja- 
cob, and  by  fuch  multitudes  of  mira- 
cles and  laws  rendered  it  almofl  impoffi- 
ble  for  them  to  forget  it.  By  the  moll 
of  the  t}'^ical  honours -beginning  to  de- 
cay asfoon  as  they  arrived  at  their  glory, 
he  taught  tliem  to  expeft  the  tilings 
thereby  typified.  By  means  of  the  Af- 
iyrian,  Chaldean,  Perfian,  Grecian,  and 
Roman  empires,  which  Satan  expe6l- 
ed  to  be  bulwarks  of  wickednefs,  he 
fpread  the  Jews  and  part  of  the  Bible 
among  the  Gentiles,  and  marvelloufly 
prepared  them  for  the  more  peac^ablt 
fp-cad  of  the  gofpel. 

No  government,  laws,  covenants, 
ties  of  nature,  or  gratitude->  have -been 
able  to  check  tire  wickednefs  of  men. 
Governments  and  puniihments  of  dif- 
ferent forms  have  been  tried  for  the 
preventing  of  particular  kinds  of  wick- 
ednefs ;  but  all  has  been  in  vain,  while 
the  hearts  of  men  continued  unrenew- 
ed. Nor  have  the  external  inilrudlions 
of  God  or  men  reprefled  the  torrent  of 
crimes,  though  they  have  fometimes 
occafioned  a  change  in  their  form.  By 
horrible  murder,  the  mofl  of  the  ex- 
tenfive  kingdoms,  the  Egyptian,  Af- 
fyrian,  Lydian,  Clialdean,  Perfian, 
Grecian,  Roman,  Saracen,  Turkifii, 
Tartar,  German,  Spaniih,  French,  and 
other  kingdoiiis  or  ci^ipires,  have -been 
ere  died  ;  and  moil  have  already  fiiared 
of  murdsr  aiid    flavcrv   in    theii-  -turn. 

And, 


MAN 

And,    (Kocking   to   think  ! 
noted  murderers,   and  robl/ers  of  man- 
kind,   as   Sefoftris,    Sennacherib,   Ne- 
buchadnezzar, Alexander,  Cefar,  Pom- 
pey,  Lewis  XIV.  of  France,  and  mul- 
titudes of  fuch  like,  have  been  extol- 
led, as  perfons  of  diilinguilhed  merit. 
Piiffing  the  various  diilintlions  of  men, 
founded    in    their   different   degrees  of 
wealth  or  authority  ;  their  different  en- 
dowments of  mind  or  behaviour  in  life; 
their  different  occupations,  ^c;  it  is  pro- 
per to  obferve,  that  before  God,  they 
fland  diflinguiflied  into  the  righteous 
and  the  wicked,  faints  and  fniners.    The 
wicked  are  fuch  as  are  ftill  in  their  natu- 
ral flate,  under  the  law  as  a  broken  co- 
venant, under  the  dominion  of  fin,  and 
heirs   of  wrath  ;  though  in  refpeft  of 
their  outward  appearance,    they   may 
be  under  the  difpenfation  of  the  gof- 
pel  ;   the  righteous  are  fuch  as,  united 
to  Jefus,  are  inflated  in    the  favour  of 
God,  delivered  from  the  reign   of  fin, 
heirs  of  falvation,  and  are,  by  lan6lifi- 
cation,  making  meet  to  be  partakers 
of  the  inheritance  of  the  faints  in  light. 
Permit  me  further  to  obferve,  that  of 
the   five   words  ufed  by  the  Hebrews 
to   fignify  man,    Adam    denotes   him 
earthly;    Ish    denotes  him  Jirong  Vind 
courageous  ;    Geber    denotes   Jhength 
and  prevailing  excellency  ;  E  s  o  s  h  rep  re- 
lents himy>^i/,  dlfeafed,  and  tvretchcd ; 
and    Meth    denotes   his   mortalkyt    or 
rather  focialuy.     When  j^dam  and  I/h 
are  joined  in  contrail,   Adam  denotes  a 
mean   man,  and  10}  a  rich  or  honour- 
able one,  Pfal.  xlix.  2.   Ifa.  ii.  9.     And 
that  man  is  oft  put  for  the  males  of  the 
human  kind,  as  for  a  fon,  Gen.  iv.  i. 
Jer.  xxxvii.  17.  18.;  an  hufband,  i  Cor. 
xi.  3.;  a  magiilrate  ;  by   man  fhall  his 
blood  be  fhed.  Gen.  ix.  6.     And  man- 
hind  fignifies    males,     Lev.    xviii.    22. 
XX.  13.     I  Cor.  vi.  9.     I  Tim.  i.    10. 
God  is  oft  compared  to  a  man  ;  to  de- 
note his  excellency,  wifdom,  prudence, 
compalfion  ;-and  almoil  every  thing  a- 
bout  men,  members,  adjuncts,  rciaLions, 
afts,  cifc.  are   conftitutcd  emblems  of 
his  properties,    relations,   and  v/orks. 
He  is  a  man  of  'war  ;  he  is  infinite  in 
Irength  and  courajre,  p.nd  he  manages 
Vol.  IL 


f        121       ]  MAN 

the    mod     all  the  war  in   the  world,  and  in  the 
heart  of  his  people,  to  the  honour  of 
himfelf,  Exod.  xv.  3.      Chrill  is  called 
a  man  ;    he  oft  appeared  to   the  Old- 
Teflament  faints  in  form  of  a  man  ;  in 
the  fulnefs  of  time  he  alfumed,  and  for 
ever   retains   our   nature  ;  and  the  va- 
rious members,  adjunds,  relations,  and 
ads   of  men,  are    ufed  in  fcripture  to 
reprefcnt   his   excellencies,   otfice,  and 
condud.  Gen.  xxxii.  24.    Jofh.  v.  13. 
He   is   the   man  of  God's  right  hand; 
the  perfon  whom  God   has  inilalled  in 
his   mediatory   office,  with   his  folemn 
oath,  and  whom  he  pecuharly  upholds 
and  alliils,  and  whom  he  raifeth  up  to 
the  moil  dignified  Hat  ion,  Plal.lxxx.  17. 
He  is  the  7nan  among  the  myrtle-trees,  as 
he   walks  among,  and  acts  among  his 
people,  Zech.  i.  10.     Angels  are  call- 
ed 7neny  becaufe  they   oft  appeared  in 
the  form  of , men,  Gen.  xix.      Men  of 
God,  are  prophets,  or  miniflers,  if  not 
alfo  faints,  holy  as   God  is  holy,  and 
devoted  to  the  fervice  of  God,  Deut, 
xxxiii.  I.  I  Tim.  vi.  11.   2  Tim.  iii.  17^ 
Antichriit  is  called  a  man  of  fin.      Moft 
ot  the  popes  are  very  monilers  of  whore- 
dom, deceit,  profanenefs,  and  the  like^ 
The  Papal  fyflem  confills  of  finful  and 
erroneous  tenets,  finful  and  filthy  prac- 
tices  of  fuperflition  and  idolatr}-,  and 
finful  offices,  a^id  wicked  officers  ;  and, 
in  fine,  its  w^iol:^  tendency  is  to  promote 
wickednefs,  2  Tiieff.  ii.  3.    A  man  of  the 
earth,  is  one  that  either  cultivates  the 
earth,  a  hufbandman.  Gen.  ix.f  20.;  or 
men  that  have  carnal  principles  reign- 
ing in  them,  and  chc^ofe  earthly  things 
for  their  chief  porLion,  Pfah  x.  18.    A 
man  or  fon  of  Belial,  is  one  extremely- 
wicked  and  worthlefs,  a  true  child  of  tnii 
devil,  I  Kings  xxi.  13.     A  natural  m^«, 
is  one,  who  whatever  way  lii^  faculties 
or  hfe  may  be  improve n,  yet  he  hath 
no  fpccial  and  i-xs'm^   grace  j — and  a 
fpiritual  man,  is  one   renewed   by   the 
Holy  Gholl  dwelhng  in  him,  and  who 
is  difpofed  to  perceive  and  rehih  fpiri- 
tual  things,     I  Cor.  ii.  14.  15.     Tlie 


prmciple  of  grace  m  our  foul,  isa;!^^, 
an  inward  and  hidden  man,  confiiling  of 
various  particular  graces,  anfv/ering  to 
the  various  members  of  the  human  bo- 
<^  dy; 


MAN         r     12 

dy  ;    it  fccrttly  rules   and  nets  in  our 
invifible  part,  our  foul,  and  confonrivS 
it    to   its   own   likenefs,    Epb.  iv.  24.. 
Rom.  vii.   22.      Inner  or  hidden    mat!, 
may  alfo   denote  the   fouh      Though 
our   outward  man  pcriih,    our   hi-j-'ard 
man  is  renewed  day  by  day.      Tliough 
our  body  wafte,    and   its   hcaltli    rind 
llrength   decay,  our   foul,  and  invn-.-d 
principle  of  grace,  are  daily  qu;c'..:n- 
c.d,    and;  f^rengthened,    2  Cor*,  iv.  iG, 
To    come    to    a  perfeB   man,    to    the 
flature  of  the  fulncfs  of  Chriil,  is  to 
arrive  at    the    full    perfection    of  fpi- 
yitual  knowledge,  holinefs,   and  righ- 
teoufiTefs,    Eph.  iv.  13.      The   inward 
principle  of  corruption  is  called  the  old 
man  ;  it  confifts  of  various  lufls,  which 
f.nfwer  to  the  members  of  the  human 
body  ;  it   craftily  rules  and  reigns  in 
men,  and  conforms  them  to  itfelf ;  and 
as   it  is  very   early  and  always  before 
grace  in  men,  fo  in  the  faints^  it  is  in 
a   decaying-  and  dying  condition,  CoL 
iii.  10.     Men  know   themfelves  to  ^« 
bu:  men,  when  they   are   made  to  feel 
and    undcrftand    their   own  folly   and 
weaknefs,  Pfal.  ix.  20.     To  quit  our- 
felves  like  men,  is  to  a£l  with  the  utmoft 
courage  and  aiStivity,  natural   or  fpiri- 
tual,     I  Sam.  iv.   9.     i  Cor.   xvi.    13. 
To  /peak  as  a  man,  or  after  the  manner 
of  men,  Js  to  draw  a  comparifoii  or  ar- 
gument fr.om   the   cuftoms  of  men,  in 
their   civil    affairs.    Gal.  lii.  15.      Ths^ 
gofpcl  is  not  of,  or  after  man  ;  it  is  jiot 
of  human  invention,  nor  does  it  depend 
^n  human  authority.  Gal.  i.  i ; .     Chriil 
makes  of  tii^am  one  neiv  man,  when  he 
joins  Jews   and  Gentiles,  formerly  at 
variance,  into  one  new  gofpel  churcli, 
and  in  one  new  way  of  fpiritual  wor- 
fliip,    Eph.  ii.  15^     Men  of  one^s  fecret, 
tahernack,  or  peace,  are  familiar  intimate 
mem:  "^rs  of  our  family,  or  in  apparent 
agree  nen.t  or  covenant   with  us,  Job 
xix.  19.  xxxi.  .31.   Jer.  xx.  10.     The 
defire  of  a  man.  is   JAs  lindnefs ;  he,  if 
\j']re,  dcfirer.   the   mercy  and  kindnefs 
of  God  ;  .dcfu'es  ability  and  opportu- 
nities  for  Iheu'ing  kindnefs  to  others, 
and  tliis-dif,:)orition  renders  him  agree- 
able and  beloved",   ?rov.  xix.  22. 
,  Woman    was^  h;il  of  all  creatures, 


2     ]        MAN 

formed  to  be  an  alTillant  to  man.    Wo- 
mens  comeiinefs,  fond  affe  ftion,  weak- 
nefs,  and  infirmities,  ordinarily  exceed 
thofe  of  men.      Before   the   fall,    the 
woman   feems   to  have  be^n  more  on  a 
level  of  authority  with  the  man;' but 
to  punifli   the  introdurlion  of  fm  by  a 
woman,  the  fex  was  fubjeiled   to   fur- 
ther degrees  of  inequality  with   their 
hufband,  and  to  manifold  pains,  in  the 
conception    and  birth    of   their    chil- 
dren.     In   moft  places  of  the   world, 
tliey  are  ufed  as  Haves  or  beafls.      la 
Canaan  they  were  generally  fan-burnt, 
as  in  their  youth  they  attended  flocks 
and  herds,  and  f^etched  water  and  fuel. 
After   they   were   married,  they  were 
m.uch  -confined,  and  thofe  of  confider- 
able  rank  laboured  in  the  kitchen.     In 
Afnca,  and  many  parts  of  America, 
they  are  abfolutely  miferable.      Some 
mothers  nuirder  their  infant  daughters, 
to   prevent   their  future  mifcry.     Till 
the     jVIeniah    came,    and    reftored    all 
things,  the  ordmances  of  Keaven  m^ark- 
ed.  a   ftanding^  frown  upon  them.      T«) 
one   of  the   feals  of  the  new  covenant 
they  had  no  accefs.      Nor  had  they 
any  divine  call  to  attend  the  three   fo- 
lemn  fealls.     Tlieir  natural  infirmities 
brought  on  them  a  number  of  burden- 
fome  purifications.  Lev.  xii.  xv.    Witk 
the  Jews,  they  were   lubjefted  to  di- 
vorce ;    or  to   trial  by  the   waters  of 
curfing  ;  and  to  iloning,  if  tliey  viola- 
ted the  marriage-vow  after  betrothing,  > 
ov.ii  their  tokens  of  virginity  were  not 
found,  Numb.  v.   Deut.  xxii.  xxiv..    A 
prieft's   daughter  was  to  be  burnt,  if 
fhe   was  guilty  of  fornication  ;  and  a. 
Have   was  fcourged,  if  fiie  was  guilty 
of  it  with    her  malher,    Lev.  xxi.   9. 
xix.  20. — 22.    In  the  Chriftian  church, 
women  have  equal  accefs  as  men  to  all 
tlie  privilege,  of  private  members  ;  but 
are    not  allowed  to   officiate  as  rulers, 
Col. iii.  II.  Gal.  iii.  28.  1  Cor.  xiv.  34.;. 
and  are   required   to  have  their  heads 
covered  in  public   worfnipping.  aii'em- 
blies,    I  Cor.  ;ii.;  and  to  Ihidy  the  ut- 
moft modelly,  and  to  Ihun  ail  vain  ap- 
parel ;  by  the  finful  ufe  of  which,  they 
have  fomietimes  brought  God's  judge- 
ments  on  nations,    i    Pet.  ,iii.    i. — 3. 

IT. 


M  A  ISI         [     I 

Ii.  ill.  1 6. — 26.  But  perhaps,  in  a 
way  of  triumph  over  Satan,  the  female 
converts  to  Chrilt  are  more  numerous, 
and  many  of  them  more  lively  in  their 
religion,  tlitm  men.  To  prefervc  the 
chaftity  of  their  ypung  women"  till  they 
were  lawfully  admitted  to  their  Imf- 
bands,  the  Jews  and  other  eaftern  na- 
tions kept  them  in  a  mnniier  (hut  up, 
if  their  circumllances  allowed  it  ;  and 
the  very  name  of  virgin  among  the 
Hebrews  fignifics  Jhnt  tip  and  hidden  : 
this  made  it  i'o  difficult  for  Amnon  to 
tlefile  his  fifter  Taniar,  2  Sam.  xiii.  2. 
Perhaps  young  women  are  called  vir- 
gins, in  fome  texts,  though  they  were 
not  properly  fo,  Joel  i.  8.  To  ieej) 
one's  virgin,  is  to  retain  a  daughter,  or 
allow  a  beloved  young  woman"  to  con- 
tinue unmarried,  and  in  a'  ftate  of'  vir- 
ginity, iCor.vii.'37.  The  truechurch, 
and  her  true  members,  are  likened  to 
loomen,  to  mark  their  fpiritual  comeli- 
ncfs,  tender  affeftion  to  Chrfil,  -and  to 
one  another  ;  the  church's  '{ruitful- 
nefs  of  faints,  and  faints  fruitfulnefs 
in  good  Vv'orks ;  together  with  the 
weaknefs  of  both,  and  their  frequent 
expofure  to  trouble,  If.-  iv.  6.  Song 
i.  8.  In  the  p;itriarchial  age,  this 
Vv'oman  looked  forth  frejij  as  the  morn- 
ing: in  the  Mofaic  age,  fhe  looked yi/vr 
^j-  the  moon,  with  a  multitude  of  change- 
able and  moon-ruied  ceremonies  :  and 
under  the  gofpel,  is  clear  as  the  fun, 
terrible  as  an  army  with  banners  ;  and 
in  every  age,  is  far  fuperior  to  every 
other  fociety,  Song  vi.  10.  11.  She 
is  clothed  hviih  //j^  unchanging /i///,  Jefus 
and  his  rightcoufnefs,  and  crowned 
with  the  ^^r-like  doclrines  of"  the  12 
apoflles,  and  now  has  the  moon  of  the 
world,  andof  Jewifli  ceremonies,  "under 
her  feet  ;  and  by  carnell  prayer  and 
patient  endurance  of  pcrfecution,  Uie 
travailed  till  delivered  by  ecnltar.tine, 
and  after  that,  was  carried  into  a  wil- 
dernefb  of  diltrefs.  Rev.  xii.  She  and 
her  true  members  are  likened  to  virgins, 
10  m.ark  tlieir  integrity  and  purity  of 
profeffion,  heart  and  life,  chaite  affec- 
tion to  Chriil,  .particularly  their  free- 
dom from  the  \vhoriih  abominations  of 
Antichrifi,  Spngc.  3.  vi.  8.  Plal.  xlv. 
14.   2  Cor.  xi-  2.   Re",  xi:-.  4.:  and  to 


23   .]        MAN 

mark  Jefus's  connexion  with  them  in 
this  charader,  the  Jewilh  high-prieit 
was  only  to  marry  a  pure  virgin.  Lev. 
x::i.  13.  Profeflbrs  of  Chriftlanity  m 
general  arc  called  virgins,  five  v/ife  and 
rive  fociini,  ^ecaufe,  while  they  pro- 
fefs  a  pu-e  religion,  and  lead  a  praftice" 
fomcwhat  blamelefs,  fome  wifely  re- 
ceive Cliriil  into  their  heart,  and  others 
fccliihly  rejecl  him,  and  are  content 
with  a  mere  profeffion,  Matth.  xxv. 
i.-^io.  The  Jews,  Chaldeans,  and 
otlier  natioiis,  together  with  the  Pa- 
pills,  are  called  tvomen,  to  mark  their, 
care  to  fet  forth  their  own  glory,  their 
readinefs  to  entice  or  be  enticed  into 
alliances,  and  tlieir  numerous  progeny, 
and  their  weaknefs  when  God  punilhes 
them,  Ezek.  xxiii.  Zech.  v.  7.  If. 
xlvii.  Rev,  xvii.  Nations  or  cities,, 
efpecially  if  never  fubdued  by  the  ene- 
my, are  Called  virgins,  2  Kings  xix.  21. 
K.  xxrli.  12.  xlvii.  i.  Jer.  xlvi.  11. 
Lam.  i.  15.  Amos  v.  2.  The  virtu- 
ous woman,  Frov.  xxxi.  10. — 31.  may 
reprefent  the  faints.  Perfons  weak, 
and  unfit  for  government,  are  repre- 
fented  as  <women.  If.  iii.  12.  Harlots 
are  called  Jirange  •women,  and  nxxomen. 
ivhofe  heart  hfnares,  and  their  hands  as 
bands,  to  entice  and  retain  men  to  un- 
cleiinnefs  and  ruin,  Prov.  ii.  16.  Eccl. 
vii.  26. 

MANASSEH,  the  eldefl  fon  of 
Joftph  ;  but,  according-  as  Jacob  his 
grandfather  had  prediciied,  his  tribe 
was  lefs  numerous  and  honoured  than 
that  of  Ephraim,  his- younger  brother. 
Gen.  xli.  50.  51.  xlViii.  Manaffeh 
feems  to  have  had  but  two  fons,  Aih- 
riel  and  Machir.  V7hen  the  Manaf- 
fites  came  out  of  Egypt,  their  fight- 
ing njen  amounted  to  but  32,200,  un- 
der the  command  of  Gamaliel  the  fon 
of  Pedahzur ;  but  in  the  vvildcraefs 
tliey  increafed  to  52,700,  1  Chron. 
\ii.  14.  Numb.  i.  30.  31.  35.  xxvi." 
28. — ^34.  They  pitched  in  the  camp 
<)':  Ephraim,  and  marched  next  after 
that  tribe,  NunA.  ii.  x.  Their  fpy  to 
foarch  ti\e  promifed  land,  was  Gaddi 
tiie  fon  of  Sufi ;  and  their  prince  to 
divide  it,  was  Hanniel  the  fon  of  E- 
pUod,  Nu:Tib.  xiii.  11.,  xxxiv.  23. 
Q_2  The 


MAN        [     124     1 


M  A  N 


The  one  half  of  this  tribe  received 
their  inheritance  on  the  eaft  and  north- 
eaft'  of  the  fea  of  Tiberias  ;  the  other 
half  received  their  inheritance  on  the 
weft  of  Jordan,  on  the  north  of  the 
tribe  of  Ephraim,  Numb,  xxxii.  33. 
.*-42.  Jolh.  xiv.  29. — 31.  xvi.  xviii. 
Though  Jofhua  advifed  the  weftern 
M maflltes  to  enlarge  their  territory 
by  expelling  the  Canaanites,  yet  they 
fuffered  them  to  remain  in  Bethfhan, 
Taanach,  Dor,  Ibleam,  and  Megiddo, 
Jiidg.  i.  27.  Four  of  the  Hebrev^r 
judges,  Gideon,  Abimelech,  Jair,  and 
Jephthah,  together  with  Barzillai,  and 
Elijah  the  prophet,  were  of  this  tribe. 
Adnah,  Jozabad,  Jediael,  Michael,  Jo- 
zabad,  Elihu,  and  Zilthai,  vaHant 
captains  of  this  tribe,  joined  with  Da- 
vid as  he  retired  from  the  holl  of  the 
Philiftines  near  Gilboah,  and  helped 
him  againil  the.  Amalekites,  who  had 
fmitten  Ziklag.  About  18,000  of  the 
weftern  Manaffites,  and  many  of  the 
eaftern,  attended  at  his  coronation  to 
be  king  over  Ifrael,  i  Chron.  xii.  19.-7- 
21.  31,  37.  The  whole  tribe  revolted 
from  the  family  of  David  along  with 
the  other  nine  ;  but  many  of  them,  in 
the  reign  of  Afa,  left  their  country^, 
and  dwelt  in  the  kingdom  of  Judah, 
that  they  might  enjoy  the  pure  wor- 
iliip  of  God,  2  Chron.  xv.  9.  After 
the  death  of  Pekah,  there  feems  to 
have  been  a  civil  war  between  this 
tribe  and  that  of  Ephraim,  If.  ix.  21. 
A  part  of  the  Manaflites  that  remain- 
ed in  the  land  joined  in  King  Heze- 
kiah's  folemn  paffover,  and  their  coun- 
try was  purged  of  idols  by  him  and  Jo- 
fiah,  2  Chron.  xxx.  xxxi.  xxxiv.  Part 
of  this  tribe  returned  to  Canaan,  and 
dwelt  in  Jerufalem,  after  the  captivity, 
I  Chron.  ix.  3. 

2.  Manasseh,  the  fon  of  Heze- 
kiah,  by  his  wife  Plephzibah.  At 
the  age  of  12  years  he  fucceeded  his 
father  in  the  kingdom,  of  Judah,  and 
reigned  ^^  years.  He  was  impious  to 
an  uncommon  degree.  He  rebuilt  the 
high  places  which  his  father  had  de- 
ftvoyed  :  he  rc-cllab,li:hed  the  worfhip 
of  Baal,  and  planted  groves  in  honour 
of  his  idols:  he  woWhipped  the  fun, 
Tnoon,  and  fta-.'s,  and  jrtarcd  to   them 


altars  in  the  court  of  the  temple  :  one 
of  his  idols  he  fet  up  in  the  temple 
itfelf :  he  burnt  one  of  his  fons  in  a 
facrifice  to  Molcch.  He  had  familiar 
intercourfe  with  devils,  and  praftifed 
forcery  and  \^'itchcraft.  By  caufing 
his  fubjedls  to  follow  thefe  impious 
courfes,  he  rendered  them  more  wick- 
ed than  ever  the  Canaanites  had  been, 
by  murdering  fuch  as  refufed  compli- 
ance, or  warned  him  of  his  danger,  he 
made  the  ftreets  of  Jerufalem  run  with 
innocent  blood  :  and  it  is  fald,  he  faw- 
ed  the  Prophet  Ifaiah  afunder  with  a 
wooden  faw.  About  the  2  2d  year  of 
his  reign,  Efarhaddon,  king  of  Affyria 
and  Babylon,  invaded  his  kingdom, 
routed  his  troops,  caught  himfelf  hid 
among  thorns,  and  carried  him  pri- 
foner  to  Babylon.  In  his  affliclion, 
God  gave  him  grace  to  repent  of  his 
wickednefs.  He  was  reftored  to  his 
throne, ,  perhaps  by  Saofduchin  the 
fuccefTor  of  Efarhaddon.  After  his 
return  to  Judea,  he  abolifhed  many  of 
the  vefliges  of  his  former  idolatry  ;  but 
the  high  places  were  permitted  to  con- 
tinue. He  fortified  Jerufalem,  and 
added  a  kind  of  new  city  on  the  weft 
fide.  He  put  garrifons  into  all  the 
fenced  cities  of  Judah.  He  died  ^.  Jlf, 
3361,  and  was  buried  in  his  own  gar- 
den, and  left  his  fon  Amon  for  his 
fucceflbr.  A  larger  hiftory  of  his  life 
was  written  by  Hozai,  or  the  fders, 
but  it  is  now  loft,  2  Kings  xxi.  2 
Chron.  xxxiii,  God  forgave  him  his 
fin  with  refpecl  to  the  eternal  punifti- 
ment  thereof  ;  but  the  temporal  punifh- 
ment  of  the  Jewi(h  nation,  for  their 
comphance  therewith,  was  never  for- 
given, Jer.  XV.  4. 

MANDRAKES,  areakind  of  the 
pentandria  monogynia  clafs  of  plants, 
the  corolla  of  which  confifts  of  a  fingle 
ered  hollow  petal,  growing  gradually 
wider  from  the  bafe.  A  little  beyond 
the  middle,  it  is  divided  into  five  parts, 
fomewhat  formed  in  the  manner  of 
/pears.  The  fruit  is  a  big  roundifh 
berry,  containing  tv»'0  cells,  and  a 
great  number  of  feeds.  The  male 
mandrake  has  a  large,  long,  and  thick 
root,  v.-hich  gradually  diminifhes  as  it 

goes 


M  A  N    *   r     125     ]         M 

goes  downward,  and  is  frequently  di-  that  it  required 
vided  into  two,  three,  or  more  parts. 
From  this  root  fpring  a  number  of 
leai'es,  narrow  at  the  bafe,  and  obtufe 
at  the  end.  Thefe  are  about  a  foot  in 
length,  and  five  inches  in  breadth, 
and  are  of  a  dufl<y  difagreeable  green 
colour,  and  a  (linking  fmell.  The 
female  mandrake  has  longer  and  nar- 
rower leaves,  and  is  of  a  darker  colour. 
It  has  been  groundlefsly  imagined,  that 
mandrakes  conciliate  affedlion,  or  cure 
barrennefs  :  but  they  are  a  foporific  of 
confiderable  virtue  :  fmall  dofes  of  its 
bark  have  done  good  in  hyfteric  dif- 
orders  ;  but  if  ufed  in  larger  quan- 
tities, it  brings  on  convulfions,  and  o- 
ther  mifchievous  fymptoms.  Accord- 
ing to  our  Englifh  tranflation,  Reuben 
having  found  mandrakes  in  the  field, 
Rachel  coveted  them,  and  Leah,  Reu- 
ben's mother,  allowed  her  to  have 
them  at  the  rate  of  Jacob's  fleeping 
with  herfelf  on  the  night  which  belong- 
ed to  Rachel.  But  v^'hat  were  the  du- 
(lalm,  which  Reuben  found,  whether 
mandrakes,  jeflamine,  violets,  lilies, 
pleafant  flowers,  muflirooms,  or  citron 
apples,  we  cannot  determine.  Diofco- 
rides,  Lemnius,  and  Augufline,  affirm 
that  mandrakes  have  a  fweet  fmell  ;  but 
then  thefe  mull  have  been  different 
from  ours.  •  Some  tell  us,  that  though 
the  leaves  of  the  female  mandrake  have 


A 

but 


N 

50  to   conilituUL 


a  very  difagreeable  fcent,  yet  thofe  of 
the  male  ones  have  a  pleafant  one.  It  is 
faid,  that  in  the  province  of  Pekin  in 
China,  there  is  a  kind  of  mandivkes 
fo  valuable,  that  a  pound  of  its  root 
is  worth  three  pounds  weight  oi  filver. 
It  fo  powerfully  reftores  finking  fpirits, 
as  to  reflore  to  vivacity  and  health  thofe 
whofe  condition  was  otherwife  reckon- 
ed defperate.  To  denote  their  come- 
linefs,  fragrance,  and  delightfulnefs  to 
Chrifl,  the  faints,  and  their  graces  and 
good  works,  are  likened  to  mandralcsj 
Qv  dudaimy  Song  vii.  13. 

MANEH  ;  the  50th  part  of  a  ta- 
lent. To  conflitute  a  maneh,  it  took 
a  piece  of  15  (hekels,  another  of  20, 
and  a  third  of  25,  which  are  in  all  60  ; 
but  though  it  required  60  fhekels  to 
conflitute  a  maneh  in  weight,  it  is  faid 


one  m  reckoning  of  money,  Ezek.  xlv. 
12.  The  mina,  or  pound,  mentioned 
in  the  New  Teftament,  confilled  but 
of  an  hundred  drams,  or  25  Hiekels,  or 
not  much  more  ;  and  there  was  a  lef- 
fer  mina  of  75  drams,  which  was  a- 
bout  19  fiickels. 

MANIFEST ;  to  fhew  a  thing 
clearlv,  and  render  it  vifible,  Eccl.  iii. 
18.  I  Tim.  iii.  16.  The  fon  of  God 
was  mamfcjly  when  he  appeared  vifibly 
in  our  nature,  i  John  iii.  5.  The  a- 
pollles  were  majufcjJy  when  it  fully  ap- 
peared, by  their  behaviour,  do£ttine, 
and  fuccefs,  that  they  were  fent  of 
God,  2  Cor.  xi.  6.  The  faints  and 
the  wicked  arc  mamfejiy  when  the  dif- 
ference between  their  chara6ler^  and 
flate  is  dearly  difcpvered,  i  John  iii. 
10.  The  man'ijejlation  of  the  Spirit ^  is 
either  that  which  the  Iloly  Ghoft; 
fhews  to  men,  the  do£lrines  of  the  gof- 
pel,  the  love  of  God,  and  our  intereft 
in  it,  and  the  things  of  another  world  ; 
or,  his  gifts  and  graces,  whereby  his 
power  and  refidence  in  us  arc  plainly- 
evinced,  .  I  Cor.  xii.  7.  The  mamfcf' 
tation  of  the  Jons  of  Gody  is  the  public 
difplay  of  their  ftation  and  happinefs, 
in  their  being  openly  acknowledged 
and  honoured  by  Chrifl  at  the  laft  day, 
Rom.  viii.  19. 

MANIFOLD,  God's  wifdom, 
mercy,  and  grace,  are  manifold ;  un- 
bounded in  their  nature,  fhewed  forth 
in  a  variety  of  ways,  and  numerous  in 
their  frpits,  Eph.  iii.  io.  Neb.  ix.  19. 
I  Pet.  iv.  10.  Temptations  and  triab 
are  man'ifildy  when  very  numerous,  and 
in  many  different  forms,  and  from  va- 
rious fources,  i  Pet.  i.  6.  Tranfgref- 
fiojis  are  manfoldy  when  many  in  num- 
ber, and  of  many  different  forms,  and 
in  many  various  degrees  of  aggrava- 
tion,  Amos  V.  12. 

MANNA.  To  this  day,  there  is 
a  kind  of  manna  produced  in  Poland, 
Calabria,  Dauphine,  Lebanon,  and 
Arabia.  That  of  Calabria  in  Italy,  is 
a  juice  proceeding  from  afli-trees  a- 
bout  the  dog-days  :  but  that  in  Arabia 
is  found  on  leaves  of  trees,  or  herbs, 
or  even  on  the  fand :  but  its  quality  is 

rather 


MAN        [     I 

Ta'ther  purgative  than  nourishing  ;  and 
for  that  efteft  is  now  ufcd  in  medicine. 
Befides  the  nourifhhig  virtue  of  the 
?nanna  that  fuftaincd  the  Hebrews  in 
t.he  defert,  it  was  altogether  miracu- 
lous on  other  accounts.  It  fell  on  fix 
days  of  every  week,  not  on  the  7th. 
It  fell  in  fuch  prodigious  quantities  a- 
round  the  Hebrew  camp,  as  to  fuftain 
almoft  three  millions  of  men;  women, 
and  children.  According  tO'  Scheuch- 
zer,  they  confumed  94,466  bufhels  in 
a  day,  and  1, 3 7 9,, 2 03, 600  in  40  years. 
It  fell  in  double  quantities  on  the  ^th 
<iay,  that  there  might  be  enough  for 
the  7th.  It  fell  round  about  their 
rents.  It  remaint  .J  fre(h  all  the  7th 
day,  but  at  any  -_'thertime  bred  worms 
.and  Hunk  if  R.cpt  over  night.  It  con- 
stantly continued  for  40  years,  and 
ceafed  as  foon  as  the  Hebrews  had  ac- 
cefs  to  eat  61  the  old  corn  of  Canaan. 
Since  tliefe  circumftances  muft  be  al- 
lowed to  be  miraculous,  how  foolifli 
muft  it  be  to  difpute  the  fupernatural 
origin  of  the  whole  ?  When  the  fmall 
quantity  of  provifion  which  the  He- 
brews had  brought  out  of  Egypt  was 
Jpent,  they  outrageoufly  exclaimed  a- 
gainft  Moles  and  Aaron  for  bringing 
then  into  the  defert.  God,  who  had 
been  their  miraculous  guide,  was  high- 
ly tiifpleafed ;  but  for  his  name's  fake, 
|-.e  promiftd  'dvA  gave  them  this  won- 
derful provifion,  and  taught  them  how 
to  gaiher  and  prepare  it.,  It  confifted 
of  fmall  grains,  white  as  the  hoar-froft, 
and  about  the  bignefs  of  coriander 
feed.  In  the  morning  it  fell  along  with 
rhe  dew,  and  when  that  was  exhaled 
the  manna  was  ready  for  gathering. 
JEveiy  perfon  capabk  was  to  gather  it 
early,  before  the  fun  had  waxed  hot  to 
^-nelt  it.  When  they  had  gathered  it 
into  one  common  heap,  an  omer  was 
meafured  out  for  each  eater  as  his  daily 
provifion.  This  was  bruifed  in  a  mor- 
tar, or  ground  in  a  mill,  and  then  ba- 
ken  into  bread,  which  was  exceeding 
wholefome,  and  fuited  to  every  appe- 
tite. To  denote  its  divine  original, 
perhaps  by  the  minidry  of  angels,  and 
its  excellency,  it  Is  c:illed  corn  ofkeaven, 
and  c^^els  jvod,    Pfal.  kxviii.   25.  26. 


26    .]         MAN 

When  the  Hebrews  firft  faw  it  lie  a- 
round  their*  tents,  they  cried  out, 
manhuyl.  e.  What  is  this?  for  thoy 
wift  not  what  it  was  ;  and  from  this 
outcry,  is  well  as  to  mirk  it  breji 
f>repar£cl  of  God  for  them,  it  was  cal- 
led manna.  Contrary  to  the  divine 
prohibition,  fome  Hebrews  referved 
part  of  theii-  Ihare  of  it  over  night  ;  it 
bred  worms,  probably  of  the  weevil 
kind,  and  ftank.  Others  went  out  to 
gather  it  on  the  Sabbath,  but  found 
none.  '  Oftener  than  once  they  defoifed 
and  lothed  this  miraculous  proviilon, 
and  were  punifhed  with  deftru6lion,'by 
the  fiefh  which  they  de fired,  and  by 
the  bites  of  fiery  ferpents.  To  com- 
memorate the  Hebrews  living  on"  o- 
mers  or  tenth  deals  of  manna,  one  omer 
of  it  was  put  into  a  golden  pot,  and 
there  preferved  for  many  generations, 
by  the  fide  of  the  ark  ;  and  the  meiat- 
offerings  were  adjufled  by  tenth  deals y 
and  th.e  facred  fhares  by  tenths  or.  tithes^ 
Exod.  xvi.   Numb.  xi.  15.   xxi. 

Was  not  this  manna  a  figure  of 
Chrift  ?  Amidft  our  infolent  rebellion, 
he  is  the  free  gift  of  God  to  us,  when 
we  are  ready  to  be  ilarved  into  eternal 
death.  -He  comes  from  above  ;  and, 
in  the  camp  of  the  vifible  church,  he 
comes  down  \n  the  dewy  offers  and  or- 
dinances of  the  gofpcl,  early,  daily .v 
and  plentifully.  Idowever  fmall  and 
unknown  to  moft,  and  even  to  faints, 
'  and  hcTvvever  contemned  by  many  tliat 
hear  of  hiii:  ;  yet  what  diyinely-prepa- 
red,  myilerious,  pure,  glorious,  fweet, 
wholefome,  nutritive,  all-lufficient,  and 
all-fuiting  provifion  for  fouls  !  How 
neceffary  to  retire  from  the '  hurry  of 
this  world,  and  early  embrace  him,  be- 
fore the  wrath  of  God,  waxing  hot 
againft  us,  deprive  us  of  the  offers 
of  him,  and  givt  us  up  to  judicial 
plagues  !  How  liberally  and  conftantly 
God  dillributes  him  to  men !  And 
with  what  care  ought  we  daily  to  re- 
ceive him  ;  and  the  mo)-e  fo,  as  we 
dra\v  near  to  the  eternal  Sabbath,  when 
no  more  offers  of  him  ihall  be  had  !  As 
he  was  bruifed  and  ground  in  the  mor- 
tar and  mill  of  his  fufferings,  and  as  it 
v:cs"c  baken  !:;  the  oven  of  his  Father's 

v/iath  5 


MAN        r     12 

A  rath  ;  fo  we  muft  receive  him  into  a 
wounded  confcience,  and  with  a  bro- 
ken heart.  As  the  honoured  memorial 
of  bis  coming  down  from  heaven,  the 
golden  pot  of  gofpel-ordiiiances  fliall 
for  ages  contain  his  fulnefs  for  men, 
and  the  heavens  fhall  contain  liis  holy 
humanity.  To  fuch  as  receive  him, 
he  is  food  that  never  needs  feafoning  ; 
ind  till  they  retire  to  the  Canaan  above, 
to  feed  on  God's  ancient  love,  ihall  he, 
as  given  in  the  gofpel,  be  the  fole  fup- 
port  of  cvv  foul,  never  withdrawn, 
notwithftarding  ten  thcufand  provoca- 
tioas  :  but  how  dreadful  the  cafe  of 
^hofe  who  hoard  up  his  gcfpel-truth  in 
vain  fpeculation,  and  make  it  the  fa- 
vour of  death  unto  death  !  how  God 
cux-fes  outward  enjoyments  to  fuch  as 
defpiie  him  1  how  he  gives  them  up 
to  be  Itinged  by  Satan,  and  by  deilri 
tivc  judgements ! — Chrift,  and  his  ful 
ntiS,  as  enjoyed  in  the  heavenly  flate, 
are  hidden  manna,  quite  unknown  to 
carnal  men,  and  but  very  darkly  ap- 
prehended by  faints  here  on  earth,  Rev. 
li.  17. 

MANNER  ;  ( I.)  Cuftom  ;  fafnlon ; 
praftice ;  behaviour,  Ezek.  xi.  12. 
2  Cor.  XV.  33.  (2.)  Way;  method, 
I  Kings  xxii.  20.  (3.)  Sort;  kind. 
Gen.  xj:v.  23.  Matth.  v.  il.  v;ii.  27. 
God  fpake  unto  the  fathers  under  the 
Old  TeJlament,  in  divers  manners  ;  not 
fully,  and  all  at  once,  but  by  little 
and  little,  fometimes  moi*,  and  fomc- 
times  lefs  clearly,,  and  by  the  dif/erent 
means  of  angels,  prophets,  vifions, 
dreams,  voices  from  heaven,  Urim  and 
Thummim,  &c.  Heb.  i.  I.  God fuf- 
fered  the  manners  gf  the  Hebrews  in  the 
dcfert  ;  he  patiently  bore  with  their 
continued  courfe  of  wickednefs;  their 
rebellion,  murmuring,  and  unbelief, 
and  did  not  deftroy  them.  Ads  xiii. 
18.  The  Samaritans  did  not  kno'iu  the 
vumner  of  the  God  of  Ifrael,,  /.  c.  the 
true  method  of  ferving  and  worlhip- 
ping  him,  2  Kings  xvii.  26.  27.  Sa- 
muel fliewcd  the  Hebrews  the  manner  of 
a  king  ;  not  what  he  ought  to  be,  but 
wh  ':  the  Heathen  kings  around  were, 
ar  :  ..'hit  they  might  fear  theirs  would 
b*e,..  i,,':>ain.  viii.  9.     To  fay,  the  man- 


R 


7    1        MA 

ner  of  Beerjheha  livethy  was  to  fwtar  by 
the  idol  there  vvorihipped,  Amos  v'nu 
14. 

MANOAH.     Sec  Samso\. 

MANSIONS;  fixed  dwelling-pla. 
ccs  ;  thefc  are  in  heaven,  as  there  the 
faints  for  ever  rcfide  in  the  moll  dc- 
Hghtfuland  orderlv  manner,  John  xiv.  2- 

MANSLAYLR.     See  murder. 

MANGLE  ;  a  kind  of  cloak  that 
hung  loofe  about  one,  Judg.  iv.  18.   |.[ 

MANY;  (i,)  A  great  number, 
Judg.  ix.  40.  (2.)  All  men:  thus 
many  were  made  finners  by  Adam/c; 
difobedience,  Rom.  v.  19.  (3.)  All 
the  eleft,  Matth.  xxvi.  28.  :  and  thus 
many  are  made  righteous  by  Chrift's  o- 
bedience,  Rom.  v.  19.  (4.)  All  the 
wicked,  Matth.  vii.  13.  'Thou  Jhalf 
abide  for  w.c  many  days,  u  e,  till  death., 
ic-  — lir'dcljhall  al'ide  many  days  ivlthout  cc. 
king,  prince,  facr'ifice,  ephod,  teraphim^. 
For  about  2600,  or  2700  years,  the 
ten  tribes  of  Ifrael  have  been,  or  (hall  brr 
without  the  true  religion,  and  vrithoun 
civil  government  of  their  own  ;  and 
for  about  1800,  or  1900  years,  the 
Jews-have  been,  or  fnall  be,  fcattered 
and  enflaved  among  the  nations,  n.eithc.r 
pradiifmg  their  ar.cient  religi(5n,  nor 
the  Chr^ilian,  nor  the  Heathen,  Hof^ 
iii.  3.  4. 

MAON  ;  a  city  nn  the  fouth-eaft., 
orfouth  frontiers  of  Judahj  where  Na- 
bal  dwelt,  and  near  to  which  was  a 
wildernefs  where  David  lurked.  Per- 
haps one  Maon,  the  father  of  the  in- 
habitants of  Bethzur,  [4;::ve  it  this  name, 
Jofli.  XV.  55.  1  San;,  xxiii.  24.  25. 
XXV.  2.  I  Chron.  ii.  45.  The  Maon- 
iTEs  were  a  tribe  of  Arabians,  whiclv 
perhaps  had  anciently  dv/clt  abouti 
Madn  ;  they  oppreifed  the  Helivews  in 
the  time  of  the  Judge?,  Judg.  x.  12. 
We  fuppofe  them  the  fame  with  the 
Meamonim,  which  our  tranflation  ren- 
ders others  befuics  the  u4nimonites, '  Vv^ho 
can\e  againll  Jehoihaphat,  2  Chron. 
XX.  I.  and  v/ith  the  Mehunim,  whom 
KingUzziah  fubdued,  2  Chron.  xxvi.  7.. 

MAR;  (i.)  To  cut  off;  render 
uncomely;  disfigure,  Lev.  xix.  27,. 
(2.)  To  fpoil ;  rendei*  difagre;  .  ..  or 
ufelcfy,     2  Kings  iii.  19.      Mark  ...  2^ 

God 


MAR        [     I 

6od    marred  the  pride   of  Jerufalem, 
k     when  he  ruined  their  temple  and  king- 
dom, and  what   elfe  they  were  proud 
of,  and  brouo^ht  them  to  ruin  by  fword, 
'famine,  peftilence,  and  captivity,  Jer. 
xiii.  9.     Job's  friends   and  neighbours 
marred  his  pathy    when   they  hindered 
him  from  the  worfhip  of  God,  and  du- 
•  ties  of  hoh'nefs  ;  or  when  they  jcproac\- 
cd  his  rehgion  as  hypocrify,  and  pour- 
ed contempt  on  godlinefs,   becaufe  of 
his  trouble.  Job  xxx.  13. 

M\RA.H,  or  bitternefs  ;  a  place 
on  the  eafl  fide  of  the  weflern  gulf  of 
the  Red  fea,  where  the  Hebrews,  after 
three  days  thirft,  found  the  water  fo 
hitter,  that  they  could  not  drink  it  ; 
but  by  calling  a  tree  into  it,  which  was 
divinely  pointed  out,  Mofes  rendered 
ft  fweet.  Did  this  figure  out,  that  by 
Jefus  the  tree  of  life  being  under  and 
fulfilling  the  covenant  of  works  for  us, 
the  holy  law  of  God  is  made  fweet  to 
our  talte  ;  and  by  faith  in  his  fulferings, 
affliftions  are  reliflied  by  us,  and  work 
for  us  an  exceeding  and  eternal  weight 
of  glorv'  ?  Exod.  XV.  23.— r-25.  Dio- 
dorus,  Shaw,  and  others,  mention 
fprings  of  bitter  water  about  this  place. 
MARANATHA  ;  i.  e.  our  Lord 
tometh.     See  accursed. 

MARBLE;  a  hard  flone,  which 
takes  on  a  line  polifh.  It  is  dug  out 
«f  quarries  in  large  maffes,  and  is  much 
■  ifed  in  fine  buildings,  ornamental  pil- 
lars, &c.  It  was  ufed  very  early  by 
the  Egyptians,  but  not  pollfhed  till 
about  the  time  of  Mofes.  \fterwards 
the  Jews  ufed  it,  and  then  th^  Greeks. 
It  is  of  different  colours,  black,  white, 
&c.  or  flreaked  with  difierent  colours  ; 
but  fcarce  any  of  it  becomes  tranfpa- 
rent  in  thin  polifhed  flices  but  the 
white.  Tables  of  marble  were  ancient- 
ly ufed  for  writing  on.  Perhaps  Gcd 
wrote  the  ten  commandments  on  tables 
©f  marble.  On  the  tables  of  marble 
procured  from  the  eaft  by  the  Earl  of 
Arundel,  and  now  belonging  to  the 
Univerfity  of  Oxford,  there  is  a  chro- 
nology of  Greece,  from  the  eariiefl 
times  of  that  nation  to  A.  M.  3741. 
We  fuppofe  the  flones  of  Solomon's 
'';:mple  were  all   fine  marble,   1  Chron. 


28     ]         MAR 

xxix.  2.  Ahafuerus  king  of  Perfia 
had  the  court  of  his  garden  furrounded 
with  pillars  of  marble,  to  hang  the 
curtains  on  by  fdver  rings,  and  the 
pavement  was  of  red,  blue,  white,  and 
black  marble,  Efth.  i.  6.  Marble  is 
an  emblem  of  comelinefs,  firmnefs,  and 
duration.   Song  v.  15. 

MARCH  ;  to  go  as  foldiers  or  ar- 
mies do  to  fields  of  battle,  Jer.  xlvi.  22. 
God's  marchingy  denotes  the  motions 
'  of  the  pillar  of  cloud  before  the  He- 
brews in  the  defert,  who,  confidering 
their  orderly  arrangement,  might,  in 
an  open  country,  march  12  or  more 
miles  a-day,  Pfal.  Ixviii.  7.  Judg.  v.  4. 
or  his  difplay  of  his  power,  in  gradu- 
ally cutting  off  the  Canaanites  by  the 
hand  of  Jofhua,   Hab.  iii.  12. 

MARESHAH  ;  a  city  of  Judah, 
about    18   miles   weft   from  Jerufalem. 
Near  to  this  place  Afa  routed  the  E- 
thiopians,  2  Chron.  xiv.  9.    Morefheth, 
where    Micah   the    prophet   was  born, 
feems  not  to  have  been  this  place,  but 
one  near  Gath,   Mic.  i.  I.  14. 
MARINERS.     See  Sailors. 
To  MARK,  is  to  notice  with  great 
care,  fet  a  mark  u!^on.    God  marks  ini- 
quity, when  he  brings  men  into  judge- 
ment, and  punifhes  them  for  their  fin, 
Pfal.  cxxx,  3.    Job  X.  14.     Men  mark 
our  Jlepsj  when  they  obferve  our  con- 
duct, in  order  to  find  whereof  to   ac- 
cufe  us,  and  thereby  ruin  us,  Pfal.  Ivi.  6. 
A.  mark,  JigUy  or  toketiy   is,    (i.)  That 
whereby  a  thing  is  pointed  out,  either 
as  paft,  prefent,  or  future,  and   fo   is 
of  ufe  to  commemorate  things  paft,  de- 
monftiatc  things  prefent,  confirm  things 
dubious,  and  afTure  of  things  to  come  : 
or,   (2.)   That  which  diftinguifhes  one 
thing  from  another,  as  land-marks  dif- 
tinguifh  between  the  fields  of  one   and 
of  another.     The  mark  of  the  heajl  in  the 
forehead  or  handy  required  by  Antichrift, 
is  an  open  profcfiion,  foJemn  adherence 
to,  or  p'-attice  of  Pupifh  abominations  ; 
fuch  as  fubjeclion  to  the   Pope,  belief 
of  tranfubftantiation,  worfliip  of  images, 
angels,  faints,  relics  ;    without    which 
people  are  often  denied  their  civil   pri- 
vileges,   Rev.  xiii.  16.  17.      Whether 
Cod  fct  a  mark  on  Cain's  perfon  to  dif- 

tinguifh 


MAR        [     I 

tingulrti  him  from  others,  or  only  gave 
him  fome  token,  as  he  did  Gideon,  that 
he -would  make  him  conquer  the  Mi- 
dianites,  and  that  he  would  preferve 
him,  we  know  not,  Gen.  iv.  15.  Suf- 
fering forthe  fake  of  Chrift,  is  his  marks ; 
is  a  hkencfs  to  him  m  his  fuffering,  and 
points  out  one  to  be  his  follower,  Gal. 
V.  I  7.  Paul's  fiibfcription  was  the  mark 
or  token  an  epillle  was  his,  2  Theff.  iii. 
1 7.  What  one  direds  a  {hot  or  ftroke 
at,  is  called  his  marky  i  Sam.  xx.  20. :' 
and  fo  God  fcts  up  one  as  a  m^rky  when 
he  directs  the  peculiar  llrokcs  of  his 
judgements  againlt  him,  Job  vii.  20. 
Lam.  iii.  12.  The  Hake  to  which  one 
muft  point  and  run  in  a  race,  is  called  a 
mark  ;  and  in  allufion  ithereto,  Chrif- 
tians  perfeilion  in  hoUjiefs  is  the  tnark 
they  aim  at,  and  riua  toward,  in  their 
race  of  duty,  Phil.  iii.;i4. — Jefus  Chrill 
and  his  people  -are  figns  tind  wonders  : 
how  much  ga-zed  at,  fpoken  againft, 
and  expofed  to  injuries  !  Luke  iv  34. 
If.  viii.  18.  And  how  is  Jefus  fet  up 
in  the  gofpel,  that  men  may  come  to 
himi  If.'lxvi.  19.  xi.  10.  lix.  19.  Pro- 
phets were JigtUf  when  their  condition 
and  behaviour  pointed  out  what  was  co- 
ming on  nations.  If.  xx.  3.  Ezek.  iv.  3. 
Wicked  men  are  ^  fign,  when  ihe  juf- 
tice  and  faithfulneis  of  God  are  mark- 
ed in  their  noted  ruin,  and  ot^iers  are 
warned  to  beware  of  like  fins,  Ezek. 
xiv.  8.  The  fun,  moon,  and  liars  are 
iovfigns  Sin'd  fcvcfins  ;  their  pofition  and 
appearance  are  general  marks,  to  point 
out  what  feafon  -and  vreather  ihall  be  ; 
and  their  uncommon  appearances  have 
often  marked  out  approaching  calami- 
ties, Gc'A,  i.  14.  The  ticAve  figns  of 
heaven,  are  12  cluilcrs  of  liars,  in  that 
part  of  the  vilible  heaven  through  which 
the  fun,  moon,  and  other  planets,  have 
their  motions.  Thofe  through  which 
the  fun  moves  in  the  fpring-quarter,  are 
Aries,  Taurus, -Gemiui ;  tlioic  through 
>vhich  he  moves  in  our  fummer,  are 
Cancer,  Leo,  Virgo  ;  -thofe  of  the  har- 
veil-feafon,  are  Libra,  Scorpio,  Sa- 
gittarius ;  thofe  of  the  winter,  are 
Capricorn,  Aquarius,  and  Pifces.  It 
feems  thefe  figns  were  known  in  the 
days  of  Job,  Job  xxxviii.  32.  and  wor- 
VoL.  XL 


29     ]         MAR 

fliipped  by  the  Jews -under  Manafieh 
and  Amon,  2  Kings  xxlii.  5.  But  the 
J'igns  of  hca'ven,  and  tokens  of  foothfaying 
liars,  are  the  natural  appearance  of  the 
fl<y,  as  a  red  and  louring  fun  is  a  mark 
of  the  approach  of  foul  weather,  and 
the 'tokens  which  diviners  ^^'^^t  as  pre- 
fages  of  that  happening  which  they 
foretold,  Jcr.  x.  2.  If.  xliv.  25.  The 
figns  of  Chrkl's  coming  againft. thejews, 
were  the  fpread  of  the  gofpel,  the  per- 
fecution  of  Clnillians,  the  rife  of  falfe 
prophets,  uncommon  appearances  In  the 
iky  and  about  the  terr^le,  &c.  thefc 
marked,  that  the  ruin  of  their  nation 
fail  approached,  Matth.  xxiv.  3. — 29. 
But  the  /Tfw  of  the  Son  of  many  after- 
ward appearing  in  heaven,  was  the  plain 
evidence  or  mark  of  his  Mefliahfhip,  in 
the  puniihment  of  the  Jewifh  nation, 
who  rejected  him;  or  the  awful  appear- 
ances that  ihall  precede  his  lall  mani« 
feftation  in  the  clouds,  Matth.  xxiv.  30* 
The  fun's  going  back  was  a^^^a  or  murk 
that  Hezekiah  ihould  go  up  to  the  tem- 
ple, '2  Kings  XX.  8.  The  rainbow  was 
^/igH  or  token,  that  God  had  eftabhfh- 
ed  his  covenant  with  Noah  and  his  feed, 
and  a  fare  evidence,  that  he  would  no 
Tiiore  overfio-w  the  e-ar-th  with  a  flood, 
G^n.  ix.  12.  13.  Circumcifion,  the 
Sabbath  in  its  ceremonial  obfervation, 
and  other  rites,  were  fignsy  fure  tokens., 
that  God  had  eftabliihed  his  peculiar 
coveiKint  with  the  Hebrews,  and  would 
give  or  had  given  them  the  land  of  Ca- 
naan for  their  poffeflion.  Gen.  xvii.  11. 
•Rom.  iv.  II.  Exod  xxxi.  13.  God's 
law  was  to  be  a  figny  token^  and  memO' 
rial  on  the  hands  of  the  Hebrews ;  they 
were  to  have  it  continually  before  their 
eyes,  and  to  be  always  obeying  it,  Ex- 
od. xiii.  9.  16.  The  blood  of  the  paf- 
chal  lamb,  fprinkled-on  the  doors  of 
the  Hebrew  houfes,  v/as  a  token,  or  marky 
to  the  deftroying  angel,  that  God  wil- 
led the  prcfervaiioH  of  all  within  that 
houfe,  Exod.  xii.  13.  In  allufion  to 
which,  Chrift  is  faid  'lo  fet  a  mark  upon 
pious  mourners  for  the  hns  of  their 
country,  when  he  fmgularly  preferves 
them,  amid  common  ruin,  frpm  a  fu- 
rious enemy,  Ezek.  ix,  4.  6.  God 
Ihcvvs  men  a  token  for  good,  when  he 
R  either 


MAR        f     13 

cither  fiiew«  them  fome  noted  difcov  ry 
of  his  love,  or  deftroys  their  enemies, 
or  gives  them  fome  certain  evidence 
that  he  will  do  fo,  Pfal.  Ixxxvi.  1 7. 
The  faints  courage  and  patience  under 
tribulation  and  perfecution,  are  an  evi- 
dent  token  of  approaching  perdition  or 
ruin  to  their  enemies,  and  of  remark- 
able relief  and  eternal  filvation  to  them- 
felves,  Phil.  i.  28.  2  ThefT.  i.  5.  The 
altar  and  pillar,  the  gofpel-ordinances  of 
a  crucified  Redeemer,  and  their  church- 
Hate,  in  the  land  of  Egypt,  (hall  be  a 
Jign  and  ivttnefs  to  the  Lord  ;  an  evi- 
dent mark  and  proof  that  God  has 
Ihown  fmgular  mercy  to  that  people, 
and  that  they  have  chol'en  him  to  be 
their  God,  If.  xix.  19.  20.  The  to- 
kens of fuch  as  went  by  the  nvay^  were  ei- 
ther the  inllances  which  common  tra- 
vellers could  give  of  the  hofpitaiity  and 
piety  wliich  prevailed  in  Job's  family  ; 
or  the  iiiftances  which  they  or  any  one 
in  the  courfe  of  life,  could  give  of  the 
profperity  of  the  wicked,  and  the  af- 
Jiclion  of  the  godly  in  this  world.  Job 
xxi.  29.  Miracles  or  wonderful  works 
are  called  figns  or  tokens  ;  .they  ihew 
God's  power,  and  prove  the  million  of 
his  fe-vants,  Exod.  iv.  17.  Heb.  ii.  A.. 
Pfal.  cxxxv.  9. 

JoHK  MARK,  or  Marcus,  theibn 
of  one  Mary,  in  whofe  houfe  Peter  found 
the  Chriftians  praying  together  for  his 
deliverance  from  prifon,  Ads  xii.  i  ?. ; 
and  the  coufm  of  Barnabas.  Mark  at- 
tended Paul  and  Barnabas  as  far  as  Per- 
ga  in  Lefler  Aha  ;  but  finding  they  in- 
tended to  carry  the  gofpel  into  Pam- 
phylia  and  places  adjacent,  he  deferted 
them,  and  returned  to  Jerufalem.  Af- 
ter the  fynod  was  held  at  Jerufalem, 
Paul  and  Barnabas  having  preached 
for  fome  time  in  Antioch  of  Syria,  re- 
folved  to  vifit  the  places  northward, 
where  they  had  fomifirly  preached. 
Barnabas  intended  to  take  his  coufin 
with  them  j  but  as  Paul  wag  againft 
taking  one  with  them  who  had  former- 
ly defeited  the  work  in  thefe  quarters, 
Barnabas  and  Mark  went  to  Cyprus  by 
themfelves.  Mark  v,-as  afterwards  re- 
conciled to  Paul,  and  wns  very  ufefui 
to  him  at  Rome,  a:;d,  along  with  him. 


o    ]       MAR 

falutes  the  Coloffians  and  Philemon, 
Ads  XV.  36. — 40.  Col.  iv.  10.  Philem. 
24.  'It  leems  Pairl  afterward  fent  him 
into  Afia,/  for  he  defires  Timothy  to 
bring  him  back  to  Rome,  when  him- 
felf  fhould  come,  as  an  ufefui  minifter, 
2  Tim.  iv.  II.  When  Peter  wrote  his 
firft  epiftle,  Mark  was  with  him  in  Chal- 
dea.  It  is  faid,  that  he  afterwards 
preached  in  Egypt  and  Cyrene  ;  and 
that  the  Alexandrians,  felzing  him  in 
the  pulpit,  bound  and  dragged  him 
through  the  ftreets  that  day  and  the 
day  after,  till  he  died.  Calmet  and 
fome  others  will  have  John  Mark  a  dif- 
ferent perfon  from  the  evangeliil ;  but 
I  can  fee  no  force  in  their  reafons.  In 
his  gofpel,  Mark  begins  with  the  preach- 
ing of  John  Baptifl.  He  often,  as  it 
were,  abridges  Matthew,  but  adds  fe- 
veral  particulars  that  further  illuftrate 
the  fubjed.  He  relates  feveral  miracles 
omitted  by  Matthew,  as  the  cure  of 
the  demoniac,  chap,  i, ;  of  a  deaf  man 
of  Decapolis,  and  a  blind  man  of  Beth- 
faida,  chap.  vii.  viii.  In  what  Matthew 
has  from  chap.  iv.  iz.  Lo  xiv.  13.  Mark 
does  not  generally  follow  his  order,  but 
that  of  Luke  and  John. 

MARRIAGE  ;  a  folemn  contrad, 
whereby  a  rr>an  and  wom.an,  for  their 
mutual  benefit,  and  the  produdion  of 
children,  engage  to  live  together  in  a 
kind  and  affedionate  manner.  This 
contrad  feems  to  partake  alfo  of  the 
nature  of  a  vow,  and  cannot,  like  ci- 
vil contrads,  be  diffolved  by  the  mu- 
tual confent  of  parties.  In  no  cafe  can 
marriage  between  parents  and  children 
be  allov/cd.  This  is  fo  contrar)'^  to  na- 
tural decency,  as  to  fink  the  pradifers 
below  lome  of  the  modeller  bealls.  In 
cafe  of  abfolute  neceflity,  as  in  Adam/s 
family,  marriage  between  brothers  and 
fifters  was  not  unlawful  ;  but  as  one 
end  of  marriage  is  to  promote  love,  and 
fpread  friendfhip,  and  to  prevent  all  in- 
decency between  the  ff^xes,  when  man- 
kind increafed,  fuch  marriages  became 
improper.  To  us  it  appears  that  A- 
bidliam  married  his  niece,  and  Amram 
m.arried  Jochebed  his  aunt.  Perhaps 
this  might  be  owing  to  the  darknefs  of 
the  times-.   It  is  certain,  the  hw  of  Mo- 

fe-3 


MAR     r  I 

les  prohibits  marriage  between  all  that 
are  more  nearly  related  than  coufinSjLev. 
xviii.  XX.  Only,  by  a  particular  law, 
which,  it  feems,  had  been  more  ancient- 
ly revealed,  the  unmarried  younger  bro- 
ther of  one  who  died  childlefs,  was  to 
efpoufe  his  brother's  widow,  and  raife 
up  feed  to  him  ;  and  if  he  refufed,  the 
widow  cited  him  before  the  judges,  and 
fpit  in  his  face,  and  loofed  his  flioe,  as 
a  mark  of  contempt,  to  continue  on 
him  and  his  family.  The  defign  of  this 
law  was  to  keep  families  diftin£l,  and 
to  point  out  the  duty  of  Chrift's  apof- 
tles,  minifters,  and  people,  to  raife  up 
feed  of  new  converts,  and  of  good 
works,  to  the  honour  of  Chrifl:,  their 
elder  brother ;  and  the  difhonour  that 
awaits  fiich  as  do  not.  Gen.  xxxviii. 
Deut.  XXV.  To  keep  the  tribes  dif 
tind,  no  Hebrew  heirefs  was  allowed 
to  marry  out  of  her  own  tribe  ;  only 
they  might  marry  Levites  or  priells,  as 
thefe  had  no  inheritance  to  give  them, 
and  no  inheritance  could  come  into 
their  tribe  ;  and  it  was  perhaps  in  con- 
fequence  of  fuch  marriage  with  an  heir- 
efs of  the  tribe  of  Judah,  that  the  Mac- 
cabean  priefts,  who  ruled  the  Jews  for 
about  130  years  before  our  Saviour's 
birth,  may  be  reckoned  to  the  tribe  of 
Judah,  Numb,  xxxvi.  Gen.  xlix.  10. 
Priefts  were  only  to  marry  virgins,  or 
priefts  widows  of  good  report ;  and  the 
high-prieft  was  only  to  marry  a  virgin. 
Lev.  xxi.  7. — 14.  Ezek.  xliv.  xxii.  In 
times  of  perfecution,  marriage  is  not 
convenient^  as  it  is  hard  to  carry  about 
and  fhelter  families,  or  to  provide  for 
them ;  but  it  is  always  better  to  many, 
than  to  burn  in  luftful  defires.  Mar- 
riage is  honourable  in  all  perfons  capa- 
ble of  it,  and  the  bed  undefiled.  It 
is  the  Popifti  doftrine  of  devils,  to  for- 
bid even  clergy  to  marry,  or  to  reproach 
the  regular  defire  of  women.  But  mar- 
riage is  to  be  made  only  in  the  Lord, 
in  a  way  agreeable  to  his  law,  and  tend- 
ing to  his  honour ;  and  not  in  way  of 
unequal  yoking  with  fuch  as  have  op- 
pollte  ftations,  inconfiilent  tempers,  or 
between  profelTors  of  a  true  and  a  falfe 
religion,  iCor.  vii.  Heb.  xiii.  4.  I  Tim, 
!v.  ^.  D?.n.  xi.  ^i.  2  Ccr.  vi.  ia.    As 


31    1       MAR 

unequal  marriages  tend  fo  effei^ually  to 
lead  profeffors  of  the  true  religion  into 
apoftafy  therefrom ;  Abraham  and  I- 
faac  were  careful  to  prevent  their  chil- 
dren marrying  with  Canaanites,  Gen, 
xxiv.  27.  xxviii.  God  prohibited  the 
Hebrews  to  marry  with  any  Heathens, 
and  efpecially  with  the  Canaanites,  Ex- 
od.  xxiii.  32.  xxxiv.  12. — 16.  Deut. 
vii.  2. — J.  With  the  Hebrews,  mar- 
riages with  Heathen  women  were  rec- 
koned null  in  thomfelves;  and  fo  Ezra 
and  Nehemiah  caufed  the  Jews  put  a- 
way  their  Heathcnifli  wives,  Ezra  ix. 
X.  Neh.  xiii.  Unequal  marriages  be- 
tween the  fons  of  Seth,  who  profeffed 
the  true  religion,  and  the  beautiful  wo- 
men of  Cain's  progeny,  were  the  ori- 
ginal c:iufes  of  the  ancient  flood.  Gen. 
vi.  The  Hebrews  intermarrying  with 
the  Canaanites  brought  fearful  and  re- 
peated ruin  on  their  nation,  Judg.  ii. 
Solomon's  marriage  of  Heathenifh  wo- 
men rent  the  kingdom  of  Ifrael  into 
twain,  and  occafioned  many  civil  wars, 
and  an  eftabllfhment  of  idolatry  m  the 
one  for  many  generations.  Ahab's  mar- 
riage with  Jezebel,  and  Jehoram's  mar* 
riage  with  Ahab's  daughter,  brought 
not  only  their  families,  but  the  whole 
Hebrew  nation,  to  the  brink  of  ruin, 
t  Kings  xvii. — xxii.   2  Kings  i. — xi. 

Polygamy,  or  a  ftate  of  marriage  of 
different  women  at  the  fame  time,  is 
evidently  contrary  to  the  law  of  God. 
At  firft,  when  there  was  the  gre?.teft 
need  for  a  fpeedy  increafe  of  children 
to  replenifh  the  world,  God  provided 
but  one  wife  for  Adam,  Gen.  ii.  He 
exprefsly  forbids  to  take  one  wife  to 
another  to  vex  her,  in  her  lifetime. 
Lev.  xviii.  18.  The  almoft  equality 
of  males  and  females  of  the  human  fpe^ 
cies,  in  every  age,  efpecially  if  it  13  coa- 
fidered,  that  the  fmall  balance  that  is, 
is  on  the  fide  of  the  males,  ftrongly  re- 
monftrates  againft  polygamy,  as  unna- 
tural and  adulterous.  It  tends  to  coun- 
teradl  the  general  law  of  the  married 
ftate,  to  increafe  and  multiply,  and  re- 
plenifh the  earth,  as  it  hinders  the  pro- 
creation of  children.  How  often  hath 
a  man,  by  one  wife,  had  more  children 
than  Jacob  by  two  v.'ives,  and  as  many 
R  2  concubines  i 


MAR         [     1 

concubines?  nay,  as  many  as  DjiviJ  had 
by  a  great  many  wives,  and  ten  concu- 
bines ?  if  not  as  many  as  Solomon  had 
by  his  looo  wives  and  concubines? 
Whereas,  liad  thefe  icoo  been  mar- 
ried to  as  many  hufbands,  they  might 
have  produced  10,000  or  12, coo  chil- 
dren. Who  knows  not,- that  Lfit"  xm^ 
natural  practice  of  polygariiy  ]v,r\\  or- 
dinarily the  unnatural  pra6lict^  t  '■  caf- 
Iration  of  males,  or  of  abominable  fo- 
domy  attending  it,  in  the  eaf^'ern  and  o- 
ther  nations  ;  even  as  fodomy,  bclliali- 
ty,  and  every  thing  horrid,  are  the  at- 
tendants of  the  Popifli  prohibition  of 
marriage  to  their  clergy  ?  Polygamy 
was  introduced  by  Lamech,  an  aban- 
doned defoendant  of  Cain.  What  dii- 
order  and  trouble  it  breeds  in  iami- 
lies,  the  cafe  of  Abraham,  Jacob,  El- 
kanah,  and  others,  can  attclL  The 
having  concubines,  or  fecondaiy  wives, 
was.  near  a-kin  to  polygamA'-,  and  as 
little  warranted  of  God.  The  exam- 
ple of  fome  godly  men  can  no  more 
warrant  either,  than  it  can  warrant  us 
to  comm.it  drunkennefs,  incefl,  lying, 
idolatry,  or  murder.  God's  prohibi- 
tion to  make  the  fon  of  a  beloved  wife 
heir  inftead  of  the  elder  fon  of  one  who 
was  bated,  no  way  approves  polygamy, 
but^  at  moil,  was  a  provifion  againll  the 
bad  confeqiieiiCes  thereof :.  nay,,  it  does 
not  fo  much  as  hint  that  this  hated  and 
beloved  wife  were  ahve  at  the  fame  time, 
JDe^it.  x:ii.l5. — 17.  Anciently  v/ivcs 
were  in  a  manner  purchafed,  and  ia 
fome  places  it  is  fo  llill,  which  is  per<- 
haps  one  reafon  why  their  wives  are  fo 
um>aturally'  ufed.  Whenever  Rcbekah 
contented  to  be  Ifaac's  wife,  Eliczcr 
gave  many  valuable  prefents  to  the  fa- 
mily. Jacob  fferved  14  years  for  his 
two  wives.  Shechem  offered  Jacob 
what  dowry  or  marriage-price  he  plea- 
fed  to  alk  for  Dinah,  Gen.  xxiv.  59. 
xxix.  xxxiv.  II.  12.  David  confefling 
that  he  could  not  pay  a  dowry  anfwer- 
iible  to  the  Itation  of  Saul's  daughter, 
Saul  acquitted  him  for  200  forefkins  of 
the  Piiiliflincs,  i  Sam.  xviii,.  Hofea 
bought  his  fecond  wife  fon  15  fhekels 
of  filver,  and  an  homer  and  an  half  of 
barley,  Hof.  iii.  2.     If  any  young  man 


32    1        MAR 

defiled  a  young  woman,,  he  was  requf- 
red  to  marry  her  :  and  if-her.  fdther  re- 
fufed  her,  the  young  man  was  to  give 
her  a  dowry,  as  he  had  robbed  her  of 
her  honour  and  chaftity,  Exod.  xxii. 
16.  17.. 

As'  oelibacy  and  barrcnncfs  were 
reckoned' reproachful  in  Ifracl,  the  He- 
brews oft  married  very  young>  the 
men  about  thirteen,  and  the  women 
at  twelve  years  of  age  ;  which  was  an 
additional  reafon  for  the  parentis  having 
almoft  the  whole  difpofal  of  marriages 
in  their  hand.  Betrothing,  or  what  wc 
call  contni6ling,  preceded  the  mar- 
riage, and  oft  took  place  ere  the  par- 
ties were  capable  of  the  marriage-ftate. 
Betrothing^  was  fometimes  performed 
by  the  writing  of  a  contracl^  legally 
atteiled  by  witnefTes,  wherein  the  in- 
tended huil)and  engaged  to  pay  his 
bride  a  certain  dowry  on  the  marriage- 
day,  for  the  poition  of  her  virginity, 
and  pledged  all  he  had  for  fccuri:ig  the 
payment  ;  and  the  bride  declared  her 
'acceptance  of  him  on  fuch  conditions. 
Sometimes  the  betrothing  was  tranfac- 
ted  by  the  bridegroom's  giving  the 
bride  a  piece  of  filver  before  witnefTes, 
and  faying.  Receive  this  as  a  pledge 
you  fliall  be  my  future  fpoufe.  After 
betrothing,  the  bridegroom  and  bride 
liad  accefs  to  viht  one  another,  and  if 
th^  bride  admitted  another  to  her  em- 
bracey,  flie  and  her  paramour  were 
l\eld  adulterers,  and  Honed  to  death, 
.  Deut.  XX iii.  24.  On  the  marriage-day, 
another  contract  was  drav/n,  wherein 
the  bridegroopi  protellcd,  that  he  gave 
his  bride  200  zuzim^v  or  50  (hekds  of 
(ilver,  as  the  price  of  her  virginity,,  and 
engaged  to  maintain,  and  every  way 
deal  with  her  as  a  wife,  and  to  take 
care  of  what  (he  brought  with  her,  and 
what  he  had  given,  or  fliouldgive  her  ; 
and  gave  bond  on  ail  he  had,  for  fecu- 
ring  the  fame  to  her  in  his  life,  or  at 
his  death. 

Anciently  the  Hebrews  wore  crowns 
on  their  marriage-day  ;  and  it  feems, 
the  bridegroom's  was  put  on  by  his 
mother,  Song  iii.  11.  The  ceremo- 
nies of  marriage  continued  three  days 
for  a  widow,  and   feven  for  a  virgin. 

Gen. 


MAR        [ 

Gen.  xxix.  27.  Judg.  xiv.  17. 
During  this  time,  the  young  men  and 
young  women  attended  the  bridegroom 
and  bride  in  different  apartment's,,  and 
the  former  puzzled  one  another  with 
riddles,  Song  v.  i.  Pfal,  xlv.  9.  14. 
15.  Judg.  xiv.  A  friend  of  the  bride- 
groom's governed  the  feaft,  that  no 
drunkennefs  or  diforder  might  be  com- 
mitted, John.  ii.  9.  jii.  29.  At  the 
er.d  of  the  feaft,  the  parties  were,  with 
lighted  lamps,  conduced  to  the  bride- 
groom's houfe.-  The  bridegroom  leav- 
ing his  apartment,  called  forth  the  bride 
and  her  attendants,  who,  it  feems,  were 
generally  about  ten,  Matth.xxv.  i. — 10. 
The  modern  Jews  retain  the  moft  of 
thefe  ceremonies  :  only  fmce  the  ruin 
of  their  city  and  temple,  the  bride- 
grooms wear  no  Jiowns  on  the  mar- 
riage-day. They  generally  marry  wi- 
dows on  Thurfday,  and  virgins  on 
Friday.  On  the  evening  before,  the 
bride  is  led  to  the  bath  by  her  compa- 
nions, making  a  found  with  kitchen- 
inftruments,  as  they  go  along.  Being 
wafhed,  flie  returns,  and  her  friends 
fing  the  marriage-fong  at  the  door  of 
her  father's  houfe.  On  the  marriage- 
day,  the  bridegroom,  and  efpecially 
the  bride  drefTes  herfelf  as  fine  as  pof- 
fible..  A  number  of  young  men  at- 
tend the  bridegroom,  and  young  wo- 
men the  bride.  They  are  ordinarily 
married^  under  the  open  air,  on  the 
baiik  of  a  river,  or  in  a  court,  gar- 
den, i^^c.  The  parties,  each  covered 
with  a  black  vail,  ana  with  another 
fquare  vail,  with  four  hanging  tufts, 
on  their  head,,  are  placed  under  a  ca- 
nopy. The  rabbin  of  the  place,  the 
chantor  of  the  fynagogue,  or  the  near- 
cll  friend  of  the  bridegroom,  taking  a 
cup  full  of  wine,  and  having  bleffed  it, 
and  thanked  God  for  the  creation  and 
marriage  of  the  fexcs,  caufes  the  par- 
ties to  tafte  the  wine.  Next,  the 
bridegroom,  by  putting  a  golden  ring 
on  the  hand  of  the  bride,  weds  her  to 
be  his  wife.  The  contrail  of  marriage 
is.  then  read,  and  the  bridegroom  deli- 
vers it  into  the  hands  of  the  bride's  re- 
lations. Wine  is  brought  in  a  brittle 
vciTei,  and  being  fix  times  bleffed^  the 


133     1         MAR 

1 8.  married  couple  drink  thereof,  and  the 
reft  of  it,  in  token  of  joy,  is  caft  on  thc 
ground  ;  and  the  bridegroom  in  memo* 
ry  of  the  ruin  of  their  city  and  temple, 
with  force  dafhes  the  veffel  to  the 
ground.  When,  at  the  end  of  the 
marriage-feaft,  they  come  into  the 
bridegroom's  houfe  ;  and  after  a  long 
blefling  fung  over  in  Hebrew,  they 
take  fupper  ;  afier  which  the  men  and 
women,  at  Icaft  fomttimes,  dance  a  lit- 
tle ;  not  In  our  lafcivious  and  mixed 
manner,  but  the  men  and  the  women  in 
different  apartment?.  After  rehearfal 
of  another  long  blefilng  or  prayer,  the 
bride  is  led  to  her  bed-chamber,  and 
the  bridegroom  foon  foUovv-s.  Two 
perfons,  the  one  a  friend  of  the  bride- 
groom, and  another  a  friend  of  the 
bride,  tarry  all  night  in  the  next  room. 
Thefe  next  morning  take  and  deliver 
the  linen  whereon  the  new  married  par- 
ties had  fiept,  to  be  retained  by  the 
bride's  mother.  If  afterward  the  man 
pretended  his  wife  had  not  been  a  maid 
at  her  marriage,,  her  parents,  if  they 
could,,  produced  the  proper  tokens  of 
her  virginity  ;  and  if  they  did,  the  huf- 
band  paid  100  ftiekels  of  fdver  to  her 
parents,  as  a  fine  for  fiandering  their 
daughter,,  and  was  obliged  to  retain 
her  as  his  wife,  while  ijic  lived  ;  but 
If  thefe  were  not  found,  the  woman  was 
ftoned  to  death,  as  an  adulterefs, 
Deut.  xxii.  13. — 21.  As  the  Jews 
were  a  cruel  kind  of  people,  God,  to 
prevent  their  dirc6^  or  indire(9:  murder 
of  their  wives,  permitted  them  in  a  fo- 
lemn  and  deliberate  i;:ariuer,,to  put  thcni 
away,  by  giving  them  a  bill  of  divorce, 
if  they  found  fome  difagrceable  difeafe 
on  their  body,  or  their  temper  fuch  as 
they  could  not  live  together  ;  but  they 
were  never  after  allowed  to  return  to 
one  another.  Under  the  gofpcl  no 
caufe  of  divorce  is  fuftained  valid  by 
God,  except  adultery  and  wilful  defer- 
tion.  On  account  of  the  fiift,  the 
Innocent  party  may  difmifs  the  guilty: 
by  the  fecond,  the  guilty  difmiffes 
himfelf  or  herfelf.  In  bclh  ca£e5,  the 
guilty  perfon  remains  bound  by  the 
maniaoe-vow  ;    and    hence   none   caii 


marrv  tliem,  witlioutcommiuinj:  adu  - 


MAR         [     I 

tery,     Matth.  xix.  3. — 9.      l  Cor.  vii. 

II.  15. If  a   mafter  betrothed  his 

bondmaid  that  had  been  fold  to  him,  and 
did  not  marr)'  her,  he  was  to  allow  her 
to  be   redeemed.     If  he  betrothed   a 
bondmaid  to  his  fon,  fhe  was  to  be  u- 
fed  as  an  ordinary  wife  ;  and  if  Hie  was 
not  ufed  well,  fhe  might   go  off  as  a 
hee  woman,    Exod.  xxi.  7.— 11.      If 
a  Hebrew  intended  to  marrv  a  captive, 
{he  wr.s  firft  to  tarry  at   his  houfe    a 
whole   month,     that    he   might  have 
time  to  deliberate  ;  and   was  to   (have 
her  head,  and   pair  her   nails,  change 
her  clothes,  and  for    a  month    bewail 
the  lofs  of  her  parents,  and   then  he 
might  marry  her  ;  but   if  he   did   not 
retain  her,  jfhe  was  to  go  out  free,  and 
not  to   be    fold,     Deut.  xxi.  10. — 14. 
By  the  laws  of  our  country,  it  is  re- 
quired that   perfons  intending  to  mar- 
ry,   have   their   intentions ■•  proclaimed 
on  three  feveral  Sabbaths,  tliat  all  con- 
cerned may  timeoufly  offer  their  objec- 
tions ;  and  it  is  enafted,  that  all  fuch 
as  Tmrry  in  a  clandeffine  manner,  or  are 
witneffes thereof,  be  feverely  fined,  or  o- 
therwife  punifhed;  and  that  whofoevcr 
marriesanyperfonclandeftinelybeimpri- 
foned  and  baniffied  by  the  magiftrates  of 
the  bounds,  never  to  return,  under  pain 
0/ death.     Is  it  not  then  ftiameful,  that 
church  and  ftate  fo  much  overlook  this 
pernicious  courfe  ?  How  can  the  giving 
of  an  oath  to    a  wcrthlefs  fellow,  ha- 
ving no  authority,  perhaps  a  vagabond, 
fail  to  be    an    horrid    profanation    of 
God's  name  ?  Is  it  not  finful  to  tram- 
ple on  good  order,  eftabliflied  by  both 
church    and  ftate  ?     How  wicked,  to 
rufh  into  marriage  without  a  deliberate 
thought !     How  bafe,    to  enter  that 
ftate,  in  a   method  calculated   to   rob 
parents  of  their  power  over  children, 
and  to  cover  lewdnefs,  and  to  promote 
treacherous,  adulterous,  and   even   in- 
ceftuous  conneclicns  ! 

The  fcripture,  all  along,  reprefents 
it  as  the  right  of  parents  to  ;ghc  their 
fons  and  daughters  in  marriage,  Gen. 
xxi.  21.  xxiv.  3.  xxviii.  1.6.  xxxiv. 
4.  6.  xxviii.  18.  19.  Jofn.  xv.  16.  17. 
Judg.  xiv.  2.  3.  Exod.  xxii.  16.  17. 
xxxiv.  16.     Deut.  vii.  3.    Jer  xxix.  6. 


34    1         MAR 

I  Cor.  vii.  36.  38.  No  where  is  the 
leaft  fhadow  of  power  given  to  children 
to  marry  without  their  parents  confent. 
Nor  do  I  know  of  a  fmgle  inftance  of 
marriage  in  Scripture  contradled  with- 
out regard  to  the  confent  of  parents, 
which  was  not  followed  with  fome  vi- 
fible  judgement,  temporal  or  fpiritual, 
fooner  or  later,  Gen.  vi.  2.  xxvi.»34. 
xxviii.  9.  xxxviii.  2.  ^c.  Proteftant 
divines  generally  hold  marriage  nu/i 
and  voidf  if  the  confent  of  parents 
be  difregarded.  The  infamous  Popifh 
Council  of  Trent  denounced  a  curfc 
upon  them  on  this  account.  Papifts 
generally  hold  the  marriage  of  children 
imlid  without  the  confent  of  parents  : 
But  Bellarmine  and  others  grant  that 
it  is  not  equally  honourable.  The  too 
eafy  reconcilement  of  parents  to  their 
children's  contempt  of  that  authority, 
which  God  hath  given  them  over  them 
in  this  point,  tends  not  a  little  to  the 
multiplication  of  fuch  marriages  in  our 
times,  to  the  itianifeft  ruin  of  their 
feed  in  fpirituals,  and  often  alfo  in 
temporals. 

The  duty  of  married  perfons,  is 
tenderly  to  love  one  another,  be  faith- 
ful to  one  another,  bear  with  one  an- 
other's infirmities  ;  and  in  their  diffe- 
rent ftations  ftudy  to  pleafe,  profit, 
and  provide  for  one  another,  the  huf- 
band  as  the  head,  and  the  wife  as  fub- 
jeft  to  him,  Eph.  v.  Col.  iii.  1  Pet.  iii. 
The  relation  between  God  and  the 
church,  whether  Jewifh  or  Gentile,  is 
rtprefented  as  a  marrlagey  wherein. God 
is  the  Hiijhana\  who  choofes,  rules, 
and  provides  for  them  ;  and  they  are 
thtfpoufe,  who  confent  to  be  his,  and 
accept  of  his  ordinances  and  laws,  and 
love  and  obey  him,  becaufe  he  firft  lo- 
ved them.  With  deliberation  this  re- 
lation is  conftituted  ;  and  how  firm,, 
Lifting,  clofe,  plcafant,  honourable  to 
God,  and  profitable  to  them !  how 
folemn  his  promifes  to  blefs  them,  and 
their  engagements  to  obey  him! 
how  fearfully  the  Jews,  and  many 
Chriftian  churches,  have  been  punifh- 
ed for  their  adulterous  apoftafy  from 
him  !  Jer.  iii.  Ezek.  xvi.  Hof.  ii.  The 
fpiritual  relation    between   the    faints 


MAR        r      135     1        MA 

^nd  Chrift,  and  God  in  him,  is  called  idle  fancies  of  men. 
a  marriagCf  wherein  Jefus  and  his  Fa- 
ther are  the  Hufband,  and  the  faints 
the  fpoufe.  From  eternity  they  were 
loved,  chofen,  and  betrothed  in  the 
covenant  of  peace.  In  time  they  are 
invited,  and  do  confent  to  be  his,  and 
are  united  to  him  by  the  Spirit  and 
faith.  Hereby  he  and  they  have  mu- 
tual interefl  in  one  another's  perfon 
and  concerns,  and  mutual  love  for  one 
another ;  and  have  familiar  intimacy, 
efpecially  in  the  heavenly  ftate  ;  while 
he  rules,  proteds,  and  provides  for 
them,  they  obey  him,  and  bring  forth 
fruits  of  righteoufnefs  to  the  praife  of  his 
glory,  Matth.  xxii.  I. — 14.  Jer.  liv.  5. 
Eph.  V.  30. — 32.  2  Cor.  xi.  2.  Sm- 
ners  connection  with  the  law  as  a  bro- 
ken covenant,  is  reprefented  as  a  mar- 
riage ;  how  clofe  they  cleave  to  it  as 
their  terms  of  life,  and  it  to  them!  and 
how,  in  the  breach  thereof,  they  are 
ruined,  along  with  its  honour  !  Rom. 
vii.  I. — 4.   Gal.  iii.  10.   iv.  21. 

MARISHES.     See  mire. 

MARROW  ;  a  foft,  fat,  and  very 
iiourifliing  fubllance,  contained  Jn  the 
hollow  of  fome  animal  bones,  and 
which  ftrengthens  them,  and  mighti- 
ly promotes  tlie  healing  of  them  when 
broken.  To  marroiu  are  likened,  ( I . ) 
The  moft  fecret  difpofitions,  thoughts, 
defigno,  p.nd  defires  of  our  foul,  Heb. 
iv.  12.  (2.)  Chrift  and  his  fulnefs  of 
righteoufnefs,  grace,  and  glor}-,  and  all 
the  fulnffs  of  God  in  him,  v/hich  are  the 
delightful  nouriftiment  and  ftrength  of 
churches,  faints,  and  their  holy  dijpo- 
fitions,  Pfal.  Ixiii.  5.  If.  xxv.  6.  (3.) 
The  fear  of  the  Lord,  and  departing 
from  evil,  which  mightily  promote  the 
health  and  true  welfare  of  both  foul  and 
body,  Prov.  iii.  8. 

MARS-HILL.     See  AREOPAGUS. 

MART  ;  a  place  of  great  trade,  to 
tne  nations  around.  If.  xxiii.  3. 

MARTYR.     See  witness. 

MARVEL.     See  wondlr. 

MARY,  the  virgin  mother  of  our 
Lord.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Eli, 
or  Joachim,  of  the  royal  but  then  de- 
bafed  family  of  David.    That  fhe  vow- 


ed perpetual    virginity,   and  remained 
aUvay  a  virgin,  hath  no  proof  but  the 


R 

It  is  certain  fhe 
lived  at  Na2iareth,  and  was  betrothed' 
to  one  Jofeph  of  the  fame  place  and 
family.  The  Angel  Gabriel  appeared 
to  her,  and  hailed  her  as  one  highly 
favoured  of  the  Lord,  as  flie  fhould 
quickly  conceive  and  bear  the  Mefliah. 
She  believed,  and  aflved,  how  that 
could  be,  as  flie  knew  not  a  man  ?  Ga- 
briel told  her,  that  the  marvellous  im- 
prefTion  of  the  Holy ,  Ghoft  fhould 
make  her  conceive,  as  nothing  was  im- 
pofllble  with  God.  Mary  believed  ; 
and  foon  after,  finding  that  (he  had 
conceived,  (lie  went  to  Hebron,  which 
was  about  90  miles  fouthward  of  Na- 
zareth, to  vifit  \\^x  coufin  Elifabeth, 
who  was  near  her  time  with  John  Bap- 
tift.  No  fooner  had  EHfabeth  heard 
Mar)''s  voice,  than  her  babe  for  joy 
leaped  in  her  womb.  After  confe- 
rence on  their  miraculous  pregnancy, 
Ehfabeth,  under  infpiration,  uttered 
one  fong  of  praife,  and  Mary  another, 
ftiU  more  exalted  and  rapturous.  At 
Mary's  return.  Hie  was  on  the  point  of 
being  privately  divorced,  but  an  angel 
prevented  it,  Luke  i.  26. — 58.  Mat. 
i.  18. — 25.  An  edicl  of  the  Roman 
emperor,  caufed  Jofeph  and  Mary  re-' 
pair  to  Bethlehem,  at  the  time  flie  was 
to  bring  forth  her  divine  child.  What 
Simepn  and  Anna  faid  of  him,  at  their 
fight  of  hiiTi,  Mary  laid  up  in  her 
mind,  and  deeply  pondered  in  her 
h«art ;  as  fhe  did  alfo  what  Jefus  faid 
to  her,  when  flie  found  him  difputing 
in  the  temple,  at  12  years  of  age, 
Luke  ii.  About  18  years  after,  ihe 
,too  raflily  hinted  to  him,  at  the  mar- 
riage of  Cana  in  Galilee,  that  hr 
fhould  miraculoufly  fupply  them  with 
wine,  John  ii.  3. — 5.  Some  time  af- 
ter, (he  fought  to  fpcak  with  him, 
Mark  iii.  20.  Jofeph  it  feems  being 
dead,  our  Saviour  affedionately  obfer- 
ving  her  from  his  crofs,  recommended 
her  to  the  care  of  the  Apoftle  John,  v  o 
provided  for  her  till  her  death,  John 
xix.  25. — 27.  After  our  Saviour's  re- 
furrection,  (he  no  doubt  faw  him.  Af- 
ter his  afcenfion,  (lie  attended  the  re- 
ligious meetings  of  the  difciples,  Afls 
i.  14.  The  difpute  among  the  Pa- 
pifl-,  whether  (lie  was   tainted  with  o- 

riginal 


MAR        [     I 

Tiginal  fin,  hath  occafioned  plenty  of 
pretended  miracles,  and  a  prodigious 
number  of  volumes. 

2.  Mahy,  the  wife  of  Cleophis, 
and  mother  of  Janice,  Jude,  Jofes,  Si- 
meon, and  Salome  their  fider.  Is  fup- 
pofed  to  have  been  the  filler  of  the  vir- 
gin, and  fo  her  children  are  reprefent- 
cd  as  the  brothers  of  our  Lord,  John 
xlx,  25.  Matth.  xxvii.  56.  Mirk  xv. 
41.  Luke  xxiv.  10.  Mirk  vi.  5.  Mit. 
xiii.  55.  She  early  believed  on  our 
Saviour,  attended  his  preaching,  and 
minidered  to  him  for  his  fupport.  At 
a  diftance  fhe  with  grief  witneffed  his 
crucifixion,  Mirk  xv.  40.  41.  She 
•was  prefent  at  his  burial,  and  prepared 
fplces  for  embalming  his  dead  body, 
Luke  xxili.  ^6. 

MARY  MAGDALENE.  She 
feems  to  have  been  an  inhabitant  of 
Magdala  ;  and  it  Is  hinted  by  fome,  that 
ilie  was  a  plaiter  of  hair  to  the  harlots 
and  vain  women  of  her  city.  It  Is 
certain,  fhe  was  polTelTed  of  feven  de- 
vils, whom  Jefus  call  out.  I  fuppofe 
fhe  was  the  fcandalous  fi'iaer,  who,  In 
the  houfe  of  Simon  the  Pharlfee,  wafli- 
« 1  our  Saviour's  feet  with  her  tears, 
and  wiped  them  with  her  hair,  and 
kllTed  and  anointed  them  with  precious 
ointment.  Simon  thought,  Jefus's 
admifiion  of  her  to  fuch  familiarity,  fi- 
milar  to  that  of  affe£lioaate  daughters 
towards  their  father,  was  an  evidence, 
he  knew  not  her  chara6ler,  or  was  not 
fufficiently  ftrift  in  his  practice.  Jefus, 
k  lowing  his  thought,  uttered  a  para- 
ble, of  two  debtors  to  whom  their  cre- 
ditor had  forgiven  very  different  ac- 
counts, afked  Simon,  which  of  the 
two  would  love  him  moft:  ?  Simon  re- 
plied, that  he  thought  It  would  be  the 
debtor  to  whom  the  grcateft  fum  had 
been  forgiven  :  Jefus  approved  his 
judgement,  and,  after  obferving  how 
far  fuperlor  this  woman's  kindnefs  was 
to  that  of  Simon,  who  had  neither 
faluted  him  with  a  klfs,  nor  given  him 
water  for  his  feet,  nor  oil  for  his  head, 
hinted,  that  her  great  love  was  an  evi- 
dence that  her  multiplied  tranfgreflions 
were  forgiven  ;  and  juft  then  declared 
fothc  w:jii::in,   thut  ihcy  werelo.     As 


36     1        MAS 

fome  murmured  within  themfelves,  thctt 
Jefus  took  up.^n  him  to  forgive  fiiis,  he 
fald  to  her,  Tny  faith  hath  faved  thee. 
Soon  after,  fhe  Is  mentioned  as  o  le  of 
his  minlftering  attendants,  Luke  vii. 
36. — 50.  viii.  I.  2.  3.  She  att'^nded 
him  In  his  lad  journey  from  Gililee  to 
Jerufalem,  and  forrowfuUy  witneffed 
his  crucifixion,  and  aflifled  In  prepa- 
ring fplces  for  his  embalment,  John 
xlx.  25.  Luke  xxiil.  55.  56.  Early  on 
the  3d  day,  fhe,  and  Mary  the  wife 
of  Cleophas,  went  to  his  fepulchre  ; 
but  mIfHng  his  body,  an  angel  Inform- 
ed them  he  was  rlfen.  As  they 
were  going  to  Inform  the  difclples. 
Miry  Magdalene  returned  and  flood 
weeping  at  the  grave.  There  Jefus 
met  her;  fhe  fuppofed  he  vi'as  the 
gardener,  and  aflced  hint.  If  he  knew 
what  was  become  of  the  dead  body, 
that  file  might  take  care  of  It  ?  With 
his  known  air  of  fpeech,  Jefus  called 
her  by  her  name.  Knowing  him  Im- 
mediately, file  cried  out  In  a  rapture 
of  joy,  Rabbon'ij  which  fignlfies,  my 
great  Majier,  and  fell  at  his  feet  to  em- 
brace them  ;  but  he  bade  her  forbear, 
and  go  Inform  his  difclples,  he  was 
rlfen.  As  fiie  vvent  and  overtook  the 
other  Mary,  and  other  women,  Jefus 
appeared  to  them  :  they  held  him  by 
the  feet,  and  worflilpped  him,  but 
were  direded  to  go  Inform  his  apof- 
tles  and  followers,  and  particularly 
Peter,  that  he  was  nTen.  They  did 
as  he  direclcd  ;  but  their  Information 
was  not  duly  credited,  Matth.  xxvlli. 
9.  10.  John  XX.  I. —  1  S.- 
MARY. See  Lazarus  ;  Peter. 
MASH,  or  Mesh  EC  H  ;  the  4th 
fon  of  Aram,  and  grandfon  of  Shem. 
He  was  probably  the  father  of  the  Mof- 
chenl,  or  Mafians,  who  refidcd  about 
the  fouth  parts  of  Armenia  :  and  from 
him  the  mount  Mafius,  and  the  river 
Mazecha,  or  Mozecha,  In  thefe  quar- 
ters, feem  to  have  had  their  name.  Gen. 
x.  23.   I  Chron.  I.  17.^ 

MASONS.  From  the  hiflory  of 
tlie  temple,  and  the  ruins  of  Baalbeck, 
Tadmor,  Perfepolis,  and  other  places, 
it  appears  that  their  art  was  in  as 
great  pcrI":jd:oR   long   ?go  as  at  pre- 

•leril. 


MAS         [     I 

/^nt.  Thofe  of  Tyre  were  among  the 
firft  noted  ;  and  David  liired  them  to 
build  his  palace.  2  Sam.  v.  ii. 

MASTS  for  (hips.  The  Tyrians 
made  theirs  of  cedar,  E/ek.  xxvii.  5. 
As  it  is  dangerous  to  lie  doivn  in  the 
fea,  or  on  the  top  of  a  majl  of  a  fhip,  as 
{he  fails  ;  fo  he  who  indulges  himfclf  in 
drunkennefs,  is  in  danger  of  death  and 
damnation,  Prov.  xxiii.  34.  See  ship. 

MASTER;  one  who  rules,  or 
teacheth.  It  is  a  title  applied,  (i.) 
To  Jefus  Chrift,  who  is  our  great  law- 
giver and  teacher,  and  who  alone  can 
inwardly  and  powerfully  inftrutfl  our 
foul ;  and  in  matters  of  faith  and  wor- 
fliip,  is  only  to  be  followed,  Matth. 
xxiii.  8.  lOi  (2.)  To  preachers  and 
miniflers  who,  to  alfembled  congrega- 
tions, declare  and  explain  the  oracles 
of  God,  Eccl.  xii.  11.  (3.)  To  fuch 
as  more  privately  teach  fcholars  or  dif- 
c'iples,  Luke  vi.  40.  (4.)  To  fuch 
as  havcj  and  rule  over  fervants,  Eph. 
vi.  5.  (5.)  To  fuch  as  proudly  af- 
i^Qi  vain  applaufe,  and  a  fuperiority 
above  others,  Matth.  xxiii.  10.  (6.) 
To  fuch  as  judge,  condemn,  cenfure, 
and  reprove  others  ;  or  do  it  beyond 
the  merits  of  the  caufe  ;  uncharitably 
wrefting  things  to  the  worft  meaning  ; 
or  aggravating  real  faults  ;  or  who  do  it 
from  a  fpirit  of  pride  and  contradiction ; 
Or  who  affe«£l  to  be  many  teachers^  in- 
fleadofthe  one  teacher  Chrift,  Jam.  iii.  r. 

MATTHEW,  or  Levi,  the  fon 
^C  Alpheus,  wc  fuppofe  one  different 
from  Cleophas,  was  a  Galilean  by  birth, 
a  Jew  by  religion,  and  a  publican  by 
office.  His  ordlnarj*"  refidence  was  at 
Capernaum,  and  he  had  his  houfe  for 
gathering  his  toll,  or  tax,  on  the  fide 
of  the  fea  of  Tiberias.  Jefus  called 
him  to  be  one  of  his  apoftles.  He 
dire^Stly  obeyed,  without  taking  time 
to  fettle  his  affairs.  At  his  requeft, 
Jefus,  perhaps  fome  time  after,  took 
an  entertainment  at  his  houfe,  along 
with  fome  other  publicans.  As  the 
Pharifees  railed  at  him,  for  eating  with 
publicans,  and  other  like  notorious  iin- 
ners  ;  he  told  them,  that  it  was  fm- 
fick  fouls  that  needed  the  divine  Phy- 
sician; and  that  ^rcdlov^d  iiifrc-/  rp.ov? 
Vol..  TI. 


37    ]        MAT 

than  facrifice,  and  pretenfions  to  ftri^- 
nefs.  He  told  them,  he  was  come  In- 
to the  world,  not  to  have  fellowfhip 
with  perfons  without  fin,  but  to  callfm- 
ners  to  repentance,  Matth.  ix.  9. — 13. 
Mark  il.  14. — 17.  Grotlus  thinks 
Matthew  and  Levi  were  two  different 
perfons  ;  the  former  the  clerk  or  fer- 
vant,  and  the  latter  the  matter.  Whe- 
ther Matthew  fuffered  martyrdom  in 
Perfia,  or  died  in  Abyffmia,  after  he 
had  preached  there,  we  know  not< 

It  Is  faid  he  began  to  write  his  gof- 
pel  about  A.  D.  \\  \  but  in  what  lan- 
guage, is  controverted.  There  was, 
very  early,  a  copy  of  it  in  Hebrew 
or  Syriac,  to  which  the  judaizing  pre- 
tenders to  Chriftianlty  added  fo  many 
interpolations  of  their  own,  that  it  was 
generally  condemned.  As  early  as 
Origen's  time,  it  was  defpifed  ;  and 
Epiphanius  reckons  it  fpurfous.  The 
Hebrew  copies  publrfhed  by  Munfter 
and  Tlllet,  are  but  modern  tranflatlons 
from  ths  Latin  or  Greek.  It  is  cer- 
tain, a  Greek  copy  of  this  gofpel  ex- 
ifted  in  the  apoftolic  age  ;  and  not 
long  after,  it  was  tranflated  into  Latln» 
We  cannot  therefore  accede  to  the  fen- 
timent  of  the  Chriftian  fathers,  who 
will  have  its  original  to  have  been  the 
Hebrew  :  for  why  might  it  not  be  as 
eafily  tranflated  from  Greek  into  He- 
brew, as  from  Hebrew  into  Greek  ? 
About  A.  D.  184,  a  Greek  copy  of 
it  was  found  in  the  Eaft  Indies^  which, 
it  is  fuppofed,  was  carried  thither  by 
Bartholomew.  In  488,  a  Greek  copy 
was  found  at  Cyprus,  which  was  in- 
fcribed  on  hard  wood,  and  fuppofed 
to  have  been  moft  ancient.  Moreover, 
if  Matthew  had  wrote  in  Hebrew,  v/ith 
what  fenfe  could  he  have  given  us  a 
literal  interpretation  of  Hebrew  names, 
Emmanuel  ?  l^c*  Matthew  has  exhi- 
bited to  us  the  royal  defcent  of  our 
Saviour,  and  the  obvious  parts  of  his 
conduct  and  fufferings.  His  order  is 
fometimes  different  from  that  of  the 
other  EvangeHfts  ;  as  the  Holy  Ghoft 
did  not  intend  to  exhibit  the  facts  in 
their  order  of  time,  but  in  the  truth 
of  their  perfcrmar.ce.  He  is  grave, 
v-ithcui  formal  IHffnefs,  plain  with 
^  S  dignity, 


M  A  T         [     I 

dignity,  copious  and  full  in  his  rehear- 
jfal  of  our  Lord's  divine  difcourfes  and 
wonderful  works.  Whatever  other 
works  were  once  afcribed  to  him,  every 
body  capable  of  judging,  believes  now 
to  be  but  a  forgery. 

MATTHIAS  ;  a  difciple  of  Jefus 
Chrift,  perhaps  one  of  the  feventy. 
After  our  Saviour's  afcenfion,  Peter 
propofed,  that  one  who  had  been  a 
conftant  witnefs  of  his  marvellous  fuf- 
ferings  and  conduft,  fhould  be  chofen 
to  fill  the  room  of  Judas,  who,  after 
betraying  his  Lord,  had  hanged  him- 
felf.  The  difciples  chofe  Barfabas  and 
Matthias  for  the  candidates.  As  the 
office  was  extraordinary,  and  perhaps 
the  votes  equal,  the  final  determina- 
tion, which  of  the  two  fhould  be  the 
apoftle,  was  left  to  the  decifion  of  God 
by  the  lot.  After  prayer,  the  lots 
were  caft,  and  it  fell  upon  Matthias  : 
he  was  therefore  numbered  with  the 
eleven  apoftles,  Afts  i.  15. — 26.  It 
is  probable,  he  preached  the  gofpel 
fomewhere  in  the  call  ;  but  whether 
he  died  a  violent  or  natural  death,  we 
know  not. 


38     1         M  E  A 

MATTOCK;  an  iron  Inftrument 
for  digging  ftones,  roots,  and  fand  ; 
or  for  breaking  down  walls,  i  Sam. 
xiii.  20.  21.  If.  vii.  25.  2  Chron.  xxxiv. 
\6. 

MAUL  ;  a  hammer,  fuch  as  cop- 
perfmiths  ufe.  A  falfe  witnefs,  is  like 
a  maulf  a  fwordy  or  an  arrow ;  he 
wounds  the  reputation,  he  ruins  the 
health,  and  takes  away  the  life  of  his 
neighbour,  Prov.  xxv,  18. 

MAZZAROTH:  whether  they  be 
the  izfigns^  fee  mark,  or  the  cham' 
hers  ofthefouthy  or  the  Mazzerim,  ftars 
fcattered  about  the  north  pole,  wc 
know  not,  Job  xxxviii.  32.  ix.  9. 
xxxvii.  9. 

MEADOW  ;  fat  and  well  watered 
ground  for  feeding  cattle,  or  produ- 
cing hay,  Gen.  xli.  2. 

MEAL;  (i.)  Thatfubflance  where- 
of bread,  or  like  eatables,  are  formed. 
If.  xlvii.  2.  (2.)  A  particular  diet ;  a 
dinner,  fupper,  or  the  like,  Ruth  ii.  14. 

MEASURE;  (i.)  That  where- 
by the  quantity,  length,  or  breadth  of 
any  thing  is  adjufled.  Tables  of  mca* 
fure  follow. 


Scripture-meafures  of  Length,  reduced  to  Englifli  meafurc.. 


Digit 

—                  —                   — 

Englifli  feet. 
.      —                 0 

-.0 

—                 0 

—  I 

—  7 

—                 H 
or  meaf.  line      145 

inch.  dec. 
0.912 

4 

Palm 

—                    — 

.,    3.648 

12 

3 

Span 

—                    — 

J0.944 

24 

6 

3 

Cubi 

t                                    ^                                 ^  — 

9.888 

96 

24 

6 

2 

Fathom              «—              •— 

3-552 

144 

36;     12 

' 

U 

EzekiePs  reed 

11.32^ 

192 

48     16 

8 

2 

I ' 

Arabian  pole 

7.104 

1920 

480,  i6q 

86 

20 

>3i 

lo  1  Schoenus's, 

11.04 

The 


M  E  A        [     139     ]         M  E  A 


CUDlt 

"~"                        "~^ 

400 

Stadium,  < 

31-  furlong 
day's  journey 

2000           5 

Sab. 

4200 

10 

2 

Eailcrn  mile 

12000 

30 

6 

3 

Parafang 

96000,    240 

48 

24 

8  1  A  day 

The  longer  Scripture-mcafures. 

lii  gliffi  miles,  paces,  feet,  dec, 
.—  »-~  00      1.824 


o  145  4.6 

0  729  3.0 

1  403  I.O 
4  153  3.0 

33  172  4-0 


Scripture-meafures  of  Capacity  for  Liquids,  reduced  to  Englifh  Wine-mca- 
fure. 


Caph 


Gal.  pints,  fol.  inch, 

o  o*,  0.177 

o  o|-  0.2 1 1 

0  3^  0.844 

1  2  2.533 

2  4  5.057 
7  4  15.2 

75  5  7--625 


Scripture-meafures  of  Capacity  -for  things   Dry,    reduced  to    Englilh   Corn- 
meafure. 

Pecks,  g  1-pi  !ts,f.il.inc''.  'ec.  ^ 
O.03I' 


H 

■ 
Log 

—                     — 

5't 

4 

Cab 

—                 — 

16;     12 

3 

Hin 

,  or  Epha 

32j     24 

6 

2'Seah 

1 

96^     72 

18 

6\       3Bath 

960'  720 

180 

60      20      10 

Coron,  C 

Gacbal                     ^ 

20 

Cab 

— 

.36 

If 

Gomor,  or 

omer 

^a             -. 

120 

6 

3l^Seah 

360 

18 

10  3  Ep] 

1800 

90 

5015     5 

Letech 

3600 

180 

1 
100,30  10 

2  1  Chomcrj 

0.073 

I.2H 

4.036 
12.107 

26.500 
18.969 

iV.  B.     A  Scotch  pint  contains  three  Englifh  of  Corn-meafure,  and  almofl 
four  of  Wine-meafure. 

A  meafurcy  in  2  Kings  vii.  i.  fignifies  almoft  50  folid  inches,  which  is  not 
^feaJjy  orfatum;  but  in  Rev.  vi.  6.  it  quite  tlie  half  of  our  pint;  and  this 
fignifies  but  a  chenix,  which  contained     being  fold  for  a  penny,  or  7^  pence 

S  2  S^terling, 


Q     o     2^ 

0  O      5rV 

1  O       I 

303 

16     o     o 
32      O      I 


M  E  A         [     140 

Sterling,  imports,  that  the  famine 
would  be  fo  fevere,  that  a  man  would 
fcarce  be  able  to  work  for  enough  to 
ieep  him  in  life.  (2.)  The  length, 
breadth,  or  quantity  to  be  meafured, 
Ezek.  xl.  10.  (3.)  Meafure  fjgnifies 
the  determined  length,  boundar)--,  or 
degree  of  any  thing,  as  of  life^  Pfal. 
xxxix.  4.  ;  of  fin,  Jer.  li.  13.  ;  or  of 
grace,  Eph.  iv.  1 1.  The  meafure  of  the 
apoflest  was  the  extent  of  their  power 

and  office,   2  Cor.  x.  13 15.     The 

"^^ws  filed  up  the  meafure  of  their  fathers ^ 
by  adding  to  their  fin,  and  fo  haflening 
on  the  judgements  of  God,  Matth.  xxiii. 
32.  In  meafurcy  is  moderately,  fparing- 
ly.  If.  xxvii.  8.  Jer.  xxx.  11.  Ezek. 
iv.  II.  15.  Without  meafure,  is  very 
largely,  If.  v.  14.  John  iii.  34.  As 
the  meafure  of  a  man  is  fix  feet,  fo  the 
new  Jerufalem  being  meafured  with  the 
meafure  of  a  man,  that  is  of  the  angel, 
may  import,  how  exaft  and  heaven- 
ly faints  (hall  be,  during  the  Millen- 
nium and  the  eternal  ftate. 

To  MEASURE,    or    METE  ;    (l.)    To 

take  the  dimenfions  or  quantity  of  things, 
Numb.  xxxv.  5.  Ruth  iii.  15.  (2.) 
To  take  poffeffion  of,  efpecially  in  or- 
der to  build,  Zech.  ii.  2.  (3.)  To 
repay,  reward.  If.  Ixv.  7.  God's  mea- 
furing  the  dull  or  waters  in  the  hol- 
low of  his  hand,  impx^rts,  his  full  know- 
ledge of,  his  abfolute  power  over,  and 
cafy  management  thereof,  Job  xxviii. 
25.  If.  xl.  12.  The  angePs  viilonary 
meafuring  of  the  temple  and  city  in  E- 
zekiel  and  John's  vifion,  imports,  that 
every  thing  in  the  gofpel-church  ought 
to  correfpond  with  the  line  and  reed  of 
God's  word,  and  in  the  Millennium 
(hall  do  fo,  Ezek.  xl.  xli.  xlii.  xivii. 
Rev.  xxi.  The  meafuring  of  the  tem- 
ple, altar,  and  of  them  that  worfhip 
therein,  under  Antichrift,  may  denote 
the  trials  of  Chrill's  witnefles  ;  but 
chiefly  their  enjoying  the  fingular  care 
and  protection  of  God,  while  others 
are  abandoned  to  delufion.  Rev.  xi.  i.  2. 
!Mens  meafuring  themfehes  by  themflves, 
and  comparing  themfelves  among  them- 
fehes, is  fooliihly  to  imagine  themfelves 
llandards  of  true  excellency  ;  and  rec- 
koning every  thing  good  that  is  tht;ir 


]       M  E  A 

own,  while  they  overlook  the  fuperiof 
excellencies  of  others,  2  Cor.  x.  12. 

MEAT.  The  food  of  the  He- 
brews  was  regulated  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  God.  What  animals  they 
might  eat,  and  what  they  ought  not, 
was  particularly  marked,  Lev.  xi. 
Deut.  xiv.  No  blood,  nor  fleOi  with 
the  blood,  nor  the  fat  of  animals  offer- 
ed in  facrifice,  was  to  be  eaten.  What 
the  Hebrews  reckoned  high  living, 
may  appear  from  what  Solomon  had 
at  his  table  :  his  daily  provifion  was 
30  cors  or  meafures  of  fine  flour,  ^vith 
60  cors  of  coarfer  meal ;  in  all  about 
58,320  pounds  weight  of  meal,  with 
10  fed  oxen,  20  pafl:ure  oxen,  looflieep, 
befide  venifon,  deer,  roebuck,  does, 
wild  fowl,  &c.  The  Jews  fay,  60,000 
were  maintained  in  his  court :  but  it 
is  more  probable  they  were  not  above 
the  half,  i  Kings  iv.  xxii.  23.  It  does 
not  appear  they  were  very  nice  in  the 
feafoning  or  dreflfrng  of  their  food.  Salt 
was  the  only  feafoning  of  what  was  pre- 
pared in  the  temple  ;  if  we  do  not  add  the 
oil  wherewith  meat-offerings  were  ba- 
ken.  The  pafchal  lamb  was  eaten  with 
bitter  herbs,  fait,  honey,  butter,  oil ; 
and  perhaps  fometimes  aromatic  herbs 
were  ufed  in  their  common  ragouts. 
Anciently,  it  feems,  every  one  of  the 
guellfi  ufed  to  have  a  table-by  himfelf : 
the  Chinefe,  and  other  eailern  nations, 
we  are  told,  fl:ill  ufe  this  falhion  ;  and 
the  greatefl  honour  done  a  guefl,  was 
to  give  him  a  large  fliare,  i  Sam.  i.  4. 
5.  Gen.  xvi/i,  6. — 8.  xhii.  43.  Na- 
tions were  lometimes  fliy  of  eating  with 
one  another.  The  Egyptians  hated 
to  eat  with  Ihcpherds,  Gen.  xliii.  31. 
The  Jews  fhunned  to  eat  with  Hea- 
thens, particularly  the  Samaritans, 
John  i'V.  9.  :  they  reproached  our  Sa- 
viour for  eating  with  pubhcans,  Matth. 
ix.  II.  Luke  XV.  2.  The  Jews  wafh- 
ed  their  hands  before  they  took  their 
meals,  Mark  vii.  Anciently  th^y  fat 
at  tables,  Prov.  xxiii.  i.  ;  but  in  after 
ages,  they  copied  after  the  Perfian, 
Chddean,  and  Roman  manner  of  ly- 
ing at  it  on  beds  ;  and  hence  John 
leaned  on  Jefus's  bofom  at  his  lafl:  fup- 
per,    John  xiii.      The   different    fexes 

fv.afled 


M  E  A        [14 

fcafted  in  different  apartments,  as  was 
the  common  manner  in  fome  places  of 
the  Eaft,  and  Hill  prevails  in  Italy 
and  Spain.  Perfumes  on  their  hair, 
or  on  their  beds,  together  with  mufic 
and  dancing,  were  common  at  their 
feafts,  Lukevii.  37.  xv.  Johnxii.  A- 
mong  the  modern  Jews,  the  mafter  of 
the  houfe  or  the  chief  perfon  pre- 
fent,  blclTes  the  bread,  and  afterwards 
bleflbs  the  wine.  Juft  before  they 
take  their  laft  glafs,  he  recites  a  pretty 
long  prayer  and  thank  fgiving,  and  the 
company  recite  the  9th  and  lothverfes 
of  the  xxxivth  Pialm.  They  are  fo 
iuperftitioully  nice,  that  they  will  have 
no  meat  drcflcd  by  Chriflians  or  Hea- 
thens. They  never  mix  any  milk-meat 
with  flefh  ;  nor  will  they  take  milk,  but- 
ter, orcheefe,  immediately  after  flefli  ; 
they  will  not  even  ufe  the  fame  inllru- 
ments  or  veffels  in  drefling  or  holding 
milk-meat,  which  they  ufe  for  fiefh-meat. 

The  abolifliment  of  the  ceremonial 
law,  by  the  death  of  Jefus  Chrift,  took 
away  the  legal  diftindion  of  meats  ; 
but  to  avoid  offence  of  the  weak 
Jews  who  turned  Chriflians,  and  were 
hard  to  wean  from  their  ancient  cuf- 
toms,  the  fynod  of  Jerufalem  required 
their  Chriftian  brethren  to  abftain  from 
meats  offered  to  idols,  and  from  things 
ilrangled,  and  from  blood.  This  mat- 
ter, cfpecially  that  of  eating  things  of- 
fered to  idols,  and  which  were  fome- 
times,  after  the  oblation,  fold  in  the 
public  rtiarkets,  occafioned  no  fmall 
diilurbance.  Paul  determines,  that  all 
food  was  clean  and  indifferent  in  itfclf ; 
and  that  whatever  was  bought  in  the 
public  market,  might  be  eaten  with- 
out any  fcruple  of  confcience ;  but 
wannly  inculcates  the  forbearance  of 
flefh  offered  to  idols,  or  of  any  thing 
indifferent,  if  it  tended  to  lay  a  flum- 
bling-block  before  any  perfon,  or  grie- 
ved any  tender  confcience  ;  and  char- 
ges fuch  as  did  otherwife,  with  being 
murderers  of  their  Chriftian  brethren, 
for  whom  Chrift  died,  Tit.  i.  15.  Rom. 
xiv.    I  Cor.  vi.  ii. — 13.   viii.  x. 

JefuS's  mediatorial  work  is  repre- 
fented  as  his  meat:  it  was  more  dehght- 
ful    to   him  than  his  neceffary  food, 


I     ]        MED 

John  iv.  32.  34.  He,  in  his  perfon, 
righteoufnefs,  and  fulnefs,  and  God  in 
him,  are  reprefented  as  meaty  as  true 
and  fatisfying  food,  the  receiving  and 
enjoyment  of  which  delightfully  nou- 
rifiies  up  mens  fouls  to  eternal  life, 
John  vi.  55.  Gal.  ii.  20.  Pfal.  xxxiv.  8, 
The  trutlis  of  God  in  the  fcripture  arc 
meat  ;  they  refrefli  an(jl  nourifa  men» 
fouls  ;  and  the  more  deep  myfteries  arc. 
Jirong  meatf  thnt  can  only  edify  and 
nourifh  flrong  Chriftlans,  Jer.  xv.  i6» 
Heb.  V.  12.  14.  Ceremonial  ordinan** 
ces  are  called  meats  and  dt Inks  ;  jnuch 
of  them  related  to  eatables,  Heb.  xiii.9. 
Col.  \i.  16.  The  kingdom  of  God 
confifts  not  in  meat  and  drinh,  but  in 
righteoufnefs,  peace,  and  joy  in  th« 
Holy  Ghoft :  the  gofpel-difpenfation 
does  not  relate  to  meats  and  drinks  ; 
nor  does  true  inward  religion  cbnfift  in 
obfervances  about  thefe,  but  in  apply- 
ing Jefus's  righteoufnefs,  and  ftudying 
to  have  fellowihip  with,  and  conformi- 
ty to  God,  Rom.  xiv.  1 7.  The  fruit 
of  the  faints  is  for  meat  and  medicine  ; 
tlieir  godly  inftru£lions,  and  holy  ex- 
amples, are  moft  edifying,  Ezek,  xlvii. 
II.  Men  are  7neat  to  others,  when 
they  are  given  up  to  be  deftroyed  by 
them,  Pfal.  xliv.  11.  liii.  4.  ^Numb- 
xiv.  9.  xxiv.  8.  Sin  is  meat  to  men  ; 
they  delight  in  it,  and  promife  them- 
felves  nourifiiment  from  it ;  but  it  be- 
comes the  gall  of  afps  within  them.  Job 
XX.  14.  Sorroivful  meat,  is  coarfe  pro- 
vifion,  which  mourners  did  eat,  Job 
vi.  7.  Tears  are  meat^  when  forrow 
renders  one  without  appetite  for  meat, 
Pfal.  xlii.  3.  The  year  of  releafe  wa» 
meat  for  the  Hebre^vs  ;  they  did  eat 
what  grew  of  its  own  accord  on  it, 
Luke  xxv.  6.  Ifrael's  ordinary  food., 
which  God  diminifhed,  was  their  wont- 
ed   profperity,    Ezek.  xvi.   27.      See 

EAT  ;    BRKAD. 

MEDDLE;  (i.)  To  provoke  to 
anger,  2  Kings  xiv.  10.  (2.)  To  at- 
tack in  war,  Deut.  xxv.  19.  (3.)  To 
be  familiar  with,  Prov.xx.  19.  xxiv.2l. 
(4.)  To  interfere  ;  feek  to  have  to  do 
with,   Prov.  xxvi.  17. 

MEDEBA  ;  a  city,  a  confiderable 
way   cuftward   cf  Jordan,  and  not  far 

from 


MED        [     I 

from  Hefhbon.  It  fcems,  ^Ihon  took 
It  frN^m  the  Moabites,  or  Ammonites, 
Numb.  x5tL  30.  It  is  certain  it  fell  to 
the  lliarc  of  the  Reubenites,  and  was 
one  of  thofe  on  their  fouth-caft  border* 
Near  to  it  there  was  a  delightful  plain, 
I  fuppofe  along  the  river  Arnon,  JolTi. 
xiii.  16.  In  David's  time,  it  was  in 
the  hands  of  the  Ammonites  ;  and 
here  their  anny  encamped  under  the 
walls,  and  afterwards  fled  into  the  ci- 
ty, 2  Sam.  X.  It  afterwards  pertain- 
ed to  the  Moabites,  and  was  ravaged 
by  the  AfTyrians  and  Chaldeans,  If. 
XV.  2.  Jer.  xlviii.  It  was  however  re- 
built and  inhabited  by  the  Arabs,  with 
whom  th^-  poor  remains  of  the  Moabites 
"were  blended.  It  continued  fome  ages 
after  Chrift,  and  is  called  Medava  by 
Ptolemy. 

MEDIA  ;   See  Madai. 

MEDIATOR-:  one  who  tranfads 
between  parties  at  variance,  in  order 
to  bring  them  to  an  agreement,  Gal. 
iii.  20.  Jefu3  Chrift  is  the  one  Media- 
tor. He  alone,  by  latisfacVion  to  God, 
and  intercefiion  with  him,  and  by 
powerful  and  gracious  iniiruclion  and 
influence  on  fmful  men,  brings  both  to- 
gether into  a  i.ew-Govenant  ftate  of  a- 
greement,  2  Tim.  ii.  5.  He  is  the 
Mediator  of  the  better^  or  nevj  covenant  : 
according  to  the  teuor  of  the  new  co- 
venant of  grace,  he  fatislies  and  inters 
cedes  for  us,  and  bellows  upon  us  all 
neccffary  grace,  Heb.  viii.  6.  ix.  15. 
xii.  24.  Mofes  was  a  typical  mediator, 
interpofing  between  God  and  the  He- 
brew nation,  he  received  the  law  for 
them,  and  declared  it  to  them,  and 
interceded  with  God  for  them,  Gal. 
iii.  19.    Deut.  V.  5. 

MEDICINE;  whatever  tends  to 
heal  or  prevent  difeafes  of  foul  and 
body  :  fo  the  fear  of  God  promotes  the 
real  health  of  both  foul  and  body,  and  a 
Ttierry  heart .^  or  good  confcience,  doth  good 
like  a  medicine.  As  natural  cheertul- 
nefs  promotes  the  health  of  the  body, 
fo  a  confcience  fprinkled  with  Jefus's 
blood,  and  direfted  by  his  word,  and 
ruled  by  his  Spirit,  greatly  promotes 
the  ilrength  and  comfort  of  the  foul, 
Frov.  iii.  8.  xvii.  22.      Spiritual  inedi- 


42    ]        MEL 

cines  arc  fuch  as  tend  to  remove  igno- 
rance, profanenefs,  and  introduce  true 
life,  Ilrength,  and  comfort  into  mens 
fouls,  Ezek.  xlvii.  1 2.  Medicines  for 
nations,  are  either  Jefus's  truths  preach- 
ed among  them  for  the  redemption  of 
their  foul,  Rev.  xxii.  2.  ;  or  means  of 
relief  and  deliverance,  Jer.  xxx.  13. 
xlri.  II. 

MEDITATION;  (i,)  Thinking 
in  a  fixed  manner,  Pfal.  civ.  34.  (2.) 
Prayer  is  called  meditation ;  becaufe 
what  is  prayed  for,  ought  firft  to  be 
deliberately  thought  of,  Pfal.  v.  i. 

MEEKNESS  ;  a  temper  of  fpirit 
humble  and  fubmilTive  to  the  will  of 
God,  and  not  eafily  provoked  with  in- 
juries. Mcfes  was  very  meek.  Numb. 
xii.  3.  ;  but  Jcfus  Chrifl  is  infinitely 
more  fo,  and  is  to  be  our  pattern, 
Matth.  xi.  29. 

Perfons,  or  things,  MEET  toge- 
ther, either  by  accident  or  dcfign  ; 
and  either  in  a  way  ■  f  wrath,  to  fight 
againllanddeflroy,  Hof.  xiii.  8.  Luke 
xiv.  21.;  or  in  a  way  of  friendihip, 
Gen.  xiv.  17.  ;  or  in  affembling  to  wor- 
ship God,  If.  i.  13. 

Meet.      See   fit,    answerable, 

READY,    Col.   i.    12.    2  Tim.   il.   21. 

MEGIDDO,    or  Megiddon  ;     a 

city  of  the  xv.^ilern  Manalfitt:>,  f-^id  to 
•have  been  44  miles  north  of  Jernfalem  ; 
but  I  fuppofe  it  was  more.  The  Ca- 
naanites  retained  it  ;  and  near  to  it, 
Jabin*s  army  was  routed  by  Deborah 
and  Barak,  Judg.  i.  27.  v.  19.  Solo- 
mon rebuilt  it,  I  Kings  ix.  15.  Aha- 
ziah  fled  to  it,  when  purfued  by  Je- 
hu's orders,  and  died  there,  2  Kings 
ix.  27.  Jofiah  was  ilain  near  to  it, 
2  Chron.  xxxv.  22.  It  was  a  place  of 
great  mourning  to  the  Canaaiiites  when 
Jabin*s  army  was  deilroyed,  and  to  the 
Jews  when  Joliah  was  fiain,  Zech. 
xii.  II. 

MELCHIZEDEK,  king  of  Sa- 
lem,  and  priell  of  the  Moll  High  God. 
Who  he' was,  hath  afforded  much  dif- 
pute  :  fome  will  have  him  to  be  Chriil, 
or  the  Holy  Ghoft  ;' but  Paul  diiliii- 
guilhes  between  him  and  our  Saviour, 
and  fays,  he  was  but  inade  like  unto  the 
Son  of  .God.       Both  Mofes  and  Paul 

repr^fcnt 


MEL         f 

reprefent  him  as  a  mere  man, 
reigned  at  Salem  in  Canaan.  But 
what  man  he  was,  is  as  h'ttlc  agreed. 
The  Jews  and  Samaritans  will  have 
him  to  be  Shcm,  their  anceftor.  The 
Arabians  will  have  him  the  grandfoii 
of  Shem  by  the  father's  fide,  and  the 
great  grandfon  of  Japheth  by  his  mo- 
ther's;  and  pretend  to  give  us  the 
names  of  his  anceftors.  Jurieu  will 
have  him  to  be  Ham.  Dr  Owen 
would  have  him  to  be  a  dcfccndant  of 
Japheth,  and  a  pledge  of  the  offspring 
of  Japheth's  becoming  the  principal 
church  of  God.  But  how  a  defcend- 
ant  of  Japheth  came  to  be  king  of  the 
Canaanitcs,  we  know  not.  Why  may 
we  not  rather,  with  Suidas,  fuppofe 
him  a  defcendant  of  Ham,  fprung  of 
a  curfed  family,  and  ruling  over  fub- 
jedls  curfed  in  their  progenitor?  Would 
he  be  thereby  one  whit  more  diffimilar 
to  Jefus  Chrift  ?  But  why  all  this  en- 
quiry after  a  genealogy   which   God 


hath  concealed  ;  and  to  render  him  a 
diftinguifhed  type  of  our  Saviour,  hath 
brought  him  before  us,  as  if  dropt 
from  heaven,  and  after  his  work  re- 
turning thereto  ?  Hisbleffing  of  Abra- 
ham, the  great  heir  of  promife,  and 
receiving  tithes  from  him,  marks  him 
fuperior  to  Levi  and  Aaron,  who  were 
then  in  his  loins.  When  Abraham  re- 
turned from  the  rout  of  Chedorlaomer, 
and  his  allies,  Melchizedek  met  him 
in  the  valley  of  Shaveh,  afterwards 
called  the  King's  Dale,  and  tendered 
to  him  a  prefent  of  bread  and  wine, 
for  the  refreihment  of  himfelf  and  his 
wearied  troops.  He  alfo  blefled  A- 
braham,  and  thanked  God  for  giving 
him  the  vi6lory.  Abraham  acknowled- 
ged him  prieft  of  the  Moll  High  God, 
and  gave  him  a  tenth  part  of  the  fpoil, 
Gen.  xiv.  17. — 20.  Heb.  vii.  i. — 11. 
Jefus  is  a  prieft  after  the  order  of  Mel- 
chizedek ;  as  God,  he  was  without  be- 
ginning, without  mother  :  as  man,  his 
origin  was  miraculous,  without  father  : 
he  was  inftalled  in  his  office  only  by 
God,  and  is  therein  fuperior  to  all  the 
Aaronic  and  ranfomed  priells.  He 
communicates  all  bleflings  to  them,  and 
ought  to  receive  from  them  proper  glo- 


143     1         MEL 

who  r)'  and  honour.  He,  with  his  flefli  that 
is  meat  indeed,  and  his  blood  that  is 
drink  indeed,  refrefhes  his  people,  when 
like  to  faint  in  their  fpiritual  warfare  ; 
he  has  no  fucceflbr,  but  is  pofiefled  of 
an  unchangeable  priefthood,  Pfal.  ex. 
4.    Hcb.  vii.  I. —  II.    vi.  20.    V.  10. 

MELITA,  or  Malta,  is  a  fmall 
ifland  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  abcut 
54  miles  fouth  of  Sicily,  and  150  north 
of  Africa.  It  is  about  1 8  miles  long, 
and  12  broad,  and  60  in  circumference. 
It  feems  to  have  had  its  name  from  its 
being  Melf.t,  or  a  place  of  refuge  to 
the  ancient  Tyrians  in  their  voyages  to 
Carthage  and  Spain.  The  Carthagi- 
nians took  this  ille  from  Battus,  a  prince 
of  Cyrene.  The  Romans  took  it  from 
them.  About  /4.  D.  63,  Paul  and  his 
companions  were  fliipwrecked  on  this 
ifland,  and  kindly  entertained  by  the 
natives,  who,  it  is  probable,  were  moll 
defccnded  from  the  Tyrians.  They 
imagined  Paul  a  god,  bccaufe  he  (hook 


a  viper  oft  his  hand,  without  receiving 
any  hurt  from  it.  Publius  the  gover- 
nor's father  was  cured  of  his  bloody 
flux  ;  and  others  informed  hereof,, 
brought  their  fick  to  Paul,  and  they 
were  healed.  When  Paul  and  his  com- 
panions departed  for  Italy,  the  Maltefc 
cheerfully  furniflied  them  with  necef- 
fary  provifions,  Ads  xxviii.  I. — li- 
lt is  faid,  that  no  venomous  beafts  can 
fince  hve  in  that  country  ;  and  that 
earth  is  carried  from  it,  to  expel  ve- 
nomous animals,  and  to  cure  th^  bites 
of  ferpcnts.  It  is  more  certain,  that 
ever  fince  there  has  been  fome  remains- 
of  Chriilianity  in  this  place  ;  though 
for  many  ages  paft  little  more  than  the 
name.  About  ^.  i:>.  828,  the  Maho- 
medan  Saracens  fei/ed  on  it.  About 
1090,  Roger  of  Sicily  took  it  from 
them.  About  1530,  Charles  V.  I^m- 
peror  of  Gern^any  aiul  King  of  Spain, 
gave  it  to  the  militaiy  knights,  whom 
the  Turks  had  about  feven  years  be- 
fore, with  terrible  bloodflicd,  driven 
from  Rhodes.  When  they  came  there,, 
the  inliabitants  .were  about  l2,coo, 
wretched  enough,  and  foil  exceeding 
barren.  It  is  now  quite  the  reverfe  : 
the  foil  hears  excellent,  fxuit,  melons, 

ratL'^v 


MEL       [ 

cotton,  ^c.  The  inhabitants  are 
tween  40,000  and  50,000,  and  the  na- 
tives ftill  retain  a  great  deal  of  the  an- 
cient Phenician  or  Carthaginian  lan- 
guage. The  knights  are  flill  maflers 
«f  it,  and  are  in  a  kind  of  perpetual 
ivar  with  the  Turks,  uiing  their  fhips 
in  much  the  fame  manner  :he  Alge- 
rines  do  thofe  of  Italy  and  S;:>ain  ;  and 
have  on  various  occafions  performed 
wonders  of  bravery,  defending  the  illand 
againft  huge  armies  of  infidels. 

MELODY  ;  a  fweet  mufical  found, 
Amos  V.  23.  To  make  melony  in  the 
heart  to  the  Lord,  is,  from  a  joyful  and 
thankful  difpofition,  to  pleafe  him,  with 
the  praifmg  afcription  of  glorv  and  ho- 
nour to  him.  Col.  iii.  16.    Eph.  v.  19. 

MELONS  ;  a  kind  of  pompion  of 
a  good  fmell,  but  cooling  to  the  blood, 
and  tending  to  promote  urine  ;  and  fo 
are  ufeful  in  fevers  and  ftranguries, 
but  of  fmall  ufe  for  food.  Tournefort 
mentions  feven  kinds  of  melons.  The 
Egyptian  are  the  worft  ;  but  the  He- 
brews wickedly  preferred  thefe,  with 
€oarfe  cucumbers,  fit  only  for  beads, 
and  leeks  and  onions,  to  the  manna, 
Numb.  xi.  5. 

MELT  ;  (l.)  To  render  metal,  or 
hard  bodies,  liquid,  Ezek.  xxii.  22. 
And  a  m.olten  iinag<i  is  one  m.ade  by 
calling  the  metal  in  a  mould,  Exod. 
xxxii.  4.  (2.)  To  be  diminillied,  and 
wafle  away,  as  fnow  in  a  thaw,  i  Sam- 
xiv.  16.  (3.)  To  faint,  or  be  difcou- 
raged,  Pfal.  cxix.  28.  Jofh.  ii.  11. 
Exod.  XV.  15.  The  earth  or  moun- 
tains melted  before,  or  at  the  voice  of 
God.  The  ore  on  the  top  of  Sinai 
was  melted  by  the  terrible  lire  on  it ; 
hills  or  earth  are  depreffed  by  earth- 
quakes or  thunder  j  and  his  oppoiers, 
however  ftrong  and  fixed,  arc  eafily 
fubdued,  Judg.  v.  5.  Pfal.  xlvi.  6. 
xcvii.  5.    If.  Ixiv.  I.  2. 

MEMBER  ;  (i.)  A  part  of  an  a- 
nimal  body,  legs,  hands,  ears,  eyes,  ijifc, 
Pfal.  cxxxix.  1 6.  Becaufe  our  whole 
man,  foul  and  body,  is  united  into  one 
fyflem,  the  faculties  of  the  foul,  as  well 
as  the  parts  of  the  body,  are  called 
members^  Rom.  vi.  13.  19.  Chrifl:  and 
his  people  being  confidsred  ss  a  hodjf 


144    1       MEM 

be-  the  faints  are  called  his  memlerSf  and 
members  one  of  another  ;  they  are  clofefy 
united  to  him  as  their  head,  and  joined 
to  one  another,  as  his,  by  having  the 
fame  Spirit,  engagements,  profeflion, 
and  pradice,  Eph.  iv.  25.  v.  30.  Our 
inward  principle  of  corruption  being 
likened  to  a  body,  the  various  afFeilions 
and  lufls  thereto  belonging,  are  called 
members,  and  members  on  the  earth,  that 
are  inclined  to  earthly  things,  and  much 
excited  and  afted  by  the  earthly  body, 
Rom.  vii.  23.    Col.  iii.  5. 

MEMORY;  (i.)  That  power  of 
the  mind,  v/hereby  we  retain  or  can 
recolleft  ideas  of  things  formerly  feen, 
imagined,  or  underftood,  i  Cor.  xv.  2. 
The  befl  way  to  ftrengthen  it,  is  to 
ex£rcife  it  much,  and  get  many  things 
diftindly  by  heart,  (2.)  Memorial; 
name  ;  report,  Prov.  x.  7.  If.  xxvi.  i,y. 
McMORiAL,  is  what  tends  to  bring  a 
perfon  or  thing  to  remembrance,  God^s 
name  Jehovah  is  his  memonalin  all  ge- 
nerations ;  the  name  whereby  he  (hall  be 
remembered,  called  upon,  and  thought 
and  fpoken  of,  Exod.  iii.  15^.  The 
foul  ranfom-money,  the  part  of  the 
meat-offering  burnt  on  the  altar,  and 
the  frankincenfe  fet  on  the  fhew-bread, 
are  called  a  memorial :  they  as  it  were 
put  God  in  mind  of  his  covenant  with, 
and  of  the  m.ercies  neceflary  to  be  fhown 
to  the  Hebrews  :  and  they  put  the  He- 
brews in  mind  of  Jefus  as  a  ranfom,  of- 
fering, and  interceffor,  for  us,  Exod. 
XXX.  16.  Lev.  ii.  2,  xxiv,  7.  The 
Hones  of  the  high-prieft^s  breaftplate, 
and  (lioulder-piece,  were  for  a  memo- 
rial;  they  tended  to  put  him  in  mind 
to  pray  earneftly  for  the  Hebrew  tribes  j 
and  as  it  were  called  dov/n  mercies  from 
God  upon  them,  Exod.  xxviii,  12,  29. 

MEMPHIS,  MoPH,  orNoPH;  a 
fam.ous  city  of  middle  Eg)'pt,  about 
1 5  miles  above  the  parting  of  the  Nile ; 
and  on  the  fouth-v/cft  of  which  flood 
the  famed  pyramids.  It  is  thought  to 
have  been  built  by  Menes,  or  Mizraim, 
and  before  Alexander's  time  was  long 
the  royal  city.  Here  was  kept  their 
bull-deity,  ia  a  (lately  temple.  The 
princes  of  it  were  trepanned  or  con- 
quered by   Pfammitichus,  th«r  rival. 


MEN        [     1 

and  the  country  terribly  ravaged,  that 
he  'might  obtain  the  kingdom,  If.  xix. 
13.  Much  about  the  fame  time,  a 
muhitude  of  the  Ifraelites  fled  from 
the  AfTyrians  into  Egypt,  and  being 
cut  off  by  the  fword  and  pt-ftilence, 
Avere  buried  about  Memphis,  Hof.  ix. 
6.  The  princes  or  kings  of  Memphis 
often  deceived  the  Jews  with  empty 
promifes  of  help,  and  occafioned  the 
ruin  of  their  ftate  by  the  Chaldeans, 
Jer.  ii.  16.  Terrible  was  the  diftrefs 
it  buffered  from  the  Chaldeans  and  Per- 
fians,  Jer.  xlvi.  14.  19.  Ezek.  xxx. 
13.  16.  It  was  however  rebuilt,  and 
the  Greek  kings  of  Egypt  mightily 
adorned  It.  About  the  time  of  our 
Saviour's  birth^  it  was,  next  to  Alex- 
andria, the  principal  city  of  Egypt. 
Notwithllanding  manifold  difafters,  it 
continued  to  make  fome  figure,  till  a- 
bout  j4.  D.  640,  when  the  Saracens 
deilroyed  it,  and  built  another  almoll 
'  oppofite  to  it,  on  the  eaft  fide  of  the 
Nile  ;  and  which,  Avlth  the  additions 
made  to  it  by  the  Fathemite  Caliphs, 
is  now  called  Grand  Cairo,  or  Al-ka- 
hir.  There  fcarce  remains  the  leall 
veftige  of  Memphis  to  point  out  where 
it  flood  ;  probably  the  Nile  runs  over 
its  foundations. 

MENSTRUOUS;  monthly.  To 
approach  a  woman  under  iier  natural 
infirmity,  is  wicked  and  abominable  ; 
and  if  done  vvittingly,  was  punifhed 
with  the  death  of  both  parties,  by  the 
Hebrew  law,  Ezek.  xviii.  6.  Lev.  xx. 
18.  Jerufalem  was  like  a  menjlnious 
tvoman,  when  rendered  v/eak  and  de- 
teftable  to  the  neiorhbourinx  nations. 
Lam.  i.  1 7.  To  cafl  away  idols  as  a 
menjiruous  cloth,  is  to  reject  them  as  fil- 
thy and  deteftable,  If.  xxx.  22. 

MENAHEM,  the  fon  of  Gadi, 
feems  to  have  been  general  to  Zacha- 
riah,  the  fon  01  Jeroboam  the  II.  No 
fooner  he  heard  that  his  mailer  was 
murdered  by  Shallum  the  fon  of  Ja- 
belh,  in  Samaria,  than  he  marched  from 
Tirzah,  and  cut  off  Shallum,  and  fei- 
zed  the  crown  for  himfelf.  Provoked 
that  the  citizens  of  Tiphfah  did  not 
readily  acknowledge  him,  and  open 
their  gates  to  liim,  he  murdered   moil 

Vob.   IL 


45     ]         MEP 

of  the  people,  ripped  up  the  women 
with  child,  and  dafhed  the  infants  to 
pieces.  Pul  the  king  of  AHyria  foon 
after  Invaded  his  kingdom  ;  but  with  a 
thoufand  talents  of  filver,  or  342,187  /. 
I.o  s.  S/crliriir,  Menahem  procured  his 
iriendihip.  This  money  Menahem  ex- 
afttd  of  hi;i  people,  at  the  rate  of  50 
•Tnekels  from  all  fuch  as  were  able  to 
bear  it.  After  a  reign  of  ten  years, 
•Menahem  died,  ^.  M.  2341  ;  and  Pc- 
•kahiah  his  fon,  after  a  reign  of  two 
years,  was  murdered  by  Pekah,  2  Kings 
XV.   14. — 26. 

To  MENTION,  or  make  mention,  is, 
( T  i )  To  name,  fpeak  of,  efpeclally 
with  pleafure,  Exod.  xxili.  13.  (2.) 
To  pray  for,  or  recommend  one,  Rom. 
i.  9.  Gen.  xl.  14.  To  make  meniion 
of  the  God  of  Ifrael,  hut  not  in  truth,  is 
•hypocritically  to  profefs  to  be  worfhip- 
pers  of  him,  and  members  of  his  church. 
If.  xlviii.  I. 

MEPHIBOSHETH  ;  (i.)  A  fen 
of  King  Saul  by  Rizpah,  2  Sam.  xxi. 
8.  9.  (2.)  Mephibosheth,  the  fon 
of  Jonathan,  and  grandchild  of  Saul. 
When  his  father  arid  friends  were  kill- 
ed at  the  battle. of  Gilboa,  his  nurfe 
was  ftruck  with  fuch  terror  at  the  news, 
that  fhe  lot  Mephibolheth  fall ;  this  fall 
rendered  him  ever  after  lame  of  both 
his  feet,  2  Sam.  iv.  In  his  childhood 
he  was  fecretly  brought  up  in  the  fa- 
mily of  one-  Machir  of  Lodebar,  In  the 
land  of  Gilead.  When  David  was  efta- 
bHflied  on  the  throne  of  Ifrael,  and  had 
avenged  himfelf  of  the  Philiilines  and 
Moabites,  he  examined  Zibo,  who  had 
been  one  of  Saul's  principal  fervants, 
whether  any  of  the  lioufe  of  Saul  yet 
lived,  that  he  might  (hew  them  kind- 
nefs  for  the  fake  of  Jonathan.  Ziba 
told  him  of  Mephibolheth  :  with  great 
carneilnefs  David  fcnt  and  brought  him 
to  his  houfe,  and  told  him  he  mull;  eat 
bread  continually  at -his  table.  Mephi- 
bofhcth  accepted  *he  favour  with  the 
utmoll  humility  and^complaifance.  Da- 
vid opdered  Ziba,  and  his  family  of  15 
Cons  a  id  20  fervants,  to  cultivate  for 
Mephibofheth,  and  his  child  Micah*s 
behoof,  the  whole  inheritance  of  Saul, 

T  Some 


M  E  p     r  146  ] 

Some  years  after,  when  Abfalom's  tabernacle 
rebellion  forced  David  to  quit  his  ca- 
pital, Mephibofheth  defired  Ziba  to 
faddle  him  his  afs,  that  he  might  ride 
off  with  his  benefactor,  as  he  could  not 
walk,  on  foot.  Ziba,  inftead  of  obey- 
ing him,  refolved  to  trick   him  out  of 


his  whole  eftate.  He  went  after  Da- 
vid, with  a  prefent  of  two  afs-loads  of 
provilion,  and  told  him  that  Mepbibo- 
ll  cth  waited  at  Jerufalem,  in  hopes 
that  the  Hebrews,  who  were  in  arms 
againll  David,  would  now  reflore  him 
to  the  throne  of  his  grandfather  and 
uncle.  Hereon  David  too  rafhly  made 
a  grant  of  all  Mephibofheth*s  eilate  to 
his  villanous  fervant.  When,  after  the 
defeat  of  Abfalom,  David  returned  to 
Jerufalem,  Mephibofheth  met  him  in 
deep  mourning,  his  feet  never  wafiied, 
nor  his  beard  trimmed,  fmce  David  had 
gone  off  from  his  capital.  David  aflc- 
cd  him,  why  he  had  not  gone  along 
with  him  ?  Mephibofheth  told  him, 
how  Ziba  his  fervant  had  deceived  him, 
and  had  flandered  him  ;  but  added, 
that  David  might  do  with  himfelf  as 
he  pleafed  ;  and  that  fmce,  while  his 
father's  whole  family  w^ere  all  obno- 
xious to  death  at  his  hand,  he  had  mad^ 
him  his  table-companion,  he  had  no 
xeafon  to  complain  of  the  difpofal  of 
his  lands  to  Ziba  ;  nor  was  it  proper 
the  king  fnould  trouble  himfelf  to  pro- 
vide for  him.  David  told  him  he  need- 
ed fay  no  more,  as  he  ordered  him  and 
Ziba  to  fhare  the  land  between  them  in 
equal  portions.  Mephiboflieth  replied, 
that  he  was  content  Ziba  fliould  take 
it  all,  as  the  king  had  fafely  returned 
to  his  throne.  By  his  fon  Mlcah, 
whofe  fons  were  Pithon,  Melech,  Tah- 
rea,  and  Ahaz,  he  had  a  numerous  po- 
flerity,  2  Sam.  xvi.  i.— -4.  xix.  24. — 
30.    I  Chron.  viii.  34. — 40. 

MERARI,  the  third  fon  of  Levi, 
and  father  of  Mahli  and  Mufhi.  When 
the  Hebrews  came  out  of  Egypt,  the 
Merarite  males,  from  a  month  old  and 
upward,  were  6200  ;  and  thofe  fit  for 
fervice,  between  30  and  50  years  of 
age,  were  3200.  To  them  it  pertain- 
ed, to  bear  in  their  wagjrons,  and  to 
iix,  the  pillars,  bars,  aad  boards  of  the 


M  E  R 

They  went  firll  of  all  the 
Levites  in  their  march  through  the  vvil- 
dernefs,  that  the  pillars  might  be  fet 
up,  and  boards  faftened  before  the 
hangings  came  forward  to  be  laid  on  ; 
as  thefe  lafl  were  fpread  ere  the  facred 
furniture  came  up,  Numb.  iii.  33. — 
37.  iv.  29. — 45.  Some  of  his  polle- 
rity  were  facred  porters,  i  Chron.  xxvi. 
1 9.  Their  cities  were  Jokneam,  Kartah, 
Dimnah,  Nahalal,  Bezer,  Kedemoth, 
Jahazah,  Mephaath,  Ramoth-gilead, 
Mahanaim,  Hefhbon,  Jazer,  Jofh.  xxi. 
34. — 40.     I  Chron.  vi.  63.  77. — 81. 

MERATHAIM;  a  province  of 
Chaldea,  on  both  fides  of  the  Tigris  ; 
and  it  feems  Pekod,  Koa,  and  Shoa, 
were  places  near  it  ;  Pekod,  it  is  faid, 
lay  near  Nineveh,  Jer.  1.  2 1.  Ezek. 
xxiii.  23. 

MERCHANTS.  Thofe  of  MI- 
dian,  and  other  parts  of  Arabia,  were 
the  mofl  ancient,  Gen.  xxxvii.  28. 
Thofe  of  Nineveh  and  Jerufalem  were 
numerous  and  wealthy,  Nah.  iii.  16. 
Ezek.  xvii.  4.  Chriil  is  likened  to  a 
merchant;  having  all  fulnefs  of  grace 
and  glory  in  his  hand,  he  earnefty  calls 
and  invites  linful  men  deliberately  to 
buy,  that  is,  receive  freely  from  him, 
accord  in 
felvt 

arc  merchants^  becaufe,  fenfibie  of  their 
manifold  needs,  and  perfuaded  of  their 
having  infinite  advantage,  they  trade 
with  him  on  thefe  terms,  and  reckon 
themfelves  everiafling  debtors  to  the 
riches  of  his  free  grace,  Song  iii.  6. 
Rev.  iii.  18.    Matth.  xiii.  45. 

MERCURY,  the  fon  of  Jupiter 
and  Maia,  was  one  of  the  fabulous  dei- 
ties of  the  Heathen,  and  meffenger  to 
the  refl.  His  Greek  n<ime  Hermes,  de- 
notes him  the  interpreter  of  their  will. 
He  was  v/orfhipped  as  the  god  of  learn- 
ing, eloquence,  and  trade,  and  famous 
for  lying  and  deceit.  Perhaps  he  was 
an  ancient  king  of  the  Gauls  ;  or  what 
if  he  was  the  Egyptian  philofopher 
Hermes  Trifmegiflus,  or  the  very  great 
interpreter,  worihipped  after  his  death  ? 
Or  what  if  the  exploits  of  Mercury  be 
but  thofe  of  Moles  and  Aaron,  quite 
difguifed  with  fable  ?  At  Lyflra,  Paul 

was 


^  to  their  need,  and  ftate  them- 
debtors  to  his  account :  and  faints 


M  E  R         [     147    ] 


M  li  R 


was  taken  for  Mercuiy,  becaufe  of  his 
fine  manner  of  fpeaking,  AAs  xlv.  8. 
-—12. 

MERCY;  (i.)  Alfeaionate  pity 
to  fuch  as  are  iii  mifery  and  diftrefs, 
and  readinefs  to  do  them  good,  Tit. 
iii.  5.  Phil.  ii.  i.  Col.  iii.  12.  (2.) 
Kind  a6ls  proceeding  from  inward 
companion,  and  dclire  to  relieve  fuch 
as  are  in  mifery  and  want,  i  Tim.  i.  1  ;^. 
16.  Pfal.  cxlv.  9.  All  God's  pafhs 
are  mercy  and  truth  to  fuch  as  keep  his 
covenant :  all  his  dealings  with  them, 
are  the  effeds  of  mercy  and  kindnefs 
to  them,  and  are  the  accomplifhment 
of  his  promifes  to  them,  Pfal.  xxv.  10. 
Tojbeiv,  have,  or  give  mercy ,  is  to  dif- 
cover  inward  pity  and  compaffion,  by 
adls  of  kindnefs  to  the  diftreffed.  Gen. 
xxxix.  21.  Exod.  XX.  6.  Pfal.  iv.  i. 
2  Tim.  i.  18.  To  Jind  or  obtain  mer- 
cy, is  to  receive  a£ls  of  kindnefs,  and 
valuable  bleflings,  proceeding  from  pi- 
ty and  compaflion,  Heb.  iv.  1 6.  Mat. 
V.  7.  To  keep  mercy,  is  to  be  in  a  con- 
ftant  readinefs  to  do  good  freely  to  the 
diftreffed  and  miferable,  Dan.  ix.  4. 
To  remember  mercy,  is  to  pafs  injuries 
unrefented,  and  do  a6ls  of  undeferved 
kindnefs,  Hab.  iii.  2.  To  love  mercy, 
is  to  love  Jefus,  the  mercy  promifed  to 
the  fathers,  and  love  to  receive  the  free 
gifts  of  God  through  him  ;  and  to  take 
a  pleafure  in  doing  undeferved  good  to 
fuch  as  are  in  mifer)'-  and  want,  Mic. 
vi.  8.  TofoUoiu  mercy,  is  earneftly  to 
feek  after  a  fhare  in  the  bleflings  of  the 
new  covenant,  and  ftudy  to  exercife 
afts  of  pity  towards  thofe  in  mifery, 
Prov.  xxi.  21.  Ont  h  followed  by  mer- 
cy, when  every  day  he  receives  multi- 
tudes of  new  bleflings,  proceeding  from 
the  love  of  God,  and  fuited  to  his  need, 
Pfal.  xxiii.  6.  To  forfake  one^s  own 
mercy,  is  to  neglecl  or  refufe  to  accept 
of  jefus,  and  his  everlafting  falvation, 
fuited  to  their  cafe,  and  tendered  to 
them  in  the  offers  of  the  gofpel,  Jon. 
if.  S.  God  will  have  mercy,  end  not  fa- 
crijice,  and  the  knowledge  of  God,  ra- 
ther than  burnt-oiTering.  Charitable 
compaflion  and  kindnefs  towards  others, 
attending  and  flowing  from  a  fpiritual 
knowledofe  of  and  faith  in  God  as  our 


God,  is  more  highly  valued  of  him  thart 
any  legal  facrifice,  Hof.  vi.  6.  Matth* 
ix.  10.  Mercy  rejoiceth  again  ft  judge^ 
mcnl,  as  God  takes  peculiar  delight  ift 
fliewiiicr  mercy  and  kindnefs  to  men  c 
and  as  there  is  more  real  pleafure  fof 
us,  to  be  employed  in  a'^s  of  kindn-f?^ 
than  in  a'^lis  of  feverity  ;  fo  thofe  n-,'  r> 
clful  men,  who,  from  a  principle  of 
true  afl'eflion,  have  fliown  pity  and 
kindnefs  to  the  faints,  need  not  fear 
damnation,  but  may  and  ought  to  re- 
joice in  the  hopes  of  a  future  judge- 
ment, and  a  gracious  God  will  take 
plealure  in  their  eternal  redemption, 
James  ii.  13. — God's  tnercy  and  truth 
meet  together,  rightenufnefs  and  peace  kifs 
each  other.  In  the  work  of  our  redemp- 
tion, mercy  is  rtiown  in  full  confiftence 
with  every  promife,  nay  with  every 
threatening  as  executed  on  Chrift  ;  and 
juftice  being  fully  fatisfied,  through  the 
finifhed  and  law-magnifying  righteouf- 
nefs  of  our  Redeemer,  accords  with, 
and  promotes  the  peace  and  reconcili- 
ation of  fmful  men  with  God,  Pfal. 
Ixxxv.  10.  God.'' s,  mercy  is  multiplied  to 
his  people,  when  it  is  more  fully  and 
clearly  difcovered  in  greater  or  more 
numerous  a6ls  of  kindnefs,  Jude  2. 
Chrift  is  the  mei-cy  promifed  to  the  fet' 
thers  ;  he  is  the  free  gift  of  God  to  fm- 
ful and  miferable  men,  fuited  to  fupply 
all  their  miferies  and  wants,  Luke  i. 
72.  Mic.  vii.  20.  Eternal  life,  and 
the  blefliings  of  tlie  new  covenant,  are 
called  mercies,  and  fure  mercies  of  Da- 
vid;  they  proceed  from  the  infmite 
compaflion  of  God,  are  purchafed  by 
the  blood,  lodged  in  the  hand,  and 
comm.unicated  to  undeferving  and  mi- 
ferable men,  by  Jefus  our  antitypical 
David,  and  are  in  him  fecured  by  the 
love,  the  power,  the  promife,  and  new- 
covenant  relations  of  God  in  him, 
2  Tim.  i.  18.  If.  Iv.  3,  With  the  mer^ 
Clful,  God  iviUJheiu  himfclf  merciful.  To 
thofe  difpofed  by  his  grace  to  fliew  un- 
deferved kindnefs  to  their  diftrefled 
brethren  on  earth,  God  will  fignally 
maniieft  his  pity,  in  granting  them  un- 
deferved help  and  comfort  in  their  dif- 
trefp,  and  a  proper  deliverance  there- 
from, Pfal.  xviii.  25. 

T  a  MERCV' 


r  148 


M  E  R 

MERCY-SEAT.     See  ark. 

MERODACH,  or  Berodach-ba- 
LADAN,  or  Mardokempad,  was  the 
ion  of  Baladan  king  of  Babylon.  A- 
bout  j4.  M.  3292,  he  fent  meffengers 
to  congratulate  Hezekiah  on  his  mira- 
culous recovery,  and  the  delivtrance  of 
jhis  capital  from  the  Affyriar.?,  and  to 
inquire  concerning  thefe  fads,  and  the 
retrograde  motion  of  the  urn,  and 
perhaps  to  form  an  alliance  againft 
the  now-reduced  Aflyrians,  If.  xxxix. 
2  Kings  XX.  It  feems  Merodach  was  a 
great  king,  and  was  worihipped  after 
his  death  in  Babylon  :  when  Cyrus 
took  that  city,  Merodach's  image  was 
broken  to  pieces,  Jer.  1.  2.  Nebuchad- 
nezzar, it  fccms,  expeded  his  fon  would 
be  another  great  Merodach,  but  he 
turned  out  a  foo!y  i.  e.  EviUvierodachy 
or  foolifli  Merodach. 

ME  ROM.  The  waters  of  Merom 
are  generally  fuppofed  to  be  the  Sa- 
machon,  or  upper  lake  of  Jordan. 
Merom  in  Hebrew,  and  Samachon  in 
Arabic,  fignify  high.  Near  thefe  wa- 
ters Jofhua  defeated  the  allied  army 
of  Jabin.  Others  think  thefe  Canaan- 
ites  ^  would  not  abandon  fo  much  of 
their  country  to  the  conqueror,  and 
wait  for  him  at  the  lake  of  Samachon  ; 
and  will  have  the  waters  of  Merom  to 
have  been  lituated  near  mount  Tabor, 
and  the  river  Kifhon,  at  fome  impor- 
tant pafs,  where  Barak  defeated  the 
army  of  Jabin  II.  It  is  certain,  what 
we  render  high  places,  is  in  the  Hebrew 
Mcrome^  Ju<ig'  v.  18. 

MEROZ  ;  a  city  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  the  river  Kiflion,  the  inhabi- 
tants of  which  refufed  to  affifl  Barak 
a  gain  ft  the  army  of  Jabin.  At 
direction  of  an  angel,  Deborah 
Barak  denounced  a  grievous  cui-fe  up- 
on them,  Judg.  v.  23.  ;  but  what  ef- 
fect it  had,  and  whether  this  be  the 
Merrus  of  Eufebius  and  Jerome,  about 
J  2  miles  liorth  from  Sebalte,  we  know 
rtot. 

MESH  A  ;  a  place  where  the  pofte- 
rJ.yof  Joktan  had   their  weft  border. 
Calmet  will  have  it  to   be 
.fi^is  in  Armenia  ;  but  as  all  the  orien- 
tal writers  agree,  that  Joktan's  pofte  • 


]         M  E  S 

rity  peopled  Arabia  the  Happy,  we 
cannot  beheve  him.  We  muft  there- 
fore feek  Mefha  in  the  weft  parts  of 
Arabia.  But  whether  it  was  Muza, 
a  fea-port  town  on  the  Red  fea,  or  the 
famed  Mecca,  to  which  multitudes  of 
Mahometans  now  travel  in  pi^ (Primage, 
and  which  was  anciently,  called  Melha^ 
we  cannot  determine,  Gen.  x.  30. 

Mesh  A  ;  the  king  of  Moab.  Af- 
ter the  death  of  Ahab,  he  rdvolted 
from  the  yoke  of  the  ten  tribes,  and 
denied  his  yearly  tribute  of  100,000 
lambs,  and  'as  many  ram.s,  with  the 
wool.  Provoked  herewith,  Joram 
king  of  Ifrael,  affifted  by  the  Jews  and 
Edomites,  invaded  his  kingdom,  and 
routed  his  army,  before  they  could 
put  themfelves  into  battle-array.  Mefha 
Ihut  up  himfelf  in  Ar  his  capital,  and 
finding  that  he  could  not  decoy  the 
king  of  Edom,  nor  break  through  his 
troops,  whom  he  reckoned  the  weak- 
eft  of  the  befiegers,  he,  filled  with  rage 
againft  the  Ifraelites,  took  his  eldeft 
fon  and  heir  to  the  crown,  and  offered 
him  for  a  burnt-facrifice  on  the  wall, 
as  the  laft  and  moft  effeftual  means  to 
procure  the  favour  and  afliftance  of 
his  idol-god.  The  enemy  feeing  this 
token  of  his  defperation,  went  home 
with  their  booty.  Whether  it  was 
this  outrageous  king  who  afterward 
invaded  the  land  of  Edom,  and  having 
apprehended  the  king  of  it,  dead  or 
alive,  burnt  his  body  to  Hme,  is  not 
altogether  certain,  2  Kings  ii.  iii, 
Amo^i  ii.i. 

MESHECHjthe  6th  fon  of  Ja- 
pheth.  We  fuppofehimthe  father  of  the 
Mofcheni,  who  inhabited  the  Mofchic 
the  -  mountains  on  the  north-eaft  of  Cappa- 
and  docia  ;.  and  that  the  Mufcovites  are 
partly  his  defcendants.  Before  the 
Chaldean  conquefts,  the  Mofcheni  tra- 
ded with  the  Tyrians,  in  veftels  of 
brafs  and  in  Haves.  But  whether  they 
brought  them  by  land,  or  whether  the 
Tyrians  failed  up  to  the  Euxine  or 
Black  fea,  and  got  them  there,  we 
know  not,  Ezek.  xxvii.  13.  T\it  Me- 
mount  Ma-  fiech-  Tubal,  and  their  multitude,  whofe 
graves  were  round  about  the ir  prince, 
wc  fuppofe  were  tliofe   Scythians   that 

were 


M  E  S  [ 

liTere  maflacred  in  Media  about 
end  of  Jofiah's  reign,  or  perhaps  alfo 
the  Gauls  and  Scythians  cut  off  by 
the  kings  of  Lydla,  Ezck.  xxxii.  26. 
Mefhech's  pofterity  will  afiiit  the  Turks 
againft  the  Jews  at  the  beginning  of 
the  Millennium ;  but  fliall  perifh  in 
their     attempt,      Ezek.    xxxviii.    23. 

XXXIX.    I. 

MESOPOTAMIA;  a  famous 
province  between  the  rivers  Tigris  and 
Euphrates.  The  Hebrews  called  it 
Padan-aram,  or  the  field  of  Aram  ; 
and  the  north-weft  of  it,  if  not  the 
whole  of  it,  was  called  Aram-naha- 
raim,  or  Syria  of  the  two  rivers.  Ta- 
king this  country  at  large,  it  was  the 
firft  refidence  of  mankind,  both  before 
and  after  the  flood.  Here  were  Eden, 
Shinar,  Babylon.  Here  Abraham,  Na- 
hor,  Sarah,  Rebekah,  Leah,  Rachel, 
and  all  the  children  of  Jacob,  fave 
Benjamin,  were  born,  A6ls  vii,  2. 
Gen.  xi.  31.  xxix.  xxx.  Neh.  ix.  7. 
From  this  country  came  Balaam  to 
curfe  Ifrael,  Deut.  xxiii.  4,  Here 
Cufhanrifliathaim,  who  was  the  firfl 
oppreflbr  of  the  Hebrews  after  their 
ffcttlement,  reigned,  Judg.  iii.  8.  Great 
numbers  of  the  Syrians  of  Mefopota- 
mia  aflifted  the  Ammonites  againft  D^- 
vid  ;  and  it  feems  terrified  his  troops, 
if  they  did  not  gain  fome  vid^ory  over 
them,  vrhich  occafioned  his  penning 
of  the  60th  Pialm.  In  after-times,  Me- 
fopotamia  was  reduced  by  the  Afl'yri- 
ans,  and  afterwards  by  the  Chaldeans. 
After  thefe,  it  fell  under  the  yoke  of 
the  Perfians,  Greeks,  Romans,  Par- 
thians,  Saracens,  Seljukian  Turks, 
Tartars,  Turkmans,  and  Ottoman 
Turks  in  their  turn.  No  place,  that 
I  know  of,  in  the  univerfe,  has  been 
more  deluged  with  human  blood.  Ac- 
cording to  Ptolemy,  it  anciently  con- 
tained 20  cities  on  the  eaft  bank  of  the 
Euphiates,  14  on  the  weft  bank  of  the 
Tigris,  and  35  in  the  inland  country. 
At  prefent,  after  ChaMca  is  added  to 
it,  it  contains  no  places  of  note  that 
wj  know  of,  fave  Karahmet,  Rakka, 
McuiTul  Orfa,  Nifibis,  Bir,  Gezir, 
Merdin,  Amad,  Carafara,  Eelujah,  and 
Kornah — Great  numbers  of  Jews  re- 


149    ]        M  E  s 

the  mained  in  this  country,  after  Cyru* 
gave  them  liberty  to  return  to  their 
own  land.  Many  of  the  Mefopotamiaa 
Jews  attended  Peter's  fermon  at  Pente- 
coft,  and  bdicved  on  Chrift.  Chrifti- 
anity  has  never  fince  been  wholly  extir- 
pated from  thf  country,  Ads  ii.  9. 

MESSAGE.  The  mrjagefrom  Gocf 
to  Eglon  by  Ehud,  was  a  divinely-ap-^ 
pointed  death,  Judg.  iii.  20.  The  Jew- 
ifli  citizens  of  our  Saviour  fent  a  mef- 
fage  after  him,  that  th*y  would  not 
have  him  to  reign  over  them  ;  after  his 
afcenfion,  they  openly  and  contemptu- 
oufly  rejeded  his  perfon,  office,  gracc^ 
and  law,  Luke  xix.  14.    . 

MESSENGER;  one  fent  on  aa 
errand,  to  carry  a  meffage  or  the  like. 
Chrift  is  called  the  mejfenger  of  the  cove- 
nant. In  his  Father's  name  he  came 
to  fulfil  the  condition  of  the  new  cove- 
nant, and  to  publifh  and  apply  its  con- 
tents to  men  by  his  word  and  Spirit^, 
Mai.  iii.  I.  Job  xxxiii.  23.  John  Bap- 
tift,  and  other  prophets  and  teachers, 
are  Chrift's  rnejftngers;  they  were  fent  by- 
God  to  declare  his  will,  and  publifh  the 
approach  of  his  Son  into  our  world, 
and   into  his   public  miniftry,   or  into 


mens  hearts,  Mai.  iii.  i.  ii.  7.  Mini- 
fters  arc  mejfengers  of  the  churches  ;  they 
bring  meffages  from  God  for  the  falva- 
tion  of  men  ;  they  :id  in  the  church's 
work  and  errands  ;  and  by  them  the 
churches,  as  it  v/ere,  return  anfwer  to, 
.or  prefent  their  requefts  before  God-> 
2  Cor.  viii.  23.  Angels,  Aflyrians,  or 
other  inftruments  of  God's  wrath,  who 
quickly  execute  hi^juft judgements,  are 
fioift  mejfengers i  If.  xviii.  2.  The  mef- 
fengers  of  the  nations,  to  be  informed 
that  the  Lord  had foinukd Z'lon,  are  thofe 
who  came  from  the  Heathen  around, 
to  inquire  concerning  Hczekiah's  mar- 
vellous recovery,  the  going  back  of  the 
fun,  and  the  ovcrthrovs'  of  Sennache- 
rib's hoft.  If.  xiv.  3^.  Satan,  and  the 
judgements  of  God,  are  the  evil  and 
cruel  mejfenger,  fent  againft  men  obfti- 
nately  wicked,  or  the  unmerciful  offi- 
cer who  carries  him  to  prifon,  or  takes 
away  his  life,  Pfal.  Ixxviii.  f  49.  Prov. 
xvii.  II.  Evil  angels,  outrageous  men, 
horrid    temptations,     fore    afflictions, 

ftrondy- 


M  E  s     r  I 

ftrongly-exclted  connptions,  are  the 
meff'Tigers  of  Satan,  2  Cor.  xii.  7.  The 
king's  wrath  is  a  mcjfenger  of  death  ;  it 
threatens  death  or  ruin  to  the  objefts 
of  it,  and  has  fometimes  frighted  per- 
fons  out  of  their  hfe,  Prov.  xvi.  14. 

MESS  ;  a  fliare  of  meat  at  table, 
Gen.  xh'ii.  34. 

MESSIAH.    See  Christ;  Jews. 

METHEG-AMMAH,  was  either 
Gath,  or  fome  other  city  near  it,  by 
which,  as  a  Ir'idle  of  bondage ,  the  Phi- 
iiftines  were  enabled  to  keep  the  He- 
brews of  the  country  adjacent  in  fla- 
veiy.  David  took  it  from  the  Phili- 
ilines,   2  Sam.  viii.  i. 

MIC  AH  ;  an  Ephraimite  of  mount 
Ephraim,  near  Shiloh,  the  fon  of  a 
rich,  but  fuperftitious  widow.  Micah 
ftole  from  her  1 100  fhekels  of  filver,  or 
about  Z.  125,  10  J.  Sterling.  She  pro- 
tiounced  the  heavieft  curfes  againft  the 
thief  who  had  ftolen  her  money.  A- 
fraid  of  her  curfes,  or  unwilling  to 
have  her  living  in  fo  bad  humour,  Micah 
told  her  that  he  had  taken  her  money, 
or  had  recovered  it.  Overjoyed  with  the 
news  of  her  money,  flie  blefTed  him, 
and  bade  him  keep  it  to  himfelf ;  he 
however  reftored  it.  She  told  him,  it 
had  been  dedicated  to  the  fervice  of 
God,  to  make  images  of  it,  for  their 
family -worfhip.  The  images,  one  gra- 
ven and  another  molten,  were  made, 
and  an  ephod  for  their  idolatrous 
prieft  :  Micah  placed  them  in  a  cham- 
ber, and  confecrated  one  of  his  fons  to 
be  their  priell.  As  Jonathan  the  fon 
of  Gerfhom,  the  fon  of  ManafTeh  or 
Mofes,  a  vagrant  Levite,  paffed  tliat 
way,  Micah  imagined  it  would  be  more 
lucky  to  have  him  his  priell,  and  more 
effeclual  to  procure  the  blelTing  of  hea- 
ven upon  the  family,  and  hired  him,  at 
the  low  rate  of  his  viftuals,  a  fuit  of 
cloaths,  and  10  fhekels,  or  22  j-.  10^/. 
a-year.  ylh  honv  hafe  are  abandoned 
clergymen  I  Soon  after  he  gave  Micah 
the  flip,  and  carrying  his  idols  with 
him,  went  along  with  600  Danite's  to 
Laifh.  Poor  Micah,  almofl  out  of  his 
wits  with  grief  for  the  lofs  of  his  deity, 
affembled  his  neighbours,  and  over- 
taking  the  Danites,  complained   that 


50    1  MIC 

they  had  rendered  him  fuperlatively 
wretched,  by  carrying  off  his  gods. 
They  were  fo  far  from  pitying  him, 
that  they  threatened  his  life,  unlefs  he 
made  quickly  off  with  himfelf  and  his 
attendants,  Judg.  xvii.  xviii. 

Micah,  the  Moraflhite,  or  inhabi- 
tant of  Morefheth  near  Gath,  one  of 
the  lefTer  prophets,  was  contemporary 
with  Ifaiah,  has  a  fomewhat  fimilar 
flyle,  and  even  fundry  of  his  expref- 
fions.  If.  i.  I.  ii.  i. — 4.  xli.  15.  Mic. 
i.  I.  iv.  I. — 4.  13.  He  continued  pro- 
phefying  about  50  years,  in  the  reigns 
of  Jotham,  Ahaz,  and  Hezekiah,  and 
feems  to  have  had  a  plentiful  fhare  of 
contempt  and  afHiftion,  Mic.  i.  i.  vii. 
I. — 10.  In  the  firfl  three  chapters  of 
his  prophecy,  he  exclaims  againft  the 
wickednefs  of  the  ten  tribes,  but  chief- 
ly of  the  rulers,  priefts,  and  falfe  pro- 
phets of  Judah  ;  foretcls  the  Affyrian  in- 
vafion,  and  the  deftruftion  of  the  city 
and  temple  of  Jerufalem,  by  the  Chal- 
deans and  Romans.  In  the  4th  and 
5th,  he  foretels  their  deliverance  from 
the  Affyrian  and  Chaldean  captivity, 
and  their  after-flourifhing  eftate,  but 
chiefly  the  birth  of  the  MefTiah,  his 
fpread  of  the  gofpel,  and  fpiritual  con- 
queft  of  the  nations  to  himfelf,  and  the 
fpiritual  peace  and  profperity  of  the 
New-Teftament  church.  In  the  two 
laft,  he  reproves  Ifrael  and  Judah  for 
their  ingratitude,  their  oppreflion, 
fraud,  lying,  "continued  obfervance  of 
the  idolatrous  laws  of  Omri  and  Ahab  ; 
and  for  their  want  of  natural  affe(5lion, 
and  their  treachery,  and  mocking  of 
the  pious  ;  he  predicts  the  Affyrian  ra- 
vages and  ruin  ;  remarks  the  aftonifh- 
ing  mercy  and  faithfulnefs  of  God  ;  and 
concludes  with  a  prediction  of  God's 
re-eftablifliment  of  the  Jews,  as  in  the 

days  of  old. 

MICAIAH,  the  fon  of  Imlah,  an 
Ephraimite,  a  faithful  prophet,'  who 
ufcd  to  reprove  Ahab  very  freely  for 
his  wickednefs.  Whether  it  was  he 
who  foretold  to  Ahab  his  repeated 
viftories  over  the  Syrians,  we  know 
not  :  but  we  fuppofe  it  was  he  who 
in  difguife  met  Ahab  as  he  returned 
from  Aphek  to  Samaria.     He  had  jufl 

before, 


MIC     r  15 

before,  in  the  name  of  the  Lord,  de- 
fired  his  neighbour  to  fmite  him  :  his 
neighbour  declined  it ;  and,  as  the 
prophet  declared,  a  lion  foon  after 
met  him  and  killed  him.  The  pro- 
phet bade  another  who  came  by  fmite 
him  ;  the  fellow  did  fo,  and  wounded 
him.  The  prophet  then  looking  like 
a  wounded  foldier,  covered  himfelf 
with  afhes,  as  one  come  from  a  hot 
battle.  When  Ahab  came  up,  he,  in 
his  difguife,  called  out  to  him,  and 
Hopped  him.  He  parabolically  repre- 
fented,  that  having  been  at  the  battle, 
one  had  committed  to  him  a  prifoner 
to  be  kept  under  pain  of  death,  or  of 
paying  a  talent  of  filver,  and  that 
while  he  was  bufied  in  other  matters, 
the  prifoner  had  efcaped.  Ahab  told 
him,  he  muft  ftand  to  the  agreement, 
and  underly  the  penalty.  The  pro- 
phet immediately  undifguifed  himfelf, 
and  Ahab  knew  who  he  was.  He 
told  Ahab,  that  fmce  he  had  fuffered 
to  efcape,  with  life  and  honour,  Ben- 
hadad,  a  vile  blaiphemer,  whom  God 
had  providentially  delivered  into  his 
hands,  his  hfe,  and  that  of  his  fub- 
jetts,  fnould  go  for  that  of  Benhadad 
and  his  people,  i  Kings  xx.  When 
Ahab  intended  to  take  Ramoth-gilead 
from  the  Syrians,  he,  not  willingly, 
but  to  gratify  Jehodiaphat  his  ally, 
fent  for  Micaiah,  who  he  fa  id  always 
prophefied  evil  concerning  him,  that 
he  might  confult  him,  whether  he 
fhould  go  befiege  Ramoth-gilead  or 
not.  As  Micaiah  was  introduced  to 
the  king's  prefence,  fome  courtiers 
told  hini,  how  the  prophets  of  Baal 
had  unanimoufly  affured  the  king  of 
fuccefs  in  the  war,  and  begged  he 
would  do  fo  too.  He  told  them,  he 
would  fay  what  the  Lord  directed  him. 
When  he  was  come  into  Ahab's  pre- 
fence, and  interrogated  on  the  affair, 
he,  with  an  ironical  air,  bid  him  go 
up  to  Ramoth-gilead,  and  expcdl  the 
Lord  would  deliver  it  into  his  hand. 
Ahab  obferving  his  ridiculous  manner 
of  pronunciation,  adjured  him  by  God 
to  tell  him  nothing  but  the  truth.  Mi- 
caiah then  feriodily  told  him,  that  in 
a  vifion  he  had  feen  the  army  of  Ifrael 


I     ]         MIC 

returning  from  the  war  without  a  king 
to  head  them,  and  had  it  reprefented 
to  him,  that  God  had  permitted  Satan, 
as  a  lying  fpirit,  to  enter  into  his  pro- 
phets of  Baal,  that  tliey  might  entice 
him  to  go  up  and  fall  at  Ranioth-gilcad. 
Zedekiali  the  fon  of  Chenaanah,  who 
had  made  himfelf  horns  of  iron,  and 
told  Ahab,  that  with  thefe  he  fliould 
pufli  the  Syrians  till  he  had  confumcd 
them,  fmote  Micaiah  on  the  cheek, 
and  aflced  him,  Which  way  the  fpirit 
of  the  Lord  had  come  from  him  to 
fpeak  with  him  ?  Micaiah  rephed,  he 
would  know  that,  when,  for  fear  of 
the  Syrians,  he  would  run  into  an  in- 
ner chamber  to  hide  himfelf.  AhaU 
then  ordered  Micaiah  to  be  carried  to 
the  prifon  of  Samaria,  and  there  main- 
tained on  bread  and  water  till  he  re- 
turned in  peace.  Micaiah  took  all  the 
affembly  to  witnefs,  that  if  ever  Ahab 
returned  fafe,  himfelf  Ihould  be  held 
as  a  falfe  prophet.  But  the  event  ful- 
ly juftilied  his  predi6tion,  i  Kings  xxii. 
7.-28. 

MICHAEL,  the  archangel,  at 
lead  fometimes,  fignirfies  Jefus  Chriit. 
He  is  the  perfon  nvho  is  as  God,  and 
which  this  name  fignities  :  againil  him 
and  his  angels,  his  minillers  and  fol- 
lowers, the  devil,  and  the  heathen 
empire  of  Rome,  and  their  agents, 
fought  in  the  way  of  reproach,  laws, 
perfecutions,  ^6-.  Rev.  xii.  7.  He  is 
the  great  Prince  of  the  Jewifli  nation, 
who,  in  the  Millennium,  fliall  recover 
them  from  their  prefent  mifery,  and 
fliall  raife  the  dead,  Dan.  xii.  i.  2. 
3.  But,  perhaps,  when  Michael  is 
called  one  of  the  chief  princes,  i.  e.  prin- 
cipal angels,  or  is  faid  to  difpute  with 
the  devil  about  the  body  of  Mofes, 
and  durft:  not,  that  is,  thought  it  not 
becoming  his  dignity  to  bring  a  rail- 
ing accuiation  againft  the  devil,  but 
rebuked  him  in  the  name  of  the  Lord, 
it  may  fignify  a  created  angel,  Dan. 
X.  13.  Jude  c^. 

MICHAL,  the  daughter  of  Saul. 
Her  father,  after  his  deceitful  difpo- 
fal  of  Mcrab,  her  elder  filler,  to  A- 
driel  the  Meholathite,  when  (he  ought 
to  have   been   gi\cn  to  David,  being 

informed, 


MIC  [     I 

inFormed,  that  Mi'chal  had  a  flrong 
■afFeftion  to  David,  promifed  her  to 
him  in  marriage  ;  but  in  order  to  ruin 
him,  required  an  hundred  foren<:ins  of 
the  Phihftines  as  her  dowry.  Two 
hundred  were  given,  and  Michal  was 
married.  Not  long  after,  her  father 
defigning  to  murder  David  in  her 
houfe,  fhe  'got  notice  of  it,  and  let 
him  down  from  a  window  in  the  night, 
and  begged  him  to  efcape  for  his  life. 
To  amufe  her  father's  meflenT-ers, 
-fhi  put  an  image  and  teraphim,  which 
it  feems  (he  kept  for  her  private  ido- 
latries, and  laid  it  in  the  bed,  with  a 
pillow  of  goats-hair  for  the  bol!ler, 
■and  pretended  it  was  David  lying  iick. 
When  next  morning,  new  meffengers 
came  to  apprehend  David,  fick  as  he 
was  thought,  the  bed  was  fearched, 
and  the  trick  difcovered.  Michal  pre- 
tended to  her  father,  that  David 
threatened  to  kill  her,  if  fhe  did  not 
thus  alTift    him    to    make    his  efcape, 

1  Sam.  xix.  ii. — 17.  Not  many 
years  after,  when  David  was  in  a  ftate 
of  exile,  Saul  married  Michal  to  Phal- 
ti  or  Phaltiel  the  fon  of  Laifli,  a  Bcn- 
jamite  of  Gallim,  i  Sam.  xxv.  4^. 
When  about  eight  or  nine  years  after, 
Abner  propofed  to  render  David  king 
•of  all  Ifrael,  David  required  the  reilora- 
tion  of  Michal  his  wife,  as  one  of  the 
preliminaries  of  any  fuch  treaty.  I(h- 
bofheth  her  brother  fent  her  on  Da- 
vid's demand.  Phalti  her  Idfl,  but  a- 
dulterous  hufband,  to  whom  perhaps 
fhe  had  children,  attended  her  weep- 
ing, till  they  came  to  Bahurim,  where 
Abner  ordered  him  back.  Her  up- 
braiding of  David  with  his  joyful  at- 
tendance of  the  ark  to  Jenifalem,  as 
if  too  bafe  for  one  of  his  flation,  was 
divinely  puni(hed  with  her  perpetual 
barrennefs  ;  but  it  ftems  flie  took  and 
educated  the  five  children  which  her 
iifter  Merab  bore  to  Adriel  :  or  Mi- 
chal is  put  for  the   filler  of   Michal. 

2  Sam.  iii.  12. — 16.  vi.  16. — 23.  xxi. 
8.9. 

MICHMASH  ;  a  city  of  the  Ben- 
jamites,  about  nine  miles  north-eail  of 
Jerufalem,  and  perhaps  four  fouth-eaft 
Qf  Bethel,     Here  the  huge  hoft  of  the 


52     ]         MID 

Philitlines  encamped  ;  and  near  to  it 
was  a  high  rock,  witl^  two  fliarp  fides, 
or  two  fharp  rocks,  'viz.  Seneh  and 
Bozez,  the  one  fronting  Michmafh  on 
the  north,  and  the  other  Gibeah  on 
the  fouth ;  one  of  which  Jonathan 
and  his  armour-bearer  climbed  up,  and 
began  the  rout  of  the  Phihftines  army: 
here  too  was  a  ftrait  pafiage,  i  Sam. 
xiii.  5.  23.  xiv.  I. — 16.  Here  Sen- 
nacherib laid  up  his  heavy  carriages 
and  provifion,  and  perhaps  muftered 
his  army,  when  he  invaded  Judea,  If. 
X.  28.  Michmafh  was  rebuilt  after 
the  captivity,  Neh.  xi.  31.  ;  and  was 
a  village  of  fome  note  about  j4.  D. 
400. 

MIDIAN,  the  4th  fon  of  Abra- 
ham by  Keturah,  and  father  of  the 
Midianites,  who  inhabited  the  land 
of  Midian,  Gen.  xxv.  2.  In  fcrip- 
ture,  two  different  places  are  repre- 
fented  as  the  land  of  Midian,  the  one 
about  the  north-eaft  point  of  the  Red 
fea,  where  Abulfeda  places  the  city 
of  Midian  or  Madian,  and  where 
Jethro  dwelt.  Thefe  weftern  or  fouth- 
crn  Midianites  were  alfo  called  Cu- 
fliites,  becaufe  they  dwelt  \n  the  coun- 
try originally  pertain-ing  to  Cufh« 
They  retained  the  true  religion,  when 
it  feems  to  have  been  loft  by  the  eall- 
ern  or  northern  Midianites,  Exod.  \\. 
Numb.  xii.  I.  The  northern  Midia- 
nites dwelt  on  the  eaft  of  the  Dead 
fea,  and  were  neighbours  to  the 
Moabites.  The  Midknites  confifted 
of  five  principal  tribes,  defcended 
from  Ephah,  Epher,  Hanoch,  Abi- 
dah,  and  Eldaah,  each  of  which 
feein  to  have  had  their  own  kings. 
Very  early  the  Midianites  applied 
themfelves  to  traffic,  particularly  to 
Egypt,  in  fpices,  balm,  and  the 
like  ;  fome  of  them  were  concern- 
ed in  the  buying  and  felling  of 
Jofeph  into  Egypt  ;  and  it  feems, 
fome  ages  after,  they  had  a  war  with 
the  Edomites  under  King  Hadad, 
Gen.  xxv.  2.  4.  xxxvii.  28.  36.  xxxvi, 
35.  The  Midi?.nites  were  mightily 
alarmed  at  the  Hebrews  paffagc 
through  the  Red  fea,  and  the  marvel- 
lous appeuj-anjes  on  Sinai,  and  in  the 
wildernefs. 


MID       [     153    1        MIL 

wiMernefs,  Hab.  iii.    7.     Poflibly  the     tremlties,  Numb.xxxv.  5 


moft  qf  the  fouthern  Midianitcs  remo- 
ved from  the  Red  fea  on  that  occafion, 
and  fettled  with  their  brethren  on  the 
borders  of  Moab.  It  feems,  Sihon 
had  conquered  their  countiy ;  for  their 
tive  kings  are  called  dukes  of  S'lhon, 
Jofli.  xiii.  21.  Some  of  the  elders  of 
Midian  attended  ihofe  of  Moab,  to 
bring  Balaam  to  curfe  Ifrael.  At  liis 
advice,  a  multitude  of  tlie  Midianitilh 
women  poured  tliemfelves  into  the 
Hebrew  camp,  which  was  at  Abel- 
Ihittim,  on  their  north  border,  and 
enticed  the  TTcbrcws  to  whoredom  and 
idolatry.  This  brought  a  plague  from 
the  Lord  upon  the  Hebrews,  in 
vshich  24,000  were  cut  off.  To  re- 
venge this,  the  Lord  diretled  Mofes 
to  fend  i2,oco  Hebrews  into  the 
country  of  Midian,  and  cut  off  every 
body  they  could  find,  virgins  except- 
ed. The  Hebrews  did  fo,  and  killed 
Evi,  Rekem,  Zur,  Hur,  and  Reba, 
kings  of  Midian,  together  with  Ba- 
laam, and  multitudes  more.  They 
burnt  their  cities,  and  carried  off  a 
rich  booty  of  32,000  virgins,  675,000 
(beep,  72,000  beeves,  61,000  alTes, 
which  were  equally  divided  betwixt 
the  1 2,000  warriors  and  the  reft  of 
the  Hebrews.  The  50th  part  of  the 
congregation's  half,  and  the  500th 
part  of  the  warriors  half,  was  allign- 
ed  to  the  Lord,  Numb.  xxii.  xxv. 
xxxi.  Jofh.  xiii.  Some  ages  after, 
the  Midianites  who  had  efcaped  this 
deIlru6lion  were  mightily  increafed, 
and  for  feven  years  grievoafly  oppref- 
fed  the  Hebrews  ;  but  were  at  lall  mi- 
raculoufly  routed  by  Gideon,  and  their 
kings  Oreb  and  Zeeb,  Zebah  and  Zal- 
munnah,  with  about  135,000,  fell  by 
t^e  fword,  Judg.  vi.  vii.  viii.  If.  ix. 
4.  X.  26.  Pial.  Ixxxiii.  9. — 12.  The 
fmall  remains  of  the  Midianites  feem 
to  have  incorporated  with  the  Moa- 
bites  and  Arabians.  Some  of  their 
defcendants,  or  the  inhabitants  of  their 
tountry,  did,  in  the  apoilolic  age,  and 
fhall  In  the  Millennium,  embrace  the 
Chriftlan  faith.  If.  Ix.  6. 

MIDST  ;  (1.)  In  the  fnmoft  part, 
which  is  equallv  diftant   from  both  cx- 

Voi.II. 


Ezek.  xlviii, 
15.  (2.)  Among,  Deut.  xviii.  15, 
Mark  X.  16.  (  3. )  The  thickeft  throng, 
Luke  Iv.  30.  (4.)  The  moil  conve- 
nient place,  Deut.  xix.  2.  God  walk- 
ed in  the  m'uljl  of  the  Hebrew  camp  ; 
his  tabernacle  was  fettled  and  carried 
about  in  the  midll  of  them,  Deut. 
xxili.  14.  He  is  in  the  jnidjl  of  his 
church,  and  Jefus  in  the  midft  of  the 
golden  candlellicks  :  he  Is  among  them 
by  his  ordinances,  he  is  in  their  heart 
by  faith,  and  is  equally  near  to,  prc- 
fent  with,  and  ready  to  help  the 
churches,  and  their  true  members, 
Zeph.  IIL  17.  Rev.  i.  13.  Chrifl  is 
In  the  midjt  of  the  throne:  he  is  the 
middle  perfon  in  the  adorable  Trinity: 
he  is  the  Mediator  between  God  and 
men :  he  is  equally  acceflible  by  all 
fiimers  that  come  to  him,  or  are  wor- 
fiilppers  of  him  j  and  is  infallibly  cfta- 
bhrtied  in  his  glory  and  exaltation. 
Rev.  vii.  17. 

MIGDOL,  or  Magdolum;  a 
place  near  the  north-weft  point  of  the 
Red  fea,  and  not  far  from  Sin.  On 
the  eaft  or  fouth-eaft  of  it,  the  He- 
brews encamped  before  they  pafTed 
through  the  fea,  Exod.  xiv.  2.  Here 
Johanan  the  fon  of  Kareah,  and  his 
rebellious  Jews,  took  up  their  refi- 
dence,  Jer.  xliv.  i.  The  ravage  of 
Egypt  from  Migdol  to  Syene,  import- 
ed a  ravage  of  the  whole  countr)-,  by 
the  Chaldeans  and  Perfians  in  their 
turn,   Ezck.  xxix.  10. 

MIGHTILY;  (i.)  Greatly, 
Deut.  vi.  3.  (2.)  With  great  force. 
Rev.  xviii.  2. 

MIGHTY;  (i.)  Of  great  power 
and  activity,  Jer.  ix.  23.  (2.)  Veiy 
great  and  a --gravated,  Amos  v.  12. 

MILCOM.     See  Molech. 

Mildew  ;  a  fatty  juice,  which 
falls  on  gials,  corns,  and  leaves,  in  the 
form  of  dew,  and  when  dried  on  them 
by  the  heat  of  the  fun,  hinders  them 
to  fpread  themfelves,  but  they  ihrink 
and  foon  wither.  Shaking  of  the 
leaves,  corns,  or  grafs,  juft  after  it 
falls,  be  o  e  it  be  dried,  may  do  fome 
good  ;  Lu     the  only  effedual  cure  is 


wind  and 


im 


quickly 

u' 


aftevj  v,'hich  at 


MIL        [     154    1         MIL 

and  (hake  it  off,  Deut.  they  were  kindly  ufed.  They  ancient- 
ly fent  out  colonies  to  Spain,  and  o« 
ther  places  ;  fome  think,  even  to  Ire- 
land. It  lay  about  36  miles  fouth- 
weft  of  Ephefus  ;  and  here  Paul  fent 
for,  and  gave  folemn  charges  to  the 
elders  of  that  church,  A6ls  xx.  15. 
— 38.  For  about  300  years  after 
Chrift,  we  find  no  marks  of  a  church 
at  Miletus  ;  but  in  the  5th,  6th,  7th, 
and  8th  centuries  of  the  Chriftian  aers, 
there  were  bifhops  in  this  place.  Since 
the  Saracens  ravaged  thefe  parts,  it 
has  gone  to  ruin,  that  nothing  is  to 
be  feen  but  rubbifh,  and  a  few  cottages 
for  fhepherds. 

MILK  is  a  well-known  fubftancc, 
in  the  dugs  of  females,  for  the  nou- 
rifhment  of  their  young ;  and  has 
fometimes  been  produced  in  males.  It 
confifls  of  three  different  fubftances, 
whence  butter,  cheefe,  and  whey  are 
formed.  To  the  corruption  of  milk 
in  the  ftomachs  of  infants,  are  owing 
moil  of  their  difeafes*  The  milk  of 
goats,  affes,  mares,  and  coiws,  is  of- 
ten ufed  as  a  medicine  in  confumptlve 
cafes  :  but  where  the  juices  of  the 
ftomach  are  fharp  and  fourifh,  milk  is- 
readily  turned  into  curd,  and  hurts 
the  health.  A  land  flowing  with  milE 
and  honey y  is  one  abounding  with  thefe, 
and  other  delightful  provifion,  Jofh. 
V.  6»  To  milk  are  compared,  (l.) 
The  foul-nourifhing,  reftoring,  and 
comforting  bleffings  of  redemption. 
If.  Iv.  I.  (2.)  The  pure  word  of 
God,  efpecially  the  more  eafy  and 
plain  truths  of 
the   faints,  even 

fancy  and  weaknefs,  are  delighted, 
nouriAied,  healed,  and  reflored,  I  Pet, 
ii.  I.  (3.)  Edifying  converfe  on  gof- 
pel  truth,  which  mightily  delights  and 
refreflies  the  proper  hearers  thereof,. 
Song  iv.  II.      See  wine. 

MILL  ;     MILLSTONE.    ScC  GRIND. 

MILLET  ;  a  coarfe  kind  of  grain, 
which  V7a3  giv^en  to  beafts,  and  little 
ufed  by  men,  except  in  times  of  great 
fcaicity  :  but  whether  the  dohhan 
appointed  of  Gv)d  for  Ezekiel,  as  part 
of  his-  prov'fion,  was  millet,  we  dare 
not  dttermiae,  Ezek.  iv.  9. 

MILLO  J 


once   wafh   and    (hake    it   off, 
Xxviii.  22.  Amos  iv.  9.    Hag.  Ii.  17. 

MILE.  The  ancient  Hebrews  had 
no  miles,  furlongs,  or  feet,  in  their 
reckonings  of  meafure,  but  meafured 
by  cubits,  reeds,  and  lines,  Ezek.  xl. 

xlviii.      The    Greeks    meafured   by 

ftadia,  or  furlongs.  The  Romans 
tneafured  by  miles,  each  of  which  was 
equal  to  eight  of  the  Greek  furlongs, 
and  contained  5000  feet.  The  miles 
of  the  modern  nations  are  very  differ- 
ent. Reckoning  by  the  Roman  or 
Rhinland  foot,  which  is  very  near  four 
tenth-parts  of  an  inch  lefs  than  ours, 
cr  is  to  ours  as  967  is  to  1 000,  the 
Ruffian  mile  confifts  of  3750  feet,  the' 
Italian  of  5000",  the  Engliih  of  5454, 
the  Scotch  of  6130,  the  French  mile, 
or  league,  of  15,750;  the  mile  of 
Burgundy,  of  18,000;  the  Lithuani- 
an, of  18,500;  the  Perfian  mile,  or 
parafanga,  of  18,75^0  ;  the  Polifli  mile, 
of  19,850  ;  the  Flandrian,  of  20,000  ; 
the  German,  of  20,000,  22,500,  or 
25,000;  the  Spaniih,  of  21,270;-  the 
Dutch,  of  24,000  ;  the  Egyptian  of 
25,000  feet. — We  may  obferve,  that 
the  Italian  mile  contains  but  4835 
Enghlh  feet  ;  the  Englifh  mile  5280  ; 
the  Scottifh,  5920.  Travellers  into 
the  eaft  often  count  their  way  by  hours y 
one  of  which  is  about  a  French  league,, 
or  rather  lefs. 

MILETUS,  or  MiLETUM  ;.  a  fea- 
port  city  of  Caria,  in  Leffer  Afia,  and 
the  capital  city  of  both  Caria  and  Io- 
nia. It  is  faid  to  have  been  built  by 
Miletus,  the  fon  of  the  idol  god  A- 
pollo.  Here  were  four  harbours  fuf- 
ficient  to  hold  all  the  Perfian  fleet. 
Here  was  a  magnificent  temple  of  A- 
pollo.  Here  Thales  and  Anaximenes, 
the  famed  philofophers,  were  born, 
and  Timotheus  the  famous  mufician. 
The  place  was  alfo  famed  for  its  mi- 
lotey  or  niilate,  a  foft  kind  of  wool, 
of  which  they  made  fine  carpets. 
The  Milefians  had  anciently  kings  of 
their  own.  The  Perfians  ruined  their 
city,  and  tranfplanted  the  inhabitants. 
They  returned  and  rebuilt  it  ;  but 
were  quickly  made  (laves  by  the  Per- 
fians. When  they  fell  under  the  pow- 
er  of  the    Greeks  'and   tlic  Romans,, 


the   gofpel,  whereby 
in   their  fpiritual   in- 


M  I  L 


[     155    ] 


M  T  N 


MILLO;  a  noted  perfon,  or  a  place 
near  Shechem,  vvhofe  family,  or  inha- 
bitants, affifted  the  Shcchemites  in 
making  Abimclech  king  ;  and  were 
ruined  by  him  at  laft,  Jndg.  ix.  6.  20. 
(2.)  A  place  in  Jerufalcm,  adjacent 
to  the  city  of  David;  but  whether  it 
was  a  citadel  between  the  city  of  Da- 
vid and  old  Jebus,  or  if  it  was  the 
filling  up  of  the  valley  between  the 
two,  we  know  not.  David  began  to 
build  about  Millo,  and  gave  the  com- 
mand of  the  place  to  Joab,  2  Sam.  v. 
9,  I  Chron.  xi.  8.  At  great  expence, 
Solomon  carried  on  the  buildings  of 
Millo  ;  and  perhaps  here  was  erected 
the  palace  for  Pharaoh's  daughter. 
This  building  occafioned  fome  difgutl 
to  Jeroboam  the  Ion  of  Nebat,  i  Kings 
ix.  15.  7.4.  xi.  27.  King  Joafli  was 
murdered  in  the  houfe  of  Millo,  in  the 
going  down  to  the  Silla,  or  caufcy,  that 
led  to  i:h'"  palace,  2  Kings  xii.  20. 

MILLION  ;  a  thoufand  thoufand, 
Gen.  xx'v.  60. 

MINCE.;  to  walk  nicely,  If.  iii.  16. 

MIND,  p*-operly*  fignifies  the  con- 
ceiving, judging,  and  reafoning  power 
of  the  foul;  but  it  is  alfo  put  for, 
(i.)  The  heart,  or  foul  in  general. 
Gen.  xxvi.  55:.  (-2.)  The  will  and 
affeclion  ;  and  hence  we  read  of  readi- 
nefs  of  ni'mJ,  I  Pet.  v..  2.  A^rts  xvii. 
II.  (3.)  The  memory,  which  retains 
what  paffes  in,  or  is  adverted  to,  by 
our  underflanding,  Pfal.  xxxi.  12.  If. 
xlvi.  8.  (4.)  The  implanted  habit, 
or  principle  of  grace  in  the  foul, 
which  rules  the  underftanding,  and  o- 
ther  powers  thereof,  Rom.  vii.  23.  2^.. 
{5.)  The  thoughts  and  feutiments 
formed  in  the  underflanding,  Judg. 
xix.  30.  If.  xxvi.  3.  God  is  of  one 
m'lndy  his  thoughts  and  purpofes  are 
ever  the  fame,  Job  xxiii.  13..'  None 
knows  his  viind ;  that  is,  his  purpofes 
are  unfearcliable  to  creatures,  Rom. 
xi.  34.  What  carnal  man  hath  knovm 
the  mind  of  the  Lordy  his  counfels,  and 
the  myileries  of  our  redemption,  tfmt 
he  may  injrucl  the  fpiritual  man  ?  but 
fpiritual  men  ha've  the  mind  of  Chrijlf 
are  experimentally  acquainted  with  the 
myileries  of  the  gofpel,   j  Cor.  i:.  \fii. 


To  have  the  fame  mind  that  nvas  in 
Chrif  JfiiSy  is  to  have  lilce  views  of 
created  enjoyments,  like  humility  and 
lowlir.efs  of  difpofition,  and  the  like 
incl'rjation  to  fdffer  rather  than  fin, 
like  love  to  fouls,  and  like  content- 
ment to  obtain  glory  through  fuffer- 
ing,  Phil.  ii.  5.  A  fpiritual  fiiind,  is 
one  that  is  renewed  by  the  Koly 
Ghoft  dwelling  in  it,  and  which  chie^' 
ly  thinks  of,  and  delights  in  divine 
and  fpiritual  things,  Rom.  viii.  6.  A 
fund  mindy  is  one  endued  with  the  pa- 
ving knowledge  of  God  in  Chrift^ 
and  the  things  which  concern  our  er 
verlalling  peace,  i  Tim.  i.  7.  A  pure 
mind,  is  one  cleanfed  by  the  blood  of 
Chrifl;  and  filled  with  his  Spirit  and 
grace,  2  Pet.  iii,  l.  A  fervent  mind^ 
or  ready  mind,  is  one  filled  with  flrong 
and  lively  affeclion,  i  Pet.  v.  2.  A 
fber  mind,  is  one  humble,  and  averfc 
to  all  vanity  or  intemperance,  Tit. 
Ii.  6.  A  right  mind,  is  one  capable 
of  excrcifrng  reafon,  without  any  der 
lirium,  Mark  v.  15.  To  have  the 
fwie  mind,  or  be  of  one  mindy  is  to  a- 
gree  in  fentiment  and  affeftion,  i  Pet, 
Iii.  8.  Rom.  xii.  16.  i  Cor.  i.  ic. 
A  feeble  mind.  Is  one  of  fmall  under- 
flanding, and  ready  to  defpond  at  e- 
very  hardfhip,  ftfk  or  feared,  i  Thef^. 
V.  14.  A.  carnal,  fe/Jjly,  or  defied  mind f 
is  one  wherein  fin  reigns,  and  attaches 
it  to  vile  and  earthly  thoughts,  defires, 
and  delights,  Rom.  viii.  7.  Qj\,  ii. 
18.  Tit.  i.  15.  A  corrupt  mind,  is 
one  full  of  eirors  and  finful  inclina- 
tions, 2  Tim.  Iii.  8.  A  double  mind,  is 
one  inconflant,  .and  even  felf-inconfill- 
ent  in  thoughts,  fentiments,  and  ap- 
pearances. Jam.  i.  8.  A  high  mind, 
is  one  proud  and  felf-conceited,  i 
Tim.  vi.  17.  A  reprobate  mind,  is  one 
given  up  of  God,  to  entertain  and  de- 
liglit  \i\  the  moil  abfurd  error  and 
impiety,  Rom.  i.  28.  K 'vjicked  mind, 
is  one  full  of  malicious,  or  other  iin- 
ful  ends  and  deligns,  Prov.  xxi.  27, 
To  MIND, -i3  to  think  of;  purpofe  ; 
care  for,  Rom.  xii.  iG.  Ads  xx.  13* 
Phil.  iii.  16. 

M I NGLE  ;    xM  I X .     God  mingled  the 

Jews  adverfaries,    when  he  railed  up 

U  2  fundry 


^56     1 

down 


M  IN        [ 

fundn-  at  once,    If.  ix.  f   ii.      His 

mingling  the  Egyptians  tvith  the  Egyptians^ 
and  mingling  a  per'verfe  fpirit  among  ihem^ 
imports  his  kindling  of  civil  wars  a- 
mong  them,  by  Pfammitichus,  and  his 
"eleven  rivals,  and  between  Amafis  and 
Pharaoh-hophra,  ^c.  If.  xix.  ?.  14. 
The  Romans  vilngled  themfehes  ivifh  the 
feed  of  men  i  but  did  not  cleave  to  them: 
they  dwelt  in  the  fame  countries  with 
the  Goths,  Huns,  and  other  invaders 
of  the  empire  ;  but  they  never  had  an 
heartinefs  of  affeftion,  or  unity  of  de- 
fign  with  them,  Dan.  ii.  43.  Mingled 
people,  are  fuch  as  belonged  to  different 
tribes  in  their  original,  Jer.  xxv.  20. 
24.  1.  37.  Ezek.  XXX.  5.  The  mixed 
multitude,  that  attended  the  Hebrews 
in  their  departure  from  Egypt,  were 
Arabs,  Egyptians,  Lybians,  (sfc.  They 
firft  tempted  the  Hebrews  to  defpife 
the  manna,  Numb.  xi.  4.  They  ge- 
nerally either  died  in  the  wildernefs, 
returned  to  Egypt,  or  fettled  in  Ara- 
bia. The  mixed  multitude,  which  Ne- 
hemiali  feparated  from  the  Jews,  vv-ere 
the  Philiftines,  Ammonites,  Moabites, 
and  others,  who  had  come  and  inter- 
married among  them,  Neh.  xiii.  3. — 
God's  word  is  mixed  nvith  failh,  when 
by  faith  it  is  received  into  the  heart, 
Heb.  iv.  2.  God's  cup  of  wrath  is 
full  of  mixture  ;  like  ftrong  wine,  his 
wrath  is  mofl  powerful  and  penetrating, 
and  comprehends  judgements  unnum- 
bered, Pfal.  Ixxv.  8.  It  is  niiithout  mix- 
ture, as  no  mercy  or  comfort  is  mingled 
therewith.  Rev.  xiv.  10. 

To  MINISTER;  (i.)  To  ferve, 
Exod.  xxviii.  i.  4.  41.  43.  (2.)  To 
execute  an  office,  Deut.  xviii.  5.  (3.) 
To  give  charitable  fupply,  Matth. 
xxv.  41.  (4.)  To  effed ;  produce, 
Eph.  iv.  29. 

Minister  ;  one  who  attends  upon, 
and  ferves  another,  Exod.  xxiv.  13. 
Jefus  Chrifl  was  the  minifler  of  the  cir- 
cumcifwn,  as  he  exercifed  his  public 
minillry  almofl  folely  among  the  Jews, 
Rom.  XV.  8.  He  is  called  the  minifler 
cf  the  fanBuary,  and  true  tabernacle  ;  he 
exercifed  his  office  in  his  holy  human 
nature  ;  and  in  heaven  he  i>iil  executes 
it,    interceding    for    us,    and   pouring     a  tune, 


M  I  N 

bleffings  on  us,  Heb.  viil.  2.' 
Angels  are  God's  minifters  ;  they  at- 
tend his  throne,  are  always  ready  to 
execute  his  commandments,  and  to  help 
and  comfort  his  people,  Pfal.  civ.  4.  ; 
and  they  are  called  mini/hring  fpirits  to 
the  ele6t,  as  they  inftruft,  direcl,  guard, 
provide  for,  comfort,  prcted,  or  deli- 
ver them,  as  God  appoints,  Heb.  i.  1 4. 
Apoftles,  cvangelifts,  paftors,  and  teach- 
ers, are  minflers  ;  they  attend  the  fer- 
vice .  of  God  and  his  church,  and  did, 
or  do  faithfully  and  wifely  difpenfe 
Ghrill's  word,  facraments,  and  cen* 
fures  to  his  people,  i  Cor.  iv.  i.  Ma- 
giftrates  are  God's  miniflers ;  their  of- 
fice is  to  ferve  him  and  their  country, 
in  promoting  true  religion,  punilhing 
evil-doers,  and  in  prote6ling  and  en- 
couraging fuch  as  do  well,  Rom.  xiii. 
4.  6.  A  minifler  of  fin,  is  one  who  en- 
courages and  aflills  in  committing  of 
fin.   Gal.  ii.  17. 

Ministry;  (i.)  The  ofTicc  of  a 
minifter  in  the  church,  A6ls  i.  17. 
(2.)  The  difcharge  of  fuch  an  office, 
Hof.  xii.  10.  (3.)  The  fervice  be- 
longing to  deacons,  Rom.  xii.  7.  The 
miniflry  of  reconciliation,  is  either  the 
gofpel  itfelf,  which  declares,  off"ers, 
and  effedluates  peace  between  God  and 
men,  or  tlie  ofhce  of  preaching  it, 
2  Cor.  v.  8. 

Ministration  ;  (i.)  Service  m 
the  v.'ork  of  any  minifler,  Luke  i.  23. 
(2.)  Diilribution  of  alms,  A6ts  vi.  i. 
2  Cor.  ix.  13.  The  law  of  Mofes  was 
the  minifraiion  of  death  and  condemnation. 
It  convinces  men  of  their  being  guilty 
of  death  fpiritual,  and  condemns  them 
to  death  eternal ;  and  for  many  of  the 
breaches  of  it  did  God  require  men 
to  be  cut  off"  by  a  temporal  and  violent 
death.  The  gofpel  is  the  minijlration 
of  the  Spirit  that  giveth  life  ;  it  proceeds 
from  the  Holy  Gholl  ;  is  confirmed 
and  applied  by  him  ;  and  by  means  of 
it,  he  conveys  life,  and  all  fpiritual 
graces  and  benefits,  to  the  fouls  of  men, 
2  Cor.  iii.  7.  8. 

MINSTREL  ;  a  mufician  or  piper. 
Perhaps  the  minffrtl  which  Elilha  call- 


ed 


to  allay  his  ruflied  fpirit  with 
mi^'Jt  be  one  of  the  lingers  of 
"the 


M  I  N 


[     ^57     1 


M  I  R 


the  temple,  who  played  to  him  one  of 
David's  Pfalms,  2  Kings  iii.  15.  From 
minftrels  playing  at  the  death  of  Jai- 
rus's  daughter,  It  feems,  that  the  Jews 
had  introduced  the  heathenifh  cuftom 
of  diverting  themfelvcs  on  occafion  of 
moatallty  ;  and  which  ft  ill  appears  In 
oui*  fooHih  light-wakes  and  revelling 
dirges,  invented  no  doubt  by  Satan, 
to  prevent  all  ferlous  thoughts  of,  or 
concern  about  death,  that  might  then 
be  excited,  Matth.  ix.  23. 

MINNI ;  an  ancient  kingdom,  whofe 
king  and  troops  alfifted  the  Mcdes  and 
Perlians  to  dcftroy  Babylon.  Proba- 
bly it  was  the  fame  with  Minias,  Jer. 
11.  27. 

MINNITH  ;  a  city  .  about  four 
miles  from  Heflibon,  on  the  road  to 
Rabbah.  In  the  days  of  Jephthah, 
Minnith  pertained  to  the  Ammonites  ; 
and  to  this  place  Jephthah  purfued 
them,  Judg.  xi.  33.  It  was  famed  for 
its  fine  whc^at,  Ezek.  xxvll.  17. 

MINT  ;  a  well  known  herb.  Its 
flower  is  a  fmgle  leaf,  and  Its  feeds  are 
at  the  bottom  of  the  cup.  It  gene- 
rally yields  three  crops  a-year :  and  is 
very  ufeful  for  the  cure  of  the  head 
and  ftomach.  Its  water,  its  oil,  and 
decodlion,  are  well  known.  Tourne- 
fort  mentions  23  kinds  of  mint.  If 
mint  grow  in  a  glafs,  and  a  glafs  of 
fait  water  be  fet  near  It,  it  will  con- 
tract a  faltifhncfs  ;  or  if  a  glafs  full  of 
ink  be  fet  near  It,  it  will  become  black- 
ifli,  and  tafte  of  copperas  ;  or  if  a  lit- 
tle of  the  decodllon  of  garHc-feeds  be 
put  Into  the  water  in  which  mint  grows, 
it  will  quickly  wither,  and  have  the 
tafle  of  garlic,  Matth.  xxili.  23. 

MIRACLE  ;  a  wonderful  effed, 
fuperior,  or  contrary  to  the  laws  of 
nature.  To  pretend,  that  there  can 
be  no  miracles,  as  the  laws  of  nature 
are  fixed  by  the  divine  will,  and  fo 
very  good.  Is  llupidly  and  blafphem.ouf- 
ly  to  chain  down  the  Almighty,  as  a 
flave  to  the  order  of  fecond  caufes. 
To  pretend,  that  no  miracles  ought  to 
be  credited,  becaufe  they  are  contrary 
to  the  common  obfervation  of  mankind, 
is  llupid  in  a  fuperlative  degree.  If 
mirrxles  were  not  contrary  to  the  com- 


mon obfervation  of  mankind,  they  could 
be  no  miracles  at  all,  nor  have  any  ef- 
fe6l  as  fuch.  The"  negative  teftimony 
of  nullions  unnumbered  as  to  an  event, 
which  they  are  allowed  to  be  abfent 
from  the  place  of,  at  the  time  of  Its 
happening,  is  of  no  force  at  all.  Mi- 
racles are  never  a  whit  more  real  dIfco» 
vcries  of  the  power  of  God,  than  the 
common  prcfer\'ation  and  government 
of  things  ;  but  are  an  exertion  of  his 
power  in  an  uncommon  manner,  to  a- 
iarm  the  world,  and  anfwer  fome  Im- 
portant end.  As  we  are  not  capable 
to  underftand  how  far  the  powers  of 
fecond  caufes  may  <^o,  or  the  power 
of  evil  angels  may  extend,  God  has  not 
allov.-cd  us  to  reft  the  proof  of  a  revela- 
tion upon  miracles  alone,  but  to  examine 
alfo  tlie  do6lrine  confirmed  thereby, 
whether  it  be  worthy  of  God.  Nor  arc 
the  mil  acles,  whereby  he  has  confirmed 
the  million  of  the  principal  publlfhers 
of  his  revelation,  a  few,  or  any  way- 
doubtful,  but  multitudes,  all  of  the 
uncontrculed  kind,  neither  wrought  to 
confirm  any  thing  trifling  or  bafe,  nor 
contradiAed  by  a  fuperior  power  ;  and 
moft  of  them  In  the  openeft  manner, 
before  friends  and  foes.  Many  of  them 
v.-erc  often  repeated:  they  concurred  to 
eflablifh  a  fyftem  of  religion,  honour- 
able to  God,  and  unfpeakably  ufeful  to 
men,  calculated  to  render  them  happy 
In  this,  and  In  a  future  eftate.  Nor  did 
the  workers  thereof,  mark  any  proud 
boafting  of  thefe  wondrous  exploits. 
The  miracles,  pretended  to  have  been 
wrought  by  Apollonius  and  Vefpafian, 
were  neither  eWdently  fuperior  to  the 
power  of  fecond  caufes,  nor  have  we 
any  proper  evidence  of  the  fafts,  but 
the  niere  report  of  zealous  partlzans, 
or  flatterers.  The  miracles  pretended 
by  the  Papif!:s,  either  relate  to  trifles, 
unworthy  of  the  divine  interpofal,  or 
they  have  been  wrought  before  perfons 
drowned  in  grcfs  ignorance,  and  Inca- 
bable  to  try  them  ;  or  before  perfons 
refolved  at  any  rate  to  believe  them. 
Nothing  of  the  delufive  kind,  ever  ex- 
ceeded the  exploits  of  the  Egyptian 
magicians,  but  the  miracles  of  Mofes 


controuled  them 


his  rod,  when  turn- 
ed 


MIR  [     1 

€d  into  a  ferpent,  fwallowed  up  their 
rods,  which  were  transformed  in  like 
manner.  He  produced  many  miracu- 
lous plagues,  which  they  could  not. 
Our  Saviour's  miracles  were  fo  tran- 
fcendent  in  their  nature,  fo  benevolent 
in  their  tendency,  fo  divine  in  the  man- 
ner,  by  a  touch  or  a  word,  fo  full  in 
their  evidence,  before  thoufands  of 
friends  and  foes,  and  fo  correfpondent 
to  the  ancient  prophecies  concerning 
the  MefTiah,  and  fo  direded  to  confirm 
the  moil  exalted  and  benevolent  fyflem 
of  doctrines  and  laws,  and  the  hiflory 
thereof  fo  plain  and  fimple,  and  expo- 
fed  to  ^he  trial  of  his  worll  enemies, 
that  nc'^ai'ijr  but  want  of  capacity  to 
examine  and  perceive  them,  or  hearty 
hatred  of  him  a  id  his  way,  can  hinder 
us  to  believe  them,  and  the  gofpel  con- 
firmed thereby.  Wnen  the  form  of  true 
religion  is  once  eitabliilied  in  the  world, 
there  is  no  need  of  the  continuar.ce  of 
miracles  for  its  confirmation  ;  as  men 
have  been  already  fuificientiy  alarmed 
"to  confider  it,  and  the  million  of  its 
publifliers  fufficiently  attelled  ;  and  the 
prevalence  of  the  true  rehgiun  in  oppo- 
fition  to  the  inclinations  and  endea- 
vours of  men,  with  fulfilment  of  pro- 
phecies, fucceed  in  their  room.  The 
jniracles  of  Mofes  were  fimilar  to  his 
fiery  law,  molUy  ruinous  and  deflruc- 
tive  ;  the  miracles  of  Jefus,  hke  his 
gofpel,  were  almoft  wholly  of  the  be- 
nevolent kind. 

MIRE;  (i.)  Mud,  dirt,  2  Sam. 
xxii.  43.  (2.)  A  fenny  moiH  place, 
Job  viii.  II,  Reprobates  are  likened 
to  manjhes  and  miry  places ;  how  four 
and  corrupting  their  nature  !  how  en- 
tangling their  practice  !  and  how,  not- 
withftanding  what  fair  pretences  they 
may  have,  they  fink  towards  hell!  Ezek. 
xlvii.  1 1 .  Wicked  courfes  are  hkened  to 
viirc  and  dirt  ;  how  bafe  and  polluting! 
how  entangling,  and  finking  of  men  to- 
wards hell !  and  how  often,  after  a 
feeming  efcape  therefrom,  do  men  re- 
turn thereto  !  2  Pet.  ii.'  22.  Sore  af- 
flictions are  likened  to  mircy  and  miry 
clay  ;  how  bafe,  contemptible,  and  dif- 
a^"reeable,  in  the  view  of  a  carnal 
world,    they   render  men  !    and   how 


58     ]  MIS 

hard  it  is  to  get  out  of  them,  or  avoid 
finking  deeper  and  deeper  in  them !  Job 
XXX.  19.   Pfal.  Ixix.  2.  14. 

MIRIAM,  the  filler  of  Moses, 
who,  at  the  defire  of  Pharaoh's  daugh- 
ter, called  his  own  mother  to  nurfe 
him.  It  is  ijaid,  flie  was  married  to 
HuR.  She  diredled  the  Hebrew  wo- 
men in  their  fongs  of  praife,  after  their 
fafe  paffage  through  the  Red  fea.  For 
her  raihng  at  Mofes,  fhe  was  fmitten 
with  a  leprofy,  but  cured  by  his  pray- 
ers ;  and  died,  and  was  buried  at  Ka- 
defh.  A,  M.  2552.  Exod.  ii.  xv.  21. 
-22.   Numb.  xii.   xx.  i. 

MIRTH.     See  Joy. 

MISCHIEF;  hurt,  injur)-.  To 
conceive,  devife,  imagine,  or  have  mif- 
chiefin  one's  heart,  and  to  praclife  it, 
is  to  contrive,  refolve  on,  and  put  in 
execution,  the  hurting  of  others.  Job 
XV.  35.  Pfal.  xxxvi.  4.  xxviii.  3.  i 
Sam,  xxiii,  9.  To  frame  mifchief  by  a 
laiv,  is  to  enact  laws  tending  to  mens 
hurt  and  ruin,  Pfal.  xciv.  20.  To  i- 
magine  m//2-/ja/ again  ft  God,  is  to  con- 
trive methods  of  diihonouring  him, 
Hof.  vii.  15.  Wicked  men  have  jnif- 
chiefunAcr  their  tongue,  in  their  heart, 
and  are  in  readinefs  -to  utter  words 
tending  to  their  own  or  others  hurt, 
Pfal  X.  7.  They  fleep  not,  except 
they  have  done  mifchief,  and  caufed 
fome  to  fall ;  they  daily  hurt  fomebody, 
and  are  never  more  delighted  than  when 
fo  employed,  Prov.  iv.  16.  vi.  18.  x. 
23.  xxiv,  2.  Their  mifchief  returns  on 
their  own  head,  and  the  mifchief  of  their 
lips  confumes  them,  when  their  purpofes, 
endeavours,  and  fpeeches,  deiigned  for 
the  hurt  of  others,  turn  to  their  own 
ruin,  as  happened  in  the  cafe  of  Ha- 
man,  Pfal.  vii.  16,  xli,  9.  Mfchievousy 
is  what  tends  or  intends  to  hurt,  Pfal. 
xxi.  .11,    Prov.  xxiv.  8. 

MISERY,  is  whatever  tends  to  dif- 
trefs  and  reader  one  wretched,  Judg. 
X.  16.  Job's  friends  were  miferahle 
comforters,  who,  inllead  of  comfort- 
ing and  encouraging  him,  much  added 
to  his  diitrefs,  by  their  uncharitable 
fpeeches.  Job  xvi.  2,  If  the  dead 
fhould  not  be  raifed,  gofpel-minillers 
and  faints  would  be   of  all  men   the 

moj} 


MIS  [     159    1 


M  I  Z 


moji  mtferalle  ;  as  through  their  endea 
vours  to  follow  and  ferve  Chrlft,  they 
are  deprived  of  many  pleafures  of  this 
life,  and  expofed  to  the  hatred  and 
perfecution  of  men,   i  Cor.  xv.  19. 

MISREPHOTH-MAIM,  or  the 
buiiiings  ofnuaterSf  was  either  hot  baths, 
or  a  glafs-work,  near  Zidon,  or  rather 
hot  baths  in  the  north  of  Gilead.  To 
this  place  Jofhua's  troops  purfued  that 
part  of  Jabin's  army  that  fled  to  the 
weftward,  Jofh.  xi.  8. 

MISS;  (i.)  To  fail  of  hitting  an 
Intended  mark,  Judg.  xx.  1 6.  (2.V 
To  be  wanting,  1  Sam.  xxv.  15.  (3.) 
To  take  notice  of  one's  abfence,  i  Sam. 
XX.  18. 

MIST;  (i.)  A  molfl  dufl<inefs  of 
the  air,  that  waters  and  refrefhes  the 
earth  ;  it  chiefly  hovers  over  hills  and 
moifl:  places,  Gen.  ii.  6. .  (2.)  A  dufl^y 
bhndnefs,  Adls  xiii.  ii»  Eternal  mi- 
fery  is  the  m'lfl  of  darhnefs  1  how  per- 
plexing and  uncomfortable  !  and  how 
impoflible  to  get  out  of  it!  2  Pet.  ii.  1 7. 
MISTRESS,  Nineveh  was  a  niif- 
trefs  of  'Witchcraft^  that  fold  nations 
through  her  whoredoms  and  witch- 
crafts. The  AlTyrians  were  famed  for 
inchantments  and  other  diabolic  arts, 
and  by  their  flatter)',  carnal  policy, 
and  charms  of  wealth  and  luxury,  de- 
coyed nations  into  ilavery  and  idolatry, 
Nah.  iii.  4. 

MISUSE  ;  to  contemn,  perfecute, 
murder,   2  Chron.  iil.  16. 

MITE.  See  FARTHING.  Butfome 
make  the  mite  much  lefs  than,  we  have 
there  done,  and  14  of  them  are  reck- 
oned at  httle  more  than  a  farthing,  and 
one  fourth  of  a  farthing  of  Englifh 
money,  Mark  xii.  16. 
MITRE.  See  bonmet. 
MITYLENE  ;  the  capital  city  of 
the  ifland  of  Lefbos,  in  the  eafi  end  of 
the  Mediterranean  fea,  and  about  feven 
or  eight  miles  from  the  continent  of 
Lefler  Afia.  It  was  handfome  in  its 
form  and  buildings,  but  unwholefome 
as  to  the  air,  when  the  fouth  or  fouth- 
well  winds  blew.  It  was  famous  for 
the  birth  of  Pittacus  the  wife  Grecian, 
Theophanes  the  hiflorian,  Alcaeus  the 
poet,  and  Diophaiies  the  rhetorician. 


Paul  touched  here  as  he  failed  from 
Corinth  to  Jerufalem,  Afts  xx.  14.  ; 
but  we  find  no  appearance  of  a  Chrif- 
tian  church,  except  in  the  5th,  6th, 
7th,  and  8th  centuries.  It  is  now  a. 
place  of  little  or  no  confequence. 

MIX.     See  Mingle. 

MIZPAH,  or  Mizpeh;  (i.)  A 
city  of  Judah,  about  18  miles  wcit  of 
Jerufalem,  in  the  large  plain,  Jofh.  xv^ 
38.  ;  but  it  feems  to  have  been  given 
to  the  Benjamites,  Jofh.  xviii.  26.  ;  or 
perhaps  that  of  Benjamin  was  a  differ- 
ent place..  Here  the  Hebrews  held 
their  meeting  about  the  affair  of  the 
Levite's  concubine,  who  was  bafely 
murdered  by  the  men  of  Gibeah,  Judg.  ^ 
XX.  I.  Here  Samuel  dwelt,  and  the 
Hebrews  under  his  dircdion  obferved 
a  folemn  faft,  to  obtain  deliverance 
from  the  Philillines,  i  Sam.  vii.  5.  6» 
Here  Saul  was   anointed  to  be   king,. 


I  Sam. 


Afa  built  a  great  part 


of  it  with  the  ftones  he  tranfported 
from  Ramah,  i  Kings  xv.  22.  Hpre 
Gedaliah  dwelt,  and  for  a  ihort  time 
ruled  the  remnant  of  the  Jews,  Jer.  xl. 
41.  Ezer  and  Shallum,  rulers,  and 
iome  other  inhabitants  of  this  place,, 
were  very  a6live  in  repairing  the  wall 
of  Jerufalem,  under  the  direftion  of 
Nehemiah,  Neh.  iii.  7.  15.  19.  (2.) 
A  city  in  the  mountains  of  Gilead,  and 
near  mount  Hermon  ;  the  place  was 
fo  called,  becaufe  here  Jacob,  having 
made  a  covenant  withLaban,  wifhed  the 
Lord  might  ivatch  between  them,  that 
the  one  might  never  pafs  it  to  hurt  the  o- 
ther,  Gen.  xxxi.  49.  Thus  far,  it  feems,. 
Jofhua's  troops  purfued  fuch  of  Jabin's 
army  as  fled  to  the  eaftwaid,  Jofh.  xi. 
3.  8.  Here  was  the  city  in  which 
Jephthah  dwelt,  and  where  he  muflered 
his  army  againft  the  Ammonites,  Judg. 
xi.  3.  II.  29.  34.  Whether  this  be 
the  Mezpeh  of  Moab,  where  David 
for  a  while  fojourned,  I  cannot  cer- 
tainly fay  :  but  I  rather  think  Mizpeh. 
of  Moab  was  farther  fouth,  as  I  know 
not  how  tlie  Moabites  could  have  come 
by  Mizpeh  of  Gilead  ;  though  other- 
wife  this  fituation  would  fuit  very  well 
with  his  being  in  tlie  land  of  the  Her- 
monites,    and   near   the    hill  Mizar, 

wliicL 


M  I  Z  [     1 

wKich  flood  near  Hermon,  if  it  was 
not  a  part  of  it,  i  Sam.  xxii.  3.  Pfal. 
xlii.  6. 

MIZRAIM,  orMEZER,  thefonof 
Ham,  and  father  of  Ludim,  Anamim, 
Lehabim,  Naphtuhim,  Pathrufim,  and 
Cafluhim,  from  which  lafl  fprung  the 
Philiflines  and  Caphtorim.  Thefe  de- 
fcendants  of  his,  and  the  tribes  called 
from  their  names,  lu.  i  no  doubt  their 
original  refidence  in  Egypt;  but  fome 
of  them  moved  towards  the  weft  ;  and 
as  Cafluhim  feems  to  have  dv/eit  in  the 
eaft  of  Egypt,  his  pofterity  partly 
fettled  in  the  fouth-wefl  of  Canaan. 
Some  learned  men  have  imagined,  that 
thefe  names  ending  in  im,  a  plurai  ter- 
mination in  the  Hebrew,  muil  fignify 
tribes,  not  particular  perfons  ;  but  we 
know  not  of  fuilicient  reafons  to  fup- 
port  this  inference.  Gen.  x.  6.  13,  14. 
The  Arabs  ftill  call  Egypt  Mefr  ;  and 
they  called  Memphis,  and  now  call 
Grand  Cairo,  Mefr,  from  Mifraim. 

MOAB,  the  fon  of  Lot,  by  his 
eldeil  daughter,  was  born  about  the 
fame  time  as  Ifaac,  in  y/.  M.  2108. 
He  and  his  poilerity  dwelt  in  the  land 
called  by  his  name,  eaftward  of  the 
Dead  fea,  and  about  the  river  Arnon, 
with  the  Ammonites  on  the  north-eaft, 
and  the  Midianites  on  the  fouth-wefl 
of  them.  They  expelled  the  Emims, 
and  feized  on  their  country.  They  had 
not  been  long  a  nation,  when  they  be- 
came idolaters,  and  worlhipped  Che- 
mofh  and  Baal-peor,  Numb.  xxi.  29. 
XXV.  I.  3.  Sihon  king  of  the  Amo- 
rites,  took  from  them  all  their  territory 
northward  of  the  river  Arnon.  Not 
long  after,  Balak  the  fon  of  Zippor 
was  king  of  Moab.  He,  but  in  vain, 
hired  Balaam  to  curfe  the  Hebrews, 
who  encamped  on  his  borders,  Numb. 
xxi. — xxiv.  To  revenge  this,  no  Moab- 
ite  or  Ammonite  v/ere  allowed  to  enter 
the  Hebrew  congregation  of  the  Lord, 
to  their  10th  generation,  Deut.  xxii. 
3. — 6.  About  y/.  M.  2661,  the  Moab- 
ites  under  Eglon  reduced  the  Hebrews 
under  their  yoke,  and  mightily  oppref- 
fed  them  for  18  years  ;  but  Ehud  kill- 
ed their  king,  and  his  troops  killed 
10,000  of  the  moll  valiant  Moabites, 


60    ]         M  O  A 

and  recovered  to  the  Hebrews  their  IT- 
bfirty,  Judg.  iii, — Some  time  after,  E- 
limelech  and  Naomi,  on  account  of  a 
famine,  left  Canaan,  and  fojourned  in 
the  land  of  Moab  ;  his  fons  Mahlon 
and  Chilion  married  two  Moabitifh  wo- 
men, fome  fay  of  the  royal  family, 
Ruth  I.  Saul  fuccefsfully  waged  war 
with  the  Moabites,  i  Sam.  xiv,  47-. 
When  David  was  perfecuted  by  Saul, 
he  fled  to  the  land  of  Moab,  whence 
Ruth  his  great-grandmother  had  come, 
and  committed  his  parents  to  the  pro- 
te6lion  of  the  king  of  Moab,  i  Sam. 
xxii.  3.  4.  Provoked  with  the  Moab- 
ites, perhaps  for  the  murder  of  his  pa- 
rents, David,  about  12  years  after, 
terribly  ravaged  their  country,  and  re- 
duced them  to  the  bafeft  fervitude  ; 
fuch  of  them,  at  leafl  of  the  foldiery, 
as  he  took  prifoners,  he  caufed  lie  or 
fland  clofe  together,  and  meafuring  o- 
ver  them  with  lines,  to  mark  them  for 
death  or  life,  he  killed  the  half,  if  not 
two  thirds  of  them,  2  Sam,  viii.  i.  2. 
Pfal.  Ix.  8.  For  about  150  years, 
they  continued  fubjecl  to  Ifrael,  and 
Saraph  a  Jew  was  one  of  their  govern- 
ors, and  one  Ithmah  a  Moabite  was 
one  of  David's  mighties,  I  Chron.  iv. 
22.  xi.  46.  Solomon  married  fome 
Moabitifli  women,  and  eftablifhed  the 
worfhip  of  Chemofh  their  idol  at  Jeru- 
falem,  i  Kings  xi.  I.  7.  33.  After 
the  divifion  of  the  Hebrew  kingdom., 
the  Moabites  fell  to  the  fhare  of  the 
ten  tribes,  as  their  territories  were  con- 
tiguous to  the  Reubenites ;  but  after 
the  death  of  Ahab,  Mesh  a  their  king, 
a  noted  Iheep-mafler,  refufed  to  pay 
his  tribute.  This  occafioned  a  terrible 
defeat  of  the  Moabites,  by  Joram  l:ing 
of  Ifrael,  and  his  allies,  and  a  furious 
ravage  of  their  countrv",  2  Kings  iii. 
Not  long  after,  or  perhaps  before,  they 
entered  into  a  league  with  the  Edom- 
ites,  Amalckites,  Ifhmaelites,  Philif- 
tines.  Ammonites,  Hagarenes,  Alhur- 
ites,  Gebalites,  and  Tyrians,  to  deftroy 
the  whole  race  of  Ifrael ;  but  their  ar- 
my that  came  againft  Jehofhaphat  was 
miraculoufly  dellroyed,  2  Chron.  xx. 
Pfal.  Ixxxiii.  Some  time  after,  the 
Moabites  feem  to  have  invaded  the  land 

ef 


M  O  A        [     I 

cf  Edom,  and  burnt  the  bones  of  tlic 
king  of  it  into  lime,  Amos  ii.  i.  A- 
"bout  the  time  of  Eliflia's  death,  ftra:^- 
gHng  bands  of  the  Moabltes  ravaged 
the  country  of  the  ten  tribes,  2  Kings 
xiii.  20.  During  the  dechne  of  the 
kingdom  of  the  ten  tribes,  or  after 
their  begun  captivity  by  Tiglath-pile- 
fer,  the  Moabites  feized  on  a  great  part 
of  what  pertained  to  the  Reubenites, 
if  not  more  of  the  land  of  Gilead.  The 
Affyrians,  under  Shalmanefer,  ravaged 
their  country,  and  rendered  it  ahnoil 
defolate,  If.  xv.  xvi.  xxv.  10.  Amos 
ii.  I.  2.  They  however  recovered  this 
Oiock,  and  again  became  a  flourifhing 
nation.  Their  principal  cities  were, 
Nebo,  Kirjathaim,  Kir,  Mifgab-,  Hefh- 
bon,  Madmen,  Horonaim,  A.r,  Di- 
bon,  Aroer,  Diblath  or  Beth-dibla- 
thaim,  Holon,  Jahazah,  Mephaath, 
Beth  •  gamul,  Beth  -  meon,  Kerioth, 
Bozrah,  Medeba,  Elealeh,  Jazer,  and 
Sibmah,  the  moil  of  which  had  once 
pertained  to  the  Hebrews. — It  feems 
they  early  fided  with  the  Chaldeans,  and 
bands  of  them  haraffed  the  Jews  un- 
der Jehoiakim  ;  but  as  they  formed  a 
kague  with  Zedekiah,  for  ihaking  oflF 
tlie  Chaldean  yoke,  Nebuchadnezzar, 
about  4  or  ^  years  after  he  had  deftroy- 
ed  Jerufalera,  invaded  their  country, 
and  reduced  it  to  an  almoit  defert,  and 
carried  multitudes  of  them  captive  into 
his  eaftern  dominions,  2  Kings  xxiv.  2. 
Jer.  xlviii.  9.  26.  xxv.  21.  Ezek.  xxv. 
Zeph.  iL  8.  I  find  no  evid,ence  that 
ever  they  much  recovered  this  over- 
throw. Some  of  their  women  were 
married  to  the  Jews,  who  had  come 
back  to  their  own  land,  and  were  put 
away  by  Neheraiah's  orders,  Neh.  xiii. 
23.  The  poor  remains  of  them  were 
fubjeil  to  the  Perfians  and  Greeks,  in 
their  turns,  and  to  the  Jews  under  A- 
lexander,  Janucus,  and  Herod,  and 
finally  to  the  Romans,  Long  ago 
their  name  is  loft,  as  they  incorporated 
with  the  Jews  or  Arabians,  and  their 
country  is  almoft  quite  defolate,  and  is 
m3t  properly  fubjed  to  the  Turks,  but 
to  the  wild  Arabs  of  Hejaz,  Zeph.  ii. 
8-  9.  10.  If.  xxv.  10.  xi.  14.  Dan. 
xi.  41.  ;  but  in  If.  xxv.'  10.  Moab  may 
VcL.  IL 


61     ]  M  O  I 

be  undcrflood  of  the  enemies  of  the 
church  in  general. 

MOCK;  (l.)  To  deride;  feoff; 
laugh  at,  2  Ciiron.  xxxvi.  16.  (2.) 
Merrily  to  make  a  jeft  ;  fo  fools  make 
a  mock  at  fin,  Prov.  xiv.  9.  (3.)  To 
dec-ive  one  with  words,  Judg.  xvi. 
10.  13.  (4.)  To  ravifli  or  abufe  a 
woman.  Gen.  xxxix.  17.  God  mocks 
at  mrns  fear,  when,  without  pity,  h;i 
brings  his  fearful  ftrokes  of  judge- 
ment upon  them,  Prov.  i.  26.  God 
is  Hot  mocked ;  he  will  not  be  deceived 
or  jefted  with.  If  men  live  in  fin,  they 
Ihall  certainly  be  for  ever  puniflied. 
Gal.  vi.  7.  Men  mock  God,  when  in 
words  or  behaviour  they  jeft  at  his  be- 
ing, his  purp;)fes,  words,  works,  ar- 
dinances,  minifters,  or  people,  Job 
xiii.  9.  Wiiie  is  a  mocker,  and  ftrong 
drink  is  raging  :  it,  if  drunk  to  excefs, 
deceives  men,  and  venders  them  dilho- 
noured,  unhappy,  and  outrageous, 
Prov.  XX.  I. 

Mockers,  are  fuch  as  habitually 
give  themfelves  to  feoff  and  jeft  at  fpi- 
ritual  and  divine  things,  and  to  beguile 
men  with  deceitful  words,  If.  xxviii.  22, 
Jude  18. 

MODERATE  ;  to  abate  ;  to  keep 


in  due  bounds: 


'o  moderate  threatening. 


is  to  reftrain  it  within  due  bounds, 
Eph.  vi.  -j-  9.  Our  moderation  Ihould 
be  knO'Vjn  to  all  men,  hecaufe  the  J^ord  is 
at  han.1:  we  fliould  exercife  foftnefs 
and  tendernefs  towards  all  men  ;  inter, 
pret  their  words  and  behaviour  in  the 
beft  fenfe  ;  ufe  inferiors  with  kindnefs 
and  refped  ;  and  bear  injuries,  becaufe 
the  Lord  obferves  our  condu6l,  and 
will  quickly  judge  us,  and  refent  the 
injuries  done  us,    Phil,  iv.  5. 

MODEST  ;  humble  ;  chafte.  Ma- 
deji  apparel,  is  fuch  as  becomes  an 
humble,  fobcr,  and  raodeft  perfon, 
I  Tim.  ii.  Q. 

MOISTURE;  SAP  ;wetnefs,  Luke 
viii.  6.  My  moy'rure  is  turned  into  the 
drought  offummer  ;  my  body  is  parched, 
and  its  natural  moifture  exhauiled  ;  my 
foul  is  bereaved  of  profperity,  gracious 
influence,  and  comfort,  by  the  imprcf.. 
fions  and  fears  of  thy  fatherly  wrath, 
Pfal.  xxxfL  4. 

X  MOStatei 


M  O  L        { 

MOLE ;  a  fmall  four-footed  ani- 
mal which  ferrets  in  the  earth,  hath 
its  feet  formed  for  digging  ;  its  eyes 
very  fmall,  and  hence  believed  by  the 
vulgar  to  be  bhnd.  It  hvcs  on  roots, 
toads,  and  worms  ;  but  that  the  He- 
brew T'tnJJjemeth  fignifies  a  mole,  we 
dare  not  affirm,  though  the  Jewifh 
rabbins,  and  the  Chaldee  paraphrafcs, 
fo  interpret  it.  Bochart  will  have  it 
a  chameleon  ;  Cnllaho  a  toad  ;  and  o- 
thers  a  weafel,  It  is  certain  it  was  le- 
gally unclean,  and  that  the  fame  word 
is  tranflated  a  fwan,  Lev.  xi.  18.  3d. 
To  caji  idols  to  the  moles  and  to  the  hats, 
is  to  leave  them  to  ignorant,  hateful, 
and  worldly  men  ;  or  rather  to  throw 
them  away  with  the  utmoll  contempt, 
If.  ii.  20. 

MOMENT  ;  a  very  fhort  fpace  of 
time,  m  comparifon  of  eternal  duration. 
God  hides  himfelf  from,  is  angry  with, 
and  aftlifts  his  people,  hut  for  a  moment^ 
If.  liv.  7.  8.  Pfal.  XXX.  5.  2  Cor.  iv. 
17.  And  the  joy  of  hypocrites  is  but 
for  a  moment,  is  quickly  (phanged  into 
eternal  forrow,  Job  xx.  5.  A  lying 
tongue  is  but  for  a  moment,  as  truth 
will  quickly  be  difcovered  to  the  liars 
ihame,  Prov.  xii.  19. 

MOLECH,  Moloch,  Milcom, 
Malcham  ;  the  principal  idol  of  the 
Ammonites  :  he  had  the  face  of  an  ox  j 
his  hands  were  ftretched  out,  as  if  ready 
to  receive  prefents.  He  was  liollow 
within,  and  there  the  fire  was  placed 
to  heat  the  image,  that  it  might  burn 
the  offerings.  There  were  feven  (different 
apartments  for  receiving  the '  different 
oblations  of  meal,  turtles,  ev>'es,  rams, 
calves,  oxen,  and  children.  It  is  faid  the 
unhappy  parent  who  offered  his  child  to 
Molech,  put  him  into  the  burning  arms 
uf  the  idol,  where  he  expired  am.idft  ter- 
rible pain,  and  while  drums  were  beat  to 
drown  his  cries.  Whatever  fome  talk  of 
caufmg  children  pafs  between  two  fires, 
in  honour  of  this  idol,  it  is  pretty  plain 
that  the  a6lual  burning  of  them  in  fa- 
criiice  is  intended,  Pfal.  cvi.  37.  Ezek. 
xvi.  20.  xxiji.  37.  39.  The  facrificed 
<:hild  was  burnt  in  order  to  obtain  a 
b'e/Ting  on  the  rell  of  the  family.  That 
Tvl^Iech  was  derived  from  the  Egypti- 


162    ]       M  o  N 

ans,  and  is  the  fame  as  Rephan,  Rem- 
phan,  Chiun,  or  Serapis,  and  worOiip- 
ped  under  the  form  of  a  bull,  and  with 
the  Anammtlech  and  Adrammelech, 
to  which  the  inhabitants  of  Sephar- 
va-m  burnt  their  children,  we  believe  ; 
but  whether  he  was  the  fame  with  Sa- 
turn, to  whom  human  facrificcs  were 
offered,  or  with  Mercury,  or  Mars,  or 
Venus,  or  Mithra,  or  the  fun,  w^e  fliall 
not  now  determine.  It  is  certain,  Mo- 
lech was  very  early  worlhipped  among 
the  Ammonites  :  and  perhaps  it  was  the 
crown  of  Molech,  not  of  the  Ammo- 
nitifh  king,  that  David  took  at  Kab- 
bah, and  which  weighed  a  talent, 
2  Sam.  xii.  30.  God  very  early  pro- 
hibited the  worfhip  of  Molech  to  his 
peoj^le,  Lev.  xviii.  21.  xx.  2.  3.  4. 
They,  however,  were  often  guilty  of 
it  :  they  carried  the  tabernricle  of  their 
Molech,  in  the  worfliip  "of  the  golden 
calf,  which  was  a  kind  of  reprefenta- 
tion  of  the  Egyptian  Serapis,  A6is  vii, 
43.  Solomon  built  a  temple  to  Mo- 
lech on  thi.^  mount  of  Olives,  i  Kings 
xi.  7.  Ahaz,  Manaffeh,  and  other 
jews,  burnt  their  children  in  honour 
to  this  idol,  particularly  in  TOPHgT, 
2  Kings  xvi.  3.     xxi.  3.  4.     Jer.   xix. 

MONEY.  The  mofl  ancient  me- 
thod of  trade  was  by  barter,  exchang- 
ing one  thing  for  another  :  in  after 
tim.es  the  more  precious  metals  were 
ufed  as  the  price  in  merchandife.  The 
gold  and  filver,  however,  were  long 
weighed,  not  coined.  Abraham  nve'ighed 
the  four  hundred  ihekels  which  he  gave 
for  his  bury ing-place.  Gen.  xxiii.  15.16. 
Jofeph  was  fold  for  20  fhekels  weight  of 
filver  ;  and  his  brethren  carried  back  to 
Egypt  the  fame  nvdght  of  money  that 
had  been  returned  in  their  facks.  Gen, 
xxxvii.  28.  xliii.  21.  Jeremiah  'weighed 
the  feventeen  fhekels  of  filver  which  he 
gave  for  his  coufin's  field,  Jer.  xxxii.  lo. 
Shekels  and  talents  whereby  money 
was  ellim.ated,  were  weights,  not  coins, 
2  Sam.  xii.  30.  xiv.  26.  We  are  not 
certain  of  any  coined  money  in  the 
v/orld  till  about  A,  M.  3460,  when 
Cnisfus  *ing  of  Lydia  coined  his  Cra^fi, 
and  Darius  the  Medc  bis  Danes,  or 
D?.rkmon5« 


M  O  N        f     1 

l)arkmon8.  Nor  do  we  know  of  the 
Jews  coining  any  till  about  400  years 
after,  when  Antiochus  Sidetus  gave 
Simon  the  Maccabee  a  privilege  for 
that  purpofe.  The  Romans  began  to 
coin  filver  about  A.  M.  .^735,  and 
gold  i\\  A,  M.  3797.  Tlie  ancient 
Britons  ufed  rings  or  plates  of  iron  for 
money.  The  Lacedemonians  ufed  bars 
of  iron.  Anciently,  and  in  flraitening 
circumftances,  leather,  wood,  paile- 
board,  (Sec.  have  been   coined  for   mo- 


63    ]        M  O  N  _ 

ney^  To  this  day  the  Chinefe  do  not 
coin,  but  cut  and  weigh  their  gold  and 
fivler  for  trade  :  and  in  fome  nations 
they  trade  with  fliells  and  fruits  inflcad 
of  money.  In  the  Eaft,  money  is 
fometimes  given  in  prefents  to  perfons 
of  rank  }  and  is  paid  by  bags  fealed  up. 
Job  xiv.  17.  —  Chrift's  bleflings  are 
nuithout  money  and  ivUhout  price  ;  alto- 
gether free,  neither  price,  ngr  pro- 
niife  of  price,  being  required  from  us. 
If.  Iv.  I. 


The  Value  and  Proportio# of  the  Grecian  Coins. 


Lept 

7 

on  or  mite                         —                          — * 
Chalcos                            -^                          ^— 

14 

2 

Dichalcos                      —                        — 

28 

4 

2 

H( 

smiobolion                     — 

56 

8 

4 

2 

Obolos                   — . 

112 

16 

8 

4 

2 

Diobolori              -7- 

224 

32 

16 

8 

4 

2 

Tetrobolon                     — 

336 

48 

24 

12 

6 

3 

^ 

Drachme                       — 

672 

96 

48 

24 

12 

6 

3 

2 

Didrachmori  [Stater 

1324 

192 

96 

48 

24 

12 

6 

4 

2 

Tetradrachmon 

i6ss 

240 

120  !6o 

30 

'S 

1\ 

5 

2-z 

li.  1  Pentadrachm 

'TiS 


•u 


O      I       I|. 


O      2       2y 

0  s    o\ 

073 

1  3  2 
270 
323 


Note  I.  Of  thefe,  the  Drachm,  Didrachm,  ^c,  were  of  filver,  the  reft,  for 
the  moft  part,  of  brafs  ;  the  other  parts,  as  Tridachm,  Triobolus,  ^c* 
were  fometimes  coined* 


AV«?  2.  I  have  fuppofed,  with  the  generality  of  authors,  that  the 
and  Denarius  were  equal,  though  there  is  reafon  to  believe  the 
was  fomewhat  the  weightier. 

The  Grecian  Gold  Coin  was, 

Ihe  golden  Stater,  weighing  two  Attic  Drachms,  or  half"!       /. 

of  the  fdver  Stater,  and  exchanging  ufuaDy  for  25  Attic  >      O 

Drachms  of  filver,  in  our  money,  -  J 

According  to  our  proportion  of  gold  to  filver,  i 

There  were  hkewife  the  Stater  Cyzicenus,  exchanging  fori 

28  Attic  Drachms,  or,  -  j       ^ 

Stater  Philippicus,  and  Stater  Alexandrinus,  of  the  fame 

value. 

X  2 


Drachma 
Drachma 


J. 
16 


1-75 

9 

I 


StatCT 


M  O  N         [     164    ] 


M  O  N 


Stater  Daricus, 
Drachms,  or, 
Stater  Cnxiius, 

according  to  Jofephus,  worth   50  Attic  1 
of  the  fame  value. 

12 

3-5 

The  Value  and  Proportion  of  the  Roman  Coins : 

Teruticius                       ^ —                       —                       — 

J. 

0 

7- 

0.775 

2 

Semhella                       —                       —                       _ 

0 
0 

I 

3 

7 

^'5S 

+ 

2 

Libella,  As                     ~-                       -^      • 

3-1 

10 

5' 

2-2 

Sel 

lertius                      —                         — 
(^^linorius,  Viftoriatus                   — 

3-75 

20 

10 

5 

3-5 

40 

20 

I.O      4- 

2  j  Denarius                        — -                   -— 

3 

Note,  Of  thefe  the   Denarius,  Vi6LOiiatus,   Seftertius,  and  fometimes  the  As, 
were  of  filver,  the  i  eft  of  brais. 

There  were  fonjetmies  alfo  coined  of  brafs,  the  Triens,  Sextans,  Uncia,  Sex- 
tula, and  Dupondius. 

Tlic  Roman  gold-coin   was  the   Aureus,  which  weighed  generally  double  the 
Denarius. 

/.        s.       d. 

The  Aureus,  according  to  the  firll  proportion  of  coinage,! 

mentioned  by    Phny,  Lib.  xxxiii.   cap,  3.  was  worth,     J  4     3*7> 

According  to   the  proportion    that    obtains    now  amongftl 
us,  worth,  -  -  3 

According  to  the  Decuple  proportion,  mentioned  by  Livy  } 
and  Juhus  Pollux,  worth,     ^  -  j 

According  to  the  proportion   mentioned   by  Tacitus,  andl 

which  afterwards  obtained,  whereby  the  Aureus  exchan-  >      o     1 6     r.75 
ged  for  25  Denarii,  its  value,  -  J 


Gerah 


Jewifh  Money  reduced  to  the  Enghfh  Standard. 
Silver  Money." 


d. 


I.    s,    a,  q. 


10 

Bekah                     —                     — 

—                  0 

0 
~                5 

342 

/. 

0 
I 

5475 

I     1^1    . 

20 

2 

Shek( 

Man  eh,  Mina  Hebraica 

2     31 

1200 

120 

50' 

14    oi 

60000 

6000 

3000 

60  1  Talent                  —         — 

3     9 

Solldus 
A  fheke 
A  talen 

Aure 
lofj 

t  01  0 

us  or 

rold, 

old, 

Gold  money. 

Sextula,  worth                           — 
worth                    —                      — - 
worth                  /  «—                  ;»— 

s.    d 
12     o|. 
16     6 

0     6 
MONEY- 

M  O  N         [ 

'  MONEY-CHANGERS,  were 
fuch,  as,  at  a  certain  rate  of  profit, 
gave  leller  pieces  of  nroiuy  for  great- 
er, or  greater  for  leiTer,  to  accommo- 
date fuch  as  came  to  the  folcmn  featls, 
or  other  vvorlhip  at  Jeraialem.  Thefe 
Jcfus  twice  drove  from  the  Rations 
which  they  had  taken  in  the  courts  of 
the  temple,  John  ii.  14.  15.  Matth. 
xxi.  12. 

MONSTERS  ;  hujre  and  unfhape- 
ly  animals,  fuch  as  whales,  ^V.  Lam. 
iv.  3. 

MONTH.     Sec  YEAR. 

MONUMENTS.  Thofe  in  which 
idolaters  lodged,  were  either  tombs, 
idol-temples,  defert  places,  or  any 
where  with  idols,  or  their  fuppoled 
rcfident  devils,' by  fleeping  in  which, 
they  expected  fellowlKip  with  their 
falfe  gods,  in  dreams,  vihons,  or  the 
like.   If.  Ixv.  4. 

MOON  ;  a  fecondary  planet  always 
attendant  on  our  earth.  Many  aftro- 
nomers  draw  her  face,  as  if  diverfified 
with  hills,  valleys,  continents,  and  feas; 
but  we  4oubt  of  all  this,  and  if  Ihe 
has  fo  much  as  an  atmofphere  to  pro- 
duce clouds,  rain,  fnow,  or  other  like 
meteors.  The  diameter  of  the  moon 
is  reckoned  2175  miles;  her  furface 
1 4,000,000  of  fquare  miles  ;  and  her 
diitance  from  the  earth  240,000  miles. 
She  performs  her  revolution,  from  a 
fixed  liar  to  the  fame  again,  in  27 
days,  7  hours,  40  minutes ;  but  as  the 
fun  is  ftill  advancing  in  the  echptic 
circle,  the  time  from  one  conjun£lion 
with  the  fun  to  another,  is  29  days, 
1 2  hours,  44  minutes,  and  3  feconds. 
She  moves  about  her  own  axis  in  the 
fame  time  that  l"he  moves  about  the 
earth,  and  hence  fhews  always  the 
fame  face  to  us.  The  moon  is  of  her- 
felf  a  dark  body,  but  reflects  the  light 
of  the  fun  to  us ;  and  perhaps  our 
earth  refiefts  as  much  light,  if  not 
more,  towards  the  moon.  When,  at 
her  change,  fhe  comes  dirc6lly  between 
us  and  the  fun,  the  fun  is  eclipfcd  to 
us  ;  when,  at  her  full,  the  earth  is  di- 
rectly between  her  and  the  fun,  ihe  is 
eclipfed  to  us.  The  moon  was  form- 
ed to  give  light  in,  and  rule  the  niglit, 


t65 


1        M  O  R 

and  to  diftinguifli  times  and  feafoTi3> 
Gen.  i.  14.  She  has  a  mighty  influ- 
ence on  the  ebbing  and  flowing  of  the 
fea  ;  and  was  the  great  marker  of  the 
time  of  the  Jcwifli  feasts.  The  Hea- 
thens have  generally  worfliipped  the 
moon,  under  the  names  of  queen  of 
heaven,  Venus  -  Urania,  Succoth  -  be- 
noth,  AOitaroth,  Diana,  Hecate,  or 
perhaps  Meni,  Eifr.  Job  xxxi.  26.  27. 
Deut.  iv.  19.  xvli.  3.  The  orientals 
regulate  their  journies  by  the  moon, 
and  fet  off  foon  after  her  change.  The 
church  is  likened  to  the  moon;  how 
comely,  ufeful,  and  illuminating  to  the 
world  in  the  dark  night  of  time  1  how 
onlv  illuminated  by  Jefus  the  Sun  of 
righteoufnefs  fhining  on  her  !  and  how 
changing  her  militant  fl:ate  and  con- 
dition !  Song  vi.  10.  The  world  and 
ceremonial  difpenfation,  are  likened  to 
the  moon  ,*  both  are  very  unfettled  and 
changeable  ;  and  the  time  of  the  ce- 
remonies was  much  ruled  by  tlie  moon. 
Rev.  xii.  I.  Outward  profperity,  and 
fubjedlive  grace,  are  likened  to  a  moon; 
they  borrow  all  their  glory  and  ufe- 
fulnefs  from.  Jefus  the  Sun  of  righte- 
oufnefs. If.  Ix.  20. 

MORDECAI,  the  fon  of  Jair, 
grandfon  of  Kifh,  and  defcendant  of 
the,  family  of  Saul,  was  carried  to 
Babylon  along  with  Jehoiachin  king  of 
Judah,  when  he  was  very  young.  If 
he  was  one  of  the  chiefs  who  conduc- 
ed the  Jews  from  Babylon  to  Judea, 
he  mufl:  have  returned  to  Shuflian  in 
Perfia.  "When  Efliher  his  coufln,  whom 
he  had  trained  up,  was  m.arried  to  A- 
hafuerus,  Mordecai  waited  about  the 
palace- gate,  that  he  might  have  infor- 
mation concerning  her  from  time  to 
time.  Here  having  got  information 
of  Bigthan  and  Terifli^s  intention  to 
murder  the  king,  he  informed  Efl:her  . 
of  it,  and  the  traitors  were  hanged, 
and  it  was  marked  in  the  annal*  of 
the  kingdom,  that  Mordecai  had  gi- 
ven the  information  againll  them. 
When  Haman  was  made  prime  mini- 
flier  of  Perfia,  all  the  fervants  were 
ordered  to  bow  the  knee  to  him  as  he 
pafled  by  them.  Mordecai  conceiving 
this    an  approach  towards  divine   ho- 

nouTj 


M  O  R        \     i66    ]        M  O  R 


nour,  or  reckoning  It  fmful  to  revere 
an  Amalekite,  declined  compliance. 
Scorning  to  piinifh  Mordecai  alone, 
Haman  promred  a  royal  edi6l  for  an 
imiverfal  maffacrc  of  the  Jevvifh  nation. 
Informed  hereof,  Mordecai  informed 
Eflher,  and  earnellly  hegged,  fhe  would 
interpofe  with  the  king  for  the  life  of 
her  people.  At  her  defire,  Mordecai 
caufed  all  the  Jews  in  Shuflian  fall  three 
days,  for  fuccefs  from  God  to  her  at- 
tempt, Neh.  vii.  7.  Efth.  ii.  5. — iv. 
Meanwhile,  Providence  direfted  to  be 
read  to  Ahafuerus,  one  night  as  he 
could  not  fleep,  that  part  of  the  royal 
annals  which  mentioned  Mordecai's 
difcovery  of  the  treacherous  eunuchs. 
Ahafuerus  finding  that  he  had  recei- 
ved no  reward,  af]<ed  Haman,  who 
was  juft  corne  to  obtain  the*  king's 
permifTion  to  hang  Mordecai  on  his 
lofty  gallows,  what  (hould  be  done  to 
honour  the  king's  great  favourite  ?  As 
Haman  imagined  it  could  be  none  o- 
ther  than  himfelf,  he  propofed  the 
Jbigheft  honours  he  could  think  of.  Ac- 

'  cording  to  the  tenor  of  his  own  pro- 
pofal,  he  was  ordered  to  array  Morde- 
cai in  the  king's  ordinary  robes,  fet 
him  on  the  king's  own  horfe,  and  lead 
the  horfe  with  Mordecai  on  it,  through 
all  the  city  of  Shuihan,  and  proclaim 
before  him,  Thusjlxill  it  he  done  to  the 
wan  nvhom  the  king  delightelh  to  honour. 
In  a  fimilar  manner,  profelytes  to  the 
Mahometan  religion  ara  carried  thro' 
the  ftreets  at  their  converfion.  No 
way  inflated  with  thefe  extraordinary- 
honours,  Mordecai  returned  to  the 
king's  gate  ;  but  Haman  being  hang- 
ed that  very  day,  he  was  advanced  to 
his  office.  After  he  find  Ellher  had 
by  letters  to  the  various  provinces 
ftopt  the  mafiacre   of  their  nation,  he 

'  for  fom.e  time  continued  to  difcharge 
his  high  truft  with  great  fidelity  and 
ufefulnefs,  Efth,  vi. — x. 

MORI  AH,  a  hill  on  the  north-eaft 
part  of  Jerufalem,  and  which  is  fome- 
times  reckoned  as  a  part  of  Zion. 
Here  it  is  fuppofed,  Ifaac  was  inten- 
tionally offered  ;  and  here  Arauna  had 
his  threfhing-floor ;  and  hereon  the 
tempk  was  built,  3  Chron.  iii.  i.  The 


whole  place  whereabouts  Jerufalem 
ftood,  was  anciently'  called  the  land 
of  Moriah.  Gen.  xxii.  2.  ;  but  the 
plain  of  MoREH  lay  a  good  way  north, 
between  Gerizzim  and  Ebal,  Gen.  xii. 
6.  Deut.  xi.  29.  30.;  and  the  hill  of 
MoREH  was  perhaps  a  top  of  Gilboa, 
Judg.  vii.  I. 

MORNING;  (i.)  That  part  of 
the  day  before  or  about  the  rifing  of 
the  fun,  Mark  xvi.  2.  (2.)  The  light, 
which  by  its  fpread  foi-ms  the  morning, 
Joel  ii.  2.  The  morning  is  reprefent- 
ed  as  having  eye-Ms,  to  reprefent  the 
firft  appearance  of  the  rifing  light  in 
the  reddifh  n<y.  Job  xli.  18.;  as  ha- 
ving nv'ings  to  denote  the  quick  fpread  ' 
of  light,  Pfal.  cxxxix.  9.;  and  as  ha- 
ving a  loomb  from  which  the  dew  is 
produced,  Pfal.  ex.  3.  Every  morn-' 
ing,  is  daily;  often,  Pfal.  Ixxiii.  14. 
In  the  morning,  is  early  ;  feafonably  ; 
earnellly;  fuddenly,  Pfal.  v.  3.  xxx.  5. 
To  execute  judgement  in  fhe  mornirigy 
is  to  do  it  readily,  and  as  feafonably 
and  fpeedily  as  polfibie,  Jer.  xxi.  12. 
Pfal.  ci.  8.  To  eat  in  the  morning,  de- 
notes unfeafonable  and  intemperate  eat* 
ing  and  drinking  ;  luxury,  Eccl.  x.  16. 
Jer.  V.  8.  The  church  is  likened  to  the 
morning.  In  the  patriarchal  age,  her 
light  was  but  fmall,  but  gradually  in- 
creafed.  After  the  night  of  ceremo- 
nies, how  glorious  a  morning  of  gof- 
pel-light  !  In  her  militant  Hate,  her 
light  is  but  partial,  and  growing  to  the 
noon-tide  blaze  of  glory:  and  how  de* 
lightful  her  appearance  !  what  a  blef- 
fed  prefage  of  future  happinefs  !  Song 
vi.  10.  A  Hate  of  grace  is  called  a 
morning.  It  comes  after  a  fad  night  of 
fin  and  mifery  ;  and  hgw  happily  one 
is  awakened,  enlightened,  and  refrefh- 
ed,  by  the  gradual  increafe  of  its  fpi- 
ritual  difcoveries,  and  application  of 
heart-warming  love,  till  it  ilfue  in  the 
high  day  of  eternal  happinefs  !  If.  viii. 
20.  A  feafon  of  profperity,  or  gof- 
pel-opportunity,  is  called  a  morning : 
it  comes  after  a  night  of  dillrefs,  or 
dark  ignorance  ;  and  how  delightful 
and  refrefliing  !  If.  xxi.  12.  The  ge- 
neral refurreftion  is  •  called  a  morning  : 
after  a  night  of  darknefs  and  deathful 

fleep, 


M  o  R     r  I 

fieep,  how  fliall  men  be  awakened  by 
the  laft  trumpet,  enlightened  by  the 
glory  of,  and  manifold  difcoveries  made 
by  the  Son  of  man  !  and  into  what  an 
everlafting  day  it  uPncrs  the  faints  ! 
Pfal.  xlix.  14.  Fearful  judgements  are 
likened  to  the  morning  ;  they  overtake 
tranfgrelTors  in  their  foiritual  deep,  and 
carnal  fecurity,  and  oft  fuddenly,  and 
always  feafonably,  when  their  fins  rich- 
ly deferve  them,  Ezek.  vii.  7.  10. — 
T'o-ynorrow ;  next  day  ;  or  in  a  Ihort 
time,  Luke  xiii.  32.  33. 

MORSEL  ;  ( I.)  A  fmall  piece  of 
bread,  Pfal.  cxlvii.  17.  (2.)  A  meal 
of  meat,  Heb.  xii.  16.  Better  is  a  dry 
morfel  tuilh  quietnefsy  than  a  hoiife  full  of 
facrifices  iv'tth  firfe.  Better  is  the  mean- 
ell  fare,  in  a  flate  of  peace  with  God, 
and  in  the  enjoyment  of  peace  of  con- 
fcience,  and  of  true  peace  with  men, 
than  the  moll  abundant  and  delicate 
provifion  without  it,  Prov.  xvii.-i. 

MORTAR;  an  hollow  veffel  for 
braying  things  in  with  a  peilil.  In 
mortars  did  fome  of  the  Hebrews  grind 
the  manna  to  prepare  it  for  being  ba- 
ken  into  bread,  Numb.  xi.  8.  To  bray 
a  fool  luith  a  pefl'd  in  a  mortar ^  is  to 
punifli  him  feverely  for  his  folly,  Prov. 
xxvii.  22. 

MORTAR;  a  vvell  known  mate- 
rial  ufed  to  conneft  Hones  in  building  ; 
and  it  was  anciently  made,  by  the 
treading  of  the  feet  of  men  or  bealls: 
fo  the  Ninevites  are  bid  go  into  the  chiys 
and  tread  the  morlar  ;  tliat  is,  prepare 
materials  for  repairing  the  breaches  of 
their  walls,  Nah.  iii.  14.  By  ming- 
ling three  parts  of  lime  with  two  of 
allies,  and  beating  them  inceffantly  for 
about  70  hours,  the  orientals  make  an 
exceedingly  durable  mortar,  If.  xli.  25. 
Nah.  iii.  14.  MaL  iv.  3.  "Yo  come  upon 
princes  as  upon  mortar^  is  eafily  to  fub- 
due,  enflave,  and  opprefs  them.  If. 
xli.  25.  Flattering  and  falfe  doi^trines, 
and  predictions,  are  likened  to  a  daub- 
ing av'ith  untempered  mortar ;  however 
they  may  for  a  while  feem  to  Ilrength- 
en,  yet  in  the  end  they  but  ruin  na- 
tions, churches,  and  perfons,  thereby 
encouraged. — One  budt  a  itfall,  and 
iinothcr  daubed  ii  with  untempered  mortar  ; 


67    1       M  O  S 

one  falfe  prophet  faid,  Jerufalem  would 
Hand  the  Chaldean  fiege,  and  another 
to  no  purpofe  falfely  contirmed  his 
word.  So  one  legal  preacher  encou- 
rages his  hearers  to  hope  for  acceptance 
with  God  through  their  own  rit^hte- 
oufnefs,  and  another  confirms  them 
therein,  till  they  be  eternally  ruined, 
Ezek.  xiii.  10.  11. 

To  MORTGAGE  land,  is  to  con- 
fign  It  dver  to  a  creditor  to  be  his  pro- 
perty,  if  it  be  not  redeemed  by  the 
payment  of  the  debt,  within  a  time  li- 
mited, Neh.  V.  3. 

MORTIFY  ;  to  put  to  death.  Ta 
mortify  the  deeds  of  the  body,  and  our 
members  ivhich  are  on  the  earth  ;  is,  by 
the  Spirit,  and  through  the  word  of 
God,  to  apply  the  blood  and  influence 
of  Jefus  Chriil,  for  the  weakening  and 
deflroying  of  our  finful  corruptions, 
Rom.  viii.  13.   Col.  iii.  5. 

MOSES,  the  brother  of  Aaron 
and  Miriam,  and  younger  than  either, 
was  born  A.  M.  2433.  Before  his 
birth,  Pharaoh  king  of  Egypt  had  if- 
fued  forth  orders  to  murder  every  male 
infant  of  the  Hebrews.  His  parents 
however  perceiving  fome  things  about 
him  which  they  reckoned  prefages  of 
his  future  greatnefs,  they  hid  him  three 
months.  When  they  could  hide  him 
no  longer,  his  mother  Jochebed  made 
an  ark  of  bulrufhes,  and  having  pitch- 
ed it,  that  it  might  draw  no  water, 
fhe  put  Mofes  therein,  and  laid  it  near 
the  banks  of  the  Nile,  where  the  prin- 
ces, and  other  noble  Egyptians  ufed 
to  walk.  He  had  not  lain  long  in  this 
condition,  when  Pharaoh's  daughter, 
Thermutis,  coming  to  wadi  herfelf,  or 
fome  of  her  linens,  obferved  the  ark, 
and  caufed  one  of  her  maids  fetch  it, 
and  opening  it,  found  the  child.  Mo- 
ved with  tlie  beauty  and  weeping  of 
the  babe,  flic,  knowing  it  to  be  one  of 
the  Hebrew  children,  rtfolved  to  bring 
it  up  for  herfelf,  as  a  child  of  her  own. 
Miriim  his  Ijller,  a  girl  of  perhaps  10 
or  12  years  of  age,  who  waited  hard 
by,  aflced  leave  to  call  a  nurfe  :  being 
allowed,  fhe  called  Jochebed  his  mo- 
ther. Pharaoh's  daughter  called  him 
Mofheh,    becaufe   fhe  drcM  him  out  of 

the 


M  O  S  [     1 

the  water.  She  took  care  to  have  him 
inftrutlcd  in  aU  the  fciences  then  known 
in  Egypt.  In  his  carHcll  years,  Jo- 
chebed  and  Amram,  no  doubt,  took 
care  to  inllru6t  him  in  the  Hebrew  lan- 
guage, and  in  the  principles  of  the  true 
religion,  and  in  the  knowledge  of  the 
promifes  that  God  had  made  concern- 
ing Ifrael.  Affeded  with  thefe,  and 
eiidawed  with  the  grace  of  God,  he, 
when  grown  up,  refufed  to  be  called 
the  fon  of  Pharaoh's  daughter,,  and 
chofe  rather  to  fuffer  alHIdllon  with  the 
people  of  God,  than  enjoy  the  fhort- 
lived  pleafures  of  fin.  Trafting  in  the 
invifible  God,  and  encouraged  by  the 
hopes  of  an  everlafting  reward,  he 
feared  not  the  wrath  of  the  Eszyptian 
king,  nor  whatever  ridicule,  threaten- 
ing, or  perfecution,  he  had  to  endure. 
It  is  fcarce  to  our  purpofe,  to  relate 
the  perhaps  fabulous  itory  of  his  fuc- 
cefsful  expedition  againft  the  Ethio- 
pians, who  about  this  time  emigrated 
fi-om  Arabia  to  Abyffinia  fouthward 
of  Egypt, — at  the  head  of  the  Egyp- 
tian forces.  It  is  certain,  that  being 
40  years  of  age,  and  divinely  inltrucV 
ed  that  he  was  to  be  the  deliverer  of 
Ifrael,  he  went  to  vifit  his  brethren, 
at  their  hard  labour.  Obferving  an 
Egyptian  cruelly  abufe  an  Hebrew, 
and  going  to  murder  him,  he  hailcned 
to  them,  affilted  the  Hebrew,  and  kill- 
ed the  Egyptian,  and  hid  his  body  in 
the  fand.  Next  day  he  obferved  two 
Hebrews  at  variance,  and  begged  the 
faulty  perfon  not  to  hurt  his  brother. 
The  fellow  faucily  replied.  Who  made 
you  a  ruler  or  judge  over  us  ?  will  you 
kill  me,  as  you  did  the  Egyptian  yef- 
terday  ?  Finding  that  his  llaughter  of 
the  Egyptian  was  divulged,  he  fled  in- 
to the  country  of  Midlan,  on  the  Red 
fea.  Sitting  down  by  a  well,  the  fc- 
ven  daught^irs  of  Jethro  came  up  to  it, 
with  their  flocks  :  they  had  fcarce  fill- 
ed the  troughs  with  the  water  which 
they  drew,  when  fome  barbarous  fel- 
lows came  up,  and  would  have  the 
water  to  their  f^oqks.  Mofes  alfiiled 
the  damfels,  and  drove  aw^ay  the  inju- 
rious fhepherds.  Jethro  had  no  fooner 
heard  of  his  kiudnefs  to  his  daughters, 


63     ]         M  O  S 

than  he  ordered  him  to  be  called  in, 
and  get  a  refreihment.  Mofes  hired 
himfeif  to  feed  Jethro's  flock,  and  re- 
ceived his  daughter  Zipporah  in  mar- 
riage, by  whom  he  had  two  fons.  The 
firil  he  called  Geijlom,  to  denote  his 
being  a  Jlranger  in  that  place  ;  the  o- 
ther  he  called  EJie%er,  to  denote  that 
his  God  luas  his  help^  Exod.  ii.  Ad;s 
vii.  20. — 29.  Heb.  xi.  24.  25.  26. 
About  the  beginning  of  A,  M.  2513, 
the  king  of  Egypt,  by  whofe  daugh- 
ter or-  filler  Mofes  had  been  educated, 
was  dead  ;  but  the  bondage  of  the 
Hebrews  ftill  continued  under  their 
new  tyrant.  As  Mofes  one  day  led 
his  flocks  near  to  tVte  north  or  well 
fide  of  Sinai,  the  Lord  appeared  to 
him  in  a  buili  that  burnt,  but  was  not 
confumed.  Ivjofes  allonifhed,  went 
near  to  fee  the  miracle.  The  Lord 
fpoke  to  him  out  of  the  bufh,  and  bid 
him  put  off  his  fhoes  ere  he  came  any 
nearer,  as  the  fpot  was  facred  to  the 
honour  of  God.  He  declared  himfeif 
the  God  of  Abraham,  Ifaac,  and 
Jacob  ;  and  that,  from  regard  to  his 
promife,  and  to  the  groans  of  his  op- 
prelfed  people,  he  now  intended  to  de- 
liver them,  and  bring  them  into  Ca- 
naan, by  him  as  the  inllrument.  Mo- 
fes began  to  excufe  himfeif,  as  if  the 
Hebrews  would  not  believe  that  he 
had  a  million.  God  promifed  him  his 
prefence,  and  bid  him  tell  the  Hebrews, 
that  the  great  I  AM,  who  is  being 
itfelf,  and  gives  being  to  his  creatures, 
and  fulfils  every  promife,  had  fent  him 
to  inform  them  of  their  approaching 
deliverance  ;  and  allured  him,  that  they 
would  believe  him.  He  ordered  him 
to  go  to  Pharaoh,  and  in  God's  name, 
require  hijn  to  kt  the  Hebrews  go  three 
days  journey  into  the  Arabian  defert, 
to  offer  a  folemn  facrifice  to  their  God. 
Meanwhile  he  told  him,  that  Pharaoh 
w^ould  not  grant  this  fmall  requefl,  till 
he  and  his  country  iliould  be  almoil 
ruined  by  fearful  plagues.  Mofes  ftill 
excufing  himfeif,  God  encouraged  him 
by  a  fourfold  fign.  His  rod  was 
turned  into  a  ferpent,  to  fignify  what 
plagues  it  would  bring  on  the  Egyp- 
tians.    It  was-  returned  to  a  rod,  to 

mafk 


M  O  S        [     1 

mark  how  iifeful  it  would  prove  for 
the  fupport  of  the  Hebrews.  To  mark 
how  eaiily  God  could  weaken  the  pow- 
er of  the  Egyptians,  and  ilrengthen 
the  Ifraelites,  Mofes's  hand,  being  put 
into  his  bofom,  became  leprous  white 
as  fnow  ;  and  again  returned  into  his 
bofom,  became  found  as  the  other. 
Thefe  miracles  he  was  ordered  to  re- 
peat before  the  Hebrews,  for  the  con- 
hrmation  of  his  million  ;  and  if  necef- 
fary,  to  add  the  taking  of  water  out 
of  the  river,  and  it  fliould  become 
blood.  Mofes  pretended,  that  he  had 
not  a  ready  utterance  in  his  fpeech, 
and  begged  to  be  excufed,  and  wifhed 
the  Lord  would  fend  feme  proper  p'.'r- 
fon.  Provoked  with  his  unbelief,  God 
told  him,  that  he  could  qualify  him 
with  fpeech  ;  and  that  AarCn^  who 
was  jufl  coming  to  meet  him,  ihould 
be  his  aflTiftant  and  fpokefman.  Mofes 
being  at  laft  perfuaded,  went  and  ob- 
tained the  leave  of  his  father-in-law  to 
go  and  vlfit  his  brethren  in  Egypt. 
He  took  his  wife  and  children  along 
with  him.  As  they  were  in  an  inn  by 
the  way,  an  angel  threatened  to  (lay 
Mofes,  it  is  fuppofed  on  account  of 
his  neglefh  to  circumcife  his  child  or 
children.  To  prevent  his  death,  ZIp- 
porah  took  a  Iharp  ftone,  cut  off  her 
child's  forefkin,  call  or  laid  it  at  the 
feet,  either  of  her  hufband  or  of  the 
child,  and  faid,  that  now  (he  had  pre- 
ferved  his  life  by  bloodfhed,  aad  he  or 
his  fon  was  now  her  bloody  bridegroom^ 
Zipporah  and  her  children  returned  to 
her  father  j  and  Mofes  purfued  his 
courfe  into  Egypt,  and  was  met  by 
Aaron  his  brother  ;  they  told  the  He- 
brews what  God  had  faid,  and  fhewed 
them  the  figns :  the  people  believed, 
and  were  glad,  Exod.  iii.  iv. 

Mofes  and  Aaron  went  to  Pharaoh, 
and  in  the  name  of  the  God  of  the  He- 
brews, demanded  his  allowance  for  that 
people  to  go  three  days  journey  into 
the  Arabian  dcfcrt,  to  ferve  their  God. 
He  replied,  that  he  neither  knew,  nor 
would  pay  the  lead  regard  to  the  He- 
brew God ;  nor  fuffer  them  to  ftir  a 
foot  out  of  his  dominions.  He  increa- 
f;:^d  their  mifei-v,  by  recjuiring  than  to 
Vol.  IL  ' 


69    1        IVI  o  s 

provide  draw  for  themfelves,  and  yet 
furnifh  out  the  daily  tale  of  their  bricks* 
He  thought  hard  labour  would  put  re- 
ligion out  of  their  heads.  Beaten  by 
the  Egyptian  talk-mafters,  for  not  ful- 
filling what  was  Impoflible  for  them, 
the  Hebrews  complained  to  Pharaoh, 
but  he  gave  them  no  hopes  of  relief ; 
but  told  them,  that  their  idlenefs  had 
hlled  their  heads  with  whims  of  devo- 
tion. The  Hebrews  bitterly  refleded 
oil  Mofes  and  Aaron,  as  the  caufe  of 
this  additional  mifery  ;  Mofes  cried  to 
the  Lord,  and  was  anfwered,  that  Pha- 
raoh would  not  let  them  go,  till  ter- 
rible plagues  on  his  land  ihould  force 
him  to  it.  God  allured  him,  that  he 
w:is  Jehovah,  a  promife -performing 
God,  and  would  fpeedily  deliver  the 
Hebrews,  and  bring  them  to  Canaan^ 
Mofes  told  this  to  the  Hebrews  ;  but 
their  grievous  fervitude  made  them  dif- 
regard  what  he  faid.  Moles  and  Aaron 
again  demanded  Pharoah's  permifiion 
for  the  people  to  go  into  the  defert. 
To  verify  their  commilflon,  Aaron  flung 
down  his  rod,  and  it  became  a  ferpent. 
The  magicians  of  Eigypt  were  brought 
to  confront  this  miracle  ;  they  caft 
down  their  rods,  and  they  became  fer- 
pents,  at  lead  in  appearance  ;  but  whe- 
ther Satan  indifcernibly  dipt  away  their 
rods,  and  put  ferpents  in  their  place, 
or  whether  himfeH"  actuated  the  rods, 
or  only  deceived  the  eyes  of  the  fpecla- 
tors,  it  is  certain,  that  Aaron's  rod 
fwallowed  up  theirs,  as  a  mark  of  fu- 
perior  authority  and  influence. — Jull 
after  this,  the  Lord,  by  Mofesj  fmote 
the  Egyptians  with  ten  plagues,  with- 
in the  fpace  of  lefs  than  a  month.  A- 
bout  the  1 8th  day  of  Adar,  the  waters 
of  Nile,  where  fo  many  Hebrew  chil- 
dren had  been  drowned,  were  turned 
into  blood,  and  fa  continued  for  feven 
days.  About  the  25th  day,  the  river 
produced  fuch  fwarms  of  frogs,  as 
fpread  through  the  country,  and  en- 
tering into  houies  and  every  where, 
were  a  terrible  nuifance.  Thefe  two 
plagues  the  magicians  a  little  imitated  ; 
but  could  imitate  no  more.  The  plague 
of  lice  happened  about  the  27th  ;  :'^id 
ihn  uf  Hies,  on  the  29th  day  of  Adar. 
Y  Oa 


M  O  S         [     I 

On  tlie  fecond  day  of  Abib,  there  hap- 
pened a  grievous  murrain  among  their 
cattle  ;  on  the  third  and  fourth,  the 
pl.igue  of  boils  ;  on  the  fifth,  the  plague 
of  hail,  thunder,  and  lightning  :  on 
the  eighth,  that  of  locufls  and  grafs- 
hoppers  ;  on  the  tenth,  eleventh,  and 
twelfth,  that  of  the  darkncfs  :  on  the 
fourteenth,  the  death  of  their  firft-born. 
None  of  thefe  affefted  the  Hebrews. 
While  feme  of  thefe  plagues  continued, 
Pharaoh  feemed  willing  to  let  the  He- 
brews go  ;  but  whenever  they  were  re- 
moved, he  was  as  obilinate  as  ever,  or 
refufed  to  let  their  flocks  go  v.ith  them, 
and  of  thefe  Mofcs  refufed  to  leave  fo 
much  as  one  ;  but  when  the  firit-born 
\vcre  flain,  Pharaoh's  fervants  urged 
liim  to  give  the  Hebrews  their  dlfmif- 
lion.  By  the  fprinkling  of  the  blood 
of  the  palTover-rlambs  on  their  door- 
polls  and  upper  lintels,  they  had  tlieir 
famihes  protected  from  the  deilroying 
angel,  Exod.  v. — xii.  Deut.  iv.  34. 
xi.  3.    Hcb.  xi.  23. — 29. 

The  Hebrews  having  begun  their 
departure  from  Egypt  in  great  halle, 
and  having  carried  along  with  them  a 
good  part  of  the  wealth  of  the  Egyp- 
tians, took  their  journey  to  the  fouth- 
taft.  Pharaoh  and  his  people  repent- 
ed their  letting  them  go,  and  a  migh- 
ty army  purfued  them,  and  almofl  over- 
look them  on  the  weft  of  tlie  Red  fea. 
The  Hebrews  murmured  againll  Mp- 
fes  for  bringing  them  out  of  Egypt, 
Mofes  prayed  to  the  Lord  for  an  out-, 
gate.  At  God's  diretlion,  he  Itretch- 
ed  his  rod  over  the  Red  fea,  and  it, 
where  perhaps  nbout  1 8  miles  broad, 
parted  afunder,  gind  gave  the  Hebrews' 
an  eafy  paffage.  By  taking  off  the 
wheels  of  their  chariots,  and  darkening 
their  way,  the  Lord  retarded  the  march 
of  the  Egyptians  ;  and  when  the  He- 
brews were  all  over,  and  the  Egyp- 
tians all  in  the  channel,  Mofes,  at  God's 
direftion,  ftretched  his  rod  to  the  fea, 
and  it,  moved  by  a  ftrong  wind,  fud- 
denly  returned,  and  drow  ned  the  whole 
of  them.  On  the  eaft  fide  of  the  fea, 
Mofes  and  the  men,  and  Miriam  and 
the  women  of  Ifrael,  fung  a  fong  of 
praife   for  their  miruculeus  delivcrur.ee. 


70   ]       M  o  s 

Direfting  their  courfe  to  the  fouth-eaft, 
the  Hebrews  were  three  days  without 
water  ;  and  when  they  found  fome  in 
Marah,  it  was  fo  bitter  they  could  not 
drink  it.  They  murmured  againft  Mo- 
fes, as  if  he  had  brought  them  into  the 
waldernefs  to  kill  them  with  thirfl.  Mo- 
fes cried  to  God  for  their  relief ;  God 
fhewed  him  a.  tree,  perhaps  the  bitter 
Ardiphne,  and  he  caft  it  into  the  wa- 
ters, and  they  became  fweet.  March- 
ing thence,  they  came  to  Elim,  where 
were  12  fountains  of  excellent  water, 
and  70  palm-trees.  On  the  15th  day 
of  the  fecond  month,  which  was  the 
31ft  from  their  departure,  they  came 
to  the  wiklernefs  of  Sin  :  their  food 
was  quite  fpent,  and  now  they  mur- 
mured that  Mofes  had  brought  them 
into  the  wildernefs,  to  kill  them  with 
hunger.  Mofes  cried  to  the  Lord, 
That  very  night,  a  multitude  of  quails 
fell  about  their  tents  ;  and  next  morn- 
ing the  manna,  which  continued  with 
them  40  years,  began  to  fall.  When 
they  came  to  Rephidim,  Mofes,  by 
God's  direftion,  fmote  a  rock  wath  his 
rod,  and  thence  came  water,  whofc 
ftreams  feem  to  have  followed  them  a- 
bout  39  years.  Here,  chiefly  by  Mo- 
fes's  interceflion,  and  by  his  holding 
up  the  rod  of  God  in  his  hand,  the 
Amalekites  were  defeated  :  and  to  com- 
memorate the  vidory,  Mofes  reared  up 
an  altar,  and  called  it  Jehovah-ntlft, 
that  is,  the  Lord  is  7ny  banner.  While 
they  tarried  here,  Jethro  brought  Mo- 
fes his  wife  and  children  ;  and  to  eafe 
him  of  his  great  burden  in  judging  the 
people,  advifed  him  to  appoint  heads 
of  thoufands,  hundreds,  fifties,  and 
tens  ;  and  let  thefe  judge  all  the  leffer 
caufes.  This  meafure  being  approveii 
of  God,  was  immediately  put  in  exe- 
cution, Exod.  xiii. — xviii.  Deut.  xi.  4. 
Jofli.  xxiv.  5,  6,  7.  Neh.  ix.  9. — 15. 
Pfal.  Ixxviii.  11. — 29.  cv.  26. — 43. 
cvi.  7. — 14.  cxxxv.  8,  9.  cxxxvi.  11, 
—15. 

On  the  firft  day  of  the  third  facred 
month,  the  Hebrews  came  to  Sinai  : 
on  this  mount,  God  had  told  Mofes 
the  Hebrews  would  ferve  him.  When 
Mofes  fiill  af;:cnded  the  mount,  God 

tQld 


M  O  S         [     I 

told  him  his  intention  to  enter  into  a 
covLMant  with  the  people.  When  Mo- 
fes  rehearfed  this  to  the  people,  they 
profefTed  their  readinefs  to  do  whatfo- 
ever  the  Lord  fliould  command  them. 
When  iVfofes  returned  to  the  mount, 
and  reprefented  their  ready  compiiance 
with  tiie  divine  will,  God  ordered  liim 
down  to  direct  the  people  to  {im6tify 
them.felves,  and  w?.f!i  their  clothes,  as 
on  the  third  day  God  would  defcend 
on  the  mountain,  and  enter  into  cove- 
nant with  them.  After  they  had  pu- 
rilied  themfelves,  fiery  flames  on  the 
top  of  the  mount,  and  terrible  claps  of 
tlumder,  made  all  the  congregation, 
Mofes  not  excepted,  to  tremble  and 
quake  ;  and  all  the  country  about 
fliook,  and  was  illuminated.  Bounda- 
ries were  fixed  along  the  mount,  that 
neither  man  nor  bealt  might  touch  it  ; 
and  all  were  difcharged  to  gaze,  as  if 
curious  to  behold  any  corporeal  fimili- 
tude  of  God  amidft  the  fire.  With  an 
audible  voice,  that  all  Ifrael  might 
hear,  God  proclaimed  the  covenant- 
relation  between  him  and  them,  and 
the  ten  fummary  precepts  of  the  moral 
law,  in  a  manner  adapted  to  every  par- 
ticular perfon.  The  terrible  thunders 
fo  frighted  the  Hebrew  afTembly,  that 
they  begged  the  Lord  would  fpeak  his 
mind  only  to  Mofes,  and  Mofes  declare 
it  to  them.  Mofes  returned  to  the 
mount,  and  there  received  a  variety  of 
political  and  ceremonial  laws.  De- 
fcending,  he  erected  1 2  pillars  for  the 
twelve  tribes,  and  offered  by  the  hands 
of  fome  young  men,  burnt-ofFerings 
and  peace-offerings  on' an  altar,  erected 
of  rough  ilones.  The  half  of  tlie  blood 
he  fprinkled  on  the  altar,  W^ith  the 
other  half  he  fprinkled  the  book,  in 
which  he  had  written  the  laws  he  had 
received,  and  the  people.  After  which, 
he  and  Aaron,  and  his  fons,  and  70  of 
the  elders  of  Ifrael,  went  a  little  way 
up  the_ mount,  and  feailed  before  the 
fymbols  of  the  prefence  of  God.  Thus 
was  the  covenant  '  folemnly  ratified, 
Exod.  xix. — xxiv.    Deut.  iv.  v. 

Leaving  Aaron  and  Hur,  and  the 
70  elders,  to  govern  the  people,  Mo- 
fes, taking  Joiliua  along   witli  him  at 


71    ]        M  o  s 

lead  part  of  his  way,  went  up  to  the 
monnt,  where  they  continued  without 
any  food  for  the  fpace  of  40  days. 
God  gave  Mofes  dire61:ion3  concerning 
the  formation  of  the  ark,  altars,  vails, 
curtains,  candlellick,  and  other  things 
pertaining  to  the  tabernacle  ;  and  con- 
cerning the  prieils  garments,  and  their 
confecration,  and  concerning  burnt-of- 
ferings, incenfe,  and  perfume,  and  con- 
cerning the  Sabbath  ;  and  ordered  Be- 
zaleel  and  Aholiab  to  frame  the  work 
of  the  tabernacle.  After  giving  to  him 
the  two  tables  of  Hone,  probably  of 
marbk",  wherein  the  ten  command- 
ments had  been  divinely  infcribed,  he 
bid  him  go  down  haftily,  as  the  He- 
brews had  already  broke  their  engage- 
ments, and  were  woHhipping  a  golden 
•calf.  He  offered  to  make  Mofes's  fa- 
mily increafe  into  a  great  nation,  if  he 
would  but  forbear  interceding  for  hir, 
guilty  brethren.  Mofes  fell  on  his  face 
before  the  I^ord,  and  begged  he  would 
not  deftroy  them,  as  they  were  his  co- 
venant-people. When  he  came  down 
from  the  mount,  and  obferved  their 
idolatry,  his  holy  zeal  was  fo  excited, 
that  he  threw  down  the  table?  of  the 
law,  and  broke  them  to  pieces  before 
them,  as  a  token  of  their  breaking 
God's  covenant,  and  expofing  them- 
felves to  be  broken  in  his  wrath.  He 
took  their  idol-calf,  and  reduced  it  to 
powder,  and  caufed  the  idolaters  drink 
the  water  ftrawed  with  the  duft,  as  a 
token  their  guilt  fhould  be  punifhed. 
After  fliarply  rebuking  Aaron  his  bro- 
ther for  his  hand  in  their  fin,  he  placed 
him.felf  at  the  door  of  a  tent  which  he 
ereded  witliout  the  camp,  and  bid  all 
that  detefled  this  idolatry  come  to  him. 
Three  thoufand  Levites  quickly  joined 
him.  Thefe  he  ordered  to  go  through 
the  camp,  and  Hay  every  man  his  friend 
or  near  kinfman  who  had  been  active^ 
in  the  idolatry.  After  reprefenting  to 
the  people  the  greatnefs  of  their  fin, 
he  returned  to  tlie  mount,  and  fafted 
and  prayed  for  the  fpace  of  40  days. 
He  begged,  that  if  God  would  not 
forgive  the  Hebrews  fin,  himfelf  might 
be  blotted  out  of  the  book  of  provi- 
dential prefer  vat  ion,  and  pot  live  to  fee 
Y  2  then\ 


M  O  S         [17 

tliem  ruined,  or  have  the  honour  of  his 
family  eftabHfhed  on  their  ruin.  God 
rephed,  he  would  only  cut  off  from  life 
in  that  quarrel  fuch  as  had  offended  ; 
that  though  they  could  not  expe6l  him- 
felf  to  go  with  them,  he  would  fend 
his  angrl  to  guide  them  in  the  way. 
The  Hebrews  were  extremely  affliAc^ 
to  hear  of  God's  refufal  to  go  with 
them  ;  but  Mofes  continued  his  inter- 
cefTion,  till  God  promifed  his  prefence  ; 
promifed,  and  gave  him  a  fignal  jnani- 
feftation  of  his  mercy,  goodnefs,  and 
equity.  Hereon  Mofes  begged  that 
God  would  glorify  the  exceeding  rich- 
es of  his  grace  in  going  up  with  them, 
who  were  a  mofl  rebellious  and  fliff- 
necked  people,  After  hewing  two  new 
tables  of  Hone,  Mofes  returned  again 
to  the  mount,  and  having  continued 
there  40  days,  came  down  with  the 
moral  law  divinely  infcribed  on  the 
tables,  His  face  fhone  with  the  re- 
liedion  of  the  divine  glory.  When  he 
came  to  know  it,  he  covered  his  face 
with  a  vail,  that  the  Hebrews  might 
conv'tfc  with  him,  Exod.  xxv,-^xxxiv, 
Dc...  ix..  X.  The  tabernacle  was  now 
to  be  reared  by  a  voluntary  contribu- 
tion. The  people  brought  materials, 
till  Mofes  rellrained  them.  Every  male 
paid  h?lf'  a  Ihekel,  as  the  ranfom-money 
of  his  foul.  After  fix  months  work, 
the  tabernacle  was  finilhed,  every-  thing 
exaftly  according  to  the  diredlion  of 
God  by  Mofes.  After  divine  direc- 
tions ifTued  therefrom  concerning  the 
various  ofierings,  Aaron  and  his  fons 
were  confecrated  to  the  fervice  of  it, 
and  then  a  number  pf  other  ceremonial 
laws  were  by  God  uttered  therefrom. 
See  Leviticus.  An  account  of  the 
Hebrews  was  then  taken,  and  all  were 
diretted  in  their  flation  and  march,  and 
their  princes  offered  their  oblations  for 
the  dedication  of  the  tabernacle.  Af- 
ter this,  the  Levites  were  confecrated, 
and  a  fecond  paffover  was  kept.  Now 
Hobab,  the  brother-in-law  of  Mofes, 
who  had  perhaps  tarried  about  ten 
months,  intended  to  have  returned 
home  ;  but  Mofes  begged  he  would  go 
^Ipng  with  them,  and  receive  his  fharc  of 
the  blellings  that  awaited  thcna,  Exod. 


2    ]       M  o  S 

XXXV. — xl.    Lev.  i. — xxvii.    NumS.  i. 

•— -X. 

Scarce  had  the  Hebrews  departed 
from  Sinai,  when  they,  chiefly  the 
mixed  multitude,  fell  a  murmuring  at 
the  manna,  and  lulled  for  flefh.  A 
burning  peftilence  began  in  the  outfidc 
of  the  camp,  which  made  the  fpot  re- 
ceive the  name  of  Taberah  or  burning. 
It  was  ftopt  by  Mofes's  prayer  ;  but 
the  murmuring  was  not.  Mofes  him- 
felf  became  peevifh,  and  doubted  how 
God  could  give  them  a  month's  flefli, 
as  he  had  engaged  ;  and  complained 
that  himfelf  could  not  govern  fo  un- 
ruly a  mob  ;  and  that  it  was  unreafqn- 
^ble  to  require  him  to  do  it,  as  he  was 
npt  their  common  parent.  To  eafe 
him,  God  ordered  70  or  72  elders  to 
be  added  for  his  afTiftance  ;  and  by  the 
effufion  of  a  prophetjc  fplrit  on  them, 
the  men  were  marked  out  and  qualified 
for  their  work.  Soon  after,  quails  were 
brought  in  fuch  plenty,  that  the  He- 
brews eat  of  them  a  whole  month,  till 
the  flefh,  curfed  of  God  to  them,  came 
put  at  their  noftrils,  and  occaf^oned  a 
pefHlence,  which  cut  off  many  of  them; 
and  the  place  was  called  Kibroth-Hat- 
taavah,  the  graves  of  luj}.  At  Haze,- 
roth,  Aaron  and  Miriam  quarrelled 
with  Mofes,  as  if  he  now  managed  mat- 
ters by  the  advice  of  Zipporah  his 
wife,  and  had  not  confulted  them  in 
the  affair  of  the  elders.  Miriam  was 
fmitten  with  a  Icprofy,  to  punifh  her 
iufolence  ;  but  at  Mofes's  requeft,  the 
Lord  healed  it  after  a  few  days.  When 
they  came  to  Kadefh-barnea,  on  the 
fouth  border  of  Canaan,  Mofes,  exci- 
ted by  the  people,  and  permitted  of 
God,  fent  twelve  fpies  to  view  the  land 
of  Canaan.  After  they  had  fpent  40 
days  in  this  fearch,  and  had  gone  to  the 
northern ^borders  thereof,  they  return- 
ed, and  two  of  them,  perhaps  Caleb 
and  Jofhua,  brought  a  large  bunch  ox 
grapes,  carried  on  a  rod  between  them, 
to  fhow  the  fertility  thereof.  All  the 
fpies  acknowledged  the  land  to  be  fer- 
tile ;  but  ten  of  them  maintained  that 
it  was  unwholefome,  and  the  cities  and 
people  were  fo  llrong,  that  they  could 
not  hope  to   conquer  it.     Caleb  and 


M  o  s     r  173  1 


M  O  S 


Jofhua  with  great  concern  remonllra- 
ted,  that  as  the  land  was  exceeding 
good,  fo,  with  God's  afiiftance,  they 
could  as  eafily  conquer  the  inhabitants 
as  a  man  eats  his  food.  The  congrega- 
tion crediting  the  ten,  were  on  the 
point  of  Honing  the  two  laft,  and  called 
to  be  diredlly  led  back  into  Egypt. 
ProToked  with  their  outrageous  con- 
tempt of  his  promifed  land,  God  had 
deflroyed  them  on  the  fpot,  had  not 
Mofcs  interceded  for  them.  He  de- 
nounced, that  none  of  them  able  to 
bear  arms,  but  Caleb  and  Jofluia, 
ihould  ever  enter  it ;  but  they  rtiould 
•wander  in  the  wildernefs  till  the  end  of 
40  years,  till  all  the  reft  were  confu- 
med  by  death,  and  their  children  fhould 
enter  in.  To  confirm  his  threatening, 
the  ten  fpies,  who  had  occafioned  this 
uproar,  were  ftruck  dead  on  the  fpot. 
Contrary  to  God's  declaration,  and 
Mofes's  prohibition,  the  congregation, 
now  turned  furioufly  bent  to  invade 
Canaan,  and  immediately  attempted 
it  ;  but  the  Amalekites  and  Canaanites 
eafily  drove  them  back,  with  confider- 
able  lofs.  The  Hebrews  continued 
long  at  Kadefii-barnea ;  but  whether 
the  affair  of  Korah,  and  of  Aaron's 
budding-rod,  and  his  making  atone- 
ment for  the  congregation  at  Mofes's 
orders,  or  the  giving  of  the  laws  rela- 
tive to  meat-offerings,  breach  of  Sab- 
bath, Levites  portion,  and  red  heifer, 
happened  here,  we  know  not,  Numb, 
xii. — xix. 

After  the  Hebrews  had  long  en- 
camped at  Kadefh,  they,  at  God's  di- 
rection, moved  fouthward,  by  17  dif- 
ferent marches.  Sundry  of  which  might 
be  hither  and  thither,  to  Ezion-geber 
on  the  eaftern  gulf  of  the  Red  fea. 
They  then  returned  to  Kadefh-barnea, 
by  much  the  fame  route.  Here,  after 
the  death  Miriam,  their  water  failed  ; 
the  people  murmured,  and  God  bid 
Mofes  fpeak  to  a  rock  in  that  place. 
Neither  Mofes  nor  Aaron  marked  their 
proper  confidence  in  God  ;  and  Mofes, 
with  an  angry  addrefs  to  the  Hebrews, 
ftruck  the  rock,  inftead  of  fpeaking  to 
it.  For  this  offence,  both  of  thcpti 
were  excluded  from  the  promife^  land. 


The  Hebrews  were  not  yet  allowed  to 
enter  Canaan,  but  were  ordered  to  take 
a  long  circuit  to  the  eallward.  From 
Kadcih  Mofes  fent  to  the  king  of  E- 
dom,  and  begged  a  free  paffage  through 
his  territories,  which  was  at  firft  refu- 
fed,  but  it  feems  was  afterwards  per- 
mitted. Soon  after  Aaron's  death  in 
mount  Hor,  the  Hebrews  were  ha- 
raffed  by  Arad  king  of  Hormah,  but 
they  quickly  prevailed  againft  him. 
Fiery  ferpents  too,  bit  them  for  defpi- 
fing  the  manna  ;  but  they  were  mira- 
culoufly  healed,  by  looking  at  a  bra- 
zen ferpent,  lifted  up  on  a  pole.  God 
did  not  permit  Mofes  to  attack  the 
Moabites  or  Ammonites;  but  when 
they  came  to  the  borders  of  the  eaftern 
Canaanites,  ruled  by  Sihon  and  Og, 
thefe  kings  came  againft  the  Ifraelites 
in  battle  ;  their  troops  were  routed, 
themfelves  killed,  and  their  country 
felzed. — After  winding  to  the  weft  for 
fome  time,  the  Hebrews  encamped  in 
Shittim,  on  the  eaft  of  Jordan.  Here 
Balaam  in  vain  attempted  to  curfe 
them  ;  here  the  Midianitifh  women  fe- 
duced  mafly  of  them  to  whoredom  and 
idolatry.  Mofes  ordered  1000  of  the 
idolaters  to  be  put  to  death  ;  and  a 
plague  cut  off  23,000  more.  Mofes 
then  numbered  the  people,  and  found 
that  none  of  thofe  capable  of  war  when 
they  came  out  of  Egypt,  but  Caleb 
and  Joftiua,  were  alive.  Here  too, 
Mofes  received  fome  new  laws,  con- 
cerning offerings,  feafts,  vows,  and  the 
marriage  of  daughters  falling  heirs  to 
their  father,  and  cities  of  refuge.  He 
puniffied  the  Midlanites  with  almoft 
utter  extinftion  ;  divided  the  territo- 
ries he  had  taken  from  the  Amorltes, 
to  the  tribes  of  Reuben,  Gad,  and 
part  of  Manaffeh,  on  condition  they 
iliould  go  over  Jordan,  and  affift  their 
brethren  to  conquer  the  reft  of  Canaan  ; 
and  he  appointed  three  of  their  cities 
for  refuge.  God  pointed  out  to  him 
the  borders  of  Canaan  weftward  of  Jor- 
dan, and  djre6ted,  that  Elcazar  the 
high-prieft,  and  Jofliua,  who  had  al- 
ready been  marked  out  for  his  faccef- 
for,  and  ten  princes  pertaining  to  the 
;nbe»  concerned,  fliuuld  divide  it  ac- 
cording 


M  O  S         [     174. 

cording  to  the  proportion  of  the  tribes, 
and  their  families,   Numb.  xx. — xxxvi. 
The  eleventh  month  of  the  40th  year 
of  the  Hebrew  travels  was  now  begun. 
Mofes  finding  that  no  interceflion  could 
procure  God*s  admiflion  of  him  into  the 
promifed  land,   and   knowing  that  his 
end  drew   near,  rehearfed  to  the  He- 
brews a  fummary   of  what    God  had 
done  for  them,  and  a  number  of  the 
laws  he  had  given  them,  with  fome  ad- 
ditional ones,  and  caufed  them  renew 
their  folemn  covenant  with  God  ;  and 
fet  before  them  the  manifold  bleflings 
T\'hich  would   attend   their  obedience, 
and  curfes  that  would  follow  on   their 
wickednefs.      He  left  a  written  copy  of 
his  law,  to  be  placed  at  the  fide  of  the 
ark,  and  ordered  the  reading  of  it  to 
the  people  at  their  public  meetings,  e- 
fpecially  on  the  year  of  releafe.     After 
giving  Jofhua  a  folemn  charge  with  re- 
fpett  to  his  behaviour,  he  compofed  an 
elegant  hymn,  that  reprefented  the  ex- 
cellency  of  God,    and  their  duty   to 
him,  and  their  danger  if  they  apoftati- 
zed  from  it.   He  then  blelTed  the  tribes 
of  Ifrael,  that  of  Simeon,  perhaps  be- 
caufe  chief  compilers  with  the  Midian- 
itifh  whoredom  and  idolatry,  only  ex- 
cepted ;    and   concluded  with   a   lofty 
eommendation  of  God,  as  the  fource 
of  their  happinefs.      This  finifhed,  he 
went  up  to  the  top  of  Pifgah,  where 
God  flrengthened   his  eyes  to  take  a 
clear  view  of  the  whole  of  the  weftern 
Canaan.     His  natural  ftrength  was  no 
way  abated,  but,    perhaps   in  a  trance 
of  wonder  at  the  goodnefs  of  God,  he 
breathed  out  his  lall ;  and  to  mark  the 
future  divine  burial  of  his  ceremonies, 
and  to  hinder  the   Hebrews   from  ido- 
liising  his  relics^  the   Lord  buried  him 
in  the  valley   over  againft   Beth-peor ; 
but  his   grave  could  never  be   found. 
.Satan,  it  feems,  thought  to  have  dif- 
covered  his    body ;    but   Michael    the 
archangel  prevented  it,    and  folernnly 
charged  Satan  to  give  up  his  attempt. 
— Mofes  and  Elias  appeared  to  our  S^- 
viour  on  the  holy  mount  :  and  if  Mofes 
then  refumed  his  natural  body,  we  can 
hardly  forbear  thinking   he   mull:  now 
wear  it,  as  glorified  in  heaven,  Deut. 


M  o  s 

1 xxxiv.      Matth.  xvii.  i. — 6.       Bc- 

fides  the  five  books  afcribed  to  him, 
Mofes  alfo  wrote  the  90th  Pfalm.  It 
has  been  pretended,  that  thefe  five 
books  were  not  written  by  him  ;  but 
as  the  Holy  Ghoft  always  afcribes  them 
to  him,  and  fometimes  calls  them  by 
liis.name,  the  pretence  is  abfurd,  Jofh. 
viii.  34.  I  Kings  ii.  3.  2  Chron.  xxiii. 
18.  xxv.  4.  xxxiv.  14.  Luke  xvi.  29. 
The  Jews,  too,  have  unanimoufly  afcri- 
bed them  to  him  as  the  penman  thereof; 
and  fo  have  feveral  of  the  Heathens. 
In  the  charader  of  Mofes,  every  thing 
is  oppofite  to  that  of  an  impoflor  :  his 
narratives  are  faithful  and  dilinterefted  : 
he  is  every  where  the  reverfe  of  flat- 
tery :  his  miracles  were  v/rought  before 
multitudes,  and  in  things  wherein  they 
could  not  be  deceived.  Notwithftand- 
ing  his  loading  them  with  ceremonies, 
and  reprefenting  them  in  a  fhameful 
light,  the  Jews  extol  him  as  almoft  a 
deity.  The  Mahometans  extol  him  as 
next  to  Jefus  and  Mahomet.  Num- 
bers of  the  ancient  Heathen  fpread  his 
renown  ;  and  much  of  what  they  a- 
fcribe  to  their  God  Bacchus,  is  per- 
haps but  the  hiilory  of  Mofes  blended 
with  fable. 

Was  not  Mofes  a  diftinguiflied  type 
of  our  Saviour  ?  What  a  proper,  nay 
divine  Child  was  he  !  but  how  early 
and  oft  expofed  to  danger  !  To  what 
exile,  reproach,  contradiction  of  fin- 
ners,  and  murder,  was  he  expofed  ! 
but  how  divinely  fupported  in  his  nu- 
merous trials  !  How  airrfable  his  qua- 
lities, his  contempt  of  the  pleafures, 
honour,  and  wealth  of  this  world  !  his 
compaffion  towards  his  injurious  breth- 
ren !  his  amazing  meeknefs  !  his  noted 
fidelity,  boldnefs,  prudence,  and  zeal  ! 
— How  folemn  and  particular  his  call 
to  his  work  ;  and  by  what  multitudes 
of  miracles  in  favour  of  his  people  ;  and 
by  what  ruin  on  his  Jewifii,  Antichrif- 
tian,  and  other  enemies,  is  it  confirm- 
ed !  How  extenfive  his  office  !  What 
a  marvellous  deliverer,  that  frees  us  from 
tlie  worfe  than  Egyptian  tyranny  of  fin, 
Satan,  the  world,  and  of  Heathenifm 
and  Popery  !  What  a  marvellous  pro- 
vider x?f  fptritual  food,  hidden  manna, 

and 


MOT        [17 

and  living  water,  and  unwafling  robes 
of  righteoufnefs,  for  his  people  !  What 
a  glouioiis  leader,  who  opens  a  fafe  paf- 
fage  through  every  difl'iculty  ;  and  by 
power  and  prayer  fubdues  every  enemy, 
and  brings  his  people,  not  merely  to 
tlie  border,  but  to  the  enjoyment  of 
their  promlfcd  reft  !  Nor  can  murmur- 
ing, unbelief,  or  other  bafe  ufage, 
make  him  leave  them  or  forfake  them. 
What  a  renowned  Mediator  between 
God  and  men,  with  whojn  God  enter- 
ed into  covenant,  and  who  confirms 
the  new  covenant  by  tlie  fliedding  and 
fprinkling  of  his  blood  !  He  had  his 
Father's  law  written  on  tUe  tables  of 
his  heart,  fulfilled  it  as  a  covenant  for 
us,  and  gives  It  to  us  as  a  rule.  He 
did  not  only  faft  and  pray,  but  die  for 
a  rebellious  and  ftilf-necked  race,  and 
is  our  infallible  fecurity  againil  our  ex- 
periencing the  breach  of  God's  pro- 
mife,  and  for  our  everlatling  enjoyment 
of  his  prefence.  What  an  illuminated 
and  incomparable  Prophet,  that  knows 
the  whole  mind  of  God,  and  can  teach 
us  to  profit  ?  He  is  the  brightnefs  of 
his  Father's  glory  ;  but  we  behold  his 
countenance  as  vailed  with  our  nature, 
and  fo  can  have  familiar  intercourfe 
with  him.  What  a  glorious  Prieft, 
who  flieds  and  fprlnkles  his  blood,  on 
the  altar,  to  fatlsfy  his  Father, — oii  the 
book  of  the  law,  fulfdling  It, — and  on 
the  people,  purging  their  confclence 
from  dead  works  to  ferve  the  living 
God  ;  and  who  fends  all  the  minlfters 
of  the  church,  and  confecrates  all  the 
faints,  thefe  fplritual  priefts,  to  the  fer- 
vice  of  God!  He  Is  King  in  Jefhurun,, 
among  his  upright  ones,  his  true  Ifrael, 
and  fettles  the  whole  frame,  and  every 
ordinance  of  his  church,  and  has  the 
whole  government  thereof  committed 
to  him.. — Voluntary  was  his  death  ;  his 
grave  was  divinely  afiigned  him  ;  but  in 
it  he  faw  no  corruption,  and  with  him 
was  burled  the  law  of  Mofes,  and  the 
fins  of  his  people. 

MOTE.  Small  fins  are  likened  to 
moles  in  the  eye  ;  they  arc  very  trouble- 
fome  to  an  awakened  and  tender  con- 
fclence, and  greatly  marr  our  comfort- 
able looking  on  God  as  our  fun  and 
ihield,  Matth.  vii.  3. 


5     1        MOV 

MOTH  ;  a  kind  of  Infea,  that  m- 
fenfibly  confumes  that  in  which  it  takea 
up  its  lodging.  Some  moths  lodge  in, 
and  cat  clothes  ;  others  lodge  in,  and 
eat  flowers  and  leaves,  and  it  is  faid, 
perhaps  without  ground,  that  fome 
ncille  In,  and  eat  the  very  fubftance  of 
walls.  Some  moths  wrap  up  themfelves 
In  a  kind  of  filk,  which  they  fpin  out 
of  their  own  bowels.  Secret  curfes  or 
judgements,  that  infenlibly  confume 
mens  charafter  or  eftate,  are  likened  to 
a  moth.  If.  1.  9.  11.  8.  God  likens 
himfelfto  a  moth  and  rottcnnefs,  becaufe 
by  his  judgements  he  gradually  and  in- 
fenfibly  weakened  the  Jews,  and  ren- 
dered them  contemptible,  Hof.  v.  12. 
The  wicked  man  bulldcth  his  houfe  as 
a  moth  ;  he  builds  it  by  covetoufnefs 
and  anxious  care  ;  imagines  his  lot  a* 
greeable,  but  how  caiily  do  the  judge- 
ments of  God  burn  or  fnake  him  out 
of  it  !  Job  xxvli.  1 8.  Man's  beauty, 
glor)'-,  and  wealth,  wafte  like  a  mothy 
are  fecretly  and  infenfibly,  but  quickly 
confumed,  Pl*al.  xxxix.  11. 
MOTHER.  See  father. 
.MOVE;  (i.)  To  ftir  out  of  a 
place,  2  Kings  xxl.  8.  (2.)  To  ftir 
up  ;  provoke,  Deut.  xxxii.  21.  (3.) 
To  perfuade,  Jofli.xv.  18.  (4.)  To 
ftir  up,  and  llrengthen,  Judg.  xiii.  25. 
(5.)  To  affift  in  bearing;  or  to  prac- 
tlfe,  Matth.  xxill.  4.  (6.)  To  trem- 
ble ;  fhake  out  of  its  place,  Pfal.  xviii. 
7.  (7.)  To  raife  up  ;  move  to  and 
fro,  Job  xl.  17.  (8.)  To  terrify  and 
difcourage  from  doing  any  thing,  A6ts 
XX.  24.  (9.)  To  be  all  in  a  ftir, 
Matth.  xxi.  10.  Adls  xxi.  30.  (10.) 
To  be  exceedingly  affcded  with  won- 
der and  pity,  Ruth  I.  19.  The  Holy 
Spirit  moved  ox  fat  brooding  on  the  wa- 
ters, when  his  creative  Influence  pre- 
pared the  waters  for  producing  fiihes 
and  fowls,  and  the  earthy  particles 
therewith  mixed  to  produce  herbs, 
grafs,  and  trees.  Gen.  i.  2.  The  mo- 
'ving  of  my  lips  fliould  afluage  my  grief ; 
a  free  bewailing  of  my  cafe  fhould 
give  me  eafe.  Job  xvl.  5.  The  ways 
of  a  harlot  are  moveable  ;  flie  goes  from 
place  to  place,  that  her  charafter  may 
not  be    known ;  fhe    ufes   a  thoufand 

different 


M  O  U        [176 

different  arts  to  entice  men  to  whore-  fide 
dom,  and  is  quite  inconftant  in  her 
temper  and  pretended  afFedion,  Prov. 
V.  6.  The  moiions  of  Jin  in  our  mem- 
bersf  are  the  inward  activity  of  it,  flir- 
ring  us  up  to  a6lual  fm  ;  and  they 
are  by  the  laiv,  as  its  curfe  binds  us 
under  the  power  of  fm,  as  our  punifh- 
ment ;  and  the  corruptions  of  our  na- 
ture is  irritated  and  ftirred  up  occa- 
fionally,  by  the  precepts  and  threaten- 
ings  of  the  law,   Rom.  vii.  5. 

To  MOUNT  ;  ( I . )  To  grow  great. 
Job  XX.  6.  (2.)  To  go  upward,  If. 
XV.  5.  The  faints  mount  up,  when  they 
are  exercifed  in  holy  and  heavenly  de- 
fires,  thoughts,  meditations,  hopes, 
converfation.  If.  x.  31.  The  Jews 
mounted  upy  nvent  into  dujl,  or  vjalked 
proudly,  as  the  lifting  up  of  fmoke ;  i.  e, 
however  proud  they  were,  they  fhould 
quickly  be  fcattered,  and  fall  into 
ruin,  If.  ix.  18. 

Mount,  MOUNTAIN,  HILL.  That 
there  were  mountains  before  the  flood, 
is  manifeft  ;  for  the  waters  are  faid  to 
have  covered  the  highejl  mou7itains.  Gen. 
vii.  20.  It  is  probable,  however,  that 
the  flood  made  great  alterations  in  the 
exifl:ence  or  form  of  mountains.  Some 
have  been  fmce  call  up  by  earthquakes; 
and  fome  are  mere  heaps  of  fand  col- 
ledted  by  the  wind.  Mountains  are 
ufeful  to  produce  mineral  and  herbage 
not  found  elfewhere  ;  and  to  keep  off 
the  call  or  north  winds  ;  and  to  pre- 
vent the  vapours  deferting  of  the  hot 
countries,  and  leaving  them  parched  ; 
and  to  emit  prodigious  numbers  of  ex- 
cellent fprings ;  and  are  fometimes 
places  of  Ihelter,  but  are  generally  cold 
on  their  tops,  Gen.  xiv.  10.  Upon 
a  careful  infpeftion,  the  mountains 
will  in  general  appear  regularly  dii- 
pofed,  as  various  links  in  a  chain  that 
goes  quite  round  the  earth.  A  chain 
of  them  begins  in  Iceland,  if  not 
Greenland,  and  runs  with  fome  inter- 
ruption through  Britain,  Italy,  Sicily, 
and  through  Africa  to  the  mountains 
of  the  Moon.  Another  chain  runs 
from  the  north  of  Tartary  to  the  Cape 
of  Comorin,  in  the  Eail  Indies.  One 
of  thefe    io   continued    on   the    other 


]      M  o  u 

of  the  globe,  in  the  mountaint 
that  run  from  the  fouth  to  the  north 
of  America.  Another  chain  of  moun- 
tains runs  crofs  the  above  mentioned 
from  call  to  welt,  beginning  near  the 
eaft  of  China,  and  running  weftward 
through  Tartary,  Media,  Macedonia, 
Switzerland,  France,  isfc. 

Canaan  abounded  with  mountains 
and  hills.  In  the  middle  of  the  coun- 
try, to  the  weft  of  Jordan,  there  was, 
the  plain  of  Jezreel  excepted,  little 
elfe  than  a  beautiful  arrangement  of 
hills,  from  the  north  to  the  fouth.  The 
eaft  part  of  the  country  beyond  Jor- 
dan was  alfo  one  continued  arrange- 
ment of  hills  from  north  to  fouth. 
On  the  north  of  Canaan  were  the 
mountains  Lebanon  and  Amana.  On 
the  eaft  of  Jordan,  going  fouth  ward, 
were  mount  Hermon,  Zion  or  Mizar, 
Gilead,  Abarim,  Nebo,  Pifgah.  On 
the  fouth  of  Canaan,  in  Arabia,  were 
mount  Sinai,  and  Horeb,  Paran,  Hor, 
Seir,  Halak  ;  in  the  fouth  part  of  Ca- 
naan we  find  the  hill  of  Hahilah,  and 
Engedi,  Ziz  ;  and  at  Jerufalem  we 
find  the  mounts  of  Olives,  Calvary, 
Zion,  Moriah,  and  Careb.  In  the 
middle  of  the  country  north  of  Jeru- 
falem, we  find  the  hills  of  Quaranta- 
na,  Ephraim,  Ebal,  Gerizzim,  Gaafh, 
Samaria,  Tzemaraim,  Zalmon,  and  A- 
malek,  Moreh,  and  Gilboa.  In  the 
northern  parts  were  Carmel,  Tabor, 
and  the  Ladder  of  Tyre.  The  moun- 
tains of  Samaria,  are  thofe  about  Sa- 
maria ;  or  at  leaft  in  the  territories  of 
the  ten  tribes,  Jer.  xxxi.  5. :  but  what 
mount  Ifrael  was,  whether  fome  hill 
anciently  denominated  from  Jacob,  or 
Jerufalem,  or  the  hill  of  Samaria,  01* 
rather  the  mountainous  part  of  the 
land  of  Ifrael,  we  hardly  know,  Jofh. 
xi.  1 6.  Heaps  of  earth  raifed  for  ta- 
king of  cities,  are  called  mounts,  Ezek. 
xvii.  17.  Jer.  xxxiii.  4.  Mountains 
have  been  fometimes  abforbcd,  or  funk 
into  the  earth.  Long  ago  the  moun- 
tains Cymbotus  and  Sypelus,  and  the 
vaft  promontory  of  Phlcgium  in  Ethio- 
pia, thus  difappeared.  The  burning 
mountains  of  Vefuvius  and  Strongy- 
iu3  have  lof;  half  of  their  former  height. 

In 


M  O  U        [     I 

In  later  times,  PIciis,  an  exceeding 
lofty  mountain  in  one  of  the  Moluc- 
ca iflands,  was  fwallowed  up  in  an  In- 
Hant,  and  a  lake  left  in  its  (lead.  In 
y/.  D.  1556,  a  mountainous  province 
of  China  funk  into  an  immenfe  lake. 
In  the  terrible  earthquake  of  Chili  in 
America,  y/.  D.  1646,  fcveral  whole 
mountains  of  the  lofty  Andes  funk  in- 
to  the  .earth  one  after  another.  In 
j4.  D.  16  r  8,  a  mountain  in  the  north- 
call  of  Switzerland,  fell  upon  an  ad- 
jacent town,  and  quite  buried  it,  with 
hear  2000  perfons  in  it. 

Mountahix  und  h'llh  are  ufed  to  re- 
prefent,  ( i . )  The  people  that  dwell 
in  a  mountainous  and  hill  country, 
Ezek.  vi.  2.  3.  (2.)  The  temple,  which 
was  built  on  the  top  of  a  hill,  If.  xxx. 
29.  Jer.  xvii.  3.  13.  (3.)  The  church 
of  God  typified  by  mount  Zion,  and 
which  is  firmly  fettled,  confpicuous, 
and  ufeful  in  the  world,  Pfal.  ii.  6.  If. 
ii.  2.  ;  and  which,  as  a  great  mountain, 
fliall  fill  the  whole  earth,  when  all  na- 
tions (hall  be  gathered  to  ChriH;,  Dan. 
ii.  35.  44.  (4.)  The  ordinances  of 
Chrill,  which  elevate  his  people  hea- 
venward, and  aflFord  them  much  rich 
and  medicinal  provifion  for  their  foul, 
Joel  iii.  18.  Song  ii.  8.  iv.  6.  (5.) 
Men  high  in  flation,  power,  and  au- 
thority, as  magiilrates  in  the  ftate, 
andapoftles  and  minillers  in  the  church, 
Pfal.  Ixxii.  3.  If.  xliv.  23.  Iv.  12. 
(6.)  Powerful  hindrances  and  provo- 
cations, and-  enemies  of  gofpel-influ- 
ence,  and  of  the  people  of  Chriil,  If. 
xl.  4.  xlix.  II.  xli.  15.  (7.)  The 
places  where  idols  were  worfliipped, 
which  were  often  in  hills  and  high 
places,  E'/ek.  xviii.  6.  11.  (8.)  Idols 
woi^hipped  in  thefe  places,  or  any 
thing  we  truft  in  inftead  of  God,  Jer. 
iii.  23.  (9.)  The  heavens,  which  are 
higher  than  mountains,  Pfal;  cxxi.  i. 
God  is  likened  to  the  mountains  round 
about  Jerufalem,  as  he  is  the  fure  de- 
fence and  proteftor  of  his  people,  and 
the  fource  of  all  their  confolation, 
Pfal.  cxxv.  2.  The  mountain  of  myrrh ^ 
and  hill  offrankincenfe,  that  Chriil  fj-e- 
quents,  is  either  the  church,  where 
aints,  precious   gofpel-truths  and  or- 

Voi.   II, 


77     ]        M  O  U 

dinances,  and  acceptable  prnyerr.  and 
pralfes  are  to  be  found  ;  or  hvaven, 
where  every  thing  delightful  is  found, 
Song  iv.  6.  vtii.  4.  Samaria  is  called 
a  jnonnfain,  becaufe  built  on  a  hill, 
Amos  iv.  I.  vi.  i.  Babylon  is  called 
a  mountain,  becaufe  of  her  lofty  build- 
ing, and  great  power  ;  a  dr/lroyhv^ 
mountain,  becaufe  it  overwhelmed  and 
deflroyed  the  nations  around  ;  and  a 
lurr.ing  mountain,  becauie  at  lad  burnt 
with  fire,  and  the  rubbilh  looked  like  a 
burnt  mountain,  Jer.  Ii.  25.  Under  the 
fcoond  Apocalyptic  trumpet,  a  p-eat 
ty/ountain  burning  ni^iih  fire  luas  cafl  into 
the  fea ;  the  Arian  herefy,  denying 
the  Godhead  of  Chriil,  and  of  his  Spi- 
rit, was  fpread  in  the  church,  fup- 
ported  by  authority,  and  attended  witli 
perfecution  and  ruin  to  multitudes. 
Rome  was  taken  and  burnt,  and  ter- 
rible was  the  ravage  of  the  Goths, 
Huns,  Vandals,  Suevi,  Ifjc.  in  almofl 
every  part  of  the  empire.  Rev.  viii. 
8.  At  Antichrift's  deflrudlion,  the 
rflands  are  removed,  and  the  mountains 
are  not  found;  monalleries,  and  every 
thing  flable  and  apparently  beyond 
danger,  are  ruined.   Rev.  xvi.  20. 

MOURN;  lament;  weep; 
WAIL.  When  gates,  walls,  ramparts, 
Lebanon,  and  high  ways,  new  wine, 
or  a  country,  are  faid  to  lament,  mourn, 
or  nveepy  it  denotes  their  being  in  a 
mod  doleful  and  wretched  condition, 
deferted  of  inhabitants  or  travellers, 
or  ruinous,  If.  iii.  6.  xxiv.  4.  Lam. 
i.  4.  ii.  8.  Ezek.  xxxi.  5.  Mourn-' 
ing,  lamentation,  weeping,  ^wading,  de- 
notes, (i.)  Grief,  and  the  expref- 
fion  thereof,  whether  godly,  Matth.  v. 
4.  If.  Ixvi.  10.  ;  profefledly  religioui 
and  folemn,  E/ra  x.  6.  ;  or  natural. 
Gen.  xxiii.  2.  1.  3.  ;  or  defper^te,  as 
in  hell,  Matth.  xxir.  13.  xxiv.^  30. 
(2.)  Judgements  and  afflitflions  that 
caufe  grief  and  forrow,  Ezek.  ii.  10. 
Lamentation  alfo  fignifies  an  oration, 
wherein  is  bewailed  fome  mifery  or 
lofs,  2  Chron.  XXXV.  25.  At  the  death 
of  their  friends,  the  Jlebrews  gave 
all  pofiTible  demonllration  of  grief ; 
they  fometimes  mourned  feveral  weeks ; 
a^  30  days  for  Aaron,  and  as  mucli 
Z  for 


MOV        [     I 

for  Mofcs:  but  the   ordinaiy  term  of 
mourning  was  fevcn  days  :  io  long  the 
inhabitants   of  jabefh-gilead   mourned 
for  Saul,  Numb.  xx.  29.  Deut.  xxxiv. 
S.      I    Sam.    xxxi.    13.      During  this 
time    of    mourning,    they  rent    their 
cloaths,  fmote  their  breafts,  failed,  and 
lay  on  the  ground,  and  went  barefoot ; 
they  did  eat  on  the  ground,  and  what- 
ever food  they  took  was  reckoned  un- 
clean,    and    polluted    every    partaker, 
Hof,  ix.  '4.  They  neither  dreffed  them- 
fclves,  nor  fliaved  themfelves,  nor  pair- 
ed their  nails,  nor   faluted  any  body  : 
their  faces  and  heads  were   covered  : 
they    had   mourners  for  the  purpofe, 
both    men    and    women,  that    made  a 
trade  of  it,  and  could   raife  the  moll 
doleful  outcries  and  howling  ;  and  were 
ufed  to  curfe  the  days  whereon   fome 
eminent  difafter  had  happened,  Amos 
Y.  16.    Jer.  ix,  17.    Job  iii.  6.     They 
mourned  exceffively  for  an  only   fon, 
and  for  a  firft-born,  as  his  death   cut 
off  the  remembrance,  qr   at    leafl   the 
lionour  of  their  family,  Ziech,  xii.    10. 
The  priefts  mourned  only  for  near  re- 
lations, and   the   high  priell  for  none, 
L.ev,  xxi,  I. — 12.    After  the  death  of 
fiich  as  had    no   friends    left  tp  bewail 
them,   fome    perfons    of  character   of 
the  place,  ailed  the  part  of  mourning 
friends,  and  .w<i're  in  hke  manner  com- 
forted.     It  was  reckoned  a  very  pious 
work  to  comfort  mourners  ;  and  wlien 
they  came  to  the  mourners,  they  ilocd 
around    them,  ten  in  a  row,  and   ap- 
proaching towards  them,   one  by  one, 
wiflied  them  comfort  from  heaven.     If 
they  fat,  it  was  on   the   ground,  and 
the  mourner  had  the  chief  feat.     The 
friends  came  not  to  comfort  them^   till 
after  the  interment,  and  not  many,  till 
the  third  or  fourth  day   after  the  de- 
ccafe,  John  xi.   19.  39.     They  fome- 
timcs  went  to    the   graves  to    lament 
their  dead,  and  fo  the  Turkifh  wonien 
do  to  this  day.     The  Jews  had  a  kind 
of  prayer,    or    rather    benediction    of 
Cjpd,  as  the  raifer  of  the  dead,  which 
they    repeated,   as  they    mourned,  or 
evejj  paiTcd   the  graves  of  their  dead. 
The  Jews  in  Chaidea  did  uoi  mourn  and 
ziiecj^i  but  mm-tied  Cfie  towards  arwil'(r; 


j8    ]      M  o  tr 

duril    not  openly  bewail  their   mifeiy, 
but  did  it  fecretly,   E/ek.  xxiv.  23. 

MOUSE  ;  a  fmall,  but  well-known 
animal,  whofe  fore-teeth  are  (harp,  its 
feet  divided,  and  its  ears  naked  of 
hair.  Mice  are  extremely  fertile,  e- 
fpecially  in  wet  harvells.  As  they  can 
feed  on  dung  and  fwines  ilefh,  it  is  no 
wonder  they  were  declared  unclean  by 
the  Mofaic  law,  but  they  were  part  of 
food  to  the  ancient  Romans,  Lev.  xi. 
29.  If.  Ixvi.  17.  In  fome  parts  of 
Palefline,  they  were  fo  plentiful,  that 
had  it  not  been  for  birds  which  de- 
voured them,  they  had  deflroyed  the 
whole  feed  or  crop  of  corn ;  and  it  feems 
they  had  exceedingly  marred  the  Philif- 
tines  crop  that  year  in  which  the  ark 
of  God  was  a  captive  in  the  countr)'', 
}  Sam.  vi.  5. 

MOUTH,  LIPS,  and  tongue,  are 
well  known  in  their  natural  fignifica- 
tion  ;  only  moulh  is  fometimes  put  for 
a  particular  part  of  it,  as  the  throat, 
roof  of  the  mouth,  ^c.  and  in  figura- 
tive language,  hfive  in  many  things  the 
fapie  meaning,  As  nwufh  f}gniiies  any 
door  or  entrance,  outward  or  inward, 
of  a  thing  ;  lip  fignifies  the  brim  or 
edge  of  it,  Dan,  iii.  26.  2  Kings  ii.  13.; 
and  the  tongue,  the  uttermoll  part  of 
it,  If.  xi.  15.  Mouth  fometimes  figni- 
fies the  defire  or  appetite,  as  the  natu- 
ral appetite  is  fatiated  by  the  mouth, 
Pfal.  ciii.  5.  AU  the  three  words  very 
frequently  denote  language  or  Ipeech, 
job  xix.  16.  u,  10.  Prov.  xii.  18.:  and 
fometimes  tongue  figniiies  a  particular 
language,  i  Cor.  xiv.  5.;  or  even  tlie 
perlons  that  fpeak  in  various  languages. 
Rev.  vii.  9.  x,  1 1.  Mouth  or  UpSy  afcrl- 
bed  to  God  or  Chriil,  denote  his  will, 
authority,  word,  or  promife,  If.  i/  .20. 
Job  xi.  5,  Song  i.  2.  Chrill's  lips  are 
like  lilies i  dropping  fwect  fmeirmg  myrrh  ; 
and  his  mouth  is  jnoji  fiveet :  hoNv  de- 
lightful, rtfrelliing,  healing,  and  fruc- 
tifying, to  our  foul,  are  his  ordinan- 
ces, words,  promifes,  and  manifeila- 
tipns  of  his  love  !  Song  v.  13.  16.  To 
have  God's  law  in  our  mouth  or  tongucy 
is  to  delight  in,  and^converfe  much  on 
it,  Exod.  xi;i.  9.  Jofh.  i.  8.  2  Sam, 
xxiii.  2.     Tu  draw  near  to  God  w/VA 


M  O  tJ        [17 

'^ihe  inoUihf  and  honour  him  with  the 
llpsy  is  to  n^ake  an  outward  appearance 
of  devotion,  of  prayer  and  praiie,  vvhiW 
there  is  no  regard  to  him  in  the  heart, 
If.  XKix.  13.  Matth.  XV.  8.  A  deceit- 
ful or  double  tongue^  is  that  which  utters 
things  falfe,  deceiving,  and  inconfif- 
tent,  Zeph.  iii.  13.  I  Tim.  iii.  8.  A 
wholefome  tongucy  is  fpeech  that  fhews 
a  fincere  heart,  and  tends  to  the  edifi- 
cation of  others,  Prov.  xv.  4.  A  brid- 
led tonguef  or  ivatched  mouth,  is  one  re- 
ftrained  from  finful,  reproachful,  or 
pulTionate  hmguage,  James  i.  26.  Pfal. 
xxxix.  I.  cxh.  3.  A  tamed  tongue,  is 
one  retrained  from  evil  language,  and 
applied  to  good,  James  iii.  o.  A  foft 
tongue,  is  kind  and  courteous  fpeech, 
Prov.  XXV.  15.  The  tongue  of  the  learn- 
cdy  is  abihty  to  fpeak  to  the  conviciiion, 
edification,  and  comfort  of  mens  fouls. 
If.  1.  4.  Afroauard  month,  is  one  full 
of  outrageous  contradi6lions,  and  difo- 
bedient  fpeech,  Prov.  iv.  24.  Afmooth 
mouth,  is  one  full  of  foft  and  flattering 
language,  Prov.  v.  3.  Unclean  lips, 
are  fuch  as  are  polluted  with  finful 
words,  If.  vi.  5.  Burning  lips,  denote 
fine  and  handfome  language,  or  talk 
apparently  full  of  love,  Prov.  xxvi.  23. 
The  mouth  of  the  fooli/li  is  a  rod  of  pride, 
is  near  dejirudion,  and  is  its  owner's  d^- 
flrudion  ;  wicked  and  foolifh  fpeeches 
proudly  alflift  neighbours,  and  ruin 
the  fpeakers  themfelves,  Prov.  x.  14. 
xiv,  3.  xviii.  7.  To  open  the  mouth,  is 
to  caufe  one  fpeak,  Numb.  xxii.  28.  ; 
or  to  fpeak.  If.  liii.  7.  ;  or  to  fpeak 
■ivith  full  freedom  and  boldnefs,  Pfal. 
cix.  2.  Job  iii.  i.  ;  or  to  hilen  atten- 
tively, as  deaf  people  open  their  mouth 
to  helpf  their  hearing,  and  to  defire  ear- 
neftly,  Pfah  cxix.  131.  To  open  the 
mouth  or  lips  wide,  is  to  talk  rafhly, 
boaftingly,  reproachfully,  Pfal.  xxxv.  2 1 . 
Prov.  xiii.  3.  ;  or  to  lillen  with  the  ut- 
moil  attention,  earneillydeliringinftruc- 
tion.  Job  xxix.  23. ;  or  earneilly  to  de- 
fire  fatisfadion  and  bleifings  to  our  foul, 
Pfal.  Ixxxi.  10.  The  earth  opened  her 
mouth,  when  rent  afunder,  and  a  gulf 
was  made.  Numb.  xvi.  32.  Hell  opens 
her  mouth,  when  multitudes  go  into  it. 
If.   v,  1 4.      Stopping  or  jhut-ing   of  ths 


9    ]       M  O  U 

mouth,  or  leefing  the  doors  of  the  fnoui/'>, 
imports  fenfe  of  guilt,  fhame,  fiknce^  ' 
rellraint  of  fpeech,  or  inability  to  fpeak, 
Rom.  iii.  19.  Pfal.  Ixiii.  11.  Mic.  vil.  5. 
Eccl.  xll.  4.  Iniquity  fops  its  mouth, 
when  wicked  men  are  retrained  from 
the  exercife  of  their  power,  and  are  a- 
fiiamed  to  fin  openly,  Pfal.  cvli.  42- 
To  lay  the  hand  on  the  mouth,  and  have 
the  ears  deaf,  is  to  be  flruck  filent  with 
fiiame  and  terror,  Mic.  vii.  16.  To 
have  the  mouth  or  lips  covered,  imports 
(hame  and  grief,  Lev.  xiii.  45.  Ezek. 
xxiv.  1 7.  20.  Mic.  iii.  7.  To  refrain 
the  lips,  13  to  fp'jak  little  and  feafonably; 
as  the  talk  of  the  lips,  vain  and  idle  fpeecli*. 
and  empty  boafting  without  praftic^, 
tends  only  to  poverty,  Prov.  x.  19'^ 
xiv.  23.  To  fct  the  mouth  cigainfl  the 
heavens,  is  to  fpeak  arrogantly  and  blaf- 
phemoufiy,  without  fear  of  God  or 
men,  Pfal.  Ixxiil.  9.  To  tvhet  the 
tongue,  is,  with  great  diligence  and  adli- 
vity,  to  backbite,  ilander,  and  revile, 
Pfal.  Ixiv.  4.  To  gnaw  the  tongue,  or 
gnafh  the  teeth,  is  expreffive  of  great 
torment,  rage,  and  defpair,  Rev.  xvi.  10. 
Under  the  tongue  or  lips,  or  in  the  mouthy 
fometimes  denotes  in  the  heart,  but  fo 
as  it  is  ready  to  be  uttered  by  the 
tongue  orlips,  Pfal.  x.  7.  cxl.  3.  Some- 
times the  tongue  is  put  for  the  heart, 
Pfal.  Iii.  2. 

God  divides  mens  tongues,  when  he 
hinders  their  joint  plots  againft,  and 
perfecuLlons  of  his  people,  Pfal.  Iv.  9* 
The  church's  lips  are  like  a  thread  of 
fcarlet  ;  drop  as  an  honey-comb  ;  and  ho- 
ney and  milk  are  under  her  tongue :  her 
minillers,  who  utter  divine  truth,  are 
wafhed  m,  and  chiefly  fpeak  of  Jefus's 
bleeding  love,  and  difpenfe  precious 
and  fweet  gofpcl-truths,  to  the  edifi- 
cation of  fouls:  the  faints  prayer,  praife, 
and  mutual  converfe,  and  brotherly  re- 
proof, are  performed  by  faith  in  a  cru- 
cified Redeemer,  and  much  tend  to 
tiie  edification  and  comfort,  of  others. 
Song  iv.  3.  II.  Their  inouth  delivers, 
and  fitisfes  ;  their  prayers  and  godly 
inilTudlons  are  means  of  the  falvation 
and  comfort  of  others,  Prov,  xii.  6- 
xiv.  7.  Out  of  the  mouth  of  Chrill's 
witueiles  proceeds  fire  to  devour  their 
Z  ^  enemies  ^ 


M  U  F^       [     180     ]         M  U'L 

fiiemlcs  ;    according  to  ti^clr  prayers,  dered,    to   prevent    the    filling   of  tK** 

hopes,   and  declarationt!,  divine  wrath  world  with  nionilers.      The  Jcwilh  lavT 

is  executed  on  Antlchrift,   Rev.  xi.  5.  exprefsly   prohibited   every  attempt  to 

'^Dm:  viouih  of  the  dragon y  and  heajif  and  confound  the  fpecies  of  animals.    Some 


fdlj'i' prophet y  is  the  authority,  intiui^nce, 
or  dodrinc  of  Satan,  the  heatlien  Ro- 
n\\[\\  empire,  Antichrill,  and  Maho- 
met, Rev.  xii.  16.  xiii.  2.  xvi.  13. 
Tlie  Turks  have  power  in  thi'ir  mouth, 
and  in  ihe'ir  tads  ;  in  their  terrible  fire- 
;^!ni;\    and   numerous   infantry,    or   in 


their 

!X.     1 


fol 


diers   an 


d  falfe  teaclicrs,   R 


ev. 
19.  God  will  divide  the 
f'jngue  of  the  Egyptian  fea,  ia  remo- 
ving every  hindrance  of  the  converfion 
of  the  Gentiles,  or  impediment  of  the 
recalling  of  the  Jews  to  their  own  land, 
and  to  a  ehurch-lhite,   If.  xi.  15. 

MUFFLERS  ;  v»'omens  vails  or 
maucs,  which  covered  the  whole  face, 
except  the  eyes  ;  fuch  pieces  of  appa- 
rel were  common  among  the  Arabs 
and  Jews,   If.  iii.  19. 

MULBERRY-TREES  have  their 
iiowers  of  the  amentaceous  kind,  con- 
iifling  of  a  great  number  of  ftamina, 
with  points  riling  from  a  four-leaved 
cup ;  the  berries  contain  roundilh  feeds. 


have  pretended,  that  ^nah  the  Horite 
was  inventor  of  the  unnatural  manner 
of  gendering  mules  ;  but  we  have  fup- 
pofed  the  text  to  have  another  mean- 
ing. It  is  certain  there  were  plenty 
of  mules  in  tlie  time  of  David,  He 
and  his  fons  rode  on  mules,  2  Sam. 
xiii.  29.  xviii.  9.  Solpmon  rode  upon 
one  at  his  coronation,  and  procured  a 
confiderable  number  of  tliem,  i  Kings 
iv.  2J5.  X.  25.  Ahab  had  vail  ntmi- 
bers  of  them,  1  Kings  xviii.  5.  Naa- 
man  had  feveral  of  them  in  liis  train, 
2  Kings  V.  17.      The   people   of  To- 


garmah 


fold  numbers  of  .them  to  the 
Tyrians,  Ezek.  xxvii.  14.  The  Jews 
had  245  of  them,  to  bear  their  furni- 
tiu-e  from  Babylon,  Ezra  ii.  Tlie 
Perfians  ufed  them  for  their  poRs  to 
ride  on,  Ellh.  viii.  10.  They  are  Hill 
much  ufed  in  feveral  countries,  where 
the  ways  are  hard  and  rocky.  Great 
numbers  of  them  are  kept  about  the 
Alps,  on  the  nortli  of  Italy,  and  the 
id   are  foft  and  full  of  juice.     There     Pyrenean  mountains,  between  France 


are  live  kinds  of  mulberry-trees,  'i'he 
fruit  when  unripe,  is  of  a  very  binding 
quality  ;,  but  when  ripe,  it  is  rather 
purgative,  and  is  moil  cooling,  deli- 
cious, and  .good  for  quenching  thirll. 
The  fynip  made  of  it  alfo  is  very  plea- 
fant.  The  Romans  preferred  mulberry- 
apples  to  every  kind  of  foreign  fruit. 
At  prefent,  the  leaves  of  this  tree  are, 
much  ufed  to  feed  filk-worms,  and  the 
leaves,  fruit,  juice,  bark,  and  root, 
are  ufed  in  medicine.  Multitudes  of 
mulberry-trees,  or  perhaps  rather  weep- 
ing willows,  grew  in  the  drier  foils  of 
Canaan,  as  in  the  valley  of  Rephaim, 
Baca,  i^c.  By  a  found  made,  no 
doubt,  by  angels,  on  the  tops  of  thefe 
trees,  in  the  valley  of  Rephaim,  was 
David  warned  when  to  attack  the  Phi- 
liftines,   2  Sam.  v.  23.  24. 

MULE  ;  a  mongrel  animal,  produ- 
ced by  a  horfe  and  an  afs,  or  by  a  mare 
and  .he-afs.      Neitlier   mules,  nor   any 


and  Spain.  Thefe  mules. are  generally 
black,  well  limbed,  and  mollly  bred  of 
Spanifh  mares.  Some  of  them  are  15 
or  16  hands  high.  They  are  much 
ftronger,  hardier,  and  furer  footed  than 
a  horfe,  and  will  live  and  work  the 
double  of  their  age  :  they  are  light, 
and  lit  for  riding,  but  gallop  rough. 

MULTIPLY,  to  increafe  in  num- 
ber or  quantity.  In  multiplying  God 
midtipUed  Abraham,  when  his  poileri- 
ty  and  their  bleflings  were  rendered 
exceeding  numerous  and  great.  Gen. 
:i^\\{.  17.  Hcb.  vi.  14.  God's  mercy 
is  multiplied,  not  by  increafe  in  him, 
but  by  the  increafe  of  its  fruits  to  men, 
and  their  being  more  abundantly  alTu- 
red  of  his  favour,  Jude  2.  His  word 
is  multiplied,  when  it  is  more  abundantly 
and  fuccefsfully  preached  for  the  con- 
verfion and  edification  of  men.  Ads 
xii.  24. 

MULTITUDE 


other  mongrel  animals,  are  capable  of    company  of  perfons 


(■•).   A 

or  thincTs, 


great 
Gen. 


procreation,  God  having  wifely  fo  or-     xxx.  30.  2;lviii. 


(2.)   The  common 
people^ 


M  U  N       [     i8 

people,  wliicli  are  more  numerous, 
Matlh.  xlv.  5.  (3.)  The  Nvholc  ai- 
fembly,  both  fenatora  and  cominon 
people,  AS.S  xxlii.  7.  (4.)  A  great 
company  of  profefTcd  ChrilUans,  A6ls 
xxi.  22..  (5.)  Great  llore  and  variety, 
Jer.  X.  13.  Eccl.  V.  3.  7.  The  horfes 
thai  rcmci'iTif  are  as  the  muhUudt  of  Ifrael; 
they  are  as  lean  and  llarving  as  the 
people  are  j  and  fo  it  will  be  no  great 
matter,  fuppole  they  fall  into  the  hands 
of  the  Syrians,   2  Icings  vii.  13. 

MUNITION;  FORT,  Nah.  iJ.  I. 
Chrill  and  God  in  him,  is  tlie  munition 
of  rochs  to  his  people  ;  In  him  they  are 
iafcly  protected  irom  curfes  and  con- 
demnation, and  from  the  guilt  and  do- 
minion of  hn,  and  from  Satan  and  his 
agents,  If.  xxxiii.  i6. 
'■  MURDER  ;  ( I.)  The  unlawful  ta- 
Icing  away  of  a  perfou's  life.  Murk  xv. 
7.  (2.)  Hatred  of,  and  cruelty  to, 
our  neighbour,  in  thought,  word,  or 
deed,  Matth.  xix.  18.  i  John  iii.  15. 
The  voluntary  killing  of  any  perfon, 
except  in  lawful  war,  execution  of 
public  juftice,  or  necelTary  felf-defence, 
hath  been  peculiarly  marked  out  by  the 
vengeance  of  God.  Cain,  the  firfl 
murderer,  was  preferved  as  a  monu- 
ment of  the  divine  indignation.  Gen. 
iv.  15.  ;  but  in  ordinary  cafes,  God 
requires  that  murderers  be  put  to  death 
by  the  magilli-ate.  No  facrifice  was 
accepted  for  this  fm  :  no  money  was 
to  ranfom  the  life  of  the  guilty.  Sup- 
pofe  he  'fled  to  God's  altar  for  protec- 
tion, he  was  to  be  dragged  thence  and 
executed.  Gen.  ix.  6.  Pfal.  li.  16. 
Numb.  XXXV.  27. — 31.  If  a  man  had 
ever  fo  involuntarily  and  accidentally 
(lain  his  neighbour,  God,  to  mark  his 
abhorrence  of  murder,  ordered  that  in- 
voluntary man-flayer  to  be  banillied  his 
native  abode,  and  confined  to  a  city  of 
refuge  till  the  death  of  the  highpriefl; 
and  if  found  without  it  by  the  flain 
perfon's  friend,  might  be  put  to  death, 
Numb.  XXXV.  Dcut.  xix.  If  a  body 
was  found  murdered  in  the  field,  and 
the  murderer  unknown,  the  rulers 
of  the  next  city  flew  an  heifer,  and 
with  wafhing  of  hands,  folemnly  pro- 
teited  their  inni^cencc    of  tlie    crime. 


I    ]       M  u  s 

and  their  ignorance  of  the  acl:or ;  and 
with  tlie  priefls  or  Levites  prefent, 
begged  that  the  Lord  Avould  not  lay 
the  fin  to  the  charge  of  the  land,  Deut. 
xxi.  I. — 8. 

MURMUR  ;  to  repine,  and  angrl- 
ly  complain  of  a  perfon  or  thing  as  in- 
jurious, John  vi.  41.  61.  Habitual 
murmuring  is  a  token  of  a  wicked 
heart,  Jude  16.  Terribly  did  the 
Lord  punilh  the  murmuring  fo  often 
repeated  by  the  Hebrews  in  the  defejt; 
and  yet  where  fni  abounded,  there  did 
grace  much  more  abound.  See  Moses. 
Exod.  V.  xiv.  xvi.  xvii.  Numb.  xi.  xiv. 
xvi.  xxi.   Pfal.  Ixxviii.  cvi. 

MURRAIN;  a  kind  of  peflilencc 
that  killed  a  great  many  of  the  E- 
gyptian  cattle,  Exod  ix.  3.  Pfal. 
Ixxviii.  50. 

MUSE;  to  think  ;  to  confider,  Pfal. 
cxliii.  5. 

MUSIC  is  of  a  very  ancient  origin. 
Tubal,  a  defcendant  of  Cain,  long  be- 
fore the  flood,  taught  men  to  play  on 
the  harp  and  organ.  Laban  complain- 
ed, that  Jacob  deprived  him  of  an  op- 
portunity of  fending  off  his  daughters 
with  mufic.  Gen.  Iv.  21.  xxxi.  27. 
The  ancient  Hebrews  had  a  very  great 
tafte  for  mulic  :  when  they  had  pafTed 
the  Red  fea,  both  men  and  women 
fung  their  refpeftlve  hymns  to  the 
praife  of  God,  their  miraculous  deli- 
verer, Exod.  XV.  Silver  trumpets  were 
divinely  ordered  to  be  made  for  found- 
ing over  their  facrifices,  efpecially  at 
fokmn  feafls.  Numb.  x.  With  mufic 
Jephthah's  daughter  welcomed  him 
home  from  his  viftory,  Judg.  xi.  34.  ; 
and  with  mufic  the  Hebrew  women 
welcomed  David  back  from  the  flaugh- 
ter  of  Gohath,  i  Sam.  xvili.  6.  Da-. 
vid  himfelf  was  an  excellent  muficlan, 
and  It  feems  had  plenty  of  finging  men 
and  finging  women  in  his  court,  i  Sam. 
xvi.  2  Sam.  vi.  xix.  21.  Solomon  had 
them  perhaps  in  far  greater  number, 
Eccl.  II.  8.  In  the  time  of  Jeroboam 
the  fon  of  Joalh,  the  liraehtes  valued 
themfclves  upon  inventing  new  mufical 
Inllruments,  Amos  vi.  5.  At  his  idol- 
atrous feflival,  Nebuchadnezzar  had  a 
large  concert  of  mufic  ;  and  mufic  waa 

thf? 


M  U  S         [     I 

t!\e  ordinary  recreation  of  the  Median 
king,  Dan.  iil.  vi.  i8.  The  temple- 
mufic  makes  the  chief  figure  in  fcrip- 
ture.  David  in  liis  own  time  compofed 
a  variety  of"  Pfaims,  and  caufed  his  HdU 
ful  players  fet  them  to  mufic,  as  ap- 
pears by  their  infcriptions  to  Jednthun, 
Afaph,  or  the  fons  of  Korah,  l  Chron. 
XV.  xvi.  As  now  the  Levites  were 
eafed  of  a  great  part  of  the  btirdenfome 
work  of  their  charge,  by  the  tabernacle 
and  ark  being  fixed  in  a  place,  David, 
before  his  death,  diftributed  the  4000 
facred  fwigers  into  24  clafTcs,  who 
fiiould  ferve  at  the  temple  in  their  turns. 
The  three  chief  muficians  were  Afaph, 
Heman,  and  Jcduthun.  The  four  fons 
of  Afaph,  fix  of  Jeduthun,  and  14  of 
Heman,  we>e  conftituted  the  chiefs  of 
the  24  clafTes.  It  is  probable,  that 
they  all,  or  moft  of  them,  attended  at 
the  folemn  fellivals.  They  were  thus 
arranged,  the  Gerfhonitcs  on  the  fouth 
of  the  brazen  altar,  the  Merarites  on 
the  north,  and  the  Kohathites  between 
them,  poiTibly  on  the  eaft  and  weft  of 
it,  I  Chron.  xxv.  The  Jews,  or  their 
iingers,  were  mocked  with  their  facred 
fongg  at  Babylon,  Pfal.  cxxxvii.  2. 
Two  hundred  iinging  men  and  linging 
women  returned  from  the  Chaldean 
captivity  along  with  Zerubbabel,  Ezra 
ii.  65.  From  the  Heathens  the  Jews 
adopted  mufic  into  their  funeral  rites, 
Matth.  ix.  23.  Their  neginoth,  or 
ftringed  inftruments,  were  the  pfaliery 
and  harp,  to  which  may  perhaps  be 
added,  t\ieJJ.'ennnith,Jhit/han  or JhuPia- 
nim,  and  the  alamoth,  and  iiulcimer,  and 
fackbut  ;  and  the  n  e  h  i  l  o  t  h  ,  or  wind- 
inftrumcnts,  were  the  organ,  cornet, 
flute,  pipe,  and  trumpet:  their  drum 
inftruments  were  timbrels,  cymbals y  and 
bells.  But  neither  can  our  ancient  in- 
formation, nor  our  comparifon  of  thefe 
inftruments  with  fuch  as  are  now  ufed 
in  Arabia  and  places  abcrut,  afford  us 
a  certain  knowledge  of  their  particular 
forms. 

MUST,  denotes  that  a  thing  !s  ne- 
ceffary,  either  as  an  event  to  be  fulfil* 
led,  for  anfwering  the  pi*6diftions,  pur- 
pofes,  or  ends  of  God,  A6ls  u  1 6. 
John  iii.  7.    Mutth.  x^iii.  7.    Rev.  xx. 


82     ]        M  Y  R 

3. ;  or  as  a  duty  to  be  done,  2  'tim, 
\l  6. 

MUSTARD ;  a  plant,  whofe  flower 
confills  of  four  leaves,  and  is  formed 
like  a  crofs.  The  piftil  arifes  from  the 
cup,  and  finally  becomes  a  long  pod, 
divided  by  an  intermediate  membrane, 
into  two  cells,  containing  roimdifh 
feeds.  The  pod  alfo  ufually  terminates 
\x\  a  fungofe  horn,  with  fome  feeds  \n 
it.  There  are  11  or  12  kinds  of  muf- 
tard.  The  feeds  are  of  a  hot,  fharp, 
and  biting  tafte.  The  m.utlard  in  Ca- 
naan grew  much  larger  than  ours.  The 
Jewifn  Talmud  mentions  a  ftalk  of  it 
that  was  fufRcient  to  bear  a  man  climb- 
ing up  on  it  ;  and  another  whofe  prin-» 
cipal  branch  bore  three  barrels  of  muf- 
tard-feed.  Our  Saviour  reprefents  it4 
item,  as  growing  to  the  height  of  a  tree 
fufficient  to  lodge  birds  among  its 
branches.  The  kingdom  of  heaven  is 
compared  to  it,  to  rcprefent  what  is 
the  fmall  beginning,  and  yet  the  won- 
derful increafe,  of  the  gofpel-church, 
and  of  the  work  of  grace  in  mens  heart, 
Matth.  xiii.  31. 

MUSTER;  to  array;  to  put  an 
army  into  proper  rank  and  order, 
2  Kings  xxv.  19.  ^h.c.  Lord  mujlereth 
the  hojl ;  by  his  providence  he  collefts, 
and  ranks  into  order,  the  armies  which 
execute  his  vengeance.  If.  xiii.  4. 

MUTTER  ;  to  fpeak  foftly.  It 
feems  wizards  muttered  and  peeped  to 
their  familiar  fpirtts,   If,  viii.  19. 

MUTUA.L;  belonging  to  both 
parties,   Rom.  i.  12. 

MUZZLE  ;  to  put  any  thing  in  or 
on  the  mouth  of  a  beaft  to  reftrain  it 
from  eating,  Deut.  xxv.  4. 

MYRA  ;  a  city  of  Lycia,  where 
Paul  embarked  in  an  Alexandrian  fhip, 
bound  for  Rome,  Adls  xxvii.  5.  Whe- 
ther he  founded  a  church  here,  we  are 
uncertain  ;  but  from  the  fourth  to  the 
ninth  century,  when  the  Saracens  feized 
it,  there  were  bifhops  in  this  place. 

MYRRH  ;  a  kind  of  gum  iiTuing 
from  the  trunk  and  larger  branches  of 
the  myrrh-tree,  which  is  common  in 
Arabia,  Egypt,  and  Abyflinia.  Some- 
times it  iffues  fpontaneoufly  ;  but  chief- 
ly flows  out  by  mt:ans  of  iacifion.    The 

inciri#li8 


M  Y 

inclfions  are  made 


R      [    183    ] 

twice  a-ycar,  and  ed  to  myrtles 
the  gum  or  rolip  is  received  on  rufli- 
mats  fprcad  below.  It  comes  to  Eu- 
rope in  loofe  grains,  from  the  fize  of  a 
pepper  corn  to  that  of  a  walnut  ;  but 
moilly  about  the  fize  of  peafc  or  horfe 
beans,  and  but  feldom  roundlfh.  Myrrh 
is  of  a  reddllli  brown  colour,  with  fome- 
what  of  a  mixture  of  yellow.  It  is 
diffolvable  in  common  water,  and  its 
purefl  pieces  are  fomcwhat  tranfparent. 
Its  talle  is  difagreeable,  bitter,  and  a- 
crid,  with  a  peculiar  flavour.  Its 
iiiiell  is  ilrong,  but  not  difagreeable. 
Tlie  bell  myrrh  ia  that  which  is  clear, 
Hght,  eafily  broken,  and  of  the  bittcr- 
clt  lalle.  Myrrh  is  of  a  purifying-  and 
prefervative  nature,  and  was  uied  by 
the  ancients  in  embalming  their  dead, 
and  perfuming  garments,  beds,  ajid  wo- 
men, John  xix.  39.  Pfal.  xlv.  8.  Prov. 
vii.  17.  Efth.  ii.  12.  Being  valuable, 
it  was  often  given  in  prefents,  Gen. 
xllll.  II.  Matth.  ii.  n.  It  was  an  in- 
gredient In  the  facred  perfume  or  In- 
cenfe  of  the  Jews,  Exod.  xxx.  23. 
Chrlft  is  a  bundle  of  myrrh,  that  lies  all 
night  between  his  peoples  breails  :  how 
precious,  delightful,  purifying,  and 
perfuming  Is  he,  in  his  perfon,  rlghte- 
onfnefs,  and  influence,  to  the  fouls  of 
his  people,  while  the  night  of  time  con- 
tinues !  and  how  delightful  to  them  are 
his  garments  of  mediatory  office,  his 
human  nature,  his  word  and  ordi- 
nances !  Song  i.  13.  ,Pfal.  xlv.  8.  His 
influences,  and  the  graces  that  flow 
from  him  to  his  people,  are  like  myrrh  : 
how  precious,  purifying,  and  prefer- 
vlng  to  their  fouls  !  and  how  thty  en- 
dear them  to  him,  and  render  them  as 
myrrh,  for  the  purification  and  prefer- 
vation  of  others!  Song  v.  i.  5.  13. 
ill.  6.  iv.  14. 

MYRTLE  ;  a  comely  and  fragrant 
tree,  ever  green,  and  which  grows  belt 
in  low  and  well  watered  vallies.  The 
flower  is  of  the  rofy  kind,  and  is  compo- 
fed  of  feveral  petals,  arranged  in  a  cir- 
cular form.  The  fruit  ia  a  berry  fha- 
ped  as  an  olive,  and  contains  kidncy- 
ibaped  feeds.  The  berries  are  cooling 
and  ailringent.  Tournefort  mentions 
12  kinds  of  myrtles.     Saints  are  Ukea- 


MY  S 

for  their  fpiritual  comc- 
llnefs,  their  delightful  favour,  their, 
pcrfeverance  in  grace,  their  peculiar 
growth  In  trouble,  and  when  humble 
;md  well  watered  by  Chrlft,  If.  xli.  19, 
Iv.  13.  Zech.  i.  8.  But  in  the  lait 
text,  myrilc-trees  with  a  man  among 
them,  may  denote  the  Jews  in  their  low 
and  enflaved  condition  in  Babylon, 
with  Chrift,  and  God  In  him,  among 
them  as  their  preferver. 

MYSIA.  There  was  a  Myfia  m. 
Europe,  on  the  call  of  Dalmatia  and 
north  of  Macedonia  ;  but  the  Myfia 
mentioned  In  fcripture  Is  that  In  Lefl'er 
Afia,  which  had  the  Hellefpont  fea  on 
the  north-well:,  Bithynia  on  the  north* 
eaft,  and  Phrygia  on  the  fouth.  The 
inhabitants  were  fl:upld  and  contempt- 
ible to  a  proverb ;  but  here  Paul  preach- 
ed the  gofpel,  and  ever  fince  there 
have  been  fome  veiliges  of  a  Chrifl;iaa 
church,  A6ls  xvi.  7.  8. 

MYSTERY;  what  Is  wonderful, 
and  above  our  reafon  to  comprehend. 
Upon  accurate  infpedion,  every  work 
of  nature  will  be  found  myilerious  ; 
but  the  method  of  our  redemption,  an4 
the  gofpel  that  difcovers  it,  and  the 
perfon  and  appearances  of  our  incar- 
nate God,  are  myfteries  of  an  higher 
kind.  Col.  I.  26.  27.  1  Tira.  Hi.  16. 
Eph.  V.  32.  They  are  the  myjlcry  of 
faithf  as  by  faith  they  are  believed, 
I  Tim.  HI.  9.;  the  myflery  of  godmefs^ 
as  the  faith  thereof  promotes  godlinefs, 
I  Tim.  Hi.  16.  They  are  the  myfteries 
of  the  kingdom  ;  pertain  to,  and  are  dif- 
covered  in  God's  kingdom  of  grace  and 
glory  ;  and  the  faith  thereof  renders 
men  heirs  of  the  kingdom  which  God 
hath  promifed  to  them  that  love  him, 
Matth.  xiii.  11.:  and  the  hidden  myflery ^ 
which  was  long  vailed  under  types  and 
fhadowe,  was  gradually  revealed  under 
the  Old  Teftament,  and  is  ftlll  unknown 
to  moft,  and  is  comprehended  by  no 
creature.  Col.  I.  26.  27*  I  Cor.  ii.  7. 
The  myjlcry  of  God  <wiU  befni/hed,  when 
all  the  dark  prophecies  relative  to  the 
church,  and  all  the  wonderful  provi- 
dences in  the  fulfilment  thereof,  fliall 
be  fully  accomplifhed.  Rev.  x.  7.  An- 
tichrill  h  called  a  myflery ^  or  myflery  of 

iniquity  I 


M  Y  S         r     1S4    1         M  Y  S 

in'iqutty ;  man-ellons  was  the  craft  and  ported  ;■  and  horrid  are  the  fccnes  of 
wickcdnefs  wherewith  the  Popifh  con-  fecret  impieties  therein  perpetrated, 
ftitution  was  formed,  and  has  been  fiip-     Rev.  xvii.  5.   2  ThefT.  li.  7. 


N 


N  A  A 

N  A  AM  AN,  the  general  of  Bf.k- 
HADAD  the  Syrian's  army.  He 
was  highly  efteemed  by  his  mafter,  be- 
caiife  he  had  faved  Syria  from  ruin, 
probably  in  the  battle  where  Ahab 
gave  Benhadad  his  lad  defeat,  or  at 
the  fiege  of  Ramoth-gilead,  when  Ahab 
v/as  (lain  :  but  he  was  fore  affllAed 
with  a  leprofy.  An  Hebrew  captive, 
who  ferved  in  his  family,  happened  to 
fay  to  her  miftrefs,  that  if  Naaman 
would  apply  to  Eliflia  the  prophet  in 
Ifrael,  he  would  quickly  cure  him. 
On  this  hint,  Naaman  refolved  to  make 
a  trial ;  and  Benhadad,  imagining  that 
Jehoram  king  of  Ifrael  had  the  pro- 
phets under  his  diredion,  wrote  him  a 
letter,  to  fee  that  he  got  his  general 
<:ured  of  his  diftemper.  Eliflia  foon 
cafed  Jehoram  of  his  perplexity, '  by 
bidding  him  fend  Naaman  to  him,  and 
the  power  of  the  God  of  Ifrael  (hould 
be  dilcovered  in  his  cure.  Naam.an, 
with  his  chariots  and  train,  prefented 
himfelf  at  the  door  of  Eliflia.  That 
Eliflia  might  maintain  a  due  diftance 
from  lepers,  and  might  mortify  Naa- 
man's  pride,  and  manifeft  that  the  cure 
was  wholly  of  God,  he  only  fent  him 
forth  orders  to  go  wafli  himfelf  feven 
times  in  Jordan.  Enraged  that  EHfha 
marked  fo  little  regard  for  him,  and 
that  he  came  not  forth,  and  by  prayer 
?nd  flroking  of  his  body  cured  him, 
Naaman  intended  to  pour  contempt  on 
his  orders  :  and  the  rather,  that  he 
thought  Abana  and  Pharpar,  rivers  of 
Damafcus,  were  preferable  to  all  the 
rivers  of  Ifrael.  His  fervants  begged 
him  to  think,  hov/  cheerfully  he  would 
have  done  or  undergone  the  mofl  diffi- 
cult operation,  to  get  ridof  his  difeafe, 
had  the  prophet  commanded  it  ;  and 
why  fhould  he  then  flick  at  a  thing  fo 
very  fimple  and  eafy  !  Naaman  was 
perfuaded,  and.  in.cunformitv  to  the 


^  N  A  A 
fevenfold  fprinkling  of  the  leper,  wafli - 
ed  himfelf  feven  times  in  Jordan,  and 
was  perfectly  cured.  He  returned  to 
Eliiha,  and  offered  him  a  prefent ;  but 
it  was  not  accepted.  He  then  pro- 
feffed  his  faith  in  the  God  of  Ifrael,  as 
the  only  true  God,  and  craved  two 
mules  burden  of  Ifraelitiih  earth,  to 
build  an  altar  for  facrihcing  to  him  a- 
lone  ;  and  aOced  the  forgivenefs  of  his 
bowing  of  himfelf  in  the  houfe  of  Rim- 
mon,  the  idol  of  Syria,  as  he  attended 
his  mailer  to  the  temple.  Eliiha  grant- 
ed him  his  defired  quantity  of  earth, 
and  bid  him  go  in  peace.  Some  ima- 
gine, he  afked  indulgence  in  future  ido- 
latry, w^hicli  he  thought  his  office  of 
fupporting  the  king  obliged  him  to 
a^t  ;  but  it  is,  perhaps,  as  juft  to  un- 
derlland  the  text,  of  forgivenefs  of  what 
he  had  done  ;  for  it  may  be  read,  IVhen 
?ny  nwjier  nvent  to  the  houft  of  R'lmmon^ — 
he  leaned  on  my  hancf,  avd  1  boaced  do-zun 
myfelf  in  the  houfe  of  Rlmmony — the  Lord 
pardon  thy  fervant  concerning  this 
thiniT. 

Naaman  went  off  very  joyful ;  but 
Gchazi,Elifha's  fervant,  difpleafed  with 
his  mafler  for  refufmg  his  prefent,  foon 
overtook*  him.  Naaman  humbly  alight- 
ed from  his  chariot,  and  aflccd  him  what 
was  his  deHre.  He  falfely  told  him, 
tr.at  two  young  prophets  from  mount 
Ephraim  were  juft  come  to  his  mafler, 
who  were  in  necefTitous  circumflances, 
and  needed  each  a  fuit  of  cloaths  and 
fome  money.  Naaman  was  fo  touched 
with  gratitude,  that  he  never  once  con- 
fidered  how  unlif-ccly  it  was,  that  Elifha 
would  aflv  a  talent  of  fdver  for  two 
young  fcholars,  urged  Gehazi  to  take 
two  talents,  inftead  of  one,  which  were 
/..  684  :  7  :  6  Sterling,  and  fent  his 
fen-ants  to  carry  them  as  far  as  Gehazi 
would  -permit.  Whenever  Gehazi  had 
laid  this  prefent   up   as  fecretly  as'  he 

could^ 


NAB         [     i8 

could,  lie  prefented  himfclf  before  E- 
liilia,  who  aflced  him  where  he  had 
been.  He  denied  that  he  had  been 
any  where  out  of  the  way.  Elifha 
told  him,  that  by  the  difcoveries  of 
God's  Spirit  he  faw  him  when  Naa- 
man  turned  back  to  meet  liim  :  and 
added,  you,  at  this  fealon,  fo  very  im- 
proper, intend  to  buy  fields,  vineyards, 
and  oliveyards,  with  the  money  you 
got  ;  but  to  puniih  your  covetouhiefs, 
falfehood,  and  treachery,  the  Icprofy 
of  Naanian  fliall  cleave  to  you  and  your 
pofterity.  We  fuppofe  Naaman  foon 
after  either  died,  or  quitted  his  poll  in 
the  Syrian  army,  that  he  might  not 
lead  it  againft  the  Hebrews,  and  Ha- 
zael  became  general  in  his  room,  2 
Kings  V.    Luke  iv.  27.  *  *  ♦  *  '  * 

NABAL,  a  rich,  but  very  churlifli 
man,  of  the  tribe  of  Judah,  and  race 
of  Caleb  ;  he  had  numerous  flocks, 
which  had  their  pallure  about  fouth 
Carmel,  near  Maon.  David,  in  his 
exile,  lurked  in  the  neighbouring  wil- 
dernefs  of  Paran.  He  and  his  men, 
not  only  did  no  hurt  to  Nabal's  flocks, 
but  proteded  them  from  the  Arabs, 
and  from  wild  beafl;s,  and  affiiled  the 
herdfmen  in  every  thing  they  could. 
When  Nabal  held  his  fliearing-feall, 
David,  in  the  mofl:  difcreet  manner, 
^ent  to  defire  a  prefent  of  what  part  of 
the  provifion  he  pleafed.  Nabal,  in 
the  mofl:  harfli  and  furly  manner,  told 
David's  meflengers,  that  he  knew  bet- 
ter things,  than  to  give  his  fervants 
proviflon  to  a  contemptible  fellow,  who 
had  run  away  from  his  mailer,  and  to 
his  partifans.  Informed  of  this  rude- 
nefs,  David  raflily  refolved  immediate- 
ly to  put  Nabal,  and  all  that  he  lad, 
to  the  fword,  as  a  means  of  deterring 
others  from  ufing  him  in  like  manner. 
Abigail,  by  her  prudent  behaviour, 
difarmed  David's  rage,  and  won  his 
aiTeClion.  As  foon  as  Nabal  her  huf- 
band  was  fober,  flic  told  him  into  what 
danger  his  condu6l  had  brought  hi:.i- 
felf  and  family.  The  poor  creature 
was  fo  terrified,  that  he  fell  fick,  and 
in  ten  days  after  died,  as  llupidly  as 
be  had  livtd  ;  and  not  long  after,  Abi- 
gail was  efpoufed  to  David,  i  Sam.  xxv. 

Vol.  n. 


S     ]         N  A  H 

NABOTH,  an  Ifraelite/jf  the  city 
of  Je/rccl.  He  had  a  fine  garden, 
hard  by  Ahab's  palace  ;  Ahab  requi- 
red him  cither  to  fell  it  to  him,  or  to 
exchange  it  with  another.  Naboth, 
attentive  to  the  divine  law,  which  pro- 
hibited the  alienation  of  inheritances 
without  necelUty,  or  to  fell  them  irre- 
deemably, refufed  to  fell  or  exchange 
the  inheritance  of  his  fathei*s.  Ahab 
having  taken  the  rcfufal  extremely  ill, 
Jezebel  his  wife  bade  him  make  him- 
lelf  eafy,  and  ihc  would  get  him  the 
vineyard  :  flie  wrote  letters  in  Ahab's 
name,  and  fealed  them  with  his  ring, 
requiring  the  magiilrates  of  Jezreel  to 
hold  a  fail,  or  perhaps  rather  a  gene- 
ral court,  and  to  fuborn  two  or  three, 
wretched  fellows,  to  bear  falfe  witne/s 
againil  Naboth,  that  he  had  blafphe- 
med  God  and  the  king,  and  thus  con- 
demn, and  put  him  to  death.  The  a- 
bandoned  magiftrates  directly  execu- 
ted her  ordei^.  Naboth  was  fl:oned  to 
death  as  a  blafphemer,  and  Ahab  took 
poiTeffion  of  the  vineyard  ;  but  the  ven- 
geance of  Heaven  purfued  him  and  his 
family,  for  the  covetoufnefs,  hypocri- 
fy,  perjury,  and  murder  committed  in 
thisaftair,  i  Kings  xxi.   2  Kings  ix.  10. 

NADAB.  See  Aaron  ;  Jero- 
boam. 

NAHASH.      See   Ammon  ;    Ja- 

BESH. 

NAHOR,  the  fon  of  Terah,  grand- 
fon  of  another  Nalior,  and  brother  of 
Abraham.  He  fixed  his  refidence  at 
Haran  in  Mefopotamia,  which  .  was 
fometimes  called  by  his  name.  He 
married  Milcah,  the  daughter  of  his 
brother  Haran,  who  was  already  dead. 
By  her  he  had  eight  fons,  vh.  Huz 
or  Uz,  the  father  of  the  Aufites,  on 
the  wefl:  of  the  Euphrates,  in  the  land 
of  Uz  ;  Buz,  the  father  of  the  Bu- 
zites,  of  whom  Eliliu  was  defcended  ; 
Ivemuel,  the  father  of  the  Camelites, 
and  the  Arameans  or  Syrians  ;  Chefed, 
the  father  of  at  leaft  one  tribe  of  the 
Clialdeans  ;  Hazo,  whom  fome  carry 
into  Perlia,  and  make  the  father  of  the 
Hazoye,  or  Huzoeans  in  Chufillan,  or 
tlie  Chofleans ;  Pildaih,  whom  Dr  Hyde 
feeiiis  {qu<^  of  making  the  father  of  the 
A  a  Perflans  j 


N  A  H        [ 

Jjdlaph  ;  and    Bethuel, 


t^erl'ians 

father  of  Laban  and  Rebekah.  By  a 
concubine  called  Reumah,  Nahor  had 
other  four  fens,  Wz.  Tebah,  Gaham, 
Thahafli,  and  Maachah,  Gen.  xi.  22. 
24.  26.    xxii.  20.  21.  22.    xxiv.  10. 

NAHUM  ;  a  prophet  of  the  city 
of  Elkofli,  or  Elkofhai,  in  Galilee.  As 
h-e  fpeaks  of  the  Affyrian  ravages  of 
Egvpt,  and  the  deilruftion  of  No,  as 
a  thing  paft,  and  reprcfents  the  Affy- 
rian king  as  imagining  an  evil  thing  a- 
gainft  the  Lord,  it  is  probable  he  pro- 
phefied  juft  as  either  Sennacherib  or 
Efarhaddon  was  returning  from  the  ra- 
•i-ftge  of  Egypt,  with  an  intesition  to 
deftroy  the  kingdom  of  Judah  :  Nah. 
VlI.  8.  9.  10.  i.  9.  II.  After  a  lofty 
dcfcription  of  God,  the  great  fubjeft 
of  his  fhort  prophecy  is  the  ruin  of  Ni- 
neveh and  the  Affyrian  empire.  Tliis 
lie  defcribes  in  a  manner  fo  pathetic 
and  pifturefqne,  and  yet  fo  plain,  as  is 
not  to  be  exceeded  by  the  greateil  maf- 
ters  of  oratory.  Had  Herodotus  writ- 
ten his  hiilory  of  the  Alfyrians,  or  had 
it  come  to  our  handf^,  with  what  plea- 
fure  fhould  we  have  feen  the  exadt  ful- 
filment of  thefe  predidlions. 

NAIL;  (i.)  A  horny  fubflance 
on  the  point  of  mens  fingers  or  toes, 
Deut.  xxi.  12.  (2*)  A  nail  of  iron, 
brafs,  or  the  like,  for  fixing  boards  to- 
gether, or  hanging  things  on,  Judg. 
iv.  21.  Eliakim,  and  Jefus  Chriil:,  as 
prefigured  by  him,  are  likened  to  a 
nail  in  a  Jure  place,  for  hanging  of  veffels 
en.  God  made  Eliakim  the  Jewifh  mi- 
niftcr  of  ftatc,  and  on  him  did  the  fub- 
ordinate  rulers  and  the  people  depend. 
God  cftabhfhed  Jefus  in  the  office  of 
Mediator,  and  on  him  do  all  the  per- 
fons  of  the  eleft,  and  all  their  privi- 
leges, graces,  and  duties,  and  all  the 
Oracles  of  God,  and  ordinances  and  go- 
vernment of  the  church  depend,  If. 
xxii.  23.  24.  25.  The  ria'd  that  came 
forth  of  Judah,  is  either  Zerubbabel, 
Neheraiah,  or  tlie  Maccabees,  who  efla- 
blifhed  the  Jewifh  flate  ;  or  rather  Je- 
fus Chrift,  who  connedls  and  eftablifhes 
his  church,  and  bears  her  and  all  her 
concerns,  Zech.  x.  4.  The  words  of 
the  wife  arc  as  nails  fajlened ;  the  truths 


t86    ]        N  A  K 

the  of  God  fixed  in  the  heart  remain  theiT. 
perpetually,  and  make  the  foul  cleave 
lo  Jefus,  and  his  church  and  ordinances, 
Eccl.  xii.  14.  The  nails  of  brafs  which 
Daniel's  fourth  beail  had,  denotes  the 
covetous  robbery  and  ravage  of  the  Ro- 
mans, and  their  power  to  retain  their 
conquered  provinces,  Dan.  vii.  19. 
Chrift's  nailing  of  the  ceremonial  law 
to  his  crofs,  imports,  that  by  his  death 
he  fulfilled  the  fignification  thei'eof, 
and  has  aboliflied  its  binding  force.  Col. 
ii.  14. 

NAIN,  or  Naim  ;  a  city  where  our 
Saviour  reftored  the  fon  of  a  widow  to 
life,  as  they  were  carrying  him  out  to 
his  burial.  It  is  generally  faid,  that 
this  place  was  near  Endor,  and  about 
two  miles  fouth  of  Tabor  ;  but  Maun- 
drell  feems  to  think  it  was  fituated  near 
the  foot  of  mount  Hermon,  Luke  vii« 
8.— II. 

NAIOTH.     See  Ramah. 

NAKED;  (i.)  Altogether  unclo- 
thed or  uncovered.  Gen.  li,  25.  (2.) 
Having  few  clothes  on,  i  Sam.  xix.  24. 
John  xxi.  7.  (3.)  Clearly  feen  and 
fully  known.  Job  xxvi.  6.  Heb.  iv.  13. 
(4. )  Deftitute  of  worldly  good  things. 
Job  i.  21.  (5.)  Deftitute  of  inno- 
cency,  holinefs,  and  righteoufnefs,  in- 
herent or  imputed,  and  hence  expofed 
to  fhame  and  mifery.  Rev.  iii.  17.  18,- 
(6.)  Deprived  of  the  divine  favour 
and  protc6lioh,  and  ready  to  be  a  prey 
to  their  enemies,  Exod.  xxxii.  25.  2 
Chron.  xxviii.  19.  Before  the  fall, 
there  was  no  finful,  fhameful,  or  hurt- 


ful nakednefs  ;  as  there  were  no  finful 
difpofitions,  no  part  of  the  human  bo- 
dy was  improper  for  view  :  but  fin  en- 
tering, they  knew  they  were  naked, 
that  they  were  become  unholy  and  un- 
righteous ;  and  that  they  needed  a  co- 
vering for  thofe  parts  of  their  body, 
afterwards  called  nakednefsj  Gen.  iii. 
7.  10.  II.  ix.  22.  The  nakednefs  of 
the  foul,  lies  ifi  being  without  holinefs 
and  righteoufnefs,  imputed  and  inhe- 
rent, but  corrupt  and  guilty  before 
God,  Rev.  iii.  18.  The  nahdnefs  of 
a  land,  is  the  poverty,  weaknefs,  and 
ruinous  condition  thereof;  or  its  fhame- 
ful wickednefs,    Ezek.  xvi.  8.  36.  37- 

— Going 


NAM         I 

•—Going  nakedf  or  almoft  fo,  was  an 
emblem  of  diftrefs,  and  of  deprivation 
of  comfort,  If.  xx.  3.    Mic.  i.  8. 

NAME  is  properly  that  whereby 
a  perfon  or  thing  is  called,  to  dillin- 
guifh  it  from  another.  A  great  many 
of  the  names  of  perfons  and  places 
mentioned  in  the  fcripture,  were  found- 
ed on,  and  exprefs  fomc  particular 
reafon.  Thofe  that  begin  or  end  in 
EL,  or  begin  with  je,  Jeho,  or  end 
in  I  AH,  bear  a  relation  to  God.  As 
multitudes  of  perfons  and  things  had 
different  names,  it  is  no  wonder  to 
find  them  fometimes  called  by  one 
name,  and  fometimes  by  the  other. 
So  Mofes's  father-in-law  was  called 
Reuel  and  Jethro ;  Ifaac's  younger 
fon,  Jacob  and  Ifrael ;  Jehoftiaphat's 
grandfon,  Jehoahaz,  Ahaziah,  and 
Azariah,  life,  ifft.  Some  letters  too, 
efpecially  vowels,  e  for  a,  &c,  are  al- 
tered in  the  fpelling  of  the  fame  name, 
as  Gqflomu  or  Gejhem,  Achan  or  Achar, 
&c.  It  is  Hill  common  for  the  Arabs 
to  change  their  names  upon  any  re- 
markable change  of  their  condition. 

Name,  when  alcribed  to  God  or 
Chrill,  comprehends  whatever  he  makes 
himfelf  known  by.  The  name  of  God 
fignifies,  (i.)  Himfelf,  Pfal.  xxix.  2. 
xxxiv.  3.  Ixi.  5.  (2.)  His  titles,  Exod. 
iii.  13.  14.  vi.  3.  (3.)  His  attributes 
or  properties,  Exod.  xxxiii.  19.  xxxiv. 
6.  7.  (4.)  His  word,  Pfal.  v.  ii. 
A  As  ix.  15.  (5.)  His  worfliip  and 
fervicc,  i  Kings  v.  5.  Mai.  i.  6.  (6.) 
His  will  and  purpofe  concerning  our 
falvation,  and  his  grace  and  mercy 
therein  difplayed,  Pfal.  xxli,  22.  John 
xvii.  6.  26.  (7.)  His  power,  help, 
and  favourable  afliftance,  i  Sam.  xvii. 
45.  Pfal.  XX.  I.  7.  (8.)  His  wif- 
dom,  power,  and  goodnefs,  difplayed 
in  the  works  of  creation  and  provi- 
dence, Pfal.  viii.  I.  9.  (9.)  His  au- 
thority; commiffion,  Mic.  v.  4.  (10.) 
His  honour,  glory,  and  renown,  Pfal. 
Ixxvi.  I.  The  name  of  Chrill  denotes, 
(i.)  Himfelf,  what  he  really  is.  Won- 
derful ;  mighty  God  ;  God  with  us, 
If.  ix.  6.  vii.  14.  (2.)  His  titles,  as 
Saviour,  Prophet,  Priell,  King,  i^c, 
Matth.   i.   21.     Rev.  xi)i.    14.     (3.) 


187     ]        N  A  M 

His  authority  and  commiffion,  Matth^ 
vii.  22.  AAs  iv.  7.  (4.)  His  word 
and  gofpel,  and  the  profeflion  thereof, 
Ads  ix.  15.  Matlh.  x.  22.  xlx.  29. 
Rev.  ii.  15.  (5.)  His  exaltation  to 
the  highcil  honour,  power,  and  glory, 

as  our  Mediator,    Phil.  ii.  9.  10. 

The  name  of  men  denotes,  (i.)  That 
particular  defignation  by  which  they 
are  ufually  called.  (2.)  The  perfon^j 
themfelves,  Luke  x.  20.  Rev.  iii.  4. 
xi.  f  II.  (3.)  Reputation,  good  or 
evil,  Prov.  xxii.  i.  Deut.  xxii.  14. 
(4.)  Honour,  glory,  renown,  Deut. 
xxvi,  19.  Zeph.  iii.  20.  2  Chron. 
xxvi.  8.  15.  (5.)  Memory  or  remem-- 
brancc,  Deut.  xxix.  20.  (6.)  Poftc' 
rity,  which  keeps  up  one's  name  or 
renown,  Deut.  xxv.  7.     If.  Ixvi.  22. 

God's  name  is  in   Chrift  ;  his  nature 
and  authority    are    in    him ;  he    hatli 


are  m 
fent  him  to  be  our  Redeemer  ;  and  by 
his  execution  of  his  office,  is  his  ho- 
nour chiefly  exalted,  Exod,  xxiii.  21. 
To  be  baptized  in  the  name  of  the  Fa- 
ther, Son,  and  Holy  Ghofl:,  or  of  Je- 
fus,  is  to  be  baptized  by  the  warrant 
and  authority,  and  into  the  profeffion, 
faith,  and  obedience  of  thefe  divine 
perfons,  as  one  God,  Matth.  xxviii. 
19.  Ads  xix.  5.  To  truil  or  believq 
in  the  natne  of  God  or  Chrifli  is  ta 
credit  his  word,  and  rely  on  his  per- 
feftions,  titles,  and  relations,  as  a  cer- 
tain ground  of  our  receiving  all  blef- 
fmgs  and  falvation  from  him,  John  iii. 
1 8.  To  name  the  name  of  Chrifl,  is 
openly  to  profefs  that  we  are  his,  and 
to  regard  his  honour  and  fervice, 
2  Tim.  ii.  19.  The  new  name  that 
Chrift  gives,  and  writes  on  his  people, 
is  the  redeemed  of  the  Lord,  the  righte- 
oufnefs  of  God  in  him.  Sec.  which  an- 
fwers  to  their  new-covenant  ftate,  and 
their  new  nature  ;  and  in  heaven  their 
charafter  is  made  glorioufly  to  appear. 
Rev.  ii.  17.  This  is  better  than  of 
fons  and  daughters,  as  it  is  more  ho- 
nourable to  be  the  children  of  God, 
and  fpoufe  of  Chrill,  than  to  be  pa- 
rents of  linful  men.  If.  Ivi.  4.  5.  God's 
changing  the  name  of  his  church,  de 
notes  his  changing  her  condition  from 
dillrcfs   and   grief,    to  happincfs   an4 


A  a  3 


y 


NAM         f     1 

Joy,  If.  kii.  3.  4.  The  faintG  pray 
and  do  all  in  the  name  of  C/j/-//?,  when 
they  do  it  in  the  faith  of  his  promife, 
in  obedience  to  his  command,  and  with 
a  total  dependence  on  his  righteouf- 
iiefs  and  intcrceffion  for  acceptance, 
John  xiv.  13.  Col.  iii.  17.  To  iaie 
the  nmne  of  God  in  vain,  is  to  make 
an  unholy  and  irreverent  ufe  of  any 
thing  .whereby  he  maketh  himfelf 
known,  \vhether  titles,  attributes,  or- 
dinances, words,  or  works  ;  and  par- 
•ticularly  by  ignorant,  rafh,  irreverent, 
and  falfe  fwearing,  Exod,  xx.  7.  The 
Hebrews  were  forbidden  to  mention 
the  names  of  the  heathen  idols,  except 
"when  it  was  neceffary  to  warn  againft, 
or  mark  deteflation  of  them,  Exod. 
icxiii.  15.  :  and  fo  a  thing  not  named, 
5s  what  is  not  mentioned  with  plca- 
furc,  or  what  is  fcarce  known  or  heard 
of,  or  is  not  practifed,  but  abhor- 
red, I  Cor.  V.  I.  Eph.  V.  3.  To 
hno-iV  om  by  name,  is  to  hdve  a  pe- 
cuh'ar  favour  for,  and  familiarity  with 
•one,  Exod.  xxxiii.  12.  To  give 
names  to  perfons  or  animals,  imports 
dominion  over  them,  Gen,  2.  19.  To 
have  a  name  to  live,  and  yet  he  dead,  is 
to  have  a  profeflion  and  appearance 
of  faintfliip,  and  yet  be  under  the 
r^ign  of  fpiritual  death,  Rev.  iii.  i. 
The  names  of  the  12  tribes  of  Ifrael, 
Icing  on  the  1 2  gates  of  the  new  'Jeru- 
falem,  imports,  that  the  Jews  fhall  be 
brought  into  the  church  in  the  Mil- 
lennium, and  ail  the  ele6t  enter  into 
the  church  here,  and  the  heavenly  glo- 
ry hereafter.  Rev.  xxi.  12.  'Yh.t  names 
of  the  12  apofiles  being  in  the  1 2  founda- 
tions, imports,  that  it  is  Jefus,  as  re- 
prefeiited  in  the  dodirine  of  the  1 2 
apollles,  that  is  the  foundation  of  the 
church,  aud  of  our  everlailing  happi- 
Jiefs,  Rev.  xxi.  14.  To  have  tJie  marl;, 
name,  or  tiumber  oi  tht  name  of  Anti- 
chrift,  is  to  believe,  profefs,  and  prac- 
tife,  according  to  the  errors,  idolatry, 
and    fuperflition     of    the    church     of 

Rome  : -it    is    nanus   of  hlafphemv  ; 

the  do(?fcrin-es  of  the  Pope's  fupremacy, 
and  of  mens  perfecting  Chriil's  facri- 
fice,  with  their  oblations  and  good 
works,  ^c.  are  a  reproach  to  Chrift 
and  his  Father,   Rev.  xiii.  i.  V7' 


88     1         N  A  O 

NAOMI,  and  her  hun)and  Elitnf- 
lech,  retired  to  the  country  of  Moab 
on  account  of  a  famine  that  happen- 
ed in  Canaan.  There  their  two  fons 
Mahlon  and  Chih'on  married  two 
Moabitiih  girls,  Oi-pah  and  Ruth. 
They  had  been  about  ter  years  in  the 
country  of  Moab,  when  Elimelech  and 
his  fons  died,  without  leaving  any  if- 
fue.  Naomi  refolving  to  return  to  her 
,  country,  her  daughters-in-law  were  in- 
tent on  attending  her.  She  remonftra- 
ted  to  them,  what  difficulties  they 
might  expert  in  fo  doing  ;  and  begged 
they  would  return  home  ;  and  added, 
that  fhe  was  grieved  on  account  of 
their  afflidlion.  At  lall  Orpah  was 
prevailed  with  to  return  ;  but  Ruth 
continued  refolute  to  go  with  her,  and 
to  embrace  the  Jewifh  i-eligion.  When 
they  arrived  at  Bethlehem,  the  place 
of  Naomi's  former  abode,  the  people 
crowded  about  them,  and  fome  in  pi- 
ty, and  others  perhaps  in  contempt, 
an<;ed  if  this  was  Naomi  ?  She  begged 
tliey  would  not  call  her  Naomi,  my 
pkafant  one ;  but  Marah,  becaufe  the 
Lord  had  dealt  very  bitterly  with  her, 
infomuch,  that  having  gone  off  full, 
with  a  hufband,  children,  and  fome 
wealth,  llie  had  returned  a  poor  defli- 
tute  widow.  It  being  the  harveft-fea- 
fon,  Ruth  went  forth  to  glean,  and 
Providence  condu6l:ed  her  to  the  field 
of  Boaz,  a  near  kinfman  of  her  de- 
ceafed  hufband.  Informed  who  fhe 
was,  he  commended  her  |"or  her  kind- 
nefs  to  her  mother-in-law,  and  bade 
her  continue  gleajiing  on  his  held,  and 
take  her  diet  with  his  reapers,  wh©, 
by  his  orders,  let  fall  handfuls  of  the 
corn  for  her  ufe.  Ruth  moil  humbjy 
and  difcreetly  thanked  him  for  his 
kindncfs  to  a  poor  llranger.  Intormed 
of  all  th'is  at  night,  Naomi  told  Ruth, 
that  Boa/,  was  their  near  kinfman. 

When  harveA  was  ended,  and  Boaz 
one  night  watched  his  corn  on  the 
threfliing-floor,  Naomi  dirctted  Ruth 
to  go  and  lie  down  at  his  feet,  and  tQ 
bid  liim  call  his  i]<irt  over  her,  or 
marry  her,  as  he  was  her  near  kinf- 
man. The  known  modefty  of  both 
prevtnted  all    fufpicion    of   unfeemly 

conduct. 


NAP        f     189 

coTidiK^.  When  Boaz  awaked,  he  ob- 
ferved  a  woman  at  his  feet,  rnd  adced 
who  fhe  was  ?  She  told  him,  and  beg- 
ged he  would  fprcad  his  ikirt  overlicr, 
as  a  token  of  his  after  efpoufing  her. 
Boaz  blefled  her,  for  fo  clofcly  adhe- 
ring to  the  Hebrew  hiw  in  the  affair 
of  her  marriage;  and  in  the  morning 
fent  her  home  loaded  with  corn  for 
herfelf  and  Naomi  ;  and  promifed  he 
fliould  fpeedily  effeduate  her  marriage 
either  with  himfclf,  or  with  a  nearer 
kinfman.  Naomi  hearing  of  this,  aiuired 
Ruth,  that  Boaz  would  witliout  fail 
be  as  good  as  his  word.  It  was  fcarce 
clear  day,  when  Boaz  convened  the 
elders  of  the  city  at  the  gate,  and 
called  Elimelech's  nearcll  kinfman  to 
declare  whether  he  would  redeem  the 
inheritance  of  Elimelech,  and  marry 
Ruth  the  widow  of  Chilion,  or  not. 
The  kinfman,  after  his  offering  to  re- 
deem the  inheritance,  recalled  his  word, 
an/d  bid  Boaz  do  it ;  and  by  plucking 
off  his  (hoe,  refigned  his  right  to  Boaz. 
Boaz  at  the  fame  time  efpoufed  Ruth, 
arfd  foon  after  had  by  her  a  fon  called 
Obed,  in  hopes  he  would  be  a  fervant 
of  the  Lord,  and  would  be  fervice- 
able  to  hi^  family.  The  neighbours 
mightily  congratulated  Naomi,  as  ha- 
ving now  got  an  heir,  and  reilorer  of 
her  old  age.  AVith  great  tendernefs 
fhe  nurfed  the  child,  Ruth  i.  —  iv. 
Who  wrote  the  fhort  hiftory  of  Ruth, 
whether  Samuel  or  not,  is  not  quite 
certain.  The  ancient  fathers  confi- 
dered  it  as  an  appendix  to  Judges. 
The  affair  happened  about  the  time  of 
Deborah. 

NAPHTALI,  the  flxth  fon  of 
Jacob,  and  by  Bilhah  the  handmaid 
of  Rachel.  His  fons  were  Jahzeel, 
Guni,  Jezer,  and  Shillem,  all  of  them 
parents  of  a  numerous  progeny.  In 
his  blefling  of  Naphtali,  Jacob  faid, 
Naphtal't  is  a  Iniui  let  Iwfe,  he  gh^eth 
gooffly  nvords.  This  might  exprci's  the 
activity  and  courtefy  of  that  tribe  ; 
or  the  adlivity  of  Jefus  and  his  apof- 
tles,  who  refided  much  in  the  territo- 
ries of  that  tribe,  in  their  preaching 
of  the  glad  tidings  of  falvation  to  loll 
finners  j  but  fome  prefer  the    tranUa^ 


]         NAP 

tion  of  tlie  feventy,  which  reads  the 
pafTage,  Naphtali  is  a  treefkot  out^  bring- 
ing forth  goodly  branches  ;  and  fo  v^  ould 
import  the  fertility  and  increaie  of 
that  tribe  ;  but  neither  do  the  He- 
brew accents  countenance  this  reading, 
nor  is  it  different  from  the  bleffmg  of 
Jofeph,  in  the  veiy  next  verfe.  Wlien 
this  tribe  came  out  of  Egypt,  It  con- 
fiiled  of  53,400  fighting  men,  un- 
der the  command  of  Ahira,  the  fon 
of  Enan  ;  but  they  decrcafed  in  the 
wildcrnefs  to  45,400.  They  encamp- 
ed on  the  north  of  the  tabernacle,  and 
marched  in  the  rear  of  the  Hebrew 
hoft ,  in  the  camp  of  Dan.  Their  fpy 
to  fearch  Canaan,  was  Nahbi  the  foa 
of  Vophfi,  and  their  agent  to  divide  it 
was  Pcdahel,  the  fon  of  Ammihud. 
Their  inheritance  was  the  /?y7,  and  the 


foiith,    along    the    fouth   of  Lebanon, 


and  the  welt  of  the  feas  of  rvlerom  and 
Tiberias,  and  was  extremely  fertile. 
Gen.  xlvi.  24.  xlix.  21.  Numb,  xxvi, 
48.— 51.  i.  15.  42.  43.  ii.  25.  30, 
X.  27.  xiii.  14.  xxxjv.  28.  Dent, 
xxxiii.  23.  Jofh.  xix.  32. — 39.  But 
they  permitted  the  Canaanites  to  re- 
tain Bethanath,  and  BethPnemefh, 
two  of  their  cities,  on  condition  of 
their  paying  them  tribute,  Judg.  i.  33. 
Under  Barak  their  general,  they  and 
the  Zebulunites  fought  with  dillin- 
guiflied  bravery  againil  the  army  of 
Jabin  the  younger,  and  ai  the  defirc 
of  Gideon  they  purfued  the  Midia- 
nitcs,  Judg.  iv.  10.  v.  iS.  vii.  23. 
A  thoufand  of  their  captains,  with 
37,000  of  their  troops,  afiifted  at  Da- 
vid's coronation,  and  brought  great 
quantities  of  provifion  with  them, 
I  Chron.  xii.  34.  40.  We  find  no 
perfon  of  diftinguiflied  note  among 
them,  fave  Barak,  and  Hiram  the  ar- 
tificer. Inlligated  by  A  fa,  Benhadad 
the  elder,  king  of  Syria,  terribly  ra- 
vaged the  land  of  Naphtah  ;  and  what 
it  fuffered  in  after  invafions  by  the 
Syrians  we  are  not  told,  i  Kings  xv, 
20.  The  Naphtalites  were  many,  if 
not  mod  of  them  carried  captive  by 
Tiglath-pilefer  king  of  Affyria,  2 
Kings  XV.  29.  Joliah  purged  their 
country  from  idols..     Our  Saviour  and 

his 


NAP         [ 

his  diTcIpIes,  during   his  public 

ftry,  much  refided  and  preached  in  the 

land  of  Naphtall,  If.  ix.  i.    Matth.  iv. 

NAPHTUHIM,  the  fourth  fon  of 
Mizraim.  Cahnet  thinks  he  peopled 
that  part  of  African  Ethiopia  between 
Syene  and  Meroe,  and  of  which  Ne- 
pata  was  the  capital :  but  we  rather 
think  with  Bochart,  that  his  poflerity 
peopled  Marmarica  weft  of  Egypt,  and 
on  the  fouth  ihore  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean fea.  Hereabouts  we  find  the 
temple  of  the  god  Aptuchus  ;  nor  is  it 
unlikely  that  Naphtuhim  may  be  the 
Neptune  of  the  Heathens,  who  was 
originally  a  Lybian,  and  had  his  temples 
ordinarily  built  on  fea-fl\ores,  Gen. 
X.  13. 

NARCISSUS.  If  he  was  the  wic- 
ked  but  famous  freedman  of  the  Em- 
peror Claudius,  he  was  dead  before 
Paul  wrote  his  epilUe  to  the  Romans  ; 
but  the  Chriilians  of  his  family  are  fa- 
luted,   Rom.  xvi.  II. 

NARROW.  God  looked  narrowly 
to  Job^s  ways  ;  obferved  his  crimes  in 
order  to  punilh  him,  and  carefully  pre- 
vented every  poflible  way  of  his  efcape 
from  trouble.  Job  xiii.  27.  The  na- 
tions looked  narroivly  upon  Babylon, 
■when  ruined  ;  with  great  attention  and 
amazement,  thought  how  quickly  an 
empire,  lately  fo  ftrong  and  powerful, 
had  Come  to  ruin.  If.  xiv.  6. 

NATHAN  ;  a  famed  prophet,  and 
a  confident  of  King  David.  Not  long 
after  David's  advancement  to  the  throne 
of  Ifrael,  he  intended  to  build  a  temple 
for  the  Lord.  Nathan,  without  wait- 
ing the  divine  direction,  encouraged 
him  to  do  it  ;  but  foon  after,  was  di- 
rected of  God  to  forbid  him,  and  tell 
him,  that  that  work  was  divinely  allot- 
ted to  his  fon  and  fucceffor.  Some 
years  after,  when  David  had  defiled 
Bathfheba,  and  murdered  her  huiband, 
Nathan,  directed  of  God,  reproved 
^im.  He  told  him  a  parable,  of  a 
pian  who  had  a  great  many  flocks  and 
herds  of  his  own,  and  yet  w^hen  his 
friend  came  to  vifit  him,  he  by  force 
took  from  a  poor  neighbour  his  only 
Iamb,  which  was  verv  dtar  to  him,  to 


190     ]         NAT 

mini-  entertain  his  friend.  With  great  in- 
dignation, David  replied,  that  fuch  a 
perfon  Ihould  be  obliged  to  reftorc 
tourfold  to  the  poor  man,  and  then 
be  put  to  death.  Nathan  told  him, 
that  he  himfelf  was  the  guilty  crimi- 
nal ;  for  God  had  made  him  ruler  over 
the  whole  Hebrew  nation,  had  provi- 
dentially put  into  his  power  all  the 
wives  and  concubines  of  Saul,  and  was 
about  to  bellow  on  him  other  favours  ; 
and  yet  he  had  defiled  Bathflieba,  the 
only  wife  of  Uriah,  and  had  murdered 
himfelf.  On  which  accounts,  Nathan 
told  him,  he  and  his  family  fliould  be 
feverely  punlfhed  with  lewdnefs  and 
death. — David  was  fo  well  pleafed  with 
this  plainnefs  of  Nathan's  rebuke,  that, 
it  feems,  he  named  one  of  Bathlheba's 
fons  after  him.  When  Adonijah  at- 
tempted to  fettle  himfelf  on  the  throne, 
Nathan,  and  Bathflieba  by  his  direc- 
tion, prevented  it  ;  and  he  and  Bena- 
iah,  and  others,  were  immediately  ap- 
pointed to  crown  Solomon,  2  Sam.  vii. 
xii.  I  Kings  i.  Nathan  and  Gad  wrote 
the  hillory  of  David,  probably  the  fe- 
cond  book  of  Samuel,  and  laft  part  of 
the  firil.  He  and  Abijah  wrote  the 
hiftory  of  Solomon,  i  Chron.  xxix.  29, 
2  Chron.  ix.  27.  ;  but  whether  this 
Nathan  was  the  father  of  Azariah  and 
Zabud,  who  were  officers  of  confide- 
rable  dignity  under  Solomon,  we  know 

not,   I  Kings  iv.  5. 

NATHANAEL.     See   Bartho- 


lomew.   

NATION.     See  People. 

NATIVITY;  (i.)  The  birth  of 
a  perfon,  Gen.  xi.  28.  (2.)  The  ori- 
ginal rife  of  nations,  Ezek.  xvi.  3.  4, 

NATURE;  (i.)  The  ordinary 
courfe  of  things  which  God  hath  fettled 
in  the  world,  Rom.  i.  26.  27.  (2.) 
The  light  of  reafon  naturally  implanted 
in  our  mind,  Rom.  ii.  14.  (3.)  Com- 
mon fenfc,  or  the  general  confent  of 
nations,  i  Cor.  xi.  14.  (4.)  The  fub- 
fi.ance  or  eflential  parts  and  properties, 
Heb.  ii.  16.  (5.)  Birth,  or  natural 
defcent,  Gal,  ii.  15.  We  are  by  nature 
children  of  wrath  ;  we  are  born  under 
the  guih  of  Adam's  firll  fin,  and  with 
u  corrupt  principle  inclijiing  us  to  dl 

evil. 


N  A  V        r    19 

evil,  and  fo  muft  be  dctellcd  of  God, 
and  condemned  to  everlailing  punilh- 
tTient,  Eph.  il.  3.  Through  the  gof- 
pel-promifes,  we  are  made  parhilcrs  of 
a  divine  nature  ;  AVe  have  fellowfliip  with 
the  divine  nature,  and  have  divinely 
implanted  in  our  foul  a  principle  or  ha- 
bit of  grace,  conform  to  God,  in  fpi- 
ritual  knowledge,  righteoufneis,  and 
holinefs,  2  Pet.  i.  4.  Idols  are  hy  na- 
ture no  gods ;  they  have  no  felf-exilt- 
ence  ;  nothing  of  the  efTential  perfec- 
tions of  godhead  in  them,  Gal.  iv.  8. 
Natural,  is,  (i.)  Vv^hat  proceeds 
from  birth  and  natural  caufes,  i  Cor. 
XV.  44.  (2.)  What  is  agreeable  to 
natural  defign,  form,  or  inclination, 
Rom.  i.  26.  27. 

NAVEL  ;  that  part  of  the  belly, 
by  which  nourifhment  is  conveyed  to 
children  in  the  womb,  and  which  is 
cut  and  faftened  at  their  birth.  Be- 
hemoth hath  his  ftrength  in  his  navel, 
belly,  or  trunk  of  his  body,  Job  xl.  16. 
It  is  put  for  the  whole  man,  foul  and 
body.  Godlinefs  is  health  to  the  navel, 
and  marrotu  to  the  bones  ;  it  produceth 
and  fecures  the  welfare  of  both  foul 
and  body,  arifmg  from  an  inward  fource 
of  a  confcience  waftied  in  Jefus's  blood, 
and  a  heart  renewed  by  his  grace,  Prov. 
iii.  8.  The  navel  of  the  Helrews  not 
being  cut,  imported,  that  their  fniful  na- 
ture was  not  corrected  or  changed  ; 
and  that  in  Egypt  they,  as  a  nation, 
were  in  a  moft  forlorn  and  dangerous 
condition.     See  goblet. 

NAUGHT;  (i.)  What  is  worth 
nothing,  Prov.  xx.  14.  (2.)  What 
is  unwholcfome  and  hurtful,  2  Kings 
ii.  19.  Naughty  perfons,  are  fuch  as 
are  ufelefs  for  good,  and  afti^e  in  do- 
ing mifchicf,  Jer.  xxiv.  2.  Prov.  vi.  1 2, 
Naughtincfs  is  bafe  wickednefs  ;  and 
thus  men  are  taken  in,  when  punifhed 
for  it,   Prov.  xi.  6. 

NAVY;  a  fleet  of  fhips,  I  Kings 
ix.  26.  27. 

NAZARETH  ;  a  fmall  city  of  the 
Zebulunites  in  Galilee,  about  70  or 
75  miles  north  of  Jerufalem,  to  the 
well  of  mount  Tabor  and  eaft  of  Pto- 
lemais.  It  was  built  on  a  hill,  and  no- 
ted for  th<5   wickednefs  of  its   inhabi- 


1 


N  A  Z 


tants,  Mark  i.  9.    Luke  iv.  29.    John 
i.  46.     Here  our  Saviour  was  concei- 
ved, and  laboured  the  moft  part  of  the 
thirty   years   of  his  private   life  :    but 
their  contempt  of  his  miniftry,  and  ear- 
ly attempt  to  murder  him,  by   cafting 
him  from  the  brow  of  the  hill  whereon 
their  city  was  built,  occafioned  his  re- 
fiding   little   afterwards,   and   working; 
few  miracles   among   them,  Luke   iv, 
16. — 29,    Matth.  xiv.  57.      It   was   a 
place  of  fome  note  for  about  1200  years 
after    Chrift  ;     but    is     at   prefent   of 
fmall  confequence.      It  is  unworthy  of 
this  work  to  mention  the  various  curio- 
fities  collefted  and   imagined  here,  by 
fantaftic  fuperftition,  and  fhown  to  tra- 
vellers ;  and  far  lefs   to  relate   the  Pa- 
pifts  ridiculous  fable  of  the  angels  tranf- 
porting  the  houfe  of  the  bleffed  Virgin 
from  hence  to  Dalmatia,  and  after  fome 
more  removes,  to  Loretto  in  Italy.    Je- 
fus's  dwelling  at  Nazareth,  occafioned 
his  being  called  a  Nazarene  ;  and  by 
means  of  it,  the  prophecies  that  repre- 
fented  him  as  a  Nazir,  typified  by  Jo- 
feph  and  the  Nazarites,  or  as  the  Net- 
ZER,  or  branch,   or  the   Notzer,  or 
prcfrver  of  men,  were  in   fome  fenfe 
fulfilled.  Gen.  xlix.  26.  Numb.  vi.   If. 
xi.  I.   Ix.  21.    Job  vii.  20.   Mat.  ii,  24. 
The  Jews   called  his  followers  Naza- 
renes,  Afts  xxiv.  5.  :  but   thofe  mon- 
grel profefTors  who  were  for  mingling 
Cnriilianity  with  Judaifm,  came  after- 
wards to  be  called  Nazarenes,  or  Nazi* 
neans.    It  is  faid  they  detefted  the  tra- 
ditions of  the  Pharifees. 

Nazarites,  were  perfons  devoted 
to  ^the  peculiar  fervice  of  God  for  % 
week,  a  month,  a  year,  or  for  life. 
Some  of  them  devoted  themfelves  ;  and 
fome,  as  Samfon  and  John  Baptift, 
were  exprefsly  claimed  by  God.  Du- 
ring their  vow,  they  were  never  to  cut 
their  hair,  or  drink  any  wine  or  ftrong 
drink  ;  and  it  was  extremely  wicked  to 
offer  them  any,  Amos  ii.  12.  Nor  were 
they  to  attend  a  funeral,  or  enter  a 
houfe  defiled  by  the  dead.  If  they  ac- 
cidentally contrafted  any  defilement, 
or  any  wife  broke  their  vow,  they  had 
the  time  and  duty  of  Nazaritefiiip  to 
begin  again.    They  fhavcd  off  all  their 

hair 


N  A  Z         [     I 

hair  on  the  feventli  day,  and  offered 
Hnto  the  Lord  two  turtle-doves,  or  pi- 
geons, the  one  for  a  fin-offering  and 
the  other  for  a  burnt-offering,  and  a 
Iamb  for  a  trefpafs-offering.  "When 
their  vow  was  finilhed,  Na/aritcs  pre- 
fcnted  thcmfelves  at  the  door  of  the  ta- 
bernacle or  temple,  with  an  he-lamb 
for  a  burnt-offering,  a  flie-lamb  for  a 
iin-oifering,  and  a  ram  for  a  peace-of- 
fering, with  their  rcfpedive  meat-offer- 
ings and  drink-offerings,  and  a  bafket 
full  of  cakes  of  unleavened  bread,  and 
wafers  anointed  with  oil.  After  thefe, 
were  offered,  the  Nazarite  fhaved  his 
^air  at  the  door  of  the  faniluary,  and 
burnt  it  under  the  pot  in  which  the^ 
iieih  of  his  peace-offering  was  boiled. 
The  prfeils  then  put  into  his  hand  the 
roafled  fhoulder  of  the  ram  of  peace- 
offering,  with  a  cake  and  wafer  of  un- 
L'avened  bread.  Thefe  he  returned  to 
tlie  priefl:,  who  waved  them  to  and  fro, 
medicating  them  to  the  all-prefent  God 
©f  every  end  of  the  earth  ;  and  fo  the 
vow  Avas  linin^ed.  As  the  oblations  at 
the  breach  of  the  vow  atoned  for  the 
fame,  the  offerings  at  the  finifhing  of  it 
were  defigned  to  expiate  the  unknown 
breaches  of  it,  and  to  render  God  thanks 
for  enabling  to  fuitil  it  fo  much. 
Numb.  vi.  Such  as,  like  Samuel,  Sam- 
fon,  and  Jolm  Baptifl,  Vvere  dedicated 
for  hfe,  had  no  occafion  for  thefe  offer- 
ings. Such  as  lived  out  of  Canaan, 
cut  their  hair*  in  the  places  where  the 
days  of  their  vow  were  fmifhed  ;  but 
deferred  the  offerings  till  they  got  to 
the  fanduarv^  :  fo  Paul  fliaved  off  his 
hair  at  Cenchrea,  but  deferred  his  ob- 
lation till  he  came  to  Jerufalem,  Ads 
xviii.  1 8.  xxi.  33.  24.  Some  who  had 
not  opportunity  to  perform  the  duties 
©f  the  Nazarite  themfelvcs,  contributed 
to  bear  tlie  expences  of  fucli  as  had  ta- 
ken the  vovv^ 

Were  not  thefe  Nazarites  typical  of 
Jefus  Chriil  ?  Altogether  holy,  he  was 
i'olemnly  devoted  to  the  fervice  of  God. 
Never  was  he  defiled  with  carnal  com- 
forts and  pleafures,  nor  intoxicated 
with  fmful  lulls  or  earthly  cares  :  ne- 
ver was  he  defiled  by  irregular  affec- 
rlons  tov/ards  his  nearcfl  relations,  nor 


Q2     1         N  E  A 

polluted  by  his  gracious  conoedions 
with  men,  in  whom  fpiritual  death  or 
deadnefs  do  work.  Inflead  of  hair, 
his  graces  and  good  works  increafed 
more  and  more,  and  his  people  rooted 
in  him,  grow  up  and  flourifh  in  God's 
holy  place.  Never  did  he  break  his 
vow,  but  finilhed  it  in  giving  himfelf 
for  an  all-comprehenfive  offering  for 
us  ;  and  in  his  refurredion,  laid  afide 
every  token  of  continued  fubjedion  to 
an  angry  God  or  broken  law,  and  pur- 
ges and  inflames  the  hearts  of  his  peo- 
ple, by  his  bleeding  love. — Were  not 
thefe  Nazarites  emblems  of  minillers 
and  faints,  who,  denying  themfelves* 
and  mortifying  the  deeds  of  the  body» 
confecrate  themfelves  to  God;  renounce 
this  world,  and  the  pleafures  of  fin  ; 
and  by  every  breach  of  their  vow,  thro* 
inadvertent  fellowfhip  with  dead  works, 
ought  to  be  excited  to  an  application  of 
Jeius's  atonement  to  their  conicience  ; 
and  after  they  have  done  ail,  to  trufl 
only  in  his  all-comprehending  facrilice 
of  himfelf! 

NEAPOLIS,  now  called  Chrifto- 
polis  ;  a  city  on  the  eafl  of  Macedo- 
nia. Since  ever  Paul  was  here,  it  feems 
there  has  been  lefs  or  more  of  Chrilli- 
anity  in  it ;  and  in  the  6th  and  7th 
centuries  of  the  Chrifllan  aera,  we  find 
biihops  here,  A6ls  xvi.  11. 

NEAR;  at  hand.  God  is  near; 
he  is  every  where  prefent,  and  is  ready 
to  help  his  people  in  every  cafe  ;  or 
when  he  offers  to  fave,  uphold,  and 
comfort,  Jer.  xxiii.  23.  If.  Iv.  6.  xli.  5. 
Deut.  iv.  7.  I  Kings  ii.  7.  Pfal.  Ixix. 
18.  Ixxv.  I.  cxix.  151.  xxxii.  9.  Lam. 
iii.  57.  He  is  near  in  peoples  month,  but 
far  from  v  ./>  reins,  when  they  are  oft 
talking  of  him,  but  are  far  from  loving, 
deiiring,  and  delighting  in  him,  Jer. 
xii.  2.  God's  name  is  near  ;  he  is  clofe- 
ly  related  to  his  people,  and  intimate 
is  their  fellowfhip  with  him.  His  work 
is  near  exerted  in  upholding,  proted- 
ing,  and  comforting  them.  His  word 
is  nigh,  in  their  mouth  and  in  their 
heart,  preached  to  their  ear,  fpoken 
by  their  lips,  conceived  by  their  mind, 
and  powerfully  applied  to  and  beheved 
br  their  heart.     His  Son  is   near ;  of 

old 


NEB  f     I 

•old  was  quickly  to  be,  and  now  is  in 
our  nature,  and  is  clofely  connefted 
with  us  as  our  Surety,  Mediator,  and 
Redeeme^i-,  Pfal.  Ixxv,  {.  Rora.  k.  B. 
God's  right eoufnefs  is  near,  when  he 
offers  Jefus's  righteoufnefs,  in  his  word, 
to  guilty  fiuners,  applies  it  by  his  Spi- 
rit, and  when  he  Hiews  the  righteouf- 
nefs of  hie  nature,  in  juftifying  the  un- 
godly through  it,  If.  xlvi.  13.  h".  5, 
Salvation  is  near,  when  it  is  to  be 
wrought  without  delay  ;  when  in  a  very 
iittle  we  fh-ill  enter  the  ftate  of  perfect 
hohnefs  and  happinefs,  Rom.  xiii.  11. 
Ifrael  was  a  people  fiear  to  God ;  while 
the  Gentiles  were  inr  off,  they  were 
clofely  related  to  him,  as  his  peculiar 
people  ;  they  had  his  ordinances  and 
fymbois  of  his  prefence  among  them  ; 
and  lie  was  ready  to  fupport  and  de- 
fend them,  pfaL  cxlviii<  14.  If.  Ivii.  19. 
We  lir^iiu  near  to  God,  when  we  wor- 
ihip  him,  and  by  faith,  prayer,  ^c. 
have  intimate  fellowfliip  with  him.  Lev. 
xvi.  I.  I  Sam.  xiv.  36.  Pf.  Ixxiii.  28. 
If.  IviiL  2.  Zeph-  iii.  2.  Prayer  cowej- 
near^  wlien  it  is  gracioufly  heard  and 
accept-ed,  i  Kings  viii,  59.  Pfal.  cxix. 
169.  In  courts  there  is  a  draiv'tng 
near,  as  a  judge,  witnefs,  defendant, 
or  advocatt^,  MaL  iii,  5^  Job  xxxi.  37. 
If.  xli.  1 .  1.  8.  Trouble  is  near,  when 
it  is  actually  inflifted,  and  pierces  even 
to  the  foul,  or  is  juii  going  to  do  fo, 
Pfal.  xxii.  If. 

NEBAIOTH,  the  eldeft  fon  of  Uh- 
mael,  the  fath^rr  of  the  Nabatheans, 
who  appear  to  have  been  one  of  the 
moll  civilized  tribes  of  the  Arabians, 
and  the  mofl  friendly  to  the  Jews,  and 
part  of  whom  were  converted  to  Chrilt, 
Gen,  XXV.  13.    If.  Ix.  7. 

NEBO,  or  An  AM  BO  ;  an  idol  of 
the  Chald<^ans  ;  perhaps  they  borrow- 
ed him  from  the  Moabites,  who  had  a 
hill  calkd  Nebo,  and  a  city  near  it  of 
the  fame  name,  about  eight  miles  fouth 
of  Hefhbon,  and  which  was  taken  both 
by  the  Affyrians  and  Chaldeans,  If. 
xlvi.  I.  Deut.  xxxiv.  4.  Numb,  xxxii. 
38.  If.  XV.  2.  Jer.  xlviii.  ii.  Or  Ne- 
bo might  be  the  fame  as  Chemofh,  or 
as  Beltis  the  queen  of  Bclus  ;  and  fo 
might  reprefeiU  the   moon.     The  Se- 


93     1  NEB 

vcnty  call  this  idol  Dagon,  and  Calmet 
will  have  it  Bel ;  but  we  fuppofc  \v)th. 
thcfe  opinions  are  groundlefs.  It  is 
certain,  Ncbo  is  by  Ifoiah  rcprefented 
as  different  from  Bel,  and  that  the  name 
thereof  \s  compounded  with  many  of 
the  Chaldean  namcfi,  ai?  Nabonaffar, 
Nabocolaffar,  Nabopolaffar,  Nebuchad- 
nezzar, Nebu7aradan,N<.'b\ifl-iafban,  if^c, 
NEBUCHADNEZZAR,  Nebu- 

CHADREZJt  A».,  Or  NaBOPOLASSAR,  thc 

mofl:  fsmed  king  of  Babyion.  When 
Pharaoh-necho  had  taken  Carchemifli, 
a  city  on  the  Euphrates,  the  Pheni- 
cians,  and  part  of  the  Syrian?,  revolt* 
cd  from  the  Chaldean^s,  vi\io  it  feems 
had  juft  before  reduced  them.  Nabo- 
polaffar, being  then  ftricken  in  years, 
fent  Nebuchadnezzar  his  fon  with  an 
army  to  recover  them.  He  gained  a 
complete  vi6lory  over  the  Egyptians 
at  Carchemiih,  retook  thc>,  place,  and 
put  the  garrifon  to  the  fword.  He 
then,  with  an  army  of  180,000  foot, 
120,000  horfe,  and  10,000  chariots, 
according  to  Eupolemus,  ravaged  Phc- 
nicia  and  Canaan,  took  Jeioifalem,  and 
bound  Jehoiakim,  the  tributary  cf  the 
Egyptians,  in  chains,  to  caiTy  him  to 
Babylon  ;  but  afterwards  allowed  him 
to  retain  his  kingdom,  as  a  vaffal  of 
the  Chaldeans.  He  carried  to  Baby- 
lon, Daniel,  Hanamah,  Miibael,  and 
Azariah,  and  others  of  the  princes  of 
Judah.  To  the  above  four  young  men 
he  gave  new  names,  importing  connec- 
tion with  his  idol-gods,  calling  them 
Beltefliazzar,  Shadrach,  Mefhach,  and 
Abednego.  Thefe,  and  other  young 
captives,  he  caufed  train  up  in  all  the 
learning  of  the  Chaldeans,  that  they 
might  ferve  in  the  court,  2  Kings  xxiv. 
Dan.  i. 

About  J.  M.  3399  his  father  died, 
and  he  was  fole  king  of  Babylon:  In 
the  ftcond  year  of  his  reign,  he  had  a 
furprifing  dream,  but  entirely  forgot 
it.  He  affcmbled  his  diviners,  and 
charged  them  to  tell  him  his  dream, 
and  the  interpretation  thereof.  They 
told  him,  that  though  they  could  in- 
terpret dreams,  yet  none  but  the  gods 
could  tell  a  man  what  he  had  dreamed  ; 
and  that  never  ^  king  had  demanded 
B  b  an 


NEB         [ 

any  fucK  thing  from  his  diviners.  Be- 
ing outrageoufly  provoked,  he  ordered 
Arioch  the  captain  of  his  guard  to  put 
every  wife  man  of  Babylon  to  death. — 
Daniel,  however,  obtained  leave  to 
tell  the  king  his  dream,  and  the  inter- 
pretation thereof.  He  was  fo  fatisfied 
with  the  account  and  interpretation, 
that  he  fell  on  his  face  before  Daniel, 
as  if  an  inferior  deity,  and  ordered  an 
oblation  of  fpices  to  be  prefented  to 
him,  and  acknowledged  his  God,  the 
God  of  god3,  and  Lord  of  kings.  He 
made  Daniel  chief  of  the  wife  men, 
and  governor  of  the  province  of  Baby- 
Ion  ;  and  made  Shadrach,  ^lefliach, 
and  Abednego,  fubordinate  governors 
in  the  fame  place,  Dan.  ii. 

Meanwhile,  a  peace  being  concluded 
between  the  Medes  and  Lydians,  by 
the  mediation  of  Nebuchadnezzar,  and 


194     ]  N  E  B 

chim,  Rabfaris,  and  Rab-niag,  to  c^rry 
it  on.  They,  after  railing  the  fiege  of 
Jerufalem,  to  m-.ych  againfl  the  Egypti- 
ans, returned  to  it,  ar^d  took  the  city;  and 
they  left  the  poor  of  the  land  under  the 
charge  of  Gcdaliah,  a  prince  who  had 
early  furrendered  himfelf.  According 
to  Nebuchadnezzar's  exprefs  orders, 
they  took  fpecial  care  of  Jeremiah  ; 
but  the  prifoners  of  diftinction,  which 
were  carried  to  him  at  Riblah,  Seraiah 
and  Zephaniah,  the  two  principal 
priefls,  Zedekiah's  children  and  gene- 
ral, and  68  others,  were  all  put  to 
death,  Zedekiah  had  his  eyes  put  out, 
and  was  carried  captive  to  Babylon, 
2  Kings  xxiv.  xxv.  2  Chron.  xxxvi. 
Ez.  xxi.  19,  —  24.  Jer,  vi. — xl.  lii. 
It  was  perhaps  at  this  time,  about  the 
20th  year  of  his  reign,  that  he,  with 
the   gold  which  he   had  amafTcd  in  his 


of  Syennefis  king  of  Cilicia,  Cyaxares  'weiiern  expedition,  ereded  the   mon- 

ftrous  image  to  his  god  Belus,  in  the 
plain  qf  Dura,  in  the  province  of  Ba- 
bylon. It  w^s  at  leall  90  feet  high, 
and  9  broad  ;  and  having  convened  his 
princes,  governors,  captains,  judges, 
and  other  officers  under  him,  to  the 
dedication  of  this  idol,  he  ifTued  a  pro- 
clamation, that  whenever  the  conceit 
of  mufic  by  corqet,  flute,  harp,  fack- 
but,  pfaltery,  dulcimer,  i^'c.  fliould 
begin  to  play,  every  body  fhould  fall 
dovyn  on  his  knees  or  face,  and  adore 
this  monftrous  image,  under  pain  of 
being  caft  into  a  fiery  furnace.  Daniel 
either  was  abfeut,  or,  for  fear  of  his 
great  power,  was  not  informed  againll:  j 
but  Shadrach,  Mcfhach,  and  Abedne- 
go, were  accufed  of  refuling  to  wor- 
iiiip  the  idol.  Nebuchadnezzar  called 
them  before  him,  and  intcrrogatt;rd  them 
if  it  was  fo.  They  told  him,  they 
would  not  worlhip  his  image,  and  were 
confident  their  God  was  able  to  deliver 
them  from  his  burning  fiery  furnace. 
Infuriate  with  rage,  he  ordered  the 
furpace  to  be  heated  to  a  feveufold  de- 
gree, and  tliem  to  be  call  into  it  bound. 
The  flames  fcized  qu  thofc  that  cail 
them  in,  and  burnt  thern  to  alhes.  The 
Son  of  God  appearing  in  human  iliapc 
amidft  the  fire,  caufed  it  burn  their 
bpnds^  but  n«t   fo  much  as  to  fi»g;e 

thei^r 


king  of  Media,  gave  his  daughter  A- 
myite  in  marriage  to  Nebuchadnezzar  ; 
and  they  two  marched  their  troops  a- 
gainft  Nineveh,  and  levelled  it  to  the 
ground.  Some  of  Nebuchadnezzar's 
troops  had  already  ravaged  Judea ;;  but 
the  AiTyrian  war  being  finifhed,  he 
fent  his  army  into  that  country,  and 
laid  it  waile,  far  and  near.  Soon  af- 
ter, he,  upon  what  provocation  we 
knov/  not,  marched  his  army  againft 
Jehoiachin  ;  but  thai;  young  monarch, 
>vith  his  whole  family,  furrendered 
themfelves  to  his  mercy,  and  were 
inade  prifoners,  and  carried  to  Babylon. 
He  carried  off  a  part  of  the  facred  fur- 
niture of  the  temple,  and  a  multitude 
pf  captives.  The  Moabites,  Ammou- 
jtes,  and  Phenicians,  together  with  the 
Egyptians,  encourage  d  Zedekiah  king 
of  judah  to  revolt  from  the  Chalde- 
ans. Nebuchadnezzar,  with  great  fury, 
marched  to  chaflife  th^m.  On  the 
fouth-eail  of  Syria,  he  was  in  doubt 
whether  to  begin  with  the  AmmoiiitCo 
pr  the  Jev>'s  :  he  referred  the  m?\tter  to 
the  decifion  of  divination  ;  thedivinatio;i 
directed  him,  firll  to  march  agaiuit  the 
Jews.  This  war  took  him  up  near 
two  years  :  himfelf  retired  to  Riblah, 
and  left  his  generals,^  Ncbuzar-adan, 
Nergalfharezer,    Sam,gar-jiv.bQ,    >Sarft,- 


NEB      r   19 

their  cloaths,  or  an  hair  of  tliclr  Iicad, 
:i:id  walked  with  them  up  an'd  down 
(he  furnace.  Nebuchadnezzar  obfer- 
Ning  this,  hinted  it  to  his  people  about, 
tmd  called  to  Shadrach,  Mefhach,  and 
Abednego,  to  come  forth  out  of  the 
furnace.  They  were  quite  unhurt, 
and  not  fo  much  as  the  fmell  of  fire  a- 
bout  them.  Nebuchadnezzar  extolled 
the  power  of  the  Hebrew  God,  and 
ordered,  that  whofoever  (hould  fpeak 
reproachfully  of  him,  fliould  be  put  to 
death,  and  his  houfe  made  a  dunghill ; 
and  promoted  thefe  three  Hebrews  to 
higher  governments  in  the  province  of 
Babylon,  Dan.  ix.  3. 

About  the  22(1  year  of  his  reign,  he 
marched  his  troops  into  Phenicia,  and 
laid  fiege  to  Tyre.  Meanwhile,  by 
detached  parties,  he  reduced  the  Am- 
jnonites,  Moabites,  Edomites,  and 
northern  Arabians  ;  and  Nebuzar-adan 
carried  off  745  Jews,  whom  he  found 
in  their  land.  After  he  had  befieged 
Tyre  1 3  years,  till  his  army  was  almoft 
ruined  with  fatigue,  and  at  the  end 
obtained  nothing  but  a  deferted  place, 
the  inhabitants  having  tranfported 
themfelves  and  their  effects  to  a  neigh- 
bouring ifland,  he  caufed  reduce  the 
city  to  afhes,  and  call  the  rubbiOi  into 
the  adjacent  fea.  With  fury,  he  then 
marched  agalnll  the  Egyptians,  who 
had  fupplied  the  Tyrians  during  the 
fiege;  and  after  ravaging  their  country, 
and  murdering  the  inhabitants,  and 
particularly  the  Jews,  who  had  fled 
thither  after  the  murder  of  Gedaliah  his 
deputy,  he  and  his  army  returned  to 
Babylon,  laden  with  rich  fpoils.  He  ' 
alfo  fubdued  Perfia  ;  and  Media  was  in 
a  kind  of  fubjeftibn.  But  when  this 
happened,  we  know  not,  Jer.  xxv. 
xxvii.  xhii.  xlvi. — xlix.  If.  xxiii.  Ezck. 
xxv. — xxxii.  xxxv. 

By  this  time,  in  the  35th  year  of  his 
reign,  his  aftonilhing  ftru(Stures  at  Ba- 
bylon were  almoit  finifhed.  He  dreamed 
of  a  tall  and  flourifhing  tree,  laden  with 
fruit,  and  a  place  of  refuge  to  birds 
and  beads  unnumbered,  and  yet  all  of 
a  fudden,  orders  given  by  an  angel  to 
hew  it  down,  (hake  off  its  leaves  and 
friiit,  but  to  fallen  its  voot  in  the  earth,. 


5     ]  NEB' 

as  if  witli  a  band  of  iron  and  brafs,  for 
feven  years,  that  it  nu'ght  be  wet  with 
the  dew  of  heaven,  and  have  its  portion 
with  the  beafts  of  the  field.  None  of 
his  diviners  could  interpret  it.  Daniel 
came,  and  being  encouraged  by  the 
king  to  tell  him  the  interpretation,  be 
what  it  would,  he  told  him,  that  it 
meant,  that  for  feven  years  he  (liould  be 
reduced  to  the  condition  of  a  beaft, 
and  driven  from  the  focicty  of  men, 
and  after  his  acknowledgement  of  the 
divine  fupremacy,  fhould  be  reftored  to 
his  throne.  Daniel  intreated  him  to 
break  off  fro.-i  his  fmful  and  unjuft 
courfes,  and  fhew  mercy  to  the  poor, 
captives,  or  others.  Regardlefs  of  Da- 
niel's admonition,  Nebuchadnezzar  con- 
tinued as  proud  as  ever.  One  day,  as 
he  walked  on  the  top  of  his  palace, 
perhaps  in  his  hanging  gardens,  and 
looking  on  his  auguil  city,  he  faid, 
either  to  himfelf  or  fome  companions. 
Is  not  this  great  Babylon,  that  I  have 
built  for  my  metropolis,  and  by  the 
might  of  my  power,  and  for  the  honour 
of  my  majefty  ?  A  voice  from  heaven 
replied  to  him,  that  he  fnould  be  im- 
mediately driven  from  human  fociety, 
and  reduced  to  the  condition  of  a  brute 
beaft.  He  was  immediately  ftruck  with 
fome  ftrange  diftemper,  of  a  kin  to 
what  we  call  a  lycanthropy,  und^r 
which  a  perfon  fancies  himfelf  a  dog< 
cat,  ^c,  and  howls,  bites^  and  eats  in 
their  manner,  and  (liuns  human  fociety. 
Nebuchadnezzar  fancix»d  he  was  an  ox, 
and  imitated  the  manner  of  one.  No 
doubt  his  aftoniflied  friends  bound  him 
as  a  madman  ;  but  he  efcaped  out  of 
their  hands,  fled  to  the  fields,  and  there 
lived  feven  years  on  the  grafs,  and  went 
naked,  till  his  hair  grew  like  eagles 
feathers,  and  his  nails  like  birds  claws. 
At  the  end  of  feven  years,  God  refto- 
red him  the  ufe  of  his  reafon  :  he 
huiT»bled  himfelf,  and  glorified  God, 
and  ordered  an  account  ot  his  dream, 
and  the  fulfilment  thereof,  to  be  pu- 
blilhcd  to  all  his  fubjeds.  It  is  faid, 
that  after  he  was  reftored  to  his  govern- 
ment, he  caft  his  fon  Evil-merodach 
into  prifon,  perhaps  that  in  which  Jc- 
boii^chiu  had  lain  about  36  years,  cither 
B  b  2  for 


N  E  B         [     196    1        N  E  H 

/or  the  follies  he  had  been  guilty  of  du-     lands  on  the  iiecl,  imports  being  n\  fTci- 


ring  his  father's  diftemper,  or  to  feeure 
the  peace  of  the  kine;dom,  Dan.  iv. 
About  a'  year  after,  Ntbvichadne7,7,ar 
died,  in  the  43d  or  44th  year  of  his 


very  and  bondage,  Deut.  xxviii.  48'^ 
If.  lii.  2.  Jer.  xxvii.  2.  The  neck  of 
the  church  is  like  a  tonver  of  hwry^  or 
the  totver   of  David  builded  for  an   ar- 


reign.      It   is  faid,  that  juft  before  his     mouryy  'whereon  hang  athotifandjhields  of 


death,  he,  feized  'jvith  fome  fuperua- 
tural  impreffion,  got  up  to  the  top  of 
his  palace,  and  cried  to  the  Babylon- 
ians, That  a  mule,  ailifted  by  a  Mede, 
t.  e.  Cyrnsj  whofe  father  Tvas  a  Perfian 
and  his  mother  a  Mede,  affilkd  by  hh 
uncle  Darius  the  Mede,  fliould  ruin 
their  empire,  and  reduce  them  to  ila- 
rery. 

NEBUZAR^ADAN.  .SccNebu- 

CHADNEZZAR. 

NECESSARY;  needful  ;  what 
mufl  be  or  ought  to  be,  i  Cor.  xii.  22» 
One  thing  is  needful ;  an  intereft  in  Je- 
fus  Chrift,  as  our  righjeoufnefs  and 
flrength,  muft  be  had  j  without  it,  wt 
cajinot  live  but  undtr  a  curfe ;  we 
cannot  die  without  going  into  cver- 
laftiiig  punifhment ;  we  cannot  honour 
God,  profit  ourfelves,  or  be  truly  ufe- 
ful  to  our  neighbours,  Luke  x.  42. 

NECESSITY;  (i.)  The  ftate  of 
a  thing,  that  muil  needs  be,  Heb.  ix. 
16.  (2,)  Poverty,  or  want  of  tem- 
poral good  things,  Rom.  xii,  13.  (3,) 
Force,  or  outward  conftraint  :  thus 
alms  are  not  to  be  given  out  of  neajfity^ 
2  Cor.  ix»  7.  Of  neceffity  he  mult  re- 
kafe  one  imto  them  at  the  feaft  ;  that 
is,  according  to  the  wonted  cuftom,  it 
behoved  Pilate,  for  the  peace  and  wel- 
fare of  the  city,  to  rtltafe  a  prifoner, 
whom  they  pleafed,  Luke  xxiii.  17. 
A  necejfty  laas  laid  on  Paul  to  preach 
the  gofpel ;  he  could  not  execute  his 
office,  fulfil  his  duty,  or  have  peace  in 
his  cwn  mind,  v/ithout  preaching  it, 
I  Cor.  ix.  16. 

NECHO.     See  Pharaoh. 

NECK;  (2.)  That  part  of  an  ani- 
mal body  between  the  head  and  flioul- 
ders,  Judg.  v.  30.  (2.)  Both  he?xl 
and  neck,  Deut.  xxi.  4.  (3.)  The 
heart ;  and  fo  a  hard,  Jlijf,  or  iron  nech, 
imports  mens  obflinacy  in,  their  love 
to,  and  pradlice  of  fm,  Neh.  ix.  29. 
Pfal.  Ixxv.  ^.   If.  xlviii.  4.      (4.)   The 


migMy  men.  How  beautiful,  llraight, 
comely,  fixed,  ftrong-,  adorning,  and 
well  furnifhed  with  fpiritual  armour, 
are  the  fcriptures,  ordinances,  and  mi- 
niflers,  which  Gonneft  the  church  f  and 
faith  which  councils  every  particular 
faint  with  Chrift  the  head,  and  are  fa 
exceeding  ufeful  in  their  receiving- 
nourifhment  from  him,  or  breathing 
forth  prayer  and  praife  to  him  :  Song 
iv.  4.  9.  vii.  4.  Tranfgreffions  come 
upon,  or  are  wreathed  about  the  neck^ 
when  they  are  punifhed  with  bondage 
and  da  very,  Lam.  i.  14.  The  AfTy- 
rians  reached  even  to  the  neck  ;  they  al- 
moft  totally  overflowed  and  ruined  Ju- 
dah,  taking  all  the  cities  thereof,  but 
Jerufalem  the  capital.  If.  vfii.  8r  xxx. 
28.  The  Ammonites  came  upon  the 
necks  of  the  Jlain  Jews,  when  they  were 
murdered  in  like  manner  by  the  Chal- 
deans, Ezek.  xxi.  29.  To  lay  down 
the  neck,  is  to  be  ready  to  fuffer  flavery 
or  death,  Rom.  xvi.  4.  God  difcovers 
the  foundations  unto  the  neck,  when  he 
utterly  unfettles,  and  almoit  utterly 
detl-roys  his  enemies,   Hab.  iii.  1 3. 

NECROMANCER.  See  divina- 
tion. 

NEGLECT;  ^i.)  To  take  no 
care  of,  Afts  vi.  i .  (  2. )  To  defpife  ; 
refufe  ;  make  no  proper  improvement 
of,  Matth.  xviii.  17.  i  Tim.  iv.  14. 
Heb.  ii.  3. 

Negligent;  carelef* ;  inactive, 
2  Chron.  xxix.  1 1. 

NEHEMIAH,  the  fon  of  Hacha- 
liah,  was  perhaps  of  the  royal  family 
of  David.  Perhaps  his  being  the  royal 
cup-bearer  in  the  Perfian  court,  and 
his  lucceeding  Zerubbabel  in  the  go- 
vernment of  the  Jews,  tends  to  con- 
firm this  opinion.  About  jI.  M.  355^ 
or  3560,  ninety  years  after  their  return 
from  Chaldea,  he  was  informed  by 
Hanani,  that  Jerufalem  Hill  remained 
in  lubbiih,  and  was  a  reproach  or  ob- 
wliole  man  ;  and  f©  to  have  a  yoke  or    jeit  of  derifion  to  aU  the  nations  around. 

Deeply 


EH        r     197    1        N  E  H 

with   thi:i  narrative,     coiinti^inen  made   fevcral  attempts  to 


N 

Deeply  af^vFled 
Neheiniah  falted  and  prayed,  that  the 
Lord  would  profper  his  intention  to 
aik  the  king^s  permiflion  to  cro  and 
rebuild  it.  He  indeed  attended  to  ttie 
bearing  of  the  royal  cup,  but  his  coun- 
tenance marked  him  fad  and  dejedlcd. 
King  Artaxerxes  obfcrving  it,  alked 
him  the  caufe,  probably  fufpecting  he 
had  fome  bad  dcfign  in  hand.  Nche- 
mlah  was  afraid,  but  lifting  up  his  heart 
to  God,  he  reprefented  his  grief  to  the 
king,  as  the  queen,  fome  fay  Eflhcr, 
fat  by  him.  Upon  his  requefl,  Ar- 
taxerxes, in  the  20th  year  of  his  reign, 
empowered  him.  to  go  and  rebuild  the 
walls  of  Jerufalem.  He  gave  him  let- 
ters of  fafe  conveyance  to  the  govern- 
ors on  the  welt  of  the  Euphrates,  and 
one  to  Afaph  the  keeper  of  the  fore II 
of  Lebanon,  ordering  him  to  furniih 
Nehemlah  with  timber,  and  every  o- 
ther  thing  necefTary  for  the  repairs  of 
Jerufalem,  and  for  Nehemiah's  own 
houfe. 

Arrived  at  Jerufalem  with  the  king's 
com.mi-'Tion,  he  and  his  fervant  went 
round  the  wall  of  the  city  in  the  night, 
and  found  it  wholly  in  ruins.  Hereon 
he  afTembled  the  chief  men  among  the 
Jews,  informed  them  of  his  powers  and 
intention,  and  encouraged  them  to  be- 
gin the  work.  They  readily  agreed  to 
his  propofal,  and  different  pieces  of  the 
wall  were  aifigned  to  the  various  prin- 
cipal men.  Thirty-two  of  thefe,  toge- 
ther with  the  companies  of  the  priefls, 
Levites,  Nethinims,  and  the  goldimiths, 
and  merchants,  exerted  themfeives  in 
this  good  work.  Some  repaired  over 
againft  their  own  houfe,  and  fome,  as 
the  inhabitants  of  Tekoah,  Gibeon, 
and  Mizpeh,  generoully  repaired  a  part 
of  it,  though  they  lived  in  other  cities. 
Sanballat  the  Horonite,  and  Tobiah 
the  Ammonite,  originally  a  fervant, 
but  now  a  governor,  and  Gafhmu  the 
Arabian,  were  extremely  vexed  to  hear 
of  Nehemiah's  arrival,  to  help  and  en- 
courage the  Jews,  and  to  fee  the  re- 
pairs of  the  wall  of  Jerufalem  carried 
on"  with  fo  much  ardour.  They  firft 
fcoffed  at  the  Jews  and  their  work  ; 
but  feeing   it   go   on,  they  and   their 


furpiiie  and  murder  the  Jews  at  it.  Ta 
fruilrate  their  intentions,  Nehemiah 
placed  a  guard  on  the  outfide  of  the 
builders,  and  caufed  every  builder  to 
keep  his  fword  by  him  as  he  build<^d  : 
they  never  put  off  their  cloaths,  either 
day  or  night,  except  for  wafhing  ;  and 
the  trumpeter  went  along  with  Nehe- 
miah, ready  to  found  the  alafm,  in  caf<? 
of  danger.  Finding  that  they  could 
do  nothing  by  open  violence,  Sanbal- 
lat and  Tobiah  had  recourfe  to  ftra- 
tagem.  Tobiah  having  married  the 
daughter  of  Shechaniah,  a  prince:  of 
Judah,  had  a  powerful  part  of  the  Jew3 
in  his  interefl.  Thefe,  with  the  Jews 
that  lived  in  the  country  about,  did 
^what  they  could  to  difpirlt  Nehemiah 
and  his  friends,  as  if  it  were  impoffible 
to  withiland  fo  many  enemies,  who 
would  of  a  fudden  attack  them  from 
every  quarter.  Sanballat  and  his  com- 
panions wrote  four  letters,  inviting  Ne- 
hemiah to  a  friendly  conference  ia  the 
plain  of  Ono  :  but  they  caufed  a  party 
lie  in.  wait  to  murder  him  by  the  way. 
He  returned  them  anfwer,  that  the 
great  and  important  work  which  he 
was  about  requiring  his  conilant  at^ 
tendance,  he  could  not  come.  San- 
ballat then  wrote  him  an  open  letter, 
importing^  that  a  report  v/as  fpread, 
and  was  affirmed  by  Gafhmu,  a  man 
of  credit  and  influence,  that  he  and  the 
Jews  rebuilded  Jerufalem  with  a  defign 
to  revolt,  and  that  he  had  fuborned  the 
prophets  to  ilir  up  the  people  to  choofs 
him  for  their  king  ;  and  that,  as  king 
Artaxerxes  could  not  but  hear  this  re- 
port, it  was  neceffary  they  fhould  con- 
fult  together  how  to  confute  it.  Ne- 
hemiah, confcious  of  his  innocency, 
truiling  in  his  God,  and,  perfuaded  of 
the  king's  favour,  returned  no  other 
anfwer,  but  that  the  whole  report  was 
falfe,  and  had  been  forged  by  Sanbal- 
lat himfelf.  •  Sanballat  and  Tobiah  then 
bribed  over  the  prophet  Shemaiah,  and 
the  prophctefs  Noadiah,  to  endeavour 
the  murder  of  Nehemiah  and  the  hin- 
drance of  the  work.  Shemaiah  fhut 
up  himfelf  in  his  chamber,  as  if  habi- 
tually given  to  meditation,  falling,  and 

prayer. 


N  E  H         [     I 

prayer.  This  impofed  on  Nehemiah  a 
little,  and  mnde  hun  think  him  remark- 
ably pious,  and  a  real  friend.  One 
time,  as  Nehemiah  was  in  his  hoiife, 
he  told  him  that  he  would  be  flain  tliat 
very  night,  unlefs  they  two  Oiould  fhut 
up  themfelves  in  a  fecret  place  of  the 
temple.  Nehemiah  replied,  that  it  was 
quite  improper  he,  whofe  condiid  was 
fo  innocent,  and  his  prefence  and  bold 
influence  fo  neceffary,  (hould  hide  him- 
felf  any  where.  Thus,  notwithiland- 
ing  all  that  Sanballat,  Tobiah,  Gefhem, 
and  their  partizans  of  treacherous  Jews 
could  do,  the  wall  was  finiftied  in  52 
days  after  they  began  to  repair  it ;  and 
almoft  a  year  after,  it  was  dedicated 
with  folemn  facrifices  and  thankfgiving, 
Neh.  i. — iv.  -vi.    xii.  27. — 43. 

Meanwhile'  Nehemiah  applied  him- 
felf  to  re^lify  diforders.  He  curbed 
the  inhumanity  of  the  nobles  and  rich 
men,  who  retained  the  lands  of  their 
poor  brethren  in  mortgage,  and  held 
their  children  in  (lavery.  To  flie w  him- 
felf  a  diilinguiflied  pattern  of  genero- 
fity,  he  never  demanded  the  falary 
prefcribed  him  by  the  Perfian  king, 
but  maintained  his  family  on  the  pro- 
duct of  his  cwn  fields,  and  on  the  fa- 
lary which  he  received  as  the  king's 
cup-bearer,  tie  fettled  the  genealo- 
gies by  an  old  regifter  which  he  found. 
The  fealls  of  trumpets  and  of  taberna- 
cles were  obferved  with  more  exaftnefs 
than  had  ever  been  done  fince  the  time 
of  Jofhua  the  fon  of  Nun  ;  and  Ezra, 
alTiIled  with  13  others,  did  on  both 
©ccafions  read  and  explain  tlie  book  of 
the  law  to  the  people.  Immediately 
after,  he  caufed  the  Jews  who  had 
married  IieathenlOi  v*'omen  put  tliem 
away  : — and  after  folemn  failing  and 
confeifian  of  fms,  they  renewed  tlieir 
covenant  with  God,  and  folemnly  vow- 
ed obedience  to  his  law.  They  parti- 
cularly vowed  to  efpoufe  no  heathen 
women  ;  to  buy  no  goods  on  the  Sab- 
bath ;  to  obferve  the  year  of  releafe  ; 
to  give  their  firil-fruits  and  fivi^lln^s 
to  the  Levites,  with  more  exactnefs 
than  had  been  done  for  fome  time  pall: ; 
and  to  allow  the  third  part  of  a  Oiekel 
extraordinarv'   everv   vear  for  the  f'y- 


98    1       NEH 

vice  of  the  tem.ple  :  22  priefls,  I7  Le- 
vites, and  44.  chief  men  of  the  people, 
fubfcribed  this  covenant,  and  all  the 
reil  of  the  people  who  underftood  it 
declared  their  adherence.  As  Jerufa- 
lem  was  poorly  inhabited,  the  tenth 
man  was  chofen  by  lot  to  dwell  in  it, 
and  Nehemiah  bleffed  fuch  as  offered 
themfelves  willingly  to  dwell  in  it ;  and 
the  charge  of  the  city  was  given  to 
Hanani,  the  brother  of  Nehemiah,  and 
to  Hananiah,  the  fon  of  Zeriibba- 
bel,  one  eminently  faithful  and  pious  ; 
and  a  guard  was  placed  at  every  gate, 
to  prevent  the  enemies  from  entering 
it.  The  order  of  the  Levites,  priefts, 
fmgers,  and  porters,  was  redified  and 
ellablifhed,   Neh.  v.  vii. — xii. 

After  Nehemiah  had  governed 
the  Jews  12  years,  he  returned  to 
King  Artaxerxes,  and  after  fome  ftay" 
in  Perfia,  returned  to  Judea.  The 
Jews,  contrary  to  their  covenant,  had 
married  ilrange  wives  :  they  profaned 
the  Sabbath,  by  bearing  of  burdens, 
and  buying  of  iifli,  and  other  wares, 
from  the  Tyrians,  thereon  ;  they  had 
with-held  the  dues  of  the  Levites,  and 
obliged  them  to  defert  the  fervice  of 
the  temple  ;  all  thefe  diforders,  partly 
by  expollulation,  for  convincing  them 
of  the  11  nfulnefs  thereof,  and  partly  by 
force,  Nehemiah  quickly  reftified.  To- 
biah had  fixed  his  refidence  at  Jerufa- 
lem,  and  Manaffeh,  the  grandfon  of 
Eliafhib  the  high  prieft,  who  had  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  Sanballat,  had 
procured  him  a  lodging  in  the  court  of 
the  temple.  Nehemiah  drove  Tobiah 
from  his  lodging,  and  cait  out  his  fur- 
niture, and  banillied  Manaffeh  the  prieft 
from  the  city.  Sanballat,  his  father- 
in-law,  obtaining  the  confent,  not  of 
Alexander,  as  Jofephus  fays,  but  of 
Darius  Nothus,  built  a  temple  for  him 
on  mount  Gerizzim,  where  he,  and 
perhaps  his  defcendants,  officiated  as 
priells  to  the  Samaritans.  After  Ne- 
hemiah had  governed  the  Jewifli  flate 
about  36  years,  he  died.  Probably  he 
wrote  his  own  hiilory  ;  for  as  he  died 
about  j1.  M.  3595*  Jaddua,  who  of- 
ficiated as  high  pritll  when  Alexander 
puffed  that  way,  A,  M.  3670,  might 

be 


N  E  I         [199 

10  or  12  years  of  age 


NET 


h-c  a  boy  of 

Neh.  xii.  II.  A.3  from  Ezra's  com- 
miflion  to  redlfy  the  affairs  of  Judea, 
to  the  year  in  which  Nehcmiah  is  here 
fuppofed  to  die,  is  49  years  ;  this  may 
correfpond  to  thefeven  weeks  of  Daniel, 
in  which  the  city  and  wall  of  Jerufalem 
was  built  in  troublefome  times,  Dan. 
ix.  25.  The  Nehemiah  that  return- 
ed from  Babylon  with  Zerubbabel,  was 
a  different  perfon  from  him  who  is  the 
fubje6l  of  this  article  ;  as  he  had  occa- 
fion  to  fee  the  ruins  of  Jerufalem,  and 
could  fcarce  have  been  below  1 10  years 
of  age,  and  fo  not  very  proper  for  a 
cup-bearer,  in  the  20th  year  of  Arta- 
xerKcs. 

NEIGH  ;  to  cry  as  a  horfe,  par- 
ticularly a  ftallion.  Whoremongers  en- 
ticement of  women  to  unchallity,  is 
called  a  neighmgy  becaufe  brutifh  and 
fhamelefs,  Jer.  v.  8.  xiii.  27. 

NEIGHBOUR;  (i.)  One  that 
dwells  near  us,  Exod.  iii,  22.  (2. J 
A  fellow  labourer,  Afts  vii.  27.  (3.) 
One  that  Hands  in  need  of  our  help, 
and  to  whom  we  have  an  opportunity 
of  doing  good,  Prov.  iii.  28.  Matth. 
xxii.  39.  (4.)  One  that  pities  and 
relieves  us  in  dillrefs,  Luke  x.  36. 
Job  xvi.  f  21.  In  our  Saviour's  time, 
the  Jews  generally  imagined,  that  only 
thofe  of  their  own  nation  were  their 
ne'ighhoursy  who  ought  to  be  loved,  and 
that  they  might  hate  every  body  elfe  ; 
but  he  faewed  them,  that  all  men  li- 
ving, even  fuch  as  hated  them,  were 
their  neighbours,  to  whom  love  and  be- 
neficence ought  to  be  extended,  Matth. 
v.  43. — 48.  Luke  X.  29. — 37.  The 
tv'il  netghbours  whom  God  would  pluck 
out  of  their  land,  were  the  Egyptians, 
Philiilines,  Moabites,  Ammonites,  Sy- 
rians, and  Phenicians,  who  dwelt  near 
to,  and  oft  haraffcd  the  Jews,  who 
were  his  people,  Jer.  xii.  14. 

NEPHEWS;  ( I.)  Grandchildren, 
Tudg.  xii.  14.  I  Tim.  v,  4.  (2.) 
Pollerity  in  general,  Job  xviii.  9.  If. 
xiv.  22. 

NERGAL;  an  idol  of  the  Cuthites, 
who  were  a  tribe  of  the  Chaldeans  or 
Ferfians.  The  Jews  reprefcnt  it  in  the 
^rm  of  a  cock  ;  but  as  tl^e  word  fi^- 


nifies  tlie  nvealirig  or  rcU'ing  lamp, 


It    19 

It  fignifies  the  fire 


more  probable  that 

or  the  fun.  Two  of  Nebuchadnezzar's 
generals  were,  in  honour  of  it,  called 
Nergal-fliarczer,  2  Kings  xvii.  30.  Jer, 
xxxix.  3. 

NERO  ;  an  infamous  emperor  of 
Rome,  who  ruled  from  A.  D.  54,  to 
67  or  6S.  In  the  firll  part  of  his  reign 
he  behaved  with  fome  decency  and 
juflice,  pretending  to'copy  after  Au- 
guftus.  In  the  end  of  it  he  turned 
one  of  the  mofl  tyrannical  wretches 
that  ever  breathed.  He  murdered  his 
mother,  and  almofl  all  his  friends, 
and  principal  fubjeifls.  He  mightily 
encouraged  flage -plays,  and  every  thing 
lewd  and  foolifh.  About  J.  D.  65, 
he  caufcd  burn  the  city  of  Rome,  and 
fung  one  of  his  poems  at  the  view  of 
the  flames.  To  appeafe  the  fenate,  he 
transferred  the  blame  on  the  innocent 
Chriflians.  Multitudes  of  them  were  ap- 
prehended ;  fome  were  fewed  up  in  the 
Hcins  of  wild  beafls,  and  torn  to  pieces 
by  dogs  ;  others  were  crucified;  others 
were  burnt  in  Nero's  gardens,  as  nodur- 
nal  illuminations  to  the  city  ;  while  he, 
with  great  pleafure,  beheld  the  fpe^lacle 
from  nis  window.  Perhaps  he  was  the 
more  enraged,  that  fome  of  his  own  fa- 
mily, and,  it  is  faid,  one  of  his  darling 
concubines,  were  turned  to  the  Lord, 
Phil.  iv.  2  3.  In  this  perfecutior,  per- 
haps molt  of  the  apoftles  v»ere  cut  off. 
After  his  tyranny  and  murder  had  ren- 
dered him  quite  intolerable,  the  fenate 
declared  him  the  enemy  of  the  itate, 
and  he,  in  defpair,  fied ;  and  being 
fought  for  to  be  killed,  murdered  him- 
felf,  with  the  afTillance  of  Epaphrodi- 
tus  his  freed-man. 

NEST;  (i.)  A  fmall  lodgement, 
where  fowls  hatch  their  young,  Deut. 
xxii.  6.  {2.)  The  eggs  or  young 
birds  in  a  neft.  If.  x.  14.  Deut.  xxxii. 
II.  (3.)  An  habitation  feemingly 
very  fccure  and  undilhirbed,  Jer.  xlix. 
1 6.  Obad,  4.  Hab.  ii.  9.  A  neji  in 
cedars,  is  houfes  built  of  cedar-wood, 
Jer.  xxii.  23. 

NET;  DRAG  ;  (l.)  An  inflrument 
for  catching  fifh,  birds,  or  wild  beaf^s, 
Matth.  iv.  18.     If,  W.  2C.     (2.)  Ar- 

nf^cial 


NET  [     200     ] 

tificial  work,  wrought  or  woven  in  the  rified  by 
form  of  a  net,  i  Kings  vii.  17.  God's 
net,  is  the  entangling  afHidions  where- 
with he  chaftifes  or  punilhes  men,  Job 
xix.  6. ;  or  the  church ;  or  the  difpenfa- 
tion  of  the  gofpel,  whereby  many  are 
drawn  to  Chrift.  This  is  call  into  the  fea 
of  this  world,  and  many  are  either  real- 
]y,  or  in  appearance,  drawn  by  it.  At 
lail  it  will  be  emptied  into  the  eternal 
ilate,  all  the  good  rendered  happy, 
and  the  bad  call  into  everlafting  fire, 
Matth.  xiii.  47. — 50.  The  net  of 
wicked  men,  wherewith  they  enfnare 
©thers,  and  draw  wealth  and  power 
to  themfelves,  is  their  crafty  plots, 
iind  vigoroufly-execiited  purpofes  of 
mifchief,  Pfal.  ix.  15.  Mic.  vii.  2. 
Pfal.  cxl.  5.  Hab.  i.  16.  The  Jew- 
ifli  rulers  and  priefts  were  a  net,  a 
means  of  drawing  others  into  fm  and 
ruin,  Hof.  v.  i.  In  vain  the  net  is 
Jpread  in  the  fight  of  any  bird:  without 
caufe,  tra|)s  are  laid  to  enfnare  and 
deilroy  innocent  perfons ;  and  to  no 
purpofe  are  finners  warned  by  the  mi- 
fery  and  dcftrudlion  that  happened  to 
their  fellow-criminals  before  them, 
Frov.  i.  17. 

NETOPHAH,  orNETOPHATHi; 
a  city  of  Judah  between  Bethlehem 
and  Anathoth,  and  peopled  .by  the 
poilcrity  of  Salma,  the  father  of  Beth- 
leem.     It  is  faid  to   have   been   noted 


NIC 

the  blood  of  Chrift,  and  a 
heart  actuated  by  his  Spirit,  excited 
by  his  love,  and  dire<fted  to  his  glory. 
Gal.  vi.  15.  2  Cor.  v.  17.  Ezek.  xi. 
19.  xxxvi.  26.  Rev.  xxi.  7.  God 
created  a  nenv  thing  in  the  earthy  when 
he  made  the  blefled  Virgin  conceive, 
and  bring  forth  his  Son,  in  our  nature, 
Jer.  xxxi.  22.  Chrift's  blood  opens  a 
tiew  and  living  ivay ;  one  not  afforded 
by  the  old  covenant  of  works,  but  one 
more  excellent,  in  which  life  is  given 
to  dead  finners,  Heb.  x.  20.  Chrift's 
neio  name  is  Redeemer,  I^ord  our  righ- 
teoufnefsf  King  of  kings,  and  Lord  of 
lords.  Rev.  iii.  12.  The  covenant  of 
grace  is  called  nenv  ;  it  fucceeds  to  the 
old  broken  cbvenant  of  works  ;  it  is 
everfrefti,  flourifliing,  and  excellent  ; 
and  under  the  gofpel,  it  is  difpenfed 
in  a  more  clear,  fpiritual,  extenfive, 
a^d  powerful  manner,  than  of  old, 
Jer.  xxxi.  33.  The  glorious  ftate  of 
the  church  during  the  Millennium  and 
eternal  ftate,  is  called  a  neiv  Jerufa' 
km,  as  much  more  glorious  or  lafting 
than  the  old  Jet-ufalem,  Rev.  iii.  12. 
xxi.  I-  The  faints  fongs  are  called 
ne^-ju ;  they  are  moft  fweet,  hearty, 
and  excellent,  proceeding  from  neiu 
hearts^  and  for  God's  mercies,  that 
are  new,  frefli,  and  ever  repeated,  e- 
very  morning,  Pfal.  xl.  3.  cxlix.  Lam, 
iii.  23.     There  is  nothing  new  under  the 


for  olives  and  artichokes,    i  Chron.  ii.    y}/«;  the  fame  kind  of  events  return  from 

age  to  age  ;  and,  except  in  the  cafe  of 
miracles,  there  is  rarely  or  never  any 
event  but  had  its  like  in  former  times, 
Eccl.  i.  9.  10.    iii.  15. 

NIBHAZ,  the  feeing  barker ;  the 
idol-god  of  the  Avites,  who,  it  is  faid, 
was  worftiipped  in  the  likenefs  of  a 
dog.  Poflibly  he  is  the  fame  with 
the  Egyptian  Anubis  :  or,  what  if  he 
is  the  fame  with  Nebo,  and  his  name 
ftgnify  the  ^\\-feeing  Nebo,  2  Kings 
xvii.  31. 

NICODEMUS,  a  follower  of  Je- 
fus  Chrift.  He  was  a  Jewifti  Phari- 
fee,  and  a  ruler  among  his  people. 
At  firft,  though  he  conceived  fome 
eileem  for  our  Saviour,  yet  he  was  a- 
fhamed  to  profefs  it,  and  fo  came  to 
him  by  niglit  for  inftrudion.     When 

he 


51.  54.  Whether  it  be  the  fame  as 
Kephtoah,  I  know  not  ;  but  Maha- 
rai,  one  of  David's  mighties,  and  E- 
phai,  a  captain  that  fubmitted  to  Ge- 
DALiAH,  were  natives  of  this  place, 
2  Sam.  xxiii.  28.    Jer.  xl.  8. 

NEW;  (i.)  What  was  but  lately 
formed,  appointed,  or  begun  to  be  u- 
fed,  Jofti.  ix.  13.  I  Kings  xi.  29.  (2.) 
Strange ;  extraordinary,  Numb.  xvi. 
^o.  (3.)  What  is  different  from,  or 
more  exceCent  than  what  went  before. 
Thus  the  faints  are  new  creatures,  and 
have  a  neiv  fpirit,  a  new  heart,  and  all 
things  new:  inftead  of  the  old  corrupt 
and  carnal  views,  and  difpofitions,  and 
manner  of  life,  they  have  fpiritual 
kno\vledge,  holy 'difpofitions,  and  pious 
Hres,  fpringing  from  a  coiifcience  pu- 


NIG  [20 

he  had  complimented  our  Saviour  with  1 
fome  honorary  titles,  as  an  excellent 
teacher,  and  hinted  his  delire  to  learn 
fomewhat,  Jefus  told  him,  he  could 
not  become  a  true  member  of  his 
church,  except  he  was  born  again,  and 
his  nature  wholly  renewed.  Grofsly 
ignorant  of  regeneration,  of  the  Old- 
Teftament  oracles  relative  thereto^  Ni- 
codemus  afl<ed.  How  one  could  re-en- 
ter into  his  mother's  womb,  and  be 
bom  again  ?  Jefus  aflced.  If  he  was  a 
teacher  in  Ifracl,  ahd  knew  not  thefe 
things  ?  and  told  him,  that  the  new 
birth  he  fpoke  of,  was  effeded  by 
fpiritual  influence  ;  and  that,  if  he 
could  not  believe  what  was  fo  often 
experienced  on  earth,  how  would  he 
believe  information  concerning  heaven- 
ly and  eternal  things,  know^n  only  to 
the  Son  of  man,  prefently  in  heaven 
as  to  his  divine  nature,  while  his  hu- 
man was  upon  earth  ?  He  informed 
him,  that  as  the  brazen  ferpent  was 
lifted  up  in  the  wildernefs,  for  the  ge- 
neral means  of  cure  to  the  ferpent- 
bitten  Hebrews,  fo  hitnfelf  Ihould  be 
quickly  '  lifted  up  on  the  crofs,  and  in 
the  gofpel,  for  the  falvation  of  all 
the  ends  of  the  earth  : — that  God,  in 
infinite  kindnefs,  had  given  him  to  be 
the  Saviour  of  the  world  : — that  who- 
foever  believed  on  him,  fhould  not  pe- 
rifh,  but  have  everlafting  life  ;  and 
whoever  believed  not,  fhould  be  damn- 
ed : — and  added,  that  the  reafon  why 
many  believed  not  his  inilrudions,  was 
becaufe  their  deeds  were  evil,  and  rea- 
dy to  be  difcovered  by  means  thereof, 
John  iii.  i. — 21.  After  this  confer- 
ence, we  hope  Nicodemus  was  a  real 
difciple  of  Jefus  Chrill,  and  attended 
his  miniftrations  as  he  had  opportuni- 
ty. When  afterwards  he  fat  in  the 
fanhedrim,  and  heard  the  members  ra- 
ging at  their  ofRcers  for  not  appre- 
hending our  Saviour,  and  deriding  the 
people  who  believed  on  him,  as  igno- 
rant and  accurfed,  he  aflced.  If  it  was 
according  to  the  law,  which  they  pre- 
tended to  know  fo  well,  to  condemn 
a  man  before  they  heard  him  ?  Thefe 
furious  bigots  afked  Nicodemus,  If  he 
too  was  a  Galilean  ?  and  bid  him  read 
Vql.  II. 


t    J 

lis  YMc, 


N  I  C 

and  he  would  find,  that  ne- 
:er  a  proplict  came  out  of  Galilee. — 
Poor  ignorants  !  both  Jonah  and  Na- 
huni  came  out  of  it. — When  our  Sa- 
viour'was  crucified,  Nicodemus  flill 
more  openly  avowed  himfelf  a  Chrif- 
tian,  and  alfified  Jofeph  of  Arimathea 
to  inter  the  facred  corpfe,  John  vii. 
45. — 52.  xix.  39.  40.  It  is  laid,  that 
wlien  the  other  members  of  the  fanhe- 
diim  he'ard  of  Nicodemus's  baptifm, 
they  depofed  him  from  his  office  of 
fenator,  and  excommunicated  him  from 
tlKMr  fynagogue ;  but  Gamaliel,  his  cou- 
fin,  took  him  to  his  country -houfe, 
where  he  hved  the  reft  of  his  time, 
and  was  honourably  buried  near  to  Ste- 
phen the  deacon.  A  fpurious  gofpel, 
called  by  fome.  The  Acls  of  Pilate, 
is  afcribed  to  Nicodemus  ;  but  it  is 
plainly  marked  with  forgery. 

NICOLAS,  one  of  the  firft  feven 
deacons  ;  he  was  a  native  of  Antioch, 
a  profelyte  to  the  Jewifh  religion,  and 
laftly,  a  convert  to  the  Chrillian  faith. 
He  was  much  diftinguifhed  for  hoii- 
nefs  and  zeal,  Acls  vi.  Whether  by 
fome  imprudent  or  finful  conduft,  he 
gave  any  occafion  to  the  rife  of  the 
abandoned  fed  of  the  Nicolaitans; 
or  whether  they,  knowing  his  fame 
for  fandlity,  fcreened  themfelves  under 
his  name  ;  or  whetlier  the  Nicolas  that 
founded  that  fetl  was  a  different  perfon, 
is  not  agreed.  Perhaps  this  fed  was 
a  part  of,  or  the  very  fame  with  the 
Gnoftics.  It  is  faid,  they  ufed  their 
women  in  common,  reckoned  adulte- 
ry, and  the  ufe  of  meats  offered  to 
idols,  indifferent  things  j  they  impu- 
ted their  wickednefs  to  God  as  the 
caufe  ;  they  held  a  multitude  of  fables 
concerning  the  generation  of  angels, 
and  the  creation  of  the  world  by  fubor- 
dinate  powers.  They  had  a  confider- 
able  fpread  in  Afia  for  a  time.  At 
Ephefus  they  were  detefted ;  but  at 
Pergamos  and  Tliyatira  they  were  fin- 
fully  tolerated  by  the  Chriftians,  Rev. 
ii.  It  does  not  appear  that  they  con- 
tinued long  under  the  name  of  Nico- 
laitans ;  but  perhaps  they  in  reality 
continued  under  the  charader  of 
Cuinites, 

C  c  NICO 


NIC  [     202     1         NIL 

NICOPOLIS  ;  a   city  where  Paul  the  one   abdut     25,  and  the  otiier  a- 

informs  Titus  he   determined  to  win-  bout   16  palms  or   handbreudths  deep; 

ter  ;  but  whether   it   was  Nicopohs  in  but  Thevenot  fays  it  fprings  from  one. 

Epirus,  on  the  Ambracian  gulf,  or  if  About   three    days   journey   from   its 

it  was   Nicopolis   in  Thracia,  on  the  fource,  this  river  is  pretty   wide,  and 
call  of  Macedonia,  and  near  the  river 


NefTus,  we  cannot  positively  determme, 
though  we  chiefly  incline  to  the 'latter, 
Tit.  iii.  12. 

NIGH.     See  near. 

NIGHT  ;  ( I.)  The  time  when  the 
fun  is  below  our  horizon,  Ex.  xii.  30. 
(2.)  The  time  of  heathenilh  ignorance 


pretty 
fufficient  to  bear  boats.  After  recei- 
ving a  river  called  Jama,  it  purfues 
its  courfe  wellward  about  90  miles  ; 
it  then  winds  to  the  eaft,  and  falls  in- 
to the  large  lake  of  Zaire  or  Dambea ; 
from  hence  it  winds  about  to  the 
fouth-eaft,  and  then  to  the  north-well, 
till  it  come  v.itliin  about  twenty  miles 


and  profanenefs,  in   which,  what   fpi-     of  its  fource.    It  then  runs  northward; 

not  without  feveral  v/iudings,  tul  at 
laft  it  falls  into  Egypt.  Perhaps,  a- 
bout  Sennar,  a  Ion?  way  fouth  of 
Egypt,  it  is  parted  into  two  branches, 
the  one  of  which  runs  weftward  thro' 
Africa,  and  is  called  the  Niger,  Ni- 
gir,  or   Senega   river,    and   the  other 


to 

12. 


riLLiai  darknefs,  danger,  floth,  and 
ilumbhng  into  fin  abound  !  Rom.  xiii. 
12.-  (3.)  Adverlity,  which,  as  night, 
is  perplexing,  pomfortlefs,  and  difa- 
rreeable  ;  or  the  ieafon  of  it,  If.  xxi. 
Song  V.  2.  (4.)  Death,  where- 
in w:  are  laid  afieep,  and  are  quite 
imattive,  John  ix.  4.  (5.)  The  fea- 
fon  m  which  any  ihmg  comes  fudden- 
]y  and  unexpettediy  upon  \is,  i  ThefT. 
\.  2.  If,  XV.  1.  Luke  xii.  20,  (6.) 
Th.-^  whole  time  of  jur  life  on  earth, 
duiino"  which,  -dark  ignorance,  dan- 
ger, and  fii)ful  ilumblmg,  much  ppe- 
vail,  Song  i.  13.  Rom.  xiii.  12.  (7.) 
A  very  fnort  while,  Pfai.  xxx.  6.  Tlie 
Jay  is  made  darh  au'ulj  night ;  the  fun 
goes  down  at  noon ;  and  the  earth  is 
darkened  in  the  clear  day  ;  night  is  unto 
'itien,  and  the  day  dark  over  the  prophets, 
when  all  of  a  ludden  profperity  is 
turned  into  inifery,  and  eVen  teachers 
are  under  the  power  of  delunon,  or 
itre  fo  perplexed  that  they  know  not 
%vhat  to  think  or  fay,  Amos  v.  8.  viii. 
<).  Mic.  iii.  6.  There  ihall  be  no  night 
in  the  new  Jerafalem  ;  during  the  Mil- 
lennium there  fhall  not  be  fuch  igno- 
rance, diftrefs,  or  wickedneis  in  the 
church,  as  at  prefent  ;  and  \n  heaven, 
there  ihall  be  po  ignorance,  no  fm  or 
iliilrefs.  Rev.  jtxj.  25.  .  By  night  ou 
viy  led  I  fought  him  ivhom  my  foul  lo- 
weih :  amidil:  diilref?,  ignorance,  and 
lloth,  I  fought  to  have  fcllowfiiip  with 
iiim,   Sono;  iii.  i. 


runs  northward  through  Egypt,  and 
is  called  the  Nile,  i.  e.  Nahaly  or  Ncel 
river,  and  called  the  Sihor,  or  Shihor, 
for  its"  llacknefs,  by  reafon  of  the 
black  m.ud  which  it  carries  along  with 
it  ;  and  the  ri'ver  of  Egypt,  as  there  is 
none  elfe  in  that  country  that  deferves 
the  name.  It  hath  feven  remarkable 
falls,  or  catara£ls.  At  one  of  them 
the  water  fulls  as  a  white  Iheet  from  a 
rock  200  feet  high,  and  with  fuch 
violence,  that  it  makes  an  arch,  lea- 
ving a  broad  way  for  travellers  to  pafs 
below  at  the  bottom  of  the  rock,  with- 
out, being  wet,  and  with  a  noife  loud- 
er than  thunder,  which  is  he^rd  at  the 
dillance  of  9  or  10  miles.  Though 
it  luns  about  1500  miles,  and  receives 
a  great  many  rivers,  efpecially  before 
it  enter  Egypt,  its  llream  on  ordinary 
occailons,  is  not  fo  great  as  might  be 
expected.  Villamont  indeed  fays  its 
width  at  Cairo  is  about  three  miles  ; 
but  others,  of  no  lefs  credit,  make  it 
much  lefs.  About  60  or  80  miles  be- 
fore it  fall  into  the  Mediterranean  fca, 
it  divides  into  two  ftreams,  which 
leave  the  Delta  between  them  ;  and 
thefe  two  currents  divide   into  others. 


NIIiE  ;  SiHOR  ;  the  ijoted  river  of  It  appears  from  the  fcripture  and  an- 
Egypt.  It  has  its  fource  in  Upper  cient  writers.,  that  it  then  had  feven 
Ethiopia.  Father  Pars  fays,  it  fprings  llreams.  If,  xL  15.  How  many  are 
iiom  two  wells  about  20  pacet?  diiUut,     i^t  prefent,  is   not  agreed  \  fome  have 

reckoned 


NIL         [     203    ]  N  I  M 

i^ckoned  nine,  others  eleven,  others  fwlne,  which  they  allow  to  ran^e  n* 
fourteen  ;  but  it  feems  there  are  but  mdng  it,  or  covered  by  other  like  care- 
four^  or  rather  three,  of  any  account,  lefs  methods,  brings  forth  a  plentiful 
•viz.  the  Pelufiac  on  the  eait,  the  Ca-  crop.  The  water  of  the  wells  digged 
nopic  on  the  weft,  and  the  Pathmetic  in  Egypt  is  very  unpleafant  and  mi- 
in  the  middle.  In  the  end  of  June,  wholeiome  ;  but  that  of  the  Nile, 
July,  and  Auguft,  the  exceflive  rains  though  thick  and  muddy,  is,  when 
in  Abyffinia  cuufe  an  annual  fwell  of  purified  by  filtration,  the  moft  delici- 
this  river  till  it  overflow  the  country. 
In  Auguft,  twenty  miles  on  cither  lide 
are  covered  with  water,  and  nothing 
feen  except  the  houfes  and  trees  ;  but 
travellers  do  not  agree  in  the  height 
of  its  rife.  It  is  certain,  that,  as  the 
foil  is  now  much  higher,  by  the  year- 
ly increafe  of  mud,  perhaps  at  the  rate 
of  a  foot  in  1 00  years,  according  to 
Shaw,  it  requires  a  much  higher  riie 
to  fcrtilife  the  counti-y  than  it  did  of 
old.  Some  travellers  will  have  the  rife 
of  29  feet  perpendicular  to  be  beft  ; 
but  others  v/ill  have  one  about  36  or 
40  feet  to  be  the  beft,  which  laft,  I 
iuppofe,  comes  neareit  the  truth.  If 
the  rife  of  the  water  be  too  fmall,  the 
country  is   not  duly  fattened  with  the 


ous  in  the  world,  and  is  fo  falutar)',  as 
never  to  hurt  the  drinker^  though  taken 
in  great  quantities.  Li  the  month  of 
June,  when  the  river  begins  to  overflow, 
the  water  turns  reddiih  or  green,  and  is 
very  unwholeibme,  and  violently  pur- 
gative ;  and  therefore  the  Egyptian?, 
for  about  20,  3c,  or  40  days,  drink." 
of  that  which  tiity  had  preferved  in  cif- 
terns  under  their  hoiifes  and  mofques. 

NIMRAH,  or  BETH-KIMRAH,  a  CI- 

es,  fomcwhere   about 
r'ver   Ariion,   Numb- 


ty  of  tiie    Gad 
the  head  of  the 

xxxii.  3.  36.  If  Njmrim' flood  where 
Jerome  places  Benamerium,  near  the 
Dead  fea,  and  a  little  north-eaft  of 
Zoar,  it  muft  have  been  a  different 
place  from  Nlmrah.  Tliefe  places  fecm 
mud.  if  its  rife  be  too  great,  it  deluges     to  have  had  their  names  from  the  plen- 


the  country,  and  it  goes  off  too  late  for 
the  fowing  of  the  feed.  The  overflow 
is  lefs  remarkable  in  Lower  Egypt, 
than  in  the  fouthern  part  of  that  king- 
dom, perhaps  on  account  of  the  mul- 
titudes of  ditches  and  canals,  and  part- 
ly becaufe  there  is  lefs  need  of  it,  on 
account  of  the  frequent  rains.  In  Up- 
per Egypt,  where  they  have  almoft 
no  rain,  they  retain  the  water  in  large 
cifterns  or  canals,  that  they  may  there- 


ty  of  leopards  aibout  them.  The  iva^ 
ters  of  Nimrhn  ivere  defolatei  when  the 
fifhers  therein,  or  the  inhabitants  on. 
the  banks  thereof,  were  cut  off,  or 
carried  into  captivity,  by  the  Aifyri- 
ans  and  Chaldeans,  If.  xv.  6.  Jer. 
xlviii.  34. 

NIMROD,  the  fon  of  CuHi.  He 
was  a  mighty  hunter  before  the  Lord ; 
and  either  rendering  himfelf  ufeful  by 
the   killing  of  wild   beafts,  or  by  vio- 


with  laboriouriy  water  their  fields  at  lent  opprelhng  of  his  neighbours,  he 
pleafure.  To  prevent  excelTive  inunda-  procured  himfelf  a  kingdom.  He  firft 
tions  of  the  country,  they  digged  the 
immenfe  lake  of  Mseris  ;  and.  from  it 
ihey  water  the  country  on  proper  occa- 
fions  ;  and  other  lakes  are  formed  of 
the  waters  of  the  Nile,  for  the  defence 
of  the  countiy  fi'om  the  Arabs,  and 
other  ravagers  or  enemies.  They  too 
employ  about  200,000  oxen  in  drawing 
water  out  of  deep  pits  and  wells,  to 
water  their  fields  and  gardens.  After 
the  waters  of  the  Nile  are  withdrawn, 
the  Egyptians,  in  October  and  Novem- 
ber, fow  their  feed  among  the  mud, 
which  being  trampled  down   by    the 


fet  up  for  king  at  Babylon,  and  then 
extended  his  dominion  to  Erech,  Ac- 
cad,  and  Calneh,  in  the  land  of  Shi- 
nar.  He  was,  no  doubt,  a  mighty 
promoter  of  the  building  of  Babel  ; 
and  it  feems  his  tyranny  had  obliged 
Afliur,  the  fon  of  Shem,  to  leave  the 
country,  and  retire  eallward  to  the 
other  fide  of  the  liiddekel  or  Tigris. 
There  is  no  proper  evidence  that  Nim- 
rod  was  the  Ninus  who  founded  xN^ine- 
veh,  though  he  may  be  one  ot  the 
Bclufes  concerned  in  the  building  of 
C  c  2  Babylon, 


N  I 

Babylon-     Part  of 

up  in  fable  is  contained  in  the  Grecian 

liiilory  of  Bacchus,   Gen.  x.  8. — il. 

NINEVEH  ;  the  capital  of  Affy- 
ria,  and  built  by  Aibur  the  fon  of  Shem, 
Gen.  X.  II.  Without  doubt  Nineveh 
was  built  on  the  bank  of  the  river  Ti- 
gris ;  but  whether  on  the  wellern  or 
eaftern  is  not  agreed.  We  fuppofe  it 
Hood  on  the  eallern,  almoft  oppofite  to 
the  prefent  Moful.  It  was  one  of  the 
largefl  cities  in  the  world.  In  Jonah's 
time  it  was  a  city  of  three  days  jour- 
ney about,  or  would  require  him  three 
days  to  go  through  it,  proclaiming  its 
overthrow.  It  then  had  above  120,000 
infants  in  it,  \yhom  we  cannot  fuppofe 
above  the  8th  or  loth  part  of  the  in- 
habitants. Diodorus  fays,  it  was  60 
miles  in  circumference  ;  and  Strabo  fays 
it  was  larger  than  Babylon.  Its  wall 
was  200  icet  high,  and  fo  thick,  that 
three  chariots  a-breail:  might  have  been 
driven  along  the  top.  On  the  wall 
■were  built  1500  towers,  each  200  feet 
higher  than  the  wall.  This  city  was 
early  \Grj  noted  for  wealth,  idolatry, 
and  whoredom.  When  Jonah  the  pro- 
phet, about  y^.  jl/.  3142,  warned  the 
inhabitants,  that  if  they  did  not  repent 
they  /hould  be  deftroyed  within  40 
days,  they  were  mightily  affected  :  a 
fall  of  three  days  both  for  man  and 
bead  was  appoiR^ed,  and  they  cried 
preventing  of 
fheir  prayers, 
uin.    Seme  fay 


jnightily  to  God  for  th; 
this  llroke.  He  he.) id 
and  long  delayed  their  1 
it  was  defcroyed  about  an  hundred  years 
after  Jonah,  under  Sardanapalus,  or 
Sardan-pul ;  but,  for  the  reafons  given 
in  the  article  Assyria,  we  cannot  be- 
lieve it ;  and  the  rather,  that  the  fcrip- 
ture  exprefsly  declares,  that  Nineveh's 
ruin  would  be  fo  complete  as  to  need 
no  repetition.  The  kings  of  Affyria 
had  collected  into  it  the  moft  of  the 
Avealth  of  the  eail,  Nah.  ii.  g.  12.  Na- 
hum  defcribes  the  ruin  of  Nineveh  in 
the  moft  graphical  manner,  that  the 
rivers  (hould  break  through  the  v/?dls, 
chap.  i.  S.  ii.  6.  taat  their  trocps  and 
inhabitants  fliould  be  quite  difpirited, 
chap.  iii.  13.  and  feized  in  their  drunk- 
unefs,  chiip.  I.  lo»  iii.  11.  18.  ;  their 


N  [     204    ]  NIT 

his  hiftcry  drefled  allies  fliould  defert  them,  or  their  mer- 
chants forfake  the  city,  chap.  iii.  16. ; 
and  their  ov/n  oincers,  through  drunk- 
ennefs  or  flupidity,  defert  their  ftation, 
chap.  iii.  17.  ;  and  the  Medes  and  Chal- 
deans ride  with  torches  through  the 
city  in  the  night,  chap.  ii.  3.  4.  The 
Medes  and  Perfians  had  feveral  times 
laid  fiege  to  this  city,  and  were  divert- ' 
cd  by  various  accidents  ;  but  after  the 
mafiacre  of  the  Tartars  in  Media,  they' 
repeated  the  fiege,  Cyaxares  and  Ne- 
buchadnezzar being  the  commanders* 
After  they  had  lain  before  it  three 
years,  the  river  Tigris  or  Lycus,  ex- 
ceedingly fwollen,  broke  down  two 
'  miles  and  a  half  of  the  wall.  When- 
ever the  waters  afluagcd,  the  befiegers 
ruflied  into  the  city,  and  murdered  the 
inhabitants,  who  lay  buried  in  their 
drunkennefs,  occafioned  by  an  advan- 
tage which  they  had  juft  before  gained 
over  the  enemy.  W^hen  the  king,  whofe 
name  we  fuppofe  was  Sardanapalus, 
heard  the  city  was  taken,  he  ibut  up 
himfelf  and  his  family,  and  wealth,  it 
is-  faid  to  the  value  of  about  25,000 
millions  Sterling,  in  the  palace,  and 
then  fet  iire  to  it,  and  dellroyed  all 
that  was  in  it.  It  is  faid  it  was  15 
days  before  the  flames  were  "quenched. 
This  happened  about  1^.  M.  3403. 
This  city  Vv^as  never  rebuilt  ;  but  ano- 
ther Niueveh  or  Ninus  was  built  near 
it,  which  continued  till  the  firft  ages 
of  Chriftianity  ;  but  at  prefent  there  is 
fcarce  a  veftige  to  be  difcerned  either 
of  the  one  or  the  other,  Nah.  i.  ii.  iii. 
Zeph.  ii.  13. — 15. 

^  NISROCH  ;  an  idol  of  the  Affy- 
rians.  What  he  was,  or  how  repre- 
fented,  is  hard  to  determine.  Perhaps 
Vitringa  is  in  the  right,  who  thinks 
he  was  Belus,  worfhipped  under  the 
habit  of  a  Mars  or  god  of  war,  2  Kings 
xix.  37. 

NITRE  ;  that  which  we  now  call 
icy  is  faltpetre,  a  well  known  fubftance, 
whitifh  in  colour,  and  of  a  fharp  bit- 
terifh  tafle.  In  its  crude  ftate,  it  feems 
to  have  no  acidity  at  all,  but  affords 
an  acid  fpirit,  capable  of  dilfolving  al- 
moft any  fubftance.  Saltpetre  is  natu- 
rally blended  with  particles  of  earth. 


N  O 


as  the  ore  thereof.  Nay,  any  kind  of 
eardi  well  molflened  by  the  dung  or 
urine  of  animals,  will  yield  it  in  confi- 
derable  quantities.  The  nitre  of  _  the 
ancients  feems  to  have  been  quite  dif- 
ferent frdm  ours,  being  a  genuine,  na- 
tive, and  pure  fait,  and  a  fixed  alkali, 
and  being  diffolved  in  vinegar,  waflied 
out  fpots  from  peoples  cloaths  or  (Icin. 
There  vv^ere  mines  of  it  fouthward  of 
Memphis  in  Egypt,  Prov.  xxv.  20. 
Though  thou  ivajh  thee  nvitb  nitrey  and 
take  thee  much  Joap,  th'me  hnquity  is  mark • 
ed  before  me  :  thy  guilt  is  fo  great,  thc\t 
no  pretences  to  reformation  can  turn' 
away  thy  puniihinent,  Jer.  !i.  22. 

NO,  a  populoj-i  city  of  Egypt  ;  but 
where,  is,  not  agreed.  It  ccv.-d  not 
be  Alexandria,  as  th'-.t  was  not  built 
when  No  was  ruined.  Calmet  will  have 
it  to  be  Diofpolis,  in  the  Delta,  which 
had  Buliris  on  the  fouth,  and  Mende- 
fium  on  the  north.  But  we  can  fee  no 
reafon  why  this  fhould  be  called  popu- 
lous in  'an  eminent  degree.  Vitringa 
inclines  to  think  it  Noph  or  Memphis  ; 
but  we  rather  think  it  was  Thebes  or 
Diofpolis,  which  is  much  the  fame  as 
No-ammon,  the  habitation  of  Jiipiter- 
ainmouy  as  that  idol  had  a  famous  temple 
here.  It  was  the  capital  of  Upper 
Egypt,  and  was  built  chiefly  on  the 
eail  of  the  Nile.  In  its  glory,  it  is 
faid  to  have  had  an  hundred  gates,  each 
capable  to  ifTue  forth  20,000  men,  and 
that  700,000  foldiers  had  their  refi- 
dence  in  it ;  but  thefe  accounts  are  too 
pompous  to  be  credible.  It  is  certain 
that  it  was  verj-  populous,  and  No-am- 
mon  may  fignify  the  diuelling  of  multitudes. 
Under  Sennacherib,  or  his  fon,  the  Af- 
fyrians  took  Thebes,  and  reduced  it  to 
a  defolation,  while  Egypt  and  Ethio- 
pia were  under  one  king,  Nah.  iii.  8. 
— 10.  It  was  rebuilt ;  but  Cambyfes 
the  Perfian  deftroyed  it,  when  it  was 
about  52  miles  in  circumference,  or, 
as  fome  fay,  in  length.  The  wealth 
they  found  in  it  was  immenfe.  It  was 
again  rebuilt,  but  far  lefs  in  extent, 
and  was  deftroyed  by  Cornelius  Gallus 
the  Roman  general.  The  ruins  of  the 
four  noted  temples  that  were  here,  were 
lon^  very  difcernible,  if  they  are  not  fo 


[    205    ]        N  O  A 


Hill.  The  city  Said,  or  perhaps  Lux- 
xor,  is  built  near  to  where  the  ancient 
Thebes  i^ood. 

NOAH,  Noe  ;  the  fon  of  that  La- 
mech'that  was  defcended  of  Seth.  He 
was  the  ninth  in  defcent  from  Adam, 
and  it  feems  the  eighth  preacher  of  righ- 
teoufnefsy  2  Pet.  ii.  5.  At  his  birth, 
his  father  Lamech  exprelTed  his  hopes 
that  he  would  be  \  fignal  comfort  ta 
him  and  his  family,  and  fo  gave  him  a 
name  fignifying  rejl  and  comfort.  la 
his  time  wickednefs  univerfally  prevail- 
ed.. Noah  not  only  walked  pioufly 
himfclf,  but  admonifhed  his  neighbours 
to  do  fo;  To  reward  his  ttri6l  piety 
amid  fo  many  temptations  to  the  con- 
trary, God  preferved  him  and  his  fa- 
mily from  the  univerfal  deluge.  >  To 
efi'edTt  this,  he,  at  God's  direction,  built 
an  ark  fufficient  to  accommodate  him, 
and  a  fample  of  all  the  animals  that 
could  not  live  in  the  water.  Perhaps 
he  fpent  120  years  in  building  it,  that 
the  corrupt  antediluvians  might  have 
the  more  time  to  repent  of  their  fms, 
ere  the  flood  fliould  be  fent.  In  A.  M» 
1656,  and  when  Noah  was  600  years 
of  age,  he,  his  wife,  and  his  three  fons, 
Shem,  Ham,  and  Japheth,  and  their 
wives,  and  feven  pair  of  all  clean  ani- 
mals, male  and  female,  and  two  pair 
of  unclean  animals,  entered  the  ark, 
and  were  fhut  up  in  it  by  the  I^ord. 
When  Noah,  alnioft  a  year  after,  found 
that  the  waters  were  mightily  decrea- 
fed,  he  fent  out  a  raven  to  fee  if  the 
earth  was  dry.  It  lived  on  the  float- 
ing carrion,  and  never  returned  to  him. 
He  next  fent  a  dove,  which  finding  no 
dry  place  to  refl:  on,  returned,  and  Noali 
put  out  his  hand,  and  brought  her  in- 
to the  ark  :  after  feven  days,  he  fent 
her  out  a  fecond  time,  and  flie  return- 
ed with  a  frefli  olive-leaf  in  her  mouth. 
When  he  fent  her  out  a  third  time,  flic 
returned  not.  After  he  and  his  fami- 
ly, and  the  other  animals,  had  lodged 
a  year  and  ten  days  in  the  ark,  they 
caire  out.  Noah  ofl?ered  a  facrifice  of 
thankfgiving  for  his  prefervation,  and 
the  Lord  accepted  it,  and  promifed, 
that  no  wickednefs  of  men  fliould  here- 
after  provoke  him  to  deftroy  the  earth, 

or 


N  O  A 


[ 


©r  animals  thereof,  or  to  deny  the  re- 
gular return  of  tlie  feafons.  The  Lord 
alfo  charged  Noah  and  his  fons  to  mul- 
tiply and  rcplenifh  the  earth  ;  he  ai- 
k)wed  them  to  eat  the  flefh  of  clean 
animals,  providing  they  did  not  eat 
them  with  tlie  blood,  raw,  in  the  man- 
ner of  bcafts,  or  having  the  blood  run 
through  the  flefh  ;  and  he  ordered  that 
every  murderer  of  men  Ihould  be  put 
to  death.  To  mark  the  eltablifhment 
of  his  covenant  for  the  prefervation  of 
the  world,  he  promifed  to  fet  his  rain- 
bow in  the  cloud,  in  wet  weather,  as 
a  token  the  waters  fhould  no  more  co- 
ver the  earth.  Soon  after  the  flood, 
Noah  commenced  an  hulbandman,  and 
cultivated  the  vine  ;  and  it  feems,  in- 
fenfible  of  the  intoxicating  virtue  there- 
of, took  of  the  wine,  till  he  was  drunk, 
and  lay  uncovered  in  his  tent.  Ham 
his  younger  fon,  perhaps  informed  by 
Canaan,  went  and  law  him  in  this  con- 
dition ;  and  in  a  fportive  manner  told 
his  two  brethren  tliereof.  They  took 
a  mantle,  and  going  backward,  that 
they  might  not  behold  their  fathers 
Ihame,  fprcad  it  over  him.  When  Noah 
awakened,  and  was  quite  fober,  he,  un- 
derllanding  the  behaviour  of  his  fons, 
and  iiiipired  of  God,  denounced  a  curfe 
(rf  fervitude  upon  the  poll'erity  of  Ham, 
chiefly  the  defcendants  of  Canaan. 
Thefe  he  ]predi6led  fhould  be  Haves  to 
the  offspring  of  the  two  brothers  who 
had  covered  him  ;  and  be  opprefled  by 
the  Hebrews,  Affyrians,  Chaldeans, 
Perfians,  Saracens,  and  bv  the  Greeks, 
Romans,  Vandals,  and  Turks  :  that 
of  Shem^s  pofterity  fhould  be  early 
and  long  the  peculiar  churcli  of  God, 
and  the  Mehiah  proceed  ;  and  that 
the  poilerity  of  Japheth  fliould  be  ex- 
ceeding numerous,  and  at  lail  feize  on 
the  territories  of  Shem,  and  enter  into 
a  ftate  of  church-fellowfhip  with  God. 
At  laft:  he  died,  aged  950  years,  a 
little  before  the  birth  of  Abraham. 

Whether  Noah  confented  to  the 
building  of  Babel,  or  whether,  before 
his  death,  he  afTigned  to  his  tliree  fons 
tli^:ir  different  fliares  of  the  then  known 
World,  we  know  not.  Nor  after  pe- 
rufial  -pf  the  argument^  on  both  fides, 


06   1       NOB 

dare  we  fay,  but  after  the  building  of 
Babel,  he  might  have  1-emoved  eafhvard 
to  China,  and  been  their  Fohi,  or 
founder  of  that  kingdom,  though  we 
cannot  apprehend  the  arguments  of 
Shuckford  and  others,  in  favour  of  this 
journey,  to  be  really  conclufive.  It  is 
faid  that  Noah  is  the  Saturn,  or  old 
god  of  the  Heathen  ;  and  that  Ham 
is  their  Jupiter,  god  of  heaven  ;  Ja- 
pheth their  Neptune,  or  god  of  the 
fca  ;  and  Shem,  Pluto,  or  god  of  hell. 
Perhaps  their  Ouranus  or  Coelus,  their 
Ogyges,  Deucahon,  Janus,  Proteus, 
Prometheus,  Iffc,  are  no  other  than 
Noah  dreffed  up  in  fable. 

Did  not  this  patriarch  prefigure  our 
Jefus  !  His  name  is  a  bed  of  reft,  and 
lource  of  confolation.  Amidfl  a  crook- 
ed and  perv'erfc  generation  he  was  fm- 
gularly  upright  and  holy,  and  preach- 
ed righteoufnefs  in  the  great  congre- 
gation. Through  him,  how  the  pa- 
tience of  God  is  difplayed  towards  men ! 
By  him  the  ark  of  the  church  is  gra- 
dually reared,  and  in  it,  and  chiefly  in 
himfelf,  are  his  chofen  few,  Jews  or 
Gentiles,  faved  from  eternal  ruin.  His 
fweet-fmeUing  facrifice  removes  the 
curfe  and  vengeance  of  God.  With 
him  and  his  feed  is  the  new  covenant 
efl:abHfhed,  and  on  them  is  the  true 
heirfhip  of  all  things  befliowed.  As  by 
him,  the  church,  the  vineyard- of  the 
Lord  of  hofls,  is  planted  and  cultiva- 
ted, the  future  flate  of  his  profeffed 
feed  is  declared  in  his  facred  teftaments. 
Such  as  defpife  him,  and  turn  his  grace 
into  licentioufnefs,  or  the  infirmities  of 
the  faints  into  ndicule,  he  condemns  to 
endlefs  flavery  and  wo  ;  fuch  as  love 
his  perfon,  and  hide  the  infirmities  of  his 
faints,  he  bleffes  with  high  advancement, 
and  delightful  fellowfhip  with  God. 

NOB  ;  a  fmall  city  not  far  from  Je- 
rufalem.  Plere  the  tabernacle  for  fome 
time  continued.  Here  Doeg,  by  Saul's 
order,  murdered  all  the  families  of  the 
84  priefls  who  were  (lain  with  Abime- 
lech,  I  Sam.  xxii.  Here  Sennacherib 
halted  in  his  march  to  the  fiegc  of  Je- 
rufalem.  If.  x.  32.  The  children  of 
Benjamin  dwelt  here  after  the  capti- 
vity, Neh.  xi.  32, 

NOBLE ; 


NOB         [2 

NOBLE;  (i.)  Of  a  very  honour- 
al)le  and  high  birth  or  ilation,  Nch. 
vi.  17.  A6ls  xxiv.  3.  (2.)  Of  a  very 
commendable  and  excellent  dirpolition, 
fo  as  to  receive  nothing  in  religion,  but 
as  founded  in  the  word  of  God,  Ads 
j^vii.  II.  (3.)  Of  the  befl  kind,  Jer. 
iii.  21.  Chrill  is  a  noble  man  ;  a  noble 
governor,  that  proceeded  from  among 
the  Jews.  How  divine  his  generation, 
as  the  Son  of  God  !  how  royal  his  de- 
fcent,  as  man  !  how  high  and  honoured 
I\is  office,  as  our  Mediator,  Prince,  and 
King  !    Luke  xix.  12.    Jer.  xxx.  21. 

NOISE  ;  the  thunder  that  roar^ 
above  us  in  the  air  or  heaven,  is  call- 
t:d  the  no'ife  of  God's  tabernflcle^  Job 
xxxvi.  29. 

NOON;  (i.)  The  middle  of  the 
day,  when  the  fun  is  at  its  highell  in 
our  hcmifphere,  and  his  heat  and  light 
about  their  ftrongelt,  Pfal.  Iv.  17.  As 
in  the  hot  months  it  is  difagrecable  to 
labour  from  eleven  to  three  o'clock  af- 
ternoon, the  Arabs  and  others  often 
fleep  in  their  beds  during  that  time, 
2  Sam.  iv.  5.-7.  (2.)  A  time  of 
clear  Hght,  Job  v.  14.  So  to  fliine  as 
the  noon-day y  is  to  appear  in  a  clear  and 
glorious  manner,  Pfal.  xxxyii,  6.  To 
walle,  war,  fpoil,  at  noon^  is  to  do  it 
fearlefsly  and  fuddenly,  after  great  pro- 
fperity,  Pfal.  xci.  6.  Jer.  vi.  4.  xv.  8. 
Zeph.  ii.  4.  A  time  of  profperity  is 
called  noon^  bccaufe  of  jts  glor}',  plea- 
fantnefs,  and  brightnefs  ;  how  men  de- 
light to  enjoy  it !  how  pleafed  with  the 
fliining  fmiles  of  Providence  !  and  yet, 
how  common  a  prefage  of  an  approach- 
ing night  of  advei-fity  !  Amos  viii.  9. 
If.  Iviii.  10.  A  time  of  afflidlion,  pcr- 
fecution,  or  temptation,  is  called  noon^ 
becaufe  men  are  diiirefled  with  tlie 
fcorchiiig  htat  of  Providfnce,jffry //vWj-, 
'dndfory  darts  oi  Satan,  If.  xvi.  3.  Song 
i.  8. 

NOPPI.      See  Memphis. 

NOKTPI  and  South  are  reprefent' 
cd  relatively  to  Canaan  ;  or  the  way  of 
entrance  to  it ;  or  to  fome  other  place 
fpoken  of  in  the  text :  fo  Syria  was 
north  from  Canaan,  and  Egypt  wcisfouth 
of  it,  Dan.  xi.  i. — 43.  Alfyria  and 
Babylon  were  north  of  Judea^,  either  in 


07     ]  NO 

fituatlon,  or  that  their  armies  invaded 
Canaan  from  the  north,  Jer.  iii.  12. 
vi.  1.  and  Media  lay  north-tajl  of  Ba- 
bylon, Jer.  1.  3.  The  north  of  Europe, 
and  north-taj}  of  Tartary,  are  north  of 
the  Ottoman  Turks,  Dan.  xi.  44.  Tlie 
one  ra'ifcd  from  the  north  to  be  a  mighty 
conqueror,  is  either  Nebuchadnezzar, 
or  rather  Cyrus  ;  or  Conilantine  the 
Great,  who  was  raifed  from  Britain  to 
deliver  the  Chridign  church,  If.  xli.  25. 
I  will  fay  to  the  norths  Give  up  ;  and 
to  the  font h.  Keep  not  back  ;  bring  my 
fons  from  afar,  and  my  daughters  from 
the  ends  of  the  earth.  I  will  bring  the 
Hebrews  from  all  the  countries,  whe- 
ther north  or  fouth  of  Canaan,  and 
fettle  them  in  their  own  land  ;  and  from 
countries  on  both  .  fides  of  Canaan,  as 
from  LefTer  Alia,  Europe,  and  Tar- 
tar}', life,  on  the  north,  and  from  Egypt 
and  Abyffinia,  i^c.  on  the  fovth,  (hall 
multitudes  be  converted  to  Cbrift,  If. 
xliii.  6.  Perhaps  E/.ckiel's  vifionary 
chambers  on  the  norths  may  refpedl  the 
Protellant  churclies.  in  Europe  and 
North  America,  E/ek.  xlii.  i.  ii.  13. 
The  order  to  go  out  by  the  fouth  gate, 
if  entering  by  the  north  gate  ;  and  to 
go  out  at  the  north  gate,  if  entering 
by  the  fouth  gate  ;  may  import,  that 
Chriflians  fliould  go  ftraight  forward  in 
their  courfe  of  holinefs,  whether  they 
meet  with  profperity  or  adverfity  there- 
in,  Ezek.  xlvi.  9. 

NOSE,  NOSTRILS.  The  eallern 
women  commonly  wear  rings  in  their 
nofe.  Thofe  of  high  rank  have  them 
of  gold,  adorned  with  a  pearl  or  ruby/ 
on  each  fide  of  the  noiiril.  Thofe  of 
low  degree  have  them,  as  well  as  their 
ear-rings,  of  other  metal,  or  of  wood 
or  horn,  If.  iii.  21.  Eztk.  xvi.  12, 
Prov.  xi.  22.  Camels  and  oxen  were 
managed  by  iron  rings  in  their  noflrils, 
and  thereto  the  allufion  is  made,  2  Kings 
xix.  28.  As  the  Hebrews  placed  an- 
ger in  the  nofe,  and  the  fame  word  fig- 
nified  both  ;  nofe  and  nrflrih  afcribed  to 
God,  denote  his  difcernment  of  provo- 
cation, and  his  wrath  to  be  executed 
on  account  thereof.  If.  Ixv.  5.  Exod, 
XV.  8.    Pfal.  xviii.  8. 


NO,    NOT, 


fiffnifiee   denial. 

^        (-) 


NOT        [     20 

(i.)  Sometimes  it  imports  it  abfolute- 
ly,  i.  e,  not  at  all,  in  any  refpeck  or 
circumilance,  Exod.  xx.  3. — 17.  (2.) 
Sometimes  it  imports  a  conditional  de- 
nial ;  thofe  that  are  guilty  of  envy, 
murder,  £5V.  fhall  not  inherit  the  king- 
dom of  God,  i.  e.  unlcfs  they  repent  of 
their  fin,  Gal.  v.  21.  Pharaoh  did  not 
let  the  Hebrews  go,  no  not  by  a  Jirong 
hand  ;  no  not,  unlefs  conftrained  thereto 
by  the  mighty  and  de{lru£^ive  plagues 
of  God  :  or,  perhaps,  no  not  after  fome 
plagues  inflidled  on  his  kingdom,  Exod. 
fv.  19.  (3.)  Sometim.es  it  imports  a 
comparative  denial.  Chriil:  feat  me,  not 
to  baptize,  that  is,  not  chiefly  to  bap- 
tize, but  to  preach  the  gofpel,  i  Cor. 
i.  1 7.  I  defired  mercy,  and  not  facri- 
ficc,  /.  e.  mercifulnefs  in  temper  and 
behaviour,  rather  nhan  facrifice,  Hof. 
vi.  6.  Matth.  xii.  7.  I  came  not  to 
fend  peace,  but  a  fvvord :  perfecution 
and  divifion,  efpecially  to  the  Jews, 
rather  than  carnal  peace  and  profperi- 
ty,  are  the  confequents  of  my  coming' 
in  the  flefli,  Matth.  x.  34.  Luke  xii. 
51.  When  NOT  is  in  precepts  or  pro- 
mifes,  it  is  ordinarily  to  be  underllood 
as  importing  the  contrary  of  what  is 
prohibited  or  forbidden.  Thus,  when 
God  faith,  Thou  ihalt  not  kill,  it  means 
that  we  fhould  not  merely  abftain  from 
killing,  but  fhould  ufe  all  lawful  en- 
deavours to  preferve  and  promote  our 
own  life,  temporal,  fpiritual,  and  eter- 
nal, and  that  of  others,  Exod.  xx.  1 3. 
Or  when  he  promifeth,  I  will  not  fail 
thee  nor  forfake  thee,  it  means,  I  will 
abide  with,  and  encourage, and  flrength- 
cn  thee,  Joih.  i.  5.  God  defired  not 
facrifices  or  offerings,  in  order  to  me- 
rit, or  in  the  cafe  of  capital  crimes, 
Plal.  xl.  5.   li.  16. 

NOTABLE,  or  of  note;  very 
remarkable  ;  more  than  ordinary,  Dan. 
viii.  5-    Rom.  xvi.  7. 

NOTHING,  nought;  (i.)  Not 
any  thing  at  all.  Gen.  xix.  8.  (2.) 
Por  no  good  purpofe  or  end,  Matth, 
T.  1*3.  (3.)  No  works  truly  good  and 
acceptable  to  God,  John  xv.  5.  (4.) 
Of  no  binding  force,  Matth.  xxiii.  i6. 
18.  (5.)  Entirely  falfe,  and  without 
ground,  Acis  xxi.  24.     (6.)  No  other 


8     ]        N.U  M 

means,  Mark  ix.  29.  (7.)  No  reward 
or  wages,  3  John  7.  (8.)  No  new 
dodrine  relative  to  mens  falv'ation  ;  no 
new  knowledge  or  authority.  Gal.  ii.  6. 
(9.)  No  guilt  or  corruption  to  work 
upon,  John  xiv.  30.  Nothing  is  fome- 
times  taken  comparati\-cly :  thus  our 
age  is  nothing  before  God,  bears  no  pro- 
portion to  his  eternal  duration,  Pfal. 
xxxiy.  5.  All  nations  are  nothings  and 
lefs  than  nothing,  and  vanity  ;  bear  no 
proportion  to  his  unbounded  excellency 
and  greatnefs,  If.  xl.  17.  Sometimes 
it  is  taken  relatively  :  fo  Paul  was  no- 
thing valuable  in  his  own  eftimation  of 
himfelf,  2  Cor.  xii.  11.  Circumcifion, 
or  uncircumcifion,  is  nothing  ;  is  of  no 
avail  to  render  us  accepted  before  God, 
I  Cor.  vii.  19.  To  come  to  nought,  is 
to  be  ruined,  turn  out  to  no  good  pur- 
pofe. Job  viii.  22.  If.  viii.  10.  To 
bring  to  nought,  is  to  render  unfuccefs- 
ful,  bafe,  and  contemptible,  Pfal.  xxxiii. 
10.  I  Cor.  i.  28.  'To  fet  at  nought,  is 
to  undervalue,  defpife,  Prov.  i.  25. 

NOVICE  ;  one  newly  planted  in  the 
church  ;  one  newly  converted  to  the 
Chriflian  faith.  Such  an  one  was  not 
to  be  made  a  bifhop,  left,  being  puffed 
up  with  pride,  he^fliould  fall  under 
fuch  condemnation  and  punifhment  as 
the  devil  did,  i  Tim.  iii.  6. 
.  NOURISH;  (i.)  Tofurnifh  with 
food.  Gen.  xlvii.  12.  Adls  xii.  20. 
(2.)  Kindly  to  bring  up,  Adls  vii.  21. 
(3.)  To  caufe,  or  ufe  all  proper  means 
to  make  to  grow.  If.  xliv.  14.  (4.) 
To  cherifh  ;  comfort,  James  v.  5.  Ruth 
iv.  15.  (5.)  To  inftruft  ;  and  to  be 
nourijljed  in  the  word  of  faith  and  good 
doArine,  is  to  be  kindly  and  carefully 
inftru6led  in  the  true  principles  of  the 
gofpel,  and  well  experienced  in  the 
power  thereof,  for  the  edification,  pro- 
grefs  in  holinefs,  and  fpiritual  .comfort 
of  our  foul,  I  Tim.  iv.  6.  JefusChrift 
and  his  fidnefs,  as  exhibited  in  the  doc- 
trines and  promifes  of  the  gofpel,  and 
applied  by  the  Holy  Ghoft,  are  thi 
nourijhment,  whereby  the  faints  are  de- 
lightfully inftrufted,  comforted,  and 
ftrengthened  to  every  good  word  and 
work.  Col.  ii.  19. 

NUMBER;  (i.)  A  reckoning  of 

perlbua 


N  U  M        [2 

pcifons  or  things,  wliethcr  they  be  few 
or  many,  Gen.  xxkIv.  30.  (2.)  A  io- 
ciety  or  company,  Luke  xxli.  3.  A£ls 
i.  17.  :  and  fo  Matthias  was  numbered ^ 
i.  e.  by  virtue  of  fuffrages,  added  to  the 
fociety  of  the  apollles,  Ads  i.  26.  The 
number  of  the  Antichrillian  beall  is  y7.v 
hundred  andfiKty-fix.  The  nuineral  let- 
ters contained  in  his  Greek  naine  Ltie- 
i'lnosy  or  in  liis  Hebrew  one  Romitht 
i^atin  or  Romifh  ;  or  in  Sethury  which 
fignifie:S  MYSTERY,  when  added  toge- 
ther, amount  to  j nil  666.  It  was  per- 
haps in  yl.  D.  666,  that  Pope  Vitahan 
rellritfced  their  pubh'c  Hturgy  to  the 
Latin  language,  and  fo  marked  the 
church  with  an  implicit  fubjeclioii  to 
Rome.  From  the  time  that  John  had 
his  vifions  in  Patmos,  to  ji.  D,  '■j^6, 
when  the  Pope  became  a  civil  prince, 
was  perhaps  prccifely  C>6(5  years.  This 
number,  too,  may  denote  a  vaft  num- 
ber of  offices,  errors,  and  corruptions, 
which,  to  carnal  view,  have  a  legular, 
well-conne6led,  and  beautiful  appear- 
ance ;  as  666  has  a  more  regular-like 
gradation  and  appearance  than  144,000, 
the  number  of  the  Lamb's  followers. 
Moreover,  if  the  fquare-root  of  666  be 
extracted,  it  will  turn  out  25,  with  a 
Iraall  fra<flion.  Now  multitudes  of 
things  in  the  Popilh  fyilem  are  precife- 
ly  t'lvnty-fivc.  They  have  25  articles 
of  faith.  The  council  of  Trent  that 
cilabilihed  them,  had  25  felGons.  It 
v/as  begun  with  25  prelates ;  and  its 
acts  were  I'ubfcribed  by  25  archbifhops, 
Rome  has  25  gates.  There  were  ori- 
ginally 25  pariihes  in  Rome-  The  col- 
lege of  cardinals  confifted  of  25  per- 
fons.  The  crofs  in  St  Peter's  church 
i-s  25  hand-breadths  in  height.  In  this 
church  are  25  altars,  and  25  marks  of 
Chriil's  wounds  are  imprinted  on  e^ch 
altar,  '^he  celebration  of  their  jubilee 
was  reduced  to  every  25th  year.  The 
25th  day  of  months  is  peculiarly  mark- 
ed with  their  fuperitition.  Rev.  xiii.  18. 
— God  «z/;«3^r^c/ Belfhazzar's  kingdom, 
and  finifhed  it ;  allowed  it  to  continue 
for  the  years  he  had  determined,  and 
not  one  day  more,  Dan.  v.  26.  He 
numbers  men  to  the  Jlaughter,  when  he 
fets  them  apart  by  his  providence  to 
Vol.  IL 


09    1        N  U  M 

dcltruflion  and  death,  as  a  fliephcrd 
docs  his  flieep  to  be  flain,  If.  Ixv.  12. 
We  number  our  days,  when  we  ferloufly 
CO nfider  how  frail,  and  (horl,  and  un- 
certain our  life  is  ;  how  great  the  ne- 
celhty  and  bulinefs  of  our  foul  ;  and 
what  hindrances  of  it  are  in  our  way, 
Pfal.  xc.  12. 

Tiie  infpired  book  of  numbf.rs  U 
fo  called,  becaufe  it  relates  fo  much  t.i 
the  numbering  of  the  warnors,  anii 
join-neys  of  the  Hebrews  in  the  defert. 
It  is  an  hiltory  of  about  39  years.  It 
relates  the  hiltory  of  the  numbei-s,  fta- 
tlon,  and  marching  order  of  the  various 
tribes  of  Ifracl,  and  of  the  offerings  of 
their  princes  at  the  dedication  of  the 
tabernacle  ;  the  confecratlon  of  the  Le- 
vites  ;  the  obfervation  of  the  feconcl 
pafibver  ;  the_  inftltution  of  the  70  el- 
ders ;  the  deitru6tion  of  the  people  by 
a  fieiy  pbo;ue,  and  by  the  quails  they* 
liifted  for  ;  Miriam's  leprofy ;  the  fearch 
and  contempt  of  Canaan,  and  the  be- 
gun punifhment  therec'' ;  the  pmiifh- 
ment  of  Korah  and  his  companions, 
and  the  plague  among  the  people  for 
quarreUing  thereat  ;  the  budding  of 
Aaron's  rod  ;  Mofes  and  Aaron's  mif- 
behaviour,  when  the  people  murmured 
at  Kadefii ;  the  death  of  Miriam  and 
Aaron  j  the  plague  and  cure  of  the 
bites  of  fiery  ferpents  ;  the  conquelt 
and  divifion  of  the  kingdom  of  Sihon 
and  Og  ;  the  oft-defeated  attempts  of 
Balak  and  Balaam  to  curfe  Ifrael ;  the 
Hebrev/s  enticement  to  v/horedom  and 
idolatry  by  the  Midlanitifli  women,  and 
the  revenge  thereof  in  the  death  of 
24:000  Hebrews,  and  the  almoft  total 
ruin  of  the  Midlanitiih  nation  ;  a  deli- 
neation of  the  borders  of  Canaan,  and 
an  appointment  of  twelve  perfons  to 
divide  it.  With  thefe  narratives  are 
mixt-d  a  variety  of  laws,  concerning 
fufpicion  of  adultery,  Nar.aritefliip, 
blefhng  of  the  people,  chap.  v.  vi.  : 
concerning  the  lighting  of  the  lamps, 
obfervance  of  the  paffover  in  the  fecond 
month,  blowing  of  the  fdver  trumpets, 
chap.  vili.  ix.  x.  :  concerning  meat-of- 
ferings, drink-ofi'erings,  heave-offerings, 
fm-offerings.  Honing  for  breach  of  Sab- 
bathj   ^r)d  fringes   on   the   borders  of 


D4 


their 


NUT        [     ai 

fheir  garmc:its,  chap.  xv.  s  concerning 
the  oftice  and  portion  of  the  priefls  and 
XiCvitc  and  the  pun'i: cation  from  the 
uncleannefs  of  dead  bodies,  by  the  afhes 
of  the  red  heifer,  chap,  xviii.  xijc.  : 
concerning  the  offerings  at  feftivals ; 
and  concerning  vows,  manflayers,  cities 
of  M  f  ugc,  chap,  xxviii.xxix.  xxx,  xxxv.: 
ard  c(  nccrning  the  marriage  of  hcir- 
efler-,  ghap.  xxviii.  xxxvi. 

NUTS  ;  that  kind  of  fruit  which  is 
included  in  a  hard  (hell,  fuch  as  hazle- 
niils,  chefnuts,  walnuts,  nutmegs,  ^c, 
Thofe  called  the  female  jiutmegs  are, 


o    1        NUT 

for  ought  we  know,  the  ir.oH  vahtablc 
of  all  nuts,  and  the  Dutch  have  the 
fole  trade  thereof  in  their  hands.  They 
have  four  different  coverings.  Tourne- 
fort  mentions  nine  kinds  of  walnuts  ; 
and  no  doubt  there  are  fundry  kinds  of 
the  other  nuts.  The  faints  are  likened 
to  rm/s ;  their  outward  appearance  on 
earth  is  defpicable  and  mean  ;  but  they 
are  fafely  protected,  and  covered  with 
Jefus's  righteoufnefs  and  grace,  and  are 
all  precious  and  glorious  witliin,  Song 
vi.  J  I. 


O 


O 

OOr  OH,  is  expreffive  of  eameft- 
,  .ncfs  in  lamentation,  Luke  xiii. 
34.;  in  prayer,  i  Kings  viii.  26,;  in 
admiratioP)  Rom.  xi.  33.;  in  repro- 
ving or  expoftulating,  Gal.  iii.  i.;  or 
in  caVling  and  inviting,   Pfal.  xcv.  6. 

OAK-TRFES  have  male  ffowers 
that  are  barren  ;  but  the  embryo  fruit 
appears  in  other  parts  of  the  tree, 
which  grows  into  acorns,  the  kernels 
of  which  readily  fplit  into  two  parts. 
There  are  about  twenty  kinds  of  oak  ; 
but  the  holm  oaks,  of  which  there  are 
fiA^  hinds,  differ  confiderably  from  the 
others.  Oaks  are  fhadowy  in  their 
leaves,  flow  in  their  growth,  and  very 
firm  and  durable  in  their  wood,  and 
will  continue  freOi  for  m.any  ages,  if 
kept  always  wet  or  always  dry.  Oaks 
v.'erc  very  plentiful  in  Canaan  ■;  and 
thofe  of  Baflian  were  the  beft.  Perhaps 
the  Hebrew  words  clah.,  aUahy  and  tVr;;/, 
■fignify  the  jfeivi/lj  turpenl'we^  and  only 
the  word  allom  an  oak.  It  was  com- 
Tnon  to  fit  under  the  fhadow  of  oaks, 
I  Kings  xiii.  14. ;  and  to  bury  under 
them,  Gen.  xxxv.  8.  i  Chron.  x.  12.; 
and  to  make  idolatrous  ftatues  of  them. 
If.  xliv.  14.;  and  to  worihip  idols  un- 
der them,  Ezek.  vi,  13.  If.  i.  29.  Hof. 
iv.  13.  If.  Ivii.  \  5.  The  Tyrians 
made  their  oars  for  rowing  their  fhips  of 
the  fine  oaks  of  Bq/han-,  Ezek.  xxvii.  6. 
The  Hebrews  were  like  an  oak  nvhofe 
leaf  fadeth  ;  ftript  of  their  confidence 
in  theniftlves  and  others,  and  bereaved 


OAT 

of  their  honour,  wealth,  profperity, 
and  pleafure.  If.  i.  30. ;  yet  like  an 
oak  or  tyd-treey  whofe  fubftance  is  in  it, 
could  never  be  utterly  dcftroyed  by  the 
Affyrians,  Chaldeans,  or  Romans,  If. 
vi.  13.  Governors,  and  great  and  va- 
liant m.en,  are  likened  to  the  tall  and 
flrong  oaks  ef  Bq/J:an,  to  m.ark  their 
apparent  power,  ftrength,  and  firmnefs, 
and  their  fitnefs  to  proteCl  others.  If. 
ii.  13.   Zech.  xi.  2. 

An  OATH,  is  a  folemn  acl,  where- 
in we  fwear  by  God,  or  call  him  to 
witnefs  the  truth  of  what  we  afferc 
or  promife  ;  and  to  avenge  us  in  time 
and  eternity,  if  we  fwear  what  is 
falfe  or  unknown  to  us,  or  if  we  do 
not  perform  what  we  engage.  An  oath 
muft  never  be  taken  but  in  matters  of 
importance,  nor  fworn  by  the  name  of 
any  but  the  true  God,  as  it  is  an  adt 
of  folemn  worfhip,  Jofli.  xxiii.  7.  Jam, 
V.  12.  Deut.  vi.  13.  Matth.  V.  34.  35. 
Jer.  V.  7.;  Nor  irreverently,  without 
godly  fear  and  awe  of  the  Mofl;  High  j 
and  he  is  reprefented  as  a  wicked  man 
who  is  not  deeply  impreffed  with  an 
oath,  Eccl.  ix.  2. ;  nor  rafhly,  with- 
out due  caution.  Lev.  v.  4.  Matth. 
xiv.  7.  Gen.  xxiv.  5.  8.  ;  nor  falfely 
or  deceitfully  affirming  what  is  falfe, 
or  without  a  candid  intention  and  due 
care  to  perform  our  folemn  engage- 
ments. Lev,  vi.  3.  xix.  12.  Jer.  xhi.  5. 
But  every  oath  ought  to  be  fworn  in 
trtdhy  the  thine  fworn  being  true  in  it- 

felf, 


OAT         [2 

felf,  and  we  havinj^  certain  evidence 
and  perfuafion  tliat  it  is  -truth,  and 
fwearing  it  without  fraud  or  deceit  ; 
and  in  judgement,  with  underflanding 
of  the  nature  of  an  oath,  and  of  the 
thing  we  fwear ;  and  with  an  heart- 
awing  knowledge  of  him  by  whom  we 
fwear ;  and  /;/  r'ighteoiifncfs,  fwearing 
only  things  that  are  good,  and  whicli 
we  certainly  know  to  be  lawful  and 
good  ;  and  fwearing  for  a  good  end,  to 
glorify  God,  and  do  real  good  to  our- 
felves  and  others,  l)y  clearing  the  inno- 
cent, and  ending  a  controverfy,  Jer. 
iv.  2.  I  Cor.  X.  31.  Heb.  vi.  18.  The 
phrafes  expreffivc  of  catlis  or  folemn 
affirmations,  are,  as  the  Lord  Uvdhy 
Judg.  vlil.  19.  God  is  my  ■■witnefs  or 
record,  Rom.  i.  9.  2  Theff.  ii.  5.  10. 
Phil.  i.  8.  God  knoiveth,  2  Cor.  xi. 
II.  31.  Behold  before  God  I  lie  not, 
Rom.  ix.  I.  I  fay  the  truth  in  Chrifl, 
and  lie  not,  i  Tim.  ii.  7.  As  the  truth 
ofChri/lis  in  me,  2  Cor.  iv.  10.  Veri- 
ly, verily  I  fay  unto  you,  John  i.  51. 
Sometimes  tlie  patriarchs  ufed  the  put- 
ting of  the  hand  under  the  thigh  of 
him  to  whom  the  oath  was  given,  which 
perhaps  fignified  their  faith  in  the  Mcf- 
iiah,  who  was  to  proceed  o»Tt  of  tliat 
perfon's  loins,  Gen.  xxiv.  2.  3.  xlvii. 
29. ;  but  lifting  up  of  the  hand  towards 
heaven,  was  the  mod  common  gefture 
ufed  in  fwearing.  Gen.  xiv.  22.  Dan. 
xii.  7.  Rev.  X.  5.  6.  The  danger  of 
fwcsaring  unnecelTarily,  ignorantly,  ir- 
revetfently,  falfely,  is,  that  God  ivill 
not  hold  him  guiltlefs  that  taketh  his  name 
in  vain^  Exod.  xx.  7.;  he  will  make 
their  plagues  wonderful,  Deut.  xxviii. 
58.  59.  ;  and  his  extenfive  curfe  fixes 
on  them,  to  confume  them,  and  what 
belongs  to  them,  Zech.  v.  3.  4.  The 
Jews,  however,  in  latter  times,  were 
much  ^iven  to  profane  fwearing  ;  on 
account  of  which,  God  terribly  threat- 
ened andpuniflied  them,  Jer.  xxiii.  10. 
Hof.  iv.  2.  They  fware  by  various 
creatures,  by  heaven,  by  Jerufalem,  by 
their  head,  Iffc.  They  pretended,  that 
if  a  man  fwore  only  by  the  altar,  his  oath 
was  not  binding  ;  but  if  he  fwore  by 
the  gift  prefented  on  it,  it  was  obliga- 
tory, Matth,  xxiii,  16, — io. 


11]         OAT 

S^-arce  any  thing  cun  more  evidently 
mark  mens  hatred  againfl  their  Maker, 
than  the  mod  univerfal  fpread  of  pro- 
fane fwearing,  particularly  in  common 
convctfation.  It  is  not  to  mens  ho- 
nour ;  it  renders  their  language  abfurd 
and  incoherent  :  it  marks  their  inward 
confcioufnefs  that  they  are  liars  ;  or 
why  do  they  add  an  oath,  when  the 
funplc  aflirmation  of  any  honeil  man, 
that  regards  truth  and  honour  in  his 
words,  is  fufficient  ?  It  procures  them 
neither  pleafure  nor  profit,  as  whore- 
dom, drunkennefs,  and  theft,  in  lome 
fenfe  do.  What  then  mull  profane 
fwearers  be,  but  volunteers  of  Satan  J 
and  mad  rulhers  on  the  vengeance  of 
him  who  will  not  fuffer  them  to  efcape 
his  righteous  judgement  ?  Multitudes, 
who,  it  feeiiis,  blufh  at  the  open  tear- 
ing of  their  Maker's  name,  at  once 
commit  idolatry  and  profane  fwear' ug, 
in  fwearing  by  their  truth,  ihair  faith ^ 
t'leir  confcljHce,  foul,  or  the  di:viL — It  ij 
abundantly  plain,  that  fuch  as  fwear 
profanely,  wiihou^.  nny  temptation,  will 
make  no  fcruple,  if  they  have  a  proper 
tempiation,  to  fwear  fil'^ehood.  Partly, 
by  means  of  this  profane  fwearing  ;  part- 
ly by  the  great  irreverence  ufed  in  ma- 
gittrates  taking  of  oaths  ;  partly  by  the 
frequent  r.-petition  of  the  fame  oath, 
or  one"  of  the  very  fame  import  ;  partly 
by  impofing  oaths,  finful,  dubious,  or 
dark  in  their  meaning  ;  and  partly  by 
the  eaiy  admiffion  of  multitudes  to 
fwear  on  the  occafion  of  civil  eleftions, 
who  underiland  neither  what  -they 
fwear,  nor  even  the  general  nature  of 
an  oath  ;  oaths  in  our  country  are  al- 
mofl  become  of  no  ufe  with  many,  but 
to  enfnare  their  fouls,  and  to  dilhonour 
God.  Our  ilate-oaths  have  plainly  no 
ufefulnefs  to  mark  the  loyalty  of  the 
fubjetls.  None  are  readier  to  take 
them,  than  fuch  as  intend  to  break 
them  on  the  firil  opportunity.  Our 
oaths  refpefting  trade  and  cuftom 
are  fo  exceedingly  and  unneceflarily 
multiplied,  that  they  are  of  little  ufe 
but  to  tempt  n\ukitudes  to  perjury* 
And  yet,  what  elfe  can  we  expe«£i 
from  rulers,  the  mod  of  whom  are  ha- 
bitual profaners  of  Gpd's  name,  and 
D  d  2  iee« 


OAT         [     21 

jfeem  to  have  no  fear  of  ln'm  before 
their  eyes  ?  Shall  not  God  vifit  for 
thefe  things!  Siiall  not  his  foul  be  a- 
veuged  on  fuch  a  nation  as  this  !  How 
can,he  hold  iisg\iiltlefs,  where  takinjr 
of  his  name  in  vain  fo  mightily  prevails  I 
Ood' s  f'uii'arif.'gy  or  giving  his  oath,  de- 
notes his  folemn  declaration  of  a  truth, 
threatening,  or  promife,  in  order  to 
perfuade  of  the  infinite  importance  and 
iibfolule  eertair.ty  theveoi,  E'/ek.  xxxiii. 
II.  Plal.  xcv.  II.  Gen*  xxii.  i6*  17. 
Thus  his  making  Chrill  prieil  avith  an 
ftj.'/?;  denotes  tl\c  infinite  importance, and 
the  certainty,  though  wonderful  nature 
of  that  6flice  in  the  Son  of  God,  Pfal. 
tx.  4.  Heb.  vii.  20.  2  v.  God  fvvear^ 
by  himfelf  or  foui,  as  there  is  none 
greater,  Heb.  vi,  13.  Jer,  li*  14,;  by 
his  life.  If.  xlix.  18.J  by  his  great 
name  ^or  perfe6lioi;s,  Jer.  j^liv.  26.; 
by  his  excellency,  Amos  viii.  7.;  by 
his  holinefs,  Pfal.  Ixxxix.  35.;  by  his 
right. hand  or  {Irength,  If.  Ixii.  8. 
Mens  fvvearing  is  either  to  one  ano- 
ther, in  order  to  cthI  controverfies,  or 
lo  fecure  the  performance  of  what  is 
engaged,  i  Sam.  xxx.  15. ;  or  tr>  God, 
Xii  engaging  to  forbear  fome thing  hnfu"}, 
or  to  perform  fomcthing  lawful  or  in- 
different, Pfal.  cxix.  106.  This  is  of- 
ten called  a  vow  ;  and  a  iolemn  pro- 
mife to  God,  without  the  formality  of 
an  (mth,  is  alfo  called  a  vow. 

That-  we  may  conceive  more  exa6lly 
of  the  nature  .and  iniportance  oi pro- 
v.nfes,  covenants,  pronijjjory  oaths,  and 
'votus,  it  may  not  be  amifs  to  obferve, 
1.  That  all  authority  which  can  bind 
men  to  any  thing  as  their  duty,  is  na- 
turally, necefiariiy,  independently,  and 
originally  in  God  himfelf.  He  alone, 
as  the  Moft  High,  hath  a  moft  fovereign 
dominion  over  all,  working  in,  by,  and 
upon  them,  and  difpofing  of  them  as 
he  pleafeth.  He  alone  is  Lord  of  mens 
confciences,  to  whofe  mere  will  decla- 
red, without  any  other  reafon  percei- 
ved, they  ought  to  fubmit,  under  pain 
of  eternal  damnation  ;  and  he  hath  left 
them  free  from  the  docfrines  or  com- 
mandments of  men  which  are  in  any 
thing  contrary  to  his  word,  or  befide 
I*,  in  matters  of  faith  ©r  w«rfliip,  Pfal. 


-    .1         OAT 

Ixxxlii,  iS.  Dan.  iv.  35.   Rom.  xi.' ^ii^^ 
If.  xxxiii.  22.  ,  xlii.  8.     Jam.  iv.    I2< 

2.  Tliat  wliile  God  neceffarily  retains 
the  fuprenie  auth.ority,  and  legiflation 
attending  it,  in  hirafclf,  or  in  his  own 
hand,  he,  for  the  better  promoting  of 
obedience  to  his  own  laws,  and  of  their 
own  order  and  happinefs,  in  their  ilate 
of  imperfeftion  in  this  world,  hath  com- 
municated to  fome  men  a  deputed  and 
fubordinate  authority,  whereby  they, 
as  huihands,  parents,  mailers,  m^inif- 
ters,  or  magillratesr  may,  in  his  name, 
enact  rules  for  their  inferiors,  precifely 
aufvvcrable  to  their  different  llations  or 
departments,  and  govern  them  there- 
by ;— and  to  every  adult  perfon  a  povv-er 
of  felf-government,  to  rule  their  own 
fpirit  ayd  body  ;  and,  for  that  end,  to 
hiiifl,  engage,  or  oblige  themfelves,  by 
pr&mijes,  covenanis,  oaths,  or  voivs,  cor- 
refpondcnt  to  their  ftations  and  cir- 
cumftances,  Prov.  xvi.  32.  xxv.  28. 
1  Cor.  ix.  27.  Jam.  iii.  2.  This  whole 
authority  taking  rife  from  the  will  of 
God,  it  can  in  nothing  extend  further 
than  his  grant,  and  mull  be  wholly 
fiiboidinated  to  his  own  authority  ma- 
nifeiled  in  his  law.  It  can  extend  na 
iurther  than  the  ftation  in  con-efpon- 
dence  to  which  it  is  granted.  It  can- 
not poilibly  interfere  with,  or  oppofe 
God's  authority  in  his  law.  As  it  con- 
tains wo  poiver  againjl  the  truth,  butybr 
the  truth,  no  power  for  deJlruSion,  but 
for  edification,  2  Cor.  xiii.  8.  x.  8.;  no 
command  requiring,  or  bond  engaging, 
to  any  thing  fmful,  can  include  in  it 
any  real  and  valid  obligation  j  nor  can 
fubordinate  authority  bind  in  oppofi- 
tion  to  the  fupreme  authority  of  God. 
But  if  the  deputed  authority  beregular- 
ly  cxercifed,  God's  fupreme  authority, 
manifefled  in  his  law,  neceffarily  rati- 
fies the  commands  and  engagements 
thereby  conflituted,  and  enforces  obe- 
dience ^x\d  fulfilment,  under  pain  of  dam- 
nation. The  manner  of  exercifing  or 
fubje6ling  ourfelves  to  this  fubordinate 
authority,  is  therefore  a  matter  of  ver)' 
high  importance,  that  we  may  not  adi: 
unworthily  as  God's  deputies,  and 
may  not  pour  contempt  on  God,  by 
undervaluing    his    deputed    authority, 

and 


OAT         [21 

and  tlie  obligations  arifi.-ig  from  it* 
'^.  .\s  no  deputed  authority,  derived  from 
G.  i,  can  increafc  that  fuprcme,  that 
in^uiiU:  authority,  which  he  hath  in 
himielf ;  ib  no  human  command  or  en- 
gagement can  increafc  that  infinite  obH- 
gation  to  duty  wliich  his  law  hath  in 
itfelf;  but,  if  lawful,  they  have  in 
them  a  real  obligation,  diji'mcl,  though 
not  ft  par  at  ed  or  Jlparahlc  from  that  of 
the  obligation  of  God's  law.  To  pre- 
tend with  Bellarmiiie  and  other  Pa- 
pills,  that  our  promifes  or  vows  do 
not  bind  us  in  moral  .duties  com- 
manded by  the  law  of  God,  becaufe 
our  vow  cannot  add  any  obligation 
to  the  law  of  God,  is  manifeilly  ab- 
furd.  Self-binding,  feJf-ohhgat'wn,  fclf- 
engagement,  is  fo  much  the  ed'ential  form 
of  vows,  and  of  all  covenants,  promifes, 
or  promiiTory  oaths,  whether  of  God 
or  man,  that  they  cannot  exift  at  all, 
or  even  be  conceived  of  without  it, 
any  more  than  a  man  without  a  foul,  or 
an  angel  without  an  underftanding  and 
will.  Notliing  can  be  more  manifell, 
than  that  we  may  bind  ourf elves  to  what 
{?,  jujl  and  laacfnl,  to  nccclfary .  duties  ; 
and  that  thougii  a  promife,  oath,  or 
vow,  cannot  bind  to  fin,  yet  in  any  thing 
not  fitful  being  taken,  //  binds  to  per- 
formance. Admit  once  this  Popiih 
do('?trine,  it  mult  naturally  foilov\-,  that 
all  human  commands  of  fuperiors,  as 
vreil  as  human  promifes,  oaths,  voavs,' 
and  covi^nants,  are  in  themfelves  deiti- 
tute  of  all  binding  force,  except  in  fo 
far  a;  they  relate  to  fuch  trilling  things, 
as  the  law  of  God  doth  not  require  of 
rnvtii  in  fuch  particular  circumilances. 
Commands  of  fuperiors  m.uit  be  mere 
declarations  of  the  will  of  God  in  his 
law  ;  and  promifes,  oaths,  vows,  and 
covenants,  mail  be  mere  acknoivlrdgc- 
meuts,  that  God's  law  requires  fuch 
things  from  us,  in  fo  far  as  relating  to 
moral  duties.  The  authority  which 
God  hath  in  himfelf,  and  that  with 
which  lie  hath  invelled  incn  as  his  de- 
puties, mull  be  fo  inconfiftent  and  mu- 
tually deftrudive,  that  the  fame  thing 
cannot  be  bound  to  by  toth.  The 
law  of  God  muil  be  held  deitruAive  of 
t?h€  beln^  of  an  ordinance  appointed  bv 


3    1        OAT 

itfelf.  In  fo  far  as  that  ordinance  biilds, 
to  a  confcientious  and  diligent  obedi- 
ence to  that  law.  To  imagine,  that 
human  laws  or  engagements  cannot 
bind  to  moral  duties,  is  at  once  highly 
abfurd  in  itfelf,  and  contrary  to  the 
common  fenfe  of  mankind,  in  every 
age,  who  have  all  along  confidered 
mens  promifes,  covenants,  vows,  and 
oaths,  as  binding  them  to  pay  their 
juft  debt,  perform  their  juil  duties  of 
allegiance,  and  to  deliver  the  truth, 
and  noth.ing  but  the  truth,  in  cafes  of 
witncfs-bearing,  ijc.  It  is  contrary 
to  fcripture,  wliich  reprefent  promifes, 
covenants,  promiffory  oaths,  or  vows, 
as  things  which  are  to  h^  fulfdled,  per- 
formed, or  paid ;  and  v/hicli  may  pof- 
fibly  be  tranfgnffed  and  broken,  Matth. 
V.  33.  Deut.  xxiii.  21.  22.  23.  Eccl, 
v.  4.  Ff.  xxii.  25.  1.  14.  Ixi.  8.  Ixvi, 
13.  Ixxvi.  II.  cxvi.  13. — 18.  cxix.  106. 
If.  xix.  21.  Judg.  xi.  36.  If.  xxiv.  5. 
Jer.  xxxiv.  18.  ; — and  which,  in  one 
of  the  plained  and  lealt  figurative  chap- 
ters of  the  Bible,  reprefents  a  vow,  as 
conllituted  by  our  binding  curfehes^ 
binding  our  o^n  fouls  'with  a  bond,  and 
reprefents  a  vow  as  a  bond  or  obligation^ 
Hebrew  issar,  a  'vei-y  fafr  binding  bond 
or  obligation,  as  our  otvn  bond,  that 
ftands  upon'  or  againil  us.  Numb.  xxx. 
To  reprefent  vowing,  as  a  placing  our- 
fulves  more  dlrettly  under  the  h*w  o£ 
God,  or  any  commandment  of  it,  or 
as  a  placing  ourfelves  m  a  new  relation 
to  the  law,  is  but  an  attempt  to  ren-' 
der  unintelligible,  what  the  Holy  Gholl:, 
in  that  chapter,  liath  laboured  to  ren- 
der plain  ;  if  it  doth  not  alfo  import, 
that  we  can  place  ourfelves  more  dlrecllf 
under  the  moral  law  than  God  hath  or 
can  do.  To  pretend,  that  m<'ns  com- 
mands or  engagements  derive  their 
whole  obligation  from  the  law  of  God's 
requiring  us  to  obey  the  one,  and^^y, 
or  fulfil,  or  perform  the  other,  is  no  lefs 
abfurd.  Thefe  divine  commands  fup- 
pofe  an  Intrlrjic  obligation  in  the  human 
law  or  engagement,  and  enforce  it. 
But  no  law  of  God  can  require  me  to 
OBEY  a  human  law,  or  fulfil  an  en- 
gagement, which  hath  no  obligation 
in   itfdf,  any  more  than  the   laws  of 

Britain 


OAT         [2 

Britain  can  oblige  me  to  pay  a  bill,  or 
fulfil  a  bond,  confifting  of  nothing  but 
mere  cyphers. — While  intrinfic  obliga- 
tion is  of  the  vciy  effence  of  every  pro- 
inife,  covenant,  vow,  or  promiitory 
oath,  as  well  as  of  every  jufl  human 
law,  this  obligation  is  totnl/y  and  mani- 
fcjily  (^x'^ywidi  from  the  obligation  of  the 
law  of  God.  (i.)  In  his  law,  God, 
by  the  declaration  of  his  will,  as  our 
fupreme  ruler,  binds  us,  Deut.  xii.  32. 
In  promifes,  vows,  covenapts,  and  pro- 
miiiory  oaths,  we,  as  his  deputy-go- 
vernors over  ourfclvts,  by  a  declaration 
of  our  v/iil,  hind  ourfelvcs  ivith  a  bond  ; 
hind  our  fouls  nvlth  our  own  hondy  Num. 
;c^xx.  %. — I4t  Pial.  Ixvi.  13.  14.  cxix. 
106.  ^c:  and  hence  they  are  gene- 
rally rcprefentcd,  in  fcrlpture,  as  our 
vows,  oaths,  i^c.  (2.)  The  obliga- 
tion of  our  promifes,  vows,  cJ'r.  as 
well  as  of  human  laws,  is  always  fub- 
jeci  to  an  examination  by  the  ftandard 
of  God's  law,  as  both  its  matter  and 
manner,  j  Theff.  v.  21.  But  it  weald 
be  prefumption,  blafphemous  preiuinp- 
tion,  to  examine  whetlier,  what  we 
know  to  be  the  lav/  of  God,  be  right 
or  not,  Jam.  iv.  11.  (3.)  Th^  law 
of  God  binds  all  men  to  ahfolute  perfec- 
tion in  liolinefs,  be  they  as  incapable 
of  it  as  they  will,  Matth.  v.  48.  i  Pet. 
i.  15.  16.  But  no  man  can,  witliout 
mock?":;  and  tempting  God,  bind  him- 
felf,  by  oath,  to  any  thing  but  what 
he  is  able  to  perform.  No  man  may 
vow  to  do  any  thing  which  is  not  in 
his  own  power  ;  and  fcr  the  ficriurm- 
ance  of  which  he  hath  no  piomiie  of 
a^bility  from  God.  But  no  iiicre  man, 
fince  the  fall,  is  able,  in  this  life,  either 
oi  himfclf,  or  by  any  grace  received 
from  God,  perfedly  to  keep  the  com- 
mandments of  God,  Eccl.  vii.  20.  Jam. 
iii.  2.  I  John  i.  9.  While  God  re- 
maiiis  God,  his  law  can  dem"^ad  no  lefs 
than  abfolute  perfection  in  holinefs. 
While  his  v/ord  remains  true,  no  mere 
man,  fiiice  the  fail,  in  this  life,  can 
jjollibly  attain  to  it,  and  therefore  muft 
never  vow  it.  The  leail  impcrfe<!:lion 
ill  holinefs,  however  involuntary,  breaks 
the  law  of  God,  Bat  it  is  only  by 
jviiat  is  in   i'^wx  refpect  voluntary  fin- 


14     1         OAT 

fulnefs  that  we  break  our  vows,  Pfal. 
xliv.  17.  Nothing  can  more  clearly 
mark  the  diftindlion  of  the  two  obliga- 
tions than  this  particular.  There  is 
no  evading  the  force  of  it,  but  either 
by  adopting  the  Arminian  71C10  law  of 
fmcere  obedience,  or  adopting  the  Po- 
pjfJj.pcrfeBion  oiidt-mt^  in  this- life.  (4.) 
The  law  of  God  binds  all  men  for  ever, 
Pfal.  cxr.  7.  8.  No  human  law  or  felf- 
engagement  binds  men  but  in  this  life, 
in  which  they  remain  imperfect,  and 
are  encompafled  with  temptations  to 
fcduce  them  from  their  duty.  In  hea- 
ven they  have  no  need  of  fuch  helps  to 
duty,  arid  in  hell  they  can  have  no 
profit  by  them.  But  in  heaven  and 
hell  all  are  for  ever  bound  by  tlie  au- 
thority of  God  manifeftcd  in  his  law. 
4.  The  obligation  of  human  promifes, 
covenants,  vows,  and  promiiTory  oaths, 
as  well  as  of  human  laws,  relating  to 
things  lawful,  is  not  feparable  from, 
but  many  ways  conneAed  with  the  law 
of  God,  and  its  obligation.  In  binding 
ourfelves  to  neceflary  duties,  and  to  other 
things,  fo  long  and  fo  far  as  is  conducive 
thereto,  God's  law  is  made  the  rule  of 
our  engagem.ent.  Our  vow  is  no  ne<w 
rule  of  duty,  but  a  neiv  bondy  to  make 
the  law  of  God  our  rule.  Even  Adam's 
engagement  to  prefent  obedience  m 
the  covenant  of  works  was  nothing  elfe.. 
It  is  in  God's  law  that  all  our  deputed 
authority  to  command  others  or  bind 
ourfelves  is  allotted  to  us.  The  de- 
mand of  duties  by  the  law  of  God^ 
rc.Hiires  the  ufe  of  all  lawful  means  to 
promote  the  performance  of  them  ;  and 
hence  it  requires  human  laws  and  feif- 
engageinents,  and  the  obfervance  there- 
of, as  far  as  conducive  thereto.  Nay, 
^hey  are  exprefsly  required  in  his  law, 
as  his  ordinances,  for  means  of  help- 
ing and  hedging  us  in  to  our  duty. 
In  making  lawful  vows,  ag  well  as  hu- 
man laws,  we  exert  the  deputed  authority 
of  the  lawgiver,  granted  to  us  in  his 
liiw,  in  tlie  manner  his  law  pr-jfcribes, 
andprecifely  in  obedience  to  its  prefcrip- 
tion.  In  the  vow,  we,  acccording  to  the 
prefcription  of  his  own  lav/,  folemnly 
conllitute  the  divine  Lawgiver  the  nvit- 
w^y?  of  our  engagement,  and  the  guarantee 

of 


OAT         r     2 

of  it,  gracioufly  to  reward  our  evan- 
gelic fulfilment  of  it,  and  to  punifli 
our  perfidious  violation  of  it.  The 
more  punftual  obfervation  of  God's 
law,  notwithftanding  manifold  infirmi- 
ties and  temptations,  and  of  his  glory 
therein,  is  the  end  of  our  felf-engage- 
ments,  as  well  as  of  human  laws  ;  and, 
by  a  due  regard  to  their  binding  force, 
is  this  end  promoted,  as  hereby  the 
obligation  of  God's  law  is  more  deeply 
impreffed  on  our  minds,  and  we  are 
fiiut  up  to  obedience,  and  deterred 
from  the  co!t*raiy. — On  all  which  ac- 
counts, the  law  of  God  neceflarily  fuf- 
tains,  as  valid,  the  obligation  of  our 
felf-engagements,  as  well  as  of  human 
laws,  which  are  lawful,  and  ratifies 
the  fame  in  all  the  folemnlties  thereof, 
as  an  ordinance  appointed  by  itfelf, 
and  as  it  were,  adopts  the  fame,  re- 
quiring, under  the  moft  awful  pains, 
that  the  human  laws  be  obeyed,  as 
things  that  bind  by  authority,  and  the 
felf-engagements  be  paid  and  fulfilled, 
as  having  in  them  a  real  obligation  to  per- 
formance ;  and  whoever  doth  not,  \n 
his  attempts  to  obferve  them,  view 
thefe  laws  and  felf-engagements  as  ha- 
ving that  binding  force  which  the  law  of 
God  allows  them,  pours  contempt  on 
them  as  ordinances  of  God,  and  on 
the  law  of  God,  for  allowing  them  a 
binding  force.  Thus,  through  maintain- 
ing the  fuperadded  ox  fubordinate  obliga- 
tion of  human  laws  and  of  felf-engage- 
ments to  moral  duties,  we  do  not  make 
void,  but  eftabllfii  the  obligation  of 
God's  law.  5.  In  no  refpedl  can  we 
difobey  the  lawful  command  of  a  fupe- 
rior,  or  violate  a  lawful  promife,  co- 
venant, oath,  or  vow,  without  want 
of  conformity  to,  and  tranfgreflion  of 
the  law  of  God.  In  violating  our 
vows,  for  inftance,  we  manlfefl  a  con- 
tempt of  that  law  which  regulated  the 
matter  and  making  thereof.  We  rebel 
againft  that  divine  authority  from 
which,  through  his  law,  we  derived 
our  power  to  bind  ourfelves  to  duty, 
and  fo  ftrike  againft  the  foundation  of 
the  whole  law.  We  profane  the  vow, 
as  It  is  a  binding  ordinance  of  God,  ap- 
pointed in  his  law.     13y  tramplijig  on 


15     ]         O  A  T 

a  noted  means  of  promoting  obedience 
to  all  the  commandments,  we  mark 
our  hatred  of  them,  and  prepare  our- 
felves to  tranfgrefs  them,  and  endea- 
vour to  remove  the  awe  of  God's  au- 
thority, or  terror  of  his  judgements 
from  our  confciences;  we  reprcfent  the 
divine  Lawgiver  as  a  ivilling  'witnefs  of 
treachery  awd  fraud.  We  pour  con- 
tempt on  him,  as  the  guarantee  of  the 
vow,  as  if  he  did  not  incline,  or  durll 
not  avenge  our  villany.  Contrary  to 
the  truth  required  In  the  law,  we  plunge 
ourfelves  into  the  moil  criminal  deceit 
and  falfehood.  Contrary-  to  equilj,  we 
rob  God  and  his  church  of  what  we 
have  folcmnly  devoted  to  their  fcrvice. 
Contrary  to  devotion,  we  banifh  ferious 
impreflions  of  God's  adorable  perfec- 
tions. Contrary  to  good  neighbour- 
hood, we  render  ourfelves  a  plague  and 
curfe,  and  encourage  others  to  the 
moft  enormous  wickednefs.  Contrary 
to  the  end  of  our  creation  and  prefer- 
vatlon,  we  reject  tlie  glory  of  God, 
and  obedience  to  his  law,  from  being 
our  end.  Meanwhile  we  trample  under 
foot  the  divine  laws,  ratification  of  our 
vow,  in  all  its  awful  folemnlties,  and 
manifold  conne£lions  with  itfelf,  and 
requirement  to  pay  it. 

In  all  vows  and  promlfTory  oath?, 
tne  matter  muft  be  both  lawful  and 
expedient,  and  m  our  power  to  per- 
form, and  the  end  muil  be  to  glorify 
God.  The  vows  of  wives  and  child- 
ren, with  refpeft  to  indifferent  things, 
were  not  binding,  except  their  huf- 
bands  and  parents  contented  thereto 
when  they  knew  thereof,  as  they  had 
nothing  of  their  own  to  give  to  the 
Lord,  and  he  hates  robbery  forburijt- 
offering,  Nun.b.  xxx.  When  vows  or 
promiflbry  oaths  are  once  made,  the 
utmoll  care  ought  to  be  taken  to  ful- 
fil them,  otherwife  the  breaker  entails 
on  himfelf  the  terrible  vengeance  of 
God,  Pfal.  Ixxvi.  II.  Eccl.  v.  5. 
Prov.  XX.  25.  To  deter  the  Hebrews 
from  rafh  vows,  even  in  dedicating 
things  to  the  Lord,  nothing  devoted 
was  to  be  got  back  but  at  a  fifth  part 
more  than  the  prieft  efteemed  it  worth  ^ 
and  if  it  was  dei^otcd  under  the  form 


O  B  A  [2 

oF  a  curfe,  it  was  not  to  be  redeemed 
at  all  :  nor  was  any  thing  belonging 
to  the  Loixl  by  a  former  claim,  as  tlie 
titlies  or  firil  fruits,  to  be  devoted  by 
a  fingular  vo\v,  becaufe  thefe  were 
not  the  man's  own  to  difpofe  of,  Lev. 
xxvii.  Keep  the  hing*s  commandment,  and 
that  in  regard  of  the  oath  of  God:  obey 
Jefus  the  King  of  kings,  and  even  ci- 
vil rulers,  becaufe  thy  oath  to,  or  by 
God,  binds  thee  to  it  :  and  God  has 
fworn  to  punifh  fuch  as  are  difobedi- 
ent,  Eccl.  viii.  2.  Mens  fivear'ing  to 
God  or  Chr'ifl,  or  voivhig  to  him,  de- 
notes not  only  their  entering  into  a 
covenant  of  duty  to  him,  but  their 
fubjedion  to,  homage,  worfliip,  and 
fervice  of  him  in  general,  2  Chron.  xv. 
14.  If.  xix.  18.  XV.  23.  Rom.  xiv. 
II.      Phil.  ii.  10.  II. 

OBADIAH;  (i.)  A  godly  man, 
who  was  one  of  the  governors  in  the 
family  of  vvicked  Ahab.  AVhen  Jeze- 
bel fought  out  the  Lord's  prophets 
to  have  them  all  m.urdered,  Cbadiah 
lijd  100  of  them  in  two  caves,  and 
Botvvithftand^ing  of  the  then  familhlug 
dearth,  fed  them  with  bread  and  wa- 
ter. With  fome  difFiculty  E,lijah  pcr- 
fuaded  him  to  inform  Ahab  that  he 
wanted  to  fee  him,  i  Kings  xviii.  (2.) 
One  of  the  lefTer  prophets,  and  whofe 
prophecy  conf.ils  but  of  one  fmgie 
chapter,  wherein  he  feverely  inveighs 
agninil  the  Edomites,  for  their  rejoi- 
cing over  and  helping  forward  the  de- 
ilruction  of  the  Jews,  and  foretels  their 
own  fpcedy  and  utter  ruin,  and  the 
deliverance  of  the  Hebrews  from  all 
the  places,  whither  they  were,  or 
ihould  be  fcattered.  When  he  lived, 
is  not  agreed.  Lightfoot  thinks  his 
prophecy  refers  to  the  behaviour  of  the 
Edomites  at  the  facking  of  Jerufalem 
by  Shifhak,  or  by  the  Arabians  in  the 
reign  of  Jelioram,  or  by  the  Syrians 
or  liraelites  in  the  time  of  Joafh  or 
Amaziah  :  and  he  is  generally  tlioiight 
to  have  been  cotemporary  with  Hofta, 
Amos,  and  Joel.  But  when  we  com.- 
pare  his  predictions  with  thofe  of  Je- 
remiah, chap.  xlix.  of  Ezekiel  xxv. 
ind  of  Pfalm  cxxxvii.  ai:id  iind  how  fi- 
milar  thcv  are  thereto,  we  cannot  for- 


16    1         o  B  E 

bear  thinking  with  the  great  UHier, 
that  he  prophefied  within  a  year  or 
two  after  the  deilrudion  of  Jerufalem 
by  the  Chaldeans.   •   •   •   • 

OBED-EDOM,  the  fon  of  Jedu- 
thun,  not  the  facred  muficlan,  and  fa- 
ther of  Shemaiah,  Jozabad,  Joah,  Sa- 
car,  Nathaniel,  Ammiel,  Uz/a,  and 
Peulthai.  When  Uzza  the  driver  was 
ftruck  dead  for  touching  the  ark  of 
the  Lord  on  the  cart,  David  wa?  fo 
terrified  that  he  was  sclad  to  defer 
bnngmg  it  to  Jerufalem.  As  Obed- 
edom's  houfe  was  hard  by,  they  car- 
ried it  thither.  Obed-edom  kindly  re- 
ceived it,  and  gave  it  a  place  in  his 
houfe.  His  family  not  onlv  fuffered 
no  detriment,  but  were  mightily  in- 
creafcd  in  their  number,  health,  and 
otherwife,  fo  that  when  fome  years  af- 
ter, they  were  appointed  porters  of  the 
temple,  they  amounted  to  62  abh,  bo- 
died men,  1  Chron.  xvi.  ^8.  \  '-.  9. 
— 14.    X".    24.     xxvi.    4. — 8.  nis 

Obed-edom  is  called  a  Gittjte,  t:  caufe 
he  was  a  native  of  Gath-rimmon,  or 
had  fojourncd  a  while  in  GatW  of  the^ 
Philiilines,   2  Sam.  vi.  10.    •    •   •    • 

OBEDIENCE  ;  the  fulfihne;  .  of 
a  fuperior's  command  froi-n  rcgaid  to 
his  authority.  Chrill's  ohcdience,  is  his 
perfect  fulfilment  of  the  precepts,  aid 
his  fatisfadion  of  the  penalty,  of  the 
broken  covenant  of  works  in  our  flead, 
Rom.  V.  19.  Hcb.  v.  8.  Angels  obey 
God,  in  cheerfully  and  perfectly  fulfil- 
ling his  law,  and  executing  whatever 
he  commands,  Pfal.  ciii.  20.  The 
faints  obedienccy  lies  in  their  believing 
the  truths  of  the  gofpel,  and  therein 
receiving  Jefus  and  his  fulnefs,  as  the 
free  gift  of  God  ;  and,  in  confequence 
thereof,  fincerely  iludying  conformity 
to  his  image,  and  cheerful  fulfilment 
of  his  whole  law,  Rom.  vi.  16.  This 
is  called  obedience  to  the  faith,  becaufe  it 
begins  in  embracing  the  truths  of  the 
gofpel,  and  is  a  fulfilment  of  the  di- 
vine law  as  revealed  in  the  fcripture, 
Rom.  i.  5.  Adts  vi.  7.  It  is  an  obe- 
dience  of  faith ;  it  correfponds  with  the 
principles  received  by  faith  in  the 
fcripture,  and  it  proceeds  from,  and 
mark^  a  living  and  actuating  principle 


leart,   Re 


o  B  E 

or  habit  of  faith  in   the  heart,   nom. 
XVI.  26.      It  13  an   ohed'icnce  of  Chr'ijl ; 
it  flows  from  his  dwcUing  in,  and  ac- 
tuating our  heart  ;  it  correfponds  with 
his  law,  is  influenced  by  his  authority 
and   love,    and  tends   to   his    honour, 
2  Cor.   X.  5".      It   is   an    obedience  unto 
righteoufnefs ;  it   manifeftis  the   fanftify- 
,  ing  virtue  of  Jefus's   righteoufiefs  im- 
puted, and  conllitutcs  a  perfonal  righ- 
teoufnefs,   whereby   we   glorify    God, 
and  profit  ourfelves   and  others,   Rom. 
vi.  16.      To  conltitute  our  conformity 
to   the   law   an    obedience  of   the  gofpelj 
h  mull   be  built  on   a   gofpel-founda- 
tion  ;  the  truths  relative  to  a  free  and 
eternal  faivation,  from  the    free  grace 
of  God,  reigning   through   the    imjiu- 
tcd  righteoufnefs  of  Jefus  Chrift,  and 
tfie  law,  as  through   his   fulfilment  of 
it,  turned  into  a  laiv  of  liberty  to  diretl: 
us,  received*  into   our  heart,  John  viii. 
32.    ^iii.  17.'    It  mult  proceed  from 
gofpel-principles   in   the  heart,  a  mind 
enlightened  ii\  the  knowledge  of  Chriit 
as  our   Saviour,    Portion,  and   Lord  ; 
a  confcience  fprinkled  with  his  blood  ; 
and  a  heart  renewed,  and   actuated  by 
his  indwelling    Spirit,  Matth.  vii.  18. 
Gal.  i.  16.  Heb.  ix.   14.    iTim.  i.  5. 
Ezek.  xx5tvi.  26.  27.     It  muil  be  in- 
fluenced  by    gofpel-motives,    the    re- 
deeming love  of  Cbriil  fned  abroad  in 
the  heart,  and   imprefling   it  ;  the  au- 
thority of  God,  as  our  God  in  Chriil, 
tnanifelled  in  the  law,  as  a  rule  of  du- 
ty ;    the   example    of   Chriit,    and  of 
God  in  him,  as  our  Father  and  Friend; 
and  the  well-grounded  hope  of  eternal 
life,  as  the  free   gift  of  God  through 
Chrifl,   2  Cor.  v.  14.  15.      i   John  iv. 
19.   I  Theff.  v.  4.  Eph.  v.  1.2.  Hcb. 
xii.  2.  3.      I  John   iii.    2.    3.      i  Cor. 
XV.  58.    It  mud  be  performed  in  a  gof- 
pel-manner,^  in   the    excrcife   of  faith 
on  Chrift,    as   our  righteoufnefs    and 
ftrength  ;  in   the   excrcife   of  grateful 
love   to  him,    as    dying  for   us  ;    and 
with  great  humility,  as  reckoning  our- 
felves   infinite   debtors    to   his    grace, 
and  after  all  we  do,  lefs  than  the  leall 
of  his  mercies,    i  Tim.  i.  5.      Phil.  iv. 
13.  Zech.  X.  12.   Pfal.  cxvi.  16.   Mic. 
vi.  8.    Luke  r.\iu  10.    It  muil  be  pcr- 
VoL.  IL 


17     ]  O  B  S 

formed  to  a  gofpel-end,  to  render  U9 
like  God  our  Saviour ;  to  glorify 
God,  our  Maker  and  Redeemer  ;  to 
profit  our  neighbour,  and  bring  him 
to  God  in  Chriil ;  and  to  prepare  us 
for  the  free  and  full  enjoyment  of  God 
in  Chriil,  Luke  vi.  27. — 36.  i  Cor. 
vi.  19.  20.  1  Pet.  iii.  i.  If.  Ixiv.  5. 
This  obeying  of  the  truth  purifies  the 
heart,  as  it  receives  Jefus's  <rv^Qc  into 
the  foul,  and  tends  to  weaken  pride, 
malice,  and  every  other  indwelling  lull, 
I  Pet.  I.  22. 

Obedience  is  feigned,  when  what  is 
commanded  is  done,  or  profeffed  to  be 
done,  not  from  love  to  our  fuperior, 
or  real  regard  to  his  authority,  but 
from  hope  of  fome  temporal  reward, 
or  fear  of  punilhment :  fuch  is  tlu  0- 
bed'ience  of  hypocrites  to  Chrifl,  and 
was  of  David's  enemies  to  him,  2  Sam. 
xxii.  45.  If.  xxix.  13.  Sometimes  the 
mere  execution  of  the  will  of  a  fupe- 
rior, is  called  an  obifing  him  ;  'iy^  wic- 
ked men,  devils,  and  feas  and  winds, 
obeyed  Ciirlll,  when  they  were  made  to 
do  what  he  pleafed,  Mark  i.  27.  Luke 
iv.  36.  Exod.  xi.  I.  xii.  3 1.  Not  in 
this  manner,  but  iu  love,  ought  chil- 
dren to  obey  their  parents,  wives  their 
hu (bands,  fervants  their  mafl.ers,  fub- 
je6ls  their  magillrates,  and  people 
their  pallors,  Eph.  vi.  i.  5.  Tit.  ii.  5, 
Rom.  xiii.  1.  Heb.  xiii.  17.  Men  0- 
hey  the  liijls  of  indv/elling  con-uption, 
when  they  confent  to,  and  pra6life  the 
evil  inclinations  of  our  heart,  Rom.  vi, 

12. 

OBEISANCE;  a  civil  reverence 
to  a  fuperior,  by  bowing  the  body  or 
knee,  ifjc.   Gen.  xxxvii.  7.  9. 

OBJECT  ;  to  lay  to  one's  charge; 
fay  againft  a  thing,  A6ls  xxiv.  19. 

OBLATION.     See  offering. 

OBSCURE  ;  what  is  darkifh,  lit- 
tle known  :  and  fo  obfcure  darknefs^ 
may  denote  a  bafe  condition,  and  e- 
verlailing  mifery,  Prov.  xx.  20.  Ob- 
scurity, is  much  the  fame  as  dark- 
nefs,  and  denotes  what  is  oppofite  to 
the  liglit  of  knowledge  or  profperity, 
m'iz,  ignorance  and  dillrcisuil  calami- 
ties, If.  lix.  9.  The  blind  fee  out  of 
ohfcur'ity^  and  out  of  darkncfs,  when  their 
E  c  natural 


O  B  S  [21 

oatural  fight  is  miraculoufly  given 
them,  or  rather  when  their  ignorant 
minds  are  enlightened  in  the  fpiritual 
knowledge  of  Chrift,  and  his  truth, 
If.  xxix.  18.  Light  rifes  in  olfcunly 
and  darhncjs^  and  is  made  as  the  noon- 
dayy  when  great  ignorance  and  diilrefs 
are  put  away,  and  knowledge,  pro- 
fperity,  and  Joy,  come  in  their  room  ; 
or  when  the  faints  amidll  their  debafe- 
ment  and  outward  diftrefs,  have  emi- 
nent fellowfhip-  with,  and  joy  in  their 
God  ;  and  the  church  thrives  mightily 
amidil  perfecution,   If.  Iviii.  ic. 

OBvSERVE  ;.  (i.)  To  take  fpecial 
notice  of;  take  good  heed,  Gen. 
xxxvii,  II.  Deut.  xi.  32.  (2.)  To 
put  m  practice  ;  thus  rules  are  ohfer- 
i>edy  when  one  acls  up  to  them,  i  Tim. 
V.  21.  To  ohfer've  the  ivindy  is  to 
take  notice  whence  and  in  what  de- 
gree it  blows,,  in  order  to  refrain  bufi- 
nefs  till  it  anfv^^er  our  wifh,  Eccl.  xi. 
4.  To  obferve  times  finfully,  is  to  rec- 
kon fon-!£  days  lucky  and  others  not> 
and  tranfa6l  or  forbear  bufmefs  accor- 
fiingly,  Deut.  xviii.  10.  14.  But  to 
obferve  the  ceremonial  feafts  and  their 
times,  was  to  keep  thefe  feafts  in  their 
proper  feafon,  and  according  to  all  the 
rites  and  ordinances  thereof,  Exod. 
xii.  7.      Deut.  xvi.  i. 

OBSTINATE  ;  fo  fixed  to  a  bad 
inclination  k  courfe,  as  to  regard  no 
reafons  tr  the  contrary,  Deut.  ii,  30. 
If.  xlviii.  4. 

OBTAIN;  (1.)  To  get  pofTeirion, 
James  iv.  2.  (2.)  To  receive  as  the 
free  gift  of  God,   i  Cor.  ix.  24. 

OCCUPY;  (i.)  To  labour;  do 
buh'.v.  'il  merchandife,  ^c,  Ezek, 
3CXV.:.  lb, — 27.;  and  hen je  a  trade  is 
calk^c  an  occupation,  A<ils  xviii.  3. 
Anu  we  are  to  occupy  till  Chrift  come, 
by  a  continued,  ;i  laborious  courie  of 
glorifying  God,  ar.d edifying  our  neigh- 
bour, arjcl  proHiOting  our  own  falva- 
tion,  till  Chrift  come  to  judge  us,  Luke 
xix.  13.  (2.)  To  make  ufe  of,  Exod. 
xxxviii.  24.'  And  to  occupy  the  room 
©f  the  unlearned,  is  to  be  really  weak 
and  ignorant,    1  Cor.  xiv.  16. 

OCCASION;  (i.)  A  feaion,  or 
opportunity,    Gen.  xiiii.   18.     Jer.  ii. 


8    ]  OF 

24.  (2.)  Aground,  or  caufc  ;  v/hai 
diredly  or  indireclly  tempts  to  a  thing, 
Deut.  xxii.  14.  An  occafwn  of  Jlum- 
bling,  is  what  tends  to  make  one  of- 
fend God,  and  ftumble  out  of  his  way, 
r  John  ii.  10.      Rom.  xiv.  13. 

To  OCCUR  ;  to  happen.  Occur- 
rent;  happening,   i  Kings  v,  4. 

ODED,  a  prophet,  who  remonftra- 
ted  to  the  Ifraelites,  who  under  Pe- 
kah  had  flam  120/D00  of  the  Jews 
and  made  200,000  prifoners,  that  they 
had  done  wickedly  in  fo  outrageoufly 
murdering  their  brethren,,  when  for 
their  fin  delivered  into  their  hand  ;  and 
that  tlieir  retaining  their  captives  for 
flaves  would  eff'e6lually  draw  the  wrath 
of  God  upon  themfelves.  Moved  by 
his  remonft ranees,  the  princes  were 
perfuaded  to  fend  horrte  the  prifoners 
in  a  kindly  and  affedionate  manner, 
2  Chron.  xxviii.      See  Ahaz.   •  •  •  • 

ODIOUS  ;  hateful,  i  Chron.  xix.- 
6.      Prov.  XXX.  23. 

ODOUR  ;.  (  I.)  The  fragrant  fcent 
that  flows  from  fpices,  herbs,  ointment^ 
John  xii.  3.  (2.)  The  fpices  and  oint- 
ments that  produce  this  fcent,  2  Chron. 
xvi.  14.  Jer.  xxxiv.  5.  Dan.  ii.  46^ 
The  faints  prayers  and  praifes,  and  their 
cheerful  prefeiits  to  miniilers  and  fel- 
low-Chriilians  in  need,  are  hkened  to 
odoursf  to  reprefent  how  delightful  and 
acceptable  they  are  to  Go(i,  Rev.  v.  8. 
Phil.  iv.  J  8.  The  odours  and  frankin^ 
cenfe  of  Antichrift,  may  denote  the  Po- 
pifh  pater-nofters,  Ave-maries,  "prayers 
for  the  dead,  l^c,  which  the  people 
hire  the  clergy  to  fay  for  them,  Rev» 
xviii.  13. 

OF  denotes,  (i.)  The  matter  of 
which  a  thing  is  made,  i  Kings  xxii. 
II.  (2.)  The  caufe,  Matth.  v.  18. 
(3.)  The  objea,  Gal.  ii.  16.  (4.) 
The  proprietor  to  which  a  perfon  or 
thing  belongs,  as  his  property,  poflef- 
fion,  or  party,  i  Cor.  i.  12.  iii.  4.  Of 
God,  and  by  him,  and  to  him,  are  all 
thii2gs  ;  he  made  them  ;  by  him  they 
are  prcferved  ;  and  to  his  glory,  as 
their  end,  is  their  creation,  prcferva- 
tion,  and  government  directed,  Rom. 
xi.  36.  Chrift  could  do  nothing  of 
h'lmfelf^  j.  e*   Without  his  Father's  will 

an<I 


OFF  [2 

and  commlflion,  Jolin  v.  19.  The  faints 
are  of  God ;  are  redeemed,  regenerated 
by  him,  belong  to  him,  and  afFe^^l  to 
be  h'ke  him,  i  John  iv.  4.  They  are 
of  faith  y  as,  by-  God's  truth  apph'ed, 
their  Hate  and  nature  are  changed  ;  and 
by  a  principle  or  habit  of  faith  are  they 
■a^led  in  the  tenor  of  their  life,  Gal.  iii. 
9.  To  them  is  given  of  God's  Spirit  ; 
he  dwells  in  and  excites  and  diredis 
them,  I  John  iv.  13,  Wicked  men  are 
of  the  devil;  are  his  children  and  flaves, 
^nd  like  to  him,  John  viii.  44.  They 
cire  of  the  luorld,  as  their  affe(?tions  are 
iinful  and  carnal,  and  they  take  worldly 
things  to  be  tlveir  portion,  worldly  men 
to  be  their  companions,  and  worldly 
courfes  to  be  their  pattern,  i  John  iv.  5. 
"They  are  of  the  ivorls  of  the  law,  as 
they  feek  juftification  and  happinefs  by 
them.  Gal.  iii.  IG.  Satan  fpeaks  of 
himfclfy  i.  e.  what  proceeds  from  his 
own  corrupt  nature,  John  viii.  44. 

To  OFFEND,  or  give  offence,  or 
f caudal ;  (1.)  To  commit  a  fault; 
break  a  law  of  God,  or  men,  James 
iii.  2.  Afts  x-xv.  8.  II.  Rom.  iv.  25. 
(2.)  To  difpleafe;  grieve,  Prov.  xviii. 
19.  I  Sam.  XXV.  31.  Eccl.  X.  4.  Matth. 
xvi.  23.  (3.)  To  draw  one  to  fin,  or 
hinder  him  from  duty,  Matth.  v.  29. 
30. ;  and  an  offence,  is  what  caufes  or 
occafions  one's  being  led  into  fin,  or 
hindered  from  duty,  whether  by  reduc- 
tion, or  by  grief  and  vexation  of  mind, 
Matth.  xviii.  7.  And  we  caufe  a  bro- 
ther to  offend,  when  we  do  what  leads 
him  into  a  difagreeable  temper,  or  e- 
vil  courfe,  i  Cor.  viii.  13.  To  offend 
in  Baal,  is  to  break  God's  law,  by  the 
worfliipping  of  Baal,  Huf.  xii.  i.  10. 
/  ivill  not  offend  any  more  ;  through  Je- 
fus's  working  for  and  in  me,  I  will 
watch  and  llrive  againft  offending  of 
God  and  men,  as  I  have  done.  Job 
XX  X  i  V.  3 1 .  To  offend  the  generation  of  the 
righteous,  is  to  do  what  tends  to  grieve 
their  fpirits,  or  lead  them  into  fin,  Pfal. 
Ixxiii.  15.  Sometimes  offence  is  taken 
when  none  is  given  ;  fo  men  are  offend- 
ed in,  or  becaufe  of  Chriil  ;  and  he  is 
to  them  a  rock  of  offence,  when  they 
take  occafion,  from  his  deep  debafe- 
ment,  or  from  his  defpift4  followers, 


19    1  OFF 

or  from  his  doftrines  or  laws,  to  fliew 
difregard  and  contempt  of  iiim,  Matth, 
xiii.  57.  xi.  6.  xv.  12.  xxvi.  31.  If. 
viii.  14.  If  Paul  had  preached  circum- 
cifion  as  neceflTary  to  falvation,  the  of-' 
fence  of  the  crofs  had  ccaf.jd  ;  the  doc- 
trine of  redemption,  througli  the  de- 
bafement  and  death  of  the  Mefiiah,  at 
which  the  Jews  took  offence,  muft  have 
been  laid  afide,  and  fo  the  Jews  hatred 
and  perfecution  of  him  had  ccafed,  Gal. 
V.  II.  vi.  12.  The  giving  of  offence^ 
efpecially  to  weak  Chrillians,  is,  for 
his  own  ends,  permitted  of  God  ;  but 
dreadful  is  his  'im  and  punilhment,  that 
indulges  himfelf  in  giving  it,  even  in 
dubious  -'^hings,  or  by  things  in  therr- 
felves  lawful,  but  not  neceffarily  requi- 
red by  the  divine  law.  He  is  guilty  of 
exprefs  breach  of  the  divine  law,  which 
no  command  of  earthly  fovereigns,  no 
outward  hurt  or  danger,  can  pofiibly 
enervate,  i  Cor.  x.  32.  In  God's  ac- 
count, he  fins  againft  Chriil:,  and  de- 
flroys  his  brother,  for  wham  Chrift 
died,  Rom.  xiv.  13.  15.  20.  21.  I  Cor, 
viii.  9. — 13.  He  draws  the  heavy  wo 
and  curfe  of  God  upoa  himfelf;  and  it 
had  been  better  for  him  that  a  millftone 
had  been  hanged  about  his  n^k,  and 
he  caft  into  the  depths  of  the  fea, 
Matth.  xviii.  6.  7-  How  terrible  this 
to  the  profeffors  of  our  times,  who,  in- 
ftead  of  always  exercifing  themfelves  to 
keep  a  confcience  void  of  offence  to 
God  and  men,  A6ls  xxiv.  16.  difdain 
to  deny  themfelves  the  moil  trifling 
gratification,  for  tlie  fake  of  any  weak 
brother  1 

When  one  receives  a  private  offence, 
he  (hould,  in  a  ferious  and  calm  man- 
ner, reprove  the  offender  by  himfelf, 
and  if  he  get  not  fatisfaction,  he  ought 
to  reprove  him  before  one  or  two  more  ; 
and  if  he  can  get  no  fatisfac^tion  in  thi;> 
manner,  he  ought  to  lay  it  before  the 
churcli-judicatories  ;  and  if  the  offender 
ftill  continue  impenitent,  and  the  fcan- 
dal  be  plainly  iinful  and  evidently  pro- 
ven, he  is  to  be  excommunicated  from 
the  fociety  of  church-members  :  but  all 
dealing  with  offending  brethren  fliould 
be  managed  with  the  utmoil  meekneis, 
plainncfs,  and  tender  afftdion  ;  and 
E  e  2  witU 


OFF  [22 

with  tlie  iitmoft  care  to  avoid  all  unne- 
cera^-y  blazing  abroad  of  their  fault, 
Matth  xviii.  15. — 18.   Lev.  xix.  17. 

OFFERING,  OBLATION,  chiefly 
denotes  what  is  given  to  God.  Offer- 
ings were  in  general  of  two  kinds,  vi%. - 
g'tftSj  where  no  life  was  dcftroyed,  and 
facrifices,  wherein  the  life  of  tlie  thing 
offered  was  taken  away,  Heb.  v.  i. 
The  defign  of  all  ouerings  was  either  to 
make  atonement  for  fxn,  thank  God 
for  mercy  received,  or  procure  fome 
new  favour  ;  and  all  pointed  out  our 
Redeemer,  who  by  one  offering,  for  e- 
ver  perfected  them  that  are  fanftihed  ; 
and  his  people  furrendering  themfelves 
and  their  ferviee  to  God  through  him, 
Heb.  X.  I.  Col.  ii.  17.  Rom.  xii.  i. 
Immediately  after  the  fall,  God  m- 
flrucled  Adam  and  Eve  to  offer  facri- 
fice;  and  it  feenis  their  firft  robes  were 
the  fkins  of  facriiiced  animals,  Gen. 
ili.  21.  When  Abel  was  grown  up, 
he,  by  faith  in  the  divine  appointment, 
and  in  the  prefigured  Meffiah,  offered 
not  the  milk,  as  fome  think,  but  fa- 
criiiced the  heji  of  his  flock  ;  for  his  ob- 
lation is  called  thyfm,  L  e.  ^Jlain  Jacri- 
jicc.  Gen.  iv.  4.  10.  Heb.  xi,  4.  When 
Noah  v/ent  forth  from  his  ark,  he  of- 
fered an  acceptable  facrifice  to  God, 
Gen.  viii.  20.  At  different  places,  A- 
braham,  Ifanc,  and  Jacob,  built  altars, 
and  facriiiced  to  the  Lord,  Gen.  xii. 
xiii.  xxvi.  xxviii.  xxxiii.  £if^.  Job  offer- 
ed facriiice  for  his  children  and  friends. 
Job  i.  5.  xHi.  8,  From  the  injuncSiioii 
of  facrilices  to  the  ancient  patriarchs 
before  and  after  the  flood,  the  cuflom 
of  facrificing  fpread  into  tlie  world. 
The  very  Heathens  retained  the  rite, 
and  loaded  it  wath  vain  ceremonies,  b^it 
loff  the  view  of  its  fignification.  As 
their  pxatural  confcience  di£i:ated  to 
them  the  infufficiency  of  animal  facri- 
fices to  atorie  for  the  fins  of  men,  it  is 
not  to  be  wondered  at,  that  the  mur- 
derous obhition  of  human  facrifices  was 
fo  generally  iniligated  to  by  Satan,  and 
pradifed'by  theri. 

Before  the  Hebrew  tabernacle  was 
eredled,  there  vv^as  no  limitation  as  to 
the  place  oi  offering  facrifices  ;  and  we 
fuppoie  thofe  offered  in  fc.iih  were  f,e- 


o    ]  OFF 

nerally  confumed  by  fire  from  heaven  ; 
and  mofl  of  them  feem  to  have  been 
of  the  form  of  burnt-offerings.  The 
ceremonial  law,  given  by  God  to  Mo- 
fes,  added  various  diilinctions  and  rites 
of  oblations.  The  facrifices,  properly 
fo  called,  v>'hercin  animals  were  fiain, 
and  offered  to  God  on  an  altar,  by 
priefls  of  his  appointment,  were  dlf- 
tinguiihed  into  burnt-offerings,  peace- 
offerings,  fm-offerings,  and  trefpafs-of- 
ferings. 

I.  The  hurnt-ojfering  confifled  of  a 
bullock,  a  he-lamb,  or  kid  ;  or,  if  the 
offerer  was  poor,  a  turtle  or  pigeon. 
The  animal  deflined  for  facrifice  was 
led  to  the  eafl  end  of  the  tabernacle  or 
temple  :  tlie  offerer  lai^d  his  hands  on 
its  head,  confefling  his  guilt,  and  trans- 
ferring his  defert  of  deiith  on  the  ani- 
mal. The  priefl  then  Hew  it  on  the 
north  fide  of  the  brazen  altar,  and 
fprinkled  its  blood  rouiid  about  the  al- 
tar. The  fl<^^in  was  then  taken  off,  and 
the  priefl  had  it  for  his  fhare.  The  in- 
w^ards  and  legs  were  waflied,  and  the 
whole  ilefli  falted,  and  burnt  on  the 
altar  with  facred  fire.  If  the  offering 
was  a  turtle  or  pigeon,  the  priefl  pinch- 
ed off  its  head  with  his  nails  :  the  blood 
was  VvTung  out  at  the  fide  of  the  altar, 
and  the  body  was  freed  from  the  gar- 
bage and  feathers  ;  and  being  almofl, 
but  not  wholly  cleft,  \vas  burnt  on  the 
altar.  The  priefl  ar  ^/ed  himfelf  in 
common  apparel,  and  carried  the  alhes 
and  excrements  of  the  bullock,  Iheep, 
or  goat,  and  the  aflier.,  feathers,  and 
garbage  of  the  fowl,  into  a  clean  place 
without  the  camp.  Eveiy  burnt-of- 
fering, except  that  of  t!ie  turtle  and  pi- 
geon, was  attended  with  a  meat-offering 
and  drink-offering.  The  burnt-oft'ering 
was  the  chief  of  all  the  oblations.  And 
befidcs  v/hat  was  voluntary,  the  law 
required  burnt-offerings  on  nine  flated 
occafions,  v'i%.  at  ail  the  daily,  weekly, 
monthly,  or  annual  feasts  ;  and  iu 
the  different  occaficnal  cafes  of  confe- 
cration  of  priclls,  defilement  of  a  N:i- 
zarite,  or  expiration  of  his  vov>'  ;  and 
in  purification  from  child-birth,  lepro- 
fie3,  iiTues,  ^V.  Lev.  i.  ii.  13.  vi.  8. 
—13.    vii.  8.    \z\u  19. — 24.     Numb* 


OFF  r     221     ]  OFF 

the  reft  of  the  meat-offering,  was;  r^?- 
turned  to  the  offerej-,  that  he  and  his 
friends  might  feail  on  it.  If  it  was  a 
thank-oft'ering^,  the  flefh  was  to  be 
eaten  that  very  day  :  if  it  was  a  vowr 
or  voluntary  offering,  it  was  to  be  extent 
that  day  and  the  next  j  and  if  aught 
remained,  after  the  appointed  time,  It 
was  to  be  burnt  with  fire,  l^av.  iii.  vli. 
ir. — -34.  xix.  5. — 8.  xxiii.  19.  20. 
Deut.  xviii.  3.  Did  it  reprefent  Jefus^ 
as  at  once  the  Son  of  God,  and  thv'  feed 
of  the  woman,  oxiering  hlmfeif  to  pay 
om-  debt,"  procure  our  peace  \vlth  God, 
and  lay  the  foundation  of  his  and  our 
mutual  and  delicfhtful  feaftinnr  for  ever 


XV.  I. — 16.  Exod.  xxviii.  xxix.  Numb. 
xxviii.  xxix.  Lev.  xii.  xiv.  15. 

Did  not  this  prefigure  the  all-excel- 
lent, focial,  patient,  peaceful  Jefus,  as 
brought  into  the  world,  having  our  fms 
Imputed  to  him,  and  oflVred  by  him- 
felf  a  fwect-fmcUing  facrihce,  without 
fpot  to  God,  to  atone  and  honour  his 
perfections,  and  expiate  our  fin  ?  How 
willingly  he  prefented  himfclf!  how 
dolorous  and  painful  his  fufferings  in 
the  fire  of  his  Father's  wrath  !  how  he 
expired  on  the  crofs,  to  the  north-v/eft 
of  Jerufalem  ;  and  hitherto  hath  cliief- 
ly  extended  the  virtue  of  his  death  to 
tlK.  northern  part  of  the  world  !  how, 
for  us  poor  criminals,  his  foul  and  body 
were  dinded  afunder,  but  neither  fepa- 
rated  from  his  Godhead  !  How  he,  af- 
ter lying  In  a  clean  grave,  put  off  every 
badge  of  mortality  and  guilt  !  and  of 
what  bleffed  provlfion  for  our  foul  Is 
his  facrihce  productive  ! 

2.  By  the  peacc'ojfering^  the  offerer 
thanked  God  for  mev<;!es  received,  paid 
vows,  or  fought  to  obtain  favours.  At 
the  confecration  of  a  prieft,  for  we 
reckon  this  a  peace-offering  ;  at  the 
expiration  of  a  Nazarite's  vow,  it  was 
to  be  a  ram.  At  Pentecoif  too,  per- 
haps the  two  lambs  were  to  be  males  ; 
but  In  other  cafes  the  offered  animals 
might  be  either  male  or  female  :  only 
here,  as  In  every  other  oblation,  they 
behoved  to  be  unblemifhed  ;  and  their 
number  might  be  few  or  many,  as  the 
odcrer  pleafed.  Perhaps  it  was  com- 
mon for  almoil  cveiy  Hebrev/  who  was 
the  head  of  a  family,  to  offer  peace- 
oiferings  at  the  three  folemn  fenlls. 
After  the  offerer  had  laid  his  hand  on 
this  victim,  it  was  killed  at  the  north 
fide  of  the  altar,  and  its  blood  fprlnkled 
round  about  the  altar  ;  the  fat  that  co- 
vered the  rump,  and  the  inwards  and 
k,idneys,  and  the  cavd  above  the  liver, 
was  faked,  and  burnt  on  the  brazen  al- 
tar above  the  burnt-offering  ;  the  right 
breaft  and  flioulder,  with  the  cheeks 
and  the  maw,  being  heaved  and  wa7ed, 
together  with  a  portion  of  the  attend- 
ant meat-offering,  were  given  to  tlie 
l)viefls,  that  they,  and  their  fons  and 
daughters,  might  feed  thereon,  in  any 
clean  place.     The  refl  of  the  flefh,  and 


on   his  work   of  redemption  ? Do 

not  this  and  the  burnt-offering  teach  us 
cheerfully  to  devote  our  whole  man  to 
God  ;  to  mortify  every  inward  lufl, 
and  be  all  inflamed  with  love  to  our 
dear  Redeemer  ;  and  to  be  early  and 
adtlve  in  our  gratitude,  having  every 
linful  delay  of  duty  prevented  by  the 
Hrength  of  our  inward  love  to  him? 

3.  ''T\vp  fin-njfering  v/as  diverfified  in 
Its  matter,  to  point  out  the  different 
degrees  of  the  crime,  or  to  anfwer  the 
ability  of  the  offerer.  For  the  lin  of  a 
prieft,  or  the  occafional  fin  of  the  whole 
congregation,  or  for  the  Levites  at 
their  confecration,  it  was  a  bullock, 
Exod.  xxix.  10. — 14.  Lev.  Iv.  3.— 
21.  xvi.  6.  Numb.  vlii.  12.  A  male 
kid  was  the  flated  fm-offering  for  the 
whole  nation  at  their  folemn  fcafls,  and 
for  the  occafional  fins  of  a  ruler.  Numb. 
XV.  24.  xxviii.  29.  vii.  Lev.  iv.  22. — 
26.  A  female  kid,  or  lamb,  for  the 
occafional  fins  of  a  private  perfon  j  or 
if  a  m.an  was  fo  poor  that  he  could  not 
afford  a  female  kid,  he  gave  two  Uirtle- 
doves  or  two  young  pigeons,  the  one 
for  a  fin-offering,  and  the  other  for  a 
burnt- offering  ;  or  if  he  could  not  af- 
ford thefe,  he  gave  an  homer  of  fine 
flour,  without  either  oil  or  fiankiii- 
cenfe,  Lev.  iv.  28.. — 35.  v.  9.  10.  11. 
A  ewe-lan)b  was  the  fin-offering  for  a 
Nazarite  at  the  expiration  of  his  vow  ; 
and  for  a  woman's  purification  after 
child-birth  ;  or  for  a  leper,  and  for  the 
breach  of  a  Nazarltc's  vow,  or  for  a 
i;;unn,ing  iffue  :  or  in   cafe  of  Inability 

t« 


OFF  [22 

to  DtFer  a  ewe-lamb,  in  the  former  ca- 
fes, it  was  a  pair  of  turtle  doves,  or 
two  young  pigeons,  Numb.  vi.  Lev. 
xii.  xiv.  22.  XV.  14.  15.  29.  30.  The 
animal  fin-offering  was  brought  to  the 
brazen  altar  :  the  offender  transferred 
his  guilt  thereon,  by  laying  his  hand 
on  its  head.  Except  the  blood  of  the 
priefl:'s  buliock  and  of  the  peoples  goat, 
which  was  -carried  into  the  fan6luary, 
the  blood  of  fin-offerings  w^as  poured 
out  at  the  fide  or  at  the  bottom  of  the 
brazen  altar  ;  and  the  fat  being  falted, 
%vas  burnt  on  the  altar  to  the  Lord  ; 
and  the  refl  of  the  pblations  was  the 
priefl's ;  on  the  flefh  thereof,  he  and 
his  fons  feailed  in  the  holy  place.  The 
very  pots  in  which  the  flefh  was  boiled 
were  rendered  unclean  :  and,  if  of 
earth,  were  broken  to  pieces  ;  but,  if 
of  metal,  were  to  be  rinled  in  water. 
When  the  blood  was  carried  into  the 
fanCluar)--,  .the  flelh  and  fldn  were  car- 
ried into  the  place  affigned  for  the  aflies 
of  the  bur;it-offerings,  and  there  burnt ; 
fo  the  prieils  had  no  fhare  at  all  of  their 
own  fin-offerings,  and  he  who  burnt 
the  flefh  and  flcin  was  rendered  urrt:lean. 
As  the  fin-offering  of  fowls  had  no  fat, 
t\\'o  were  necelfary,  that  the  one  might 
be  ufed  inilead  01  the  fat,  in  form  of 
a  burnt  -  offering  ;  and  the  other,  af- 
ter its  blood  was  poured  at  the  altar, 
might,  as  the  fin-offering,  be  given  to 
the  priefl.  No  blood  of  a  fin-offering 
was  to  be  earned  out  of  the  facred 
courts,  fo  much  as  in  a  fpot'on  the 
priefl's  garment,  but  was  to  be  wafhed  - 
out  before  he  went  forth.  If  the  fin- 
offering  was  of  meal,  an  handful  of  it 
was  burnt  on  the  altar  inflead  of  the  fat, 
and  the  refidue  belonged  to  tlie  priefl, 
Lev.  iv.  V.  vi. 

4.  That  the  t7-efpafs -offering  was  really 
different  from  thcjin-offering,  is  evident 
in  the  cafe  of  the  leper,  where  both 
were  conjoined,  Lev.  xiv.  10. — 20.; 
but  it  is  not  eafy  to  ftate  the  difference 
between  them.  Some  think  fin-offer- 
ings refpedcd  fins  of  omiflion ;  trefpafs- 
offerings,  fins  of  commifTion  :  others 
think  the  former  atoned  for  fins  com- 
mitted through  ignorance  of  the  law, 
^nd  the  latter  for  fms  which  orje  coni- 


2     ]  OFF 

mitted  through  inattention  to  his  con- 
du6l.  Neither  of  thefe  agree  with  Mo- 
fes's  laws.  Perhaps  Dr  Owen  is  right 
in  thinking,  that  the  trefpafs-offerings 
related  only  to  fome  particular  cafes  not 
comprifed  in  the  general  rules  for  fin- 
offerings.  If  one,  when  called,  did 
not  declare  the  truth  agaiufl  a  perjured 
perfon,  or  profane  fwearer  ;  if  he  inad- 
vertently defiled  himfelf  by  touching 
unclean  bodies  ;  if  he  fwore  rafhly,  a 
fhe-lamb  or  kid  was  to  be  his  trefpafs- 
offering  ;  or  a  pair  of  turtles  or  pigeons, 
if  he  was  poor  ;  or  an  omer  of  fine 
flour,  if  he  was  very  poor  ;  but  if  the 
trefpaf«  was  facrilege,  or  other  dilho- 
nefly,  he  was  firft  to  make  reflitution 
to  the  value  of  what  he  had  unjuftly 
taken,  and  a  fifth  part  more  ;  and  then 
to  offer  a  ram  for  his  trefpafs-offering. 
The  .  leper's  trefpafs-offering  was  an 
he-lamb.  Except  in  the  cafe  of  the 
leper,  the  trefpafs-offering  was  ordered 
precifely  in  the  manner  of  the  fin-offer- 
ing. Lev.  V.  Did  not  both  reprefent 
Jefus  as  bearing  our  fms,  and  enduring 
the  punifhment  thereof  in  dolorous  fuf- 
ferings,  that  he  might  remove  them 
from  us,  as  far.  as  eafl  is  from  the  weft. 
5.  The  meat-offerings,  and  fuch  a& 
follow,  were  not  facrifices,  but  gifts. 
Meat-offerings  were  always  to  attend 
burnt  -  offerings  and  peace  -  offerings, 
and  the  fin-offering  and  trefpafs-offer- 
ing of  the  leper  ;  but  whether  they 
attended  other  fin-offerings  and  tref- 
pafs-offering?, we  can  hardly  deter- 
mine. In  cafes  wherein  the  meat-of- 
fering was  ftated,  three  omers  or  tenth 
deals  of  fine  flour  attended  the  facri- 
fice  of  a  bullock  ;  two,  that  of  a  ram; 
and  oi^e  that  of  a  lamb  or  kid.  Half 
a  hin  of  oil  attended  the  three  omers, 
to  fry  it  with  ;  and  one  third  of  a  hin 
attended  the  two  omers  ;  and  a  fourth 
part  attended  the  one  omer.  Frank-^ 
inccnfe  was  alfo  an  ingredient  in  this 
offering,  and  fait  Avas  added  to  it. 
When  meat-offerings  were  prefcnted 
by  themfelves,  and  voluntary,  the 
quantity  was  not  Hated..  Sometimes 
the  materials  were  baken  into  unlea- 
vened cakes,  and  fometimes  were  offerr 
ed  unbaken.     In  thank-offerings,  fome 

cakes 


OFF         [22 

cakes  of  leavened  bread  were  to  be  of- 
fered along  with  it ;  and  to  tliis  the 
two  leavened  loaves  offered  at  Pente- 
coil  may  be  reduced  :  but  no  leaven 
.was  laid  on  the  altar.  When  a  meat- 
offering was  prefented,  the  priell  took 
part  of  the  meal,  or  of  the  bread 
crumbled  down  ;  and  having  poured 
oil,  fait,  wine,  and  frankincenfe  on  it, 
burnt  it  on  the  altar,  and  the  priefl 
had  the  refiduc  for  himfelf  and  his 
fons,  to  be  eaten  in  the  facred  court  : 
but  a  m.eat-oflering  for  the  prielts  was 
wholly  burnt.  The  offering  of  tht;, 
flieaf,  or  omer  of  barley  at  the  paffo- 
ver,  and  of  the  loaves  at  P<;ntecoll, 
and  of  the  firfl-fruits  of  oil,  barley,  or 
flour,  was  a-kin  to  the  mcat-ofFeving ; 
but  the  fufpefted  wife's  offering  of  an 
omer  of  barley,  was  a-kin  to  the  meal 
fni-offering.  Did  not  thefe  meat -of- 
ferings reprefent  Jefus  as  the  fruit  of 
the  earth,  prepared  by  the  Holy 
Ghoft,  and  by  dolorous  fufferings, 
and  powerful  interceffion,  to  be,  as 
Mediatory^  the  eternal  dehght  of  Je- 
hovah, and  the  delicate  provifion  of 
his  people,  in  a  Hate  of  holy  fellow- 
fhip  with  him  ?  Were  they  not  em- 
blems of  the  faints,  and  their  holy  fer- 
vices  prefented  to,  and  accepted  by 
God  through  Chriil  ?  Lev.  ii.  vi.  15. 
-—23.  vii.  9.  10.  13.  14.  Numb.  xv. 
I. — 16.   xviii.  9.  10. 

6.  Drink-offerings  were  never,  that  I 
know  of,  offered  by  themfelves,  but 
were  an  attendant  of  the  meat-offer- 
ing.  The  proportion  of  wine  was  to 
be  the  fame  with  that  of  oil.  Part  of 
the  wine  was  poured  on  the  meat-of- 
fering, and  that  was  burnt,  and  the 
rcfl  was  the  priefts  ;  and  if-  the  whole 
meat-offering  was  burnt,  no  doubt  the 
wine  went  along  with  it.  Did  this 
oblation  reprefent  the  Holy  Ghofl,  as 
plentifully  poured  on  our  Redeemer 
and  his  people,  for  their  fupport  un- 
der fufferings,  and  for  their  endlefs 
confolation  ?  Numb.  xv.  i. — 16. 

7.  The  half  fhekel  of  money,  which 
every  Jew  come  to  manhood  was  to 
give,  it  feems  yearly,  for  the  ranfom 
of  his  foul,  to  the  fervice  of  the  ta- 
bernacle or  temple.     No  man,  howe- 


3    ]         OFF 

ver  rich,  was  to  give  more,  or  how- 
ever  poor,  to  give  lefs.  Did  not  this 
repreient  Jefus  laying  down  his  life  a 
ranfom,  equally  necellai^  for,  and  fuit- 
ed  to  the  cafe  of  both  poor  and  rich, 
Exod.  XXX.  12. — 16.  xxxviii.  25. — 28. 

Tithes;  first-born;  first- 
lings ;  first-fruits  ;  consecra- 
ted things,  and  the  facred  oil  ;  and 
INCENSE,  alfo  pertained  to  the  offered 
GIFTS.      See  under  thefe  articles. 

Sometimes  the  offerings  were  com- 
plex, as  at  the  feasts',  fast  of  ex- 
piation, and  purification  of  lepers, 
confecration  of  priests,  dedication 
of  tabernacle  or  TEMPLE.  See  alfo 
BULL.  The  heave  ani  ivave  offerings 
were  not  different  in  their  matter  from 
what  have  been  already  mentioned, 
but  were  fo  called,  becaufe  they  were 
heaved  or  lifted  up  towards  heaven, 
and  waved  towards  the  four  airths  of 
the  world,  as  a  token  they  belonged 
to  him,  whofe  throne  is  in  heaven^ 
and  is  Creator  and  Governor  of  all  the 
ends  of  the  earth.  The  Levites,  at 
their  confecration,  were  fuch  an  offer*» 
ing,  being  lifted  up  or  choien  from  a-^- 
mong  the  congregation,  and  perhaps 
walking  to  and  fro,  towards  every 
airth.  The  fat,  kidneys,  caul,  breafl, 
and  right  fhoulder  of  the  priefls  con- 
fecration-offering,  togetlK;r  with  a  loaf 
and  wafer  of  unleavened  bread,  and  a 
cake  of  oiled  bread,  was  heaved  and 
waved,  and  all  burnt  on  the  altar,  ex- 
cept the  breafl.  Lev.  viii.  11. — 19, 
Exod.  xxix.  22.-26.  The  breafl, 
right  fhoulder,  and  perhaps  the  fat  of 
all  peace-offerings,  and  leavened  cake 
of  the  thank-offerings.  Lev.  vii.  13. 
14.  30.  X.  15.  ;  the  leper's  trefpafs- 
offering,  with  its  log  of  oil.  Lev.  xiv. 
12.  14.  ;  the  jealcMify-offering,- Numb, 
vi.  20.  ;  the  iheaf  or  omer  of  ripe  ears. 
Lev.  xxiii.  15.  ;  the  two  lambs  of 
Pentecoll,  with  their  attendant  peace- 
offering.  Lev.  xxiii.  19.  20.  ;  the  ob- 
lation of  dough.  Numb.  kv.  19.  21.; 
the  tithes  of  the  Levites  and  priefls. 
Numb,  xviii.  24.  28.  30.  ;  the  Lord's 
tribute  of  the  fpoil  of  Midian,  Numb. 
xxxi.  29.  41.;  were  waved,/  and,  I 
fuppofe,  alfo   heaved.     Did  this  hea^ 

ving 


OFF  [2 

ving  nnd  loavlng  of  their  oblations  rc- 

,  prefent  t'le  folcmn  dedication  of  Jefus 

and  his  people  to  the  fpirltual,  fuper- 

natiiral,  and  univerfal  fervice  of  God? 

God  never  rcqiiiretl  thefe  oblations 
as  good  In  themfelves,  nor  as  the  ef- 
feftual  means  of  the  real  atonement  or 
purgation  of  fin  ;  he  never  required 
them,  as  equally  neceiTary  with  moral 
duties ;  nor  did  he  regard  them  at  all, 
when  offered  in  a  wicked  manner ; 
and  after  the  death  of  our  Saviour, 
he  deteited  them,  Pfal.  xl.  6.  li.  i6. 
Jer.  vii.  22.  1  Sam.  xv.  15.  22.  Hof. 
VI.  6.  Pfal.  Ixix. '30.  31.  1.  9. — 14. 
If.  i.  II.  12.  13.  Ixvi.  3.  Sacrifices 
of  rtghkonfnefs,  arc  either  fuch  as  are 
jiilHy  gotten  ;  or  fpiritual  facrifices  of 
one's  felf,  prayers,  and  holy  fervices, 
Pfal.  iv.  5.  li.  19.  The  ohlaimi  fQcri- 
Jii-Cj  ajid  pure  offering  of  rigliteoufnefs 
'  offered  by  the  Egyptians  and  others, 
under  the  New  Teilament,  is  their 
dedication  of  themfelves,  and  their 
broken  hearts,  prayers,  praifes,  and 
holy  fervices,  and  alms,  prtfented  to 
God  through  Jefus  as  their  altar,  for 
the  advanceinent  of  his  honour  and 
glory,  Mai.  i.  11.  Pfal*  li.  17.  Rom. 
xii.  1.  XV.  16.  Ileb.  xiii.  16.;  and 
they  are  falted  with  liery  troubles  and 
bitter  repentance,  Mark  ix.  49.  ;  or 
the  decent  mnintenance  of  miniflers, 
Ezck.  xliv.  30.  The  damned  in  hell 
are  reprefented  as  facrifices  falted  in 
the  lire  of  God's  wrath  ;  for  ever  tor- 
mented for  the  fatisfaiiion  of  his  juf-, 
tice  and.punilhment  of  their  fin,  Mark 
ix.  49. 

OFFICE  ;  (i.)  ^"^  relation  to  any 
particular  kind  of  work,  whereby  one 
has  a  Handing  title  to  perform  it,  as  - 
he  has  opportunity,  Pfal.  cix.  18.  (2.) 
The  work  pertaining  to  an  oihce, 
Kxod.  i.  16.  (3.)  The  place  where 
men  employ  themfelves  together  in 
their  work,  2  Cliron.  xxiv.  11.  An 
officer  is  one  who  hath  an  office  under 
Chriil  in  the  church,  or  under  the 
king,  or  other  rulers  in  the  ftate, 
2  Cbron.  xix.  ir.  Eilh.  ix.  3.  John 
vii.  32.  45.     Exod.  v.  6.  10.  15. 

OFFSCOURING;  (i.)  The  mofl 
bafc  ;  the  rtiuic  and  droic>,  Lam.  iii. 


1 


24     I  OIL 

45.  (2.)  What  as  the  bafeft  13  ap- 
pointed to  ruin,  for  the  fake  of  others, 
I  Cor.  iv.  13. 

OFFSPRING;  (i,)  Crop;  pro- 
duftofthe  earth,  Job  xxxi.  8.  (2.) 
Posterity,  children,  grand-children, 
^c.  Job  xxxi.  8.  If.  xlviii.  19.  In 
refpedt  of  his  manhood,  Chriil  is  the 
offspring  and  defcendant  of  David, 
Rev.  xxii.  16.  We  are  Gods  offspring; 
in  refpec^l  of  our  natural  and  gracious 
exillence,  we  are  produced  by  the  a- 
gency  of  his  power,  wifdom,  and 
goodnefs,  Acts  xvii.  28. 

OG>  the  king  of  Bafhan,  was  one 
of  the  GIANTS.  His  bedftead  was  of 
iron,  and  was  nine  cubits  long  and 
four  broad,  which,  according  to  our 
reckoning,  is  16  feet  and  near  live  in- 
ches long,  and  feven  feet  and  more 
than  three  inches  broad  ;  but  Calmet 
makes  it  only  15  feet  and  four  inches 
long,  and  fix  feet  and  ten  inches 
broad.  Wolfius  will  have  Og  to  have 
been  more  than  13  feet  high.  To  re- 
late the  rabbinic  fables  of  his  living 
before  the  ^ood,  hanging  on  the  fide 
of  the  ark,  and  receiving  food  from 
Noah  during  the  time  of  it,  is  un- 
worthy of  this  work  :  but  it  is  cer- 
tain, that  when  he  heard  of  the  over- 
throw of  Sihon  by  Mofes,  he  colletl- 
ed  all  his  fubjefts  able  to  bear  arms, 
to  attack  the  Hebrews  at  Edrei,  His 
hoft  was  routed,  himfelf  killed,  and 
his  country  feized  :  but  the  Ammo- 
nites fome  time  after  can-icd  off  his  iron 
bed-Head,  and  kept  it  in  Rabbah, 
their  capital,  as  a  curiofity.  Num.  xxi. 
Deut.  iii.    1. — 14.      Pfal.   cxxxv.   20. 

21.  33—- 35- 

OIL  ;  OINTMENT  ;  is  now  extraft- 
ed  from  the  fat  of  filhes,  from  liu- 
feed,  and  a  multitude  of  other  mate- 
rials :  perhaps  the  time  may  come, 
when  it  will  be  extradted  from  almolt 
every  kind  of  vegetable,  mineral,  or 
animal.  The  moll  ancient  kind  of  oil, 
is  that  cxtracPced  from  olives.  Oil  is 
eafily  inflammable,  burns  fiercely,  and 
is  hurtful  to  the  growth  of  many  ve- 
getables ;  but  very  beneficial  to  man- 
kind, for  feafoning  of  food,  for  fup- 
ph'ng  of  v/cary  joints,  for  heahng  of 

W'QUilds, 


OIL  [22 

Wounds,  for  embalminfr  of  dead  bo- 
diifs,  for  purifying  of  virgins,  and  ren- 
dering comely  the  countenance,  for 
anaking  friendlhip  by  prefents,  and  for 
marking  out  one  fet  apart  to  the  of- 
fice of  prophet,  pried,  or  king.  Oil 
was  exceeding  plenteous  in  the  country 
of  Job  ;  hence  we  read  of  rivers  of  it. 
Job  xxix.  6.  It  was  no  lefs  plenti- 
ful in  Canaan,  particularly  in  the  lot 
of  Aiher  :  they  fuched  oil  out  ofthejlin- 
ty  rocky  obtained  it  from  olives  plant- 
ed on  rocks  ;  and,  as  it  were,  dipt 
their  feet  in  the  plenty  of  it,  Deut. 
xxxii.  13.  xxxiii.  24.  Bread  dipped 
in  oil  of  olives  is  reckoned  a  delicate 
regale.  It  is  only  burnt  by  people  of 
high  rank.  An  infufion  of  fome  flow- 
ers makes  It  very  fragrant  for  anoint- 
ing, Matth.  xxvii  7.  Gen.  xxvii.  27. 
Pfal.  xcii.  10.  The  Hebrews  ufed 
common  oil  in  their  meat-offeringSj'  in 
their  facred  lamps,  and  in  their  com- 
mon ufe  ;  but  there  was  an  ointment 
very  precious  and  facred,  compounded 
of  olive-oil,  fweet  cinnamon,  calamus, 
caffia,  and  pure  myrrh.  There  was 
twice  as  much  of  the  caflia  and  myrrh, 
as  was  of  the  cinnamon  and  calamus. 
This  was  ufed  in  the  anointing  of  the 
priefts,  and  the  tabernacle  and  furni- 
ture. None  of  it  was  to  be  applied 
to  any  other  ufe  :  nor  was  any  for 
common  ufe  to  be  made  like  to  it.  Did 
not  this  reprefent  the  Holy  Ghofh's 
precious  and  diverfified  operations  and 
graces,  whereby  Jefus  and  his  people, 
and  none  other,  are  anointed  to  the 
fervice  of  God,  Exod.  xxx.  23. — 33. 
Song  i.  3.  iv.  10.  Perfons  receive  the 
oil  of  joy  for  mourning,  when,  by  the 
comforting  gifts  and  graces  of  the 
Holy  Ghoil,  their  hearts  arc  healed, 
purified,  invigorated,  and  honoured.  If. 
Ixi.  3.  ;  but  Jefus  is  anointed  luith  the 
oil  of  gladnefs  above  them,  having  an 
unmeafurablc  fulnefs  of  the  graces  and 
comforts  of  the  Holy  Ghoil,  Pfal. 
xlv.  7.  And  his  name,  character,  of- 
fice, and  works,  are  like  ointment 
poured  forth,  moft  healing,  refrefliful, 
invigorating,  and  adorning  to  our  foul, 
'^^"S  ^*  3*  The  golden  oil  emptied  owl 
of  the  two  olive  trees  wliicii  Uand  bc- 
VOL.  II. 


5     1  OLD 

fore  the  Lord,  is  not  chiefly  the  com- 
fort arifing  to  the  PIvbrevvs,  from  the 
management  of  Zerubbabel  and  Jo- 
fliua,  or  of  Ezra  and  Nehemlah  ;  bun 
the  gracious  endowments  of  the  faints, 
proceeding  from  Jefus's  two  natures, 
or  execution  of  his  prophetic  and  king- 
ly office  on  and  in  them,  Zech.  iv. 
12.;  this  poured  into  their  wounds, 
heals  them,  Luke  x.  34.  The  oil 
which  true  faints  have  in  their  lamps, 
is  real  grace,  which  abides  in  them, 
and  makes  them  fliine  as  lights  in  the 
world,  Matth.  xxv.  4.  Profperity,  fpi-» 
ritual  or  temporal,  is  hkened  to  oil ; 
it  comforts,  invigorates,  and  renders 
men  noted  and  ufeful,  Pfal.  xxiii.  5. 
Chriftlan  reproof  is  like  oil;  it  tends 
to  heal  fpirltual  difeafes,  reftore  the 
character,  and  render  men  who  regard 
it  honoured  and  agreeable,  Pial.  cxli. 
5.  Unity  among  brethren,  is  like 
ointment ;  it  procures  delight,  honour^ 
cheerfulnefs,  and  activity  to  all  con- 
cernedj  Pfal.  cxxxill.  2.  God  made 
the  river  of  Egypt  run  like  oil,  i.  e. 
very  flowly,  as  In  mourning  ;  and  when 
it  was  fo  dried  up,  that  it  did  not 
fruCrtify  the  country,  Ezek.  xxxii.  14* 
The  Hebrews  nvent  to  the  king  nvith 
ointments,  and  increafed  their  perfumes ; 
they  drefled  out  their  affairs  as  well 
as  they  could,  and  fent  prefents  to  the 
kings  of  Aflyria  or  Egypt,  to  pro- 
cure their  frlendlbip  and  aifirtance,  If* 
IvII.  9.  Hof.  xii.  I.  Autichriil*s  oint- 
ments, are  the  chrlfm  they  ufe  in  bap- 
tifm,  or  t'lieir  pretending  to  anoint 
kings.  Rev.  xviii.  13.  A  contentious 
wife  is  like  ointment  in  her  hulband's 
right  hand:  flie  will  quickly  difcover 
her  naughtinefs,  do  her  hufband  what 
he  can  to  conceal  it,   Prov.  xxvii.  16. 

OLD;  (t.)  "'Far  gone  in  years. 
Gen.  xviii.  fi.  (2.)  What  was  firli, 
or  before  the  preient  time,  Deut.  ii. 
20.  (3.)  What  is  in  a  decaying  con- 
dition. If.  1.  9.  The  covenant  of 
works  and  the  Jewifli  difpenfation  are 
called  old,  as  the  one  is  in  execution 
before  the  covenant  of  grace,  and  the 
other  took  place  before  the  gofpel- 
difpeafalion,  Hcb.  .viii.  13.  Satau  is 
chl ^  hath   long  exiited,  and  is  much 


Ff 


experienced 


O  L  I  [2 

experienced  and  crafty  in  doing  mif- 
chief,  Rev.  xii.  9.  Indwelling  iin  is 
oldj  h  in  the  heart  before  grace,  and 
is-  fiibtle  and  crafty,  and,  in  the  faints, 
is  in  decaying  condition,  Rom.  vi.  6. ; 
and  hi  the  oldnejs  of  the  letter ^  is  ac- 
cording to  the  principles  of  corrupt 
nature,  and  in  a  mere  external  per- 
formance of  ceremonial,  and  other 
duties,  Rom.  vii.  6.  Even  unto  old 
age,  I  am  he  ;  when  you  (hall  become 
weak,  peevilli,  poor,  and  defpifed,  I 
will  continue  to  you  fuch  a  God  and 
Saviour  as  ye  have  experienced  me, 
and  what  I  have  promifed,  and  yc 
have  hoped,  and  wifh  I  would  be.  If. 
xlvi.  4. 

OLIVES,  trees  full  of  a  fat  fub- 
fiance,  which  produces  plenty  of  oil. 
Tournefort  mentions  eighteen  kinds 
of  olives  ;  but  in  the  fcripture  we  on- 
ly read  of  the  cultivated  and  wild  o- 
live.  The  cultivated  olive  is  of  a  mo- 
derate height,  thrives  bell  in  a  funny 
and  warm  foil.  Its  trunk  is  knotty  ; 
its  bark  fmooth,  and  of  an  afh  colour; 
its  wood  folid,  and  yellowifh  ;  its  leaves 
oblong,  and  almoft  Hke  thofe  of  the 
willow,  of  a  dark  green  colour  on  the 
upper  fide,  and  whitllh  below  :  per- 
haps inilead  of  green  olive,  we  fhould 
x^?i'\jiour'ijloing  olive,  Pfal.  Hi.  8.  Jer. 
xi.  1 6.  In  the  month  of  June  it  puts 
forth  white  flowers,  growing  in  bunch- 
es, each  of  one  piece,  and  widening 
toward  the  top,  and  dividing  into 
four  parts.  After  this  flower  fucceeds 
the  fruit,  which  is  oblong  and  plump. 
It  is  firll  green,  then  pale,  and  when 
quite  ripe,  becomes  black.  Within  it 
is  inclofed  a  hard  ilone,  fdled  with  ob- 
long feeds.  The  wild  olives  were  of 
a  lelTer  kind-  Canaan  much  abounded 
with  excellent  olives,  Deut.  xxvlii.  40. 
vi.  II.  viii.  f  8.  It  feems  almoft  e- 
very  proprietor,  kings  or  fubjedls,  had 
their  olive-yards,  i  Chron.  xxvii.  28. 
I  Sam.  viii.  14.  Neh.  v.  11.  As  o- 
lives  were  emblems  of  peace,  the  olive- 
leaf  brought  to  Noah  by  his  dove, 
might  mark  God's  being  reconciled  to 
men,  and  the  intimation  thereof  by 
the  Holy  Ghoft,  Gen.  viii.  11.  To 
figure  out  Jefus  as  the  peaceful  means 


26    ]        o  L  I 

of  our  accefs  to  God,  and  fupportef 
of  the  church,  the  door  and  polls  of 
the  entrance  to  the  holy  of  holies, 
and  the  polls  of  the  door  of  the  tem- 
ple were  of  oUve-'Wood :  and  to  mark 
the  peaceful  illuminating  miniftration 
of  angels  and  minifters  to  the  church, 
Solomon  made  his  two  large  cheru- 
bims,  for  covering  the  ark,  of  olive- 
trees,  I  Kings  vi.  23.  51.  33.  The 
t^wo  anointed  olive-trees  before  the  Lord, 
may  denote  Jefus  in  his^  two  natures, 
or  in  his  offices  of  prophet  and  priell  ; 
or  him  and  his  fpirit,  Zcch.  iv.  3.  12. 
£4.  Saints  and  miniflers  are  like  0- 
Uve-trees  ;  liow  full  of  gracious  fap  ! 
how  they  thrive  under  the  warming 
influence  of  Jefus's  love  !  how  confl:ant 
their  gracious  flourifli  !  how  fure  a  to- 
ken of  God's  reconciliation  to  men  ! 
and  how  ufeful  for  the  enlightening, 
beautifying,  foftening,  and  healing  of 
others  !  Judg.  ix.  8.  9.  Pfal.  Hi.  8. 
Rev.  xi.  4.  The  Jews  are  Hkened  to 
green,  jlourijlsing,  and  cultivated  olives  : 
how  beautiful  and  profperous  their 
condition  under  the  fmiles  of  Provi- 
dence !  and  what  glory  to  God,  and 
good  to  men,  they  might  have  pro- 
moted, had  they  improved  their  privi- 
lege !  Jer.  xi.  16.  Hof.  xiv.  6.  The 
Gentiles  were  nvild  olives,  grafPed  up- 
on the  root  of  a  cultivated  olive-tree, 
while  the  natural  branches  were  bro- 
ken off:  while  the  Jews  were  ejefted 
from  the  church,  they  who  had  for 
many  ages  been  wicked  and  ufelefs, 
were  brought  into  it,  partook  of  the 
promifcs  made  to  Abraham,  Ifaac,  and 
Jacob,  and  were  edified  by  the  doc- 
trines of  the  Jewifh  prophets  and  a- 
pollles,  Rom.  xi,  17.  24.  Wicked 
men  are  like  olives,  which  call  their 
leaves  before  their  fcafon,  and  fo  bear 
no  fruit  ;  their  apparent  piety  and 
their  profperity  came  quickly  to  an 
end.  Job  xv.  32.  Children  are  like 
oUve-plarits  about  their  parents  table  ; 
how  quick  their  growth  !  how  delight- 
ful and  frefli  their  beauty  1  and  what 
an  extenfive  profpeft  of  their  ufeful- 
nefs  !   Pfal.  cxxviii.  3. 

OLIVET,  or  mount  of  Olives, 
about    625    paces   call  of   Jerufalem, 

sind 


O  M  N         [2 

and  feparated  from  it  by  the  valley  of 
Jehofhaphat  and  brook  Kidron.  It 
had  three  tops  ;  the  moft  northern  was 
the  higheft,  and,  as  it  were,  hung  o- 
ver  the  city,  and,  it  is  faid,  was  called 
Galilee.  The  fouthern  top,  which  was 
called  the  mount  of  Corruption,  becaufe 
of  Solomon's  idolatrous  temple  built 
thereon,  was  the  loweft  ;  and  it  is  faid 
our  Saviour  afcended  to  heaven  from 
the  middle  top,  Luke  xix.  40. — 44. 
Matth.  xxiv.  3.  Afts  i.  12.  From 
the  mount  of  Olives  the  Hebrews 
were  furnifhed  with  olive-branches  at 
the  feaft  of  tabernacles,  Neh.  viii.  15. 
In  the  time  of  King  Uzziah,  an  earth- 
quake rent  this  mount,  and  rolled  the 
one  half  of  it  to  about  half  a  mile  weiir- 
vvard  upon  the  highway  and  royal  gar- 
dens ;  but  its  removing  half  toivards  the 
fouth,  and  half  tonvardj  the  north,  may 
fignify  the  marvellous  removal  of  all 
impediments  of  the  gofpel ;  and  the  a- 
poftles,  after  receiving  their  commiflion 
in  mount  Olivet,  feparating  into  the 
different  quarters  of  the  world  ;  or, 
perhaps  fome  fuch  event  may  take 
place  at  the  TurkilT)  fiege  of  the  city, 
in  the  beginning  of  the  Millennium, 
Zech.  xiv.  4.  '  At  prefent,  travellers 
are  fhown,  in  this  mount,  a  great  ma- 
ny arched  vaults,  or  grottos  under 
ground,  which  are  pretended  to  have 
been  the  fepulchres  of  the  prophets, 
or  the  cells  of  the  apolllet. 

OMNIPOTENT.  See  Almigh- 
ty. 

OMER ;  the  tenth  part  of  an  ephah, 
containing  i  74-^  folid  inches,  which  is 
near  one  pint  and  three  mutchkins  of 
Scots  meafure,'  Exod.  xvi.  36. 

OMRI  was  general  of  the  forces  to 
Elah  king  of  Ifrael.  Informed,  as  he 
befieged  Gibbchon,  that  Zimri  had 
murdered  his  mailer  and  his  whole  fa- 
mily, and  ufurped  the  throne  at  Tir- 
zah,  he  hafted  thither,  and  laid  fiege 
to  the  place.  When  Zim.ri  found  him- 
felf  unable  to  defend  the  city  agaiiift 
Omri,  he,  in  the  feventh  day  of  his 
reign,  burnt  the  palace  on  himfelf  and 
his  family.  For  about  four  years  there 
enfued  a  civil  war  between  Omri  and 
Tibni,  the  fon  of  Ginath.     At  lail, 


27      ]  ONE 

Tibni  being  dead,  Omri  obtained  the 
throne,  and  reigned  about  eight  years 
alone,  and  twelve  in  all.  Having  pur- 
chafed  a  hill  from  one  Shemer,  he  built 
a  fine  city  thereon,  and  called  it  Sa- 
maria, and  made  it  the  capital  of  his 
kingdom.  He  was  more  vvicked  than 
Jeroboam,  or  any  of  his  predeceffors. 
He  enafted  a  number  of  idolatrous 
laws,  which  were  but  too  well  obfer- 
ved  many  ages  afterwards.  He  died  at 
Samaria  A.  M.  3086,  and  was  fucceed- 
ed  by  Ahab,  i  Kings  xvi.  15. — 29* 
Mic.  vi.  16. 

ON.     See  Aven  ;  Korah. 

ONAN.     See  Judah. 

ONCE  ;  not  once  or  twice,  or  oncc^ 
yea  twice;  'i.  e,  frequently,  2  Kings 
vi.  10.  Job  xxxiii.  14.  God's  fpeak- 
ing  once,  yea  twice,  may  fignify  his  de- 
claring of  his  nature  and  will  in  the 
works  of  creation  and  providence,  and 
in  the  revelation  of  his  word,  Pfai. 
Ixii.  1 1. 

ONE;  (i.)  Oneonly,befides  which 
there  is  none  other  of  the  kind  ;  fo 
God  is  one,  and  Chrill  is  the  07ie  Medi- 
ator and  Majler  :  but  in  the  phrafe  God 
is  one,  it  may  denote  one  of  the  parties 
to  be  reconciled,  i  Tim.  ii.  5.  Eccl. 
xii.  II.  Gal.  iii.  20,  (2.)  The  fame, 
either  in  fubilance  ;  fo  the  divine  per- 
fons  are  one,  i  John  v.  7.  John  x.  30. : 
or  in  number ;  thus  all  the  world  had 
one  language  2ihQr  th.Q  flood.  Gen.  xi.  i.  : 
or  in  kind  ;  thus  one  plague  was  on  the 
Philillines  and  their  lords,  i  Sam.  vi.  4. : 
or  in  office  ;  fo  Paul  that  planted  the 
churches,  and  Apollos  that  watered 
them,  were  one  in  their  general  office 
and  aim  as  miniilers  of  Chrill,  i  Cor, 
iii.  8.  (3.)  United  together  ;  fo  Chrill 
and  his  people  are  one  ;  they  are  one  by 
his  roprefenting  them  in  the  covenant 
of  grace,  and  are  united  to  him  by  his 
Spirit  dwelling  in  them,  and  by  their 
faith  and  love  to  him,  and  by  their  in- 
timate fellowfhip  v/ith  him,  and  their 
likenefs  to  him  ; — and  they  are  one  a- 
mong  themfelves.  They  are  all  mem- 
bers of  his  one  myflical  body  ;  have  one 
Lord,  one  Spirit,  one  faith,  o/z^?  baptifm, 
one  hope  ;  love  one  another,  poflefs  the 
fame  privileges,  have  the  fjime  kind  of 
F  f  2  views^ 


ONE  [2 

Views,  aims,  and  works,  John  xvii.  21. 
23.  Rom.  xii.  5  Eph.  iv.  3. — 6.:  and 
they  are  of  one  heart,  and  mind,  and 
mouth,  when  they  ardently  love  one  an- 
other as  Chriftians,  and  have  much  the 
fame  views  of  divine  tri^jJi,  and  much 
the  fame  profeflion  and  manner  of 
fpeech,  A3:siv.  32.  Rom.  xv.  6.  God 
made  but  07ie  woman,  though,  having 
the  refidue  of  the  Spirit,  he  had  power 
to  create  multitudes,  that  he  might  feek  a 
godly  feed,  have  children  regularly  pro- 
duced and  religioufly  educated,  Mai. 
ii.  15.  To  have  one  hi  and  one  purje, 
is  to  be  joined  in  the  clofeil  fellowfhip, 
Prov.  i.   14. 

ONESIMUS.     See  Philemon. 

ONESIPHORUS,  a  native  of  A- 
fia,  perhaps  of  Ephefus.  There  he 
ivas  extremely  kind  to  the  Apoille  Paul. 
Coming  to  Rome  when  Paul  was  m 
prifon,  he  fought  him  out,  and  to  the 
utmoft  of  his  power  comforted  and  af- 
fifted  him.  Paul  begs  that  the  Lord 
•would  gracioufly  reward  him  and  his 
family  at  the  laft   day,  ?  Tim.  i.  16. 

17. 18. 

ONION  ;  a  well-knov/n  herb,  of 
which  Tournefort  mentions  13  kinds, 
and  to  which  what  we  call  leeks  are  re- 
ducible. The  Strafburg,  the  red,  th'e 
Spanifh,  and  the  white  onion,  are  pro- 
pagated chiefly  for  their  bulbous  root. 
If  eaten  in  moderation,  they  are  very 
ufeful  to  thin  the  blood,  cleanfe  the 
llomach,  excite  appetite,  l^c. ;  but  if 
they  are  too  largely  eaten,  they  breed 
windy  diforders,  affeft  the  head,  and 
dillurb  the  fleep.  Onions,  whether 
boiled,  roalled,  or  raw,  are  excellent 
for  ripening  peitilential  boils.  A  plaf- 
ter  of  roalled  onions  and  butter  is  a 
good  remedy  for  the  piles.  Onions 
macerated  in  the  fpirit  of  v.'inc  is  good 
for  the  hcadach.  The  juice  of  onions, 
mixed  with  the  fpirit  of  wine,  is  faid' 
to  cure  deafnefs.  The  Hebrews,  and 
other  poor  people  in  Egypt,  lived  much 
on  leeks  and  onions,  Numb.  xi.  5.  ; 
and  indted  the  onions  of  Egypt  are 
confiderably  fweet  and  dehcious.  In 
foup,  or  with  a  bit  roafted  flefli,  they 
are  a  fine  difla  }  and  travellers  through 
deferts  often  carry  them  along  with 
?heni. 


5S     1  OPE 

ONYCHA.  Jarchi,  the  Jewiih  in- 
terpveter,  thinks  it  the  root  of  a  cer* 
tain  fpice  ;  others  think  it  the  fame  as 
laudanum  ;  and  others  think  it  bdel- 
lium. Perhri-ps  it  was  rather  the  Pnell 
of  the  onyx  fifn,  which  is  very  odori- 
ferous, and  is  a  principal  ingredient  in 
the  Indian  perfumes,  as  aloes  are  in 
their  pills.  Tiie  bell  onyx  fifli  are 
caught  in  the  Red  fea,from  whence  Mo- 
fes  might  eafily  obtain  what  onycha  was 
neceffary  for  his  facred  incenfe  or  per- 
fume,   Exod.  XXX.  34. 

ONYX;  a  precious  jewel,  fomewhat 
like  a  human  nail,  and  which  is  thought 
by  modern  naturalifls  to  be  a  kind  of 
agate.  It  feems  tranfparent,  and  has 
belts  and  veins  of  a  different  colour  ; 
peniaps  it  is  a  kind  of  cryllal  mingled 
with  earth.  We  know  of  five  kinds 
of  it  ;  (i.)  The  bluilh  white,  with 
broad  white  ftreaks  around  it  ;  this  is 
very  common  in  the  Eall  Indies,  and 
is  foxmd  in  New  Spain,  Germany,  and 
Italy.  (2.)  The  onyx  of  a  bluifh 
white,  with  fnow-white  veins  fcattered 
through  it.  (3.)  The  onyx  with  red 
veins  called  the  fardonyx,  as  if  it  were 
a  mixture  of  the  fardius  and  onyx.  It 
was  the  5th  foundation  of  the  new  Je- 
rufalem,  and  might  reprefent  Jefus,  as 
white  and  ruddy,  the  chief  amonp;  ten 
thoufands.  Rev.  xxi,  20.  (4.)  The 
onyx  fimilar  to  the  jafper.  (5,)  The 
brown  onyx  with  bluifh  white  veins  a- 
round  it.  The  tirfl  of  thefe  kinds  was 
the  onyx  of  the  ancients  ;  but  whether 
the  SHOHAM  of  the  Plebrews  fignify 
that  or  the  emerald  we  can  hardly  de- 
termine. It  is  certain  there  was  plen- 
ty oi  Jjjoham  in  the  land  of  Havilah  ; 
and  Pliny  fays  there  were  quarries  of 
onyx-marble  in  Arabia,  Gen.  ii.  12. 
It  was  the  nth  Itone  in  the  high- 
priefPs  breaftplate,   Exod.  xxviii.  20, 

OPEN  ;  what  every  one  has  accefs 
to  enter  into,  or  to  behold,  Nah.  iii. 
13.  Gen.  i.  20.  And  to  open,  is, 
(  I.)  To  fet  open  a  door,  that  any  bo- 
dy may  enter  in  cr  go  out,  AAs  xvi. 
26.  (2.)  To  uncover  J  render  vifible 
or  manifell,  Exod.  xxi.  33.  (3.)  To 
declare  ;  unfold ;  explain,  Luke  xxiv. 
32.      (4.)  To   caufe  |)ring  forth,  If. 

xli. 


OPE  [23 

xli.  1 8.      God's   eyes   and   ears  being 
opm,  denotes  his  exact   obfcrvation  of 
mens  condu^ft,  his  regard  to  his  peoples 
cafe,   and  his  rcadinefs  to  anfwer   their 
prayers,    Neh.    i.    6.     Jer.   xxxii.    19. 
I  Pet.   iii.   12.      His  hands   and   trea- 
fures   are  opened,  when,  by   his   power 
and  goodnefs,  he  liberally  confers   his 
favours  on  his  creatures,  Pfal.  civ.  28. 
Deut.  xxviii.  12.     God  opens  his  armou- 
ry, when,  in  his  Providence,  he  raifes 
armies,  and  fuvniihes   them   with  wea- 
pons of  war,  to  execute  his  juil:  wrath 
on  finners,   Jer.  1.  25.      He  opens  his  lips 
againjl  men,    when,  by   his   word  and 
providence,  he,  in  a   plain  and  power- 
ful  manner,    convinces   them   of  their 
guilt,  Job  xi.  5.      He  opens  the  hearts, 
when  he  enlightens  the  eyes  of  the  un- 
derflanding  to  difcern  revealed  truths, 
and  thereby  determines  the  will   to  re- 
ceive  Jefus   and   his  fulnefs   into    the 
foul,  Luke  xxiv.   32.  45.     AAs  xxvi. 
18.   xvi.  14.      His  opening,  boring,  and 
digging  of  Chrill's  ears,  may  denote  his 
taking  him  for  a  perpetual  fervant,  and 
furnilhing  him  with  an   obedient   man- 
hood, Pfal.  xl.  6.      He  opens  mens  ears, 
when  he  render?  them  attentive  to   his 
word   and   providence,  Job  xxxvi.  10. 
15.      He  opens  their  lips,- when  he  gives 
them    encouragement    to    pray,     and 
ground  to  praife  him  ;  and  by  his  Spi- 
rit gives  an  holy  freedom  therein,  Pfal. 
li.   15.      God   opens   to   men,    when   he 
grants  them  his  prefents  and  bleffings, 
Matth.  vii.   7.      He   opened  the  Jide  of 
Moah,  when  he  gave  the  enemy  a.n  ea- 
fy  entrance  into  their  country  or  cities, 
Ezek.  xxv.  9.      In  this  fenfe,  too,  the 
gates  of  AlTyria,  and  of  Nineveh,  and 
Babylon,  are  faid  to  be  opened  by  him, 
Nah.  iii.  13.    ii.  6.    If.  xlv.  i.     Chrift 
opens,  and  nonejhuts,  and /Jw/j,  and  none 
opens ;    he   befhows  the   gofpel,  faving 
grace,    or  other   privileges,    or  with- 
holds them,  as  he  pleafeth.  Rev.  iii.  7. 
Men  open  or  reveal  their  caufe  to  God, 
•when  they,  in  the  prayer  of  faith,  re- 
prefent  it  to  him,  and   commit  it   to 
him  to  redrefs  their  wrongs,  Jer.  xi.  20. 
XX.  12.      To  open  prifons,  is   to  difmifs 
prifoners  to  their  liberty  :  this  tlie  Chal- 
<iear.s  did  not,  but  retj^ined  them  ia 


9    3        o  P  H 

bonds  till  they  died.  If.  Ixi.  i.  xiv.  17, 
M  -ns  opening  their  doors  to  traiycllci's,  im- 
ports their  cheerful  inviting  of  llrangers 
to  entertainment  and  lodging,  Job  xxxi, 
32.      Their  opening  their  heart,  gates,  or 
doors,  to  Chriil,  imports  tlieir  ready  re- 
ceiving of  him  by  faith  and  love,  Son£^^ 
v.  2.  6.     Rev.  iii.  20.     Pfal.   xxiv.   8. 
9.  10.     Heaven,  the  temple,  or  taber- 
nacle, or  the  church  of  God,  is   open^ 
before  the  rife,  and   after  the  ruin  of 
Antichrift,  when   there  is  free   accefs 
to  gofpel-worfhip  ;  when  gofpel- m vile- 
rics  are    clearly   explained  and   under- 
ftood  ;  and  when  God's  providences  in 
her  favour  are  clear  and  manifefl,  Rev. 
iv.  r.  xi.  19.  XV.  5.   xix.  11.      Perhap* 
this  is  the  open  door  fet  before  the  Phi- 
ladclphian    church.   Rev.  iii.   8.      Un- 
der the  gofpel,  men  with  open  'face  be- 
hold the  glory  of  the    Lord, — fee   di- 
vine truths  clearly,  and  ftripped  of  ce- 
remonial vails,  even  as  the  fight  of  any 
thing  in  a  glafs  is  much   more    diilindl 
and  clear  than  to  fee  them  only  by  their 
fhadows,   2  Cor.  iii.  18.      Perhaps,  in- 
ftead  of  having  his  eyes  open,  we  fhould 
rather  read,  having  his  eyesjijuty  Numb, 
xxiv.  3.  15. 

OPERATION,  work. 
OPHEL  ;  a  wall  and  tower  of  Je- 
rufalem,  which  feems  to  have  been  near 
the  temple,  and  is  rendered  ftrong-hold, 
Mic.  iv.  8.  King  Jotham  eredlcd  fe- 
veral  flru6lures  on  the  wall  of  Ophel : 
Manaffeh  built  a  well  to  the  well  of  Je- 
rufalem,  and  the  fountain  of  Gihon 
beyond  the  city  of  David,  from  the 
fiih-gate  as  far  as  Ophel.  After  the 
captivity,  the  Nethinims,  that  they 
might  be  near  their  temple-fervice, 
dwelt  at  Ophel.  Thcfe  things  incline 
me  to  think  it  was  about  the  fouth^eait- 
corner  of  Jerufalem,  2  Chron.  xxvii.  3. 
xxxiii.  14.    Neh.  iii.  26.   xi.  21. 

OPHIR,  the  fon  of  Joktan.  Whe- 
ther he  gave  name  to  the  country  fa- 
mous for  gold,  or  where  that  country 
was,  we  can  hardly  determine.  It  is 
certain  that  its  gold  was  renowned  in 
the  time  of  Job,  Job  xxii.  24.  xxviii. 
16.  ;  and  that  from  the  time  of  David 
to  the  time  of  Jehofliaphat,  the  He- 
brews traded  with  it,  and  that  Uzziah 

revive^ 


o  p  p       r  23 

revived  this  trade  when  he  made  him- 
felf  mafter  of  Elath,  a  noted  port  on 
the  Red  fea.  In  Solomou's  time,  the 
Hebrew  fleet  took  up  th;-^e  years  in 
their  voyage  to  Ophir,  and  brought 
home  gold,  apes,  peacocks,  ipices,  ivo- 
ry, ebonv,  and  almug-crees,  i  Kings 
ix.  28.  X.  II.  xxii.  48.  2  Chron.  xxvi. 
viii.  18.  ix.  10.  Some  have  placed  it 
at  Urphe,  an  ifland  in  the  Red  fea ; 
others  juftly  reckoning  this  too  near, 
have  placed  it  at  Sophala,  or  in  Zan- 
guebar,  on  the  foutli-eafl  of  Africa  ; 
others  have  placed  it  about  Guinea,  on 
the  weft  of  Africa  ;  and  fome  at  Car- 
thage, on  the  north  of  Africa  ;  others 
have  flill  more  fancifully  removed  it  to 
Peru,"'!or  fome  other  place  in  America; 
Reland  and  Calmet  place  it  in  Arme- 
nia, where  Ptolemy  mentions  Oupara 
or  Sophara  :  but  to  what  purpofe  the 
Jews  Ihould  carry  on  a  trade  with  Ar- 
menia by  the  round-about  way  of  the 
Red  fea,  we  cannot  conceive  ;  nor  can 
we  believe,-  that  fhips  fit  for  courfmg 
around  Arabia,  could  have  failed  up 
the  Tigris  or  Euphrates.  Some  will 
have  Ophir  to  have  been  fomewhere  in 
Eaft  India,  either  on  the  weft  of  it 
near  Goa,  or  at  the  fouth-eaft  part  of 
it,  or  at  Malabar,  iifc.  Bochart,  with 
great  induftry,  labours  to  fix  it  at  Ta- 
probane,  or  Ceylon,  an  Eaft-Indian 
jfle.  Perhaps  there  was  an  Ophir  in 
the  foiith  or  eaft  of  Arabia  Felix,  whofe 
fine  gold  was  known  to  Job  and  David ; 
and  another  more  diftant  place  in  the 
Jlaft  Indies,  in  Malacca  or  Ceylon,  and 
whither  Solomon's  mariners  pufhed 
their  trade,  and  called  it  Ophir,  becaufe 
they  found  gold  in  it  as  good  as  that 
iln  Arabia  ;  or  if  there  was  no  other 
than  that  in  Arabia,  the  Eaft  Indians 
mufthavebrought  thither  theirapes,£!ff. 

OPPORTUNITY;  (i.)  A  fit 
time,  Matth.  xxvi.  16.  (2.)  Fit  cir- 
cumftances,  Phil.  iv.  10. 

OPPOSE;  resist;  to  ftrive  by 
word  or  deed  againft  a  perfon  or  thing. 
Men  ojjpofe  themfelves,  when  they  hold 
opinions  and  follow  courfes  contrary 
to  their  own  profefiion,  or  contrary  to 
the  fcriptures,  which  they  acknowledge 
^eir  only  ftandard  and  rule  of  faith 


o    1        o  R  A 

andpraftice,  2  Tim.  ii.  25.  Antichrift 
oppofeth  all  that  is  called  God ;  fets  up 
himfelf  againft  or  above  the  Hea- 
then gods  ;  nay,  the  angels  and  magi- 
ftrates  ;  nay,  Jefus  Chrift  and  his  Fa- 
ther, by  enaAing  contrar)^  laws,  offices, 
i^c.  2  ThcfT.  ii.  4.  Oppofitions  offclence, 
f^ilft'ly  Jo  called,  are  the  erroneous  prin- 
ciples of  the  Heathen  philofophy,  as 
that  a  virgin  could  not  poflibly  conceive 
a  fon  ;  or  the  dead  be  raifed  ;  or  the 
vain  notions,  whereby  the  Gnofticks, 
under  pretence  of  great  knowledge,  op- 
pofed  the  fimplicity  of  the  gofpel, 
I  Tim.  vi.  20.  .God  r£/^/<?^Z' the  proud, 
by  baffling  their  purpofes  and  endea- 
vours,- difappointing  their  hopes,  and 
puniftiing  their  wickednef^,  James  iv.  6. 
I  Pet.  V.  5.  Satan  rejijls  men,  when 
he  accufeth  them  to  God,  and  by  ha- 
ralfing  and  tempting  them,  hinders  them 
to  *\<)  good,  Zech.  iii.  i.  Good  men 
refijl  not  their  wicked  perfecutors,  by 
outrageous  fi.ghting  againft  them,  and 
rendering  evil  for  evil,  James  v.  6, 
Matth.  V.  39.  ;  but  they  refijl  unto  blood, 
JlrWtng  agatnfl  Jitiy  choofing  rather  to 
lofe  their  life,  than  yield  to  any  wic- 
ked law  or  cuftom,  Heb.  xii.  4.  They 
rcfi/l  Satan,  by  watching,  praying,  and 
ftriving  againft  his  temptations,  James 
iv.  7.  I  Pet.  V.  9.  Wicked  men  refjl 
the  Holy  Ghojl,  when  they  oppofe  his 
Convictions,  and  contemn  his  miracu- 
lous operations,  Afts  vi.  10.  vii.  51. 
They  r^jijl  the  truth,  when  they  difpute 
againft  it,  and  aft  contrary  to  it,  2  Tim. 
iii.  8.  They  rejijl  magjjlrates,  when  they 
rebel  againft  their  perfons  or  authority, 
and  difobey  or  contemn  their  laws, 
Rom.  xiii.  2. 

Men  OPPRESS  one  another,  when 
they  fraudulently,  or  by  force,  take 
their  property  from  them,  Lev.  xxv. 
14.  Mai.  iii.  5.  Job  xx.  19.  i  Theff. 
iv.  6. ;  or  Avhen  they  grievoufly  ha- 
rafs  and  enflave  them,  Deut.  xxviii.  29. 
Exod.  iii.  9.  Satan  opprejjfeth  men,  when, 
by  temptation  or  polfelfion,  he  terribly 
torments  them,  Adls  x.  38. 

ORACLE;  (i.)  A  divine  decla- 
ration of  God's  will  ;  and  fo  the  whole 
of  his  infpired  revelations  are  called, 
I  Sam,  xvi.  23.    i  Pet.  iv.   ^i.     (2,) 

The 


O  R  A         [2 

The  Holy  of  holies,  from  whence  God 
uttered  his  ceremonial  laws  to  the  He- 
brew nation,  in  the  time  of  Mofes,  and 
declared  his  mind  on  other  occaiions, 
Exod.  XXV.  22.  I  Kings  vi.  i6.  vili.  6. 
Pfal.  xxviii.  2.  God  uttered  his  oracles 
in  various  manners,  (i.)  Sometimes  by 
forming  a  voice,  and  converfing  with 
the  pcrfon  informed  :  thus  he  fpake  to 
Moles  and  to  Samuel  as  a  man  to  his 
friend.  ( 2. )  By  predidory  dreams,  as 
of  Jofeph,  Pharaoh,  Nebuchadnezzar, 
i!f£.  (3.)  By  vifions,  wherein  his  de- 
claration of  liis  mind  was  attended  with 
fome  apparition,  as  to  Abraham,  Jacob, 
Solomon.  (4.)  By  the  Urim  and 
Thummim,  by  means  whereof  the  high- 
priell  was  qualified  infallibly  to  declare 
the  will  of  God.  This  was  a  common 
method  from  the  death  of  Mofes  till 
after  the  building  of  Solomon's  temple. 
(5.)  By  prophets,  to  whom,  either  by 
dreams,  vifions,  voices,  or  infpiration, 
he  in  an  infallible  manner  communica- 
ted the  knowledsxe  of  his  will.  On  fome 
particular  occafions  he  made  wicked 
men,  as  Balaam,  Caiaphas,  and  the  falfe 
prophets  of  Beth-el,  the  channels  of 
comi-mmicating  his  mind.  ( 6. )  By  his 
Son  appearing  in  our  nature,  and  preach- 
ing in  Canaan.  (7.)  By  infpiring  his 
apoftles  and  evangelills  with  the  know- 
ledge of  his  mind,  and  by  them  commu- 
nicating it  to  others,  Heb.  i.  i.  ii.  3.  4. 
The  Jewirti  oracle  of  Batbcolj  or 
daughter  of  th^vo'ice^  which  they  boaft 
to  have  had  after  the  death  of  Malachi, 
feems  to  have  been  a  piece  of  mere  fool- 
ery, fimilar  to  that  wicked  pradice 
which  fome  have  of  taking  the  hrfl 
word  of  the  Bible  they  look  upon  at 
opening  to  be  fuited  to  their  cafe. 
The  Heathen  oracles  were  partly  the 
ilhdions  of  Satan  ;  he,  in  the  likenefs 
of  Samuel,  predicted,  that  on  the  mor- 
row Saul  and  his  fons  (hould  be  with 
him,  I  Sam.  xxviii.  ;  and  infpired  A- 
hab's  prophets  to  promife  him  vidlory 
at  Ramoth-gilead,  i  Kings  xxii  ;  but 
it  is  like  enough  that  many  of  the  oracles 
among  the  Heathens  were  merely  the 
devices  of  the  villanous  priefts  andprieft- 
ciles,  who  generally  prophefied  as  they 
were  paid,  and  favourable  oracles  made 


3 


O  R  D 


a  man's  friends  or  armies  ruHi  througti 
every  thing  to  accomphfli  them.  Boyle, 
Van  Dale,  and  Fontenelle,  have  flrong- 
ly  maintained,  that  all  the  Heathen  o- 
racles  were  but  the  impoilures  of  men  ; 
and  the  two  latter  have  pretended  that 
they  did  not  ceafe  by  the  death  of 
Chrjll  cr  fpread  of  the  gofpel,  but  by 
means  of  peoples  defpifmg  to  confuit 
them.  Mcebius,  a  Protcilant  profefTor 
of  Leipfic,  and  Balthus,  a  learned  Je- 
fuit,  have  attempted  a  refutation  of  this 
opinion.  We  think  there  was  both  de- 
vilry and  villany  in  the  aiTair  of  thefe 
oracles,  though  perhaps  molt  of  the  lat- 
ter :  nor  can  we,  with  Eufebius,  believe 
that  thefe  oracles  entirely  ceafed  at  the 
death  of  our  Saviour  ;  for  we  find  them 
confulted  fome  ages  after  ;  but  the 
fpread  of  the  gofpel  made  multitudes 
contemn  them,  and  the  priefts  were  a- 
fraid  to  rilk  their  oracles  among  fuch 
as  were  willing  to  difcover  the  cheat. 
No  doubt  Satan  was  alfo  divinely  re- 
ftrained.  Be  .the  authors  of  thefe  o- 
racles  who  will,  they  were  generally  de- 
livered in  fuch  dark  and  equivocal  ex- 
preflions  as  might  anfwer  the  event,  be 
what  it  would  ;  much  like  the  pitiful 
ftuff  that  paffes  in  our  own  country, 
for  the  prophecies  of  Merlin,  Thomas 
de  Rymer,  ^c. 

ORATION;  a  fine  fpeech,  Ads 
xii.  21.  An  ORATOR  was  one  that 
compofed  and  pronounced  fine  fpeeches, 
like  our  advocates,  Aftsxxiv.  i.  Where 
a  place  was  under  popular  government, 
as  Athens,  l^jc,  oratory  was  much  llu- 
died,  and  the  orators  were  often  ca- 
pable to  carry  the  populace  to  what  fide 
they  pleafed.  This  occafioned  their 
being  often  the  hired  tools  of  fuch  great 
men  as  were  intent  on  their  felfilh  de- 
figns. 

ORCHARD  ;  a  fruit-^flrr^^«,  Eccl. 
ii.  5.  The  faints  are  compared  to  one. 
Song  iv.  15.      See  garden. 

ORDAIN;  the  fame  as  appoint. 
Ordinances  of  God  are,  (i.)  His 
fixed  purpofes  and  appointments  con- 
cerning the  ftate  and  motions  of  irra- 
tional creatures,  whether  the  luminaries 
of  heaven,  Csfc.  Pf.cxix.91.  Job  xxxviii. 
33.  Jer.  xxxi.33.  (2.)  His  command- 
ments 


O  R  D  [2 

ments  in  general,  Ltv.  xviii.  4.  (3.) 
H--^  rules  and  directions  relative  to  his 
\vorlhip,  H"b.  fx.  10.  I  Cor.  xi.  2. 
(4. )  An  oflice  appointed  by  him,  Rom. 
"xiii.  2.  Forms  of  maj^illracy,  or  their 
laws  for  regulating-  the  commonwealth, 
are  called  an  ordinance  of  num,  i  Pet. 
ii.  iq.   I  Sam.  xxx.  25. 

ORDER;  (i.)  To  command  Judg. 
•vi.  26.  (2.)  To  rank  every  perfon  or 
thing  in  proper  order,  Prov.  iv.  26. 
The  various  chJfTes  or  bands  into  which 
the  priells  and  fingers  were  ranked,  were 
called  their  ordsrs^  i  Kings  xxiii.  4. 
God  fets  mens  fins  hi  order  before  them  ; 
he  prefents  them  as  fo  many  witncffes, 
or  as  a  well-lhited  charge  againilthem, 
Pfal.  1.21.  Men  order  th eir  caufe  before 
God,  and  fill  their  mouth  with  argu- 
ments, when  they  reprefent  it  to  him 
truly  as  it  is,  and  produce  and  plead  ma- 
nifold reafons  for  his  fhewing  them  fa- 
\x)ur,  Job  xxiii.  4.  To  nvalk  orderly,  or 
vrdcr  one's  converfatlon  aright,  is  to  en- 
deavour earnellly  to  do  every  duty  rela- 
tive to  God  or  men,  in  the  proper  place, 
time,  and  manner  thereof,  Aits  xxi.  24. 
Pfakl.  23. 

ORGAN;  a  wind-inflrument  of  mu- 
f;c,  invented  by  Jubal,  tlie  fixth  in  de- 
fcent  from  Cain  ;  but  perhaps  JubaPs 
was  vei*)'  different  from  ours,  which  are 
compofed  of  various  pipes,  and  fome  of 
them  are  30  or  40  feet  long  ;  and  vvhofe 
form  we  do  not  know  to  be  more  than 
800  years  eld.  Gen.  iv.  21.   Pfal.  cl.  4. 

ORNAMENT;  what  tends  to  deck 
out  perfons  cloaths  or  body,  as  jewels, 
rings,  bracelets,  ribbands,  ctV.  The  He- 
brew women,  efpecially  t'neir  maidens, 
■were  cxtrem.ely  fond  of  ihem  ;  and  in 
the  days  of  Saul,  they  became  more  fo 
than  before,  Jer.  ii.  32.  2  Sam.  i.  24. 
In  Ifaiah's  timcj,  they  were  finfully  mad 
upon  them,  and  even  burdened  their 
bodies  with  their  weight,  though  we  do 
not  certainly  know  the  precife  form  of 
feveral  of  them,  If.  iii.  16. — 26.  The 
laws,  religion,  and  profperity,  which 
God  gave  the  Hebrews,  are  called  ex- 
i-elknt  oi'r.amehis ;  they  rendered  their 
nation  diftinguidied  from,  and  more 
glorious  than  others,  E/.ek.  xvi.  7.  11, 
jeius's  riCTbteoufnefa  imputed,  his  grace 


32    1       o  s  T 

implanted,  and  an  holy  converfation 
fpringing  from  both,  are  an  ornament, 
or  ornament  oj  grace  to  the  faints  ;  how 
glorious  and  comely  they  render  them ! 
how  high  in  favour  with  God,  good 
angels,  and  men  1  If.  Ixi.  10.  Prov.  iv. 
9.  I  Pet.  iii.  4.  Ufeful  inftru^lion, 
and  faithful  reproof,  are  an  ornament ; 
they  ought  to  be  highly  prized,  readily 
received  and  complied  with,  and  fo  will 
render  one  truly  honourable  and  re- 
fpeftcd,   Prov.  i.  9.  xxv.  12. 

ORION  ;  a  conftellation  jufl  before 
the  fign  Taurus.  It  confifts  of  about 
80  liars  ;  appears  about  the  middle  of 
November  ;  and  its  rife  is  often  accom- 
panied with  llorms,  and  its  bands  are 
the  cold  and  frort,  which  only  God 
can  remove.  Job  xxxviii.  31.  ix.  9. 

ORNAN.     See  Araun.^h. 

ORPHANS  ;  perfons  very  early  de- 
prived of  their  parents,  and  fo  in  a 
moil  dellitute  condition.  We  are  or- 
phans, our  mothers  are  widows  ;  our  go- 
vernors and  fathers  being  aimoil  wholly 
cut  off  by  the  fword,   Lam.  iii.  5. 

OSPREY  and   ossifrage.     See 

E  A  C,  L  F . 

OSTRICH  ;  the  talleft  of  all  the 
fowl  kind,  being  7  or  8  feet  high  when 
it  Hands  ere<?t.  Its  neck  is  about  4 
or  5  fpans  in  length  :  its  legs  are  long 
and  naked ;  and  it  has  only  two  toes  on 
a  foot,  both  turned  forward  :  but  its 
wings  are  fliort,  and  rather  ferve  for 
fails  than  for  flight.  Aflilled  with  thefe, 
it  \yill  outrun  the  fwifteil  horfe,  and 
meanwhile  throws  flones  behind  it  a- 
gainfl  its  purfuers.  Its  feathers  are 
goodly,  and  ufcd  as  ornaments  for  hats, 
beds,  canopies,  and  are  of  different  co- 
lours, and  formed  into  pretty  tufts. 
It  is  very  foolidi,  and  eafily  d.ceived. 
It  is  faid,  that  if  it  can  hide  its  head  iii 
a  thicket,  it  imagines  all  is  quite  fafe. 
If  a  man  put  on  an  oftrich's  flcin,  and 
hold  out  fruits  or  feeds  to  it,  it  will 
receive  them,  and  fo  be  taken.  Oflriches 
make  a  molt  doleful  and  hideous  noife, 
are  very  carelefs  of  their  young,  lay 
their  eggs  in  the  fand,  and  leave  them 
there  to  be  hatched  by  the  fun,  perhaps 
forgetting  where  they  were  laid,  Job 
xxxix.  13. — 18.  Lam.  iv.  3.    Its  eggs, 

of 


O  T  H 


[ 


ofwlilch  It  lays  from  loto  20,  or  even 
from  30  to  50  ill  a  courfc,  are  fo  large, 
that  the  Ethiopians  make  drinking  cups 
of  the  (hells.  It  Is  faid,  that  though 
the  oftriches  do  not  fit  on  their  eggs 
to  hatch  them,  yet  the  male  and  fe- 
male watch  them  by  turns  ;  and  when 
driven  away,  they  cannot  find  them 
out  again ;  and  oflen  their  young  *are 
found  half  llarved.  They  chiefly  haunt 
defolate  places,  If.  xili.  f  21.;  they 
were  pretty  common  in  Arabia,  and 
mightily  abound  in  Ethiopia,  and  are 
iifed  for  food  ;  but  their  flefh  is  faid  to 
be  dry.  Some  of' them  are  fo  llrong, 
that  the  Arabs  ride  upon  their  backs. 
T^hc  yaanahy  rendered  ojlrichcs  in  Lam. 
iv.  3.  is  rendered  o-wls.  Lev.  xi.  16. 
Deut.  xiv.  15.  Job  XXX.  29.  If.  xlil. 
20.;  anid  reckoned  among  unclean 
beafts.  Owls  too  are  cruel ;  they  eat 
their  own  eggs,  or  even  their  young, 
as  the  women  did  their  children  in  the 
fiege  of  Jerufalem. 

OTHNIEL,  the  fon  of  Kenaz,  of 
the  tribe  of  Judah,  and  firll  judge  of 
lirael.  By  taking  of  Dcbir  from  the 
Canaanltifh  giants,  he  purchafed  Ach- 
SAH,  the  daughter  of  Caleb  his  uncle, 
to  wife,  JoHi.  XV.  16. —  19.  When 
Cufhan-rifhathaim  had  oppreffed  Ifrael 
eight  years,  God  llirred  up  Othniel  to 
levy  an  army  agalnft  him.  With  thefe 
he  routed  the  Mefopotamlan  troops, 
and  delivered  Ifrael  ;  after  which  the 
Hebrews  land  enjoyed  reft  40  years,  or 
till  the  40th  year  of  their  fettlement, 
Judg.  Hi.  8. —  1 1. 

OUCHES  ;  beazlls  or  focliets  for 
faftening  the  precious  ftones  in  the 
llioulder-pieces  of  the  high  prleft's  e- 
phod.  Thefe  ouches,  with  tlieir  ftones, 
ferved  for  buttons  to  faften  the  golden 
chains  whereby  the  breaftplate  was 
hung,  Exod.  xxvill.  11.  25. 

OVEN;  a  place  for  baking  of  bread, 
Lev.  ii..^.  The  orientals  had  them 
of  different  conftrudtions  ;  fome  of  them 
moveable  ones  of  metal  or  ftor.e.  They 
fometimes  heated  them  with  the  wither- 
ed ftalks  of  flowers,  Matth.  vi.  30.  In 
lome  of  them  whole  Iheep  as  well  as 
lambs  were  roafted.  Nebuchadnezzar's 
fiery  furnace,  into   which  he   did  caft 

Vol.  XL 


33     1  OVE 

Shadrah,  Mefliach,  and  Abednego^ 
fecms  to  have  been  of  this  form,  Dan. 
ill.  21. — <:6.  God  makes  his  enemies 
a  j^^ry  oven,  and  his  judgements  hum 
as  an  oven.  In  what  quick ^nd  terrible 
manner  he  confumed  the  Jews  after  our 
Saviour's  death,  as  withered  grafs,  or 
fuel  in  a  fiery  oven !  How  dreadful  the 
cafe  of  his  foes,  Vv-hen  the  earth,  and 
the  works  thereof,  (hall  be  burnt  up  ! 
and  when  they  ihall  be  caft  Into  the 
lake  that  burns  with  fire  and  brimftone ! 
Pial.  xxl.  9.  Mai.  iv.  i.  Whonih  per- 
fons  are  likened  to  an  oven  ;  by  their 
yielding  to  temptations  and  lufts,  their 
foul  and  body  are  Inflamed  with  unclean 
deflres,  and  the  diforders  that  proceed 
therefrom,  as  an  oven  is  heated  by  a 
continued  fupply  of  fuel,   Hof.  vii.  4. 

— 7- 

OVER;  (i.)  Onthewholeoutfide, 
Gen.  xxv.  25.  (2.)  Above,  Gen. 
yxvil.  29.  Pfal.  Ixv.  13.  (3.)  More 
than  meafure,  Exod.  xvl.  18.  Pfal. 
xxiii.  5.  (4.)  From  one  fide,  or  hand, 
or  proprietor,  ta  another,  Pfal.  xxvii. 
12.  cxvili.  18.  (5.)  PaflTed  by,  Song 
ii.  II.    (6.)  On  account  of,   liof.  x.  5. 

OVERCHARGE  ;  to  burden  too 
much.  Thus,  excelFive  furrow,  immo- 
derate eating  and  drinking,  or  carnal 
care,  overload  mens  foul,  that  it  can- 
not defire  or  attain  heavenly  things, 
2  Cor.  ii.  5.   Luke  xxl.  34. 

OVERFLOW.  Liquor  overp-.u.- 
in  a  veflel,  when  it  run's  over  the  brim: 
rivers  overjlou',  when  they  fwell,  and 
run  over  their  banks,  Jofli.  Hi.  15.  The 
inhabitants  of  the  old  world  had  their 
foundation  overflonved  'wiih  ajlood,  when 
the  deluge  covered  them  and  all  their 
dwc'llings,  Job  xxli.  16.  Armies  and 
calamities  h&ing  compared  to  floods  or 
waters,  are  faid  to  overjlow^  when  they 
bear  down  all  before  them,  If.  viii.  8. 
Jer.  xlvii.  2.  Dan.  xi.  10.  If.  x.  22. 
xxvili.  15.  17,  xllil.  2.  Profperlty, 
and  the  truths  and  bleflings  of  the  gof- 
pcl,  being  compared  to  wine  or  oil, 
the  fats  overjlovj'ing  therewith,  import 
a  great  profperlty,  and  a  great  fprcad 
and  prevalence  of  the  truth  and  grace 
of  God  in  the  world,  Joel  ii.  24.  Tne 
fj^s  Qvcrflonvlng  with  the  wine  of  God's 
G  g  wrath. 


O  V  E        L 

wrath,  imports  its  fpread,  and  making 
fearful  havock  among  the  nations,  Joel 
iii.  13. 

OVERLAY;  (i.)  To  cover, 
Exod.  xxvi.  32.  (2.)  To  cover  too 
clofc  or  heavily,    i  Kings  iii.  19. 

OVERMUCH.  To  be  overmuch 
righteous,  is  to  make  an  uncommon  (hew 
of  ftridtnefs,  pretending  more  holinefs 
than  one  hath  ;  rigoroufly  exafting  the 
extremity  of  juftice  ;  and  doing  many 
things  under  pretence  of  piety,  which 

God's  law  doth  not  require. To  be 

over-nvife,  is  to  pretend  great  degrees 
of  knowledge  ;  and  to  be  ready  to  quar- 
rel with  the  beft  condu6l  of  others,  and 
even  of  God  himfelf ;  to  attempt  know- 
ledge above  owe  reach  and  ftation  ;  this 
tends  to  deftroy  a  man's  felf,  rendering 
him  foppifh,  ftupid,  or  contemptible. 
— To  be  overmuch  nvickcdy  is  to  add  fm 
to  fm  ;  to  fatigue  one's  felf  in  doing 
evil,  and  to  run  into  riot  and  wicked- 
nefs  of  every  fort ;  this  tends  to  haften 
one's  death,  Eccl.  vii.  16.  17. 

OVERPASS.  ProfefTors  of  the 
true  religion  overpajs  the  deeds  of  the 
nv'ichedy  when  they  do  worfe  than  Hea- 
thens and  profligates  ;  and  judges  do 
it,  when  they  allow  themfelves  to  be 
worfe  than  the  criminals  they  condemn 
at  their  bar,  Jer.  v.  28. 

OVERPLUS;  the  difference  of 
value  between  things  exchanged.  Lev. 
XXV.  27. 

OVERSEE.  See  Bishop.  Over- 
sight ;  (i.)  The  office  of  overfeeing, 
and  taking  care  that  things  be  right 
done  ;  and  the  difcharge  of  this  ofdce, 
by  performing  the  duties  belonging 
thereto.  Numb.  iii.  32.  i  Pet.  v.  2. 
(2.)   A  miilake,   Gen.  xiiii.  12. 

OVERSHADOW  ;  to  covrr  with 
a  fliadow.  The  cloud  from  which  the 
Father  declared  our  Saviour  his  well- 
heloved  Son,  overjljadoived  the  three 
difciples  on  the  mount,  Matth.  xvii.  5. 
To  mark  the  myfterious  and  incompre- 
henfible  work  of  the  Holy  Gholl,  in 
forming  our  Saviour's  manhood  in  the 
womb  of  the  virgin,  it  is  called  an  over- 
Jbado-wing  of  her,  Luke  i.  35. 

OVERTAKE;  (i.)  To  come  up 
with  fuch  as  had  before  gone  off,  Exod. 


234    ]         OUT 

XV.  9.  (2.)  To  feize  upon,  Pfal.  xviii, 
37.  One  is  overtaken  iu  a  faulty  when 
temptations  come  up  with  him.,  and 
draw  him  into  fome  fmful  word  or  deed, 
before  he  is  aware,  Gal.  vi.  i.  The 
fvvord  overtakes  men,  when  the  enemy 
comes  upon  them,  and  they  are  killed, 
wounded,  taken  captives,  or  other- 
wife  reduced  to  mifery,  Jer.  xHi.  1 6. 
Bleffmgs  overtake  men,  when  they  arc 
beftowed  on  them  ;  and  juftice,  evil, 
or  curfes,  overtake  them,  when  their 
due  and  threatened  punifhment  comes 
upon  them,  Deut.  xxviii.  2.  15.  If. 
hx.  9.  The  day  of  judgement  vver- 
takes  men,  when,  notwithftanding  all 
their  unthoughtfulnefs  of  it,  and  their 
defire  and  ftudy  to  efcape  it,  it  comes 
upon  them,  i  Theff.  v.  4.  The  bat- 
tle in  Gibeah  did  not  overtake  the  chil- 
dren of  iniquity.  The  Hebrews  did 
not  attack  the  fodomitical  Bcnjamites 
at  Gibeah  with  a  due  and  holy  zeal  ; 
nor  took  they  hke  care  to  cut  off  the 
criminals  of  that  or  like  fort,  where- 
ever  they  were  found,   Hof,  x.  9. 

OVERTHROW;  a  turning  of 
things  upfide  down  ;  an  utter  dellruc- 
tion.  Gen.  xix.  29. 

OVERWHELM  ;  to  fwallow  up 
one,  as  a  drowning  flood.  Job  vi.  27. 
Pfal.  cxxiv.  4.  One's  heart  or  fpirit 
is  overiuhelmed,  when  grief,  fear,  per- 
plexity, and  care,  fo  burden  and  afflidt 
him,  that  he  knows  not  what  to  do, 
Pfal.  Ixi.  2.   Ixxvii.  3. 

OUGHT,  imports  neceffity  ;  thus 
Chrift  ought  to  fiiffer,  that  he  might 
fullil  his  engagements,  and  fave  our 
foul,  Luke  xxiv.  26.  (2.)  Duty; 
thus  men  ought  alivays  to  pray  without 
fainting,  Luke  xviii.  i.  Ought,  or 
AUGHT,  alfo  fignihes  any  thing  at  all. 
Gen.  xxxix.  6. 

OUTCASTS  ;  fuch  as  are  driven 
from  their  houfe  and  country.  The 
outca/is  of  Ifrael  and  Judah  needed 
flielter  and  pity  in  the  land  of  Moab, 
when  they  were  driven  out  of  their 
country  by  the  Affyrian  ravages,  If. 
xvi.  3.  4.  The  outcafls  of  the  Perfians 
wandered  far  and  wide,  when  they 
were  carried  or  driven  from  their  coun- 
try by  the   Chaldeans,    Jer.  xlix.  36. 

God 


OUT        f     2 

God  gather eth  the  outcafis  of  Ifrael ;  he 
.gathered  the  Jews  after  Sciiiiacherib 
and  Efarliaddon  had  fcattered  them  ; 
he  brought  them  baek  from  their  Chal- 
dean captivity  ;  he  will  bring  tliem 
from  their  prefent  difperfion  ;  he  ga- 
thers the  outcajl  Gentiles,  and  joins 
them  unto  his  church,  with  all  the 
true  Tfrael  of  God,   If.  Ivi.  8.   xi.  I2. 

OUTGOINGS  ;  outmoft  borders, 
Jofh.  xvii.  9.  18.  God  makes  the  out- 
goings of  the  morning  and  evening  to 
rejoice,  when  he  bellows  and  renders 
agreeable  the  earlieft  and  lateft  parts 
of  the  day  ;  or  when  he  gives  heart- 
chearing  bleflings  to  the  inhabitants 
of  the  remotell  eafl  and  weft,  Pfal. 
Ixv.  8. 

OUTLANDISH;  pertaining  to 
another  country  or  nation,  Neh.  xlii.  26. 

OWE;  (i.)  To  own;  have  a  right 
to.  Lev.  xiv.  35.  A6ls  xxi.  11.  (2.) 
To  be  indebted,  Rom.  xiil.  8.  Matth. 
xviii.  28. 

OWL  ;  a  fowl  of  the  hawk  kind. 
Its  beak  is  hooked  ;  its  head  and  claws 
are  fomewhat  like  thofe  of  a  cat ;  its 
legs  are  haiiy  to  the  very  claws  ;  its 
eyes  are  black,  large,  and  fparkling, 
but  cannot  abide  the  hght  of  the  fun  ; 
its  voice  is  very  difagreeable  and  mourn- 
ful. There  are  a  great  many  kinds  of 
owls  ;  vi%.  the  fmall  owl,  the  great 
owl,  the  horned  owl,  ^c.  The  large 
horned  owl  is  almoft  as  big  as  an  eagle, 
and  has  feathers  afh-colouredandwhitiili; 
the  fmall  horned  owl  is  of  a  more  dun 
and  rufty  colour  ;  the  fmall  unhorned 
owl  is  about  the  bulk  of  a  pigeon  ;  the 
larger  one  has  a  crown  of  fine  foft  fea- 
thers around  its  whole  face,  and  has 
no  vifible  ears  ;  Its  back  is  of  a  lead 
colour,  marked  with  white  fpots  ;  its 


.35    1  OX 

breaft  and  belly  are  whitifh,  marked 
with  black  fpots ;  its  body  is  fcarce 
bigger  than  a  chicken,  but  its  multi- 
tude of  feathers  render  it  as  big  in  ap- 
pearance as  a  capon.  All  at  o.ice  it 
will  fwallow  a  moufe  or  bird,  and  after 
digefting  the  flefh,  vomits  up  the  hair 
and  the  bones.  Owls  go  little  abroad 
in  the  day  ;  and  if  they  do,  are  a  ga- 
zing ftock  to  the  reft  of  the  birds. 
They  are  faid  to  be  enemies  to  the 
crows,  and  that  the  two  are  mutual 
deftroyers  of  one  another's  eggs.  They 
generally  haunt  defolate  places,  as  ruin- 
ed cities  or  houfes.  If.  xiii.  21.  xxxiv. 
II. — 15.  Jer.  1.  39.;  and  make  a  moft: 
doleful  and  defpondent-Hke  mourning, 
Mic.  I.  8.  Perhaps  Yah  hh  an  ah  de- 
notes not  the  oW,  but  the  female  of- 
trich,  Job  xxx.  29.  If.  xiii.  21.  xxxiv» 
13.  xliii.  20.  Jer.  1.  39.  Mic.  i.  8.  Lev. 
xi.  16.  Deut.  xiv.  15.  Lam.  Iv.  3.  and 
the  klppo'z  a  moft  poifonous  ferpent» 
If.  xxxiv,  15.  Saints  become  like  oWj-, 
when,  forfaken  of  God  and  theirfriends, 
they  are  left  to  mourn  in  a  moft  for- 
lorn and  heartlefs  manner,  Job  xxx.  29* 
Pfal.  cii.  6.  Wicked  men  are  like 
oiuls  ;  how  unfightly  to  God  and  good 
men  !  how  inclined  to  diftance  from, 
him  and  his  people  !  what  haters  of 
the  Sun  of  righteoufnefs,  and  of  the 
light  of  God's  word !  and  how  hurt- 
ful to  others  !   If.  xliii.  20. 

OX.  See  EyLL.  They  are  much 
ufed  for  carrying  burdens  in  the  eaft, 
as  well  as  for  drawing  ploughs  and 
treading  out  corn.  Where  no  oxen 
are,  the  crib  is  clean  ;  there  is  neither 
food  for  men  nor  beafts.  But  the  words 
the  crib,  Sec.  might  be  rendered,  there 
is  no  ivheat  or  corn  on  the  thre/bing-Jloor^ 
Prov.  xiv.  4. 


P  A  C 

PACE  ;  a   meafure  of  five  feet  In 
length  ;  but  perhaps  it  fignifies  no 
more  than  a  ftep,  in  2  Sam.  vi.  13. 

PADAN-ARAM.  See  Mesopo- 
tamia ;  but  perhaps  Padan-aram  was 
but  the  north-weft  part  of  Mefopota- 
mia. 


P  A  PI 
PADDLE  ;  a  fmall  iron   inftru- 
ment   for  digging  holes  in  the  earth, 
Deut.  xxii.  13. 

PAHATH-MOAB,  I  fuppofe  was 

a   city   built  near  to   the  place  where 

Ehud  routed  the  Moabites.      Jefhua 

and  Joab  were  two  of  its  aucient  prin- 

G  g  2  ees^ 


P  A  I  I     236 

CeS  ;  2St2belongIn<^  to  Paliatli-moab  3 
returned  from  BalDylon  with  Zerubba- 
■bcl  ;  and  200  more  with  Ezra,  Ezra 
ii.  6.  viii.  4.  Sonie  would  have  Pa- 
hatli-moab  to  be  the  name  of  a  man  ; 
and  it  is  certain,  one  of  that  name  feal- 
ed  Nehem.'ah's  covenant  of  reformation, 
Neh.  X.  14. 

PAIN,  or  PANG,  denotes  the  un- 
eafmefs  arifrng  to  body  or  mind  from 
what  luirts  it.  When  it  is  very  violent, 
it  is  called  tormen^t,  Job  xxxiii.  29. 
Pfal.  XXV.  18.  Iv.  4.  Ezek.  xxx.  4. 
Jer.  xxii,  23.  Matth.  iv.  24.  To  tra- 
*vcl  in  pain  all  one^s  days,  is  to  live  in 
fore  trouble,  inward  difqiiiet,  and  ter- 
ror of  mind.  Job  xv.  20.  The  wick- 
ed man's  JItJh  upon  him  hath  pain  ;  in 
his  dying  mom.ents  he  is  in  fore  trou- 
ble ;  in  the  grave  the  worms  eat  him 
up  ;  in  liell  he  is  for  q-^y  tormented, 
Job  xiv.  22.  Be  in  pa'uiy  and  labour 
to  bring  forth  ;  Bear  thy  troubles  with 
patience,  hoping  for  a  mevcjful  and 
joyful  deliverance  :  or,  Thou  Ihalt  be 
in  fore  trouble  before  the  deliverance 
from  Babylon,  or  the  gofpel,  or  the 
jnillennial  deliverance  come,  Mic.  iv.  10. 
Pains  of  death y  or  helly  are  fuch  violent 
torments  as  cut  oF  life,  or,  render  one 
TOoft  miferable,  A6i:s  ii.  24.  Pfal.cxvi.  3. 
The  terrible  calamities  of  Antichrift 
when  ruined,  and  the  inconctjivable 
miferies  of  the  damned,  are  called  tor- 
ment.,  Rev.  xviii<  7.  10.  xx.  10.  ChrilFs 
witnefTes  torment  the  carnal  Antichri- 
ilians  ;  they  preach  the  truths  which 
they  detefl:  ;  they  pradife  the  good 
works  which  they  abhor ;  and  are  the 
innocent  occafions  of  God's  executing 
his  fearful  judgements  on  them,  Rev. 
xi.  10.  The  tormentors  to  which  God 
aehvers  the  wicked,  aie  the  lafiies  of 
his  wrath,  the  tortures  of  an  tiwaken- 
ed  confcience,  and  malicious  and  en- 
raged devils  and  men,  Matth.  xviii.  34. 
' — Painful;  what  is  very  hard  and 
difficult,  and  cannot  without  great  fa- 
•  tigue  and  pain  be  effected,  Pfal.  Ixxiii. 
16.  Painfulness,  denotes  labour, 
joined  with  great  care  and  grief,  2  Cor. 
xi.  27. 

PAINT.     Women,  efpecially  har- 
lots, painted  their  faces,  2  Kings  ix. 


s  painting  of  their  £j'eif 
'jeir  faces    luith   potih,    or 
denote    their    fetting 


]        PAL 

30.      The    Jew 

and  rending  tb 

lead    ore,    may 

off  themfelves  to    their  neighbouring 

nations,  in  all  the  fliews  of  idolatry  and 

falfe  grandeur  they  could,  Ezek.  xxiii. 

40.     Jer.  iv.  30. 

PALACE  ;  a  llately  and  magnifi- 
cent houfe,  fit  for  kings  or  princes  to 
dwell  in,  2  Chron.  xxxvi.  19.  A- 
mos  m,  9.  10.  II.  I  Kings  xvi.  i8< 
The  Jewidi  temple  is  called  a  palace  : 
it  was  extremely  magnihcent  and  grand. 


and  there  the  Lord,  as  King  of  If- 
rael,  dvv'elt  in  the  fymbols  of  his  pre- 
fence,  i  Chron.  xxix.  I.  19.  The 
New-Teftament  church  is  called  a  pa- 
lace of  fdvery  to  rftark  its  excellency 
and  duration,  as  the  refidence  of  God, 
Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Ghoft,  and 
of  the  faints,  v/ho  are  made  kings  and 
priefts  unto  God  ;  and  the  fulnefs  of 
his  ordinances  and  graces  therein.  Song 
viii.  9.  Pleaven  is  the  palace  of  God 
and  Chrift  ;  how  glorious  its  llructure! 
how  rich  its  furniture !  and  there  God, 
angels,  and  redeemed  men,  for  ever  re- 
fidc,  Pfal.  xlv.  15. 

PALE,  Jd^coWsface  waiting  pale, 
imports  the  fhame,,  contempt,  and  ruin 
of  his  poflerity,  If.  xxix.  22.  The 
palenefs  of  John's  vifionary  horfe,  may 
denote  the  inadivity  and  fpiritual 
dcadnefs  of  miniflers  and  others  in  the 
church,  and  the  great  deftrudion  of 
men,  by  peftilence,  famine,  and  c?ther 
calamities,  between  j4.  D,  235  and 
286. 

PALESTINE.     See  Philistia. 

The  PALM-TREE  is  found  in  a 
variety  of  the  warm  countries  in  the 
north  of  Africa,  and  in  the  fouth  of 
Afia,  ^c.  Many  palms  grew  on  the 
banks  of  Jordan  ;  but  the  beft  w-ere 
thofe  about  Jericho  and  Engedi ; 
which  laft  is,  for  that  reafon,  called 
Hazazon-tamor,  the  cutting  of  the  palm- 
tree.  Palms  grow  very  tall  and  up- 
right ;  and  their  leaves  retain  their 
greennefs  through  the  whole  year. 
The  more  they  ballc  in  the  fun,  their 
growth  is  the  better ;  nor  is  it  any 
worfe  of  burdens  being  hung  on  them. 
They  produc?  little  fruit  till  they  be 

about 


PAT-  [2 

j\boiit  thirty  years  old  ;  after  wlik-li, 
\v}i!le  their  juice  continues,  the  older 
they  become,  they  are  tlie  more  fruit- 
ful ;  and  will  bear  three  or  four  hun- 
dred pounds  of  dates  every  year  ;  but 
it  is  faid  the  female  bears  no  fruit, 
except  it  be  planted  along  with  the 
male.  This  tree  produces  dates,  a 
moft  fweet  and  lufcious  kind  of  fruit. 
They  alfo  extracl  from  it  a  kind  of 
wine,  which  is  perhaps  what  the  fcrip- 
ture  calls  fiichary  or  Jlrnng  drinl'.  It 
likewife  yields  a  kind  of  honey.  As 
its  fap  is  chiefly  in  the  top,  when  they 
Intend  to  extract  a  liquor  from  it, 
they  cut  off  tlie  top,  where  there  is 
always  a  tuft  of  fpiring  leaves  about 
four  feet  long,  and  fcoop  the  trunk 
into  the  fhape  of  a  bafon.  Here  the 
fap  afcending,  lodges  itfelf,  at  the  rate 
of  three  or  four  Englidi  pints  a-day, 
for  the  firil  week  or  fortnight  ;  after 
which  it  gradually  decreafes  ;  and  in 
fix  weeks  or  two  months  the  whole 
juice  will  be  extracted.  A.s  palm-trees 
were  accounted  fymbols  of  victory, 
branches  of  palm  were  carried  before 
conquerors  in  their  triumphs  :  and,  in 
aliulion  hereto,  the  faints  are  faid  to 
have  pairm  in  their  hands,  to  denote 
their  vi6lory  over  fin,  Satan,  the 
world,  the  perfecutions  of  Antichriil, 
^V.  Rev.  vii.  9.  To  mark  their  con- 
ftant  perfeverance,  lieavenlv  and  up- 
right difpofition,  their  neceiiity  of  fel- 
lowfnip  with  Chrift,  their  fpiritual 
comelinefs,  and  fruitfulnefs  in  good 
works,  and  their  certain  viftory  over 
all  enemies,  they  are  compared  to 
palm-trees f  Pfal.  xcii.  12.  Song  vii.  7. 
To  reprefent  them  in  their  connedtion 
with  angels  and  minifters,  there  were 
figures  of  palm-trees  and  cherubims  al- 
ternately mingled  in  Solomon's  tem- 
ple, and  in  Ezekiel's  vifionary  one, 
I  Kings  vi.  29.  Ezek.  xl.  16.  Idols 
were  upright  as  the  palm-tree;  they 
could  make  no  motion  ;  but  merely 
ftand,  like  fo  unany  erect  logs  of  wood, 
Jer.  X.  5. 

PALSY  ;  a  pretty  common  difeafe, 
wherein  the  body,  or  fome  part  of  it, 
lofes  its  power  of  motion,  and  fome- 
times  alfo  its  feeling.     It  is  occafion- 


37     1         .PAP 

ed  by  fome  hindrance  of  the  ncfvonsf 
fpirits  from  flowing  into  tlie  villi,  or 
the  mufcles,  or  of  the  arterious  blood 
from  flowing  into  its  veflTels  ;  which 
may  happen  from  fome  fault  in  the 
brain,  the  nerves,  the  mufcles,  or  their 
vefh-ls.  Unftions  of  the  backbone  with 
fpiritous  and  penetrating  medicines ; 
and  white  muftard,  mercury,  fudori- 
fics,  i^c,  inwardly  taken,  and  perhaps? 
electrification,  may  be  helpful-,  when 
the  difeafe  is  not  fixed  ;  but  when  k 
is  fixed  we  know  not  if  any  thing  lefs 
than  fuch  miraculous  cures  as  were  ef- 
fecled  by  Jefus  and  his  apoftles,  can 
avail,  Matth.  viii.  6.  iv.  4.  John  v, 
A<?ts  ix.  13. 

PAMPHYLIA;  a  province  of 
Lefler  Afia,  having  the  Mediterranean 
fca  on  the  fcuth,  Lycia  on  the  weft, 
Pifidia  on  tlie  north,  aud  Cilicia  on 
the  ealt.  Attalia  and  Perga  were  the 
principal  cities  of  it.  A  number  of 
the  Jewifli  inhabitants  of  this  place 
heard  Peter's  fermon  at  Pentecoft ; 
and,  perhaps,  full  carried  the  gcfpel 
thither.  Paul  and  Barnabas  after- 
wards preached  the  gofpel  here,  fmce 
which  Chriftianity  has  '  never  been 
wholly  extinft  ;  though,  fince  the  ra- 
vages of  the  Saracens,  it  has  made 
but  a  poor  appearance,  Acts  ii.  10. 
The  country  is  at  prefcnt  under  tlie 
Turks,  and  is  of  almoft  no  importance. 

PANNAG.  Whether  this  Hgnifies 
Phenicia,  or  a  place  near  Minnith  ; 
or  whether  it  fignifies  oil  or  halfam,  I 
really  know  not ;  but  either  in  Pon^ 
nag,  or  in  fine  wheat  of  Pannag,  the 
Jews  traded  with  the  Tyrians,  Ezek^ 
XX vii.  1 7. 

PANT  ;  to  gafp  for  breath,  as  one 
dying  or  over-burdened.  It  is  expref- 
five  of  killing  grief.  If.  xxi.  4.  .  Pfal. 
xxxviii.  10.  ;  or  eager  defire,  Pfal. 
xlii.  I.    cxix.  131.      Amos  ii.  7. 

PAPER-REEDS;  a  kind  ofbul. 
rufhes  that  grow  in  Egypt,  along  the 
banks  of  the  Nile,  If.  xix.  7.  Of  thefe 
the  Egyptians  made  baflccts,  fhoes, 
cloaths,  and  fmall  boats,  for  failing 
on  the  Nile,  Exod.  ii.  3.  If.  xviii.  2. 
To  make  paper  of  this  bulrufti  they 
peeled  off  the  different  flcins  or  films 

tliereof, 


PAP  [2 

thereof,  one  after  another  ;  thefe  they 
ftretched  on  a  table,  to  the  intended 
length  or  bread:h  of  the  paper,  and 
overlaid  them  with  a  kind  of  thin  parte, 
or  the  muddy  water  of  the  Nile  a  lit- 
tle warmed  ;  above  which  they  fpread 
a  crofs  layer  of  other  films  or  leaves, 
and  then  dried  it  in  the  >fun.  The 
films  neared  the  heart  of  the  plant 
made  the  fined  paper.  When  Ptole- 
my king  of  Egypt  denied  Attains  king 
of  Pergamus  this  kind  of  paper  for 
writing  his  jibrary,  he  invented,  or 
mightily  improved,  the  making  of 
parchment,  or  paper  of  ilcins.  After 
which,  books  of  note  were  ordinarily 
written  on  parchment  for  almoft  1300 
years.  Th^  pirchmeiils  that  Paul  left 
at  Troas,  and  orders  Timothy  to  bring 
with  him,  were  probably  either  the  o- 
riginal  draughts  of  fome  of  his  epiftles, 
or  a  noted  copy  of  the  Old  Teifament, 
2  Tim.  iv.  13.  For  about  550  years 
back,  paper  of  lintn-rags  hath  been  in 
ufe. 

PAPHOS.  There  v.-ere  two  cities 
of  this  name,  about  icvtn  miles  didant 
the  one  from  the  other,  on  the  wed: 
end  of  the  ifle  of  Cyprus  ;  in  both  of 
which  Venus  the  goddefs  of  lud  had 
a  temple.  The  old  Paphos  was  built 
by  Agapenor  foon  after  the  dedruc- 
tion  of  Troy.  At  Paphos  Paul  preach- 
ed the  gofpel,  converted  Sergius  the 
Roman  governor  of  the  ifland,  and 
ftruck  Elymas  the  forcerer  blind,  A6ts 
xiii.  16.  The  idolatry  of  Venus  con- 
tinued about  400  years  after.  Ne- 
verthelefs,  we  find  here  a  Chridian 
church  about  'the  fame  time  ;  and  Pa- 
phos dill  continues  a  feat  of  one  of 
the  bifliops  of  the  Greek  church. 

PARABLE  ;  a  figurative  repre- 
fentation  of  truth.  It  was  anciently 
common  for  the  men  of  wifdom  to  ut- 
ter their  fentiments  in  parables  ;  but 
it  was  reckoned  very  inconiiilent  for 
fools  to  utter  parables,  Prov.  xxvi.  7. 
By  a  parable  of  the  trees  choofmg 
a  king,  Jotham  diewed  the  Sheche- 
mites  their  folly  in  choofmg  his  baf- 
tard  brother  Abimelech.  By  a  kind 
of  parables  or  riddles,  Samfon  enter- 
tained his  compaaions  daring  his  mar- 


38     ]  PAR 

riage  feaft,  Judg.  ix.  xiv.  By  a  pa- 
rable Nathan  introduced  his  reproof  of 
David  for  his  adulter)-  and  murder  ; 
and  the  widow  of  Tekoah  perfuaded 
him  to  recal  Abfalom,  2  Sam.  xii.  xiv. 
Not  only  did  the  prophets  often  ufc 
parabolic  language,  reprefenting  ido- 
laters and  adulterers,  (s'c;  but  fome- 
times  added  parabolic  actions,  as  when 
Ifaiah  walked  almod  naked  and  bare- 
foot for  three  years  ;  Jeremiah  hid  his 
•  girdle  by  the  Euphrates  ;  Ezekiel  lay- 
before  his  iron  pan,  fhaved  and  divided 
his  hair,  carried  out  his  houfehold  duff, 
£ffr.  If.  XX.  Jer.  xiii.  Ezek.  iv.  v. 
xii.  A  number  of  their  vifions  were 
alfo  a  kind  of  parables  :  as  Jeremiah's 
boiling  pot,  ballvets  of  figs,  ^c.  Jer. 
i.  xxiv.  In  our  Saviour's  time,  the 
manner  of  indrudion  by  parables  was 
quite  common.  He  carried  it  to  the 
height  of  excellency  and  ufefulnefs.  As 
parables  very  often  reprefent  truth  as 
if  by  a  kind  of  diort  hidory  ;  fo  in 
them,  efpecially  thofe  of  our  Saviour, 
there  may  be  oft  an  allufion  to  real 
fads,  which  adds  no  imall  decorum  to 
the  parable.  His  parable  of  the  tra- 
vels of  the  unclean  fpirit,  and  of  the 
fower  ;  the  tares ;  the  growth  of  corns ; 
the  mudard-feed  ;  the  leaven  ;  the  hid 
treafure  ;  the  pearl ;  the  net ;  the  two 
debtors  ;  the  Samaritan  ;  the  rich  glut- 
ton ;  the  fervants  waiting  for  their 
Lord  ;  the  barren  fig-tree  ;  the  loft 
flieep  ;  the  loll  piece  of  filver  ;  the 
prodigal  fon  ;  the  diflioneft  fteward  ; 
Lazarus  and  the  rich  man  ;  the  un- 
jutt  judge  ;  the  Pharifee  and  publican; 
the  two  fervants  that  were  debtors  ; 
the  labourers  ;  the  pounds  ;  the  two 
fons  ;  the  vineyard  let  out  to  hufband- 
men  ;  the  marriage  feaft  ;  the  ten  vir- 
gins ;  the  talents  ;  the  flieep  and  goats; 
are  drawn  from  obvious  and  common 
things  :  and  yet  how  exalted  the  in- 
ftrudion  they  convey  !  To  underdand 
parables,  it  is  proper  to  obferve,  (i.) 
It  is  not  neceffary  that  the  reprefenta- 
tion  of  natural  things  in  a  parable 
fliould  be  driclly  matter  of  facl,  becaufe 
the  defign  is  not  to  inform  concerning 
thefe,  but  concerning  iome  more  mo- 
mentous truth  :  nor  is  it  necelTary  that 

all 


PAR  r     239     T  PAR 

all  the  aclions  in   a  parable  be  ftridly     their  fancy  of  fortunate 
.     Luk 


juil,  2  Sam.  xiv.  l^uke  xvi.  i. — 8. 
(2.)  We  muft  chiefly  attend  to  the 
fcope  of  the  parable,  which  is  to  be 
gathered  from  the  infpircd  explication 
thereof;  or  from  the  introdudiou  to 
it,  or  the  conclufion  of  it.  (3.)  Hence 
it  follows,  that  we  are  not  to  expeil 
that  every  circumftarice  in  the  parable 
fhould  be  anfwered  by  fomething  in 
the  explication ;  for  feveral  circum- 
ftances  may  be  added  for  the  fake  of 
decorum,  or  mere  allufion  to  that 
whence  the  figure  of  the  parable  is  ta- 
ken. (4.)  Yet  a  parable  may  inform 
us  of  feveral  truths,  befides  the  icopc 
of  it. 

PARADISE,    or    GARDEN     OF    E- 

DEN.  Vain  minds  have  fancied  it  al- 
moil  every  where.  Their  opinion  who 
place  it  in  Syria,  near  the  head  of  the 
Jordan,  or  rather  furtlier  fouth  ;  and 
theirs  that  place  it  in  Armenia,  whence 
run  the  riyers  of  Euphrates  and  Hid- 
dekel,  which  run  fouth,  and  of  A- 
raxes,  which  runs  eall,  hath  no  .proof 
on  its  fide.  The  firll  of  thefe  hath  no 
marks  of  the  Mofalc  paradife  at  all : 
no  four  rivers  ;  no  river  parted  into 
four  heads.  Nor  indeed  is  that  in  Ar- 
menia much  better  founded;  the  fprings 
of  Euphrates,  Tigris,  and  Araxes,  are 
too  diftant  to  be  faid  to  proceed  out 
of  the  fame  garden  ;  and  the  Phafis, 
which  they  call  Pifon,  has  its  head 
much  more  diftant  in  the  mountain 
Caucafus.  We  fuppofe,  that  paradife 
flood  in  Eden  in  Chaldea,  at  the  con- 
iiuK  of  the  Tigris,  or  HIddekel,  and 
the  Euphrates,  or  a  little  below  it. 
Here  we  find  two  of  Mofes*s  rivers  by 
name  ;  and  below,  we  find  the  ftream 
was  parted  into  two  large  divifions,  the 
eallern  one  of  which  may  have  been  the 
Gihon,  and  the  wellern  the  Pifon.  It 
may  be  proper  to  obferve,  that  when 
fome  of  thefe  rivers  are  faid  to  con  pafs 
fuch  lands^  the  word  may  be  rendered 
runs  ohngi  i.  e.  along  the  fide  ;  and. 
Hiddekcl  w^ent  not  to  the  eafl  of  Af- 
fyria,  but  ran  from  Affyria  eajlivardf 
or  run  before  Affyria  ;  that  is  between 
Mofes  and  AlTyria,  Gen.  ii.  11.. — 14. 
It  is  probable  the  Heathens  derived 


iflands  and  E- 
lyfian  fields,  and  drew  ihe'r  tafte  for 
gardens  of  perfumes,  from  the  ancient 
paradife.  Heaven  is  called  a  paradife^ 
becaule  of  the  complete  happir/d'i;,  ma- 
nifold delights,  and  ihtimate  ullowfliip 
with  God,  that  are  there  enjoyed, 
Luke  xxiii.  44.  2  Cor.  xii.  4.  Rev. 
ii.  7. 

PARAMOURS  ;  whorlHi  gallants. 
The  Heathen  nations  on  whom  the 
Jews  depended  for  relief  inftcad  of  their 
God,  and  whofe  idolatries  they  follow- 
ed, are  called  their  paramoursy  Ezek. 
xxiii.  20. 

PARAN,  or  El-paran  ;  a  traft  in 
Arabia  the  Stony,  between  the  fouth 
of  Canaan  and  the  eallei  n  gulf  of  the 
Red  fea  ;  or  rather  it  extended,  when 
taken  at  large,  as  far  as  Sinai,  Deut. 
xxxiii.  2.  Hab.  ill.  3.  It  is  faid  that 
part  of  it  next  Sinai  abou.ided  with 
buflies  ;  but  on  the  main,  it  was,  and 
ftill  is,  a  frightful  defert.  It  is  faid 
the  houfes  in  it  were  generally  holes 
dug  in  the  earth  ;  but  there  was  a  city 
called  Paran  in  it,  whence  Hadad  took 
his  guides  to  conduct  him  to  Eg^-pt, 
I  Kings  xi.  18.  Yjx  Shaw  thinks  its 
extent  from  KadCih-barnea  on  the 
north,  to  Sinai,  was  about  no  miles; 
but  it  feems  to  have  extended  to  the 
north-eaft  of  Kadefh,  as  David  lurked 
in  it  when  he  was  near  Maon  and  fouth 
Carmel,  i  vSam.  xxv.  2.;  and  perhaps 
it  was  the  inhabitants  of  this  part  of  it 
that  Chedorlaomer  ravaged  before  he 
attacked  the  Sodomites,  Gen.  xiv.  6. 
In  the  wildernefs  of  Paran,  I  fuppofe 
to  the  fouth-weft  of  Beer-fheba,  Iflimael 
and  his  mother  Hagar  took  up  their  re- 
fidence.  Gen.  xxi.  21.;  and  hence  the 
Iflimaelites  difperfed  themfelves  into 
the  regions  about.  There  fcems  to 
have  been  another  place  called  Paran 
on  the  eaft  of  Jordan,  Deut.  i.  i. 

PARCHED  ;  exceedingly  dried  : 
fo  parched  ground  is  what  is  bfirnt  up 
with  exceffive  drought,  Jer.  xvii.  6. 
Parched  corn  is  what  hath  been  roafted 
in  the  fire,  that  it  may  be  eaten,  2  Sam. 
xvii.  28.  To  inhabit  parched p/aceSf  is 
to  be  in  a  moil  wretched  and  deftitute 
condition,  Jer.  xvii.  6.     The   Gentile 

world-, 


,  are 
how  deflitute 


PAR       r 

tvoild,  and  unrcgcnerate  men 
kened  \.o  parched  ground ; 
of  the  fap  of  divine  truth,  and  gracious 
habits  and  inlluenccs  !  how  barren  of 
good  works  !  how  fcorched  with  the 
power  of  temptation,  with  corrupt  in- 
clinations and  cuftoms,  ajidwitli  divine 
judgements  !    [er.  xxxv.  7. 

PARCHMENT.     Sec  paper. 

PARDON.     See  forgive, 

PARENTS.     See  father. 

PARLOUR  ;  a  cooling  chamber, 
Judg.  iii.  20. 

PART;  (i.)  Apiece,  Ruthii.  3. 
(2.)  A  (hare,  Jofli.  xix.  9.  (3.)  Du- 
ty; bufinefs,  Ruth  iii.  13.  i  Sam.  xxiii. 
20.  (4.)  Side;  party,  Mark  ix.  40. 
The  inward  or  hidden  part,  is  the  foul 
and  heart,  Pfal.  v.  9.  li.  6.  God  fmote 
the  Philiflines  in  the  hinder  j^^^zr/j-,  and 
put  them  to  a  perpetual  reproach ^  when  he 
plagued  them  with  the  emerods,  Pfal. 
Ixxviii.  (i6,  A  third  or  fourth ^(Str/,,  is 
often  ufed  to  fignify  a  great  deal,  a 
great  many,  Ezek.  v.  2.  12.  Zech.  xiii. 
8.9.   Rev.  vi.  8.  iii.  7. — 12.  ix.  18. 

To  PART  ;  (i;.)  To  feparate  ;  go 
afunder,  2  Kings  if.  11.  (2.)  To  di- 
vide. Gen.  ii.  10.  (3.)  To  determine 
a  controverfy,  giving  each  his  fliare, 
Pror.  xviif.  8. 

PARTAKE  ;  to  receive  a  fiiare. 
The  faints  are  partakers  of  Chrljl  and 
heavenly  caUing  ;  by  receiving  Jefus 
Chriil  and  his  Spirit  into  our  heart,  we 
pofTefs  them,  and  their  bleffings  and  in- 
flue-aces,  as  our  own,  and  are  effe6lu- 
ally  called  to  the  heavenly  gloiy,  Heb. 
iii.  I.  14.  vi.  4.  Tht^j  ^xt  partahers  oi 
God's  promife  and  benefit ;  they  have 
an  interell  in  all  the  promifes,  and  (liali 
receive  every  bleffmg  therein  contained, 
Eph.  iii.  6.  I  Tim.  vi.  2.  They  are 
partakers  of  the  divine  nature,  and  of 
ChriiVs  hoUnefs,  when,  through  union 
to  Chrift,  and  fellowfhip  jwith  him  in 
his  righteoufnefs  and  Spirit,  their  na- 
ture is  conformed  to  a  God  in  Chrift, 

2  Pet.  i.  4.  They  partake  of  Chrifl's 
fuffe/mgs,  and  of  the   afBi6llons  of  the 

gofpel,  when  they  are  perfecuted  for 
adherence  to  the  truths  and  ways  of 
Chriil,    I    Pet.    iv.    13.     2    Cor.    i.    7. 

3  Tim.  i.  8.     Tliay  partake  of  the  grace 


240     ]  PAR 

li-  of  Paul  and  other  minillers,  when  tlicy 
receive  fpiritual  edification  from  their 
miniilry,  Phil.  i.  7.  Hypocrites  are 
pM'takers  of  the  Holy  Ghoil  ;  fome  of 
them  in  the  apoilolic  age  enjoyed  his 
diflinguiflled  influences  and  operations : 
and  in  every  age  they  receive  fuch  con- 
vidlions  or  other  influences  as  are  fepa- 
rablc  from  a  ftate  of  grace,  Heb.  vi.  4. 
We  are  partakers  in  other  mens  fins,  by 
contriving,  confenting,  inclining  to,  re- 
joicing in,  afTifting  to  commit,  or  fha- 
ring  the  profits  or  pleafures  of  their 
fin  ;  or  by  occafioning  them,  by  an  evil 
example  or  offenfive  ufe  of  things  in- 
different ;  by  provoking  or  tempting 
to,  or  not  doing  all  we  can  to  hinder 
their  fm  ;  or  by  commanding,  exciting, 
or  hiring  men  to  fm ;  or  by  defending* 
extenuating,  or  commending  their  fin  ; 
by  negletling  to  reprove  for,  and  pro- 
mote the  proper  punilhment  of  fin  ;  and 
by  not  mourning  over,  and  praying  a- 
gainit  fin.    Rev.  xviii.  4.   Eph.  v.  11. 

PARTHIA,hadMediaon  the  weft, 
Hyrcania  on  the  north,  Aria  or  Ariana 
on  the  eaft,  and  the  defert  of  Caram.a- 
nia,  now  Kerman,  on  the  fouth.  I  am 
inclined  to  believe  the  Parthians  were 
chiefly  the  offspring  of  thofe  Gauls  that 
broke  into  Afia,  and  part  of  whom 
peopled  Galatia  ;  but  others,  perhaps 
on  grounds  equally  llrong,  fuppofe  them 
of  a  Pcrfian  original.  It  is  certain,  that 
about  ^.  M.  3754,  Arfaces,  a  noble 
Parthian,  revolted  from  Antiochus 
Theos  of  Syria,  and  eredled  a  kingdom 
for  himfelf.  This,  in  procefs  of  time, 
became  very  powerful,  and  a  terror  to 
the  Romans  themfelves.  It  fometimes 
extended  from  the  head  of  the  Euphra- 
tes ;  nay,  from  the  Hellefpont,  to  be- 
yond the  river  Indus  in  Afia,  together 
with  Egypt  and  Lybia,  in  Africa. 
About  yl.  D.  232,  this  monarchy,  at 
leail  the  family  of  Arfaces,  was  ruined 
by  Artaxerxes  the  Perfian.  About 
ji.  D.  640  Parthia  was  over-run  by  the 
Saracens.  The  ancient  Parthia  is  now 
the  Perfian  Irak,  and  is  in  the  heart  of 
the  Perfian  empire.  It  is  about  600 
miles  in  length,  and  450  broad.  The 
country  is  fomewhat  hilly  ;  but  the  air 
is  fine  5  and  here  we  find  Ifpahan  the 

capitalj! 


PAR 

capital,  with  Cadidn,  Hanidan 
ther  cities  of  note.  Probably-  fome  of 
thofe  Jews  of  Parthia  who  were  prefent 
at  Peter's  fei-moii,  carried  thither  the 
firll  hints  of  the  Chrillian  faith  :  but 
for  many  ages  there  have  been  fmall  re- 
mains of  Chrillianity  here,  except  a- 
mong  the  Armenians,  who  fettle  here 
for  the  fake  of  trade,  A6ls  ii.  9. 

PARTIAL  ;  (lie wing  an  iinjufl  re- 
gard or  difregard  to  fome  perfons  or 
things,  on  account  of  fome  caraal  mo- 
tives,  Mai.  ii.  9.    I  Tim.  v.  21. 

PARTICULAPvLY;  one  by  one. 
Paul  could  not  in  an  eplitle  enlarge^/zr- 
ticularly,  in  explaining  the  fignification 
of  every  particular  utenfd  of  the  temple, 
Heb.  ix.  5. 

PARTITION  ;  a  wall  or  hanging 
that  divides  between  two  apartments, 
I  Kings  vi.  21. 

PARTRIDGE  ;  a  bird  well  known 
to  our  fportfmen.  Their  flefh  is  very 
good  to  cat,  their  flight  is  low,  and  of 
a  fmall  compafs  ;  but  they  run  well,  al- 
moll  as  foon  as  they  are  hatched.  The 
grey-brown  partridges,  with  a  naked 
fcarlet  mark  behind  their  eyes,  are  the 
moll  common  ;  but  the  red  legged  ones 
are  the  largeit.  In  the  Alps  there  are 
white  partridges,  with  hairy  feet.  It 
is  faid  female  partridges  have  fuch  in- 
clination to  hatch,  that  if  their  own 
eggs  be  taken  away,  they  will  ileal 
fome  of  their  neighbours  ;  and  that  the 
young  hatched  from  tliefe  eggs  forfake 
their  hatcher,  and  follow  the  call  of 
their  true  dam.  Partridges  are  faid  to 
be  contentious  ;  and  by  purfuing  the 
fowler's  tame  partridge,  they  will  run 
into  his  net.  Bochart  and  fome  otliers 
think  the  kore  is  not  the  partridge, 
but  the  woodcock  or  fnipe.  The  A- 
rabs,  obferving  that  partridges  become 
languid  after  they  have  been  hallily  put 
up  twice  or  thrice,  hunt  them  in  this 
manner,  and  then  running  in  upon  them, 
knock  them  down  with  tiieir  bludgeons. 
In  a  like  manner  Saul  hunted  David, 
1  Sam.  xxvi.  20.  As  the  partridge  fit" 
teth  on  eggs,  and  hatcheih  them  not,  they 
being  broken  or  carried  away  ;  fo  is  the 
covetous  fool,  who,  after  he  has  tak'..-n 
every  method  to  amafii   wealth,  has   it 

Vol.  II. 


f      241      ]  PAS 

and  o-  taken  from  him  amid  his  delight  there- 
in,  Jer.  xvil.  1 1. 

PARVAIM  ;  either  Parbacia  in  the 
land  of  Havilah,  or  Ophir.  Perhaps 
Taprobane  is  the  fame  as  Taph-parvan, 
the  ihore  of  Parvain,  Provan,  or  Par- 
vaim.  From  Parvaim  Sv)lomon  had  the 
gold  wherewith  he  overlaid  the  infidc 
of  his  temple,   2  Chron.  iii.  6. 

PASHUR.      See  Jeremiah. 

A  PASSAGE  of  a  river  is  a  ford 
or  bridge,  Judg.  xii.  16.  In  a  coun- 
try a  pdjfage  often  iignifies  a  narrow 
way  between  mountains,  lakes,  cif^r. 
fuch  as  the  pajfages  of  Michmalh  and 
Abarim,  that  were  rendered  narrow  by 
the  hills  or  rocks  on  each  iide,  1  Sam. 
xili.  23.   Jer.  xxii.  20. 

PASSION;  (i.)  Suffering  and 
death,  A6ls  i.  3.  (2.)  Affedions  ;  in- 
firmities natural  or  hnful,  A£ls  xiv.  15. 
Jam.  V.  17. 

PASSOVER.  See  Feast.  In  the 
time  of  Joihua,  Samuel,  Hezekiah,  and 
Joliah,  and  after  the  return  from  Ba- 
bylon, it  was  kept  with  great  care, 
Joih.  V.  2  Chron.  xxx.  2  Kings  xxiii. 
Ezra  vi.  19.  Perhaps,  after  tlie  blood 
of  the  pa II over-lambs  came  to  be  fprink- 
led  on  the  altar,  they  no  more  fprink- 
led  it  on  their  doors.  It  is  certain, 
from  the  inllance  of  our  Saviour,  that 
they  did  not  that  night  confine  them- 
felves  to  their  houfes.  He  no  doubt 
kept  it  on  the  very  night  on  which  the 
other  Jews  obferved  it ;  otherwife  his 
adveriaries,  who  fo  eagerly  fought  for 
matter  of  accufation,  v/ould  have  hxed 
on  this.  Nor  was  the  d  ly  of  his  death 
the  day  of  preparation  for  eating  the 
pafchal  lamb,  but  for  the  Sabbath,  and 
the  feafl  of  unleavened  bread,  which  is 
alfo  called  the  pajfover.  As  the  blood 
of  ten  lambs  or  more  might  be  in  one 
bafon,  it  is  eafy  to  fee  how  the  blood 
of  10,000  or  20,000  fuch  bafons  of 
blood  might  in  one  afternoon  be  fprink- 
k'd  by  fo  many  prieils.  The  Jews  flill 
obferve  a  kind  of  pafTovcr,  mingling 
moll  of  the  ancient  rites  with  many 
modern  inventions. 

PASTORS,  or  shepherds;  fuch 

as  watch  over  flocks  of  Iheep,  ^c.  di- 

recling  them  to  their  right  pallure,  af- 

K  h  fording 


PAS  [■    242     ] 


PAS 


fording  them  water,  gathering  them, 
^vhen  proper,  to  their  fold,  and  pro- 
tefti'ng  tliem  fr6m  hurt.  It  feems  that 
their  flocks  often  followed  them,  John 
X.  I . — 2  7.  As  of  old  great  mens  wealth 
confifled  chiefly  in  their  flocks  and  herds, 
the  office  of  feeding  them  was  account- 
ed veiy  honourable.  Abel,  Abraham, 
Ifaac,  Jacob,  Mofes,  David,  nay,  the 
young  ladies,  as  the  daughters  of  Laban 
and  Jethro,  employed  themfelves  there- 
in ;  and  why  fliepherds  were  held  as  an 
ABOMINATION  to  the  Egyptians,  we 
have  already  hinted. — G  ^\  and  Chriil 
are  called  a  Shepherd ;  with  wliat  ten- 
der care  did  he  lead,  provide  for,  pro- 
teft,  and  govern  the  Hebrews,  in  the 
defert, ,  and  in  Canaan  !  With  what 
tender  care  he  gathers,  gov«^rns,  pro- 
tects, heals,  and  provides  for  the  wel- 
fare of  his  church  and  people  !  Gen. 
xhx.  21,  Pfal.  Ixxx.  I.  xxiii.  i.  If. 
xl.  II.  Chriil  is  God's  Shepherd,  be- 
caufe  his  Father  hath  given  him  his 
flock  of  chofen  men,  and  appointed 
him  to  die  for,  call,  and  feed  them, 
Zech.  xiii.  7.  He  is  called  the  one 
Shepherd,  becaufe  he  alone  owns  the 
jflieep  ;  and  can,  in  every  refpe6t,  an- 
fwer  and  fuppiy  all  their  wants,  Ezek. 
xxxiv.  23.  John  x.  16.  He  is  called 
the  great  and  chief  Shepherd ;  he  is  infi- 
nitely great  in  himfelf ;  he  is  highly 
exalted  as  our  Mediator  ;  he  has  the 
fupreme  management  of  the  church  in 
his  hand  ;  aiid  minillers  and  magiltrates 
are  but  inilruments  fubjcdl  to  him, 
Heb.  xiii.  20.  I  Pet.  v.  4.  He  is  the 
good  Shepherd ;  in  infinite  kindnefs  he 
redeemied  his  flieep  from  ruin  by  the 
price  of  his  blood  ;  kindly  he  lympa- 
thifes  with  them,  and  gives  them  his 
own  fiefli  and  blood  for  their  provilion  ; 
and  nothing  good  will  he  with-hold 
from  them,  John  x.  14.  He  is  the 
Shepherd  and  B'ljhop  of  fouls  ;  it  is  mens 
fouls  he  leads,  lefloies,  and  fatiates ; 
and  theii'  fpiritual  and  eternal  interefl:s 
are  the  great  objetl  of  his  care,  i  Pet. 
ji.  25.  Pfal.  xxiii.  2.  3.  Jer.  xxxi.  27. 
— -Minifliers  are  foefherds ;  it  is  tiieir 
work  CO  gather,  lead,  watch  over,  feed 
with  found  doctrine,  and  every  way  en- 
deavour to  promote   the   fpiritual  life, 


fafety,  growth,  health,  and  comfort  of 
their  people,  Jer.  xvii.  6.  Eph.  iv.  11. 
I  Pet.  v.  I. — 4. 

The  palloral  or  miniilerial  office  and 
work  is  defcribed  in  fcripture  as  inex- 
prefiibly  important  and  folemn.  It  is 
at  mens  infinite  hazard  if  they  rufli  in- 
to it  without  being  regenerated  in  the 
whole  man  after  the  image  of  God,  the 
old  things  pafled  away,  and  all  things 
become  new  j — without  having  the  Spi- 
rit of  God  dwelling  in  their  hearty  to 
fliew  them  the  things  of  Chrifl:,  ,arid 
enable  them  to  know,  win,  and  rejoice 
in  him,  and  worlhip  God  in  fpirit  and 
in  truth,  having  no  confidence  in  the 
flefli ; — to  make  them  experimentally 
know  and  believe  what  they  declare  to 
others  ; — and  to  render  them  apt  to 
teach,  capable  to  unfold  and  apply  the- 
myfleries  of  the  gofpel  in  a  plain  and 
confcience-afi'efting  manner.  Gal.  f. 
15.  16.  2  Cor.  V.  17.  John  xiv.  16. 
17.  26.  XV.  26.  27.  xvi.  13.  14.  15. 
XX.  22.  Phil.  iii.  3.  7. — 14.  I  Cor, 
ii.  10. — 16.  2  Cor.  iv.  14.  i  John 
i.  3.  They  mufl:  have  a  real  call  and 
million  from  Jefus  Chrifl:  to  their  work, 
otherwife  they  cannot  expe6l  to  have 
any  true  fuccefs  therein,  Jer.  xxiii.  21. 
22.  32.  If.  vi.  8.  9.  xhx.  I.  2.  Jer.  i. 
Ezek.  ii.  iii.  xx-xiii.  Matth.  x.  Luke  x. 
John  X.  A(Sts  i.  xxvi.  17.  18.  Rom. 
X.  15.  Heb.  V.  4.  Their  ends  ought 
to  be  fingle  and  difintereiled,  not  feek- . 
ing  great  things  to  themfelves,  covet- 
ing no  man's'  filver,  gold,  or  apparel, 
but  feeking  to  gain  men  to  Chriil,  and 
falvation  through  him  ; — not  looking 
or  aiming  at  their  own  eafe,  profit,  or 
honour,  but  at  the  things  of  Chriil 
and  his  people  ;  not  feeking  glory  of 
men,  but  the  honour  of  Chriil  and  his 
Father,  in  the  eternal  falvation  of  louls, 
Jer.  xlv.  5.  I  Sam.  xii.  3^  Acts  xx.  33, 
I  Cor.  ix.  12.  16.  2  Cor.  vii.  2.  xi.  9. 
xii.  13.  14.  Phil.  ii.  21.  2  Cor.  vi.  4. 
— 10.  I  Theif.  ii.  4.- — 9.  John  vii.  18. 
As  amloJfadors  for  Chriil,  as  ficjijards 
cf  the  n.yileries  and  manifold  grace  of 
God,  it  is  required  of  them  to  be  faith- 
ful ; — to  fcrve  the  Lord  with  their  fpi- 
rit, and  with  much  humility  in  the  gof- 
pel of  his  Son  j  to  tellify  repentance 

towards 


PAS  [     24^ 

towards  God,  and  faith  towards  our 
Lord  Jtfus  Chriil,  keeping  back  no 
part  of  the  counfel  of  God,  no  profi- 
table inftru£lion,  reproof,  encourage- 
ment,— and  not  moved  with  any  re- 
proach, perfecution,  hunger,  or  naked- 
nefs,  but  ready,  not  only  to  be  bound, 
but  to  die,  for  the  name  of  Jefus,  in 
order  to  finilh  their  courfe  with  joy  : — 
They  muft  labour  with  much  fear  and 
trembling,  determined  to  know,  to  glo- 
ry in,  and  make  known  nothing  but 
Jefus  Chrili:,  and  him  crucified  ;  — 
preaching  the  gofpel,  not  with  enti- 
cing words  of  man's  wifdom,  as  men- 
pleafers,  but  with  great  plain nefs  of 
fpeech,  in  demonllration  of  the  Spirit, 
and  with  power  ; — fpeaking  the  things 
freely  given  them  by  God,  not  in  the 
words  which  man's  wifdom  teacheth, 
but  in  words  which  the  Holy  Ghoft 
teacheth, — comparing  fpiritual  things 
with  fpiritual,  as  having  the  mind  of 
Chrift  ; — always  triumphing  in  him 
Christ,  and  making  manifefl  the  fa- 
vour of  his  knowledge  in  every  place, 
that  they  may  b'e  to  God  a  fweet  fa- 
vour of  Chrift  in  them  that  are  faved, 
and  in  them  that  perifh  ; — as  of  fmce- 
rity,  as  of  God  in  the  fight  of  God 
fpeaking  in  Chrift,  and  through  the 
mercy  of  God  not  fainting,  but  renoun- 
cing the  hidden  things  of  diftionefty  ;— 
not  walking  in  craftinefs,  nor  handling 
the  word  of  God  deceitfully,  but  ma- 
nifefting  the  truth  to  every  nuin's  con- 
fcience  in  the  fight  of  God  ; — not 
preaching  themfelves,  but  Chrift  Jefus 
the  Lord,  and  themfelves  fervants  to 
the  church,  for  his  fake, — always  bear- 
ing about  his  dying,  that  his. life  may 
be  manifefted  in  them. — Knowing  tlie 
terror  of  the  Lord,  and  deeply  impreff- 
ed  with  the  account  that  themfelves 
and  hearers  fliall  give  to  him  in  the  day 
of  judgement,  awed  with  his  authority, 
and  conftrained  by  his  love,  they  muft 
perfuade  men,  making  themfelves  ma- 
nifeft  to  God  and  to  their  confcience  ; 
muft  change  their  voice,  and  turn  them- 
felves every  way,  and  become  all  things 
to  and  for  all  men,  in  order  to  bring 
them  to  Chrift  ; — jealous  over  them 
with  a  godly  je^loufy,  in  order  to  q- 


PAS 

fpoufe  them  to  him  as  chafte  virgins ; 
— travailing  in  birth,  till  he  be  formed 
in  their  hearts,  they  muft  take  heed  to 
their  mini  dry,  which  they  have  recei- 
ved in  the  Lord,  that  they  may  fullil 
it  ; — giving  themfelves  wholly  to  read- 
ing, exhortation,  and  doftrine  ; — ta- 
king heed  to  themfelves,  and  to  what 
they  preach,  that  they  may  fave  them- 
felves and  their  hearers  ; — watching  f(.r 
their  fouls,  as  expecting  to  give  an  ac- 
count for  them  ; — rightly  dividiiig  the 
VN'ord  of  truth,  and  giving  every  man 
his  portion  in  due  feafon  ; — faithfully 
warning  every  man,  and  teaching  every 
maft,  and  labouring  to  prefent  eveiy 
man  perfe(?t  in  Chrift  Jefus  ; — and  war- 
ring, not  after  the  flefii,  nor  with  car- 
nal weapons,  but  with  fuch  as  are  migh- 
ty through  God,  to  the  pulling  down 
of  ftrong  holds,  and  cafting  down  ima- 
ginations, as  fubduing  every  thought 
and  affeftion  to  the  obedience  of  Chrift„ 
Having  him  for  the  end  of  their  con- 
verfation,  and  holding  faft  the  form  of 
found  words,  in  faith  in  and  love  to 
him,  they  muft  go  forth  without  the 
camp,  bearing  his  reproach,  and,  expo- 
fed  as  fpedacles  of  fufferings  to  angels 
and  men,  feed  the  flock  of  God  pur- 
chafed  with  his  blood,  over  which  the 
Holy  Ghoft  hath  made  them  overfeers  ; 
— preaching  found  doclrine  in  faith  and 
verity  ; — preaching  the  word  in  feafon, 
and  out  of  feafon  ;  reproving,  rebu- 
king, and  exhorting,  with  all  long-fuf- 
fering  and  dodrine  ; — taking  the  over- 
fight  of  their  people,  not  by  conftraint, 
but  willingly,  not  for  filthy  lucre,  world- 
ly gain,  but  of  a  ready  mind  ;  and  not 
entangling  themfelves  with  the  affairs 
of  this  life,  neither  as  being  lords  over 
God's  heritage,  but  as  examples  to  the 
flock  ; — exercifed  unto  godlinefs,  kind- 
ly affedioned,  difinterefted,  holy,  juft, 
and  unblameable  ; — prudent  cxaiTiples 
of  the  believers,  in  converfation,  in  cha- 
rity, in  faith,  in  purity  ;— fleeing  youth- 
ful lufts,  and  following  after  righteouf- 
nefs,  peace,  faith,  charity  ; — not  ftri- 


ving,  but  being  gentle  unto  all  men  ;— 
in  metknefs  inftru cling  them  that  op- 
pOife  themfelves  ;- 


avoiding  foolifh  and 

unlearned  c^ucftions  ; — fleeing  from  per- 

Hh  z.  verfe 


PAS  r     244    1  PAT 

verfe   difputlngs   and    worldly-minded-     v/c;:e  t\\cfiephcrds  ondjlochs  that  ruined 


nefs,  as  mofl  dangerous  fnares,  and  fol 
lowing  after  righteoufnels,  godiinefs, 
faith,  love,  patience,  meekncfs  ; — fight- 
ing the  good  fight  of  faith,  and  laying 
hold  on  eternal  hfe  ; — keeping  their 
trull  of  goipel-truth  and  oihce,  and 
without  partiality,  i^c.  or  precipitancy, 
committing  the  fame  to  faithful  men, 
■who  may  be  able  to  teach  others  j — 
and  in  fine,  to  try  and  confute  falfe 
teachers,  rebuke  before  all  fuch  as  iin 
openly, —  reftore  fuch  as  have  been  over- 
taken in  a  fault,  in  the  fplrh  of  meek- 
ncfs;-— and,  having  compafTion  on  thijm, 
to  pull  them  out  of  the  fire,  hating  the 
garment  fpotted  by  the  fiefli,  and  never 
conniving  at  or  partaking  with  any  in 
their  Tins.  Alas  !  how  fc:w  of  the  cle- 
rical order  are  anfwerable  to  this  fcrip- 
tural  defcription  of  their  character  and 
work!  Ezek.  ii.  7.  iii.  9.  17. — 21. 
xxxiii.  7. — 9.  If.lviii.  i.  Jer.  i.  17.  18. 
XV.  19.  20.  Mic.  iii.  8.  Mai.  ii.  6.  7. 
Matth.  X.  16. — 39.  xix.  2S.  29.  XX. 
25. — 28.  xxiii.  3. — 12.  xxiv.  42. — 
51.  xxviii.  18. — 20.  A£ls  xviii.  xx. 
18. — 35.     xxiv,   16.     xxvi.    16. — 23. 

1  Cor.   ii. — iv.    v.    ix.    xii.    xiii.    xiv. 

2  Cor.  ii.^ — -vi.  x. — xiii.  Rom.  i.  9.  1 6. 
ix.  12.  x.  I.  xii.  XV.  Gal.  i.  8. — 16. 
iv.  19.  Eph.  iii.  7.  8.  9.  iv.  11. — 15, 
Col.  iv.  7.  17.  I  Theff.  ii.  iii.  i  Tim^ 
iii. — vi.  2  Tim.  ii.  iii.  iv.  Tit.  i. — iii. 
Heb.  xiii.  7.  17.  i  Pet.  iv.  jo.  11. 
V.  I. — 4.  Rev.  ii.  iii.  xi.  3. — 7.  xiv= 
6.— II. 

Political  rulers  in  the  Hate,  and  cap- 
tains in  the  army,  are  called  pajlors  or 
Jhepherds  :  their  office  requires  them,  to 
gather,  lead,  protecl:,  and  provide  for 
the  welfare  of  their  fubjedts  and  armies, 
which  arc  their  flocks  ;  but  how  oft  do 
they  ad  the  contrary!  If.  xliv.  28. 
Ixiii.  14.  jer.  xii.  10.  xxv.  34,  Nah. 
iii.  18.  Jer.  xxiii.  Ezek.  xxxiv,  "Per- 
?iaps  t\\Qj]:cpherdandJ}oneofIfraeI,  fig- 
nines  not  God,  the  fource  of  allblef- 
ijngs,  but  Joilina,  Gideon,  and  other 
rulers  of  Ifrael,  fprung  of  the  tribes  of 
Ephraim  or  ManalTeh,  who,  as  fiep- 
herds,  ruled,  and,  as  a  Jlone^  ellablilh- 
ed  the  Hebrew  nation.  Gen.  xlix.  24. 
TJie  Chaldean  priiices  and  tlieir  arniics 


Judah,  Jer.  vi.  3.  xii.  10.  Calmct 
thinks,  the  fevcn  ficphcrds^  and  eight 
principal  men,  raifed  up  to  wafte  the 
land  of  AfTyria  and  Nimrod,  to  be 
Darius  and  Hyilafpcs,  and  his  fellows, 
who  cut  off  the  Magi  from  the  Perfian 
throne  ;  but  Vv'c  rather  underllaad  them 
of  the  eight  infpired  wrltei's,  and  other 
feven  apoftles  of  Chrift  under  the  New 
Teftament,  by  whom  God  marvelloufly 
brought  down  the  kingdom  of  Satan  in 
the  world,  Mic.  v.  5,  6.  God'' 2>  cutting 
off"  three  jhephtrds  in  one  month,  may  de- 
note his  frequent  difplacing  from  their 
ftation  the  Jewlfh  rulers  of  church  and 
ftatc,  for  a  conuderable  time  before  the 
laft.  deIlru6lion  of  Jerufalem,  Zech.  xi. 
8.  ThQ/ool'i/lofiepherd,  oxidoljloepherdj 
fet  over  the  Jews,  may  denote  either 
the  Romans,  who  outrageoudy  oppref- 
fed  them  ;  or  the  heads  of  their  various 
parties  at  the  ruin  of  their  city  ; ,  or  Bar- 
cocaba,  and  other  falfe  Meffiahs,  who 
have  occafioned  fo  m.uch  ruin  to  their 
nation,  Zech.  xi.  15.  16.  17. 

PASTURE  ;  a  place  for  feeding  of 
flocks,  I  Chron.  iv.  40.  Job  xxxix.  8. 
The  pafture-grounds  in  Canaan,  Ara- 
bia, and  even  in  Egypt,  are  ilill  a  kind 
of  commons,  in  which  ffrangers,  as 
well  as  thofe  of  the  adjacent  cities  or 
villages,  at  leaft  for  a  fmall  reward,  may- 
feed  their  flocks  and  herds.  In,  the 
months  of  December,  January,  and 
February,  when  the  meadows  of  E- 
gyptare  covered  with  rank  grafs,  about 
two  millions  of  Bedouins  or  Arabs  en- 
ter the  country,  and  feed  their  cattle 
in  them  ;  and  after  eating  them  retire 
to  other  countries  for  pallurage.  When 
men  are  likened  to  flocks  or  herds, 
their  country,  or  what  they  enjoy  in  it, 
is  called  their  pajlure,'  Hof.  xiii.  6. 
When  faints  are  likened  to  flocks,  the 
church,  their  new-covenant  flate,  the 
ordinances  and  word  of  God,  and  the 
blclfings  thereby  conveyed,  are  their 
good,  green,  frefh,  and  flourifhing  paf- 
ture,  Pfal.  Ixxiv.  i.  xxiii.  2.  Ezek. 
xxxiv.  14. 

PATE  ;  the  crown  of  the  head, 
Pfal.  vii.  16. 

■   FATA R A  5    a  fea-pcrt  of  Lycia. 

Here 


PAT  [24 

Here  was  a  famous  temple  of  Apollo, 
where  oracles,  equal  In  repute  ta  thofe 
of  Delphos,  were  given  for  fix  inonths 
of  the  year.  Paul  touched  here  in  his 
way  from  Macedonia  to  Jerufalem:  but 
we  hear  nothing  of  Clirillianity  fettled 
till  the  4th  century,  and  it  continued 
tin  the  9th,  when  the  Saracens  walled 
the  country,  A«£ls  xxi.  i. 

PATH.     Sec  WAY. 

PATHROS  ;  a  city  or  canton  of 
Ecrypt.  Some  will  have  it  to  be  the 
Phaturis  of  Ptolemy  and  Pliny.  Wells 
makes  it  a  city  in  Upper  ^Egypt,  on 
the  we'll  of  the  Nile.  Some  will  have 
it  the  Thebais  in  Upper  Egypt.  It 
no  doubt  had.  its  name  from  Pathrufim, 
the  5th  fon  of  Mizraim,  who  built  or 
peopled  it.  Gen.  x.  14.  When  I  con- 
fider,  that  the  Jews  under  Johanan  the 
fon  of  Knreah  ^cd  hither  from  Judea, 
and  that  tl}e  defclation  of  Egypt  by  Ne- 
buchadnezzar and  Cambyfes  began  with 
Pathros,  Jer.  xliv.  i.  15.  Ezek.  xxix. 
14.  XXX.  14.  I  am  ftrcngly  inclined  to 
think  it  was  fome-where  about  the 
north-eafl  of  Egypi.  From  Pathros, 
,  God  will  recal  the  Jews  to  their  own 
land  ;  and  has,  or  will,  gather  many  to 
the  gofpel-church,   If.  xi.  11. 

PATIENCE,  or  Long-suffer- 
ing. God's  patience,  is  his  bearing 
long  with  offenders  without  punifliing 
them,  Rom.  li.  4.  Matth.  xviii.  26.  29. 
The  patience  of  the  faints,  is  that  grace, 
whereby  they  meekly  endure  injuries, 
and  with  a  continued  calmnefs  of  tem- 
per, and  fubmiffion  of  fpirit  to  the 
will  of  God,  bear  afflicllons,  and  hum- 
bly wait  for  the  accomplifhment  of  his 
promlfes,  Rom.  v,  3.  viii.  2iy.  It  is 
called  the /(jZ/W^  of  Jefus  Chrill,  as  he 
exemplifies  it  and  bellows  it :  it  is  ex- 
ercifed  in  the  way  of  waiting,  and  ho- 
nouring him,  and  in  a  patient  waiting 
for  his  coming  in  the  power  of  his  Spi- 
rit, and  to  judge  the  world,  2  Theff. 
iii.  4.  Rev.  f.  9.:  and  the  'word  of  his 
patience^  are  thofe  truths  which  are  op- 
pofed,  and  we  are  called  to  maintain 
and  fuffer  for.  Rev.  iii.  10.  Herein  is 
:. he  patience  and  faith  of  the  faints  :  in  en- 
during AntichrilUan  perfecution,  and 
•^vaitins  fgr  the  reven'rin^?  iud^rem'^iils 


>.     1        .     P.A^ 

of  God,  will  their   patience  and   faith 

be    exceedingly    excrcifed    and    tried. 
Rev.  xlii.  10. 

PATiVlOS  ;  an  iflandof  the  Egcaa 
fea,  not  far  from  Melitus,  and  about 
40  miles  well  ward  of  Ephefus.  It  is 
about  25  or  30  miles  in  circumference, 
and  is  of  a  b'lrren  foil,  and  is  now  cal- 
led Patmo,  Patmol,  or  Palmola.  Hi- 
ther John  the  apoille  was  banifaed,  and 
here  he  had  his  revelations,  Rev.  i.  9. ; 
and  here  you  are  fllU  fhewcd  his  cell, 
and  a  number  of  other  fupci  Hit  lour, 
fooleries.  During  the  Crctian  or  Can- 
dian  war,  about  an  hundred  years  ago, 
the  mofl  of  the  Venetian  fleet  wintered 
in  the  harbours  of  this  ifland.  At  pre- 
fent  it  is  inhabited  only  by  Chriilians 
of  the  Greek  church,  fubjeft  to  the 
Turks.  The  males  are  reckoned  about 
300  ;  but  the  females  are  much  more 
numerous. 

PATRIARCH  ;  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal fathers  of  mankind,  particularly 
of  the  Jews  :  fo  Abraham,  Jacob  and 
his  fons,  and  David,  are  called,  Heb, 
vii.  4.  Afts  vii.  8.  9.  ii.  29. 
^  PATRIMONY  ;  the  goods  or  in- 
heritance left  by  a  father  to  his  child, 
Deut.  xviii.  8. 

PATTERN;  (i.)  An  example, 
or  model,  Exod.  xxv.  9.  Tit.  ii.  7. 
(2.)   A  type,   Heb.  ix.  23. 

PAVEMENT  ;  a  floor  of  a  court 
or  ftreet,  laid  with  poliflied  and  pre- 
cious flones,  2  Kings  xvi,  17.2  Chron. 
vii.  3.  The  Egyptians  and  other  ori- 
entals pave  the  floors  of  their  houfea 
with  painted  tiles,  or  with  marble. 
The  pavement  of  the  courts  in  Ezekiel's 
vlfionary  teniple,  may  denote  the  gof- 
pel-truths,  which  aie  the  foundation  of 
the  faints  holy  and  beautiful  golpel- 
walk,  Ezek.  xl.  17.  18.  xlii.  3.  See 
Gabbatiia. 

PAVILION;  a  tent,  chiefiy  one 
for  a  king,  general,  or  prince,  i  Kings 
XX.  12.  Jer.  xliii.  10.  God  made  dark- 
nefs  his  pavilion  ;  he  difplayed  his  pe- 
culiar prcfence  in  the  cloudy  pillar  that 
direded  the  Hebrews  ;  he  often  cf- 
fcAuates  his  greateft  works  by  dark 
and  myfterious  providences,  Pfal.  xviii, 
I  i .     God  hides  his  people  in  his  pavlr 

lion  ; 


P  A  U       .  [  .  246    ]         P  A  U 

in   intimate   fcllovvfliip  with  him,     fudden  furrounded  by  a  furprifing  light 


Tion  _ 

they  are  mofl 
the  conquering 
his  providence 
oufly  protedls 
xxxi.  2C. 

PAUL  was 
min,  and  both 


fafe,  as  prifoners  are  in 
generaPs  tent ;  and  by 
he  fafely,  but  myftcri- 
them,    Pfal.    xxvii.  5. 


of  the  tribe  of  B?nja- 
his  parents  were  He- 
brews. He  was  born  at  Tarfus  in  Ci- 
licia,  and  fo  was  by  birth  a  free  citizen 
of  Rome.  He  was  at  fiift  called  Saiil^ 
and  never  Paul  till  the  converfion  of 
Sergius  Pauhis.  Pv-rhaps  Saul  was  his 
Hebrew  name, -and  Paul  his  Roman 
one,  which  he  ufed  amon^  the  Gen- 
tiles :  or,  perhaps  Sergius  honoured 
him  wi^h  his  firname.  His  par'r^ts 
fent  him  early  to  Jerufah.i  ,  to  ftudy 
the  Jevvilh  law,  ii;;der  the  direftion  of 
Gamaliel,  the  moil:  famed  doftor  of 
that  age.  He  made  great  prog. els  in 
his^ftudiesj  and  lived  a  very  blaineieis 
life'.  He  was  of  the  fc6l  of  the  Phari- 
fees,  and  was,  beyond  many,  a  ftrict 
cbferver  of  the  law  of  Mofes.  Pie 
thought  it  his  du'y,  by  every  way  he 
could  devife,  to  aftVont  the  name,  and 
oppofe  the  religion  and  followers  of  Je- 
fus  :  he  was  zealous  even  to  madnefs 
againft  them.  "When  Stephen  was  mur- 
dered by  the  mob,  he  was  a  hearty 
confenter,  and  took  care  of  their 
deaths  who  ftoned  him  to  death.  He 
was  mod  aftive  in  the  perfecution  that 
folloAved.  He  entered  the  houfes  of 
the  Chriflians,  and  haled  them  to  pri- 
Ibn,  men  and  women.  He  entered  the 
fynagogues  wdiere  the  Chriflians  at  any 
time  were,  and  caufed  them  to  be  beat- 
en with  rods  ;  and  compelled  them  to 
blafpheme  our  Saviour,  as  the  condition 
of  their  efcape.  Not  fatisfied  witli  the 
mifchief  he  could  do  them  at  Jerufalem, 
he  obtained  credentials  from  Caiaphas, 
the  high  prieft,  and  the  elders  of  the 
Jews,  to  the  principal  perfons  of  Da- 
mafcus,  with  power  to  bring  to  Jerufa- 
lem fuch  believing  Jews  as  had  fled  thi- 
ther, that  they  might  be  puniflied. 
He  went  off,  breathing  and  threaten- 
ing nothing  lefs  than  cruelty  and  death 
againit  them.  When  he  und  his  at- 
tendants had  almoil  finiihed  their  jour- 
ney to  Damafcus,  they  were  all  cf  a 


from  heaven,  "terrified  almoil  t)ut  of 
their  wits,  they  threw  tliemfelves  on 
the  ground.  Saul  alone  heard  oar  Sa- 
viour's voice,  which  in  a  majcilic  man- 
ner faid  to  him,  Saul,  Saul,  A^iy  per- 
fecutefl  thou  me?  Saul  trembling',  afk- 
ed  him.  Who  art  thou,  Lord  ?  He  re- 
plied, that  he  was  Jefus,  whom  he  had 
perfecuted;  and  added,  that  it  was 
very  dangerous  to  flrive  againft  his 
power.-  In  the  utmofl  conilernation, 
Saul  afl<ed  him,  what  he  would  have 
him  to  do  ?  Jefus  bid  him  rife  and  fland 
on  his  feet  ;  for  he  had  chofen  him  to 
be  a  noted  minifler  and  apoflle,  to 
preach  his  do6lrines  among  the  Gen- 
tiles, for  their  converfion  and  falvation, 
He  bid  him  go  to  Damafcus,  and  there 
he  fhould  be  farther  informed  of  his 
will.  As  Saul  was  flruck  blind,  his 
companions  had  to  lead  him  by  the 
way.  He  had  formerly  accounted  him- 
fclf  one  of  the  beft  of  men,  and  a  cer- 
tain heir  of  eternal  life  ;  now  the  law 
of  God,  applied  to  his  confcience,  con- 
vinced him  that  he  was  a  diltinguifhed 
tranfgrefTor,  dead  in  trefpaffes  and  fms, 
and  condemned  of  God  to  endlefs  ruin. 
After  he  had  lodged  three  days  in  the 
houfe  of  one  Judas,  without  either 
fight  or  food,  Ananias,  a  Chrillian 
preacher,  was  direftcd  of  God,  to  go 
afk  for  him,  and  by  laying  on  of  hands, 
recover  him  to  his  fight.  Saul  had  no 
fooner  recovered  his  light  than  he  made 
a  folemn  profefTion  of  his  faith,  was 
baptized,  and  afterwards  filled  with 
the  Holy  Ghofl,  Phil.  iii.  5—8.  Gal. 
i.  13 — 16.  Ads  viii.  I.  ix.  i. — 19. 
xxii.  1.. — 16.  xxvi.  9. — 18.     Rom  vii. 

8--'3-        .  .         . 

After    eating,     and    recovering    his 

ftrength,  he,  regardlefs  of  whatever 
poverty,  reproach,  orperf"ecution  might 
await  him,  began  to  preach  the  gofpel 
at  Damafcus,  and  many  were  convert- 
ed. Such  Jews  as  were  not,  were 
fhocked,  and  knew  not  what  to  think 
or  fay.  To  llifie  the  account  of  his 
converfion,  and  flop  his  ufefulnefs,  they 
refolved  to  murder  him  ;  obtained  the 
governor's  leave  to  do  fo,  and  watched 
the  gates,  night  and  day,  to  efFe£luate 

their 


P  A  U         [     247    1         P  A  tJ 


their  purpofe,  and  prevent  his  cfcape. 
Informed  hereof,  his  friends  let  him 
down  in  a  baiket  from  a  window  of  a 
houfe  built  on  the  wall  of  the  city. 
After  he  had  preaehed  fome  time  in 
Arabia,  fouth  of  Damafcus,  he  return- 
»L.d  to  that  city.  In  tlie  tliird  year  of 
his  convedion,  he  \vcnt  up  to  Jerufaleia 
to  fee  Peter,  who  had  begun  the  con- 
verfion  of  the  Gentiles.  It  was  not 
till  Barnabas  related  the  manner  and 
confcquences  of  his  converfion,  that 
the  diiciples  at  Jerufalem  admitted  him 
into  their  fociety  :  he  faw  none  of  the 
apoilles  at  that  time  but  Peter  and 
James  the  Lefs,  the  reft,  it  feems,  be- 
ing in  the  country  preaching  the  gof- 
pel  :  nor  did  he  receive  any  inllrudion 
from  them.  At  Jerufalem  he  preach- 
ed the  Chriftian  dodrine  with  fuch  e- 
vidence  and  zeal  as  the  Jews  could  not 
refill,  but  refolved  to  kill  hi-.n.  As  he 
was  praying  in  the  temple,  he  fell  into 
a  trance,  wherein  he  was  caught  up  into 
the  third  heaven,  and  heard  things  im- 
proper to  be  mentioned  on  earth.  The 
Lord  warned  him  to  leave  Jerufalem, 
as  the  Jews  had  laid  fnares  for  his  life, 
and  go' preach  among  the  Gentiles. 
Attended  with  fome  Chriftian  b/ethren, 
he  went  down  to  Cefarea,  and  there 
fhipped  off"  for  Tarfus,  Adts  ix.  1 9. — 
31.  xxii.  17. — 21.  2Cor.  xi.  31. — 33. 
xii.   Gab  i.  15. — 21. 

After  he  had  preached  about  Cilicia 
near  five  years,  Barnabas  brought  him 
fouth  to  Antioch  in  Syria,  where  the 
converts  to  Chriftianity  exceedingly  in- 
creafed.  After  he  had  preached  here 
about  a  whole  year,  he  and  Barnabas 
carried  up  the  colle6lion  for  the  poor 
faints  to  Jerufalem.  They  had  not 
long  returned  to  Antioch,  when  Si- 
meon called  Niger,  Lucius,  Manaen, 
and  other  preachers,  directed  of  the 
Holy  Ghoft,  fent  them  off  to  preach 
the  gofpel  in  other  places,  recommend- 
ing them  to  the  Lord,  by  folemn  fall- 
ing and  prayer.  They  went  to  Cyprus, 
■^and  there  preached  every  where  in  the 
Jewifli  fynagogues.  Sergius  Paul  us 
the  Roman  governor  of  the  iftand,  and 
many  others,  were  converted  to  Ciirlft ; 
«~and   Bar-jefus  the  magician,    who 


Ithftood  them,  was  ftruck  blind.  Frorrf 
Cyprus  ihoy  came  to  Perga  in  Pam- 
phylia,  where  John  Mark  hearing  of 
their  intcded  progrefs  to  the  north- 
ward, left  thv.;n,  and  returned  to  An- 
t  jch  In  Syr-a.  Paul  and  Barnabas 
wear.  Into  Plfidia.  Here,  as  they  on 
the  Sabbath  were  In  a  Jewlfli  fyna- 
gogue,  the  ruler  of  it  delired  them  to 
give  a  word  of  exhortation,  after  the 
reridina  of  the  law.  In  a  Ions:  oration, 
Paul  rehearfed  the  marvellous  provi- 
dences of  God  towards  the  Hebrew  na- 
tion, and  evinced,  that  Jeuis  was  the 
true  Mefliah,  whom  the  prophets  and 
Baptift  had  foretold  ;  and  called  them 
to  believe  on  his  name.  He  was  heard 
■with  great  attention,  and  Intreated  U> 
difcourfe  n(^xt  Sabbath  on  the  fame 
fubjecl.  When  the  day  came,  almoft  all 
the  people  of  the  city  afiembled  to  hear 
him,  OiTended  at  this  concourfe  of 
the  Gentiles,  many  of  the  Jews  out- 
rageoully  contradicted  and  blafphemed 
what  was  fpoken.  Paul  and  Barnabas 
told  them,  that  it  was  necefiary,  in 
rcfpeil  of  the  purpofe  of  God,  that 
the  gofpel  ftiould  be  lirft  preached  to 
them  ;  but  fmce  they  had  rejeded  It, 
they  would  now  preach  it  to  the  Gen- 
tiles. The  Gentiles  were  extremely 
glad  to  hear  this ;  and  multitudes,  fucli 
as  had  been  eledled  to  everlafting  life, 
believed.  But  as  the  Jews  Itirred  up 
fome  honourable  devotees  of  the  hea- 
thenlih  party,  and  raifed  a  perfecutioii 
agalnft  them,  Paul  and  Barnabas  were 
driven  out,  and  ftiook  off  the  duft  of 
their  feet  as  a  teftlmony  agalnft  them, 
A6ts  xili. 

They  came  to  Iconlum,  and  preach- 
ed in  the  fynagogues.  Many  miracle* 
were  wrought,  and  multitudes  were 
turned  to  the  Lord  ;  but  the  Jews  illr- 
red  up  the  Heathens  agalnft  them. 
Being  In  danger  of  ftoning,  they  reti- 
red to  Lyftra  and  Derbe,  cities  of  Ly- 
caonia.  Plaving  at  Lyftra  healed  a 
man  with  a  word,  who  had  been  lame 
from  his  birtli,  the  people  took  them 
for  gods  in  the  likencfs  of  men  ;  Bar- 
nabas for  Jupiter,  and  Paul  for  Mer- 
cury. The  prieft  of  Jupiter  brought 
oxen  adorned  with  garlands  for  a  facrl- 

fice 


P  A  U         [     248     ]  P  A  U 

Paul  and  Barnabas  thruft     fR^m  fornication.    Paul,  Barnabns,  Baj*- 


jlce  to  til  em 
ihc.nielves  amooir  the  niob  ;  and  told 
tliem  they  were  but  n-ten  like  them- 
ielves,  and  begged  them  to  turn  from 
thefe  vanities,  to  ferve  the  only  true 
God.  Vv^ith  no  (mall  difficulty  they 
got  the  facrifice  iloppcd.  S  )on  after, 
fonie  Jews  of  Antioch  in  Piridia,  and 
of  Iconium,  came  here,  and  Itirred  up 
the  people  againft  the  apoftles.  Paul 
Was  iloned,  and  dragged  out  of  the 
city  apparently  dead;  but  as  the  Chrif- 
tians  gathered  about  him,  and  no  doubt 
prayed  over  him,  he  recovered,  and 
having  lodged  tliat  night  in  the  city, 
fet  off  next  morning  for  Derbe.  After 
preaching  there  fome  time,  they  re- 
turned to  Iconium  and  Antioch  in  Pi- 
fidia.  In  ail  tliefe  places,  they,  with 
prayer  and  falling,  and  laying  on  of 
Lands,  ordained  fueh  to  be  prefbyters 
or  elders  as  had  been  chofen  to  that 
olnce  by  the  church.  After  preaching 
fome  time  in  Perga  and  Attalia,  cities 
of  Pamphylia,  they  returned  to  Antioch 
in  Syria,  where  they  rehearfed  what 
God  had  wrought  by  their  means. — 
After  they  had  continued  here  a  con- 
fiderable  time,  the  churches  of  Syria 
and  Cilicia  were  exceedingly  peilered 
with  falfe  teachers,  who,  pretending  a 
commiillon  from  the  apollles  and  elders 
at  Jerufalem,  taught,  that  circumcifion 
and  the  obfervance  of  the  ceremonial 
law  were  neceiTary  to  falvation.  After 
much  difputing,  it  was  reiulved  to  ap- 
peal this  matter  to  a  general  decifion 
of  the  apoftles  and  eiders  at  Jerufalem.. 
•Paul  and  Barnabas  were  fent  conmiif- 
fioners  from  ntioch.  After  the  a- 
poilles  and  elders  had  met  together, 
with  the  deputies  from  Syria  and  Cili- 
cia, Paul  and  Barnabas  rehearfed  to 
them,  and  to  the  private  Chriilians  pre- 
lent,  what  things  the  Lord  had  done 
by  their  means.  The  caufe  was  then 
reafoned  on,  and  judged  in.  It  was 
detennined,  that  the  Gentile  converts 
were  under  no  moral  obligation  to  ob- 
serve the  ceremonial  law  ;  but  for  a- 
voiding  the  offence  of  the  Jev/illi  Chrif- 
tians,  they  v/ere  required  to  abilain 
from  blood,  and  from  tilings  ilrangled, 
aad  tovats  offered  to  idols,   as  well  as 


fabas,  and  Silas,  were  fent  to  Antioch 
and  the  churches  adjacent,  with  the 
letter  and  deed  of  the  council.  The 
churches  were  exceedingly  pleafed  with 
the  decree,  as,  at  once,  it  fecured  to 
the  Gentiles  their  liberty,  and  bore 
with  the  weaknefs  of  the  Jewifli  con- 
verts. When  Paul  was  at  Jerufalem, 
he  both  publicly  and  privately  declared 
wliat  doctrines  he  had  taught.  Neither 
Peter,  nor  James,  nor  John,  nor  any 
ocher  apoille,  found  the  leall  fault 
therewith,  but  cordially  acknowledged 
him  the  apoille  of  the  Gentiles,  and 
defired  him  to  make  coUeftions  for  the 
poor,  as  he  liimfelf  inclined  to  do,  Adls 
xiv.  XV.   Gal.  ii.  i. — 10. 

Wlien  Paul  and  Barnabas  had  con- 
tinued fome  time  at  Antioch  of  Syria. 
Peter  came  thither :  at  the  firft  he 
cheerfully  .eat  with  the  believing  Gen- 
tiles ;  but  when  fome  J  jwi.fh  converts 
foon  followed  him,  he  forbore  eating 
with  the  Gentiles,  and  Barnabas  was 
like  to  have  been  drawn  by  him  into 
the  fame  courfe.  Piul  (harply  rebuked 
Peter  for  this  diifimulacion,  as  a  thing 
quite  contrary  to  Chriftian  liberty,  and 
contrary  to  the  late  decifion  of  their 
council  at  Jerufalem.  Paul  after- 
wards'propofed  to  Barnabas,  that  they 
fliould  vifit  the  churches  they  had 
planted.  Barnabas  readily  agreed  ;  but 
as  he  infiiled  to  have  Mark  his  coufm 
Vvitli  them,  and  Paul  as  warmly  infill- 
ed to  the  contrary,  they  parted,  and 
Barnabas  and  iMark  went  to  Cyprus, 
while  Paul  and  Silas  took  their  rout 
northward  through  Syria  and  Cilicia. 
Tliey  came  tv)  Derbe  and  Lyftra.  Here 
Paul  found  Timothy,  and  intending  to 
take  him  for  his  companion,  he  caufed 
him  to  be  circumcifed,  in  order  to 
render  him  the  more  acceptable  to  the 
Jews.  They  travelled  through  Ly- 
caonia,  Phrygia,  and  Galatia  ;  but  the 
Holy  Ghoft  prohibited  them  to  preach 
in  Proconfular  Afia.  They  went  to 
My  ha,  and  came  toTroas.  Here  an 
angel,  in  the  drefs  of  a  man  of  Mace- 
donia, appeared  in  a  vifion  to  Paul, 
and  defired  him  to  come  and  help  their 
country,  preaching  the  gofpel  to  them. 

They 


P  A  U  [     249     1         P  A  XT 

^i'hey  took  lliip.at  Trons,  failed  to  the     magiftrates  were  not  a  little  afFrighted, 


ifle-of  Samothracia,  and  thence  to  Nea- 
polis.  They  foon  after  travelled  thence 
to  ,PhilippJ.  Here  they  reforted  to 
the  river-fide,  wliere  was  a  place  of 
Jevvifli  devotion.  Lydia,  and  her  fa- 
mily, and  many  others,  were  turned 
to  the  Lord.  As  they  went  from  their 
lodging  in  the  lioufe  of  Lydia.,  a  maid, 
poflefi'ed  with  a  fpirit  of  divination,  fol- 
lowed them  fevoral  days,  ciying  out, 
tliat  they  were  tlie  fervants  of  the  Moll 
High  God,  who  (hewed  to  men  the 
way  of  falvation.  Detcding  an  attef- 
tation  which  tended  to  render  them 
lufped^ed  as  divinersj  Paul,  in  the  name 
of  Jefiis,  ordered  the  evil  fpirit  to  lea.ve 
her.  Enraged  liereat,  her  mailers, 
who  had  made  much  gain  by  her  footh- 
faying,  carried  Paul  and  Silas  before 
the  magiii;r?jtes,  as  introducers  of  a 
new  religion.  They  were  whipped 
witli  rods,  and  committed  to  prifon. 
As  about  midnight  Paul  and  Silas  fung 
praifes  to.  God,  an  eartliquake  (hook 
the  prifon  :  all  the  doo^s  burft  open, 
and  the  chains  of  the  pxjfoner^s  fell  off 
them.  .Awakened  with  the  noife,  the 
jailor,  feeing  the  doors  open,  fuppo-> 
fed  the  prifoners  had  fled,  and  was 
jull  going  to  murder  himlelf,  to  pre- 
vent what  he  apprehended  Avould  be 
worfe.  Paul,  with  an  outcr)^,  begged 
him  to  do  himfelf  no  hurt,  a^s  all  the 
priic'Jers  were  in  their  places.  Ha- 
ving ^ct  a  hght,  he  fp.rang  in  trem- 
bhag,  aud  aflced  .Paul  and  Silas  con- 
ceriiiiig  the  way  of  fa' vation  to  his  fouL 
Paul  having  infc»rmed  him  of  the  Chri- 
ftian  principles,  and  tliat  the  fole  way 
of  falvation  was  by  beUeving  in  Jefus 
as  the  only  Saviour,  he  and  his  whole 
family  were  baptifed.  He  brought 
water,  and  wai'hed  the  wounds  of  Paul 
and  Silas,  and  gave  them  fome  food. 
On  the  morrow,  the  magiilrates,  by 
their  ferjeants  or  meffengers,  ordered 
him  to  give  Paul  and  Silas  their  liber- 
ty. Paul  returned  anfvver,  that  fmce 
the  magillrates  liad  beaten  and  impri- 
foned  Roman  citizens  uncondemned, 
it  was  proper  they  fhould  come  and 
difmifs  them  themfelves.  On  hearing 
of  their  being  citizens  of  Rome,  the 
VoL.IL. 


and  came  and  begged  their  pardan, 
and  bringing  them  out  from  the  prif«n, 
defired  them  to  leave  the  place ;  which 
they  did,  after  they  had  comforted 
the  di^ciple^:  in  the  houfe  of  Lydia, 
AAs  xvi.  I-Xaving  paffed  fouthward 
throug]'.  Ampliipoiis  and  ApoUonia^ 
cities  pi  Macedonia,  they  came  to 
Theffalonicii  the  -capital.  Here  Paul 
preache^  three  Sabbaths  in  a  Jewilh 
fynagogue,  and  muny  believed  j  but 
the  J^ws,  i-aihng  a  mob,  befet  the  houfe 
of  Jafon  \yhere  Paul  lodged;  but  as 
neither  Pau^  por  his  brethren  were  found 
there,  they  -.dragged  Jafon  before  the 
magiilrates,  and  accufed  him  as  an 
harbourer  ^af  rebels  againft  the  enpe- 
vor,  and  preachers  of  one  King  Jeius. 
After  Jdi'jx  had -found  fecurity  for  his 
loyalty^  he  was  dtfmiffed.  That  very- 
night  the  Chriiiians  conduced  Piul 
md  Silas  out  of  the  plaqe.  Notwith- 
Handing  of  the  wcaltii  of  Theffalonica, 
Paul  was  here  in  conhderable  ilraits 
for  his  daily  bread.  He  and  Silas  went 
next  to  Berea,  v/here  both  Jews  and 
jGentiles  heard  the  gofpel  with  great 
readinefs  of  mind,  and  carefullv  com- 
pared wliat  they,heard  with.the  writings 
of  the  prophets  ;  and  not  a  few  per- 
fons  of  note  believed.  It  was  not  long 
vyhen  the  malicious  Jews  of  Theffalo- 
nica came,,  ai-d  raifed  the  mob  againll 
them.  Paul  was  obliged  to  withdraw; 
but  Silas  and  Tin^othy  abode  behind, 
to  inllruA  the  new  converts,  Paul's 
guides  brought  him  to  Athens,  whence 
he.  Cent  back  word  to  his  tvvo  compa- 
nions to  follow  him.  The  excellive 
idolatry  and  vanity  of  this  place,  fo 
famed  for  wifdom,  was  extremely  grie- 
yous  to  Paul.  He  preached  in  the 
Jewifh  fynagogues  ;  and  on  various 
occafions  he  difputed  with  the  Epicu- 
rean and  Stoic  piiilofophers.  Alter 
no  fmall  deri.hon,  tliey  accufed  him  to 
the  court  of  Areopagus,  as  an  intro- 
ducer of  a  new  religion.  Multitudes 
of  vain  perfons  attended  his  trial.  In 
his  defence,  he  obfervcd,  that  among 
their  too  numerous  fuperltitions,  he 
had  obfervcd  an  altar  to  tlie  unkno'wn 
God ;  and  that  this  unktwivn  Gudf 
I  i  whor» 


fAvr      t   iSo  1 


P  A  IT 


whom  they  ignoiaiitxy  worrhipptd,  was 
the  Jefus  whom  he  preached  to  them. 
He  hinted,  how  abfiird  it  was  for  men 
that   beheved   themfelves  the  offspring 
or  children  of  God,  to   imagine   that 
the   Deity  refembled  filver,    gold,   or 
any    pidlures     or     flatues     made    by 
men  ;    and    that    God  had  appointed 
a    day  for  judging  the  world  by  Je- 
fus Chrill,  vvhom  he  had   raifed  from 
the  dead.      He    had   fcarce  mention- 
ed the  refurreftion,  when  fome  mock- 
ed  him,  and    others  faid,  they  would 
hear    him    afterwards    of  that     mat- 
ter.    Dionyfius,   however,  one  of  the 
judges,  and  Daman's,  perhaps  his  lady, 
and  fome  others,  believed.     Timothy 
having  come  up  to  him,  and  informed 
him  of  the  fuffering  ftate  of  the  Chri- 
{lians  of   Theflalonica,    he    fent    l)im 
back,    to    comfort    them,    At^s  xvii, 
I  Theff.  ii.      Leaving    Athens,    Paul 
preached  at  Corinth  with  confiderable 
fuccefs.      That    he   might   fhew   how 
averfe  he  was   to   occafion  the  Icaft  in- 
iinuation   of   his  feeking    wealth,    he 
lodged  with  Aquila  and  Prifcilla,  and 
wrought  at  their  bufinefs  of  tent-m.a- 
king,  which  it  feems  he  had  learned 
in  his  youth.      Every   day,  or  at  leail 
every    Sabbath,    he    preached    in    the 
Jewifh    fynagogues.       Numbers    were 
converted,  particularly  Stephanas  and 
his  family,    with    Crifpus  and  Gaius. 
He  had  not  been  long  here,  when  Silas 
and  Timothy   came   up,  and  informed 
him  of  the  flourifhing  ftate  of  the  Chri- 
ftians    at    Theffalonica.       Hereon    he 
wrote  them  his  firft  epiftle,     As  fome 
took  occafion  from   it   to   difturb  their 
mindci,  as  if  the  day  of  judgement  were 
at  hand,  he  foon  after  wrote  them  the 
fecoml,  to  correct  their  miftakes. — Af- 
fifted  by  Silas  and  Timothy,  he  went 
on   w'th  his  work  at  Corinth.     The 
Jews  oppofed  him  with  rage  and  blal- 
phemy  :   he  Ihcok  his  lap  at  them,  and 
told   them,    that   their  blood  was   on 
their  own  head,  and  that  now  he  would 
turn  to  the  Gentiles.     He  removed  his 
lodging  to  the  houfe  of  one  Juftus,  a 
perfon   of  fome   note  :  and  being  en- 
couraged by  a  vifion,  bearing  that  the 
Xjord  would  fupportj  and  mightily  fuc- 


ceed  him  in  his  work,  he  continued 
here  about  1 8  months.  The  Jews  pro- 
fecuted  him  before  Gallio  the  deputy, 
as  an  enemy  to  the  Roman  governor  y 
but  the  deputy  was  too  wife  to  give 
them  any  encouragement.  Nay,  Sof- 
thenes  the  ruler  of  their  fynagogue^ 
was  beaten  by  the  mob,  before  the  tri-' 
bunal.  At  laft,  Paul  fet  out  for  Je- 
rufalem,  intending  to  be  there  againfl; 
Pentecoft,  when  there  would  be  a 
multitude  affembled  ;  but  before  he 
took  fliip  at  Cenchrea,  a  fea-port  be- 
longing to  Corinth,  he  cut  his  hair, 
and  having  finifhed  his  Nazaritic  vow, 
Aquila  cind  Prifcilla  attended  him  Xq 
Ephefus,  whence  he  failed  to  Cefarea, 
and  then  went  up  to  Jerufalem,  A6ls 
xviii.    I  Cor.  xvi. 

Returning  northward,  he  vifited  the 
churches  of  Syria,  Galatia,  Phrygia, 
and  other  places  of  Afia,  confirming 
the  difciples.  Arriving  at  Ephefus, 
he  found  fome  who  had  been  initiated 
into  the  Chriflian  faith  by  Apollos,  and 
baptifed  with  the  baptifm  of  John. 
Thefe,  to  the  number  of  12,  he  in- 
ftruded  in  the  truths  of  the  gofpel ; 
and  by  laying  on  of  his  hands,  confer- 
red on  them  the  miraculous  influence 
of  the  Holy  Ghoft,  the  gift  of  pro- 
phecy^, and  of  fpeaking  with  tongues. 
For  three  months  Paul  preached  to  the 
jews  in  their  fynagogues  ;  but  finding 
them  obftinate,  he  feparated  from  them, 
and  taught  daily  in  the  fchool  of  one 
Tyrannus  a  Gentile  ;  or  perhaps  a  con^ 
verted  Jew,  who  kept  a  kind  of  divi- 
nity fchool  there.  Many  miracles  were 
wrought  :  when  the  linen  that  had 
touched  his  body  was  applied  to  the 
diftrefled,  their  maladies  were  cured, 
and  the  devils  dillodged.  Multitudes, 
too,  who  had  ufed  divination  and  other 
black  arts,  beheved  the  gofpel,  and 
burnt  their  magical  books.  During 
the  three  years  which  Paul  preached 
at  Ephefus,  he  was  caft  to  wild  beafts 
in  the  theatre  ;  t)r  had  to  do  with  men 
as  outrageous  as  wild  beafts,  when  De-, 
metrlus  the  filverfmith  raifed  the  mob 
againft  him.  Some  time  before  he 
left  Ephefus,  he  was  informed  of  the 
fad  diforders  of  the  church  of  Corinth, 

by 


P  A  U         [2 

by  thofe  of  the  family  of  Chloe,  and 
perhaps  more  fully  by  Stephanas,  For- 
tunatus,  and  Achalciis,  who,  it  feems, 
brought  him  fome  fupply.  He  wrote 
them  his  firft  cpiflle,  and  therein  fends 
them  the  falutntion  of  the  Chrillians 
in  Afia.  Calmet  thinks  it  was  from 
hence  too  that  he  wrote  his  epillle  to 
the  Galatians.  He  had  fent  Timo- 
theus  to  Greece  ;  but  it  fcems  he  was 
returned,  and  was  left  at  Ephcfus  to 
fettle  the  affairs  of  that  chuich.  Paul, 
meanwhile,  went  ofl'  for  Greece.  His 
not  meeting  with  Titus  at  Troas,  whom 
he  expelled  from  Corinth,  gave  him 
great  uueafmefs  ;  but  at  laft  he  found 
him  in  Macedonia,  and  was  by  him 
informed  of  the  good  ciTedl  of  his  firft 
cpiflie  on  the  Corinthians.  He  there- 
on wrote  his  fecond  letter  to  that 
church,  for  their  comfort,  eftabliih- 
ment,  and  further  direilion  ;  and  hint- 
ed what  danger  he  had  often  been  in, 
from,  Jews,  pretended  Chriftians,  rob- 
bers, or  the  fea  ;  and  what  hunger, 
thirft,  nakednefs,  cold,  failing,  and 
watching,  he  had  fufFered  j  how"  five 
times  the  Jews  had  beaten  him,  to  the 
utmoil  rigour  of  their  law  ;  twice  the 
Heathen  magiftrates  had  caufed  him 
be  beaten  with  rods ;  thrice  he  had 
fuffered  fhipwreck,  and,  it  feems,  had 
once,  for  a  whole  night  and  day, 
ftruggled  with  the  waves  in  the  open 
fea.  About  this  time,  it  is  probable, 
he  wrote  his  firfl  epiiUe  to  Timothy. 
Perhaps  he  went  weihvard  from  Mace- 
donia, and  preached  the  gofpcl  in  Illy- 
ricum.  Returning  fouthward,  he  vilit- 
cd  the  faithful  at  Corinth,  and  wrote 
his  epiflle  to  the  Romans,  Having 
received  the  colledion  which  thofe  of 
Macedonia  and  Achaia  had  made  for 
the  poor  Chriftians  of  Judca,  he  took 
his  rout  for  Jerufalem,  through  Mace- 
donia, whence,  either  from  Philippi 
or  Nicopolis,  he  feems  to  have  written 
his  epifUe  to  Titus.  Departing  from 
Macedonia,  he  landed  at  Troas  m  live 
days.  There  Sopater  of  Berea,  Arif- 
tarchus  and  Secundus  of  Theflalonica, 
Timothy,  and  Gains  of  Derbe,  with 
Tychicus   and  Trophimu*,  who  were 


51    1       P  A  U 

probably  of  Ephcfus,  waited  tUl  hft 
came  up.  After  refting  a  whole  week, 
he,  on  the  Lord's  day,  difpenfed  the 
Lord's  fupper  to  the  Chriftians  there, 
and  preached  till  midnight.  One  Eu- 
tyches,  who  fat  in  a  window,  did,  in 
a  manner  fhamefully  common  in  our 
times,  and  without  the  half  of  his 
temptation,  fall  afleep  at  the  fermon, 
and  falling  from  the  third  ftorey,  was 
taken  up  dead  :  but  Paul,  by  a  mira- 
cle, rtftored  him  to  life.  He  taught 
the  difciples  till  break  of  day,  and  then 
fet  off  on  his  journey.  Paul's  compa- 
nions took  ftiip,  but  he  travelled  a-foot 
to  Affos,  and  embarked  with  them  at 
Mitylene.  Thence  he  came  to  Mile- 
tus, and  fending  for  the  elders  of  the 
church  of  Ephefus,  warned  them  of 
his  own  fuffering  at  Jerufalem,  and  of 
their  danger  from  falfe  teachers  ;  and 
having  exhorted  them  to  patience  aad 
faithfulnefs,  he  prayed  with  them,  aad 
to  their  great  grief,  took  his  laft  farewel 
of  them  in  time,  A6ls  xix.  xx.  i  Cor, 
XV.  32.  xvi.  8.  9.  194  2  Cor.  vii.  5.  6, 
xi.  23.-28.    Rom.  XV.   [9. — 26. 

From  Miletus  Paul  failed  to  Coos  J 
thence  to  Rhodes  ;  thence  to  Patara  ; 
and  thence  to  Tyre.  After  ftoppiug 
here  a  week,  he  and  his  companions 
proceeded  to  Ptolemais,  and  thence  to 
Gefarea.  Here  they  found  Pailip, 
the  deacon  and  evangehft.  Here  toQ 
Agabus  met  them,  and  binding  hia 
hands  and  feet  with  Paul's  girdle,  fig- 
nified  that  Paul  fliould  be  bound  by 
the  Jews  at  Jerufalem,  and  delivered 
up  to  the  Gentiles.  Paul's  friends 
hereon  diffuaded  him  from  going  up 
to  Jerufiilem,  but  could  not  prev  lil, 
as  he  told  them  his  hfe  was  ni)t  dear 
to  him,  if  he  might  but  finifli  his  courfi 
with  joy,  and  that  he  was  ready  to 
fuffer  imprifonment  and  death  for  the 
honour  of  Jelus.  When  he  came  to 
Jerufalcin,  the  Chriftians  joyfully  wel- 
comed him  thither,  and  the  elders  of 
the  church  mectiiig  at  the  houle  of 
James  the  apoftle,  did,  with  great  plea- 
lure,  hear  him  report  iiis  travels  and 
fuccefs.  James  repreiented  to  him, 
that  as  many  of  the  myriads  of  bc- 
I  i  2  Hever^ 


p  A  tr       r   25 

llevers  at  Jerufalem  had  believed  the 
report,  that  he  had  taught  the  Jc'.vs 
among  the  Gentiles  to  uhdervahie  cir- 
cumcilion  and  other  ceremonies,  it 
would  be  proper,  for  the  removal  of 
the  offence  whicltthey  had  conceived, 
to  inform  them  of  the  coiitra'-v  ;  and 
to  confiiTn  their  belief  orhij'duc  rrj^ard 
to  the  ceremonies,  it  Aronld  be  fit  he 
{hoiiW  join  himfelf  to  the  four  men  who 
".rere  tb  offer  their  oblations  for  their  fi- 
niihed  Nazaritefhip.  Paul,  perhapstoo 
complaifant  in  this  particular,  went 
up  to  the  temple,  and  fignificd  to  the 
priefls,  that  he  and  thefe  Na/arites 
would  in  feven  days  be  ready  with  their 
offerings.  He  had  fcarce  appeared  in 
the  coiirtof  the  temple  with  his  offenng, 
when  fome  Jews  of  Leffer  Afia  cried 
for  help  to  apprehend  him,  as  one  who 
had  eveiy  where  taught  the  aboliflr- 
ment  of  the  ceremonial  law,  and  had 
brought  Greeks  into  the  temple  to 
pollute  it.  He  v/as  diredly  feized', 
and  the  gates  of  the  f^cred  court  were 
ihut.  He  had  been  beaten  to  death, 
had  not  Lyfias  the  tribune  come  with 
his  Roman  guard  to  refcue  him.  All 
along  to  the  caille  Antonia  the  enra- 
ged mob  followed  him.  As  he  enter- 
ed the  caftle,  he  begged  the  captain 
to  hear  him  a  word.  Lyfias  a(]<ed  him, 
it  He-  could  fpeak  Greek,  and  Avhether 
he  was  the  Egyptian  who  had  infclted 
the  counti-y  with  4000  affaflnis  ?  Paul 
replied,  that  he  was  a  Jew,  born  in 
the  famed  city-  of  Tarfus.  He  was 
then  allowed  to  fpeak  ta-  the  mob. 
Upon  his  affedionately  addreffing  them 
in  the  Hebrew  language,  they  liflened 
the  more  quietly.  Pie  reliearfed  to 
them  his  former  rage  againfl  the  Chrif- 
tians,  his  manner  of  convertion,  and 
his  miffion  to  preach  among  the  Gen- 
tiles. He  had  fcarce  mentioned  this 
laft,  when  the  Jews,  in  the  moil  out- 
rageous manner,  cried  out,  that  he 
ought  not  to  live.  To  prevent  a  ge- 
neral infurreclion,  Lyfias  ordered  Paul 
into  the  calUe,  and  groundlefsly  fuppo- 
fmg  that  he  was  certainly  guilty  of 
fome  horrible  crime,  he  ordered  him 
10  be  ftourged,    till  he  confcffed-  it. 


2     1         P  A  U 

As  they  bound  him  to  the  pillar  to  bfi 
fcourged,  Paul  alked  the  centurion, 
if  it  was  according  to  law,  to  fcourgc 
a  citizen  of  Rome,  without  hearing 
his  defence  ?  The  centurion  run  to  the 
tribune,  and  begged  him  to  take  heed, 
as  Paul  was  a  freeman  of  Rome.  Ly- 
fias finding  he  had  been  born  fuch, 
gave  orders  to  loofehiin.  Next  day, 
Lyfias  called  a  council  of  the  Jewifh 
priefts  and  elders  to  have  Paul  delibe- 
rately tried.  Pie  had  fcarce  begun  his 
fpeech,  affirming,  that  he  had  always 
ftudied  to  live  blamelefs  before  God 
and  men,  when  Ananias  ordered  fuch 
as  ffood  next  him  to  fmite  him  on  th6 
mouth.  Paul  directing  his  fpeech  to 
Ananiasy  faid,  God  would  fmite  him, 
who  hypocritically  pretended  to  judge 
him  according  tcr  lav.',  and  yet  order- 
ed him  to  be  fmitten  contrar/  to  it. 
Some  prefent;af!<:ed  him,  how  he  dhrft. 
revile  God's  high  prieft  ?  PaulTepiied^ 
that  he  did  not  know",  at  leaiT;  did  not 
acknowledge  him  to  be  high  prieft. 
Looking  around  on  the  affembly,  and 
obferving  by  their  badges,  that  they 
confifted  of  an  almoft  equal  number 
of  Pharifees  and  Sadducees,  he  cried 
out  that  he  was  a  Pharifce,  and  w^s 
called  in  question  touching  the  refur- 
redion  of  the  dead.  Hereon  the  Pha* 
rifees  took  his  part,  and  ffeil  into  a-dif- 
fention  with  the  Sadducees.  Lyfias 
fearing  that  he  fliould  be  torn  to  pieces 
between  the  two  parties,  ordered  him 
back  to  the  caftle.  That  very  night, 
God  encouraged  Paul,  and  affured  him, 
that  he  ffiould  live,  and  bear  witnefs 
of  his  truths  alfo  at  Rome.  Next  day, 
above  forty  of  the  Jews  bound  them- 
felves  under  a  terrible  cnrfe,  that  tViey 
Hiould  neither  eat  nor  di'ink  till  they 
had  killed  Paul ;  and  that  they  might 
have  an  opportunity,  the  Jewiih  prieft* 
and  rulers  agreed  to  defire  Lyiias  to 
bring  him  back  to  the  council  to  be 
farther  examined.  Inform.ed  of  this 
plot,  by  his  fifter's  fon,  who  perhaps 
was  no  Chriftian,  Paul  procured  him 
accefs  to  relate  the  matter  to  Lyiias, 
who  thereon,  next  night,  fent  off  Paul 
to    Felix,    the   governor    at   Ccfarea, 

with 


P  A  U 

V^'tli  an  acccount  of  his  cafe, 

ed  with  a  ftroiig  guard,  Ads  xxi.  xxii. 

xxiii. 

Within  five  days  after,  Ananias  the 
high  prieft,  and  others  of  the  Jewifh 
rulers,  went  down  to  Ccfarea  to  cany 
on  a  profecution  againll  Paul.  Ter- 
tullus  their  orator,  after  a  flattering  ad- 
drefs  to  Felix,  one  of  the  bafeft  of  men, 
accufed  Paul  as  a  notorious  diflurber 
of  the  public  peace,  and  a  profaner  of 
the  temple.  When  Paul  had  liberty  to 
fpeak,  he  refuted  the  charge,  and 
defied  them  to  prove  any  thing  a- 
gainil  him,  except  that  he  profefTed 
his  faith  of  the  refurreclion  of  the 
dead,  and'  worfliipped  God  in  the 
Chriilian  manner,  believing  every  thing 
faid  by  the  prophets.  Felix  put  off 
further  trial,  till  Lyfias  fliould  come 
and  give  him  more  full  information  ;■ — 
and  meanwhile  made  PauPs  imprifon- 
ment  pretty  eafy,  giving  him  full  li- 
berty to  receive  the  vilits  of  his  friends. 
Some  days  after,  Felix  and  Drufilla 
his  wife  fent  for  Paul.  He  difcourfed 
to  them  of  righteouaiefs,  temperance, 
and  judgement,  till  Felix,  who  was  ex- 
tremely guilty  on  thefe  points,  fell  a 
trembling,  and  difhiifTed  him.  As  Fe- 
Kx  expected  Paul's  friends  would  ran- 
fom  him,  he  often  fent  for  him,  and 
talked  with  him.  Having  received  no- 
thing for  his  liberty,  Felix,  to  pleafe 
the  Jews  at  the  lall,  whom  he  had  fo 
ofteii  offended  with  his  opprefTive  me- 
thods, left  Paul  bound.  Scarce  had 
Feftus  entered  on  his  government,  when 
the  J-ev^nlli  rulers  accufed  Paul,  who 
had  now  been  a  prifoner  two  years  to 
him,  and  intending  to  have  him  mur- 
dered by  the  way,  requefted  that  he 
\vould  bring  him  up  to  Jeiufalem  for 
trial.  Felt  us  ordered  them  to  eome  to 
Cefarea.  They  came,  bat  could  prove 
nothing  which  the  Roman  law  made 
criminal.  To  gratify  them  as  far  as 
poflible,  Fellus  alked  Paul,  if  he  would 
go  up  and  be  tried  at  Jerufalem.  Con- 
vinced of  the  murderous  defigns  of 
the  J-ews,  Paul,  to  prevent  them,  ap- 
pealed to  Nero,  the  emperor,  who,  as 
yet,    behaved  with  fvKJC  ffuderatiyn, 


attend-  After  conferring  with  his  council,  re"-- 
tu%  told  Paul,  that  he  admitted  hh 
appeal,  and  would  fend  him  to  Rome. 
Not  long  after,  King  Agii})pa,  and 
his  filler  Pjernicc,  came  to  pay  Feftus 
a  vifit.  Feftus  told  them  the  aflair  of 
Paul.  Agrippa  defired  to  hear  him, 
Paul  being  required  to  fpeak  for  him- 
ftlf,  he,  after  a  fine  addrefs  to  Agrip- 
pa, rehearfed  his  cafe,  his  converfion, 
and  call  to  the  miniftry.  When  Fef- 
tus, quij;e  ignorant  of  thefe  matters, 
faid,  learning  had  rendered  him  mad, 
Paul,  with  the  moil  genteel  addrefs^, 
told  him,  he  was  not  mad,  but  fpake 
the  words  of  truth  and  fobernefs. 
When  Agrippa  faid,  he  had  almoll 
perfuaded  him  to  be  a  Chriftian ;  Paul, 
in  the  handfomeft  manner,  expreffed 
his  wifh,  that  Agrippa,  and  all  prc- 
fent,  were  fiich  as  himfelf,  except  as 
to  his  troubles.  Agrippa  gave  his  o- 
pinion,  that  Paul  m.ight  have  been  fet 
at  liberty  had  he  not  appealed  to  Ce- 
far,  A6ls  xxiv.  xxv.  xxvi.  Pkul  and 
other  prifoners  were  fliipped  off  for 
Rome,  in  a  fliip  of  Adramyttium^  ui> 
der  the  care  of  Julius,  a  centurion  cf 
the  Auguftan  band  of  foldiers.  Ju- 
lius was  very  kind  to  Paul,  and  at  Si- 
don  allowed  him  to  go  afhore  and  vi* 
fit  his  friends.  After  they  had  failed 
along  the  coaft  of  Phoenicia,  a  con- 
trary wind  obliged  them  to  fail  by  the 
eail  end  of  Cyprus.  When  they  came 
to  Myra,  a  fea-port  of  Lycia,  the/ 
were  put  into  a  ihip  of  Alexandria^ 
bound  for  Rome.  As  the  Jewifh y^// 
of  expiation  was  paft,  and  the  winter 
beginning,  the  weather  began  to  hs 
ftormy  ;  and  it  was  with  no  Imall  dif- 
ficulty they  arrived  at  thtjhir  hai:L-nsy 
on  the  eaft  of  Crete.  Paul  advifed 
them  to  winter  there  ;  but  others  irn 
fifted  they  fliould  go  to  Phenice,  or 
the  weft  of  that  ifland,  where  they 
would  have  a  more  commodious  har- 
bour. For  fome  time  they  failed  fJow- 
ly,  but  fiifely,  along  the  iouth  lide  of 
Crete  ;  but  at  lalt  a  terrible  ftorm 
from  the  eaft  drove  them  on  a  Imall 
ifland  called  Clauda.  To  prevent  their 
being  daftied    on    the  rock,  the  mari- 


P  A  U         Fa 

Bcrs  lowered  their  fails,  and  commit- 
ted thcmfelves  to  the  fea.  After  three 
days  they  call  out  part  of  their  cargo. 
For  fourteen  days  they  neither  faw 
fun,  moon,  nor  liars.  Informed  by 
God,  Paul  affured  them,  that  none  of 
their  lives  fhould  be  loll,  but  only  the 
/hip.  The  mariners,  lindiiig  by  their 
line  that  the  water  was  not  very  deep, 
judged  they  drew  near  to  fome  land, 
and  let  down  their  boat  that  they 
might  efcape  in  it.  Paul,  directed  by 
God,  defired  the  centurion  to  retain 
them,  as  the  pafTengers  could  not  o- 
therwife  be  preferved.  The  foldiers 
cut  off  the  boat,  and  let  her  drive  by 
the  fea.  After  they  had  almoil  failed 
fourteen  days,  Paul  begged  they  would 
take  fome  meat,  as  they  might  afTure 
thcmfelves  they  fhould  not  be  loll, 
but  be  call  on  fome  ifland.  Obferving 
land,  the  mariners  attempted  to  thruil 
the  Ihip  into  a  creek.  She  ilruck  a- 
^round  upon  a  neck  of  land,  and  was 
broken  to  pieces.  The  foldiers  ad- 
tifed  to  kill  the  prifoners,  that  they 
might  not  efcape  ;  but  Julius,  from 
regard  to  Paul,  prevented  it.  All  that 
were  in  the  Ihip,  to  the  number  of 
276,  fome  by  fwimming,  and  others 
©n  planks  and  broken  boards,  got 
fafe  to  land  on  the  ifle  of  Malta.  Here 
the  Heathens  (hewed  them  the  utmoil 
kindnefs.  Here  a  viper,  from  among 
a  bundle  of  Hicks  which  they  had  ga- 
thered to  warm  them  with,  fallen ed 
on  Paul's  hand.  The  Barbarians  fee- 
ing it,  concluded  that  certainly  he 
had  been  a  murderer,  and  that  though 
lie  had  efcaped  the  fea,  yet  divine  ven- 
geance fuffered  him  not  to  live  ;  but 
when  they  faw  Paul  Ihake  off  the  vi- 
per into  the  fire,  and  receive  no  harm 
Irom  it,  they  changed  their  mind,  and 
thought  him  a  god.  Here  Paul  mi- 
Taculoufly  healed  the  father  of  Pubhus 
ihe  governor,  of  his  bloody  flux,  and 
the  other  difeafed  people  that  were  in 
the  ifland.  At  the  end  of  three 
jmonths,  they  rc-imbarked,  and  arrived 
firll  at  Syriicufe,  in  the  fouth-eall  of 
Sicily,  then  at  Rhegium,  on  the  fouth 
of  Italy.  They  coafled  to  th^  north- 
tvwrd,  till  they  cams  to  Futeoli;  where 


54    1  P  A  tJ 

they  landed.  After  Paul  had  con^i* 
nued  here  feven  days  with  his  Chrif- 
tian  friends,  he  fet  out  for  Rome. 
The  Chrifliians  of  that  city  met  him 
at  Appii-forum,  and  the  Three  Ta- 
verns :  this  mightily  encouraged  him. 
Whether  the  Jews  did  not  profecute 
their  appeal,  or  whether  it  was  at  thip 
time  that  no  body  aflilled  the  apollle 
to  plead  his  caufe,  we  know  not.  It 
is  certain  he  was  permitted  to  hve  two 
years  in  his  own  hired  houfe,  with  a 
loldier  that  kept  him,  and  to  preach 
the  gofpel  to  them  that  pleafed  to 
hear  him.  He  fent  for  the  principal 
Jews  of  the  place,  and  related  his  cafe 
to  them,  to  prevent  their  being  impo- 
fed  on  by  their  brethren  of  Judea. 
They  told  him  they  had  received  no 
particular  information  concerning  him, 
only  they  knew  the  Chriftians  were  e- 
very  where  fpoken  againll,  and  they 
would  be  glad  to  hear  an  account  of 
their  do6lrines  from  himfelf.  From 
morning  to  night  he  explained  to  them 
the  things  concerning  Jefus,  out  of 
Mofes  and  the  prophets.  Obferving 
that  many  of  them  beheved  not,  he 
hinted,  that  according  to  Ifaiah's  pre- 
diction, they  had  heard  the  gofpel, 
and  hardened  themfelves  by  means 
thereof,  and  therefore  it  was  fent  to 
the  Gentiles,  who  were  willing  to  re* 
ceive  it.  Whether  after  this  two  years. 
of  imprifonment  at  large,  he  was  dif- 
miffed,  and  went  to  Spain  or  Macedo- 
nia, and  afterwards  returned  to  Rome, 
or  whether  he  was  made  a  clofe  pri- 
foner,  we  know  not  j  but  it  is  certaia 
his  imprifonment  turned  out  to  the 
glory  of  ChriH,  and  the  fpread  of  the 
gofpel.  Several  of  Nero's  own  fami- 
ly were  converted.  Many  of  the  Chrif* 
tians  in  Leffer  Afia  were  m.uch  aliena- 
ted from  him,  by  means  of  their  falfe 
teachers,  Phygellus,  Hermogenes,  ^c; 
yet  fome  out  of  mere  fpite  at  Paul, 
became  more  diligent  in  preaching  the 
gofpel.  Providence,  however,  ftirred 
him  up  friends.  Onefiphorus  fought 
him  out,  and  minill^red  tp  him.  O- 
nelimus,  a  runaway  thief  and  Have 
from  Philemon,  was  converted,  and 
very  ufeful  to  him.     The  Piiilippians 

£ett 


PAW        [     c 

lent  Epaphroditus  to  comfort  him, 
and  with  feme  money  to  fupply  his 
wants.  About  this  time  he  wrote  his 
rpiftle  to  the  ColofTians  and  to  Phile- 
mon ;  both  which,  it  fctms,  he  fent 
by  Oncfimus.  Soon  after,  Demas  for- 
fook  him,  and  he  wrote  his  cpiftle  to 
the  Phih'ppians,  probably  by  Epa- 
phroditus  ;  that  to  the  Galatians,  by 
Crefcens  ;  and  that  to  the  Ephefians, 
by  TychicuLJ.  Much  about  the  fame 
time,  he  wrote  his  fecond  to  Timothy, 
wherein  he  defires  him  to  come  to 
Rome.  After  Timothy  had  come  to 
Rome,  and  had  been  Impn'foned  and 
liberated,  he  wrote  his  cpiftle  to  the 
Hebrews.  At  laft,  it  is  faid,  his  preach- 
ing converted  one  of  Nero's  darling 
concubines :  EnragecJ  for  the  lofs  of 
his  harlot,  Nero  caufcd  Paul  to  be 
beheaded,  Ads  xxvii.  xxviii.  Phil.  i. 
12. — 19.  iv.  22.  2  Tim.  i.  15. — 18. 
Philem.  10. — 14.  Col.  iv.  14.  2  Tim. 
iv,  9.  21.  As  before  his  converfion  he 
was  an  outrageous  enemy  of  Chrift  ; 
after  it,  he  was  one  of  the  moll  holy 
and  humble  men,  and  laborious  preach- 
ers, that  ever  breathed :  nor  is  his 
magnifying  of  his  ofhce  and  labour, 
in  oppofition  to  the  falfe  teachers,  any 
evidence  to  the  contrary,  as  he  there- 
in confutes  them  upon  their  own  pre- 
tences, and  at  eveiy  proper  turn,  af- 
cribes  all  he  was,  and  had  done  in  the 
fervice  of  Chrift,  to  the  grace  of  God, 
Gal.  i.  if.  2  Cor.  x.  xi.  xii.  1  Cor. 
XV.  8. — 10. 

PAW ;  the  fore  foot  of  lions,  bears, 
or  fuch  wild  bealls,  by  which  they 
catch  and  hold  their  prey,  i  Sam.  xvii. 
37.  The  horfe  paiveth  in  the  valley ^ 
when  he  ft  amps,  and  as  it  were,  tears 
up  the  ground  with  his  fore  feet.  Job 
xxxix.  21. 

PAY;  (i.)  To  give  the  price  for 
a  thing,  Exod.  xxii.  7.  (2.)  To  give 
what  a  fuperior  requires  as  his  due, 
2  Chron.  viii.  8.  Heb.  vii.  9.  (3.) 
To  perform  fully  what  one  has  vow- 
ed or  promifed,  Eccl.  v.  4.  Deut. 
xxiii.  21.  23.  Pfal.  1.  14.  Ixi.  9. 
Ixxvi.  II.  xxxvii.  21.  (4.)  To  give 
full  fatisfadion  for  every  offence,  is  to 
fay  the  utmojl  farthing,  Matth,  v.  26. 


55    1         PEA 

PEACE,  fometimes  fignifies  pro- 
fperity  of  every  kind,  Gen.  xli.  i6» 
Numb.  vi.  2(5.  Particularly,  there  is> 
(i.)  Peace  with  God,  or  that  happy 
privilege,  whereby  he,  in  Chrift,  is 
our  reconciled  Father  and  friend,  dif- 
pofed  and  fworn  to  promote  our  real 
welfare,  and  do  us  no  hurt,  but  good, 
in  time  and  eternity.  This  is  found- 
ed on  our  union  to  Chrift,  as  the  Lord 
our  rightcoufnefs  ;,  but  the  comfortable 
enjoyment  of  it  is  obtained  in  the  way 
of  fanclihcation  by  his  Spirit,  Eph.  if* 
14.  I  John  iii,  19.  20.  (2.)  Peace 
of  confcience,  which  is  not  that  fleep 
and  ftupidity  of  confcience  common 
with  wicked  men  ;  but  an  holy  quiet 
of  mind,  arifing  from  the  faith  and 
fcnfe  of  our  reconcihation  with  God^ 
and  of  our  being,  by  his  grace,  ena- 
bled to  walk  in  an  univerfal  gofpel- 
holinefs,  P..om.   iv.    14.   17.     Phil,  iv* 

7.  2  Cor.  i.  12.  (3.)'  Peace  or  mu» 
tual  agreement  among  men,  whereby 
thtvy  forbear  warring  againfl,  and  hurt- 
ing one  another,  PfaL  xxxiv.  14.  cxxif- 
6.  vi.  4.  2  Kings  xx.  19.  Prov. 
xvi.  7.  The  ftate  of  heavenly  bleffed- 
nefs,  is  called  peace  ;  there  is  the  moft: 
perfedl  reft  and  felicity  ;  there  is  the 
moft  perfect  friendfhip  between  God, 
angels,  and  men,  and  no  enemy  has 
accefs  to  difturb,  or  moleft.  If.  Ivii.  2. 
God  [peaks  peaccy  when  he  promiles, 
proclaims,  intimates,  and  works  it  for 
his  people,   If.   Ivii.  19.      Pfal.  Ixxxv, 

8.  The  peace  of  God,  which  rules  fn 
the  faints,  is  peace  with  God,  with, 
their  confcience,  and  with  one  ano- 
ther, that  difpofes  them  to  live 
holily  and  peaceably,  Col.'  iii.  15. 
The  peace  that  Paul  wiflies  to  the 
churches,  comprehends  the  friendfhip 
of  God  difcovered  to  their  foul ;  an 
inward  quiet  of  confcience,  as  fprink- 
led  with  Jefus's  blood,  and  direded 
by  his  law  ;  mutual  harmony  with  one 
another  ;  and  freedom  from  the  molef- 
tation  of  the  world,  as  far  as  can  tend 
to  the  glory  of  God,  Rom.  i.  7.   1  Cor. 

f.  3. Peace-makers,  are  fuch  ;  s^p 

from  love  to  God,  are  aftive  in  ic- 
conciling  m.en,  one  to  another,  in  e- 
verv  thing  good,  Matth.  v.  9. 

fEACOCKl? 


.    IP  K  A      r  2 

.  -P-EAXnOCKS  are  of  various  kinds, 
^hey  have  their  head  ornamented 
with  a  creft  of  feathers.  The  male  pea- 
cock of  the  common  kind,  is  perhaps 
the  gaudieft  fowl  in. nature.  His  tail, 
in  its  various  colours,  and  the  forms  in- 
to which  he  fpreads  it,  is  fufficiently 
known  and  admired^  He  is  ex.treme- 
Jy  proud,  but  hath  a  dlfagreesble  voiccj 
ugly  feet,  and  foft  pace.  They  cafl 
their  feathers  along  with  the  trees  ; 
"but  their  flefh  can  hardly  either  rot, 
or  be  boiled.  Peacocks  are  numerous 
in  the  Eaft  Indies.  There  Alexander 
prohibited  his  army, to  kill  them.  ^Our 
tranflation  of  Job  mentions  peace c hs  j 
but  probably  the  word  ought  to  be 
rendered  ojlrlches,  as  the  feathers  of 
their  wings  are  more  valuable  than 
thofe  of  the  wings  of  peacocks.  Nor 
<lo  we  know  whether  the  Touchim, 
which  Solomon's  fleet  brought  from 
Ophir,  ho.  peacocks  or  parrots^  Job  xxxix. 
13.  X  Kings  X.  22.  There  is  alfo  a 
ii'.h,  with  moil  beautiful  fins,  called  the 
^eacock-pjh, 

PEARJL  ;  a. hard  white  fhlning  bo- 
dy,  found  in  fome  fhell-iilhes.  It  pro- 
•ceeds  from  a  difeafe  in  the  animal. 
The  matter  proper  to  enlarge  the  fliell, 
t)  irfting  from  the  vsffels  that  convey 
i.  to  the  putfidc,  forms  into  a  pearl. 
C;mmon  oyilers,  the  pinna-marina,  and 
feveral  other  lift,  form  pearls  i  but  the 
peari-oyfter  of  the  Ead  Indies,  and  of 
the  gulph  of  vlexico  in  America,  gene- 
rally produce  the  bed.  The  chief  fifhe- 
rlcs  for  pearl  are  at  Bahrein,  in  the 
Perfian  gulf,  and  near  the  iflc  of  Cey- 
IcrLj,  in  the  Kaft  Indies,  The  next  to 
ihefe,  are  the' five  pearl-fillieries  in  the 
gulf  of  Mexico,  The  pearls  tifned  on 
tlie  coafts  of  Japan  and  Tartary  are 
far  lefs  valuable.  The  fined  European 
pearls  are  chiefly  fidied  up  on  the  coads 
-cf  Scotland,  or  in  the  river  of  Bavaria 
in  Germany.  In  50  years  pearls  ge- 
sierally  lofe  their  beauty  j  and  in  ico 
they  are  fcarce  worth  any  thing  at 
all.  Cleopatra  queen  of  Egypt,  had  a 
pearl  valued  at  L.  80,000  Sterling. 
jThe  Perfian  emperor  had  one  worth 
//.  110,000  Sterling  ;  and  Philip  the 
^d  of  Spain,  had  one  as  big  as  a  pi- 


5^   1        P  E  K 

geon's  egg,  and  valued  at  i44,oo<3i 
ducats.  What  our  ladies  wear, in  their 
necklaces,  are  ordinarily  but  falfe 
pearls,  made  of  fidi-fcales,  bruifed, 
and  inclofed  in  glafs. — What  is  very- 
excellent,  as  Chrid,  and  the  myderies 
of  the  gofpel,  is  likened  to  pearls  :  how 
mydcrious  their  generation  !  how  pre- 
cious !  how  hard  to  be  come  at  in  a 
proper  manner  !  ho,w  truly  ornamen- 
tal !  and  how  apt  are  men  to  form 
bafe  counterfeits  of  them  !  Matth.  xiii. 
46.  Rev.  xxi.  21.  22.  The/j/w/j-of 
Antichrid,  are  the  relics  of  faints, 
pretended  wood  of  the  crofs,  and  the 
■like.  Rev.  xviii.  i6.  To  cajl  pearls  be- 
fore  fwiti^y  is  to  preach  the  gofpel  to 
perfecutprs  ;  apply  the  promifes  and 
privileges  proper  to  faints,  to  men 
really  wicked;;  to  difpenfe  facraments 
to  perfons  notourly  profane  ;  or  to 
adminider  reproofs  to  pbftinatc  fcof- 
fers,  Matth.  vii.  6.     ' 

PECULIAR  ;  what  is:feparated  to 
one's  fpecial  ufe.  God's  people  are  c-sXi- 
td.  peculiar  ;  they  are  feparated  from  the 
red  of  the  world,  to  his  honour  and 
fervice ;  they  fliare  of  fpecial  privileges^ 
and  are  carefully  preferved  and  highly 
regarded  bj  him,  Exod.  xix.  5.  i  Pet« 
ii.  9. 

PEDIGREE  ;  defcent  by  parent- 
ag'e,   Numb.  i.  18. 

PEELED;  dripped  of  bark,  {{s.n\, 
cloaths,  or  hair.  The  diould-^rs  of  the 
Chaldean  beliegers  of  Tyre  were  peel' 
eel;  the  cloatlis,  hair,' and  even  the 
fliin,  were  worn  off  them,  by  bearing 
(o  m.any  burdens,  E/.eic.  xxix.  1 8.  The 
Ethiopians  were  a  people  peeled ;  the 
fcorchng  heat  hindered  the  h:iir  of  their 
head  vj.*  body  to  grow  ;  and  the  Aily- 
rians  dripped  them  ,o£  thei'r  weakh. 
If.  xv'iii.  2.  '7.     '  '    ' 

PEEP  ;  to  fpeak  foffely,  as  a  bird 
when  it  comes  firil  out  of  its  fliell ;  to 
fpeak  with  a  hollow  voice,  and,  as  it 
were,  out  of  the  belly,  without  open- 
ing of  the  lips.  If.  viii.  19. 

PEKAH,  t,.e  fonof  Remahah,  was 
general  of  Pekahiah  kii^.g  of  Ifrael's  ar- 
my. Together  with  Argob  and  Arich, 
and  50  Glleadites,  he  murdered  his 
mcidcr  in  the  fecoud  year  of  his  reign, 

and* 


PEC 


2; 


and  rc':^ned  20  ye^/s  in  lils  (lead.  En- 
tering into  a  league  with  Rezin  king 
of  Syria,  they  intended  to  dethro:ie 
Ahaz,  and  the  whole  family  of  David, 
and  fet  up  the  fon  of  one  Tabecl  to  go- 
vern Judea,  as  tlicir  tributary.  To 
the  uo  fmall  oiToirce  of  God,  Pekah's 
army  cut  off  1 20,000  of  Judjh,  and 
took  200,oco  prifoners;  'but  they  foon 
returned  tlie  latter  with  great  huma- 
nity. Inftiguted  by  Ahaz,  Tiglath- 
pilefer  king  of  AflTyria  invaded  the  kiur- 
fiom  of  Pekah,  and  murdered  and  car- 
ried off  into  captivity  a  ^reat  part  of 
the  Naphtalites,  ealtei-n  Manaffites, 
Reubenites,  and  Gadites.  At  lafb  Ho- 
fiiea  murdered  Pckah,  and  resQ'ned  in 
his  Head,  If.  \ii,  i. — 7.  2  Kings  >:v. 
^25. — 30.    2  Chron.  xxviii.  5. — 10. 

PECOD.      See  Merc THAiM. 

PELATIAH.   SeeZi:DF,KiAH.-- 

PELEG,  or  Phalec,  the  fon  of 
Eber,  and  brother  of  Joktan.  He  had 
this  name  given  liim,  l3ecaufe  in  his 
days  the  language  of  men  was  con- 
founded, and  they  were  di'vukd.  As 
he  was  born  but  un  b'-mdred  years  aftt^r 
the  flood,  fome  can  hardly  iDelieve  the 
divifion  of  mtni  st  Babel  couiJ  -be  fo 
early  as  "his  "birth  j;  but  as  it  is  certain, 
men  might  increafe  fo  fail  as  to  af/ord 
a  fuf&cient  number  of  hands  to  build 
the  tower  of  Babel  at  the  .time  X)f  his 
birth,  fo  it  is  poffible  his  father  might 
^ive  him  this  name  by  the  fpirit  of  pro- 
pliecy,  becaufe  the  earth  would  be  divi- 
ded juft  before  his  death,  which  was  2  39 
years  later,  Gen.  x.  25.    Luke.iii.  35. 

PELICAN ;  a  fowl  of  the  goofe 
iiindj  with  a  long  crooked  beak,  and 
the  fore  part  of  the  head  toward?;  the 
throat  naked.  Corniorants  and  -fhags 
are  of  the  pelican  kind  :  bnt  pelicans, 
properly  io  called,  are  about  twice  as 
big  as  a  fwan,  and  have  a  bag  at  their 
throat  fufficient  to  hold  two  human 
heads.  They  haunt  deCerts,  and  are 
extrem.ely  careful  of  their  young.  It 
is  laid  they  fometiines  feed  them  w.'>h 
•tlieir  own  blood,  and  will  flap  their 
wings  over  their  kindled  noil,  to  blow- 
out the  fire,  till  t'hcmfelves  be  burnt, 
Peut.  xiv.  17.  David,  in  his  dillrefs, 
was  like  3.  pel::an  cr  blttfyn  of  ths  -wildsr- 

Vol.   IU 


7     1  P  E  O 

fic'/Syin  a  very  lonely  and  moi:rnf.il  con- 
dition,  Pfal.  cii.  6. 

PEN  ;  an  Inftrument  for  writing 
with.  It  is  probable  that  the  ancient 
Jews  and  others  ufed  a  kind  of  pencil, 
ofreedj  wood,  or  the  like,  for  writing 
on  linen,  Judg.  v.  14.  Ifaiah  -wrote 
'Zi>}//j  a  nuui'-s  pen  ;  in  characters  eafy  te» 
be  read,  not  like  thofe  written  by  the 
angel  on  Belflia:'.7.ar'*s  wall.  If.  viii.  T. 
The  faints  tongue  is  like  the  ^pen  of  a 
n-ady  turitcr^j  when  their  heart  prompt- 
ly -conceivesj  and  their  montli  in  aw 
agreealile  manner  proclaims,  the  pniifes 
of  Jefus  Chriil,  Plal.  xlv.  i.  ^Mens 
furs  are  written  with  a  pen  of  iron,  and 
point  of  a  d'la.Kond,  wh.en  they  are  fc* 
fixed  in  their  heart,  tnat  tliey  flill  re- 
member, hold  fall,  and  pratlife  them., 
Jer.  xvii.  i. 

PENIEL,  or  Pexu EL  ;  a  place  ou 
the  call  of  Jordan,  near  the  brook  Jab- 
bok  ',  fo  called,  becaufe  here  Jacob,  ih 
his  wrel!:ling,  faw  the  face  of  God,  or 
enjoyed  familiar  fellowfhip  with  him. 
Gen.  xxxii.  24. — 28.  Plere  tiie  Gadites 
built  a  city  ;  but  for  the  inhabitants  re- 
fufal  of  refrellunent  to  Gideon's  troops, 
many  of  them  were  killed,  and  their 
tower  demdliihed,  Judg.  viii.  8-  9.  15- 
17.  Jeroboam  the  fon  of  Nebat  re- 
built it,  and  perhaps  reared  a  palace 
for  himfelf  in  it,    1  Kings  xii.  25. 

PENINNAPI.     See  Hannah. 

PENTECOST.     See  feast. 

PENNY  J  a  Roman  coin,  equal  to 
feven  pence  three  farthings  .Sterling. 
It  was  the  hire  of  a  labouirr  for  a  day's 
work  ;  and  hence  the  reward  of  eternal 
life,  which  we  prepare  for,  in  our  day 
of  life,  is  likened  to  a  penny,  Matth. 
XX.  I. — 15.  The  ^'-jjo pence,  given  by 
Jcfus  to  his  minifters  who  take  care  of" 
his  people  in  tlie  church  militant,  are 
the  two  teilaments  of  his  word  ;  or  law 
and  gofpel ;  or  gifts  and  graces  ;  or  the 
reward  of  grace  here,  and  glory  here- 
after,  Luke  X.  35. 

PEOPLE;  NATiOM  ;  folic;  (i.) 
The  fathers  of  particuka- nations,  Gen. 
xxv.  13.:  and  fo  one  is  made  a  gre^^J 
nation,  when  his  feed  are  multiplied  in- 
to one,  Exod.  xxxii.  10.  (2.)  The 
pcrfons  that  compofe  a  kingdom  orna- 

is    k  tl^Hj 


P  E  O 


c 


tion,  Vvfliether  pocr  or  rich,  i  Sam. 
XV.  30.  (3.)  The  vulgar  or  commons 
in  a  city  or  nation,  Matth.  xli.  37. 
Luke  xxiii.  14.  (4.)  The  Gentiles, 
Pfal.  cxvii.  I.  Gen.  xHx.  10.  (5.) 
Both  Jews  and  Gentiles,  Luke  ii.  10. 
(6.)  A  kind  ot  animals,  Prov.  xxx. 
25.  26.  Ifrael  and  the  church  are  call- 
ed God's  people  ;  the  Hebrews  were  fe- 
parated  from  other  nations,  to  enter 
into  his  covenant,  enjoy  his  favours, 
and  obferve  his  laws.  Church-members 
in  general  are  his  by  outward  profef- 
fion  ;  and  real  faints  are  his  people,  cho- 
fen  from  eternity,  purchafed  with  his 
blood,  united  to  his  perfon,  enriched 
Avith  his  blefhngs,  and  employed  in  his 
fervice,  Exod.  vi.  7.  Matth.  i.  21. 
And  tliey  are  the  people  of  his  holinefs, 
or  hnly  people,  or  nal'ion  ;  feparated  by 
God  to  himfelf,  fantlified  by  his  Spirit, 
and  qualified  for  his  holy  fervice,  If. 
Ixiii.  i8»  Ixii.  12.  i  Pet.  ii.  9.  Thofe 
who  are  not  God's  people,  are  repre- 
fentcd  as  no  people,  Hof.  i.  10.  ii.  23. 
Rom,  X.  19.  I  Pet.  ii.  lo."  The  Jews 
•were  the  rebellious  people,  that  imagined 
a  vain  thing  againfl  Chrift,  and  refafed 
the  offers  of  his  grace,  Pfal.  ii.  i.  If. 
Ixv.  2.'  Tht  people  of  Chemofa,  are  the. 
Moabitcs,  who  worfliipped  that  idol, 
jSJumb.  xxi.  25.  The  Syrians,  Moab- 
jtes,  Ammonites,  £5"/:.  were  the  unkno<wn 
people  that  ferved  David,  2  Sam.  xxii. 
44.  The.  people  of  the  prince,  tliat  de- 
ftroyed  Jerufal^m,  were  the  Roman  ar- 
my, directed  by  Titus,  the  emperor's 
fon,  Dan.  ix.  26.  The  people  inbaliting 
the  linldernefs,  that  had  the  heads  of 
Pharaoh  and  his  army  drowned  in  the 
Red  fea  for  food,  are  either  the  wild 
beafls  about  the  fliores,  who  fed  on 
their  carcafes  ;  or  the  Plebrews,  who 
inightily  rejoiced  at  their  overthrow, 
Pfal.  Ixxiv.  13.  14. 

PEOR.    See  Abarim;  Baalpeor. 

PERCEIVE;  (i.)  To  take  no- 
tice ;  have  fure  knowledge  of.  Gen. 
xix.  33.  A6ts  X.  34.  (2.)  To  difco- 
ver  ;  hnd  out,  2  Sam.  xiv.  i.  Jer. 
xxxviii.  27.  (3.)  Spiritually  to  con- 
fider  things,  in  order  to  a  right  im- 
provement thereof,  Deut.  xxix.  4.  He 
pajfeth  on  J  and  J  perceive  him  not :  God 


;8     ]  PER 

proceeds  on  in  his  courfe  of  providence 
towards  me  ;  bufl  cannot  underllaud 
the  ground,  manner,  or  end  of  his 
work.  Job  ix.   11. 

PERDITION;  dcRruaion.  Judas 
was  -Afon  of  perdition,  i.e.  one  that  rich- 
ly deferved  it,  and  was  divinely  appoint- 
ed to  it,  John  xvii.  12.  Antichriil  is 
a  fon  oi perdition,  a  noted  deftroyer  of 
others  ;  and  popes,  and  other  chief 
agents,  are  divinely  deftined  to  cndlefs 
ruin,   2  Theff.  ii.  3. 

To  PERFECT,  is  to  f^nidi  a  work, 
and  render  it  full  and  complete,  Pfal. 
cxxxviii.  8. 

Perfect;  (i.)  That  which  is  com- 
plete, and  wants  nothing,  Deut.  xxv. 
15.  (2.)  That  which  is  fully  mani- 
fefted  in  its  perfeftion  ;  fo  Chrill's 
flrength  is  rmde  peffec7,  by  occafion  of 
his  peoples  weaknefs,  2  Cor.  xii.  9.  ; 
and  faith  is  ?jiade  peffed  by  works.  Jam. 
ii.  22. — God  h  perfe8  ;  poffeffeth  every 
poiTible  excellency  in  an  unbounded  de- 
gree, Matth.  v.  48.  His  work  is, per- 
feEl ;  is  altogether  righteous  and  holy, 
and  leaves  nothing  neceffary  undone, 
Deut.  xxxii.  4.  Chrift  is  perfeded,  or 
made  perfect,  when  his  courfe  of  bond- 
fervice  in  our  room  is  hnifhed,  Luke 
xiii.  32.  Heb.  ii.  10.  v.  9.  Chrift, 
by  one  offering,  hath  perfected  for  ever 
them  that  arc  fanftified  ;  hath  paid  the 
full  price  of  tlieir  falvation,  and  infal- 
libly fecured  its  perfection  and  eternal 
duration,  Heb.  x.  14.  God's  law  is 
perfed  ;  enjoins  every  duty  by  the  high- 
eft  authority,  and  enforced  with  the 
ftrongeft  motives,  Pfal.  xix.  7.  Mini- 
fters  are  perfed,  when  they  are  tho- 
roughly inftructcd  and  fitted  for  their 
office,  2  Tim.  iii.  17.  The  faints'arc 
perfa,  (i.)  As  they  ftand  in  Chrift, 
having  his  righteoufnefs  imputed  to 
them.  Col.  i.  28.  ii.  10.  (2.)  When 
fully  fandified,  and  no  remains  of  fin 
left  in  them,  Heb.  xii.  23.  (3,)  As 
even  in  their  imperfe6l  condition,  they 
have  every  particular  grace,  and  aim  at 
the  higheft  degree  of  each  ;  they  want 
nothing  abfolutely  neceffai-y  to  a  ftate 
of  falvation  ;  they  have  more  excellent 
difpofitions  and  behaviour  than  their 
neighbours,  and  ^xt  blamelefs  in  their 

holy 


PER  f     2 

holy  coRverfutlon,  Job  viii.  20.  Gen. 
vi. '9.  2  Cor.  xiii.  ii.  The  love  of 
God  is  perftcied^  in  their  loving  one  an- 
other ;  God's  love  to  them  is  manifcft- 
ed  in  drawing  their  heart  to  his,  and 
theirs  to  God  is  manitcded  in  loving 
others  for  his  fake,  i  John  ii.  5.  iv.  12. 
The  Jewifli  teachers  were  perfedy  i.  e, 
blamelefs,  and  almoll  without  error  or 
fin,  in  their  own  conceit,  If.  xHi.  ly. 
Though  I  ivere  pevfcdy  yet  tuottld  I  not 
knonv  my  foul,  I  ^ivould  df/pife  my  life  ; 
though  God  fliould  afloil  mc,  I  would 
not  efteeni  nor  requell  long  life  ;  or 
fuppofe  I  had  no  fin,  1  would  not 
plead  upon  that  before  God,  but  under- 
value the  holinefs  of  my  life,  Job  ix.  21. 

Perfection,  is,  (i.)  The  full  ripe- 
nefs  of  fruit,  Luke  viii.  14.  (2.)  The 
moft  excellent  things  on  earth,  as  ho- 
nour, wealth,  pleafure,  learning  ;  and 
to  fee  an  end  of  thisy  is  to  fee  how  in- 
fufficient  it,  or  any  thing  but  God  him- 
felf,  is,  to  fatisfy  an  immortal  foul,  Pial. 
cxix.  96.  (3.)  The  more  myilcrious 
principles  of  the  ChrilHan  faith,  Heb. 
vi.  I.  (4.)  The  full  meafure  and  de- 
gree of  excellency,  holinefs,  or  happi- 
nefs,  2  Cor.  xiii.  9.  To  find  out  the 
Almighty  to  perfcdhn^  is  fully  to  know 
and  comprehend  all  his  unnumbered 
and  unbounded  excellencies.  Job  xi.  7. 
If  perfe3ion  had  been  by  the  Levitkal 
priejihood ;  fin  had  been  truly  and  ful- 
ly expiated,  and  the  complete  and  end- 
lefs  holinefs  and  happinefs  of  men  fe- 
cured,  by  the  facrifices  and  other  cere- 
monies of  the  Old  Teftament,  Heb. 
vii.  II.  T\it  perfcdlng  of  the  faints  y  is 
the  rendering  their  graces  more  lliong 
and  active,  till  they  become  perfectly 
holy,  without  the  leail  remains  of  fin- 
ful  imperfection,   Eph.  iv,  11. 

PERFORM;  much  the  fame  as 
to  FULFIL  a  promife,  requell,  law, 
or  work^  Jer.  xxviii.  6.  Ellh.  v.  8.  Jer. 
xxxiv.  18.  Phil.  i.  6.  God  performs 
all  things  for  his  people  ;  whatever 
tends  to  their  real  good,  whatever  he 
hath  promifed,  wliatever  they  aik  in 
faith,  he  does  for  and  in  thera  ;  and 
enables  them  to  every  good  word  and 
work,  Pfal.  Ivii.  2.  Job  xxiii.  14.  God 
performs  the  counfel  of  his  mejfengersy  when 
he  executes  thofe  purpofes  dechu-ed  by 


59    1        PER 

the  proph.'ts  in  promilcs  and  threaten^ 
^  ings,   If.  xliv.  26. 

PERFUME  ;  what  gives  an  agree- 
able fmell.  In  the  call,  perfumes  were  , 
ufed  to  teilify  great  refpec't,  Dan.  ii. 
46.  ;  and  at  vifits,  perfuming  of  the 
guells  is  tlie  token  of  bidding  them 
adieu.  The  Hebrews  had  two  facred 
perfumes,  one  of  incense,  and  the 
other  an  oil,  Exod.  xxx.  23. — 38. 
Tiiey  dealt  much  in  perfuming  dead 
bodies,  cloaths,  beds,  ^c.  Gen.  xxvii.' 
27.  Song  iii.  6.  Prov.  vii.  17.  Pfal. 
xlv.  8.      See  embalming  ;  spices. 

PERGA;  an  inland  city  of  Pam- 
phylia,  on  the  river  Cayflrus,  near  to 
which,  on  an  eminence,  flood  a  temple 
of  Diana.  It  was  famed  for  the  birtli 
of  Apollonius,  the  renowned  geometri- 
cian. Here  Paul  and  Barnabas  preach- 
ed oftener  than  once,  Afts  xiii.  14. 
xiv.  25.  ;  and  to  the  end  of  the  eighth, 
century  we  find  a  Chriftian  church  here, 
fometimes  not  a  little  eminent.  It  is 
at  prcfent  of  little  or  no  importance- 
There  w^as  another  Perga  in  Epirus. 

PERGAMOS  ;  a  city  of  procon- 
fular  Afia,  on  the  river  Caicus,  about 
40  miles  north-welt  of  Thyatira,  and 
64  northward  of  Smyrna,  and  in  a  coun- 
try very  fertile  of  corns.  The  place 
was  famed  for  a  temple  to  Efculapius 
the  god  of  pliyfic,  and  more  fo  for  the 
famed  library  of  200,000  volumes,  col- 
lected by  Attalus  one  of  its  kings.  For 
about  150  years,  from  yL  M.  3721  to 
3870,  Peigamos  was  the  capital  of  a 
confiderable  kingdom,  which  was  gene- 
rally in  friendfhip  with  the  Romans, 
and  was  bequeathed  by  the  lall  king  t(>< 
them  :  but  perhaps  the  Romans  forged 
this  teltameat,  at  leu!''^  they  explained 
it  as  they  pieafed.  A  C'lriltian  church 
was  very  early  planted  at  Pergamos  : 
but  they  quickly  degenerated  from  their 
purity,  and  tvlerated  the  Nicolaittms, 
and  fuch  as  taught  to  commit  fornica- 
tion, and  eat  things  facrlficed  to  idols. 
For  thefe  things  Jefus  iharply  reproves 
them  in  a  letter  by  John.  It  is  hoped 
this  mifave  produced  their'reforination. 
Rev.  ii.  12. — 17.  For  feven  or  eight 
hundred  years  the  church  here  was  of 
confiderable  note  ;  but  at  prefent  the 
K  k  2         Chrillians 


PER  f     260     ] 

Chn'llianc.  nrc  reduced  to  about  15  mi-    reproaching 
fcrable  families,  and  the  Turks  are  but 
about  2COO  or  ^coc. 

PERILOUS;  full  of  danger,  2  Tim. 
Vu.  I. 

PERISH;  (i.)  To  lofe  natural 
LTcy  Jon.  i.  6.  (2.)  To  be  rooted  out 
t:f  honour,  happinefs,  or  hfe,  2  Kings 
fx.  8.  Mic.  vii.  2.  (3.)  To  be  ren- 
der d  ufeleffl,  Jer.  ix.  12.  (4.)  To 
•.cafe  to  be,  Jam.  i,  1 1,  (5. )  To  ilarve 
for  hunger,  Luke  xv.  17.  (6.)  To 
]-»e  tormented  in  fovx],  and  Ijurt  in  prac- 
tice, I  Cor.  riii.  11.  (7.)  To  be 
damned  and  call  into  heU,  2  Pet.  ii.  12. 

PERJURED;  one.thatAveavs  falfe- 
hood,  or  breaks  a  lawful  oath^  r  Tim. 
3.  FO. 

i?ERIZZITES  ;  a  tribe  of  the  an- 


cient  Canaanites,  fo  called,  perhaps  be- 
caufe  they  dwelt  in  imwalled  villages. 
Iliey  feem  to  have  been  difperfed  a- 
mong  the  other  tril)es,  as  near  Bethel, 
Gen.  xiii.  7.  ;  and'  in  mount  Ephraim,. 
Jofii.  xvii.  15.  Judg.  iii.  5.  Tlie  tribe 
01  Judah  expelled  fuch  as  dwelt  in  ihcir 
bounds,  Judg.  i.  ^..  Sol^omon  laid  the 
remains  of  them  under  tribute,  2  Chron, 
viii.  7.  Some  of  th(5m  remjlii-icd  after 
the  captrvrty,  and  intermarried  with 
tlic  Hebrews,  Ezra  ix.  i. 

PERMIT;   (i.)   Toceafe   hinder- 


(2.)   To    allow. 


hurt- 


ing,  I   Cor.   vii.   6. 
I  Cor.  xiv.  ^4. 

PERNICIOUS;    extremely 
fi.l  and  ruinous,   2  Pet.  ii.  2. 

PERX-^ETUAL;  (i.)  Continual; 
iminterrupted,  Ezek.  xxxv.  5.  The 
rncenfe  \v<xz perprtuni,  i.e.  offered  every 
fvening  and  morning,  Exod.  xxx.  8. 
{2.)  What  continues  for  a  long  time, 
as  to  the  death  of  Chriil :  lb  the  cere- 
monial laws  wQiVt  perpeifialy  Exod.  xxix. 


to  the   end  of  the 


woi 


Ic(,   Jer. 


fuch  fear  or 
vv'hat  to   do, 


>;xv.  9. 

PERPLEXED;  in 
diilrefs  as  not  to  know 
Eflh.  iii.  1 5-. 

PERSECUTE  ;  to  f.ek  a/ler  and 
improve  all  occalions  of  doing  one  hurt, 
efpecially  on  account  of  hio  lledfaft 
cleaving  to  the  truths  and  v>-ays  of 
God,  Job  >iix.  22.  Matth.  v.  ii.  Ifh- 
xwA'A  p.rfecuied  Ifaac  by  iiiocking   and 


P  E  R 

him,  Gal.  iv.  29.  Go4' 
perjccuics  m,en,  when  he  purfues  them 
vv:ith  his  judgements,  in  every  placia 
and  condition  they  are  in.  Lam.  iii.  66. 
Pfaf.  xxxv.  6.  Chriil  is  pcrfccnied,  when 
his  people,  who  are  united  with  and 
dear  to  him,  are  for  his  eaufe  reproach- 
ed, haraffcd,  and  inurdered,  A'ds  ix.  4. 
Though  perfecution  for  conlcience  fake 
is  contrary  to  the  genius  of  Chrilliani- 
ty,  yet  pretenders- to  it  liave  ver)-  of- 
ten, for'  tlieir  own  carnd  ends,  pcrfc- 
cuted  their  fellow-profeffors.- 

PERSEVERANCE;,  the  continu- 
ance in  a  ila^e  or  in  a  courfe  of  adtion^ 
notwitldlanding  of  much  op})ofition,. 
Eph.  vi.  f8.  Whatever  partial  decay.% 
of  grace  the  fainta  rerdly  have  ;  and 
though.,,  if  left  to  themfclves,  they  would 
lofe  their  whole  ftock  of  grace  ;  and 
though  the  ufe  of  Vi-atchfulnefsv  and  of 
other  means  of  fledfailnefs,  is  neceifary 
to  their  perl'everance  in  their  gracious 
ftate,  nature,  and  courfe  ;  yet  their  to- 
tal or  final  fall  from  the  fame  is  evi- 
dently inconnflent  with  a  multitude  of 
fcriptures  ;  iueonfillent  with  the  un- 
changeable love,  the  jullice,  the  wif- 
dom,  and  faithfalncfs  of  God  ;.  incon- 
fillent  with  his- unchangeable  purpcfes^ 
promifesv  covenant,  and  oath  ;  incon- 
fiftent  with  the  honour  of  the  Father 
as  their  choofcr,  as  the  giver  of  them 
to  Chrift  for  his  reward,  and  as  their 
c  {Tab  Ii  (her  and  keeper;  inconfident  with 
the  honour  of  tlie  Son,  as  them  purcha" 
fer,  advocate,  builder,  fliepherd,  huf- 
band,  Hfe,  and  one  body  and  fpirit 
with  them  ;  inconfiflent  with  the  ho- 
nour of  the  Holy  Ghofl,  who  is  in 
them  as  a  perpetual  inhabitant,  work- 
er, comforter,  fountain  fpringing  up 
to  everlafling  life,  feal  of  redemption » 
and  carnell  of  gloiy,  Job  xvii.  9.  Prov. 
iv.  18.  x.  25,  Pfal.  ii.  8.  cxxv.  2. 
cii.  28.  If.  xlvi.  10.  liv.  8.  9.  lO. 
lix.  20.  2  1.  liii.  10.  Jer.  xxxii.  39. — 
42.  Hof.  \u  19.  20.  Matth.  xvi.  18, 
XX iv.  24.    Luke  xxii.  32.    John  iv.  14. 

^■i-  27-  35-  39-  40;  54-— 5S.     X.   10, 
28.  29.    xiii.  I.    xiv.  16.  17.  19.  xvii. 
15.20^24.  Adlsxiii.  48.    Rom. 


6.  12 

V.  21.    viii.  28.-39.     IX.  2^. 
I  Cor.  i,  8.   9.     vi.   15 


:>•    >^i-  29- 

19.     X.    13. 

2  Cor. 


PER  [     2(5 

C  Cor.  i.  21.  2  2.  ill.  3»  Cal.  li.  20. 
Eph.  i.  13.  14.  iv.  30.  V.  25. — 30. 
Plfil.  I.  6.  ii.  13.  Col.  iil.  3.  1  Their. 
V.  8.  9.  23.  24.  2  Their,  iii.  3.  2  Tim. 
ii.  19.  Tit.  ii.  14.  Hcb.  iii.  3.  vi.  17. 
18.  19.  I  Pet.  i,  5.  ii.  9.  I  John 
ii.  K).    iii.  9. 

PERSIA,  or  Elam  ;  an  ancit-nt 
kingc'.om  in  Middle  Aila,-  on  the  fouth 
of  Media,  and  lontli-eaft  of  Aflyria  and 
Clialdea.  The  Perhans  were  anciently 
called  Elamites,  and  fprung  from  Elam 
the  cldeit  fon  of  8hoin,  and  their  ori- 
p;inal  rcfidence  was  called  Elymais, 
Chedorlaomer,  one  of  their  firll  kings, 
was  a  noted  conqueror.  Gen.  xiv.  A- 
bout  the  time  of  Jcholhaplvat,  one  Mem- 
non  the  fon  of  Aurora  feerns  to  have 
been  tli^ir  king.  The  oriental  hifto- 
rics  tempt  me  to  fuppofe,  that  their 
kingdom  ilill  continued  vnih  perhaps 
ft:)me  fmall  interruptions.  The  Afly- 
ria ns  extended  their  conqnelts  over  the 
Perfians  ;  but,  under  Achmenides,  they 
revolted,  about  the  fame  time  with  the 
Medes.  The  governm<ent  continued  in 
his  family  till  the  Chaldeans  ravaged 
their  country,  Jer.  xxv.  25.  27.  xlix. 
35.— 39.  After  this  the  country  was 
in  a  wretched  condition,  till  Cyrus  ap- 
peared. He  conncfted  it  with  the 
kingdom  of  Media,  and  fubdned  the 
kingdoms  of  AfTyria,  Egypt,  and  Ly- 
bia  ;  and  by  his  grecit  wil'dom,  fettled 
the  empire  on  fo  very  folid  a  founda- 
tion, that  notv/ithftanding  the  folly  of 
many  of  his  fuccelFors,  it  continued  a-  , 
bout  208  years.  Plis  fort  Cambyfes, 
during  the  feven  years  of  his  reign,  was 
famous  for  almoft  nothing  befides  mad 
murders,  ajid  the  furious  .ravage  of 
Egypt.  Darius  Hyftafpcs  loon  kill- 
ed the  pretended  Smerdis,  and  reigned 
36  years.  Pie  took  and  demolilhed 
part  of  the  walls  of  Babylon,  but  fup- 
plied  the  inhabitants  who  furvived  his 
cruelties  with  50,000  women,  inftead 
of  their  wives,  which  themfelves  had 
murdered  during  the  hege.  To  re- 
venge the.  Scythian  invafion  of  Upper 
Afia  about  120  years  before,  he  inva- 
ded Scythia.  Ke  conquered  Thrace 
in  Europe,  and  part  of  Eaft  India  ; 
reduced  the  rebellious  loaians  in  Afia  : 


I     ]  PER 

but  his  expedition  into  Greece  coik 
him  the  ruin  of  a  great  part  of  his  ar- 
iny.  Xerxes  his  fon  having  fallen  heir 
to  the  kincrdom  and  excefiive  wealth  of 
his  covetous  father,  reduced  the  rebel- 
lious Egyptians  ;,  ilirred  up  the  Cartha- 
giin'ans  to  attack  the  Greeks  in  Sicily, 
while  himfelf  with  an  army  of  about 
c, 283,000  perfons,  but  not  half  of 
tl^m  warriors,  invaded  Greece.  Thefc 
were  moftly  cut  oif  by  the  Greeks  at 
Thermopylae,  Platea,  Salamis,  and  My- 
cak.  After  1 2  years  he  was  fucceed- 
cd  Ly  Artaxerxes  Longimanr.s  his  fon, 
who  fent  Ezra  and  Nehemiali  to  pro- 
mote the  welfare  of  the  Jews.  He  re- 
duced the  Egyptians  to  a  flill  more 
grievous  fetvitude.  After  a  reign  of 
41  years,  he  was  fucceeded  by  Xerxes 
his'  fon.  Pie,,  after  one  year,  was  mur- 
dered by  Scgdianus  his  ballard  bro- 
ther j  and  he,  in  other  feven  months, 
by  Darius  Nothus,  or  Ochus,  another 
bailard  brother.  After  a  reign  of  1 8 
years,  he  was  fucceeded  by  his  fon  Ar- 
taxerxes Mnemon.  His  defeating  of 
his  brother  Cyrus,  his  vi6lory  over  the 
Lacedemonians,  his  difficult  redu6):iorj ' 
of  Cyprus,  and  his  ftruggles  with  the 
Egyptians,  are  the  moll  noted  event? 
of  his  long  reign  of  about  45  years, 
Artaxerxes  Ochus  his  fon,  after  mur- 
dering his  two  elder  brethren,  fucceed- 
ed him.  After  a  cruel  reign  of  23 
years,  in  which  he  rayaged  Egypt, 
Phenicia,  and  part  of  Judea,  he,  and 
foon  after^  Arfes  his  fon,  were  mur- 
dered by  Bagoas  an  eunuch,  and  Da- 
rius Codomannus,  a  very  diftant  rela- 
tion, was  placed  on  the  throne,  in 
whofe  time  the  Perfian  empire  wat 
quite  overturned  by  Alexander  and  the 
Greeks,  If.  xlvi.  n.  xh.  2.  3.  25.  xlv, 
I. — 5.  13.  xiiv.  28.  Dan.  ii.  32.  vii, 
4.5.12.  X.  13.  20.  viii.  2. — 7.20.21-- 
x.i.  2.  3.    Numb.  xxiv.  24. 

From  J.  M.  3675  to  3754  PerHa 
v\'as  wholly  under  the  dominion  of  the 
Greeks  j  and  Elymais,  and  others  06 
the  welicrn  parts,  were  fo  long  after- 
wards ;  but  the  Parthians  gradually 
rendered  themfelves  mailers  of  the  whole, 
of  it.  About  ^.  3T.  4236,  or  y^.  D. 
23.2,  Artaxerxes,  a  noble  prince  of  the, 

Perfians, 


PER  [2 

Pcrfinnf?,  fclzed  the  kingJom.  Twen- 
ty-eight kings  of  his  family  reigned  in 
facceffion  above  400  years.  Some  of 
the^  were  noted  perfeeut(n-s  of  the 
Chrillians.  Many  of  them  had  violent 
Ib-ugg-lcs  of  war  with  the  Roman  em- 
perors. 

Hitherto  a  kind  of  Deifm  had  been 
the  eltabhfhed  religion  of  Perha.  They 
had  neither  temples,  nor  itatues,  nor 
altars,  nor  did  they  believe  there  was 
need  for  any,  as  God  was  every  where. 
They  facriiiced  to  the  elements  and 
heavenly  luminaries,  as  fymbols  of 
him.  They  learned  not  a  little  of  ido- 
latry from  the  AiTyrians  and  Chaideaiis; 
hut  -Zoroafter  or  Zerdufh,  ^a  crafty  fel- 
low, perhaps  an  apoftate  difciple  ot  the 
Prophet  Ezekiel,  -about  tlie  time  of 
Darius  Hyihdpes,  r.iightilv  reformed 
their  religious  fyllem.  His  fcheme 
continued  as  long  as  their  kin^-dom  : 
nay  thofe  who  call  themfelves  Perfees, 
and  pretend  to  be  the  true  Perlians, 
ftill  retain  it.  They  hold  one  eternal 
God,  and  a  good  and  evil  principle  un- 
der iiim  :  light  they  reckon  the  lymbol 
of  the  good,  and  darknefs  of  the  bad 
one.  They  maintain  that  the  world  was 
created  in  hx  days,  and  one  man  and 
onTe  woman  made  for  the  parents  of 
mankind  ;  and  that  the  good  principle 
of  light  withdrawing  himfelf,  the  child 
of  darknefs  will,  at  the  lull  day,  pro- 
duce a  diifolution  of  nature.  About 
x/.  D.  634,  the  Saracens  fpread  them- 
felves into  Pcrfia,  and  eitabhihed  their 
Mahomttan  delufion  :  but  for  the  moft 
part  the  Perlians  have  been  of  the  ledl 
of  Ali,  the  fon-In-law  of  Mahomet  ; 
and  are  heartily  detciled  by  the  Turks, 
and  others  of  the  fed  of  Omar.  After 
the  Saracen  Calipha  had  governed  Per-- 
iia  by  their  fultans  about  420  years,  the 
Turks,  who,  for  fome  ages  before,  had 
poured  themfelves  into  it  while  it  was 
under  the  government  of  the  Buides, 
f^ized  the  fovereignty,  -^.  Z).  1055. 
Tangrohpix  and  his  Seljukian  fr.ccei- 
fors  ruled  it  till  about  y/.  D.  1260, 
when  Halon  the  fon  of  Jengiiiz-kan, 
the  famed  Tartar,  wrelted  it  from 
them.  After  he  and  eight  of  his  de- 
scendants had  fwayed  the  fceptre,  Ta- 


6a     1 


P  F.  R 


merlane,  another  Taita'-ian  prince  fei- 
zed  it,  about  ^.  D.  1400,  and  left  it 
to  Mirza  his  fon.  Contentio'"'.  raged 
in  his  family,  till  they  were  all  driven 
from  the  throne,  and  Ufumcaifan  the 
Turkman,  king  of  Arsnenia,  fcized 
on  it,  A.  D.  1472.  His  male  line 
quickly  failed  ;  but  Iflimael  his  grand- 
fon  by  his  daughter,  whom  he  had 
marri«:;d  to  Sheik  Eidar,  the  famed 
preacher,  after  his  father  had  been 
murdered,  ilruggled  into  the  throne, 
yl.  D.  1499.  Tiie  fovereignty  conti- 
nued in  his  family  for  eleven  genera- 
tions. Some  of  his  fucceffors  were  ab- 
folute  infernals  in  cruelty  and  murder. 
Huffeyn,  the  lall,  and  one  of  the  bell 
of  them,  was  wickedly  dethroned  in 
1723,  and  afterwards  murdered  by  the 
wretcti  Myr-weis.  Not  long  after  his 
death,  the  famous  Kuli-kan  mounted 
the  throne,  fubdued  the  Moguls,  chaf- 
tifed  the  Turks,  and  attempted  to 
change  the  religion  of  ,his  country  in- 
to a  conformity  with  that  of  other 
Mahometans  ;  but  he  was  miH-dered. 
With  terrible  ftruggling,  Kerim-khan 
got  himfelf  enthroned  about  1763, 
after  the  country  had  almoft  40  years 
been  a  (liocking  fcene  of  treachery 
and  murder.  Millions  had  periflied 
in  ways  the  moil  wretched.  At  pre- 
fent  the  Perfian  empire  is  very  large, 
bounded  witli  the  Turkifh  on  the  weft, 
with  the  Ruifian  on  the  north,  and 
with,  that  of  the  Mogul  on  the  fouth, 
and  with  Tartary  on  the  eall,  I  know 
of  few  Chriilians  in  it,  except  the  Ar- 
menians, who  have  15  or  16  churches 
at  Zulpha,  the  famed  fuburb  of  Ifpa- 
han  the  capital  ;  and  fome  otliers  on 
the  fouth  and  well  of  the  Cafpian  fea, 
who  fcarce  deferve  the  name. 

PERSON;  ( I.)  A  particular  man. 
Gen.  xiv.  21.  Job  xxii.  29.  (2.) 
When  joined  with  accept,  perfon,  oxfacCf 
it  denotes  external  quahties,  conditions, 
country,  friends,  wealth,  poverty,  or 
the  hke,  Luke  xx.  21".  Ads  x.  34. 
A  pcrfon  in  the  Godhead,  denotes  the 
Godhead  itfelf,  as  fubfifting  with  fome 
dillincl  and  natural  relation  to  another 
perfon  pofrelied  of  the  fame  nature  : 
thus  the  fiHl  perfon  Hands  related  as  a 

father 


P  F.  R  \     26 

father  to  the  fcco-id,  and  the  fecond 
ftauds  related  as  a  fon  to  him,  H>ib. 
i.  3. ;  but  by  the  perfon  of  Chr'ijl  is  or- 
dinarily meant  the  Son  of  God  as  our 
Mediator,  clothed  with  our  nature  : 
and'  to  forgive  a  thiu^:;  in  the  perfon  of 
Chr'ifly  is  to  abfolve  from  cenfurc  in  his 
name  and  authority;  as  he  who  a61;s  in 
the  (lead  or  authority  of  another,  fuf- 
tains  their  perfon  in  a  law-i'eufe,  2  Cor. 
ii.  10. 

PERSUADE;  ( I.)  To  convince; 
to  malce  to  believe,  Luke  xvi.  31. 
(2.)  EtTeilually  to  advife  or  excite  to 
the  performance  of  fomething,  2  Chr. 
xxii.  \\.  I '  Kings  xxxii.  20.  Prov. 
xxii.  15..  Aftsxiv.  19,  God. pel fuades 
Japheth,  when  he  makes  multitudes  of 
his  offspring  believe  the  gofpel,  and  be- 
come members  of  his  church,  Gen.  ix. 
-j-  27.  Men  are  perfuaded,  when  they 
are  truly  and  fatisfyingly  affured  of  a 
thing,  Heb.  vi.  9.  xi.  13.  Rom.  viii. 
38.  xiv.  5.  Do  I  petfuade  men,  or 
God  P  Do  I  preach  the  things  of  men, 
or  of  God  ?  Is  it  for  the  fake  of  men, 
or  of  God,  tliat  I  excite  men  to  be- 
lieve and  obey  tlie  gofpel  ?  Gal.  i.  10. 

PERVERSENESS  ;  froward- 
NESS  ;  a  contrarious  difpofition,  ready 
to  oppofe  what  is  reafonable  and  good, 
Prov.  xi.  33.  Men  go  on  fro-iuardly, 
when,  contrary  to  the  commands,  invi- 
tations, threatenings,  promifes,  correc- 
tions of  God,  and  their  own  interell 
and  confcience,  they  ruQi  on  in  evil 
qourfes,  If.  Ivii.  17.  With  the /ro- 
ivardy  God  fliews  him.felf  froiuard ; 
with  fuch  as  rebel  again  ft  his  word  and 
pi'ovidence,  he  fhews  himfelf  their 
hearty  oppofer,  and  almighty  refifter 
and  punifher,  2  Sam.  xxii.  27. 

PERVERT  ;  to  put  out  of  order  ; 
turn  things  upfide  down.  To  pervert 
perfons,  is  to  feduce  them  into  finful 
courfes.  If.  xlvii.  10.  Luke  xxiii.  2. 
To  pervert  one's  wayj  is  frowardly  to 
do  wickednefs,  Jer.  iii.  21.  Prov.  xix. 
3.  To  pervert  the  right  icays  of  the  Lord, 
is  falfely  to  reproach  and  mifreprefent 
the  truths  and  ordinances  of  JefusChrlft, 
and  his  people's  obedience  thereto, 
A6ls  xiii.  10.  To  pervert  the  gofpel  or 
li'ords  of  the  living. God,  is  to  mix  them 


3    1  PET 

with  error,  or  ufe  them  to  fiippoit 
wickednefs.  Gal.  i.  7.  Jer.  xxiii. '36. 
To  pervert  judgement y  is  to  difpenfe  it 
unjullb,  for  the  fake  of  gain,  fav^ar, 
or  like  canrd  motive,   Deut.  xxvii,  19. 

PESTILENCE.     See  plague. 

PETER,  the  fon  of  Jonas  and  bro- 
ther of  Andrew,  was  a  native  of  Beth- 
faida  ;  liis  original  name  was  Simon, 
but  Jefus  called  him  Cephas  or  Peter, 
i.  e.  Tx  jlone  or  roch,  to  mark  his  need 
of  fteadinefs  in  his  faith  and  pi'aclice. 
He  married  a  woman  of  Capernaum  ; 
and  had  his  motlier-in-law  cured  of  a 
fever  by  our  Saviour,  Mark  i.  29.  In- 
vited by  Andrew  his  brother,  he  went 
and  faw  Jefus,  and  ftaid  with  him  a 
night.  About  a  year  after,  Jefus  found 
them  wafhing  their  nets,  as  they  left 
o(f  tiihing  on  the  fea  of  Galilee.  He 
defired  the  ufe  of  their  boat  to  .fit  in, 
and  teach  the  people.  After  he  had 
done  fo,  to  reward  their  kindnefs,  and 
manifeft  his  own  power,  he  ordered 
them  to  caft  their  net  into  the  fea  for 
a  draught.  They  had  fifhed  the  whole 
night  before,  and  caught  nothing;  but 
being  obedient  to  our  Saviour,  they 
now  caught  fuch  a  multitude  of  filhes 
as  loaded  their  own  boat,  and  alfo  that 
of  James  and  John.  Aftonillied  at  the 
draught,  Peter  begged  our  Saviour  to 
depart,  as  he  was  too  holy  and  great 
to  ft  ay  in  the  company  of  one  fo  finful. 
Inftead  of  fuKilling  his  ftupid  requeft, 
Jefus  called  Peter  and  Andrew,  James 
and  John,  to  be  his  difciples,  John  i. 
40.  41.  42.  Luke  v.  I. — II.  Mat.  iv. 
Peter  and  Andrew  were  the  two  firft 
fent  forth  of  the  apoftles,  being,  it  is 
like,  the  eldeft,  Luke  vi.  14.  Matth. 
X.  2.  Peter  being  extremely  forward 
in  his  temper,  when  he  faw  our  Savi- 
our coming,  walking  on  the  fea,  he 
defired  his  orders  to  meet  him  on  the 
water.  He  had  fcarce  entered  the  wa- 
ter, when  doubting  of  his  fafe  prefer- 
vation,  he  cried  for  Jefus's  help.  Je* 
fus  prefervcd  him,  and  rebuked  him  for 
the  weakntfsof  his  faith,  Mat.  xiv.  28. 
— 31.  When  afterwards  Jefus  alKcd 
his  difciples  if  they  would  leave  him, 
as  many  others  had  juft  done  ?  Peter 
replied,  they  could  go  fafely  no  where 

clfe> 


PET  [2 

^ife,  as  he  alone  had  the  wordij  of,  and 
power  to  g^ive,  eternal  life,  John  vi.  66. 
67.  6S.  When,  at  Cofarca  Philippf, 
Jcfas  alked  his  dlfciplcs,  whom  they 
believed  him  to  be  ?  Peter  rephcd,  that 
they  were  firmly  perfuaded  he  w.as 
Chr'il}  the  fan  of  the  living  God.  Jefus 
bicffed  him,  and  hinted,  that  fuch 
knowledge  and  faith  had  been  ^-ivea 
him  by  the  Spirit  of  God  ;  and  affured 
him,  that  as  certainly  as  he  was  Peter, 
he  would  fo  build  his  church  by  his 
means,  upon  that  perfon  and  truth  he 
had  confe(fed,  that  all  the  gates  or 
powers  of  hell  fhould  not  overthrow  it. 
He  added,  that  to  him  and  his  fellow 
-apoltles,  and  their  fucceffors  in  the  mi- 
Jiiftry,  he  would  give  the  power  of 
founding,  inftrutling,  or  governing  his 
church  ;  and  that  whatever  condemna- 
tion or  abfolution  they  fliould,  according 
to  his  word,  give,  either  in  doctrine  or 
<lifcipline,  fiiould  be  ratified  in  heaven. 
When  Jefus,  ahnofl  immediately  after, 
foretold  his  fufferings,  Peter  rebuked 
him,  and  bid  him  fpare  himfelf.  Jefas 
ftiarply  reproved  hiin,  and  told  him, 
Satan  had  tempted  him  to  fay  fo  ;  and 
tliat  his  fpeech  favoured  not  of  God, 
but  of  carnal  indulgence.  It  was  fcarce 
eiglit  days  after,  whtm  Peter  was  ad- 
mitted to  witnefs  our  Saviours  tranf- 
(figuration.  He  on  the  fight  of  Mofes 
and  Elias,  foolifiily  ailced  leave  to  ereft 
three  tabernacles,  one  for  his  Mailer, 
and  one  for  eacli  of  the  prophets.  Mat. 
svi.  13. — 23.  xvii.  1. — 4.. 

As  Peter  and  his  Mailer,  feme  time 
after,  entered  into  Capernaum,  wliere 
it  feems  they  were  enrolled  asrefidents, 
the  colle6lors  of  the  P^oman  tribute 
aflced  him,  if  his  Mailer  paid  tribute  ? 
Jefus  knowing  it,  ordered  Peter  to  call 
a  line  into  the  fea,  and  open  the  mouth 
of  the  fiih  that  came  firll  up^  and  he 
would  find  a  fhekel  of  filver,  to  give  as 
tribute  for  them  two,  Matth',  r^^'n. 
24. — 27.  When  Jefus  afterwards  dif- 
■courfed  of  forgivenefs  of  injuries,  Pe- 
ter afl^-ed  him,  if  it  vvas  proper  to  for- 
give any  ofteaer  than  iaxtn  times  ?  Je- 
fus told  him,  he  mull  forgive  as  often 
as  \yas  ncceffary,  though  it  were  to  fe- 
yeiity  times  fcven,  .or  490  times,  Mat. 


64    1 


PET 


xviu.  2  1.  22.  When  our  Saviour  dif- 
courfed  of  riches  hindering  men  from  an 
entrance  into  the  kingdom  ot  God,  Pe- 
ter aflccd  him,  what  reward  he  and  his 
fellow-diiciples  fliould  have,  who  liad 
left  their  boats,  nets,  and  all  they  had 
in  the  world,  to  follow  him  ?  Jefus  re- 
plied, tliat  fuch  as,  in  the  commence- 
n-.ent  of  liis  gofpel-church,  truly  fol- 
lowed him  from  rtn  inward  principle  of 
grace,  fhould  have  dillinguilhed  honour 
in  the  church,  and  at  the  lall  day ;  and 
that  every  one  v/ho  truly  followed  him 
aniidil  his  perfecutions,  fliould  enjoy 
fellowHiip  with  him,  an  hundred  times 
more  excellent  than  all  tliey  could  have 
in  this  world,  Matth.  xix.  27. — 30. 
On  the  Tuefday  before  our  Saviour';; 
paiTion,  Peter  pointed  to  him,  how  the 
fig-tree  he  had  curfed  was  fo  quickly 
withered  ;  and  was  advifed  to  improve 
the  event,  as  an  excitement  to  faith 
and  fervent  prayer.  Mat.  xxi.  17. — 22. 
Mark  xi.  1 1 . — 2 1 .  Either  on  that,  or 
the  Thurfday  evening,  Peter  refufed 
to  allow  Jefus  to  wafh  his  feet ;  but 
being  told,  that  unlefs  he  wafhed  him, 
he  could  have  no  part  In  him,  begged 
to  have  not  only  his  feet,  but  alfo  his 
hands  and  liis  head  waflied.  Jefus  told 
him,  that  fuch  as  had  once  been  wafli- 
ed  in  his  Hood,  needed  no  repeated 
juflification,  but  only  to  have  their 
dnily  blots  of  infirmity  purged  off, 
John  xiii.  i. — 17.  At  the  one  or  o- 
ther  of  thefe  times,  Peter  infligated 
John  to  beg,  that  Jefus  would  point 
out  which  of  them  was  to  be  the  trai- 
tor, John  xiii.  24.  25.  26.  Pie,  toge- 
ther with  Andrew,  James,  and  John, 
aiked  Jefus,  when  the  temple  fhould 
be  deftroyed,  and  he  would  return  to 
judge  tlie  world,  Matth.  xxiv.  i.  2.  3. 
On  Thurfday,  he  and  John,  by  their 
Mafler's  order,  found  out  an  upper- 
room,  and  there  prepared  e*.'ery  thing- 
neceffary  for  the  paiTover-feail, 'Luka 
xxii.  8.— r-i2. 

When,  after  the  facred  fupper,  Je- 
fus warned  his  apoftles  of  their  being 
offended  becaufe  of  him  that  night, 
Peter,  with  his  ordinary  rafhnefs,  pro- 
mifcd,  that  though  every  body  fliould 
fDrfftks  his  Mailer;  he  never  would,  but 

would 


PET  [     : 

would  follow  him,  and  rather  die  witli 
liim,  than  in  the  leaft  deny  him.  Jcfiis 
airiired  him,  that  before  the  cock 
IhoLild  crow  twice,  he  would  deny  him 
thrice  ;  and  that  Satan  liad  defired  to 
liave  permilhon  to  fift  and  tempt  him 
and  his  fellow-difciples,  but  he  had 
prayed  for  him,  that  his  faith  migrht 
not  quite  fail  ;  and  he  admonifhed  him 
to  comfort  and  encourage  his  brethren, 
i  as  foon  as  himfelf  was  recovtred,  John 
xiii.  36. — 38.  Matth.  xxvi.  31. — 
35.  Luke  xxii.  31. — 34.  V/hen  Pe- 
ter, James,  and  John,  were  taken  a- 
long  with  our  Saviour  into  the  garden, 
to  witnefs  his  bloody  agony,  they 
quickly  fell  afleep.  Jefus,  after  his 
three  different  prayers,  awakened  them. 
He  afked  them,  if  they  could  not 
watch  with  him  one  hour  ;  he  kindly 
hinted,  that  their  fpirit  was  willing, 
but  theii-  fleni  was  weak.  Wlien  he  a- 
wakened  them,  as  Judas  approached, 
he  ironically  bid  them  ileep  on.  When 
Judas  came  with  his  band,  Peter  being 
one  of  the  two  difciples  that  had  fwords, 
drew  his,  and  cut  off  the  ear  of  Mal- 
chus  the  high-prieft's  fervant.  Jefus 
kindly  rebuked  him,  and  ordered  himi 
to  put  up  his  fword,  otherwife  it  might 
occafion  his  death.  Peter,  at  a  dif- 
tance,  followed  our  Saviour  to  the  pa- 
lace of  Caiaphas  ;  and  by  means  of  an-r 
other  difciple,  got  accefs  into  the  hall, 
and  waited  among  the  high-prieil's  fer- 
vants  to  fee  the  iilue.  A  maid  looked 
at  him,  and  faid,  flie  had  certainly  feen 
him  with  Jefus  of  Nazareth.  He  de- 
nied that  he  fo  much  as  knew  him. 
Peter  went  out  to  the  porch,  and  the 
cock  crew  for  the  jEirft  time.  Soon  af- 
ter, another  maid  faid  to  thofe  that 
flood  by,  that  certainly  he  was  one. of 
Jefus's  followers.  He  denied  it  with 
an  oath.  About  an  hour  after,  one 
of  the  company  aflirm.ed  he  was  a  dif- 
ciple of  Jefus  ;  and  others  infifted  that 
he  certainly  was,  and  that  his  very 
fpeech  marked  him  a  Galilean  ;  and 
finally,  a  kinfman  of  Malchus  faid. 
Did  not  I  fee  thee  in  the  garden  with 
him  ?  To  give  them  what  he  thought 
full  evidence  he  was  no  follower  of  Je- 
fus, he  began  to  curfe  and  to  fwcar, 
Vol.  n. 


65     ]  PET 

that  he  did  not  fo  much  as  know  fuch 
a  man.  At  that  very  inflant  the  cock 
crew  for  the  fecond  time,  and  Jefus 
gave  Peter  a  look.  He  remembered 
his  Mailer's  prediftion  of  his  treachery, 
and  went  out,  and  wept  bitterly,  and, 
it  is  probable,  continued  his  mourning 
till  he  heard  our  Saviour  was  rifen  from 
the  dead,  Matth.  xxvi.  40. — 47.  69. — 
75.  John  xviii.  to.  ii.  15.— 27.  On 
the  morning  of  the  refurreftion-day, 
Peter  and  John,  hearing  that  their 
Mailer's  corpfe  was  removed  from  the 
grave,  run  to  fee  if  it  was  fo.  Peter 
went  down  into  the  fepulchre,  and  faw 
the  grave-cloaths  laid  in  good  order, 
but  the  body  was  gone.  Filled  with 
perplexity,  they  returned  to  the  reft. 
When  Jefus  appeared  to  the  women,  he 
ordered  them  in  a  particular  manner  to 
inform  difconfolate  Peter,  that  he  was 
rifen  from  the  dead.  It  was  not  long 
after,  when  Peter  had  the  pleafure  to 
fee  his  Mafter  once  and  again  at  Jerufa- 
lem,  along  with  the  other  apoftles. 
When,  fome  time  after,  Peter,  and 
fundry  other  apoftles,  were  fiftiing  on 
the  fea,  of  Tiberias,  Jefus  appeared  on 
the  iliore.  No  fooner  had  Peter  heard 
that  it  was  their  Lord,  than  from  ftrong 
affection  he  flung  himfelf  into  the  fea, 
and  fv/am  to  the  ihore.  After  they  had 
dined,  Jefus  thrice  aiked  him,  if  he  lo- 
ved him  above  every  other  thing  ?  Pe- 
ter as  oft,  and  at  the  third  time  with 
fome  vehemence  and  grief,  appealed  to 
hini  that  he  knew  he  did  :  Jefus  as  of- 
ten charged  him  to  feed  his  people, 
flieepi  or  lambs.  Much  about  the  fame 
time,  Jefus  told  him, that  he  muft  endure 
bonds  and  imprifonment  for  In's  fake, 
in  his  old  age.  He  afked  Jefus,  what 
then  fhould  become  of  John  the  belo- 
ved difciple  ?  Jefus  diredled  him  to  fol- 
low his  own  example,  and  cleave  to  his 
caufe,  and  leave  the  fate  of  John  to  the 
government  of  Providence,  Mark  xvi. 
6.  7.  John  XX.  I. — 8.  xxi.  Very  foon 
after  our  Saviour's  afcenfion,  Peter 
propofed  to  the  Chiiftians  at  Jerufalem, 
to  eledl  another  to  fdl  up  the  room  of 
Judas;  and  Matthias  was  chofen.  On 
the  loth  day,  when  the  Plebrews,  from 
tvery  corner'  around,  wa"e  gathered  to 
L  1  celebrate 


PET  r     266     J  PET 


cektrate  the  feaft  of  Pentecoft,  Peter, 
and  his  fellovv-apoftles,  endowed  with 
the  Holy  Ghofl,  fpake  in  a  diverfity 
of  languages  to  the  aflembly.  The 
Jews  from  Parthia,  Media,  Perfia,  Me- 
fopotamia,  Judea,  Cappadocia,  Pontus, 
Proconfular  Aha,  Phr}^gia,  Pamphylia, 
Egypt,  Lybia,  Rome,  Crete,  and  A- 
rabia,  heard  them  in  the  rei"pe6live  lan- 
guages of  their  country.  The  people 
were  aftonifhed,  but  feme  profane  fcof- 
fers  faid,  they  were  drunk.  Peter 
Handing  up  with  the  other  eleven,  fhew- 


whofoever  rejeded  fhould  certainly  pe- 
rifh  }  and  that  God  having  raifed  him 
from  the  dead,  had  fent  him  to  them 
iirft,  in  the  offer  of  the  gofpel,  and 
power  of  his  Spirit,  to  blefs  them,  in 
turning  them  from  their  iniquities. 
This  fermon  was  bleffed  for  the  conver- 
fion  of  5000.  About  even-tide,  the 
priefts  and  Sadducees  apprehended  Pe- 
ter and  John,  and  put  them  in  prifon. 
Next  day  they  were  brought  before  the 
council,  and  interrogated  how  they  had 
cured  the  lame  man.     They  rephed,  it 


ed,  that  not  v.-ine,  but  the  Holy  Ghofl,     was  done  by  the  authority  and  power 


which,  according  to  the  ancient  pro- 
mifes,  had  defcended  on  them,  enabled 
them  thus  to  fpeak  with  tongues,  and 
that  it  was  a  demonftrative  proof  that 
Jefus  was  rifen  from  the  dead,  and  gone 
to  his  Father's  right  hand,  and  was  con- 
flituted  the  Sovereign  and  fole  Saviour 
of  men.  Multitudes  v/ere  deeply  con- 
vifted  of  fm,  and  befought  the  apoftles 
to  inform  them  howthey  might  be  fayed. 
Peter,  a?  the  mouth  of  the  reft,  diredted 
them  to  believe  the  new-covenant  pro- 
mifes,  indorfed  to  them  and  their  feed, 
and  to  repent  and  be  baptized  for  the 
remifficn  of  their  fins,  through  Jefus's 
blood.  That  very  day  3000  believed, 
and  were  added  to  the  Chriftian  church, 
A6ls  i.  ii.  When,  fome  days  ^fter, 
Peter  and  John  went  up  to  the  temple 
about  nine  o'clock  in  the  morning, 
which  was  the  hour  of  prayer,  a  man 
who  had  been  a  cripple  from  his  birth, 
fitting  at  the  beautiful  gate  of  the 
tem.ple,  aiked  alms  of  thetn.  Peter 
told  hirt,  he  had  neither  filver  nor  gold 
to  give  him  ;  but  in  the  name  of  Jefus, 
charged  him  to  rife  and  walk.  The 
man  was  directly  cured,  and  went  along 
•with  them  through  the  court  of  the 
temple,  leaping  and  praifmg  God.  He 
held  Peter  and  John,  and  told  the  afr 
fembling  multitude,  how  they  had 
healed  him.  '  Peter  told  the  admiring 
crowd,  that  they  had  not  m»ade  this 
man  to  walk  by  their  own  power,  but 
by  the  intJuence  of  Jefus  Chrift,  whom 
they  had  lately  murdered,  and  who 
had  rifen  from  the  dead,  and  afcended 
to  glory.  He  (hewed  them,  that  Je- 
ins  was  the  promifed  McfTiahj  which 


of  Chrift,  v/hom  the  council  had  lately 
crucified,  but  God  had  raifed  from  the 
dead.  As  the  council  knew  that  Peter 
and  John  were  men  of  no  education,  they 
were  fuiprifed  at  their  anfwers.  They 
charged  them  to  preach  no  more  concern- 
ing Jefus,  or  as  authorifed  by  him.  Pe- 
ter and  John  bade  them  think,  whether  it 
was  bell  to  difobey  God,  or  the  council. 
After  farther  threatenings,  they  let  them 
go.  They  went  to  their  brethren  the 
apoftles  and  believers,  and  related  what 
had  happened.  They  all  praifed  God, 
and  folemnly  prayed  for  further  ftrength 
for  his  work.  The  houfe  fhook,  and 
the  Holy  Ghoft  fell  upon  them  in  a, 
farther  degree,  A6ls  iii.  iv.  As  the 
believers  expelled  the  approaching  ruin 
of  their  country,  according  to  their 
Mafter's  predi6lion,  or  the  iofs  of  their 
eftates  by  perfecution,  many  of  them 
fold  them,  and  gave  the  apoftles  the 
money,  to  be  laid  out  for  pious  ufes. 
Ananias,  and  Sapphirahis  wife,  fold 
theirs  ;  but  deceitfully  kept  part  of  the 
price  to  themfelves.  Peter  detected 
their  fraud.  Both  of  them  were  di- 
vinely cut  off  by  a  fudden  death.  This 
tended  to  increafe  the  awe  and  charac- 
ter of  the  apoftles.  Multitudes  believed 
the  gofpel,  and  vaft  numbers  of  difeafed 
perfons  were  miraculoufiy  healed.  Pe- 
ter and  the  other  apoftles  v/ere  impri- 
foned ;  but  an  angel  releafed  them,  and 
they  returned  directly  to  preach  in  the 
courts  of  the  temple.  Their  efcape 
furprifed  the  council ;  but  they  re-ap- 
prehended them,  and  reminded  them 
of  their  former  charge.  Peter  replied, 
that  it  behoved  them  to  obey  God  rar 

ther 


PET  [2 

ther  than  men  ;    and  told  them,  that 
God  had  highly  exalted  Jefus,  whom 
they  had  murdered,  to  be  a  Prince  and 
Saviour ;  and  had  teftified  this  by  the 
gifts  and  miracles  of  the  Holy  Gholl, 
fo  notour  among  his  followers.      Pro- 
voked herewith,  the  council  were  for 
murdering  them  diredly,  had  not  Ga- 
maliel prevented  them   with  his  more 
fober  fpeech.  Ads  v.     After  the  dea- 
cons were  chofen,    and   Stephen,  one 
of  them,  murdered,  and  a  perfecution 
had  fcattered  the   Chriftian  preachers, 
and  the  Samaritans  received  the  gofpel 
by  Philip  the  deacon,  Peter  and  John 
went  thither,  to  confer  the  Holy  Ghoft, 
by  laying  on  of  their  hands.    Simon  the 
forcerer,  who  had  been  lately  baptized, 
offered  them  a  fum  of  money  for  a  fliare 
of  their  miraculous  powers.     Peter  bid 
him  and  his  money  perifh  together,  as 
he  had  imagined  the  gifts  of  God  could 
be  purchafed  therewith  ;  and  told  him, 
that  he  had  no  title  to  the  miniilerlal 
work,  but  appeared  to  be  in  the  gall 
of  bitternefs,  and  bond  of  iniquity,  ua-  - 
der  the  reigning  power  of  his  corrupt 
lufts  ;  and  direded  him  to  pray  God, 
if  perhaps  the  wickednefs  of  his  heart 
might  be  forgiven  him.     After  preach- 
ing  through  moll  of  Samaria,    Peter 
and  John  returned  to  Jerufalem.     The 
.  converfion  of  Paul  having  flopped,  or 
■  at  leail  abated  the  Jevvlfh  perfecution, 
Peter  went  to  vlfit  the  believers  in  Ju- 
dea,  Samaria,  and  Galilee.  At  Lydda, 
he  recovered  Eneas,  who  had  been  ill 
of  a  palfy  eight  years.      At  Joppa  he 
reftored  Tabltha  to  life,  Afts  viii.  i. 

25.  Ix.  32. — 43.     While  he  lodged 

at  Joppa,  with  one  Simon  a  tanner, 
Cornelius,  a  Gentile  centurion,  <li- 
reded  of  God,  fent  meffengers  for  him, 
to  inftrud  him  and  his  friends  in  the 
way  of  the  Lord.  Meanwhile,  God 
prepared  Peter  by  a  vifion.  About 
mid -day,  as  he  was  by  himfelf^  on  the 
top  of  the  houfe,  the  roof  being  flat, 
and  was  very  hungry,  he  fell  into  a 
trance,  wherein  he  faw,  as  It  were,  i 
great  fheet  full  of  animals,  clean  and 
unclean,  let  down  from  heaven  ;  and 
heard  a  voice  calling  him  to  rife,  kill, 
and  eat.     He  replied,    that  he   never 


67    1  PET 

had  eaten  of  any  unclean  animals  ;  th6 
voice  rephed,  that  It  was  improper  he 
fhould  think  that  unclean,   which  God 
had  cleanfed.     All  this  was  thrice  re- 
peated :  and  then  the  fheet  was  appa- 
rently carried  up  into  heaven.    He  had 
fcarce   awakened    out    of    his  trance, 
when  Cornehus's  meffengers  were  come 
to  invite  him  to  preach  to  thefe  Gen- 
tiles. .   After  hearing  what  had  moved 
their  ;naller  to  call  him,  and  confider- 
Ing  the  Import  of  his   vifion,  he  went 
along  with   them,    and  inilruded  and 
baptized    Cornelius    and    his     friends. 
The  Jewldi  converts  at  Jerufalem  were  . 
at  the  firft  offended  with   his  going  to 
the    Gentiles  ;    but  when    they  heard 
how  Cornelius  was  divinely  direcled  to 
call  him  ;   how  he  was  by  his  vlfiou  dl- 
refted  to  undervalue  none  whom  God 
had  regarded  ;  and  how  the  miraculous 
Influences  of  the   Holy  Ghofl  fell  on 
Cornelius  and  his  friends  as  he  preach- 
ed to   them  ;  they  were  fatlsfied,   and 
bleffed    God    for    granting    unto    the 
Gentiles  repentance  unto  life,   Acls  x» 
xi.  I.— 18.' 

While   he   continued  at   Jerufalem, 
Paul  lodged  with  him  two  weeks,  GaL 
i.  18.     To   gratify   the   Jews,  Herod 
Agrippa  Imprlfoned  him.  Intending  to 
kill  him,  as  he  had  done  James  the  bro- 
ther of  John.  The  very  night  before  his 
Intended  execution,  and  while  his  Chri- 
ftian friends  were  met  In  the  houfe  of 
one  Mary,  to  pray  for  his  deliverance, 
an  angel  came  to  him  in  the  prifon,  as 
he  flept  between  two  foldiers,  awaken- 
ed hira,  took  off  his   chains,  opened 
the  prifon,  and  conduded  him  to  the 
ftreet,    c?Aled  Jiraight.      He   went   dl- ' 
reaiy  to.the  houfe  of  Mary,  and  knock- 
ed- at  the  door.      Rhoda,  a  damfcl  v/ho 
came   to  open  the  door,    hearing  his 
voice,  run  back  in  a  tranfport  of  joy, 
and  told  the  Chriftians  that  It  was^  Pe- 
ter.    They  believed  her  not  ;  but  ima- 
gining every  good  man  had  his  attend-* 
ant  angel,  they  faid  it  would  be  Peter's 
angel  that   had  knocked.     Peter  con- 
tinuing to  knock,  was  at  lafl  admitted, 
and  to  their  great  joy.  Informed  them 
of  what  had  befallen  him.     Whether 
after  this  he  went  to  Pontus,  Galatia, 
L  1  2  Cappadocia, 


PET         [268 

Cappadocia,  Proconfular  Afui,  and  Bi-  t]\e 
thynia,  to  the  fcattered  Jews  of  which 
places  he  writes  his  epiilles,  we  know 
not.  It  13  certain,  that  about  eight 
years  after,  he  was  at  Jerufalem  at  the 
council,  and  there  related,  how  God 
by  him  luul  firft  granted  the  gofpcl  to 
the  Gentiles  ;  and  fugi^etled,  that  lince' 
■God  had  made  no  difference  between 
Jews  and  Gentilts,  in  his  faving  or  ex- 
traordinary' gifts,  they  ought  to  im- 
^bfe  on  them  no  yoke  of  ceremonial 
rites.  A-bout  this  time,  he  and  James 
find  John  gave  Paul  the  rigiit  hand  of 
fellowfiiip,  and  agreed  that  he  ihould 
chiefly  preach  to  the  Gentiles.  When 
Peter  was  travelling  northward,  per- 
'haps  to  the  places  above  mentioned,  he 
came  to  Antioch.  At  firfl  he  joined 
in  the  utmoll  familian'ty  with  tlie  Gen- 
t-ik  converts  ;  but  when  fome  fticklers 
for  Judaifm  came  down  from  Jerufa- 
lem, lie  forbore  it,  and  was  like  to  have 
-feduced  Barnabas  into  the  fame  courfe. 
Knowing  that  this  encouraged  the  im- 
■pofition  of  the  ceremonies  upon  the 
new  converts,  Paul  iharply  expoilulated 


'\vith  Peter  for  his  diiriniulation, 
•praftical  contraditling  of  the  very 
fpeech  he  had  uttered  in  the  council. 
-Peter,  it  feems,  received  this  rebuke ' 
with  an  humble  concern.  In  -his  old 
age,  it  feems,  Peter  travelled  from  the 
fouth  coafts  of  the  Black  fea,  into 
Mefopotamia  and  Chaidea  ;  for  from 
Babylon,  not  the  city,  but  the  pro- 
vince, where  there  were  multitudes  of 
Jews,  he  writes  his  firft:  cpillle..  After 
manifold  fufferings  for  his  Mafter,  he 
died  ;  but  whether  by  crucilixion  with 
his  head  downwards  or  not,  we  cannot 
determine.  It  is  faid,  he  could  never 
hear  a  cock  crov/,  but  it  revived  his 
grief  for  the  denial  of  his  Mailer,  Afts 
xii.  XV.   Gal.  ii.    i  Pet.  i.  i.   v.  13. 

Of  the  two  infpired  miffives  which 
he  wrote  to  the  difperfed  Jews,  the 
firft  is  defigned  to  comfort  and  confirm 
them  in  the  truth,  amidft  the  fiery 
trials  and  teip.ptations  to  which  they 
were  expofed  ;  and  to  diredi;  them  in 
their  hearing  of  ^  God's  word,  and  in 
their  diverfified  ftations,  civil  or  reli- 
gious ;    and  to  caution   them   againft 


]  PET 

infurreilions  then  fomented  by 
their  countrymen  againft  the  Roman 
government.  In  the  fecond,  which 
was  written  a  little  before  his  death, 
perhaps  about  A.  D.  66^  or  6S,  he 
iivculcatcs  their  abounding  in  Chrillian 
virtues.;  their  watching  againft  falfe 
teachers,  and  apoftafy  from  trutli  ;  and 
to  live  in  the  holieft  manner,  as  in  the 
immediat-e  views  of  the  ruin  of  their 
nation,  and  of  the  laft  judgement.  A 
noble  ma.)efty  and  rapidity  of  ftyle, 
witli. a  becoming  freedom,  is  vifible  in 
his  epiftlcs.  A  devout  and  judicious 
perfon  can  fcarce  read  them,  without 
folemn  attention  and  awful  concern. 
The  conflagration,  of  the  earth,  and 
the  future  judgement,  are  fo  defcribed. 


that  we  alinoft  fee  the  flames  afcendin< 


into  the  midft  of  heaven-,  feel  the  ele- 
ments melting  with  fervent  heat,  and 
hear  the  groans  of  an  expiring  world, 
and  the  crafhes  of  nature  tumbling  in- 
to univerfal  ruin.  Grotius  pretends 
this  fecond  epiftle  vv'as  the  work  of  one 
Simon,  bifliop  of  Jerufalem  ;  but  where 
were  his  eyes,  that  he  did  not  fee  that 
this  was  the  fecond  epiftle  to  the  Jews, 
by  one  who  had  been  with  Chrift,  m 
the  holy  mount  of  transfiguration  ? 
2  Pet.  i.  i8.  iii.  i.;  nor  is  the  ftyle  fo 
different  from  that  of  the  firft  as  is  pre- 
tended, except  where  the  fubjedl  re- 
quires it.  ^ 

A  number  of  fpurious-  trads,  as  a 
gofpel,  Adls,  Revelation,  with  a  trea- 
tife  on  preaching,  and  another  on  the 
lall  judgement,  have  been  falfely  afcri- 
bed  to  Peter.  The  Papills  pretend  he 
was  about  24  or  25  years  biftiop  of 
Rome,  and  thence  wrote  his  epiftles  ; 
and  was  there  crucified  under  Nero  : 
and  they  pretend  that  he  was  poffeflTed 
of  a  fupremacy  over  all  the  other  apof- 
tlcs,  which  from  him  is  conveyed  to 
all  their  Popes  to  the  prefent  time. 
But  it  is  certain,  that  three  years  after 
Paul's  converfion,  he  was  at  Jerufalem, 
and  alfo  when  Herod  died  ;  and  was 
there  at  the  council  ;  and  was  -at  An- 
tioch in  Syria  fome  time  after,  about 
y^.  D.  52.  Never  a  word  is  of  him  at 
Rome,  when  Paul  wrote  his  epiftle  to 
the  church  there,  and  fends  his  faluta- 

tions 


PET         [26 

tions  to  many  of  her  members.  Not  a 
\\  ord  of  him  at  Rome,  wlien  Paul  came 
there  ;  for,  at  his  fhfL  anfwer,  no  man 
flood  hy  hlrn.  Nor  a  word  of  liim  in  all 
the  epiflks  which  Paul  writes  from 
Rome,  though  perfons  of  a  far  infe- 
rior character  are  oft  mentioned.  How 
poflibly  then  could  he  be  blfliop  of 
Rome,  unlefs  he  cMercifed  his  power 
below  ground,  where  no  body  perceived 


Or    fuppofe    he    had    been  at 


Rome,  that  no  more  edablilhes  the  fu- 
premacy  there,  thanatjerufalem,  Joppa, 
and  Antioch,  where  we  arc  fare  lie  was 
for  a  time.  Or  fuppofe  he  had  lived 
1000  years  at  Rome,  how  docs  that 
infer  that  he  left  his  oiHcc  to  their 
Popes,  Atheiib,  adulterers,  Sodomites, 
murderers,  blafphemers,  and  incarnate 
devils  not  excepted.  And  in  fine, 
what  proof  have  we  that  lie  had  a  fu- 
premacy  over  the  other  apoftles  ?  None 
at  all,  except  that  he  was  perhaps  old- 
eft,  moll  forward  in  his  temper,  and 
more  marked  with  infirmities  than  any 
of  his  brethren,  Judas  excepted. 

PETHOR,  or  Pathora  ;  the  na- 
tive place  of  Balaam,  fituated  in  Mefo- 
potamia,  about  the  eail  bank  of  the 
Euphrates,  and  not  far  from  Thapfa- 
cus,  Numb.  xxii.  5. 

PHARAOH,  was  long  a  common 
name  of  the  kings  of  Egypt,  and  is 
often  added  to  other  names.  Jofephus 
fays,  that  in  the  old  Egyptian  lan- 
guage, it  fignified  king.  It  is  certain, 
that  in  the  Arabic  language,  it  hgni- 
fies  one  that  excels  all  the  reit,  and  in 
the  Hebrew,  fignifies  one  that  \^free, 
or  is  a  revenger.  It  is  faid,  the  Egyp- 
tians had  60  kings  of  the  name  of  Pha- 
raoh, from  Mizraim  or  Menes,  to  the 
ruin  of  their  kingdom  by  Cambyfes  or 
Alexander.  In  fcripture  we  have  men- 
tioned, (i.)  That  Pharaoh,  who  had 
his  family  fmitten  wi.h  -  plagues,  for 
taking  Sarah  the  wife  of  Abraham  in- 
to it.  Gen.  xii.  (2.)  Pharaoh,  who 
had  the  dream  portending  the  noted 
plenty  and  famine  of  Egypt  ;  who  ex- 
alted Joseph,  and  kindly  fettled  Ja- 
cob's family  in  Gofhen,  Gen.  xli. — 
xlvii.  (3.)  Pharaoh,  who  began  to 
opprefs  the  PIcbrews  with  hard  labour; 


9    1         P  H  A 

and  finding  that  ineffeftualto  ftop  thcif 
increafe   of  number,  ordered  the  mid- 
wives  to  kill  every  male  child  of  theirs 
at    the   birth  ;  and    finding   that   they 
difobeyed  him,  ordered  all  his  fubjecls 
to    dcilroy    the    Hebrew    male-infants 
wherever   they  could  find  them.     Plis 
daughter   faved   and  educated  Moses, 
the    Plebrew    deliverer.       Whether    it 
was    this   Pharaoh,    or   his   fon,    who 
fought  to  flay  Mofes  after  he  had  flaiu 
the    Egyptian,    we   know   not,  'Exod. 
i.  ii.  ,    (4.)    Pliaraoh,  from  whom  Mo- 
ses  demanded   fur  the  Hebrews  their 
liberty  to  go  and  ferve  their  God  ;  and 
who,  after   ten   plagues   on   his   king- 
dom, and  frequent   changes  in  his  re- 
ftilution,  was  obliged  to  let  them  g9, 
and   afterwards    following   them,    was 
drowned  with  his  hoft  in  the  Red  fea, 
Exod.  V. — xiv.      {5.)    Pharaoh,    who 
protected,  and  gave  his  wife's  fifter  in 
marriage  to  Hadad,  the  fugitive  Edom- 
ite.     Whether  he  '  was   the   father-in- 
law  of  Solomon,  who  took  Gezer  from 
the  Canaanites,  and  gave  it  as  a  por- 
tion with  his  daughter,   we  know  not, 
I  Kings  xi.   iii.  i.  ix^  16.      (6.)  Plia- 
raoh-necho,    the   fon    of  Pfammiticus, 
who   fitted  out  great  fleets  in  the  Me- 
diterranean fea,  marched  a  prodigious 
army  to  the  Euphrates  ;  took  Carchc- 
mifa  ;  defeated  Jofiah   in  his  way  thi- 
ther, and  made  Jehoahaz  his  prifoner, 
and  fet  up  Jehoiakim  for  king  of  Judeii 
in   his   return   home.      In   about   four 
years   after,    his   army    at  Carchemifli 
were   entirely  routed,   the  city  taken, 
and  the  garrifon  put  to  the  fword,  and 
the  fugitives  purfued  to  the  border  of 
Egypt,    by  the    Chaldeans,    2   Kings 
xxiii.  xxiv.     2  Chron.  xxxv.    Jer.  xlvi. 
(7.)    Pharaoh-hophra,  the  grandfon  of 
the  f(^rmer,  reigned  25  years,  and  was 
for  a  while  reckoned  one  of  the  happieil 
of  pnnces.      He  invaded  Cyprus,  and 
made  himfclf  matter  of  almoft  all  Phe- 
nicia.       Depending    on   his   afllftance, 
Zedekiah  rebelled  againfl  the  king  of 
BabyliMi.      Pharaoh  fent   an   army   to 
affift   him'  againfl  the  Chaldeans,  who 
were   befieging   his  capital  ;  but  v.-hen 
the  Chaldeans  marched  to  attack  them, 
the   Egyptiajis    retreated    home   with 
precipitation. 


P  H  A         [2 

precipitation.  About  16  years  after, 
the  Chaldeans  fiirioufly  invaded  his 
country,  murdered  the  inhabitants,  and 
can-ied  off  their  wealth.  Jufl  before, 
Pharaoh  had  invaded  Cyrene  both  by 
fea  and  land,  and  loft  the  bulk  of  his 
army  in  that  attempt.  His  fubje£ls, 
enraged  with  his  ill  fuccefs,  took  anns 
againft  him,  alledging,  that  he  had 
ruined  his  army,  in  order  that  he  might 
rule  in  a  tyrannical  manner.  He  fent 
Amafis,  one  of  his  generals,  to  crufh 
this  rebellion.  Whenever  Amafis  be- 
gan to  expoftulate  with  the  rebels,  they 
clapped  an  helmet'  for  a  crown  upon 
his  head,  and  pa-oclaimed  him  their 
king.  Amafis  then  headed  the  rebels, 
and  after  various  battles  took  King 
Pharaoh  prifoner.  He  would  have 
treated  him  with  kindnefs,  but  the 
people  forced  him  out  of  his  hands, 
and  ftrangled  him,  Jer.  xliii.  9. — 13. 
xliv.  ^o.    ■ 

PHARISEES.  See  sect. 
PHENICE;  an  harbour  on  the 
fouth-weft  of  the  illc  of  Crete.  It  lay 
chiefly  to  the  fouth-weft,  but  had  a 
winding  to  the  north-weft,  and  fo  was 
a  very  fafe  harbour,  Ads  xxvii.  12. 

PHENICIA  ;  a  country  on  the 
fliore  of  the  Mediterranean  fea,  on  the 
north-weft  of  Canaan  and  fouth-weft 
of  Syria,  whofe  principal  cities  were 
Tripoli,  Botrys,  Byblus,  Berytus,  Ec- 
dippa,  Ptolemais,  Dora,  Tyie,  and 
Zidon.  This  country  was  anciently 
Hocked  with  inhabitants  defcended 
from  Canaan.  The  Zidonians,  Arva- 
ditcs,  Arkites,  and  perhaps  the  Ze- 
marites  and  Sinites,  dwelt  here.  No 
doubt,  in  the  time  of  Joftiua  and  B.a- 
rak,  others  of  their  Canaanitifh  bre- 
thren poured  in  upon  them.  The 
cverftocking  of  their  country  made 
them  apply  to  navigation  and  trade. 
They,  especially  the  Tyrians  and  Zi- 
donians, had  almcft  all  the  trade  of 
the  then  known  world.  There  was 
fcarce  a  ftiore  or  ille  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean fea,  where  they  did  not  plant  co- 
lonies. The  moft  noted  of  which  was 
that  of  the  Carthaginians,  who  once 
long  contended  with  Rome.  It  is 
thought  the   Phenician?  pufned   their 


1 


P  H  E 


trade  as  far  as  Britain.  It  appear* 
that  they  had  fettlements  on  the  Red 
fea  and  Perfian  Gulf.  Sir  Ifaac  New- 
ton thinks  vaft  numbers  of  Edomites 
fled  hither  in  the  days  of  David,  and 
carried  their  arts  along  with  them. 

The  ancient  Phenicians  were  famed 
for  learning,  and  are  faid  to  have  been 
the  inventors  of  letters.  Sanchoniathon, 
the  moft  ancient  hiftorian  except  the 
infpircd,  was  a  Phenician  ;  but  his 
work  is  an  heap  of  diforder  and  fable. 
The  Phenicians  were  very  noted  for 
their  idolatries,  worfhipping  Baal, 
AHitaroth,  Hercules,  Apollo,  Tam- 
muz,  iffc.  Herodotus  extends  the 
boundaries  of  Phenicia  along  the  fea- 
coaft,  from  the  border  of  Egypt  to  al- 
moft  the  north  of  Syria.  Some  Greek 
writers  call  the  whole  of  Canaan  Phe- 
nicia ;  and  the  notitias  of  the  church 
include  in  it  a  great  part  of  the  fouth 
of  Syria. 

The  chief  cities  of  Phenicia  were  Si- 
don  and  Tyre.  Sidon,  or  Zidon,  was 
built  on  the  eaft  fhore  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean fea,  perhaps  not  long  after  the 
flood,  by  Zidon  the  eldeft  ion  of  Ca- 
naan ;  and  the  inhabitants  thereof,  fome 
ages  after,  built  old  Tyre,  on  a  high 
hill  on  the  fame  fliore,  about  25  miles 
to  the  fouth.  The  circumference  of 
this  old  city  was  about  three  miles  ; 
but  in  procefs  of  time  they  built  an- 
other on  the  adjacent  ifland,  and,  join- 
ing the  two  by  an  ifthmus  or  neck  of 
land,  the  whole  city  In  its  chief  fplen- 
dour  is  faid  to  have  been  about  19  miles 
in  circumference,  which  I  fuppofe  in- 
cluded the  fuburbs.  Both  Tyre  and 
Sidon  pertained  to  the  tribe  of  Aflier, " 
but  were  never  taken  from  the  Canaan- 
ites.  The  Zidonians  very  early  op- 
prefled  the  Ifraehtes,  Judg.  x.  i.  2. 
Sometimes  Tyre  and  Sidon  had  diftind 
kings,  and  fomttimes  they  had  but  one 
over  both.  Many  of  them  make  al- 
moft  no  figure  in  hiftory.  About  the 
time  of  David,  Cilix  and  Cadmus,  the 
fons  of  Agenor  king  of  Zidon,  it  feems, 
affrighted  by  David's  vidories,  left 
their  country,  and  fought  out  new  feats 
for  thcmfelves.  Hiram  king  of  Tyre, 
who  appears  to  have  had  the  Sidonians 

under 


P  H  E         [27 

under  him,  aflifted  Solomon  in  build- 
ing the  temple  and  his  other  ftrudures  : 
and  it  feems  there  had  been  a  brotherly- 
covenant  of  a*nity  eftabli filed  between 
the  two  nations.  Ethbaal,  the  father 
of  Jezebel,  was  one  of  his  fucceflbrs  ; 
but  he  probably  lived  at  Zidon.  Per- 
haps Phalis,  who  reigned  in  the  time 
of  the  Trojan  war,  was  his  fon.  Du- 
ring the  reign  of  Pygmalion  the  great- 
grandfon  of  Ethbaal;  Dido  or  Elifa, 
his  filler,  with  a  multitude  of  others, 
fled  from  his  oppreflion,  and  built  Car- 
thage, on  the  north  of  Africa,  to  the 
fouth-wefl  of  Sicily.  The  Tyrians, 
and  perhaps  other  Phenicians,  were  in 
the  league  againll  the  Ifraclites  in  the 
time  of  Jeholhaphat,  Pfal.  Ixxxiii.  7. 
About  the  time  of  Jotham,  they  feem 
to  have  been  matters  of  at  leaft  a  part 
of  the  country  of  the  PhiHilines  ;  and 
it  feems,  in  the  days  of  Ahaz,  they 
carried  off  numbers  of  the  Jews,  and 
fold  them  to  the  Greeks  for  flaves,  Joel 
iii.  4.  Soon  after,  Eulseus  their  king, 
attempting  to  reduce  the  revolted  inha- 
bitants of  Gath,  thefe  fupplicated  the 
protection  of  Shalmanefer  king  of  Af- 
fyria.  He  turned  his  arms  againft  the 
Phenicians.  The  Zidonians  quickly 
revolted  from  Tyre,  and  proclaimed 
him  their  king,  and  affifted  him  againft 
the  Tynans.  Five  years  he  befieged 
Tyre,  but  1 2  of  their  fhips  beating  60 
of  his,  and  death  cutting  him  off,  the 
fiege  was  raifed.  The  glory  of  Tyre 
quickly  increafed,  and  the  moft  of  Phe- 
nicia  was  fubje^l  to  them.  They  tra- 
ded with  the  Egyptians,  Eolians,  Ci- 
licians,  Spaniards,  Greeks,  Cappado- 
cians,  Arabians,  Syrians,  Plebrews,  Me- 
fopotamians,  Medes,  Pcrfians,  Lydians, 
Africans,  and  Iflanders  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean fen.  Provoked  with  the  Phe- 
nicians, !or  entering  into  a  league  with 
Zedekiah  king  of  judah,  and  afTifting 
him  in  his  rebellion,  Nebuchadnezzar 
invaded  the  country.  Zidon  quickly 
furrendered.  Tyre  was  befieged  for 
1 3  years,  during  which  time,  it  feems, 
Ethbaal,  their  proud  and  politic  prince, 
was  flain.  In  ji,  M.  3432  Tyre  was 
taken  ;  but  during  the  utgt  the  inha- 
Ipitaxits  had  tranfported  themfelves  and 


I     ]         P  H  E 

their  effects  to  the  neighbouring  ifland, 
about  70  paces  from  the  fliore.  Miff- 
ing their  expeded  booty,  the  Chaldeans 
vented  their  rage  on  the  few  they  found, 
and  burnt  the  city,  and  caft  the  rubbiHi 
into  the  fea.  The  Tyrians,  now  pret- 
ty fife  in  their  ifland,  afterwards  fent 
their  fubmiiTion  to  the  Chaldeans,  and 
under  whom,  and  their  Perfian  fuccef- 
fors,  the  cities  of  Tyre  and  Zidon  had 
ftill  kings  of  their  own.  Tetramneftes 
or  Zidon  affifted  Xerxes  of  Perfia  with 
300  gallies  in  his  mad  expedition  againft 
Greece.  Provoked  with  the  tyranny  of 
Darius  Ochus  of  Perfia,  they  entered 
into  a  league  againft  him  with  Ne£ta- 
nebus  of  Egypt.  Ochus  laid  fiege  to 
their  city  ;  Tennes  their  king,  and 
Mentor  a  Greek  general,  betrayed  it 
into  his  hands.  Provoked  herewith, 
and  their  Pnips  being  formerly  burnt 
that  none  might  leave  the  place,  they, 
in  defperation,  burnt  the  city  on  them- 
felves, and  periftied  to  the  number  of 
40,000.  Ochus  got  a  confiderable  fum 
for  the  rubbifh,  as  there  was  much  gold 
and  filver  am.cng  it.  The  reft  of  the 
country  readily  fubmitted  X.6  him.  Much 
about  this  time,  it  is  faid,  the  flaves  of 
Tyre,  in  one  night,  murdered  all  their 
mafters,  except  one  Strato,  who  was 
made  king.  About  the  fame  time  one 
Strato  was  king  of  Zidon,  which  was 
now  rebuilt.  Him  Alexander  the  Great 
depofed,  to  make  way  for  one  Ballo- 
nymus,  a  very  poor  man,  but  of  the 
ancient  blood-royal.  When  Alexander 
approached  towards  Tyre,  the  gover- 
nors fent  him  prcfents  ;  but,  trufting 
to  their  walls  of  150  feet  built  round 
their  iiland,  they  refufed  to  admit  him 
into  their  city,  to  facrifice  to  Hercules. 
After  a  coftly  and  terrible  fiege  of  fe- 
ven  months,  he  took  the  city  by  force  ; 
put  8000  of  the  inhabitants  to  the 
fword,  crucified  2000,  and  fold  30,000 
for  flaves  to  the  Jews  and  others„  The 
city  he  repeopled  from  the  continent, 
and  made  Azelmic  the  king,  who  had 
been  abroad  during  the  fiege,  governor 
thereof.  During  the  fiege,  the  Ty- 
rians had  fent  off  their  wives  and  chil- 
dren to  Carthage;  and  about  15,000 
others  were  fecretly  carried  off  in   the 

Zi^on^ 


PHI  [2 

Zldonlan  fliips.  About  19  years  after 
Anti^^onus  again  took  it,  after  a  fiege 
of  15  months.  Never  after  Alexander 
did  Plienicia  recover  its  ancient  glory, 
a  p^reat  part  of  their  trade  being  carried 
oft  to  Alexandria,  and  themfelves  fo 
oft  changing  their  Syro-Grecian  and 
Egypto-Grecian  mailers.  Having  fall- 
en into  the  hands  ot  the  Romans,  Au- 
;:^iiflus,  to  piiniih  their  frequent  riots 
nnd  their  fiding  v/ith  CalTius,  deprived 
Tyre  and  Zidon  of  their  liberties.  A- 
bout  j4.  D.  194,  Niger,  the  ufurping 
emperor,  burnt  Tyre,  and  killed  moil 
of  its  inhabitants.  In  J.  D.  62,6,  the 
Saracens  took  Tyre  and  Zidon.  After 
they  and  the  Seljukian  Turks  had  pof- 
feifed  it  494  years,  the  Chriilian  Croi- 
fades  feized  the  country  ;  but  in  Jl.  D. 
1289,  Alphix,  fultan  of  Egypt,  took 
it,  and  utteidy  dedroyed  Tyre  and  Zi- 
don, and  other  ilrong  places  adjacent, 
that  they  might  never  more  afford  any 
flicker  to  the  Chriftians.  In  15 16,  Phe- 
iiicia  was  taken  by  the  Ottoman  Turks  ; 
but  the  Drufcs  of  Lebanon  put  in  for 
^i  iTiare  of  it ;  and  the  famed  F,accardin 
blocked  up  the  harbour  of  Zidon,  that 
the  Turkifli  gallies  might  not  villt  his 
coafts.  The  Phenicians  in  part  became 
profelytes  to  the  Jewifli  religion  :  ma- 
ny thereabouts  attended  our  Saviour's 
inftruAions,  and  received  his  cures.  A 
Syro-Phenician  woman  he  extolled  for 
lier  faith,  Mark  iii.  8.  vii.  24. — 31, 
The  gofpel  was  early  preached  here, 
A6ls  xi.  19.  Paul  tarried  a  while  with 
the  Chriftians  at  Tyre  and  Sidon,  Acls 
xxi.  4.  xxvii.-3.  J  .and  for  many  ages 
there  were  noted  churches  in  thefe 
])laces.  For  a  long  time  pall  Tyre  has 
])een  a  mere  heap  of  ruins,  inhabited  by 
a  few  wretched  iiOiermen  j  but  Zidon 
h]  ilill  of  fome  note,  having  about  i6,OOQ 
ialiabitants,  Chriftians,  and  others,  not 
..l)rolutcly  wretched,  Gen.  ix.  25.  26. 

77.  Ames  i,  9.  lo.  Joel  iii.  4.— 8.   If. 

:xiii.  Ezek.  xxji.  xxvii,  xxviii.  •  Jer» 
;:xv.  II.  22.  xxvii.  3. — 7.  Zech.  ix.  i^ 
— 5.  Pfal.  xlv.  12.  Ixxii.  10.  Ixxxiv.  4. 
PHILADELPHIA,  a  city  of  My- 
fia,  or  Lydia,  at  tlie  north  foot  of  mount 
Tmolus  ;  was  fo  called,  either  from  At- 
talus  Philadelphus,  who  at  leaft  migh- 


PHI 

if  he  did  not  build  it 


7^.    1 

tily  adorned,  li  he  aid  not  build  it ;  tor 
becaufe  there  the  Afian  Greeks  held 
their  kind  and  brotherly  feaft.  It  ftood 
"about  24  miles  eaft  of  Sardis,  and  72 
from  Smyrna.  Here  was  a  Chriilian 
church  very  early  plaiited,  to  which 
John  was  direfted  to  vfrite  a  confola- 
tory  and  direclive  epiftle.  Rev.  iii.  7. 
— 13,  This  was  the  lail  city  in  thefc 
quarters  that  fubmitted  to  the  Turks, 
after  a  terrible  liege  ot  fix  years.  We 
can  trace  the  hiftory  of  Chriftianity  in 
this  country  for  about  800  years  ;  nay, 
at  prefent  there  are  in  it  about  2000 
Chriftians. 

PHILEMON;  a  rich  citizen  of 
Coloife.  He  and  his  wife  were  very 
early  converted  to  the  Chriftian  faith, 
by  Paul  or  Epaphras  ;  and  the  Chrif- 
tians held  their  meetings  in  his  houfe. 
His  bond  ilave  Onefirnus  having  made 
an  elopement  from  him,  and  come  to 
Rome,  was  converted'  by  Paul's  rnini- 
ftry,  and  v,'as  veiy  ufeful  to  him  in  Iiis 
imprifonment.  Paul  fent  him  back 
with  a  recommendatory  letter,  infilling 
that  Philemon  would  forgive  him,  and 
charge  what  he  might  have  wronged 
him  to  Paul's  ovyn  account,  Philem, 

PHILIP,  the  apoftle,  and  brother 
of  Andrew,  was  a  native  of  Bethfaida. 
Having  been  by  his  brother  introduced 
to 


refus,  and  invited  by  Jefus  to  his 
lodging,  he  afterwards  brought  Natha- 
nael  to  him,  John  i.  43. — 51.  To  try 
him,  Jefus  afked  him  how  they  could 
procure  bread  for  the  5000  men,  befides 
women  and  children  ?  Philip  replied, 
that  ado  penny-worth,  or  L.  6,  9^.  Ster- 
ling worth  of  bread,  would  not  give 
each  a  fcanty  morfel,  John  vi.  5.  6.  7. 
He.  and  his  brother  introduced  the 
Greeks  to  Jefus,  John  xii.  21.22.  He, 
at  our  Savipur's  laft  fupper,  Ved  for  a 
figlit  of  the  Father's  glory,  as  what 
would  fuffice  them.  Jefus  told  him, 
that  as  he  and  his  Fiither  were  mutual- 
ly in  one  another,  he  that  by  faith  had 
feen  him,  had  feen  the  Father  alfo, 
John  xiv.  8.  9.  10.  It  is  faid  that  Phi- 
lip preached  the  gofpel  in  Upper  Afia, 
fouth  of  the  Hellefpont  and  Euxine 
fea,  and  died  a  martyr  at  Hierapolis. 

ven   dea- 
cons, 


Philip,  the  2d  of  the  f^ 


PHI  [2 

cons,  A(fts  VI.  5.  He  feems  to  have 
rcfided  at  Cefarea,  on  the  vi^eft  of  Ca- 
naan. Endowed  with  the  Holy  Ghoft 
for  preaching  the  gufpel,  he,  afttrthe 
death  of  Stephen,  went  and  preached 
in  the  country  of  Samaria,  where  he 
wrought  miracles,  and  baptized  not  a 
few.  Direfted  by  an  angel,  he  repair- 
ed to,  the  fouth-weft  of  Canaan,  near 
Ga/a,  Here  he  met  with  an  eunuch, 
treafurer  to  Candace,  the  queen  of  E- 
thiopia,  who  being  a  Jewifh  profelyte, 
had  come  to  attend  at  fome  of.  the  fa- 
cred  feafts.  Direded  of  God,  he  went 
clofe  to  the  eunuch's  chariot,  .  He  was. 
reading  in  the  53d  of  Ifaiah,  a  pafTage 
relative  to  our  Saviour's  fufferings,  and 
his  meek,  fubmiflion  thereto.  Philip 
an<cd  him,  if  he  underftood  what  he 
was  reading  ?  The  eunuch  replied,  that 
he  could  not,  without  a  teacher.  At 
his  defire  Philip  entered  his  chariot,  and 
rode  along  with  him,  and  from  that  pal- 
fage  inftrucled  him  concerning  Jeius, 
and  the  Chriflian  faith.  The  eunuch 
received  his  inftruftions  with  the  utmoft 
readincfs  and  affection  ;-and  feeing  wa- 
ter by  the  way-fide,  aflced,  if  he  might 
not  be  baptized  ?  Philip  told  him  he 
might,  if  he  believed  with  his.  heart.» 
He  replied,  that  he  believed  JefusChrift 
to  be  the  Son  of  God.  Philip  and  he 
went  out  of  the  chariot  to  the  water. 
Immediately  after  the  baptifm  the  Lord 
canied  Philip  to  Azotus,  wliere  he 
preached  the  gofpel.  He  had  four 
daughters  who  pvophefted,  A6b  viii. 
xxi.  8.  9.  Whether  Philip  afterwards 
repaired  to  Tralltis,  in  Leikr  Alia,  and 
there  founded  a  church,  we  know  not. 

Philip.      See  Herod. 

PHILIPPI  ;  a  city  of  Macedonia, 
anciently  called  Datos  ;  but  being  re- 
paired by  Philip  the  father  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great,  it  received  its  name  from 
him.  It  ilood  to  the  north-vveit  of  N^^a- 
polis,  about  70  miles  north-eall  of  Thef- 
falonica,  and  about  1 90  weft  of  Conllan- 
tinople.  It  was  rendered  famous  by  the 
defeat  of  Brutus  and  Caflius,  two  noble 
Roman  ftrugglers  for  liberty,  in  the 
neighbourhood.  Here  there  was  a  Ro- 
man colony.  Here  Paul  preached  about 
A.D.  52  ;  and  Lydia  and  many  othejr* 

Vol.  W 


71     ]  PHT 

were  converted.  ^  perfecution  loon  t>D» 
liged  Paul  to  leave  the  place  ;  but  a  no- 
table church  was  founded  in  It.  None 
fo  readily  fupplied  the  apoftle  with  he- 
ceffaries,  even  after  he  was  gone  from 
them.  At  ThefTalonica  they  oftener 
than  once  fupplied  his  neceflity.  They 
fent  him  afnpj^ly  whenprifoner  at  Rome, 
by  Epaphroditua,  one  of  their  preach- 
ers, Adls  xvi.  Phil,  iv,  15. — 18.  Hc 
returned  them  a  mofl  affectionate  epiftle, 
wherein  he  declares  his  tender  love  of 
them,  his  care  to  prevent  their  ftum* 
bling  at  his  fufferings,  and  his  readincfs 
-  to  glorify  God,  either  by  life  or  death. 
He  exhorts  them  to  a  ftri6l  holinefs  of 
life  ;  to  conltancy  in  well-doing  ;  to 
imitation  of  Chrifi  in  humility  ;  to  acti- 
vity and  ferioufnefs  in  their  Chriftiao 
courfe  ;  to  adorn  their  profeflion  with 
fuitable  and  mutual  Chriftian  graces. 
He  recommends  to  them  Timothy  and 
Epaphroditus  ;  warns  them  againit  falfc 
teachers  and  fellowfhip  of  wicked  per- 
fons ;  and  propofes  his  own  example  aa; 
their  pattern. 

PHILISTIA,  or  Palestine,  i*s, 
with  fome  wriiers,  a  name  of  the  whole 
of  Canaan  ;  but  in  fcripture  it  means 
Oiily  a  narrow  ftrip  of  land  along  the 
fea-coaft,  in  the  fouth-wefl  of  Canaan, 
about  40  miles  long,  and,  except  at  the 
fouth  part,  fcarce  ever  above  15  miles 
broad.  Its  cities  were  Gerar,  Gaza, 
Majuma,  Aflcelon,  Ekron,  Aflidod,  and 
Gath.  The  Philiilines,  and  the  Caph- 
torim,  defcended  from  Cafluhim,  the  fon 
of  Mizraim,  who  peopled  Egypt  ;  and 
their  country  is  perhaps  called  the  illc 
or  country  of  Caphtor,  Jcr.  xlvii.  4. 
When  they  returned  from  Egypt,  and 
fettled  in  Canaan,  we  know  nut.  It 
is  certain  their  kingdom  of  Qerar  was 
erected  and  governed  by  the  Abime- 
LECHs,  in  the  days  of  Abraham  and 
Isaac.  Their  teriitory  was  divided  to 
the  Hebrews ;  but  they  neglecting  to 
take  pofieflion  of  it,  the  Philittines  were 
made  a  fevere  and  lafting  fcourge  to 
them,  Jofh.  xiii.  2.  3.  xv.  45.  46.  47. 
Judg.  iii.  I.  2.  3.  In  the  days  of  Sham- 
gar  they  ravaged  the  adjacent  territo- 
ries;  but  he  mauled  them,  and  killed 
600  of  them  at  once  with  an  ox-goad, 
M  m  Judg. 


P  H  T         [     274     1  PHI 

In  the  days  of  Jephthah  of  them  left  their  dwellings,  and  took 
up  their  refidence  in  Gilead,  i  Sam. 
xxix.  xxxi.  David  having  taught  his 
fubjefts  the  ufe  of  the  bow,  attacked 
the   Philifliines,  and   in  fundry   battles 


Jljdg.  ii*.  25 

they  alio  ravaged  the  Hebrew  ternto- 
rics  ;  but  perhaps  the  terror  of  his  arms 
made  them  defiil,  Judg.  x.  6.  In  the 
days  of  Samfon  and  EH,  they,  under 
their  five  lords  or  kings,  for  40  years 
terribly  tyrannized  over  the  Hebrevys. 
Samfon  fearfully  mauled  them  ;  but  by 
fraud  they  got  him  made  their  prifoner, 
though  not  fo  much  to  their  profit  at 
lall.  At  the  time  of  Eli's  death,  by  de- 
feating the  Hebrews  in  fundry  battles, 
and  taking  captive  the  ark,  they  had 
reduced  them  to  the  very  brink  of  ruin. 
The  maiming  of  tlieir  idol  I)agon,  and 
a  plague  of  emerods,  if  not  alfo  of  mice, 
attended  the  captive  ark,  and  obhged 
them  to  fend  it  back,  with  a  prefent  of 
the  images  of  the  emerods  and  mice  in 
gold.  Some  time  after,  Samuel  defeat- 
ed them  at  Ebenezer,  the  Lord  affix- 
ing the  Hebrews  with  thunder,  i  Sam. 
iv. — vii.  Not  long  after  the  coronation 
of  Saul,  the  Phiftincs,  with  a  terrible 
Hoft  of  perhaps  300,000  footmen,  and 
60CO  horfemen,  and  30,000  chariots  for 
"vvar  or  baggage,  invaded  the  country 
of  Ifrael.     Newton  thinks  this  hoit  was 


fo  exceedingly  fwelicd,  efpecially  in  car- 
riages, by  the  return  of  the  Phenician 
fhepherds  from  pgypt  at  that  time. 
This  huge  army  quite  terrified  the  He- 
brews, and  at  the  fame  time  they  had 
carried  off  all  the  fmiths  from  the  land 
of  Ifrael,  that  no  arms  nnght  be  forged ; 
but  by  Jonathan,  and  liis  armour-bearer, 
was  the  rout  of  this  mighty  hoft  begun  j 
;and  the  Hebrews  purlued  them  to  the 
very  borders  of  their  countr)\  Not  long 
after,  the  Philillines,  along  with  Goli- 
ath, invaded  the  Hebrew  territories  ; 
but  he  being  flain,  the  refc  fled  home 
with  the  utmofl  precipitation,  i  Sam. 
xiii.  xiv.  xvii.  As  they  continued  the 
enemies  of  Saul,  and  made  repeated  in- 
roads into  his  kingdom,  David,  after 
giving  them  feveral  checks,  for  fome 
time  fheltered  himfelf  among  them, 
I  Sam,  xviii.  xxiii,  xxvii.  xxix.  About 
the  end  of  Saul's  reign  they  invaded  the 
Jlebrew  territories,  to  the  veiy  heart 
of  the  country,  killed  Saul  and  his  fons, 
and  fpread  fuch  terror  among  the  He- 
brews on  the  weil  of  Jordau^'Uul  many 


cut  off  their  giants,  and  rendered  them 
his  tributaries,  2  Sam.  v.  viii.  i.  12. 
xxi.  xxiii.  10.  I2.  16.  For  about  150 
years  they  continued  fubjeCl  to  the  Jews, 
Nadab  the  fon  of  Jeroboam,  and  fome 
of  his  fucceffors,  carried  on  a  war  with 
the   Philillines  for  the  city  Gibbethon, 

1  Kings  XV.  xvi.  They  formed  a  party 
in  the  combination  againfl  Jehofhaphat, 
Pfal.  Ixxxiii.  7.  In  the  reign  of  Jeho- 
ram  they  formally  revolted  ;  nor,  tho* 
harailed  by  the  Syrians  undei  Hazael^ 
were  they  reduced  by  the  Jews  till 
the  reign  of  U/.ziah,   2  Kings  xii.  1 7. 

2  Chron.  viii.  xxvi.  In  the  days  of 
Ahaz  they  again  revolted  ;  invaded  the 
low  or  well  country  of  Judah,  and  took 
Bethfliemefli,  Ajalon,  Gederoth,  Sho- 
cho,  and  Gimzo,  and  fold  the  Jews  to 
the  Tyrians  for  flaves,  2  Chr.  xxviii.  18. 
If.  ix.  12.  Joel  iii.  6.  Hezekiah  redu- 
ced them  to  the  lowefl  ebb  ;  and  took 
all  their  country  to  Ga-^a;  and  by  fword 
and  famine  vaft  multitudes  of  them  were; 
ruined,  2  Kings  xviii.  8.  If.  xiv.  29.  30. 
Their  country  was  feized  by  the  Afly- 
rians,  and  was  on  that  account  invaded 
by  Piammiticus  king  of  Egypt,  II.  xx« 
It  was  afterwards  feized  by  the  Chal- 
deans, tlie  Perfians,  and  Greeks,  in  their 
turn.  Tryphon,the  Greek  uTurper  of 
Syria,  gave  it  to  Jonathan  the  Macca- 
bee.  Alexander  Janneus  reduced  it  en- 
tirely, and  obliged  the  inhabitants  to 
fubmit  to  the  Jcwifh  religion  ;  and  a- 
buut  1 40  years  after  many  qf  them  be- 
came Chriltians,  Amos  i.  6.  7.  8.  If. 
xiv.  27. — 3i.^Jer.  XXV.  20.  27.  xlvm 
Ezek.  XXV.  15.  16.  17.  Zeph.  ii.  1. — 70 
Zech.  ix.  5.  6.  7.  Obad.  19.  If.  xi.  14^ 
Pfal.  Ixxxvii.  4.. 

PHILOSOPHY,  is  the  knowledge 
of  thin '73  founded  on  realbn  and  ex- 
perience. At  prefent,  philofophy 
might  Tdc  divided  into  logic,  or  the 
feience  of  perception,  judgement,  rea- 
foning,  and  method  ;  ontology,  or  the 
knowledge  of  the  general  properties 
latural  philofo- 


PHI  [2 

phff  or  tlie  knowledge  of  material  fub- 
llances,  earth,  fea,  air,  fire,  celellial 
luminaries,  i!fc.  to  which  mathematics, 
optics,  hydroftatics,  medicine,  aftro- 
nomy,  iffc.  may  be  reduced  ;  pneunuihcsy 
or  the  knowledge  of  fpirits  ;  moral phl- 
iofopbyy  which  diredts  men  to  ad:  to  a 
right  end,  and  in  a  right  manner,  as 
rational  beings  fubje6l  to  God  :  but 
ifrom  the  beginning  philofophy  was  not 
fo  formal  and  diftinA.  Solomon  in- 
deed was  the  greateil  philofophcr  that 
ever  exiiled  :  but  his  works  of  that 
kind  are  long  ago  lod.  The  mofl  an- 
cient philofophcrs  of  the  Greeks,  cal- 
led their  fciencc,  fophia,  tv'ifdom.  Py- 
thagoras was  more  modeft,  and  would 
have  his  only  called  philofophia,  defire 
ef  ivifilon.  The  Greek  philofophers, 
partly  through  ignorance,  and  partly 
through  vanity.  Toon  fplit  into  a  vail 
number  of  fefts,  of  which  the  Epicu- 
reans, Stoics,  and  Academics,  were 
the  moil  noted,  and  to  which  the  Jew- 
5fh  fe6ls  of  Sadducees,  Pharifees,  andf 
Eflenes,  were  foraewhat  fimilar.  Till 
within  thefe  200  years  pad,  that  men 
have  more  attended  to  experience  and 
common  fenfe,  moft  of  the  philofophy 
that  was  for  many  ages  in  vogue,  was 
but  unmeaning  jargon  and  nonfenfe. 
Then  it  was  imagined,  almoll  every 
thing  was  underilood  :  now  repeated 
difcoveries  manifell  the  wonderful  and 
unfearchable  nature  of  God's  works  ; 
and  how  much  more  of  himfelf  ! 

That  the  woiks  of  creation  and  pro- 
vidence, really  manifefl  the  being,  and 
part  of  the  perfeftions  of  God,  and  of 
our  duty  to  him,  or  to  one  another ; 
or  that  the  human  mind,  abftrailly 
confidered,  is  capable  of  apprehending 
thefe  matters,  cannot  jullly  be  denied. 
But  it  is  no  lefs  evident,  that  through 
the  prevalence  of  mens  lulls  over  their 
reafon,  there  is  little  aftual  knowledge 
in  the  earth,  but  what  owes  its  origin 
one  way  or  other  to  revelation.  Cle- 
inens  Alexandrinus,  Jullin  Martyr, 
Auguftine,  and  moft  of  the  Chrifiian 
fathers,  believed  tlie  Heathens  derived 
their  proper  fentiments  from  the  ora- 
cles of  God  ;  and  Celfus,  the  Hea- 
tjbien  philofopher,  acknov/ledges  the  li- 


75     1  PHT 

milarity  of  Plato  to  Mofes  and  the 
prophets.  Theophilus  Gale,  in  his 
Court  of  the  GentildSy  has  with  great 
labour,  fiiown  the  derivation  of  the 
fenfible  notions  of  the  Heathen  froni 
the  oracles  of  God.  Nothing  is  more 
plain,  than  that  the  nations  which 
have  had  no  accefs  to  revelation  are 
ahnofl  fimilar  to  brutes  in  ignorance 
and  barbarity.  Let  the  fouth  of  A- 
frica,  the  eall  of  Tartary,  and  various 
parts  of  America,  bear  witnefs.  It  is 
eafy  to  trace  their  accefs  to  revelation, 
wherever  any  fenfible  philofophy,  ef- 
pecially  refpefting  morals  and  worfhip, 
w^as  found.  Might  not  a  deal  of  tra- 
ditional knowledge  be  derived  from 
Noah  ?  Who  knows  how  little  real 
wifdom  the  Egyptians  might  have,  ex- 
cept what  they  owed  to  Jofeph,  Mo- 
fes, Solomon,  or  other  Hebrews,  they 
were  converfant  with,  and  highly  re- 
garded ?  What  hindered  the  Chaldeans 
to  learn  not  a  little  from  Abraham, 
their  countryman  ;  or  from  Jewifh  cap- 
tives, carried  thither  by  the  flyrians 
or  Nebuchadnezzar ;  or  from  theit 
countrymen,  the  moft  ancient  Samari- 
tans ?  What  know  we,  but  any  thing 
,  fenfible  in  the  ancient  Perfian  religion, 
is  owing  to  Zoroafter,  who  had  accefs 
to  learn  'it  from  the  Jews,  if  he  was 
not,  as  fome  think,  a  renegade  one 
himfelf?  It  is  certain,  that  neither  the 
ancient  Chinefe  philofophy  of  Confu- 
cius, nor  their  modern,  had  half  the 
fenliblenefs  that  fome  pretend  ;  but 
though  it  had,  how  eafy  to  derive  it 
from  revelation  ?  If  Noah  went  thi- 
ther, and  fettled  their  conftitutions, 
they  muft  have  been  originally  good* 
Probably  thoufands  of  Jews  removed 
eaftward,  when  Oguz-kan  the  Tartar 
made  his  irruption  into  weftern  Afia  ; 
and  about  the  fame  time,  founded  a 
kingdom  on  the  north-weft  of  China  ; 
and  from  their  apprehenfions  of  the 
incarnation  of  God,  and  other  things, 
we  cannot  but  think  that  feme  fuch 
thing  happened.  I  find  no  evidence 
of  any  fenfible  philofophy  in  the  Eaft: 
Indies,  till  after  the  time  in  which  it 
is  faid  Nebuchadnezzar  tranfported  thi- 
tlier  a  colony  of  Jews  :  nay,  nor  till 
M  m  ?,  afte>. 


PHI  [2 

nfter  they  had  accefs  to  Converfe  with 

Jews  in  the  empire  of  Darius,  the  huf- 
and  of  Either ;  and  to  whom  Morde- 
cai,  a  Jew,  was  for  a  while  chief  mi- 
liifter  of  ftate  ;  and  till  after  almofl  all 
the  call  founded  with   the   wifdom  of 
Daniel  the   Jew.     To   turn   our  eyes 
towards  Europe,  where  was  the  learn- 
ing of  Greece,  before  Cadmus,  a  fu- 
gitive from  the  country  of  Ifrael,  car- 
ried letters   thither  ?    How   probable, 
that  Orpheus,    the  reformer  of  their 
religion,  or  his  father,  was  a  Pheni- 
cian,  and  his  mother  Calliope,  perhaps 
a  Jewifh  minllrel,    carried   northward 
by  the  conquering  Shifhak  king  of  E- 
gypt  ?    What  know    I,   but   the  Col- 
chians  on  the  call  of  the   Euxine  fea, 
■with  whom  the  Greeks  had  the  ear- 
lieft  intercourfe,  and  who  ufed  circum- 
cifion,  and  had  a  language  not  a  little 
Similar  to  the  Hebrew,  were  a  colony 
of  Jews  and  Egyptians,  left  there  by 
ShiHiak,  as  he  hafled  home  to  check 
his  rebellious  brother  ?    Who  has  not 
heard  of  the  early  intercourfe  between 
Egypt  and  Greece  ?   Who  knows  not, 
that  the    Phenicians,  who  in   a  man- 
ner lived  among  the   Hebrews,  or  at 
their  fide,  by  their  extenfive  fea-trade 
and  numerous  colonies,  might  propa- 
gate hints  borrowed  from   revelation, 
far  and  wide,  even   to  the   Celtoe    of 
Biitain  ?    Who  may  not  obferve  in  the 
Etrufcan   lucumonies    of  Italy,   not  a 
little  refemblance  to  the  early  order  of 
the  Hebrew  tribes  ?  Were  not  Phere- 
cydes  the  Syrian,  and  Thales  tlie  Mi- 
lefian,  the  moft  ancient  philofophers  of 
the  Greeks?  and  were  they  not  born, 
efpecially  the  firft,  at  no  great  diftance 
from  Ifrael  ?  Did  not  Pythagoras,  So- 
lon, Plato,  and  other  renowned  philo- 
fophers, travel   into    Egypt  and  Chal- 
dea,  to  roHe6l  wifdom  ?  and  could  they 
do  fo,  without  vifiting  the  Jewifh  val- 
ley of  vifi  ^n,  which  lay   in   their  way 
from  the  one   to  the   other  ?  Did  not 
the    Romans    derive    their  philofophy 
fiom  the   Greeks  ?  and   had   they  not 
plenty  of  accefs  to  the  oracles  of  God 
in  the  Grecian   language  ?   Since   it   is 
fo  extremely  probable  that   almoft   e- 
very  thing  fenlible  in  the  Pagan  learn- 


76    ]         P  H  T 

ing  derives  its  original  from  revelation^ 
how  fuperlaiively    bafe    and   unmanly 
muft  it  be  for  our  modern   infidels,  to 
boaft  of  thfeir  own   6r  the     Heathen 
fcience,  in  oppofition  to   the  gofpel  of 
Chrift  ?    Let  us  have   a  fenfible  fyftem 
of  natural    religion    from   tlie  Cafres, 
Hottentots,  or  Soldanians,  in  the  fouth 
of    .  frica  ;  or  from  the  Kamfhatkans, 
in  the  £aft  corner  of  Tartary,  or  Pa- 
tagonians,  in  the  fouth  of    '■.  merica  ; 
or    from    the    iflanders,    in » the   moil 
fouthern  or  northern   parts  of  the   o- 
cean,  whom  we  allow  to  owe  very  lit- 
tle of  their  knowledge  to  revelation  ; 
and  then  we  fhall  efleem  the  religion 
and  light  of  nature  more  than  at  pre- 
fent  we  can  ;  though  after  all,  the  cafe 
of  ancient  Greece   and    Rome,  and  of 
modern     Europe,     would    effedually 
prove,  that  philofophy  is  incapable  to 
reform  the  world.    The  apoftle  decries 
not  true,  but  vain  philofophy,  u  e,  the 
vain  fancies  which  the  Heathens  blen- 
ded with  truth.  Col.  ii.  8.    Scripture- 
myfteries    tranfcend    true    philofophy, 
but  never  oppofe  it.    Nay,  philofophy, 
when  ufed  as  an  handmaid,  is  of  great 
ufe  to  promote  the  knowledge  of  the 
fcripture  ;  and  indeed,  in  the  book  of 
Job,  Proverbs,  and  Ecclefiaftes,  there 
is  more  true  philofophy  than  in  all  the 
writings  of  the  Heathen. 

PHINEHAS,  the  fon  of  Eleazar, 
and  third  high  prieft  of  the  Jews.  Hi» 
zeal  for  the  honour  of  God  was  very 
remarkable.  When  the  Midianitifh 
women  came  into  the  Hebrew  camp  to 
feduce  them  to  uncleannefs  and  idola- 
try, Phinehas  feeing  one  Zimri,  a 
prince  of  the  Simeonites,  lead  Cozbi, 
the  daughter  of  Zur,  a  prince  of  Mi- 
dian,  into  his  tent,  followed  them  into 
the  tent,  and  with  a  javelin  thruft. 
them  both  through  the  belly,  in  their 
very  aft  of  whoredom.  To  reward  hi» 
zeal,  God  immediately  flopped  the 
plague,  which  then  raged  among 
the  Ifiaelites,  affigned  the  high-priefl- 
hood  to  him  and  his  family  ur  many 
generations,  and  appointed  hnr;  to  at- 
tend the  12,000  Ifraelites  which  pu- 
niflied  the  Midianites,  Numb.  Xxv, 
xxxi.  Pfcil.  cvi.  30.  31.   He  and  other 

princes 


P  H  T         f    277    1        P 

princes  were  fent  to  cxpoftulate  with  PHUT,  the 
the  Reubenites  and  their  brethren  of 
Gilead,  concerning  their  ereftion  of 
the  altar  of  Ed,  and  hearing  then-  rea- 
fons,  were  entirely  fatisfied,  Jofh,  xxii. 
He  attended  the  army  that  cut  off  the 
Benjamites,  in  the  affair  of  Gibeah, 
Judg.  XX.  28,  He  died  about  A.  M. 
2590,  and  was  fucceeded  by  Abifliua, 
or  Abiezer  his  fon.  See  priests. 
Did  he  not  prefigure  our  blcffed  Re- 
deemer ?  I^ow  zeal  for  his  Father's  ho- 
nour and  his  people's  falvation  eat  liim 
up  !  how  he  flaughtercd  fin,  Satan, 
and  an  whorifh  world  !  how  accept- 
able to  God  his  fervice  !  how  highly 
rewarded,  and  counted  for  an  everlaf- 
ting  righteoufnefs !  how  it  prevents 
an  univerfal  fpread  of  divine  wrath  ! 
eftabli(hes  the  new  covenant  of  peace, 
and  founds  a  perpetual  prieflhood  to 
him  and  his  feed  !  and  in  what  ho- 
nourable, but  terrible  manner,  he  pu- 
nifhes  fuch  as  go  a-whoring  from  him, 
or  wallow  in  their  lulls  ! 

Phinehas.     See  Eli. 

PHRYGIA  J  a  country  of  Leffer 
Afia,  having  the  Mediterranean  fpa 
and  Hellefpont  on  the  north-weft,  Ga- 
latia  on  the  eaft,  and  Lydia  on  the 
fouth.  It  was  divided  into  two  parts, 
the  leiTer  Phrygia  on  the  weft,  and 
the  greater  on  the  eaft.  The  princi- 
pal cities  of  the  weftern  were,  Troas, 
Cyzicus,  Lampfaeus,  Abydos,  An- 
tandros,  £sfr.  Thofc  of  the  greater 
were  Hierapolis,  Coloffe,  Gordium, 
Lyfias.  Some  Greek  authors  would 
have  the  Phrygians  to  have  fprung 
from  the  Bryges,  a  tribe  of  Macedoni- 
ans; but  it  is  more  probable  they  were 
the  defcendants  of  Gomer,  by  his  fon 
Alkenaz,  or  Togarmah.  The  Phry- 
gians had  anciently  fovereigns  of  their 
own.  Thofe  of  Troy  are  not  a  httle 
famous  in  the  ancient  fables.  For  a- 
bout  2500  years  paft,  they  have  been 
fubjed  to  the  Lydians,  Perfians, 
Greeks,  Romans,  and  Turks,  in  their 
turn.  The  gofpel  was  very  early 
preached  in  Phrygia,  and  a  church 
fettled,  which  for  many  ages  made  a 
cuniiderable  appearance,  A6bs  xvi.  6. 
xviii.  23.  Nor  is  Chriftianity  yet  quite 
abohfhed. 


H  Y 

third  fon  of  Ham. 
Calmet  will  have  his  pofterity  to  have 
fettled  in  the  canton  of  Pteniphis  in 
Lower  Egypt,  or  in  Phthenotis,  whofe 
capital  was  Buthus  ;  but  if  they  did 
fo,  we  are  perfuadcd  they,  in  after 
times,  removed  v^reftward  to  Maurita- 
nia, where  we  find  the  region  Phute  j 
and  probably  the  Pythian  Apollo  is  no 
other  than  Phut  deified  by  his  pof- 
terity. We  fuppofe  Shifhak  conquer- 
ed all  Mauritania  as  far  as  the  ftraits 
of  Gibraltar,  and  gave  to  his  brother 
Atlas  the  government  thereof.  It  is 
certain  the  Phuteans  were  in  league 
withy  or  fubje<ft  to  the  Egyptians, 
about  the  times  of  Hezekiah,  Gen.  x. 
6.      Nah.  iii.  6. 

PHYGELLUS  and  HERMO- 
GENES,  were  profefTed  Chriftians  of 
Afia.  It  is  faid  they  were  originally 
magicians  ;  but  it  is  more  certain  that 
they  forfook  Paul  in  the  time  of 
his  diftrefs,  and  imprifonment,  2  Tim. 
i.  15. 

PHYLACTERIES.    See  fronts 

LETS. 

PHYSICIAN;  (i.)  One  who 
praftifes  the  art  of  medicine,  Mark 
V.  26.  (2.)  An  embalmer  of  dead  bo- 
dies. Gen.  1.  2.  (3.)  Such  as  com- 
fort and  relieve  from  diftrefs  by  their 
advice  and  counfel.  Job  xiii.  4.  Jeius 
Chrift  is  called  a  Phyfician ;  by  the 
application  of  his  word,  his  blood,  his 
Spirit,  he  removes  the  guilt,  tlie  filthy 
the  ignorance,  hardnefs,  and  other 
fpiritual  plagues  of  mens  loul,  Matth. 
ix.  12.  Prophets,  teachers,  and  de- 
liverers of  nations  are  phyficians ;  by 
their  inftru(?tion3  and  example,  or  by 
their  wifdom  and  activity,  they  are 
ufeful  for  removing  the  corruptions  of 
perfons  or  churches,  and  redrefling  the 
grievances  of  ftates,  Jer  viii.  22. 

As  anciently  difeafes  were  often  fup^ 
pofed  the  immediate  ftrokes  of  divine 
vengeance,  almoft  no  ufe  was  made  oF 
medicine,  except  in  outward  fores, 
fraAures,  wounds,  and  the  like  :  but 
when  Afa  was  difeafed  in  his  feet,  he 
depended  too  much  on  the  fldll  of  the 
phyficians,  2  Chron.  xvi.  12.  Amon^ 
the  Affyrians,  Chaldeans,  Egyptians, 

Lybians, 


PIE  r     «78    1         PON 

3uy1>ians,  and  Greeks,  we  have  bluf-    pierce^y  when  he  is  grieved  and  ofFencU 


lering  hints  of  flvilful  phyficians  ;  but 
till  Hippocrates  the  Coan,  about  A. 
M.  3540?  digeiled  medicine  into  a 
kind  of  fyftem,  it  was  very  little  con- 
fidered.  Aretaeus,  the  Cappadocian, 
long  after,  further  reformed  it.  Ga- 
len, who  lived  in  the"  fecond  century 
of  the  Chriflian  sera,  put  the  art  into 
a  ftill  clearer  order;  but  by  pretend- 
ing to  found  every  thing  on  the  four 
elements  and  the  humours,  and  by  his 
cardinal  qualities,  and  the  Hke,  he  ern- 
■ban-afied  it  with  much  unintelligible 
jargon.  Between  the  6th  and  9th  cen- 
turies of  Chriftianity  the  art  of  medi- 
cine was  in  a  manner  loft  ;  but  from 
that  to  the  1 3th,  the  Arabs  cultiva- 
ted it  with  a  great  deal  of  pomp.  It 
was  not,  hov/ever,  till  within  thefe  two 
centuries  pail,  that  it  was  handled  in 
a  proper  manner  ;  nor  is  it  fo  even 
now,  except  among  the  Europeans  of 
the  Chriftian  name.  Perhaps  it  never 
■was  carried  to  higher  perfection  than 
it  is  at  prefent  in  Edinburgh. 

A  PIECE  of  money,  is  a  shekel 
«f  gold  or  SILVER,  3  Kings  v.  5.  vi. 
^25.  For  2.  piece  of  bread,  i.  e.  a  very 
jfmall  advantage,  that  man  lo'iU  trajif- 
^refs,  Prov.  xxviii.  2I«  To  be  redu- 
ced to  ?i  piece  of  bread,  is  to  be  in  ex- 
treme poverty,  glad  to  eat  any  thing, 
Prcv.  vi.  26.      I  Sam.  ii.  36. 

PICTURE.  The  Hebrews  were 
required  to  defcroy  every  pifture  or 
image  of  the  Canaanites  falfe  gods, 
^umb.  xxxlii.  52.  Deut.  vii.  5.'  What 
Chrillianity  there  is  then  in  adorning 
our  orchards,  or  houfes,  or  even  our 
Bibles,  with  pidures  of  Heathenifh 
cr  Popifn  idols,  is  eafy  to  judge.  The 
tday  of  the  Lord  is  on  all  pkafant  pic- 
tures, when  he,  brings  to  ruin  Heathen- 
iili  or  Romifh  idolaters,  with  their  i- 
dols  and  images,  and  deftroys  their 
fumptuouc  and  gaudy  furniture.  If.  ii. 
16. 

PIERCE;  (i.)  To  bore  through, 
Judg.  v.  26.  (2.)  To  pain  exceed- 
ingly, Job  XXX.  17.  I  Tim.  vi.  10. 
Chrift's  hands  and  feet  were  pierced, 
when,  by  nails  driven  through  them, 
he  was  fixed  to  the   crofs :  and  he  is 


ed  by  our  unbelief,  Pfal.  xxii.  16. 
Zech.  xii.  10.  Rev.  i.  7.  One  fpeak- 
eth  like  the  ^/fm/z^^j-  ofafxvgrd,  when 
by  paffionate  and  reproachful  fpeeches, 
or  by  falfe  accufations,  he  wounds  the 
character,  hurts  the  outward  ellate, 
and  endangers  the  life  of  his  neigh- 
bour,  Prov.  jiir.  18. 

PIETY,    or    GODLINESS. 

PIHAHIROTH  ;  the  pafs  thro' 
which  the  Hebrev.'s  marched  to  the 
weft  bank  of  the  Red  fea.*  Whether 
the  rocks  on  either  hand  were  called 
Hiroth,  and  fo  the  name  fignifies  the 
gullet,  o^  pafs  of  Hiroth  ;  or  whether 
the  name  fignifies  the  mouth,  or  gullet 
of  liberty,  bccaufe  here  the  Hebrews 
were  delivered  by  the  opening  of  the 
fea  before  them,  we  cannot  determine. 
Probably  the  city  Heroum,  or  He- 
roopolis,  ftood  near  to  this  place,  Exod. 
xiv.  2. 

POxVTIUS  PILATE  was  proba- 
bly an  Italian,  and  was  the  fucceflpr 
of  Gratus,  in  the  government  of  Ju- 
dea,  y^.  Z).  26  or  27.  He  was  a  moll 
obftinate,  pafTionate,  covetous,  cruel, 
and  bloody  wretch,  tormenting  even 
the  innocent,  and  putting  people  to 
death  without  fo  much  as  a  form  of 
trial.  Taking  offence  at  fome  Gali- 
leans, he  murdered  them  in  the  court 
of  the  temple  as  they  offered  their  fa- 
crifices.  This,  as  our  Saviour  hinted., 
was  a  prelude  of  the  Jews  being  fliut 
up  in  their  city,  and  murdered,  when 
they  affemblcd  to  eat  the  paffover, 
Luke  xiil.  i.  2.  Wicked  as  he  was, 
his  convitlion  of  our  Saviour^s  inno- 
cence caufed  him  try  feveral  methods 
to  preferve  his  life.  His  wife  too  fent 
him  word  to  have  nothing  to  do  in 
condemning  him,  as  (he  had  a  terrible 
dream  about  him.  He  was  the  more 
intent  to  preferve  him.  When  the 
Jews  accufed  our  Saviour  of  calling 
himfelf  the  Son  of  God,  Pilate  was  the 
more  afraid,  as  he  fufpeded  he  might 
be  fo.  They  then  cried  out,  he  would 
be  a  traitor  to  Cefar  if  he  difmiffed 
Jefus.  Dreading  a  charge  of  this  na- 
ture, he  wartied  his  hands,  and  pro- 
tellsd,  that  he  was  innocent  of  Jefus's 

death, 


P  I  L  [27 

(itath,  and  then  condemned  him  to  be 
crucified.  Guided  by  Providence,  he, 
inftead  of  an  abftraft  of  the  caufes  of 
condemnation,  caufed  write  on  our  Sa- 
viour's crofs,  'This  is  jfifus  of  Naza- 
reth,  the  King  of  the  ^c'w j,  which  at 
once  declared  his  innocence,  royaky, 
and  MclTiahlhip  :  nor  could  all  the  ia- 
treaties  of  the  Jews  caufe  him  in  the 
leall  alter  the  infcription.  He  readily 
allowed  Jofeph  the  dead  body  to  give 
it  a  decent  interment.  He  as  readily 
allowed  the  Jews  to  feul  and  guard 
the  facred  tomb  ;  and  fo  our  Saviour's 
rcfurreclion  became  the  more  notour, 
xlbout  three  years  after,  ■  Pilate,  for 
his  cruelty  and  opprellion,  was  depo- 
fed  by  Vitellus  governor  of  Syria,  and 
fent  to  Rome,  to  give  an  account  of 
his  condud.  Caligula  the  emperor, 
fbon  after  baniflied  him  to  Vienne  in 
Gaul,  where  extreme  poverty  and  dif- 
trefs  influenced  him  to  put  a  wretched 
end  to  his  own  life.  Juftin  Martyr, 
Tertullian,  and  Eufebius,  and  after 
them  many  others,  inform  us,  that  it 
was  the  cuitom  of  the  Roman  gover- 
nors in  the  different  provinces,  to  fend 
copies  of  all  their  judicial  acts  to  the 
emperor ;  and  that  Pilate  wrote  fuch 
an  account  of  our  Saviour's  miracles 
and  death  to  the  Emperor  Tiberius, 
that  he  inclined  to  have  him  worfhip- 
ped  as  a  God,  but  the  fenate  being  a- 
gainft  it,  the  matter  was  dropt.  '  We 
can  fcarce  believe  thefe  authors  would 
have  publiflied  this  in  the  midll  of  the 
Heathens,  if  it  had  not  been  true  ;  and 
yet  we  know  of  no  iiuthor  that  pre- 
tends to  have  feen  the  real  adls  of  Pi- 
late.    See  Christ. 

PILE  ;  an  heap  of  wood  for  burn- 
ing dead  corpfes  in.  In  allulion  here- 
to, God  is  faid  to  make  the  pile  for  the 
fire  great  in  Jerufalem,  when  multi- 
tudes were  there  call  as  fuel  into  the 
fire  of  his  wrath,  and  a  powerful  ar- 
my of  Chaldeans  executed  his  indigna- 
tion,  Ezek.  xxiv.  9.      See  Tophet. 

PILGRIM  ;  one  that  travels  from 
one  country  or  place  to  another ;  and 
pilgrimage,  is  a  wandering  or  travel- 
ling from  one  place  to  another,  Gen, 
islvii.  9.     See  travel. 


9   1        P  I  L 

PILLAR  ;  ( I.)  A  prop  to  fuppoit 
a  houfe  or  building,  Judg.  xvi.  25. 
26.  29.  (2.)  A  monument  raifed  to 
commemorate  a-  perfon  or  deed,  Gen. 
XXXV.  20.  2  Sam.  xviii.  18.  Thej!»;7- 
lars  of  the  earth,  are  the  foundations  or 
rocks  which  fupport  and  Ilrengthen  it,^ 
Jt;b  ix.  6.  The  pillars  of  hewoen,  are 
the  mountains,  on  whofe  tops  the  flcies 
fcem  to  reft.  Job  xxvi.  11.  Might 
not  the  pillars  or  boards  of  the  taber- 
nacle, and  the  two  pillars  of  the  porch 
of  Solomon's  temple,  adorned  with. ' 
net-work,  and  200  pomegranates,  re* 
prefeut  Jefus  in  the  ftability  of  his 
perfon  and  office  ;  and  'his  fupporting" 
his  church,  and  being  the  glorious 
means  of  our  accefs  to  God,  Exod. 
xxvi.  15. — 30.  I  Kings  vii.  18.  42. 
Chriil's  legs  are  like  pillars  of  marble y 
and  his  feet  like  pillars  of  fre  :  how 
fufficient  and  firm  to  fupport  his  whole 
charge,  is  his  power :  and  how  terri- 
ble in  chaflifing  his  people,  and  pu- 
niihing  his  enemies,  is  his  providen- 
tial condudl !  Song  V.  15.  Rev.  x.  k 
The  church  is  called  the  pillar  and 
ground  of  truth  :  in  and'  by  her  are  ex- 
hibited and  maintained  the  truths  of 
God,  as  the  edidls  of  civil  rulers  were 
wont  to  be  held  up  to  public  view,  on 
the  pillars  to  which  they  were  affixed; 
or  the  pillar  and  ground  of  truth  may- 
be the  myftery  of  godlinefs  mention- 
ed, ver.  16.  I  Tim.  iii.  15.  Saints 
and  minifters,  efpecially  more  noted 
ones,  are  like  pillars ;  they  are  fixed 
on  the  foundations  of  divine  truth  ; 
they  have  their  affeftions  bent  heaven- 
ward ;  and  they  mightily  tend  to  fup- 
port the  churches  and  nations  where 
they  live,  Song  iii.  10.  Gal.  ii.  9. 
Saints  are  like  the  pillars  offmoke  which 
towered  frr.m  the  brazen  or  golden  al- 
tar :  amidit  manifold  llorm.s  they  af- 
cend  towards  God  in  holy  aftections 
and  exercifes,  prayer,  praife,  and 
thankfgiving.  Song  iii.  6.  They  aic 
as  pillars  in  the  temple  of  God ;  to  the 
honour  of  his  grace,  they  are  fixed  in 
his  church  and  new-covenant  ftate, 
and  are  at  lall  unalterably  fixed  in 
their  celeftial  happincfs.  Rev.  iii,  12. 
Magiilrates,  and  fundamental  rulei  of 
government. 


PIT,  [     280    1  PIS 

government,  are  pillars  which  conned    the  bark  be  pulled  off,  its  abundant 


and  fupport  the  ilrudlure  of  a  ftate  ; 
and  which,  when  removed,  the  ruin 
of  the  kingdom  or  nation  quickly  en- 
fues,  Pi'al.  Ixxv.  3.  T\\q.  Jiher  pillars 
of  Chrift's  chariot,  may  denote  the  ex- 
cellent graces  of  his  manhood,  the  pre- 
cious promifes  of  his  covenant,  the 
truths  of  his  gofpel,  and  the  minifters 
of  his  church.  Song  iii.  10.  The  fe- 
'ven  pillars^  hewn  out  by  Chrlft  for  his 
houfe,  is  whatever  tends  to  the  aqm- 
plete  fupport  of  his  church  in  heaven 
or  earth,  as  the  grace  and  power  of 


moifture  makes  worms  lurk  between 
the  bark  and  the  wood.  Sometimes 
its  excefs  of  fatnefs  ftifles  its  growth. 
If  laid  under  water,  or  kept  perfedly 
dry,  the  wood  of  it  will  laft  a  long 
time.  The  Hebrews  ufed  branches  of 
it  to  form  their  booths  at  the  ftaft  of 
tabernacles.  Saints  are  likened  to  pine- 
trees:  they,  when  planted  in  the  foil 
of  a  moderate  outward  condition,  and 
watered  by  the  Holy  Ghoft,  bring 
forth  fruit  even  in  winters  of  afflidion: 
and  how   full   of  the  grace  of  God, 


God,  the  office    and  righteoufnefs  of    that  makes  them  fhine  as  lights  in  the 
Ghrift,  the  fundamental  trjitlis  of  the     world!   If.  xh.  19,  Ix.  \^, 


gofpel,  and  a  fufficiency  of  well  fur- 
nished minifters,  for  every  period  of 
time.  Pro  v.  ix.  i. 

P  X  L  L  Q  W  ;  a  cufhion  for  one's 
head  to  reft  on  in  fleep.  The  peace 
and  profperity  which  falfe  prophets 
promife  their  hearers,  to  footh  and 
fleepen  their  fpirits  into  carnal  fecuri- 
ty,  is  likened  to  pillows  feiued  to  thdr 
arm-holes^  that  they  may  be  ever  at 
hand,  E^ek.  xiii.  18.  20. 


PIPE;  (l.)  A  wind-inftrument  of 
the  mufical  kind,  i  Sam.  x.  3'.  (2.) 
An  inftrument  fomewhat  of  the  fame 
form,  for  the  conveyance  of  liquids. 
Xhe  golden pipetvAnch.  convey  oil  to  the 
feven  lamps,  are  the  precious  and  di- 
vinely-inftituted  ordina^nces  of  the  gof-. 
pel,  whereby  influences  are  conveyed 
from  Jefus  to  his  minifters  and  people, 
for  their  fpiritual  illumination,  Zech. 
iv.'z.  12.     The  Jews 'were  hke  chil- 


PILOT  ;  one  that  direds  a  ihip  ;  he    dren  in    the    ftreets,   that  would  not 


that  fteers  the  helm,  Ezek.  xxvil,  8. 

The  PINN  CLE  of  the  temple 
can  hardly  be  fuppofed  to  have  been  a 
Ipire  on  the  top  of  it,  as  the  top  was 
fet  thick  with  golden  pikes,  that  no 
birds  might  light  thereon,  and  defile 
it;  but  lather  fome  battlement,  that 
furrounded  part,  if  not  the  whole  of 
the  roof,  elpecially  that  towards  the 
caft,  the  height  of  which  was  dread- 
ful. Mat.  iv.  5^ 

PINE  }  to  wafte  gradually,  as  in  a 
confumption,  Lam.  iv.  9.  A  people 
pine  away  in  their  iniquity ^  when,  for 
the  punilhment  thereof,  their  number, 
wealth,  power,  and  honour,  gradually 
decreafe,  Lev,  xxvi.  39.  Ezek.  xxiv.  3. 

PINE-TREE,  is  fomewhat  akin 
to  the  fir.  It  yields  a  rofm  and  pitch, 
and  the  heart  of  it,  when  fully  light- 
ed, will  burn  as  a  torch.  It  thrives 
beft  in  mountains  and  fandy  places  ; 
and  if  its  under  branches  are  cut,  it 
grows  the  higher.  It  is  the  better 
It  be  often  watered  while  young.  It 
hears  its  fruit  in  the  winter.     Unlefs 


dance  when  their  ieWows  piped ^  nor  la- 
ment when  ^hey  mourned.  Chrift  and 
his  faithful  prophets  and  apoftles  could, 
neither  by  foft  nor  fevere  methods, 
gain  their  attention  to  eternal  things : 
neither  John  with  his  mournful,  nor 
Jefus  with  his  winning  airs  and  ipeech- 
es,  could  have  any  eft'ed  on  tliem^ 
^atth.  xi.  17. 

PISGAH;  the  higheft  top  of  that 
chain  of  mountains  called  abarim,, 
and  a  part  of  mount  Nebo  ;  and  fo 
Mofes  is  fometimes  faid  to  view  Ca- 
naan from  Nebo,  and  fometimes  from 
Pifgah,  Pent.  iii.  27.  xxxiv.  There 
were  iine  fpririgs  of  water  at  its  bottom, 
called  Afhdoth-pifgah,  Deut.  iv.  9. 

PISIDIA  ;  a  province  of  Lefler  A* 
fia,  at  the  weft  end  of  mount  Taurus, 
and  on  the  fouth-weft  of  Lycaonia, 
north  of  Pamphylia,  and  eaft  of  Ca- 
ria  and  Ionia.  It  was  anciently  a  po* 
pulous  country.  Ptolemy  mentions  18 
cities  in  it,  'viz,,  Antioch,  Seleucia, 
Telmeffus,  ^c.  Here  Paul  and  Bar- 
nabas,    amidft  no   fmail    periecu  ion, 

planted 


PIS  [2 

planted  a  Chriftlan  church,  which,  we 
are  to!d,  increafed  till  they  had  ,20 
Epifcopal  fees.  This  continued  for 
feven  or  eight  centuries.  Now  the 
country  is  in  a  moft  wretched  condi- 
tion ;  and  any  remains  of  Chrilb'ans, 
fo  called,  are  opprefTed  by  their  Turk- 
ilhmafters,  Aclsxiii.  14. — 49.  xiv.  24. 

PISON;  the  name  of  the  tirft  branch 
of  the  river  of  Eden.  This  Cahnet  and 
Reland  will  have  to  be  the  Phafis, 
which  they  fiiy  runs  northward  thro* 
Colchis,  (with  them  Havilah),  from 
near  the  head  of  the  Euphrates,  till  at 
lall  it  falls  into  the  Euxine  fea  :  but 
thefe  great  men  are  egregiouily  mif- 
taken  ;  for  Phafis,  inlltad  of  taking 
its  rife  near  the  head  of  the  Euphra- 
tes, and  running  north-weft,  has  its 
fpring-head  about  300  or  4,00  miles 
north  of  the  head  of  the  Euphrates, 
and  runs  fouth-weft  into  the  Euxine 
fea.  We,  with  Bochart  and  many  o- 
thers,  take  Pifon  to  be  the  weftern 
branch  of  the  divided  ftream  of  the 
Tigris  and  Euphrates,  which  runs  a- 
long  the  fide  of  Havilah  in  Arabia, 
and  in  the  beft  maps  may  be  fecn  to 
compafs  a  confiderable  territory,  Gen. 
ii.  12.  13. 

PISS  ;  the  phrafe,  every  one  that 
PlJfetJj  (igainjl  the  ivall,  might  every 
where  be  read  every  male,  or  every  li- 
ving creature,  not  fo  much  as  a  dog 
excepted,  i  Sam.  xxv.  22.  34.  i  Kings 
xiv.  10.  xvi.  II.  xxi.  21.  2  Kings 
ix.  8. 

PIT;  (i.)  A  natural  or  artificial 
hole  in  the  ground,  of  fome  confider- 
able extent.  One  is  ready  to  fall  in- 
to them  ;  it  is  hard  to  get  out  of  them; 
and  miferable  to  be  in  them.  The 
Aiiatic  nations  ufcd  to  fliut  up  their 
captives  in  pits  all  night  ;  and  the  A- 
fricans  ferve  their  (laves  fo  ftill.  If. 
xxiv.  22.  (2.)  The  grave,  which  is 
digged  like  a  pit,  Pfal.  xxx.  3.  (3.) 
Hell,  where  the  damned  for  ever  link 
into  defpair,  perplexity,  and  ruin. 
Rev.  XX.  1.  (4.)  Great  diilrefs  and 
mifery,  fpiritual,  temporal,  or  eternal, 
If.  xxxviii.  17.  Matth.  xv.  14.  ;  and 
10  Jefus's  fuffcrings  are  .called  an  hor- 
r'lhle  pit ;  how    dark,  d'Cmal,  and   nn* 

Vql.   it. 


81     ]  PIT 

cafy  to  efcape !  Pfal.  xl.  2.  (5.) 
Whatever  enfnares  men,  and  tends  to 
render  them  miferable,  and  from  wliich 
it  is  hard  to  efcape  :  fo  an  harlot,  and 
her  enticing  language,  are  called  a  deep 
Tind  Ti a rrotu pit,  Prov.  xxii.  14.  xxiii.  27- 

PITCH  ;  a  kind  of  rofin  for  plaf- 
tering  Aiips,  and  fecuring  them  againft 
drawing  water.  That  with  which 
Noah  overlaid  his  ark,  was  perhaps 
the  fame  as  slime,  and  has  the  fame 
Hebrew  name  as  propitiation,  and  might 
rcprefent  Jefus's  atonement,  as  the 
great  means  of  fecuring  the  church, 
and  the  confcience  of  men  againft  the 
floods  of  divine  wrath.   Gen.  vi.  14. 

PITCHER;  a  vefTel,  commonly 
of  earth,  for  carrying  liquids.  Gen. 
xxiv.  14.  To  mark  the  contempt  and 
weaknefs  of  the  Jews  and  their  priefts, 
thefe  fons  of  Zion,  they  are  likened 
to  earthen  pitchers.  Lam.  iv.  2.  The 
blood-velfels,  which  convey  the  vital 
juice  to  the  feveral  parts  of  the  body, 
and  keep  it  in  a  perpetual  circulation 
from  the  right  ventricle  of  the  heart 
to  the  left,  is  called  a  pitcher,  and  is 
broken  at  the  fountain,  when  death 
renders  it  quite  unferviceable  for  con- 
veying the  blood,  Eccl.  xii.  6. 

PITHOM  and  RAMESES,  were 
the  two  cities,  for  the  building  of 
which  the  Hebrews  made  brick.  Whe- 
ther they  were  eredled  for  treafure- 
cities,  or  for  frontier-cities,  for  fecu- 
ring againft  the  departure  of  the  He- 
brews and  againft  the  inroads  of  the 
Amalekites  and  Phiiiftines,  is  not  a- 
greed.  Nor  is  it  agreed  where  thefe 
cities  ftood.  Some  would  have  Pithom 
to  be  Pelufium  ;  but  it  is  more  probable 
it  was  Pathumos,  which  ftood  almoft 
ftraight  weft  of  the  north  end  of  the 
Red  fea  ;  and  Dr  Shaw  thinks,  Rame- 
fes  ftood  where  Cairo  is  now  built.  Gen. 
xlvii.  1 1.   Exod.  i.  II. 

PITY  is  that  tender  fympathetic 
feeling  which  obtains  and  is  exprelTed 
towards  perfons  in  diftrefsful  circum- 
ftances,  Job  vi.  14.  Ezek.  xxxvi.  21. 
To  pity,  is,  ( I.)  To  lament,  Pfal.  Ixix. 
20.  (2.)  To  have  compaftion,  Ezek. 
xvi.  5.  (3.)  Tofpare,  (have  mercy), 
Jer.  xiii.  14.  (4.)  To  fpare,  (pre- 
N  n  fcn'e^ 


p  L  A       r  2 

ferve),  Jonah  iv.  lo.  The  IsOrdpitietb 
thofe  that  fear  him,  Pfal.  cili.  13.  i.  e, 
tfl.  Shares  with  them  in  their  afflic- 
tions, AAs  ix.  4. ;  zrffyy  Tenderly  feels 
for,  and  powerfully  fupports  under 
them,  If.  Ixiii.  9. ;  ^dly.  Richly  com- 
forts them  under  their  diftreffes.  If. 
li.  12.  Ixvi.  13.  2  Cor.  i.  4.  \u,  6.; 
and  j^t/jfyy  At  length  he  delivers  wholly 
out  of  them,  Pfal.  xxxiv.  17.  19.  The 
X»ord  is  faid  to  be  very  p'ltifuly  James 
V.  II.  ^o\xj!rr\<^y)^voi,  i,  e.  of  many  bow- 
els, in  allufion  to  a  tender  mother,  all 
"whofe  bowels  are  moved,  and  yearn 
tvithin  her,  when  her  child  fufFers, 
I  Kings  iii.  26.  Luke  i.  78.  Chriftians, 
1  Pet.  iii.  8.  are  required  to  be  pitiful, 
tv;T7r\ay)(>joi  I,  e,  rightly  bov^elled,  their 
feelings  to  be  fuitably  and  proportion- 
ably  attuned  to  fuch  objedls  of  diftrefs 
as  prefent  themfelves  before  them. 

PLACE  ;  ( I . ).  A  fpace  or  room 
vhere  one  is.  Gen.  xl.  3.  (2.)  A  city 
or  dwelling.  Gen  xviii.  26.  33.  (3.) 
A  ilate  or  condition,  Eccl.  x.  4.  (4.) 
An  employment,  Gen,  xl.  13.  (5.) 
A  text  of  fcripture,  -\6ls  viii.  32.  To 
haije place f  is- to  receive  welcome,  room, 
or  proper  entertainment,  John  viii.  37. 
To  give  place,  is  to  make  way  or  room 
for  one,  Luke  xiv.  9.  We  give  place 
io  the  devil,  when  we  encourage,  or  lif- 
ten  to  his  temptations,  Eph.  iv.  27. 
We  give  place  to  ivrath,  when  we  over- 
look the  pafTionate  injuries  done  us,  and 
render  good  for  evil,  Rom.  xii.  19. 
The  Romans  took  aivay  the  Jev^'-s  place, 
tvhen  they  deftroyed  their  cities  and 
country,  John  xi.-  4,8.  To  be  in  the 
place  of  another,  is  to  be  his  deputy, 
a6ling  for,  and  accounting  to  him.  Jo- 
feph  was  in  the  place  of  God ;  as  his 
deputy,  he  fiiewed  kindnefs  to  his  breth- 
ren. Gen.  1.  19.  The  place  of  the  holy, 
and  the  place  Tvhere  God's  honour  dtvcll- 
€th,  is  the  temple  ^nd  ordinances  of  his 
grace,  where  he  is  reprefented  to,  and 
found  by  his  people,  Eccl.  viii.  10. 
Pfal.  XX  vi.  8.  God  returns  to  his  place, 
when  he  hides  himfelf,  as  if  Onit  up  in 
heaven,  Hof.  v.  15.;  or  when  he,  as  it 
were,  fteps  into  his  judgement-feat, 
and  according  to  equity,  delivers  his 
friends  and  puniihes  his  foes,  Pfal.  vii. 


82    1        P  L  A 

7.  He  comes  out  of  his  plate,  when  K« 
manifefts  his  perfections,  in  the  jud. 
difplay  of  his  wrath,  If.  xxvi.  21. 
High  places  denote,  (i.)  Tops  of 
mountains^  or  any  thing  hirh  and  ele- 
vated, Amos  iv.  I.  (2.)  Places  where 
the  true  God  or  idols  were  worHiipped, 

1  Kings  iii.  2.  xii.  31.  The  high  places 
that  God  fets  his  people  on,  are  an 
high  ftation  in  church  or  Itate  ;  a 
profperous  and   comfortable  condition, 

2  Sam.  xxii.  34.  Hab.  iii.  19.  The 
high  places,  where  fpiritual  wickedneffes 
are  ftation ed,  is  the  air  where  evil  fpi- 
rits  roam  ;  the  powers  of  the  foul,  where 
inward  corruptions  prevail  ;  and  thc- 
outward  fupports  of  heathenifh  idola- 
try andwickednefs,  Eph.  vi.  12. 

PLAGUE  ;  any  great  diftrefs  or 
calamity,  Pfal.  xci.  10.  But  the  plague 
of  the  heart,  is  the  inward  corruptions 
thereof,  i  Kings  viii.  381^  The  feven 
lajl  plagues,  are  thofe  that  Hiall  come 
on  the  Anti-chriftians,  for  their  ruin. 
Rev.  xxi.  9.  Chrift  is  the  plague  of 
death,  and  dejlruclion  ofthegrcroe;  as  by 
his  death  and  interment^  he  removed 
the  curfe  and  fting  of  death  and  the 
grave  from  his  people,  and  rendered 
them  noted  blellings  to  them,  Hof, 
xiii.  14.  But  the  plague  is  oft  taken 
for  the  peftilence,  Kumb,  xiv.  37^ 
What  is  the  caufe  of  this  terrible  dif- 
temper,  is  not  univerfally  agreed.  Some 
will  have  a  kind  of  veraiin  carried 
through  the  air  to  occafion  it.  Boyle 
and  others  attribute  it  to  the  poifonous 
exhalations  from  minerals^  as  orpiment^ 
fandarac,  white  arfenic,  ^c.~;  which  in 
fome  places,  lying  near  the  furface, 
yield  their  exhalations  every  fummer,  as 
in  Egypt,  where  they  are  alfo  fudden- 
ly  checked  by  the  rife  of  the  Nile;  a.)d 
in  other  places  lie  deeper  in  the  earthy, 
and  fo  cannot  emit  their  effluvia,  except 
when  the  earth  is  ftiaken  by  an  earth- 
quake. The  poifoning  of  the  air,  with 
the  ftench  of  unburied  earcafes,  at  the 
fiege  of  cities,  if  in  warm  weather,, 
tends  to  pT-omote  a  peftilence.  There 
have  been  plagues,  which  preyed  only 
on  young  men  or  on  young  women  ;, 
or  which  attacked  only  fuch  perfons  as 
were  of  a  particular  nation.  According 

to 


P  L  A         [ 

to  Sydenham,  the  plague  ufiially 
gins  with  a  chilnefs  and  Ihivering  ;  then 
follows  a  vehement  inclination  to  vomit, 
intenfe  pain  about  the  heart,  and  a 
burning  fever,  which  preys  on  the  per- 
fon  till  he  die,  or  the  putrid  matter 
-difchargc  itfelf  by  fome  burning  boils. 
Sometimes  too  it  begins  without  any 
fever,  and  is  marked  by  fwcllings  in  the 
flefh.  When  purple  fpots  fuddenly  ap- 
pear, it  is  a  iign  of  death  being  at 
hand.  Juice  of  lemons,  camphire,  vi- 
perine  fait,  and  fmonking  of  tobacco, 
are  faid  to  be  excellent  medicines  in 
the  plague.  It  would  be  endlcfs  to 
nairate  the  plagues  of  .particular  na- 
tions. In  j4.  D»  543,  one  rofe  in  E- 
gypt,  and  fpread  over  the  world  :  in 
^i^^y  it  revived  and  continued  50  years  : 
another  in  Afia  and  Europe  of  3  years 
in  u  06.  In  589,  lOIp,  1062,  1 1  25, 
1239,  1315,  and  1348,  there  happen- 
ed n.oft  terrible  plagues,  and  which 
fpread  far  and  wide.  The  plague  of 
Italy,  in  1350,  and  which,  in  fume 
plgices,  fcarce  10  of  looo  fun-ived,  and 
innumerable  others,  were  terrible.  But 
the  moll  dreadful  peilileace  that  I  read 
to  have  happened,  was  that  which  be- 
gan yl.  D.  250,  and  continued  15 
years,  fpreading  through  the  wiiole 
Roman  empire,  fiom  Ethiopia  on  the 
fouth,  where  it  "began,  to  Britain  on 
the  north.  Nor  peihaps  was  that  lefs 
terrible  which  began  in  Eailern  Tar- 
tary,  in  1 346,  and  moved  gradually 
forward  to  the  Atlantic  ocean  on  both 
fides  of  the  Mediterianean  fea,  and, 
returning  by  Britain,  ravaged  all  the 
northern  countries  of  Europe,  Rev* 
vi.  8. 

Peftilences  v;ere,  and  ftill  are,  very 
common  in  Afia  and  Africa.  By  a 
kind  of  peftilence  were  the  fnfl-born  of 
Egypt  cut  oft",  Pf?l.  Ixxviii.  50.  By 
it  were  the  Hebrew  luflers  for  flelh,  the 
murmurers  at  Korah  and  his  party's  de- 
ftruciion,  and  the  joiners  to  Baal-peor, 
puniflied,  Numb,  xi.  xvi.  xxv.  By  it 
were  multitudes  of  the  Canaanites  cut 
off,  to  prepare  the  counti-y  for  Ifrael, 
Hab.  iii.  5.  By  a  kind  of  it  were  70,000 
of  David's  fubjedls  deflroyed,  in  per- 
Isaps  a  few  houfs  j  and  18^,000  of  the 


283     ]  P  L  A 

be-     AfTyrians  cut  off  in  one  night,  2  Sam. 

Xxlv.  15. -If.  XXXvii.  36.    A  PESTILENT 

fel!ow,  is  one  fuffieient  to  corrupt  and 
ruin  a  multitude,  Ails  xxiv.  5, 

PLAIN.  A  plain y  or  plain  place, 
is  what  is  fmooth  and  even,  without 
hills,  Gen.  xi.  2.  Plain  words  or 
fpeeches,  are  fuch  as  are  eafily  under* 
llood,  Mark  vii.  35.  A  plain  path  or 
way^  is  one  without  hindrances,  temp« 
tations,  (lumbling,  inconfillency,  Pfal, 
xxvii.  II.  Prov.  XV.  19.  A  plain  mzn, 
is  one  candid,  kind,  and  much  difpo- 
fed  to  civil  fociety.  Gen.  xxv.  27. 

PLANETS.     See  star. 

PLANT  ;  an  herb  or  tree,  chiefly 
when  young,  Gen.  ii.  5.  i  Chron.  iv» 
23.  Jefus  Chrift  in  his  humiliation 
was  a  Under  platit^  his  condition  was 
low  J  he  was  compaffed  with  infirmity, 
and  expofed  to  manifold  fuffering,  If. 
liii.  2.  ¥Lt  h  ^  plant  of  reno'wn  ;  great 
is  his  excellency  and  fame,  as  our  Me- 
diator and  elder  brother^  Ezek,  xxxiv* 
29.  To  mark  their  pleafant  growth 
and  praniLfrng  ufefulnefs,  children,  and 
the  inhabitants  of  a  country,  are  called 
plants,  PfaU  cxHy.  12.  Jer.  xlviii.  32. 
The  Jews  were  God's  pleafant  plants  ; 
he  placed  them  in  the  vineyard  of  hig 
church,  that  they  might  increafe,  and 
bring  forth  fruits  of  holy  obedience. 
If.  V.  7.  They  became  degenerate  plants 
of  afrange  viney  when  they  apoflatized 
from  God  and  his  way,  and  became 
fruitful  in  idolatry  and  wicked  >iefs, 
Jer.  ii.  21.  They  planted  ftrangeyZ?^ 
and  plants  J  introduced  foreign  trees 
and  herbs,  and  falfe  and  foreign  doc- 
trines and  cuiloms,  idolatry,  fuperfli* 
tion,  profanenefs,  If,  xvii.  10.  1 1. 
Saints  :iYcplants,  ^^  an  orchard  of  pome* 
gfanatesy  camphire,  fpikenard^fajron,  cala* 
mus, cinnamon,  trees  offranlincenfe,  myrrh, 
aloes,  and  all  the  chief  f pices  :  fixed  by 
God  in  their  new-covenant  ftate,  join- 
ed to  Jefus  as  their  root,  and  watered 
with  influences  of  his  blood  and  Spirit, 
and  wanned  with  his  love,  how  de- 
lightful their  appearance,  and  how  di- 
verfitied,  ufeful,  and  precious  their 
various  graces  !  Song  iv.  13.  14.  But 
the  plants  not  of  God*s  planting,  that 
/hall  be  plucked  up,  are  heretical  and 
N  n  ;j  wicked 


P  L  A  [2 

.Wicked  profeffors,  an^  their  errors  and 
evil  courfes,  Matth.  xv.  13. 

To  plant;  (i.)  To  fix  trees  or 
herbs  in  the  ground,  that  they  may 
grow.  Gen.  xxi.  33.  (2.)  To  bring 
a  people  from  one  place,  to  fettle  them 
in  another,  that  they  may  increafe  in 
liun;ber,  honour,  or  wealth,  Pfal.  xliv. 
2.  Ixxx.  8.  (3.)  To  grant  to  a  peo- 
ple increafe  of  number,  peace,  and 
profperity,  Jer.  xxxi.  28.  xviii.  9. 
(4.)  To  foretel  the  fettlement  and  pro- 
sperity of  a  nation,  Jcr.  i.  10.  (5.) 
To  found  churches  ;  preach  the  gof- 
pel  to  fuch  as  never  before  heard  it  ; 
and  be  ufeful  in  converting  men  to 
Chrift,  I  Gor.  iii.  6.  (6.)  To  unite 
men  to  Jefus  Chrift,  and  fix  them  in 
a  ftate  of  fellowfliip  with  him,  that 
they '  may  be  ufeful  members  of  his 
church,   Pfal.  xcii.  13. 

PLATTER;  a  large  veffel  for 
the  boiling  of  meat,  or  for  bringing  it 
to  the  table,  Matth.  xxiii.  5. 

PLAY;  (i.)  To  fport;  dance; 
iliout  ;  fing  ;  thus  the  Hebrews  play- 
ed around  the  golden  calf,  Ex.  xxxii. 
6.  (2.)  To  fight  for  the  diverfion  of 
onlookers  :  thus  Abner  and  Joab  cau- 
fed  24  men  play,  till  they  were  all  un- 
naturally murdered,  2  Sam.  ii.  14. 
(3.)  To  make  melody  on  a  mufical 
inflrument,  Pfal.  xxxiii.  3.  To  play 
the  man,  the  fool,  the  ivhore,  is  to  adi 
the  part  of  fuch  a  one,  2  Sam.  x.  12. 
Ezek.  xvi.  28.     I  Sam.  xxi.  15. 

PLEA  ;  difpute  ;  what  is  faid  for 
or  againft  a  caule,  Deul.  xvii.  18.  ; 
and  to  PLEAD,  is  to  debate  a  conteftcd 
point,  Job.  xvi,  21.  God  pleads  with 
men,  v^'hen,  by  his  word.  Spirit,  and 
providence,  he  convinces  them  of,  and 
reproves  them  for  their  fin  ;  or  when 
he  chaftifes  or  punifhes  them  by  his 
judgements,  If.  xliii.  iii.  13.  He 
pleads  the  caufe  of  his  people,  when  he 
manifeils  their  righteouinels,  redreffes 
their  grievances,  and  punifhes  their 
enemies,  Pfal.  xxxv.  i.  xhii.  I.  Lam. 
*iii.  38.  Profeffors ^Zf^r/  nvith  their  mo- 
ther, when  they  lay  out  themfelves  by 
all  humble  and  gaining  methods  to  re- 
form their  church  or  nation,   Hof. 

1^0  PLEASE  one,  is  to  cjo  what  is 


84     J        P  L  E 

agreeable  to  him.  It  pleafed  God  t^ 
bruife  Chrifl ;  he  did  it  of  his  own 
will,  and  with  a  delight  in  the  tenden- 
cy thereof  to  promote  our  falvation. 
If.  liii.  10.  He  is  ivell  pleafed  luith 
Chrift,  and  for  his  righteoufnefs  fake  ; 
he  delights  in  him  as  his  own  Son,  and 
as  our  Mediator  ;  he  accepts  his  obe-  1 
dicnce  and  fuffering  in  our  flead,  and 
thereby  is  reconciled  to,  and  ready  to 
blcfs  fuch  as  believe,  Matth.  iii.  iy. 
John  viii.  29.  If.  xlii.  21.  He  is 
pleafed  with  men  and  their  works,  when 
he  accepts  their  peribns,  approves 
their  conduft  as  good,  and  rewards  it 
for  Chrifl*s  fake,  Heb.  xi.  5.  xiii.  16. 
Chrift  and  his  iptople pleafe  not  themfelves 
when  they  forego  their  own  eafe  or 
honour,  in  order  to  do  good  to  others, 
and  bear  with  their  infirmities,  Rom. 
XV.  I.  2.  Th^pleajingofmen,  is  either 
laivful,  when  we  comply  with  their 
humour  in  things  indifferent,  or  in 
doing  what  tends  to  promote  the  real 
advantage  of  their  foul,  i  Cor.  x.  33.  : 
thus  Paul  became  all  things  to  all  men, 
in  order  to  gain  them  to  Chrift,  i  Cor. 
ix.  19. — 23  :  or  it  is  Jinjul,  when 
we  flatter  them,  fuit  our  condudl  or 
doftrine  to  their  carnal  inclinations, 
and  ftudy  to  pleafe,  without  profiting 
them.  Gal.  i.  10.     Eph.  vi.  6. 

PLEASURE  ;  ( I.)  Delight ;  joy, 
Pfal.  cii.  14.  (2.)  What  tends  to 
give  or  occafion  delight  and  joy,  Eccl. 
ii.  I.  A6is  XXV.  9.  (3.)  Purpofe  ; 
refolution,  Ezra  v.  17.  (4.)  The 
command  of  a  fuperior,  Pfal.  ciii.  21. 
(5.)  Senfual  delights,  or  the  pleafures 
of  fin.  If.  xlvii.  8.  Luke  viii.  14. 
I  Tim.  V.  6.     Heb.  xi.  25. 

PLEDGE  ;  a  pawn  which  a  lend- 
er takes  from  a  borrov/er,  to  fecure 
the  payment  of  his  money.  No  mil- 
ftone  was  ever  to  be  taken  in  pledge  : 
the  widow's  ox,  or  a  perfon's  cloath- 
ing  for  body  or  bed,  was  not  at  all  to 
be  taken,  or  at  leaft  to  be  reftored 
that  very  night.  No  Hebrew  was  to 
take  a  pledge  from  a  poor  man  of  their 
own  nation,  nor  to  go  into  the  bor- 
rower's houfe  to  take  a  pledge  for 
himfclf ;  but  the  borrower  was  to 
bring  out  to  him  vvhat   could  be  bdt 

fpared^ 


P  L  E  [ 

^cired,  Ex.  xxii.  26.  Dent.  xxiv.  lo. 
— 17.  Ezek.  xviii.  7. — 12.  16.  :  but 
in  direft  contradidion  to  thefc  laws, 
we  find  the  Hebrews,  in  the  time  of 
Amos,  lying  befide  their  altars  on 
pledged  cloaths,  in  order  to  obtain 
lueky  dreams,  Amos  ii.  8.  To  take 
a  pledge  for  a  llranire  woman,  imports, 
that  no  body  is  fafe  to  depend  on  the 
honeiiy  of  an  harlot,  Prov.  xx.  16, 

PLEIADES  ;  that  clufter  of  liars, 
which  we  call  the  Jlven  JIars,  in  the 
neck  of  the  coalleilation  Taurus.  Tliey 
appear  about  the  end  qf  March.  Canft 
thou  bind  the  ftvcet  lujluenees  of  Pleiades 
or  CHiMA?  Canil  thou  hinder  their 
rife  in  their  fcafon  ?  or  canft  thou  re- 
ilrain  the  frefh  wind  and  warmih  which 
attend  their  rife,  and  render  the  earth 
open,  fruitful  and  fragrant  ?  Job  xxxviii, 

PLENTEOUS  ;  plentiful  ;  very 
large  and  fruitful,  Gen.  xH.  34.  God 
is  plenteous  in  mercy y  able  and  ready  to 
exercife  it,  in  faving  men  from  great 
mifery,  and  to  great  happinefs,  not- 
withflanding  of  great  and  long  provo- 
cations, Pfal.  Ixxxvi.  5.  ,15.  His  re- 
demption i^pknteousy  contains  fufficien- 
cy  of  pardon,  deliverance,  and  happi- 
nefs, for  multitudes  of  the  greateft 
tranfgreffors,  Pfal.  cxxx.  7.  The  har- 
veft  for  preachers  is  plenteousy  when 
multitudes  are  ready  and  fond  to  hear 
the  gofpel,  Matth.  ix.  37.  The  rain 
of  gofpel-dodfrines  and  influences  is 
plsntifidy  when  frequently  bellowed  on 
many  perfons,  and  in  different  places, 
Pfal.  Ixviii.  9. 

PLOT  ;  to  form  devices,  efpecially 
to  hurt  others,  Pfal.  xxxvii.  12. 

PLOUGH  ;  a  well-known  inftru- 
ment  for  tilling  of  ground.  Thofe  of 
the  eail  are  fo  light,  that  tv/o  cows  or 
two  affes,  and  often  one,  may  draw 
them.  To  put  one's  hand  to  the  plough  and 
look  back,  fignifies  to  engage  in  Chrill's 
fervice,  particularly  that  of  the  mini- 
llry,  and  afterwards  turn  away  to  a 
worldly  or  wicked  courfe,  Luke  ix.  26. 
The  ploughjhare,  is  that  part  of  it  which 
cuts  and  turns  up  the  tilled  ground.  If. 
ii.4.  To  plowy  (i.)  To  till  the  ground. 
(2.)  To  labour  in  a  calling  or  work, 


2S5    T         P  o  E 

I  Cor.  ix.  JO.  Prov.  xx.  4.  Judahjhail 
ploav,  and  Jacob  Jhall  break  his  clods ;  the 
Hebrews  were  obliged  to  hard  and  fer- 
vile,  though  ufeful  labour,  in  their  Af- 
fyrian  or  Chaldean  captivity  ;  or  fliall 
be  made  adive  in  the  performance  of 
good  works,  Hof.  x.  11.  Samfon's 
coyw^2^x\'\o\\s  plotved avith  his  heifer,  when 
they  dealt  with  his  wife,  to  get  the 
meaning  of  his  riddle,  Judg.  xiv.  18. 
To  plow  'zviskednefs,  and  reap  it,  is  to 
devife  and  pradife  it,  and  at  laft  fuffer 
the  puniihment  of  it,  Job  iv.  8.  Hof. 
X.  1 3.  To  plow  on  the.  back,  is  to  fcourge 
feverely,  till  the  lafhes  make  as  it  were 
furrows  in  the  flelh  ;  to  perfecute  and 
torment  grievouily,  Pf.  cxxix.  3.  Zion 
was  plowed  as  afeld,  when  the  temple 
was  dcllroyed  ;  and  it  is  faid,  Turnus 
Rufus,  the  Roman,  caufed  plow  up  the 
foundations  of  it,  Jer.  xxvi.  18.  Mic. 
iii.  £2. 

PLUCK  ;  to  tear  or  draw  away  with 
fome  force.  Lev.  i.  16.  Mic.  iii.  2.  To 
pluck  up,  or  pluck  down,  is  to  demolifli, 
deftroy,  Ezek.  xvii.  9.  Prov.  xiv,  i. ; 
or  to  foretel  and  threaten  the  dcftruc- 
tion  of,  Jer.  i.  10. 

PLUMB-LINE,  that  on  which  the 
plummet  of  mafons  and  carpenters 
hangs,  for  difcovering  the  cxaiftnefs  of 
their  work.  The  'L.oxd.  fcis  a  plumb-line 
in  the  midft  of  his  people,  and  lays 
judgement  to  the  line,  and  righteoufnefs  to 
■  the  plummet,  when  he  manifefts  how  dif- 
agreeable  their  condud\  is  to  the  rule 
of  his  word,  and  executes  juft  judge- 
ment upon  them,  Amos  vii.  7.  8.  If. 
xxviii,  17.  The  Jewsfaw  the  plummet 
in  the  hand  of  Zerubbabel,  when  they  be- 
held the  fecond  temple  founded  and 
built  by  his  diredlion,  Zech.  iv.  10. 
But  the  plummet  of  the  houfe  of  u^hab  is 
terrible,  and  almoft  univerfal  ruin,  like 
that  of  the  family  of  Ahab,  2  Kings 
xxi.  13. 

POETS  ;  fuch  as  compofe  fongs  or 
verfes  in  metre,  A£ls  xiv.  28.  The 
art  of  compofing  verfes  has  been  efteem- 
cd  in  all  civilized  nations  we  know  of. 
Homer,  Pindar,  Anacreon,  and  Sap- 
pho, excelled  herein  among  the  Greeks; 
Virgil  and  Horace  among  the  Latins  : 
Taffo  among  the  Italians  j   Corneille, 

Moliere, 


p  D  I       r  286 

Mollere,  and  Boileau,  among  the  French; 
Mikon,  Cowley,  Dryden,  Addilbn, 
Watts,  Pope,  Thomfon,  ^c.  among 
the  Englifh  ;  and  Oilian,  among  the 
Oaels  or  ancient  Scots.  It  is  faid  the 
Arabs  have  more  poems  in  their  lan- 
jruage  than  all  the  world  befide.  The 
fongs  of  Mofe$,  Debo'ah,  and  Han- 
nah, the  prayer  of  Hezeiciah  and  Hab- 
bakkuk,  if  not  alfo  of  Miry  and  Za- 
chanas,  Exod.  xv.  Judg.  v.  i  Sam.  iic 
If.  xxxviii.  Hab.  iii.  Luke.  i.  and  the 
Pfalms,  moil  of  Job,  Proverbs,  Eccle- 
fiafles,  Song  of  Solomon,  and  Larnen- 
tations,  appear  to  be  of  the  poetic  kind. 
But  after  all  the  pains  of  the  learned, 
we  cannot  underftand  the  rules  of  their 
iTietre  ;  nor  can  we  fay  if  they  attended 
to  any  lixed  rules  :  and  the  trtfth  is, 
no  rules  in  the  world  will  render  a  man 
a  true  poet,  who  has  not  a  proper  ftock 
of  imagery  and  fire  in  his  own  mind. 
Befides  the  unequalled  fire  and  bold 
ftrokes  of  imagery  in  fcripture-poems, 
their  principal  excellency  is  their  being 
ca'culatcd  to  promote  the  honour  of 
Ood,  and  the  everlaftiag  happinefs  of 
mankind  •  whereas  many  other  poems 
fervc  only  to  drefs  up  folly  and  vice, 
aiid  reader  raonilers  of  lull  or  othcr 
wicl  jdnefs  apparently  amiable. 

POINT;  (i.)  The  fiiarp  top  of 
^ny  thing,  Jer.  xvii.  I.  ;  and  fp  when 
any  thing  is  near  to  another,  it  is  faid 
to  be  at  the  point  of  it,  John  iv.  47. 
-(2.)  A  particular  part  or  article,  how- 
ever fmall.  Jam.  ii.  icu 

POISON,  or  VENOM.  That  there 
is  a  variety  of  vegetable  and  mineral 
polfons,  as  hemlock,  arfenic,  life,  is  fuf- 
ficiently  kno?\'n  ;  but  what  the  fcripture 
calls  poifon,  is  that  liquor  which  afps, 
ferpents,  dragons,  vipers,  tfc.  convey 
by  their  fting  and  bite,  for  the  killing 
of  other  animals.  What  is  deathful 
and  poifonous  to  fome  animals,  is  harm- 
lefs  and  medicinal  to  others.  Wicked- 
ncfs  in  falfe  dodrine,  wicked  language, 
or  evil  courfes,  are  likened  to  poifon  or 
venom  ;  how  hurtful  and  deadly  to  mens 
fouls  and  bodies  !  how  fmners  delight 
in  it,  and  are  fond  of  infeding  others 
therewith  !  how  they  have  it  in  or  unikr 
their  lips  or  tongue^  ia  their  heait,  aaj 


]  POM 

eve  ready  to  be  vented  !  Deut.  xxxu. 
33.  Pfal.  Iviii.  4.  Rom.  iii.  13.  Jam. 
iii.  8.  The  deftru<£live  judgements  of 
God  are  likened  to  poifon  ;  how  often 
they  come  infenfibly  Qn  men  !  how  they 
fpread,  and  torment,  and  deftroy  them. 
Job  vi.  4.  XX.  16. 

A  POLL  ;  a  HEAD,  Numb.  i.  2. 
Ezekiel*8  vifionary  prieils />o////7^  or  cut- 
ting fhort  the  hair  of  their  heads,  but 
not  Jhaving  them,  imports  their  avoid- 
ing every  mark  of  effeminacy  on  the 
one  hand,  and  every  Heathenifh  and 
monkiOi  cuftom  of  fuperititioH  on  the 
other,   Ezek.  xliv.  20. 

POLLUTE  ;  to  defile.  See  pro, 
fane: 

The  POMEGRANATE-TREE 
is  of  the  apple  kind.  Its  breadth  is 
greater  than  its  height.  Its  wood  is 
hard  and  knotty  ;  its  bark  is  reddifh  ; 
its  leaves  are  grcenifh,  inclining  to  red,^ 
and  fomewhat  like  thofe  of  myrrh.  Its 
bloffoms  are  large,  comely,  and  reddilh  ; 
and  the  cup  formed  by  them  is  of  the 
form  of  a  bell.  When  the  flowers  are 
double,  no  fruit  follows.  Wild  pome- 
granate trees  are-  more  prickly  than  the 
cultivated  kind.  The  pomegranate- 
apple  is  extremely  beautiful,  reddidi 
both  within  and  without.  Its  juice  is 
Hke  wine,  mixed  with  httle  kernels; 
nay,  wine  is  frequently  made  of  it,  or 
mixed  with  it.  Song  viii.  2.  It  appears 
to  have  been  anciently  ufed  to  give  a 
flavour  to  me£^ts  and  liquors,  till  the 
juice  of  lemons  and  oranges  have  almoft 
•fuperfeded  it,  Deut.  viii.  7.  8.  Numb. 
XX.  5.  The  rind  or  fhell  is  confider- 
ably  large  and  hard ;  and  it  feems,  in 
Peru,  is  fometimes  ufed  for  a  barreL 
■^he  high-prieft's  long  robe  was  hung 
round  the  lower  hem  with  bells  and 
pomegranates  alternately,  Exod.  xxviii. 
33.  34.  ;  and  on  the  net-work  which 
covered  the  two  pillars  of  the  temple, 
Jachin  and  Boaz,  there  were  200  figures 
of  pomegranates  ;  96  of  which  were 
feen  on  a  fide,  i  Kings  xvii.  18.  42. 
2  Kings  XXV.  17.  Did  thefe  mark  the 
glorious  and  nullifying  nature  and  in- 
fluence of  Jefus's  righteoufnefs,  office, 
interceffion,  and  gofpel  ?  The  faints, 
^id  their  graces,  par;,icul£irly  their  hu- 

jnility 


POM      r  2 

inility,  are  likened  to  pomegranates; 
how  comely,  various,  delightful,  and 
all  deeply  afFeded  with  Jefus's  blood  ! 
Songiv.  13.  vi.  ri.  vii.  12.  iv.  3. 

POMMEL  ;  a  kind  of  bowl,  or 
roundiHi  knob,  2  Chron.  iv.  12. 

POMP  ;,  noify  or  gaudy  appearance^ 
If.  V.  14.  Ads  XXV.  23. 

PONDER;,  (i.)  To  confider  a 
thing,  Luke  ii.  19.  (2.)  To  obferve 
exad^ly,  Prov.  v.  21.  iv.  26. 

POND,  or  POOL.  TUe  Egyptians 
had  many  of  them  ;  partly  for  detain- 
ing the  fiih  when  the  Nile  decreafed  ; 
and  partly  for  keeping  them  frefli, 
Exod.  vii.  19.  When  they  are  called 
ponds  of  foul y  either  foul  k  put  iorjj/hy 
or  it  imports  the  ponds  were  for  plea- 
fare  and  diverfion,  If.  xix.  \  10.  The 
filh-pools  of  Hefhbon  were  very  noted, 
Song  vii.  4.  The  upper  pool  of  Jeru- 
falem,  was  that  of  Gihon  on  the  well 
of  the  city,  and  the  lower  was  perhaps 
that  of  Siloam  or  Bethefda,  If.  vii.  3. 
2  Kings  xviii.  17.  If.  xxii.  9.  Niaeveh 
was,  of  old,  like  a  pool  of  avater  ;  her 
buftling  inhabitants  fwarmed  in  her, 
like  multitudes  of  flrtl  :  nor  for  a  long 
time  was  {he  troubled  with  diftrefs  and 
commotions,  Nah.  ii.  8.  God  dried  up 
the  herbs  and  pools,  and  made  the  rivers 
tjlands,  when  Cyrus  diverted  the  ftream 
of  the  Euphrates,  and,  marching  his 
army  along  the  channel,  entered  Baby- 
lon ;  or  when  he  cuts  off  the  common 
people  and  their  fupportevs  ;  or  when 
he  removed  every  hindrance  of  the  Jews 
return  to  their  own  country,  If.  xHi.  15. 
Jer.  1.  38.  Babylon  is  made  like  Tapool 
of  nuater,  when  the  very  place  where 
the  city  Hood  is  partly  turned  into  a 
fen  or  marfh.  If.  xiv.  23.  He  makes 
the  parched  ground  or  wildernefs  pools 
of  iL'ater,  when  the  Gentile  world,  fo 
long  barren  of  goodnefs,  is  abundantly 
bleffed  with  the  doetrines  and  inliucnces 
of  the  gofpel,  If.  xxxv.  7.  xli.  18. 
■  POOR.  Men  are  poor,  (i.)  In 
outward  condition,  having  fcarcely 
whereupon  to  live.  As  thefe  are  rea- 
dy to  be  overlooked,  dcfpifed,  and  in- 
jured by  men,  God  claims  the  pecu- 
liar infpedion  of  them,  Prov.  xiv.  31. 
Under  the  Jewilh  difpenfation,  he  ac- 


87    1         POP 

commodated  alraoft  every  kind  of  #f- 
FERiNG  to  the  cafe  of  the  poor;  he 
charged  to  take  fpecial  notice  of  them  - 
he  appointed  the  gleanings  of  fields  and 
vineyards,  and  flie  increafe  of  the  fe- 
venth  year,  and  part  of  the  third  tithe, 
to  be  theirs.  Lev.  xxv.  25. — 47.  xix. 
10.  Chrilllans  are  alfo  charged  to  pro- 
vide for  them  ;  and  a  bleffing  is  promi- 
fed  on  fuch  as  wifely  confider  their  cafe 
awl  help  them,  Gal.  fi.  10.  Pfal.  xli. 
1.  2.  3.  Prov.  xix.  7.  Judges  are  char- 
ged to  do  them  juflice,  but  not  unjuft- 
ly  to  fivour  them  for  their  poverty, 
Pfal.  Ixxxii.  4.  Exod.  xxiii.  3.  Lev. 
xiy.  15.  In  the  Eail,  people  of  rank 
never  lay  up  what  is  left  of  their  pro- 
viiion  at  their  feafts,  but  the  poor  neigh- 
bours come  in  and  eat  it  all  up  j  nay, 
Arabian  princes  often  dine  at  their  door, 
and  call  all  that  pafs  by,  beggars  not 
excepted,  to  eat  with  them,  Luke  xiv. 
13.21.  (2.)  Poor  in  fpiritual  eflate, 
when,  however  full  they  may  be  of 
felf-conceit,  and  abounding  in  outward 
wealth  and  honour,  they  are  deftitute 
of  Jefus's  righteoufnefs  and  grace,  have 
no  faving  intereft  in  the  favour  of  God> 
but  are  contemned  of  him,  and  are  ex- 
pofed  to  everlafting  mifery  and  want> 
Rev.  iii.  1  7.  (3.)  Poor  in  fpirit,  who, 
though  poiTeffed  of  an  intereft  in  the 
new  covenant,  and  all  its  fulnefs,  are 
feniible  of  their  own  fmfulnefs  and  emp- 
tinsfs,  and  humbly  fupplicate  every  gra- 
cious fupply  from  our  all-liberal  Re- 
deemer, Matth.  V.  3,  A  Jew  was^oor- 
er  than  the  prieft's  eftimation,  when  he 
could  not  pay  the  price  at  which  the 
prieft  valued  his  redemption,  Lev.  xxvii, 
8.  The  poor  and  rich,  and  the  poor  and 
deceitful  creditor,  meet  together  ;  God 
is  equally  their  former,  preferver,  and 
judge  ;  they  will  quickly  be  in  the 
grave,  and  in  the  eternal  ftate,  where- 
their  poverty  or  wealth  will  be  of  no 
confec^ucncc,   Prov.  xxii.  2.   xxix.  13. 

The  POPL  AR-TREE  is  fomewhat 
ak'n  to  the  willow,  takes  root  in  the 
fame  eafy  manner,  and  will  grow  12 
or  14  feet  in  a  year,  and  in  four  or  five 
become  a  large'  tree.  There  are  four 
kinds  of  p  oplar  ;  two  whitiih  ki'  ds,  the 
black  kivj^lf  and  tliuafpen,  with  trem- 

bling^ 


POP      r  2 

Win^  leaves.  Sometimes  the  Hebrews 
made  groves  of  it,  where  they  burnt 
incenfe  to  their  idols,  Hof.  iv.  13. 

POPULOUS;  full  of  people,  Deut. 
xxvi.  5:. 

PORCH  ;  an  entrance  to  a  lodging, 
Judg.  iii.  23.  The  orientals  receive  vi- 
fits  in  them  both  in  fummer  and  win- 
ter, and  difpatch  bufmefs  ;  and  great 
men  admit  few  any  farther,  except  on 
extraordinary  occafions,  Ezek.  xxxiii. 
30.  Efth.  iv.  II. 

PORTERS  ;  fuch  as  keep  the  gates 
of  a  city  or  houfe,  and  fhut  cr  open 
the  fame  when  it  is  proper.  David  ap- 
pointed 4000  of  the  Levites  to  be  por- 
ters in  the  temple,  each  in  their  refpec- 
tive  places,  i  Chron.  xxiii.  5.  xxvi. 
They  refided  at  Jerufalem  and  its  en- 
virons, and  were  a  kind  of  military 
guards  to  the  temple,  Neh.  vii.  73.  It 
feems  the  Jews  had  fometimes  porters 
to  watch  the  doors  of  their  fneep-fold ; 
but  the  porter  that  openeth  to  Jefus,  as 
our  Shepherd,  is  his  Father,  who  ad- 
mitted him  to  his  office,  the  Holy 
Ghofl,  who  by  the  preaching  of  the 
gofpel,  introduces  him  into  countries, 
and  the  hearts  of  his  people  ;  or  the 
prophets  and  Baptid,  who  foretold  his 
coming  into  the  world,  John  x.  3. 

PORTION;  the  fliare  which  be- 
longeth  to  one,  Gen.  xiv.  24.  God 
is  the  portion  of  his  people  ;  he  freely 
gives  himfelf  to  them  to  fupply  all  their 
need,  and  enriches  them  with  eveiy 
thing  great  and  ufsful,  Pfal.  Ixxiii.  26. 
Jer.  x.  16.  The  Jevvifli  nation,  the 
church,  and  her  true  members,  a^e 
God's  portion  ;  he  claimed  or  claims  a 
fpecial  right  to  them,  and  did  or  doth 
fhew  a  pecuhar  regard  to  them,  Deut. 
xxxii.  9.  Pfal.  cxxxv.  4.  Chrift  hath 
a  portion  with  the  great,  and  divides 
the  fpoil  with  the  ftrong,  when,  not- 
withftanding  of  all  oppofition  from  fin, 
Satan,  and  the  world,  he  obtains  a 
glorious  church,  and  great  honour  a- 
mong  men.  If.  liii.  1,2.  The  portion  of 
adulterers,  and  other  fmners,  from  God, 
is  fearful  plag^ies  here,  and  endlefs  de- 
ftru6tion  hereafter,  Job  xxxi.  2.  xx.  29. 
Pfal.  xi.  6.  The  portion  of  goods  gi- 
ven  to  prodigal  fmnersj  is  their  natu- 


p  o  s 


8S    1 

ral  abilities  and  worldly  enjoymentSrf 
which  they  confume  in  the  fcrvice  of 
fin,  Luke  XV.  12.  Men  give  3.  portion 
to/even^  and  alfo  to  eighty  when  tl^ty  a- 
bound  more  and  more  in  relieving  the 
necefiitles  of  the  poor,  Eccl.  xi.  2. 
They  have  their  portion  among  fmooth 
Jloncsy  when  they  are  wholly  taken  with 
idols  formed  out  of  ftones  or  metal,  or 
the  like,  and  the  worfliipping  of  them> 
If.  Ivii.  6.  God's  portion  of  the  latogi' 
•very  was  an  inheritance  affigned  to  that 
tribe  by  Mofes,  Deut.  xxxili.  21. 

POSSESS  ;  to  hold,  or  enjoy,  as 
one^s  own  property.  Lev.  xx.  24.  One 
pojfejfeth  his  foul  in  patience^  when,  to 
the  advantage  of  his  foul,  he  exerci- 
feth  it  in  a  calm  and  conflant  patience, 
Luke  xxi.  26.  To  poffefs  one's  vejfel 
in  fanctification  and  honour,  is  to  ex- 
ercife  our  body,  or  whole  man,  in  what 
is  holy  and  pure,  i  TheiT.  iv.  4.  Saints 
poj'efs  all  things ;  they  have  an  Intereil 
in  all  the  fulnefs  of  God  ;  they  have 
whatever  is  for  their  real  advantage  ; 
all  things  work  together  for  their  good ; 
and  they  are  or  ought  to  be  content 
with  fuch  things  as  they  have,  2  Cor. 
vi.  10.  The  Jews  poffeffed  the  Chalv 
deans,  Edomitcs,  Moabites,  and  Am- 
monites; perhaps  many  Chaldeans  came 
to  Judea  with  them  as  their  fervants  ; 
the  Maccabees  fubdued  the  three  laft 
of  thefe  nations  ;  and  imdcr  the  gofpel 
they  were  joined  to  the  trne  church. 
If.  xiv.  2.   Obad.  17. — 20.  Zeph.  ii.  9. 

Possession,  is  either,  (i.)  The 
a6lual  enjoyment  of  things,  i  Kings 
xxi.  19.;  or,  (2.)  The  thing  enjoyed, 
whether  lands,  houfes,  goods,  fervants, 
cifr.  Eccl,  il.  7.  Matth.  xlx.  22.  God 
is  the  pojfejjion  of  EzeklePs  priefts ; 
faints  have  a  right  to,  and  derive  their 
help  and  comfort  from  God  ;  and  on 
wiiat  is  devoted  to  him  ought  minifters 
to  live,  Ezek.  xliv.  28.  The  church, 
or  heaven,  '\s  2.  purchafed  poffejfion  ;  the 
faints  are  redeemed  by  the  blood  of 
Chrift,  and  God  is  united  to,  and  de- 
lights in  them  ;  and  the  heavenly  glory 
which  the  faints  for  ever  enjoy,  is  the 
reward  of  Chrift's  obedience  and  fuf- 
fering,  Eph.  i.  14.  The  possessors, 
who  flew  the  Jews,    and  held  them- 

felveg 


P  O  S         [289 

felves  not  gi-ilty,  were  their  ru^cr^, 
fcribes,  and  PhariTees,  who  ruined  thi 
common  people  by  their  erroneous  c'oc- 
trines,  wicked  laws,  and  bad  example, 
Zech.  xi.  5. 

POSSIBLE;  (i.)  What  may  be 
got  effected,  Rom.  xii.  i^.  (2.)  Whit 
is  profitable  and  necefTary,  Gul.  iv.  15. 
(3.)  What  is  ai^reeable  to  the  will  of 
Go4,  and  confident  with  his  purpofe, 
Matth.  xxvi.  39,   Ads  xx.  16. 

POST  ;  (  I.)  A  pillar  fuch  as  thofe 
which  fupport  the  upper  lintels  of  doors 
or  gates,  Exod.  xii.  7.  Judg.  xvi.  3. 
The  Jews  fet  up  their  pnfts  by  God*s 
poftsy  when  they  valued  and  obferved 
their  idolatries  and  traditions  on  a  level 
with  his  llatutes  and  worfliip,  Ezek. 
xliii.  8.  (2.)  A  courier  or  fvvift  mef- 
fenger,  for  riding  or  running  with  let- 
ters, or  other  intelligence.  Some  foot- 
polls  in  Barbary  are  faid  to  run  150 
miles  in  24  hours.  In  many  countries 
in  Afia  and  Africa  no  pofls  like  ours 
are  eftablifhed  ;  but  for  a  fmall  price  a 
melTenger  may  be  got  to  run  exprefs 
with  a  letter.  To  convey  intelligence 
quickly,  the  Perfian  kings  had  centi- 
nels  placed  at  proper  dlilances,  who, 
by  crying  one  to  another,  gave  notice 
©f  public  occurrences.  This  method, 
however,  was  quite  improper  for  fe- 
crets.  Cyrus  therefore  fettled  pofts 
that  rode  night  and  day,  in  the  man- 
ner of  ours,  Ellh.  iii.  13.  The  Afia- 
tics  and  others  had  alfo  pigeons  who 
carried  letters,  efpecially  from  befieged 
cities.  They  hadpojis  in  Babylon,  that 
run  from  one  part  of  the  city  to  ano- 
ther, Jer.  li.  31.  Man's  life  is  fwifter 
than  2i  poj} ;  continually  hurries  on  to 
an  end,  Job  ix.  25. 

POSTERITY.     See  offspring. 

POT.  The  Orientals  put  their 
earthen  pots  into  holes  in  their  houfes 
or  tents,  about  a  foot  and  an  half 
deep  ;  by  which  means,  a  few  thorns, 
a  little  dried  dung,  ftraw,  &c.  make 
them  quickly  boil,  Eccl.  vii,  6.  Pfal. 
Iviii.  9.  Job  xii.  31.  Amos  iv.  11. 
Zech.  iii.  2.  To  lie  among  the  pots  1  is 
to  be  exceedingly  defiled,  enflaved,  and 
diftreffed,  Pfal.  Ixviii.  13.  The  He- 
brews were  freed  from  pots  and  hnlsv:, 

vcL.  ir. 


POT 

when  delivered  from  their  flavifh  m^* 
king  of  bricks  in  Egypt,  Pfal.  Ixxxi.  6. 
Jerufildm  is  likened  to  a  boilin^^  pot,  the 
fire  of  \v\\\c\\  faced  the  north  ;  by  means 
of  the  Chaldeans  who  marched  front 
the  north,  was  Jerufalem  befieged  andi 
burnt,  and  the  inhabitants  tormented 
to  death,  as  in  boiling  water,  or  as  Jtt 
a  dry  but  red-hot  pot,  Jer.  i.  13.  Ezek. 
xxiv.  3. — 14.  It,  or  the  Jewilh  ftate, 
was  like  a/x?/  marred  in  the  hand  of  the 
potter  ;  by  God,  the  framer  thereof, 
were  they  ruined  and  broken  to  pieces 
by  means  of  the  Chaldeans,  Jer.  xviii.  6. 
The  golden  pot,  whefein  the  manna  was 
laid  up,  may  denote  the  precious  ordi- 
nances of  the  everlafting  gofpel,  where- 
in the  fulnefs  of  Chrift  is  laid  up,  be- 
fore, and  under  the  fpecial  infpetlion 
of  God,  Exod.  xvi.  33.  As  the  fining 
pot  for  fiher,  and  the  furnSCe  for  gold^ 
i.  e,  for  the  trial  and  difcovery  of  thefe 
metals,  fo  is  a  man  to  his  praife  ;  by  the  " 
charader  of  the  perfons  who  commend 
him,  and  by  his  behaviour  under  com- 
mendations, it  will  appear  what  fort  of 
a  perfon  he  is,  Prov.  xxvii.  2 1. 

A  POTSHERD,  is  a  piece  of  a 
broken  eirthen  veflel,  Jobii.  8.  Chrift '« 
ftrength  was  dried  Uhe  a  potfherd ;  the 
blood  and  moifture  of  his  body  was 
extra6ted  by  thefweat,  the  fcourging, 
the  nailing  to,  and  hanging  on  the 
crofs  ;  the  confolation  of  his  foul  was 
Avith-held,  and  he,  tormented  in  his 
Father's  wrath,  was  like  a  potfherd 
dried  in  a  furnace,  Pfal.  xxii.  15.  To 
mark  mens  frailty  and  expofure  to  trou- 
ble, they  are  likened  to  potfioerds,  of 
broken  pots,  If.  xlv.  9.  A  potter,  is 
one  that  makes  pots,  or  earthen  ware, 
Jer.  xviii.  3.  God  is  called  the  Potter; 
he  forms  our  bodies  of  clay,  and  form* 
and  difpofes  of  us  as  he  'plcafeth,  Rom, 
ix.  21.   If.  Ixiv.  8. 

POTENTATE  ;  a  powerful  ruler. 
God  is  the  07ily  Potenfate,  King  of  kings, 
and  Lord  of  lords  ;  he  is  the  fole  fu- 
preme  Ruler  of  all  perfons  and  things, 
I  Tim.  vi.  15. 

POTIPHAR  ;  an  officer  of  Pha- 

raoh,  the    fecond    in   our   lift.      Some 

will  have  him  to  be  his  general,  or  cap* 

tain  of  his  guard  ;  others  will  have  him 

O  o  the 


POT  [29 

the  chief  of  his  cooks  or  butchers.  He 
Ijought  Jofeph  from  the  Midianites, 
and  finding  every  thing  profper  in  his 
hand,  he  conceived  an  afFetSlion  for 
him,  and  committed  to  his  care  the 
whole  management  of  his  houlehold- 
affairs  ;  but  he  too  eafily  credited  his 
whorifh  wife,  and  caft  Jofeph  into  pri- 
fon.  Either  this,  or  aii-jther  captain 
of  the  guard,  afterwards  favoured  Jo- 
i\;pli,  Gen.  xxxvii.  36.  xxxix.  xL 

Whether  Potipherah,  prieft  or 
prince  of  On,  and  father-in-law  of  Jo- 
feph, was  the  fame  as  the  above  Poti- 
phar,  is  controverted.  We  think  him 
a  different  perfon.  On  was  about  45 
miles  diilant  from  Zoan,  where  Pha- 
raoh and  Potiphar  dwelt.  Potipherah 
appears  to  have  been  one  of  the  great- 
cll  men  in  Egypt,  which  Potiphar  does 
uot.  Nor  can  we  believe  Jofeph- would 
have  been  fond  of  a  whore's  daughter 
for  his  wife,   Gen.  xli.  45. 

POTTAGE,  in  the  Eafl,  is  made 
by  boiling  a  little  flelh  cut  into  fmall 
pieces,  along  with  rice,  flour,  parfley, 
&c.  2  Kings  iv.  39.  Prov.  xv.  17. 
Notwithllanding  their  large  flocks  and 
herds,  the  Orientals  eat  but  little  fiefli. 
Prov.  xxiii.  xx. 

POUND,  the  fame  as  the  Man  eh. 

See  TALENT. 

To  POUR,  SHPD.  When  it  relates 
to  things  not  material,  fignifies,  to  be- 
llow them  plentifully,  and  with  care  ; 
fo  God  flieds  forth  the  Holy  Ghoft, 
pours  out  his  Spirit,  his  wrath,  ^c. 
Prov.  i.  23.  Ezek.  vii.  8.:  and  tve pour 
out  our  heart,  when  we  plentifully  utter 
the  lamentations  and  requells  thereof, 
Lara.  ii.  19.  Pfal.  Ixii.  8.  God's  love 
is  Jhed  abroad  m  onv  h^Tivi,  when  plen- 
tifully applied  and  believed,  Rom.  v.  5. 
Shedding  of  blood,  denotes  a  violent  death, 
Gen.  ix.  6.    Hcb.  ix.  22. 

POURTRAY  ;  to  paint  ;  draw  a 
picture,  Ezek.  iv.  i. 

POWDER;  (i.)  Small  and  dry 
dull,  Exod.  xxxii.  20.  The  rain  of  a 
land  h  poivder  and  duji,  when  in  excef- 
five  drought  the  wind  toffes  about  the 
duft,  iinftead  of  the  fall  of  refrefhful 
dews  or  rain,  Deut.  xxviil.  24.  If.  v.  24. 
(2.)    Precious   perfumes  beaten  very 


o   1       p  o  w 

fmall  ;  and  to  this  the  intefceffion  of 
Chrift,  and  the  various  graces  which 
the  faints  receive  from  him,  aiid  their 
holy  exercifes  of  prayer,  praife,  and 
good  works,  are  likened,  Sung  iii.  6. 
POWER ;  (  I. )  Ability  or  ftrength, 
Hof.  xii.  3.  (2.)  Authority,  and  right 
to  govern  kingdoms,  cities,  or  elates 
of  men.  Mat.  iv.  6.  ix.  6.  (3.)  Pri- 
vilege, John  i.  f  12.  (4.)  Freedom;  .?  , 
liberty,  i  Cor.  ix.  4.  6.  (5.)  Force; 
violence,  Ezra  iv.  f.'23.  God  is  call- 
ed po^wer,  becaufe  of  his  unbounded 
flreqgth  and  authority,  Matth.  xxvi.64 
Jefus  Chriil  crucllied  is  called  the  ^ow- 
er  of  God :  in  the  conllitution  of  his 
perfon  God-man,  and  in  his  office,  and 
the  execution  of  it,  in  ranfoming,  for- 
giving, and  converting  fmners,  are 
God's  ftrength  and  authority  marvel- 
loufly  difplayed,  i  Cgr.  i.  24.  The 
Holy  Ghoft  is  called  the  power  of  the 
H'lgbefi,  to  denote  the  infinite  authority 
and,  might  by  which  he  adcd  in  the 
incarnation  of  Chrift,  and  does  aft  in 
the  falvation  of  men,  Luke  i.  35. 
Angels,  good  or  bad,  are  called /jow- 
ers ;  they,  when  authorifed,  or  per- 
mitted of  God,  are  able  to  do  great 
and  marvellous  exploits,  CoL  i.  16. 
Eph.  vi.  12.  Magi ftrates  are /^jw^/v  ; 
vefted  with  authority,  they  rule  over 
others,  and  are  able  to  do  much,  Rom. 
xiii.  I.  Q\w'][\h^.?,?\\  poiver  and  autho- 
rity given  him  in  heaven  and  in  earth; 
he  has  an  ever-prevalent  intercefhon  ; 
he  has  powej  to  fend  the  Holy  Ghoft 
to  the  church,  and  to  make  angels  and 
every  creature  2.61  in  fubfervlency  to. 
the  calling,  converfion,  and  fanAifi- 
cation  of  his  people,  Matth.  xxviii.  18. 
He  puts  down  all  po<zver  and  authority, 
when  he  caufes  the  office  of  magiftracy 
and  miniftry  to  ceafe  at  the  end  of  the 
world,  I  Cor.  xv.  24.  Jacob  had 
power  nvith  the  angel,  and  prevailed ; 
by  the  fervent  prayer  of  faith,  he  ob- 
tained the  bleffnig  he  defired,  and  got 
the  better  of  Laban  and  Efau,  Gen. 
xxxii.  28.  'Vho.  powers  of  the  world  to 
come,  are  the  mighty  influeiices  and 
miraculous  operations  of  the  Holy 
Ghoft,  Heb.  vi.  5.  The  powers  of 
heaven  ftiaken  before  Chrill's  coming, 

may 


PR  A  [2 

iniy  denote  the  fearful  tokens  in  the  fl^y, 
and  the  overturning  of  the  governors  of 
the  Jewifh  church  and  flate  ;  and  the  ce- 
lellial  luminaries  of  heaven  fhaken  and 
darkened  before  the  lafl  judgement, 
Matth.  xxiv.  29.  Satan  hath  the  power 
of  death  ;  he  introduced  fm,  the  caufe 
of  death ;  he  terrifies  men  with  the  fear 
of  death  ;  and  he  torments  th.em  in  the 
fecond  death,  Hcb.  ii.  14.  Death  and 
life  are  in  the  potuer  of  the  tongue.  By 
their  words,  teachers,  witnelfes,  judges, 
and  others,  have  no  fmall  hand  m  oc- 
cafioning  death  or  life,  Prov.  xviii.  21. 
A  woman's  'vaU^  or  head-cover'wgy  is 
called  potver,  as  it  marks  her  fubjec- 
tion  to  the  powtr  of  her  huiband,  i  Cor. 
xi.  10.  At  the  refurre6lion,  the  faints 
ilnll  be  raifed  in  po'wcr :  their  body 
ihall  be  quite  active,  and  able  to  attend 
their  foul  in  all  her  operations  ;  for 
ever  freed  from  every  infirmity  and 
danger,  and  able  to  bear  their  exceeding 
and   eternal  weight   of  glor)',    I  Cor. 

PRAISE;  (i.)  Aconfeffionofthe 
vvo-.derful  excellencies  of  God,  Pfal. 
cxxxviii.  I.  Jlev.  xix.  5.  (2.)  A  de- 
claring of  the  good  qualifications  of 
men,  Pfal.  xxvii.  2. ;  and  the  fancied 
excellencies  of  idols,  Dan.  v.  14.  (3.) 
The  perfonorgcod  deeds  commended, 
Dent.  X.  20.  Pial.  cxviii.  14.  cvi.  2. 
So  God  is  the  prai/e  of  his  people,  t.  e. 
the  objeftwhom  they  praife,  Jer.  xvii. 
14.'  M:\giilrates  are  for  the  pra'ifc, 
commendation,  and  encouragement  of 
them  that  do  well,   Rom.  xiii.  3. 

PRANCE  ;  to  tread  the  ground, 
2"  ^  galloping  horie,  Judg.  v.  22.  Nah. 
iii.  2. 

PRATE  ;  to  babble  forth  a  great 
rhany  words,   Prov.  x.  8. 

To  PRAY  ;  to  ASK.  Our  prayer 
to  God,  lies  in  offering  our  hearty  re- 
qucils  to  him,  either  with  or  without 
words,  with  confefiion  of  our  fins,  and 
thankful  acknowledgement  of  his  mer- 
cies. It  is  either  private  or  public,  and 
either  relates  to  the  bellowing  of  good 
things,  or  the  preventing  of  evil  things, 
Dan.  ix.  It  is  to  be  made  for  all  forts 
of  men  living,  but  not  for  the  dead, 
whofe  tlate  cannot  bs  changed;   i  Tim, 


91     1         P  R  A 

ii.  1.2.  It  is  to  be  for  things  agree- 
able  to  the  will  of  God,  revealed  in  his 
precept  or  promife,  i  John  v.  14.;  and 
is  to  be  performed  inChrift's  name,  with 
knowledge,  faith,  repentance,  finceri* 
ty,  fervency,  and  perfeverance,  I  JohtS 
XV.  18.  James  V.  15.  16.  Pfal.  Ixvi.  16. 
xvii.  I.  Col.  iv.  12.  Nor,  if  perfond 
have  the  knowledge  of  God  and  them- 
felves,  are  forms  neceffary  ;  nor  is  there 
any  evidence  of  confinement  to  forms 
of  words  in  prayer  to  be  found  in 
Scripture.  Our  Saviour's  pattern  is 
not  expreffed  in  the  lame  words  in  both 
places  where  it  is  found  ;  and  where  it 
is  moft  full,  he  only  requires  us  to 
pray  after  that  manner :  nor  have  we 
the  leall  evidence  ol  the  apoftles  ever 
ufing  it  as  a  form  ;  but  the  contrary,  in 
a  variety  of  inftances  of  their  prayers 
mentioned  in  the  A6ls,  or  in  their  e- 
piftles.  To  reprefent  the  nature  ot 
prayer,  it  is  called  an  adding,  John  xv, 
16.  ;  a  feeking  and  knocking.  Match, 
vii.  7.;  a  lifting  up  of  the  foul,  pour- 
ing out  the  heart,  Pfal.  xxv.  I.  Ixii.  8.; 
a  looking  up  to,  and  talking  with  God, 
Pfal.  v.  3.  Job  XV.  f  4. ;  a  wreflling' 
with  God,  Rom.  %\.  30.;  a  taking 
hold  of  God,  If.  Ixiv.  7.  ;  meditation, 
Pfal.  v.  J.;  enquiring.  Gen.  xxv.  22.; 
crying,  i  Sam.  vii.  8.;  fighing,  rtiourn* 
ing,  groaning,  weeping,  Pfal.  xii.  5. 
Iv.  2.  vi.  6.  Joel  ii.  17.;  breathing. 
Lam.  iii.  56.;  fupplication,  entreaty, 
Zech.  xii.  10.  Exod.  viii.  8,  Some- 
times prayer  is  expreffed  by  the  pof- 
tures  ufed  in  it,  as  Handing,  falling 
down,  Deut,  ix.  18.;  bowing  the  knee, 
Eph.  iii.  14.;  fpreading,  ftretching 
forth,  or  lifting  up  the  hands,  Exod. 
ix.  29.   xvii.  II.  Job  xi,  13. 

If  we  confider  the  exprefs  law  of 
God  ;  if  we  confider  him  as  our  fove- 
rcign  Lord,  our  fupporting  ftay,  the 
fountain  of  all  our  bleflings  ;  or  as  the 
gracious,  all-feeing,  and  almighty  Hear- 
er of  prayer,  and  the  forgiver  of  our 
fins,  and  beilower  of  favours  ; — if  we 
confider  Jefus  as  the  way  to  God,  as 
the  interceflbr  with  him,  as  the  pur- 
chafer  of  all  necefiiiry  bleffings,  as  our 
inftruding  prophet  and  lofty  king  ;—- 
if  we  confider  the  Holy  Gholl  as  a  Spi- 
O  0  2  x'^ 


PRE  [292]  PRE 

jrit  of  adoption  and  prayer  ;  if  we  con-     them,  and  may,  by  the  quickening^  la 


^der  the  faints  as  friends,  fervants, 
children,  and  priells  unto  God  ;  if  we 
confider  our  own  neceffities,  and  the 
duties  incumbent  on  us  ;  if  we  confider 
tz/r  relations  to  one  another;  if  we  con- 
fider the  various  directions,  which  God 
Jias  given  us  for  the  right  performance 
of  prayer;  it  is  evident,  that  we  cannot, 
without  great  fin  againft  the  divine 
perfons,  and  without  great  hurt  to  oup- 
felves,  negle6l  this  important  duty.— • 
'W  c  pray  in  faith  y  when  we  offer  our  re- 
quells  to  God,  believing  that  in  cor- 
refpondence  to  his  relations  and  pro- 
mifes,  he  will,  for  the  righteoufnefg 
and  intercefiion  of  his  Son,  grant  them, 
James  i.  6.  We  pray  in  the  Spirit  or 
Moly  Ghojly  when  we  perform  it  as  di- 
rected and  influenced  by  him,  Jude  20. 

The  pious  Jews  ufed  to  pray  at  three 
Hated  times  in  the  day ;  aj;  noon,  and 
at  the  time  of  the  morning  and  even- 
ing facrifices,  Dan.  yi.  10,  Pfal.  Iv.  17. 
A<^s  u.  I.  15.  iii.  I.  X.  3.  9.  I'hofe 
about  Jerufalem  often  j.-jrformed  their 
prayers  in  the  court  of  the  temple  ;  o- 
thers  had  recourfe  to  the  fynagpgues  ; 
fuch  as  had  opportunity  of  neither,  had 
projeuchccy  or  places  for  prayer,  which 
were  open  above,  except  when  covered 
V'ith  the  fhadow  of  trees,  in  the  form 
of  groves.  The  modern  Jews  have  19 
forms  of  prayer,  one  of  which  is  a  kind 
of  curfe  againft  the  Chriilians.  Nor 
^ave  we  proper  certainty  that  any  of 
thefe  forms  were  compiled  before  our 
Saviour's  time,  though  the  Jewifli  rab- 
bins fay  otherwife.  Nor  are  thefe  19 
confidered  as  proper  forms,  but  as  the 
ground-work  of  their  prayers,  to  which 
additional  requefts  are  added,  as  the 
©ccafion  calls  for.  They  often  pray 
-with  their  face  towards  Jerufalem. 
Their  other  rites  of  prayer  are  fcarce 
worthy  of  a  place  here. 

PREACH.  See  gospel.  To 
preachy  is  loudly  to  proclaim  the  will  of 
God,  as  his  appointed  heralds,  Eph.  iii. 
8.  The  gofpcl  is  preached  to  ths  deady 
.&:c.  to  mortal  men,  that  they,  through 
the  power  of  God  attending  it,  may 
have  their  finful  lufts  dcilroyed,  while 
carnal   incn    condemn    and    perfccute 


fluence  of  the  Holy  Ghoft,  live  con* 
formably  to  the  image  and  will  of  God, 
in  fellowfliip  with  him,  and  to  his  glory^ 
I  Pet.  iv.  6.  To  preach  in  a  proper 
manner,  requires  no  fmall  attention,  in 
order  that  no  fatilt  in  the  pronunciation, 
the  gefture,  the  language,  the  or- 
der, or  matter,  tend  to  bring  the  truths 
of  the  gofpel  into  contempt ;  or  by 
feeding  the  carnal  fancy  of  airy  fops, 
divert  them  from  the  important  fubjed. 
To  fpeak  with  an  overftrained  voice, 
or  with  one  fo  low  as  fcarce  to  be 
beard,  or  with  a  thick  and  cluttering 
voice,  or  in  a  hafty,  or  a  heavy  droning 
manner  ;  or  to  have  the  voice  rifing  and 
falling  by  ftarts,  or  to  have  a  dull  u- 
niform  pronunciation,  without  empha- 
fis  or  padence  ;  or  to  have  an  a\^  kward 
canting  tone  ;  or  to  hem,  hawk,  and 
cough,  between  periods,  can  hardly 
fail  to  mar  the  attention,  and,  hence, 
the  edification  of  heareri?,  Thefe  ought 
therefore  to  be  carefully  Ir.id  afide  ;  and 
a  natural,  eafy,  and  graceful  variation 
of  the  voice,  fuited  to  the  ideas  and 
paflions  reprefented  in  the  difcourfe,  to 
be  ftudied.  Vitiated  habits  mull  be 
corre£led  by  a  proper  method  of  read- 
ing ;  and  to  obtain  this,  the  utmoft  re- 
gard ought  to  be  had,  to  the  points^ 
tlie  ewphajisy  and  cadenccy  of  the  clif- 
courfe.  The  rough,  violent,  foft,  or 
tender  air  of  expreiling  the  emphatic 
words,  ought  to  correfpond  with,  and, 
as  it  were,  exhibit  the  ideas  fpokcn  of; 
fo  love  ought  to  be  expreffed  by  a  foft 
and  languifhiqg  air;  anger,  by  one 
llrong  and  vehement ;  joy,  by  one 
quick,  clear,  and  fweet ;  forrow,  by 
one  flexible,  interrupted,  and  low;  fear, 
by  one  dejedled,  tremulous,  and  hefi- 
tating  ;  courage,  by  one  full,  bold, 
and  loud  ;  perplexity,  by  one  grave, 
fteady,  and  earneft.  Or,  fhould  I  add, 
in  the  introduction,  the  voice  fhould 
be  low  ;  in  narration,  diftindl ;  in  rea- 
foning,  flow ;  in  perfuafion,  ftrong. 
An  attention  to  emphafis  ought  alfp 
to  point  put  the  figures  of  the  Lan- 
guage.— As  difagreeable  appearances 
of  the  face,  and  violent  or  awkward 
motions  of  the  hands  or  head,  as  welj 

as 


PR  E  r     293    ]  . 

2$  a  motionlefs  ftlUnefs,  tempt  an  audi-  ly  explain, 
cnce  to  inattention,  they  ought  to  be 
carefully  fhunned  ;  and  inftead  thereof, 
an  eafy  and  graceful  atlion,  correlpon* 
dent  to  the  ideas  reprefented  in  the 
words,  to  be  Ihidltd  ;  pai  ticularly  in 
the  countenance,  boUnefs,  terror,  joy, 
grief,  love,  deliglit,  and  other  paflions, 
iuited  to  the  fubjec^,  gught  to  appear. 
— When  one  has  got  rid  of  vitiated  ha- 
bits in  pronunciation  and  adion,  he 
will  almoil  of  courfe  fall  into  a  right 
method,  if  he  but  carefully  avoid  mi- 
micking of  Qthers,  and  fludy  to  cojjy 
natuirf  attending  to  his  own  natural 
difpofition,  and  to  the  nature  of  his 
hearers,  and  what  tends  moil  to  arrefl 
their  attention  ;  and  if  he  maintain  a 
full  compofure  of  mind,  being  mailer 
of  his  fubj^tl,  and  confcious  Lhat  he 
delivers  nothing  unworthy  of  immortal 
fouls,  or  to  be  taught  in  the  name  of 
God  ;  and  efpecially,  if  he  have  a 
thorough  experience,  ar^d  deep  impref- 
fion  on  his  own  foul,  of  the  important 
truths  of  the  gofpel,  and  of  the  worth 
and  danger  of  the  immoual  fouls  he  deals 
with,  and  of  the  folemn  account  he  mull 
quickly  give  unto  God  of  his  manage- 
ment. Nay,  a  iim)  perfuafion,  and  heart- 
captivating  imprefTion  of  thefe  delight- 
ful, dreadful,  and  eternal  realities,  will 
make  one,  not  altogether  awkward, 
pronounce  with  a  natural  energy  and 
vehemence,  more  beautiful,  and  more 
effedlual  to  arreft  the  attention  of  an  au- 
dience, than  all  the  ilrains  of  art.  After 
all,  as  affedation  of  novelty,  or  of  an- 
tiquenefs  in  language  and  pronuncia- 
tion, fhews  one  foppiOi  or  whimfical, 
fo  a  preacher's  attention  to  elocution 
or  language,  as  if  thefe  were  the  prin- 
cipal things,  and  in  order  to  gain  him- 
fclf  honour,  marks  him  but  a  profane 
fporter  with  matters  ot  infinite  confe- 
quence,  and  a  refolute  deitroyer  of 
fouls,  llarving  them  to  death  with 
found  and  gefture,  inllead  of  that 
which  is  meat  indeed,  and  drink  in- 
deed. It  is  not  every  w^ll-delivered 
difcourfe  that  is  worthy  of  a  pulpit. 
If  a  preacher  defcant  of  duties,  of  pri- 
vileges, of  marks  of  grace,  and  the 
like,  without  ever  explaining  their  na- 
ture 5  if  in  an  abllrad  manner,  he  mere- 


PRE 

without  endeavouring  tt; 
apply  them  to  his  hearers  confcience  ; 
if  he  run  on  with  ilrings  of  particulars, 
without  fupporting  them  from  the  o- 
racles  of  God  ;  or  quote  his  authorities 
in  fo  profufe  and  indiflin6l  a  manner, 
as  one  hardly  fees  how  they  anfwer  the 
point  ;  if  he  preaches  fmooth  things^ 
relative  to  God's  mercy  and  goodnefs, 
or  Chrill's  dying  for  men  ;  if  he  explaia 
the  divine  law,  as  chiefly  relating  to 
external  vices  Qf  sirtues,  and  mark  out 
wicked  men  folely  by  the  charaders  of 
theft,  murder,  adultery,  malice,  blaf- 
phemy,  drunkennefs,  and  perhaps,  not 
by  all  thefe ;  or  if  he  is  much  given 
to  handle  dr^'  controverfies,  efpecially 
\yht*rc  his  humour  or  honour  may  be 
difplajed  ;  or  if  he  deck  his  difcourfe 
with  wild  airy  notions  or  bombaft  phra- 
fes,  or  with  impertinent  illuftrations 
and  ftrong  bluftering  aflertions,  confid- 
ing of  words,  and  almoil  nothing  elfe, 
what  doth  this  general  arguing  reprove  ? 
how  can  the  word  of  God  herein,  like 
ajloarp  tnuo-f-dged fwordy  pierce  to  the  di^ 
vidlng  a/under  of  the  joints  and  marrow^ 
and  be  a  dlfcerner  of  the  thoughts  and  in^ 
tents  of  the  heart?  How  can  the  preach- 
er be  cleared  oi prophefying  deceits,  and 
preaching  himfelf,  and  not  Chrtfl  Jefus 
the  Lord  ?  Is  he  not  2i  founding  Irafs,  and 
tinkling  cymbal  ? — If  the  time  is  chiefly 
fpent  in  prefaces,  premifes,  and  introduc- 
tions, or  in  proving  what  was  fcarcc  ever 
denied,  and  which  none  of  the  audience 
have  apparent  temptations  to  doubt  of; 
if,  in  the  haranguing  manner,  he  crowd 
together  his  matter,  that  only  the  learn- 
ed can  trace  his  method  ;  if,  in  a  con- 
fufed  way,  he  jumble  together  a  mul- 
tiplicity of  purpofes  in  an  improper  or- 
der ;  if,  in  a  blundering  manner,  he 
oblerve  a  dodrine  from  a  text,  that  has 
none,  or  at  leail  a  very  remote  con- 
nexion with  it,  or  offer  reafons  and  ar- 
guments quite  foreign  to  the  point, 
drag  texts  into  his  fervice  which  in  their 
native  fenfe  give  him  no  help  ;  or  if  he 
ilcip  from  one  head  or  particular  to  an- 
other, without  any  decent  tranfition;, 
or  if  he  retail  his  impertinent  fimiles  or 
dr)^  criticifms  on  the  original,  perhaps 
not  underilood  by  himfelf ;  if,  through, 
floth,  he  iuhil  chiefly  on  fubjedls  or 
particular* 


?  R  IE  [2 

particulars  eafieft  to  himfelf,  not  con- 
fulting  the  edification  of  his  hearers, 
and  perhaps  at  every  turn  repeat  his 
old  fermons  ;  if  his  fubjefts  correfpond 
not  with  the  circumftances  in  which 
they  are  preached,  a  rude  ij^norant 
people  being  entertained  with  abftrufe 
myfteries,  wicked  men  have  the  privi- 
leges and  duties  of  faints  daily  founded 
in  their  ears  ;  or  fubjecls  quite  foreign 
to  the  exercife  called  for,  are  infifled 
on,  at  fafts,  thankfgivings,  and  facra- 
mental  occafions  ;  or  if,  amidft  great 
temptations,  manifold  outbreakings, 
terrible  judgements,  or  noted  deliver- 
ances, almoft  nothing  relative  thereto 
is  touched  ;  how  poffibly  can  the  man 
appear  an  aftive,  prudent,  and  faith- 
ful minifter  of  Chriil,  who  knows  how 
tofpsak  a  word  infeafon  ? 

A  preacher  not  infpired,  ought  to 
have  his  underftanding  dilated  by  an 
extenfive  knowledge  of  philofophy  and 
hiftory;  but,  above  all,  ought  to  be  mig/?- 
iy  in  thefcnptures,  acquainted  with  their 
original  language,  and  having  them 
aiot  only  at  his  finger  ends,  in  his  me- 
jrior)^  but  deep  imprefled  on  his  heart, 
that  beltdvingf  he  may  therefore  /peak. 
Though  the  leading  truths  of  the  gof- 
-pel  ought  to  be  his  grand  theme,  yet 
in  a  way  of  earneft  all-cing  of  direction 
from  God,  and  dependence  thereon, 
he  ought  to  choofe  his  particular  fub- 
jf-ds  according  to  the  fpiritual  ftate  of 
his  hearers,  according  to  their  capaci-' 
ty,  and  the  fins  abounding,  tempta- 
tions apparent,  or  duties  necefl'ary  a- 
>ifiong  rhem  :  and  according  to  the  pro- 
vidential events  of  affli6h*on  or  deli- 
verance, of  ftriving'or  withdrawment 
of  the  divine  Spirit,  and  the  occafions 
of  failing,  thankfgiving,  communica- 
ting, l^c.  The  fubject  being  chofen, 
the  method  of  handling  it  ought  to  be 
natural,  dillind,  eafily  taken  up,  and 
remembered,  and  having  all  its  parts 
fuch,  and  fo  placed,  as  they  may  bell 
concur  for  illullrating  one  another, 
and  the  common  point  in  which  they 
"all  meet.  In  le6luring,  one  is  to  point 
out,  and  fl.ill  keep  in  view,  the  princi- 
pal fcope  of  the  book,  or  paffage  ;  his 
divilion    of  the  paragraph,    or  verfe, 


04    1        P  R  B 

ought  to  be  diftinft  in   its  parts,  and 
thefe  not  too   numerous,  to  load   the 
memory,  or  confound  the   mind  ;   the 
exphcation    ought    to   be   Juft,    clear, 
and  brief,  and   may,    at  the   end,  be 
fummed  up  in  a  fliort  paraphrafe.   The 
practical  obferves  ought  to  be    impor- 
tant and  edifying,  and  to  contain  fuch 
hints  as  were  neither  plainly  expreiftd 
in  the  text  nor  the    explication,  nor 
•are  fo  remote,  as  to  have  their  founda- 
tion fcarce  vifible  in  the  paffage.  Whe- 
ther the  galloping  over   a  whole  chap- 
ter in  one  le6lure,  be  it  as  full  of  mat- 
ter as  it  will,  or  the   defcanting  on   a 
text,  as  if 'one   was  making  a  fermon, 
be  the  mofl   improper  method  of  lec- 
turing,  I  know  not.      In  fermons,  af- 
ter a  fhort  introduftion,  giving  a  view 
of  the    context,    or  fuggefting    fome 
flriking  hint,    to    quicken  the   atteur 
tion  of  the   audience,  the   fenfe  of  the 
text  ought  to    be  exhibited   in  a  few 
words,    and,  if  convenient,  by   a   na- 
tuial   and  eafy    divifion  ;    but  by    no 
means  is  it  to  be  cruelly   hacked  into 
as  many  pieces   as  a   luxuriant  fancy 
can  devife.     No  doflrinal  obfervatiou 
ought  to  be   deduced,    but    what    is 
plain   and  fimple,  and  clearly  founded 
in  the  text  ;  and   often  the  text  itfelf 
is    more  plain   or   emphatic  than  any 
obfers-ation  which  can  be  deduced.     In 
explaining  the  point,  neither  the  ge- 
neral  heads  nor  the  particulars  ought 
to  be  too  numerous  ;  an4  all  fubdivi- 
fion,  if  poifible,  ougiit  to  be  fhuiiued, 
that  the  mind  and  memory  be  not  con- 
founded therewith.       In    placing  the 
heads  and  particulars  in  the  moll  natu- 
ral  order,    and  where  they   may  beft 
{land  for  calling  true  light  on  the  lub-. 
jeft,  and  making  the  fermon  one  true 
whole,  the  utmofl  attention  and  judge- 
ment are   neceffai-y  to  be  exercifed,  in 
a  way  of  dependence  on  the  diredtion 
of  God.      No  doubt,  a   fermon  ought 
to   be  every  where  praftical,    and  its 
language  fcriptural,  and  is  nothing  the 
worfe   that  it  be    enlivened  with  fre- 
quent addrelfes  to  the    confciences  of 
the  hearers  ;  but  a  clofe  and  weil-llu- 
died  application  is,  after  all,  proper  to 
iinifl:  it.     Eveiy  inference  ought  to  be 

natural 


PRE  f     295     1  PRE 


ratirral  and  important ;  every  mark  of 
trial  plain,  and  clearly  founded  on 
'God's  word.  Reproofs  ought  to  be 
plain,  pointed,  and  convincing ;  ad- 
drefles  very  warm,  awakening,  and  en- 
gaging ;  direftions  clear,  proper,  fea- 
fonable,  weighty,  and  well  enforced. 
In.  fine,  the  excellency  of  a  Termon 
lies,  in  its  having  the  word  of  God  fo 
managed  in  it,  as  to  enlighten  the  mind, 
imprefs  the  confcience,  and  engage  the 
affedions  and  heart.  A  preacher's  life, 
too,  mnft  be  correfpoudent  with  his 
inftrudlions,  otherwife  he  becomes  guil- 
ty of  attempting  to  make  his  hearers 
beheve,  that  all  he  fays  is  but  a  cim- 
ningly-dev'tfed  fable  :  nor  can  he  deferve 
the  name  of  a  preacher,  who  does  not, 
by  frequent  and  efFe6lual  fervent  pray- 
er, cry  for  the  blelfing  of  God  on  his 
labours;  iorPaul  may phint  and  ^pol- 
ios may  watery  but  it  is  God  alo-ne  t/jat 
giveth  the  increafe* 

PRECEPT.     See  law. 

PRECIOUS;  (i.)Muchefteemed 
on  account  of  its  mrity,  i  Sam.  iii.  i. 
If.  xiii.  12.  (2.^)  Worthy  of  a  great 
price,  Matth.  xxvi.  7. 

PREDESTINATE;  to  appoint 
before  hand  to  fome  particular  end  : 
thus  God's  ele^t  are'  from  eternity  fet 
aiide  from  the  reft  of  mankind,  to  re- 
ceive eternal  life  for  the  obedience 
and  death  of  Chrift,  and  in  the  way 
of  receiving  and  walking  in  him  :  thus 
they  are  predeilinated  to  be  his  chil- 
dren by  adoption,  and  to  be  conform- 
ed to  his  image  in  grace  and  glory, 
Eph.  i.  5.  II.  Rom.  viii.  29.  30.  The 
Calvinifts  maintain  God's  fixed  predef- 
tination  of  fome  men  to  everlafting  life; 
while  the  Jefuits,  Molinifts,  Pelagians, 
Arminians,  and  moil  of  the  Lutherans, 
reprefent  this  dotlrine  as  pregnant  with 
horror.      See  decree. 

PRE-EMINENCE  ;  higher  pow- 
er and  honour.  In  all  things,  in  na- 
ture, in  perfon,  in  offices,  work,  pow- 
er, and  honour,  Chrill  has  the  pre-emi- 
nenct  above  angels  and  men,  or  any  o- 
ther  creature.  Col.  i.  18.  A  man  has 
no  pre-eminence  above  a  beaft  ;  as  to 
his  body,  he  is  liable  to  the  fame  dif- 
cafes  and  death,  Eccl.  iii.,  19. 


PREFER  ;  to  honour  or  e^^eem 
one  perfon  or  thing  above  another,  Dan. 
vi.  3.      Rom.  xii.  10. 

PREMEDITATE;  to  think  of, 
and  coufider  a  matter  before  hand, 
Mark  xiii.  T  i. 

PREPARE;  (i.)  To  make  rea- 
dy, Jo(h.  i.  II.  (2.)  To  fit  and  qua- 
hfy,  Rom.  ix.  23.  (3.)  To  appoint, 
Matth.  XX.  23.  (4.)  To  dired  ;  e- 
ftablifli,  I  Chron.  xxix.  18.  God  pre- 
pares mercy  and  truth  for  one,  when  he 
graciouily  fulfils  his  promifes,  and 
bleffes  them,  Pfal.  Ixi.  7.  To  prepare 
the  ivay  of  the  Lord  jfefus,  is  to  con- 
fider  the  predictions  concerning  him, 
lay  afide  every  prejudice  at  him,  and 
readily  receive  him,  as  the  promifed 
Mefliah  and  Saviour  of  the  world,  If. 
xl.  3.  To  prepare  the  heart,  is  to  mor- 
tify its  various  lulls,  and  put  it  into  a 
frame  of  holy  fubmifilon  to,  and  ear- 
ned longing  for  a  God  in  Chrift;,  i  Sam. 
vii.  3.  I  Chron.  xxix.  18.  The  pre- 
parations of  the  heart,  and  the  anfiuer  of 
the  tongae  is  from  the  Lord ;  the  mar- 
fhalling  and  fixing  of  the  thoughts  and 
inclinations  of  the  heart  about  civil, 
and  much  more  about  fpiritual  things, 
and  the  giving  of  ability  to  fpeak  rea- 
dily, diilinclly,  and  to  edification,  i* 
from  the  Lord,  as  his  free  gift,  and 
efPedual  work,  Prov.  xvi.  i.  The 
belly  of  the  ivicked  prepares  deceit;  his- 
foul  contrives  how  to  execute  it.  Job 
XV.  35.  The  Chaldeans  prepared  the 
table,  when  they  kept  a  fumptuous 
feaft,  as  the  Mcdes  and  Perfians  be- 
fieged  their  capital,  If.  xxi.  5.  The 
Hebrews  prepared  a  table  for  that  troop 
and  number ;  they  eredled  altars,  and 
offered  facrificcs  to  their  vaft  number 
of  idols,  the  heavenly  luminaries,  and 
others.  If.  Ixv.  11.  The  preparation- 
day  on  which  Chrift  fuffered,  was  not 
the  preparation  of  the  paflbver,  for 
that  was  the  day  before  ;  but  of  the 
Sabbath  of  the  week,  Matth.  xxvii.  62. 
John  xix.  14. 

PRESBYTERY;  a  court  of  cc- 
clefiailic  elders,  for  ordaining  officers 
and  governing  the  church,   i  Tim.  iv- 

PRESENT;    (i.)   At  hand,   an^ 

within 


!>  R  £         r    296    1         PRt 


"i^Jtliin  view,  as  to  place,   i  Sam.  xili. 

15.    (2.)  Jiift  now,  as  to  time,  i  Cor. 

iv.  II.  God  is  reprefented  as ^r^/-//, 
■when  he  utters  his  mind,  difplays  his 
glory,  favour,  or  wrath,  or  fome  fym- 
tol  of  his  exillence  :  fo  he  is  reprcfent- 
<d  as  prefent  in  heaven,  Pfal.  xvi.  11.; 
in  Canaan,  Jon.  i.  3. ;  in  the  courts 
of  the  temple,  Pfal.  c.  2.  ;  in  the 
church,  Gen.  iv.  16.  ;  in  his  noted 
providences,  If.  xix.  I.  Ixiv.  i.  ;  and 
in  his  ordinances  and  fellowlhip  with 
him,  Luke  xiii.  26.  Pfal.  li.  11.  God 
and  Chrift  are  prefent  with  the  faints, 
in  the  ordinances  of  the  gofpel,  in  the 
influences  of  his  grace,  and  continued 
care  of  his  outward  providence,  Pfal. 
xlvi.  I.  Matth.  xviii.  20.  xxviii.  20. 
To  be  prefent  ivith  the  Lordj  is  to  be 
in  heaven,  enjoying  the  immediate 
"views  of  his  glory,  and  fruition  of  his 
love,  2  Cor.  V.  8.  To  ht  prefent  in  fpi- 
r//,  is  to  be  near  in  refpe^l  of  direc- 
tion, will,  and  inclination,  i  Cor.  v. 
3.  This  prefent  <iuorld,  is  one  abound- 
ing with  flefhly  delights,  and  with 
troubles,  temptations,  and  corruptions, 
Tit.  ii.  12.  The  prefent  truth,  is  that 
•which  is  notably  oppofed,  and  fo  diffi- 
cult, and  yet  much  for  the  honour  of 
Chriil,  to  cleave  to,  in  principle  and 
pradice,  2  Pet.  i.  12. 

To  Present  ;  (1.)  To  fliew  ;  and 
to  fill  in  the  prefcnce  or  view,  i  Sam. 
xvii.  16.  Ads  xxiii.  33.  (2.)  To 
offer,  Matth.  ii.  11.;  and  fo  a  prefent ^ 
is  a  gift  tendered  to  teilify  regard  or 
fubje<Stion  ;  or  to  procure  or  confirm 
friendfhipj  i  Kings  iv.  21.  2  Kings 
xvii,  3,  It  would  be  reckoned  unci- 
vil to  vifxt  a  great  man  in  the  eafl, 
without  tendering  him  a  prefent  before, 
«r  as  we  approach  him  :  and  one  in 
money  or  other  things,  which  we 
would  reckon  mean  and  trilling,  will 
be  highly  acceptable  there  to  the 
greatefl.  Kings  qE<ii  prefents  to  Chrift, 
■when  they  give  their  hearts  to  him, 
believing  in,  and  obeying  him,  and 
give  up  their  people  and  wealth  to  his 
fervice,  Pfal.  Ixxii.  Jo.  Minifters /r^- 
Jeni  their  hearers  as  chaile  virgins  be- 
fore Chrift,  when,  by  their  means,  they 
come  to  appear  at  his  judgement-ieat. 


found  in  principle,  lively  in  faith,  fin* 
gle  in  affedion  to  Chrift,  and  holy  in 
their  lives  and  converiation,  2  Cor.  xi. 
2.     Col.  i.  22.  28.' 

PRESERVE;  (i.)  To  caufe  to 
continue,  Pfal.  xxxvi.  6.  Gen.  xix.  32. 
(2.)  To  keep  fafe,  Pfal.  xvi.  i.  God 
is  the  prefcrver.  Saviour,  or  ohfervcr  of 
men  ;  he  upholds  and  protefts  them  ; 
he  exadlly  marks  and  judges  every  in- 
clination, thought,  word,  and  deed. 
How  then  can  they  profit  him  ?  how 
oppofe  him  ?  how  appeafe  his  anger  ? 
or  how  can  they  clear  themfelves  be- 
fore him  ?  Job  vii.  20.  The  eyes  of  th'e 
hord  preferve  knowledge;  his  watchful 
providence  keeps  up  the  light  of  na- 
ture, of  revelation,  and  of  grace  a- 
mong  men,  Prov.  xxii.  12.  Integrity 
and  uprightnefs  preferye  the  faints ; 
are  means  of  their  prefervation  froill 
much  fin  and  trouble,  Pfal.  xxv.  21, 

PRESIDENTS ;  chief  rulers  un- 
der  a  king,  who  govern  and  dired 
filbordinate  rulers,  Dan.  vi.  2. 

To  P  R  E  S  S  ;  ( I.)  To  tread  or 
fqueeze  clofe  together,  Gen.  xl.  11. 
And  fo  the  inftrument  for  fqueezing 
grapes  for  wine,  or  large  trough  in 
which  the  grapes  were  trodden,  and 
the  veffel  into  which  the  wine  runs 
from  the  former,  are  called  a  prefs : 
the  laft  was  ordinarily  a  fubterraneous 
ciftern,  where  the  wine  was  received, 
and  kept  till  it  was  put  into  other  vef- 
fels,  If.  xvi.  10.  Ixiii.  2.  Lam.  i.  15. 
Joel  iii.  4.  13.  Judg.  vi.  11.  Neh. 
xiii.  15.  Matth.  xxi.  33.  Hag.  ii. 
16.,  Prov.  iii.  10.  (2.)  To  throng 
or  crowd  thick  together,  Luke  viif. 
4^.  xix.  3.  (3.)  To  urge  earneftly, 
Gen.  xix.  3.  (4.)  Earneftly  feek  to 
get  forward  :  and  fo  to  prefs  into  the 
kingdom  of  heaven,  or  towards  the 
mark,  is,  with  great  diligence  and  re- 
folution,  to  feek  after,  and  take  hold 
of  God's  falvation,  purchafed  by  his 
Son,  and  offered  in  his  word,  Luke 
xvi.  16.  Phil.  iii.  14.  (5.)  To  bur- 
den ;  afflid,  Pfal.  xxxviii.  2.  God  is 
preffed  under  men,  as  a  laden  cart  is 
under  ftieaves,  when  he  is  greatly  dif- 
honoured  and  provoked  by  their  fins, 
Amos  ii.  1 3c 

PRESUME^ 


PRE  [2 

PRESUME  ;  to  be  too  bold  and 
daring,  Dcut.  xviii.  20.  Presump- 
tuous pcrfons,  are  fuch  as  boldly 
commit  wickednefs,  as  they  have  op- 
portunity, 2  Pet.  ii.  10.  Prefumpiuous 
Jlnsy  are  fuch  as  are  committed  againft 
knowledge,  warning,  convidion,  re- 
proof, chadifcment,  Pfal.  xix.  13.  No 
facrifice  was  to  be  offered  for  fms  evi- 
dently prefumptuous.  Numb.  xv.  30. 
Deut.  xvii.  12. 

PREVAIL  ;  ( I.)  To  have  the  ad- 
vantage of,  or  power  over,  Judg.  xvi. 
5.  (2.)  To  rife  higher,  Gen.  vii.  18. 
20.  Jt(\is  prevailed  to  open  the  feal- 
ed  book  of  his  Father's  purpofes  ;  he 
had  fufficient  knowledge  and  authori- 
ty for  that  end.  Rev,  v.  5.  The  word 
of  God  prevallsi  when,  by  the  Holy 
Ghoft,  it  gains  the  attention  of  mul- 
titudes, converts  them  to  Chrift,  and 
difpofes  them  to  lay  afide  their  finful 
pradices,  Atls  xix.  20.  Jacob's  blef- 
fmgs,  particularly  of  Jofcph,  prevail- 
ed above  the  blejjings  of  his  progenitorsy 
in  the  extent,  the  plainnefs,  and  the 
nearnefs  of  accomplifliment.  None  of 
his  feed  were  excluded  from  the  blef- 
fmg,  as  in  the  cafe  pf  Abraham  and 
Ifaac.  In  his  blcfllng,  Canaan  was 
particularly  divided^  and  by  the  in- 
creafe  of  his  pofterity,  there  was  a 
near  profpedl  of  their  inheriting  it. 
Gen.  xlix.  26.  The  dragon  and  his 
angels  prevailed  not :  the  Heathen  em- 
perors, and  their  fupporters,  inilead 
©f  gaining  the  tiftory  over  Conftan- 
tine,  were  defeated,  and  reduced  to 
the  moft  diilrefsful  condition,  Rev.  xii. 
8.  Wicked  men  prevail j  when  per- 
mitted to  a(£l  as  they  pleafe,  in  dilho- 
nouring  God  and  afflicting  his  people, 
Pfal.  ix.  19.  Iniquities  ^/-fUcZ/Y  againft 
a  faint,  when  the  apprehenfions  of  his 
guilt  greatly  affright  and  dillrefs  him, 
or  his  powerful  corruptions  lead  him, 
.contrary  to  inclination  and  conviction, 
to  commit  fin,  Pfal.  Ixv.  3. 

PREVENT;  (  I.)  To  come  before 
one  is  expelled  or  fought,  Job  xxx. 
27.  (2.)  To  go  before,  or  be  foon- 
er,  Pfal.  cxix.  147.  One  is  happily 
prevented,  when  dillrefs  is  hindered,  and 
favours  come  unaflced,  Job  iii.  12.  Pfal. 

Vol.  II 


97    ]         PR.i 

xviii.  18.;  or  unhappily,  when  fnares 
and  afflitlions  come  unexpedted,  2  Sam. 
xxii.  6. 

PREY.     See  booty. 

PRICE;  ( I.)  The  rate  of  any- 
thing bought  or  fold,  2  Chron.  i.  16. 
(2.)  Worth  or  value,  Prov.  xxxi.  10. 
The  price  of  our  redemption,  is  the 
righteoufnefs  of  Jefus  Chrilt,  i  Cor. 
vi.  20.  The  price  in  the  hand  of  fools ^ 
is  the  valuable  offers  of  falvation, 
which,  through  pride  and  (loth,  they 
contemn  and  neglecl,   Prov.  xvii.  16. 

PRICK  :  to  be  prickd  in  heart  and 
reins,  is  to  be  inwardly  convinced  and 
diftreffed.  Ads  ii.  37.    Pfal.  Ixxiii.  21. 

PRIDE;  (i.)  The  highnefs  of  a 
mind  filled  with  felf-conceit,  contempt 
of  God,  and  difdain  of  men,  i  Sam. 
xvii.  28.  (2.)  What  one  is  proud  of, 
as  power,  wealth,  church-ordinances, 
and  relation  to  God,  if^c.  If.  xxiii.  9, 
Jer.  xiii.  9.  Zeph.  iii.  11.  (3.)  Per- 
fons  who  are  very  proud  and  haughty, 
as  if  much  more  excellent  than  their 
neighbours,  Pfal.  xxxvi.  11.  (4.)  The 
haughty  looks  and  words,  or  wicked 
deeds,  whereby  they  difcover  the  pride 
of  their  heart,  Hof.  v.  5.  The  pride 
of  Jordan  is  f polled ;  the  trees  on  the 
banks  of  it  are  cut  down,  to  be  em- 
ployed in  the  fiege  ;  the  cities  near  it 
are  ruined,  and  the  glory  and  wealth 
of  Judea  is  deflroyed  by  the  Romans, 
Zech.  xi.  3. 

PRIEST.  The  word  Cohen,  fig- 
nifies  one  that  intercedes,  or  deals  fa- 
miharly  with  a  fovereign.  When  it  re- 
lates to  civil  things,  it  denotes  fu«h  as 
are  chief  ayid  intimate  rulers  under  a 
king,  I  Chron.  xvii.  18.  When  it  re- 
lates to  religion,  Cohen  fignifics  a 
prieft,  or  one  who,  by  virtue  of  a  divine 
appointment,  offers  facrifices,  and  in- 
tercedes for  guilty  men.  Before  the 
confecration  of  Aaron,  fathers,  elder 
brothers,  princes,  or  every  man  for  him- 
felf,  offered  his  facrifice,  as  is  clear  in 
the  cafe  of  Abel,  Cain,  Noah,  Abra- 
ham, Ifaac,  Jacob,  Job.  When  God 
at  Sinai  ratified  his  covenant  with  the 
Hebrews,  young  men,  perhaps  the  eld- 
eil  fons  of  their  princes,  officiated  as 
pricfts,  Exod.  xxiv.  5.  6.  The  whole 
V  p  Hebrew 


p  R  i        [    298   ] 


P  R  I 


i-iebrew  nation  are  called /r/£/?j',bccaufe 
tb.ey  were  devoted  to  God,  and  mucb 
employed  in  bis  fervice,  Exod.  xix.  6. 
In  the  confecration  of  Aaron  and  of 
the  tabernacle,  Mofes  aded  as  prieft, 
Exod.  xl.  Lev.  viii.  After  which,  the 
prie^lhood,  in  ordinary  cafes,  pertained 
folely  to  the  family  of  Aaron  ;  and  Ko- 
RAH,  UzzA,  and  King  Azar-iah,  were 
fevercly  puniflied  for  interfering  with 
their  Vv'Ork  :  but  fome  extraordinary 
perfons,  as  Gideon,  Samuel',  and  Eli- 
jah, in  extraordinary  cafes,  offered  fa- 
crifice,  Judg.  vi.  i  Sam.  vii.  ix.  xvi. 
I  Kings  xviii. 

None  of  the  Aaronic  family  were  ad- 
mitted prierts,  except  their  genealogy 
was  well  attefted,  and  tlieir  body  fomid, 
neither  blind  nor  lame,  flat-nofed,  fu- 
perliuous  in  any  thing,  broken-footed, 
bvoken-handed,  crook-backed,  dvvarf- 
ifh,  blemifhed  in  the  eye,'  fcurvy,  (cab- 
bed, ivc.  To  prevent  their  acting  v/ith- 
oiit  judgement,  or  being  a  difhonour 
to  their  office,  they. were  to  drink  no 
wine  or  ftrong  drink  wben  they  intend- 
ed to  ofiiciate.  They  were  never  to 
leave  the  holy  place  to  mourn  ;  nor 
\vere  they  to  defile  themfelves  for  any 
deceafed  perfons,  but  very  near  rela- 
tions, fuch  as  parents,  brothers,  or  vir- 
gin-fillers ;  nor  were  they  to  fhave  off 
their  hair,  or  cut  their  fiefn  even  for 
thefe.  They  were  to  many  no  infa- 
mous or  divorced  woman,  but  either 
an  Hebrev/  virgin,  or  the  widow  of  an- 
other prieft.  If  any  of  their  daughters 
played  the  harlot  in  her  father's  houfe, 
file  was  burnt  wiih  fire.  Their  facred 
J'obes  were,  a  linen  bonnet,  coat,  girdle, 
and  breeches,  without  which,  it  was 
death  for  them  to  officiate  at  the  altar 
of  God.  At  leaft  their  firft  confecra- 
tion  was  folemn :  their  bodies  were  walh- 
ed  in  water ;  their  facred  robes  were 
put  on  ;  a  bullock  was  offered  for  a  fm- 
offering,  a  ram  f'or  a  burnt-offering,  an- 


and  ear,  to  fignify  that  atonement  wS3 
made  for  the  fms  of  their  whole  man, 
and  to  confccrate  them  to  the  fervice 
of  God.  Another  part  of  the  blood, 
mingled  with  anointing  oil,  was  fprink- 
led  on  the  above-mentioned  extremities 
of  their  body,  and  on  their  garments. 
After  "thefe  ceremonies,  perhaps  all  of 
tliep,  had  been  repeated  feven  days,  du- 
ring which  the  priefts  remained  at  the 
tabernacle,  a  fin-offerincr  to  exoiate  for- 

Ox 

mer  guilt,  and  a  burnt-offering  to  pro- 
cure acceptance,  were  offered  for  them. 
Being  thus  confecrated,  their  bufinefs 
was  to  take  the  overfight  of  the  taber- 
nacle and  temple,  and  all  the  furniture 
thereof:  they  flew,  burnt,  and  poured 
out  the  blood  "of  the  facrilices  ;  they 
put  the  fliew-bread  c*n  the  golden  table  ; 
they  offered  the  incenfc  on  the  golden 
altar ;  they  blew  the  filver  trumpets  ; 
they  fupplied  with  oil,  and  lighted  and 
fnuffed  the  facred  lamps  ;  they  unrear- 
ed  and  fet  up  tlie  tabernacle  as  was  pro- 
per ;  they  bleffed  the  people,  encou- 
raged them  in  their  wars  ;  they  judged 
of  the  leprofy,  and  in  other  doubtful 
cafes,  and  purified  the  unclean  ;  and 
themfelves  were  abvays  to  be  waflied 
in  holy  water  before  they  offered  any 
oblations.  They  v^^ere  maintained  by 
the  facred  revenues  :  they  had  the  tenth 
part  of  the  tithes  from  the  Levites  ; 
they  had  the  fkin  of  all  the  burnt-offer- 
ings of  the  herd  or  flocks  ;  they  had 
the  flcin  and  flefli  of  all  lin  and  trefpafs 
offerings  for  rulers  and  private  perfons  ; 
they  had  the  fhew-bread  after  ft  was 
removed  from  the  golden  table  ;  they 
had  all  the  people's  meat-offerings,  ex- 
cept the  handful  that  was  burnt  on  the 
altar  ;  they  had  the  right  fhoulder, 
breaft,  cheeks,  and  maw  of  the  peace- 
offerings  ;  they  had  all  the  poll-money, 
except  what  vv-as  fpent  in  the  purchafe 
of  the  daily  burnt-offerings,  fhew-bread, 
and  oil  for  the  lamps  ;  they  had  a  fnare 


other  ram  for  a  confecration,  or   kincL  of  the  firfl-fruits,  and  had   all  reflitu- 


of  peace-offering,  with  their  refpective 
meat-offerings  and  drink-offeringr> ;  part 
of  the  blood  of  the  ram  of  confecration 
was  fprinkled  about  the  altar ;  another 
part  of  it  was  put  on  the  extremities  of 
their  bodies,  their  right   toe,  tinimbj 


tions  where  the  true  owner  was  not 
found.  Bcfides,  they  received  the  price 
of  devoted  perfons  aiid  unclean  beafls  ; 
and  a  great  many  gifts  at  the  facred 
feafls  ;  and  had  15  cities  for  refidence 
allowed  theAi  out  of  the  tribes  of  Ju- 

dah. 


P    R    I  \       2 

(!ah,  Simeon,  and  Benjamin.  AU  the 
unblehiiHied  males  of  Aaron's  family 
mjght  eat  of  the  fm-offering  and  limple 
meat-offering.  None  bnt  priefls  in  ac- 
tual fervice  might  eat  of  the  Ihew-bread, 
or  pentecollal  peacc-ofFering,  and  that 
in  the  holy  place  ;  their  wives,  chil- 
drenj  and  houglit  fervants,  pavtook  in 
any  place  of  the  peace-oBerings,  Heb. 
V.  I.  Ezra  ii.  62.  63.  Lev.  xxi.  xxii. 
I. — 13.  xxiv.  5. — 9.  i. — X.  xiii.  xiv. 
Exod.  xxviii.  40. — 43.  xxix.  Numb.^ 
X.  I.— 10.  ii.  3.  iv.  5. — 16.  vi.  23. — 
26.  xvi.  xvii.  xviii.  Deut.  xvii.8. — 13. 
xviii.  I. — 5.  XX.  I. — 4.  They  were 
divided  by  David  into  24  claffes,  16 
of  the  family  of  Elea/,er,  and  8  of  the 
family  of  Ithamar  ;  thefe  fcrved  in  their 
turns  at  the  temple,  i  Chron.  xxiv. 
They  were  generally  not  very  aftive  in 
the  reformation  of  Jelioiada,  or  of  He- 
zekiah,  2  Chron.  xxiv.  xxix.  xxx.  It 
feems  there  returned  only  four  of  their 
orders  from  Babylon,  and  of  tjiefe  were 
4289,  which  were  divided  into  24'cour- 
fes,  Neh.  vii.  39. — 42.  Sometimes,  it 
is  faid,  about  12,000  priefls  refided  in 
Jerufalem.  Seventeen  of  them  put  a- 
iway  their  flrange  wives,  at  the  direction 
of  Ezra,  Ezra  X.  18. — 22.  Twenty- 
two  of  them  fubfcribed  Nehemiah's  co- 
venant of  reformation,  Neh.  x.  i. — 8. 

Did  thefe  priefls  typify  our  adored 
Pried  of  good  things  to  come  ?  How 
fully  attelled  his  divine  generation,  and 
his  royal  defcent !  How  perfect  is  his 
perfon  and  nature  !  How  free  from 
every  corruption,  and  every  vs^eaknefs, 
tending  to  difqualify  him  for  his  work  ! 
How  folemn  his  call  and  cuiifecration 
by  the  Holy  Ghoil,  and  by  his  own 
blood  !  How  facred  his  robes  of  man- 
hood, mediatorial  office,  and  coniplete 
righteoufnefs  !  How  extenfive  his 
charge  to  atone  for  his  people  ;  to  il- 
luminate, nourifli,  order,  judge,  blefs, 
encourage,  and  purify  his  church  ! 
How  extenfive  his  reward,  on  which 
he  and  his  people  for  ever  feaft  in  the 
church  here,  or  in  the  heavenly  (late  ! 
How  terrible  the  punifhment  of  fuch 
as  pppofe  him,  and  by  their  felf-n'gh- 
teous  attempts  ftudy  to  fhare  in  his  pro- 
per work  !     How  proper  for  fuch  as 


affairs  of  this  life,   nor 
impious  and 


in   marriaofe   with 


90     1  P  R  I 

appear  married  to  him,  to  depart  from 
im'quity  !  And  fhall  not  inch  as,  pro- 
feffing  to  be  his  children,  indulge  theni- 
felves  in  whoredom  and  apoilafy,  de- 
part  from   him   into    everlafling    fire  ? 

Were  not  thefe  priefls  emblems  of 

gofpel-mfnillers  ?  They  mufl  be  -di- 
vinely called  to  their  work,  and  quali- 
fied with  gifts  and  grace  for  it,  richly 
furnifhed  with  fpiritual  knov/ledge  ;  and 
be    blamelefs,    fober,   temperate,  holy, 

'  and   prudent,    wholly    given    to   their 
work,  not  enta-ngliiig   tliemfelves  witli 
the  deadenin 
joined 

infamous  women,  nor  in  ecclefiaflical 
fellov/fl^ip  withwhoriiii  and  Antichrif- 
tian  churches.  Always  applying  to 
themfelves  the  blood  and  Spirit  of  Je- 
fus,  they  mull  preach  the  great  atone- 
ment, and  devote  themfelves  and  hear- 
ers to  God ;  and  of  new  everv'  Sabbath 
exhibit  Jefus  on  the  gofpcl-table,  as  the 
ihew-bread  of  life  ;  daily  offer  the  in,- 
cenfe  of  fervent  prayers  ;  blow  the  goi- 
pel-trumpet,  calling  and  befeeching  fin- 
ners  to  be  reconciled  to  God  ;  found- 
ing alarms  of  impending  danger,  and 
exciting  to  make  war  with  fin,  Satan, 
and  the  Vv'orld.  It  is  theirs  to  explain 
the  oracles  of  God  ;  to  fnuff  off  erro- 
neous gloiTes,  and  to  call  out  noifomc 
profefiors.  It  is  theirs  to  blefs  their 
people,  folve  their  doubts,  purge  and 
reftcre  the  fcandalo;i3  ;  equally  caring 
for  the  true  liappinefs  of  the  poor  asot 
the  rich  ;  and,  according  to  their  faith-.- 
fulneis  and  diligence,  ought  to  be  their 
encouragement  fromx  their  people,  and 
fiiall  be  their  everlafling  reward,  Ezek. 
xliii.  xliv.  xlv. — Were  they  not  em- 
blems of  the  faints  ?  Their  fpiritual 
defcent  from  Jefus  is  certain,  and  ought 
to  be  evident  ;  they  are  free  from  the 
reigning  love  of  every  vice  ;  they  defire 
foundncfs  in  their  heart  and  life  ;  nor 
are  they  Hained  with  habitual  fcandal  ; 
they  are  nianitd  to  the  virgin   law  ot 

*  faith,  and  ouy-ht  not  to  be  members  of 
whorifh  churches,  nor  to  bewail  decea- 
fed  relations  as  thofe  who  have  no  hope, 
or  indulge  themfeives  in  excefnve  grief, 
as  if  earthly  enjoyments  were  their  por- 
tion. Their  facred  robes  are  Jeius'a 
P  p  i      righteoufnefs 


V  Rl  I     30 

Tiglitcoufnefs  and  grace,  evidenced  in  a 
holy,  humble,  fober,  chafte,  and  grave 
converfatlon.  Being  called  of  God,  and 
confecrated  in  foul,  body,  and  fpirit, 
by  the  blood  of  Jefus,  and  the  oil-like 
influence  of  the  Holy  Ghoft,  it  is  theirs 
daily  to  wafh  th-^mfelves  therein,  and 
fo  worfhip  the  Lord  in  the  beauty  of 
hol'nefs  ;  cheirs  to  offer  to  God  the 
burnt-offering  of  their  whole  man,  mor- 
tify i'.ig  every  lull,  and  furrendering  their 
very  life  to  the  fervice  and  honour  of 
ChrJft  ;  to  offer  the  peace-offering  of 
praii^  and  tharfkfgiving,  the  heave-of- 
fering of  prayei-  and  heavenly  delires, 
the  wave-offering  of  univerfal  obedience, 
the  meat-oflering  of  charitable  diflribu- 
tions,  and  the  drink-offering  of  godly 
forrpw.  An  atoned  God  is  the  objedt 
of  their  woril:ip  ;  themfelvcs  are  living 
temples  ;  Chrifl  is  their  altar,  which 
fanftiiies  their  gifts  ;  his  Spirit  and 
love  inflame,  his  blood  and  grace  fait 
and  powder  their  oblations  ;  his  inter- 
ceflion  perfumes  them.  It  is  theirs, 
daily  to  prefent  the  incenfe  of  prayer 
and  praife,  and  to  prefent  their  good 
works,  as  fhew-bread  accepted  in  Chrift ; 
and  to  grow  in  grace  and  fpiritual  know- 
ledge, fliine  as  lights  in  the  world  ; 
fnuff  off  every  miftake  in  principle  and 
pra6lice,  and  to  blow  the  trumpet,  in- 
ilru6l  the  ignorant,  warn  the  unruly, 
and  excite  the  inaO:2ve  ;  and  by  their 
intercelTions  for  all  men,  to  bring  a 
blelfmg  on  the  places  where  thty  live  ; 
— and  to  try  the  fpirits,  and  judge 
themfelves,  and  promote  purity  in  thcm- 
felves,  their  families,  and  all  around 
them. — How  rich  their  rev.'ard  !  they 
live  on  Jefus,  our  divine  and  all-com- 
prehenfive  oblation  ;  and  to  them  an- 
gels and  men  do  fervice  ;  and  even 
troubles  and  temptations  work  an  ex- 
ceeding and  eternal  weight  of  glory, 
1  Petl  ii.  5.  9.    Rev.  i.  6. 

Sometimes  we  read,  as  if  there  were 
feveral  chief  priests  at  once;  for 
the  leaders  of  the  24  claffes  were  fo 
called  :  the  fecond  prieft  or  fagarif  who 
officiated  inflead  of  the  high-prieft,  in 
cafe  of  his  ficknefs  or  defilement,  was 
alfo  called  a  chief  prieft.  About  the 
time  of  our  Saviour  too,  as  the  high 


o    ]  p  R  I 

priefts  were  put  in  and  out  by  the  civil 
governors,  there  was  fometimes  a  vari- 
ety of  perfons  in  life  who  had  been 
high  priefts.  But,  according  to  order, 
there  was  but  one  high  priest  at 
once.  He  was  the  moll  honourable 
perfon  of  the  facerdotal  fam.ily,  and  was 
allowed  to  marry  none  but  a  refpeftable 
virgin,  nor  to  mouan  or  defile  himfelf 
for  any  relation,  however  near.  Be- 
fides  his  fuit  of  apparel  common  to  him 
with  his  brethren,  and  which  he  wore 
on  the  day  of  expiation,  he  had  other 
robes  called  the  golden  garments,  and 
which  he  wore  while  attending  his  or- 
dinary employment.  This  fuit  confiil- 
ed  of  breeches,  and  an  embroidered 
coat  of  fine  linen,  with  a  girdle  of  lilk 
and  fine  twined  linen  to  fallen  it.  Over 
this  was  a  blue  robe,  hanging  down  to 
his  feet,  and  its  lower  hem  hung  round 
alternately  with  bells  and  embroidered 
pomegranates.  Above  this  were  put  on 
the  fhort  robes  of  the  cphod,  with  the 
breafl -plate  of  judgement ;  and  on  his 
head  was  a  golden  mitre,  infpribed  with 
Holhii'fs  to  the  Lord,  Every  high  prieft 
had  his  head  plentifully  anointed  with 
oil  when  he  was  confecrated.  He  had 
his  lodging  in  an  apartment  of  the  ta- 
bernacle or  temple,  or  near  to  it.  Be- 
fides  his  right  to  interfere  with  the  work 
of  the  other  priells,  he  was  the  fupreme 
judge  of  all  controverfies  in  the  Jewifh 
church,  and  directed  all  his  brethren 
in  their  work.  Perhaps  he  alone  made 
atonement  for  other  priells.  It  is  cer- 
tain he  alone  entered  the  Holy  of  ho- 
lies, and  performed  the  whole  work  of 
expiation  for  Ifrael  on  their  annual 
FAST,  Exod.  xxviii.  xxix.  6.  Lev.  xxi. 
10.  II.  12.   viii.  ix.   xvi. 

From  the  death  of  Aaron  to  the  lafl 
deftruclion  of  Jerufalem,  the  high  prieft- 
hood,  except  for  about  120  years,  con- 
tinued in  the  family  of  Eleazar.  Plii- 
nehas,  Abifhua,  Bukki,  and  Uzzi,  were 
of  this  line  :  but  inflead  of  Zerahiah, 
Meraioth,  Amariah,  and  Ahitub,  their 
defcendants  ;  Eli,  Ahitub,  Ahiah,  A- 
himelech,  and  Abiathar,  of  the  family 
of  Ithamar,  had  the  office  of  high  prieft- 
hood.  When  Abiathar  was  depofed, 
it  reverted  to  the  family  of  Eleazar. 

Zadok, 


PRI  [5 

Zadok,  Ahimaaz,  Azariah  or  Ama- 
rlah,  Johanan  or  Jehoiacla,  Azariah, 
perhaps  the  fame  as  the  Zechariah  mur- 
dered by  Joalh,  Amariah  or  Azariali, 
who  withftood  King  Azariah,  Ahi- 
tub,  Zadok,  Urijah,  who  made  the  ido- 
latrous altar  for  Ahab,  Shallum,  Aza- 
riah, Hilkiah,  Seraiah,  Jehozadak,  Je- 
fhua,  Joiakim,  Eh'afhib,  Joiada,  Jona- 
than, Jaddua,  officiated  from  yl.  AL 
2514  to  3682.  To  thefe  fucceeded 
Onias,  Simon  the  Jull,  Eleazar,  Ma- 
rafleh,  Onias,  Simon,  Onias,  Jafon, 
Menelaus,  Lyfimachus,  Alcimus,  the 
laft  four  of  whom  were  moll  abandoned 
wretches,  and  bought  the  office  over  one 
another's  head,  from  the  Heathen  mo- 
narch of  Syria.  To  them  fucceeded, 
in  the  family  of  the  Maccabees,  Judas, 
Jonathan,  Simon,  Hircanus,  Ariilobu- 
lus,  Janneus,  Hircanus,  Ariftobulus  his 
ufurping  brother,  and  Antigonus  his 
ufurping  nephew  :  thefe  were  both  high 
priefts  and  civil  rulers  ;  but  had  not  by 
birthright  a  claim  to  the  office.  To 
them  fucceeded,  from  A,  M.  3964  to 
4072,  various  others,  noted  for  nothing 
but  diforder  in  their  entrance  or  wicked- 
nefs  in  their  management,  viz,  Ananeel, 
Arillobulus,  Jefus,  Simon,  Matthias, 
Boethus,  Joazar,  Eleazar,  Jefus,  An- 
nas, Iflimael,  Eleazar  the  fon  of  An- 
nas, Simon,  Caiaphas,  Jonathan  the  fon 
of  Annas,  Theophilus,  Simon,  Mat- 
thias the  fon  of  Annas,  Ehoneus,  Ana- 
nias, lihmael,  Jofeph,  Ananias  the  fon 
of  Annas,  Jefus,  Matthias,  and  Phanias. 
Since  the  laft,  there  has  been  no  occa- 
sion for  priefts,  either  fupreme  or  fub- 
ordinate,  their  city  and  temple  having 
lain  in  ruins. 

Were  not  the  Hebrew  high  priefts 
notable  types  of  our  Redeemer  ?  He 
is  the  firft-begotten,  an  elder  brother  of 
God's  fpiritual  family  of  chofen  priefts. 
He  directs  his  people  ;  offers  facrifice 
for  them  :  and  by  his  blood  and  Spirit 
confecratcs  them  to  God.  How  tran- 
fcendent  his  un6i:ion  to  and  preparation 
for  his  work  !  He  wears  his  manhood 
and  executes  his  office  in  the  double 
eftate  of  debafement  and  glory.  ,  How 
ftiining  are  his  robes  of  rightcoufnefs, 
and  garments  of  falvation  I  and   how 


01     1  PRI 

fixed  for  ever,  as  on  his  fhoulder  ard 
heart,  are  all  the  Ifraelites  indeed ! 
As  he  efpoufed  a  pure  and  virgin  na- 
ture into  perfonal  union  with  liimrelf, 
none  but  virgin  faints  and  churclus  aie 
really  his  people.  On  his  head  arc 
many  crowns  ;  and  by  lu'm,  as  our  righ- 
tcoufnefs and  fandificatlon,  are  we  fanc^ 
tilled,  and  made  holhiejs  to  the  Lord. 
He  is  tlic  great  High  Prieft  of  our  pro*, 
fcffion,  and  of  good  things  to  come. 
Plis  perfon,  God-man,  is  infinitely  dig- 
nified, in  the  facrificing  and  interceiTory 
work  thereof ;  his  priefthood  is  the 
great  foundation  and  objedt  of  our  gof- 
pel-profeliion,  and  the  caufe  of  all  the 
precious  blefiings  that  come  upon  usia 
time  and  eternity,  Heb.  iii.  i.  viii.  i. 
If  Chrift  had  remained  on  earth,  he 
could  not  have  been  a  pr'ujl ;  being  de- 
fcended  of  the  tribe  of  Judah,  he  had 
no  right  to  officiate  in  the  facerdo- 
tal  work  of  the  earthly  tabernacle  of 
temple  ;  and  if  h^  had  remained  on 
earth  after  his  oblation  of  himfclf,  he 
could  not  have  ftiewed  himfelf  the  true 
Meffiah  ;  nor  by  liis  interccfiion  finilli- 
ed  his  work,  and  rendered  the  flicd- 
ding  of  his  blood  efleftual,  Heb-  viii. 

4- 

Priesthood;  (  i.)  The  office  of  a 
prieft,  Numb.  xvi.  10.  The  anoint- 
ing of  Aaron  and  his  fons,  was  an 
everlajiing priejihood  ;  it  fecured  to  them 
and  their  feed  the  office  of  priefts  for 
many  generations,  Exod.  xl.  1 5.  Numb- 
XXV.  13,  Chnii's prie/Ihood  is  unchange- 
able f  as  It  n&ver  pafleth  from  him  to 
another,  Htb.  vii.  24.  (2.)  The  ex- 
ecution of  this  office  :  and  the  iniquity 
of  the  pritjlhood,  is  what  was  commit- 
ted in  performing  the  work  of  that 
office,  Numb,  xviii.  1.  (3.)  A  clafs 
of  priefts  :  fo  the  faints  are  an  koly  and 
royal priefchood  \  a  company  of  fpiritual 
priefts,  waflied  in  Jefus's  blood,  fandli- 
fied  by  his  word  and  Spirit,  and  all 
of  them  kings  and  priefts  to  God> 
I  Pet.  ii.  5.  9. 

PRINCE ;  one  who,  whether  ss 
the  fon  of  a  king  or  otherv/ife,  is  pof- 
fefted  of  high  rule  and  authority.  When 
the  Hebrews  came  out  of  Egypt,  they 
had  twelve    princes,    to  govern    their 

tv.tive 


PRI  [3 

tTTclve  tribes.    Thcfe  princes,  on  twelve 
fevreral  days,  offered  theiroblations  for 
the  dedication  of  the  tabernacle.     The 
offering  of  each  was  one  filver  charger 
of  1 30  fhekels  weight,  one  filver  bowl 
of  70  fhekels,  both  of  them  full  of  fine 
flour  mingled  with  oil,  for  a  meat-offer- 
ing ;  one   golden  fpoon  pf  ten  fliekels, 
full  of  incenfe  ;  one  bullock,  one  ram, 
and   one   lamb,     for   a    meat-offering ; 
one   kid   for    a    fyi-offering ;  and  two 
oxen,  five  rams,  five    he-goats,  and  as 
many     lambs,     for    a     peace-offering, 
Numb.  i.  5. — 16.   vii.  12. — 89.      Ten 
princes   of     the    congregation,    along 
with    Jofhua   and    Eleazar,    were    ap- 
pointed to  divide  the'  land  of  Canaan 
wellwards  of  Jordan,    N;imb.   xxxiv. 
17.  18.  19.      David  had  twelve   prin- 
ces, who  commanded  the  (landing  mi- 
litia  in  their    refpedlive   months ;    and 
Solomon  had  twelve  princes,  who  pro- 
vided for  his  family.     Thefe   perhaps 
teprefented  the  twelve  apoilies  of  our 
Saviour,   who   were   the   chief   gover- 
nors and  providers   of  provifion  to  the 
Chrilb'an  church  ;  perhaps  alfo  David's 
mighties,  though  not  all  princes,  might 
reprefent  the    apoftles    and  evangelifts, 
fo  noted  for  eftablifliing  of  the  Chrif- 
tian  church,    i    Chron.  xxvii.    i  Kings 
iv.      2   Sam.    xxiii.       David's    prinecs 
contributed  largely  towards  the  expen- 
ces  of  building    the  temple.     Jehoiha- 
phat's    were    adive   in   reforming    the 
countiy  ;  and   thofe  of  Joafn  adtive  in 
corrupting  it    with    idolatry.       Heze- 
kiah's  princes  were  aclive  in  his  refor- 
mation, and  gave  to  the  people  for  of- 
ferings   at  the  folemn    paffover,    1000 
bullocks  and    10,000   fheep.     Jofiah's 
princes   did  much   the  fame,   i  Chron. 
xxix.  6.  7.  8.  2  Chron,  xvii,  xix.  xxiv. 
17.  18.  XXX.  xxxiv.  XXXV.     After  Jo- 
fiah's death,  fome  of  the  princes  were 
furious  perfecutors  of  Jeremiah  and  o- 
ther  prophets  ;  and  fome  of  them  were 
not,  Jer,  xxvi.  xxxvi. — xxxviii.  Perfons 
of  great  excellency    and    worth,  chief 
officers  of   an  army,  and  counfeilors  in 
a  ftate,  are  called  princes^  Eccl.  x.  7. 
If.  X.  8.  xix.  II.   For  the  tranfgreffion 
of  aland,  its  princes  arennwy  ;  the  pre- 
tenders  to  royalty  or  high  power,  are 


02     1  PRI 

num.erous,  and  foon  cut  off,  Prov, 
xxviii.  2.  The  prim-is  and  t/joi/firids  of 
Jiuuih  denote  the  fame  thing,  the  go- 
vernor being  put  for  the  governed,  or 
whole  body,  Matth.  ii.  6.  Mic.  v.  2. 
God  is  called  the  Prince  of  the  hoji,  and 
Prince  of  princes  ;  he  rules  over  all,  and 
in  a  peculiar  manner  was  the  governor 
of  the  Jtwifh  nation,  Dan.  viii.  11.  25, 
Jefus  Chrift  is  the  Prince  of  the  kings  of 
the  earth  ;  in  his  perfon,  he  furpaffeth 
every  creature  in  excellency  ;  and  he 
bellows  rule  and  authority  on  men  as 
he  fees  m.eet,  Rev.  i.  5.  He  is  the 
Prinoeof  life  ;  as  God,  he  is  the  author 
and  difpofer  of  all  life,  temporal,  fpiri- 
tual,  and  eternal ;  as  Mediator,  he  pur- 
chafes,  beftows,  and  brings  men  to 
everlafting  happinefs,  Adsiii.  15.  He 
is  the  Prince  of  peace  ;  he  is  the  God  of 
peace  ;  he  purchafed  peace  between 
God  and  men  ;  he  made  peace  be- 
tween Jews  and  Gentiles  ;  he  left 
peace  to  his  difciples  and  people  ;  and 
he  governs  his  church  in  the  moll 
peaceable  manner,  If.  ix.  6.  Angels 
are  called  chief  princes,  and  principalities  ; 
how  excellent  their  nature  !  how  high 
their  ilation  !  and  how  great  their  in- 
fluence in  ruling  the  world  \  Dan.  x. 
13.  The  devil  is  Q2[\(iA  z. principality y 
the  prince  of  this  world ,  and  of  the 
power  of  the  air  ;  how  great  his  power 
and  dominion  !  moll  men  are  his  fub- 
jecls,  and  he  boailsof  difpofing  ofearfh- 
ly  kingdoms  :  he  is  tlic  head  of  fuch 
angels  as  rore  about  in  the  air  to  do 
mii'chief,  John  X!i^3i.  Eph.  ii.  2. 
The  apoftles,  minifters,  and  faints,  are 
called  princes  ;  fpiritually  defcended 
from,  and  author ifed  by  Jefus,  the 
King  of  faints,  and  who  is  over  his 
holy  hill  of  Zion  :  how  dignified  their 
ftate,  and  how  great  their  influence 
on  the  government  of  the  world,  efpe- 
cially  in  \vhat  relates  to  the  church  ! 
Pfal.  xlv.  16.  "  The  Hebrew  prielts 
are  callfcd  the  princes  of  the  fanchiary^ 
bccaufe  they  ruled  in,  and  managed 
the  affairs  of  it,  If.  xliii.  28.  Titus.' 
or  his  father  Vefpafiari,  both  Roman 
emperors,  is  the  prince,  whofe  people 
came  and  deftroyed  Jerufalem,  Dan.  ix. 
26.  ''^\i^  prince  of  the  covenant,  whom 
Antiochu^ 


P  R  I  [30 

Antlochus  Epipbar.es  ovcrthrcvv,  is 
either  Onias  the  Jev/ifh  high  priert, 
whom  he  depofed,  and.  fold  the  oflice 
to  his  brother  ;  or  Demetrius,  to 
whom  the  kingdom  of  Syria  belonged  ; 
or  rather  Ptolemy  king  of  Egypt,  with 
whom  he  had  jufi  before  made  a  league, 
Dan.  xi.  22.  A  PRINCESS,  is  the 
wife  or  daughter  of  a  king.  Jerufa- 
lem  is  fo  called,  becaufe  the  capital 
city  of  Judca,  and  a  principal  city  in 
that  part  of  the  world,  Lam.  i.  i. 
V  PRINCIPAL  ;  chiefeft  ;  befl,  Ex. 
XXX.  25.  TVit  principal  of  the  flocl-^  are 
the  chief  men  of  a  nation  ;  their  rulers 
and  rich  people,  Jer.  xxv.  34.  The 
prmcipcil  to  be  reltored,  is  the  thing 
Itokn,  or  the  value  thereof,  Lev.  vi.  5. 
Numb.  V.  7.  Principality,  (i.) 
Royal  flate,,  or  the  attire  of  the  head 
marking  the  fame,  Jer.  xiii.  18.  (2.) 
Chief  rulers,  Tit.  iii.  i.  (3.)  Good 
angels,  Eph.  i.  21.  iii.  to.  (4.)  Bad 
angels,   Eph.  vi.  12.     Col.  ii.  15. 

PRINCIPLE  ;  a  point  of  belief. 
The  firjl principles  of  the  orach s  ofChriJ}, 
are  fuch  truths  as  muft  be  underftood 
and  believed,  in  order  to  introduce  us 
into  a  further  acquaintance  Vv-ith  divine 
truth  ;  fuch  as,  that  in  every  tiling  we 
ought  to  make  the  glory  of  God  and 
the  enjoyment  of  him  our  chief  end, 
and  make  his  word  the  ftandard  of  all 
we  believe  and  do  in  religion  ;  that 
there  is  one  God  in  three  perfons,  who 
hath  purpofed,  created,  and  does  pre- 
ferve  and  govern  all  things  ;  that  man 
having  fallen  from  his  happy  ftate  of 
holinefs  and  covenant-friendfhip  with 
God,  is  abfolutely  incapable  to  reco- 
ver himfelf,  but  his  falvation  muft  be 
purchafed  with  Jefus's  blood,  and  gra- 
cioudy  applied  by  his  holy  Spirit  ; 
that  being  united  to  Chrift,  andjufti- 
fied,  adopted,  and  fanctified,  we  muft 
perfect  holinefs  in  the  fear  of  God, 
walking  in  all  the  commandments  and 
ordinances  of  the  Lord  blamelefs*,  Htb. 
v.  12. 

PRINT  ;  a  deep  and  obfervable 
mark.  Job.  xx.  25.  According  to  the 
Jews,  the  m.arks  upon  mens  bodies, 
prohibited  in  the  law,  were  made  by 
cutting  the  ^t'i}ciy    and  filling  the  in- 


.3.  1  .     J^^ 

cifion  with  ftibium,  ink,  or  other  co* 
lours,  I>ev.  xix.  28.  God  fets  a  print 
on  mens  heels.,  when  he  angrily  obfervcs 
their  fault,  and  takes  care  to  prevent 
their  efcape  from  trouble.  Job.  xiii.  27. 
PRISON  ;  a  place  for  confining 
mad  people,  or  evil-doers,  Luke  xxiii. 

19.  In  the  ead,  magiftratcs  ordinarily 
make  their  own  lioufe  the  prifon  for 
evil-doers,  and  make  one  of  their  own 
fervants  jailor  ;  to  whom,  if  the  prifon- 
er  give  large  fees,  he,  though  how- 
ever fhockingly  criminal,  is  fure  to  be 
treated  with  kindnefs.  But  if  thofc 
who  imprifoned  one  give  the  jailoi* 
greater  prefents,  the  poor  prijoner, 
however  virtuous,  is  fure  to  be  treated 
with  the  greateft  inhumanity,  Jer^ 
xxxvii.  15.  16.  20.    Pf.  Ixxix.  11.   cii. 

20.  cvii.  10.  14.  To  it  are  compared, 
whatever  tends  to  reftrift  liberty,  and 
render  one  difgraced  and  wretched,  as 
(i.)  A  low,  obfcure,  and  affli61cd 
condition,  Eccl.  iv.  14.  (2.)  The 
ftate  of  reftraint,  wherein  God  keepa 
Satan  from  feducing  mankind,  Rev- 
XX.  7.  (3.)  The  ftate  of  fpiritual 
thraldom,  in  which  fmners  are  kept 
by  the  curfe  of  the  law,  and  by  Satan, 
and  their  own  lufts.  If.  xiii.  7.  (4.) 
The  grace,  out  of  which  men  cannot 
move,  and  in  which  they  are  ftiut  up 
as  evil-doers,  If.  liii.  8.  Perhaps  in 
allufion  to  this,  David  calls  the  cave, 
in  which  he  was  as  if  one  buried  alive, 
a  prifon,  Pfal.  cxlii.  7.  {5.)  Htll„ 
where  damned  finners  are  Ihamefully 
and  mifer^bly,  but  firmly  confined,  i 
Pet.  iii.  19.  Such  as  are  fhut  up  in 
any  of  thefe,  or  are  in  a  captive  con- 
dition, are  called  prisoners.  If.  xlix. 
9.  Pfal.  Ixix.  33.  Job  iii.  18.  Paul 
V7ZS  ?i  prifoner  of  Chrift,  in  bonds  and 
imprifonment  for  his  adherence  to 
Chrift's  truths,  Eph.  iii.  i.  The  Jews 
in  Babylon,  and  thofe  finners  invited 
to  J cfus  Chrift,  are  prifoners  of  hope '^ 
the  promife  fecured  deliverance  to  the 
former ;  it  offers  deliverance  to  the 
latter,  Zcch.  ix.  12. 

PRIVATE;  fecret;  apart  fromi 
others,  Matth.  xxiv.  3.  No  fcripture 
is  of  private  interpretation  ;  it  :s  not  to 
be  explained  according  to  mens  owu 

particular 


P  R  I 


particular  fancy,  but  according  to  the 
analogy  of  faith,  or  common  declara- 
tion of  other  fcriptures,  and  by  the  di- 
redion  of  the  Holy  Ghofl  :  and  thefe 
meet-helps  he  has  openly  granted  to 
the  church,   2  Pet.  i.  20. 

PPv^IVY;  (i.)  Secret;  hidden, 
Deut.  xxiii.  i.  (2.)  Confcious  and 
confenting,  AAs  v.  2.  To  bring  in 
damnable  herefies/riw/)',  is  to  introduce 
them  by  httle  and  little,  or  under  a 
Ihew  of  knowledge,  hoHnefs,  or  gof- 
pel-liberty,  hiding  the  real  meaning 
and  tendency  thereof,  2  Pet.  ii.  i. 

The  PRIZE  in  races,  Iffc.  is  the 
reward  given  to  him  who  outruns  or 
does  more  than  the  reft,  i  Cor.  ix.  24. 
The  prize  of  the  high  calHng  of  God  in 
Chrift  Jefus,  is  everlafting  happinefs  in 
heaven.  It  is  the  reward  that  God  in 
Chrift  promifes  gracioufly  to  give  to 
his  people,  to  encourage  them  in  their 
fpiritual  race  and  warfare  ;  and  which 
he  for  Jefus's  fake  gives  them,  after 
they  have  Uniihed  their  courfe,  Phil. 
iii.  14. 

PROCEED;  (i.)  Togo  out  from, 
If.  vl.  10.  (2.)  To  go  forward  in  a 
journey,  a  fpeech,  or  courfe  of  adions, 
2  Tim.  iii.  9.  Job  xL  5.  A^ls  xii.  3. 
Chrill  proceeded  from  the  Father  ;  he 
vxas  begotten  by  him  as  his  Son,  re- 
ceived from  him  his  mediatorial  com- 
inifTion,  and  came  into  the  world  by 
his  appointment,  John  viii.  42.  The 
proceeding  of  the  Holy  Gholl  from  the 
Father  and  Son,  denotes  his  incon- 
ceivable relation  to  thefe  pcrfons,  as 
prior  to  himfelf,  in  order  of  fubfillence, 
y.nd  his  afting  by  commiflion  from  them 
ia  the  application  of  redemption,  John 
xvi.  26.  Old  of  the  ynouth  of  the  Mojl  High 
proceedeth  not  evil  and  good  P  he  com- 
mands and  effefts  no  evil  of  fm,  but 
only  good.  Lam.  iii.  38. 

In  PROCESS  of  time;  after  many 
^ays.  Gen.  xxxviil.  12.;  perhaps  on  the 
Sabbath,  the  end  of  the  week.  Gen. 
iv.  3. 

PROCLAIM  ;  to  give  public  no- 
tice of  a  matter,  that  all  may  knov/  it. 
The  name  of  the  Lord  is  proclalmedi 
when  his  excellencies  and  mighty  works 
pre  openly  and  loudly  declared,  Exod. 


[    304   1 


PRO 


xxxiii.  19.  A  PROCLx\MATiON,  \^  the 
giving  of  pubhc  notice  of  the  will  of  a 
fuperior,  by  an  herald  or  crier,  Dan. 
V.  29. 

PROCURE  ;  to  get ;  bring  on,  Jer, 
ii.  17.   Prov.  xi.  27. 

PRODUCE  ;  to  bring  forth.  To 
produce  our  caufe^  and  bring  forth  our 
Jlrong  renfons  before  God,  is  to  fay  all 
we  juftly  can,  in  defence  of  ourfelvea 
and  our  conduft,   If.  xli.  21. 

PROFANE  ;  not  holy,  but  allow- 
ed for  common  ufe,  Ezek.  xhi.  20. 
xlviii.  1 5.  Profane  fables  or  babblings, 
are  notions  and  fpeeches,  obfcene,  Hea- 
thenifli,  and  tending  to  bring  reproach 
on  the  true  religion,  i  Tim.  iv.  7.  vi, 
20.  Profane  perfons,  are  fuch  as  de- 
file themfelves,  by  (hameful  adlions, 
particularly  a  contempt  of  things  facred. 
Lev.  xxi.  7.  Ezek.  xxi.  25.  Efau 
rendered  himfelf  profane^  by  defpifmg 
his  birth-right,  and  the  promife  of  the 
MefTiah  thereto  annexed,  Heb.  xii.  16. 
To  POLLUTE  things,  is  to  defile  them; 
and  to  PROFANE,  is  to  ufe  them  as 
bafe  or  common,  Lev.  xxii.  15.  Ezek. 
xxiv.  2 1 .  God  and  his  name  are  prO" 
faned  or  pollutedy  when  any  thing 
whereby  he  makes  himfelf  known,  as 
his  authority,  ordinances,  ^c.  are  u- 
fed  in  an  irreverent  manner,  and  to  pro- 
mote  fome  finful  end  of  error  or  wick- 
ednefs,  Lev.  xviii,  21.  Ezek.  xiii.  9. 
God's  Sabbaths,  fanftuary,  ordinances, 
and  ftatutes,  2xt  profaned^  when  not  u- 
fed  in  the  manner  he  requires,  but  im- 
proven  to  promote  carnal  or  idolatrous 
purpofes.  Lev.  xxi.  12.  xxii.  7.  Neh. 
xiii.  17.  Pfal.  Ixxxix.  f  31.  Ezek.  xx. 
13.  Zeph.  iii.  4.  Jer.  vii.  30.  God 
profaned  the  princes  of  his  fanBuaryy  and 
polhited  his  people,  when  he  gave  up 
the  Jewilh  priefts  and  the  people  to  the 
power  of  their  enemies,  and  punifhed 
them  with  the  moft  debafing  diftrefs, 
If.  xliii.  28.  xlvii.  6.  The  Jews /ro- 
fancd  tJ)c  holinefs  of  the  Lord^  when  they 
profHtuted  themfelves,  who  were  his 
people,  to  finful  courfes  ;  when  they 
ufed  his  temple  and  altar  in  irreverent 
and  idolatrous  worfhip  ;  and  fo  poured 
contempt  on  the  holinefs  of  his  nature. 
And  "CiXQ^  profaned  Xvio  covenant,  when 

thtiy 


p  k  o      r  305  T      PRO 

tKey  haughtily  boailed  of  it,  and,  con-     as  they  promote  their  convidion,  con 


irary  to  the  obhgations  thereof,  gave 
lip  themfelves  to  wicked  pra»5lice8,  Mai. 
li.  10.  The  Chaldeans  polluted  God's 
fccret  place i  when  they  entered  into, 
and  burnt  the  temple,  the  Holy  of  ho- 


verfion,  holinefs,  or  comfort ;  but  they 
cannot  profit  God,  by  rendering,  him 
better  or  happier.  Tit.  iii.  8.  Job  xxii. 
2.   XXXV.  8.   Luke  xvii.  10. 

PROFOUND,  deep.     To  be  proy 


ies  not  excepted,   Ezck.  vii.  21.    An-    foimd  to  make  Jlaughter^  is  to  be  firmly 
tiochus  Epiphanes  polluted  the  fanfluary     refolved,  deeply  -engaged,   thoroughly 


ofjlretigthy  when  he  fet  up  in  the  Jew- 
ifli  temple  the  image  of  Jupiter,  and 
offered  fvvines  flefli,  made  it  a  garrifon 
fov  his  foldiers,  and  fo  a  place  of  revel- 
ling and  whoredom,  Dan.  xi.  31.;  and 
fo  Antichriil  pollutes  the  church  with  i- 
dolatry,  fuperftition,  and  every  other 
wickednefs. — The  Jewifli  priefts />'-o/'«- 
7ied  the  Sabhath,  and  were  blamelefs  ; 
they  killed  their  facrifices  on  it,  as  if 
it  had  been  a  common  day,  Matth.  xii. 
5.  The  Jews  profaned th^Y  fruit-trees, 
when  on  the  fifth  year,  they  eat  their 
fruit  as  a  common  food,  Deut.  xx. 
f  6.  Jer.  xxxl.  f  5..  The  high  prieft 
profaned  hlmfelf,  when,  by  defiling  him- 
felf  for  his  deceafed  relations,  he  dif- 
graced  his  character,  and  made  himfelf 
appear  as  a  common  perfon.  Lev.  xxi; 
4.     A  woman  ^r(9/rt//^^herfelf,  when, 


flcilled,  and  earncftly  indullrious  to  com- 
mit murder,  in  the  mod  fubtle  and  fe* 
cret  manner,   Hof.  v.  ii. 

PROGENITORS;  forefathers. 
Gen.  xlix.  26. 

PROGNOSTICATORS  j  fuch  as. 
pretend  to  foretell  the  various  events  of 
the  months  of  the  year.   If.  xlvii.  13. 

PROLONG;  (i.)  To  make  long, 
Deut.  iv.  26.  (2.)  To  ilay  long  in  a 
place,  Num.b.  ix.  f  19.  God's  words 
ZYt prolonged-,  wb.en  it  is  along  time  be- 
fore they  be  fulfilled,  Ezek.  xii.  25.  28. 
The  fear  of  the  Lord  prolongeth  Ufe  ;  art 
holy  converfation  prevents  intempe- 
rance, and  rafh  and  finful  condu6l, 
which  tend  to  fhorten  mens  life  ;  and 
God,  if  it  is  for  his  honour,  lengthens 
out  the  days  of  fuch  as  fear  him,  Pro  v. 
X.  27.     Wicked  men  prolong  not  the  per" 


by  turning  whore,  fhe  rendered  herfelf  fe^Ilon  of  riches  ;  God  cuts  them  off  ere 
common,  bafe,  and  contemptible,  Lev.  they  get  their  wealth  brought  to  any 
xix.  7.  A  priefl's  daughter  profaned  confiderable  or  intended  pitch,  Job  xv. 
her  father,  when,  by  her  whoredom,  fhe     29 


PROMISE;  (i.)  An  engagement 
to  beflow  fome  benefit,  2  Pet.  ii.  19. 
So  God's  promife  is  his  declaration  of 
his  readinefs  to  beflow  his  favours  oh 
men,  i  Kings  viii.  56.  (2.)  The  good 
thing  promifed  :  fo  the  Holy  Ghofl,  ini 
his  faving  and  miraculous  operations,  is 
the  promife  of  the  Father,  A6ls  i.  4. 
Eternal  life  in  heaven  is  called  the  prO' 
mifes  ;  it  is  the  thing  promifed  in  many 
of  them,  Heb.  vi.  12.  The  promife 
to  the  Jews  and  their  feed,  and  eveiy 
one  called  by  the  gofpel,  is  God's  of- 
fer and  engagement  to  be  their  God, 
and  to  render  them  his  people,  Atts 
ii.  39.  Ifaac  was,  hy  promife,  ^Xi^cxcz.- 
ted  by  God's  fulfilment  of  his  promife 
to  his  parents,  not  by  their  natural 
ftrength  for  generation,  Gal.  iv.  23. 
P row  fes  are  given,  when  fet  before^us 
in  the  fcripture,  that  we  may  believe 
Heb.  iv.  2..  Our  good  works  profit  men,  them,  and  plead  the  fulfiUneat  thereof : 
Vol.  II.  ^"     •  •  Q^q  iiiM 


brought  a  ftain  on  his  charafter^  Lev. 
xxi.  9.  The  pollutions  of  this  luorld,  are 
the  more  grofs  and  fcandalous  fins  which 
wicked  men  ufe  to  live  in,  2  Pet.  ii.  20. 

PROFESS  ;  to  declare  openly  and! 
folemniy,  Deut.  xxvi.  3.  Matth.  vii. 
.23.  Profession  is  either,  (i.)  The 
truths  of  God,  which  we  openly  avov/ 
our  belief  of,  and  adherence  to  ;  or, 
(2.)  Our  a6t  of  boldly  avowing  thefe 
truths,  Heb.  iii.  I.  iv.  14.  x.  23.  Ti- 
mothy profjfed  a  good  profejjlon;  in  his 
baptifm  and  ordination,  and  in  his 
preaching  of  the  gofpel,  he  folemniy 
avowed  his  belief  of,  and  refolved  ad- 
herence to,  the  precious  and  ufeful 
truths  of  God,    i  Tim.  vi.  12. 

PROFIT;  (i.)  To  grow  better; 
to  become  more  intelligent  and  flridl  ; 
to  improve  in  gifts  or  grace.  Gal.  i.  14. 
1  Tim.  iv.  15.      (2.)  To  make  better. 


PRO      r  306  ] 

ahd  their  being  gi-vdrtj  denotes  tlieir  be-    xxvi.    1 1 
ing  granted  to  us   freely,  fovereignly, 
and  irrevocably,  2  Pet.  ii.  4.     To  ob- 
tain or  receive  promifes,  is   to  enjoy  the 
fulfilment  thereof,  in  receiving  the  good 
things  promifed,  Heb.  vi,  15.    xi.  39. 
The  fifth  commandETJent  is  the  jfr/'?  luilh 
prornife;  it  is  the  firft  of  the  fecond  table, 
and  is  the  fii-ft  that   has  a  pronii;*::  of 
long  life  and   profperity  to  fuch  a«  are 
obedient  to   itfelf,    Eph.  vl.   2.     The 
promifes  of  God    are   either  ahjolute,. 
whofe  fulfilment  depends  on  no  condi- 
tion  to  be  performed  by  us  j  and,,  to 
jnanifeft' the  exceeding  riches  of  God's 
grace,,  thefe  are  generally  directed  to 
men  as  ftnful,  guilty,  polluted,  hard- 
hearted, poor,  godlefs,  ^c.   i  Tim.  i. 
15..   Tf.  i.  iS.  xliii.  %$,  IV.  6.  7.  ZTech. 
xiii.  i«  8.  9.     Ezek,  xxxvi.  25.  —  29. 
If.  xlvi.  12.  13.  Pfal.  Ixxii,- 1 2.  13.  14. 
J.er.  XXX.  22.  xxxi.  33.;..  and  fome  of 
them,  as  the  promifes  of  ChriiPs  incar- 
jiation  and  death,  have  properly  noetm*- 
dition  at  all  :  or  condiiionaly  when  the. 
fu'.filment  thereof  depends  on  fome  a£l 
or  quality  in  us,  as  if  we  believe,  repent", 
pray,  i^c,     Every  one  of  thefe  condi- 
tions required  of  Us,    is    promifed  in 
fome    abfolute  promife  ;    and  thus   at 
once  free  grace  reigns  in  the  whole  of 
the  gofpel-fcheme  ;  and  yet  by  nYaking 
fuch   duties  conditions   of   connexion 
with  fome   further  privileges,  holinefs 
is  mightily  encouraged.     As  the  decla- 
rations of  God's  grace  have  in  them  an 
indirect  reprefentation  of  God's  giving 
the  objects  which  they   refpeft,  tliey 
idireft    promifes  ;    and    infpired 


PRO 

Some   promifes   relate   io 
God*s    preventing,    moderating,    and 
(hortenlng  mens   afflidtion,  fupporting 
them  under  and  delivering  them  from 
affliftions,  and   bringing   good   out  of 
them,   Pfal.  cxxi.  7,     Job   v.    2-9.     If 
xxvii*  8.     Jer.  xlvi.  28.     Pfal.  xxv.  3, 
Miirk  xiii.  19.  20.-  Gen.  xv.  i.   E/ek. 
xi.  16.    Pfal.  xxxvii.  24.    i  Cor.  xii.  9. 
If.  xliii.  2-    Pfal.  xh.  3,    Dent.  vii.  i^- 
Exod.  xxiii.  25.  Matth.  xix.  29.  x.  39- 
v.  II..  12.    I  Pet.  iv.  19.    PfaL.  xii.  5. 
Ixviii.  5.     Jer.  xxxiii.  3.     If.  xxvil.  9. 
Pfal.  xcvii^  1 1.   Zech.  xiii.  9.     But  the 
principal  promifes  relate  to  thefpiritual 
good   things  ;  as  of  union   to   Chrift j. 
Hof.ii.  ig.  20.    If.  liv.  5.  ;  of  the  Spi- 
rit, Ezek.  xxx'vii.  27.     Prov.   i.   24.  ; 
juftification,   If.  i.  18.    xliii.  25.    xliv. 
22V  xlv.  24.  25.;  adoption,  Jer.  iii,  19. 
2  Cor,  vi.  18,  ;    fandification,   change 
of  nature   and  life,  Ezek.  xi.  19.  2C- 
xxxvi.  26.  2.7.  ;..of  fpiritual  knowledge, 
Prov.  ii.  3. — 6.   James  i.  5. ;   of  faith, 
John  vi.  37.     Eph.  ii.  8.  ;  of  repent- 
ance, Rom.  xi.  26.    Ezek.  xvi.  62.  63. 
XX.  43- J  of  love  to  God,  2  Theff..  iii, 
5.  Deut.  XXX.  6. ;  of  filial  fear  of  God, 
Hof.  ill.  5.  Jer,  xxxii.  39.  40. ;  of  new 
obedience,  Deut.   xxx.   8.  ;   of  hope^ 
2  Their,  ii,  16.    Rom.  xv.  4.  •,  of  peace 
and  joy,  rf..lvii.  18.19.   xxvi.  3.  Pfal. 
Ixivw  10.   xcvii.  II.  12.  J  and  of  unfail- 
ing perfeverance   in   a   ftate  of  grace, 
Jer.  xxxii.  39.  40.  Johniv.  ii.  x\-i..l9. 
X.  27.  28.  ;  of  an  happy  death.  Rev, 
xiv.  13.  ;  and  of  eternal  happinefs,  If. 
XXXV.  10.    2  Tim=  iv.  8,     Some    pro-, 
mifes  are  permanent,  fulfilling  in  every 


are    in 

jJrayers,  and  efpecially   the  prayers  of  age  :  and  others  are  periodical,  fulfilled 

Chrifl,  are,  as  it  were,  promifes  adu-  in   certain  particulai-  periods;  and   lo 

ally  pled.  are  prophecies,  as  they  foretell  what  is 

Some    promifes   relate    to    outward  future  ;  but  promifes^  as  they  afcertain 

things,  as  of  health,    flrength,  food,  the  beftowal  of  good. 


raiment,  peace,  comfort,  fuccefs  to  men, 
and  to  their  feed,  Prov.  iii.  7.  8.  Pfal. 
ciii.  $>  yL-A^vn.  3.  11.  Deut.  x.  18. 
Job  V.  24.  Pfal.  xci.  10.  cxxi.  8.  Job 
3ti.  18.  19.  Prov.  iii.  24.  Pfifl.  cxxviii. 
^.  3.  Deut.  xxviii.  4.  5.  12.  Pfal.  i.  3. 
ciii.  17.  cii.  28.  xlv.  16.  xxxiv.  12.  13. 
If.  Ivii.  I.  Prov.  x.  7.  22.  Pfal.  xxiii. 
5.  6.  Job  xxii.  24.  25.  26.  Deut. 
f-^ii.  10.  Juelii.  26'  Gen*  xii.  2.  Deut. 


PROMOTE  ;  to  raife  to  higher  ho- 
nour, Eilh.  V.  tt.  Shame  is  the  pro- 
motion of  fools,  when,  inftead  of  being 
raifed  to  higher  honours,  they  fall  into 
{hame  and  difgrace,  Prov.  iii.  35.  Pro- 
motion comes  not  from  the  eaft,  weft, 
north,  or  fouth  ;  not  by  chance,  or 
merely  by  human  means,  Pfal.  Ixxv.  6. 

PRONOUNCE;  (i.)  To  declare 
plainly,  as  a  judge   doth  a  fentence,, 

i.ev. 


T R o      r  307  T     PR o 

(2.)  To  exprefs  theibund    of  his  will  on  their  underftandin^,  and 


Lev.  V.  4 

of  a  word,  Judg.  xii.  6 

PROOF  ;  a  cltar  token  of  the  truth 
or  excellency  of  things,  2  Cor.  viii.  24. 
11.-9.  One  makes  i\i\\  proof  of  his  mini' 
Jiryy  when,  by  various  effays,  his  hear- 
ers have  fufiicient  evidence  given  them, 
that  he  is  gifted  and  fent  of  God, 
2  Tim.  iv.  9. 

PROPER;  ( I.)  Belonging  to  one's 
.ffelf,  I  Chron.  xxix.  3.  (2.)  Hand- 
fome  ;  agreeable,  Heb.  xi.  23.:  and 
■hence  the  qualities  of  a  thing  are  cail- 
-ed  its  properties. 

PROPHECY  ;  (i.)  A  declaration 
of  future  things,  Neh,  yi.  12.  (2.) 
A  declaration  of  hidden,  obfcure,  and 
important  things,  Prov.  xxx.  i.  (3.) 
The  preaching  of  the  g«fpel,  i  Tim. 
,xv.  14.  Rom.  xii.  r6.  ,(4.)  The  gift 
of  explaining  obfcure  pafTages  of  fcrip- 
ture,  or  of  foretelling  things  to  come, 
I  Cor.  xii.  10,  xiii.  8.  (5*)  To  join 
in  the  public  praifes  and  worfhip  of 
God,  1  Cor.  xi.  5.  The  prophefying 
of  Chrift's  two  witnefTes,  denotes  both 
the  preaching  and  the  open  profeflion 
of  his  truths,  iri.oppofition  to  the  de- 
lufions  of  Antichrifl-,   Rev.  xi.  3. 

A  Prophet  is,  (i.)  One  who  fore- 
tells future  events,  Amos  iii,  6.  (2.) 
One  who  explains  obfcure  myfteries  or 
pafTages  of  fcripture,  under  a  peculiar 
direction  of  the  Holy  Ghoil,  l  Cor. 
xiv.  26.  (3.)  One  who  is  under  fpe- 
cial  influence  of  the  Spirit,  i  Sam. 
xix.  24.  (4.)  A  falfe  pretender  to 
'*fpeak  under  infpiration,  Jer.  xxix,  15.  : 
and  fo  the  Heathen  poets  are  called 
prophets^  becaufe  they  were  fuppofed  to 
{peak  under  divine  influence,  Tit.  i.  12. 
(5.)  One  who  declares  the  mind  of 
another  to  the  people  :  fo  Aaron  .was 
.the/ro//jf/of  Mofe8,.Exod.  vii.  i.  (6.) 
The  infpired  books  of  the  Old  Tella- 
mcnt  are  called  the  j^r(?^A<?/j,  "befides  the 
books  of  Mofes,  or  befides  thefe  and 
tbe  Pfalms,  Luke  xvi.  31.  xxiv.  27.  44. 
Anciently  prophets  were  called  jJ-^rj', 
becaufe  they  had  more  knowledge  than 
others,  i  Sam.  ix.  9.  Sometimes  God 
revealed  his  mind  to  his  prophets  by 
dreams,  voices,  vifions  ;  oi  fometmies 
Jie.did  it  by  an  efficacious  impreflion 


an  excitement  of  their  will  to  declare 
it  to  others.  Enoch,  Noah,  Abraham, 
Ifaac,  Jacob,  Jofeph,  Mofes,  Aaron, 
Samuel,  Gr.d,  Nathan,  David,  Solo- 
mon,  Iddo,  Ahijah,  Shemaiah,  the  man 
of  God  from  Judah,  Azariah,  Hanani, 
Jehu,  Elijah,  Micalah,  Eleazar,  Ehdia, 
Jonah,  Amos,  Hofea,  Joel,  Ifaiah,  Mi- 
cah,  Oded,  Nahum,  Habakkuk,  Ze- 
phaniah,  Jeremiah,  Urijah,  Ezekiel, 
Obadiah,  Daniel,  Haggai,  Zechariahj, 
Malachi,  Zacharias,  Simeon,  John  Bap- 
tift,  and  Agabu^,  are  marked  as   true 

and  piousprophets. A  prophet esSj 

fignified  not  only  the  wife  of  a  prophet, 
as  If.  viiL  3.  ;  but  alfo  a  woman  that 
foretold  JFuture  •  things.  Among  thefe 
\\'e  may  reckon  Miriam,  Deborah,  Han- 
nah, Huldah,  Elifabeth,  the  Virgin  Ma- 
ry, Anna,  and  the  four  daughters  of 
'Philip  the  deacon.  Among  wicked 
prophets,  real  or  pretended,  we  may 
reckon  Balaam,  ai^  the  old  prophet  of 
Bethel,  who,  pretending  a  revelation, 
decoyed  the  man  of  God  from  Judah 
-to  return  and  eat  bread  with  him,  and 
then  foretold  his  death  by  a  lion,  for 
-difobeying  the  contrary  orders  from 
"God,  I  Kings  xiii.  Zedckiah  the  fon 
of  Chenaanah,  Hananiah,  Shemaiah  the 
Nebelamite,  Ahab  the  fon  of  Kolaiah, 
Zedekiah  the  fon  of  Maafeiah,  Caii- 
phas,  y<:,  Noadiah,  and  Jezebel  of 
Thyatira,  were  two  pretended  prophet- 
elfeso  'When  the  priefts,  about  the 
time  of  Samuel,  negleded  the  inilruc- 
tion  of  the  people,  fchools  of  prophets 
were  formed,  wherein  young  men  were 
pioufly  educated,  to  prepare  them  for 
receiving  the  gift  of  prophecy.  Such 
fchools  we  fiad  at  Bethel,  Gilgal,  Na- 
joth,  Jericho,  and  Jerufalem,  ^c.  which 
were  infpefted  by  Samuel,  Elijah,  E- 
lilha,  lljc. ;  but  it  does  not  appear  that 
all  thefe  young  men  were  ever  infpired, 
jSam.  X.  xi.  xix.  2  Kings  ii.  Whe- 
ther the  mofl:  of  the  noted  prophets 
were  anointed  at  their  entrance  on  their 
office,  we  know  not.  It  is  certain  they 
generally  lived  in  a  very  low  and  tem- 
perate manner.  The  prcfents  given, 
them  were  fuch  as  oil,  bread,  fruits, 
honevj  2  Kings  iv.  42.   i  Sam.  ix.  7.  8. 


PRO     r  30 

X.  3.  Elijah  had  nothing  but  fimple 
provifion  provided  him,  at  the  brook 
Cherith,  and  in  the  widow's  houfe,  or 
in  the  wildernefs  of  Jiidah.  The  lOO- 
prophets  whom  Obadiah  maintained  in 
two  caves,  had  no  more  but  bread  and 
water.  The  Sliunamjte  provided  no- 
thing but  mere  necefTaries  for  Elifha, 
As  there  were  multitudes  of  true  pro- 
phets, fo  there  were  no  fewer  falfe 
ones.  Ahab  and  his  wife  had  850  of 
them  all,  at  once  ;  and  it  appears  from 
the  prophecies  of  Hofea^  Micah,  Jere- 
miah, and  E/.ekiel,  that  the  country 
of  Ifrael  and  Judah  then  fwarmed  with 
them.  The  Hebrews  were  therefore 
required  to  try  pretenders  to  prophecy 
in  the  moll  accurate  manner.  Npne 
were  to  be  held  for  true  prophets,  ex- 
cept their  prophecies  were  fulfilled,  and 
alfo  their  doArines  and  lives  tended  to  , 
promote  the  honour  and  fervice  of  God, 
Deut.  xiii.  Jer.  xxviii.  xxix:.  Mofes 
was  fuperior  to  the  reft  of  the  prophets. 
He  appears  to  have  been  habitually  dif- 
pofed  to  receive  the  revelations  of  God; 
and  to  him,  God,  in  a  more  familiar 
inanner,  utter  ;d  his  mind,  and  revealed 
a  complete  fyftem  of  rxiles  for  his  wor- 
fliip^  and  which  was  but  explained  and 
inculcated  by  a  great  deal  of  what  was 
faid  by  the  reft,  Deut.  xxxiv.  10.  John 
Baptift  was  more  than  a  prophet,  as  he 
pointed  out  Jelus  Chrift  as  already  in- 
carnate, Mitth.  xi.  9,  Paul,  Peter, 
ar.d  John,  may  be  called  prophets,  as  , 
there  are  in, their  writings. a  variety  of 
pndii lions,  2  Theft,  i.  ii.  i  Tim.  iv. 
2  Tim.  iii.  iv.  i  Pet,  iv.  2  Pet.  ii.  iii. 
I  John  ii.  Rev.  iv. — xxii. — But  Jefus 
Chrift  is  called  that  Prophet ;  he  was  in- 
finitely fuperior  to  ail  the  reft,  in  dig- 
nity of  perfon,  in  extent  of  knowledge, 
in  high  authority,  and  efficacious  in- 
ftruftion,  John  vi.  14,  He  was  a  P/o- 
phet  like  unto  Mofes:  How  noted  his 
meeknefs,  his  intimacy  with  God,  and 
his  faithful  difcharge  of  his  work  !  by 
him  God  revealed  a  whole  fyftem  of 
gofpel-worftiip  ;  and  at  what  infinite 
hazard  do  men  dcfpife  him !  Deut.  xviii. 
15. — 19.  Ads  iii.  22.  The  Romifli 
clergy  are  called  thtfalfe pi-ophet ;  they 
pretend  to  peculiar  intimacy  with  God, ' 


8    j      _  P  R  O 

'and  infallibility  in  the  knowledge  of  his 
will,  and  to  rule  in  his  church  ;  but 
deceive  the  moft  part  of  the  world  call- 
ed Chriftian  :  or  the  falfe  prophet  may 
denote  Mahometans,  whole  original  de- 
luder  pretended  to  receive  a  fyftem  of 
revelations  from  God,    Rev.  xvi.  13. 

In  order  to  underftaid  the  prophetic 
parts  of  fcripture,  the  following  rules 
maybe  ufeful ;  (i.)  The  emblematic 
language  of  prophecies  muft  be  careful- 
ly ftudied,  particularly  the  emblematic 
names  given  to  Chrift,  the  church,  An- 


tichrift,  nations,  armies,  c^*- 


(2.) 


There  ought  to  be  an  acquaintance  with 
the  method  of  falvation,  and  the  nature 
of  Chrift's  fpiritual  kingdom,  that'every 
interpretation  may  be  clearly  agreeable 
to  the  analogy  or  proportion  of  faith, 
Rom.  xii.  6.  (3.)  There  ought  to  be 
an  acquaintance  with  the  fcriptures  in 
general,  in  order  that  the  various  pro- 
phecies relating  to  the  fame  point  may 
be  compared  together,  for  their  mu- 
tual illuftration.  (4.)  There  ought  to 
be  an  acquaintance  with  the  events  of 
Providence,  in  order  to  examine  what 
events  the  predictions  tally  with.  (5.) 
One  muft  come  with  a  mind  unbiaffcd, 
and  humbly  dependent  on,  and  earneft- 
ly  looking  up  to  the  Spirit  of  God,  for 
direction  into  all  truth,  and  nothing 
elfe  ;  as  he  alone  fully  underftands  the 
meaning  of  his  own  words.  (6.)  Tho* 
the  fenfe  of  a  pix)phecy  be  but  fimple 
and  not  manifold,  yet  it  may  be  fulfil- 
led in  a  variety  of  fteps  or  events.  Thus 
the  predictions  of  Mofes,  Lev.  xxvi. 
Deut.  xxviii.  xxxii.  and  others  like, 
have  their  fulfilment  in  every  fimilar 
evjfnt  happening  to  the  Jews  after  that 
time  ;,  and  prophecies  often  refped  the 
type,  in  a  lower,  as  well  as  the  anti- 
type, in'  a  more  exalted  fenfe.  Thus 
what  relates  to  David  and  Solomon  in 
their  typical  appearances,  have  their 
more  full  accompliftiment  in  Chrift. 
Many  of  thofe  relating  at  firft  hand  to 
the  Jcwifti  nation,  have  their  complete 
fulfilment  on  the  gofpel  or  heavenly 
church.  Thus  If.  xxxv.  10.  was  ac- 
compliftied  in  the  dehverance  from  Sen- 
nacherib's army  ;    in    the    deliverance 

from 
*  See  Sacred  Tropology,  p.  229. — ^89  = 


PRO 

from  Babylon  ;  in  the  fprcad 
gofpel  by  the  apoftles  ;  in  the  deliver- 
ance of  the  church  by  Conflantine  ; 
and  will  have  a  more  complete  fulfil- 
ment in  the  millennivil  and  eternal  (late. 
Many  predidions  relative  to  the  church 
and  the  converfion  of  the  nations,  re- 
late both  to  the  apoftolic  and  millen- 
nial period,  as  If.  Ix.  Ezek.  xl. — xlviii. 
^c. ;  and  have  fome  expreflions  fo  high, 
that  their  full  accomplilhment  muft  be 
looked  for  only  in  heaven.  But  as  no 
prophecy  can  look  backward,  that  in 
Rev.  x^i.  xxii.  muft  refpeft  only  the 
millennial  and  eternal  ftate.  (  7. )  Great 
care  muft  be  taken  to  know  the  time  of 
€very  prediction  as  nearly  as  may  be, 
that  it  may  be  applied  only  to  things 
pofterior  to  that  date  ;  and  to  know 
the  fubjed  of  which  it  treats,  whether 
fimple  or  complex,  and  to  know  whe- 
ther it  fpeaks  of  its  fubjeA  in  a  literal 
or  in  a  figurative  manner,  Acls  viii.  34. : 
— and  in  order  to  know  the  fubjeft  of 
a  prophecy,  we  muft  colled  in  our 
minds  all,  or  the  principal  charaders 
^applied  to  it  in  that  prophecy  ;  nay, 
though  it  fliould  be  named,  we  are  by 
thefe  to  find  out,  whether  it  is  taken 
properly,  or  myftically,  or  partly  in 
both  ways.     By  this   rule   it   is  eafily 


known,  that-  David,  m  Ezek.  xxxiv. 
xxxvii.  Hof.  iii.  5.  means  Chrift,  and. 
that  Pfal.  l-cxxix.  xlv.  Ixxii.  have,  at 
moft,  but  a  fubordinate  reference  to 
David  and  Solomon,  and  the  principal 
to  Jefus  Chrift.  (8.)  When  a  fubjed 
is  called  by  its  own  name,  a:nd  the 
whole,  or  piincipal  charaders,  agree 
to  that  fubjed,  we  mull '  never  depart 
from  the  literal  fenfe  ;  as  in  the  predic- 
tions relative  to  the  Canaanites,  Edom- 
ites.  Ammonites,  Moabites,  Phihftines, 
AfTyrians,  Chaldeans,  Perfians,  Ara- 
bians, Greeks,  and  moft  of  thofe  rela- 
ting to  the  Hebrews,  iyc.  ;  but  if  the 
charaders  do  not  agree  with  the  fub- 
jed exprefted  by  name,  we  muft  feek 
for  a  fimilar  fubjed,  to  which  they  can 
agree ;  as  in  the  cafe  of  Edom,  If. 
Ixiii.  I.  Elijah,  Mai.  iv.  5.  David,  Jer. 
XXX.  20.  (9.)  The  order  in  which 
things  ftand  in  the  prophetic  books  of- 
ten dired  us  to  the  period  and  things 


[    309    1       P.'^.^ 

of  the  to  which  the  predidions  belong.  Thus, 
as  the  laft  27  chapters  of  Ifaiah  are  in- 
troduced with  the  preaching  of  John 
Baptift,  it  is  proper  to  underftand  the 
moil  part  of  them  as  relating  to  Chrift: 
and  the  gofpel-church  ;  and  what  fol- 
lows, chap.  liii.  which  treats  of  Chrift's 
fufferings,  as  relating  to  the  eftablifli- 
ment  and  glory  of  the  Chriftian  church : 
and  in  the  book  of  Revelation,  the  e- 
vents  relating  to  the  feals,  trumpets, 
vials,  and  New  Jerufalem,  muft  be  un- 
derftood  as  fucceeding  one  another. 
This  rule,'  however,  muft  be  attended 
to  with  proper  caution  ;  as  the  prophe- 
cies are  often  intermi  ed  with  addreftes 
to  the  people  coeval  with  the  prophets, 
and  with  different  predidions  or  e  ph- 
cations  of  what  had  been  before  faid^ 
fo  Revelation  xii. — xxii.  contains  an. 
exphcation  of  much  of  what  had  been 
fiiid  in  chap.  viii.  i\'.  and  xi.  (  10.)  As 
whatever  hints  Jefus  and  his  apoftles 
have  given  us,  are  an  infallible  key  for 
direding  to  the  fenfe  of  prophetical 
paffages  ;  fo  it  is  plain  from  thence, 
that  whatever,  in^Mofes,  in  the  Pfalms, 
or  the  prophets,  can  be  applied  to  Je- 
fus Chrift,  his  church,  and  fpiritual 
things,  without  doing  violence  to  the 
context,  ought  to  be  fo,  efpecially  if 
the  charaders  are  too  high  for  other 
fubjeds,  as  If.  xlii.  \li<.  ^c.  This 
fenfe  will  mo(l  difplay  the  emphafis  of 
the  language  and  the  wifdom  of  the 
Holy  Ghoft,  and  his  teftifying  of  Chrift, 
and  will  moft  fuit  the  nature  of  Chrift's 
fpiritual  kingdom  ;  and  as  David  was 
a  type,  his  cafe  reprefented  in  the  Pfalms 
njay  be  expeded  to  be  very  often  ty- 
pical of  Cnrift's.  (ii')  From  an  at- 
tempt I  have  made,  I  find  that  an  ar- 
rangement of  the  various  predidion% 
fo  as  all  relating  to  a  particular  fubjed 
and  event  be  orderly  clafTed  together, 
and  by  fctting  over  againft  the  fame 
what  fimilar  events  we  can  find  in  fcrip- 
ture  or  other  hiftory,  {»  of  no  fmall 
ufe  ;  and  I  doubt  not,  but  a  perfon 
well  acquainted  with  his  Bible,  and 
with  the  hiftory  of  nations  and  churc'  - 
es,  ftiould  find  that  Providence  is  little 
elfe  than  a  fulfilling  commentary  on  the 
oracles  of  God  j  and  that,  though  mi- 
racles 


»  RO         f    3 

qfaeJcs  be  now  ceafed,  the  continued 
fulfilment  of  prophecies  in  fo  circum- 
ilantiateda  manner,  is  no  lefs  ftrpng 
a  proof  of  divine  infpiratlon  thaa  mi- 
racles could  be. 

■  PROPITIATION;  that  which 
atones  for  and  covers  our  guilt,  as  the 
inercy-feat  did  the  tables  of  the  law. 
Jefus  Chrlft  is  called  the  propiUatipn  or 
ATONEMENT,  as  hIs  Complete  righteouf- 
.nefs  appeafes  his  Father,  and  fptisfies 
his  law  and  juftice  for  all  our  tranfgref- 
Cons,   Rom.  lii.  25.   I  John  ii.  2. 

PROPORTION;  the  anrv^erable- 
nefs  of  one  thing  to  another,  i  Kings 
vii.  36.  Job  xli,  12.  The  proporiiG/i  or 
analogy  offaitky  is  the  aniwerablenefs 
of  fcripture-truths  one  to  another  ;  or 
mens  meafure  of  knowledge  thereof, 
JRom.  xii.  6. 

PROSELYTE  ;  one  that  turned 
-irom  Heathenifm  to  the  Jewifh  reli- 
gion, Acts  ii.  10.  According  to  moil 
authors,  fome  were  only  profelytes  of  the 
gate,  who,  though  they  renounced  the 
Heathen  idolatries,  obferved  what  the 
rabbins  call  the  feven  precepts  of  Noah, 
and  attended  the  Jewiih  inftru6lions, 
yet  were  not  circumcifed,  nor  partook 
of  the  paffover.  Ta  the-ft  the  Jews 
admitted  hopes  of  eternal  life ;  and  they 
allowed  thcai  to  dwell  in  Canaan  ;  and 
to  them  they  reckoned  themielves  al- 
lowed to  fell  the  fle(h  of  animals  ftran- 
gled  or  dying  of  themfelves.  Of  this 
kind  of  profelytes  we  fuppofe  Naaman, 
•Cornelius,  the  Ethiopian  eunuch,  and 
Solomon's  153,600  fervants.  Others 
were  profelytes  of  rigkteoufnefs ,  or  of  the 
covenant ;  obliged  to  fultil  tiie  whole 
law  of  Mofes.  At  their  admilfion,  their 
^inotives  iuliuencing  them  to  change  their 
religion  were  examined,  and  they  were 
inllrufted  in  the  principles  of  Judaifm. 
Kext,  if  males,  they  were  circumcifed, 
■and  then  baptized  with  water,  by  plun- 
ging them  into  a  ciftern,  and  then  pre- 
Jented  their  oblation  to  the  Lord, 
^heir  females  were  baptized,  and  then 
Jthey  oiT;.red  their  offering  before  God. 
No  boys  under  1 2  years  of  age,  or  girls 
under  13,  were  admitted,  without  the 
confent  of  their  parents,  or,  if  thefe 
xefufed,  witiiout   the   confeut   of  the 


TO    1         PRO 

judges  of  the  place.  After  admiffioiv 
children  or  flaves  were  accounted  free 
from  the  authority  of  their  parents  or 
mafter.  Some  think,  no  Edomites  or 
Egyptians  could  be  admitted  profelytes 
till  the  third  generation,  and -the  Am- 
monites or  Moabites  not  till  the  tenth. 
But  we  fuppofe  this  exclufion  only  de- 
barred them  frorn  places  of  civil  go- 
.vernment,  DfiUt.  xxiii.  J.— 8. 

PROSPECT;  view  ;  fide  for  view- 
ing the  adjacent  ground,  Ezek.  xl.  44. 

PROSPERITY;  (l.)  Wealth; 
abundance  of  temporal  good  things, 
Pfal.  Ixxiii.  3.  (2.)  Apparently  efta- 
bhfhed  reft,  peace,  and  wealth,  Pfal. 
XXX.  9.  (3..}  Succefs  in  ^ybat  one 
does,  as  in  going  a  journey,  in  out- 
ward life,  or  in  trade,  Rom.  i.  iq. 
Pfal.  i.  3^  I  Cor.  xvi.  5.  One's  foul 
profperethy  when  knowledge  of  divine 
things,  faith  in  the  proinifes,  and  of- 
fers of  the  gofpel,  the  quitting  fenfe 
of  reconciliation  with  God,  and  com- 
fortable intimacy  with  him,  and  con- 
formity to  him  in  heart  and  life,  do 
more  and  more  increafe,  3  John  2. 

PROSTITUTE;  to  give  up  a  per-  : 
fon  or  thing  to  a  bafe  ufe,  as  when  a  j 
wom^n  gives  up  herfelf  to  be  a  whore. 
Lev.  >'i  .  f  29. 

PROTECT  and  PROTEC- 
TION, are  the  fame  as  defend  and 

.DEFENCE. 

PROTEST  ;  to  declare  a  matter 
with  great  folemnity  and  concern,  Jer. 
•xi.  7.    E  Sam.  viii.  9. 

PROVE .;  ( I.)  To  try  or  examine 
one's  ftate,  fentiments,  or  caufe,  2  Cor. 
xiii.  5.  John  vi.  6.  Pfal.  xxvi.  2.  (2.) 
To  find  true  by  trial  and  experience^ 
Eccl.  vii.  23.  Rom.  xii.  2.  (3.)  To 
jnanifeft  the  truth  of  a  point  by  argu- 
ment, or  the  tellimony  of  proper  wit- 
neffes,  AAs  ix.  22.  xxiy.  .13.  (4.) 
To  make  manifeil  what  is  in  mens 
h$art,  by  afflicting  them,  or  permit- 
ting them  to  be  tempted :  fo  God 
proves  men,  Deut.  viii.  2.  xiii.  3.  Men 
prove  Gody  when,  by  their  continued 
wickednefs,  they  put  liis  patience  to  a 
trial  how  much  it  can  bear,  Pfal.  xcv.  7.; 
or  by  diligence  in  repentance  and  good 


y/orks, 


make   a   trial  how  much  God 
wiU 


PRO        t    31 

•will  countenance  fuch  conduit,  Mai. 
in.  10. 

PROVENDER  ;  grain  for  beafts 
to  eat.  The  Hebrews  provender  feems 
to  have  been  a  mixture  of  chopped 
itraw  and  barley,  or  of  oats,  beans,  and 
peafe.  Gen.  xxiv.  25.   If.  xxx.  24. 

PROVERB  ;  (i.)  A  (hort  fen- 
tence,  containing  much  fenfe  in  it, 
Eccl.  xii.  9.  (2.)  A  fhort  taunting 
fpeech.  If.  xiv.  4.  Perfons  or  things 
become  a  proverb  or  by-ivordy  when  of- 
ten mentioned  in  a  way  of  contempt 
and  ridicule,  i  Kings  ix.  7.  2  Chron. 
vii.  20.  Proverbs  were  anciently  very 
much  in  ufe,,  and  were  ordinarily  a  kind 
of  (hort  parables,.  Numb.  xxi.  27.  So- 
lomon fpoke  7,000  proverbs  ;  but  many 
of  thefe  never  being  intended  for  a 
ilandard  to  the  church,  are-  now  loft. 
Such  as  remain,  are  in  the  Hebrew 
called  MisHLE,  parables,  avell prejed  or 
ruling  fentences.  In  the  book  of  Pro- 
verbs, we  have  rules  for  every  period 
and  ftation  of  life  ;  for  kings,  courtiers, 
tradefmen,  mailers,  fervants,  parents, 
children,  iffc.  Probably  Solom.on  col- 
lected the  firft  24  chapters,  and  left 
them  In  writing  ;  Hezekiah  appointed 
fome  to  copy  out  the  reft,  chap.  xxv.  i. 
Probably  Solomon  wrote  the  Proverbs 
in  his  m.iddle  age,  wheft  his  ion  Reho- 
boam  was  young,  and  in  danger  of  fe- 
dudion  by  whorilli  women  and  bad 
companions,  if  not  rather  after  he  re- 
pented of  his  apoftafy  occafioned  by 
his  naughty  wives.  The  latter  part  of 
chap.  L  exhibits  the  gofpel-call,  and 
the  terrible  calamities  brought  on  the 
Jews  or  others  by  their  rejecting  the 
fame.  The  8th  and  beginning  of  the 
9th  contain  a  reprefentation  of  Jefus 
Chrift,  in  his  perlbn,  office,  and  bene- 
fits. The  reft  of  the  book  generally 
relates  to  moral  virtues,  and  their  con- 
trary vices.  Yoving  people  may  here 
learn  much  n^^jre  relative  to  true  beha- 
viour, than  in  10,000  romances,  no- 
vels, plays,  ^i./  The  Greek  interpre- 
ter, and  fuel  _  as  followed  him,  have 
ufed  intolerable  freedom  with  this  book, 
adding  a  variety  of  hints  not  in  the 
original. 

PROV^IDE;:  tolookoutj  prepare, 
*Acts  A.jii.  24. 


I  ^     PRO 

PROVIDENCE  ;  prudent  fo«?i 
fight,  and  tender  care  in  managing  af- 
fairs, Ads  xxiv.  2.  God's  providence^ 
is  his  holy,  wife,  and  powerful  ma- 
nagement of  his  creatuies,  fupporting 
them  in  their  being  and  form,  and  go- 
verning them  in  all  their  aft-ions,  natu- 
ral, civil,  virtuous,  or  fmful,  to  the 
glory  of  his  name,  and  the  good  of  his 
people,  Rom.  xi7  36.  Dan.  iv.  34.  35. 
Providence  extends  to  every  creature, 
but  is  chiefly  verfant  about  rational 
creatures,  in  giving  them  laws,  enabling 
them  to  obey,  and  permitting  of  fin, 
and  in  rewarding  or  punifhing  in  time 
and  eternity,  as  is  meet  ;  and  Chrift 
and  his  church  are  the  moft  peculiar 
objed^s  thereof,  Pfal.  cvii.  If.  1.  Hi.  liii. 
The  events  of  Providence,  are  either  fom- 
mon^  wherein  things  are  produced  by  fe- 
condcaufes  in  an  ordinary  manner  ;  or 
miraculous i  wherein  the  powers  of  fecond 
caufes  are  exceeded  or  counterafted. 
To  imagine  that  the  purpofes  of  God 
are,  in  refp6£l  of  their  obje£l  and  plan> 
different  from  the  events  of  Providence, 
is  blafphemoufly  to  fuppofe  that  God 
afts  without  defign,  and  is  obliged  to 
do  things  as  he  can,  when  he  cannot 
as  he  would.  A  careful  obfervation  of 
Providence  tends  much  to  increafe  our 
knowledge  of  the  fcrlptures  and  of  tht 
divine  perfedlions,  and  to  render  out. 
minds  compofed  amldil  the  variou«, 
conditions  we  may  be  in,  Pfal.  civ.-— 
cvii. 

PROVINCE ;  a  country,  or  part 
of  a  kingdom  or  empire,  Ezra  iv.  15, 
The  Romans  called  tbofe  places  ^r^^ 
vinces,  which  they  had  conquered  and 
reduced  under  their  form  of  civil  go- 
vernment,   Adts  XKV.    I. 

PROVISION  ;  viauals,  and  other 
things  necelFary  for  maintaining  a  per* 
fon  or  thing.  Zion's  provtfonj  is  not 
chiefly  the  facred  food  of  the  Jewifh 
priefts  ;  but  God's  word  and  ordinan- 
ces, afligned  for  the  fpiritual  food  of 
the  church,,  Pfal.  c<xxii.  15.  Pro-^ 
vi/ion  for  the  fiejhy  is  what  tends  to 
ftrengthen  our  inward  corruption,  and. 
to  excite  finful  thc^iu^hts,  words,  and 
deeds,   Rom.  xiil.  14. 

ERQVQiLi:  >.  to  ftir  *p,  wbether 


p  R  u     r  .■? 

to  Jmger,  Pfal.  cvi.  26.;  or  to  careful 
concern  about  falvation,  Rom.  xi.  18.; 
or  to  love  and  good  works,  Heb.  x.  24. 
Provocation,  is  vvhat  tends  to  make 
one  angry,  as  lin  does  God,  Neh.ix.  18.; 
and  the  idolatrous  offerings  of  the  He- 
brews were  fuch  to  him,  Ezek.  xk.  28. 
Jerufalem  was  a  provocation  to  God, 
becaufe  of  the  much  fm  there  commit- 
ted, Jer.  xx<^ii.  31.  Job-'s  eye  conti- 
nued  in  his  friends  pro'uocaiion  ;  he  was 
wearied  and  angry  with  feeing  and 
hearing  them  fneer  at  him,  and  charge 
him  of  hypocrify  ;  and  even  in  the 
night,  the  grief  thereat  reitrained  his 
eyes  from  clofmg  in  fleep,  Job  xvii.,12. 
PRUDENT  ;  wife  ;  fldlful  in  find- 
ing out  truth,  or  managing  matters  to 
the  belt  advantage,    i  Sam.  xvi.  18. 

PRUNE  J  to  cut  off  fuperiiuous 
branches  from  trees  and  vines,  that  - 
they  may  not  wafte  the  fap,  and  fo  ren- 
der the  tree  lefs  fruitful.  Lev.  xxv.  3. 
.  PSALM;  a  fong  confiilingof fhort 
fentences>  where  every  thing  luxurious 
is  lopt  off,  and  the  manner  of  compo- 
fure  renders  it' fit  to  be  fung.  "  When 

^falmsy  hymns,  and  fpiritual  Jongs,  are 
mentioned  together,  pfalms  may  de- 
note fuch  as  were  fung  on  inflruments  ; 
hymns y  fuch  as  contain  only  matter  of 
praife  \  SLud  Jpirilual  fongs,  inch  as  con- 
tain dodrines,  hiftory,  and  prophecy, 
for  mens  inflruftion,  Eph.  v.  19.  The 
book  of  Psalms,  is  one  of  the  moft 
€xtenfive  and  ufefut  in   fcripture,  fuit- 

.ing  every  cafe  of  the  faints  ;  and  in- 
<ieed,  like  their  condition,  whieh  is.  at 
firil  much  mixed  with  complaints  and 
forrows,  and  at  lall  ifTues  in  high  and 
endlefs  praife.  That  David  compofed 
the  moft  of  the  Pfalms,  is  beyond 
doubr.  Heman  compofed  the  88th  ; 
Ethan  the  89th  ;  Mofes  the  90th.  Whe- 
ther thofe  under  the  name  of.  Afaph 
■were  penned  by  one^  of  that  name,  or 
whether  they  were  only'  alTigned  to  be 
fung  by  him,  as  others  were  to  the  fons 
of  Korah,  we  cannot  pofitively  deter- 
mine. Some,  as  the  74th,  79th,  and 
137th,  appear  to  have   been  compofed 

, lifter  the  begun  captivity    to  Babylon. 

'The  reft,  including  thcfe  two  .marked 
vdih  th<?  n:^me  of   Solomon,  might  be 


12     I         PSA 

compofed  by  David,  who,  on  that  ac- 
count, is  called  the  fweet  pfalmijl  o{ 
Tfrael,  2  Sam.  xxiii.  i.  In  their  mat- 
ter fome  Pfalms  are  doftrinal,  as  Pfal. 
i.  ;  fome  hiftorical,  as  Pfal.  Ixxviii.  cv, 
cvi.  ;  fome  prophetic,  as  Pfal.  ex.  ; 
fome  confift  of  prayer  and  complaints, 
as  Pfal.  vi.  xxxviii.  ^c.  ;  others  con- 
fift of  praife  and  thankfgiving,  as  Pfal. 
cxlv. — cl.  In  fome,  moft  or  all  of 
thefe  fubje6ls  are  conneft.td,  Pfal. 
Ixxxi:?.  Whether  the  titles  of  the 
Pfalms  are  of  divine  authority,  is  not 
agreed.  The  Hebrew  words  therein 
mentioned  are  by  fome  confidered  as 
names  of  inftruments  of  mufic  ;  or  firft 
words  of  fome  fong  ;  or  to  denote  the 
fubjeA-matter  of  the  Pfalm.  We  think, 
Majchil  always  figniHes,  that  the  pfalm 
Is  defigned  for  infirudion,  Pfal.  xxxli.  ; 
that  Michtam  denotes  the  precious  or 
golden  nature  of  the  Pfalm  ;  and  per- 
haps all  the  Pfalms  fo  marked  relate  to 
Jefus  Chrift,  as  Guffetius  obferves, 
xvj.  Ivi. — Ix.  Jll-tnfchith  may  denote, 
that  the  fcope  of  the  Pfalm  was  to  de- 
precate deJ}ruclion,  Ivli.  Iviii.  lix.  Muth- 
lahhen  may  denote,  that  the  Pfalm  was 
compofed  on' the  occafion  of  the  death 
of  his'fon,  or  of  Goliath  the  dueller ,  ix. 
Aijeleth  Shahary  that  itsfubjed  is  Jefus 
Chrift,  the  hind  of  the  morni?7g,  xxii.  ^0- 
nalh-elem-rechol'wiy  that  David  is  there- 
in reprefented  as  a  mute  dove  among  fo- 
re'ignersy  Ivi.  Shftfhanimy  ^hofJjannhn- 
eduthy  or  Shufian  eduth,  may  either  fig- 
nify,  that  the  fubjeft  of  the  Pfalm  is 
Chrift  and  his"  people,  who  are  lU'ieSy 
and  UUes  of  the  tcjlimcny  or  congregation  ; 
or  may  fignify  a'  harp  'of  fix  firings,  as 
Sheminith  does  one  of  eight,  Pfal.xlv. 
Ix.  Ixxx.  xii.  Mahalathy  may  either  fig- 
nify the  difeaie,  2s\d  Mahalathleannothy 
the  ^ffl idling  difeafe  ;  or  Mahalathy 
may  fignify  a  wind  inftrument,  Pfal. 
liii.  Ixxxvili.  Neginoth  or  Neginathy 
{}gm{\i:s Jlringediti/lru??jents,  Pfal.  iv.  Ixi. 
h'ehilothy  wind  .inftruments,  Pfal.  v. 
Gittithy  a  kind  of  inftrument,  invented 
at  Gath,  viii.  Alamothy  the  virginals, 
or  a  fong  to  be  lung  by  virgins,  xlvi. 
Shjggaion  or  Shigionothy  may  denote, 
that  tue  Pfalm  is  to  be  fung  witli  di- 
verjijied  tunes )  or  has  a  very,  diverfified 

matter^ 


V  S  A         I 

Tiatter,  vii.  Hab:  iii.  I.  The 
and  14  folio wincr,  are  entitled  fongs  of 
degrees,  probibly  "becaiife  they  were 
fling  on  the  ftairs  of  the  tenrvple  ;  or 
fung  at  certain  halts,  made  by  David 
and  the  Ifraelites,  when  they  brought 
up  the  ark  of  God  from  Kirjath-jearim. 
The  Hebrews  divided  the  Pfalms  into 
five  books,  ending  with  xli.  Ixxii. 
Ixxxix.  cvi.  and  cl.  :  the  four  =firfl:  of 
which  are  concluded  with  Amen.  By 
joining  the  i,\.  with  the  x.;  and  civ.  with 
cv.  ;  and  again  dividing  the  CKvi.  aad 
C  Ivii.  into  two,  the  Greek  verfion, 
and  the  Vulgate  Latin,  differ  one  or 
two  in  their  reckoning  from  us.  Some 
arrogant  Greek,  too,  has  added  one 
at  the  end. 

PSALTERY  ;  a  mufical  inflrument 
much  ufed  by  the  Hebrews.  It  was 
made  of  wood,  with  firings  fiKcd  there- 
to. It  is  faid  to  have  been  of  a  trian- 
gular form,  with  a  hollow  belly,  and 
with  firings  from  top  to  bottom,  which 
being  touched  with  the  finger  or  bow, 
gave  a  very  agreeable  found,  and  to 
have  differed  little  from  the  harp  ; 
only  it  was  played  on  below,  and  the 
harp  above.  In 
pfaltery  or  nablion  had 
Our  modern  pfaltery  is 
ment  of  a  triangular  form,  llrung  from 
£de  to  fide  with  iron  or  -brals  wire, 
and  played  on  with  a  kind  of  bow. 

PTOLEMAIS.     See  Accho. 

PUBLICAN  ;  an  inferior  colledor 
of  the  Roman  tribute.  The  principal 
farmers  of  this  revenue  were  men  of 
great  credit  and  influence  :  but  the 
under-farmers  -or  publicans  were  ac- 
counted as  oppreflive  thieves  atid  pick- 
pockets. As  they  were  at  ouce  cruel 
oppreffors  and  badges  of  flavery,  the 
Jews  dettfled  theuT  to  the  lafl  degree.  If 
either  farmer  or  publicans  were  con- 
victed of  opprefiion,  the  Roman  law 
ordered  -them  to  reilore  fourfold,  Luke 
xix.  8.  Our  Saviour  file  wed  a  com- 
panionate regard  to  the  pubhcans,  and 
told  the  Pharifees,  who  were  enraged 
hereat,  that  publicans  and  harlots, 
being  more  ready  to  receive  conviction, 
ilood  fairer  to  enter  into  the  kingdom  of 
God  than  themfelves.     Matthew,  Zac- 

VoL.  IL 


and 
To 

felf. 
with 


king  of  As« 


Jofephus's  time,  the 
12  firings, 
fiat    inflru- 


,^13    1         PtJ  >} 

20th  cheus,  and  perhaps  other  publicans,  be- 
came his  difciples,  Luke  xv.  2.  Matth. 
xxi.  31.  Luke  xviii.  10.  —  14.  xix. 
I. — 10. 

PUBLIC  ;  known  to   many,  Mat: 
i.  iQ.  - 

PUBLISH  ;    to   m.ake   known   to 
many,  Deut.  xxxii.  3. 

PUBLIUS.     SeeMELTTA. 

To  PUFF   at   one,  is    to  hifs 
make  mouths  at  him,  Pfal.  xii.  5. 
be  puffed  up,  is  to   be  filled    with 
conceit,    as   a  blown  bladder  is 
wind,    1  Cor.  v.  2.  viii.  i. 

PUL;  (i.)  The  firft 
SYRIA,  who  invaded  Canaan,  and  by 
a  prefent  of  1000  talents  of  filver,  was 
prevailed  on  by  Menahern  to  withdraw 
his  troops,  and  recognize  the  title  of 
that  \\4cked  ufurper,  2  Kings  "xy.  19. — 
But  who  "he  was,  the  learned  are  not 
agreed.  Ufher,  RoUin,  Calmet,  and 
Prideaux,  reckon  him  the  father  of 
Sardanapalis  ;  and  Patrick  is  no  lefs 
confident  that  he  was  the  fame  with 
Baladan  or  Belefis  the  Chaldean.  Sir 
Ifaac  NcN^on,  and  the  authors  of  the 
Univerfal  hiilory,  rec-kon  him  the  firft 
founder  of  the  Affyrian  empire.  His 
name  is  a  pure  Affyrian  word,  without 
the  leail  tinClure  of  the  Chaldean  idi- 
om, and  is  plainly  a  part  of  the  com- 
pound names  of  Tiglath-pul-afPur,  Ne- 
bo-pul-afTur,  and  Sardan-pul,  his  fuc- 
ceffors.  It  is  probable  he  was  worfhip- 
ped  under  the  ng-me  of  the  Affyrian 
Belus.  (2.)  A  place  where  the  gof- 
pel  was  preached  in  the  apoflolic  age. 
The  vulgate  verfion  call  this  Africa  ; 
others  will  have  it  Lybia  ;  but  I  fup- 
pofe  Bochart  and  Vitringa  are  more  in 
the  right,  who  reckon  it  the  fame  as 
Philas,  an  ifland  of  the  Nile,  on  the 
north  border  of  Ab}^inia  ;  only  I  think 
it  is  put  for  the  whole  country  about^ 
if.  Ixvi.  19.  ' 

Pull;  to  drav/    with   force,  Gen', 
x'ix.  10. 

PULSE ;    coarfe   grain,    as  peafej 
beans,  and  the  like,  Dan.  i.  12. 

PUNISHMENT,    denotes    whati 

ever  difagreeable  is  inflicted  upon  one 

for   his  faults,    whether'  in  a   way   of 

proper  wrath,  or  of  -kind-  corrt^tiorr, 

R  r  L:im 


PUN         f     31 

I^am.  in.  39.  ;  but  properly  taken,  it 
denotes  the  infliction  of  deferved  wrath, 
Matth.  XXV.  46.  It  alfo  denotes 
church-cenfure,  for  correding  and  re- 
forming offenders,  2  Cor.  ii.  6.  In 
fc^'pture,  we  find  a  variety  of  civil  pu- 
ll'fliments,  as,  (i.)  Retaliation,  accord- 
ing to  which,  the  offender  was  lerved 
as  he  had  injured  his  neighbour,  ^n/>f 
forjlripe,  an  eye  for  an  eye,  and  a  tooth 
for  a  tooth,  &c. ;  but  this  might  be 
changed  into  fome  other  fatisfadion, 
as  of  money,  ^c,  Exod.^  xxi.  23.  24. 
25.  Deut.  xix.  21.  (2.)  Fining  in  2^ 
certain  value  or  fum  of  money.  He 
that  hurt  a  woman  with  child,  but 
not  fo  as  to  make  her  mifcarry  ;  he  that 
reproached  his  wife  with  unchaftity 
before  marriage  ;  and  he  that  hurt  his 
fervant  or  neighbour,  was  lined,  Exo- 
dus xxi.  Deut.  xxii.  13. — 19.  To 
this  may  be  reduced  whatever  part  of 
reflitution  was  above  the  value  of  the 
principal,  Exod.  yiyAi.  Lev.  xxvii.  ; 
and  conffcation  of  goods  to  the  king^s 
ufe,  Ezra  vii.  26.  (3.)  Scourging;  fo 
the  whorifh  flave  was  to  be  punifhed. 
But  among  the  Jews  one  was  never  to 
receive  above  40  llripes  at  once,  Deut. 
XXV.  I.  2.  3.  2  Cor.  xi.  24.  (4.) 
Jmprifonment ;  fometimes  indeed  this 
was  not  a  proper  punifhment,  but  u- 
fed  as  a  means  to  retain  perfons  ;  fo 
Jofeph  imprifoned  all  his  ten  brethren 
three  days,  and  Simeon  much  longer, 
Gen.  xhi.  17 — 24.  The  blafphemer 
and  the  gatherer  of  flicks  on  the  Sab- 
bath-day were  imprifoned  till  the  Lord 
fhould  declare  their  punifhment.  Lev. 
xxiv.  12.  Numb.  xv.  34.  Sometimes 
it  was  proper  punifliment,  efpecially 
when  attended  with  feverities  of  ano- 
ther kind.  Jofeph  was  imprifoned  and 
put  in  chains  by  Potiphar,  Gen.  xxxix. 
2cr.  Pfal.  cv,  18.  Samfon  was  impri- 
foned by  the  Philillines,  and  mean- 
while had  his  eyes  put  out,  and  was 
obliged  to  grind  at  their  mill.  Ho- 
(hea,  Manaileh,  Jehoahaz,  Jehoiachin, 
and  Zedekiah,  were  all  fhut  up  in  pri- 
fon  by  their  conquerors  j  and  the  lad 
had  his  eyes  put  out,  2  Kings  xvii. 
4.  2  Chron.  xxxiii.  II.  2  Kings 
3^xivo  iz.    XXV.  7. — 27.    The  prophet 


4    1         PUN 

who  rebuked  Asa,  Micaiah,  Jeremiah, 
Peter,  John,  Paul,  ^c,  were  all  put 
in  prifon  for  their  faithfulnefs.  Some- 
times there  was  an  imprifonment  at 
large,  as  when  Paul  had  leave  to  dwell 
at  his  own  hired  houfe,  with  a  foldier 
that  kept  him.  Bonds,  fetters,  flocks, 
hard  fare,  isfc,  ordinarily  attended  im- 
prifonment. (5.)  Plucking  out  of  the 
eyes.  This  happened  in  the  cafe  of 
Samfon  and  Zedekiah,  and  was  intend- 
ed for  the  inhabitants  of  Jabefh-gilead, 
Exod.  XX).  24.  Judg.  xvi.  21.  2  Kings 
XXV.  7.  I  Sam.  x;.  2.  (6.)  Cutting 
off"  particular  members  of  the  body,  as  of 
the  to6s  or  thumbs;  fo  Adonibezek  fer- 
vcd  70  of  his  fellow  kings  of  Canaan, 
and  at  lall  was  fo  ufed  by  the  He- 
brews himfelf,  Judg.  i.  5.  6.  7.  Ba- 
anah  and  Rechab,  who  murdered  Ifh- 
boflieth,  had  firfl  their  hands  and  feet 
cut  off,  and  then  were  hanged,  2  Sam. 
iv.  12.  (7.)  Plucking  oj" the  hair,  was 
at  once  a  very  fhameful  and  painful 
punifhment.  If,  1.  6.  So  Nehemiah 
punifhed  fome  who  had  married  ido- 
latrous women,  Neh.  ..iii.  25.  At  A- 
thens,  after  the  hair  of  adulterers 
was  pluckt  off,  they  applied  burning 
afhes  to  the  fkin.  (8).  Killing  with 
the  fword:  fo  Zeba,  Zulmunna,  Ado- 
nijah,  and  Joab  were  executed,  Judg, 
viii.  21.  I  Kings  ii.  25.  34.  (9.) 
Crucifixion  ;  in  which  the  criminal  be- 
ing itretched,  and  bound  or  nailed  to 
a  crofs,  hung  there  till  he  expired. 
Matth.  XX  ii.  (10.)  Hanging.  Ac- 
cording to  the  Jews,  none  but  idola- 
ters and  blafphemers  were  hanged  a- 
mong  them. — Some,  as  Haman  and 
his  Ions,  and  the  king  of  Ai,  were 
hurg  up  alive,  Eflh.  vii.  ix.  Jofh, 
viii,  29.  SauPs  feven  defcendants  were 
hung  up  till  they  died,  and  a  confi** 
derable-time  after,  i  Sam.  xxi.  12. 
Pharaoh's  baker  was  firfl  beheaded, 
and  then  hung  up  in  chain?.  Gen.  xl. 
19.  (  1 1  • )  Stoning  to  death  was  a  ve- 
ry common  punifhment.  It  is  faid  to 
have  been  ufed,  wherever  death  was 
the  penalty,  and  the  kind  of  it  not 
mentioned  ;  as  in  the  cafe  of  inceflu- 
ous  perions ;  dehlers  of  women  be* 
trothed  or    married,    or  by  force  or 

wUilc 


p  u  N     r  3 

while  in  their  ifTues  ;  Sodomites,  bug- 
gerers,  idolaters,  blafphemers,  magi- 
cians, witches,  Sabbath-profaners,  re- 
bellious children,  ^c»  (i2.)  Burning 
alive.  He  that  married,  or  had  car- 
nal knowledge  of  both  mother  and 
daughter  ;  or  a  prieft's  daughter  who 
committed  fornication,  were  thus  pu- 
niflied.  Lev.  nx.  14.  vxi.  9.  Thus 
Judah  propofed  to  punifh  Tamar  ;  and 
Nebuchadnezzar  attempted  to  punifh 
Shndrach,  Melhach,  and  Abednego, 
Gen.  xxxvii''.  24.  Dan.  iii.  21.  (13.) 
throwing  of  perfons  from  the  top  of  a 
rock,,  with  or  without  a  ftone  about 
their  neck,  or  into  the  fea.  Amaziaih 
threw  10,000  E;lomitifh  prifoners  from 
the  top  of  a  rock,  2  Chron.  xxv.  12. 
The  people  of  Nazareth  attempted  to 
call  our  Saviour  from  the  top  of  a 
rock,  Luke  iv.  29  (h*)  Beheading: 
fo  Pharoah's  baker  was  cut  off;  fo 
Abimelech  murdered  his  70  brethren  ; 
and  the  elders  of  Samaria,  at  Jehu's 
orders,  murdered  70  of  Ahab's  pof- 
terity,  and  fent  their  heads  in  bafkets 
to  him  ;  and  Herod  murdered  John, 
Cjen,  xl.  19.  Judg.  ix.  5.  2  Kings 
X.  7.  *Matth.  :iv.  10.  (15.)  Tear- 
ing to  pieces  alive  :  fo  Gideon  tore  off 
the  flefli  of  the  rulers  of  Succoth 
with  briars  and  thorns.  David,  accord- 
ing to  our  verfion,  tore  off  the  flefh 
•f  the  Ammonites,  by  caufmg  them 
to  pafs  under  faws,  harrows,  and  axes  of 
iron,  or  caufed  them  pafs  through  the 
burning  brick-kiln.  It  is  alfo  fuppofed, 
he  tortured  to  death  two-thirds  of  the 
Moabites,  Judg.  viii.  16.  2  Sam  xii. 
3 1 .  viii.  2.  (16.)  Expofure  to  ivildheajlsi 
to  be  torn  to  pieces  by  them,  fo  Da- 
niel and  his  accufers  were  call  into  the 
den  of  lions,  chap.  vi.  The  Heathens 
frequently  expofed  the  primitive  Chrif- 
tians  to  wild  beafts,  and  fometimes  in 
wild  beafts  fkins,^  that  they  might  be 
the  m.ore  readily  torn  afunder.  Per- 
haps Paul  was  expofed  to  beafts 
at  Ephefus,  i  Cor.  x-.  32.  (17.) 
Racking  or  tympanizing :  what  this  pu- 
niftiment  was,  whether  that  of  the 
treifel  or  chivalet,  or.  fleaing  alive,  or 
the  baftinado,  is  not  agreed,  Heb.  i. 
35.     (i3.)  Saiving  afunder,  hegiamug 


15;    j        t>  u  R 

cither  at  the  feet,  or  at  the  heaci :  fo 
it  is  faid  Ifaiah  was  murdered  by  Ma- 
nafTeh  ;  and  fo  it  is  certain  fome  godly 
Hebrews  were  murdered  by  their  ptrfe- 
cutors,  Heb.  X.  37.  This  terrible  pu« 
nifhment  is  faid  to  have  had  its  rife 
among  the  Chaldeans  or  Perfians  ; 
and  not  long-  ago,  it  was  ufed  in  Mo- 
rocco and  Switzerland,  if  it  is  not  fo 
ftill.  (i9')  Sometimes  the  very  hoTt" 
fes  of  offenders  were  demoli/hedy  and 
made  dunghills,  Dan.  ii.  5.  iii.  29.  ; 
and  fo  Jehu  demoliftied  the  temple  of 
Baal,  2  Kings  \.  27. 

PUNON,  where  the  Hebrews  en- 
camped in  the  defert,  is  probably  the 
fame  as  the  Phanos  or  Phenos,  which 
Eufebius  places  four  miles  from  De- 
dan,  between  Petra  and  Zoar,  and 
whofe  bifhops  \^e  find  among  the  fub- 
fcribers  in  the  ancient  councils.  Whe- 
ther it  was  here,  or  at  Zalmonah,  that 
the  brazen  ferpent  was  erefted,  we 
can  hardly  tell ;  but  near  to  this  place 
there  were  mines  fo  dangerous  to  work, 
that  the  condemned  malefactors  lived 
in  them  but  a  few  days,  l^lumb.  xxxiii* 
42.  43. 

PUR.     See  feast. 

PURE:   Purge;    Purifv.     See 

CLEAN. 

PURLOIN,  to  take  what  belongs 
to  another  in  a  fccret  and  thievifh  man- 
ner, Tit.  ii.  10. 

PURPLE-DYE,  efpecially  that  of 
Tyre,  was  much  efteemed,  and  was 
much  worn  by  kings  and  emperors. 
It  was  dyed  with  the  blood  of  a  (hell- 
fifh  ;  plenty  of  which  were  found  in 
the  fea  on  the  north-weft  of  Canaan, 
and  are  ftill  found  about  the  Carri- 
bee-iflands,  and  other  parts  of  Ameri- 
ca, and  even  on  the  weft  of  England. 
Purple  was  ufed  in  the  curtains  of  the 
tabernacle  and  robes  of  the  priefts  ;  if 
what  we  render  purple  and  fcarlet 
ought  not  rather  to  be  rendered  fear* 
let  and  crimfon,  Exod.  xxv.-— ix  i'lip 
XXXV.— XXX  X.  The  Chaldeans  cloth- 
ed their  idols  with  habits  of  purple 
and  azure  colour.  The  hu{band  of  the 
virtuous  woman,  and  the  rich  glutton, 
are  reprefented  as  clothed  in  purple, 
Prov,  xxxi.  22.  Luke  3^vi.  19.  To 
R  r  a  i€wa:4 


p  u  R      r   3 

^-^reward  Daaiel  for  explaining  Belfliaz- 
zar's  dream,  he  was  clothed  in  purple 
■  or  fear  let  i  and  had  a  chain  of  gold  put 
about  his  neck,  Dan.  v.  7.  29.  Mor- 
decai,  when  made  chief  minifler  of 
ilate  in  Perfia,  was  clotlied  in  purple 
and  fine'  lineny.  Efth.  viii.  15;.  Purple 
Avas  much-,  ufed  in  Phenicla,  Ezck. 
xx^ii.  7.  16.  ;  and  the  Popilh  cardi- 
nals.wear  deaths  of  it.  Rev.  xv;'.  4. 
To  ridicule  our  Saviour's  royalCy,  his 
enemrcs  arrayed  him  in  pur  pit  ^  Mark 
XV.  17.      See  chariot;   hair., 

PURPO.se  ;,(.!.)  A  fixed  defi^n 
to  do  fomewhat,  Jer.  li.  29,.  (2.)  The 
end  for  which  any  thing  is  done,  Neh. 
viii.  4.  God purpofed  in  himfelf^  fixed 
his  decrees,  merely  according  to  his 
Own  free  "and  fovcreign  love,  Eph.  i.  9. 

PURSE  ;  a  fmall  bag  to  carry  mo- 
ney in,  and  which  was  wont  to  be  in 
the  folds  of  mens  girdles.  Mat.  x.  9. 
Chrift  prohibited  his  difciples  to  take 
with  them  purfe  or  f crip ^  to  mark  that 
they  bad  no  intention  to  acquire  mo- 
ney, and  conftantly  depended  on  God 
for  their  daily  bread,  Luke  xxii.  35. 

To  PURSUE  one,  is  to  followhard 
after  him,  either  as  an  enemy  to  do 
him  hurt.  Gen.  xxxv,  5*;;  or,  asafup- 
plicant,  to  intrcat  him  carneRly,  Prov. 
xix.  7.  ■  ''Vo  purfue  gcod  or  evil,  is  ear- 
neflly  to  endeavour  the  pra<ilice  of  it, 
Pfal.  xxxiv.  14.  Prov.  xi.  1 9.  Evil 
or  blood  purfues  men,  when  the  juft 
punifliment  of  murder  and  other  wick'- 
cdncfs  is  haflened  upon  them,  Prov. 
.xiii.  ?.i.   Ezek.xxxv.  6.   Pfal.  cxl.  11. 

PURTENANCE;  what  belongs 
to  any  thing  :.  the  inwards,  heart,  li- 
ver, £5V.  of  the  pafchal  lamb  was  its 
purtenance,  which  was  to  be  roafted 
along  with  the  reft,  Exod.  xii.  9. 

PUSH  ;  to  thruft  at  one,  as  a  go- 
Ting  ox  or  jfighting  ram,j  Exod,  xxi. 
29.  To  pujh  aiuay  one's  feet ^  is  to 
thruft  him  out  of  his  place  or  ftation, 
Job  XXX.  12.  To  puJh  nations y  is  to 
make  war  upon  them  'with  fury  and 
violence,  Dan.  viii.  4.  xi.  40. 

PUT.  God  puts  anuay  fin,  by  for- 
giving it,  2  Sam.  xii.  13.  Chrift /«/ 
4j'wayjin,  by  fatisfying  the  law  and  juf- 
tice  of  God  for  it,  Heb.  ix.  26.  Men 
put  a'iijay  the  evil  of  their  doings ^  when 


16    1  P  Y  G 

they  reform  from  their  wicked  coor- 
fes,  If.  i.  1 6.  They  put  far  aivay  tl>e 
t'oil  day,  and  caufe  the  feat  of  violence  to 
come  nigh,  when,  in  hopes  that  alHic- 
tion  will  be  long,  or  for  ever  delayed, 
they  give  up  themfelves  to  opprcflion, 
perverting  of  judgement,  murder,  and 
the  like,  Amos  vi.  3.  They  put  aivay 
their  wives,  when  thoy  d-ivorce  them, 
and  expel  them  from  their  families, 
Mai.  ii.  1 6.  To  put  on  the  Lord  Je- 
fus,  is,  by  faith,  to  receive  and  im- 
prove him,  as  our  righteoufnefs  and 
fan6tification,  Rom.  xiii.  14.  He  is 
put  on,  as  to  a  folemn  profefiion  here- 
of, in  baptifm-.  Gal.  iii.  27.  To  put 
on  the  whole  armour  of  God,  is  to  be  in 
conft-ant  readinefs  to  improve  it,  and 
defend  one's  felf  therewith,  againft  fm, 
Satan,  and  the  world,  Eph,  vi.  lu 
To  put  off  the  old  man,  or  body  of  fin-, 
and  put  on  thetieiu,  or  the  graces  of  the 
Spirit,  is  to  have  our  ftate  and  nature 
changed  by  the  word.  Spirit,  and 
blood  of  Chrift,  and  to  repent  of,  and 
turn  from  fin,  and  be  conformed  t© 
God,  in  knowledge,  righteoufnefs,  ho*- 
linefs,  meeknefs,  and  love.  Col.  ii.  11. 
iii.  9..   Eph.  iv.  24.     Col.  iii.  10. — 14. 

PUTEOLI ;  a  city  in  Campania 
in  Italy;  fo  called  from  tlie  ftink  of 
its  hot  waters,  or  the  multitude  of  its 
w^Us.  It  ftood  about  eight  miles  froni 
Naples,  and  ico  fouth  of  Rome,  From 
hence  a  confiderable  trade  was  carried 
on  with  Alexandria  in  Egypt ;  and 
here  Paul  halted  feven  days,  as  he  went 
prifpner  to  Rome,  A(Sts  xxviii.  13. 
We  find  feveral  of  its  bifiiops  in  the 
pvimitive  councils  of  the  Chriftiaa 
(jhurch. 

PUTRIFYING;  rotting. 

PYGARG,    OrV/HITE   BUTTOCKS, 

is  a  nam.e  fomctimcs  given  to  the 
eagle  with  a  white  tail ;  but.  with  Mo- 
fes,  it  figniiies  a  four-footed  beaft.  Its 
Hebrew  name  Dish  on,  hints  it  to  be 
afti-coloured ;  and  fo  it  is  like  to  be 
the  tragelaphus,  or  goat-deer,  whofe 
back  and  fides  are  partly  afli-coloured. 
It  was  a  clean  beaft  ;  but  whether  the 
fame  with  the  pygarg  of  Herodotus, 
Pliny,  and  Elian,  we  cannot  fay,  Deut. 
xiv,  5. 


Q^U'A        [     317    ]        Q^UE 


Q^U  A 

QUAILS  ;  a  kind  of  birds  of  a 
middle  fize,  between  fparrows 
and  pigeons.  They  are  extremely  nu- 
merous in  warm  countries.  An  hun- 
dred thoufand  of  them  have  been  caught 
in  Italy,:  within  the  fpace  of  five  miles', 
every  day,  for  a  whole  month.  When 
they  have  been  outwearied  in  their 
flight  over  the  fea,  it  is  faid,  fuch 
multitudes  of  them  have  alighted  on  a 
{hip  as  to  fmk  her  ;  but  perhaps  this 
is  extravagant.  They  hatch  four  times 
a-year,,  15  or  20  at  a  time,,  and  their 
flefh  is  very  delicious  and  agreeable. 
But  whether  the  flying  animals  where- 
with God,  in  the  defert  of  Sin  and  at 
Kibroth-hattaavah,  feafted  the  wan- 
dering Hebrews,  a  wind  bringing  fuch 
multitudes  of  them,  that  they  were 
heaped  above  a  yard  high,  for  a  day's 
journey,  all  around  their  camp,  Exod. 
xvi.  13.  Numb.  xi.  32.  were  quails,  is 
not  agreed.  The  great  Ludolphus, 
•in  his  hiftory  of  Ethiopia,  contends, 
that  the  Shelav  means  IockJIs,  not  quails. 
To  confirm  this,  he  obferves,  that  an 
army  in  Africa  was  preferved  from 
flarving,  by  a  cloud  of  locufts  falling 
among  them  ;  that  locufts  often  fly  in 
fuch  multitudes,  as  to  darken  the  iky, 
and  have  driven  nations  from  their 
dwellings  ;.  that  they  abound  in  Ara- 
bia, and  are  often  eaten  by  the  inha- 
bitants, and  are  declared  clean  food 
by  the  Mofaic  law ;  that  clouds  of 
them  are  eafily  carried  before  the 
wind  ;  that  they  are  more  fit  to  be 
heaped  around  the  camp,  and  meafur- 
ed  by  omers,  than  quails  ;  and  that 
quail-flefli,  when  expofed  to  the  fun, 
quickly  breeds  worms.  To  this 
it  may  be  replied,  that  all  the  an- 
cient verfions  and  commentators  take 
the  Shelav  for  quails  ;  and  the  fcripture 
calls  xhtm  feathered  fowls,  Pfal.  Ixxviii. 
27.  ;  the  bringing  or  preferving  the 
flefli  of  quails  and  of  locufts  is  equally 
eafy  to  Omnipotence  ;  and  there  is  no 
reafon  to  imagine  the  Hebrews  would 
have  eatea  to  ei^cefs  of  locufts,  or  the 


CL 


Q^U  E 

murmurers  been  contented  with  their' 
difagreeable  flefti. 

(|lJ  ANTITY  ;  meafurc  ;  bignefs  5 
fize.   If.  xxii.  24. 

QITARREL  ;  ftrife  ;  occafion  to 
do  one  hurt,  2  Kings  v.  7.  The  ^-wrtr- 
rel  of  God^s  covenant^  is  the  violation 
and  breach  thereof,  which  gave  him 
ground  to  punifli  the  Hebrews,  Lev. 
xxvi.  25. 

QUARRIES,  out  of  which  ftonea 
are  digged:  but  fome  render  Pesilim, 
graven  images,  which,  perhaps,  were 
fet  up  near  Eglon's  camp,  Judg.  iii.  19. 

QUARTER,  a  part  of  a  city  or 
country,   Gen.  xix.  4.    Jofti.  xviii.  14. 

QUATERNION  ;  four  in  compa- 
ny, Adls  xii.  4. 

QUEEN  ;  a  woman  who  is  married 
to  a  king,  or  governs  a  kingdom,  Neh. 
ii.  6.  I  Kings  x.  i.  A6ls  viii.  27.  The 
church,  and  her  true  members,  are  cal- 
led queens  ;  they  are  efpoufed  to  Jefus, 
the  King  of  kings,  and  are  en/inently 
high,  happy,  and  glorious,  in  their 
new-covenant  ftation,  Pfal.  xlv.  9.  Song 
vi.  8.  As  the  Chaldeans  thought  their 
empire  queen  govcrnefs  of  all  other,  fo 
Antichrift  fits  a  queen.  In  their  pride 
and  carnal  fecurity,  the  Papifts  boaft  of 
themfelves,  is  the  infallible  and  impreg- 
nable church,  againft  which  the  gates 
of  hell  cannot  prevail,  Rev.  xviii. -7. 
The  queen,  or  frame  of  heaven,  to  which 
the  Jews  erecled  altars,  in  the  tops  of 
their  houfes,  or  near  their  doors,  and 
the  corners  of  their  ftreets,  or  in  groves, 
and  to  which  they  off^ered  incenfc,  cakes 
baken  with  oil  and  honey,  and  drink- 
ofl"erings  of  wine  and  other  liquors,  was 
either  the  moon,  or  perhaps  the  whole 
fyftemof  the  heavenly  luminaries,  fun, 
moon,  and  ftars,  Jer.  xHv.  17. — 25. 

QUENCH  ;  to  put  out  fire,  PfaL 
cxviii.  12.;  in  allufion  to  which,  the  al- 
laying of  thirft,  by  a  fatisfying  draught 
of  liquor,  is  called  quenching,  Pfal.  civ. 
II.  As  the  Spirit  of  God,  and  his 
wrath,  are  likened  to  fire  ;  they  are 
faid  t«  bfi  quenched,,  wh^n  the  Spirit'* 

influence 


.  a.TTT       r   .-5 

influence  is  checked  by  the  prevalence 
of  finful  hifts,-  I  ThefT.  v.  19.  and  the 
judgements  of  God  are  flopped,  Ezek, 
XX.  48.  Children,  as  the  coal  of  com- 
fort to  parents,  and  kings,  as  the  light 
of  kingdoms,  are  quenched^  when  cut 
off  by  death,  2  Sam.  xiv.  7.  xxi.  17. 
Men  are  quenched  as  tow,  when  their 
glory  and  power  to  hurt  are  eafily  ta- 
ken from  them.  If.  xliii.  17.  The  vio- 
lence of  fire  \v2i^  quenched,  when  it  could 
not  hurt  Shadrach,  Mefhach,  and  A- 
bednego,  Heb.  xi.  34.  Chrlft  will 
not  quench  faints,  weak  as  a  fmoaking 
flax  ;  will  not  deftroy,  but  tenderly 
encourage  and  llrengthen  them,  If. 
xlii.  3. 

QUESTION  ;  (i.)  A  demand,  to 
which  an  anfwer  is  at  leaft  feemingly 
required,  Matth.  xxii.  35.  {2.)  Con- 
tentions; difputes,  2  Tim.  ii.  23.  Que- 
ilionsare  either  religious,  Deut.  vi.  20.; 
blafphemous,  John  viii.  48. ;  curious, 
Luke  xiii.  23.;  foolifh  and  unlearned 
about  trifles,  Tit.  iii.  9.  ;  hard  or  un- 
€afy  to  be  anfwered,  i  Kings  x.-i.; 
captious,  tending  to  enfnare  the  an- 
fwerer,  Mark  xii.  14.;  hypocritical, 
Matth.  ii.  7.;  accufmg,  Neh.  ii.  19.  ; 
reproving,  i  Sam.  i.  14.;  denying  and 
affirming.  Numb.  xii.  2.;  proud  and 
vain,  Matth.  xviii.  To  quejlion  one,  is 
the  fame  as  examine. 

QUICK;  (i.)  Living,  Ads  X.  42. 
(2.)very  fenfible,  Lev.  xiii.  10.  (3.) 
Very  ready  ;  and  fo  qu'tchJy,  is  with  all 
pofTible  hafte,  John  xi.  29.  The  word 
of  God  is  quick  and  powerful ;  ChriA;, 
the  perfonal  Word  of  God,  is  the  li- 
ving God,  and  author  of  all  created 
life,  and  is  infinitely  able  to  fave  men, 
and  to  convince  and  turn  their  hearts 
as  he  pleafeth :  the  revealed  word  of 
God  powerfully  awakens,  convinces, 
and  converts  men  to  him,  Heb.  iv.  12. 
To  QjjiCKEN^  is,   (i.)  To  give  natu- 


iJ?    1         Q  U  T 

ral  life  to  the  dead,  Rom.  iv.  17.  (2.) 
To  give  fpiritual  life  to  them  who  arc 
dead  in  trefpaffes  and  fins,  removing 
their  guilt,  enflating  them  in  favour 
with  God,  and  producing  in  them  a 
living  principle  of  grace,  Eph.  ii.  I.  5. 
(3.)  To  reftore,  reinvigorate,  and 
cheer  up  fuch  faints  as  are  under  fpiri- 
tual languor  and  weaknefs,  by  giving 
them  new  fupplies  of  grace  and  com- 
fort, Pfal.  cxix.  Jefus,  the  laft  A.dam, 
is  a  quickening  Spirit ;  as  the  feeond  pu- 
blic head  of  men  in  the  new-covenant, 
he,  being  pofTeffed  of  a  divine  nature, 
and  of  the  fulnefs  of  the  Holy  Ghofl, 
is  the  fountain  of  life,  fpiritual  and  e- 
ternal,  to  all  his  members,  in  whofe 
hearts  he  dwells  by  faith,  i  Cor.  xv.  45. 

QUICK-SANDS,  or  syrtes;  two 
fands  on  the  north  of  Africa,  almofl 
over  againfl  Sicily,  which,  either  by 
the  flime  or  the  attradive  quality  of 
the  fand,  draw  fhips  to  them,  or  hold 
them  fafl,  AAsxxvIi.  17. 

QUIET.     See  rest. 

Oy IT  ;  free.  To  qu it  ;  to  behave, 
t  Sam.  iv.  9. 

QUITE  ;  wholly,  Hab.  iii.  9. 

QUIVER  ;  a  cafe  for  holding  ar- 
rows.  When  children  are  likened. to 
arroiusi  the  houfe  is  the  quiver^  PfaL 
cxxvii.  5.  When  God*s  judgements 
are  likened  to  ai-ronvsy  his  purpofe  and 
providence  are  the  5'«;<yfr,  Lam.  iii.  13. 
Wlien  Chrlft,  or  Ifaiah,  are  likened  to 
an  arroiVi  God's  protedion,  wherein 
they  are  hid  and  prefer\'ed,  is  the  qui' 
ver.  If.  xlxix.  '2.  Sometimes  quiver  is 
put  for  an-ows  in  rt.  Thus  the  quiver, 
i,  e.  the  arrows  from  it,  rattle  againfb 
the  horfe  in  tattle.  Job  xxxijt.  23; 
and  the  quiver  of  the  Chaldeans  was  an 
open  fepulchre  :  their  arrows  killed 
multitudes,  Jer.  v.  16. 

To  QUIVER,  is  to  pant  for  breath, 
and  tremble  for  fear^  Hab.  iii.  1 6. 


R 


R«A  A 

RAAMAH,    the   fourth   fon   of 
Cufli,  and  who  peopled  a  coun- 
try in  Arabia  the  Happy,  I  fuppofe  at 


R  A  A 

the  entrance  of  the  Perfian  gulf.  The 
pofterlty  of  Raamah  carried  on  trade 
with  the   Tyriaas,  in  fpices,  precious 

Hones, 


.  K,  'j»     Ezek. 


R  A  B 

^oncs,  and  gold.    Gen 
xxvii.  22. 

RABBAH,  or  Rabbath,  the  ca- 
pital city  of  the  Ammonites,  ilood  near 
the  fource  of  the  rivtr  Anion.  It  feems 
to  have  been  a  confiderable  city  in  the 
time  of  Mofes  ;  and  to  it  the  iron  bed- 
ftead  of  Og  was  tranfported,  Deut.  iii. 
1 1^  After  Joab  had  befieged  it  a  long 
thne,  and  Uriah  had  been  ilain  before 
it,  David  went  thither  with  a  reinforce- 
ment, and  quickly  after  took  it,  and 
ufed  the  principal  inhabitants,  if  not  o- 
thers,  in  a  terrible  manner.  Some  time 
after,  Shobi,  the  conquered  king's  bro- 
ther, and  David's  deputy  in  it,  brought 
him  beds  for  his  foldiers  at  Mahanaim, 
2  Sam.  xi.  jyi.  xvii.  The  city  was, 
long  after,  pillaged  by  the  Affyrians, 
and  Chaldeans,  Amos  i.  14.  Jer.  xlix. 
2.  3.  Ezek.  xxi.  20.  XXV.  5.  Ptolemy 
Philadelphus,  the  Greek  monarch  of 
Egypt,  repaired  it,  and  called  it  P/ji- 
ladelpbia ;  and,  not  long  after,  Antio- 
chus  the  Great  of  Syria  feized  it.  In 
the  primitive  ages  of  Chriftianity,  there 
was  a  church  of  fome  note  here.  At 
prefent  the  place  is  of  very  fmall  confe- 
quence.     Rabbath-moab  is  the  lame  as 

Ar. 

rabbi,  rab,  rabban,  rabbon  ; 
a  title  fignifying  majier^  It  feems  to 
have  come  originally  from  '.  ffyria.  In 
Sennacherib's  army^  we  find  Rab-iha- 
keh,  the  majler  of  the  drinking ^  or  but- 
ler, and  Rab-faris,  the  majier  of  the  eu- 
nuchs. In  Nebuchadnezzar's,  we  find 
alfo  Rab-mag^  the  chief  of  the  magi, 
and  Nebuzaradan  is  called  Rah-tehachim, 
the  mafter  of  the  butchers,  cooks,  or 
guards.  We  find  alfo  at  Babylon  Rab- 
faganinty  the  mafler  of  the  governors ^  and 
Rab-chartumim,  the  mailer  of  the  in- 
terpreters of  dreams,  Jer.  xxxix.  3.  2 
Kings  XXV.  8.  Dan.  i.  3.  ii.  48.  v.  11. 
To  keep  order,  AhafuerUs  fet  a  rah, 
or  governor,  at  every  table  of  his  fplen- 
did  feaft,  Efth.  i.  6.  Rab  is  now  with 
the  Jews  reckoned  a  more  dignifitd 
title  than  rabbi  ;  and  rabbin  or  rabbim, 
greater  than  either;  and  to  become 
iuch,  one  muft  afcend  by  feveral  de- 
grees. The  redor  of  their  fchool  is 
called    rabchacham,   the    wife  mafier. 


\q     ]  R   A  C 

He  that  attends  it  in  order  to  obtain  a 
dodtorfliip,  is  called  lachur^  the  candid 
date.     After  that   he  is  called  chabar* 
leraby  the   mafler*s  companion.      At    his 
next  degree,  he  is  called  rab^  rabbij  and 
morenuy  our  teacher.     The  Rab-chacham 
decides  in  religious,  and  frequently  in 
civil  affairs.      He  celebrates  marriages, 
and  declares  divorcements.    He  is  head 
of  the  collegians,  and  preaches,  if  he 
has  a  talent  for  it.     He   reproves  the 
unruly,  and  excommunicates  offenders. 
Both  in  the   fchpol  and  fynagogue  he 
fits  in  the  chief  feat ;  and  in  the  fchool 
his  fcholars  fit  at  his  feet.     Where  the 
fynagogue  is  fmall,  he  is  both  preacher 
and  judge  ;  but  where  the  Jews  are  nu- 
merous, they  have  ordinarily  a  council 
for  their  civil  matters  ;  but  if  the  rab- 
bin be  called  to  it,  he  ufually  takes  the 
chief  feat.     Our   Saviour  inveighs  a- 
gainft  the  rabbins,  whether  fcribes  or 
Pharifees,    of  his  time,    as  extremely 
proud,  ambitious  of  honorary  titles  and 
honorary  feats,  and  as  given  to  impofe 
on  others   vaft   numbers  of  traditions 
not  warranted  in  the   word   of  God, 
Matth.   XV.  x\\\\.      Since    that   time, 
God  has  given  up  the  Jewifli  rabbins  to 
the  moll  aftonilhing  folly  and  trifling  ; 
they  chiefly  deal  in  idle  and  flupid  tra- 
ditions,   and   whimfical   decifions,    on 
points   of  no  confequence,    except  to 
render  the  obfervers  ridiculous.  In  geo- 
graphy and  hiftory  they  make  wretch- 
ed work.      Inconfiftencies  of    timing 
things,  abfurdities,  and  dry  rehearfals, 
croud  their  page.     In  their  comment 
tarics  on  the  fcripture,  they  are  com- 
monly blind  to  what  an  ordinary  read- 
er mi/ht  perceive,  and  retail  multitudes 
of  filly  fancies,  fit  to  move  our  pity  or 
contempt.     The  judicious  Onkelos,  la- 
borious   Nathan-mordecai,    the  famed 
Maimonides,  the  two  Kimchis,  Aben-- 
ezra,    Solomon  Jarchi,  Jachiades,  Se- 
phorno,  Ben-melech,  and  fome  others, 
however,    defcrve  a  better  charader. 

See  TRADITION. 

RABSHAKEH.  See  Senna- 
cherib. 

RACE.     See  run. 

R  ACA  ;  an  empty  ^  defpic  able  fop,  that 
is  afhamed  of  nothing  bafe,  whoring, 

robbery, 


■RAG         r     320    T  RAH 

robbery,  or  murder  ;  a  fcoundrel,  Mat.    juftle  one  againft  another,  as  the  fwd- 

ling  waves  of  the  fea  in  a  ftorm,  If. 
xlvi.  9. 

RAGS  :  to  be  clothed  with  them,  de- 
notes deep  poverty,  Prov.  xxiii.  21. 
Our  felf-righteoufnefs  is  likened  tojikhy 
rags,  or  a  mef.Jh-itous  cloth ;  it  can  no 
more  adorn  our  foul,  or  render  it  ac- 
cepted before  God  as  our  Judge,  than 
filthy  rags  ;  but,  with  its  vilencfs,  pro- 
vokes his  deteftation,   If.  Ixiv.  6. 

RAHAB^;  (l.)  A  name  given  to 
Egypt,  to  denote  the  pride  and  ilrength 
of  that  kingdom,  Pfal.  Ixxxvii.  3. 
Ixxxix.  ID.  If.  li.  9.  (2.)  A  Canaan- 
itifh  harlot,  or  innkeeper  of  Jericho. 
Some  fancy  fhc  was  only  an  innkeeper  ; 
and  that  if  flie  had  been  an  harlot,  the 
fpies  would  not  have  lodged  with  her, 
Hor  Salmon  have  married  her ;  but 
this  reafoning  is  inconclufive.  The 
fpies  might  not  know  her  charafter 
when  they  took  up  their  lodging  ; 
and  flie  was  mightily  reformed  before 
Salmon  married  her.  It  is  certain 
the  v/ord  zona.h 
and  the  name  porn e. 
by  James,  chap.  ii.  25.  and  Paul,  Heb. 
xi.  31.  fignifies  nothing  elfe.  In- 
wardly touched,  and  converted  by  the 
Spirit  of  God,  fhe  kindly  -lodged  the 
meffengers  whom  Jolhua  fent  to  fpy  the 
place.  The  king  hearing  of  them,  fent 
to  apprehend  them ;  but  fhe  hid  them 
on  the  top  of  her  houfe,  and  told  the 
king's  meflengers  that  they  were  gone, 
and  might  be  overtaken,  if  they  were 
quickly  purfued.  She  then  went  up 
to  the  Hebrew  fpies,  and  told  them, 
that  fhe  believed  the  Lord  would  deli- 
ver the  country  into  their  hand,  and 
knew  .that  the  inhabitants  were  already 
in  a  panic  of  terror,  ^he  infilled  for 
their  oath,  that  herfelf  and  her  family 
fliould  be  fpared  when  Jericho  fhould 
be  taken.  They  folemnly  engaged-, 
that  every  body  found  -in   her    houfe 


V.  22.  Judg.  ix.  4.  2  Sam.  vi.  20.  2 
Chron.  xiii.  7.   Prov.  xii.  11. 

RACHEL.  An  account  of  her 
beauty  ;  of  Jacobus  great  love  to,  and 
Tnarriage  of  her  ;  her  barrennefs  for  a 
lime,  and  fretfulnefs  under  it ;  her 
putting  her  maid  to  her  huffcand's  bed, 
for  the  fake  of  children  ;  and  the  ang- 
ry names  fhe  gave  them  ;  her  ftealing 
of  her  father's  idols,  -and  crafty  conceal- 
ment of  them,  when  her  father  fearch- 
ed  her  tent,  and  her  after-delivery  of 
them  to  Jacob  ;  his  peculiar  care  to 
fecure  her  and  her  child  from  the  fury 
«f  Efau  ;  her  having  Jofeph  for  her 
£r{l-born  fon ;  her  purchafe  of  Reuben's 
mandrakes;  and,  at  laft,  her  dying  in 
child-birth  of  Benjamin,  and  being  bu- 
ried at  Zelzah,  a  little  north  of  Beth- 
lehem, h&v^  been  related  in  the  article 
Jacob.  The  voice  heard  in  Ramah, 
Rachel  'weeping  for  her  children,  and  re- 
fufing  to  be  comforted,  becaufe  they 
were  not  to  be  found  in  hfe,  fjgnifies, 
that  at  the  Chaldean  captivity,  and 
when  the  babes  of  Bethlehem  w^re  mur- 
dered by  Herod,  her  daughters  of  the 
tribe  of  Benjamin,  and  their  fillers  of 
the  tribe  of  Judah,  fo  bitterly  bewailed 
the  lofs  of  their  children,  that  their 
weeping  was  heard  unto  Ramah;  and 
that  if  Rachel,  who  lay  buried  near  by, 
Gould  have  rifen  from  her  grave,  fhe, 
who  was  fo  fond  of  children,  would 
have  joined  them  in  their  lamentations, 
Jcr.  xxxi.  15.   Matth.  ii.  18. 

RAFTER;  the  .beam  that  bears 
up  the  galleries  or  fiat  roof  of  houfes, 
iSee  FIR. 

RAGE  ;  a  mofl  violent  fury,  where- 
by one  is  put  into  a  tumult  of  paliion, 
as  the  fea  in  a  ilorm,  and  is  mad  upon 
^eflroying  what  gives  the  offence,  2 
King^  V.  12.  A  man's  jealoufy  is  his 
rage;  the  detection  of  his  wife's  whore- 
dom with  another,  readily  puts  him  in- 


fignifies  an   harlot, 
afcribed  to  her 


to  fuch  a  rage,  as  he  is  ready  to  cut  off    'fhould  be  unhurt,  provided  h<.T  window 


both  her  and  her  paramour,  without  the 
leafl  mercy,  Prov.  vi.  34.  Men  rage, 
when  they  bellir  themfelves,  as  if  mad 
and  furious,  and  affemble  in  a  tumul- 
ttjous  m.anner,  Pfal.  ii.  i.  Chariots 
ragCf  when,  being  furfoufly  driv£n,  they 


fhould  be  markx^d  with  a  fcarlet  Itring. 
Her  houfe  being  on  the  wall,  •  fhe  let 
them  down  from  her  window  by  a  rope, 
and  directed  them  to  hide  themfelves 
three  days  in  the  adjacent  mountain, 
till  the  fec},rchevs  for  them  (liould  he.  re- 

tnrned. 


-R  A I     r;  3 

turned.  They  followed  her  direftion, 
find  got  fafe  to  their  camp.  When,  a 
few  weeks  after,  Jericho  was  taken, 
having  marked  her  houfe  according  to 
agreement,  ihc  and  all  her  friends,  by 
Jofhua's  order  and  the  care  of  the  fpies, 
were  preferved  therein.  She  joined 
herfelf  to  the  Jewifh  religion,  and  beha- 
ved in  a  manner  fo  prudent  and  pious, 
that  Salmon,  or  Salma,  fon  of  Nah- 
ihon,  and  prince  of  the  children  of  Ju- 
dah,  efpoufed  her,  and  had  by  her  the 
famed  Boaz.  The  Spirit  of  God  high- 
ly commends  her  faith  and  good  works ; 
but  never  the  lie~  which  flie  tol-d  to 
conceal  the  fpies,  Heb.  xi.  31.  James 
ii.  25. 

RAIL.     See  revile. 

RAIN,  is  the  moill  vapours  exhaled 
by  the  heat  of  the  fun,  which  being 
-colleded  into  clouds,  fall  upon  the 
earth  in  d^ops ;  and  when  it  freezes  in, 
or  before  its  fall,  it  is  called  hail,  or 
-fnoiv.  When  it  falls  down  as  in  water- 
fpouts,  the  'windonvs  or  flood-gates  of 
heaven  are  faid  to-  be  opened.  In  the 
time  of  drought,  the  .earth  is  reprefent- 
ed  as  crying  to  the  heavens,  and  the 
lieavens  or  clouds  crying  to  God,  for 
■his  allowance  to  pour  their  moiil  trea- 
fures  in  rain  and  dew  upon  the  earthy 
■  Hof.  ii.  21.  In  Upper  Egypt  it  fel- 
•dom  rains  any  at  all.  In  fome  parts 
of  the  Perfian  empire  it  rains  little  for 
eight  months  on  end.  .In  Syria  and 
JBarbary  there  is  fcarce  any  rain  during 
the  fummer.  In  Canaan  they  ordina- 
rily had  a  plentiful  rain  twice  a-year. 
The  former  rain  .happened  about  Sepr 
tember,  and  the  latter  about  the  be- 
ginning of  March,  juft  before  their 
•harveil,  Joel  ii.  23.  Zech.  x.  i.  In 
the  winter  months,  it  often  rains  very 
violently,  and  ordinarily  in  the  nlgnt, 
and  is  preceded  by  a  fquall  of  wind, 
2  Kings  iii.  16.  17.  Rain,  when  fea- 
fonable,  is  Jhowers  of  hlejfing^  Ezek. 
xxxiv.  26.  The  looling  of  the  earth 
in  the  fpring,  produces  a  multitude  of 
moid  vapofurs  ;  and  in  September,  the 
withdrawing  of  the  fun,  occafioning  the 
fall  of  the  higher  vapours  on  the  lower, 
produces  rain.  In  fome  places  near 
feas,  lakes,  and  great  rivers,  the  quan- 
.    V^L.  IL 


21     ]  R  A  1 

tity  of  rain  is  very  confiderable.  In 
Lancafhire  of  England,  the  yearly 
depth  of  it,  taken  all  together,  is  about 
4?  inches  ;  at  Pifa  in  Italy,  about  43. 
Near  the  equator,  the  rains  are  often 
cxcellive  during  the  fummer ;  and  were 
it  not  fo,  the  inhabitants  would  be 
fcorched  with  the  heat.  Thunder  and 
lightning  diflolve  the  clouds,  and  fo 
rain  generally  follows,  Pfal.  cxxxv.  7, 
Whatever  is  very  refrefhing,  nourirti- 
ing,  delightful,  and  tending  to  make 
perfons  uleful  in  good  works,  as  im- 
portant inftr unions,  outward  bieflings', 
and  the  word,  ordinances,  and  influenced 
of  Jefus  Chrifl;  and  his  Spirit,  are  li- 
kened to  rain^  and  blefled  fliowers, 
X)eut.  xxxii.  2.  Job  xxiv.  22.  23.  If. 
v.  6.  Pfal.  Ixviij.  9.  Ezek.  xxxiv.  26. 
This  rain  coming  on  mown  gfafs,  and  ok 
the  earth',  may  import,  that  it  come^  on 
perfons  afllicled  and  carnal,  Pf.  Ixxii.  6. 
The  rernnant  of  Jacob   are   likened  to 

jhonvers  ;  the  Jewilh  apoftles  and  behe- 
vers,  and  faints  and  minifl;ers  of  every 
nation,  are  iifeful  to  promote  the  fpiri- 
tual  growth  and  fruitfulnefsof  the  places 
they  live  in,  Mic.  v.  7.  Deft:ruclive 
.judgements  are  likened  to  an  overJioiV' 

■  ingjhoiver,  to  mark  how  fudden,  wa- 
iling, and  ruinous  they  are  to  a  coun- 
try, Ezek.  xiii.  II.  Whatever  falls 
.plentifully  out  of  the  air,  as  lire  and 
brimftone,  or  manna,  is  faid  to  be  rained 
•from  it,  Gen.xix.  24.  Pf.  1  <xviii.  24. 2  7* 
.  'Tne  Rainbow  is  never  fecn  but  when 
the  fun  fhmes,  and  in  direcl  oppofition 
to  him  ;  and  is  formed  by  the  refrac- 
tion of  his  rays  on  a  watery  cloud  ; 
nor  can  the  fun  form  fuch  a  refraftion 
if  he  is  above  42  degrees  higher  than 
the  horizon,  as  then  his  refradion  is 
lower  than  the  earth.  The  bright  rain- 
bow is  often  invelied  with  a  fainter  one, 
at  fome  diilance,  and  of  greater  extent. 
There  are  alfo  a  kind  of  rainbows  form- 
ed by  the  reflection  of  the  moon-light^ 
or  of  the  raging  fea  ;  but  thefe  lad  have 
their  arms  inverted  upwards.  One  may 
form  a  kind  of  artificial  rainbow,  by 
hanging  a  black  cloth  oppofite  to  the 
fun,  and,  turning  his  back  to  the  fun 
and  face  to  the  cloth,  caufe  water  fall 
like  a  fliower  of  rain  between  him  and 
Sf  -      iti 


U  AT         f     ,2 

it :  thus  a  rainbow  will  be  formed  in 
thefe  drops.  Whether  the  common 
rainbow,  proceeding  from  natural  cau- 
fes,  appeared  before  the  flood,*  is  not 
agreed.  Perhaps  it  did  not  ;  and  then 
it  behoved  to  be  the  more  linking  a 
token,  and  the  more  effectual  to  con- 
^rm  Noah's  faith  in  the  divine  promife, 
that  the  flood  fhould  never  return  to 
overflow  the  earth.  It  is  certain,  every 
difpofition  of  a  rainy  cloud  is  not  pro- 
per to  produce  a  rainbow  ;  and  who 
knows,  but  before  the  flood,  the  clouds 
might  be  always  fo  difpofed  as  not  to 
form  any  ?  Its  appearance, .  though 
now  ordinary,  continues  fl:ill  a  divine 
token,  that  the  earth  fliall  no  more  be 
drowned  with  an  univerfal  flood,  Gen. 
ix.  8. — 17.  The  covenant  of  grace  is 
likened  to  a  rahibo'iv  t'ound  about  God^s 
ihroncy  and  about  Chrtft^s  head ;  this  glo- 
rious difplay  of  the  excellencies  of  the 
Sun  of  righteoufnefs,  whereby  all  our 
clouds  of  trouble  and  wretchednefs  are 
illuminated,  is  our  undoubted  fecurity 
g^ainft  the  overflowing  vengeance  of 
God  ;  and  Jefus  and  his  Father  ever 
delight  in  and  attend  to  it  in  all  their 
difpenfations  of  providence.  Rev.  iv.  3. 
s.  I. 

^^  RAISE  ;  (i.J  To  lift  up,  I  Sam. 
ii.  8.  (2.)  To  invent,  or  relate,  Exod. 
xxiii.  I.  (5.)  To  beget,  Gen.  xxxviii. 
8.  (4.)  To  keep  m  remembrance, 
Ruth  iv.  5.  (5.)  To  call  and  fit  per- 
sons to  perform  a  piece  of  work,  Judg. 
ii.  16.  (6.)  To  build;  repair.  If. 
xxiii.  13.  (7.)  To  roufe  ;  IHr  up, 
Pfal.  cvii.  25.  A(Sts  xxiv.  12.  God 
ra'ijed  up  Pharaoh  to  his  dignity  with  a 
view  to  difplay  his  power  in  bringing 
him  low  ;  he  permitted  him  to  iland 
obfl;inate  ;  he  fuffered  him  to  continue 
in  life,  while  many  were  cut  off,  with 
a  view  to  difplay  his  power  in  ruining 
him  at  the  Red  fea,  Rom.  ix.  i8.  Exod, 
}x. 

RAISINS  ;  a  well-known  kind  of 
dried  grapes.  The  largefl:  are  thofe  of 
Damafcus,  a  bunch  of  which  will  fome- 
times  weigh  25  pounds  ;  but  their  taite 
is  faintifli,  and  not  very  agreeable.  The 
Spam  ill  raifins  of  the  fun  are  alfo  noted. 
The  fpirit  of  raifins  is  very  ufeful  to 
^^iftillers   in   redifying    their    liquors. 


2    1  RAN 

Raifins  fermented  with  water  produce 
a  kind  of  wine  ;  and  a  kind  of  brandy- 
is  extra^led  from  them. 

RAM  is  fometimes  put  for  Ara'm, 
•  •  •  See  SHEEP. 

RAMAH,  or  Ramathaim  ;  acity 
of  Benjamin,  about  fix  miles  northward 
from  Jerufalem,  Jofli.  xviii.  25.  ;  not 
far  diftant  from  Geba  and  Gibeah,  If. 
X.  29.  Hof.  v.  8.  Near  to  it  Deborah 
dwelt,  Judg.  iv.  5.  Elkanah  and  Sa- 
muel relided  in  it,  i  Sam.  i.  i.  19.  vii. 
17.  viii,  4.  XXV.  I.  ;  and  at  Najoth,  or 
the  meadows  of  Ramah,  was  a  college, 
of  young  prophets,  i  Sam.  six.  As 
it  fl:ood  in  a  pafs  between  the  kingdom 
of  Ifrael  and  Judah,  Baasha  king  of 
Ifrael  feized  it,  and  began  to  fortify  it, 
that  none  of  his  fubjefts  might  pafs 
that  way  into  the   kingdom  of  Judah, 

1  Kings  XV.  17.  21.  The  inhabitants 
were  tembly  affrighted  when  Senna- 
cherib marched  this  way  againfl.  Heze- 
kiah,  Hof.v.  8.  If.  X.  29.  Here  Ne- 
buzaradan,  the  Chaldean  general,  dif- 
pofed of  liis  Jewifh  prifoners  after  their 
capital  was  taken,  v^-hich  occafioned  a 
dreadful  mourning  to  the  daughters  of 
Rachel,  Jer.  xl.  i.  2.  3.  xxxi.  15.  Ra- 
mah was  afterwards  rebuilt  by  ;ts  inha- 
bitants who  returned  from  Babylon, 
Neh.  vii.  30.  xi.  33.  There  was  ano- 
ther Ramah  on  the  vvefl:  border  of  Naph- 
tali,  Jofh.  xix.  36.  ;  and  a  Ramath  or 
Ramoth,  which  we  fuppofe  the  fame 
as  Baalath-beer,  in  the  Ipt  of  Simeon, 
Jofh.  xix.  8.  I  Sam.  xxx.  27.  fee  Gi- 
LEAD  ;  and  a  Ramoth,  Rcmeth,  or  Jar- 
muth,  in  the  lot  of  Iflachar,  Jofh. xix.  2 1 . 

RAMESES.     See  Pithom. 

RAMPART;  a  fence  to  a  city. 
The  Mediterranean  fea,  or  rather  the 
river  Nile,  was  a  rampart ,  that  defend- 
ed the  city  of  No,  Nah.  iii.  8. 

RANGE  ;  to  go  up  and  down  at 
pleafure,  Prov.  xxviii.  11.  Range  of 
the  mountainsy  is  any  place  on  or  about 
them.  Job  xxxviii.  8. 

Ranges  ;  ranks  of  men,  who  were 
as    protecting    rails    about    the    king, 

2  Kinf^s  xi.  8. 

RANK;  (l.)  Order;  flation, 
1  Chron.  xii.  33.  (2.)  High-growo 
and  fruitful^  Gen.  xli.  5. 

RANSOM; 


RAN         [323 

RANSOM;  (i.)  The  price  paid  at 
for  the  pardon  of  an  offence,  or  the  re- 
demption of  a  flave  or  captive,  Prov. 
vi«  35.  Exod.  xxl.  30.  (2.)  A  bribe, 
I  Sam.,  xii.  f  3.  To  prevent  the  plague, 
and  make  ceremonial  atonement  for  their 
fouls,  every  male  Hebrtw^  come  to  age, 
paid  half  a  fiiekel  yearly,  as  a  ranfom, 
Exod.  XXX.  12*  Tlie  obedience  and 
death  of  Chriil  are  the  only  proper  ran- 
fom and  price  of  our  deliverance  from 
f)n  and  mifery,  Matth.  xx.  28.  Job 
xxxiii.  24.  Egypt  and  Seba  were  a 
ranfom  for  the  Jews  ;  God  rccompenfed 
Cyrus's  gracious  deliverance  of  the 
Jews,  by  giving  him  the  wealth  of  the 
Egyptians  and  Sabeans,  If.  xliil.  3. 
The  wicked  is  -i.  ranfom  for  tha  righteous, 
when  he  is  puniflied,  In  order  that  the 
righteous  may  be  delivered  and  pyefer- 
ved,  Prov.  xxl.  18.  A  man's  riches 
are  the  ranfom  of  his  life  ;  they  are  the 
means  of  his  fupportj  and  which  he 
would  give  to  preferve  an  endangered 
life ;  and  fomttlmes  they  are  the  occa- 
fion  of  attempts  againil  his  life,  Prov. 
xlil.  8.  To  ranfom^  is  to  deliver,  re- 
deem from  bondage  and  mifery,  by 
price  or  power,  Jer.  xxxi.  11.  Hof. 
xiii.  14. 

RARE  ;  uncomnion  j  very  difficult, 
Dan.  il.  II. 

RASE  ;  to  demohfh  completely, 
Pfal.  cxxxvii.  7. 

RASOR.  Doeg's  tongue  was  like 
a  dece'uful  rafr^  wiiich,  under  pretence 
®f  cutting  the  hair  and  fmoothing  the 
face,  cuts  the  throat :  he  pretended  to 
clear  himfelf  from  difloyalty,  but  really 
Intended  to  expofe  the  prleits,  as  friends 
of  David,  to  the  fury  of  Saul,  PfaL 
HI.  2.  The  Affyrians  and  Chaldeans 
v/ere  God's  hired  rafor  ;  providentially 
hired  with  the  fpoils,  to  cut  off  multi- 
tudes of  the  Jews,  If.  vii.  20. 

RAV'EN  ;  a  bird  of  prey,  ceremo- 
nially unclean,  Lev.  xi.  15.  It  is  of 
the  bignefs  of  a  common  hen,  and  of 
a  black  colour,  with  a  bluilh  back. 
Its  head  is  fmall,depreffed  on  the  crown, 
and  flattened  on  the  fides.      Its  eyes  are 


R  E  A 


the  point.  We  are  not  certain 
if  old  ravens  either  forfake  or  expel 
their  young  from  their  nett,  as  fome  af- 
firm. The  raven  fent  forth  by  Noah 
to  try  if  the  waters  vVere  dried  up  frona 
off  the  earth,  returned  not  to  him,  aj 
it  could  live  on  the  floating  carrion  : 
true  emblem  of  wicked  men,  who,  de- 
lighting In  fuiful  and  fenfual  pleafures, 
refufe  to  come  to  Jefus  and  his  new- 
covenant  ftate,  Gen.  viil.  6.  7.  Tho* 
ready  to  devour  every  thing  themfelves, 
ravens,  direded  by  God,  nouri(hed  the 
prophet  Elijah  at  Cherith,  with  bread 
and  flefh  every  morning.  To  pretend 
with  fome,  that  the  hhorebim  were 
not  ravens,  but  Arabian  merchants,  or 
inhabitants  of  Oreb,  fhows  only  a  fond- 
nefs  to  rob  God  of  the  honour  of  the 
miracle.  And  we  may  add,  why  did 
not  thefe  pretended  feeders  bring  him 
water,  after  the  brook  was  dried,  as 
long  as  they  had  any  for  themfelves  ? 
I  Kings  xvll.  4.  6.  To  raven  ;  to 
fearch  for  prey  ',  to  kill  and  tear  afun- 
der,  as  ravens  do  fmaller  birds,  in  or- 
der to  eat  them,  Matth.  vii.  15.  Wick- 
ed men  are  reprefented  as  ravenousy  to 
mark  their  cruelty,  oppreffion,  and  mur- 
der, Pfal.  xxii.  13.  Ezek.  xxii.  25.  27. 

Ravin,  Is  wtalth  or  fpoil  procured 
by  oppreffion  and  murder,  Nah.  ii.  12. 

RiWISH  J  to  take  and  uie  by  force. 
Lam.  v.  II.  One  Is  ra-viJJoed  in  heart, 
when  greatly  delighted,  and  powerful- 
ly conilrained  to  love,  Prov.  v.  19.  20. 
Ciirift's  heart  Is  ran.njhed  by  his  people, 
w  hen,  by  the  vigorous  exercife  of  faith 
and  love,  they  exceedingly  delight  him, 
and,  as  it  v/cre,  ftrongly  excite  him  to 
hold  fellowfhip  with  tiieir  foul.  Song 
iv.  9. 

RAW;  not  fully  roafted,  E.od. 
xii.  9.  The  qiiich  raiu  fiejh  in  the  le- 
per's fore,  might  be  what  feemed  as  if 
a  little  roafted.  Lev.  xiii.  lo. 

REACH  ;  to  ftretch  out ;  extend, 
John  XX.  27.  Zech.  xiv,  5.  When 
things  are  very  high  or  great,  tliey  arc 
faid  to  reach  unto  heaven,  Dan.  iv.  11, 
Rev.  xvlii.  5.  2  Chron,  xxviil.  9.  Pfal, 
xxxvl.  5.  Saints  reach  to  the  things  be- 
far.  Its  beak  is  pretty  long  and  thick,  fore,  when  they  eanieftly  endeavour  to 
fomewhat  ridded  on  the  back,  and  Iharp     grow  in  grace,  and  think  of^  love,  de- 

S  f  2  i'.vt^ 


bright,  large,  and  piercing,  and  can  fee 


R  E  A         [    524    ] 

{iVe,  and  feek  to  enjoy  things  eternal,  ed  not, 
Phil.  iii.  1 3.  The  fu'ord  or  ftroke  reach- 
tth  to  the  heart  or  foul,  when  it  cuts  off 
mens  life,  cuts  off  the  bell  fortified 
places,  and  the  beil  and  greateft  of  the 
nation,  Jer.  iv.  10.  18. 

READ.  There  is  a  twofold  reading 
of  the  fcriptures  required  ;  one  private 
and  daily,  by  particular  perfons,  whe- 
ther princes  or  others,  Deut.  xvii.  19. 
John  V.  39.  ;  another  pubhc,  in  the 
congregations  of  profefTed  worfliippers 
of  God,  Neh.  viii.  3. 

READY;  (i.)  Strongly  inclined 
and  difpofed.  Tit.  iii.  r.  (2.)  Near 
at  hand,  i  Pet.  iv,  5.  (3.)  Well  pre- 
pared and  furniflied,  i  Pet.  iii.  15. 
Thofe  ready  to  peri/Jj,  are  fuch  as  are 
on  the  point  of  being  utterly  miferable. 
The  Jews  were  in  a  moft  wretched  con- 
dition before  Cyrus  gave  them  their  li- 
berty to  retuni  to  Canaan.  The  Gen- 
tiles were  in  a  moft  deplorable  condi- 
tion with  refped  to  fpirituals,  juft  be- 
fore the  gofpel  was  preached  to  them, 
If.  xxvii.  13.  The  good  things  of  a 
church  are  ready  to  die,  when  her  mem- 
bers are  growing  few,  and  their  graces 
weak,    and  the   purity   and   power  of 


R  E  B 

and  take  up  ivhat  one  laid  net 
doivn,  is  to  expeft  and  demand  good 
works,  where  no  gifts  or  opportunities 
were  given,  Matth.  xxv.  26.  Luke  xix. 
21.  The  earth  will  be  reaped  by  the 
angel's  fhai'p  fickle,  when,  by  the  juft 
vengeance  of  God  our  Saviour,  Anti- 
chrift  and  his  fupporters  fhall  be  utter- 
ly and  fearfully  deftroyed,  Rev.  xiv.  15. 
Angels  are  called  reapers  ;  God  em- 
ploys them  to  overturn  and  cut  off"  na-, 
tions  ;  and  by  them  he  will  gather  his 
people  to  him  at  the  laft  day,  Matth. 
xiii.  30.  39.  Minifters  are  reapers  ;  the)'" 
not  only  fow  the  feed  of  divine  truth' 
among  men,  but  are  the  bleft  means  of 
cutting  them  off  from  their  natural 
root,  and  bringing  them  to  Chrift, 
John  iv.  36.  37. 

REASON;  (i.)  That  power  of 
the  human  foul,  whereby  we  conceive 
and  judge  of  things,  Dan.  iv.  36.  (2.) 
Ground;  argument;  proof,  i  Pet. iii.  15. 

To  REASON,  is  to  talk  together,  dif- 
pute  ;  argue,  Matth.  xvi.  8.  Mark  \nu 
1-6.  The  faints  offen'ng  of  themfelves, 
foul  and  body,  and  their  holy  conver- 
fation,  to  promote  the  honour  of  God, 
is  a  reafonable,  not  brutal  facriiice,  and 


gofpel-truths  and  ordinances  are  m,uch    correfponds  with   the    wife   injunftions- 


decayed.   Rev.  iii.  2. 

REALM  ;  kingdom  ;  empire,  2 
Ghron.  XX,  30.   Ezra  vii.  13. 

REAP;  (i.)  To  cut  down  corn 
in  HARVEST,  James  v.  4.  Aqcording 
to  Mandrell,  the  more  ordinary  method 
of  reaping  corn  in  the  Eaft,  is  to  pull 
it  up  by  handfuls  from  the  roots>  lea- 
ving the  fields  naked  and  bare,  Pfal. 
Oxxix.  6.  But  it  feema  the  Jews  ordi- 
narily cut  down  theirs  with  fickles, 
Dcut.  xvi.  9.  xxiii.  25.  Jer.  1.  16.  Joel 
iii.  13.  (2.)  To  receive  the  fruit  of 
works,  whether  good  or'  bad  ;  fo  fach 
as  foiv  in  righteoufnefs,  reap  in  mercy ; 
reap  everlajling  life,  i,  e.  receive  it  as 
their  gracious  reward,  Hof.  x.  12. 
Such  asfoiu  iniquity,  or  corruption,  reap 
wickedneis,  vanity,  thorns,  whirlwind, 
l^c.  ;  i.  e.  they  are  puniftied  with  de- 
llruclion  and  mifery,  as  their  deeds  re- 
quire, Job  iv.  8.  Prov.  xxii.  8.  Jer. 
sii.  13.  Hof.  viii.  7.  To  reap  <w here 
cnefowed  not,  and  gather  where  onejiraw' 


and  grounds   affigned  by  both   reafon 
and  revelation,   Rom.  xii.  i. 

REBEKAH,  Rebecca,  daughter 
of  Bethuel,  fifter  of  Laban,  and  wife  of 
Ifaac.  Her  being  providentially  mark- 
ed out  for  Ifaac,  by  her  offer  to  draw 
water  for  Eliezer's  camels,  as  well  as 
himfelf;  her  ready  offer  to  leave  her 
country,  and  to  be  Ifaac*s  wife- ;  her 
modeft  veiling  of  herfelf  when  fhe  came 
near  Ifaac  ;  her  long  barrennefs,  and, 
after  20  years,'  conceiving  by  means  of 
her. hufband's  prayers;  hdr  confulting 
of  and  receiving  anfwer  from  God, 
concerning  the  ftruggling  of  the  twins 
in  her  womb  ;  her  delivery  of  Efau  and 
Jacob,  and  her  peculiar  love  to  the  lat- 
ter ;  her  joining  with  Ifaac,  in  the  pre- 
tence that  flic  was  his  lifter,  that  the 
Philiftines  of  Gerar  might  not  flay  her 
hufband  for  the  fake  of  her  extreme 
beauty  ;  her  grief  at  Efau's  marriage 
with  two  Canaanitifh  vvcnncn  y.-.  her  lin- 
ful  directing  and  aiiiiting.of  Jacob  to- 

inipjfe 


R  E  B 


ithpofe  on  Ifaac,  in  order  to  obtain  his 
principal  blefling  ;  her  advifing  him  to 
ilee  to  Padan-aram,  and  ftay  there  in 
her  brother's  family,  till  Efau's  fury 
fhould  be  cooled  ;  her  care  to  prevent 
his  marrying  a  Canaanitefs ;  and,  in 
fine,  her  death,  and  burial  in  the  cave 
of  Machpelah,  have  been  already  rela- 
ted in  Eliezer,  Isaac,  Jacob,  Gen. 
xxiv. — xxviii.   xlix.  3 1. 

REBEL  ;  to  caft  off  the  authority 
of,  or  make  war  againll  a  fuperior,  Num. 
xvi.  1.2.  2  Sam.  xv.  20.  Men  rehd 
againll  God,  when  they  contemn  his 
authority,  and  do  what  he  forbids,  Num. 
xiv.  9.  They  rebel  aga'injl  his  Spirit, 
when  they  reOll  his  motions  and  flight 
his  reproofs.  If.  Ixiii.  10.  They  rebel 
£igainjl  his  ivord,  when  they  refufe  to 
believe  his  promifes,  receive  his  offers, 
or  obey  his  lav^'S,  Pfal.  cvii.  1 1 . 

REBUKE;  REP<tovE  ;  (i.)  To 
check  for  a  fault,  privately  or  publicly, 
either  by  words,  or  by  a  contrary  prac- 
tice. Lev.  xix.  17.  Eccl.  vii.  5.  Prov. 
xxvii.  5.  I  Tim.  v.  20.  (2.)  To  con- 
vince of  a  fault  ;  make  it  manifeft,  in 
order  to  promote  repentance,  John  xvi. 
8.  iii.  21.  (3.)  To  reftrain  ;  check 
the  defigns  of ;  overthrow,  and  render 
incj^pable  to  perform  their  purpofes, 
Zech.iii.2.  If.xvii.  13.  (4.)Tocha- 
iien  or  punifh  for  fm,  Pfal.  vi.  i.  xxxix. 
II.  Hof.  V.  9.  Ezek.  v.  15.  (5.)  To 
order  file  nee,  Luke  xix.  39.  To  rebuke 
a  difeafe,  is  to  cure  it  by  a  word,  Luke 
xi.  39.  To  rebuke  the  iviml  andfeay  is 
to  calm  both,  or  dry  the  laft,  Matth. 
viii.  26.  If.  1.2.  Pfal.  civ.  7.  To  b^ 
without  rebuke,  is  to  live  blamelefs,  fo- 
ber,  righteous,  and  godly,  fo  as  not  to 
deferve  rebuke,  Phil.  ii.  15.  To  fujer 
rebuke  for  God's  fake,  is  to  endure  the 
reproach  and  perfecution  of  men  for  ad- 
herence to  his  way,  Jer.  xv.  15.  A 
tuife  reprover,  is  one  that  carefully  ob- 
ferves  the  circumltances  of  the  fault, 
tlie  ftation  and  temper  of  the  offender, 
and  the  proper  time  and  place  for  ten- 
dering the  reproof,  Prov.  XXV.  12.  A 
rebuker  in  the  gate,  is  one  who  reproves 
fin  openly,  and  wiih  plainnefs  and  au- 
thority, .Amos  V.  10. 
RECAL ;  to  caU  back. 


[     325    1  R  E  C 


RECEtVE;  (i.)  To  take  what  If. 
given,  afcribed  to,  paid,  or  put  into  out 
hands,  2  Sam.  xviii.  12.  2  Kings  v.  260 
Rev.  v.  2.  (2.)  To  be  endowed  with  5 
to  enjoy  ;  poifefs,  Adts  i.  8.  Pleb.x.  36; 
(3.)  To  give  welcome  to  j  to  lodge  ; 
entertain,  A£ls  xxviii.  2.  7.  (4.)  To 
admit  into  mcmberflup  of  the  church  or 
family  of  God,  Rem.  xiv.  i.  3.  (5.) 
To  hold  ;  contain  ;  i  Kings  viii.  64W 
(6.)  To  accept  kindly,  and  bear  pa- 
tiently, Jobii.  10.  2  Cor.  xi.  10.  Chrilt 
receives  power,  wifdom,  itrength,  ho- 
nour, glory,  and  blefling,  when  they 
are  heartily  afcribed  to  him  in  his  peo- 
ple's praife,  Rev.  v.  11.  To  receivs 
Chri/l,  is  to  believe  the  promife  of  the 
gofpel,  wherein  he  is  freely  offered,  as 
made  of  God  to  us  wifdom,  righteouf- 
nefs,  fandlification,  and  redemption, 
John  i.  1 2.  To  receive  his  word  or  law,, 
is  to  hear,  confider,  underftand,  believe^ 
and  love  it,  Prov.  ii.  i .  To  receive  Chrift's 
minillers  as  fuch,  is  to  hear  them  as  in- 
vefted  with  his  authority,  and  earneftly: 
endeavour  to  believe  and  obey  their  in- 
ilruAions,  Matth.  x.  40.  41.  Hypo- 
crites receive  the  word  of  God,  merely 
by  a  rational  confideration  of  and  affent 
to  it ;  but  not  fo  as  to  have  it  impreff- 
ed  on  their  heart,  Matth.  xiii.  20.  Un- 
regenerate  men  receive  not  the  things  of 
God ;  they  have  not  the  fpiritual  know- 
ledge, love,  or  poffefiion  of  them  in 
their  heart,   l  Cor.  ii.  10.. 

PvECHAB.    SeeBAAifAH,andKE- 

NITES. 

RECKON.     See  count. 

To  RECOMMEND  one,  is  to  en- 
deavour to  procure  him  the  eflieem  and 
care  of  feme  perfon,  A6lsxiv.  26.  To 
recommend  one  to  the  grace  of  God,  is,  by 
the  prayer  of  faith,  to  commit  him  to 
the  care  and  favour  of  a  gracious  God, 
and  requett  ^very  neceffary  blefling  to 
him.  Ads  XV.  40. 

RECOMPENCE  ;  an  amends,  or 
requital  of  deeds,  either  in  good  or  evil, 
Deut.  xxxiL  35.  The  recompence  of  the 
Heathens  abufe  of  their  natural  know- 
ledge, and  of  their  wilful  apollafy  from 
God,  as  their  Creator  and  Prefcrver, 
was  their  being  left  to  unnatural  luii, 
Rom>  i.  27*      The  recompence  or  punifh- 

me  lit 


REG         [    32 

jnent  of  the  Jews,  for  idolizing  their 
ceremonies,  to  the  rejedion  of  Chrift, 
was  God's  making  thefe  ordinances  an 
eccafion  of  their  hardening  and  ruin, 
Rom.  xi.  9.  The  gracious  reward  of 
the  faints  good  works,  is  their  recom- 
fence,  Heb.  x.  35.   xi.  26. 

To  RECOMPENSE  or  requite,  is,  (i.) 
To  render  to  men  according  to  their 
deeds,  Pfal.  xviii.  20.  24.    Judg.  i.  7. 

1  Tim.  V.  4.  ;  but  fometimes  good  is 
requited  with  evil,  2  Sam.  xxv.  21.;  and 
evil  with  good,  2  Sam.  xvi.  12.  (2.) 
To  make  reftitution,  giving  back  the 
value  of  what  was  wrongfully  taken 
away.  Numb.  v.  7.  The  righteous  are 
recompenfed  in  the  earth  ;  they  are  re- 
warded even  here  with  proper  com- 
forts ]  or,  rather,  they  are  chaftifed 
here  for  their  fins  5  and  much  more 
fearfully  fliall  the  wicked  be  then  pu- 
nifhed.  Pro  v.  xi.  31. 

RECONCILE;  (i.)  To  make 
peace  between  parties  at  variance  ;  to 
iecure  favour,  Matth.  V.' 24,  (2.)  To 
atone  for  ;  confecrate,  Lev.  vi.  30. 
Ezek.  xlv.  20.  God  reconciles  the  world 
to  himfelf;  he  devifed  the  whole  plan 
of  our  reconciliation  and  peace  with 
Kim  ;  he  fent  his  fon  to  fatisfy  for  our 
offences,  accepted  o.f  his  righteoufnefs 
in  our  ftead,  fends  him  to  blefs  us  ; 
juftifies,  fanftifies,  and  glorifies  us,  ac- 
cording to  the  riches    of    hii  grace, 

2  Cor.  V.  19.  Chrift  reconciles  us  ;  he 
fulfils  all  rightepufnefs  m  our  fte»d  ; 
he  intercedes  with  God  on  our  behalf  ; 
and,  by  uniting  us  to  himfelf,  and 
dwelling  in  us  by  faith,  he  fecures  our 
everlafting  peace  with  God,  Eph.  ii.  1 6. 
He  reconciles  oil  things  ;  through  his  o- 
bedience  and  death,  God  is  reconciled  to 
men  ;  Jews  and  Gentiles  are  reconciled 
into  one  church  ;  holy  angels  and  men 
are  at  peace  one  with  another  ;  men 
become  peaceably  difpofed  among  them- 
ielves,  and  enjoy  a  real  inward  peace 
of  confcience,  and  are  in  a  covenant  of 
peace  with  the  irrational  and  inanimate 
creation.  Col.  i.  20.  The  gofpel  is 
the  ivord  or  minijiry  of  reconciliation  ;  by 
means  thereof,  is  this  peace  with  God, 
angels,  men,  confcience,  and  other  crea* 


6    ]         RED 

tures,  declared,  offered,  and  applied  t<* 
us,  2  Cor.  V.  18.  19. 

RECORD;  (i.)  Tobearwitnefs; 
and  fo  a  record  is  a  folemn  tellimany 
and  declaration,  A.cls  xx.  26.  John 
i.  19.  1  John  V.  7.  10.  II.;  and  to  cafl 
God  for  a  record  upon  one's  feul,  is  to 
make  a  folemn  appeal  to  him,  2  Cor. 
i.  23.  (2.)  To  declare;  make  men- 
tion of,  I  Chron.  vi.  14.  Exod.  xx.  24. 
(3.)  To  mark  in  a  regifter,  Nch.  xii. 
8.  22.;  and  fo  an  hiilorical  regifter  is 
called  a  record^  Ezra  vi,  2.:  and  a  re- 
corder was  an  officer  that  noted  things 
Kw  a  regifter  or  book  of  account,  and 
put  the  King  in  mind  of  what  ought 
to  be  confidered,  2  Sam.  viii.  16. 

RECOVER;  ( i .)  To  regain  what 
had  been  loft,  taken  away,  or  wanting, 
as  health,  ^c,  i  Sam.  xxx.  8.  Luke 
iv.  18.  (2.)  To  reftore  to  wonted 
health,  2  ICings  v.  3.  6.  7.  il.  (3.) 
To  deliver  from  bondage  and  diftrefs. 
If.  xi.  II.  2  Tim.  ii.  26.  (4.)  To 
take  away  what  had  been  abufed,  Hof<r 
ii.  9. 

RECOUNT  ;  to  number  over  by 
name  ;  to  mufter ;  to  take  a  viev^  of. 
Nab.  2.  5, 

RED.  This  colour  applied  to  Chrift, 
as  by  the  red  heifer,  and  his  red  apparel^ 
denotes  his  bloody  fuff'erings,  or  bloody 
overthrow  of  his  enemies,  Num.  xix.  2. 
If.  Ixiii.  2.  ;  but  the  red  dye  of  the 
rams  il<ins  which  covered  the  taberna- 
ck,  might  denote  both  his  fufterings, 
and  the  perfecution  and  troubles  of  his 
church,  Exod.  xxvi.  14.  xxxix.  34^ 
Rednefs  of  horfes,  and  rednsfs  of  the 
wine  of  God*s  wrath,  denote  the  fear- 
ful  and  bloody  efl^dts  of  God's  judge- 
ments, Zech.  i.  8.  vi.  2.  Rev.  vi.  4* 
PfaL  Ixxv.  8.  Rednefs,  afcribed  to  the 
church  as  a  vine,  denotes  her  expofure 
to  bloody  trouble  and  perfecution,  and 
their  bringing  forth  good  fruit  to  God, 
If.  xxvii.  2.  The  rednefs  of  the  Hea- 
then dragon,  fignified  the  bloody  per- 
fecutions  of  the  Chriftians  by  the  Ro- 
man emperors,  Rev.  xIL  3.  The  red* 
nefs  of  a  leprqus  infe£lion  in  fiefh  or 
garments,  might  denote  angry  refufal 
of  reproof,  and  furious  defence  of  faults. 


RED         [     ■? 

Xev.  xiii.  19.  42.  49.  xiv.  37.  Rednefs 
of  eyes.  Imports  having  plenty  of  wine, 
or  being  drunk  with  It,  Gen.  xlix.  12. 
Pi'ov.  xxili.  29. 

REDEEM;  (i.)  To  buy  back 
perfons  or  things  formerly  fold,  by  pay* 
ing  a  due  price  for  them,  Lev.  xxv.  25. 
(2.)  To  deliver  from  diftrefs  and  bond- 
age, by  the  exertion  of  great  power 
and  love,  Deut.  vii.  5.  \\\u.  6,  (3.) 
To  deliver  men  from  the  broken  law, 
fm,  Satan,  an  evil  world, death,  and  hell, 
by  the  price  of  Jefus's  obedience  and 
fuffering,  and  by  means  of  the  enligh- 
tening and  fandllfying  power  of  his 
.Spirit,  Gal.  iv.  4.  5.  Tit.  ii.  14.  Luke 
i.  68.  I  Pet.  i.  19.:  they  are  redeemed 
from  the  earthy  from  among  carn^  men, 
and  to  Gcd,  into  a  flate  of  fellovvfhip 
with,  and  voluntary  fubjedlon  to  him. 
Rev.  xlv,  3.  V.  9.  To  redeem  time,  is, 
under  the  convlftion  of  mifpending 
much  of  it,  to  double  our  diligence  in 
the  improvement  of  what  remains  for 
us,  Eph.  V.  16,  To  oblige  the  He- 
brews to  be  deliberate  in  their  vov/s, 
nothing  once  devote^i  was  to  be  redeem- 
ed, without  paying  the  whole  worth 
of  it,  and  a  fifth  part  more  ;  nor  was' 
that  which  had  been  devoted  under  the 
form  of  a  curfe,  to  be  redeemed  at  all. 
Nor  could  the  tithes,  or  any  thing 
which  the  Lord  had  a  ftated  claim  to, 
be  redeemed  at  all,  except  the  first- 
lings, improper  for  facrifice.  The 
price  of  redemption  for  perfons  under 
2C  years  of  age,  was  five  fhekels  for  a 
boy  and  three  for  a  girl ;  for  perfons 
between  20  and  60  years  of  age,  it 
was  50  fhekels  for  a  man  and  30  for  a 
woman  ;  and  for  all  above  60,  it  was 
20  for  a  man  and  10  for  a  woman  : 
but  if  a  perfon  was  fo  poor  that  he 
could  not  pay  at  this  rate,  the  priefl 
was  to  fix  a  price  upon  him  according 
to  his  ability.  The  nearer  it  was  to 
the  year  of  jubilee,  the  price  for  buy- 
ing or  redeeming  fields  was  proportion- 
ally the  lefs.  Li  the  firll  year  after  the 
jubilee,  the  price  was  to  be  48  years 
purchafe  ;  in  the  45th,  it  was  but 
three  years  purchafe,  or  little  more. 

REDEEMER.  The  Hebrew 
GO  EL,    or  kwfman-redeemtr,    who  was 


27     ]         RED 

alfo  the  nearefl  of  kin,  was  tb  exert 
himfelf  in  favour  of  his  deftitute  kinf- 
man.  If  he  had,  through  poverty, 
moitgagcd  bis  inheritance,  the  goel 
was  to  buy  it  back.  If  he  had  fold 
himfelf  into  llavery,  the  goel  was  to 
pay  his  ranfom.  If  he  was  murdered, 
the  goel  was  to  avenge  his  blood.  If 
he  died  chlldltfs,  the  goel  might  cfpoufe 
hl^  widow,  and  ralfe  up  feed  to  him  ; 
but  it  does  not  appear  that  he  was  ob- 
liged to  this,  except  he  was  an  un- 
married brother,  Numb.  V.  8.  xKvii.  ix. 
xxxv.  Deut.  xxv.  I.- — 8.  Ruth  ill.  iv. 
Did  not  this  goel  typify  Chrifl's  af- 
fumlng  our  nature,  purchafing  our  hap- 
plnefs,  recovering  our  liberty,  aven^ 
ging  our  blood  on  Satan  and  his  agents> 
and  ralfing  upj,  to  our  widovved  nature, 
a  feed  of  faints  and  good  works  ?  God 
is  called  a  Retkemer;  with  mighty  pow- 
er and  kindnefs  he  refcued  the  He- 
brews from  their  bondage  and  trouble, 
and  often  dehvers  the  opprelTed  :  and 
he,  through  the  blood  of  his  Son, 
faves  from  deep  flavery  and  woe  under 
the  broken  law,  to  endlefs  glory  and 
happinefs,  If,  Ixiil.  16.  Chrifl  is  a 
Redeemer  :  by  his  righteoufncfs,-he  paid 
the  price  of  our  redemption  ;  by  his 
interceffion,  he  pleads  for  and  procures 
it ;  by  his  Spirit,  he  applies  it  to  our 
foul,  If.  lix.  20.  Job  xix.  25.  Our 
redemption,  or  deliverance  from  fin,  and 
all  Its  effeds,  is  through  his  blood  and 
Spirit,  Eph.  i.  7.  Col.  i.  14.  Heb.  ix. 
12.  ;  and  begins  in  our  forgivenefs,  is 
carried  on  In  our  fandllfication,  and  per- 
fed^ed  in  our  eternal  bleffednefs,  when, 
at  the  refurre6lIon,  our  very  bodies  fhall 
be  delivered  from  all  the  deathful  effedls 
of  fin;  and  this  entrance  on  eternal  glo» 
ry  is  called  our  redemption,  as  it  brings 
the  deliverance  to  its  perfection,  Luke 
xxi.  28.  Rom.  viil.  23.  It  is  called  the 
redemption  of  the  pur  chafed  pofjeffion,  as 
we  then  enter  on  the  full  poiiefTion  of 
what  ClUiift  has  purchafed  ;  or  it  is  the 
redemption  of  the  peculiar  people,  Eph.  i. 
14.  Chriil  died  for  the  redemption  of 
tranjgrefjicns,  i,  e.  that  he  might  make 
full  iatisfaclion  for  them,  Heb.  ix.  15. 
He  Is  made  of  God  to  us  redemption  ; 
he  Is  prepared  and  giyen  of  God  to  us, 

as 


RED         r    3 

as  an  ail-fufHcient  Saviour,  as  the  pur- 
chafer,  price,  treafury,  and  fubftance 
of  our  everlafting  dehverance  from  fin 
-and  mifery  to   hoHnefs   and   happinefs, 

1  Cor.  i.  30.  We  are  juftified  through 
the  redemption  that  is  in  h'lm^  the  redemp- 
tion-price of  his  righteoufnefs ;  and  in 
partaking  of  him,  as  made  of  God  to 
us  redemption,   Rom.  iii.  22. 

REDOUND  ;    to   tend   towards, 

2  Cor.  iv.  15. 

REEDS  grow  in  fenny  and  watery 
places,  and  are  of  many  different  kinds. 
The  common  reeds  in  our  country  are 
tjf  no  great  ufe,  except  for  thatching 
of  houfes  ;  the  paper  reeds  of  Egypt, 
the  fugar  reeds  or  canes,  and  the  Spa- 
•nifh  reeds,  of  which  walking  (laves  and. 
weavers  reeds  are  formed,  are  of  much 
•more  account.  (2.)  A  ftaff  made  of 
Teed  ;  fuch  a  one,  by  way  of  derifion, 
■was  put  into  our  Saviour^s  hand,  in- 
"^ead  of  a  fceptre  ;  and  with;  this  they 
Jield  up  to  him  on  the  crofs  the  fpung€ 
full  of  gall  and  vinegar,  Matth.  xxvii. 
^29.  30.  48,.  (5.)  A  meafure  of  fix  cu- 
bits, or  II  feet  2.328  inches,  Ezek, 
xl.  3.  Chrift  will  not  break  the  brujfed 
■Teed,  nor  quench  the  fmoking  Jlax  ;  he 
•%vill  not  utterly  deftroy,  but  kindly 
•lielp,  care  for,  and  comfort ,  the  weak 
faints,  and  their  weak  graces,  that  are 
upon  the  point  of  lofing  all  their  grace 
and  comfort.  If.  xlii,  3.  In  allufion 
to  the  multitude  of  reeds  growing  a- 
bout  Egypt,  the  Egyptians  and  their 
king  are  likened  to  a  jlaff  of  reed,  and 
hrohen  reed,  to  denote  their  inabihty  to 
help,  and  their  readinefs  to  hurt  the 
Jews,  and  fuch  others  as  trufted  in 
them  for  fupport  or  proteftion,  Ezek. 
ixxix.  6.  K.  xxxvi.  6.  The  ten  tribes 
•of  Ifrael  were  fniitten  as  a  reed,  when 
toffed  to  and  fro,  as  to  their  outward 
dilate,  by  the  force  of  God's  judge- 
ments upon  them,  i  Kings  xiv.  15. 
John  Baptill  was  net  a  reedjloaken  nv'ith 
the  iv'ind ;  was  not  unfcttled  in  his  doc- 
trine or  practice,  but  confbant  and  llea- 
■dy  in  bearing  teftimony  to  Chrift,  and 
•^in  following  a  courfe  of  ftri£l  holinefs, 
-amid  ftorms  of  trouble,  Matth.  xi.  7. 
The  meafur'ing reed'\x\  Ezekicl  and  John's 
vifioK,  •  may  denote,  the   word,  of  God, 


28     1         R  E  F 

according  to  which  all  the  things  of 
the  church  ought  to  be  adjufted  ;  or 
that  the  providence  of  God  fhould, 
with  great  exadnefs,  proted  and  de- 
fend them,  Ezek.xl.  3,  xHi.  16.  Rev. 
xi.  I.  xxi.  15.  The  retds  at  Babylon 
were  burnt  nu'ith  fire  ;  jeither  thofe  that 
were  growing  in  the  Euphrates  were 
deprived  of  their  moiflure  when  the 
current  was  diverted  ;  or  they,  or  thofc 
on  the  roofs  of  houfes,  were  burnt  by 
,  the  Perfians,  Jer.  h.  32. 

To  REEL  and  stagger,  is  to 
move  as  men  mad  or  ftupid  with  drink  ; 
or  as  men  that  cannot  hold  their  feet 
in  a  (hip  toffed  by  a  tempeft,  Pf.  cvii, 
27,  The  earth  ;W.f,  when  its  inhabi- 
tants are  thrown  into  great  terror,  per- 
plexity, and  diforder.  If.  xxiv.  20.; 
.and  Jiaggers,  when  ihaken  to  and  fro 
by  earthquakes,  Pfal.  xcix.  -j-  i.  Men 
Jiagger  at  God's  promife,  when  any  faith 
they  have  is  much  mixed  with  unbelie- 
ving fears  and  doubts,  Rom.  iv.  20. 
r£h.tj Jiagger  under  afflidion,  when  they 
-are  fo  perplexed  that  they  know  not 
what  to  do  or  whither  to  go,  Job  xii* 
•25.   If.  xix.  14,   xxix.  9. 

REFINE  ;  to  purge,  as  founders 
do  metal  from  drcfs,  or  as  vintners  do 
■wine  from  dregs,  i  Chron.  xxviiL  18. 
:IC  xxv.'6.  Chrift  is  a  refiner  tiwA  purl- 
Jier  ;  by  his  word,  his  blood,  his  Spi- 
rit, and  by  fanftified  troubles,  he  pur- 
ges out  the  drofs  of  error,  corruption, 
and  fcandalous  perfons  from  the  church, 
and  the  drofs  of  fmful  defilement  from 
the  heart  and  life  of  his  people,  Mai. 
iii.  2.  3.  If.  xiviii.  10.  Zech.  xiii.  9. 
Th.Q.  word  of  the  Lord  is  refined;  there 
is  no  drofs,  error,  wickednefs,  or  va- 
nity to  be  found  therein,  2  Sam.  xxii, 
■\  31.  Pfal.  cxix.  f  140. 

REFORM  ;  to  bring  into  a  new 
Ihape  or  courfe.  The  Hebrews  were 
reformed,  when  they  left  their  idola- 
tries and  other  evil  courfes,  and  turned 
to  the  Lord,  Lev.  xxvi.  23.  T.ie  gof- 
pel-difpenfation  is  called  the  reforma- 
tion ;  the  ceremonial  ordinances  being 
fulfilled  in  Chrift,  were  laid  alide  for 
more  clear,  eafy,  and  fpiritu^l  ones  4 
and  multitudes  of  Jews  and  Gentiles 
v/ere  turned' from  their  lega],.  fiiperili- 

tiousj 


J 


■R  EF  r    3 

tious,  Idolatrous,  and  other  wicked  cour- 
fes,  to  the  profeflion,  faith,  and  obe- 
dience of  a  God  in  Ghriil,  Heb.  ix.  lo. 
REFRAIN;  to  with-hold;  keep 
back,  Gen.  xlv.  i.  Pfal.  cxix.  loi. 

REFRESH;  (i.)  To  ftrengthen 
one  by  food,  i  Kings  xiii.  7.  (2.)  To 
take  REST,  and  recover  ftrength  after 
fatigue,  Exod.  xxiii.  12.  (3.)  To  re- 
vive and  comfort,  i  Cor.  xvi.  18.  Mens 
fpirit,  foul,  or  bowels,  are  refreJJoed, 
when  they  get  ney/ inward eafe,  ftrength, 
vigour,  and  comfort,  Job  x\xii.  20. 
2  Cor.  vii.  13.  Prov.  xxv.  13.  Phil.  7. 
The  refrejhing  promifed  to  the  penitent 
Jews,  may  comprehend  the  comfortable 
declaration  and  application  of  a  free  and 
full  redemption,  through  the  perfon, 
obedience,  death,  and  interceflion  of 
Chrift  ;  a  comfortable  deliverance  and 
prefervation  from  the  general  ruin  of 
their  nation  ;  and  chiefly  the  complete 
happinefs  of  both  foul  and  body  at  the 
laft  day,  Adls  iii.  19.     See  rest, 

REFUGE  ;  SHELTER  ;  a  place  of 
fafety  in  time  of  ftorms  or  danger, 
Job  xxiv.  8.  God  and  Chrift  are  a 
refuge  or  JJjelter  ;  by  them  the  faints  are 
gracioufly  protefted  againft  every  ftorm 
of  wrath,  againft  every  danger,  and  a- 
gainft  the  affaults  of  every  foe,  Pfal. 
xiv.  6.  xlvi.  I.  Ixi.  3.  Refuges  of  Iks, 
are  vain  imaginations,  and  ill-ground- 
ed hopes  of  fafety  ;  or  perfons  we  truft- 
ed  difappointing  us,  as  the  AfTyrians, 
who,  inftead  of  helping  Ahaz,  diftref- 

fed  him.  If.  xxviii.  15.  17. To  in- 

fpire  the  Hebrews  with  an  horror  of 
bloodftied,  and  mercifully  provide  for 
the  relief  of  involuntary  manflayers, 
God  appointed  fix  of  their  cities,  Be- 
zer,  Golan,  and  Ramoth-gilead,  on 
the  eaft "  of  Jordan  ;  Kedefh-naphtali, 
Shechem,  and  Hebron,  on  the  weft  of 
it,  all  of  them  belonging  to  the  priefts 
or  Levites,  to  be  cities  of  refuge  ;  and 
they  were  commanded  to  add  to  thefe 
when  their  territories  ftiould  be  enlar- 
ged :  but  we  find  no  account  of  any 
fuch  addition.  Thefe  cities  were  of 
eafy  accefs,  fituated  in  mountains  or 
large  plains.  That  nothing  might  re- 
tard the  man  flayer  in  his  flight  to 
them,  the  roads,  to  the  width  of  58 
Vol.  XL 


20    ]         R  E  F 

feet  4  inches,  were  kept  in  good  re^ 
pair,  and  the  rivers  of  note  had  brid" 
ges  thrown  over  them  ;  where  any  o-* 
ther  way  crofTed  or  parted  from  them, 
pofts,  marked  with  refuge,  directed 
to  the  city  of  refuge.  On  the  I5tli 
day  of  the  12th  month,  at  the  end  of 
the  winter,  the  roads  were  infpe6lcd 
by  the  magiftrates,  and  repairs  were 
ordered.  Thefe  cities  were  plentiful- 
ly ftored  with  necefl'ary  provifions ; 
but  no  weapons  of  war  were  made  or 
fold  therein.  When  an  Hebrew,  or  a 
ftranger  among  them,  unwittingly  kill- 
ed his  neighbour,  he  fled  with  all  pof- 
fible  expedition  to  the  city  of  refuge 
that  was  next  to  him  ;  for  if  any  of 
the  friends  of  the  killed  perfon  could 
overtake  him  before  he  got  thither, 
they  were  warranted  to  flay  him.  When- 
ever the  manflayer  entered  the  city,  he 
ufed  to  fend  fome  prudent  and  mode- 
rate perfons  to  meet  the  purfuing  a- 
venger  of  blood,  to  foften  his  rage. 
When  he  came  up,  he  prefented  an 
accufation  to  the  judges  of  the  place, 
upon  the  footing  of  v/hich  the  man- 
flayer  was  cited  to  their  bar.  If,  upon 
trial,  it  appeared  he  had  flain  his  neigh- 
bour unwittingly,  he  was  received  as 
a  lodger  into  the  city.  Only,  it  is 
faid,  that  the  caufe  was  again  tried  in 
the  manflayer's  own  city  ;  and  if  he 
was  again  found  to  have  done  it  un- 
wittingly, he  was  fafely  conducted 
back  to  the  city  of  refuge^  and  abode 
there  till  the  death  of  the  high  prieft; 
but  he  was  obliged  to  apply  himfelf  to 
fome  bufinefs,  that  he  might  not  be 
chargeable  to  the  inhabitants.  The 
altar  of  burnt-olFering  was  alfo  a  re- 
fuge for  petty  criminals  ;  and  fuch  as, 
fled  to  it,  if  found  to  have  done  it  un- 
defignedly,  wer€  condudled  to  a  city 
of  refuge.  Numb.  xxxv.  Deut.  xix. 
II.  12.  Jofti.  XX.  Did  thefe  rf/%i;/, 
or  afylums,  reprefent  Jefus  Chrift,  as 
the  fole  refuge  for  guilty  fmners,  whoi 
have  murdered  their  foul,  their  neigh- 
bour, their  Saviour,  and  attempted  to 
murder  their  God  J  how  patent  .and 
open  our  way  to  him  !  how  certain 
our  peace  and  fafety  in  him  !  nor  till 
hii  endlefs  life  be  concluded,  fhallthofe 
X  t  V7hc- 


R  EF  L     530     ] 

trho  once  come   to  him   ever  go  forth     miles  from 
or  hn  call  out !   But  if  law  and  juftice, 
thefe  avengers  of  blood,  find  us  v/ith- 
cut  him,  how  great  our   danger  of  e- 
ternal  death  ! 

REFUSE.  The  Gentiles  were  re- 
,fufcd  of  God  ;  before  he  called  them 
by  the  gofpel,  they  wt?re  mod  vv'retch- 
ed,  jullly  overlooked,  and  hatrd  by 
God  for  their  wickednefs,  and  con- 
temned by  the  membti's  of  the  Jewirti 
church,  If.  liv.  6.  Men  refufi  Chriil, 
when  '  they  negle(5l  the  knowledge  of 
his  truth,  the  cordial  belief  oi  his  pro- 
mifes,  wherein  he  and  all  his  fiilnefs  are 
offered  to  thep  as  the  free  gift  of  God, 
and  the  obfervance  of  his  ordinances, 
Heb.  xii.  25.  The  refi/fe  of  any  thing, 
is  its  drofs,  filth,  or  naughty  part, 
1  Sam.  XV.  9.  Amos  viii.  6.  The 
Jews  were  made  as  the  refufe,  when  ren- 
dered weak,  poor,  contemptible,  and 
wretched,  Lam.  iii.  f  45". 

REGARD;  (i.)  To  think  of; 
ferioufly  confider  ;  lay  to  heart,  If,  v. 
12.  I  Sam.  XXV.  25.  (2.)  To  look 
upon  one  with  pity  and  concern,  Deut. 
xxviii.  50.  (3.)  To  have  or  fiiew  a 
diflinguifhed  love  to,  efteem  of,  or  care 
for,  2  Kings  iii.  14.  Rom.  xiv.  6. 
God  regards  the  prayer  of  the  defti- 
tute,  when-  he  gracioufly  accepts  it, 
and  in  a  noted  manner  beltows  what 
is  afked,  or  what  is  better,  Pfal.  cii. 
17.  Vitn  regard  Jin^  when  they  love 
and  efteem  it,,  and  delight  to  practife 
it,  Pfal.  Ixvi.  18.  xxxi»  6.  Jon,  2.  8. 
To  regard  mem  perfoiiy  is  to  Value  them 
for  their  outward  honour,  power,  or 
wealth,  Matth.  xxii.  16. 

REGENERATION;  a  new  birth. 
See  RENEW. 

REGION.     See  country. 
REGISTER;  a  public  record  for 
marking  genealogies,  and   events  wor- 
thy of  remembrance,  Ezra  if.  62. 
,      REHEARSE  ;  to  tell  over,  Exod. 
Xvii.  14.      I  Sam.  xvii.  31. 

REHOB  ;  a  city  of  the  tribe  of 
AHier,  given  to  the  Levites.  It  feems 
to  have  flood  on  the  north  border  of 
Canaan,  and  to  have  been  a  very  dif- 
ferent place  from  the  Rooba  of  Je- 
rome, which,  he  fays,  ^  was  but  four 


xui,   21. 


R  E  H 

Bethfhan,    Num. 

Jofh^  xix.  28.  xxi.  31. 

REHOBOAM,  the  fon  and  fuc 
eefTor  of  Solomon,  born  by  one  Naa- 
mah,  an  Ammonite fs,  about  the  end 
of  David's  reign.  It  appears,,  from  the 
book  of  Proverbs,  that  his  father  was 
at  no  fmall  pains  to  teach  him  wifdom; 
but  thefe  mllrudtions  were  riot  bleffed 
of  God  to  him,  nor  were  they  duly 
exemplified  in  his  father's  life.  When 
he  began  to  reign,  y^.  M.  3030,  he, 
being  about  41  years  of  age,  repaired 
to  Shechem,  whither  the  Hebrews  had 
afTembled  to  make  him  king.  Inftiga- 
ted  by  Jeroboam,  who  had  begun  to 
raife  {"edition  a  little  before  Solomon's 
death,  they  offered  Rehoboam  the  fo- 
vereignty,  provided  he  would  eafe  them 
of  the  hard  fervice  and  expenfive  tax- 
es v^'hich  his  father  had  laid  upon  them 
as  he  carried  on  his  buildings.  He 
took  three  days  to  deliberate  on  the 
propofal.  His  aged  counfellors,  who 
had  ferved  with  his  father  in  that  fla- 
tion,  advifed  him  to  give  the  people 
an  obliging  aiifwer,  and  he  would  foon 
fix  them  in  his  interefl.  Unwilling  to 
do  fo,  he  confulted  with  his  young 
counfellors,  wao  had  been  brought 
up  with  him.  They  advifed  him  to 
tell  the  people,  that  he  intended  to 
load  them  with  far  more  grievous 
burdens,  and  to  punifh  them  far 
more  feverely  than  ever  his  father 
had  done.  This  advice  fuiting  his 
haughty  and  foolifli  difpofition,  he  fol- 
lowed it.  The  ten  tribes  of  Reuben^ 
Simeon,  Ephraim,  Manafr<;h,  Dan,  Ze- 
bulun,  Iflachar,  Naphtali,  Gad,  and 
A(her,  provoked  herewith,  cried  ovXp 
that  they  were  under  no  obligation  tOp 
and  had  no  interefl  in  the  family  of 
David,  and  fo  would  go  home,  and 
let  Rehoboam  and  the  family  of  Da- 
vid care  for  themfelves.  Upon  their 
withdrawment  in  a  body,  Rehoboam 
fent  Hadoram  his  treafurer  after  them, 
to  perfuade  them  to  return.  Perhaps 
fuppofing  him  the  author  of  their  lace 
hardfhips,  they  floned  him  to  death. 
Rehoboam  feeing  this,  pofled  off  to 
Jerufalem  in  his  chariot,  where  the 
tribes  of  Judah  and  Benjamin  acknow- 
ledged 


R  E  H 


Icdged  him  king.  Of  thefe  he  form- 
ed an  army  of  1 80,000,  to  reduce  the 
ten  revolting  tribes  by  force  ;  but  She- 
maiah  the  prophet,  in  God's  name, 
diffuaded  him  and  his  army  from  this 
attempt,  as  it  would  not  profper.  Re- 
hoboam  and  his  people  then  returned 
to  their  homes.  He,  to  ftrengihen  his 
kingdom,  fortified  Bethichem,  Etam, 
Tekoah,  Beth7.ur,  Shochc,  Adullam, 
Gath,  Marefhah,  Ziph,  Adoraim,  La- 
chilh,  Azckah,  Zorah,  Aijalon,  and 
Hebron,  and  put  garrifons  of  men,  and 
magazines  of  armour  and  provifion 
therein.  As  Jeroboam,  who  had  got 
himfelf  made  king  of  the  ten  tribes, 
c^ft  off  tlie  true  worfhip  of  God,  ma- 
ny of  the  priefts  and  Levites,  and,  no 
doubt,  othei-s,  retired  to  the  kingdom 
of  Judah,  and  ftrengthened  k. 

For  three  years  Rehoboam  and  his 
fitbjedts  followed  che  JL,ord,  and  prof- 
pered  exceedingly ;  but  afterwards  they 
abandoned  themfelves  to  every  enormi- 
ty. Idolatrous  altars,  ftatues,  groves, 
and  high  places,  v/ere  every  -where 
formed;  and  both  men  and  -women 
■were  appointed  to  be  public  profti- 
tutes.  To  punilli  this  wic-kednefs^  God 
brought  Shifhak,  king  of  Egypt,  to 
ravage  the  land,  j4.  M.  3035.  He  ra- 
vaged the  country,  and  carried  off  the 
treafures  of  the  temple  and  palace. 
Meanwhile,  Sheriiaiahthe  prophet  told 
Rehoboam  and  his  princes,  t-hat  their 
idolatry  and  other  wickednefs  had  oc- 
cafioned  thefe  difafters.  T'hey  hum- 
bled themfelves  under  a  fenfe  of  their 
guilt,  and  acknowledged  the  juftice  of 
God  in  their  miferies.  Shemaiah  then 
affured  them,  that  God  would  not  ut- 
terly forfake  them,  but  would  give 
them  a  trial,  what  difference  there  was 
between  the  hardfhips  of  ferving  the 
Lord,  and  of  ferving  Shifliak.  When 
Shifhak  left  the  country,  after  he  had 
held  it  perhaps  three  or  four  years,  Re- 
hoboam and  his  people,  on  the  main, 
reftored  the  worfhip  of  God  ;  but  the 
high  places  were  not  removed.  He 
caufed  make  brazen  fhields  for  his 
guard  who  attended  him  to  the  temple, 
inflead  of  the  golden  ones  of  his  fa- 
ther's making,  which  Shifhak  had  car- 


r  ii^  1 


RET 


ried  off :  thefe  lay  in  his  arfenal  when 
they  were  not  ufed.  After  Rehobo- 
am had  reigned  1 7  years,  he  died,  and 
was  buried  in  the  city  of  David,  and 
left  Abijah  his  fon,  whom  he  intended 
to  have  made  his  colleague  on  the 
throne,  to  be  his  fucceffor.  -There 
vv-ere  almoil  perpetual  wars  between  him 
and  Jeroboam  ■;  the  hiftory  of  which^ 
and  od  his  life,  was  written  by  the  pro- 
phets Shcmaiah -and  Iddo  ;  but,  not  be- 
ing intended  as  canonical,  it  hath  not 
reached  our  times,  i  Kings  xii.  xiv. 
21. — 31.      2  Chron.  X.  xi.   xii. 

REHOBOTH;  (i.)  A  city  near 
Nineveh,  perhaps  the  fame  as  the  O- 
roba  of  Pliny  ;  but  fome  tranflate  it, 
to  fignify  the  ftreets  of  the  city  Nine- 
veh, Gen.  X.  M.  (2.)  A  city  of  E- 
dom,  where  Saul,  king  of  that  coun- 


try, 


was  bor-n  :  for  it   is  abfurd   to  i- 


magine  he  could -be  of  the  other  Re* 
hoboth  on  the  Tigris,  X^en.  xxxvi. 
37.  (  3. )  A  well  digged  by  Ifaac,  eaft- 
ward  of  Gerar,  fo  called,  becaufe  there 
the  Lord  had  made  room  for  him,  Gen. 
x-xvi.  22. 

REHUM.     See  Samaritans. 

REJECT;  (i.)  Todefpife,  Hof. 
iv.  6.  (2.)  To  call  off;  forfake,  Jer. 
vii.  29.  xiv.  19.  (3.)  To  deny  the 
granting  of  a  requeif,  Mark  vi.  26. 
Gbftinate  abufers  of  gofpel-ordinances, 
whether  Jev/s  or  Gentiles,  are  rejected 
as  barren  ground;  are  deprived  of  the 
ftrivings  of  God's  Spirit,  and  of  di- 
vine ordinances,  and  expofed  to  tem- 
poral or  eternal  ruin,  or  both,  Heb.- 
vi.  8. 

REIGN  ;  to  rule  or  command  as  a 
king,  2  Sam.  v.  4.  5.  God  reigns ;  as 
the  abfolute  ruler  of  all  things,  he  go- 
verns and  difpofeth  of  them,  and  to 
him  muft  all  perfons  give  account, 
Pfal.  xciii.  I.  Chrift  reigns  as  fupreme 
Governor  of  his  church,  who  alone 
gives  her  laws,  appoints  offices,  and 
orders  or  difpofeth  her  concerns  as  he 
pleafetb,  i  Cor.  xv.  25.  The  faints 
reign  ;  they  have  a  fpiritual  dominion 
over  fin,  Satan,  and  the  corrupt  in- 
fluence of  this  world,  and,  by  their 
prayers,  have  no  fmall  hand  in  the  ma- 


nagement thereof; 
T  t  2 


and,    during   the 
Millen«iurar;> 


RET  [     32 

MiUeniiim,  they  fliall  poflefs  the  chief 
power  in  church  and  ftate,  Rev.  v.  10. 
XX.  6.  :  they  reign  in  life  fpiritual,  be- 
ing more  than  conquerors  through  him 
that  loved  them,  of  fm,  Satan,  and  the 
world  ;  ar.d  reign  in  life  eternal,  when 
they  are  advanced  to  the  higheft  glory, 
and  have  every  thing  to  their  wifh, 
Rom.  V.  17.  Sin  reigns,  and  reigns  un- 
to death,  when  indwelling  fm  has  the 
chief  power  in  the  heart,  and  when  fin, 
in  general,  haftens  forward,  and  con- 
demns to  death  temporal,  fpiritual, 
and  eternal,  Rom.  vi.  12.  v.  21.  Grace 
reigns,  and  reigns  to  eternal  life,  through 
the  finiflied  and  imputed  righteoufnefs 
of  Jefus  Chrift,  the  free  favour  of- 
God,  in  a  glorious  and  irrefiftible  man- 
ner, difpofes  of  the  eled,  and  all  their 
concerns,  fo  as  to  promote  thefr  eter- 
nal life  ;  the  gracious  habits  implanted 
in  our  foul,  conquer  our  invi^ard  cor- 
ruptions, and  prepare  us  for  eternal 
life  ;  nor  can  fm  reign  over  us  as  be- 
fore,   Rom.  vi.  14.  V.  21. 

REINS  ;  (i.)  The  kidneys,  or  in- 
%vard  parts  of  an  animal,  J^ev.  xv.  f  2. 
Job  xix.  27.  Pfal.  cxxxix.  13.  (2.) 
Mens  foul,  with  its  difpofitions  and 
thoughts.  Lam.  iii.  13,  Rtv.  ii.  23. 
God  is  for  from  mens  reins,  when  they 
have  no  true  knowledge,  fear,  love, 
dehre  of,  or  delight  in  him,  and  per- 
form no  true  obedience  to  him,  Jer. 
xii.  2.  Men  are  pricked  in  their  reins, 
when  their  foul  is  wounded  with  dif- 
quieting  thoughts,  tormenting  pafiions, 
envy,  forrow,  anger,  Tfal.  Ixxiii.  21. 
Mens  reins  inflruct  thtm,  when  God, 
by  infpiration  or  otherwife,  llirs  up  in- 
llrudtive  and  directive  thoughts  in  their 
mind,   Pfal.  xvi.  7. 

RELEASE;  (i.)  To  fet  a  pri- 
foner  or  flave  at  liberty,  Matth.  xxvii. 
15.  {2.)  To  forgive  a  debt  or  tri- 
bute, Deut.  XV.  2.     Efth.  ii.  18.    See 

TEAST. 

RELY  ;  to  lean  ;  to  depend  for  help 
and  victory,   2  Chron.  xvi.  7.  8. 

RELIEVE  ;  to  free  one  from  hard- 
ship, as  from  opprefiion,  by  righteous 
judgement,  If.  i.  17.  ;  from  deep  po- 
verty, by  proper  gifts  and  prefents, 
I  Tim.   V.    16.     Ads  xi.    29.;   from 


2    ]        REM 

hunger,  by  refrefhful  food.  Lam.  i.  1 1, 
19.  ;  from  exceflive  grief,  by  encou- 
ragement and  comfort.  Lam.  i.  16. 
God  relieves  the  fatherlefs  and  widow  ; 
he  com.forts  them  againft  grief,  he  de- 
livers them  from  opprefiion,  and  pro- 
vides for  them  againft  poverty  and  want, 
Pfal.  cvlvi.  9. 

RELIGION;  (i.)  The  true  reli- 
gion,  which  confifts  in  an  inward  and 
ipiritual  knowledge  and  belief  of  di- 
vine truth,  faith  in,  and  love  to  Chrift, 
and  to  God  in  him,  manifefted  in  ^ 
regular  acknovv'ledgement,  and  worftiip 
of,  and  obedience  to  him,  and  in  (hew- 
ing proper  deference  to  men,  chiefly 
fuch  as  are  in  diftrefs  and  want,  James 
i.  27;  (2.)  The  external  and  cere- 
monial worfhip  of  the  Jews,  A6ls  xxvi. 
5.  (3.)  A  fuperftitious  worfnipping 
of  angels.  Col.  ii. -|-  18.  Religious, 
or  devout,  are  fuch  as  are  much  given 
to  a  religious  courfe  or  profeflion,  AAs 
xiii.  43. 

REMAIN  ;  ( I . )  To  continue.  Gen. 
Tii!.  22.  (2.)  To  be  left  behind, 
Judg.  v.  13.  Remainder,  or  remnant, 
is  what  is  over  and  above  ;  what  is  left 
behind,  Exod.  xxvi,  13.  2  Kings  xix. 
4.  God  reftrains  the  remainder  of 
man's  ivrath,  when  he  reprefTeth,  and 
hinders  from  breaking  out,  whatever 
of  it  he  doth  not  intend  for  his  own 
glory  and  the  good  pf  his  people,  Pfal. 
ixxvi.  10.  Remnant  often  figniiies  a 
fmall  part  left  behind  ;  and  lo  the  rem- 
nant of  a  people,  are  the  fmall  part  that 
are  faved  from  ruin,  temporal  or  eter- 
nal, Rom.  ix.  4.  The  remnant  of  the 
church's  feed  waired  upon  by  the  dra- 
gon, are  the  fmall  remains  of  the  op- 
pofers  of  Antichrift  fcattered  here  and 
there.  Rev.  xii.  17.  The  remnant  of 
Baal,  is  what  was  left  of  his  worlhip 
and  worftiippers,  Zeph.  i.  4. 

REMEDY  ;  a  cure  for  preventing 
or  removing  evil,   2  Chron.  xxxvi.  16. 

REMEMBER;  (i.)  To  call  to 
mind  what  is  paft,  Deut.  xv.  15.  (2.) 
To  keep  in  mind  fomewhat  future  and 
important,  that  we  may  prepare  for  it, 
or  take  notice  of  it  when  it  comes, 
Exod.  XX.  8.  (3.)  To  think  of  and 
confider,  Pfal.  Ixiii.  6.    Matth.  xvi.  9. 

(4-) 


REM 


(4.)  To  efteem  ;  reward,  Eccl.  ix.  15 
(5.)  To  mention  in  the  way  of  praife 
and   commendation,   i  Chron.  xvi.  12. 
(  6. )  To  take  care  of.      God  remembers 
men,  when  he  fhews  regard  to,  cares 
for,  favours  and  faves  them,  efpecially 
after  a  delay  and  fufpenfion  of  his   a- 
greeable  benefits,    Pial.  Ixxiv.  2.     So 
he  remembered  Noah,  and  other  animals, 
when  he  provided  for  their  deliverance 
from  the   ark.  Gen.  yiii.    i.      He   re- 
viemhered   Abraham,    when,    from   re-, 
gard   to   his  piayer,  he  delivered  Lot 
from  the   overthrow  of  Sodom,  Gen, 
xix.  29.      He  remembers  mercy,   when  he 
notably  exercifes  it,  Pfal.  xxv.  6.  Hab. 
iii.  2.      He    remembers,  or    mentions  fin, 
or  rtghteoufnefs,  when   he  punifhes  the 
one  and  rewards  the  other,  Jer.  xx<i. 
34.    Ezek.  xviii.   22.    24.     Antichrif- 
tians,  and  other  wicked-  men,  are  re- 
membered, when  their  fins  are  cenfured 
or  punifhed,   3  John  10.   Pfal.  cxxxvii. 
7.     Rev.  xvi.  19.     Men  remember  God, 
or  his  name,  when  they    think   of,  be- 
lieve in,  and  depend  on  him   for  help 
and  ^fiiHance,  Pfal.  xx.  7.     Remem- 
brance ;  memory ;  confideration,  Deut. 
xxxii.  20.  26.      l^oiir  renumhrances  are 
like  unto  q/Jjes  ;  your   bodks   to  bodies  of 
clay  ;    your   memory  or   renown,  and 
your  body  your  mortal    life,  are  con- 
temptible,   and  will   foon   perifli  ;    or, 
your  memorials,  your  admonitions,  are 
pitiful    as    afhes,    and    your    Itrongell 
reafonings  as  weak  and  brittle  as  clay, 
Job  xiii.  12. 

REMIT,  to  forgive  ;  declare  forgiv- 
en ;  abfolve  from  cenfure,  John  xx.  23. 
REMPHAN,  an  idol.  Some  think 
him  to  have  been  Remphis,  a  king  of 
Egypt,  worfliipped  after  his  death. 
Perhaps  he  is  the  fame  as  Moloch, 
Chiun,  and  the  Egyptian  Serapis,  and 
Ofiris.  To  commemorate  the  dream 
of  the  kine,  whereby  Egypt  was  faved, 
a  deity  was  there  worihipped  in  the 
form  of  a  bull  ;  and  the  Hebrews  car- 
ried the  portrait  of  Jlemphan,  in  the 
wildernefs,  when  they  had  their  golden 
calf  among  them,  Amos  v.  26.  A6ls 
vii.  43,  Others  think  Remphan  to  be 
the  fame  as  Ham,  Chronus,  or  Saturn, 
the  father  of  the  Rephaim,  or  giants. 


[     333     1         REN 


REMOVE  ;  (i.)  To  go  from  one 
place  to  another.  Numb.  xii.  16.  (2.) 
To  take  away  ;  fet  afide.  Gen.  viii, 
13.  Judg.  ix.  29.  (3.)  To  pafs  ;  td 
change,  Numb,  xxxvi.  7.  (4.)  To 
caufe  perfons  or  things  pafs  from  one 
place  or  ilate  to  another,  Gen.  xlvii. 
21.    Prov.  xxli.  8. 

REND;  (i.)    To    TEAR   afunder, 
pull   in  pieces,  Pfal.  vii.  2.      (2.)   To 
reproach,  Pfal.  xxxv.  i  5.     Rending  of 
garments,    imported  one's    being  over- 
whelmed  with  grief,  or  fliocked   with 
fomething  terrible,  2  Chron.  xxxiv.  27*. 
Gen.  xxxvii.  29.  34.     As    the   priefts 
were  not   allowed   to    rend  their    gar- 
ments, Caiaphas  rending  his  garments,, 
was  a  token  the  priefthood  was  depart- 
ing, Matth.  XX vi.  65.      Rending  of  the^ 
heart,  imports  great  and  bitter  forrow 
for   fin,    Joel  ii.    13.     God  rends   the 
heavens,  and  comes  doivn,  when,     in  a 
majeftic  manner,  he  powerfully  delivers 
his  people.  If.  Ixiv.  i.     God  tore  the 
Jews,    when   he    divided   and   terribly 
afllided  them,  Hof.  v.  14.  The  anger  of 
the  Edomites  did  tear  perpetually  ;  they, 
on    every    opportunity,     harafTed    and 
murdered  the  Jews,  Amos  i.  11.    Thc- 
AfTyrian  kings  did  tear  enough  for  their 
nvhelps  ;  enriched   their   countiy   with 
the  wealth   they  procured,  by  fpoiling 
and  murdering  the  nations  around,  Nah. 
ii.  12. 

RENDER;  (i.)  To  give,  Numb, 
xviii.  9.  (2.)  To  return  in  thankf- 
giving,  Pfal.  cxvi.  12.  (3.)  To  re- 
turn like  for  like  ;  to  recompenfe,  Pfal. 
xciv.  2.  , 

RENEW;  (i.)To  make  over  a- 
gain,  Rom.  xii.  2.  (2.)  To  repair 
and  purge,  2  Chron.  xv.  8.  (3.)  To 
confirm  ;  eftabHfli,  i  Sam.  xi.  14.  God: 
renews  the  earth,  when  he  returns  the 
fpring,  and  gives  a  new  fucceffion  of 
creatures  to  replenifli  the  earth,  Pfal. 
civ.  30.  He  reneivs  his  people's  daysy 
when  he  brings  them  out  of  captivity, 
and  reftores  them  to  a  flourifhing  eftate. 
Lam.  V.  21.  He  reneived  his  ivitnejfes 
againll  Job,  when  he  ftill  brought  one 
frefh  plague  on  him  after  another,  as 
teftimonies  of  his  difpleafure  with  him. 
Job  X.  17.    The  faints  2iXt  reneived  d3.y 

by 


REN        r     3 

,by  day,  and  reneiv  their  youth  and 
.ilrength,  when,  by  frefh  communica- 
tions of  grace  from  the  fulnefs  of  Chrift, 
they  recover  from  fpiritual  decays,  and 
Ip-ow  in  holinefs  and  fpiritual  vigour 
and  comfort,  2  Cor.  iv.  16.  Pfal.  ciii.  5. 
If.  xl.  31.  xli.  I. 

RENEWING;  Regeneration; 
(i.)  That  work  of  the  holy  Spirit, 
whereby,  through  the  imputation  of 
Jefus's  righteoufnefs,  his  grace  is  im- 
planted in  us,  and  we  are  born  again, 
and  fpiritually  changed  in  our  whole 
man.  Our  mind  is  made  new  ;  being 
endowed  with  fpiritual  light,  it  appre- 
hends, judges,  efteems,  devifes,  fearches, 
reafons,  thinks,  and  deliberates  on  new 
matters,  and  after  a  new  manner  ;  the 
confcience  is  renewed,  fprinkled  by 
Jefus's  blood,  awed  of  God  as  a  Fa- 
ther, and  dire^led  by  his  Spirit.:  cap- 
tivated with  the  changing  influence  of 
God's  redeeming  -love,  the  will  has  new 
ancHnations,  intentions,  choice,  delight, 
purpofes,  and  a  power  over  the  fenfitive 
part ;  the  affedions  are  renewed,  rec- 
tified as  to  their  obje6ls,  and  in  their 
order  and  degrees ;  the  memory  is  re- 
newed ;  qualiiied  to  hide  the  word  of 
God,  and  retain  the  impreffions  of  his 
love  ;  the  body  is  renewed,  in  refpeft 
of  its  Hate  of  fubjedlion  to  the  foul, 
and  its  ufe  as  an  in2:rument  of  righte- 
oufnefs. Tit.  iii.  5.  2  Cor.  V.  17.  Gal. 
vi.  15.  John  iii.  5,4.  5.  (2.)  The 
reviving,  repairing,  and  ilrengthening 
of  what  was  decayed  and  blemilhed  by 
fm,  in  a  particular  faint,  or  in  the 
church,  Pfal.  li.  10.  Rev.  xxi.  5.  If. 
Ixv.  17.  Regeneration y  in  Matth.  xix. 
28.  if  joined  with  what  goes  before, 
may  either  denote  the  new  birth,  or 
rather  the  putting  of  the  church  into 
a  new  ftate  by  the  preaching  of  the 
gofpel ;  if  joined  with  wha,t  follows,  it 
denotes  the  day  of  judgement,  where- 
in the  faints  bodies  fhall  be  put  into  a 
new  flate  of  life,  and  there  fliail  be  a 
new  heaven  and  a  new  earth. 

Pelagians  and  Socinians,  who  deny 
original  fm,  deny  alfo  all  implanted 
feabits  of  grace  ;  and  Antinomians  de- 
ny all  inherent  habits  or  principles  of 
grace,  pretending  to  fubflitutt;  Chrift, 


34    ]         REN 

and    Spirit    and    word,    in    the  room 
thereof.     According  to  thefe,  our  re- 
generation confifts  in,  or  is  effeded  by, 
our  minds  perceiving   the  light   of  di- 
vine truth,  and  our  heart  being  there- 
by determined  to  credit  the    certainty 
of  it  by  faith.     Thefe  gentlemen  allow 
the  word'of  God  to  have  all  the  influ- 
ence conceivable    on   the   human  foul, 
provided   no    vital    habit  or   principle 
of  grace   be  implanted  by  an  almighty 
and  creating  aft  of  God  attending  the 
word.      But,    when  we  -confider  that 
the    motions  and  act-s  of   all   beings, 
created  or  divine,    flow  from  inward 
and  abiding  principles,  anfwcrable  to 
their  motions   and  actions,  it  muftbe 
abfurd  to  imagine,  thabgracious  afts 
of  faith,    love,  hope,  repentance,  and 
new  obedience,  flow  from  no  gracious 
principle  dwelling  in  the  heart.     The 
fcripture-account  of  mens  hearts  being 
by   nature   unclean, — deceitful  ahove    all 
things,  and  defperately  ijoiched, — enmity  a- 
gahi/l  God, — dead  in  trefpaffe^  end  fins, 
render  it    manifeft,  that  no   good  adt 
can  be  performed  by   them,    without 
new  habits  or  principles   of  grace   im- 
planted in  them.  Job  xiv.  4.    Jer.  x\iu 
9.     Rom.    viii.   7.   8.     Eph.  ii.    i.    2. 
Matth.    XV.    19.     vii.   16.    17.    xii.  33. 
34.   35.     Neither  the    love,     nor  the 
wifdom,  nor  the  fufficiency  of  Chrift, 
can  appear  in  our  redemption,  unlefs 
the  remedy  anfvver  to  the  malady,  and 
gracious  habits  be   implanted,  inftead 
of  the  natural  habits  of  indwelliug  cor- 
ruption, fpiritual  knowledge  inftead  of 
ignorance,  faith  inftead  of  an  evil  heart 
of  unbehef,    love    inftead    of  enmity, 
iffc,    Ezek.  X.  19.  xxxvi.  26.      i  Cor. 
vi.     II.     Tit.   iii.    3.    5.     The  fcrip- 
ture  never  reprefents  any  gracious  aft 
of  ours,  as  either  our  regeneration,  or 
a  mean  of  it,  but  always  as  t\\Q  fruit  o£ 
i-t.     We  fee  and  know  fpiritual  things, 
becaufe  we  are  born  again,  and  have  had 
eyes  to  fee,  and  ears-  to  hear,  given  us, 
Deut.  xxix.  4.    I   John  v.    20.    John 
iii.  3.     I  Cor.  ii.  14.     We  helle've  that 
Jefus  is  the  Chrift,  and  receive  him  by 
faith,  becaufe  we   are  born   of  God,   i 
John  v.  I.    John  i.  12.  13.     We  love 
God  and  his  people,  becaufe  v/e  ar« 

born 


h(jrn  of  Godi  and  knoiv  God,  i  John  iv.  put 
7.  The  J^gkt-givingy  dead-quickening, 
heart-circumcifing,  reneiuing,  begetting  and 
creating  influence,  afcribed  to  God  in 
this  matter,  at  once  reprefents  us  as 
entirely  pajjive  in  our  regeneration,  and 
that  the  power  of  God  works  not  by- 
mere  moral  fuafion,  or  any  natural"  in- 
fluence upon  the  rational  foul,  but  by  a 
fupernatural  and  almighty  influence, 
fimilar  to  that  through  which,  by  a 
word,  he  created  the  world,  healed 
defperate  difeafes,  or  raifeth  the  dead  ; 
and  that,  by  this  divine  agency,  there 
is  framed  in  us  an  abiding  vital  habit, 
or  principle  of  grace,  difpofmg  and 
enabling  to-  a(^s  of  faith,  love,  lffc» 
A  As  xxvi.  18.  2  Cor,  iv.  6.  Deut. 
xxix.  4.  John  v.  25.  Rom.  iv.  17. 
Eph.  ii.  I.  5.  Ezek,  xxxvii.  i. — 14. 
Deut.  XXX.  6.  Col.  ii.  11.  12.  Gen. 
Eph.  iv. 

Jam.  i. 

ii.   10. 

infoired 


XXX 

xvii.  10.  II.  Tit 
John  i,  13.  iii.  3 
I  Pet.  i.  5.  23, 
24.  Col.  iii.  10. 
prefentations    of 


23- 
18. 


.  111.  5. 

,  5.  6.  8. 
Eph. 
The 

that  which  is  pro- 
duced by  this  fupernatural  and  all- 
powerful  agency  of  God,  as  a  mind 
ferving  the  law  of  God,  a  laio  of  the 
mind,  that  <warreth,  Rom.  vii.  23.  25.; 
as  a  copy  of  God's  law  in  the  heart, 
as  Adam  had  in  his  creation,  Jer.  xxxi. 
33.  2  Cor.  iii.  3.;  as  life  had — eternal 
life  abiding  in  one,  I  John  v.  12.  iii.  14. 
15.;  a  heart,  a  new  heart,  tl  pure  heart, 
one  heart,  a  heart  to  hno'm  znd  fear  God, 
Vi heart  of ^e/h,  Ezek.  xix.  1 1.  19.  xxvi. 
26.  xviii.  31.  Jer.  xxiv.  7.  xxxii.  39. 
Deut.  xxix.  4.  I  Tim.  i.  5.  Heb.  x.  22.; 
a  divine  nature,  God's  'zvorhman/hip  crea- 
ted, not  in  or  by,  but  unto  good  ivorks, 
2  Pet.  i.  4.  Eph.  ii.  10.;  the  image  of 
God,  oppofite  to  the  image  of  the  de- 
vil, which  is  in  them  by  nature,  and 
anfwerable,  in  the  fubftantiak  of  it,  to 
Adam's  likenefs  to  God,  Eph.  iv.  24. 
Col.  iii.  10.  2  Cor.  iii.  18.  Gen.  i.  26. 
27.:  a  new  creature,  that  hath  a  real 
fubliftence  in  us,  and  renders  us  new 
in  our  qualities,  and  which  is  contrary 
to,  and  exclufive  of  old  finfal  lulls, 
2  Cor.  V.  17.  Gal.  vi.  15.  Eph.  ii.  10. 
iv.  24.  Col.  111.  10.  ;  a  new  man,  the 
reverfe  of  the  old  manj  wliich  m-uft  be 


]         REN 

off,  and  is  crucified  with  Chriftj, 
Eph.  iv.  22.  24.  Col.  iii.  9.  10.  Romp 
vi.  6.;  a  new  man,  having  eyes  to  fee, 
ears  to  hear,  and  a  heart  to  tmderfland^ 
Deut.  xxix.  4.  ;  an  inward,  or  inner 
man,  which  delights  in  God's  law,  and 
is  renewed  and  Jlrengthened  day  by  day, 
Rom.  vii.  22.  2  Cor.  iv.  16.  Eph.  iii. 
16.;  2ifpirit  born  0/" God's  Spirit, — a  netif 
fpirit,  put  within  one,  and  which  lu/i' 
eth  againfl  theflcjlj,  or  habits  of  finful 
corruption,  and  direfts  and  draws  in 
a  good  walk,  and  produceth  gracious 
fruits  of  a6lual  holinefs,  John  iii.  5.  6. 
Ezek.  xxxvi.  26.  xi.  19.  Rom.  viii. 
4.  Gal.  v.  17.  22.; — TiS  Jlejljly  tables 
of  the  heart,  in  which  Chrift's  truths 
are  written  by  the  Holy  Ghoft,  2  Cor. 
iii.  3.  ;  an  inward  root,  which  produ- 
ceth good  ads,  Matth.  vii.  17.  18.  ^iL 
33.  xiii.  6.  21.;  a  good  treafure  of  the 
heart,  out  of  which  good  a6ls  are 
brought  forth,  Matth.  xii.  35.;  good 
ground  of  an  honefl  and  good  heart,  m 
which  the  feed  of  the  gofpel-truth  is 
fown,  Luke  viii.  15.  Matth.  xiii.  23-; 
as  incorruptible  feed,  diftinft  from,  and 
conveyed  into  the  heart  by,  the  word 
of  God,  I  Pet.  i.  2^.',  feed  that  abideth- 
in  every  one  born  of  God,  whether  in- 
fants or  adult,  i  John  iii,  9.  manifeft 
an  implanted  habit  of  grace  in  every 
faint. — This  gracious  habit  or  princi- 
ple, under  the  different  forms  of  know- 
ledge, faith,  love,  hope,  ^c.  is  re- 
prefented  as  o^tei/W,  2  Pet.  i.  i.;  haJp 
2  Theff.  iii.  2.;  kept,  2  Tim.  iv.  7.; 
as  abiding,  Luke  xxii.  32.  I  Cor.  xiii. 
8.  13.  ;  dwelling,  2  Tim.  i.  5.  Eph, 
rii.  17.;  as  worki?2g.  Gal.  v.  6.  22. 
Jam.  ii.  22.  I  Cor.  xiii.  4.  8.;  as  in- 
crecfed,  2  Cor.  x.  15.;  growing,  2  Pet. 
iii,  1 8. :  all  vs^hich  defcriptions  mani- 
feif,  that,  in  every  regenerate  pcrfon, 
there  is  divinely  implanted,  preferved, 
ftrengthened,  and  aduated,  a  fuperna- 
tural gracious  habit,  or  vital  principle 
of  holinefs,  altogether  diftind  from 
Chrift,  and  his  Spirit  or  word. — Tiiis 
implanted  and  inherent  ^^^^race  or  hoH- 
nefs,  may  either  be  viewed  as  one 
fimple  habit  or  principle,  filling  and 
difpofmg  the  whole  foul  to  holy 
ai^tsj    or,    iu  cefped  of  Uie  different 

powers 


R  F  N         f     336     V        REP 

powers  of  the  foul,  in  which  it  is  fealed  RENOWN  ;  a  wide-fpread  fame  of 
and  a£ls,  and  in  refpeft  of  its  different 
forms  of  ading  on  objeAs,  it  may  be 
diftinguifhed  into  the  different  habits 
or  graces  of  knowledge,  faith,  love, 
hope,  repentance,  ^c.  But  the  thing 
itfelf  is  fo  important,  that  whofoever 
denies  this  implanted  inirerent  habitual 
grace,  holinefs,  or  right  jo ufnefs,  over- 
throws the  gofpel,  and  all  the  woi^k  of  xxix.  3.  The  Jew 
the   Spirit   of  God,  and  the  grace  of    breaches,  and  rejl> 

With- 


Chrift,  and  the  new-covenant, 
out   allowing   this  habitual  grace,    we 
muft  deny  original  fin,  the  fmful  cor- 
ruption of  man's  whole  nature,  and  the 
fpiritual  extent,  and  indifpenfable  obli- 
gation of  God^s  law,  as  a  rule  of  life. 
We  muft  deny  the  falvation  of  infants, 
or  pretend  they  are  admitted  to  hea- 
ven without  any  gracious  difpofitiohs. 
We  muft  deny  all  fpiritual  union  with 
.Chrift,  juftification  by  the  imputation 
of  his  rightcoufnefs,  or  adoption  into 
his  family.     We  muft  deny  all  indwell- 
ing of  Chrift,  his  Spirit  and  word,  in 
our  hearts,  and  leave  it  to  be   filled, 
aftuated,    and    governed,    by  the   in- 
dwelling habits   of    finful  corruption. 
We  muft  deny  all  fandification  of  the 
nature,  all  renovation  of  the  whole  man, 
after  the  image  of  God  ;  all  experience 
and  exercife,   truly  gracious  or  accep- 
table to  God  ;  ail  fpiritual  warfare  be- 
tween the  flefh  and  fpirit ;  all  growth 
and  perfeverance  in  grace,  and  perfec- 
tion therein  at  laft  ;  all  marks  of  a  gra- 
cious  ftate,    and   examination  of  our- 
felves,  whether  we  be  in  the  faith,  or 
Chrift    be   in   us  ;    all   habitual,    nay, 
aftual     preparation    for     the     Lord's 
fupper,  or  for  death   or  heaven  ;    all 
meeknefs  of  nature  or  temper,  for  the 
bleffednefs  of  heaven  ;  and   all   admif- 
fion  to  it,  uniefs  it  be  with  hearts  fill- 
ed with  all  unrighteoufnefs.      In  fliort, 
the  whole  experience  and  exercifes  of 
religion  muft  be  reduced  to  thofe  of 
the   ftony-ground   hearers  ;   fome  kind 
of  moral  influence  of  the  Iloly  Ghoft, 
by  the  word,  and  fome  rootlefs,  chime- 
rical, and  tranfient  afts  of  faith,  love, 
or  the  like. 

RENOUNCE  ;    folemnly  to  give 
-up  wlth^  2  Cer.  ivc2. 


one's  excellencies,  and  good  or  mighty 
deeds,  Dan.  ix.  15.:  and  to  be  renoivn- 
ed,  is  to  have  a  high  chara6ler  for  wif- 
dom,  honour,  wealth,  viftories.  Numb, 
i.  16.  Ezek.  xxvi.  17.  xxxiv.  29.  If,, 
xiv.  20. 

REPAIR  ;  to  build  up  what  is  rent 
or  broken  down,  Judg.  ii.  23.  2  Chron. 
were  repairers  of 
orers  of  paths  to  dwell 
m,  when,  after  the  deformations  of 
Manaffeh  and  Amon,  Jofiah  re-efta-' 
bliflied  the  pure  worfKip  of  God,  and 
aboliftied  idolatry  ;  and  when,  after 
the  Chaldean  captivity,  they  returned, 
and  built  their  temple  and  houfes,  and 
re-eftabliflied  the  worfhip  of  God  ;  but 
chiefly,  when,  in  the  apoftolic  age  and 
the  Millennium,  they  return  to  the 
Lord,  and  all  divifion  between  them 
and  the  Gentiles  is  removed.  If.  Iviii.  1 2. 

REPENT,  is,  with  grief,  to  change 
one's  mind  to  what  is  thought  more 
proper,  Matth,  xxi.  29.  God  repents, 
not  by  changing  of  his  mind,  affection, 
or  purpofe,  but  by  changing  the  man- 
ner of  his  work  :  fo  he  repented  that  he 
had  made  man,  or  made  Saul  king, 
when  he  changed  the  eourfe  of  his  pro- 
vidence towards  them,  as  men  would 
do  when  they  repent,  and  change  their 
mind,  acting  as  one  determined  to  de- 
ftroy  and  pull  them  down,  Gen.  vi.  6.  7. 
I  Sam.  XV.  II.  His  repenting  himfelf 
concerning  his  fervants,  or  his  repentings 
kindling,  imports  his  compafTionately 
nTing  up  for  their  deliverance,  after  he 
had  fcemed  determined  to  ruin  them  in 
the  world,  Deut.  xxxii.  36.  Pfal.  cxxxv. 
14.  Hof.  xi.  8.  His  repenting  of  the 
evil  or  the  good  he  had  conditionally 
threatened  or  promifed,  denotes  his  not 
inflifting  the  one,  or  bellowing  the  o- 
ther,  Pfal.  cvi.  45.  Jer.  xviii.  10.  His 
gifts  and  calling  are  nvithout  repentance, 
can  never  be  recalled  or  taken  back,  as 
his  love  and  faithfulnefs  render  them 
unalterable,  Rom.  xi.  29.  Mens  ^  re- 
pentance is,  (i.)  A  change  of  mind, 
earneftly  wi filing  fomething  undone  that 
is  done.  Ifaac  found  no  place/or  re- 
pentance  ;  though  Elau,  with  tears, 
begged  it,  and  himfelf  earneftly  deiired 

it, 


REP         [3 

It,  yet  he  could  not  polTibly  recal  the 
blelTing  of  Jacob,  and  transfer  it  to 
Efaii,  Heb.  xii.  17.  Or  a  change  of 
opinion  concerning  the  Mefliah,  or  fin- 
fulafts,  ^r.  Matth.  iii.  2.  iv.  17.  (2.) 
A  legal  repentance,  wherein  one  is 
grieved  for,  and  turns  from  his  fin,  to 
outward  appearances  of  religion,  mere- 
ly on  account  of  the  hurt  it  hath  done, 
or  is  hke  to  do  to  him :  fo  a  malefac- 
tor, who  ftill  loves  his  fm,  repents  of 
doing  it,  becaufe  it  brings  him  to  pu- 
nidiment ;  fo  Judas  repented  of  his  be- 
traying his  Mailer,  becaufe  he  favv^  it 
would  brins:  him  to  everlallin-r  fliame 
and  torment,  Mat.  xxvii.  3.  (3.)  Gof- 
pel-repentancj,  which  is  a  faving  grace 
wrought  in  the  heart  of  a  fmful  perfon 
by  the  word  and  fpirit  of  God,  where- 
by, from  a  fight  and  fenfe  of  his  fm, 
as  offenfive  to  God,  murderous  toChrill, 
and  defiling  to  his  own  foul,  and  from 
an  apprehenfion  of  the  mercy  of  God 
in  Chrid,  he,  v^fith  grief  and  hatred  of 
all  his  known  fins,  turns  from  them  to 
God,  as  his  Saviour,  Portion,  and 
Liord,  with  full  purpofe  of,  and  endea- 
vour after,  new  obedience.  This  is 
called  repentance  toivards  Gody  as  there- 
in we  turn  from  fm  to  him  ;  and  repen- 
tancc  unto  I'tfcj  as  it  proceeds  from,  and 
manifeils  our  fpiritual  life,  and  daily 
increafeth  it,  and  ifllies  in,  and  pre- 
pares for  eternal  life,  Matth.  iii.  2. 
Acls  iii.  19.  XX.  21.  xi.  18.  In  every 
cafe  a  correfpondent  faith  mud  precede 
repentance  j  the  faith  of  the  law  mufl 
precede  legal  repentance,  Rom.  iii.  19.; 
,  and  the  faith  of  the  gofpel  muft  pre- 
cede a  true  evangelic  repentance  :  we 
mull  firil  by  faith  looh  on  Jefus,  and 
then  mourn  :  he  that  cometh  to  God  mujl 
believe^  and  come  by  Chrilt,  as  the  way  ; 
and  luhaffoever  is  not  of  faith  isJJn,  Zech. 
xii.  10.  Heb.  xi.  6.  John  xiv.  6«  Rom. 
xiv.  23,  But  repenta'ice  is  fometimes 
mentioned  firft,  perhaps,  becaufe  re- 
pentance is  the  end,  and  faith  is  the 
means,  Afts  xx.  21.;  or,  in  that  ex- 
preflion.  Repent,  and  believe  the  gofpel, 
the  fenfe  may  be,  Change  your  carnal 
notions  of  the  MelHah,  and  his  king^ 
dom,  and  believe  the  truths  and  offers 
of  the  gofpel,  Mark  i.  15.  Repent- 
Vol.  IL 


37     1  REP 

ance  is  an  tibfolutely  necefTary  fruit  of 
pardon  of  fin  in  juftllication,  Ezek.  xvi. 
62.  63.  xxxvi.  25. — 31.;  part  of  be- 
gun falvation,  and  preparative  for  the 
complete  degrees  of  falvation,  Luke 
xiii.  3.  5.      See  Forgive. 

The  vain  REPETITIONS  of  the 
Pharifees,  were  the  faying  the  fafne 
things  over  and  over  in  their  prayers, 
as  if  the  more  they  fpake,  they  would 
be  the  better  heard,   Matth.  vi.  9. 

_  REPLENISH  ;  to  fill  with  inha- 
bitants or  wealth,  Ezek.  xxvi.  2.  God 
rsplenijlocs  forrowful  fouls,  when  he  fills 
them  with  joy  and  comfort,  Jer.  xxxi. 
25.  The  Jews  were  replenyhed  from 
theeafl  ;  entertained  numbers  of  idola- 
trous magicians,  and  their  abomina- 
tions, from  Chaldea  and  Affyria ;  or, 
,  were  proud  of  their  alliance  with  the 
AfTyrians,   If.  ii.  6. 

REPHAIM  ;  a  valley  on  the  fouth 
or  well:  of  Jerufalem,  very  fruitful  in 
corn,  If.  xvii.  5.  It  feems  to  have  had 
its  name  from  the  giants  that  an- 
ciently inhabited  it  ;  and  here  the  hofl 
of  the  Philiflines  encamped  oftencr 
than  once,    I  Chron.  xi.  15.   xiv.  9. 

REPHIDIM  ;  a  place  on  the  eafl 
fide  of  the  weflern  gulf  of  the  Red  fea, 
where  the  Hebrews  tempted  God,  and 
quarrelled  with  Mofes,  for  want  of  wa- 
ter ;  and  fo  it  was  called  Mircbah,  con- 
tention, and  Maffah,  temptation.  Here 
Mofes  brouglit  them  water  from  a 
ROCK  ;  and  here  they,  under  the  direc- 
tion, of  Joaiua,  routed  the  Amalekites. 

To  REPLY  Qgainfl  God,  is  to  quar- 
rel with  his  purpofe  or  providence, 
Rom.  ix.  20. 

To  REPORT  athing,  is,  (i.)  To' 
declare  how  it  is  done,  how  orders  ar^ 
executed,  Ezek.  ix.  11.  (2.)  To  de- 
clare openly,  or  again  and  again,  i  Cor. 
V.  I .  Report,  and  -zue  ivill  report  it  ; 
tell  us  what  you  can-  againfl  Jeremiah, 
and  we  will  rehearfe  it  to  the  king,  to 
have  him  punifhed,  Jer.  xx.  10.  The; 
gofpel  is  called  a'  report  or  hearing ; 
therein  the  famed  excellencies  and 
works  of  a  God  in  Clirlll  are  declared  ; 
and  the  prophets-,  apoiUes,  and  muii- 
ffers,  receivinf]^  it  from  Chrill,  publilh* 
it  to  men,  If.  liii.  i. 


RE  P  [     33 

^  ITEPROACH;  infamy  ;  (i.)  The 
bad  charad^er  of  one,  whether  procu- 
red by  his  own  wicked  deeds,  orocca- 
fioned  by  falfe  accnfaticn,  outrageous 
upbraiding,  or  fcornful  derifion,  Prov. 
vi,  33.  If.  h'.  7.  Ezek.  xxxvi.  3.  Nch. 
ii.  12.  (2.)  Slanderous  fpeech,  where- 
by men  give  difgraceful  chara6lers  to 
others,  Pfal.  Ixxix.  12.  Perfons  or 
things  arc  faid  to  be  a  reproach.,  when 
loaded  with  bad  charaftcrs,  and  made 
a  common  by  -  word,  Pfal.  xxii.  6. 
lxv,XTX.  41.  Sin  is  the  reproach  of  any 
people;  it  is  a  difgrace  to  them,  and  tendj 
to  render  them  contemptible,  Prov.  xiv. 
34.  Opprefllon  or  mocking  of  the  poor, 
iS  a  reproaching  of  God,  as  if  hia  image  on 
tliem  deferved  no  refpecl ;  as  if,  by  ma- 
king them  poor,  he  had  devoted  them  to 
hard  ufage  ;  and  as  if  lie  could  not  pro- 
teft  them,  Prov.  xiv.  31.  xvii.  5.  Tlie 
reproach  of  Chr'iji,  is  fccrn  and  calumny 
endured  for  adherence  to  him  and  his 
ways,  Hebi  xi.  26.  xiii.  13.  Am.ong 
the  Hebrev;s  barrennefs  vv-as  accounted 
^^reproachy  as  it  excluded  from  a  fhare 
ju  the  multiplication  of  Abraham's 
feed,  and  from  being  the  honoured 
progenitor  of  tlrc  MelT>ah,  Gen.  xxx. 
23.  If.  iv.  I.  Lukeir-25.  Uncircum- 
crfjon  was  the  reproach  of  Egypt,  as  it 
anciently  marked  men  ahens  from  God 
like  the  Egyptians  ;  and  perhaps  many 
of  the  Jews  negledled  to  circumcife 
their  children  in  Egypt,  Jodn.  v.  9. 
God  put  the  Philiflines  to  a  perpetual 
reproach^  when  he  fmote  them  with  the 
long  remembered  and  fhameful  difeaf: 
of  the  emerods,  Pfal,  Ixxviii.  66.  Re- 
proach breaks  the  hearty  as  it  not  only 
tends  to  bereave  one  of  his  outward  en- 
joyments, but  renders  him  contempt- 
ible and  ufelefs  for  advancing  the  ho- 
nour of  God,  or  doing  real  fervice  to 
mankind,  Pfal.  Ixix.  20. 

REPROBATE;  not  approven. 
Am.ong  mctalliils,  it  fignifies  what  can- 
pot  abide  the  trial,  without  fiiowing 
itfelf  droffy,  or  of  a  coarfe  alloy.  Thus 
wicked  men  are  reprobate  fiher  ;  they 
are  not  purged  nor  refined,  nor  will 
pafs  current  according  to  the  flandard 
of  God's  law,  Jer.  vi.  30.  When  u- 
fed .  concerning   wreftling  -  games  and 


] 


RES 

races,  it  fignifies  him  who  mifcarriesy^ 
and  lofes  the  prize.  Left  I  fijould  be 
a  reprobate  or  cajl-aivay  ;  left  I  fnould  be 
found  an  hypocritical  counterfeit,  one 
void  of  true  grace,  one  whom  God  will 
never  reward  as  a  runner  of  the  Chrif- 
tian  race,  or  as  a  victorious  fighter  of 
the  good  Jight  of  faith,  i  Cor.  ix.  27. 
A  reprobate  mind,  is  one  hardened  ia  ■ 
wickednefs,  and  which  cannot  difcern 
between  good  and  evil,  Rom.  i.  28. 
Men  are  reprobate  concerning  the  faith, 
when  they  apoftatize  from  the  doctrines 
of  Chrift,  and  abandon  themfclves  to 
tlie  moft  horrible  errors,  2  Tim.  iii.  8. 
They  are  reprobate  to  every  good  ivorh, 
v»'hen  quite  incapable,  and  averfe  to 
perform  them,  and  to  others  perform- 
ing of  them,  Tit.  i.  16.  See  DECREE, 
^vEPRGVE.     See  rebuke. 

REPUTE  J  to  reckon  j  efteem.  Job 
xviii.  3.  ReputatioPjv  an  high  charac- 
ter,  Gal.  ii.  2. 

REQUEST  ;  to  crave  ;  pray  for;, 
Jtidg.  viii.  26.    I  Kings  xix.  4. 

REQUIRE  ;  (i.)  To  aflc  as  a  fa- 
vour, Ezra  viii.  22.  (2.)  To  demand 
as  -a  debt,  or  as  due  obedience,  Luke 
xix.  23.  Dent.  X.  12.  (3.)  To  call 
to  account  for,  Ezek.  xxxiv.  10.  (4.) 
To  avenge  ;  punifh  for,  i  Sam.  xx.  16. 
God  requlreth  things  that  are  pajl ;  he 
orders  that  which  was  paft  and  driven 
away,  to  be  renewed  and  brought  back ; 
and  requites  men  for  their  paft  deeds, 
Eccl.  iii.  1 5-..  This  night  ftall  thy  foul 
he  required  of  thee  t  it  fiiall  be  feparated 
from  thy  body,  and  called  to  give  an 
account  of  itfelf,  and  its  deeds,  at  the  - 
tribunal  of  God,   Luke  xii.  20. 

P.EQUITE.     See  recompence. 

REREWARD  ;  _the  laft  body  or 
hindmoft  part  of  the  troops  in  a  march- 
ing arm.y,  who,  as  it  were,  guard  tlie 
back  of  the  army,  Jofh.  vi.  13.  The 
Lord,  or  his  glory,  is  the  rereivard  of 
his  people,  when  he  affords  them  full 
prote6lion,  even  from  unfeen  enemies  : 
io  he  was  to  the  Jews  in  their  return, 
from  Babylon,   If.  Iii.  12.  Iviii.  8. 

RESCUE;  (i.)  To  recover  back 
from  captivity,  i  Sam.  xxx.  18.  (2.) 
To  fave  frym  imminent  danger,  Afts 
jixiii.  27. 

RE- 


REiS  r     339 

RESEMBLE;    (i.)    To  be  like     fix 
to  other  perfons  or  things,  Judg.  viii. 
1 8.     (2.)  To  Hken  or  compare,  Luke 
xln.  18. 

RESEN  ;  a  noted  city  of  AiTyria, 
built  by  Afhur,  between  Nineveh  and 
Calah.  Some  ihiuk  all  the  three,  to- 
gether with  Rehoboth,  were  at  laft  u- 
nited   into  Nineveh  ;  but  perhaps  Re- 


i\:n  is  the  fame  as  La-rifia  on  the  Ti- 
gris, which  was  eight  miles  in  circum- 
high, 


and 


25  broj 


ference,  its  walls   100  feet 
id,   Gen.  X.  12. 

RESERVE;  (i.)  To  leave;  fet 
afide  for  a  ])articnlar  ufe,  3  Sam.  viii.  4. 
(2.)  To  keep  firmly  and  carefully, 
Jude  6.  (3.)  To  keep  things  in  lloie, 
in  order  to  give  them  out  afterwards, 
J  Pet.  i.  4. 

RESIDUE ;  what  is  left  or  remains 
behind,  Exod.  x.  5.  Neh.  xi. -20. 

RESIST.     See  oppose. 

RESORT;  (i.)  To  meet  toge- 
ther, Neh.  iv.  2G.  (2.)  To  come  to, 
Pfal.  Ixxi.  3, 

RESPECT;  to  eileem  ;  regard. 
Sinful  refped  of  perfons,  is  to  regard 
and  efleem  them,  in  giving  fentences 
of  judgement,  for  their  outv/ard  ho- 
nour, power,  and  wealth,  not  attend- 
ing to  truth  and  equity,  Lev.  xix.  15=, 
Deut.  i.  1^5.  In  this  fenfe,  God  in 
Chriil  refpe^  not  perfons^  for  their  na- 
tion, family,  or  outward  circumilances, 
nor  ought  judges  or  others  .to  do  fc. 
Ads  X.  34.  Lev.  xix.  15.  Deut.  i. 
17.  James  ii.  i,  9.  i  Pet.  i.  17.  God 
has  refpecl  to  the  loudly  ;  he  delights  to 
have  fellowfaip  with  them.,  and  to  do 
them,  good,  Pfal.  cxxxviii.  6.  He  had 
rtfpecl  to  Abel  and  his  offering;  eileem- 
ing  his  perfon  as  united  to  Jefus,  he, 
by  caufing  fire  defcend  from  heaven 
and  confume  it,  fliewed  a  regard  to  hio 
offering,  which  he  offered  in  faithj 
Gen.  iv.  4. 

RESPITE  ;  a  breathing  ;  a  time 
wherein  to  advife,  Exod.  viii.  15.  i 
Sam.  xi,  3. 

To  REST;  (i.)  To  ceafe  from 
work,  Exod.  xxiii.  12.  (2.)  To  fit 
or  neille  quietly,  Gen.  xviii.  4.  If. 
xxxiv.  14.  (3.)  To  lean  ;  to  truff, 
2  ChroiL.  xxxii.  8.      (4.)  To  continue 


]  RES 

3,  If.  li.  4n  (5.)  To  come  to  ar. 
end,  Ezek.  xvi.  42.  xxi.  17.  God 
rejled  ii:om  creation-work,  and  was  re-^ 
frefhed;  he  ceafed  to  make  new  kinds 
of  creatures,  and  took  pleafure  in  what 


he  had  made,  Heb.  iv.  4.  Exod.  xkxL 
I  7.  His  yejfing  in  his  love,  imphes  hie 
unchanging  pleafure  in  the  paft  effects 
of  it,  and  his  taking  delight  in  fliewing 
it  moic  abundantly,  Zeph.  iii.  I  7.  His 
'  tA'uig  his  reft  during  the  Affyrian  ra- 
vas^cs  of  Egypt  and  Ethiopia,  iinports 
his  forbearing  to  intei-pofe  remarkably 
between  the  contending  parties.  If. 
xviii.  4.  Men  vtjl  on  the  Lord,  when, 
v>^ith  a  ftrong  faith  in  his  pr9mife  and 
righteoufnefs,  they  commit  themfelves 
to  his  care,  and  depend  on  him  for  all 
neceffary  blefiings,  Pfal.  xxxvii.  7.  The 
faints  r^/  at  noon t  when,  amid  fcoroh- 
ing  perlecution  and  temptation,  God 
bellows  upon  them  diftinguiflied  pro- 
tedlion,  inward  patience  and  comfort. 
Song  i.  7.  The  dead  refi  in  their  graves, 
from  all  labour,  difturbance  and  pain^,. 
If.  Ivii.  2.  To  QuiB-T,  is  to  caufe  to 
reft ;  make  fuill.  God's  -Spirit  w^a» 
quieted  in  the  north  countiy,  v.'hen  the 
Perfians,  Greeks,  and  after  them  the 
Romans,  executed  the  deftined  ven- 
geance on  Chaldea,  where  his  people 
■  had  been  oppreffed ;  or,  when  the 
fpread  of  the  gofpel  was  the  means  of 
converting  multitudes  to  Chriil,  Zech. 
vi.  8.  God  quldeth  the  earth  nv'ith  the 
fouth-nv'ind.,  when  he  makes  its  gentle 
gales  to  blow  on  it,  Job  xxxvii,  1 7. 

REST;  quietness;  (i.)  A  cea- 
fmg  from  labour,  Exod.  v.  5.  (2.) 
A  ceding  from  open  war,  Jofli.  xiv. 
15.  (3.)  Ceafmg  from  tillage  and 
hufbandry,  Lev.  xxv.  5.  (4.)  Aflate 
of  peace  and  reconciliation  with  God 
and  niens  own  confcience^  Matth,  xi. 
29.  Heb,  iv.  5,  (5.)  A  calm  com- 
pofure  of  mind,  produced  by  the  love 
of  God  Ihed  abroad  in  our  heart,  and 
by  the  Holy  Gholl^s  witneffmg  to  our 
confcicnce,  our  juftification,  reconcili- 
ation, regeneration,  adoption,  andfur<^ 
title  to  eternal  glory,  and  attended 
with  a  cheerful  conlidence  in  the  pro- 
mifes,  and  a  fubmifnon  to  the  provi- 
dences of  God,  Pfal.  cxvi.  7.  (6.) 
U  y  2  Rest 


RES          r     .140     ]  RES 

Rest    alfo   fignifies,    a  peaceful  and  RESTORE;  (i.)  To  give  back 

comfortable  fettlement,  fiich  as  Canaan  again.  Gen.  xx.  14.     (2.)  To  re-efta- 

to  the  Hebrews,  and  the  temple  to  the  blifli  one  in  his  former  office,  or  fta- 

ark,  Deut.  iii.  20.   Pfal.  CKxxii.  8.  14.  tion,  Gen.  xl.  13.    If.  i,  26.   (3.)  To 

(7.)  A  part  of  a  wall,  for  the  ends  of  make  rejlhution,  by  giving   back  to  an 

beams  to  lie  on,     i  Kings  vi.  6.      (8.)  owner  what  was   unjuilly  taken  or  de- 

The    remainder ;    thefe   befide,    Gen.  tained  from   him,  or  which  had  been 


XXX.  6.  Chrifl  in  his  perfon,  offices, 
relations,  righteoufnefs,  power,  and 
love,  and  in  his  promifes,  is  a  reft  and 
refrejiying^  which,  if  applied  and  impro- 
yen,  yield  a  mod  fweet  pleafure  and 
quiet  to  men.  If.  xxviii.  12.  Chrill^s 
rejl  is  glorious  :  his  gofpel-church,  and 
his  nevv-- covenant  llate,  wherein  his 
people  enjoy  fweet  delight  and  repofe, 
is  the  produfh  of  his  glorious  power 
"  and  bleeding  love,  and  is  glorious  in  its 
properties  and  ends,  If.  xi.  10.  The 
rejl:  remaining  for  the  people  of  God,  is  the 
ffofpel-ftate  of  the  church,  wherein 
men  enjoy  freedom  from  the  burden- 
fome  fervices  of  the  ceremonial  law,  and 
have  Jefus  and  his  delightful  promifes 
clearly  exhibited  to  them ;  and  the 
heavenly  ftate,  wherein  the  faints  fhall 
be  for  ever  free  from  fin,  forrow,  temp- 
tation, and  trouble,  or  toil,  and  for 
ever  delighted  in  the  full  enjoyment  of, 
and  conformity  to  a  God  in  Chrift, 
Heb.  iv.  9.  Canaan,  and  the  temple, 
are  called  God's  rejl,  becaufe  there  the 
fymbols  of  his  prefence  refided,  and 
the  former  was  given  by  them  to  the 
Hebrews  to  dwell  in,  Heb.  iii.  11. 
Pfal.  cxxjiii.  14.;  but  it  was  not  their 
rejl,  h€c^.u{&  it  W3.S  polluted,  as  God  ex- 
pelled them  from  it,  Mic.  ii.  10.  If 
God  give  quietnefs,  nvho  then  can  make 
trouble?  If  God  give  inward  peace  and 
comfort,  or  even  outward,  who  can  vex 
his  people  ?  Job  xxxiv.  29.  The  luick 
ed  Jhall  not  feel  quietnefs  in  his  belly  ;  no 
eafe  in  his  mind  concerning  his  ill-got- 
ten goods,  Job  XX.  20.  Dam^fcus  was 
the  rejl  of  God's  ivrath  ;  his  judgements 
continued  long  upon  it,  Zech.  ix.  1. 
Quiet;  (i.)  Still;  calm  and  peace- 
able ;  compofed  in  mind,  i  ThefT.  iv. 
31.  Pfal.  xlvi.  10.  iv.  4.  (2.}  Idle; 
inadive,  Judg.  xviii.*  7.  27.  (3.)  Free 
from  noife  and  war,  2  Chron.  xiv.  i.  5. 
—  And  to  Jlill,  is  to  render  plealed, 
calm,  and  hlent,  Numb,  xiii,  30.  Neh. 
I.tv.  7.' 


loft.  In  holy  things,  and  where  there 
was  the  leaft  appearance  of  fraud,  re- 
ftitution  was  at  leaft  to  be  made  to  the 
full  value,  and  a  fifth  part  more.  Four 
fiieep  were  given  for  one  that  had  been 
ftoltn,  and  five  oxen  for  one,  as  thele 
animals  were  eafily  ftolen,  and  the  want 
of  the  laft  hindered  the  tillage  of  the 
field  ;  and  for  fraudulent  exaftion  of  tri- 
bute, the  reftitution  was  to  be  four- 
fold. If  the  oAvner  and  his  heirs  were 
all  dead,  or  unknown,  the  reftitution 
was  to  be  made  to  the  prieft  as  the 
Lord's  deputy,  and  no  atonement  could 
be  made  for  the  perfon's  injuftice  till 
once  the  reftitution  was  made.  Did  not 
this  hint,  that  no  man  has  ^ny  ground 
to  expect  forgivenefs  of  his  ftealing  or 
injuftice,  till  he  make  reftitution  of 
what  he  unjuftly  obtained,  at  leaft  do 
what  he  can  to  give  every  one  his  due  ? 
but  he  may  make  it  in  as  fecret  a  way 
as  he  can,  Exod.  xxli,  i. — 4.  Numb. 
v.  7.  8.  Lev.  xxii.  14.  vi.  4.  Luke 
xix.  8.  According  to  his  fubjlance  Jl^all 
his  rejlitution  be  \  all  his  eftate  fliall  be 
taken  from  him,  to  pay  what  he  frati- 
dulently  got.  Job  xx.  i8.  (4.)  To 
recover;  take  back  ;  put  again  in  pof- 
fellion  of,  2  Kings  xiv.  25.  (5.)  To 
heal,  or  cure,  Matth.  xii.  13.  (6.) 
To  reform  the  church  from  her  corrup- 
tions in  doctrine,  worfliip,  and  prac- 
tice, Matth.  xvii.  11.  Chrift  rejlored 
what  he  took  not  away,  when,  by  his 
mediation,  he  brought  glory  to  God, 
and  righteoufnefs,  holinefs,  and  hap- 
pinefs  to  men,  Pfal.  Ixix.  4.  To  rejlore 
a  fcandalous  profeftbr,  or  fet  him  in- 
joint,  is  to  bring  him  to  a  fenfe  of  his 
fin,  a  behef  of  God's  pardoning  mer- 
cy, and  an  amendment  of  praftice,  and 
fo  an  accefs  to  feahng  ordinances,  as 
before.  Gal.  vi.  i.  The  rejlitution  of 
all  things,  is  the  putting  of  the  world 
into  an  holy  and  happy  ftate  at  the 
laft  day,  making  all  the  marks  of  fin 

to 


RES  [     341     1 


RES 


to  ceafe  from  the  earth,  air,  ^c.  Ads 
lii.  21. 

RESTRAIN;  wiTH-HOLD;  (i.) 
To  keep  back,  as  with  a  bridle,  Pfal. 
Ixxvl.  lo.  Gen  xx.  6.  (2,)  To  de- 
tain, ceafe  from  giving,  Job  xv.  4. 
(3.)   To  conhne.   Job  xv.  8. 

RESURRECTION,'  or  rifmg  a- 
gain  from  tlie  dead,  is  eitlier,  (i.)  Ci- 
vil, when  a  perfon  or  nation  are  reco- 
vered from  a  ftate  of  difhefs  and  bon- 
dage, as  in  the  cafe  of  David,  Heze- 
kiah,  Paul,  Pfal.  xxv.  3.  4.  If.  xxxviii. 
16.  2  Cor.  i.  9.  10.  ;  and  of  the  Jew- 
ilh  nation.  Lam.  iv.  20.  Hof.  vi,  i. 
2.  Ezek.  xxxvii.  i. — 14.  (2.)  Spi* 
ritual,  from  a  ftate  of  death  in  fin,  to 


good  or  bad,  it  is  reafonable  they  fhare 
together  of  the  everlafling  reward  or 
punifhment ;  and  hence  the  body  mufl 
be  reftored  to  life,  and  reunited  with 
the  foul,  never  more  to  be  feparated. 
The  dying  of  feeds,  that  they  may  re- 
vive and  grow  up,  the  revival  of  wi- 
thered trees  and  roots  in  the  fpring,  arc 
a  natural  prefagc  of  this  rcfurrection, 
John  xii.  24.  i  Cor.  xv.  36.  The  tranf- 
lation  of  Enoch  and  Elias  to  heaven, 
both  foul  and  body  ;  the  refloration  of 
many  to  life  by  the  hand  of  Elijah,  E- 
liflia,  and  of  Jefus  and  his  apoilles  ;  but 
chiefly  the  refurreftion  of  Jefus  Chrifb 
from  the  dead  ;  are  inconteftible  pre- 
fages  hereof.     Jefus  rofe   as  the  Jirfi- 


fpiritual   life  and   happinefs ;  and  this    fruits  of  tbeni  that  JJept  ;  to  mark  which. 


is  either  of  particular  perfons,  when 
they  are  regenerated  and  born  again, 
John  V.  25.  Eph.  ii.  i.  5.  Col.  ii.- 
12.  iii.  I.  ;  or  of  the  church,  when, 
by  the  influences  of  Chriit,  flie  is  migh- 
tily increafed  in  her  members,  and  they 
in  their  lively  walking  with  God,  and 
ia  their  outward  comfort  and  profpe- 
rity.  This  will  fignally  take  place  in 
the  beginning  of  the  Millennium,  and 
is  called  the  Jirft  refurrecliori.  If.  vi.  59. 
21.  Ix,  I.  Rom.  xi.  14.  Rev.  xx. 
I. — 8.  (3.)  Corporeal,  when  dead 
bodies  are  rellored  to  life.  That  there 
will  be  a  general  raihng  of  the  dead 
bodies  of  men  and  women  at  the  lall 
day,  is  mofl:  agreeable  to  reafon.  Rea- 
fon  hints,  that  the  law  of  God  is  gi> 
ven  to  our  whole  man,  and  is  violated 
by  our  foul  and  body  in  connection. 
The  body,  as  an  open  port,  admits 
hints  of  good,  and  temptations  to  fm  ; 
the  carnal  aff"ection3  depending  on  the 
body,  corrupt  and  millead  the  mind 
and  affections.  What  outward  adls  the 
foul  defigns,  w^hether  good  or  evil,  the 
body  executes-      When  the  heart  is  fill- 


numbers  of  dead  bodies  of  faints  arofe 
about  the  l^mie  time,  who,  it  is  fcarce 
pi"obable,  ever  returned  to  corruption^ 
I  Cor.  XV.  20.  Matth.  xxvii.  52.  53. 
In  his  refunedlion,  he  exerted  his  own 
divine  power,  and  was  folemnly  owned 
b}--  his  Father,  as  his  only  begotten 
Son,  Rom.  i.  4.  Ads  xiii*  35.  He 
rofe  for  our  jujl'tjication^  as  therein  he 
was  difcharged  of  all  our  debt,  which 
he  had  taken  on  himfelf,  and  exalted 
t=o  be  a  Prince  and  Saviour,  to  give  re- 
pentance and  forgivenefs  of  fms,  Rom. 
iv.  25.;  and  he  is  the  refurre£tion  and 
the  Ife;  the  fpring  and  caufe  of  our 
fpiritual  refurreclion  from  a  ftate  of 
lui,  and  of  our  revivals  after  fmful 
languifliing  and  diftrefs,  and  of  our 
happy  refurrection  at  the  laft  day,  John 
xi.  25. 

That  there  fhall  be  a  future  refurrec- 
tion of  the  dead  in  general,  is  alfo  evi- 
dent from  many  oracles  of  fcripture. 
God  fliewed  the  truth  hereof  to  Mofe^ 
at  the  bufli,  in  calling  himfelf  the  God 
of  the  patriarchs,  after  they  were  de- 
cpafed  ;  which  imported  that  their  foul 


^d  with   hatred  of  God,    and   all  un-;    did,  and  their  bodies  would  hve  unto 


righteoufnefs,  the  tongue,  and  other 
bodily  members,  are  inilruments  to  ex- 
ecute it.  When  the  renewed  foul  loves 
and  cleaves  to  Jefus  Chrift,  the  tongue 
utters  his  praife,  and  other  bodily 
members  labour,  or  endure  fufi'ering, 
for  his  fake.  If  thefe  difl'erent  parts  of 
human   nature    ihare   thus    in   aclions 


God,  Luke  XX.  37.  38.  Amidft  all 
his  trouble.  Job  iirmly  believed,  not 
that  he  would  have  a  return  to  profpe- 
rity  in  this  life,  for  this  he  did  not. 
Job  vi.  8.  9.  vii.  7.  8.  x.  21.  22.  xvi. 
22.  xvii.  J.  15.  xix.  10.;  and  his 
words  are  too  grand  to  exprefs  fuch  an 
eyent  j  but  that  at  the  laft,  his  Re- 
deemer 


R  E  T         r    342    1 

deemer  {hould  raife  him  from  the  dead,     knowledge 

and  make  him,  in  his  flefli,  in  the  very 

fame  body  he  then  had,  to  fee  Gody  as 

his  friend  and   portion.    Job  xix»  25. 

.26.  27.     With  the  view  hereof,  God 

comforts  his  church.  If.  xxvi.  19.  Dan. 

xii.  2.  3.     In  the  New  Teftament  this 

truth  is  evidently  afferted  in  a  multitude 

of  texts,  Luke  xiv.  13.     John  vi.  39. 

40.44.  54.  xi,  24. — 26.  xiv.  19.  Ads 

iv.  2.  xvii.  18.  xxvi.  8.  Rom,  viii.ri. 

2  Cor.  vi.  14.  XV.  12  Cor.  i.  9.  iv,.i4. 

I  Theff.  iv,  14.    2  Tim.  iv.  :.     Heb. 

vi.  2.     Rev.  XX.   12.  13.       That   the 

fame  body   will  be  raifed,  is  evident, 

from  the  reafons  above  mentioned,  as 

well  as  from  the  very  nature  of  a  refur- 

reftion  ;  for  if  the- fame  body  was  not 

raifed,  it  could  be  no  refurrcdion,  but 

a  new.  creation.     It  is  their  body,  that 

was  once  vile,    mortal,    difeafed,  and 

dead  and  buried,  and  that  bore  the  i- 

mage  of  the  earthly  Adam,  that  fliall  be 

raifed,    changed,    and  glorified,  Phil. 

iii.  21.    Rom.  viii.ii.  Job  xix.  1^.  27. 

John  v.  28.    I  Cor.  xv.  42.  43.  51.  ^/i^, 

54.     That  the  faints  bodies   Ihall  rile 

iirit,  and  be  rendered  glorious,  like  un- 
to Chrift's  glorilied'bcdy,  and  fpiritual, 

£0  as  to  need  no  me:;t  or  drink,  and  to 

be  no  clog  to   the  foul,    is  alfo  plain. 

The  vain  queftions  concerning  the  time 

of  the  refarreftion  ;  the  apparent  diffi- 
culties of  the  raifmg  of  the  fame  body; 

the  difference  of  fex  in  them  that  are 

yaifed,  I  difmlfs  as  improper  here.  No- 
thing proper  is  impcfiible  for  the  power 

,3nd  wifdom  of  God.     But  let  us  know, 

and  earneftly  remember,  that  by  the 

refurrcBion  of  life y  the  godly  fliall,  firll 

in  order,  and  in  a  glorious  manner,  be 

raifed  to  enjoy  evcrlaPting  happinefs.; 

and  by  the  refurredtion  of  damnation y  the     xx 


R  E  T 

they  are  not  inclined  l# 
cherifh  and  increafc  their  notions  of 
God,  and  the  impreffions  of  his  great- 
nefs,  goodnefs,  and  jullice,  on  their 
confcience,  Rom.  i.  28.  Sins  arc  re- 
tainedy  when  the  fmner  is  continued  un,- 
der  cenfure  or  condemnation,  John  xx. 
23.  Berenice  did  not  retain  the  ponver 
of  the  arm  ;  did  not  by  her  marriage 
eftublifh  a  firm  union  between  the  two 
kingdoms  of  Egypt  and  'Syria  ;  nor 
did  flie  long  maintain  her  interefl  in 
the  favour  of  her  hufband  Antiochus 
Theos  ;  for  he,  after, the  death  of  her 
father  Ptokmy  Phikdelphus^  king  of 
Egypt,  divorced  her,  and  retook  Lao- 
dice,  by  whom  he  himfelf,  'Berenice^ 
and  her  child  and  friends,  were  foon 
after  murdered,  Dan.  xi.  6, 

RETIRE  ;  to  march  backward,  go 
to  a  fide,  Judg.  xx.  39. 

RETURN;  (i.)  To  go  back  to 
whence  one  came  from,  Exod.  xiif.  1 70 
{2.)  To  come  again,  2  Chron.  xviii. 
26.  (3.)  To  requite,  i  Kings  ii.  33. 
44.  (4.)  To  rehearfe  ;  tell  over,  Exod. 
xix.  8.  God  returns  to  men,  when  af- 
ter fome  judgements  and  aiHictions  he 
bellows  freih  favours  upon  them,  Pfal. 
vi.  4.  Joel  ii.  14.  lAe.  returns  on  h'lgh^ 
when  he,  as  a  Judge,  gives  fentence 
for  his  people,  and  againft  their  ene- 
mies, and  difplays  his  authority  and 
power  in  the  execution  thereof,  Pfal. 
vii.  7.  Men  rctiirn  to  God,  when  they 
repent  of  their  fmful  wandering  out  of 
the  way  of  his  commandments,  and  be- 
gin anew  to  obey  and  ferve  him.  If. 
X.  21.  Ezek.  xviii.  21.  "Vh-t  return  of 
tbeycary  is  the  fpring-tidc,  vv'hen  it  be- 
gan anew  in  the  fcalon,  and  in  the  fa. 
cred  reckoning  of  the  Jews,  i  Kings 
22.  In  returning  and reji ye Jloall be 
•wicked  fhall  rife  to   everlafting  (hame    favcd ;  by  means  of  returning  to   God 


-and  torment ;  while  hell  fliall  give  up 
their  departed  fouls,  the  fea  and  earth 
fliall  produce  their  dead  bodies,  John 
V.  28.  29.   Rev.  XX.  12.  13.  14. 

RETAIN;  to  hold  fail  in  one^s 
power  or  pofrefTion,  Judg. 

ver ;  he  will  not  always  continue  to 
punifh  and  afflift,  Mic- vii.  18.  Wick- 
<;d  men  I'lkz  not  to  retain  God  in   their 


God  retaincth  not  his  anger  for  e- 


Chrift,  by  faith  and  repentance,  and 
by  relling  quietly  on  him,  as  your  fup- 
port  and  deliverer,  v/ithout  going  to 
Egypt  for  help,  fliall  ye  have  dehver- 
ance,  If.  xxx.  15.  Let  them  return  to 
theey  but  return  thou  not  to  them;  let  them 
hearken  to  thy  v^'ords,  and  follow  thy 
pattern  ;  but  comply  not  thou  with 
them  ia  their  courfes,  nor  flatter  them 
in  theh*  fin?,.  Jer.  xv.  19. 

REU, 


R  E  U         [34 

REU,  or  Ragau,  thefon  of  Pcleg, 
and  father  of  Serug,  was  born  A,  M. 
1787,  and  died  A^  M,  2026,  Gen. 
xi.  18. 

REUBEN,  the  eldefl:  fon  of  Jacob 
by  Leah,  bom  A.  M.  2246.  Whan 
very  young  he  found  dudanUf  which  we 
render  mandrakes,  m  the  lielcl,  about 
the  time  of  wheat-harveft.  Thefe  his 
mother  fold  to  Rachel,  who  coveted 
them,  for  her  night  of  Jacob.  When 
he  was  about  40  years  of  age,  he,  to 
t\\&  great  grief  of  his  father,  committed 
inceft  with  his  concubine  ;  but  feems 
to  have  deeply  repented  thereof. 
Though  Jofeph  ilood  fair  to  come  be- 
tween him  and  his  f^.ther  s  inheritance, 
he  did  all  that  in  him  lay  to  prefcrvc 
Jofeph  in  fafely.  He  begged  the  rell 
of  his  brethren  would,  not  murder  him. 
With  a  view  to  proteft  him,  he  per- 
iuaded  them  to  throw  him  into  a  dry 
pit,  and  leave  him  there  to  die  of  his 
own  accord.  While  he  took  a  round- 
about turn  to  draw  him  out,  and  fend 
him  home,  his  bi-ethreu  had  taken  him 
out,  and  fold  him  to  the  Midianites. 
When  he  found  him  taken  out,  he  rent 
his  deaths,  and  cried  that  he  knew  not 
".vhat  to  do.  When  afterwards  Jofeph's 
rough  ufage  of  them  brought  them  to 
a  fcnfe  of  their  guilt  concerning  his 
blood,  Reuben  reminded  them,  how 
obftinately  deaf  they  were  to  all  his  in- 
treaties  for  the  prefervation  of  his  life. 
When  his  father  refufed  to  let  Benja- 
min go  with  them  into  Egypt,  he  of- 
fered to  pawn  the  life  of  his  two  fons, 
fhat  he  would  bring  him  fafely  back. 
In  hif.  laft  benediction,  Jacob  told  him, 
that  for  his  inceft  he  ihould  lofe  his 
birth-right,  and  (hould  never  excel,. 
Gen,  XX  X.  32.  XXX.  14.  xxxv.  22. 
xxxvii.  29.  30.  xhi.  21.  22.  37.  xhx. 
3.  4.    r  Chron.  V.  i. 

His  fons  were  Hanoch,  Pallu,  Hez- 
rcn,  and  Carmi ;  all  of  whom  were 
parents  of  confiderable  families.  Numb. 
xxvi.  5.  6,  When  the  Reubenites 
came  out  of  Egypt,  their  number  fit 
for  war  amounted  to  46,500,  under 
the  command  of  Ehzur,  \.h^  fon  of 
Shedeur.  They,  with  their  brethren 
*f  Simeon  ^.nd  Osd,  farmed  the  fecaad. 


.^   ]       R  E  tr 

divlfion  in  the  march  of  the  Hebrewa.> 
and  went  juft  before  the  ark.  Their 
fpy  for  fcarching  the  promifed  land^ 
was  Shammua  the  fon  of  Zacchur.  Da- 
than,  Abiram,  and  On,  who  rebelled- 
again  ft  Mofes  and  Aaron,  along  with 
itorah,  were  of  this  tribe.  In  the 
plains  of  Moab  their  warriors  amount- 
ed to  43,730.  When  Mofes  feized 
the  kingdoms  of  Sihon  and  Og,  the 
Reubenites  and  Gaditcs,  obferving  how- 
proper  the  country  was  for  their  vaffc 
numbers  of  flocks  arid  herds,  begged 
to  have  it  as  their  portion.  At  Hrft 
Mofes  refufed  ;  but  on  tlicir  propofmg 
to  affift  their  brethren  with  all  their 
force,  in  the  conqueil  of  weftern  Ca- 
raan,  he  granted  the  country  to  them, 
and  the  half-tribe  of  Manaffeh.  There 
they  repaired  the  cities,  and  fettled 
their  wives  and  children.  Their  war- 
riors went  over  Jordan  ;  aud  though 
perhaps  they  viiited  their  families  at 
turns,  yet  they  continued  with  their 
brethren  for  tlie  moft  part  of  feven- 
years,  till  all  the  ti  Ibes  had  got  their  ' 
fettlements  ;  after  which  they  were  ho- 
nourably difmifled.  In  their  return- 
home,  they  erecled  the  altar  of  Ed,  on 
the  bank  of  Jordan,  not  for  offering 
facrifices  or  inceufe,  but  for  a  tellimony 
that  they  were  of  the  fame  Hebrew 
ftock  and  religion  with  iheir  brethren«  • 
The  defign  of  this  was  at  firft  raiftaken 
by  the  other  tribes  ;  and  Phinehas,  and 
a  variety  of  the  princes,  were  fent  tg*- 
expoftulate  with  them  about  this  mat- 
ter, as  they  took  it  to  be  a  flep  to- 
wards apoftafy  from  the  worfhip  of 
God  ;  but  when  they  heard  the  true 
defign  of  creeling  the  altar,  they  were 
fatisfied.  According  to  the  predic- 
tions of  Jacob  and  Mofes,  this  tribe 
never  excelled,  there  never  being  auy 
noted  perfon  thereof,  and  they  lay 
much  expofed  to  enemies,  the  Moab- 
itcs  on  the  fouth,  the  Ammonites  on 
the  eaft,  and  the  Syrians  from  the 
north,  Numb.  xxvi.  5.  6.  i.  5.  21.  x. 
18. — 21.  xvi.  xxxii.  Jofh.  xxii.  Deut, 
xxxiii.  6.  In  the  days  of  Deborah^ 
the  Reubenites  were  fo  embarrafTed  with 
intelline  broils  or  foreign  iuTafions,  that 
th'^y  coiiid  'iCT)d  no  ^^iiitance  tc  Barak, 

During. 


REV         t     34+    ]         REV 


.During  the  reign  of  Saul,  they,  per- 
haps under  the  command  of  Bela  the 
fon  of  Azaz,  conquered  a  tribe  of  the 
Hagarites  on  the  eaft  of  Gilead,  and 
feizedon  their  country.  Of  them,  and 
their  brethren  the  Gadites  and  Manaf- 
fites,  to  the  number  of  120,000,  at- 
tended at  David's  coronation.  In  that 
period,  EHczer  the  iow  of  Zichri  was 
their  governor  ;  and  Adina  the  fon  of 
Shiza  was  one  of  David's  worthies. 
Hazael  king  of  Syria  terribly  ravaged 
their  country  ;  but  it  feems,  that  after- 
wards, in  the  reign  of  Jeroboam  II. 
they  and  their  brethren  of  Gilead 
fmote  the  Hagarites,  and  took  from 
them  their  country,  and  a  prodigious 
booty  of  flocks.  Not  long  after,  when 
Jkerah  was  their  prince,  Tiglath-pile- 
fer  carried  them  captive  into  the  north- 
call  parts  of  his  empire,  Judg.  v.  15. 
16.  I  Chron.  xii.  37.  xxvii.  16.  xi. 
42.   2  Kings  X.  37.    I  Chron.  v. 

REVEAL  ;  to  make  manifeft  what 
was  before  concealed  or  unknown,  Rom. 
if.  5»  Chrift  is  revealeJ,  when  God 
favingly  enlightens  mens  mind  in  the 
faving  knowledge  of  Chrift,  Gal.  i. 
36.  and  when,  by  fearful  judgements 
on  the  Jewlfn  nation,  he  manifefted 
his  pov^'er  and  Mefllahfhip,  Luke  xvii. 
30.  ;  and  when  he  will,  at  the  laft  day, 
come  openly  to  judge  the  world,  2 
ThefT.  i.  7.  The  zzrw  of  the  Lord  is 
revealed,  when  Chrift  is  favingly  dif- 
covered  ;  and  when  the  power  of  God 
in  its  mighty  efFe6ls,  is  favingly  felt, 
fins  being  forgiven,  the  confcience  pu- 
rified, and  the  heart  changed,  If.  liii. 
I.  His  rtghieonfnefs  is  revealed,  when 
the  obedience  and  fuffering  of  Chrift, 
in  which  the  equity  of  God*s  nature 
and  law  fliine  forth,  are  declared  and 
offered  to  finful  men,   If.  Ivi.  i.     Rom. 


The  heavens  reveal 


mens  iniquity, 


when  God  brings  it  to  light,  and  pu- 
niilicth  them  obfervably  for  it.  Job  xx. 
27.  The  wrath  of  God  is  revealed 
from  heaven  againjl  all  unrighteaiifnefs , 
when,  by  the  ftings  of  fmners  con- 
Icicnce,  and  by  his  judgements  on 
them,  his  difpleafure  with  their  con- 
dudl  is  clearly  manifefted,  Rom.  i.  1 8. 
The  Popifh  man  of  fin  was  nvsakdj 


when  he  obfervably  appeared  as  head 
of  the  church  or  as  a  civil  prince,  z 
Theft",  ii.  8.  Men  reveal  their  caufe  to 
God,  when  they  lay  it  before  him  in 
prayer,  Jer.  xi.  20.  By  Chrift's  com- 
ing into  the  world,  and  being  preached 
in  the  gofpel,  the  thoughts  of  many 
hearts  are  revealed;  fome  have  their 
confcienCes  fully  fearched  by  his  word  ; 
and  many,  by  their  evidence  of  regard 
to,  or  hatred  of  him,  declare  what  is 
in  their  hearts,  Luke  ii.  35.  Every 
man's  work  ftiall  be  tried  and  revealed 
by  fire  ;  by  the  fire  of  God's  word  try- 
ing it,  by  fiery  trials  and  ptrfccutions, 
and  efpecially  by  a  thorough  trial  in 
the  laft  judgement,  its  nature  and  qua- 
lity fliall  be  plainly  difcovered,  i  Cor. 
iii.  13.  Any  immediate  difcovery  of 
God's  mind,  is  called  a  revelation. 
Gal.  i.  12.  I  Cor.  xiv,  6.  26.  ;  but 
the  laft  book  of  the  fcripture,  in  which 
God  difcovered  to  John  the  apoftle,  a 
multitude  of  things  relative  to  his  will 
and  purpofe  towards  the  church,  is 
particularly  fo  called.  Rev.  i.  i.  After 
an  introduction  and  defcription  of  a 
vifion  which  John  had  of  Jefus  Chrift 
in  the  ifle  of  Patmos,  it  contains  feven 
epiftles  to  the  Allan  churches  of  Ephe- 
fus,  Smyrna,  Pergamos-,  Thyatira, 
Sardis,  Philadelphia,  and  Laodicea, 
in  which  Jefus  commends  their  good 
things,  reproves  their  defects,  and  calls 
to  reform  them,  and  encourages  them 
under  their  tiials,  chap,  i,  ii.  iii."  In 
chap.  iv.  and  v.  we  have  an  introduc- 
tion to  the  prophetic  part,  confifting 
of  a  vifion  of  God  upon  a  throne,  and 
celebrated  by  minifters  and  faints;  and 
of  Chrift's  opening  the  feven-fealed 
book  of  his  purpoles,  to  the  great  joy 
of  angels  and  redeemed  men.  In  chap. 
vi.  is  the  opening  of  fix  feals,  exhibit- 
ing the  ftate  of  the  church,  and  of 
the  Roman  empire,  from  Chrift's  af- 
cenfion,  to  the  fall  of  the  heathenifti 
form  of  the  empire,  about  y/.  i>.  323. 
In  chap.  vii.  is  an  emblematic  repre- 
fentation  of  the  fecurlty  of  the  faints 
under  tlie  trumpets,  and  their  happy 
outgate  from  their  troubles.  In  chap, 
vii.  and  ix.  is  the  opening  of  the  fe* 
veath  fcal;    ?-nd  the   founding  of  fix 

tru;r»pets, 


REV         r     345     1  REV 


trumpets,  whereby  is  cxlilbited  the 
fate  of  the  church,  by  the  Arians, 
Donatifts,  Pelagians,  Papilts,  and  Sa- 
racens ;  and  the  fate  of  the  Roman 
empire,  by  the  Goths,  Vandals,  Huns, 
Heruli,  Saracens,  and  Turks,  from 
A.  D.  323  to  1866,  or  2016.  In 
chap.  X.  is  another  introduAory  vifion 
of  Jefus  Chriil  with  a  little  open  book, 
the  feals  beinpr  now  loofed,  in  his  hand, 
importing  a  further  difcovery  of  the 
events  of  Providence.  In  chap.  xi.  is 
a  view  of  the  rife,  power,  duration  of, 
and  oppofition  to  Antichrift,  and  of 
his  fall,  and  the  glorious  Millennium  ; 
and  fo  reaches  from  A.  D.  606,  to  the 
end  of  the  1000  years  reign  of  the 
faints  ;  and  of  it  the  xiii.  to  xxii.  are 
but  an  explication.  In  chap.  xii.  is  a 
repeated  view  of  the  Hate  of  the  church, 
under  Heathenifm  and  Antichriil.  In 
chap.  xiii.  and  xiv.  v.-e  have  a  view  of 
the  rife  of  Antichrift,  in  his  civil  and 
ecclefiailic  power,  together  with  pre- 
ludes, warnings,  and  emblematic  re- 
prefentations  of  his  ruin.  In  chap. 
XV.  and  xvi.  we  have  the  preparation 
for,  and  the  pouring  out  of  the  deftruc- 
tive  vials  of  God's  wrath  on  Antichrift. 
In  chap.  xvii.  xviii.  and  xix.  are  exhi- 
bited the  marks  of  Antichrift,  and  the 
caufes  and  terrible  nature  of  his  over- 
throw, and  the  grief  of  his  friends,  and 
joy  of  the  faints  thereat.  In  chap.  xx. 
is  reprefented  the  glorious  Millennium 
and  the  laft  judgement.  In  chap.  xxi. 
and  xxii.  is  reprefented  the  happinefs 
of  the  millennial  and  of  the  eternal  ftate ; 
and  a  terrible  denunciation  of  wrath  to 
fuch  as  take  from,  or  add  to,  the 
wov.ls  of  God. 

ilEVELLINGS  ;  luxurious  feaft- 
ing,  attended  with  wanton  fongs  and 
behaviour.  Gal.  v.  21. 

REVENGE,  or  vengeance  ;  (i.) 
An  angry  refentment  of  an  injury  that 
has  been,  or  is  fuppofed  to  be  done 
us,  Jer.  XX.  10.  (2.)  A  juft  cenfure 
of  a  fcandal,  2  Cor.  >:.  6.  (3.)  An 
hatred  of  fin,  manifefted  in  uiing  all 
proper  methods  to  deftroy  it,  2  Cor. 
vii.  II.  When  revenge  or  vengeance  is 
attributed  to  God,  it  includes  no  paf- 
i:oi\,  but  merely  a  righteous  difpofjtiun 

Vol.  11.     - 


to  punlih  evil-doers,  A6ts  xxviii.  4.  ; 
and  the  juft  punifliment  inflifted  on 
them,  Pfal.  Iviii.  10.  ;  or  chaftifement 
of  his  people,  Pfal.  xcix.  8.  Ven- 
geance belongeth  only  unto  God ;  he  alone 
can  fully  refent  injuries  ;  he  alone  has 
right  to  refent  injuries  done  to  himfelf, 
as  the  God  and  fupreme  Governor  of 
the  world  ;  and  he  prohibited  to  private 
perfons  all  revenge  of  injuries  done 
them.  Lev.  xix.  17.  18.  Rom.  xii.  17. 
19.  ;  and  by  the  law  of  requital,  he 
did  not  allow,  but  fet  bounds  to  pri- 
vate revenge,  Exod.  xxi.  4.  When 
magiftrates  punifti  injuries,  or  when 
the  kinfman-redeemer  killed  him  who 
had  accidentally  flain  his  friend,  they 
a£led  as  the  deputies  of  God,  the  fu- 
preme ruler,  Rom.  xiii.  4.  Numb. 
xxxv.  19.  24.  The  punifhment  taken 
by  God  on  the  Chaldeans,  for  deftroy- 
ing  his  people  and  temple,  is  called 
the  vengeance  of  his  temple ,  Jer.  1.  28. 

REVENUE  ;  profit ;  income,  Ez- 
ra iv.  13.  If.  xxiii.  3.  Chrift's  /v- 
venue  is  the  blefiings  he  gives  £0  men, 
which  are  more  precious,  enriciiing, 
and  ufeful,  than  choice  filver,  Prov. 
viii.  19.  In  the  revenue  of  the  wicked  is- 
trouble ;  in  acquiring,  preferving,  and 
parting  with  their  wealth,  they  have 
trouble  ;  and  a  curfe  and  trouble  oiLen 
punifti  their  wicked  manner  of  procu- 
ring it,  Prov.  XV.  6.  Tlie  Jews  were 
a/Joamed  of  their  revenue -,  afhamed  of 
what  they  had  fmfully  procured  to 
themfelves,  and  of  the  ;!]ue  of  their 
giving  prefents  to,  and  trufting  in  the 
Egyptians,   Jer.  xii.  13. 

REVERENCE,  is  a  fubmlffive  r.nd 
humble  deportment.  To  do  reverence 
to  God,  is  to  have  a  humble  and  n'ial 
awe  of  his  greatnefs,  fear  of  his  dif- 
pleafure,  and  a  felf-abafed  temper  of 
fpirit  in  worlhlpping  him,  or  bearing 
hischaftifements,  Heb.  xii.  28.  To 
reverence  his  fanttuary,  is  to  pay  an 
awful  and  felf-debafing  regard  to  his 
ordinances.  Lev.  xix.  30.  God's  name 
is  reverend;  all  things  whereby  he  makes 
himfelf  known,  are  to  be  awfully  re- 
garded, as  connected  with  him,  who 
is  Infinitely  great,  and  to  be  feared  of 
all  his  creatures,  Pfal.  cd,  9.  To  do 
X  :c  reverence 


REV         [     346     J  R  E  Z 


revsrcnce  to  men,  is  humbly  to  make 
our  compliments  to  them,  by  bowing 
before  them,  or  the  like,  2  Sam.  ix.  6. 

REVERSE  ;_  to  make  null  ;  over- 
turn.  Numb,  xxiii.  20. 

REVILE  ;  RAIL  ;  to  fpeak  evil  or 
indiicreetly  of  peribns  or  things,  Matth. 
xxvii.  39.  I  Sam.  xxv.  14.  As  their 
words  are  like  fpears  and  fwords,  de- 
itruclive  to  mens  perfons^  characters, 
and  intereft,  revilers  or  railers  ought 
to  be  expelled  from  human  fociety  and 
the  church,  i  Cor.  v.  11.  ;  and  God 
has  excluded  them  from  his  kingdom, 
1  Cor,  vi.  10.  It  was  highly  criminal 
to  revile  rulers  in  church  or  ftate  ;  and 
revilers  of  parents  were  appointed  to 
death,  Exod.  xxii.  28.  xxi.  f  17.  They 
are  blefTcd  ot  God  who  blefs,  and  from 
the  heart  wifii  well  to  fach  as  revile 
them,  Matth.  v.  ij.     i  Cor.  iv.  12. 

REVIVE;  (i.)  To  become  hvely 
and  cheerful,  after  much  fainting  and 
forrow,  Gen.  xlv.  27.  (2.)  Tj  live 
again,  after  being  dead,  or  dead-like, 
Rom.  xiv.  9.  Hof.  xiv.  7.  (3.)  To 
quicken,  and  render  lively  and  adive, 
Pfal.  Ixxxv.  6.  God  revives  men,  when 
he  grants  deliverance  to  them  from 
great  calamities,  and  gives  his  quicken- 
ing Spirit  and  grace,  to  render  them 
aftive  and  cheerful  in  his  fervice,  Hof. 
vi.  2.      Ezra  ix.  8.    If.  Ivii.  15;.      The 


unmerited  gift  of  eternal  life  in  heaverf, 
which'  is  iDcilowed  upon  them,  from 
the  mercy  of  God,  and  through  the 
righteoufnefs  of  Jcfus  Chriit,  Matth. 
V.  12.  The  retvard  of  the  luicked,  or* 
the  nvages  of  their  fin,  is  that  fearful 
and  jull  punifliment  of  death,  temporal, 
fpiritual,  or  eternal,  which  God  in- 
flicls  upon  them,  Pfal.  xci.  8.  Chil- 
dren are  God\i  reward,  which  he  be- 
llows as  ablelung  on  parents;  or,  which 
parents  devote  to  God,  as'au  acknow- 
ledgement of  his  kindnefs,  Pfal.  cxxvii. 
3.  The  praife  and  high  efteem  of  men, 
is  the  reivard  of  hypocritical  appear- 
ances of  religion,  Matth.  vi.  2.  5.  The 
Jews  loved  a  reiuard  on  every  corn-floor, 
like  harlots,  ready  to  proftitute  them- 
felves  on  corn-floors,  ot  any  where ; 
and  for  a  meafure  of  corn,  or  piece  of 
bread,  they  afcribed  their  plentiful 
crops  to  their  idols,  and  gave  them 
tithes  of  all  they  had  ;  and  were  ready 
to  join  with  the  idols  of  any  country  a- 
bout,  for  the  fake  of  the  moll  pitiful 
advantage,  Hof.  ix.  1. 

REZIN  ;  the  lail  king  of  the  an- 
cient Syrians,  perhaps  a  defcendant  of 
Hazael.  Entering  into  a  league  with 
Pekah  king  of  Ifrael,  they  .invaded 
the  kingdom  of  Judah,  then  governed 
by  Ahaz.  Not  being  able  to  take  Je- 
rufalem,  they  ravaged  the  country,  and 


Jews  revived  iheflones  out  of  the  heaps  of    returned  home.      Soon  after,   Rezin's 
ruhhifh,    when   they  digged   them   up,     army  again  plundered  the  country,  and 


and  rebuilt  the  wall  of  Jerufalcm  there- 
Avith,  Neh.  iv.  2.  Sin  revives,  when 
the  commandment  is  clofely  applied  to 
mens  confcience,  and  the  guilt,  pollu- 
tion, and  power  of  their  iin  is  manir 
felled,  and  it  aifls  with  greater  vigour 
than  before,   Rom.  v^.  9. 

REWARD;  WAGES  ;  (i.)  What 
IS  gained  by  fervice  ;  or  as  the  fubfill- 
enceof  minifters,  i  Tim.  v.  18.  2  Cor. 
xi.  8.;  and  what  is  gained  by  fmful 
works,  is  the  ivages  of  vnrighieoufnefs, 
-z  Pet.  ii.  15.  (2.)  The  fruit  of  mens 
labour,  Eccl.  ix.  5.  (3.)  A  bribe 
given  to  a  judge  for  his  favour  in  a 
caufe,  Deut.  xxvii.  25. — The  reivard 
of  the  godly  from  God,  is  the  bleffings 


about  this  time  he  marched  to  the  Red 
fea,  and  took  Elath,  and  rellored  it, 
whether  to  Syria  or  the  Edomites 
we  are  uncertain,  as  in  the  Hebrew 
Aram  and  Edom  are  fo  very  fimiiar. 
But  it  is  certain,  that  not  long  aft*-, 
Tiglath-pilefer  king  of  AlTyria,  at  A- 
haz's  defire,  invaded  Syria,  flew  Re- 
zin,  and  carried  his  fubjecls  captive  to 
Media,  2  Kings  xvi.  2  Chron.  xxviii. 
If.  vii.  viii. 

REZON,  the  fon  of  Eliadah,  re- 
volting from  his  mafler  Pladadezer,  the 
Syrian  king  of  Zobah,  while  David 
made  war  upon  him,  put  himfelf  at  the 
head  of  a  band  of  robbers,  and  after 
fundrj^   ravages  of  the   country  about 


he  bellows  on  them  in  confequence  of    Damafcus,  he  feized  on  that  city,  and 
their  good  works,  and  particularly  the     kl  up  for  king  of  that  place.     But 

whether 


R  H  E         [     347    1         R  H  O 


whether  he  did  fo  in  the  time  of  Da- 
vid, or  only  In  the  time  of  Solomon, 
we  know  not.  Nor  know  we  at  what 
time  he  began  to  give  didurbance  to 
Solomon.  It  is  certain,  that  at  the 
time  of 'his  death,  he  could  fcarce  be 
lefs  than  90  years  of  age  ;  and  it  is 
like  he  was  fucceeded  by  his  fon  Hc- 
zion,    I  Kings  xi.  23.  24.  25.   xv.  18. 

RHEGIUxM  ;  a  city  in  tlie  king- 
dom of  Naples,  on  the  fouth  point  of 
Italy,  about  fix  miles  eaft  of  Mcirma 
in  Sicily,  and  1 80  fouth  of  Naples.  It 
is  faid  to  have  been  originally  built  by 
a  colony  from  Chalcis.  It  was  fplen- 
dldly  rebuilt  by  Julius  Cefar,  after  his 
defeat  of  Pompey,  and  driving  him  out 
'of  Sicily.  Here  Paul  touched  as  he 
went  prifoner  to  Rome,  A£ls  xxviii. 
12.  14.  It  has  been  often  plundered 
by  the  Turks,  andhurt  by  earthquakes. 
It  is  neverthelefs  flill  in  a  tolerable  con- 
dition, and  is  the  feat  of  an  archbifliop, 
and*  of  two  colleges  ;  but  the  inhabi- 
tants are  not  numerous,  nor  is  their 
trade  great  ;  nor  are  their  harbours 
good,  being  expofed  to  all  winds,  and 
proper  only  for  fmall  Ihips. 

RHODA.     See  Peter. 

RHODES  ;  an  ifland  of  the  Medi- 
terranean fea,  about  75  miles  eail:  of 
Crete,  and  8  fouth  of  Caria  and  Lyfia 
in  Lefler  Afia,  and  of  about  120  miles 
in  circumference.  Some  think  it  was 
peopled  by  Dodanim,  or  Rhodanim, 
the  grandfon  of  Japheth  ;  but  perhaps 
it  was  rather  peopled  by  the  poflerity 
of  Shem,  who  dwelt  in  the  adjacent 
continent  ;  and  had  Its  name  from  the 
multitude  of  rofcs  that  grew  on  it.  It 
is  certain,  the  Rhodians  were  famous 
about  the  time  of  the  Trojan  war. 
Their  mod  ancient  cities  were  Lindus, 
Camlrus,  Jalyfus,  and  Rhodes,  which 
foon  eclipfed  all  the  reft,  and  is  Hill  a 
place  of  note.  This  iiland  was  famed 
for  the  finenefs  of  the  weather,  and 
the  excellent  wines  thereof ;  and  for 
their  excellent  laws  relative  to  fea-trade, 
which  were  a  kind  of  ftandard  to  the 
fea-faring  men  about ;  and  for  the  birth 
of  fcveral  excellent  artifts,  in  painting, 
ilatuary,  ^c.  ;  but  for  nothing  more 
than  tlie  fdmed  Cololiu?,  or  image  of 


Apollo,  which  was  fixed  on  the  month 
of  their  harbour  at  Rhodes,  fo  as  the 
ihips  failed  in  between  the  feet  of  it. 
It  was  70  cubits  high,  or,  according 
to  Sextus  Empericus,  80,  and  its  parts 
in  proportion,  few  men  being  able  to 
grafp  its  thumb.  It  was  begun  by 
Chares  of  IJndus,  and  was  finifticd  by- 
Laches,  and  coll  about  300  talents, 
and  contained  about  720,000  pound 
weight  of  brafs.  It  was  ereded  about 
j4.  M.  $Ji6;  and  after  ftanding  60 
years,  was  thrown  down  by  an  earth- 
quake. The  Rhodians  procured  a  con- 
tribution from  the  nations  about,  to 
reftore  it  ;  but  having  got  about  five 
times  the-  worth  of  it,  they  were  too 
covetous  to  apply  the  money  to  any 
fuch  ufe.  No  body,  however,  ventu- 
red to  carry  off  the  brafs  of  the  fallen 
ftatue,  till  about  894  years  after,  when 
Muavias  the  fixth  Cahph  of  the  Sara- 
cens, fold  it  to  a  Jew,  who  loaded  900 
camels  therewith.  After  two  different 
races  of  kings  had  governed  the  Rho- 
dians, they  introduced  a  commonwealth 
form  of  government.  After  they  had 
undergone  a  variety  of  changes,  fome- 
timea  opprefled  or  dillreffed  by  the 
Carians  or  Greeks,  and  fometimes  in  a 
great  flouridi  of  grandeur,  and  Lords 
of  Caria  and  Lycia  on  the  continent, 
or  courted  by  almofl  every  ilate  around, 
they  at  lafl  fell  a  prey  to  the  conquer- 
ing and  villanous  Romans.  About 
J.  M.  3962,  and  about  an  hundred 
years  after,  Rhodes  was  made  a  part 
of  the  province  of  the  iflands.  The 
Saracens  feized  it  ^.  D.  654;  but  the 
Greeks  afterwards  retook  it,  and  kept 
it  till  1283,  when  it  was  taken  by  the 
Seljukian  Turks.  In  130S,  the  war- 
like knights  of  St  John  of  Jerufalem 
wreiled  it  out  of  their  hands,  and  kept 
poifeflion  of  it  till  1522,  when  Soly- 
man  the  Ottoman  Turk,  attacked  them 
with  200,000  men,  and  300  fhips. 
After  almoft  a  year's  fiege  of  the  city 
of  Rhodes,  and  the  lofs  of  90,000  of" 
his  troops,  the  knights,  whofe  army 
was  n©vv  reduced  to  6000,  were  obli- 
ged to  quit  the  ifland,  and  foon  after 
fettled  in  Malta.  Moft  of  the  Rho- 
dians defcrted  the  place  about  the  lame 
X  X  3  time, 


RIB  r     .348     1  .         RID 

The  Turks  therefore   granted    everlafling  happinels,  James  ii.  5*.    (4.) 

Such  as,  in  their  own  opinion,  abound 
with  fpiritual  gifts  and  graces,  while 
dellitute  thereof,  Rev.  iii.  17.  (5.) 
Wife  and  worthy  men,  largely  furniili- 
ed  with  excellent  endowments,  EccL 
X.  6.  (6.)  Precious  ;  plentiful,  E/ek. 
xxvii.  24.  I  Tim.  vi.  1 8.  God  is  rich  ; 
has  all  fulnefs  in  himfelf,  and  is  very 
ready  to  bellow  great  and  good  things 
on  hnful  men,  Rom.  x»  12.  Eph.  ii.  4. 
Men  are  rich  in  themfeheSf  not  tonvards 
God,  when  they  are  full  of  felf-conceit, 
thofc  bones  in  the  fides  of  but  deftitute  of  true  fpiritual  excellen- 
cy, Luke  vi.  2 1 .  To  make  one*s  felf 
rich,  is  to  boaft  of  wealth,  or  valuable 
endowments:  and  to  mahe  one' s  f elf  poor , 
is  to  have  a  low  and  felf-denied  view  of" 
one's  own  gifts  or  property,  Prov.  xiii.  7. 
Canaan  was  a  ^wealthy  place,  as  the  foil 
was  good  ;  and  there  the  HebrCvVs  got 
the  riches,  flocks,  and  herds  of  the 
Canaanites,  Pfal.  Ixvi.  12.  Riches, 
or  WEALTH,  denote  plenty,  whether 
of  outward  good  things,  Gen.  xxxvi.  7. 
Job  xxi.  13.  Eccl.  V.  19.  ;  or  of  fpiri- 
tual and  eternal  blefiings,  Luke  xvi.  11.; 
or,  in  fum,  the  real  welfare  and  advan- 
tage of  either  foul  or  body,  i  Cor.  x.  24. 
The  riches  of  God,  are  his  unbounded 
fulnefs  of  wifdom,  power,  mercy,  grace, 
and  gloi7,  Eph.  i.  7.  18.  ii.  7.  ;  or  the 
effects  of  his  power  and  goodnefs,  all 
which  pertain  to  him  as  their  owner, 
Pfal.  civ.  24.  The  riches  of  Chr'ift,  are 
his  unbounded  multitudes  of  fpiritual 
and  eternal  blefiings,  fit  to  be  beftowed 
on  finiul  men,  Prov.  viii.  15.  Eph.  iii. 
8.  ;  and  the  abundant  afcriptionsof  the 
praife  and  glory  thereof.  Rev.  v.  12. 
The  riches  of  the  glory  of  the  gofpel,  are 
the  wonderful  mylteries  therein  reveal- 
ed, the  infinite  bleffings  therein  offer- 
ed, which  render  it  exceedingly  glo- 
rious. Col.  i.  27.  'The  fall  or  diminifh- 
ing  of  the  Jews,  their  calamities  and 
cje6lion  from  the  church  of  God,  was 
the  riches  of  the  Gentiles ;  occalioned 
their  i^ceiving  the  precious  ordinances 
of  the  gofpel,  and  being  many  of  them 
admitted  to  an  enriching  {late  of  fellow- 
fliip  with  God,  Rom.  xi.  12.  Rich- 
ly ;  plentifully;  abundantly.  Col. iii.  16. 
RID  ;   ( I.)  To  deliver  from  danger. 

Gen. 


time. 

diflinguifhed  liberties  and  privileges  to 
fuch  Greeks  as  they  could  excite  to 
reinhabit  it.  Paul  touched  here  as  he 
went  to  Jerufalem,  A,  D.  60  ;  but  we 
find  no  veflige  of  Chriflianity  till  the 
4th  century,  fmce  which  it  has  never 
bee.,  wholly  expelled.  At  prefent,  the 
inhabitants  are  generally  Greeks,  fuf- 
flcieiitly  poor  and  oppreffed  ;  but  the 
Jews,  who  fled  from  Spain,  are  the 
principal  inhabitants  of  the  city  and 
cafl:le. 

RIBS 
inir.y  animals  which  are  the  protection 
of  .heir  heart  and  bowels.  Eve's  be- 
ing formed  of  a  flefhed  rib  taken  out 
of  Adam's  lide,  imported  the  almofl 
cq.rility,  and  flrong  afFettion,  that 
ought  to  take  place  between  hufbands 
and  wives.  Gen.  ii.  21.  22.  The  three 
kingdoms  of  Lydia,  Babylon,  and  E- 
gypt,  conquered  by  Cyrus  and  his  Me- 
do-Perfsan  trocps,  are  likened  to  three 
ribs  in  the  mouth  of  a  bear,   Dan.  vii.  5. 

RIBLAH  ;  a  city  of  Syria,  in  the 
land  of  Hamath.  It  was  a  moft  agree- 
able place.  Here  Pharaoh-necho,  in 
his  return  from  Carchemifli,  ordered 
Jehoahaz  to  meet  him,  and  deprived 
him  of  his  crown,  giving  it  to  Jehoia- 
kim  his  brother,  2  Kings  xxiii.  33.  34. 
Here  Nebuchadnezzar  fpent  his  time 
while  his  generals  befieged  Jerufalem  ; 
and  here  he  murdered  Zedekiah's  chil- 
dren, and  feveral  of  the  Je\vi{h  princes, 
put  out  Zedekiah's  eyes,  and  put  him 
in  chains,  2  Kings  xxv.  Jer.  xxxix.  5. 
Hi.  9.  Some  think  Riblaii  was  the 
fame  as  Antioch,  or  as  Daphne  in 
Syria  ;  but  as  the  fcripture  reprefents 
it  as  on  the  way  between  Carchemifh 
and  Jerufalem,  we  can  fcarcebeheve  it 
was  either  of  the  two  ;  but  rather  a 
city  not  far  from  Damafcus,  the  vefti- 
ges  of  which  are  now  gone. 

RICH;  wealthy;  (i.)  Stuch  as 
have  great  incomes,  and  plenty  of  world- 
ly good  things,  I  Tim.  vi.  17.  Jer. 
xlix.  31.  (  2. )  Such  as  place  their  hap- 
pineis  and  confidence  in  their  outAvard 
profperity.  Mat.  xix.  24.  Luke  vi.  24. 
(3.)  ouch  as  have  plenty  of  fpiritual 
gifts  and  graces,  and  are  intitled  to 


RID  [     349     ]  RIP 

Gen.  xxxvii.  22.     (2.)  To  clear  away  ;     mon,  (\<^r\'\^\c%-^  pomegranate-tree,  2  Kin^s 

V.  18. 

RINGS  were  cither  for  hanging  cur- 
tains or  other  things  by  ;  or  for  orna- 
ments on  the  hands,  fingers,  ears,  i^c. 
Judah,  Pharaoh,  the  Midianitee,  and 
Hebrew  men,  wore  rings  on  their  fin- 
gers ;  and  fomctimcs  they  were  iinely 
engraved,  Gen.  xxxviii.  18.  xh*.  42. 
Numb.  xxxi.  50.  Exod.  xxviii.  11. 
Nay,  fometimcs  idolatrous  piduresand 
magical  devices  were  engraven  in  them; 
hence  Jacob  hid  the  idolatrous  ear-rings 
of  thofe  in  his  family.  Gen.  xxxv.  4. 
The  Jewifli  women  wore  rings,  not  on- 
ly on  their  fingers  and  in  their  ears, 
but  in  their  noflrils. — Perfons  of  dig- 
nity fealed  their  letters  and  decrees  with 
their  rings.:  and  fo,  when  Pharaoh 
transferred  authority  to  Jofeph,  he  gavu 
him  his  ring,  as  an  emblem  thereof, 
I  Kings  xxi.  8.  Efth.  iii.  10.  Dan.  vi. 
17.  Gen.  xli.  42.  The  dreadful  rings 
of  the  nvheelsy  in  Ezekiel's  vifion,  full  of 
eyes  J  may  denote  the  marvellous  and 
wife  turnings  of  divine  providence,  and 
the  majeftic  appearance  of  faints  in  the 
church,  v/hen  filled  with  the  knowledge 
of  Chriil,  Ezek.  i.  18.  The  ring  on  the 
fnger  oi\.\i^  returning  prodigal  fon,  mav 
denote  the  everlailing  love  of  God  flied 
abroad  in  the  heart,  whereby  one  is  ex- 
cited to  good  works  ;  or  the  Spirit  of 
God,  whereby  the  faints  are  fealed  up 
to  the  day  of  redemption,  Luke  xv.  22. 
To  ht<x^  the  ring  or  Jignet  on  God^s  right 
hand,  is  to  be  very  famihar  with  and 
dear  to  him,  Jer.  xxii.  24.   Hag.  ii.  23. 

RINGLEADER,  one  who,  as  a 
ca,ptain  of  the  vanguard,  leads  on  all 
the  reil  ;  one  that,  by  his  doftrine  and 
example,  chiefly  ftirs  up  others  to  any 
particular  courfc,  Afts  xxiv.  5. 

RING-STRAKED,  having  fpots 
on  their  legs,  where  they  ufe  to  be  tied 
for  the  flaughter.  or  for  fiiearing,  Gen. 
XXX.  35. 

RINSE  ;  to  make  clean  by  wafhing 
and  rubbing.  Lev.  xv.  11. 

RIOT  ;  RIOTING  ;  excefliveand  ex- 
penfivc  feailing,  2  Pet.  ii.  13.  Rom. 
xiii.  13.  Riotous,  intemperate,  la- 
fcivious,  Prov.  xxviii.  7. 

RIPE  J  ready  to  be   cut  down,  or 
plucked* 


deftroy,  Lev.  xxvii.  6.  Riddance,  is 
an  utter  deftruftion,  or  putting  of  things 
clean  away,  Zeph.  i.  18. 

To  RIDE,  fometiines  denotes  ho- 
nour and  triumph,  If.  Iviii.  14.  When 
God  or  Chriil  are,  in  metaphoric  lan- 
guage, faid  to  ride,  it  denotes  their  ipee- 
dy  and  majeftic  appearance  to  protedl 
and  deliver  his  people,  or  deftroy  his 
enemies,  Deut.  \xxiii.  26.  Pf.  Ixviii.  4. 
xviii.  10.   If.  xix.  i.   Pial.  xlv.  4. 

RIFLE  ;  to  plunder  ;  fpoil,  Zcch. 
xiv.  2. 

RIGHT  :  befides  its  fignification, 
relative  to  hand,  fide,  or  airth,  alfo  fig- 
nifics,  (i.)  Straight,  Prov. ix.  15.  (2.) 
Jull  and  proper,  oppofite  to  what  is 
wrong,  Gen.  xviii.  25.  :  and  fo  a  right, 
is  either  a  juft  caufe,  Job  xxxiv.  17. 
Ptal.  xvii.  I.  ;  or  a  juft  fentence.  Job 
xxxvi.  6.  ;  or  a  juft  title  to  any  thing, 
or  privilege  of  it  :  and  fo  they  that  do 
Gad^s  conunandment  have  a  right  to  enter 
by  the  gates  into  the  city  of  .the  new  Jeru- 
falem  ;  they  have  a  meetnefs  for  it,  ma- 
nifefting  their  title  to  it.  Rev.  xxii.  14. 

Righteousness.     See  Justice. 

RIMMON,  orREMMON;  (i.)  A 
city  belonging  to  the  Simeonites,  and 
which  was  rebuilt  after  the  captivity  of 
Bab^^lon.  It  feeras  to  have  ftood  about 
25  miles  fouth-weft  of  jeruialem,  Joih. 
xix.  7.  Neh.  xi.  29.  {2.)  Remmon- 
methoar,  a  city  of  Zebulun  given  to 
the  Levites,  Jofh.  xix.  3.  i  Chron.  vi. 
77.  (3.)  A  fteep  rock  near  Gibeah, 
whither  600  Benjamites  fled  when  the 
reft  of  their  tribe  was  deftroyed,  Judg. 
XX.  45.  Perhaps  it  v/as  under  this 
rock,  not  under  a  pomegranate-tree, 
that  Saul  ftood,  I  Sam.  xiv.  2.  (4,) 
A  principal  idol  of  the  Syrians  wor- 
fliipped  at  Damafcus.  The  name  fig- 
niiies  elevation  ;  but  whether  that  idol 
be  the  Elion,  or  Mojl  High  of  the  Phe- 
nicians,  or  the  fun,  or  Saturn,  or  Ju- 
r.o,  or  Venus,  is  not  agreed.  Perhaps 
lie  was  none  of  all  thefe,  but  Jupiter 
CafTius,  who  had  a  temple  on  the  north- 
eail  of  Egypt,  and  was  figured  with 
his  hand  ftretclied  out.  I  fuppofe  he 
was  Caphtor,  the  father  of  Caphtorim, 
vvhofe  name,  as  'well  as  that  of  Rim,- 


R I  p     r  350  3     R I V 

The  Antichriftians  and  others     phrates  to  the  fnore  of  the  Mediten'a- 


|>lucked 

are  ripe  for  the  fickle  of  God's  judge- 
ments, when  their  fm  univerfally  a- 
boimds  ;  they  have  long  gone  on  in  the 
mod  aggravated  wickednefs,  and  the 
patience  of  God.  can  no  longer  bear 
with  them,   Rev.  xiv.  18.  Joel  iii.  13. 

RIPHATH,  the  fecond  fon  of  Go- 
mer,  and  grandfon  of  Japheth.  We 
fuppofe  his  offspring  peopled  Paphla- 
gonia  or  Bithynia  in  LefTer  Afia,  where 
Mela  the  ancient  geographer  places  a 
tribe  called  the  Riphataei,  or  Riphates. 
From  this  country,  it  is  probable,  part 
of  them  removed  northward,  and  gave 
name  to,  and  refided  near  the  Riphaean 
mountains,   Gen.  x.  3. 

RISE.     See  arise. 

RITES  ;  laws  ;  cuftoms  ;  ceremo- 
nies. Numb.  ix.  3. 

RIVER  ;  a  cuirent  of  frefh  water 
lowing  towards  the  fea,  in  a  hollow 
channel.  The  chief  rivers  of  Aha  are 
Euphrates,  Tigris,  Indus,  Ganges,  Ky- 
ang,  Lena,  Jenifea,  and  Oby.  Thofe 
in  the  continent  of  Europe  are  Wolga, 
Don,  Nieper,  Nieiler,  Danube,  Duina, 
Duna,  Weiffel,  Oder,  Elbe,  Wefer, 
Rhine,  Po,  Tiber,  Rhone,  Seine,  Loire, 
Garonne,  Ebro,  Tajo,  Guadiana,  Gua- 
dalquir.  Thofe  of  Africa  are  the  Nile, 
Senegal,  Zaire,  and  Bravagal.  Thofe 
of  America  are  the  river  de  la  Plata, 
the  river  of  the  Amazons,  the   Miflif- 


ippL 


and  St  Laurence.     The  chief  ri- 


vers of  Britain  are  the  Severn,  Thames, 
Humber,  Tine,  Eilc,   Clyde,    Tweed, 


nean  fea  ;  or  it  may  import,  that  the 
Chrillian  church  fiiould,  for  many  ages, 
exill,  between  the  Euphrates  on  the 
eaft,  and  the  weft  of  Spain,  Pf.  Ixxii.  8. 
Zech.  ix.  10.  The  Orientals  watered 
their  gardens  by  bringing  rivulets  of 
water  into  them,  which  they,  with  a 
touch  of  their  foot  or  the  like,  tunied 
in  upon  fuch  beds  as  they  pleafed,  to 
water  and  fruclify  them  :  So  eafily  God 
turns  the  heart  of  kings  to  favour  or 
diilik.4'  whatfoever  or  whomfoever  he 
plcafeth,  Prov.  xxi.  i.  God  is  likened 
to  broad  rivers ;  how  large  and  abun- 
dant the  refreHiful  influence  he  beftows 
on  his  people  !  and  how  full  his  protec- 
tion of  them  1  If.  xxxiii.  21.  Chrift  is 
likened  to  rivers  of  luater  in  a  dry  place  ; 
how  plentiful,  free,  and  conftant  the 
cleannng  and  refrefliful  influence  of  his 
blood  and  Spirit  !  If.  xxxii.  2.  The 
gofpel,  and  its  ordinances  and  bleflings, 
the  Holy  Ghoft,  and  his  influences, 
and  the  joys  of  the  heavenly  fl:ate,  are 
likened  to  a  river,  to  denote  their  plen- 
ty, purity,  perpetuity,  purifying  and 
defenfive  influence.  Ezek.  xlvii.  5.  9, 
John  vii.  38.  Joel  iii.  18.  Pfal.  xlvi.  4. 
John  xvi.  1 1.  God. JJjakes  his  band  over 
the  river y  h.Q  finites  itsjireams,  and  dries 
up  rivers,  when  he  eafily  and  effeftually 
removes  evei7  difficulty  that,  like  an 
interpofing  river,  lies  in  the  way  of  his 
execution  of  his  purpofe,  and  of  the 
falvation  and  deliverance  of  his  people. 
If.  xi.  15.    xliv.   27.     The   rivers  and 


Forth,  Tay,   Spey,  and    NeiTe.     The    /o««/rt//7j  of  the  Antichriilian  ftate,  may 


rivers  mentioned  in  fcripture,  are  Nile 
in  Egypt,  Jordan,  Kiflion,  Jabbok,  and 
Arnon,  in  Canaan.  The  waters  of 
Nephtoah  and  Etam  ought  rather  to 
be  ranked  among  the  brooks.  In  Sy- 
ria we  read  of  the  Abana  and  Pharpar. 
In  Chaldea,  and  thereabouts,  we  find 
Euphrates,  Hiddckel,  Gihon,  Pifon, 
Chebar,  Ahavah,  Ulai.  The  Euphra- 
tes and  Nile  arc  fometimes  called  the 
U'i'er,  bv  way  of  eminence,  Ezra  iv.  10. 
16.  PfaLlxxx.  II..  If.  xix.  5.  The 
Red  fea,  and  perhaps  alfo  the  Mediter- 
ranean, is  called  a  river,  Pfal.  Ixxiv.  15. 
llab.  iii.  8.  If.  xxlil.  3.  From  the  river 
/i'  ths  ends  of  the  earlh-,  is  from  the  Eu- 


denote  their  dociors,  and  the  defences 
of  their  caufe,  and  which  tend  to  the 
fupport  and  increale  thereof;  or  the 
well-watered  countries  of  North  Italy 
and  Switzerland,  Rev.  xvi.  4.  To  pafs 
through  the  land  as  a  river,  is  to  flee  off 
as  fpeedily  as  poffible,  in  multitudes, 
not  to  return.  If.  xxiii.  10.  Pharaoh's 
river  made  by  him,  may  denote  his 
power  and  wealth,  Ezek.  xxix.  3. 
Whatever  is  very  plentiful  is  likened  to 
a  river,  as  plenty  of  tears,  or  of  peace, 
of  oil,  or  of  pleafure,  2  Sam.  ii.  18. 
If.  xlviii.  18.  Job  xxix.  6.  Pfal.  xvi.  ii,. 
Behemoth's  lar^re  draught  of  water  i« 
called  a  river,  Job  xl.  23.  5  and  plenti- 
ful 


.      R  I  Z  f     35 

ful  rain  is  called  the  river  of  God,  Pfal. 
Ixv.  9.  Rivers  of  living  ivaier  flow  out 
of  the  faints  belly,  when  their  inward 
fulnefs  of  fpiritual  grace  appears  in  tlie 
multitude  of  their  good  works,  John 
vii.  38. 

RIZPAH.     See  Saul. 

ROAR  ;  to  make  a  hideous  noife, 
as  the  raging  fea,  or  ingry  lion.  God's 
roaring,  imports  the  fearful  difplays  of 
his  will,  his  power  and  wrath,  Jer.  xxv. 
30.  Joel  iii.  16.  Amos  i.  2.  Satan's 
roaring  denotes  the  terrible  nature  of 
his  temptations,  i  Pet.  v.  8.  Mens 
roaring,  is  expreffive  of  their  outrageous 
or  mournful  outcries.  Jer.  1.  24.  Job 
iii.  24. 

ROB  ;  to  take  away  what  belongs 
to  another  by  force,  Lev.  xix.  13.  Men 
rob  God,  when  they  with-hold  his  due 
tithes,  offerings,  or  worfliip,  Mai.  iii. 
8.  9.  PauPs  robbing  of  other  churches, 
was  his  receiving  fupply  from  them,  to 
maintain  him,  while  preaching  the  gof- 
pel  at  Corinth,  2  Cor.  xi.  26.  Rob- 
bers, are  fuch,  as,  by  force,  takeaway 
what  belongs  to  another,  Job  xii.  6.  ; 
or  unjuft  invaders  of  a  country,  as  the 
Afiyrians  and  Chaldeans  were  of  Ca- 
naan, If.  xlii.  24.  ;  orperfons  ambitious 
of  ftations  not  belonging  to  them,  and 
ready  to  opprefs  their  neighbours,  Dan. 
xi.  14.  ;  or  falfe  teachers,  who  attempt 
to  rob  God  of  his  honour,  Chriil  of  his 
office,  and  men  of  their  happinefs  and^ 
outward  wealth,  John  x.  Robber.y, 
is,  (i.)  The  violent  taking  away  of 
our  neighbour's  goods,  Prov.  xxi.  7. 
(  2. )  What  is  procured  by  violence  and 
injullice.  If.  Ixi.  8.  Chrift  thought  it 
710  robbery  to  'be  equal  with  God  ;  he 
claimed  equal  honours  with  the  Father 
as  his  proper  due,  Phil.  ii.  6. 

ROBE.     See  cloaths. 

ROCKS  ;  large  quantities  of  ftone 
connedled  together,  either  above  or  be- 
low the  furface  of  the  ground.  Rocks 
{landing  out  above  the  furface  of  the 
earth,  were  very  com.mon  in  Canaarr, 
and  many  of  them  were  a  fheltcr  for 
the  inhabitants  in  time  of  danger.  In 
fcripture,  we  find  mentioned,  the  rocks 
of  Lebanon  and  Hermon,  in  the  north  ; 
and  the  rocks  of  the  liiils  by  the  river 


T     1 


ROC 


Arnon,    on    the    eaft,    Jer.    xviii.    14. 
Numb,  xxiii.  9.  ;  Oreb  near  mount  Ta- 
bor, Judg.  vii.  25.  ;  and  Zoheleth,  Bo- 
zez,   Seneh,  and  Rimmon,  in  the  tribe 
of  Benjamin  ;  and  the  rocks  of  Enge- 
di,  Adullam,  Selah-hammalekoth,  and 
Etam,  in  the   tribe  of  Judah  ;  of  the 
rock  Joktheel  in  the   land  of  Edom  ; 
and  indeed  the  whole  country  abounded 
with  rocks,  as  did  Arabia  the  Rocky  ; 
though  we  read  in  fcripture  of  no  more 
there  but  the   rock  of  Horeb,  and  of 
Meribah  in  Rephidim,  and  of  Kadefh, 
From  thefe  two  laft  God  fupplied  the 
Hebrews   with   water  the  moll  of  the 
time  they  were  in  the  defert.     Accor- 
ding to  Thevenot,  Shaw,  Pocock,  and 
other  travellers  of  credit,  the   rock  ot 
Meribah,  in  Rephidim,  feems  to  have 
been  a  cleft  fallen  off  from  the   fide  of 
Sinai  ;  and   hes  hke  a  large  loofe  ftone 
in  the  midll  of  the  valley.     It  is  of  red 
granate,  of  the  hardnefs  of  flint,  and 
is,  according  to  Shaw,  about  fix  yards 
fquare  ;  though  Pocock  fays  it  is  fifr 
teen  feet  long,  twelve   high,  and  ten 
broad  ;  and  there  are   twelve  openings 
in  it ;  nay,  Pocock  fays,  twelve  on  eve- 
ry fide,  whence  the   water   iffued  out, 
for  the  thirty-nine  years  fupply  of  the 
Hebrews  ;  and  the  ftone  is  worn  where 
the   water  had   run   down.     Did  this 
rock  fignify  Jefus,  wKo  was   as  a  root 
out  of  a  dry  ground,  but  was  the  firni 
and  unchangeable  God,'  and   Mediator 
of  his  people  ;  and  being  fmitten  by 
Mofes's  rod,  his  ^trj  law,  till  he  gave 
up  the  ghoft,  does,  through  the  doc- 
trines of  his  twelve  apoftles,  convey  re- 
frefhful  bleiTings  to  his  church,  in  eve- 
ry age   and   period  of  her  wandering, 
and  eternal   ftate  ?    Exod.  xvii.     The 
rock  of  Kadefh,  called   alfo   Meribah, 
was  not  to  be  fmitten,  but   fpoken  to» 
that  it  might   yield   water  ;  fo  in   the 
Millennium  Jefus  muft  not  be  crucified 
afrefh,  but  only  preached  to  men,  that 
his  bleflings  may  flow  out   upon  them. 
Numb.  XX.   I. — 13.     God  is  called  « 
7-ock,  and  rock  of  ages  ;  he   is  an  high, 
firm,  never-faihng  foundation,  hiding- 
place,    and   fource  of  bleffings  to   his 
people,  Pfal.  xviii.  2.   If,  xxvi.  4.     Je- 
fus Ch'riil  is  the  rock  on  v;hich  his  churck 

and 


ROD 

Spid  people  are  buUt ;  he  alone 
their  weight  and  all  their  concerns  ;  he 
is  their  refuge,  their  occalion  of  wide 
profpedl  into  divine  things,  and  the 
fource  of  all-purifying  and  refrefliful 
influence  to  them.  If.  xxxii.  2.  Matth. 
vii.  25.  As  rocks  are  barren  and  un- 
fruitful places,  Job  xxix.  6.  Pfal.  xviii. 
16. ;  hard-hearted  finners,  unfruitful  in 
good  works,  are  compared  to  rochs^ 
JLuke  viii.  13.  As  roch  denotes  a  quar- 
ry out  of  which  ftones  are  digged,  A- 
braham  and  Sarah,  once  like  to  have 
no  children,  are  hkened  to  a  roch,  and 
pit.  If.  li.  I. 

ROD  ;   STAFF  ;   SCEPTRE  ;     (l.)  A 

rod,  in    its   original   fignitication,  is  a 


Xi.   I0.~" 

a  furvey- 


twig,  or  fmall  branch  of  a  tree  ;  and 
Jefus  Chrift  is  called  a  Rod  or  B  r  a  n  c  h  , 
If.  xi.  I. :  and  fo  the  woxdjljebet,  which 
we  fometimes  render  rod,  Gen.  xxx. 
27.  is  alfo  ufed  for  tribes,  becaufe  they 
grow  as  branches  from  a  common  root. 
And  the  two  flicks  of  Judah  and  E- 
phraim  becoming  o«^,  denotes  the  junc- 
tion of  the  tribes  of  Judah  and  Ben- 
jamin, which  were  one  kingdom,  with 
thofe  of  Ephraim  and  his  fellows, 
which  formed  another,  Ezek.  xxxvii. 
15. — 22.  (2.)  In  the  hand  of  one 
walking,  it  figniiies  a  staff,  to  fup- 
port  and  enable  to  finifli  the  journey. 
With  thefe  the  Heathens  of  old  ufed 
to  divine  what  courfe  they  faould  fol- 
low, Hof.  iv.  12.:  and  in  allufion 
hereto,  food  that  fupports  men  in  life 
and  adlion,  is  called  ?ijlaj'?i.r\6.j}ay.  If. 
iii.  1.  The  Egyptians  were  2i  Jlajf  ol 
reed  to  the  houie  of  Ifrael,  /.  e.  an  al- 
ly on  which  they  depended,  but  which 
always  failed  them  in  a  time  of  need, 
Ezek.  xxix.  6.  (3.)  In  the  hand  of  a 
Oiepherd,  it  fignilies  his  crook,  where- 
by he  diredls  and  apprehends  fuch  of 
his  flock  as  he  pleafeth,  Lev.  xxvii. 
32.  QXxxi^ %  fla'ucs  of  beauty  and  hands, 
which  he  cut  afunder  with  refped  to 
the  Jews,  were  his  peculiar  concern 
with  them  as  their  Shepherd,  and  their 
brotherly  connexion  among  themfelves, 
which  had  been  their  glory  and  fup- 
port ;  and  which  being  diflblved,  they 
cot  only  loll  their  church-ltate,  but 
f^il  i:ito   fuch  furious   CQntentions  as 


r   352    1      .ROD 

bears     hallened  their  ruin,    Zech. 

14.  (4.)  In  the  hand  of 
or,  it  fignilies  his  meafure,  for  met- 
ting  out  fields  ;  and  fo  the  thing  mea- 
fured  is  called  the  rod ;  fo  the  Jewifh 
nation  are  called  the  rod  of  God's  inhe- 
ritance,  as  they  were  fet  apart  to  be 
his  peculiar  property,  Pfal.  Ixxiv.  2.  : 
or  the  word  might  be  rendered  tribe, 
Jer.  X.  16.  (5.)  In  the  hand  of  a 
threfher,  it  denotes  a  flail,  or  threfliing 
ftaff.  If.  xxvii.  21.:  and  in  allufion 
hereto,  in  the  hand  of  an  offended 
perfon,  it  fignifies  an  inflrument  to 
beat,  corred,  or  punifli  the  offender, 
Prov.  xxiii.  1 3.  And  in  allufion  to 
this  correftion,  church-cenfure  and  pu- 
nifhment  are  called  a  rod,  Mic.  vi.  9. 
vii.  14.      I  Cor.   iv.    21.      Prov.  xxix. 

15.  God's  chaftifements  of  his  peo- 
ple are  called  the  rod  of  men,  as  they 
are  infiifted  with  the  kindnefs  and  com- 
paflion  of  a  Father,  2  Sam.  vii.  14. 
( 6. )  In  the  hand  of  a  warrior,  it  fig- 
nifies his  truncheon,  the  flafl;'  of  his 
fpear,  or  his  walking  flaff,  2  Sam.  xxiv. 
21.  (7.)  In  the  hand  of  a  ruler,  it 
is  a  fceptre,  or  badge  of  authority,  to 
dired,  govern,  chaflife,  and  reward, 
Eflh.  viii.  4.  ;  and  hence  it  is  put  for 
power  and  authority.  If.  xiv.  5.  ;  and 
alfo  for  the  rulers  themfelves  ;  fo  where 
we  have  shebet  in  one  place,  we  have 
judges  in  the  parallel  place,  compare 
2  Sam.  vii.  7.  i  Chron.  xvii.  6  :  and 
the  princes  of  Judah  are  called  rods, 
becaufe  with  authority  they  ruled  and 
correfted  others,   Ezek.  xix.  14, 

The  rod  of  Chr'ifl'' s  flrengih  fent  out  of 
Zioriy  is  the  gofpel,  attended  with  mi- 
raculous and  faving  influence,  for  the 
authoritative  converfion  of  multitudes, 
and  the  fupport  and  drreflion  of  faints, 
Pfal.  ex.  2.  It  is  2i  fceptre  of  right eouf 
nefs,  wherein  the  righteoufnefs  of  God's 
nature  and  law  are  glorified  to  the 
highefl ;  Jefus's  righteoufnefs  is  brought 
near,  offered,  and  applied  to  us  ;  and 
by  which  we  are  effedually  made  righ- 
teous in  all  manner  of  converfation. 
This  fceptre  may  alfo  denote  Jefus's 
righteous  execution  of  his  whole  office, 
Pfal.  xlv.  6.  God's  rod  2ind.  JiafthvLt 
comfort  his    people,    are    his    gofpel- 

truths, 


ROE  r     353     1         ROM 


truths,  and  his  fupporting  influence, 
whereby  he  preferves  and 'draws  them 
to  himfelf,  Pfal.  xxiii.  4.  Chilli's  rod 
of  iron  t  wherewith  he  rules  the  nations, 
is  his  abfolute  authority  over  them, 
and  his  wrathful  judgements  executed 
upon  them,  particularly  in  the  over- 
throw of  the  Jewifh  nation,  the  ruin 
-of  Heathenifm  in  the  Ronian  empire, 
and  of  Antichrift  and  M.ihomet,  Plal. 
ii.  9.  Rev.  xix.  15.  The  faints,  by 
their  prayers  and  otherwife,  have  a 
fhare  in  his  ruling  the  nations  with  this 
rod  of  Iron,  E.ev.  ii.  27.  The  Afly- 
rians  and  their  correcting  influence, 
are  called  a  rod  of  God*s  anger,  and  a 
Jlq^  in  his  hand ;  and  they  corrected 
^du'uh  a   rod ;  afflicled,  but   could    not 


Lord,  when  he  depends  on  him  fof  di- 
rection, Pfal.  xxxvii.  f  5.  The  Chal- 
deans were  rolled  doivn  from  the  rocks, 
when  driven  out  of  their  ftrong  and  lof* 
ty  city,  perhaps  fome  of  them  thrown 
over  the  walls,  and  deprived  of  all  means 
of  flicker,  by  the  Periians,  Jer.  Ii.  25,. 
Nations  arc  like  a  rolling  thing  before 
the  whirlwind,  when  eafily  tofled  to  and 
fro  with  the  judgements  of  God,  If. 
xvii.  13-  . 

Roll  ;  a  piece  of  paper  for  folding 
up  :  for  anciently,  before  the  binding 
of  books  was  invented,  all  writings 
were  in  rolls  of  paper  ;  and  the  Jews 
in  their  fynagogues  ftill  read  the  fcrip- 
ture  out  of  copies  in  loofe  flieets,  that 
are  rolled  up   on  a  fl:afF.     The  roll  in 


deftroy  the  Jews,   If.  ix.  4.     x.  5.   15.  --Ezekiel  and   Zechariah's  vifion,  is  re- 


XXX.  32.  Nebuchadnezzar  and  his  ar- 
"my  are  called  the  hlojfoming  rod,  and 
rod  of  ivickednefs ;  they  profpered  in 
their  conquefl;s,  but  were  moft  wicked  : 
and  by  them  God  puniflied  the  increa- 
fmg  pride  and  growing  violence  of  the 
Jews,  Ezek.  vii.  10.  11.  The  king- 
dom of  iMoab  is  likened  to  a  flrong 
flaff,  and  beautiful  rod,  for  their  ilrong 
and  beautiful  appearance,  their  ruling 
over  others,  and  being  inftruments  of 
God's  wrath  againfl;  them.  God  broke 
this  rod,  and  the  flaff  of  the  tuicked,  when 
he  ruined  the  authority  and  pov^^er  of 
the  Moabites  and  Chaldeans,  Jer.  xlviii. 
I  7.  If.  xiv.  5.  The  contemned  rod  of 
God's  Son,  may  fignify  the  royal  fa- 
mily of  Judah,  and  their  authority  over 
his  peculiar  people,  which  were  con- 
temned by  the  Chaldeans,  and  depref- 
fed  by  the  calamities  which  they  in- 
ilicled,  Ezek.  xxi.  10.  13.  The  rod 
of  the  wicked,  is  their  authorit)^,  pow- 
er, and  opprcfTive  ufage  of  otheis, 
Pfal.  cxxv.  3.  The  rod  of  pride  in  the 
mouth  of  the  fooli!h,  is  proud,  paf- 
fionate  language,  which  wounds  the 
foul,  credit,  health,  or  property  of 
themfelves  and  others,  Prov.  xiv.  3. 
lL\it grounded ^-d!^,  denotes  the  appoint- 
ed judgements  of  God,  inflicted  on  the 
Jews  or  Afl'yrians,  If.  xxx.  32.  See 
Shiloh. 

ROE  ;  ROEBUCK.     See  deer^ 
ROLL.      One   rolls   himfelf  on    the 
Vol.  n. 


prefented  as  containing  denunciations 
of  heavy  judgements  againfl:  wicked 
men,  Ezek.  ii.  Zech.  v.  The  ro//,- 
or  VOLUME  of  the  hook,  as  it  relates  to 
David,  may  fignify  fome  written  vovr 
of  his,  wherein  he  had  folemnly  devot- 
ed himfelf  to  the  fervice  of  God.  As 
it  relates  to  Jefus  Clirifl:,  it  may  de- 
note the  purpofe  of  God,  wherein  e- 
very  thing  relative  to  his  mediation 
was  fettled  ;  or  the  fcriptures  which 
tefl:ify  of  him,  and  almofl.  from  the  very 
beginning,  intimated  that  he  fliould 
bruife  the  ferpent's  head,  and  have  his 
heel  bruifed,  Pfal.  xl.  7.  Gen.  iii.  15. 
ROME,  the  mofl.  noted  city  of  I- 
taly,  and  long  the  mifl:refs  of  the  world, 
was  built  b-y  tlie  Etrurians,  and  enlar- 
ged by  Romulus,  and  a  number  of  lit- 
tle elfe  than  banditti,  under  his  direc- 
tion, about  A.  M.  3254.  It  gradual- 
ly increafed,  till  it  extended  over  fe- 
ven  hills  ;  nay,  at  lail  it  took  in  thir- 
teen. The  river  Tiber  which  run  thro* 
it,  when  fwelled  with  rain,  and  blown 
back  by  the  fouch-weit  wind,  otten  did 
it  a  great  deal  of  hurt:  but  was  ot 
great  ufe  on  ordinary  occafions,  to  af-' 
ford  water  to  the  city,  and  to  carry  ofF 
the  filth,  which  was  conveyed  to  it  by 
canals  under  ground.  Its  walls  never 
feem  to  have  been  above  thirteen  miles 
in  c'l-'cumfercnce  ;  and  if  deductions  be 
made  for  their  various  windings,  they 
will  \i%  found  much  Icfs:  but  the  coun- 
y  y  tr^;- 


ROM        r     354    1       ROM 


tr/  around  was  formed  into  a  vaft  ex- 
tent of  fuburbs.  To  mention  the  di- 
verfified  fate  of  this  city,  its  burnings, 
and  pillage  by  the  Gauls,  and  by  the 
Goths,  Vandals,  Heruli,  Greeks,  ^c. 
and  the  various  maffacres,  famines,  and 
peflilences,  which  have  happened  in 
it,  would  be  improper  in  this  work. 
In  the  time  of  Romulus  it  coiit^u'ned 
ctbout  3000  inhabitants ;  in  tlie  time 
of  Auguftus-  they  were  about  tv/o  mil- 
lions, which  is  perhaps  about  a  fourth 
part  more  than  all  the  people  of  Scot- 
land at  prefent.  At  prefent  they  fcarce 
amount  to  200,000  ;  and  no  more  than 
about  the  third  part  of  what  is  within 
the  walls  is  inhabited.  It  is  now  no- 
ted for  multitudes  of  ancient  ruins,  and 
for  Peter's  church,  which  was  100 
years  in  building,  and  the  Vatican  or 
winter-palace  of  the  pop-,  which  con- 
fifls  of  about  12,500  chambers,  halls, 
andclofets,  and  has  a  famed  library,  gar- 
den and  arfenal.  Its  hofpitals  are  under 
excellent  regulation ;  but  the  morals 
of  the  inhabitants  are  licentious  to  an 
uncommon  degree. 

The  Romans  were  noted  idolaters, 
making  gods  and  goddefies  of  almofl 
every  thing.  There  was  but  little  phi- 
lofophy  among  them,  till  they  conquer- 
ed the  Greeks.  It  feems  too,  that- 
for  fome  ages,  challity  and  honefty 
were  in  repute  among  them  ;  but  as 
their  power  increafed,  they  decreafed 
in  every  thing  virtuous,  and  Ituck  at 
nothing  villanous  or  wanton,  Rom.  i. 
21. — 32.  They  were  firll  governed 
hy  feven  kings,  for  about  220  years. 
During  the  next  488  years,  they  were 
governed  by  confuls,  tribunes,  decem- 
virs, and  dictators,  in  their  turns.  They 
■were  afterwards  governed  by  6^  em- 
perors, for  the  fpace  of  518  years. — 
Their  power  gradually  increafed,  till 
they  firfl:  fubdued  a  great  part  of  Ita- 
ly ;  and  afterwards,  partly  by  force  and 
partly  by  villany,  they  made  them- 
felves  mailer  of  ail  the  countries,  from 
the  north  parts  of  Britain,  to  the  fouth 
borders  of  Egypt  ;  and  from  the  wef- 
tern  parts  of  Perfia,^to  the  weft  coafts 
of  Spain.  Thus,  their  empire  cxtend- 
c!d  about   2660  miles  from   north  to 


fouth,  and  about  as  much  from  eaft  tIK 
weft.  Their  wars  with  the  Carthagi- 
nians, Spaniards,  Gauls,  Greeks,  Mith- 
ridates  of  Pontus,  Parthians,  and  Jews, 
were  the  moft  noted.  They  had  fcarce 
extended  their  power  fo  far  and  wide, 
when  their  leading  men,  Marius,  Syi- 
la,  Pompey,  Julius  Caefar,  ^c.  by  their 
civil  contentions,  and  maftacres  of  one 
another's  party,  were  like  entirely  to 
ruin  the  empire. .  JuHus  Caefar,  by  ter- 
rible bloodflied,  got  himfelf  the  fove- 
reign  power  ;  but,  long  after,  the  fe- 
nate  retained  fome  faint  ftiadow  of  au- 
thority; His  ambitious  overthrow  of 
the  commonwealth  form  of  govern'^ 
ment,  foon  coft  him  his  life  4  and  Caf- 
fius  and  Brutus  afterwards  made  a  moit- 
vigorous  attempt  to  have  reftored  it  ;- 
but  they  perifhed  therein.  The  long», 
profperous,  and  mild  government  of 
Auguftus,  made  the  Romans  give  up- 
with  almoft  all  their  care  about  their 
ancient  liberty.  Moft  cf  his  fucceffors 
in  the  empire  were  monfters  of  pride, 
cruelty,  and  almoft  evei-y  other  vice. 
This,  together  with  the  civil  conten- 
tions occaficned  by  numbers  w^ho  en- 
deavoured to  feize  on  the  fupreme  pov/- 
er,  and  the  terrible  ravages  of  the 
Goths,  Vandals,  Hiins,- Heruli,  isfc, 
and  the  divifjon  of  the  empire  into  dif- 
ferent parts,  the  eajlern  and  tusjiern,  . 
gradually  wafted  it,  till  it :was .entirci/ 
ruined. . 

About  ^.  Z>.  46,  a  famine  of  fe'ven' 
years  continuance  terribly  diftreffed  the 
empire,  and  not  long  after,  a  multi- 
tude of  earthquakes  happened.  The 
perfecution  of  the  Ghriftians,;  the  but- 
chery o-f  the  fubjects  by  Nero  and  Do- 
mitian,  the  terrible  wars  with  the  Jews 
too,  cut  off^  prodigious  numbers  of  the 
Romans.  The  Jews  were  got  reduced, 
but  the  vengeance  of  Heaven  ftill  pur- 
fued  the  Roman  perfecutors.  Even 
under  the  two  Sev-.'rus's,  terrible  fa- 
mines plagued  the  empire.  The  next . 
period,  under  the  fourth  feal,  was  un- 
fpeakably  worfe.  In  lifty  years,  above 
20  emperors  were  moftly  cut  oft"  in  a 
miferablc  manner,  and  30  other  ufurp- 
ers  came  to  a  wretched  end,  after  ma- 
king no  Gnall  difturbance  m  the  empire. 

While 


1^  OM        r    35^     1 

WKiie  the  Parthians  or  Pcrfians  rava-     Greece 
-ged   Syria    and    places    adjacent,    the 
Goths,  Quadi,    Sarmatae,    Suevi,  and 
Vandals,    terribly   ravaged   almoft  the    , 
whole  empire  ;  few  cities,  and  fcarce  an 
unwalled   town,    was   left    unpilla<rcd. 
Famines  attCiided   the  carnage  of  war. 
A  pellilence  too,  of  15  years  continu- 
ance, gradually  ravaged  the  whfele  em- 
pire.    Dogs,  wolves,   and   other  wild 
•  beafts,  were  fo  accuftomcd  to  eat  un- 
buried  corpfes,  thrit  they  began  to  en- 
ter the  towns,  and  devoured  the  living. 
In  the  beginning  of  the  fourth  century, 
after  Dioclefian's  ten  years  perfecution 
of  theChriilians,  Conftantine  the  Great, 
with  plenty  of  bloodflied,    overturned 
'Heathenifm,    about   J.  D.    323,    the 
emperors   and   their .  idolatrous   priefts 
were  killed  ;   the  worfhip  of  the   fun^ 
moon,  ftars,  and  other  idols,  was  pro- 
hibited.     For  a  fliort  while,  the  Roman 
empire  enjoyed  a  blink   of.  profperity  : 
but  Conftantine  had  fcarce  removed  his 
ftat  of  government  to  Conftantinoples 
and  at  his  death  divided  the  empire  to 
his   three   fons,  Conftantine,  Conftan- 
tius,  and  Conftans,  when  tlic  inteftine 
rebeUions  of  Maxentius  and  Sylvanus, 
who  ftruggled  for  th,:  crown,  and   the 
ravages  of  the  Pernans  and  Armenians 
in  the  eaft,  an^  of  the  Alemans  in  Eu- 
rope, and  of  the   Scots  and    Picls  in 
Britain,  miferably.  di  ft  racked  it.     Once 
and  again  the  eaftern   and  =\veltern  em- 
pires v/ere  united  under  the  fame  fove- 
reign  ;  and  Theodofius  the  "Great  al- 
tnoft  reftored  it  to  its  ancient   honour,.; 
but  he  dying,  ^.  D.  395,  the  Goths 
under   Rhadagaifus,    and   thofe  uader 
Aiaric,  in  their  turn,  terribly  ravaged 
it,  and  feized   on    France   and  Spain; 
and  about  a  third   pait  of  the  people 
were  murdered  by  them,  wherever  tliey 
came.   Twice  Italy  was  ravaged;  Rome 
was  befieged  ;    and  fome   years   after, 
in  410,  was   taken  and  burnt.      Much 
about   the   fame    time,    other   Goths, 
and  the  Alans,  Burgundians,  and  Van- 
dals, fpread  havock  and  ruin  in  France 
and  Spain.     At  laft  Attila,  who  called 
himfelf  the  fcourge  of  Gody  with  his  al- 
moft infernal  Huns,  for  14  years  moft 
terribly  ravaged  Thrace,   Macedocia^ 


ROM 

France,    and  part   of  Ital}% 
putting  almoft  every  thing  to  fire  and 
fword  wherever  they  came.     The  em- 
peror Valcntlnian  III.  had   fcarce  di- 
verted them  by   a  promife  of  tribute, 
when  lie  was   murdered.      Flis  emprefs 
Eudoxa  invited  the  Vandals   from    A- 
frica  to  avenge  his  murder.     After  ra- 
vaging  Sicily   and    Italy,    and  taking 
and  pillaging  Rome,  they  under  Gen- 
feric  their  king,  returned   home   laden 
with   booty,    and   with    multitudes   of 
flaves,  A.  D.  455.     After  the  weftern 
empire    had   languilhed   out    21   years 
more,   under  eight  turbident  reigns,  O- 
doacer,  afterwards  king  of  the  Heruli, 
and  other  barbarians,  depofed  Auguf- 
tulus,  an-d   tran  Hated   the  government 
to  Raveniia,  another  city  of  Italy.  His 
government  had  continued  but  about 
16  years,   when   it   was   abohftied   by 
Theodoric    the    king    of  the   Goths, 
Their  royal  government  had  continued 
at  'Rome   about  60  years,  when  Jufti- 
nian,  the  emperor  of  the  eaft,  recovered 
part  of  Italy,  and  abohflied  the  Roman 
fenate.     By  this  time  the   Romans  in 
the  weftern   empire   mingled  with  the 
ancient  Goths,   and  the   various  tribes 
of  Barbarians,  who  had  poured  in  frofn 
the  eaft,  were   divided   into   ten  fove- 
reignties  or  ftates.      See  Horn.     The 
eaftern    part    of  the    Roman    em.pire, 
whofe  emperors   refided  at  Conftanti-^ 
nople,notwithftanding  of  hard  ftruggles 
with  the  Perfians,  Saracens,  and  Turks, 
iffc.  continued  till  about  the  middle  of 
•the  15th  centun/,  when  it  was  wholly 
feized  by  the  Ottoman  Turks.    Abou.t 
the  end  of  the  8th  centur}^,  when  the 
pope    had    got    himfelf   made    a    civil 
prince,  a  fliadow  of  the  Roman  empire 
was  ercv^ted  in  Germany,  in  which  the 
deadly   wound    given  to  that  of  Rome 
feemed  to  be  healed.     This   will   pro- 
bably continue   till   the   beginning   of 
the  Millennium,  when  the  kingdom  of 
Jefus    ..:all,   like  a  mountain,  iill   the 
whole  earth.  Gen.  ix.  27.  Zech.  vi.  i. 
—7.  Dan.  ii.  33.  ^4.  40.— 44.  vii.  7. 

8.  19.  —  27.    xi.  30 35.  40.     Afts 

xi.  28.    Rev,  vi.  viii,  xii.  xiii.  3. 

A  Chrillian  church    was  very   early 

planted  at  Rome.  To  them  Paul  wrote 

X  y  2  '    aa 


R  O 

<in   excellent  epiftle. 


o     r  ,356 

After  affuring 
them  of  his  regard  for  them,  he  de- 
fcribes  the  deplorably  corrupt  ftate  of 
all  men  by  nature,  whether  Gentiles  or 
Jews,  and  the  impoifibility  of  juftilica- 
tion  before  God,  by  works  of  our 
own  ;  he  fhews  that  as  in  Adam  we 
are  all  rendered  finners,  fo  in  Jefus 
Chrift  we  are  firfl  in  order  rendered 
righteous  in  juftlfication,  and  then 
made  holy  in  fandiification.  After  a 
rehearfal  of  feveral  of  the  happy  fruits 
of  our  union  with  Chrift,  fuch  as  free- 
dom from  the  law,  and  from  the  reign 
of  fin ;  adoption  into  the  family  of 
God  ;  pofTeiTion  of  his  indwelling  Spi- 
rit ;  aflu ranee  of  his  love  ;  perpetual 
care  of  his  providence  ;  and  endlefs  en- 
joyment of  his  prefence  ;  he  treats  of 
the  purpofe  of  eledion,  and  of  God's 
fovereignty,  in  rejefting  the  Jews,  and 
calling  the  Gentiles  to  a  ftate  of  church- 
memberftiip  ;  and  foretels  the  happy 
ijate  of  both  Jews  and  Gentiles,  in  the 
happy  Millennium,  chap.  i. — ^xi.  In 
the  laft  part  he  applies  his  fubiecl:,  ex- 
horting them  to  a  variety  of  duties  to- 
wards God  ;  towards  one  another  ;  to- 
wards magiftrates ;  towards  weak  breth- 
ren ;  towards  minifters  ;  and  concludes 
with  a  vaft  number  of  falutations,  and 
a  warning  againft  fchifm,  chap.  xii. — 
xvi.  A  Chriftian  church,  real  or  pre- 
.tended,  has  ftill  continued  at  Rome. 
According  to  the  lifts  we  have,  there 
have  been  about  230  bidiops  or  popes 
at  Rome.  Among  the  firft  6^j  I  find 
nothing  remarkably  good,  none  of 
them  remarkable  in  learning,  nor  ex- 
celling their  fellows  in  piety  ;  though, 
no  doubt,  many  of  the  primitive  ones 
were  holy  men  ;  and  it  is  as  certain, 
many  of  tliem  were  ambitious  wretches, 
who  ftudied  to  exalt  themfelves  to  a 
lordfhip  over  their  brethren.  Of  the 
laft  165,  I  find  rot  one  giving  any  to- 
lerable evidence  of  the  grace  of  God  in 
him  ;  but  all  of  them  pretenders  to 
headftiip  over  the  Chriftian  church  ;  and 
many  of  them  noted  for  falfehood,  per- 
jury, murder,  whoredom,  magic,  and 
almoft  eveiy  thing  horrid.  There  have 
been  alfo  about  35  antipopes,  and  thefe 
much  of  the  fame  tem.per  and  pradlice 


o  o 

See  Antichrist, 


1   .   .^ 

with  their  rivals 
and  CHURCH, 

While  the  Romans  governed  a  great 
part  of  the  world,  they,  either  for  mo- 
ney, or  good  deeds,  or  of  free  favour, 
conferred  the  right  of  citizens  on  fuch 
as  were  not  of  their  nation,  and  evea 
fometimes  on  the  inhabitants  of  a  whole 
city.  In  this  fenfe  Paul  and  Silas  were 
Romans,  having  a  legal  title  to  ail  the 
privileges  of  the  citizens  of  Rome,  or 
her  colonies,  A£ls  xvi.  37.  38.  xxii. 
25.  26.  27. 

ROOF;  (i.)  The  covering  of  a 
houfe.  The  Jews  had  theirs  flat  for 
walking  on,  or  even  ereding  booths  on, 
Neh.  viii.  16.:  and  a  battlement, 
breaft-high,  around,  to  prevent  any 
body  falling  from  them.  As  this  ren- 
dered them  private  places,  they  oft 
performed  their  devotions  on  them,  and 
burnt  incenfe  to  idols,  particularly  the 
queen,  or  frame  of  the  heavens,  Deut. 
xxii.  8.  Ads  X.  9.  Jer.  xix.  13.  xxxii. 
29.  (2.)  The  upper  part  of  the  mouth, 
which  is  an  inftrument  of  fpeaking  and 
tafting.  The  roof  of  the  church's  mouf/j 
is  like  the  hejl  nvine;  the  gofpel-miniftra- 
tions-  of  paftors,  and  the  holy  prayers, 
praifes,  and  converfe  of  faints,  are  pre- 
cious, refrefhful,  and  quickening,  Song 
vii.  9. 

PvOOM  ;  ( I.)  A  place,  Gen.  xxiv. 
23.  (2.)  The  ftead,  or  office,  2  Sam. 
xix.  13.  (3.)  A  ftate  of  hberty  and 
comfort,  Pfal.  xxxi.  8.  (4.)  Cham- 
ber ;  apartments.  As  upper-rooms  were 
moil  retired,  flrangers  at  the  paflbver 
and  other  folemm  feafts,  had  the  up- 
per-rooms allotted  for  their  lodging, 
Mark  xiv.  15.  :  and  here  the  difciples 
attended  their  devotions,  Ads  i.  13. 
(5.)  A  feat,  Luke  xiv.  8.  Notwith- 
ftanding  of  multitudes  coming  to  Chrift, 
there  is  always  room  ;  abundant  ftation 
in  his  love,  his  covenant,  and  his  righ- 
teoufncfs,  for  their  fpiritual  and  eter- 
nal happinefs.  Luke  xiv.  32, 

ROOT  ;  (i.)  That  part  of  a  plant 
which  is  fallened  in  the  earth,  Job  xiv. 

8.  (2.)     A    foundation    which    efta- 
blilheth  what  is  built  on  it.  Job  xxviii. 

9.  (3.)    That  from    which  any  thing 
proceeds :  fo  the  love  of  ^[loney  is  the 

root 


R  O  P         I 

fv&{  or  caufe  of  all  evil,  i  Tim.  vi 
A  wicked  perfon,  or  vile  error,  is  a 
root  of  bitta-nefs,  which  fecretly  infects 
and  corrupts  others  with  the  poifon  of 
iin,  Deut.  xxix.  i8.  Chrllt  is  called 
the  root  of  yejfe,  or  Da'vid,  as  he  is  the 
author  of  their  being,  and  immutably 
cftablifhes  the  glory  of  their  family, 
If.  xi.  lo.  Rev.  V.  5.  xxii.  16.  If  the 
root  be  holy.,  fo  are  the  branches  ;  if  the 
ancient  patriarchs,  Abraham,  Ifaac, 
and  Jacob,  the  parents  of  the  Hebrews, 
were  in  covenant  with  God,  their  chil- 
<lren  muft  be  confeciated  to  his  fervice, 
^nd  not  call  off  for  ever,  Rom.  xi.  16. 
The  root  of  nations  goes  up  as  rotteniiefs, 
and  their  blojfoms  as  duji,  and  they  have 
neither  i-oot  nor  branch  hft,  when  theii^ 
is  an  utter  defl:ru6lion  both  of  parents 
and  children.  If.  v.  24.  Mai.  i.  4.  To 
be  rooted  and  grounded  in  Chr'ijl,  is  to 
be  firmly  united  to  him,  and  well  eila- 
bhfhed  in  the  faith  and  experience  of 
his  truth.  Col.  ii.  7.  The  root  of  the 
matter  is  in  one,  when  he  has  a  real  ha- 
bit or  principle  of  grace,  and  a  firm 
belief  of  the  fundamental  doftrines  of 
the  gofpel,  from  which  the  fruit  of 
good  works  proceeds.  Job.  xix.  28. 
Matth.  xiii.  21.  To  take  rooty  fpread 
out  the  roots,  or  to  have  the  root  by  great 
nvatersy  is  to  become  feemingly  fixed 
in  great  profperity,  2  Kings  xix.  30. 
Job.  xxix.  19.  Ezek.  xxxi.  7.  The 
roots  of  hypocrites  are  ivrapt  ^  about  the 
heap,  and  he  feeth  the  place  ofjlones  ;  his 
condition  is  feemingly  eftablilhed  ;  and 
though  he  has  no  proper  root  of  grace, 
he  expedls  a  high-raifed  happinefs.  Job 
viii.  17.  The  royal  family  of  Judah 
had  their  roots  under  the  king  of  Egypt, 
and  towards  the  king  of  Babylon  ;  by 
fubmiflion  to  Pharaoh-necho,  Jeho- 
iakim  obtained  the  kingdom  :  and  by 
folemn  engagement  of  fubjeftion,  Ze- 
dekiali  got  the  crown  from  Nebuchad- 
nezzar, Ezek.  xvii.  6.  7.  To  be 
rooted  out,  phicked  up  by  the  roots,  or  to 
have  the  roots  dried,  or  killed  iv'ith  fa- 
mine,  is  to  meet  with  fearful  deftruc- 
tion,  that  ruins  the  principal  men,  and 
overturns  the  conilitution  of  the  ftate, 
Deut.  xxix.  28.  Hof.  ix.  6.  If.  xiv.  30. 
To  put  RQPES  on  the  head,  was  ex- 


357   1       R  o /a 

o.  preflive  of  great  diflrefs,  and  earneft 
begging  of  compaflion,  and  perhaps 
their  fwords  were  hung  in  them,  in  the 
manner  in  which  the  people  of  thofe 
places  now  beg  mercy  from  their  con- 
querors,   I  Kings  XX.  31.  32. 

ROSE  ;  the  name  of  a  well-known 
flower,  and  the  tree  that  bears  it. 
Rofe-buflies  thrive  belt  in  a  rich,  moift, 
open  foil ;  for  when  the  foil  is  dr)', 
and  the  fituation  fhadowed,  the  flow- 
ers are  lefs  beautiful.  Tournefort 
mentions  53  kinds  of  rofes,  of  which 
the  damaflc  rofe  and  tlie  rofe  of  Sha- 
ron are  among  the  finell.  The  eflencc 
of  damaflc  rofes  is  an  excellent  perfume. 
Rofes  in  general  are  delightful  to  view, 
agreeable  in  their  fmell,  and  ufeful  in 
medicine,  for  curing  confumptive  dif- 
orders,  Iffc.  Jefus  Chrifl;  is  called  the 
Rofe  of  Sharon ;  how  unbounded  his 
comelinefs,  delightfulnefs,  and  efficacy, 
for  the  healing  of  our  foul  !  Song  ii.  i. 
The  wildernefs  blojfoms  as  the  rofe ; 
through  the  preaching  of  the  gofpeI> 
the  Gentile  world  fliall  be  converted  to 
Chrift,  and  flourifli  with  faints,  and 
graces,   If.  xxxv.  i. 

ROAST.  The  flothful  man  roajl- 
cih  not  'what  he  took  in  hunting  ;  he  does 
not  live  nor  get  pleafure  in  what  he- 
acquires  by  his  diligence ;  but  what  is  ill 
gotten,  is  unhappily  fpent,Prov.  xii.  27. 

ROT.  The  name  of  the  wicked 
rots  ;  is  forgotten,  and  becomes  infa- 
mous, Prov.  X.  7.  God  was  as  rottennefs 
to  the  houfe  of  Judah,  gradually  waf- 
ting their  numbers,  glory,  and  ftrength, 
and  rendering  them  contemptible,  Hof. 
v.  12.  A  bad  wife  is  rottennefs  to  her 
hufband  ;  flie  gradually  walles  his  re- 
putation, ufefulnefs,  and  w^ealth,  and 
is  a  means  of  haftening  his  death,  Prov. 
xii.  4.  Envy  is  the  rottennefs  of  the 
hones  ;  as  it  weakens  the  faculties  of 
the  foul,  waftes  the  natural  conilitution, 
and  increafv's  fpiritual,  and  hafliens  a 
natural  death,   Prov.  xiv.  30. 

ROVERS  ;  plundering  robbers,  or 
wandering  ravagers  :  fo  the  Amalekites, 
who  burnt  Ziklag,  are  called  by  our 
tranflators,    i  Chron.  xii.  21. 

ROUGH  places,  are  fuch  as  are 
uneven,  uncultivated,  abounding  with 

briers 


R  o  tj    r  .•55S  1 


R  U  L 


triers  and  thorns,  Deut.  xxi.  4.  By- 
John  Baptlft's  minillry,  rough  places 
were  made  plain,  and  rough  ways 
fmooth  ;  people,  even  the  very  worft, 
were  prepared  to  regard  the  perfon, 
vniracles,  anddodlrine  of  Chrifl,  If.  xl. 
4.  Luke  iii.  5.  A  rough  windy  is  one 
ilrong  and  boifterous,  and  is  an  em- 
blem of  heavy  and  irrefiftible  calarhities, 
If.  xxvii.  8.  i?c7/^^  caterpillars,  goats, 
garments,  are  fuch  as  are  hairy  and 
ihaggy,  Jer.  li.  27.  Dan.  viii.  21. 
'2^cch.  xiii.  4. 


in  the  infide  of  the  (hip  to  which  the 
rudder  is  fattened,  is  called  the  hehn  or 
tiller,  and  fometimes  the  rudder.  The 
ancient  rudders  had  four  parts,  the 
clavus  or  helmy  whereby  the  whole  was 
dire6led,  the  pole,  the  wings,  and  the 
handle  :  and  oft-times  they  had  two, 
and  fometimes  three  or  four  rudders  to 
one  fhip  ;  and  they,  at  leaft  fometimes, 
faftened  their  rudders  to  the  fhip  with 
cords,  A6ts  xxvii.  40. 

RUDDY,  or  PvEDDisH.  See  white, 
RUDE.      It  is  hardly  probable  that 


ROUSE  ;  to  ilir  up  from  fieep  or     Paul  had  any   thing   awkward  in   his 


:;efl:,   Gen.  xlix.  9. 

To  ROW,  is  to  puHi  forward  a  fliip 
•^vith  oars,  Mark  vi.  48.  Thy  roiuers 
Jjave  brought  thee  into  great  avaters  :  thy 
rulers  have,  by  their  pride  and  folly, 
^;1)lunged  the£  into  great  difficulties,  and 
s  their  enemies  have  driven  thee  to  the  very 
point  of  utter  dellruftion  ;  as  the  Ty- 
rians  were  by  the  Chaldean  fiege,  when 
obliged  to  defert  their  city,  and.  build 
•another  in  the  adjacent  ifland,  Ezek. 
xxvii.  26. 

ROYAL  ;  kingly.  The  royal  city, 
5s  that  where  the  king  dwells,  Jofh.  x. 
3.  Royal  dainties y  are  provifion  fit  for 
the  table  of  a  king.  Gen.  xlix.  2c. 
The  law  of  God  is  called  royalf  be- 
caufe  it  is  the  authoritative  will  of  the 
King  of  kings.  James  ii.  8.  Andthe 
faints  are  a  royal  priefthood  ;  are  at 
once  lings  and priejls  unto  God,   i  Pet. 

RUBY  ;  a  precious  flone,  of  a  red 
colour,    mixed    with    purple.     In    its 


manner  of  fpeech  ;  but -he  hints  that 
he  was  indifferent,  fuppdfe  the  Corin- 
thians reckoned  him  thus  defective, 
2  Cor.  xi.  6. 

RUDIMENTS.     See  elements. 

RUE;  a  plant  that  bears  a  rofy 
fiower,  and  which  when  dried,  is  much 
ufed  in  medical  infufions,  being  efteem- 
ed  an  excellent  expeller  of  poifon,  or 
peftilential  influence  in  fevers,  and  ce- 
phalic cure  for  diforders  of  the  head, 
'Luke  xi.  42. 

RUIN.;  deftruftion,  or  the  means 
of  ft.  If.  XXV.  2.  2  Chron.  xxviii.  23. 
Let  this  ruin  be  under  thine  Jmnd ;  take 
'thou  care  of  this- difordered  and  perifli- 
ing  flate,  If.  iii.  6. 

A  RULE,  is  (i.)  Government;. 
dominion,  i  Kings  xxii.  31.  {2.)  A 
ftandard  for  diredling  of  alliens  by  : 
thus  the  word  of  God  is  our  rule  to 
direct  us,  how  to  glorify  God,  and  ei\- 
joy  him,  Gal.  vi.  16.  (3.)  A  boun- 
dary   or    msafure    which    one    cannot 


mofl  perfedl  flate,  it  is  a  jewel  of  great     rightly  go  beyond,  2  Cor.  x.  13, 


value,  and  in  Kardnefs  is  fecond  only 
■to  the  diamond.  Its  ufual  fize  is  of 
the  bignefs  of  the  head  of  a  large  pin, 
but  is  found  from  that  frze  to  40  ca- 
■  racls.  The  price  of  Jefus  Chrifl  and 
his  grace,  is  infinitely  fuperior  in  va- 
lue to  rubies,  Job  xxviii.  18.  But  the 
original  word  peninim,  is  thought  by 
,fome  to  fignify  pearls. 

RUDDER  ;  a  piece  of  timber  hung 
on  the  flern-pofls  of  a  fliip,  by  four  or 
five  hinges,  to  bridle  her  motion,  and 
turn  her  to  what  fide  the  fteerfman 
pleafeth,  by  means  of  the  pofition  of 
it  in  the  water.     Thjit  .piece  of  timber 


To  RULE,  GOVERN,  is  to  dire6l  and 
order  by  authority,  Dan.iv.  26.  i  Kings 
xxi.  7.  God  governs  the  nations,  by 
managing  them,  and  caufing  them  aft 
profper,  or  fufFer  at  his  pleafure,  Ffal 
Ixvii.  4.  Chrill  is  d.  governor,  and  haS 
the  government  on  hii  Jhpulder  ;  he  is  the 
great  ruler  of  his  church,  who  appoints 
her  laws  and  ordinances,  and  fets  up 
offices  and  officers,  and  difpenfes  fa- 
vours or  corredlions  as  he  fees  meet. 
If.  ix.  6.  7.  Jer.  XXX.  21.  Satan  and 
his  agents  are  riders  of  the  darknefs  of 
this  ivorld ;  reign  over,  and  dire6l 
wicked    and    ^'gncrant   men,    in    their 

wicked 


' 


R  U  L         [    559    1        R  U  L 


wicked  works  of  darknefs,  Eph.  vi.  12. 
Judah  rule  J  with.  God,  when  Heze- 
kiah  and  his  princes  zealoufly  promo- 
ted the  reformation  of  the  kingdom, 
Hof.  xi.  1 2.  Men  rule  their  own  fplrit, 
when  they  reftrain  their  palTions  and 
lufts,  and  diretl  the  motions  of  their 
foul  by  the  rule  of  God's  law,  Prov. 
xvi.  32. 

As  the  Jews  had  their  rulers  civil 
and  facred,  fo  under  the  New  Tefla- 
ment,  there  is  ftill  a  civil  and  ecckJi- 
allical  government  ;  the  former  of 
which  is  of'  God,  as  to  the  general 
plan  ;  but  the  particular  form,  whe- 
ther of  kingdom  or  commonwealth,  or 
inijced  of  both,  as  in  Britain,  is  left  to 
the  difcretion  of  men  ;  and  fo  is  called 
an  ordinance  or  creature  of  many  1  Pet. 
ii.  13.  The  duty  of  civil  magillrates 
to  their  fubje(^s, ,  is  to  eilabliih  good 
laws,  and  fee  to  the  execution  thereof, 
Zech.  viii.  16.  2Chron.  ix.;  to  go- 
vern them  wifely  and  jullly,  2  Chron. 
2;  10.;  to  punifh  evil-doers,  and  encou- 
rage them  that  do  well,  Rom.  xiii.  3. 
to  proteft  them  from  enemies,  and  pre- 
lerve  to  them  their  various  rights  and 
privileges,  l  Tim.  ii.  2.  Prov.  xxviii. 
1 6.  As^  the  true  religion  tends  at  once 
to  the  honour  of  God  and  the  welfare 
of  nations,  they  are  by  their*^  laws  and 
example  to  exert  themfelves  to  the  ut- 
raoft  to  promote  the  fame.  By  the 
exercife  of  the  civil  pov/er  in  favour  of 
the  church,  they  are  to  prevent  or  a- 
b'olifh  perfecution,  profanenefs,  idola- 
try, fuperlHtioa,  or  herefy,  and  remove 
all  occalions  thereof ;  and  to  maintain 
for  her  the  whok  of  her  fpiritual  pri- 
vileges granted  her  by  Chrift  ;  and 
to  promote  the  pubhc  admlnidration 
of,  and  attendance  to  every  ordinance 
of  Chriil ;  and  to  punifh  every  grofs 
violation  of  the  divine  law,  unto 
death,  banifhment,  imprifonment,  and 
confifcation  of  goods,  iifc.  If.  xlix.  23. 
Ix.  10.  16.  Rom.  xiii.  3.  4.  i  Tim,  ii. 
I.  2.  Exod.  xxxii.  Jofh.  xxiv.  2  Chron, 
XV.  xvii.  xlx,  23.  xxix. — xxxv.  Ezra 
X.  Neh,  V.  xiii.   Ezra  vii.  26.   ^c. 

Some  have  pretended,  that  magi- 
ftrates  have  no  concern  with  rehgion 
^  all,  and  efpecially  with  revealed  re-- 


liglon,  in  the  execution  of  their  office, 
but  ought  to  leave  every  man  to  pro- 
fefs,  teach,  or  worfhip,  what,  and  in 
what  manner  he  plcafeth,  providing  he 
do  not  difturb  the  commonwealth  by 
any  civil  crimes,  and  ought  to  pro  t  ^ 
them  In  their  full  liberty  to  propagate 
their  blafphemous  tenets,  or  idolatrous 
worfliip.  Some  have  even  pretended^ 
that  civil  eflabhfliments  of  the  true  re- 
ligion are  calculated  to  render  men  ir- 
religious, or  at  bell  hypocritical  dif- 
femblers.  But  when  we  confider,  that 
all  things  ought  to  be  done  to  the  glo- 
ry of  God,  I  Cor.  X.  31.  I  Pet.  iv.  1 1» 
Prov.  xvi.  4.; — that  maglftracy  is  an 
ordinance  of  God,  and  magillrates,  mi- 
nijlers,  or  deputes  of  God,  for  good  to 
men,  appointed  to  be  a  terror  to  evil" 
doers y  and  a  praife  of  them  that  do  luell^ 
Rom.  xIH.  I. — 5.  I  Pet.  ii.  14.  Gal. 
V.  19. — 21.  Phil.  ill.  2..  Tit,  I.  10.  II.; 
— that  every  head  of  a  family  hatk 
power  to  exclude  fuperftitlon  and  Ido- 
latry from  it,  and  to  eflablilh  in  It  the 
true  worfhip  of  God,  and  refufe  lod- 
ging to  heretical  feducers.  Gen.  xvIII,. 
19.  Jofh.  xxiv.  15.; — that  magiftrates 
ought  to  exercife  their  power  as  is 
moft  conducive  to  make  all  their  fub- 
je(Sls  live  quietly  in  all godlinefsy  as  well  as- 
honelly,  i  Tim.  ii.  i. — 3.  ; — that  ma- 
giftrates are  often  exprefsly  command- 
ed to  punifh  obfllnate  Idolaters,  falfe 
prophets,  blafphemers,  profaners  of 
the  Sabbath,  life,  as  well  as  thieves^, 
robbers,  murderers,  Dcut.  xiii.  5. — 7, 
xvll.  2. — 5.  Lev.  xxiv.  15.  16.  Exod.- 
xxii.  18.20.  Numb..  XV.  35.; — that 
magillrates,  not  only  Jewifli,  but  hea- 
then, have,  with  God*s  approbation^ 
required  their  fubjecHs  to  worfliip  tli? 
true  God,  and  have  fupprefied  and  pu- 
nllhed  obftinatc  Idolaters  or  blafphe- 
mers.  Gen.  xvlii.  19.  xxxv.  2. — 4. 
Exod.  xxxii.  20.  27.  Jolh.  xxiv.  14. 
2  Chron.xlv.  2. — 5.  xv.  13.  xvlli.  xlx, 
XX.  xxix. — XX \i.  xxxlil.  15.  1 6.  xxsiv. 
31. — 33.  2  Kings  X.  30.  Ezra  vii, 
13. — 27.  vi.  I. — 14.  Dan.  Hi.  29.  vi. 
26.; — that  the  fourth  commandment, 
of  which  the  obligation  is  perpetual 
and  univerfal,  binds  magillrates  to  pro- 
vide that  the  Sabbath  be  fanctified  m 

all 


R  U  L 

sJl  their  gates,  which  cannot 
by  the  teaching  of  blafphemy,  or  prac- 
tifing  idoktroas  worfhlp  ; — that  the 
cxerclfe  of  the  magiilrates  power  in  fa- 
vour of  the  true  reHgion,  and  oppofi- 
tion  to  falfe  rehgio  i,  is  promifed  as  a 
bleiling  to  the  N.nv-Te (lament  church  ; 
Ifa.  xhx.  23.  Ix.  10.  16.  Pfal.  Ixxii. 
10.  ii.  12.  Zech,  xiii.  2.  Rev.  xvii. 
14.  16.;^ — that  magillrates  have  power 
to  appoint  Chriftians  to  obferve  pubhc 
fafts  or  thankfgivings  when  the  ftate 
of  the  nation  requires  it,  i  Sam.  vil. 
5.  6.  2  Chron.  xx.  5.  Ezra  viii.  21. 
Neh.  ix.  I.  Jer.  xxKvi.  6.  Jon.  iii.  7.; 
— and  that  the  very  law  of  nature  re- 
quires, that  magillrates  chiefiy  care  for 
the  honour  of  God,  \vho  is  the  fove- 
reign  head  oi  cWA  focieties,  as  King  crvcr 
all  the  earth,  and  the  fource  and  beilow- 
or  of  all  their  happlnefs  ; — and  that 
men  fnould  be  governed,  as  having  im- 
mortal fouls,  not  as  mere  annuals  ; — 
that  as  righteoufnefs  exalteth  nations, 
■iin,  even  idolatry  and  blafphemy,  is 
the  reproach  and  ruin  of  any  people  ; — 
that  fms  are  efpecially  hurtful  to  na- 
tions, as  they  tend  to  debauch  mens 
manners  and  provoke  God  to  wrath  a- 
gainil  the  nation  ; — that,  if  God  grant 
men  the  benefit  of  any  duly  attefted 
revelation,  it  (hould  be  readily  received 
as  the  rule  of  Qur  condutl,  be  our  lla- 
tion  what  it  will  : — It  is  plain,  that 
magillrates  can  never  lawfully  exercife 

his  de- 
his  ho- 
nour and  the  true  welfare  of  mankind, 
in  giving  equal  eftablifhment  and  pro- 
tedlion  to  the  religion  of  the  devil,  as 
they  may  to  the  religion  of  Jefus  Chrifl, 
by  whom  kings  reign,  and  princes  de- 
cree juflice,   Prov.  viii.  15.  16. 

The  whole  of  the  objeclions  againll 
what  we  have  juft  aflerted,  are  rather 
fpecious  declamation  than  folid  reafon- 
ing.  To  pretend,  that  civil  laws  can 
bind  but  in  fo  far  as  dependent  on  and 
regulated  by  the  authority  and  law  of 
God  ;  to  pretend,  that  magillrates 
ought  or  may  punllh  crimes  only  as  in- 
jurious to  men,  without  any  way  re- 
garding their  offcnfivenefs  or  injuriouf- 
nefs  to  God  5 — to  pretend,  that  con- 


their   power,    v/hlch   they,  as 
putes,  received  from  God,  for 


[    360    j        R  U  L 

be  done  fcience,  which  derives  all  its  authority 
from  God,  can  warrant  men  either  to 
do  or  eilablirh  what  is  finful,  or  proteft 
them  in  it ; — to  pretend  that  m.ms  ci- 
,vil  liberty,  which  is  all  derived  to  them 
from  God  as  his  free  gift,  can  proteil 
them  in  blafphemy  or  idolatry,  any  more 
than  in  theft  or  murder, — pioceeds 
plainly  upon  atheiftical  principles.  To 
pretend,  that  fuch  as  enjoy  the  benefit 
of  revelation,  fliould  not  make  ufe  of  it 
for  regulating  the  laws  of  their  nation, 
or  the  admlnillration  of  civil  offices,  is 
plainly  a  contempt  of  revelation,  and- 
obllinate  drawing  back  to  heathenifm. 
To  pretend,  that  the  Jewilh  church  and' 
llate  were  not  diilin6l,  is  falfe,  and  hath 
been  repeatedly  refuted  by  Leufden, 
Gillefpy,  Apoloni,  and  others.  To 
pretend,  that  the  Jewifh  magiftrates 
being  typical,  renders  the  laws  enjoined 
them,  or  their  example,  ufelefs  to  us, 
is  abfurd,  and  infers,  that  we  ought  to 
account  almoll  all  the  Old  Teilament 
ufelefs  to  us  as  a  rule,  becaufe  it  pri- 
marily refpciled  perfons  who  were  ty- 
pical. Upon  an  accurate  comparifon,- 
it  will  be  found,  that  after  the  Jews- 
rejeAion  of  the  theocracy  under  Sa- 
muel, I  Sam.  viii.  their  magillrates 
were  In  almoll  all  things  fimilar  to  our 
own.  Nv  difficulties  that  I  know  of 
attend  magillrates  civil  power  about  re- 
ligious matters,  but  the  Hkcy  if  not 
greater,  attend  church-rulers  ecclefia- 
llic  power  about  them. 

BoLh  magillrates  and  church-rulers 
ought  carefully  to  obferve  the  diffe- 
rence between  their  refpeftlve  powers, 
and  to  ael  precifely  within  the  Hmits,- 
and  according  to  the  nature  of  their 
own  depai*tment.  Negled  of  this  liath 
been  a  fertile  fource  of  almofl  all  the 
blended  ellablilliments  and  manifold  dif- 
orders  in  both  church  and  ftate  :  The 
civil  and  eccleiiailic  powers  are  indeed 
CO-ORDINATE,  which  may  beautifully 
fubfift  together,  the  one  independent 
of  the  other,  and  yet  each  exercii'ed 
for  the  advantage  of  the  other  :  but 
they  are  not  collateral,  dependent 
upon  one  another,  and  which  cannot 
rightly  fubfill,  If  feparated,  the  one  from 
the  other.     Theie  two  powers  differ  in- 

tjieir 


'ifitir  foundation y  thdr  formal olye^y  their     as  members  of  Chrift's  fpiritual  and  mf 


formy  their  proper  end,  their  proper  effects, 
their  proper  fttbjeSs,  the  formal  conJiJcra- 
hon  of  the  perfons  on  'UfJyjm  they  are  ex- 
ercifed,  and  tlicir  divuled  execution,  Ma- 
giftracy  is  founded  in  Gv)d's  univerfal 
dominion  over  all  nations,  Pfal.  xlvii. 
2.  7.  Jer.  X.  7.  ;  and  hence  tiie  law  of 
natujre,  commD-.i  to  all  men,  is  the  im- 
mediate rule  of  it,  and  all  its  admini- 
•ftrations  ;  and  revelation  is  introduced 
as  a  rule  by  the  law  of  nature,  requi- 
ring us  to  receive  whatever  God  is  plea- 
fed  to  reveal ;  or  by  the  polTefTors  of  ^ 
the  magiftratfcal  power  being  religious 
profefTors  of  revealed  truth  :  But  eccle- 
fiailic  power  \t,  founded  in  the  oeconomi- 
t-al  headlhip  of  Chriil',  as  mediator  over 
his  c'lurch,  and  fo  revelation  muft  be 
the  immediate  regulator  llandard  there- 
of, and  the  law  of  naiiure  be  admitted, 
as  a  rule,  by  virtue  of  the  general  rules 
of  the  fcripture,  i  Cor.  xiv.  26.  40. 
Phil.  iv.  8.— In  their  object,  the 
power  of  magiftrates  relates'  immediate- 
ly to  the  out-ward  man,  and  the  external 
concerns  of  mankind.  Es-en  in  facred 
things,  it  hath  what  is  external  for  its 
proper  and  immediate  obje6l.  Thus 
the  magiftrate  provides  the  church  with 
external  accommodations,  and  removes 
external  impediments  of  fpintual  exer- 
cifes.  If  lie  convocate  fynods,  he  calls 
them  together,  not  properly  as  courts 
Or  minj/lers  of  Chrijiy  but  as  meetings  6f 
and  fubjeits,  whofe  deliberations  are 
JKke  to  promote  ih^  honour  of  God, 
Kis  fuperior,  and  the  happinefs  of  the 
nation.  He  commands  perfons  to  ap- 
pear before  church-courts,  as  pannels 
or  witnelTes,  not  as  they  are  fpiritual 
members  of  the  myllical  body  of  Chriil, 
but  cu  his  ownfubjeQsy  to  take  trial  or 
bear  witnefs  before  proper  judges  of 
the  caufe,  that  through  the  good  order 
and  purity  of  the  church,  the  honour 
of  God,  and  the  peace  and  order  of 
the  commonwealth,  may  be  promoted  : 
his  ratification  of  church-deeds,  is  an 
adopting  of  them  into  civil  laws,  the 
oblervance  of  which  he  declares  necef- 
fary  for  the  welfare  of  the  ilate. — But 
ecclefiaftical  power  is  exercifed  about 
things,  as  fpiritual.  It  deals  with  mea 
Vol.  IL 


ftical  body,  and  deals  only  with  their 
outward  ears,  or  the  like,  to  come  at 
their  confcience  and  heart* — In  their 
formy  magiftrates,  though  mimjhrs  of 
God,  are  Lords  as  well  as  fathers  of 
their  fubjecls,  and  may  compel  the  dif- 
obedient,  by  enforcing  their  civil  laws 
with  penalties  of  contifcation,  imprifon- 
ment,  or  death  ;  and  they  punilh  tranf- 
greflions  as  crimesy  which  iiifult  the  ho- 
nour of  God,  as  King  of  nations,  and 
tend  to  the  hurt  of  the  ftatd.  The 
power  of  church-rulers  is  altogether 
mini/lerialy  to  give  out  diredlions  or  cen- 
fures  precifely  according  to  Chriil's  pre- 
fcriptions  ;  and  they  confider  tranfgref- 
fions,even  the  mal-adminillrationsof  pro- 
felling  magiftrates,  as  fcandalsy  wound- 
ing to  the  honour  of  Jefus  Chrift,  and 
of  God  as  in  him,  and  to  the  fouls  of 
men.-^In  their  ^r/9^V;-  endy  magiftrates 
exercife  their  office  in  order  to  promote 
the  glory  of  God  in  the  welfare  of  their 
commonwealth,  and  they  aim  at  pro- 
moting the  welfare  of  the  church,  ei- 
ther as  they  are  church -members,  or  as 
ij  is  an  excellent  means  of  promoting 
the  welfare  of  the  ft  ate.  But  the  end 
of  all  ecclefiafticdl  power  is  the  fpiritual 
edilication  of  mens  fouls  to  the  honour 
of  God,  as  he  is  in  Chrift  reconciling 
the  world  to  himfelf, — and  that  all  his 
chofen  may  be  converted  to  him,  and. 
walk  in  him  and  with  one  another,  as 
becometh  the  gofpel. — ^Hence  the  pro- 
per effect  of  civil  power  is  the  good  of 
the  commonwealth,  and  the  enjoyment 
o:  civil  privileges,  in  a  way  honourabla 
to  God,  as  King  of  all  the  earth  ;  and 
the  preventing  of  fcandals,  or  promo- 
ting of  the  pea'ce  and  parity  ot  the 
church,  by  magiftrates  impartially  en- 
couraging fuch  as  do  well,  and  territy- 
ing  and  puniftiing  fuch  as  do  evil,  and 
encouraging  a  regard  to  or  fpread  of 
found  doilrine,  is  but  an  attendant  or 
accelibry  etfecl  thereof.  But  the  pro- 
per effecJ  of  church-power  is  fpiritual, 
reaching  to  mens  confcience  in  a  man- 
ner anlwerable  to  the  fpiritual  nature 
of  the  kingdom,  of  Chrift  ;  and  the  ad-r 
vantage  that  the  commonwealth  reaps 
from  it,  by  tli»j  piety,  peacefulnefs,  and 
2  7.  fervent 


R  U  L         [     362    1 


RUN 


fervent  prayers  of  the    fubje<5ls,  is  but 

an  QGccflbr)'  effedl  of  it. In  the  fub- 

jeS,  in  which  it  is  invefted,  and  by 
tehom  it  may  be  exercifed,  church- 
power,  under  the  New  Tcftament,  can- 
not go  by  fucceflion,  nor,  ia  jurifdic- 
tion,  can  it  be  exercifed  by  one  perfon, 
as  the  civil  power  may  be.  Nor  can  it 
relide  in  a  child  or  \yoman,  or  be  exer- 
cifed by  a  deputy. — - — The  power  of 
magiftrates  extends  to  all  their  fubjefts, 
^vhatever  be  their  charatlers,  and  ex- 
tends to-them  precifely  as  members  or fub- 
j'Scis  in  the  comnwwwealth  :  But  church- 
power  extends  only  to  fuch  as  are  pro- 
feffed  members  of  Chrtjl's  myjl'ical  body, 
and  precifely  under  that  coniideration. 
— Finally,  the  exercife  of  thefe  powers 
is  perfectly  feparahle  or  divided.  The 
one  power  ought  to  be  exercifed,  where 
the  exercife  of  the  other  is  neglefted. 
The  end  of  ecckfiallic  power  being  to 
gain  fmncrs  to  repentance  and  falvation, 
all  that  appear  duly  penitent  ought  to 
be  abfolved  from  cenfure  ;  but  the  end 
of  civil  punifhments  being  the  fatisf^c- 
tion  of  the  law,  aild  the  deterring  of 
others  from  crimes,  tlije  moil  penitent 
may  be  punifhed,  by  fining,  banifliment, 
2mprifonment,fcourging,or  death.  The 
church  too  may  retain  under  cenfure 
the  impenitent,  fuppofe  they  fhould 
have  been  affoilzied  by  the  civil  law,  or 
have  fatisfied  its  demands  of  pu,nifh- 
ment.  Nay,  the.  church  may  cenfure 
profeffing  magiftrates  for  their  unjuft 
wars,  tyranny,  or  oppreflion,  notwith- 
ftanding  their  having  a  colour  of  civil 
law  on  their  fide.  When  magiftrates. 
profecute  the  fam.e  faults  as  crimes  agaivjl 
the  State,  and  the  church -rulers  prole- 
cTite  them  2isfcandals  ogahijl  the  Church,. 
the  procefles  ought  to  be  entirely  di- 
i^inft  ;  only,  to  prevent  unneceffary 
fwearing,  perhaps  an  extiatl  of  the 
proof  in  the  one  court  may  be  fome- 
times  fuftained  for  evidence  in  the.  other. 
That  Jefus  Chrift  hath  Left  a  parti- 
cular form  of  government  in  his  golpel- 
church,  is  plainly  enough  laid  down  in 
the  oracles  of  Chriit.  Nor  is  it  lefs 
evident,  that  this  power  of  fpiritual  of- 
fice is  not  allowed  to  magiftrates,  dio- 
ceian  bifhops,    or  to   the   ccmmuiiity. 


evangelifts. 


of  faithful,  but  to  church -officers  of  h!'* 
own  appointment.  The  officers  ap- 
pointed by  him  are  either  extraordinary 
and  temporary,  as  apoftle 
prophets  ;  or  ordinary  and  ftanding 
paftors  or  teachers,  ruling-elders  and 
deacons,  Eph.  iv.  11.12.  i  Cor.  xii.  28. 
Rom.  xii.  5. — 8.  I  ^Fim.  iii.  v.  17, 
A(fl:s  vi.  All  thefe  ordinary  officer* 
ought  to  be  chofen  by  the  people  among 
wh(.)m  they  are  to  officiate  ;  and  ought 
to  be  men  of  knowledge,  prudence^ 
fanAity,  and  a  good  report  \  and  are  to 
be  forcmnly  ordained  by  other  church- 
officers  unto  their  office,  A6ls  vi.  xiii* 
2»  xiv.  23.  To  the  paftor's  pecuhar 
charafter,  it  is  proper  to  preach  the 
gofpel,  and  diipenfe  the  facraments.. 
To  him,  and  the  ruling-elder,  it  equal- 
ly pertains  to  admit  members  into  com- 
munion, watch  over  their  morals,  cen- 
fure the  unruly  and  erroneous,  and  ab- 
folve  the  penitent,  and  to  vifit  the  fick  ; 
and  to  both,  equally  with  deacons,  it 
pertains  to  take  care  of  the  poor,  -and- 
of  what  provifion  is  made  for  them  j 
fee  Epiftles  to  Timothy  and  Titus,, 
I  Pet.  V.  Rev.  ii.  iii.  A6ls  vi.  For 
the  effectual  execution  of  their  office,  ^ 
Ghrift  has  appointed  in  his  word  feve- 
ral  courts,  the  lefler  fubordinate  to  the 
greater,  as  a  cQngregational  feffion,, 
preft:ytery,  and  fynod,  Matth.  xviii.. 
15. — 20.  Adsxiii.  2.  xiv.  23.  i  Tim. 
iv.  14.  A6ls  XV.  xvi.  4w  The  bufinefs 
of  thef*;  courts  is  to  regulate  the  admi- 
niftration  of  Chrift's  ordinances,  as  to 
the  proper  circumftances  thereof,  to< 
admit  members,  to  cenfure  the  unruly 
and  erroneous,  and  to  abfolve  the  pe- 
nitent ;  or  to  ordain  other  church-offi- 
cers. By  this  form  of  government, 
more  than  by  any  other,  is  lordly  am- 
bition eifedhially  checked,  the  fpiritual. 
liberty  of 'the  people  preferved,  offen- 
ders prope;-ly  ceniured,  error  purged, 
and  ichilm  prevented. 

The  RUMP  of  rams  offered  in  fa- 
crifice,  was  burnt  on  the  altar,  becaufc 
it  coi. lifted  chiefly  of  fat,Exod.xxix.22. 

PvUN  ;  (1.)  To  move  with  a  fwift 
pace,  I  Sam.  viii.  11.  (2.)  To  flow 
as  water  in  a  river,  or  when  poured  from 
a.veliel,  Pfai.  civ.  Jo.  cxix.  136.     (3.) 

To 


RUN         r     36^    ]         R  U  S 


To  purf'ie  eagerly,  as  runners  In  a  race 
do,  to  obtain  the  honour  and  reward  of 
outrunning  their  fellows,  I  Pet.  Iv.  4.  : 
thus  the  faints  eager  following  of  God, 
and  obedience  to  his  law,  and  minKlers 
laborious  j^rcichlng  of  the  gofpel,  In 
view  of  the  eternal  reward,  Is  likened 
to  the  running  of  a  race,  Heb.  xll.  i. 
I  Cor.  Ix.  24.  G:il.  il.  2.  Phil.  ii.  16. 
The  Galatinns  did  run  'wtll,  while  they 
were  earnell  and  adive  in  receiving 
and  pradiii ng  tiie  dodrines,  Gal.  v.  7. 
God's  word  runs  ficift/y,  when  his  com- 
mands and  purpoies  are  fpeedily  fulfil- 
led, Pf?.I.  cxlvli.  15.  To  run  avithfoot' 
rmuy  and  be  in  the  land  of  peace^  is  to 
have  to  llruggle  with  lefier  dilHcultles 
and  troubles.  To  conttnd  'with  horfes, 
and  be  in  the  fweU'ings  of  Jordan^  Is  to 
be  expofed  to  great  trouble  and  per- 
plexity, Jer.  xii.  5.     The  race  is  not  tc 


the  fiv'ifti  nor  the  battle  to  the  "Jlrong ; 
things  do  not  always  fucceed  with  meii 
according  to  their  qualifications  or  dili- 
gence, but  according  to  the  will  and  pro- 
vidential interpolalof  God,  Eccl.  Ix.  11. 
RUSPI.  As  rulhes  cannot  grow 
without  mire,  or  flags  without  water, 
and  when  cut  downfoonlofe  their  green- 
nefs  ;  fo  hypocrites  will  not  follow  re- 
ligion without  fome  carnal  motive  and 
advantage  ;  nor  is  their  religious  flou- 
rlfh  or  happinefs  durable.  Job  viii.  11, 
— 20.  The  common  people  of  a  land 
are  likened  to  ruJJoesj  to  denote  their 
vaft  number,  and  their  weaknefs,  even 
In  their  profperlty.   If.  Ix.  14.  15. 

.To  RUSH  ;  to  prefs   forward  with 
hafle  and  fury.  Ails  xlx.  29. 

RUST  ;  that  corrupting  drofs  which 
'breeds  on  iron,  efpecially  if  moid  j  or 
ftnut  among  corn,  Matth.  vl.  19. 


SAB 

SABACHTHANI,    or   hhasab- 
TANi,      Thou     hajl  forfakcn    inei 
Mark  XV.  35. 

SABAOTH,  orTZABAOTH;  ar- 
mies,   Rom.  ix.  29.   James  v.  4. 

SABBATH,  or  REST.  TaeGreeks 
fometimes  give  this  name  to  the  whole 
week,  becaufe  the   principal   day  of  it 
was   the     Sabbath  :     io    the    Phurifce 
boafls  that  he  failed  twice  m  the  Sab- 
bath, or  week,    Luke  xviil.  12.    Gr.  : 
but  the  Sabbath,  properly  fo  called,  is 
that  day  of  holy  reil  in  the  w^eek.,  God 
having  iiaifhed  his  work  of  creation  in 
fix  days,  ceakd  or  refted  therefrom  on 
the  feventh,  and   fct  it   apart  for  the 
more  folemn.worihip  of  himlelf  by  men, 
and  as  an  emblem  and  pledge  of  their 
eternal  bleflednefs,  Gen.  ii.  i.  2.      No 
doubt  the  ancient   patriarchs   obferved 
the  Sabbath,  though  in  their  Ihort  hif-  - 
tory  we  hav£  no  exprcis  account  there- 
of, any  more  than  of  their  family-wor- 
ihip  ;  but  that  Is  no  more  than  happens 
in  the  hlllory  from   Mofcs   to   the  end 
of  David's  reign,  which  was  near  440 
years,  Avhen  It  Is  granted  by  all  to  have 
been  the  .appointment  of  Heaven.  T/iC 


S  A  B 

end  of  days,  when  Cain   and   Abel  of- 
fered  their   oblations ;    the    day  when 
the  fons  of  God  met  together,  or  the 
days  of  Job,  Hands  fair  to  be  the  Sab- 
bath, Gen.  iv.  Job  I.  6.  ii.  i.     In  Ho- 
mer, Hehod,  and  Herodotus,  and  o- 
thers  of  the  moll  ancie-»t  writers  among 
the  Heathen,  we  have   hints  of  a   le- 
venth-day  Sabbath,  whofe  obfervation 
they  had  derived   from    their   progeni- 
tors.    When  the  manna   began  to  be 
given  to  the  Hebrews,  Mofes  mentions 
tlie  Sabbath  as   not  unknuwn  to  them, 
aud  warns  them  that  a  double  portion-, 
of  manna  would  fall   on   the   day   pre- 
ceding, and  ought  to   be  gathered,  as 
'none  would  fall  on  the  Sabbath,  Exod. 
xvi.  23. — To  mark  the   pei-petual  and 
univcrial   obligation  of  the  oblervance 
of  tiie   Sabbatii,   God   proclaimed    the 
law  of  it   from    Sinai,    wrote    It  in    a 
table    of  Roue,    along    with   tne    refl 
which  are  allowed  to  be  morai ;  a. id  he 
enforced  it  witii    manifold  rcaions,   ab- 
foiutely  moral  and  univerial,  L,\od.  xx, 
8. —  II.      Injunctions   to  keep  it,    and 
threatenings   for  the   breach  of  it,  are 
every  wiiete  found  in  the  law  and  the 
%  z  z  prophets^ 


SAB  r  .  364    1  SAG 

For  gathering  |"ome  flicks     they  in  fome  things  carried  their  ftrf<ft- 


prophets. 

on  it,  God  appointed  a  man  to  be 
ftoned  to  death,  Numb,  xv,  32. — 36. 
For  neglect  to  obferve  it,  the  Jewifti 
nation  was  almoil  deflroyed,  and  tlieir 
land  lay  70  ye-.rs  defolate,  Lev.  xxvi. 
34.  35.  Neh.  xiii.  16. — 18.  Jer.  xvii. 
27.  Ezek.  XX.  —  To  honour  his  own 
refiirredlion,  Jefus,  the  Lord  of  the 
Sabbath,  changed  the  Sabbath  from 
the  feventh  to  the  firft  day  of  the  week. 
To  mark  the  divine  authority  of  this 
change,  he,  on  that  day,  made  repeat- 
ed vlfits  to  his  difciples,  John  xx.  19. 
26. ;  he  bellowed  the  miraculous  gifts, 
and  grace  of  the  Holy  Ghoft,  A6ls 
ii.  I, — This  is  called  the  Lord's  day, 
and  thereon  the  primitive  Chriftians 
met  for  their  public  worfliip,  and  made 
their  coUedlions  for  the  poor.  Rev.  i. 
to.  Adls  xx.  7.  I  Cor.  xvi.  It  mull 
not  be  forgotten,  that  till  the  Romans 
deliroyed'Jerufalem,  the  Jewifii  Chrif- 
tlans  lliewed  a  refpe6l  to  *  the  ancient 
Sabbath,  and  the  apoilles  very  often 
took  the  opportunity  of  preaching  to 
the  Jews,  ks  they  thereon  alfembled  in 
their  lyiiagogucs,  A6ls  xlil.  42.  xvi. 
13.  xvili.  4.  The  in  ft  day  was  all  a- 
long  obferved  by  Chrlllians  as  their 
Sabbath,  for  almoil  1 600  years,  before 
any  pretenders  to  that  name,  that  I 
know  of,  oppofed  it.  No  do  I  yet 
know  of  many  of  its  oppofers,  whofe 
pradtice  is  not  a  fcandai  to  the  Chriftian 
name.  As  the  command  plainly  pro- 
hibits all  manner  of  civil  bufmels,  tra- 
velling, carnal  talk,  &c.  Exod.  xx.  8. 
- — II.  If.  Iviii.  13.  it  were  to  be  wiih- 
ed,  multitudes  of  this  generation  would 
conlider,  how  they  will  reconcile  their 
ca-^nal  journeying,  their  fliaving,  their 
cleaniing  of  houfes,  their  idle  recrea- 
tion, their  unnecelfaiy  lleeping,  their 
idle  chat,  or  clubbing  in  the  tavern,  on 
it,  thereto  ;  or  how  they  will  anlwer 
for  thefe  at  the  judgement  -  feat  of 
Chrilt. 

God,  indeed,  prohibited  the  Jews 
to  kindle  hre  on  tiie  Sabbath,  for  the 
work  of  erecting  the  tabernabie,  or 
dreiling  of  their  manna,  or  to  travel 
through  their  tents,  Lxod.  xxxv.  2.  3. 
xvi,  29.  J    but  in   Our  Saviour's  time, 


fiefs  to  an  excefs  :  they  found  fault 
with  his  hungry  difciples,  for  eating  a 
fe\y  ears  of  corn  as  they  walked  through 
a  field  ;  and  quarrelled  with  hlmfclf, 
for  healing  diieafes  on  the   Sabbath^ 

Matth.  xli.  I 12.  Mark  ii.  23. — 28. 

ill.  I. — 6.  Luke  xiii.  11. — 16.  xiv. 
I. — 6.  John  V.  The  modern  Jews 
ilill  cleave  to  the  feventh-day  Sabbath, 
and  boaii  of  it  as  their  fpoufe,  giveii 
to  them  above  any  other  nation.  They 
begin  it  on  Friday  evening,  when  they 
repair  to  the  fynagogue,  and  rehearfe 
certain  prayers,  and  after  returning 
home,  the  fathers  blefs  their  children, 
and  mailers  their  fcholars.  On  Satur- 
day morning,  they  rife  later  than  ufu- 
al  :  when  they  come  to  the  fynagogue, 
they  rehearfe  feveral  pfalms  and  prayers. 
A  fedion  of  the  law  is  read,  and  a  cor- 
refpondent  one  from  the  prophets.  Af- 
ter which,  the  lall  of  tlie  feven  readers 
lifts  up  the  book,  and  bleffes  the  people. 
They  have  alfo  a  kind  of  fermon  fomc 
time  of  the  day.  Their  other  rites  we 
pafs,  as  too  trifling  for  this  work. — 
On  account  of  the  rejl  thereof,  the  Jew- 
ifli  fellivals,  the  year  of  releafe,  Isfc, 
are  called  SabbatJos,  Lev.  xix.  3.  30. 
What  Is  meant  by  the  fecond  Sabbath 
after  the  firjlj  whether  the  fecond  Sab- 
l>ath  of  the  facred  year  ;  or  the  fecond, 
or  the  lail  day  of  unleavened  bread  ;  or 
the  day  of  Pentecoll,  or  rather  the  fe- 
cond of  the  feven  Sabbaths  between 
the  paflovcr  and  Pentecoll,  is  not  fully 
agreed,  Luke  vi.  i. 

SABEANS.     See  Shf.ba. 

SABTA  and  SABTECHA,  the 
third  and  hfth  ions  of  CuHi.  We  fup- 
pofe  both  may  have  fettled  in  Arabia 
the  Happy.  But  Bochart  will  have 
the  latter  to  have  fettled  in  Kerman, 
on  the  eall  of  the  Perfian  gulf,  where 
he  finds  ancient  velliges  of  his  name, 
Gen.  X.  7, 

SACBUT  ;  an  ancient  mufical  in- 
ftrument  ufed  in  Nebuchadnezzar's 
concert.  It  is  thought  to  have  had 
four  llrings,  and  to  have  had  a  flirlll 
found.  Athenaeus  thinks  it  was  fimi- 
lar  to  the  pfaltery  :  but  Ifidore  will 
have  it  a  kind  of  lii^te  or  hautboy. 

SACK- 


SAC  r     3C5    1  S  A 

SACKCLOTH,  a  kind  of  coarfe  tions  46  kinds  of  it, 
linen,  was  ordinarily  worn  to  exprefs 
mourning,  as  by  Job,  Ahab,  and  the 
Syrians  who  came  to  implore  mercy  for 
Benhadad,  and  by  Mordecai,  when  tlie 
Jewifh  nation  was  in  danger  of  ruin, 
Job  xvi.  15.  I  Kings  xxi.  27.  xx.  31. 
Etth.  iv.  I.  2.  Tiie  prophets  alio  wore 
it,  or  like  coarfe  apparel  j  and  the  falle 
prophets,  to  be  like  them,  wore  rough 
or  coarfe  garments.  If.  xx.  2.  Zecii, 
xiii.  4.  In  allufion  to  which,  Chrill's 
witnefles  againil  Antichriil  are  faid  to 
prophefy  in  fackcloth,  to  denote  their 
diftrefs  and  their  mourning  for  the 
corruptions  and  diftrefs  of  the  church. 
Rev.  xi.  3.  The  fun  became  black  as 
fachcloth  of  hair  J  when  the  gloiy  and  the 
principal  idols  of  the  Heathenifti  em- 
pire of  Rome  were  overthrown  by 
Conilantine  the  Great,    Rev.  vi.  12. 

SACRIFICE.     See  offering. 

SACRILEGE:  the  ftealinir   of 


tilings  fet  apart  to  an  holy  ufe,  Rom. 
ii.  23. 

The  SADNESS  of  th^^  counte- 
nance, fometimes  imports,  evidence  of 
mourning  and  grief,  Matth.  vi.  16,  ; 
but  fometimes  it  is  put  for  real  mourn- 
ing, and  the  caufe  of  it,  by  means  of 
wliich  the  heart  is  made  bettsi't  weaned 
from  worldly  things,  and  induced  to  a 
concernabouteternalthing£,Eccl.  vii.  3. 

SADDUCEES.     See  sect. 

SAFETY;  (i.)  Freedom  from 
danger,  temporal  or  fpiritual,  PfaL  xii. 
5.  (2.)  Outward  freedom  from  fear; 
profperiiy.  Job  xxiv.  23.  I  ^as  not  In 
fafctyy  nor  had  I  reft  or  quiet,  yet  trouble 
came ;  I  was  not  felf-coniident,  and 
fearlefs  of  danger  and  affliction,  nay, 
had  been  before  afflided  ;  yet  this  un- 
common calamity  came  upon  me.  Job 
iii.  16.  To  be  in  fafegiiardy  is  to  be 
well  defended,    i  Sam.  xxii.  23. 

SAFFRON  ;  an  odoriferous  herb, 
which  is  planted  in  September,  and  is 
in  full  flower  in  February;  after  which 
its  leaves  fpring  forth,  and  continue 
till  May.  Its  flower  is  of  a  bluifli  co- 
lour, with  yellow  threads,  and  is  of 
a  very  agreeable  fmell.  It  is  an  ex- 
cellent cordial,  and  of  great  ufe  in  cu- 
ring many  difeafes.     Tournefort  men- 


L 

Saints  and  theif 
graces  are  like  fajfron  :  how  comely, 
delightful,  and  uieful  for  the  healing 
of  the  church,  are  the  former  !  and 
how  medicinal  to  the  heart  and  church 
are  the  latter  !    3o»g  iv.  14, 

SAIL  ;  a  flieet  which  catches  the 
wind,  and  carries  on  a  (liip  on  the  w^a- 
ter,  A(?ts  xxvii.  40.  To  ftrike^/7,  to 
lower  the/?//,  Acts  xxvii.  17. 

SAINTS  ;  holy  ones;  (i.)  Per- 
fons  holy  by  profeflion,  covenant-dedi* 
cation,  gracious  difpofitions,  and  reli- 
gious conycrfation,  Pial.  xvi.  3.  Heb. 
vi.  10.  (2.)  The  feparate  fouls  of  ho- 
ly men,  who  in  heaven  are  freed  from 
all  finful  infirmities.  Rev.  xviii.  24. 
(3.)  Holy  angels,  Deut.xxxiii. 2.  Jude 

14.       See  SANCTIFY. 

SALAMIS.  There  was  an  ifland 
of  this  name  fouth  of  Athens,  where 
the  Perfian  fleet  received  a  terrible  de- 
feat from  the  Athenians  ;  but  the  Sala- 
mis  fpoken  of  in  fcripture  w-as  a  city  of 
Cyprus.  Here  Paul  and  Barnabas 
preached  the  gofpel.  About  ji.  D^ 
118,  the  Jews  deftroyed  it.  It  was 
however  rebuilt,  and  was  the  feat  of 
the  principal  bifliop  of  the  iile  ;  but  the 
Saracens  razed  it  to  the  ground,  when 
they  feized  on  the  ifland.  It  is  probable 
that  Famagufta,  which  fuffered  fo  much 
w^hen  the  Ottoman  Turks  took  the  i- 
fland,  arofe  out  of  its  ruins. 

SALEM,  or  Salim,  where  John 
bapti/cd,  was  probably  a  place  near 
Shechem,  whither  Jacob  came  as  he 
returned  from  Mefopotamia  ;  but  fomc 
commentators  tranflate  the  word  Sha- 
\tmfafe  dnd  found,  or  in  peace,  John  iii. 
23.  Gee.  xxxii.  18.  It  was  probably 
here  that  Melchizedeck  was  king,  and 
came  to  meet  Abraham  in  his  return 
fouth>vard,  Irom  fmiting  Chedorlaomer 
and  his  allies.  It  is  certain  Jerufalem, 
w^hich  was  afterwards  by  contraction 
called  Salem,  Pfal.  Ixxvi.  2.  was  then 
called  Jebus,  and  was  far  ofi^"  the  way 
between  Lhim.afcus  and  Sodom  ;  where- 
as this  was  diredtly  on  it,  when  one 
came  fouth  by  the  weft  fide  of  Jorda.  » 
Gen.  xiv, 

SALMON.     See   Rahab  ;    Zal- 

MON. 

SAL- 


S  A 

S'ALMONE, 


Salmonion, 
a   city  and  fea  port  on 


Sammonium 

the  eaft  end  of  the  ifle  of  Crete,  where 
'Cape  Salomone  now  is,  A6ls  xxvii.  7. 
SALOME  ;  the  wife  of  Zebedee, 
^nd  mother  of  James  and  John.  She 
was  one  of  thofe  holy  women  who 
much, followed  our  Saviour,  and  mini- 
ilered  to  him  for  his  fubhltencc.  She 
fooHflily  begged  that  her  two  tonsmight 
have  principal  pofts  in  his  temporal 
kingdom.  She  witnefled  his  crucifixion, 
brought  perfumes  for  his  dead  body, 
and  vifited  his  grave  that  morning  he 
Tofe  from- the  dead,  Matth.  xxvii.- 56. 
XX.  20. — 22.    xxviii.    lo.     Mark  xvi. 

I.  2. 

SALT  -is  either  digged  oiit  of 
:tni  les,  for  there  are  v/hole  mountaiiis 
confifting  of  rocks  of  fait,  and  there 
aie  falt-mines  in  L^pper  Hungary  180 
f^.thoms  deep  ;  or  it  is  formed  by  the 
heat  of  the  fun  exhaling  the  water 
from  it  on  fea-fliores  1  or  it  is  formed 
by  boihug  fea,  or  fait  fpring  water  ;  or 
3S  extracted  from  other  fubftances  ;  as 
from  earth  moiilened  with  excrements. 
Sec.  The  fait  mingled  with  the  water 
of  the  fea  is  of  uf<;  to  preferve  it  from 
putrefaftion,  ^p.d  to  render  it  ftrong- 
er  to  bekr  vefTels  ;  and  the  perpetual 
inotion  thereof,  is  of  ufeto  prevent  the 
fait  particles  falHng  to  the  bottom. 
There  is  fcarce  any  fubftance  without 
a  mixture  of  fait.  The  ufe  of  fait  is 
to  fcafon  food,  preferve  from  corrup- 
tion, kill  worms,  heal  v/ounds,  and  rec- 
tify the  h-imi ours  of  animal  bodies. 
New-born  infents  v/ere  anciently  rub- 
bed over  with  it,  to  clofe  their  pores 
and  harden  their  fl<in,  and  to  .prelerve 
from  any  corrupt" on  that  might  follow 
on  the  cutting  of  the  navel,  Ezek.  xvi. 
4.  In  a  way  contrary  to  naiure,  Eli- 
llia  cured  the  brackifh  water  of  Jericho, 
hy  calling  fait  into  the  fpring,  2  Kings 
ji.  21.  The/owwf  of  fait  on  a  place, 
or  making  itfalt,  or  fait  pits ,  imports 
perpetual  barrennefe  and  deiolation, 
Judg.  ix.  45.  Deut.  xxix.  23.  Zeph. 
jiw  9.  Halifax  lays,  there  is  a  valley 
covered  with  fait,  that  reaches  from 
Tadmor  to  the  eall  border  of  Idumea ; 
but.  whether  David  fmote  the  Edomites 


:>,es   1       SAL 

5r  in  the  north,  and  Amaziah  fmote  theni 
in  the  fouth  part  of  this  valley,  wc 
fliall  not  determine.  It  appears  the 
Greeks  of  Syria  had  falt-pits  on  the 
v/eft  of  the  Dead  Sea,  and  north  bor- 
der of  Edom,  and  where  poffibly  the 
Valley  of  Salt  was,  2  Sam.  xviii.  13. 
2  Kings  xiv.  7.  There  was  fait  made 
out  of  the  Dead  Sea,  which  was  a  bet- 
ter cauftic,  and  digefted  meat  better, 
than  other  fait. — Salt  was  a  fymbol  of 
friendfhip  and  fidelity,  due  from  gueils, 
friends,  or  iervants,  to  their  entertain- 
ers' or  mafters  :  fo  the  Samaritans  pre- 
tended they  wtrt  falted  'With  the  fait  of 
the  Perfian  palace  ;  they  were  under  the- 
deeped  obligation,  and  had  firmly  re- 
folved  to  fiiew  their  fidelity  to  tlire  Per- 
fian king  their  mafter,  Ezra  iy.  14. 
All  the  ceremonial  offerings  were  to  be 
fcafoned  lu'ith  [alt.  Did  not  this  mark 
the  purity,  prudence,  grace,  faithful- 
nefs,  and  love  to  God,  wherewith  Je- 
fus  Chrift,  amidll  great  grief  and  trou- 
ble, offered  himfelf  to  God  for  us,  and 
wherewith  we  fliould  devote  our  per- 
fons  and  con^<i;6f  to  his  fervice  ?  Lev. 
ii,  13.  Minifters  are  the  fait  of  the 
earth;  like  marl,  or' other  faltifh  fub- 
ftanccs,  that  fatten  and  fruftify  the 
earth,  they  tend  to  render  nation^  and 


perfons  fruitful  in  works  of  righteouf- 
nefs  ;  aixl  they  are  means  of  prefer viog 
them  from  finful  rottennefs  and  cor- 
ruption:  but  how  iffekfs  and  bale,  if 
they  act  not  in  chr-irafter !  'Matth.  v, 
1 3.  True  grace,  and  edifying  coiiverfe, 
are  hkened  to  fait  ;  how  delightful  they 
render  the  fpiritual  food  of  divine 
truths!  and  what  bleiTed  means  of 
healing  fouls,  and-preferving  them  from 
infedlious  corruption!  Mark  ix.  50. 
Col,  iv.  6.  Every  -oneflmll  he  faked  tuith 
fire,  and  every  facrifce  fdted  nvith  fait  r 
every  perion  mull  either  be  purified 
with  trouble,  and  in  the  way  ot  forrow 
for  fin,  and  mortification  ttiereof ;  or, 
he  Ihall  be  for  ever  faked  widi  the  tor- 
menting, l^ut  prcferving  torments  of 
hell,  Mark  ix.  49.  A  covenant  of  fait  y 
is  one  of  fricndihip,  firm  and  durabie, 
Numb,  xviii.  19.  2  Chron.  xiii.  5. 
SALVATiON.  See  save. 
•SALUTE  ;  to  p^y  friendly  cona- 
piiments^ 


Rom. 


6. 


15  A  M 

plimcntS,  whether  b}' 
letters,  Matth.  x.  12 
I  Cor.  >  vi.  20. 

SAMARIA;  (i.)  A  city  of  the 
Ephraimltcs,  and  the  capital  city  of 
the  ten  tribes  of  IlVael  for  fome  ag-es. 
When  Omri  was  king  of  Ifraely  he, 
about  A*  M.  3080,  bought  a  hill  from 
Shemcr,  for  L.  6S4.,  7  j.  6  li.  and  built 
on  it  a  city,  which,  from  the  name  of 
tlie  late  owner,  he  called  Shomron,  or 
vSamaria.  It  Hood  about  42  miles 
north  from  Jerufalem,  and  1 2  fouth 
of  Dothaim.  Its  fituation  was  ver)-  a- 
greeable,  and  it  had  plenty  of  line  wa- 
ter. Leaving  Shechem  and  Tirzah, 
where  the  former  kings  had  relided, 
Gmri  fixed  his  refidence  at  Samaria  j 
Ahab  his  fon  built  there  a  fine  palace, 
whofe  principal  chambers,  it  feems, 
were  boxed  with  ivory,  i  Kings  xxii. 
39.  Tliough  he,  as  well  as  his  father, 
did  what  they  couid  to  fortify  it  ;  vet 
it  appears,  that  Benhadad  king  of  vSy- 
ria  obliged  them  to  allow  him  to  build 
streets,  or  places  of  trade,  for  his  ufe 
in  it.  In  Ahab's  time,  it  fuitained  a 
fiege  from  Benhadad  and  his  32  tri- 
butary kings,  but  was  relieved  by  the 
defeat  of  the  Syrians,  i  Kings  xx. 
In  Jehoram  his  fon's  reign,  it  -fuilained 
another  fiege  from  the  Syrians,  till  wo- 
men eat  their  own  infants  for  hunger  ; 
but  was  miraculoufly  relieved  and  fup- 
plied,  2  Kings  vi.  vii.  Not  long  af- 
ter, the  elders  of  it  beheaded  70  of  A- 
hab's  defcendants,  and  fent  their  heads 
in  balkets  to  Jehu,  2  Kings  x.  In  the 
lime  of  Jcrobo&m  the  2d,  it  was  ex- 
tremely populous,  and. the  inhabitants 
were  luxurious,  effeminate,  oppreflors 
of  the  poor,  and  idolatrous,  to  an  un- 
common degree,  Amos  iii.  15,  iv.  i. 
2.  Hof.  vii.  I.  viii.  5.  6.  \n  A,  M. 
3283,  Shalmanefer,  after  a  fj^ge  of 
three  years,  took  it,  and  reduced  it  to 
ruins,  2  Kings  xvii.  t. — 6.  Mic.  i. 
1.6.  If.  viii.  4.  Hof.  xiii.  16.  It 
was  afterwards,  but  very  gradually,  re* 
paired.  Alexander  planted  a  colony 
of  Macedonians  in  it.  .  Hircaiius  the 
Jewilh  king  demohdied  it,  and  made 
the  water  run  over  its  foundations.  A- 
bout  A.  Mt,  .394.7*  t?5bini:4S;^.tlie.  Ro- 


)S 


f     367     1  S  A  M 

words,  kiffes,  or     man  governor  of  Syria,  rebuilt  it 

part,  and  called  it  Gabiniatm.  Herod 
the  Great  reftored  it  to  its  ancient 
luitre,  and  called  it  Sebajle,  in  honour 
of  AugUilus  or  Sebaftos  the  Roman 
emperor.  Whatever  it  .might  fuifer  in 
the  Jewifli  wars,  it  was  a  place  of  fome 
conhderation  about  A.  D.  400.  (2.) 
The  country  of  the  Ephraim-itcs,  or 
of  the  ten  tribes,  1  Kings  xiii.  32.  la 
the  New  Teftament,  Samaria  always 
fignilies.the  territory  between  Judeaand. 
Gahlee;  and  where  the  tribes  of  Ephra- 
im,  Manafll'h,  and  lifachar  had  dwelt* 
Here  our  Saviour  converted  fundry^ 
John  iv.  ;  here  Simon  Magus  deceived: 
the  people  ;  and  here  many  were  ,  con- 
verted by  the  minidry  of  Philip  the 
deacon,  and  of  Peter  and  John,  John 
iv.     A6ls  viii. 

Samaritans  ;  the  Inhabitants  of 
the  country  of  Samaria.  When  Shal- 
manefer carried  the  ten  tribes  out  of 
their  own  land,  he  tranfplanted  others 
from  Babylon,  and  places  adjacent,  in- 
to it.  There  they  continued  their  for- 
mer idolatry :  the  Babylonians  wor* 
(hipped  ,Succoth-benoth  ;  xhe  Cuthitesp 
Nergal  ;  the  Hamathites,  Afliima  ;  the 
Avites,  Nibhaz  and  Tartak ;  and  the 
Sepharvites  burnt  their  children  in  the 
hrt;  to  Adrameiceh,  and  Anaramelech;- 
nor,  \i  we  believe  th^  Jews,  were  thefe 
their  only  idols.  God  puniflied  their 
idolatry  in  his  land  with  the  deftnjc- 
tion  of  many  of  them  by  lions.  Suf- 
peeling  the  caufe,  they  begged  King  E- 
farhaddon,  who,  it  feems,  tranfplanted- 
other  tribes  thither,  that  he  would  take 
proper  methods  to  inftru£l  them  in  the 
worfliip  of  the  God  of  their  new  coun-^ 
try.  He  fent  them  an  Plebrew  prieii, 
who  inllruded  them  in  the  Jewifli  reli- 
gion, and  gave  them  a  copy  of  Mo- 
fes's  law.  Copies  of  thisjtill  remain, 
with  a  verfipn  thereof  in  the  Samari- 
tan dialeft,  both  in  the  Samaritan 
chara6tcrs,  but  corrupted  with  fuudry 
millake  ,  efpecially  in  numbers, ,  and 
v^'here  tiie  tranicribers  miilook  one  He-j 
brew  letter  for  another  ;  and  witli  fomc- 
lluff  in  f;:vour  of  Gerizzim.      Thus  in- 


Ihucted,    the  Samaritans  blended  the 
Jewiih  religion  ^vith  their  Qv/a  idoU-*. 


SAM         J     "i^S    ^        SAM 


flies,  2  Kings  xvii. 


Iiezzar  ravaged  the  countries  of 


When  Nebuchad- 
Moab 
and  Ammon,  it  feems  part  of  the  in- 
habitants took  refuge  among  the  Sa- 
maritans, who-  were  fpared,  as  partly 
of  a  Chaldean  original.  When  the 
Jews  returned  from  Babylon,'  the  Sa- 
maritans did  all  that  hiy  in  their  pow- 
er to  oppofe  their  rebuilding  of  the 
temple  ;  and  bribed  fome  of  Cyrus's 
counfellors,  to  do  what  they  could  to 
ftop  it.  Ahafucn's,  or  Cambyfes,  had 
no  fooner  mounted  the  throne,  than 
they  v%'rote  him  a  petition  for  that  ef- 
feft,  accufmg  the  Jews  of  diOoyal  de- 
figns.  In  the  fhort  reign  of  Artaxer- 
xes  Magus,  Biflilam,  Mithredath,  and 
Tabeel,  and  their  companions,  wrote 
to  him,  to  procure  a  ftop  to  the  work. 
Much  about  the  fame  time,  Rehum 
the  chancellor,  Shimfhai  the  fcribe,  and 
their  companions,  the  Dinaites,  A- 
pharfathchites,  Tarpelites,  Apharfites, 
Archevites,  Sufanchites^  Dehavites, 
Elamites,  Babylonians,  and  others, 
wrote  him  a  letter,  wherein  they  re- 
prefented  the  Jews  as  a  very  rebellious 
people,  who,  if  permitted  to  rebuild 
their  cities  and  temple,  would  feize  on 
all  the  king's  territories  on  the  well 
of  the  Euphrates;  and  they  begged^ 
the  king  would  make  enquiry  into  the 
hiftories  to  which  he  had  accefs,  and 
he  would  find  they  had  been  a  rebel- 
lious nation.  The  Magus  returned  an- 
fwer,  that  afearch  into  the  records  had 
been  made,  and  it  had  been  found 
"what  powerful  kings  had  ruled  among 
the  Jews  ;  and  he  Jefired  them  to  ilop 
the  work  by  force,  whfch  they  imme- 
diately did.  Soon  after,  Tatnai  the 
governor,  and  Shethar-boznai,  with 
their  companions,  the  Apharlachifes, 
fent  a  letter  to  Darius  Hyftafpis,  in- 
forming him,  that  they  had  done  what 
they  could  to  ftop  the  building  of  the 
Jewilh  temple  ;  and  that  the  Jews  had 
pretended  an  edidl  of  Cyrus  appoint- 
ing them  to  build  it.  Upon  iearch, 
the  edicl  was  found,  and  Darius  rati- 
fied it,  and  ordered  the  Samaritans  to 
give  the  Jews  no  further  trouble,  Ez- 
ra, iv.  V.  vi.  When  Nehemiah  began 
to  proijiote  the  rebuilding  of  the  walls 


of  Jerufalem,  Sanballat  the  HoroftiW^ 
Tobiah  the  Ammonite,  and  Gefhein 
the  Arabian,  did  all  that  lay  in  their 
power,  by  threatening  and  craft,  to 
cut  off  Nehemiah,  or  ftop  the  work  j 
but  their  purpofea  were  fruftrated. 
Manaffeh  the  fon  of  Joiada,  the  Jew- 
ilh high  prieft,  married  the  daughtef 
of  Sanballat,  on  which  account  Nehe- 
miah banifhed  him  from  Jerufalem. 
Sanballat  applied  to  Darius  Nothus, 
for  leave  to  build  a  temple  for  his  fon- 
in-law,  on  mount  Gerizzim.  He  re-' 
pr^fented,  that  this  would  efFedlually 
divide  the  Jewifli  nation,  and  render 
them  incapable  to  form  any  noted  en- 
terpri/e.  Pie  obtained  his  defire;  and 
the  temple  was  built.  Before  this,  it 
feems,  the  Samaritans  had  no  temple. 
Obferving  that  Alexander  hea'ped  fa- 
vours upon  the  Jewifh  nation,  they 
pretended  to  be  a  part  of  them.  When 
he  left  the  country,  and  marched  into 
Egypt,  they  revolted,  and  burnt  An- 
dromachus  his  governor.  He  quickly 
revenged  the  aflront,  and  puc  numbers 
of  them  to  the  fword.  He  plated  a 
colony  of  Macedonians  m  the  city  of 
Samaria,  and  gave  the  territories  about, 
to  the  Jews.  This  heightened  the  a- 
nimofity  between  them  and  the  Jews/ 
Whenever  a  Jew  incurred  punifhment 
for  the  violation  of  any  important  point 
of  the  divine  law,  he  took  refuge  with 
the  Samaritans,  and  embraced  their 
method  of  worfliip.  When  Antiochus 
Epiphanes  peifecuted  the  Jews,  the 
Samaritans  difowned  connection  with 
them,  and  pretended  ro  be  originally 
Phenicians,  or  defcended  from  Jofepb 
by  Manaffeh.  Hyrcanus  king  of  Ju-  ■ 
dea  ravaged  their  country,  and  razed 
Samaria  and  Shechem,  their  capital  ci- 
ties, to  the  very  ground.  When  He- 
rod re-<.'ftabli(hed  Samaria,  a  vaft  num- 
ber of  Heathens  fettled  in  the  country, 
but  a  part  ftili  clave  to  the  half  Jewifh 
religion,  and  expeded  the  Melfiah  5 
but  the  contention  between  them  and 
the  Jews  was  extremely  warm  ;  they 
refuted  even  civil  dealings  with  one  an- 
other, John  iv.  9.  The  Samaritans 
refuied  to  receive  our  Saviour  to  lod- 
ging, becaui'c  lie  fieemed  bound  for  Je- 

rwialem. 


SAM         f     369    ]  SAM 

jCufalem,  Luke  ix.  52.  53.     The  Jews  children  on  the  8tli  day  of  their  birth, 

imagined  the  Samaritans   the  word  of  They  do  not   marry  their  own  nieces 

men,  and  poflefTed  by  the  devil,  John  nor  allow  a   plurality  of  wives,  as   the 

viii.  48.     In  one  of  our  Saviour's  jour-  Jews  do,'     Tlieir  high  priell    ftill  re- 

neys  from   Jerufalem   to    Samaria,  he  fides  at  Shechem ;  offers  their  facrih- 

convcrted  a  Samaritan  hnlot,  and  fun-  ccs  at  their    temple  on  mount  Geriz- 

dry  others  at   Slicchcm,  John  iv.  4. —  /im  ;  and  declares  the  time  of  the  feails 

42.      When  afterwards   he  fent  forth  to  the  Samaritans,  who  are  fcattered, 

his  apollles,  he  prohibited  them  to  en-  fome  at  Damafcus,  fome  at  Gaza,  nay, 

ter  the  cities  of  the  Samaritans,  Mat.  fome  at  Grand  Cairo  in  Egypt. 

X.  5.     Much  about   this  time,   Simon  SAME.     To  be  the  fame,  when  ap- 

thc  forcerer  mightily  deluded  them,  and  plied  to  God  or  Chriit,  denotes  immu- 

was  reckoned  by  them  fome   wonder-  tabiiity,   Heb.  i.   12.     Jefi'.s   Chrift    is 

ful  perfon,  if  not  the  Meifiah.     When  \\\q  fame  yefenlay,  to-day,  and  for  ever, 
the   gofpel  was  preached  in  the  coun- 
try by  Philip,  many  of  them  believed, 
and  had  the  Holy  Gholt   conferred  on 


them,  by  the  lay, 

of  Peter  and  John  ;  but  it  is  faid,  that 
by  Simon's  means,  many  of  the  once 
profeffed  Chriftians  in  that  place-  apof- 
tatized  to  the  herefy  and  licentioui.iefs 
of  the  Gnofticks :  Adis  viii.  Some 
time  after,  the  Samaritans,  to  infult 
the  Jews  and  interrupt  their  devotion, 
fcattered  dead  mens  bones  in  the  court 
of  the  temple  at  a  paffover-feaft.     On 


up.der  the  law,  under  the  gofpel,  and 

in  the  eternal  Hate,  he  is  ftill  the  fame 

in  perfon  and  office  ;  and  in  every   dif- 

of  the  hands     ferent  period  or  cafe,  he  is  ftill  the  fame 


in  relation  and  love  to  his  people,  Heb. 
xiii.  8. 

SAMOS  ;  an  iiland  in  the  eaft  end 
of  the  Mediterranean  fea,  about  nine 
miles  from  the  coaft  of  Lelfer  Alia. 
It  is  about  80  miles  in  compafs  ;  but 
the  foil  i3  fo  fertile,  that  it  would  em- 
ploy 100,000  hands.  It  was  famous 
for  the  birth  of  the  goddefs  Juno,  and 
other  occaiions  they  murdered  fome  of  Pythagoras  and  Meliffus  ;  and  here 
Jews  as  they  came  from  Gahlee  to  the  fam^d  Lycurgus  and  Pherecydes 
the  folemn  feafts.     This  occaiioned  a      ""    '       " 


\var  between  the  two  nations.  When 
the  Jews  revolted,  the  Samaritans  con- 
tinued their  fubjettion  to  the  Romans  ; 
notvvithftanding  of  which,  they  partly 
fliared  in  the  calamities  of  their  neigh- 
bours. Since  thefe  times,  they  have 
always  fubmitted  to  the  powers  that 
ruled  the  country. 

At  prefent,  the  Samaritans  are  few 
in  number  ;  but  pretend  to  great  ftrid- 
nefs  in  their  obfervation  of  the  law  of 
Mofes,  and  account  the  Jews  intolera- 
bly lax.  From  the  letter  of  their  high 
prieft  to  Jofeph  Scaliger,  above  180 
years  ago,  and  which  was  in  the  li- 
brary of  the  French  king,  it  appears, 

that  they  p'ofefs  to  beheve  in  God,  eaft  coaft,  and  has  a  tolerable  harbour  ; 
and  in  his,  fervant  Mofes,  and  in  the  but  is  little  frequented,  becaufe  of  the 
holy  law,  the  moun*  Gerizzim,  the  pii  ate:,  that  infeft  the  neighbouring  leas, 
houfe  of  God,  and  the  day  of  venge-  Tiie  ifland  is  inhabited  by  a  few  Turks, 
ance  and  peace.  They  keep  the  Sab-  v/itli  about  12,000  Cnriilians.  Thefe 
bath  fo  ftriclily,  that  they  will  not  move  laft  have  an  urchbifhop,  whofe  dues,  af- 
QUt  of  their  place,  except  to  their  fy-  ter  dcdu(?ting  his  tiibutc  to  the  Sultan, 
nagogue.  They  always  circumcife  their    and  the  patriarch  of  Conftantinople,  can 

Vol,  II,  .^  A  fcar^c 


died.  For  many  ages  it  was  a  ftate  of 
no  fmall  note,  and  was  a  common- 
wealth; but  Sylofon,  Polycrates,  Mean- 
drus,  and  other  tyrants  of  their  own, 
for  a  while  laid  them'  under  hard  fervi- 
tude.  The  Perfians,  Greeks,  the  kings 
of  Pergamos,  the  Romans,  Sar  icens, 
and  Turks,  have  for  more  than  2000 
years  been  generally  mafters  of  the 
place  in  their  turn.  Though  Paul 
touched  here  as  he  foiled  to  Jerufalem, 
Acls  xx.  15.  yet  we  know  ot  no  Chrif- 
tianity  here  till  about  the  end  of  the 
fecond  century  ;  fince  which  it  has  ne- 
ver been  utterly  aboliihed.  At  prefent 
the  place  is  in  a  poor  condition.  Samo 
or  Suftan,  its  capital,  is  on  the   fouth- 


SAM         [ 

fcarce  make  him  live.  Under  him  arc 
about  200  prieftsj  and  a  greater  num- 
ber of  monks,  extremely  ignorant,  but 
neverthelefs  judges  in  the  ab fence  of 
the  Turkifh  Cadi. 

SAMOTHRACIA,  now  Saman- 
©RAC H 1,  is  a  fmall  ifland  about  20  miles 
in  circumference,  on  the  coaft  of  Thra- 
cia,  having  feveral  good  harbours,  and 
originally  peopled  by  the  Pelafgi  and 
Athenians,  and  afterwards  by  the  Sa- 
mians.  It  was  anciently  famous  for  the 
ivorfhip  of  the  Cabiri,  or  great  gods  of 
the  Heathen,  Ceres,  Proferpine,  Pkito, 
and  Mercury,  whofe  names  in  the  Sii- 
mothracian  language,  as  well  as  other 
evidences,  tempt  me  to  believe  that  the 
ancient  inhabitants  came  from  Phenl- 
cia.  •  Here  alfo  they  worfliipped  Callor, 
Polliix,  Neptune,  and  the  other  fea- 
deities.  Foreigners  of  the  higheft  cha- 
radlers  counted  it  a  great  honour  to  be 
initiated  into  the  facred  myfteries  of  the 
Samothracian  idolatry.  Paul  pafTed  by 
this  ifland  a^  he  failed  to  Macedonia, 
AAs  xvi.  I.  J  but  when  Chriftianity  was 
here  firft  fettled  we  know  not. 

SAMSON,  the  fon  of  Manoah,  a 
I>anitfe,  After  his  mother  had  been 
long  barren,  the  Angel  Jehovah  ap- 
peared to  her,  and  informed  her,  that 
J(he  ftiould  have  a  fon,-  who  fhould  be- 
gin to  deliver  Ifrael  out  of  the  hand 
of  the  Phlliftines,  who  then  had  begun 
to  opprefs  them.  He  ordered  her  to 
drink  no  wine  or  ffrong  drink  during 
her  pregnancy,  nor  to  eat  of  any  thing 
unclean  }•  but  to  confccrate  the  child 
to  God,  and  bring  him  up  as  a  Naza- 
rite  from  his  infancy  ;  but  refufed  to 
tell  her  who  he  was.  She  went  and 
informed  her  tuifband  Manoah  of  what 
had  happened.  He  prayed  to  the  Lord, 
that  the  man  of  God  who  had  fpoke 
to  his  wife  would  again  appear,  and 
give  further  direftions  concerning  the 
education  of  the  child.  The  Angel  a- 
gain  appeared  to  the  woman,  and  flie 
went  and  informed  her  huiband,  who, 
along  with  her,  .hafted  to  the  Angel, 
who  repeated  his  former  dlreftlons. 
Manoah  and  his  wife  begged  he  would 
taiTy  a  little,  till  they  prepared  a  kid 
for  his  entertainment.    He  told  them, 


370    ]         SAM 

he  would  eat  none  of  their  meat,  fup- 
pofe  it  were  ready  ;  and  bade  them  of- 
fer their  burnt-offering  to  the  Lord. 
They  afl<ed  his  name,  that  after  the 
fulhlment  of  his  predi£lions  they  might 
know  whom  to  honour  as  their  Infor- 
mer. He  refufed,  and  told  them,  hig 
name  wasfecreff  or  ivonderftiL  Mean- 
while, Manoah  offered  his  kid  and  £ 
meat-offering  on  the  rock  befide  them  ; 
and  the  Angel  afcended  up  to  heaven 
in  the  flame.  Manoah  and  his  wife, 
who  tiUnow  had  thought  him  a  man, 
were  felzed  with  terror,  and  fell  on 
their  faces  towards  the  ground.  Ma- 
noah concluded,  that  fmce  they  had 
feen  an  angel,  they  muft  die  ;  but  his 
wife  more  juftly  inferred,  that  if  the 
Lord  had  a  mind  to  kill  them,  he  would 
not  have  accepted  their  offering,  nor 
given  them  fuch  information  concern- 
ing their  fon. 

Next  year,  which  was  about  A.  M, 
2848  or  2872,  Samfon  was  born.  By 
endowing  his  mind  with  uncommon 
bravery,  and  his  body  with  fupernata- 
ral  ftrength,  the  Holy  Ghoft  early 
marked  him  out  for  fome  grand  ex- 
ploits. He  dwelt  at  Mahane  dan,  be- 
tween Zorah  and  EfhtaoL  Going  one 
day  to  TImnath,  then  in  the  hand  of 
the  Phihftines,  he  faw  a  young  woman, 
who  engaged  his  affeftion.  He  requeft- 
ed  his  parents  to  procure  her  for  him 
to  wife.  They  reprefented,  that  it 
would  be  more  proper  he  fliould  marry 
a  wife  of  his  own  people.  As  he  in-- 
fifled  on  his  requeft,  they  fuppofed  It 
might  be  a  motion  from  God,  to  bring 
about  the  deliverance  .of  their  nation, 
and  at  lad  went  with  him  to  TImnath, 
to  procure  him  the  girl.  By  the  way, 
Samfon  turned  a  little  afide,  and  a  young 
lion  came  roaring  to  devour  him.  With- 
out fo  much  as  a  ftaff  in  his  hand,  he 
caught  the  furious  lion,  and  rent  him 
to  pieces,  as  if  he  had  been  a  kid.  He 
hafted  up  to  his  parents ;  but  told  them 
nothing  of  his  rending  the  Hon.  Some 
time  after,  as  they  again  went  to  TIm- 
nath, to  celebrate  the  nuptials,  Samfon 
turned  afide  to  fee  the  carcafe  of  the 
lion.  To  his  furprlfe,  he  found  a  fwarm 
of  bccb  had  hived  in  it.     He  did  cat  a 

pait 


SAM        [    37 

part  of  the  hon"  ■  ,,  and  carried  another 
to  his  parents  ;  bin  to  manifeft  his  con- 
tinued hu^\'h'ty,  he  ftill  kept  fecret  his 
killing  of  riie  'ion. 

When  thf  'tiarnacre  was  celebrated 
at  TimiKHth,  30  youn:T  men  of  the  place 
attended  him.  As  they  began  to  en- 
tertain one  another  with  perplexing 
riddles  to  be  folved,  Sarafori  propofcd 
to  give  them  a  riddl :,  which  if  they 
explained  duri  ;g  the  feven  days  of  the 
feaft,  they  fhould  have  thirty  (h'rts, 
and  as  many  luits  of  apparel;  and  if 
not,  they  fliould  give  him  the  fame. 
On  their  agreement  to^the  propofal,  he 
told  them  his  riddle,  which  vv:»s,  "  Out 
**  of  the  eater  came  forth  meat,  and 
**  out  of  the  ftrong  came  forth  fweet- 
"  nefs."  After  they  had  long,  to  no 
purpofe,  endeavoured  to  guefs  ^t  its 
meaning,  they  urged  his  wife  by  en- 
treaties, and  even  threatenings  to  burn 
..her  and  her  father's  family,  if  Hie  did 
not  procure  them  information,  and  get 
the  fecret  out  of  her  hulband.  ';By  her 
continued  entreaties  and  weeping,  (he 
obtained  it,  and  immediately  informed 
her  countiymen.  On  the  7th  day, 
juft  before  funfet,  they  aiked  Samfon, 
«*  What  was  fweeter  than  honey  ?  or 
<*  what  was  llronger  than  a  lion?*' 
Samfon  replied,  that  if  they  had  not 
ploughed  with  his  heifer,  i.  e.  dealt 
with  his  unfaithful  wife,  they  had  ne- 
"ver  found  it  out.  Animated  by  the 
Spirit  of  God,  he  went  diredlly  to 
Af]<elon,  and  killing  3oPhihftines,  he 
gave  their  clothes  to.iiis  30  compa- 
nions. Offended  with  his  wife!s  trea- 
chery, he  left  her  with  her  father,  and 
Avent  home  with  his  parents.  Her  fa- 
ther, imagining  he  had  quite  forfaken 
her,  mamed  her  to  one  of  the  30  young 
men  who  attended  the  wedding.  When 
Samfon's  anger  fubfided,  he  went  back 
.  to  vifit  her,  and  prefentcd  her  with  a 
kid.  As  (he  had  been  given  to  ano- 
ther, her  father  denied  him  accefs  to 
her  chamber,  and  defired  him  to  marry 
her  youp-gcr  filler,  who  was  more  beau- 
tiful. Bent  on  revenge,  Samfon,  and 
fuch  others  as  he  employed,  caught  300 
foxes,  for  they  were  very  numerous  in 
that  country,  and  tying  them  together, 


r     ]        -SAM 

tail  to  tail,  with  a  firebrand  between 
them,  he  let  them  go  into  the  Phili- 
ftines  fields  of  ftanding  corn.  The  ripe 
corn  took  flame,  and  was  quickly  con- 
fumed  ;  the  vines,  too,  and  olive-treeft 
were  fcorched  or  burnt.  Knowing  that 
the  injury  he  had  received  from  his  fa- 
ther-in-law was  the  caufe  of  his  con- 
dud,  the  Philiftines  burnt  his  treache- 
rous wife  and  her  father  to  death.  Sam- 
fon affured  them,  that  he  would  be  fur- 
ther avenged  on  them  before  heceafed. 
He  fmote  them  hip  and  thigh  where- 
ever  iie  met  them,  kicking  them  about 
like  balls  with  his  feet,  and  after  cut- 
ting off  great  numbers  of  them,  retired 
to  the  rock  Etam,  about  t'ght  miles 
or  more  fouth-weil  from  Jerufalem.  In- 
formed hereof,  the  Phihftines  invaded 
the  territories  of  Judah,  and  demanded 
that  Samfon  their  dcftroyer  (hould  be 
given  up  to  them.  Three  thoufand 
Jews, .went  up  to  the  top  of  the  rock, 
and  told  him,  they  were  come  to  bind 
-and  deliver  him  into  the  hand  of  their 
-Philiftine  mafters.  Upon  their  giving 
him  their  oath,  that  they  would  not 
kill  him  themfelves,  he  allowed  them 
,to  bind  him.  .Great  ^vas  the  joy  of  the 
~Philiftines,as  they  received  him  bound; 
but  all  of  a  fudden,  he  fnapt  afunder 
the  cords  v/herewlth  he  was  tied,  and 
taking  up  the  jaw-bone  ot  an  afs  that 
lay  at  his  feet,  he  therewith  flew  1 000 
of  the  Phihftines.  To  check  his  proud 
boalling  of  hisviftorj^,  he  fuddenly  al- 
moft  fainted  for  thirll.  On  his  humble 
rtq.ueft,  the  Lord  opened  a  well  in  a 
hollow  place  of  the  rock,  and  perhaps 
jull  under  his  jaw-bone,  which  he  h^ 
•flung  from  him,  out  of  which  he  drunk, 
and  allayed  his  thirft..  To  commemo- 
rate the  event,  the  place  was  called  Le- 
hi,  the  jaiv-bone  ;  or  Ramath  Lehi,  the 
lifting  up  of  the  janv-hone  ;  and  the  foun- 
-  tain  Enhakkore,  the  ivell  of  him  that 
cried. 

Some  time  after,  Samfon  taking  a 
fancy  to  an  harlot  of  Gaza,  lodged  in 
her  houfe.  Informed  hc-eof,  the  Phi- 
liftines fet  a  watch  at  the  gates,  to  kill 
him  as  he  went  out  in  the  morning. 
Having  got  notice  of  their  defigns,  he 
tefe  about  midnight,  and  going  off, 
^  A  2  parried 


SAM         [     372     J 


S  A  M 


carried  with  him  the  polls  and  doors 
of  their  gate,  to  the  top  of  the  hill  be- 
ifore  Htbron,  which  we  can  hardly 
think  could  be  lefs  than  20  or  30  miles. 
Not  long  after,  he  fell  in  love  with 
one  Delilah  of  the  valley  of  Sorek  ; 
but  whether  he  made  her  his  wife,  or 
only  his  harlot,  is  not  very  evident. 
The  five  lords  or  princes  of  the  Phili- 
ftines  promifed  her  1 100  fliekels  of  fil- 
ver  the  piece,  which,  in  whole,  was  al- 
moft  L,  700  Sterhng,  if  (he  could 
iind  out,  and  deprive  him  of  that  where- 
in his  ftrength  lay.  She  did  what  (lie 
could  to  obtain  the  bribe.  Sufpedting 
her  treachery,  he,  for  a  while,  impo- 
fed  on  her.  Firll  he  afhrmed,  that 
the  binding  of  him  with  green  withs, 
or  twilled  branches  of  trees,  would 
render  him  weak  as  another  man  ;  next, 
that  the  binding  him  v/ith  new  ropes, 
•and  again,  that  the  weaving  of  his  hair 
into  trefles  in  the  loom,  would  do  it. 
Finding  that  he  broke  the  withs  and 
ropes,  as  eafily  as  if  a  thread,  and 
went  off  with  the  web,  beam,  and  all. 


deftroyer  into  their  hand,  the  lords  ap* 
pointed    him   to    be   brought   to  their 
temple,  to  make  them  diveriion.     The 
apartment     was     capacious,     but   was 
thronged,     and    not  a    few    from    the 
roof,  or  from  galleries,  beheld  the  fport. 
As  the  roof  was  fupportcd  by  two  pil- 
lars,    Samibn,  after  being  fulhciently 
infultcd,  defired  the  boy  who  led  him, 
to   guide  him  to  the   pillars,  that  he 
might  lean  thereon.      Having  got  hold 
of  them,  and  lacing  divinely  warranted 
to  lay  down  his   life   for  the  fervice  of 
his  nation,  and  the  dc  ftrudtion  of  their 
Philiftine  foes,  he,  after  a  (liort  prayer, 
pulled  down  the  pillars,  and  the  temple 
about  their  ears,  by  which, means  fe- 
veral  thoufands  were  killed,  even  more 
than  all  he  had  llain  in  his  hfe.     Thus 
fell  Samfon,  after   he  had  judged  If- 
rael  20  years,  and  lived  about  38.   His 
friends,    hearing   of  his    death,    came 
and  carried  off  his  corpfe,  and  buried 
it  in    the    fepulchre  of  his   anceftors  : 
Judg.  xiij. — xvi.     That,    with  all  his 
faults,  he   was  a   real  believer,  is  telli- 


on  his  head,  as  foon  as  the  rbiliilines,  ~  ficd  by  the  Holy  Gholl  ;  but  fome 


who  watched  in  an  adjacent  room,  were 
ready  to  apprehend  him,  llie  teaied 
him  fo  with  her  flatteries  and  im.por- 
tunities,  that  he  finfuliy  difcovered  the 
fecret,  and  told  her,  that  if  his  head 
were  (horn,  he  would  be  weak  as  ano- 
ther man  ;  as  that  would  break  his  Hate 
of  Nazaritefhip,  and  fo  deprive  him  of 
the  fmgularly  invigorating  force  of  the 
Holy  Ghoft.  She  kdled  him  aileep 
on  her  lap,  and  cut  off' his  hair.  When, 
fhe  as  formerly  awoke  him,  with  an 
alarm  of  the  Philillines  being  ready  to 
Apprehend  him,  he  thought  to  fhake 
and  bellir  himfelf  as  before,  but  could 
not,  as  the  Lord  was  departed  from 
Jiim.  T^ie  Phihflines  who  waited  in 
the  next  room,  "rufhed  in,  and  appre- 
Jiended  him,  and  put  out  his  eyes,  and 
carrying  him  to  Gaza,  put  him  in  pri- 
fon,  and  made  him  grind  at  their  corn- 
mill)  as  a  contemptible  (lave.  When 
he  had  continued  here  about  a  year, 
his  llrength  returned  with  the  growth 
of  his  hair-  While  the  J^hih'iiines  ob- 
ferved  a  folemn  thankfgiving  to  Dagon 
their  god,  for  delivering  Samfon   their 


magme  tlie  paffage  only  bears,  that  he 
had  the  faith  whereby  he  was  qualified 
foruncommon  exploits,  Heb.xi.  32.  33. 
Did  this  Jevviih  hero  typify  our  al- 
mighty Redeemer  ?  How  exprefs  the 
prediction,  and  fupernatural  the  man- 
ner of  his  birth  !  how  folemn  his  fe- 
paration  to  ^  the  fervice  of  God  !  how 
wonderfully  invigoratijig  the  fpiritual 
influence  he  was  pofiefied  of !  how 
early  and  marvellous  his  exploits  !  how 
he,  by  obedience  and  death,  latisfied 
the  bn^ken  law,  conquered  the  world, 
fin,  death,  and  the  devil  !  how  fweet 
the  provilion  he  hereby  provided  for 
him.felf  and  his  friends  !  fhould  I  fay, 
what  reil  for  numerous  multitudes  of 
finful  men,  is  prepared  by  his  vidoiy 
over  fin,  Satan,  and  death  !  how  im- 
portant  his  parables,  and  known  only 
to  fuch  as  have  fellowfliip  with  him- 
felf !  How  bafely  Judas  and  his  coun- 
trymen betrayed  him,  and  delivered 
him  to  the  Gentiles,  that  he  might  be 
crucified  !  His  enemies  rejoiced  to  feal 
him  up,  and  watch  him  in  his  grave  ; 
but  he  broke  the  bands,  and  carried 
■       •■        •      •  -    •       off 


SAM         [     37 

©ff  the  gates  and  bars  of  death,  and 
afcending  up  on  higli,  led  captivity 
captive.  All  alone  he  performed  his 
grand  exploits.  By  a  voluntary  death 
in  his  defpifed  manhood,  acco*.  dini^  to 
his  Father's  will,  he  detlroyed  thou- 
iaiids  of  principalities  and  powers.  By 
the  contemned  preaching  of  the  gof- 
pel,  he  conquers  .thoufai-'ds  of  fouls, 
and  flays  ten  thoufands  of  luds  :  how 
dreadful  his  vengeance  1  By  the  Ro- 
mans, hke  tire-branded  fo>;es,  he  fpread 
ruin  among  his  Jevviih  oppofers,  and 
burnt  up  their  cites.  By  outrageous 
and  ravaging  Goths,  Saracens,  Tar- 
tars, Turks,  iScc.  he  refented  the  in- 
juries done  to  his  caufe.  And,,  in  fine, 
how  Ihall  his  hery  vengeance  for  ever 
prey  on  the  damned  ! 

SAMUEL,  or  Shemuel,  the  fon 
of  Elkanah  by  Hannah,  and  the  i6th 
in  defcent  from  Korah  the  feditio.us 
Levite.  He  was  born  about  the  fame 
time  with  Samfon  ;  and  as  his  mother, 
after  long  barrennefs,  obtained  him  by 
earneil  prayer,  (lie  devoted  him  to  the 
fervice  of  God  as  a  Nazarite  from  his 
infancy  ;  and  after  he  v/as  weaned,  was 
afiigned  to  Eli  the  high  prieil,  to  bring 
him  up  in  the  fervice  of  the  tabernacle. 
When  Eh,  by  reafon  of  age,  could 
Kardly  otiiciate,  and  was  fmfully  indul- 
gent towards  his  fons,  who  profaned 
Xhe  fervice  of  God,  the  Lord  one 
morning,  ere  the  lamps  of  the  taber- 
nacle were  extinguilhed,  called  to  Sa- 
muel by  his  name,  as  he  lay  in  a  bed 
very  near  to  that  of  Eh.  Samuel 
thought  it  had  been  Eli,  and  run  haf- 
tily  to  allc  him  his  v/illf  Eli  bid  him 
lie  down  again,  for  he  had  not  called 
Jiim.  As  all  this  happened  thrice  on 
end,  Eli  at  lall  fufpeCted  God  had 
ipoken  to  Samuel,  and  bid  him  go  lie 
down  again,  and  if  he  was  called  any 
more,  to  reply.  Speak,  Lord,  for  thy 
fcrvant  heareth.  Samuel  did  fo.  The 
Lord  again  called  him,  and  told  him 
what  fhocking  calamities  would  quickly 
come  upon  the  Hebrews,  and  upon 
the  family  of  Eli,  becaufe  he  had  not 
jreilrained  the  wickednefs  of  jiis  fons. 
At  Eli's  requeft,  Samuel,  not  without 
.eluctance,    related    all    this    to    him. 


.^    ]        SAM 

From  this  time  forth,  Samuel  was  takeii 
notice  of  as  a  prophet  of  the  Lord, 
When  Eli  died,  Samuel,  now  about 
40  years  of  age,  fucceeded  him  as  judge 
of  IfraeL  Having  affembled  the  peo- 
ple, probably  on  occahon  of  their  re- 
moval of  the  ark  from  Bethlhemefh  to 
Kirjathjearim,  he  *  warned  them  to  put 
away  their  idols,  and  return  to  the 
Lord,  and  he  would  grant  them  de- 
liverance. He  difmlfled  them  for  the 
prefent,  and  ordered  them  to  meet  him 
in  a  body  at  Mizpeli,  a  place  about 
16  or  1 8  miles  north  well  of  Jerufalem, 
or  perhaps  more  callerly.  There  they 
aiTembled  at  the  appointed  tune  ;  and 
as  many  of  them  had  long,  perhaps 
about  20  years, .  bewailed  the  cafe  of 
their  country,  and  cried  to  the  Lord 
for  deliverance,  they  now,  at  a  folemn 
fall,  appointed  by  Samuel,  confelfed, 
and  mourned  over  thejr  fms,  and,  in- 
Head  of  drink-offerings  of  wine,  poured 
out  water  before  the  Lord.  Mean- 
while, the  Philiilines  dreading  their 
intentions,  marchi^d  to  attack  them* 
The  Hebrews  begged  Samuel  would 
pray  for  them  ;  he  did  fo,  and  offered 
a  lamb  for  a  burnt-offering.  God  ter- 
rified the  Philiilines,  and  ilruck  dead 
many  of  them.  They  fled  off  in  the 
utmoll  confternation  ;  the  Hebrews 
purfued  them  as  far  as  Bethcar,  and 
recovered  from  them  the  cities  which 
they  had  taken  from  them  ;  nor,  after 
that,  did  the  Phihttines  ravage  the  He- 
brew territories  any  more  during  the 
government  of  Samuel.  To  comme- 
morate this  noted  deliverance,  he  fet 
up  a  ftone  or  pillar,  caUing  it  Eben- 
EZER,  \.\\c  Jlona  of  help,  becaufe  there 
God  had  helped  them.  For  the  more 
regular  adminillration  of  juftice,  Sa- 
muel every  year  took  a.  tour  from  Ra- 
mah  to  Bethel,  thence  to  Gilgal,  and 
thence  to  Mizpeh,  perhaps  that  in 
Gilead,  and  then  returned  home  to 
Ramah,  where  he  built  an  altar  for 
his  own  devotion,  and  that  of  thofe 
Hebrews  who  flocked  to  him  from  the 
country  about,  to  a/lc  his  diretlion,  or 
have  their  caufes  decided,  i  Sara.  i. — 
iii.   vii.     I  Chron,  vi.  22. — 28. 

He  had  two   fons,  Joel  or  Vaflmi, 

the 


s  AM      r  ? 

:&ie  Father  of  Heman  the  finger,  and 
Abiah,  whom,  in  his  old  age,  he  ap- 
pointed judf^es  of  the  people.  Ualike 
to  their  father,  they  perverted  juilice 
and  received  bribes.  The  elders  of 
Ifrael  made  an  handle  of  this  to  afk  a 
king,  that  they  might  be  like  the  na- 

■tions  around.  Samuel  difrelifhing  the 
motion,  confulted  the  Lord.  Provoked 
with  the  finful  propofal,  the  Lord  bid 
him  grant  the  people  their  defire,  fince 
they  were  weary  of  divine  government ; 
but  firil  to  warn  them,  what  manner  of 
tyrants,  that  would  oblige  their  chil- 
dren to  ferve  in  their  wars,  or  drudge  in 
their  houfe  or  field,  and  would  opprefs 
them  with  heavy  taxes,  and  otherwife, 
they  might  expe<5l,  according  to;their 
own  propofal.  They  perfifted  in  their 
motion.  About  y^.  M.  2909,  he  was 
appointed  of  God  to  anoint  Saul  to 
be  their  king  ;  and  he  afterwards  con- 
firmed the  kingdom  -to  him  at  Gilgal, 
On  that  occafion,  afcer  their  peace- 
offerings  were  finifhed,  Samuel  folemn- 
ly  challenged  the  affembly  to  accufe 
him,  if  they  could,  of  the  leaft  ifijuftice 
in  his  adminiftration.  They  folemnly 
■declared  they  could  not  accufe  him  of 
any.  After  rehearfmg  the  various  ap- 
pearances of  God  in  their  favour  while 
the  theocracy  lailed,  he  warned  them 

-to  take  heed  to  ferve  the  Lord,  and 

'thus  entail  on  themfelves  fignal  bleffings. 
H^  told  them,  that  though  nov/  it  was 
'wheat-harvtfl,  when  thunder  or  rain 
feldom  happened,  yet  a  ftorm  (hould 
liappen  that  very  day,  to  teftify  God's 
xiifpleafure  at  their  requefl  of  a  king. 
At  SamuePs  defire,  -the  Lord  fent  the 

'  !ftoim.  The  thunder  terrified  the  people, 
and  they  begged  the  forgiyenefs  of 
their  offence.  After  he  had  folemnly 
vrarned  them  againft  apoftafy  from  the 
fervice  of  the  true  G<»d,  and  had  en- 
gaged to  continue  his  prayers  for  them, 
he  difmiffed  them,  and  returned  to  his 
houfe,  and  never  afterwards  appears  to 
have  afted  as  a  judge,  i  Sam.  viii. — 
xii.  Two  years  after,  he  fharply  re- 
proved King  Saul  for  offering  facrifice, 
and  warned  him  of  his  lofing  his  king- 
dom. Almoil  20  years  after,  he,  by 
the  diredipn  of  Godj,  ordered  Saul  tp 


74    1         RAM 

go  and  flay  the  Anialekites,  and  what 
pertained  to  them.  At  his  retum,  he 
fharply  rebuked  his  rebellion  againfl 
God's  commandment,  in  fparing  the 
beflof  the  fHeep,  and  Agag  the  king; 
rthe  lafl  of  which  Samuel  hewed  in 
pieces  before  the  Lord.  He  told  Saul, 
that  for  his  rebellion  the  Lord  had  re- 
jeded  him,  and  would  give  the  king- 
dom to  one  of  his  neighbours.  Upon 
Saul's  eanieft  defire,  he  honoured  him  fo 
far  before  the  people,  as  to  join  in  pub- 
lic worfhip  with  him,  and  then  leaving 
him,  njpver  vifitedhim  more  ;  but  conti- 
nued to  lament  his  fate,  i  Sam.  xiii.  xv. 
To  comfort  Samuel  againft  his  grief, 
the  Lord  ordered  him  to  anoint  one  of 
Jeffe  the  Bethlemite's  fons  to  be  king 
after  Saul.  To  conceal  the  matter, 
and  prevent  Saul's  murderous  r^ge  a- 
gainft  him,  he  -was  appointed  to  take 
an^  heifer  wkh  him,  and  offer  for  a 
peace-offering.  The  elders  of  the 
place  were  afraid  of  his  coming  ;  but 
he  removed  their  fears,  and  told  them 
he  came  with  peaceful  defigns,  -and 
called  them  to  prepare  themfelves  for 
the  facrifice  which  he  intended  to  ofFtTo 
He  himfelf  fan^liiied  JefTe  and  his  Tons 
for  that  occafion.  After  the  facrifice, 
he  had  a  iecret  interview  with  Jeffe 
and  his  fons.  When  Eliab  the  eldefl 
appeared  before  him,  his  ftately  ap- 
pearance made  him  x:on elude  that  he 
was  the  perfon  appoijited  for  king. 
The  Lord  fuggefted  to  him  that  he 
was  not  ;  and  that  the  Lord  did  not, 
as  men  do,  look  on  the  outward  ap- 
pearance, bvit  on  the  heart.  The  fe- 
ven  of  Jeffe's  fons  that  were  prcfent, 
paffed  before  him  in  their  turns  ;  but 
the  Lord  fuggefted  to  him,  and  he 
told  Jeffe,  that  none  of  thefe  were  the 
perfon  appointed  for  king,  Under- 
ftanding  that  David  the  youngefl  was 
with  the  flieep,  he  was  fent  for  diredly, 
and  God  directed  to  anoint  him.  It  is 
probable,  that  none  but  Jeffe,  David, 
and  Samuel,  knew  of  this  undion. 
After  pevfoi-ming  it,  Samuel  returned 
to  Ramah,  where  he  prefided  over  a 
body  of  young  men,  who  had  devoted 
themfelves  to  the  peculiar  fervice  of 
Gud.     About,  perhapsj  fifteen  or  fe- 

veuteea 


SAM         r     377     1 

v^nteen  years  after,  he  died,  greatly  la-    how  by 
mented,    about  A,  M.  2947.   i  Sam. 

ivi.  I.  —  13.    xix.  18 24.    XXV.  I. 

Samuel  was  a  noted  prophet,  and  the 
firft  in  the  continued  fucccflion  of  pro- 
phets that  ended  in  Malaclii.  He 
wrote  in  a  book  rules  for  the  manage- 
iftent  of  the  kingdom,  pointing  out 
to  the  king  and  people  their  proper 
rights  ;  but  it  is  faid,  fome  of  the  He- 
brew kings  afterwards  delboyed  it,  that 
they  might  rule  as  they  pleafed.  He 
wrote  part  of  the  hiftoiy  of  David,  and 
is  fuppofed  to  have  written  tlie  book 
of  Judges  and  Ruth.  He  dedicated 
confiderable  fpoils  to  the  fervice  of 
God,-  and  began  to  regulate  the  or- 
der of  the  prieils  and  Levites-  in  their 
facred  fervice,  i  Sam.  x,  25.  i  Chron. 
xxix.  29.  XX vi.  28.  ix.  10.  Though 
his  extraordinary  charader,  and  the 
broken  ftate  of  the  church,  occafioncd 
his  occafional  offering  of  facrifice,  yet 
there  is  no  proper  reafon  to  reckon 
him  a  prieft,  more  than  Gideon,  or 
Elijah,  or  Manoah.. 

Of  the  two  books  of  Samuel,  called 
by  the  Vulgate  verfion,  the  books  of 
Kings;  the  firft,  of  which  perhaps  the 
firfl  24  chapters  were  written  by  Sa- 
muel, contains  the  hiflory  of  about 
120  years,  or  perhaps  lefs  ;  the  fecond 
contains  the  hiftory  of  David's  reign, 
extending  to  40  years.  The  ftyle  of 
thefe  books  is  extremely  plain,  and  eafy 
for  a  learner. 

Did  this  Hebrew  judge  and  prophet 
typify  the  bleflVd  Jefus  ?  How  ardently 
defired,  and  fupematural  his  birth ! 
How  early  was  he  devoted  to,  fitted 
for,  and  employed  in  the  fervice  of 
God  !  how  extenfivc  his  office  !  at  once 
the  illuminated  Prophet,  the  extraordi- 
nary Prieft,  Efnd  the  foverei*  1  Judge  of 
God's  true  Ifracl!  how  tffeclually  a- 
toning  is  his  facrifice,  and  prevalent  his 
intercelfion,  to  preferve  friendihip  with 
Heaven,  and  obtain  fplritual,  and  o- 
ther  victories  on  earth  !  how  marvel- 
lous his  conquefts  of  our  enemies,  and 
reftoration  of  the  treacheroudy  aban- 
doned vvorfhip  of  his  Father  !  how  gra- 
cious his  inftrudions,  (harp  his  re- 
proofs;,  and  certain    Im    predictions! 


SAN      - 

him  kings  reign,  and  princes- 
decree  juftice  !  How  candid,  generous, 
and  juft,  his  whole  management !  yet 
how  wickedly  and  dangeroufly  were  he 
and  his  Father  rejeded  by  his  brethrea 
the  Jews,  who  dcfircd  a  temporal  de- 
liverer !  and  ftill  are  by  carnal  profef- 
fors  !  but  how  broken  and  diftreffed  is 
their  cafe,  till  they  feek  the  Lord,  and 
David  their  king! 

How  SANBALLAT,  the  native, 
we  think,  of  Horonaim,  in  the  coun- 
try of  Moab,  with  his  friends  Tobiah 
and  Geftiem,  were  vexed  at  Nehemiah's 
coming  from  Perfia,  and  rebuilding  the 
wall  of  Jerufalem  ;  what  methods  they 
ufed  by  fraud  to  deftroy  him  ;  and  how 
Sanballat  got  a  temple  built  for  Manaf- 
feh  his  fon-in-law,  may  be  feen  in  Ne- 
HEMiAH,  and  Samaritans.  Neh.  ii* 
iv.  vi. 

.  SANCTIFY;  (i.)  To  prepare  or 
fet  apart  perfons  or  things  to  an  holy 
ufe,  Exod.  xix.  23.  God  fandified 
Chrift,  when  he  fet  him  apart  to  his 
mediatory  office,  and  furnilhed  hiiia. 
with  gifts  and  graces  for  the  difchrirge 
of  it,  John  x.  36.  Chrift  fanBified 
bimfelf:  by  his  folemn  prayer,  he  fur- 
tendered  himfelf  to,  and  prepared  him- 
lelf  for  fuffering  work,  and  by  his  fuf- 
fering,  he  prepared  himfelf  to  be  our 
effeftual  Saviour,  John  xvii.  19.  He 
w^s  fan ftt/iecl  by  his  own  blood  ;  by  the 
fhedding  of  it,  he  was  fet  apail,  and 
fitted  to  be  an  everlafting  and  glorious 
IntercefTor  and  Saviour,  Heb.  x.  29, 
The  Hebrews,  in  general,  wQvo.fanQi/v' 
edy  \\\\^A\  feparated  from  the  reft  of  the 
world,  brought  into  peculiar  covenant- 
relation  to  God,  and  ceremonially  pu« 
rificd  by  atonements,  wafliings,  ^sfr. 
Exod.  xxxi.  13'.  God  fan^t'ijies  the 
Sabbath,  by  fetting  it  apart  for  an  ho- 
ly and  religious  ufe.  Gen;  ii.  5.  The 
Jewifh  tabernacle,  temple,  veffels,  and 
priefts  and  Levites,  \vcr(tfan'^l/iccly  when, 
fet  apart  to  the  fervice  of  God,  and  ce- 
remonially prepared  for  it,  by  fprink- 
ling  of  blood  or  oil,  or  by  wafhing  with 
water,  Exod.  xxx.  29.  xxviii.  41.  Lev. 
viii.  12.      Tiie  Medes  and  Perfians  arc 


reprefented  as  O06.'' s  fandificd  ones  ;  he 
fet  them  ajjart,  and  prepared  them  as 

prieftsj 


SAN        [3^ 

^nefts,  to  make  a  bloody  facrifice  of 
the  AlTyrians  and  Chaldeans,  to  his 
•*juft  vengeance,  Zeph.  i.  7.  If.  xiii.  3. 
compare  Jer.  xxii.  7.  T'he  Hebrew 
word  which  we  render  la  JanBify,  fig- 
nifies  alfo  to  prepare^  Jer.  vi.  4.  xii.  3. 
li.  27.  28.  VitwfanB'ifphemf elves ^  when 
they  fet  themfelves  apart  to  God's  fer- 
vice,  and  prepare  to  appear  before  him  in 
a  proper  condition  and  holy  frame,  and 
ftudy  to  be  qualiHed  to  partake  of  holy 
things,  Exod.  xix.  10.  Ii.  Numb.  xi. 
18.  Jofh.  iii.  5.  Meat  is  fandified  by 
the  auord  of  God,  and  by  prayer,  when 
freed  from  the  ciirfe  and  its  eifeds,  and 
fet  apart  to  be  ufed  in  the  fervice  of 
God,  I  Tim.  iv.  5.  (2.)  To  ufe  in 
religious  exercifes,  or  in  a  holy  man- 
tier  ;  {o  mtn  fan ciify  t\iQ.  Sabbath,  Deut, 
V.  J  2.  They  fanclfy  a  fall,  when  they 
fet  it  apart  to,  and  ufe  it  in  holy  exer- 
<ifes,  Joel  i.  14.  (3.)  To  fhew  or  ma- 
nifell  that  to  be  holy  which  is  fo,  Lev. 
X.  3.  If.  xxix.  13.  Ezek.  xxxvi.  23. 
Godfan8'fies  himfelf  or  his  name,  when, 
by  his  providential  works,  he  manifefts 
his  holinefs  and  equity,  and  orders  all 
things  to  his  own  glory,  Ezek.  xxxviii. 
"23.  Men  fandify  God,  or  his  name, 
•when  they  regard  and  revere  every 
thing  whereby  he  maketh  himfelf 
known  ;  when  they  confefs  his  holinefs 
and  juftice,  and  by  their  obedience  to 
his  will,  fhew  their  regard  thereto,  If. 
viii.  13.  Numb.  xx.  12.  (4.)  To 
make  holy  what  was  before  dchlcd  and 
/inful  ;  fo  the  faints  ^tq  finciified,  when, 
by  the  blood  of  Jefus  fprinklcd  on  their 
confcience,  to  remove  the  curie,  as  the 
fource  of  the  ftrength  of  fin,  and  to 
purge  their  heart  from  dead  works, — 
and  by  the  Koly  Ghoft  entering  into 
them,  and  gradually  removing  their 
corruption,  and  beftowiug  on  tliem  his 
grace,  they  are  fet  apart  to  God's  fer- 
vice, and  conformed  to  his  image,  Heb. 
X.  14.  They  are  fin£t'ified  by  God  the 
Father  ;  he,  m  election,  feparatcs  them 
to  his  fervice  ;  he  gives  his  Son,  and 
fends  his  Spirit  to  render  them  holy, 
Jude  I.  They  are  fan^ified  in  Chr'iji 
JefuSf  and  he  is  made  of  God  unto 
tham  fan£iification.  In  a  ftate  of  union 
t-o  his  perfon,  and  by  his  fhedding  qf 


6    1  SAN 

his  blood  for  them,  and  applying  \i  f& 
their  confcience,  and  by  his  communi- 
cating his  grace  to  them,  is  their  holi- 
nefs begun,  preferved,  revived,  and  in- 
creafed  to  everlaftingperteAion,  i  Cor. 
i.  2.  30.  They  ^\x  fana'ificd by  the  Ho* 
ly  Ghofi,  as  he,  by  means  of  God'is 
word  and  ordinances,  applies  Jefus's 
blood  to  theii'  confcience,  and  is  t\it 
implanter  and  increafer  of  their  holy 
diipofitionsj  and  the  director,  exciter, 
and  enabler  of  them  to  perform  their 
good  works,  Rom.  v.  16.  John  xvii. 
17.  ^ 

Sanctification  of  men,  as  a  pri-* 
vilege,  is  purchafed  for,  given  to,  and 
v.-rought  in  us,  by  a  gracious  God. 
As  a  duty  it  is  ftudied  by  us  ;  and  in 
order  to  attain  it,  we  muft  receive  it 
out  of  Chrift's  fulaefs,  by  faith  in  his 
perfon  and  promifes.  Santlification  is 
either  of  nature,  whereby  we  are  gra- 
dually renewed  after  the  image  of  God, 
in  fpiritual  knowledge,  righteoufnefs, 
and  true  holinefs,  Eph.  iv.  24.  Col. 
iii.  10.  ;  ox  of  practice,  whereby  we  more 
and  more  die  unto  fm,  have  its  power 
weakened  in  us,  and  ceafe  from  the 
love  and  practice  of  it,  and  hate  it  as 
abominable,  and  live  unto  righteouf- 
nefs,  loving,  ftudying,  and  praftifmg 
good  works.  Tit.  ii.  11.  12.  Sandi- 
hcation  comprehends  all  the  graces  of 
knowledge,  faith,  repentance,  love, 
humihty,  zeal,  patience,  l5^c.  and  the 
exercife  thereof  in  our  dealings  with 
God  or  man,  Gal.  v.  22. — 24.  I  Pet. 
i.  15.  16.  Matth.  V.  vi.  vii.  As  in 
this  world,  fanclification,  though  per- 
fefh  in  parts,  the  whole  man  being 
fandlified,  and  the  whole  law  regard- 
ed, Pfal.  cxix.  6.  is  ilill  imperfed  in 
degrees,  and  remainders  of  fm  ilill 
continue  'r  the  whole  m.an,  I  Kings 
viii.  46.  Eccl.  vii.  20.  I  John  i.  8. 
Jam.  iii.  2.  Rom.  vii.  14. — 25.  ;  the 
faints,  while  here,  are  in  a  itate  of 
fpiritual  warfare  with  Satan  and  his 
temptations,  with  fin  and  its  motionfi, 
and  with  the  world  and  its  pattern  and 
influence,  2  Cor.  ii.  II.  Gal.  v.  17. 
24.  Rom.  vii.  23.  I  John  ii.  15.  1$. 
Tliat  the  holinefs  of  our  nature  and 
pra6lice    is  of    unfpeakable    moment, 

appears 


SAN         [     377    1         SAN 

a{>pear8  from  its  being  the  end  of  all     dorn  our  profefTion,  and  fo  gain  others 
"  -    —    -■ ^^  Chrift,  and  to   an  ufeful   and  com- 

fortable method  of  living  in  the  world. 
Tit.  ii.  lo.  1  Pet.  ii.  9.  iii.  i.  2. 
I  Cor.  vi.  20.  vii.  16.  Mntth.  v.  16.  ; 
neceflary  as  means  of  our  prefent  hap- 
pinefs  and   comfort,     2    Gon    i.     12. 

1  John  i.  6.  Pfal.  cxix.  6.  165.  Prov, 
ill.  17.  J  and,  in  fine,  neceffary  as  a 
proper  preparation  for  the  heavenly 
bleflednefs,  i  John  iii.  2.  3.  Rom.  ii. 
7.  viii.  9.  Heb.  xii.  14.  Gal.  v.  22. 
— 25.  Santtification  is  founded  up- 
on, and  mightily  influenced  by,  our 
free  juftification  through  the  imputed 
righteoufnefs  of  Chrilt.  (i.)  Jultifi- 
cation  frees  from  the  curfe  of  the  law, 
which  binds  one  under  the  ruling  pow- 
er of  fin,  I  Cor.  XV.  ^6.  Gal.  iii.  13. 
Rom.  vi.  14*  vii.  4.  (2.)  Herein  the 
wifdom^  love,  power,  jultice,  mercy, 
and  truth  of  God,  are  legally  engaged 
to  beftovv  fanftitication  on  the  perfons 
jutlified,  as  the  quinteffence  of  that  e- 
ternal  life,  to  which  they  are  adjudged 
in  juftification,  Rom.  v.  21.  2  Tim. 
iv.  8.  (3  )  The  blood  of  Jefus  Chrilt 
applied  to  our  confcience,  doth  in  a 
real,  but  inconceivable  manner,  purge 
it  from  dead  works,  to  ferve  the  living 
God,  I  Tim.  i.  5.  Heb.  ix.  14.  x. 
22.  (4.)  The  believing  pcrfuafion  of 
our  juftification  through  Jefus's  righ- 
teoufnefs, by  our  therein  perceiving 
the  conftraining  love  of  Chrift,  and 
the  goodnefs,  greatnefs,  and  hohnefs 
of  God,  and  the  purity,  goodnefs,  and 
high  and  indifpenfible  obligation  of  the 
law  as  a  rule,  and  the  amazing  vilenefs 
and  tremendous  defert  of  fin,  and  the 
beauty  of  holinefs,  and  the  certainty 
of  ftrength  for,  and  reward  of  it,  ef* 
fedually  excites  and  enables  us  to  ho- 
linefs, in  all   manner  of  converfation, 

2  Cor.  V.  14.  Gal.  iii.  14.  Matth. 
iii.  15.  V.  17.  18.  Zech.  xii.  lo.  X. 
12.      If.  xlv.  24. 

SANCTUARY;  a  holy  or  fandi- 
fied  place,  as,  (i.)  The  Holy  of  ho.* 
lies,  where  the  ark  and  its  appurte- 
nances, and  the  cloud  reprefenting  the 
divine  glory,  ftood.  Lev.  iv.  6.  ;  or 
the  furniture  of  this  holy  place,  Numb* 
^4  2i.  (2.)  The  apartment,  where 
5  B  tkc 


the  offices  of  Chrift,  Matth.  1.  21. 
Tit.  ii.  II.  12.  14.  Heb.  ii.  10.  ii; 
ix.  14.  X.  19. — 22.  Jtiii.  12.  PfaL 
ex.  ;  the  end  of  his  debafement,  and 
his  exaltation,  Tit.  ii.  14.  i  Pet.  i. 
19.  ii.  21.  Eph.  V.  I.  4.  25. — 27.  ; 
the  end  of  the  Holy  Ghoft,  in  his 
whole  work  on  Chrift  and  his  church. 
Tit.  iii.  5.  6.  Ezek.  xxxvi.  27.  ;  the 
end  of  all  the  precepts,  promifes,  and 
providences  of  God,  M.itth.  xxii.  37. 
^8.  2  Cor.  vii.  I.  I  John  iii.  3. 
Rom.  ii.  4.  If.  xxvii.  9.  ;  and  the  end 
of  our  elevation,  redemption,  eff'eilual 
caUing,  juftification,  adoption,  and  fpi- 
ritual  comfort,  Eph.  i.  4.  5.  i  Cor. 
xvi.  19.  20.  2  Tim.  i.  9.  Rom.  vi. 
14.  2  Cor.  vi.  18.  1  John  iii.  i. — 3. 
Rom.  V.  21.  vi.  I.  2.  Good  works, 
or  holinefs  in  practice,  are  not  necejfary 
to  change  God's  purpofe  relative  to 
us,  Mai.  iii.  6.  Jam.  i.  17.  ;  nor  to 
qualify  us  for  receiving  Jefus  Chrift  as 
a  Saviour,  If.  Iv.  i.  Rev.  xxii.  17.; 
nor  to  found  our  title  to  Chrift's  righ- 
teoufnefs, or  what  is  thereby  purcha- 
fed,  whether  grace  or  glory,  i  Tim. 
i,  I.  Tit.  iii.  5.  Gal.  ii.  20.  i  Pet. 
iii.  16.  Col.  ii.  6.  Phil.  iii.  3.  9. : 
but  they  are  neceffary  as  a  part  of  be- 
gun falvation,  Matth.  i.  21.  Rom. 
xi.  26.  ;  neceffary  as  correfpondent 
with  the  nature  of  thofe  divine  per- 
fons, in  fellowrtiip  with  whom  our  hap- 
pinefs  lies.  Lev.  xi.  44.  45.  i  John 
iv.  8.  16.  19.  Heb.  xii.  28.  29.  ;  ne- 
ceffary as  correfpondent  to  what  Fa- 
ther, Son,  and  Holy  Ghoft  do  for  us, 
in  our  eledlion,  redemption,  effectual 
calling,  juftification,  adoption,  com- 
fort, and  glorification,  Eph.  i.  4.  Tit. 
ii.  14.  John  xvii.  15.  17.  Ezek.  xxxvi. 
25. — 31.  Acts  xxvi.  18.;  neceffary 
as  an  obedience  to  the  will  of  God, 
our  Sovereign  and  God,  Exod.  xx.  2. 
——18.;  neceffai-y  as  expreflions  of  our 
gratitude  to  God  for  his  kindnefs, 
Luke  i.  74.  75.  Rom.  vi.  i.  2.  15. 
Pfal.  c.  2. — 4.  cxvi.  16.  ;  jiecefl'ary  as 
fruits  and  evidences  of  our  union  to 
Chrift,  faith  in  him,  and  juftification 
by  his  imputed  righteoufnefs,  Col.  ii, 
6.  Jam.  ii.  17,— 24. :  neceffary  to  a* 
Vol.  IL 


SAN  r     378 

the  golden  candlellick,  table  of  fhevv- 
brcad,  altar  of  incenfe,  &c.  flood, 
2  Chron.  xxvl.  18.  (3.)  The  whole 
tabernacle  or  temple,  Jofh.  xxiv,  26. 
2  Chron.  xx.  8.  It  is  called  the.  fane- 
tuary  of  Jlrenglh,  becaufe  it  was  a 
flrong  place,  and  eafily  fortified  ;  and 
ft  belonged  to  God  the  ftrcngth  of  If- 
rael,  Dan.  xi.  3I.  ;  a  <u)nr]dly  fcw^iun- 
ry,  as  it  was   of  a  carnal  and  earthly 


SAP 

taken  its  rife  from  the  inflalment  oF 
the  70  elders  affiftant  to  Mofes,  Numb, 
xi.  ;  and  to  have  continued  till  Clirift, 
and  a  Ion 
in  the 


g  time  after  ;  and  to  have  fat 
form  of  an  half  moon,  at  the 
tabernacle  or  terrvf)le,  when  they  exill- 
ed.  But  as  we  find  no  veftiges  of 
this  court  in  the  Old  Teflament,  wc 
can  hardly  believe  it  exilled  till  fome 
time   after   the   captivity,    perhaps    in 


typical  nature,  Heb.  ix.  i.     Nay,  the,    the  days  of  the  Maccabees.     Whate- 


facred  courts  are  fometimes  includedj 
and  called  the  Janduary^  Lev.  xii.  4. 
(4. )  Any  place  appointed  for  the  public 
worfliip  of  God,  Pfal.  Ixxiii.  17.  (5.) 
Canaan,  which  was  an  holy  land,  where 
God's  people  dwelt,  where  his  taber- 
nacle and  temple  were  fixed,  and  his 
favours  and  peculiar  prefence  enjoyed, 
Eicoci.  xv.  17.  (6.)  Heaven,  where 
God  and  his  holy  angels  and  faints 
for  ever  dwell,  Pfal.  cii.  19.  Heb. 
viii.  2.  (7.)  The  temples  of  idols  are 
czVLtdi  fanBuaries,  If...  xvi.  12.  Amos 
vii.  9.  (8.)  In  allufion  to  the  Jewifh 
fan6tuary,  whofebrafen  altar  protected 
petty  criminals,  a  place  of  refuge  and 
fhelter  is  called  fanSuary,  If.  viii.  14. 
Ezek.  xi.  16. 

SAND.  As  its  particles  are  innu- 
merable, great  multitudes  are  likened 
to  the /and  of  the  fea,  Gen.  xxii.  17. 
xxxii.  12.  As  fand  is  heavy,  Job's 
grief  is  faid  to  be  heavier.  Job  vi.  3.  ; 
and  a  fool's  wrath  is  heavier  than  the 
fand  and  gravel,  it  is  more  infupport- 
able,  being  without  caufe,  meafure, 
or  end,  Prov.  xxvii.  3.  As.  fand  is  a 
finking  and  filppery  foundation,  falfe 
foundations  of  religion,  or  ill-ground- 
ed hopes  of  future  happinefs,  are  li- 
kened to  it,  Matth.  vii.  26.  Though 
fand  is  eafily  wafhed  away,  yet  God 
has  made  it  the  boundary  of  the  raging 
fea,  Jer.  v.  22. 

'  SANDALS,  at'  firft,  were  only 
foles  faflened  on  the  feet  with  ilrings 
or  thongs ;  afterwards  they  were  co- 
vered-; and  finally^  {hoes  were  called 
by  this  name,  Mark  vi.  9.  A6ts  xii.  8. 
SANHEDRIM,  oi»senate  ;  the 
chief  council  of  the  Jewifh  nation, 
Afls  V.  21.  It  is  faid  to  have  confifl- 
ed-of  70  or  72  judges,  and  to  have 


ver  pcr^A^cr  Herod  took  from  them,  to 
punilh  their  intended  condemnation  of 
him,  it  is  certain  this  court  afterwards 
exifled,  and  Chrlfl  and  his  apoftles,.  - 
and  Stephen  the  deacon,  were  brought 
before  them,  and  the  former  condemn- 
ed, John  xi.  47.  Matth.  xxvii.  i. 
Acts  iv.  V.  vi.  ;  but*  at  that  time  they 
had  no  power  of  life  and  death,  John 
x,viii.  31.  Many  things  concerning 
this  court  are  told  us  by  fome  writers  j 
but  as  they  are  warranted  by  no  pro- 
per voucher,  we  difmifs  them  as  mi- 
worthy  of  our  regard.     See  judges. 

A  variety  of  ancient  Hates  had  alfo 
thtirfenaie  or  chief  council,  as  the  A- 
thenians,  Carthaginians,  and  Romans  ,* 
but  it  could  not  make  laws,  or  ele6: 
magiflrates,  without  the  concurrence 
of  the  people.  The  Roman  fenate  had 
none  diredtly  under  them  to  execute 
their  orders,  and  fo  were  obliged  to 
dire6l  their  decrees  to  the  confuls, 
with  an  air  of  fubmifiion  ;  and  often 
the  tribunes  -of  the  people  flopt  the 
execution  of  their  mandates.  The 
modern  flates  of  Venice,  Genoa,  Luc-> 
ca,  Lubecky.  Holland*,  iifc.  have  their 
fenates ;  nor  is  our  parliament  much 
different, 

SxA^PPHIRE  ;  a  tranfparent  jewel, 
which  in  its  fineil  fiate  is  extremely 
beautiful  and  valuable^  and  in  luflre^ 
hardnefs,  and  worth,  fecond  only  to 
the  diamond.  It  is  of  a  pure  blue  co- 
lour J  and  the  fineft  are  of  a  deep  azure. 
In  the  Icfs  fine,  it  varies  into  palenefs, 
but  of  a  luflre  much  fuperior  to  the 
cryilal.  The  bell  fapphires  come  from 
Pegu  in  the  Eafl  Indies  ;  nor  are  thofe 

^  of- 

*  To  thcfe  may  now  be  added  Ameiica 
and  France. 


S  A  R         f    379    1        S  A  R 

'»f  Bohemia  and  Silefia  contemptible,  almofl  9 1  years  old,  flie  bare  Ifanc, 
The  ancIeMt  fapphire  was  but  a  more  and  fiickled  him  for  three  years.  On 
beautiful  kind  of  the  Lazuli,  or  a  half 
tranfparentilone  of  a  deep  blue,  tinged 
with  white,  and  fpotted  with  flars  of  a 
golden  colour*  It  was  the  fecond  i\onc 
in  the  highpricfl's  breaft-plate,  and 
might  reprefcnt  the  faints,  as  pure  and 
heavenly  minded,  Exod.  x-'.viii.  18.  It 
was  the  fecond  foundation  of  the  new 
JtTufalem,  and  might  reprefent  Chrid 
4is  the  untainted  Lord  from  heaven, 
ajid  his  pure  and  heavenly  truths.  Rev. 
xxi.  19.  If.  liv.  II.  God's  throne 
of  appearance  to  the  Hebrews,  was  iih 
unto  fnpphire,  that  is,  was  a  ll<:y  of  a 
bright  blue  azure  colour,  Exod.  xxiv. 
ic.  The  Jewidi  Nazarites  were  po- 
lyied  as  fjpphires  / .  they  looked  fredi, 
clean,  and  pomtly,  Lam.  iv.  7.  The 
king  of  Tyre  had  his  crown  and  clothes 
fet  or  hung  thick  with  fapph'ires^  eme- 
r.alds^  and  other  precious  flonesj  Ezek. 
xxviii,   13. 

SARAH,  SAR.Ar,  the  wife  of  A» 
BR  AH  AM,  v/as  probebiv  the  fame  as  If- 
cah  the  daughter  of  Haran,  Abram's 
brother,  and  the  grand-daughter  of 
Terah,  but  not  by  Abram's  mother, 
Gen.  XX.  12.  xi.  29.  She,  perhaps 
began  to  be  called  Sarai  my  mjlrefs, 
when  flie  became  the  head  of  a  fami- 
ly, and  was  called  Sarah  the  lady,  after,  and  was  extremely  rich  and  glorious 
her  being   the    mother  of  a  multitude     It  was  taken  by  Cyrus,  and  plundered  ; 


an( 

the  occafion  of  his  weaning,  (he  was 
provoked  with  IflimaePs  ill  ufage  of 
Ifaac,  and  never  refled  till  Hagar  and 
he  were  quite  expelled  from  the  fami- 
ly. Not  long  after  the  intended  facri* 
ficc  of  Ifaac,  which  fhe  feems  to  have 
known  nothing  of  till  it  was  over, 
S:^rah  died  at  Hebron,  aged  123  years, 
and  ^vas  buried  in  the  cave  of  Mach- 
pelah.  Gen.  xii.  xvl.  xviii.  xx.  xxi. 
xxiii.  The  Holy  Ghoft  reprefents  her 
as  a  noted  believer,  an  eminent  pattern 
of  honouring  her  hufband,  and  an  em- 
blem of  the  covenant  of  grace,  and  the 
gofpel  difpenfation  thereof,  Heb.  xi. 
II.'  I  Pet.  iii.  6.  Gal.  iv.  22, — 31. 
(2.)  Sarah,,  or  Sherah,  the  daughter 
of  ^ flier,.  Numb.  xxvi.  46. 

SARi\PH  and  JO  ASH,  w^o  had 
dominion,  perhaps  as  David's  deputies, 
in  the  country  of  Moab,  were  not 
Mahlon  and  Chilion  the  fons  of  Naomi, 
who  were  poor  and  diftreffed,  not  rulers^' 
I  Chron.  iv,  ,21. 

SARDIS  ;  an  ancient  city  of  LefTer 
Afia,  at  the  foot  of  mount  Tmolus. 
It  is  faid  to  have  been  built  foon  after 
the  dellruction  of  Troy,  i.  e.  about 
A,  M.  3100.  In  the  time  of  Cyrus, 
it   was  the  capital  of  Lydia,  or  Lud, 


was  divinely  fecured,  Gen.  xvii.  Her 
beauty  endangered  her  chaftity  in  E- 
gypt.  She  advifed  Abraham  to  go  in 
to  Hagar,  that  ihe  might  have  tlie 
promifed  feed  by  her  means  ;  and  was 
punifhed  with  Hagar's  contempt.  This 
e-:cited  angry  expoftulation  with  A- 
braham,  and  hard  ufage  of  Hagar. 
Juit  before  the  deilrudlion  of  Sodom, 
'Sarah  overhearing  the  Angel's  pro- 
mife  of  a  fon  to  her,  laughed  in  a  way 
of  unbelieving  contempt,  as  if  (he  had 
been  too  old  for  child-bearing,  and  was 
Iharply  rebuked  by  the  Angel.  She 
added  to  her  guilt  the  denial  thereof. 
She  had  fcarce  conceived,  when  her 
beauty,  and  her  falfely  affirming  her- 
fcli  to  be  Abraham's  fiiler,  endangered 
her  chaftity,  at  the  court  of  Abime- 
lech  king  of  Gerar.     When  fhe   was 


but  it  continued  a  place  of  no  fmall  con- 
fequence.  Aftei  it  had  fuffered  ma- 
nifold difafters  of  war,  it  was  entirely 
rained  by  an  earthquake  in  the  time  of 
our  Saviour.  By  Tiberius  the  Roman 
emperor's  orders,  it  was  rebuilt,  but 
never  recovered  its  ancient  fplendour. 
A  ChriJlian  church  was  early  planted 
here,  but  the  vigour  of  inward  piety 
quickly  decayed.  Jefus,  by  John,  fent 
them  a  corredory  epillle,  that  pointed 
out  their  fpiritual  languor  and  hypo- 
crlfy,  and  charged  them  quickly  to 
endeavour  the  removal  thereof,  as  they 
might  expeft  a  fudden  reckoning  >vith 
God.  There  ftill  remain  fome  velliges 
of  Chriftianity  here,  and  one  is  llyled 
their  blfhop  ;  but  fince  the  place  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Saracens  and 
Turks;  it  has  gradually  dwindled  ; 
3  B  2  and 


s  A  R      r  38 

ind  nothing  now  remains  but  a  tole- 
rable inn,  fome  cottages  for  fhepherds, 
and  heaps  of  old  ruins,   Rev.  iii.  i, — 6. 

SARDINE,  or  Sardius  ;  a  pre^ 
cious  done  of  a  reddifh  bloody  colour. 
The  bell  come  from  about  Babylon. 
It  was  the  fixth  foundation  of  the  new 
Jerufalem,  and  the  firft  jewel  in  the 
high-prieft's  breaft-plate,  and  might 
reprefent  Jefus  and  his  faints  in  their 
bloody  fuffering,  Rev.  xxi.  20.  Exod. 
xxviii.  17.  God  is  likened  to  3.  far- 
dine  JlonCi  to  fignify  his  majefty,  and 
liis  terrible  wrath  and  vengeance  on 
his  enemies.   Rev.  iv.  3. 

SARDONYX.     See  onyx. 

SARGON.     See  Esar-haddon. 

SATAN;  a  name  of  the  devil,  im- 
porting him  an  implacable  enemy  to  the 
honour  of  God,  and  the  true  interefts 
of  men.  He  tempted  our  firft  parents 
in  paradife  ;  bereaved  Job  of  his  fub- 
ftance  and  health,  and  tempted  his 
f  v^nds  to  reproach  him  ;  tempted  Da- 
y{\  to  defile  Bathfheba,  and  to  number 
the  Hebrews  ;  he  caufed  Ahab's  pro- 
phets feduce  him  to  war  againft  Ra- 
moth-gilead,  Gen.  iii.  Job  i.  2.  Cifr. 
2  Sam.  xii.  i  Chron.  xxi.  i  Kings 
xxii.  He  tempted  our  Saviour  to  dif- 
truft,  to  felf-murder,  and  to  devil-wor- 
ihip  ;  and  tempted  Judas  to  betray  him, 
and  Peter  to  deny  him  ;  and  tempted 
Ananias  and  his  wife  to  difTemble  with 
the  apoftles  concerning  the  price  of 
their  field,  Matth.  iv.  i. — 11.  xvi. 
23.  John  xiii.  17.  Luke  xxii.  23. 
Afts  V.  5.  Long  his  power  was  eftab- 
h'fhed  in  the  world  ;  and  by  the  erection 
of  the  AfTyrian,  Perfian,  Grecian,  and 
efpecially  the  Roman,  empires,  he 
attempted  to  fortify  it  againft  all  at- 
tacks of  the  expeded  MefTiah,  but  God 
made  them  all  contribute  to  the  furthe- 
rance and  fpread  of  the  gofpel,  and  by 
the  preaching  of  the  gofpel,  working 
of  miracles  by  Chrjft  and  his  apoftles, 
and  by  the  overturn  of  Heathenifm, 
his  kingdom  was  overthrown,  Matth. 
xii.  26.  Luke  X.  17.  18.  John  xii.  31. 
xvi.  II.  Rev.  ii.  9.  See  angel,  devil. 

Peter  is  called  Satan,  becaufe,  in  re- 
proving Chrift's  intention  to  fuffer,  he 
a6led  Satan's  work,  and  by  jiis  jjirec- 
tion,  Matth.  xvi,  23. 


o     T  S  A  V 

^  SATIATE  ;  refrefhfully  and  plea- 
tifully  to  fill,  Jer.  xxxi.  14.  25.  The 
fword  \s  fatiated  nvith  bloody  when  there 
is  a  great  flaughter  made,  Jer.  xlvi.  10, 

SATISFY;  to  give  till  there  be 
enough.  One's  appetite  is  fatisfied, 
when  he  gets  a  full  meal,  Prov.  vi.  30. 
The  mind  is  fcii}.?/iedy  when  one  receives 
all  the  comforts,  delights,  and  bleflings, 
he  wiftied  for,  Pfal.  xci.  16.  cxlv.  16. 
A  good  man  is  fatisfied  from  Imnfelf; 
Chrlft  and  his  Spirit  and  grace,  lodged 
in  his  heart,  and  not  external  things, 
as  wealth  or  honour,  are  the  fource  of 
his  comfort,  Prov,  xiv.  14.  xii.  14, 
What  wicked  men  gain  by  their  works 
fatisfieth  not,  t.  e.  is  not  true  and  fubftan- 
tial  happinefs,  If.  Iv.  2.  Men  ^iXtfatif- 
jied  fvolth  the  breajls  of  their  ivife,  and 
rattipoed  nvith  her  love,  when  fo  delight- 
ed with  their  own  wife,  as  to  defire  or 
put  no  other  in  her  ftcad,  Prov.  v.  19. 
An  angry  foe  isfatisfed,  when  he  takes 
full  revenge,  Exod.  xv.  9.  The  ground 
is  fatisfied,  when  it  receives  plenty  of 
rain,  Job  xxxviii.  27. 

SATYR  ;  an  animal  reprefented  by 
the  ancients  as  half  a  man  and  half  a 
goat.  It  was  perhaps  the  horned  owl, 
or  a  kind  of  ape,  many  of  which  haunt- 
ed, and  danced  about  the  ruins  of  Ba- 
bylon, If.  xiii.  21.  I  almoft  fufpeft 
that  devils  often  appeared  in  fuch  ftiapes 
to  fome  of  the  Heathens. 

SAVE  ;  (i.)  To  proteft  or  deliver 
from  temporal  danger  and  diftrefs, 
Mitth.  xiv.  30.  So  Othniel  and  o- 
thers,  whom  God  ufed  as  inftruments 
in  delivering  the  Hebrews  from  their 
oppreflion  and  mifery,  are  called  fa- 
viours,  Judg.  iii.  9.  Neh.  ix.  27,  Judas 
Maccabeus,  and  his  brethren  and  fuc- 
ceftors,  who  delivered  the  Jews  from 
the  flavery  and  idolatrous  impofitions 
of  the  Syro-Grecians,  and  fubdued  the 
Edomites,  were  the  faviours  on  mount 
Zion,  who  judged  the  mount  of  Efau, 
Obad.  21.  (2.)  To  deliver  from  the 
guilt  and  power  of  fin  ;  render  men 
holy  and  happy,  Matth.  i.  21.  efpecial- 
ly  in  the  heavenly  ftate  of  perfecit  blef- 
fednefs,  Matth.  x.  22.  GoAfaves  men, 
by  delivering  them  from  diftrefs,  tem- 
poral, fpiritual,  or  eternal,  John  xii.  27. 

I  Tim, 


S  A  V         [38 

I  Tim.  i.  9.  He  was  the  Saviour  of 
Jfy-ael  in  the  defert,  delivering  them 
from  perils  and  troubles  unnumbered, 
If.  Ixiil.  8.  He  is  the  Saviour  of  all 
men,  who  delivers  them  from  manifold 
dangers  and  trouble,  and  gives  them 
multitudes  of  favours  ;  but  efpecially  of 
them  that  believe.,  whom,  through  the 
beftowal  of  his  Son  and  Spirit,  he  ref- 
cues  from  fm  and  mifery,  to  everlafting 
holinefs  and  happinefs,  i  Tim.  iv.  10. 
He  faves  men  by  his  name,  and  judges 
them  by  his  ftrength,  when,  to  the  ho- 
nour of  his  power,  and  other  perfei^liions, 
he  delivers  them  from  diflrcfs,  temporal 
or  fpiritual,  Pfal.  Hv.  i.  Jcfus  Chrifl 
28  the  only  and  all-fufficicnt  Saviour  :  as 
a  Surety,  he  undertook  for,  and  hath 
paid  all  our  debt  of  obedience  and  fatif- 
fadion  to  the  broken  covenant  of 
works  ;  as  a  Mediator  and  Redeemer, 
he,  by  his  blood  and  Spirit,  makes 
and  maintains  peace  between  God  and 
us  fmful  offenders  ;  and  by  price  and 
power,  he  refcues  us  from  the  flavery 
of  the  broken  law,  and  of  fin,  Satan, 
the  world,  and  death  ;  as  a  Prieft,  he 
gave  himfelf  a  facrifice  of  infinite  value 
to  atone  for  the  guilty,'  and  he  makes 
perpetual  interceition  with  God  in  our 
behalf ;  as  a  Prophet,  he  delivers  from 
ignorance,  and  gives  the  true  know- 
ledge of  every  thing  important :  as  a 
King,  he  powerfully  refcues  us  from  fm 
and  Satan,  and  brings  us  to  himfelf ; 
he  rules,  dlre6ls,  and  draws  us  by  his 
word  and  Spirit  ;  he  defends  us  from, 
and  reftralns  and  conquers  our  enemies, 
and,  in  fine,  tranfports  us  to  his  man- 
sions of  bllfs  :  I  Tim.  i.  15.  Heb.  vll.  25, 
If.  xlili.  II.  2  Pet.  i.  I.  II.  He  Is 
the  Saviour  of  the  ivorld ;  is  equally 
fuited  to  the  cafe  of  fmful  men  on  earth, 
and  is  in  the  gofpel-promife  given  and 
exhibited  to  them,  whether  they  be 
Jews  or  Gentiles,    i  John  iv.  14.  John 

iv.  42.    iii.    15.   16. We  are  faved 

by  the  grace  of  God,  as  it  is  the  ori- 
ginal caufe  of  our  falvatlon,  and  all  the 
means  thereof,  Eph.  ii.  8.  We  are 
faved  by  God's  word,  as  It  e^  hibits  and 
offers  falvation  to  us  ;  and  by  it  the 
Holy  Ghofl  applies  falvation  to  our 
(bul,  James  i.  2 1 ,     Saved  by  faith y  as 


1    1         s  A  V 

it  difcerns  and  receives  Chrifl  and  hit 
falvation,  Luke  vii.  50.  Saved  by  bap^ 
tifm,  as  thereby  falvation  Is  fealed  and 
applied  to  fuch  as  believe,  i  Pet.  ill.  21. 
Saved  by  miniflcrs  and  Chrlftlans,  as 
they  publifh  the  do^lrlnes  and  offers  of 
falvatlon,  and  warn,  befecch,  and  ex- 
cite men  to  receive  it,  Rom.  xi.  14, 
I  Cor.  vii.  16.  Jude  23.  i  Tim.  iv.  16. 
Men  are  faved  as  byjire,  when  delivered 
from  the  grcateft  hazard  'of  ruin,  and 
when  almoil  all  their  works  are  rejected, 
I  Cor.  iii.  15.  The  righteous  are yr^rff-- 
ly  faved  ;  with  great  difficulty  the  Jew- 
ifh  Chrlfllans  efcaped  ruin  from  the  Ro. 
mans,  along  with  their  country  ;  and 
with  no  fmall  fear  and  hazard  the  righ- 
teous efcape  the  vengeance  of  hell,  i  Pet. 
iv.  18.  Women  are  faved  in  child-bearing  ,• 
amidfl  great  danger,  they  are  ordinarily 
preferved  in  the  birth  of  their  children  ; 
and  though  their  fex  introduced  fin, 
many  of  them  are  faved  eternally  through 
the  incarnation  and  obedience  of  Chrift^ 
I  Tim.  ii.  15. 

Salvation,  is,  (i.)  A  deliverance 
from  outward  dangers  and  enemies, 
Exod.  xiv.  13.  I  Sam.  xiv.  45.  (2.) 
Deliverance  from  a  flate  of  fin  and  mi- 
fery, into  a  flate  of  union  with  Chrifl, 
wherein  we  are  juflified  by  his  blood, 
adopted  into  his  family,  fandlified  by 
his  Spirit,  and  comforted  by  his  pre- 
sence ; — a  deliverance  from  fpiritual  dan- 
ger and  dillrefs,  to  a  comfoi  table  and 
quiet  condition,  Rom.  i.  16.  (3.)  E' 
ternal  happinefs,  wherein  men  fliall  be 
freed  from  fin  and  forrow,  and  fnall  ei:« 
joy  the  mofl  perfedl  and  lafling  fellow- 
(lilp  with  God,  I  Pet.  I.  9.  Heb.  i.  14. 
God  Is  CTsWttd.  falvation y  and  the  God  of 
falvation  ;  he  delivers  from  diflrcfs,  and 
beflows  comfort,  temporal,  fpiritual,  or 
eternal,  Pfal.  xxvii.  I.  Ixviii.  20.  Chrifl 
is  called  /^/i;^/7o;7,  as  he  is  the  purcha- 
fer,  beflower,  and  great  matter  of  our 
everlafling  freedom  from  evil,  and  en- 
joyment of  happinefs,  Luke  ii.  30.  If. 
xllx.  6.  Salvation  is  afcribed  to  God 
and  Chrifl,  as  they  contrive,  purchafe, 
prepare,  and  beflow  it.  Rev.  vii.  10. 
xlx.  I.  The  gofpel  is  czWitd  falvationt 
and  the  ii'ordy  gofpel,  or  bringer,  of  fil- 
iation :  thereby  falvation  is  publifhed, 

offered, 


S  A  T.r    ■ 

-offered,  and  applied  to  us,  Heb.  ii.  3. 
Artsxili.  26.   Eph.  i.  13.    Tit.,  ii.  11. 
Salvation  is  of  the  Jews  ;  Chrift  the  Sa- 
viour fpmng  of  them  ;  the  gofpel  pro- 
ceeded from  them  to  the  Gentiles,  John 
iv.  22.     The  long-fufFering  of  God  to 
the  Jews  and  others,  hfalvatiw  ;  is  cal- 
culated to  promote  the  everlailing-  hap- 
pinefs  of  fome,   2  Pet.  iii.    15.      Salva- 
tion and  Jlren^th   came   to   the   church, 
U'hen,by  means  of  Conllantine,  fhe  was 
delivered    from    Heathen    perfecution, 
and  her  conftitiltion  eflablifhed  by   the 
civil  law,   Rev,  xii.  10.     That  turns  to 
'One^s  falva^ion,  which  tends  to  proniote 
his  fpiritual  and  eternal  happinefs,  Phil. 
i.   19.      Men   m)ork  out   their  fahation„ 
when  they  receive  Jefus   the   Saviour, 
and  walking  in    him,  prepare   for   the 
future  blefTednefs  of  the  heavenly  ftate, 
.Phil.  ii.  12.     Confeflion  and  repentance 
are  to  fahation,  as   they   are   means  of 
our  preparation  for  further  grace   and 
glory,   Rom.  X.  10.    2  Cor.  vii.  10. 

SAUL,  the  fon  of  Ki(h,  a  Beuja- 
fnite.  juil  about  the  time  when  the 
Hebrews  fo  loudly  infillied  for  a  king, 
to  render  them  like  the  nations  around, 
Kifh's  aifes  wandered  aftray.  Saul  and 
a  fervant  were  fent  tofeek  them.  Af- 
ter they  had  fearched  a  good  deal  with- 
out any  fuccefs,  the  ^fervant  propofed 
to  Saul,  that  they  fiiould  confult  Sa- 
^inael  the  feer  or  prophet,  who  lived  at 
no  great  diftance,  as  he  took  him.  for  a 
-cunning  man;,  who,  for  a  trifle,  would 
inform  them.  Some  maidens  of  the 
j>lace  directed  them  to  him.  Samuel, 
^who  had  that  very  day  called  the  cliief 
perfons  of  the  corner  to  a  facrificc  which 
lie  intended  to  offer,  being  directed  by 
Ood,  welcomed  Saul,  told  him  the  affes 
tvere  found,  and  hinted  to  him,  that 
there  was  a  defign  on  foot  to  make  him 
-the  kirig  of  Ifrael.  As  Said  belonged 
to  one  of  the  fmalleft  fnmilies  of  the 
leafl  tribe  of  the  Hebrew  nation,  he 
was  furprifed  at  the  hint.  At  the  feall 
on  the  riefn  of  the  facritice,  Saul  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  table,  and  had 
a  whole  Ihoulder  ferved  up  to  him,  to 
mark  his  diilinguiihed  honour,  and  his 
need  of  llrength  and  authority.  As 
62-ul  lodged  with  San?.uel  that  night. 


3S2  1      s  A  tr 

they  had  a  fecret  conference  on  theto|^ 
of  the  houfe.     On  the  morrow,  as  Sa- 
muel conveyed  Saul  out  of  the   place, 
he  bid  the  fervant  pafs  on  before  them; 
and  then,  with  a   vial  of  oil,  anointed 
Saul  in  the  name  of  the   Lord,  to   be 
king  over   Ifrael  ;    and   to    afliire   him 
hereof,    gave   him   a   threefold    token, 
viz,  that  near  Rachel's  grave,  he  flioiild 
meet  two  men,  who  would  inform  him 
that  the  aTes  were  found  ;  that  in    the 
plain  of  Tabor,  a  little   diilant,  three 
men  on  their  journey   to   worfhip   the 
Lord  at  Bethel,  where  it   feem.s  there 
was  then  an   high   place,  fhould  make 
him   a  prefent  of  two  of  their  loaves  ; 
and  that  at  the  hill  of  God,  z.  e.  where 
the  ark  then    ftood   at   Kirjath-jearim, 
or  at  Gibeon,  where  the  tabernacle  was, 
he  (hould  light  on  a   company  cf  pro- 
phets, praifing  God,  and  being  feized 
with  their  fpirit,  fliould  join  in  that  ex- 
'  ercife.     Thefe  tokens   happened  ;  and 
the  lad  occafioned  the  proverb,  Is  Saul, 
the  fon  of  Ki/h,  among  the  prophets  ?    Al- 
moll  immediately  after,  and  A.  M.  3909 
or  3939,  Samuel  affembled  the  Hebrews 
at  Mizpeh,  to  receive  their  new   king. 
The  Lord's  choice  was   m_<inifelled   by 
the  calling  of  lots.     The  lot  happened 
to  fall  on   the    tribe  of  Benjamin,  and 
then  on  the  family  of  Matri,  then    on 
the  houfe  of  Kifh,  and   in   fine   upon 
Saul.      He  had  hid  himfelf  among  the 
baggage  of  the  congregation  ;  but  by 
the  direction  of  God   was  found  ;  and 
being  preiented  before  the  people,  he 
was  taller  by  the  head  than  any  of  them. 
The  people   fnouted,  and   wifhed   him 
joy  of  his  honours.      Samuel   then  de- 
clared to  the  affembly,  the  laws  of  their 
kingdom,  and  wrote  thern  in   a  book. 
God  endowed  Saul  with  a  fpirit  of  qua- 
lification for  government.     The  body 
of  the  people  went  home  ;  but  a  band 
of  men,  divinely    inltigated,    clave   to 
him    as    his    honorary   guard.     Mean- 
while, fome   contemned   him   as    inca- 
pable of  his  office  ;  but  he   overlooked 
the  affront^  and  returned  to  his  wonted 
labour,  i  "Sam.  ix.  x.     About  a  month 
after,  the  inhabitants  of  Jabefh-gilead, 
being  terribly  diftrefied  by  a  fiege  from 
Nahafli  the  Ammonite,  begged  their 

brethren 


S  A  U         [    383    1         S  A  U 


Ijrethren  would  relieve  them  before  the 
{even  days  of  their  truce  were  ended. 
When  the  news  of  their  cafe  came  by 
their  melfengervS  to  Gibeah,  the  people 
wept  and  cried.  Saul,  as  he  returned 
{torn  his  plough,  being  informed  of  the 
caufe,  hacked  a  yoke  of  his  oxen  to 
pieces,  and  fent  thefe  by  mefTengers 
into  all  the  parts  of  the  Hebrew  terri- 
tories, charging  the  people  to  attend 
him  and  Samuel  at  Bezck,  without  de- 
lay, otherwife  their  oxen  fliould  in  like 
manner  be  hewed  to  pieces.  The  people, 
moved  of  God,  afTcmbled  fo  quickly, 
that  in  five  days,  or  perhaps  lefs,  he 
had  an  army  of  30.000  men  of  Judah, 
and  300,000  of  the  other  tribes.  CrolT- 
ing  the  Jordan,  and  marching  all  night, 
they,  about  the  break  of  the  feventh 
day,  in  three  bodies,  attacked  the  Am- 
monites, who  expelled  no  fuch  thing, 
and  cut  them  to  pieces,  before  the  walls 
of  Jabefli-gilead.  This  vidory  gained 
Saul  the  univerfal  regard  of  his  nation  ; 
and  they  were  for  killing  fuch  as  had 
formerly  contemned  him.  Saul  with- 
ftpod  this  motion,  and  foon  after  had 
his  royal  authonty  confirmed  to  him  by 
Samuel  at  Gilgal. — When  Saul  had 
'reigned  about  two  years,  he  levied  a 
Handing  arm^y  of  30CO  men  :  2000  he 
kept  with  himfclf,  and  the  reft  w^ere 
headed  by  Jonathan  his  eldeft  fon. 
With  thefe,  they  attempted  to  wreft 
from  the  Philiftines  the  pofts  which 
they  had  retained  all  along  from  the 
birth  of  Samfon,  or  perhaps  had  lately 
feized  at  Michmafh,  Bethel,  and  Gi- 
beah, in  the  very  heart  of  the  country. 
On  the  news  of  Jonathan's  defeat  of 
the  garrifon  at  Michmafii,  the  Hebrews 
took  heart,  and  in  great  numbers  af- 
iembled  at  Gilgal,  to  drive  out  the  ene- 
my ;  but  they  wanted  arms,  as  the  Phi- 
liftines bad  carried  off  moft  of  the  ar- 
inour,  and  all  the  fmiths  out  of  the 
country.  Informed  of  their  meeting, 
the  Phihftines,  perhaps  affifted  by  the 
Phenician  or  Arabian  fhepherds,  now 
expelled  from  Egypt,  marched  a  pro- 
digious army  againft  them.  The  ter- 
rified Hebrews  difperfed,  and  hid  them- 
felves  in  dens  and  caves,  and  no  more 
^«t  6po  remained  with  Sauh     In   his 


panic,  Saul,  without  waiting  full  feveif 
days  for  Samuel  as  he  ought,  on  the 
feventh,  offered  facrifice  to  the  Lord^ 
himfelf.  Pie  had  fcarce  offered  his  ob* 
lation,  when  Samuel  came  up  and  re- 
buked him  for  his  invafion  of  the  prieft- 
ly  office  :  he  told  hi?n,  that  for  this  the 
Lord  ftiould  transfer  the  royalty  to  an- 
other, who  vvould  ad  more  agreeably 
to  his  mind.  Samuel,  Saul,  and  Jona- 
than, with  the  600  men  who  remained, 
marched  from  Gilgal  to  Gibeah.  Jo- 
nathan and  his  armour-bearer  having 
climbed  up  a  rock,  and  routed  an  ad- 
vanced garrifon  of  the  Philiftines,  SauPs 
centinels  obferved  it  ;  and  he  finding 
that  Jonathan  and  his  armour-bearer 
were  abfent,  called  Ahiah  the  high- 
prieft,  to  confult  the  Lord  whether 
he  (liould  attack  the  enemy  :  But  be- 
fore the  prieft  had  time  to  do  fo,  Saul 
hearing  a  great  noife,  and  finding  that 
the  army  of  the  Phihftines  were  employ- 
ed in  killing  one  another,  -  he  puriued 
them,  and  the  Hebrews,  coming  out: 
of  their  caves,  afiifted  him  ;  they  pur- 
fued  the  enemy,  killing  all  along,  as 
far  as  Aijalon  on  the  weft,  and  Bethel 
on  the  eaft.  The  rout  had  been  ft  ill 
more  fatal,  had  not  Saul,  by  a  rafti 
curfe,  condemned  to  death  the  perfon 
who  ftio-«ld  ftop  the  purfuit  by  taking 
the  leaft  refreftiment  till  night.  As  Jo- 
nathan, who  knew  nothing  of  the  curfe», 
followed  the  enemy  through  a  wood, 
he  dipt  his  ftaff  in  fome  honey  that 
dropped  from  a  tree,  and  tafted  a  little 
of  it.  At  even,  when  Saul's  army  con- 
vened, he  confulted  the  Lord,  whether 
he  {hould  attack  the  camp  of  the  Phi- 
liftines by  night.  To  puniih  him  for 
commencing  the  purfuit  without  wak- 
ing the  divine  allowance,  and  for  hh 
Tiiih  adjuration,  the  Lord  gave  him  no 
anfwer.  Sufpeding  the  wickednefs  of 
fome  other  than  himfelf  to  be  the  caufe,. 
he  rafiily  devoted  the  criminal  to  death. 
Lots  were  caft  to  find  him  out,  and  at 
the  fecond  throw,  Jonathan  was  taken. 
Though  his  excufe  was  good,  his  father 
told  him,  he  muft  die  :  but  the  people 
would  not  fuucr  him,  who  had  been  fo 
inftru'mental  in  their  deliverance,  to  be 
flaia  for   no  crime,     After  this,  Saul 

kept 


s  A  u      [  iU  ^     s  A  u 


ffept  a  Handing  army  under  Abner  his 
coufin,  and  forced  into  it  fuch  valiant 
men  as  he  pleafed  ;  and,  with  confide- 
rable  fuccefs,  made  war  on  the  Moab- 
ites,  Ammonites,  Edomites,  and  Phili- 
ftines,    I  Sam.  xii. — xiv. 

About -^.  M.  3931  or  3941,  Saul 
was  divinely  ordered  to  cut  off  the  whole 
nation  of  the  Amalekites,  and  the  whole 
of  their  cattle.  Muftering  his  army  at 
Telaim,  on  the  fouth  of  Canaan,  it 
confiiled  of  10,000  men  of  Judah,  and 
200,000  of  the  reft  of  the  tribes.  With 
thefe  he  ravaged  the  country  of  Ama- 
lek,  from  Shur  on  the  weft,  to  Havi- 
lah  on  the  eaft,  and  cut  off  multitudes 
of  the  people,  and  of  their  cattle,  but 
faved  Agag  the  king,  and  the  beft  of 
the  cattle  and  moveables.  In  his  re- 
turn, he  ere6led  a  monument  of  his  fuc- 
cefs at  fouth  Carmel.  When  Samuel 
came  to  the  army  at  Gilgal,  Saul  told 
him  he  had  fully  executed  the  divine 
orders  :  What  then,  faid  Samuel,  means 
this  bl'^ating  of  the  fheep  ?  Saul  told 
him,  the  people  had  brought  the  beft 
©f  the  herds  and  flocks,  to  be  a  facri- 
fice  to  the  Lord,  and  he  had  fpared 
Agag  the  king.  Samuel  told  him,  it 
was  moft  wicked  for  him,  who  had  been 
fo  divinely  placed  on  the  throne,  to  re- 
bel againft  the  Lord,  and  fpare  what 
he  thought  ht.  As  Saul  ftill  blamed 
the  people  for  preferving  the  cattle  for 
a  facriiice,  Samuel  told  him,  that  God 
regarded  obedience  more  than  facrifice, 
and  that  their  difobedicnce  was  as  bad 
as  witchcraft  and  idolatry,  which  it 
feems  Saul  was  very  zealous  againft  ; 
and  that  fmce  he  had  rejected  the  divine 
commandment,  God  had  purpofed  to 
dethrone  him  and  his  family.  At  laft 
Saul  confelTed  his  fm,  and  entreated  Sa- 
muel to  go  along,  and  fupplicate  of 
God  the  forgiven efs  thereof.  As  Sa- 
muel refufed,  and  was  going  off,  Saul 
held  his  garment  till  it  rent  :  So,  faid 
Samuel,  (hall  God  rend  the  kingdom 
from  you,  and  give  it  to  one  better. 
Saul  then  begged  that  Samuel  would  at 
jleaft  honour  him  before  the  people,  that 
they  might  not  contemn  him  and  rebel. 
Samuel  complied  fo  far  as  to  join  with 
him  in  public  worftiip  j  and  after  hew- 


ing Agajr  in  pieces  before  the  altar^ 
went  off,  and  never  vifited  Saul  any 
more.  It  was  perhaps  about  this  time 
that  Saul  murdered  the  Gibeonites,  ima- 
gining this  indifcrcet  zeal  would  atone 
for  his  indulgence  in  the  affair  of  the 
Amalekites,    i  Sam.  xv. 

About  j4.  M,  3935  or  3941,  Samuel 
anointed  David  to  be  king  of  Ifrael, 
and  the  fpirit  of  government  departed 
from  Saul,  and  an  evil  fpirit  of  melan- 
choly troubled  him.  To  allay  his  me- 
lancholy, he  was  advifed  to  get  a  fine 
mufician  to  divert  him.  David  was 
pitched  upon,  and  his  mufie  anfwered 
the  end,  while  his  good  behaviour  gain- 
ed him  Saul's  affeftion,  and  he  became 
his  armour-bearer.  Saul  recovering^ 
David  returned  to  feed  his  flock.  Some 
years  after,  when  the  Philiftines  invaded 
the  Hebrew  territories,  and  pitched  in 
Ephes-dammim,  while  Saul  and  his  ar- 
my encamped  in  the  valley  of  Elah,  Go- 
liath having  defied  and  terrified  the  He- 
brews, Saul  promifed  his  eldeft  daugh- 
ter to  the  man  who  fhould  attack  and 
kill  him.  David  coming  from  his  flock, 
gained  the  prize  :  but  the  women  in 
their  fongs  at  the  army's  return,  attri- 
buting the  viftory  chiefly  to  David^ 
Saul  was  highly  difpleafed,  and  fought 
a  proper  opportunity  to  tnurder  him. 
One  day,  as  David  diverted  his  melan- 
choly, he  threw  a  javelin  to  kill  him  ; 
but  David  avoided  the  ftroke.  With 
no  good  intention  he  gave  David  the 
command  of  1000  of  his  troops  :  and 
with  no  intention  to  beftow  her,  but 
to  prompt  David  to  rufli  upon  danger, 
he  promifed  him  in  marriage  Merab  his 
eldeft  daughter  ;  but  he  gave  her  to  A- 
driel  the  Meholathite,  to  whom  it  feems 
file  bare  five  fons,  who  were  brought 
up  by  Michal,  and  hanged  by  the  Gi- 
beonites, with  the  allowance  of  David. 
Hearing  that  Michal,  his  younger 
daughter,  was  in  love  with  David,  he 
caul'ed  fome  of  his  courtiers  inform  him, 
that  he  might  have  her  for  100  fore- 
flvins  of  the  Philiftines.  By  thefe  terms 
he  intended  to  render  David  odious  to 
the  Philiftines,  and  to  endanger  his  life. 
David's  reputation  daily  increafing,  Saul 
refolved  to  have  him  murdered  at  any 

rate» 


S  A  U  [     .3S,?     1  S  A  XT 

while  Jonathan  diverted  had  his  flcirt  cut  off  by  David  in  a  cave. 
He  was  I'o  moved  with  David's  gene- 
rofity  in  iparing  his  life  when  it  was  fo 
much  in  his  power  to  take  it,  that  he 
wept,  and  acknowledged  his  wlckcd- 
nefs  in  fecking  to  murder  a  perfon  fo 
innocent.  Upon  a  fecond  invitation  of 
the  ZIphites,  Saul  again  fearched  for 
David  in  the  wildernefs  of  Maon.      A 


rate.     For  a 

it  ;  but  5aul,  in  his  melancholy,  again 
attempted  it.  David,  however,  cfca- 
iped  to  his  houfe  :  th^^re  Saul  caufed  a 
body  of  his  troops  befiege  him  ;  but 
Michal,  who  was  now  married,  let  Da- 
vid down  by  a  window,  and  amufed  her 
father's  melfengers  with  a  pretence  that 
he  was   fick,  till    he   was   out  of  their 


reach,  and  by  falfehood  cxcufed  herfelf  fecond  inftance  of  David's  generous  be- 
to  her  father.  '  Hearing  that  David  had 
cfcaped  to  Samuel  at  Najotli  of  Ramah, 
he  once  and  again  fent  melfengers  to 
apprehend  him  ;  but  a  prophetic  influ- 
ence fel/.ed  them  as  foon  a?-  they  came 
to  the  place.  He  then  went  thither 
himfelf,  but  the  like  influence  fet  him 
a  prophefvlng,  and  detained  him  till 
David  had  time  to  efcape.  He  was 
highly  difappointed  with  David's  ab- 
fence  at  the  feall  of  new  moon,  as  then 
)ie  intended  to  murder  him  j  and  be- 
caufe  Jonathan  excufed  him,  he  was 
outrageoudy  reproached,  and  a  javelin 
thrown  to  kill  him,  i  Sam.  xviii. — xx. 


nevolence,  in  fparing  his  life,  when  he 
penetrated  into  his  camp  in  the  night, 
and  carried  off  his  fpear  and  his  drink- 
ing cup,  made  Saul  again  acknowledge 
his  innocence.  Soon  after,  hearing  that 
David  had  taken  (heltcr  among  the  Phi- 
liftlnes,  he  gave  over  thoughts  of  get- 
ting him  murdered,  i  Sam.  xxii.  xxiii. 
xxiv.   xxvi.   xxvii. 

'  About  yl.  AT.  3949,  the  Phlliftines 
invaded  his  kingd-jm,  and  encamped  In 
the  very  heart  of  it,  at  Shunem,  near 
Jezreel.  In  his  dillrefs,  Saul  afl<ed 
counfel  of  God,  but  received  no  an- 
fwer.    Accordinir  to  the  commandment 


Not  long  after,  as  Saul  heavily  com-    of  God,  he  had  formerly  cut  off  witches. 


plained  to  his  fervants  that  none  of  them 
was  fo  faithful  as  to  difcover  David's 
accompHce;s,  Doeg  his  chief  herdfman, 
an  Edomite,  reported,  that  while  he  had 
attended  at  the  tabernacle  for  fome  pu- 
rification, he  faw  Ahimelech  the  high'- 
prieft  give  David  and  his  attendants 
a  refrefnment  of  the  facred  proviiion, 
and  enquirtf  of  the  Lord  in  his  favour, 
and  give   him   the   fword   of   GoHath. 


wizards,  and  people  of  that  ilamp  : 
but  now,  when  rejedled  of  God,  he,  in 
difgulfe,  applied  to  a  witch  at  Endor, 
to  bnng  him  up  Samuel  from  the  dead, 
to  fhew  him  what  he  ihould  do.  After 
plenty  of  fpells  and  enchantments,  fhe 
with  terror  cried  out,  that  he  had  de- 
ceived her,  for  he  was  Saul.  Being  af- 
fured  that  flie  had  nothing  to  fear,  fhe 
told  him,  fhe  law  gods  afcending   out 


Tiie  innocent  high-prieft  was  fent   for,,    of  the  earth,  and  an  old   man   covered 


and  accufed  and  condemned  ;  and  he, 
and  84  of  Ills  fellow-ppefts,  with  all 
the  perfons  of  Nob,  and  even  uhe  cuttle, 
were  by  Saul's  orders  murdered  by 
Doeg.  It  feems  he  intended  to  have 
murdered  the  family  of  Jeflc,  but  David 
carried  his  par(?nts  into  the  country  of 
Moab.  Hearing  that  David  was  in 
Keilah,  a  fortified  city,  he  thought  to 
apprehend  him  there.  Soon  after,  on 
the  information  of  the  Ziphites,  who 
invited  him,  he  purfued  him  with  an 
army  in  the  wildernefs  of  Maon  ;  but 
when  he  was  jufl  at  his  heels,  an  inva- 
fion  of  the  Philiilincs  diverted  him  to 
other  work.  Soon  after,  he  purfued 
David  in  the  wildernefs  of  Engcdi,  and 
Vol.  II. 


with  a;  mantle.  Perceiving  it  to  be  Sa- 
nuiel,  Saul  bowed  himfelf,  and  told  the 
fpeclre  on  demand,  that  he  had  taken 
this  coiirfe  to  conlult  him,  as  he  was 
greatly  dlftreffed  by  the  Phillltines,  and 
God  refufed  to  give  him  any  diretlion. 
The  fpeftre  told  him,  that  he  need  ex* 
petl  nothing  comfortable,  as  God  was 
departed  from  him,  and  that  his  king- 
dom fliould  be  quickly  taken  from  him, 
and  given  to  David  ;  that  the  Hebrews 
(hould  be  routed,  and  himfelf  and  his 
fons  llain,  and  be  with  him  on  the  mor- 
row. As  this  fpcctre  is  llill  called  oa- 
muel,  and  {peaks  like  one  who  knew 
the  mind  of  the  Lord ;  as  Satan,  wno 
carried  aur  Saviour  to  a  pinnacle  of  the 
3  C  temple 


s  A  u     r .  3S6  ] 

temple  and  a   mountain,    they  think,     army 
might  as  well  raife  a  departed  faint  ;  or 
as  God,   to  punifh  Saul's  finful  curiofi- 
ty,  might,  not  by  means  of,  but  at  the 
time  of  the  enchantments,  caufe  Samuel 
to  appear,  and  denounce  Saul's  ruin  to 
him  ;  many  think  it  was  really  Samuel 
who  appeared.     A^  we  have   no  cer- 
tainty that    Saul   faw  any   apparition, 
fome  think  there  mi^rht  be  no   appear- 
ahce  at  all,  but  merely  a  voice, , and  the 
form  only  a  pretence  of  the  witch.   We 
cannot  believe  there  was  any  thing  here 
but  the  devil  in  the  likenefs  of  SamueL 
This  likenefs,  and  a  pretence  to  be  Sa- 
muel, was  the   reafon  of  his  being  fo 
called.      Samuel  had  not  to  afcend  out 
of  the  earth,  as  this   fpedre   did,  but 
to  come   down  from  heaven.      It  is  ab- 
furd  to    imagine    that  God  would  raife 
one  from  the  dead  to  anfv/er  Saul,  when 
he  refufed  to  anfwer  him  by  more  com- 
mon methods ;  abfurd  to  fuppofe  a  glo- 
rified faint  fubjeft  to  infernal  enchant- 
ments ;  or  that  God  would  do  any  thing 
tending'  to  honour  diabolic  arts.     No- 
thing in  the  hiilory  evinces  the  fpectre 
to  be  a  prophet.  That  God  would  take 
Saul's  kingdom  from  him,  and  give  it 
to  David,  was  publicly  known.      From 
the  pofture  of  affairs,  it  was  natural  to 
infer,  that  the  Hebrews  fliould  be  rout- 
ed, and  Saul  and  his  family  flain ,:  and 
befides,  who  knows  not,  that  God  may, 
for  holy  ends,  give  devils  hints  of  fome 
future  events  ?     Nay,  the  very   fpeech 
of  this  fpetlre  tends  to  prove  him  a  de- 
vil.    He  never   hints   the    finfulnefs  of 
dealing  with  wizards,  thoug!>   for  this 
very  fin  Saul  was  cut  off,    i  Chron.  x. 
12.  13.      He  pretends,  that  Samuel  in 
his  glorified  ilate  had   been   difquietcd 
by  Saul.     He  pretends,  that  Saul,  and 
his  fons  in  general,  fhould  on  the  mor- 
Tow  be  with  him,  whereas   two  of  his 
fons,  Armoni  and  Mephibofheth,  lived 
long  after,  and  were  hanged  by  the  Gi- 
beonites,  and   Ifhboflieth   lived   feveral 
years.      Nor  can  we  believe,  that   wic- 
ked Saul  and  godly  Jonathan  could  be 
ever  together  with   this  fpedre,  eitiier 
in  heaven  or  hell.      And,  in  fine,  when 
we  confider  how  long  Saul  tarried  with 
the  witch,  and  had  to  return  to   his 


s  A  tr 

and  that  meanwhile  David  wa» 
difmifTed  from  the   camp  of  the    Phili-» 
fiines,   and  went  as  far  as  the  fouth  bor* 
der  of  Canaan,  and   routed  the   Phili- 
ftines,  who  had   burnt  Ziklag,  it  can 
fcarce  be  believed,  that   Saul   and  his 
fons  could  be    fiain  on   the  morrow  af- 
ter.     It  is   certain,  that   Saul   fainted 
with  terror  at  the  fpe6lre's  fpeech,  and 
was  hardly  prevailed   on  to   take  a  re- 
freihment.     He  then  travelled  all  night 
to  his  troops.     When  the  battle  was 
fought,     the   Hebrews    were    routed  ; 
but   they  maintained    a  running  fight, 
till  they  came  to  Gilboa  :  there,  taking 
the  advantage  of  the  ground,  they  at- 
tempted to  rally,  but  were  overpowered 
by  the   enemy.     Jonathan,  Abinadab, 
and    MalcUifiuia,     Saul's    fons,    were 
flain.      After  Saul    had   fought  to  the 
utmofi,  and  was   hard  prefTed   by   the 
arrows  of  the   enemy,  he   begged   his 
armour-bearer    would    run    his>  fword 
through  him',  and    prevent   his  falling 
into    the    hand   of   the    uncircimicifed 
foes.       The     armour-bearer    refufing, 
Saul  fell   upon  his  own  fword,  and  his 
armour-bearer   did    the    like.     An  A- 
malekite,  who  was   near,  perhaps  haf- 
tened  Saul's  death,  with  athrufl  of  his- 
fword,     and   brought   his    crown    and 
bracelets  to  David.      Inftead  of  his  ex- 
pected reward,  David  ordered  him    to 
be  flain,  as   tlie    confefTed  murderer  of 
the    king.     Next   day,  the    Philillines 
finding  Saul  and  his   three  fons  among 
the    flain,  ilript  off  their  armour,  ai>d 
fent  it  to  the  temple  of  their  idol  Afli- 
taroth  ;  cut  off  their  heads,  and  fixed 
them  in    the  temple   of  Dagon  ;  and 
hung   up  their    bodies  on   the  wall  of 
Bethfhan,  which  then  belonged  to  the 
Canaanites.     Thence  the   valiant  men 
of  Jabefh-gilead  took  them,  and  buried 
them  in  a  grove  near  to  their  city,  and 
mourned   for   their    death  feven  days. 
David  afterwards  removed  them  to  the 
fepulchre   of    Kifli    at   Zelah.     Mean- 
v/hile,  it  feems,  Abner  Saul's  general, 
and  Ilhbofheth  his   Ion,  had  fled  with 
the  fmall  remains  of  the  army  to  Ma- 
hanaim,  eailward  of  Jordan,  and  there 
Ilhbofheth -was  made  king,  and  reigned 
unhappily  a  few    years.      Multitudes 

too 


1  S  C  A 

8.  Faithful  minifters  are  to  God  a 
fiveet  favour  of  Chrld  in  their  hearers  ; 
their  careful  difcharge  of  their  duty  is 
acceptable  to  God,  whether  men  be  Ca- 
ved by  it  or  not ; — and  are  ?i  favour  of 
death  unto   death  to  feme,  and   th  favour 


S  A  V  [387 

too  of  the  Hebrews,  left  their  homes     8. 

and  retired  beyond    Jordan,  that    tliey 

might  be  as  far    from  the  Philiflines  as 

poifible. — A    confiderable    time    after, 

Mephibofheth    and    Armoni,    the    two 

fons  of  Saul  by  RJzpah  his  concubine, 

together  with  tive  of  his  grandchildren     «f  life  unto  life  to  others  ;  they  are   the 

occafion  of  double  deftruilion  to  un- 
believers, and  the  means  of  eternal  life 
here  and  hereafter  to  others,  2  Cor.  ii. 
15.  16.  "Vo  favour  the  things  of  men  ^  and 
not  the  things  of  G'jd,  is  to  contrive^ 
choofe,  and  delight  in  things  agreeable 
to  carnal  eafe  or  finfnl  luds,  and  not 
what  is  command^'d  of  God,  and  tenda 
to   his  honour,  Mitth.  xvi.  23. 

SAW,  for  catting  of  wood,  ftones, 
^c.  Tiie  A.Tyrians  are  likened  to  a 
fa'zuy  as  by  them  God  punifhed,  tor- 
tured, and  cut  afunder  the  nations, 
Jf.  X.  15. 

SAY.     See  speak. 
SCASBARD.     See  sheath. 
SCALES;   (i.)    The    hard  cover- 
ing of   lilh,  which    defend    the    flefh. 
Lev.  xi.  9.    10.     (2.)  A  ildn   or  film 
on  the  eye  hindering  fight,  A6ts  ix.  1 8. 
(3.)     Balances    for    weighing    things. 
If.  xl.  12.  ^  To  fcale  a  place  or  wall, 
is  to  climb  up  by  ladders.     To  fcale  the' 
city  of  the  mighty,    is   to   accomplifh  the 
moll  difficult  enterprize,  Prov.  xxi.  22. 
SCALL  ;  a  dry  whitifh  fcab,  fome- 


by  Merab,  were  by  David's  order 
given  to  the  Gibeonites,  that  they 
might  hang  them  up  before  the  Lord, 
as  an  atonement  for  their  father's  mur- 
der of  moit  of  that  people.  It  fecnis, 
they  hung  fix  months  on  the  gibbet, 
from  March  to    September,  when  the 

'  Lord,  by  (howers  of  rain,  (hewed  that 
Saul's  murder  was  in  this  manner  ex- 
piated. All  this  time,  the  aiTeclionate 
Rizpah  waited  in  fackcloth  at  tlie  foot 
of  the  gibbet,  and  frayed  away  the 
birds  which  attempted  to  devour  them, 
I  Sam.  xxviii. — xxxi.  i  Chron.  x.  2 
Sam.  i.  xxi.     See  Edom  ;   Paul. 

SAVOUR;  (i.)  Scent,  or  fmelL 
Dead  tlies  caufe  the  apothecary's  oint- 
ment fend  forth  a  Jlinking  favour,  or 
fmell,  Eccl.  X.  i.  (2.)  Agreeable- 
nefs  to  the  tafte  ;  hence   we  read  of 

favoury  meat,  Gen.  xxvii.  4.  (3.) 
That  rtiarp  quality  in  fait,  whereby 
it  renders  other  bodies  agreeable  to  the 
tulle,  Matth.  V.  .13.  (4.)  Charafler  ; 
reputation  ;  thus  mtn'=,  favour  becomes 
abhorred,  when  their  name  becomes 
hateful    and    detefted,     Exod.    v»  ,21, 

.Through  the  f cent  of  water,  i.  ^.  by  par- 
taking of  the  influence  of  the  rain  or 
moiilure  of  the  earth.  Job  xiv.  9.  The 

fcent  of  the  church  is  as  the  wine  of 
Lebanon,  when  Ihe  delightfuUyabounds 
with  faints  and  good  works,  Hof.  xiv. 
7.      The   ancient   facrihces  were    of  a 

fweet  favour,  ox  favour  of  refl  wwlo  God  : 
he  accepted  of,  and  delighted  in  them, 
as  typical  of  the  obedience  and  fuffering 

^f  Chriil,  which  fuiliciently  honour 
all  his  perfe6lions,  and  more  than  ba- 
lance our  difagreeable  offences,  Gen. 
viii.  21.  Exod.  xxix.  18.  Eph.  v.  2. 
The  favour  of  the  knowledge  and  good 
ointments  of  Chriil,  is  the  refrelhful 
and  pleafant  nature  of  his  truth,  when 
known,  and  of  the  grace  and  virtue 
that  proceed  from  him,  as  our  Media- 
tor, 2  Cor,  li.  14.  Song  i.  3.  PfaL  xiv. 


what  hke  the  leprofy.  Lev.  xiii.  30. 

SCALP;  the  hairy  part  of  the 
crown  of  the  head,  Pfal.  Ixviii.  22. 

SCANDAL.     See  offend. 

SCANT  ;  too  little,  Mic.  vi.  10. 

SCARCE,  SCARCELY  ;  with  vxt 
fmall  diihculty,  1  Pet.  iv.  18.  Scarce- 
ness ;  want,  or  too  fmall  meafure, 
Deut.  viii.  9. 

To  SCARE  ;  to  affright,  Job  vii. 

SCARLET ;  a  deep,  bright,  and 
fhining  red  colour.  I  doubt  if  our 
trandators  have  every  where  right  y 
ufed  this  word.  I  fuppofe,  that  to- 
lahhh  ought  indeed  to  be  rendered 
fcarlet,  but  that  shani,  oy  double  dye^ 
as  well  as  car  mil,  ought  to  be  en- 
dered  crimfon  ;  but  as  thefe  colours 
are  near  of  kin  to  one  another,  there 
is  the  lefs  matter  of  miftaking  tue  onf 
30^  for 


S  C  A  [388 

for  the  other.  Scarlet  was  much  worn 
by  great  men,  2  Sam.  i.  24.  The 
Jcarkt  or  crimfon  ufed  in  the  hangings 
of  the  tabernacle  and  the  robes  of  the 
priefls,  might  denote,  the  royal  dig- 
nity of  Chrift,  and  the  bloody*  fuffer- 
ings  of  him  and  his  church,  Exod.  xxv. 
4.  xxvi.  I.  The  church's  lips  are  like 
a  thread  of  Jcarkt  ;  her  ordinances, 
minilters,  and  the  fpeech  of  her  faints, 
are  deeply  connected  with  Jefus's  righ- 
teoufnefs  and  royal  authority,  and  this 
marks  a  founduefs  of  conllitution  and 
heart,  Song  iv.  3.  The  Jcarkt  colour 
of  the  horfe  and  robes  of  Antichrilt, 
may  mark  out  his  royal  power,  the  red 
hats  of  his  cardinals,  and  his  bloody 
perfecution  of  the  faints',  Rev.  xvii.3.4. 
Sin  is  likened  to  Jcarkt  and  cr'imjon^ 
to  mark  its  horrible  nature  and  aggra- 
vated heinoiifnefs,   If.  i.  18. 

SCATTER;  (i.)  To  fpread  a- 
broad  here  and  there,  Pfal.  cxlvii.  15. 
(2.)  To  difpel,  diffolve,  Job  xxxvii. 
II.  (3.)  To  drive  into  different 
places,  Pfal.  Ixviii.  30.  (4.)  To 
overthrow  ;  conquer  ;  confouuiyi  ■;  de- 
ftroy,  Pfal.  Ixviii.  14.  Luke  i.  51. 
(5.)  To  deal  liberally  to,  the  poor, 
Pfal.  cxii.  8.  Prov.  xi.  24.  Tojcaitcr 
the  nvay  to  Jlr angers  unckr  every  green  tree., 
is  to  worli.ip  a  variety  of  idols,  in  a  va- 
riety of  places,  as  whores  go  here  and 
there  to  feek  their  gallants,  Jer.  lii.  13. 
To  have  the  bona  Jcattertd,  is  to  be  re- 
duced to  a  deathful  and  ruinous  con- 
dition,  Pfal.  hii.  5.   cxli.  7. 

SCENT.     See  savour, 
'    SCEPTRE.     See  ROD.        . 

SCEVA  is  faid  to  have  been  the 
chief  of  one  of  the  clalTes  ot  the  Jewifh 
prielts  ;  he  had  feven  (ons,  who,  in  a 
vagabond  manner,  travelled  abroad, 
pretending  to  exorcife  or  call  devils  out 
of  men.  At  Ephelus  they  attempted 
to  call  out  one,  and  adjured  him  by 
Jefus  whom  Paul  preached,  to  leave 
the  pofleffed  perion.  They  devil  told 
them,  that  he  knew  both  Jefus  and 
Paul,  but  paid  no  regard  to  them  ;  he 
immediately  handled  them  fo  roughly, 
by  means  of  the  pofielled  ptrfon  as  his 
inftrument,  that  he  obhged  them  to 
flee  out  of  the  houfe -naked  and  fore 
wounded,  Adls  xix,  14. — 16. 


1  SCO 

SCHISM.     See  DIVISION. 

SCHOOL.  No  doubt  but  the  moft  " 
ancient  patriarchs  inilruc\ed  their  chil- 
dren in  the  knowledge  of  God,  and  o- 
ther  important  lubjetts  ;  but  for  many 
ages  we  find  no  mention  of  public 
fchools  for  inftrutlion.  In  Samuel's 
time  we  find  a  fchool  at  Najoth  ;  and 
not  long  after  others  at  Bethel  and  Je- 
richo ;  and  to  thefe,  it  ieems,  devout 
perfons  repaired  for  initruction  on  Sab- 
bath, and  at  new-moon  felHvals,  tu 
hear  for  inllrudtion  :  i  Sam,  xix.  18. 
— 24.  2  Kings  ii.  3.  5.  iv.  23.  It 
appears  by  Ezekiel's  conferences  with 
the  elders,  that  the  Jews  continued 
them  in  Babylon,  Ezek.  xiv,  1.2.  xx, 
I. — 3.  They  were  ilill  ufed  iu  .our  Sa- 
viour's time,  and  after  his  death  we 
find  famous  fchools  at  Jabneh,  at  Ti- 
berias, and  at  Babylon.  In  the  Jew- 
iili  fchools,  the  rabbins  had  high  feats, 
and  the  ftudentslat  at  tlieirfeet  accord- 
ing to  their  proiiciencj.  Acts  xxii.  3. 
It  feems  every  body  that  pltafed  had 
liberty  to  afl<  qucllior.s  in  their  ichook, 
Luke  ii.  46.  The  Egyptians,  Chal- 
deans, Greeks,  and  Romans,  had  alfo 
their  fchools  ;  and  now  in  almoit  eveiy 
civilized  nation,  there  are  fchools,  col- 
leges, or  academies,  for  every  known 
branch  of  (cience. 

SCHOOLMASTER.     See  law. 

StJlENCE  ;  knowledge  of  human 
learning,  Dan.  i.  4.  Science  Jaljely  Jo 
calkcl-i  is  vain  philofophy  and  fmlul  arts, 
I  Tim.  vi.  20. 

SCOFF  ;  to  mock  m  a  proud  and 
reviling  manner.  The  ChiiXdcAn^JcoJJ'ed 
at  kings  and  princes,  when  they  made 
fuch  as  they  had  conquered  the  objeCls 
of  their  cruel  mockn.gs,  Hab.  i.  10. 
The  JcoJJers  of  the  lait  days,  may  be 
our  modern  Deills,  who  ridicule  divine 
revelation,  and  feoff  at  the  method  of 
creation,  providence,  and  redemption, 
defcnbed  in  the  Bible  ;  and  diieredit- 
ing  a  future  judgement  or  eternal  flate, 
give  up  themfelves  to  the  fuliilm.ent  of 
tiieir  lulls,  2  Pet.  iii.  3. — 6. 

SCORCH  ;  to  burn  up  with  too 
great  heat.   Rev.  xvi.  8.  9. 

To  SCORN  ;  to  mock  ;,  laugh  at. 
Job  xvi.  20.     A  5C0K.N,  is  an^  objeO^ 

of 


SCO       r  389  ]       SRI 

of  mockery  and  difdalnful   reproach,     ed,  they  kill  their  dam 
Pfal.   xllv.   13.     A    SCORN ER,    is   one 
wiio  is  given-  to  laugh  at  perlons  and 
things  of  importance  ;   who    mocks   at 
iin,  and  the  judofements  of  God  on  ac- 


it  of  it,  and  iCofls  at  rch'gion,  and 
the  profeifors  and  teachers  of  it  ;  and 
derides  and  hates  wholefome  reproof 
and  advice,  X^fal.  i.  i.  Prov.  ix.  8. 
xiii.  I.  While  he  pretends  to  poflefs 
and  feek  after  wiidom,  he  finds  it  not ; 
but  in  his  haughty  and  arrogant  man- 
ner, llirs  up  contention,  and  expofes 
himfelf  and  others  to  the  diftinguiflied 
judgements  of  God,  Prov.  xiv.  6.  xxii. 
10.  xxix.  8.  ix.  14.  xix.  29.  God 
/corns  the  /corners y  when  he  contemns 
and  punilheth  them,  rendering  them 
ridiculous  to  all  around,  Prov.  iii.  34. 
lit\\o\i/cornej}y  thou  alone  Jh alt  hear  it^ 
i.  e,  (lialt  be  puniflied  for  thy  fin,  Prov. 
ix.  14. 


There  were 
plenty  of  the  akrabblm  or  fcorpions  in 
the  Arabian  defert,  Deut.  viii.  15. 
Numb,  xxxiv.  4.  Wicked  men,  the 
Jews,  the  Antichriftian  priefts,  and  the 
JSaracens,  are  likened  to  /corplonsy  to 
mark  their  malicious  and  crafty  difpofi- 
tion,  and  their  being  given  to  wound, 
torment,  and  murder  good  men,  and 
fuch  as  have  leall  power  to  withitand 
them,  Ezek.  ii.  6.  Rev.  ix.  3.  Whips* 
knotted,  or  armed  with  pricks  like  a 
fcorpion's  tail,  are  called  /corpionsy  2 
Kings  \ii.  II.  14. 

SCOURGE  ;  a  kind  of  whip  of 
cords,  leather  thongs,  or  wands.  The 
Jews  were  prohibited  to  give  above 
forty  Itripes  at  once  ;  but  if  the  crime 
was  reckoned  great,  the  lafhes  were 
the  more  fevere,  Deut.  xxv.  i.  —  3. 
2  Cor.  xi.  24.  The  ral^bins  pretend, 
that  all  crimes  vvhofe  punilhment  is  not 


SCORPION;  a fmall animal,  whofe -  fpeeiiied  incurred  fcourging  ;  and  that 


bladder  is  full  of  dangerous  poifon.  It 
is  of  a  footy  colour.  Its  head  is  very 
clofe  to  its  breail.  It  has  two  eyes 
in  the  middle  of  it?,  head,  and  two  at 
the  extremity  thereof,  between  which 
come  out  two  arms,  each  of  which  is 
divided  into  other  two,  like  the  claws 
of  a  lobller :  nay,  fome  have  fix  or 
eight  eyes.  Its  bc;dy  is  fliaped  like  an 
^toS*  ^^  ^^^  eight  feet  proceeding  from 
its  brealt,  each  of  which  is  divided  into 
fix  hairy  branches,  with  a  claw  3t  the 
end.  The  belly  is  divided  into  feven 
rings.  The  tail  proceeds  from  the  laif, 
and  is  like  a  ilring  of  feven  beads  ,  out 
oF  the  largell,  which  is  at  the  end, 
proceed  one  or  two  hollow  ftings, 
•wherewith  it  fquirts  its  venom  into  the 
part  Hinged.  It  is  very  crafty,  and  is 
ever  linking  its  tail,  that  it  may  lofe  no 


it  was  not  reckoned  difgraceful ;  but 
Philo  the  Jew  reprefents  it  as  rio  lefs 
infupportable  to  a  free  man  than  death. 
The  perf;jn  fcourged,  being  ilripped  to 
his  middle,  was  tied  by  the  hands  to  a 
low  pillar,  and  then  received  the  hfhes 
on  his  bended  back.  Suppofed  crimi- 
nals were  fometimes  fcourged,  in  order 
to  oblige  them  to  confefs  their  crimes, 
Atls  xxii.  24.  Pilate  fcourged  Jefus, 
in  order  that  he  might  pleafe  the  Jews, 
and  fo  gain  their  confent  to  forbear  his 
crucifixion,  John  xix.  1.4.  6.  Pain- 
ful llanders  and  reproaches,  are  called 
the  /courge  0/  the  tongue y  Job  v.  21. 
God's  chailifement  of  his  people,  and 
punifhment  of  his  enemies,  ar*  called  a 
/courge y  Heb.  xii.  6.  Job  ix.  23.  If. 
X.  26. 

SCRIBE;   (i.)   A  writer  that  re- 


opportunity  of  doiVig  mifchief.      It  is  •-  gillcrcd  the  affairs  of  a  king.      As  few 


faid  to  be  more  mifeiiievous  to  women, 
and  efpecially  girls,  than  to  men.  It 
waddles  as  it  goes,  and  with  its  feet 
and  Inout  hxeth  fo  falh  on  a  perfon, 
that  it  cannot  be  plucked  off  but  witti 
difficulty  ;  but  the  bell  cure  fur  their 
bite  or  wound,  is  to  fqueeze  the  crea- 
ture on  it.  It  is  faid,  the  dam  brings 
forth  eleven  young  ones  hke  worms  at 
a  time  ;  and  that  after  they  arc  hutch- 


could  anciently  write,  this  office  was 
very  honourable,  much  the  fame  as 
that  of  our  Secretary  of  State.  Shv.- 
maiah,  Seraiah,  and  Sheva,  or  Shav- 
fha,  were  fcribes  to  King  David,  2  Sam. 
viii.  17.  XX.  25.  Elihoreph  and  A- 
hiah  were  fcribes  to  Solomon,  i  Kings 
iv.  4.  Shebna,  to  Hezekiah,  and  She* 
phan,  to  Joiiah,  2  Kings  xix.  2.  xxii. 
b.     (2.)  The  commiflury  or  muHer- 

mafler 


s  c 

mafic r  of  an  army, 
over  their  names,  and  reviews  them,  2 
Chron.  xxvi.  11.  2  Kings  xxv.  19. 
{3.)  One  that  is  both  a  writer  and  doc- 
tor of  the  law.  It  feems  that  they 
tranfcribed  the  books  of  fcripture,  and 
fo  became  well  verfant  in  it.  Such 
fcribes  feem  to  have  exifted  as  early  as 
the  days  of  Deborah,  Judg.  v.  14.  It 
.  feems  many  of  them  were  of  the  tribe 
of  Levi,  I  Chron.  xxili.  4.  xxiv.  6. 
2  Chron.  xxxiv.  13.  Jonathan,  Ba- 
ruch,  and  Ezra,  were  fcribes  :  proba- 
-^bly  they  had  their  education  in  the 
fchools  of  the  prophets,  as  we  find  no 
other  fchools  in  thefe  times.  In  the 
time  of  our  Saviour,  the  fcribes  were 
a  moft  wicked  clafs,  that  perverted  the 
fcripture,  and  extolled  the  traditions  of 
the  elders  above 
Mark  xii.  28.   Matth.  xxiii. 

SCRIP  ;  a  bag  or  pouch,  I  Sam^ 
xvii.  40. 

SCRIPTURE  ;  the  infpired  word 
of  God.     See  Bible. 

SCUM  ;  unclean  froth  on  the  top 
of  a  boiling  pot.  The  wicked  Jews 
of  Jerufalem  are  likened  thereto,  to 
mark  their  vilenefs  and  naughtinefs,  E- 
zek.  xxiv.  6.  ii.  12. 

SCURVY,  is  a  difeafe  very  frequent 
in  northern  countries,  efpecially  in  moiil 
places  expofed  to  the  north.  Charleton 
will  have  it  to  arife  from  faline  particles 
taken  into  the  body  by  breathing,  re- 
ceipt of  provifion,  or  living  in  naily 
places  ;  or  formed  by  deep  chagrin, 
Quincy  will  have  it  to  arife  from  the 
unequal  fluidity  of  the  blood  ;  the  fi- 
brous part  being  two  thick,  and  the  fe- 
Tous  part  too  thin.  It  contains,  or  is 
the  fource  of  difeafes  almoft  unnumber- 
ed ;  and  as  it  arifes  from  very  contrary 
-C.iufes  at  once,  it  is  often  extremely 
dilficult  of  cure.  Its  moft  ordinary 
fymptoms  are  bleedings,  coughing,  dif- 
ficult breathing,  ftinking  breath,  fre- 
quent loofeneis,  fweatings,  wearinefs, 
faintings,  pains  of  haiid$  and  legs  ;  and 
when  the  corrupt  matter  is  thrown  out- 
ward, the  flcin  becomes  rough  and  dry. 
It,  in  a  fpecial  manner,  degenerates  m- 
•t)  the  dropfy,  apoplexy,  convu.fions, 
and  falling  fickneis.   Gentle  purgatives 


R         [    190    1         SEA 

that  enrols,  calls  are  good  remedies ;  fweet  mercury  w 
excellent :  nay,  perhaps  nothing  but  a 
falivation  of  mercury,  will  avail  in  high 
degrees  of  the  fcurvy  ;  and  yet  that  i$ 
far  from  being  without  danger.  Scurvy- 
grafs,  water-trefoil,  horfe-radifh,  for- 
rel,  fovv  -  thiftle,  butter  -  bur,  elecam- 
pane, juniper-berries,  mu(lard-feed,  wa- 
ter-creffes,  ^c,  are  very  ufeful  reme- 
dies againft  this  difeafe  ;  but  perhaps  a 
well-regulated  diet  may  be  of  as  much 
ufe  as  them  all. 

SCYTHIANS;  a  favage  people 
that  dwelt  about  the  eaft  and  north 
of  the  Euxine-and  Cafpian  feas.  See 
Gog. 

SEA.;  a  large  colleftion  of  waters. 
The  Jews,  Arabs,  and  others,  call 
large  Idk^s  feas;  thus  the  lake  of  Gen- 
it,  Matth.  xxii.  35.  nefareth,  which  is  but  13  miles  in 
length  and  five  in  breadth,  is  called 
the  fea  of  Tiberias,  or  the  fea  of  Ga- 
lilee. It  is  formed  by  the  Jordan,  and 
abounds  with  fi(h,  Matth.  iv.  18.  John 
vi.  I.  The  fea  of  Jazer,  which  is  but 
a  large  lake,  near  the  head  of  the  river 
Arnon,  is  ftill  lefs,  Jer.  xlviii.  32.  The 
Salt  fea,  Dead  fea,  or  fea  of  Sodom, 
is  the  lake  Afphar,  or  Afphaltites,  at 
the  fouth  end  of  Jordan,  and  fouth-eaft^ 
border  of  Canaan.  Jofephus  makes  it 
about  72  miles  in  length,  and  almoft 
19  in  breadth  ;  but  our  modern  travel- 
lers make  it  but  about  24  miles  in 
length,  and  fix  or  feven  in  breadth. 
It  13  faid  to  have  been  anciently  the 
place  of  Sodom,  Gomorrah,  Adraah, 
and  Zeboim,  and  after  the  burning  to 
have  been  funk  by  an  earthquake  ;  and 
it  is  pretended  by  fome,  that  the  ruins 
of  thefe  cities  are  ftill  feen  under  the 
water  when  it  is  low  ;  but  Reland 
brings  no  contemptible  arguments, 
though  I  dare  not  fay  abfolutely  con- 
cluiive,  to  the  contrary.  It  is  certain 
the  valley  of  Siddim,  which  was  near 
Sodom,  makes  part  of  this  fea.  Gen. 
xiv.  3.;  and  that  this  lake  receives  the 
river  Jordan,  the  river  Arnon,  and  the 
brook  Kidron,  befides  other  rivulets, 
and  has  no  vifible  communication  with 
the  fea  ;  and  that  the  great  quantity  of 
bitumen,  fiime,  or  mineral  pitch,  there- 
in, renders  it  improper  for  lifli  to  live 


SEA         [39 

in,  or  for  men  to  drink  of  it ;  and  the 
fulphurous  fteam  makes  even  the  fruit 
on  the  (hore  not  good  in  fome  places. 
The  Gentile  world  is  likened  to  this 
Deadfeay  to  mark  how  curfed  it  is  of 
God,  how  difagreeable  and  ufelefs,  and 
what  a  miracle  of  his  grace  it  mull  be 
to  render  it  rcplenifhed  with  faints,  E- 
zek.  xlvii.  9.  10.  The  Great  fea  is  the 
Mediterranean  fea,  which  runs  between 
Africa,  Aha,  and  Europe,  and  was 
the  well  border  of  Canaan  ;  and  is  a- 
bout  3000  miles  in  length.  It  is  cal- 
led the  Hinder  fea,  while  the  Dead  fea 
ts  called  the  Former  fea  ;  and  by  thefe 
is  reprefented  the  eailern  and  weftern 
part  of  the  world,  whither  the  waters 
of  the  gofpcl,  and  its  influences,  come, 
Zech.  xiv.  8.  The  Euphrates  and  the 
Nile  are  alfo  called  y^<5ij.  If.  xxi.  i.  Jer. 
li.  36.  Ezek.  xx>.ii.  2.  The  Red  fea 
is  that  arm  of  the  Indian  ocean  which 
breaks  in  by  the  Ilraits  of  Babelmandcl, 
and  runs  along  the  fouth-weil  fide  of  A- 
rabia,  and  the  eaft  of  Ethiopia  and  E- 
gypt,  to  the  length  of  near  1 200  miles. 
The  Hebrews  called  it  Yam-fuph,  or 
the  Weedy  fea,  becaufe  it  feems  many 
weeds  grew  in,  or  on  the  brink  of  it. 
But  as  the  Edomites  had  long  the  pro- 
perty and  ufe  of  it  for  tlieir  (hipping, 
k  came  to  be  called  the  fea  of  Edom, 
which  the  Greeks  trandated  into  the 
Red p:ay  Edom  fignifying  red.  Hence 
fome  came  vainly  to  imagine,  that  the 
water,  or  its  bottom,  was  reddilh. 
There  appears  to  have  been  fome  lake  - 
on  the  call  of  Jordan,  which  was  alfo 
called  the  Yam-fuph,  or  Red  fea. 
Numb.  xxi.  14.  Deut.  i.  i.  The  o- 
ther  more  conliderable  feas  in  the  world, 
are  the  Cafpian,  and  weilward  from 
that  the  Euxine  or  Black  fea,  both  on 
the  fouth  of  the  Rulfian  empire  ;  and 
the  Baltic,  between  Germany  and 
Sweden,  and  on  the  well  of  Ruflia. 
The  largelt  feas  are  called  oceans  ;  that 
on  the  wed  of  Africa  and  Europe,  and 
on  the  eall  of  America,  is  called  the 
Atlantic  ocean  ;  that  between  America  . 
and  Afia,  is  called  the  Pacific  ocean, 
and  is  about  12,000  miles  in  length  or 
breadth,  from  Alia  to  America  ;  that 
on  the  fouth  of  Afia,  and  fouth-call  of 
Africa,  is  the  Indian  gcean. 


1    ]       SEA 

Multitudes  of  people  are  likened  t<a 
the  fea^  becaufe  of  their  noife,  and 
their  overwhelming  force,  Jer.  li.  Of^. 
Wicked  men  are  like  the  troubled fea^ 
that  cannot  reft,  and  whofe  waters  caft. 
fouth  mire  and  dirt  :  their  condition 
and  minds  are  quite  unfettled,  they 
make  a  great  noife  for  a  while,  and 
daily  pour  forth  the  filthinefs  of  wic- 
kednefs  that  is  in  them,  If.  Ivii.  2I» 
The  abundance  of  the  feas  is  converted 
to  the  church,  when  multitudes  in  Lef- 
fer  Alia,  Europe,  and  the  ifles,  are 
turned  to  the  Lord  by  the  gofpel,  and 
confecrate  their  trade  and  wealth  to 
him,  If.  Ix.  5.  Am  I  a  fea  or  a  nvhale^ 
that  thou  fettejl  a  tnark  over  me  ?  Am  I 
like  the  fea  or  whale,  quite  ungovern- 
able ?  or  am  I  able  to  endure  one 
ftorm  after  another,  as  the  fea  ?  Job 
vii.  12.  See  laver  ;,  glass  ;  deep. 

To  SEAL,  is,  (i.)  To  render  or 
keep  a  thing  fecret,  Dan.  xii.  4.  If. 
viii.  16.  Rev.  X.  4.  xxii.  10.  (2.) 
To  mark  as  one*s  property,  and  fecurc 
from  danger,  Song  iv.  12.  (3.)  To 
fulfil ;  make  complete,  Dan.  ix.  24. 
Ezek.  xxviii.  12.  Rom.  xv.  28.  Be- 
fore the  Trojan  war,  it  feems  seal^ 
or  SIGNETS  for  marking  the  wax 
wherewith  letters  were  clofed,  or  for 
marking  deeds  for  ratification,  were  ve- 
ry rare.  The  ancient  Hebrews  wore 
their  feals  or  fignets  in  their  rings  or 
bracelets.  God's  Spirit  is  called  sifealy 
becaufe  by  the  gracious  inhabitation 
and  influence  thereof,  men  are  marked 
out  for  God's  property,  are  diftinguifli- 
ed  from  rhe  world,  and  are  fecured  a- 
gainil  final  apofl:afy  and  ruin,  Eph.  i. 
13.  iv.  30.  God's  fealing  of  Chri/l, 
impoi'ts  his  giving  him  a  fpecial  com- 
milfion  as  our  Mediator;  his  furnifii- 
ing  him  for  his  work,  and  rendering  his 
miniftry  cifetlual  on  the  faints,  John 
vi.  27.  Rev.  vii.  2.  God's  feaiinjr  of 
his  people  denotes  his  marking  them 
with  his  Spirit  and  grace  ;  his  caufi ng 
them  avow  his  truth  ;  and  his  prefer- 
vation  of  them  amidll  the  general  a- 
bounding  of  error  and  perfccution. 
Rev.  vii.  3. — 8.  ix.  4.  The  founda- 
tion of  God  having  this  feal,  The  Lord 
kuQweth  than  that  are  his,  imports  that 

tlie 


SEA         r  ,  392 

iJie  cViurch,  the  fundamental  trutns  of 
the  gofpel,  the  gracious  ftate  and  prin- 
cipal difpofitions  of  his  people,  are,  by- 
God's  infallible  fore-knowledge,  and 
immutable  decree,  rendered  liable,  firm, 
and  lafting,  ^  Tim.  ii.  19.  The  feal- 
ing  of  God's  book  of  purpofes  withy^- 
i}en  feals\  imports  the  deep  oblcurity 
and  fecrecv  thereof,  till  difcorered  "by 
Chrift,  and  gradually  opened  in  the 
courfe  of  his  providence  towards  the 
church.  The  firtt  fix  relate  to  the 
ilate  of  the  church  and  the  Romilh  em- 
pire, between  the  beginning  of  ChrJft's 
miniftry,  and  A.  D.  323,  when  Hea- 
thenifm  was  overturned  ;  the  feventh 
reaches  from  thence  to  the  end  of  the 
world.  Rev.  v.  vi.  viii.  i.  God  fmh 
mens  injirucfion,  when  he  deeply  im- 
prints it  on  their  mind.  Job  xxxiii.  16.: 
htfcals  up  their  tranfgrejjions  as  in  a  bag, 
when  he  appears  firmly  determined  to 
punifh  them,  and  every  one  of  them. 
Job  xiv.  7.  :  he  feals  up  their  hand^ 
when  he  deprives  them  of  power  and 
opportunity  for  labour.  Job  xxxvii.  7.: 
\itfeah  up  thejlars,  when  he  hides  them 
with  clouds.  Job  rx.  7.  The  faints  fd 
to  their  fed  that  God  is  truey  when  tliey 
believe  his  promifes,  and  receive  his 
offered  gifts,  John  iii.  33.  ;  they  are 
fet  as  a  fed  on  Chrill's  heart  and  arm  ; 


SEA 

fully,  and  feek  fully  to  un(lerftari"(^y 
Lev.  xxvii.  33.  John  v.  39.  (2.)  To 
view  with  great  care,  in  order  to  know 
the  nature  of,  Numb.  xiii.  2.  (3.)  To 
feek,  to  find,  or  apprehend,  i  Sam. 
xxiii.  23.  God's  fearching  for  things, 
denotes  his  perfeft  knowledge  of  them, 
and  his  difcovtry  of  them  to  others, 
Zech.  i.  12.      Rev.  ii.  23.      I  Cor.  ii. 

10.  lAh  fearch'wg  for  perfons,  imports 
his  care  to  deliver  them,  or  his^.eal  to 
punifh  them  effectually,   Ezek.  xxxiv. 

11.  Amo&  ix.  3.  God  did  not  find 
out  the  idolatry  and  v/ickedncfs  of  the 
Jews  by  d'll'igint  fearch ;  for  it  was  fo 
open  and  manifeft,  as  not  to  need  to 
be  fearch e^  for,  Jer.  ii.  34.  'Y\\^  fearch 
of  the  .fathers,  is  a  diligent  inquiry  in- 
to their  fentiments,  and  the  events  that 
befel  them.  Job  viii.  8. 

SEARED ;  burnt  off,  or  burnt 
hard,  as  flelh  is  with  a  hot  iron.  Men 
have  their  confciencey9Y7;W,  when  it  is 
fo  ftupified  with  the  load  of  unpardon- 
ed guilt,  and  power  of  inward  corrup- 
tion, that  it  flicks  at  nothing,  howe- 
ver horrid  and  abominable,  and  fo  is 
as  bad  as  no  confcience  at  all,  i  Tim. 
iv.  2. 

To  SEASON  a  thing  with  fait  or 
fpice,  "^f.  that  it  may  keep  frefh,  or 
tafle  well.   Lev.  ii.  13.      Speech  i^feet- 


great  is  his  love  to,  and, care  of  them;    foned  with  the  fait  of  grace,  when 


conflant  is  his  remembrance  and  ten- 
der fupport  of  them,  and  intimate  their 
fellowfhip  with  him,  Song  viii.  6.  Cir- 
cumcifion  was  a  feal  of  the  righteoufnefs 
ef  faith  r  it  and  other  facraments  con- 
firm the  faints  interefl  in  Jefus's  righ- 
teoufnefs, and  flrengthen  their  faith  to 
believe  on,  receive,  and-  improve  it, 
Rom.  iv.  1 1 .  The  Corinthian  con- 
certs were  the  feal  of  Paul's  apofllefhip 
in  the  Lord  ;  the  exertion  of  the  pow- 
er of  God,  in  the  change  of  their  flate 
and  nature,  by  means  of  his  minillra- 
lions  of  the  gofpel,  clearly  evinced, 
that  he  had  a  true  million  from  God, 
I  Cor.  ix.  2.  S2it?Ln  is  fealed  up  during 
the  Millennium  ;  he  is,  by  the  provi- 
dence of  God,  reflrained  from  tempt- 
ing and  ruling  over  men,  ^s  he  did  be- 
fore. Rev.  XX.  30. 

SEARCH  J  (i.)  To  examine  care- 


proceeds  from  hqly  wifdom  and  love, 
and  tends  to  honour  God  and  profit 
our  neighbour,  Col.  iv.  6.     See  time. 

SEAT.      See  sit. 

SEBA.     See  Sheba. 

S  E  B  A  T,  or  SHE  BET,  the '5th 
month  of  the  Jewifh  civil,  and  i  ith  of 
their  facred  year :  it  confided  of  30 
days,  and  the  beginning  of  it  anfwer- 
ed  to  part  of  our  January,  Zech.  i.  7. 
On  the  loth  of  it,  the  Jews  fall 
for  the  death  of  the  elders  that  out- 
lived Jofhua.  On  the  23d  they  fafl 
in  commemoration  of  the  refolution  ta- 
ken to  punifh'  the  inhabitants  of  Gi- 
beah,  Judg.  xx. 

SECRET;  what  is  hidden,  or  is 
known  only  to  few,  Mark  iv.  22.  Itt 
fecret,  is  in  fuch  a  place  or  manner  as 
few  know  it,  or  where  one  cannot  be 
hurt,  Job  xl.  13.    Pfal.  xxvii.  5.  The 

fecret. 


SEC  f     39.-5    1  SEC 


Jccret-ofGoiU  is,  (i.)  His  purpofe  con- 
cerning  perfons  and  nations,  and  the 
reafons  of  his  difpeniin'^  his  mercy  and 
judgement  in  fuch  a  manner  and  time, 
Deut.  xxi\-.  29.  Amos  iii.  7.  (2.) 
His  lecret  favour  and  blefling,  his  in- 
firudling  men  iii  the  mylieries  of  his 
word  and  providence,  and  his  direil- 
ing,  fucceeding,  and  protecting  them, 
in  their  ftation  and  work,  Pfal.  xxv.  14. 
. — 'X\\<t  fecrets  of  men,  are,  (1.)  That 
which  few  do,  or  ought  to  know  :  fuch 
fecrets  tale-bearers  reveal,  Prov.  xx. 
19.  (2.)  The  meaning  of  a  dream  or 
vifion,  which  is  hard  to  be  known, 
Dan.  iv.  9.  (3.)  Their  inward  par- 
pofes,  dilpofitioHS,  aims,  and  ads, 
whicli  are  known"  only  to  God  and 
one's  felf,  i  Cor.  xiv.  25.  Eccl.  xli. 
14.  Rom.  ii.  Its.  (4»)  Thofe  parts 
of  the  human  body  which  modefty  re- 
quires to  be  covered,  Deut.  xxv.  11. 
'£\\.t  fecrets  of  'wijdomy  are  the  unknown 
mylieries  contained  in  the  knowledge 
and  pracflice  of  true  religion,  particH- 
larly  thofe  relating  to  the  iiivine  excel- 
lency. Job  xi.  6.  God's  fecret  place^ 
is  v/liere  his  peculiar  prefence  is,  but 
is  unfeen,  as  amidil  the  flames  of  Si- 
nai, Plal.  Ixxxi.  7.  ;  and  in  the  temple, 
chiefly  its  moft  holy  place,  Ezek.  vii. 
22.  ;  or  his  Chnft,  and  intimate  fel- 
lowihip  through  him,  by  which  one  has 
unfeen  inilruCtion,  and  great  happinefs 
and  fafety,   Pfal.^xci.  i.      xxvii.  5. 

SECT;  a  party  diftiHguiflied  by 
fome  particular  tenets.  Among  the 
Jews,  in  tlie  time  of  our  Saviour,  wo. 
find  the  Pharifees,  Sadducees,  EiTe- 
nes,  and  Herodians.  It  is  hard  to  fay, 
what  was  the  particular  rife  of  the 
Pharisees,  whether  from  the  famed 
Hillcl,  a  dodor  of  the  law,  about  150 
years  before  Chrift.  They  called  them- 
Iclves  PharifeeSy  or  Separal'tjls^  becaule 
they  Uillinguifhed  themfclves  from  0- 
thers  in  their  pretences  to  ilridtnefs. 
They  were  very  numerous  and  power- 
ful, and  fometimes  -formidable  to  the 
kings  of  their  nation,  particularly  to 
Hircanus  and  Jannaeus,  with  the  laft  of 
whom  their  contentions  rendered  the 
nation  not  a  little  miferable.  They  be- 
lieved the  immortahty  of  the  foul,  and 
the  refurredtion,  and  future  reward  of 

Vol.  H, 


the  righteous,  whom  they  reckoned  to' 
be  only  the  Jews  ;  and  that  though 
the  fouls  of  the  wicked  went  diredly 
to  hell  at  their  death,  yet  their  bo- 
dies never  rofe  again.  They  believed, 
that  all  t}i!'.ii:;s,  except  the  fear  of  God» 
were  fubjt.ct  10  fate.  They,  and  all 
the  other  fed?,  looked  only  for  a  Mef- 
fiah,  to  be  a  temporal  prince  and  migh- 
ty deliverer.  But  that  which,  as  much 
as  any  thing,  marked  them,  was  their 
fupererogatory  attachment  to  the  cere- 
monial law,  their  frequent  wafliinj^s, 
fallings, and  prayings,  their  public  alms- 
deedo,  their  hunting  after  prolelytes, 
their  fcrupulous  tithings,' their  affected 
gravity  of  drefs,  gellure,  and  mortihed 
looks,  their  b.uilding  tombs  for  the  pro- 
phets, to  mark  themfelves  more  t-"g\te- 
ous  than  their  fathers  who  murdered 
them  4  their  over-fcrupulous  obfervance 
of  the  Sabbath,  to  the  exclufipn  of 
works  of  charity  and  mercy.  Mean- 
while they  negleded  mercy,  charity, 
juftice,  humility,  and  the  like  indif- 
penfible  virtues.  The  very  beft  of  them 
indulged  themfelves  in  every  thought 
raid  fmful  indulgence  that  came  fliort 
of  the  finifhing  ad  of  fni ;  while  others, 
under  a  cloak  of  religion,  indulged 
themfelves  in  cruelty,  difhon.efly,  and 
oppreflion,  even  of  widows.  They 
were  excefiively  zealous  for  the  pre- 
tended oral  law,  and  the  fuperll'iious 
traditions  of  the- elders,  and  preferred 
them  to  the  oracles  of  God.  They 
heartily  hated  and  oppofed  our  Saviour, 
and  did  all  they  could  to  entrap  hitii, 
and  were  -feverely  rebuked  by  him: 
Matth.  XV.  xxiii.  v.  20.  ix.  14.  34. 
xvi.  6.  Luke  v.  30.  vi.  7.  vii.  30. 
xi.  39.  XVI.  14.  XV.  2.  xviii.  Ii.  12. 
John  1.  24.  vii.  32.  48,  xi.  /j.;.  57. 
At  prefent  xnoft  of  the  Jews  are  a  kind 
of  Pharifees.  (2.)  The  Sadducees 
had  their  name  from  one  Zadok  or  Sad- 
doc,  who  lived  about  280  years  beiore 
Chrill.  His  mailer  Antigouus  taught, 
that  our  fervice  of  God  Ihould  be  wholly 
difuiterelled, proceeding  from  pure  love, 
without  any  regard  to  future  reward,-,  or 
punifhments.  Zadok  from  this  took  <.c- 
cafion-to  teach,  that  there  were  no  re- 
wards or  punifliments,  nor  even  lire^ 
in  ^  future  Hate.  The  Sadducees  be- 
3  D  lieved, 


SEC  r     394    1 


SEC 


lieved,  that  God  was  the  only  immate- 
rial being,  and  that  there  was  no  crea- 
ted angel  or  fpirit ;  that  there  was  no 
refurredion  of  the  dead.  They  rec- 
koned a  man  abfoliitely  mailer  of  all  his 
adions,  and  that  he  needed  no  affi fiance 
to  do  good,  or  to  forbear  evil,  and  fo 
were  very  fevere  judges.  They  reject- 
ed all  traditions,  and  lluck  to  the  text 
of  the  facred  books  ;  but  like  the  reft 
of  the  Jews,  preferred  the  five  books 
of  Mofes  to  the  reft.  Some  have  ima- 
gined, that  they  rejected  all  the  facred 
books  but  thefe  of  Mofes,  becaufe  our 
Lord  chofe  to  confute  them  from 
thefe ;  but  this  reafoning  is  inconclufive. 
Had  they  done  fo,  it  is  not  probable 
that  Jofephus,  their  zealous  enemy, 
would  have  pafled  it  in  filcnce  ;  nor 
could  they  have  been  admitted  to  the 
offices  of  high-priefts  and  judges,  as  it 
is  certain  they  were.  The  Sadducees 
■were  generally  men  of  the  greateft  o- 
pulence,  and  choofed  to  live  at  their 
pleafure,  without  apprehenfions  of  any 
future  account.  Hircanus,  the  royal 
high-prieft  of  the  Jews,  it  is  laid,  threac- 
ened  his  fubje6ls  with  death,  if  they 
would  not  become  Sadducees.  His 
fons,  Ariftobulus  and  Jannaeus,  were 
rot  much  lefs  zealous  ;  and  during  the 
reign  of  the  latter,  the  whole  fanhe- 
drim,  except  one  Simon,  are  faid  to 
have  been  Sadducees.  Caiaphas,  and 
Ananias  the  murderer  of  James  the 
Lefs,  were  Sadducees.  The  Saddu- 
cees were  zealous  oppofers  of  Chrift 
and  his  apoftles,  Matth.  xxii.  23. — 32. 
Ads  V.  17.  iv.  I.  At  the  deilrudticm 
of  Jerufalem,  the  Sadducees  were  much 
reduced  :  they  however  made  iome  li- 
gure  in  the  beginning  of  the  third  cen- 
tury. In  the  fixth,  Juftinian  the  em- 
peror condemned  them  to  baniihment, 
and  other  fevere  penalties,  as  perfons 
impious  and  atheiftical.  In  the  eighth, 
Nachmanides,  and  in  the  twelfth,  Al- 
pharag,  famous  rabbins,  were  ftrenu- 
ous  defenders  of  this  fed.  Still  there 
are  fome  Sadducees,  efpecially  in  A- 
frica  ;  but  they  feldom  declare  their  o- 
pinions.  To  our  Deifts,  it  is  not  im- 
proper to  obfei  ve,  that  we  never  hear 
of  one  Sadducte  converted  to  the  Chri- 
itian  faith. 


The  EssENEs,  or  Afdanim,  appear 
to  have  been  little  elfe  than  a  party   of 
rigid  Pharifees,  that  lived  fomewhat  in 
the  manner  of  the  Romifh  monks,  and 
had  their  rife  about    200  years  before 
Chrift.    As  they  lived  in  folitary  places, 
and  came  feldom  to  the  temple  or  public 
airemblies,  they  are  never  mentioned  in 
the    New  Teftament.      They  bdieve4 
the  immortality   of  the   foul,   and  the 
exiftence  of  angels,  and  a  ftate   of  fu- 
ture   rewards    and    punifliments ;    but 
fcarcely,  that  there  would  be  any  refur- 
redion  of  the  dead.     They  believed  e- 
very  thing  to  be  ordered  by  an  eternal 
fatality,    or    chain   of  caufes.       They 
difallowed   of  oaths,    and  their    word 
they  reckoned  every  whit  as  binding. 
They  obferved  the  Sabbath  fo  ftridly, 
as  not  to  move  a  veflel,  and  fcarce  to 
eafe  nature.      Some  of  them  quite  dif^ 
allowed  of  marriage,  and  the  reft  made 
but  little  ufe  of  the  marriage-bed.  They 
fafted  much,  lived  on   very   little   and 
fimple  provifion.     They  defpifed  riches 
and  finery   of  apparel,  and  wore   out 
their  clothes  before  they  changed  them. 
They  lived  quietly  without  noife  ;  and 
fome  were   given  to   mere   contempla- 
tion, while   others   cultivated  the  field 
for  their  fupport.     They, were  kind  to 
ftrangers,  but  admitted  none  into  their 
fociety  till  they  had  given  proof  of  their 
temperance    and   chaftity.     They    ex- 
pelled criminals  from  it,  but  not  in  the 
prefence    of  fewer  than   an   hundred. 
When  ten  of  them  fat  together,  none 
fpake  but  with   the  leave  of  the  other 
nine.     They  chofe  rather  to  fufter  tor- 
ture, than  to  Ipcak  evil  of  their  legifla- 
tors,    Mofes,  (jfc.    and   punilhed   with 
death   fuch   as    did.      They    enquired 
mucJi  into  the  cures  of  difeafes,  and  by 
means  of  their   temperance,    many  of 
them  lived  to  a  great  age. 

That  the  Herodians  had  a  fet  pf 
principles,  a  leaven  of  their  own,  and 
tempted  our  Saviour  concerning  the 
lawiulnefs  of  paying  tribute  to  Hea- 
then governors,  is  plain,  Mark  viii.  15. 
xii.  13.;  but  what  were  their  diftin- 
guiftiing  tenets,  is  not  agreed.  Calmet 
aiid  others  will  have  them  to  have  been 
inuch  the  fame  with  the  Pharifees ;  only 

that 


SEC  [    395     1  SEE 

tW  they  held  it  unlawful  to  give  tribute     land,  Germany,  ^c.  and  they  are  ha^ 

to  the    Roman  emperor,  which  would 

make  them  the  fame   with   the  Galile- 
ans or  Zealots.      But  why  fhould  per- 

fons  of  this  ftarnp  be  denominated  from 

any  of  the  Herods,   who  are  known  to 

have   been   pliant   cringers  to  the  Ro- 
mans ?    Others  will  have  them  to  have 

been  flatterers  of  Herod  the  Great,  as 

if  he  had  been  the  Melfiah  ;   and  they 

fay,  he  burnt  all  the    genealogical  me- 
moirs of  the  family  of  David,  that  there 

might  be   no  proof  again II  his  being  a 

branch   of  it.     We  rather,  with   Pii- 

deaux,  fuppofe,  that  they,  along  with 

the  Herods,  pled  the  lavvfulnefs  of  the 

Romifh   government    over   the    Jews  ; 

and  that,    in  confequence   thereof    it 

was  lawful  to  comply  with  many  of  the 

curtoms  of  the  Heatheniih   Romans : 

and  if  fo,  they  were  the  reverfe  of  the 

Zealots  or  Galileans. 

Whether  the  Karaites,  or  adherents 

to  fcripture,  were  formed   into  a  feft, 

before  the  birth   of   our  Saviour,   and 

about  the  time  of  King  Jannasus,  or  ra- 
ther more  lately,  we  know  not.     They 

look  on  the  canonical  books  of  the  Old 
Teftament  to  be  the  only  rule  of  their 
faith  :  they  expound  fcripture  by  fcrip- 
ture, and  count  the  traditions  of  the 
elders  of  no  more  than  human  autho- 
rity, and  reckon  the  affair  of  the  oral 
law  a  mere  fable  :  they  read  the  fcrip- 
tures  in  their  fynagogues  in  the  origi- 
nals, as  every  tranflation  is  imperfect : 
they  likewiie  pray  in  Hebrew,  with 
great  fervency,  and  with  their  face  to- 
wards Jeruialem  :  they  believe  the  per- 
fections and  providence  of  God,  and 
allow  a  portion  of  his  grace  to  be  ne- 
cefiary  to  determine  mens  will  to  good : 
they  expert  a  temporal  Melliah,  and 
attribute  the  delay  of  his  coming,  to 
the  flownefs  of  Saturn's  motion,  or  to 
the  fin  of  their  nation  :  they  condemn 
phylafteries,  and  all  kinds  of  pictures 
or  flatues  ufed  in  religion  :  their  prac- 
tice is  much  the  fame  as  that  of  the 
Effenes,  but  lefs  auftere  and  rigid  ;  and 
they  have  a  profound  rtfpttt  for  their 
teachers,  who,  for  the  moll  part,  give 
their  inllruftions  gratis.  There  are  but 
fi  few  thoufands  of  this  fed  about  Po- 


ted  by  the  Traditionill  Jews,  as  if  al* 
moft  infernals. 

The  Chriftians  were  called  the^^^??  of 
the  Nnxareuesy  and  were  every  where 
fpoken  againll.  Ails  xxiv.  5.  xxviii. 
22. 

SECURE;  (i.)  Not  expofed  to 
apparent  danger.  Job  xii.  6.  (2.) 
Without  fear  of  danger,  Judg.  viii.  1 1- 
Mic.  ii.  8.  And  to  fecure  one,  is  to 
keep  him  free  from  danger,  and  the 
fear  of  it,  Matth.  xxviii.  14.  Totals 
fdcurity  of  one,  is  to  get  bail  for  his 
good  behaviodr,  or  his  appearance  at 
court)  A6ls  xvii.  9.  Mcnsfecure  fear- 
lellhefs  of  danger,  is  cither  Jinful,  when 
not  afraid  of  their  bad  ftate  or  condi- 
tion, and  of  the  juft  judgements  of 
God ;  or  holy,  when  one  by  a  firm 
faith,  commits  himftlf  and  all  his  con- 
cerns to  God  in  Chriil,  as  his  owa 
God,   Job  xii.  6.    xi.  18. 

SEDITION;  a  rebellious  uproar 
in  a  city  or  country,  contrary  to  the 
command  and  authority  of  the  civil  ma- 
giftrate.  Gal.  v.  20. 

SEDUCE  ;  to  decoy,  or  draw  a- 
way  one  from  his  proper  principles  or 
pradice,  i  Tim.  iv.  I .  The  way  of  , 
the  wicked  feduceth  them  ;  leads  them 
on  to  further  impiety^  and  keeps  their 
confcience  quiet,  while  they  haften  to 
eternal  woe,  Prov.  xii.  26.  God's 
people  2irt  feducedf  when  taught,  advi- 
fed,  or  commanded  to  forfake  what  is 
truth  and  lawful,  to  follow  what  is  fin- 
ful,  2  Kings  xxi.  9.  Ezek.  xiii.  10. 
The  Egyptians  were  fcdua-d  by  their 
rulers,  when  led  to  worftiip  idols,  work 
wickednefs,  and  follow  fchemes  minous 
to  the  nation.  If,  ixi  1  3.  Seducers  or 
jugglers  wax  worfe  and  worfe,  whea 
God  juftly  leaves  th'em  to  proceed  from 
one  error  or  wicktd  way  to  another 
ilill  worfe,  and  to  become  more  bold 
in  their  feducing  work,  2  Tim.  iii.  13. 
SEE  ;  (i.)  To  behold  or  perceive 
with  the  eyes,  Exod.  \ xiii.  5.  (2.)  To 
hear,  E  ;od.  xx.  ib.  Rev.  i.  12.  (3.) 
To  feel,  Pfal.  xc.  15.  Nay,  feeing  is 
put  for  all  the  fenfes,  as  it  is  one  of  the 
moll  excellent  means  of  knowledge, 
(4.)  To  look  upon  things  with  careful 
3  D  2         ©bfervation^ 


S  E  E 

obferTation,  Mitth.  xxii.  1 1 
know  ;  learn  by  natural  obfervation, 
Gen.  xxxvii.  14.  ;  by  experience,  Ex- 
od.  V.  19.  Rom.  vii.  23.  ;  by  divine  re- 
velation, If.  ii.  I.  ;  or  by  a  believing 
of  God's  word,  and  relling  on  him, 
John  xiv.  9.  Heb.  xi.  27.  ;  or  by  en- 
joying the  immediate  difcoveries  of  his 
glory  in  heaven,  Job  xix.  26.  (6.) 
To  have  enough  of  knovirledge,  f.>  a.,  to 
find  no  need  of  inftriiftion,  John  i:<.  41. 
(7.)  To  enjoy  ;  pofTefs,  John  iii.  3.  6. 
(8.)  To  pay  a  vifit,  i  Saiti.  xv.  35. 
(9  )  To  bear  with,  Ezra  iv.  14.  (10.) 
To  beware.  Rev.  xix.  ib.  God's  fee- 
itig  of  perfons  or  things,  imports  his 
perfecl  knowledge  of  them,  as  marked 
in  a  way  of  approbation,  pity,  or  care,  or 
in  a  way  of  diflike,  and  of  preparation 
to  punifn.  Gen.  i.  4.  2  Kings  xix.  16. 
Gen.  vi.  5.  Chrift^s  hdngfeen  of  ar.gchy 
imports  not  only  their  lledfaft  behold- 
ing of  him  in  his  debafed  eftate,  but 
their  whole  work  of  minillration  to 
him  and  his  people,  as  in,  and  fubjeft- 
ed  to,  him,  i  Tim.  iii.  16.  In  feeing j 
mQV\  fee  not,  when  they  have  rational 
difcoveries  of  God  without  any  faving 
uptakinjr  of  him,  Matth.  xiii.  14.  If. 
vi.  9.  Men  ivill  not  fee,  will  not  under- 
ftand  God's  word  or  work,  and  a6l  a- 
■  greeably  ;  but  they  fiall  fee^  fiiaU  feel 
the  fearful  accompliflim.ent  of  bis  word 
and  the  execution  of  his  wrath.  If. 
xxvi.  II.  The  Jewsfeeirg  ninny  things , 
many  miraclesperformed  by  Chrilt,  did 
not  obferve  or  confider  them  ;  and  open- 
eel  the  eai'y  to  hear  his  doCtrines,  but 
did  not  hear  and  receive  them  v/ith  their 
heart,  If.  xlii.  20.  To  ht  fen  of  men, 
is  to  be  gazed  at,  as  thofe  are  who  a£l 
on  a  theatre  in  a.  ftage-play,- Matth, 
vL  I.  'Xq  fee  one* s face,  imports  fomc- 
times  not  only  clear  dlfcover)-  of  him, 
but  great  intimacy  with  him  ;  and  in 
Pc"-ria,  few  but  the  privy  counfellorsyrt'zy 
the  king's fuKe,  Rev.  xxii.  4.  Efth.  i.  14. 
At  Sinai,  indeed,  the  Hebre^v  elders 
faw  the  tokens  of  God's  prefence,  or 
the  Son  of  God  in  the  referablance  of  a 
man  ;  but  when  the  law  was  given, 
they  faw  no  limilitude  at  all,  Exod. 
X- iv.  10.  Deut.  iv.  15.  liO  fee  God 
9.S  he  isj  and  ^now  him  even  as  we  are 


t    396    1  .       SEE 

( 5. )  To     hnoiun,  is  to  have  a  clear  and  immediatr' 
view  of  his    excellencies,  without  the 
leaft    miftakcy     i  John  iii.  2.      i  Cor. 
xiii.  12. 

Sight,  is  either,  (i.)  The  power 
or  a(?t  of  feeing,  which  is  either  naturd't 
with  the  bodily  eye,  Matth.  xi.  5.  or 
rational,  with  the  mind,  Hcb.  iv.  13. 
or  gracious,  which  perceives  Chrift,  and 
God  in  him,  through  the  glafs  of  the 
fcrlpture,  and  ordinances  of  the  gofpel, 
Luke  iv.  18.  2  Cor.  iii.  18.  or  the  im- 
mediate view  of  God  in  heaven,  in  re- 
fpect  of  which  our  prcfent  knowledge 
if,  as  blindnefs,  2  Cor,  v.  7.  {2.)  The 
objecl  feen,  chiefly  if  wonderful  and 
ftriking,  Luke  Kxi.  T  i.  xxiii.  48.  Exod. 
iii.  3.  In  f.ght  ;  in  view  ;  in  appear- 
ance, Jofh.  xxiii.  5.  Lev.  xiii.  3.  20. 
In  ovLt'% fight,  is,  expofed  to  the  view 
of  his  natural  eyes,  Deut.  xxvii.  19.; 
in  his  prefence,  Eccl.  viii.  3.  i  Tim. 
vi.  13.  ;  or  in  his  knowledge,  or  rec- 
koning, Heb.  iv.  13.  Ezek.  xxxvi.  31. 
Eccl.  ii.  26.  What  may  be  feen  with 
the  bodily  eyey  is  called  visible,  and 
what  may  not,-  is  called  i^rvisiBLE, 
Col.  i.  15.  16.  The  difcoveries  of  God, 
or  the  things  of  another  world,  or  the* 
emblematic  difcoveries  of  future  things, 
and  even  declarations  to  the  ear,  arc 
called  VISIONS,  ox  fights,  If^  i.  i.  xxi.  2, 
In  this -manner  Chrift  often  appeared 
under  the  Old  Teilament,  and  revealed 
his  will  ;  and  to  Stephen,  Paul,  and 
John,  under  the  New,  Acts  vii.  (>o. 
Rev.  i.  iv.  &c.  :  but  it  feeras  the  Fa- 
rther never  difcovered  himfelf  in  any 
viiible  fimiiitude,  John  i.  18.  An- 
gels alfo  appeared  in  vifions,  Matth. 
xxviii.  I  Kings  xix.  And  hecaufe  the- 
prophets  faw  vifions,  and  knew  more 
than  others,  they  were  anciently  call- 
ed SEERs,    I  Sam.  ix.  9. 

SEEK;  to  endeavour  to  obtain, 
whether  by  fearching  for.  Gen.  xxxvii. 
16.;  addng  by  prayer,  Ezra  viii.  21.  j 
or  by  the  ufe  of  any  other  means  that 
tends  to  procure  the  enjoyment  of  a 
thing,  Gen.  xliii.  18.  God /f^/x  men, 
when  he  fixes  his  love  on  them,  and. 
by  his  Son's  righteoufnefs  and  inter--/ 
ceffion,  and  by  the  miniftry  of  his  word, 
and  the  efficacy  of  his  Spirit,  he  re- 
covers 


SEE  [     397    1  S  E  L 


oovers  them  from  their  miferablc  ftate 
or  condition,  Ezek.  xxxiv.  i6.  Pfal. 
cxix.  176.    Luke  xv.  4. — 9.  xix.    10. 

To  feel:  God,  or  his  name,  or  face,  is 
to  aflc  his  direction,  pray  for  his  fa- 
vours, and  depend  on  him  as  our  helper 
and  portion,  Pfal.  Ixiii.  i.  Ix  xiii.  16. 
Hypocrites  feel-  him,  when  they  pre- 
tend to  be  fenfible  of  their  wants,  and 
to  pray  for,  and  defire  the  enjoyment 
of  himfelf  and  his  favours,  Prov.  i.  28. 
The  Jews  fought  Chrift  after  his  afcen- 
iion,  but  found  him  not  ;  they  had, 
to  no  purpofe,  an  eager  defire  to  enjoy 
the  appearance  of  their  Mefiiah,  Jolin 
viii.  21.  To  feeh  to  an  altar  or  temple, 
is  to  fre<^i4ent  it  religioufly,  2  Chron.  i. 
5.  Deut.  xii.  5.  Amos  v.  5.  To  feek 
God's  'ivarks,  is  to  endeavour  to  un- 
derftand  them,  Pfal.  cxi.  2.  To  feek 
God's  precepts,  is  to  endeavour  to  know 
and  obey  them,  Pfal.  cxix.  115.  155. 
To  feek  judgement,  or  rnif chief,  is  to  em- 
ploy one's  felf  in  pra6lifmg,  juflice,  or 
doing  mifchief.  If.  i.  17.  Prov.  xi.  27. 
xvii.  II.  19.  To  feek  peace,  is  to  en- 
deavour to  promote  it,  Pfal.  xxxiv.  14. 
Jer.  xxix.  7.  To  feek  one* s  foul  ox  life, 
is  to  defire  and  ufe  all  poflible  means 
for  murdering  and  ruining  him,  Pfal. 
XXXV.  4.   xxxviii.  12. 

SEEM ;  to  look  like,  Gen.  xxvii. 
12^  Seemly;  fit;  comely,  Prov. 
xix.  10.  XX vl.  II. 

SEIR  ;  (  I.)  The  father  of  the  an- 
cient  Horites,  Gen.  xxxvi.  20.  (2.) 
A  noted  mountain  on  the  fouth  and 
{buth-Avefl  of  the  Dead  Sea,  .  in  the 
land  of  Edom  :  but  whether  it  had  its 
name  from  Seir  the  Horite,  who  peo- 
pled that  countr}^ ;  or  if  it  was  called 
Seir,  or  hairy,  becaufe  it  was  covered^ 
with  Hiaggy  bufhes,  even  as  another 
mountain  was  called  Halak,  becaufe 
without  bufhes,  we  know  not.  (3.) 
A  fmall  hill  near  Kirjathjearim,  Jolli. 
XV.  10. 

SEIRATH,  where   Ehud  flopped 
after  the  fiaughter  of  Eglon,  was  pro- 
bably near  Gilgal,  or    Bethel,  Judg. 
•  Jii.  26. 

SELA  ;  the  capital  of  the  Edo- 
tnltes,  called  alfo  Joktheel.  It  was, 
Ytsi  doubt,  fo  called  from  its  rocks  fuo- 


ation  ;  and  if  it  was  the  Petra  of  tnft 
Arabs,  it  was  fituated  in  a  plain,  fur- 
rounded  with  terrible  rocks.  Amaziah 
took  it,  and  cruelly  murdered  a  great 
part  of  the  people  found  in  it,  2  Kings 
xiv.  7,  Whether  it  was  this,  then 
pofTeffed  by  the  Moabites,  or  another 
place  of  the  fame  name  in  the  country 
of  Moab,  that  the  king  of  Moab  is 
dire£led  to  fend  tribuie  from,  to  the 
Hebrews,  and  facrihces  to  their  God» 
is  uncertain.  If.  xvi.  i.  The  rock 
whence  Saul  was  called  off  from  pur- 
fuing  David,  to  withiland  the  Phili- 
ftines,  was  called  Sela-hamalekoth,  the 
rock  of feparatioris,    I  Sam.  xxiii.  28. 

SELAH  ;  a  v.'ord  ufed  in  the  fong 
of  Habakkuk,  and  often  in  the  Pfalms 
of  David.  Whether  it  be  a  name  of 
God,  and  import  an  addrefs  to  him  ;. 
or  whether  it  fignify  the  fame  thing  as 
amcn\  or  denote  a  lifting  up  of  the 
voice,  or  change  of  the  tune,  op  a 
great  paufe  in  the  mufic,  as  at  a  point 
worthy  of  the  deepeft  attention,  is  not 
agreed.  It  is  plain  the  omiffion  of  it., 
no  way  interrupts  ,  the  fenfe,  Hab.  iiL- 

SELEUCIA.  There  were  many^ 
cities  of  this  name  in  Afia ;  but  the 
Scripture  mentions  only  that  of  Syria,, 
near- the  river  Orontes,  which  was 
built  by  Seleucus  Nicator,  the  firfl: 
Syro-Grecian  monarch.  Here  Paul 
and  Barnabas  embarked  for  Cyprus, 
Afts  xiv.  4. 

SELF,  not  only  denotes  one's  own 
perfon,  but  whatever  is  dear  to  us, 
Matth.  xxii.  39.  xvi.  24.  See  deny. 
Self-v/ill  is  a  difpoiition  to  follow 
our  own  fancy  and  inclination,  in  op- 
pofition  to  evei-y  thing  elfc,  Gen.  xlix. 
6.    Tit.  i.  7. 

SELL.  Among  the  Hebrews,  pa- 
rents had  power  to  fell  their  children 
for  flaves.  Creditors  too  fold  infolvent 
debtors  and  their  children,  till  they 
got  payment  ;  and  fometimes  a  man 
fold  himfelf ;  but  it  was  a  capital  crime 
to  ileal  a  man  and  fell  him,  Exod.  xxi. 
7. — 16.  I  Tim.  i.  10.  See  SERVANT. 
God." ^  felling  of  liis  grace  and  favours, 
imports  his  wife,  but  free  beftowal 
thereof  on  fuch  as  need,,  and  wiUingly 


S  E  t        [    398     J        .§  EN 

jccelve  tKe  fame,  Matth.  xxv.  9.  He  and  prefence  in  working  miracles,  ani 
fells  his  profelTed  people,  when,  to  in  convincing,  converting,  fandlifying^ 
punifh  their  fm,  he  gives  them  up  to  and  comforting  influences,  for  the  e- 
the  haralfment  and  flavery  of  their  ene- 
mies, Deut.  xxxii.  20.  Judg.  ii.  14. 
Men  fell  all  that  they  havcy  to  buy  the 


pearl  of  great  price,  when  they  prefer 
Chrift  and  his  fulnefs  to  every  thing 
befide,  and  are  content  to  part  with 
finful  lufts,  and  every  thin^  worldly, 
to  enjoy  the  fame,  and  to  live  to  his 
honour,  Matth.  xiii.  40.  Men/V/  the 
truth,  when  they  contema,  renounce, 
or  forfake  the  infpired  truths  of  God 
in  their  profeflion  or  practice,  for  the 
fake  of  fome  carnal  eafe,  pleafure,  ho- 
nour, or  gain.  Pro  v.  xxiii.  23.  Men 
Jell  themjehes  to  work  wickediefs,  when 
they  wilfully  give  up  themfelves,  foul 
and  body,  to  be  the  ilaves  of  their  own 
finful  inchnations,  and  of  Satan  and 
his  agents,  fpending  their  wifdom, 
strength,  and  time,  in  his  fervice,  I 
Kings  xxi.  20.  2  Kings  xvii.  17.  The 
faints  dirtfold  under  fin,  when,  overpow- 
ered by  their  indwelling  corruptions, 
they  are  forced  to  think  and  act  in  a 
manner  very  fimilar  to  that  of  the  ilaves 
of  fm,  Rom.  vii.  14.  Efau'syt'///;?^  of 
his  bnthright  was  very  fmful,  as  it 
imp^'ied  a  contempt  of  the  promifed 
Meffiah  and  his  church,  and  of  the 
privileges  of  fpiritual  adoption,  and 
eternal  life,  Heb.  xii.  16. 

SELVEDGE  ;  the  edge  of  a  web 
«f  cloth,   Exod.  xxvi.  4. 

SENAAH,  or  Hassenaah  ;  a  city 
or  perfon,  whofe  inhabitants,  or  pof- 
terity,  to  the  number  of  3630,  retur- 
ned from  Babylon,  and  were  very  ac- 
tive in  rebuilding  the  wall  of  Jerufalem, 
Ezra  ii.  35.    Nch.  iii.  3. 

SENATE.     See  sandhedrim. 

To  SEND;  (i.)  To  appoint  to  go, 
Deut.  i.  22.  (2.)  To  caufe  to  come, 
Deut.  xxviii.  20.  48.  (3.)  To  con- 
vey, AAs  xi.  30.  God's  fending  of 
Chrift,  imports  his  appointing  him  to 
affume  our  nature,  and  in  this  world 
fulfil  the  broken  law  in  our  ftead,  and 
fo  fave  us  from  our  fin  and  mifery. 
Gal.  iv.  4.  Chrift  and  his  Father's 
fending  of  the  Holy  Ghoft,  imports  an 
effedual  willing  him  to  mark  his  power 


re6lion  and  eftabliftiment  of  the  church, 
and  the  falvation  of  men,  John  xiv.  26. 
xvi.  7.  God'sy^/z^/'/zg- prophets,  apoftles', 
and  minifters,  imports  his  authorifing, 
and  enabling  them  to  execute  fuch  an 
office  in  the  place  and  manner  he  ap- 
points,   Rom.  X.  15. 

SENNACHERIB  king  of  Aft^yria, 
began  to  reign  about  A.  M.  3290,  and 
reigned  about    four  years,  attempting 
to    extend   his   empire.       Informed  of 
Hezekiah's  revolt,   he  invaded  his  king- 
dom of  Judah.     Almoft  all  the  fenced 
cities  of  Judah   were  obliged  to  furren- 
der  to  him.     To   ftop   his  taking  the 
reft,  Hc'zekiah  agreed  to  return  to  his 
former  fub;e£lion,  and  paid   him   30a 
talents  of  filver,  and  30  of  gold.    Con- 
trary to  agreement,   Sennacherib  con- 
tinued   the  war.     While   he   befieged 
Lachifh,  he   fent  his  generals  Tartan, 
Rabfaris,  and  Rabftiakeh,  with  a  con- 
fiderable  army,  to  fummon    Hezekiah 
and   the  inhabitants  of  Jerufalem   to  a 
furrender  :  they-  halted  in  the  Fuller's 
field,    and   thither  Hezekiah  fent  Eli- 
akim,    Shebna,    and   Joah,  to    confer 
with  them.      In   the  Hebrew  tongue, 
and  with  the  haughtieft   airs,    Rabfha- 
keh  told  thefe  ambafladors,  that  it  was 
vain    for    them    to    exped    help  from 
Pharaoh  king  of  Egypt,  or  from  God, 
whofe   altars    Hezekiah,  he  faid,  had 
broken  down,   and  who   had  ordered 
the  Affyrians    to  invade  the  country. 
EHakim  and  Lis  brethren   defired  him 
to  fpeak  to   them  in    the    Syrian  lan- 
guage,  and  not  in  the   Hebrew,    left, 
tlie  people  affembled  on  the  wall  fhould 
know    their   conference.       Rabftiakeh 
then  lifted  up  his  voice  the  more,  and 
told  the   people,  that  unlefs  they  fur- 
rendered   themfelves   to  his  mafter,  he 
would  quickly,  by  a  furious  fiege,  ob- 
lige them  to  eat  their  own  dung,  and 
drink   their  urine,  for   want   of  other 
provifion  ;    and    if  they    furrendered, 
they  ftiould  be  allowed  to  dwell  peace- 
ably in  the   land,  till  they  were  tran,- 
fported  to   another  as  good.     Mean- 
while, Sennacherib  raifed   the  fiege^of 

Lachiih> 


SEN        r 

X.achifli,    and    invefted   Llbnah. 
ctiving  no  return   to   his    meflage,  by 
his  generals,  who   returned  to   him  at 
Libnah,  he    wrote   Hezekiah    a  mod 
blafphemous    letter,  boafting,  that  he 
w^ould    as   eafily  fubdue  Jerufalem  and 
her  God,  as  he  had  done  other  nations 
and  their  idols  ;  and  fent  his  mefTengers 
to  rail  againll  the    God  of  liVael,  and 
terrify    tiie    people   into    a    furrender. 
Leaving    Libnah,   he    gave    battle   to 
Tirhakah  king  of  Cush,  or  Ethiopia, 
and,  it  feems,  routed  him,  if  not  aifo 
ravaged  part    of  Egypt.      Returning, 
he  marched  almoft  up  to  the  walls  oi 
Jerufalem,  and  encamped  in  the  valley 
of  Tophet,  on  the  eall,  but  fome  think 
the  north-weft  of  the   city.     There  an 
angel  of  the  Lord,  probably  by  a  kind 
of  fiery  peililence,  killed    185,000  of 
his    principal   forces,  and  we   fuppofe 
Rabfhakeh    among    them,    though    it 
feems  Tartan  furvived  the  cataftrophe, 
and  afterwards   took   Afhdod,  If.  xx. 
I.      Sennacherib  hailed  home  with  the 
poor   remains   of  his   army  ;   and  had 
not   b?en    long  there,    when   Adram- 
melech  and  Sharezer,  two  of  his  fons, 
whom  perhaps  he  intended  to  facrifice, 
killed  him,  as  he    worfhipped  Nifroch 
his  idol.      Herodotus's  bungling   nar- 
rative of  the  ruinof  Sennacherib's  army, 
near  Pelufuim  on  the  north-eaft  of  E- 
gypt,  as   if,  by  the  god   Vulcan's  in- 
fluence, fvvarms  of   rats   had   eaten  all 
their  bow-llrings   m   the  night,  and  fo 
difqualified  them  for  war,  is  unworthy 
of  this  work  :  but  what  better  could 
v/e  expedl   him    to   receive    from    the 
Egyptian    priefts  ?    If.   xxx.  27. — 33. 
xxxiii.   xxxvi.   xxxvii. 

SENSE  ;  (i.)  Our  various  means 
of  perception,  by  feeing,  hearing,  taf- 
ting,  fmelling,  feeling,  are  our  bodily 
fenfcs  ;  in  allufion  to  which,  the  powers 
of  our  foul,  whereby  we  difcern  good 
and  evil,  are  called  ye-^/^'j-,  Heb.  v.  14. 
(2.)  Senfe  fignifies  the  meaning  of  a 
fentence  or  difcourfe,  Neh.  viii.  8. 
The  Papiils  attribute  a  five-fold  fenfe 
to  the  fcripture,  (i.)  A  grammatical, 
which  is  what  is  naturally  exhibited  by 
the  exprefs  words  :  but  it  is  plain  this 
jnuft  not  be  always  relied  in  j  other- 


399.   1         SEN 

wife  we  muft  believe   God  to  be  cot- 
poreal,  having    eyes,    ears,    feet,    and 
yet  to  be   a    fpirit.     (2.)   Literal,  or 
hiilorical,  wherein  a  narrative  is  tak.^n 
according  to  the   exprefs  terms  of  the 
text,  as  that  Abraham  had  a  fon  called 
Iflimael  by  Hagar.      (3.)  The  allego- 
rical, whereby  the  terms  and  events  of 
an  hiftory  are    taken  to    fignify  fome- 
thing  fpiritual,  as  Hagar  to  fignify  the 
Jewilh  church,     Sarah   the    Chriftian, 
and  Ifhmael  legahlls,  and  Ifaac    true 
believers.   (4.)  The  anagogical,  where- 
by we   undeiiiand  terms  and  things  re- 
lating to  this  world,  as  relating  alfo  to 
the  world  to  come  ;  as  the  Sabbath  to 
the  heavenly  reft,   Canaan   to  heaven, 
(5.)   Tropological,  whereby  we  under- 
ftand  a  text  as  hinting  fome  inftru6lioii 
of  moral  duty ;  as  the   not   muzzKng 
the  mouth  of  the   ox,  to  import,  that 
rninifters    (hould   have  due   fubfiftencc 
from   their  hearers.      Thus  the  word 
JerufaUm,  according   to   them,  gram- 
matically fignifies  the   'v'lfion    of  peace  ; 
hiftorically,  the   chief  city  of  Judah  ; 
allegorically,  the  church-militant  ;  ana- 
gogically,  the  church-triumphant;  and 
tropologically,  a  faithful  foul.     But  to 
attempt  finding  all  theie  fenfes  in  every 
paffage  of  fcripture,  is  to  fuppofe  the 
oracles  of  God  a  perplexed  chaos.      It 
is  true,  the  fame  text  may  be  improven 
to  manifold   ufes  ;  for  every  word  of 
God  is  profitable  for  doftrine,  for  re- 
proof,   for    correAion,  for    inftrudion 
in  righteoufnefs  ;  but  the  fimplicity  of 
divine  truth,  and   the   necefTary  intel- 
ligiblenefs  of  fcripture,  require  the  real 
fenfe  of  every  paffage  to  be,  not  mani- 
fold, but  one,  and  which  we  may  call 
literal ;  not   indeed,    as    if  the   terms 
ufed  to   exprefs    it,  if  diftorted    from 
their  connedion   with   other  paffages, 
could  bear  no  other  ;  but  that  it  is  that 
which  was  in    fuch  and  fuch  words  in- 
tended by  the  Holy  Ghoft.     Nay,  in 
fo  far  as  the  analogy  of  faith,  and  the 
context   will  admit,  we  muft   ftick  to 
the  natural    fignification   of  the    very 
words  of  fcripture.     The   fenfe  how- 
ever is  often  complex  ;  the  fame  phrafe 
relating  to     more  objefts     than    one. 
Nothing  typical  is   rightly  underftood, 

except 


-e^lvcept  we  confider  it   as  both  dcfcrip-     Prov.  xix 

tive  of  the  type,  and  of  the  antitype, 

by    means   thereof.       In     metaphoric 

pafTages,  the   material    images  are  not 

at  all  the  fenfe,  but    are  to  be  under- 

ftood  merely  as  a  means  of  pointing  to 

the  true  objeAs  intended.      Prophecies, 

as  has  been  hinted,  have   various  fteps 

of  fulfilment,  which  are    not  different 

fenfes,  but  different  fteps  of  the  fame 

complex  fenfe. 


S  E  R 

4.  The  Lord  fevered  be-' 
tween  the  cattle  of  the  Hebrews  and 
of  the  Egyptians,  in  faving  the  one, 
and  deftroying  the  other,  Exod.  viii, 
22.   Ik.  4. 

SEPHAR  ;  a  mount  in  the  eaft  of 
Arabia,  or  perhaps  the  fouth-weft  parts 
of  Chaldea,   Gen.  x.  30. 

SEPHARVAIM,  orSEPHAK- 
viTEs;  a  tribe  of  the  Samaritans. 
Calmet  thinks   them  the    Safpires    on 


SEMTENCE;  (i.)   A   fpeech  or     the    north  of  Media  :   Gill   wiU   have 


faying.  (2.)  Opinion  or -judgement 
concerning  a  controverted  point,  -Adls 
xvy  19.  (3.)  The  determination  of  a 
judge,  in  deciding  a  caufe  or  plea, 
*I>eut.  xvii.  9. — II.  Eccl.  viii.  11. 
(4.)  The  vindication  of  one's  inno- 
cence, Pfal.  xvii.  2.  Hard  or  dark 
fentences,  arefayiiigs  not  eafily  explain- 
ed, Dan.  viii.  23.  v.  12.  A  divine 
Jentence^  is  a  decifion  becoming  the  dig- 
Tiity  and  honour  of  Godj  Prov.  vi. 
10.  To  have  the  fentence  of  death  In 
■eurfelves,  is  to  'iy  our  account  with 
fufferings  or  death  as  at  hand,  2  Cor. 

•*'  SEPARATE;  sever;  (i.)  To 
ypart  afunder,  Gcn^  xxx.  40.  Lev,  xx. 
26.  (2.)  To  fcatter  into  different  cor- 
-ners  of  the  world,  Deut.  xxxii.  8. 
^3.)  To  let  afide  .from  among  others 
-to  a  particular  office,  ufe,  or  end.  Paul 
and  Barnabas,  the  Jewifh  priefts,  Le- 
vites,  and  Nazarites,  were  feparated, 
i.  e.  fet  afide  to  the  fpecial  fervice  of 
God,  Afts  xiii.  2.  Lev.  xxii.  .3. 
Numb.  viii.  14.  vi.  2.  The  Hebrews 
'were  feparated ;  fet  afide  from  the  rejl 
of  the  world,  to  be  the  diflinguifhed 
people  of  God,  enjoying  lus  favours. 


them  the  inhabitants  of  Sippohrce,  a 
city  of  Syro-Phenicia.  The  names  of 
their  gods,  vi/.  Adrammelech  and  A- 
nammelech,  and  the  nations  with  whom 
they  are  jointly  mentioned,  incline  me 
to  think  they  had  their  original  refi- 
dence  about  Siphora,  or  Sippara  on 
the  Euphrates,  where  the  language 
was  Chaldean  mixed  with  Arabic. 
They  had  anciently  kings  of  their  own, 
and  they  burnt  their  children  in  facri- 
fice  to  their  idols.  They  were  partly 
cut  off  by  the  AfTyrians  ;  and  the  reft 
were  traiifplanted  to  the  country  of 
the  ten  tribes,  z  Kings  xix.  13.  xvii. 
24.  31. 

SEPULCHRE.     See  gkave. 

SERAI  \H;  (i.)  Anhighprieft 
of  the  Jews,  fon' of  Azariah,  and  fa- 
ther of  Jozadak  the  father  of  Jofhua. 
He  was  taken  prifoner  at  Jerufalem, 
and  was  at  Riblah  m.urdcred.  by  Ne- 
buchadnezzar, along  with  70  others 
of  the  principal  men  of  Judah,  Jer. 
lii.  24. — 27.  (2.)  The  fpn  of  Neri- 
ah,  and  brother  of  Baruch.  He  is 
called  Shar-7nenuchah;  but  whether  that 
means,  that  he  was  tx  prince  quiet  in  his 
temper  and  carriage ;  or,  that  he  was 


and  employed  in  his   fervice,    i   Kings     prince  of  a  place  called  Menuchah  ;  or 


vui.  53.  The  cities  of  refuge  were 
feparated',  fet  apart  for  proteding  in- 
voluntary man-flayers,  Deut.  xix.  2. 
^en  are  feparated  to  evil,  when  ap- 
pointed, and,  as  it  were,  fet  afide  to 
be  made  mife.  bL*,  Deut.  xxix.  11. 
(4).  To  forfake  o.  be  caft  out  from 
the  communion  of  the  church,  Jude 
19.  Luke  vi.  22.  (5.)  To  be  dif- 
regardcd  and  forfaken.  So  the  poor 
isjepara/ed  from  his  neighbour,  having 
Bone  obliged  or   ready   to  help,  hira, 


was  prince  of  the  bed-chamber ;  or 
was  the  king's  almoner ;  or  was  the 
chief  director  of  the  prefents  which  he 
carried  from  Zedckiah  to  Nebuchad- 
nezzar, about  feven  years  before  the 
deftruftion  of  the  city,  I  know  not. 
Jeremiah  fent  along  with  him  a  copy 
of  the  prediction  of  Babylon,  and  char- 
ged him  to  bind  a  Hone  to  it  when  he 
came  to  Babylon,  and  caft  it  into  the 
Euphrates,  faying,  Thus  (hall  Baby- 
lon fink,  and  fiiall  not  rife  again,  from 

the 


S-  E  R  [    401     1 

tnc  evil  that  the  Lord  will  bring  upon     viparous 
her,  Jer.  li.  59. — 62. 

SERAPHIM,  orfiTy  ones.  In  his 
vifion,  Ifaiah  favv  feraphims  Handing 
above  or  near  to  the  Lord's  throne  : 
each  had  fix  wings  ;  with  twain  they 
covered  their  face,  with  twain  their 
feet,  and  with  twain  they  did  fly  : 
they  cried,  Holy,  holy,  holy  is  the  Lord 
God  of  hnjls,  the  tvhole  eai:h  is  full  of 
his  glory,  till  the  houfe  fliook  with  the 
found.  When  the  prophet  bewailed 
his  guilt,  one  of  them  took  a  live  coal 
from  the  altar,  and  laid  it  on  his 
mouth,  and  told  him,  that  his  iniquity 
was  purged.  Did  thefe  feraphims  fig- 
nify  angels  who  are  near  to  God  ;  ac- 
tive and  humble  in  his  praifc,  but  not 
capable  to  behold  the  brightnefs  of  his 
glory,  and  who  contribute  to  the  pur- 
ging and  comfort  of  the  faints  ?  Or 
did  they  reprefent  minifters,  humble 
and  aftive  in  the  work  of  the  gof- 
pel,  for  the  glor)'  of  God,  and  the  ho- 
linefs  and  comfort  of  men  ?  If.  vi.  i. 
—7. 

SERJEANTS  ;  officers  who  car- 
rled  a  bundle  of  rods  before  magillrates, 
for  whipping  malefactors,  as  they  got 
orders,   Adls  xvi.  ^^5.  36. 

SERGIUS.  See  Barjesus. 
SERPENT,  is  a  general  name  for 
a  variety  of  kinds  of  amphibious  ani- 
mals that  live  in  the  fea  and  on  the 
earth.  According  to  Ray,  ferpents 
have  a  long  body  covered  with  a 
kind  of  fcales,  breathe  by  lungs,  and 
have  only  one  ventricle  in  the  heart ; 
their  vital  warmth  is  fmall,  they  take 
in  as  much  air  at  once,  as  can  ferve 
them  for  breath  a  confiderable  time. 
During  the  winter-cold  they  oft  lie 
torpid  and  half  dead,  needing  no  food, 
and  perhaps  no  air  ;  but  they  revive 
in  the  fpring.  Mod  of  the  ferpencs 
are  of  the  poifonous  kind,  their  bite 
leaving  a  mifchievous  liquor  in  the 
wound,  which  quickly  mixes  with  the 
blood  ;  but  the  whole  body  of  fer- 
pents may  be  eaten,  and  even  the  mif- 
chievous liquor  tailed  without  hurt. 
Such  ferpents,  as  are  poifonous,  have 
long  teeth,  with  a  poifonous  liquor  at 
their  root.  AU  ferpents  fcem.  tu  be  o- 
Vol.  11. 


S  E  R 

produced 


t.   e.    proQucea   from    eggs  j 
but  fonie  lay  their  eggs   in   dunghills, 
and  the  like  places,  to  be  hatched  by 
the  external  heat  ;  others   retain  them 
in  their  own  body,  till  they  be  hatch- 
ed.     As  the  heart  of  ferpents   is   very 
near  their  head,  they  are   moft  eafily 
killed  by  a  ftroke  on  it.     They  are  fa- 
med  for  fiibtlcty ;    are    faid   to    wrap 
up  their  head  in  the   reft  of  their  bo- 
dy, that   their    heait    may   be   fafeft ; 
and    to  vomit    up   their  poifon  before 
th^ey  drink,  that   it   may  not  go  dowa 
with   the    water,  and   hurt    them  ;  to 
renew  their  fight  by  looking  on  fennel; 
to  caft  their  ikin  every  year  ;  to  fliua 
the  breath  of  deer  ;  and  fome  of  them 
to    (hut    their    ears   againit     enchant- 
ments, laying  the   one  ear  clofe  to  the 
ground,  and   ftopping   with   their  tail 
the   other ;  but   we    fufpect   the  truth 
of  fome  of  thefe  things.     The  ferpents 
we  find  mentioned  in  fcripture,  are  the 
Ephehh,   Achfluib,  Pethen,  Tzeboah, 
Tzephahh,  T/.iphhoni,  Saraph,  which 
we  tranilate  viper,  afp,  adder,  cocka- 
trice, and  fiery  flying  ferpent.     Prodi- 
gious numbers  of  flying   fpeckled  fer- 
pents abound    in    Arabia  and   Lybia, 
and  have  wings  like  bats.      It  is   faid 
the  young  ones  kill  their  dam  ;  but  it 
is  more  certain,  that    if  the   birds  ibis 
did  not  watch   their   entrance  into  E- 
gypt,  at  the  feafon  thereof,  they  would 
ruin   that  country.     The   rattlefnake, 
and  fome  other  ferpents,  are  very  art- 
ful in   decoying  birds,  and  other  ani- 
mals, into  their  power  :  but  we    can- 
not explain  the   manner   how   they  at- 
tack them.     The    bubalus    ferpent  13 
fometimes  about  25  feet  long,  and  has 
been  known  to   fwallow  a  woman  with 
child,  nay,  a  wild   ox  :  but   the  g  and 
other  ferpents,  ufe  to  break  the    oones 
of  their  prey,  and  flaver    it    over   with 
fpittle,  before  tliey  fwallow  it .      It  i» 
faid,  Abifarus  an  liidian  prince  had  two 
ferpents,   the  one  140  cubits  long,  and 
the  other  80.     The  ferpent  which  Re- 
gulus  the  Roman  killed  with  machines- 
near  Bagrada  in  Africa,  is  faid  to  have 
been    120   feet  long.      In  the  Germaa 
Ephemerides,  we  read  of  a  ferpent  that 
fwallowtfd  a  woman  big  with  child,  an^ 
3   E  of 


s  E  R      r 

of  another  that  fwallowed  a  buflalo, 
lar-je  wild  ox.      Not  many  years  aG^o, 
Mr  Edwin,  the  Engli'h  refident  in  the 
Eait  Indicd,  faw  a  fcrpcnt,   in  the  iOe 
of  Ceylon',   that»meafured  in  ]en_{rth  3^ 
feet  4  inches.      It  was  all  covered  with 
icales,  ridged  in  the  middle.     Its  head 
\ras  green,  with   larQ^e  blnck   fpots  In 
the  middle,  and  ytllow  ftreaks  around 
his  jaws,    and  a  yellow  circle,   like  a 
golden  collar,  aronnd  his  neck,  and  Ijc- 
hiad  that  was  another  black  fpot.      Its 
head   ^ras   flattifh  and  btoad  j  its  eyes 
monflronHy    large,    and    very    blight 
and  terrible.      Its  fides  were  of  a  du{]<y 
olive  coloi^r.      Its  back  was  very  beau- 
tiful, a  broad  ftreak   of  black,  curjed 
and  waved  at  the  fides,  runnitig  along 
it :  along  the  edges  of  this,  ran  a  nar- 
row ftreak  of  a  flefhy  colour ;  on  the 
outfide   of  which,  was  a  broad   ftrcr^k 
of  a  bright  yellow,  waved  and  curled, 
and  fpotted,   at   fmall    diflances,   with 
roHndiih  and  long  blotches  of  a  blood 
colour.     When  it  moved  in  the  fun,  it 
appeared  exquifitely  beautiful.      It  had 
perched  itfelf  on  a  large  palm-tree.  As 
a  kind  of  fox  pafTed  by,  it  darted  down 
upon  him,  and  in  a  few  minutes  fucked 
him  into  its  belly.     Next   moVning,  a 
monftrous  tiger,   about  the  height  of 
an  heifer,  paffing  by,  it  darted  down, 
feized  him  by  the  back  with  its  teeth, 
and  twined    itfelf  three  or  four  times 
around  his  body.     It  then  loofcd   its 
teeth  from  his  back,  and  gript  his  head, 
tearing,  and   grinding,    and   chocking 
Hm   at  once,  while  the   furious  tiger 
reMed  to  the   utmoil.     Finding  him 
hard  to    be   conquered,  and  his  bones 
not  eafily  broken,  it,  by  winding   its 
tail  around  his  neck,  dragged"  him  to 
the  tree,  and  then  fetting  him  againft 
it,  twined  itfelf  about  both   him  and 
the  tree,  and  crufhed  him  againft   it, 
tii]  his  ribs,  and  the  bones  of  his  legs, 
and  at  lall   his   fl<:ull,  were  broken  and 
bruifed.     After  it  had  killed  him  with 
this"  inexpreilible   torture   of  about    a 
day's  continuance,  it   coated   over  his 
body  v<uth  ilaver,  till  it  became  like  a 
lunap  of  red  flefn,  and   at  laft,  with  a 
labour  ot  fom.e  hours  continuance,  fuck- 
rd  up  the  whole  carcafe-  int9  its  belly. 


402     1  S  E  R 

or  While  it  was  gorged  herewith,  and  n© 
doubt  fiitigued  with  the  late  toil,  Mr 
Edwin,  and  his  Ceylonefe  companions,  • 
killed  it  with  clubs.  Its  flefh  v/as  whi- 
ter than  veal,  and  had  a  fine  tafte. 
And  indeed,  in  Brafil^  and  many  o- 
ther  places,  ferpents  flefh  is  eaten  for 
food.  Leviathan  is  called  a  crocked 
and  piercing  ferpent.  Job  xxvi.  13.  In 
the  form  of  a  ferpent,  perhaps  a  come- 
ly one,  and  it  feemo^  either  very  fimple 
or  fubtle,  Satan  feduced  our  firil  pa- 
rents, and  for  that,  as  well  as  his  craft, 
malice,  and  ruinous  influence,  is  called 
the  old  ferpent,  Gen.  iii.  Rev.  xx.  2=, 
It  is  probable,  that  a  more  painful  mo- 
tion, and  an  enmity  ^^h  mankind,  has 
judicially  marked,  at  lead  that  kind  of 
ferpents  in  which  Satan  feduced  our- 
firil  parents.  Gen.  iii.  14.;  and  to  com- 
memorate his  conqueR,  Satan  has  fe- 
duced multitudes  to  worfhip  him  binder 
the  form,  or  by  means  of,  ferpents. 
When,  topunifh  the  Hebrews  ixjr  their 
contempt  of  the  mr.nna,  they  were  bit- 
ten by  fiery  flying  ferpents,  w^hich  v/e 
take  to  have  been  the  hydri,  v^'hofebite 
is  mortal  if  the  part  is  not  immediately 
cut  off,  God,  by  the  form  of  a-brazen 
ferpent  lifted  up  on  a  pole,  miraculouf. 
ly  healed  fuch  as  looked  thereat.  Did 
not  this  prefigure  Jefus,  aTuming  the 
likenefs  of  finfulTiefli,  and  being  lifted 
up  on  the  crofs,  and  in  the  gofpel, 
that  wc  hell-bitten  finners,  looking  to 
him  by  faith,  ma>  become  every  whit 
whole  ?  Num.b.  xxi.  John  iii.  14. — 16. 
The  brazen  ferpent  was  deflroyed  by 
Hezeklah  about  800  yea^s  af"l;er,  be- 
caufe  idolized,  2  Kings  xviii.4.  Saints 
are  charged  to  be  ivlfe  as  fcrp^nU  ;  they 
are  to  put  off  their  old  man,  and  vain 
converfation  ;  arc  to  be  daily  renewed 
in  the  fpirit  of  their  minds  ;  are  to  re- 
gard the  honour  of  Chriil  their  head> 
and  the  fafety  of  faith  and  charity, 
their  capital  graces  ;  are  to  avoid  hurt- 
ful company  and  influence  ;  and  care- 
fully fhun  every  fcductivc  allurement, 
Matth.  X.  16.  The  Chaldeans,  and 
other  wicked  men,  are  reprefented  as 
y^rj{>£77/.r,  becaufe  of  their  craft,  mah'ce, 
and  ruinous  influence,  Jer.  viii.  17. 
Matth,  xxiii.  33.  j  and  fo  they  are  re- 
prefented 


S  E  R  r     40.^     1  S  E  R 

prefentcd  as  biting  ;  as  having  poifon  Hired fervants,  ov  hirelings ^  \\\\o^t  term, 
under  their  tongue,  b'r.  Serpenis  and  of  fervice,  it  feems,  was  oniinarily  thr^c 
Jcorptons^  are  put  for  things  extremely 
dangerous,  .Luke  x.  19.  King  Uzziah 
and  Hezeklah  are  likened  to  ferpaUSy 
becaiife .  they  ten  il)Iy  harafled  ar.d  de- 
ll ruytd  the  PhiliiHncR,  If.  xiv.  29. 
See  BiTF^;  Dragon  ;  Leviathan. 

.SERVANT.  The  Hebrews  had 
fcvejal  kinds  of  fervants ;  (i.)  Some 
■were  mere  ilaves  for  Kie,  and  were  fold 
or  difpofeii  of  by  their  mailers  as  they 
thought  fit.  Sticli  were  the  ftrangeis 
bought  or  taken  in.  war,  Lev.  :ixv.  4^.. 
iSjc.  Such  are  alfo  called  hodu's^  be- 
■caufe  their  maivers  rigour  reackts  only 
to  their  body,  Rev.  xviii.  f  13.  (2.) 
Hebrew  Haves  or  bondwfervants,  wlio 
could  only  at  the  firil  be  bound  hx 
years,  and  at  the  end.  thereof  were  to 
be  dirmiffed   .with   prcfc-rts  from   their 


full  years  :  and  fo  a  fervant  of  fix  years 
was  worth  a  double  hired  fervant,  Job 
vii.  I.  If.  xvi.  14.  Deut.  xv.  18.  As 
hirelings  from  among  the  Heathen  did 
not  eat  of  the  palfover  ;  io  tlebrews-of 
other  families  hired  into  the  ftimily  of 
tlie  priells,  were  not  allov/ed  to  eat  of 
tlie  holy  food  :  but  all  fervants  were  to 
iiave  their  wages  as  focn  as  due,  Lev. 
xix.  13.  Did  thefe  reprefent  carnal 
and  fcliini  pretenders  to  the  fervice  of 
Chrill^  who  have  no  true  title  to  the 
feals  of  the  new  covenant,  or  fellow- 
fhip  with  God  ;  and  who  have  their 
portion  m  this  prefent  h'fe  ?  Exod.  xiL 
45.  Lev,  xxii.  10.  -(4.)  Voluntary 
fervanl;s ;  fo  -Jofhua  was  the  fervant  of 
Mofes  ;  EHflia,  61  Elijali ;  and  the  a- 
-pofties,  of  Chrift.  (5.)  Subjedh  of  a 
prince,  cfpeciaily  if  reduced  to  a  kind 
of  flavery  and  bondage,  are  fervants^ 
2  Sam.  viii.  6.  GodJs  fervants  are,  (  i.) 
Chrill,  who^  in  obedience  to  his  will, 
adumed  our  nature,  fulhlled  the  law 
'm\  our  Head,  and  adminillers  the  blef- 
their  freedom,  at  lead  till  the  year   of    fmgsof  the  covenant  to  us,   If.  xlii.  I. 

xlix.  3.  (2.)  Such  as  are  employed 
in  a  particular  calling  in  church  or 
flate ;  fo  Ivlofes  and  Paul,  ^c.  were 
\\hfervantSi  Deut.  xxxlv.^  5.  Rom.  i. 
J.  (3.)  Diltinguifhed  inllruments  of 
his  mercy  or  wrath  ;  fo  Nebuchadnez- 
zar and  Cyrus  were  his  fervatits,  Jer. 
xxv.  9.  -If.  xlv.  .1.  (4.)  The  faints, 
who  arc  J^rvants  of  obedience,  and  to 
fighteoifnefsy  as  being  delivered  from 
the  llavery  of  fm  and  Satan,  they  obey, 
ferve,  and  worfliip  God  ui  holinefs  and 
righteoufnefs,  Rom.  vi.  16.  18.  19.  22. 
The  fervAnts  of  men^  in  an  emphatic 
fenfe,  are  fuch  as  fubmit  to  their  lulls, 
I  Gor.  vii.  23.  A  fervant  of  fervants, 
is  one  dcbafed  to  the  lowell  llavery, 
Gen«  ix.  25.  Paul  became  fervant  to 
all ;  to  the  Jews,  as  a  Jew  ;  to  them 
who  were  under  the  ceremonial  law, 
as  under  the  law  ;  and  to  them  tiiat 
w^ere  not  under  it,  as  without  law ; 
/'.  e.  he  denied  himfelf  his  liberty,  and 
complied  with  every  innocent  cullom 
and  infirmity  among  his  hearers,  that 
he  might  gain  them  to  Chrilt;  1  Cor. 
3  E  2  i,s. 


m.ailer  :  but  their  children  born  durino; 
their  fcrvitude  continued  to  -he  their 
mailers  property  ;  but  if  they  declined 
to  go  free,  their  mailer,  with  an  awl, 
bored  their  ear  to  the  door-poft,  as  a 
token  they  could    not  aB:erwards   have 


jubilee.  If  a  m.ailer  ftnick  a  bond-fer- 
vant  till  he  died,  he  was  only  punifa- 
ed,  not  condemned  to  death.  If  an 
ox  gored  to^death  a  bond-fervant,  the 
owner  paid  30  faekels  of  fdver  as  his 
price,  and  the  ox  was  ftoned.  If  a 
mailer  ft  ruck  out  the  eye  of  a  Have,  he 
was  to  give  him  his  liberty  as  a  pum- 
penfation.  Maids  had  no  title  to  a 
releafe  at  the  feventh  year  ;  but  if  a 
mafter  had  dehled,  or  he  or  his  fon  had 
betrothed  a  maid-ilave,  and  not  kept 
her  as  a  wife,  fhe  was  to  have  her  li- 
berty as  a  compenfation  -of  the  injury 
done  her,  ^Exod.  xxi.  i. — 11.  20.  24- 
26.  27.  Deut.  XV.  I. — 18.  The  Ma- 
hometans take  great  care  to  educate 
their  young  flaves  in  their  own  religion, 
and  often  adopt  them  for  tlieir  children. 
But  as  the  Jev/s  enemies  fomctimes  fold 
their  captives  for  a  harlot  or  a  bellyful 
of  wine,  Joel  iii.  3.  fo  the  Tartars, 
Turks,  and  Coffacks,  fometimes  fell 
their  European  and  other  captives  for 
a  crown  the  head,  or  for  a  fmall  quan- 
.tity  of  wine  and  other  provilions.   (3.) 


S  E  R  r    404    1  S  E  V 

ix.  19.— 2T.     Servants  3\(o  Cignify  per-     that  fuch  mens  images  as  had  been  re- 


fons  of  a  bafe  temper,  unfit  for  govern- 
ment, Eccl.  X.  7.  To  mark  the  diffe- 
rent degrees  of  freedom  under  the  old 
and  new  difpenfstions  of  the  covenant 
of  grace,  JewiGi  profeiTors  are  repre- 
fented  Tis  fcrvantsy  whofe  fervice  is  car- 
nal and  burdenfome  ;  and  Chrillians, 
as  children,  whofe  labovir  is  free,  ho- 
nourable, and  eafy»  Gil.  iv.  3.  7.  22. 
31.  Wicked  men  arc  fervants  offin^  as 
they  are  under  its  ruling  power,  and 
fulfil  its  lufts,   John  viii.  32. 

SERVICE,  is  the  ferving  or  obey- 
ing of  a  fuperior,  or  being  ufeful  as 
means  to  anfwer  an  end.  Service  is 
fourfold:  (t.)  Civil,  as  of  a  fervant 
fulfilling  his  mafter's  taOc  of  duty  laid 
upon  him.  Gen.  xxix.  29.  (3.)  Sin- 
ful ;  thus  we  ferve  inward  lulls,  by 
yielding  to,  and  acling  according  to 
them,^  Tit.  iii.  3.  Eph.  ii.  3.  (3.) 
Religious,  when  addi6led  to  God's 
law  as  our  binding  rule,  we  ftudy  to 
atl  according  to  it  in  our. office  and  (ca- 
tion, and  worfhip  him  as  our  fupreme 
Lord  and  portion,  Jo(h.  xxii.  5.  xxiv. 
15.  This  fervice  is  to  be  performed 
in  the  fpirit,  Rjm.  i.  9.;  without  fer- 
vile,  but  with  filial  fear  of  him,  Luke 
i.  74.  Pfal.  ii.  II.;  with  gladnefs,  Pfal. 
C  2. ;  and  in  newnefs  of  life,  Rom.  vii. 
6.  (4.)  Idolatrous,  when  one  has  his 
heart  addifted  to  creatures,  or  gives 
them  outward  worfhip,  Matth.  vi.  24. 
Rom.  i.  25.  Eye-fervice^  is  that  which 
fervants  take  care  to  perform  when 
their  mafter  is  prefent,  while  they  ne- 
glect hi's  work  when  he  is  abfent,  Eph. 
vi.  6.  The  old  n.en  advifed  Rehoboam 
to  ferve  the  Hebrews,  u  6.  to  yield  a 
little  to  their  humours,  in  ipeaking'and 
afting  mildly  towards  them,  i  Kings 
xii.  7. — Servile  work,  is  what  is  or- 
dinarily done  on  labouring  days,  as 
plowing,  reaping,  l^c.  Servitude, 
is  hard  fervice,  flaver)^,  Lam.  i.  3. 
Servitor,  a  fervant,   2  Kings  iv.  43. 

SERUG,  or  Saruch,  the  fon  of 
Rcu  or  Ragau,  and  father  of  Nahor, 
the  grandfather  of  Abram,  Gen.  xi. 
20. — 22.  Itisfaid,  that  he  firll  after 
the  flood  fet  on  foot  the  idolatrous 
v7orfhip  of  creatures,  and  maintained, 


markably  ufeful  might  be  adored.  This 
introduced  the  worfliip  of  dead  men, 
and  by  confequence  all  kinds  of  idola- 
try and  polytheifm. 

SET;  (i.)  Fix  in  a  place.  Gen.  i. 
17.  (  3. )  To  mark  out ;  rear  up,  Exod. 
xix.  12.  (3.)  To  appoint.  Gen.  xH. 
33.  41.  (4.)  To  be  earneftly  bent  or 
inclined  to,  Exod.  xxxii.  12.  (9.) 
To  extend,  Exod.  xxiii.  31.  (6.)  To 
march,  Numb.  ii.  9.  "Yo  fet  the  Lord 
before  us,  is  to  regard  his  authority, 
live  as  in  his  prefence,  follow  his  pat- 
tern, truft  in  him  as  our  alliftant  and 
proteftor,  and  endeavour  to  enjoy  him 
as  our  portion,  Pfal.  xvi.  8.  '^o  fet  a 
thing  before  one,  is  to  explain  it,  to 
(hew  it,  efpecially  that  one  may  take 
his  choice,  Exod.  xxi.  1.  Deut.  xi.  26. 
"Vo  fet  forth,  is  to  manifeft,  Rom.  iii. 
25.;  or  preach  up.  Ads  xvii,  18.  To 
fet  one's  heart  to  a  thing,  is  diligently  to 
confider  it,  Exod.  vii.  23.  Men  are 
fet  onjire,  when  fiUed  v/ith  outrageous 
mahce  and  envy,  Pfal.  Ivii.  4.  Mens 
towrnc  fetteth  on  fire  the  courfe  of  nature^ 
and  is  fet  on  fire  of  hell  ;  with  its  ang- 
ry, and  othervvife  mifchievous  words,  it 
does  great  hurt,  and  llirs  up  mifchief 
all  around,  Jani.  iii.  8.  Jeremiah  was 
fet  over  the  nations,  to  root  out,  pull 
down,  and  to  build  and  plant  them, 
i.  e.  to  foretell  their  ruin  or  deliverance, 
Jer.  i.  10. 

SETH,  or  Sheth  ;  (i.)  The  fon 
of  Adam,  born  A.M.  131,  and  father 
of  Enofh  ;  he  lived  912  years.  For  a 
long  time  his  poilerity  followed  the 
true  worfhip  and  fervice  of  God  ;  but 
at  lad,  mingling  with  the  wicked  pof- 
terity  of  Cain,  they  brought  the  flood 
.  upon  themfelves,  Gen.  iv.  25.  26.  v.  3. 
-^8.  vi.  I. — 4.  (2.)  A  noted  perfon 
or  place  in  the  land  of  Moab,  Numb, 
xxiv.  17. 

SETTLE;  (i.)  To  make  ftedfall 
on  a  proper  foundation,  i  Pet.  v.  10. 
(2.)  To  mark  out ;  appoint,  Pfal.  Ixv. 
10.  The  fettle  of  the  altar,  was,  the 
projeftion  or  jutting  out  of  it,  Ezek. 
xliii.  14. — 20. 

SEVEN.  As  from  the  beginning 
chis  was  the  number  of  days  in  the  week, 

it 


S  E  V  r     4 

it  lias  always  had  a  kind  of  emphafis 
annexed  to  it,  and  is  by  fome  called  a 
number  of  perfet^ion.  God  added 
feven  days  to  his  promifed  patience  to- 
\v:irds  the  old  world  :  clean  beads  were 
taken  into  the  ark  by  fcveus:  the  years 
of  plenty  and  famine  in  Egypt,  and 
their  emblems,  were  marked  hy  f evens. 
Gen.  vii.  xli.  With  the  Jews,  not 
only  was  there  a  feventh-day  Sabbath, 
but  every  feventb  year  was  a  Sabbath 
of  reft,  and  every  feven  times  Jeventh 
year  was  a  jubilee.  Their  great  feafts 
of  unleavened  bread,  and  of  tabernacles, 
were  obferved  (ov  feven  days  ;  the  num- 
ber of  animals  in  fundry  of  their  obla- 
tions, were  limited  to  fven.  The 
golden  candleftick  had  feven  branches  : 
yi-z'ifn  priells  vvithy^i;^«  trumpets  fuvround- 
ed  the  wall  of  Jericho  feven  days,  and 
[even  times  feven  on  the  fevenfh.  In 
John's  New  Tellament  revelations,  we 
find  feven  churches,  feven  candlefticks, 
feven  Spirits,  feven  liars,  feven  feals, 
feven  trumpets,  feven  thunders,  feven 
vials,  feven  plagues,  and  feven  angels,  to 
pour  them  out  on  tht  feven-headed  mon- 
fter  AaticHrift.  Seven  oft  fignifies  a 
great  many,  a  complete  number,  Matth. 
xii.  45.  Prov.  xxvi.  16.  25.  If.  iv.  i. 
I  Sam.  ii.  5.  Jer.  xv.  7.  Job  v.  19. 
Sevenfold;  is  frequently,  completely. 
Lev.  xxvi.  24.  Pfal.  Ixxix.  12.  Gen. 
iv.  15.  24.  Pfal.  xii.  6.;  ^nd  feventy 
limes  feven,  ox  feventy  times  feven  times, 
import  very  often,  Matth.  xvii.  21.  22. 
Thus  Chrilt's  y^i;^/?  horns,  may  denote 
his  great  and  perfect  power  ;  his  fven 
eyes,  h-sperfed  knowledge.  Rev.  v.  6.; 
his  feven  lamps  and  feven  pipes,  his  fulnefs 
of  revelation  and  gracious  influence, 
Zech.  iv.  2.  ;  his  feven  pillars,  the  ful- 
nefs of  fundamental  truths  and  pro- 
mifes,  Prov.  ix.  i.  The  Holy  Ghoil 
is  called  feven  ff)ir its,  feven  lamps  ofjirc, 
to  denote  his  perfect  knov/ledge  and 
diverfified  gifts  and  operations,  Rev. 
i.  4.  iv.  5.  So  feven  eyes  on  Chriii, 
denote  many,  Zech.  iii.  9.  ;  feven  thun- 
ders, many  troubles  ;  ?ind  fven  flars, 
many  miniiters.   Rev.  x.  3.    i.  16. 

^  SEVERAL;  oncbyitfelf,  2Chron. 
xi.  12.  xwi.  II.  Severally-,  to  one  by 
one,   I  Cor.  xii.  li. 


05     1  S  H  A 

SEVERITY;  a  puniHiingof  evil, 
doers  according  to  the  rigour  of  the  law, 
Rom.  xi.  22. 

The  word  rendered  SEWED,  ne- 
ceffarly  fignifies  no  more  than  to  fix 
upon.  Job  wi.  15.   Gen.  iii.  7. 

SHAALBON,  or  Selbon  ;  a 
place  on  the  eall  of  Jordan,  and  gave 
name  to  the  Canton  Selbonitis.  Here 
PLliahba,  one  of  David's  mighties,  was 
born,   2  Sam.  xxiii.  32. 

SHADRACH,  MESHACH,  and 
ABEDNEGO,  were  originally  of  the 
princes  of  Judah,  and  when  very  young, 
were,  carried  captive  to  Babylon,  and 
there  educated  for  the  King's  fervice 
in  all  th/  lawful  wifdom  of  the  Chal- 
deans. Having  by  prayer  affifted  Daniel 
in  the  relation  and  interpretation  of 
the  king's  dream,  they  were  made  go- 
vernors in  the  province  of  Babylon. 
Dan.  i. — iii.  See  Daniel,  and  Ne- 
buchadnezzar. 

SHADOW  ;  the  reprefentation 
which  any  folid  body,  interpofing  be- 
tween the  fun  or  light,  and  another 
body,  makes  of  itfelf.  In  allufion  to 
this,  the  ancient  ceremonies  are  called 
a  Jloadonv  of  good  things  to  come  ; 
they  were  rude  draughts,  and  unfub- 
ftcintial  refemblances  of  the  future  in- 
carnation, obedience,  death,  refurrec- 
tion,  and  glory,  and  bleflings  of  Jefus 
Chrill  ;  and  of  the  form  and  llate  of 
his  church,  Hieb.  ;x.  i.  As  a  ihadow 
follows  the  fun  or  interpofing  body, 
and  is  perpetually  varying,  till  at  laft, 
perhaps  of  a  fuddcn,  it  come  to  an  end, 
we  and  our  days  are  likened  to  dijha- 
donv,  to  mark  how  unfubltantial  our 
mortal  appearances  are,  how  tranfient 
ouf-  life,  and  fuddea  our  death,  i  Chron. 
xxix.  15.  Job  xiv.  3.  xvii.  7.  Asdark- 
nefs  and  gloominefs  attend  fhadows,  fo 
terrible  darknefs,  trouble,  or  death,  are 
called  Tajhadoiv  of  death.  Job  iii.  5.  xvi. 
J 6.  xxiv.  17.  Pfal.  xxiii.  4.  As  in 
warm  countries  it  is  very  agreeable  to 
be  Ihaded  from  the  fcorching  heat  of 
the  fun,  fo  government,  protection,  and 
refrefhful  influence,  are  called  ?l  fhadow. 
Lam.  iv.  20.  Ezek.  xxxi.  6.  Song  ii.  3. 
Pfal,  xci.  I.  Ixiii.  7.  Chrifl  and  his 
Father  arc  a^Wow,  becaufe  they  go- 
vern, 


S  H  A  f    406    1  S  H  A 

-^rn,  protev^,  and  refrefli  perfons  and     calamities  till  few  be  left.  If.  xxxiV.  15, 


churches,  If.  iv.  6.    xxv.  4.     xxxii.  2, 

JMnhe  yonr  Jhado'w  as  the  iii^ht  In  the  midjl 

ef  nnon  ;  in  the  Jews  troubles,  protect 

and  conceal  them,  ye  Moabites,  to  the 

\itmoft  of  your  power,  If.  xvi.  3.     The 

evening,  or  time  when  fhadows  abound, 
Ss  called  tht  Jhadonvy  Job  vii.  2.  •'3'he 
fig-ns  of  ^pproachin^^  defotation  and 
Tum,  are  called /^Wo'tt>j-  of  the  evenings 
Jer.  vi.  4.  The  fiado'ws  jlee  a'way, 
when  Old-Teftament  ceremonies  are 
abolifhed  ;  and  at  laft  all  corruptions, 
troubles,  and  cveninilituted  ordinances, 
,^ivt  place  to  the  day  of  everlafting 
glory.  Song  \\.  ly,  Shaclozu  alfo  is 
put  for  any  finall  appearance  of  a  thing, 
Jam£si.  17.     Shady,  or  SHADOWING, 

IS  what  calls  a  fhadow  over.  Job  xL  21.     or  eafy  accompliiliment  of  it,  If.  x.  32. 
or  covering,  Heb.  i\'.  5.      ^  Zech.ii.o.     To /hal^e   tie   hand  from 

SHAFT  ;  (i.)   Tiiat  part   of  th^     holding  of%riheSf  is   to   be  free, from  re- 


The  Jhak'mg  of  dry  bonesj  in  order  to 
come  one  to  another,  may  import  the 
tremulous  aftivity  of  the  captive  Jews, 
to  prepare  for  a  return  to  their  own 
land  fiom  Babylon,  and  the  trembling 
excrcife  of  finners  under  the  begun  ope- 
ratioTiSof  God's  Spirit,  Ezek.  xxxviio?. 
The  things  foahn  were  removed,  that 
the  things  ivhich  cannot  be  Jhahcn  might 
remmyi.y  when  the  Jcwifh  ftate  and  C':'re- 
monies  were  overturned,  tJiat  the  un- 
changeable perfon,  office,  and  media-- 
tion  of  Chrilf  might  appear.,  Heb.  xii. 
27-  Tofhake  orxc's  felf  is  to  begin  to 
be  afiivc,  particularly  in  attempting  to 
obtain  deliverance,  If.'lii.  2."  Shaking 
of  hands y  imports  threatening  of  ruin, 


g-olden  candleftick  from  whence  the  fe- 
ven  branches  proceeded ;  and  which 
snight  reprefent  the  perfon  of  Chriil:, 
from  whence  all  diverfified  illuminations 
in  every  church  do  proceed,  Exod. 
xxv.  31.  (2.)  An  arrow.  Chrift  is 
^  poh/I:>ed  fhaft  ;  fully  qualified  to  exe- 
cute every  faving  office,  and  fulfil  ev^^ry 
divine  Durpofe  of  grace.   If.  xlix.  2. 

SHAHARAIM;  a  defcendant  of 
Benjamin,  who,  it  feenw,  either  fojourn- 
ed  i\\  or  governed  the  country  of  Moab. 
By  his  wives,  Huihim  and  Kodefh,  he 
«Jiad  a  very  numerous  pofterity,  who  di- 
ilinguifhed  themfelves  in  the  building 
and  peopling  of  Lod  or  Lydda,  Ono, 
and  Aiialon  ;  from  the  lail  of  which 
they  drove  the  Philillines  of  Gath,  and 
lifter  the  captivity  dwelt  partly  at  Jeru- 
lalem,  i  Chron.  viii.  8. — -28. 

SHALEM,  Shalim  ;  fee  Salem  ; 
»ot  Jerufakm,  Gen.  xxxiii.  18.  i  Sam. 
jx.  4. 

SHAKE:  fo  leaves  of  a  tree  arc 
ihaken  with  the  wind.  The  /Imking  of 
±\\Q  heavens  and  the  earth,  or  of  the 
foundations  of  the  earth,  or  of  the  na- 
tions or  ides,  denotes  great  revolutions 
and  dillrefs,  Heb.  xii.  26.  If.  xxiii.  13. 
Hag.  ii.  6.  21.  xxiv.  18.  Matth.  xxiv. 
29.  Rev.  vi.  13.  Ezek.  xxxviii.  19.  A 
nation  is  as  the  pjal-ing  of  the  olive-tree y 
^diCii  thty  are  dulrelTed  with  repeated 


ceiving  them,  and  to  rcfufe  and  deted 
them.  If.  xxviii.  15.   See  dust;  head. 

SHALLQM,  or  Shillem  ;  (i.) 
A  fen  of  Naphtali,  and  father  of  tlie 
Shillemites,  i  Chron.  vii.  ;I3.  Numb, 
xxvi.  49.  [2 A  The  fon  of  Jabedi,  a 
king  of  Ifrael,  who  murdered  King  Za- 
chariah,  and  almoft  all  the  family  Ql 
Jehu,  and  after  a  month  was  murdered 
■by  IVlenahem,  2  'Kings  xv.  10. — 12. 
See  Jehoahaz.   •  •  •  • 

SHALMAN,  or  Shalmaneserj 
king  of  A.Tyria,  and  probably  the  fame 
as  EnemeiTar,  we  fuppofe  to  have  been 
the  fon,  as  well  as  the  fuccefibrof  Tig- 
lath-pilefer.  He  began  his  reign  about 
j1.  M.  3276,  ahd  reigned  twelve  or 
fourteen  years.  He  fubducd  tlic  king- 
dom of  Jfrael,  and  obliged  HoUiea, 
their  king,  to  pay  tribute.  Informed, 
about  three  years  after,  that  Hofhea 
had  concerted  meafures  with  the  king 
of  Egypt  to  render  himfelf  free,  he. 
marched  a  powerful  army  into  the  land 
of  Ifrael,  took  and  ravaged  the  fenced 
cities,  and  murdered  the  inhabitants  in 
the  mofl  inhuman  manner.  After  three 
years  fiege,  he  took  Samaria  the  capi- 
tal, and  Hofhea,  and  tranfported  moll 
of  the  people  to  Media,  and  other  eaft- 
ern  parts  of  his  empire  ;  but  if  we  may 
credit  the  hiftory  of  Tobit,  lie  was  not 
unfavourable  to  die   captives,  2  Kings 

xvii. 


g  H  A      [ 

?cvu.  I. — lO.  Hof.  X.  14.  Invited 
the  men  of  Gatli,  he  commenced  a  war 
againfl  the  Tynans,  and  after  befieging 
their  capital  five  years,  died  without 
taking  it,  and  was  fucceedod  by  Sen- 
iiacherih. 

SHAMBLES  ;    the    flcfli-market, 
I  Cor.  X.  25. 

3  H  A  M  E  ;  (  I . )  lliat  affeaion 
which  proceeds  from  an  inv^^ard  appre- 
henfion  of  guilt,  diilionefty,  or  filtlii- 
nefs.  In  the  Hate  of  innocency,  there 
was  no  Ihame,  nor  any  occaiion  for  it, 
Gen.  ii.  25.  ('2.)  Trouble  and  per- 
plexity of  mind,  on  account  of  guilt 
and  difappointmepti  Ezra  ix.  6.  Rom. 
vi.  21.  V.  5.  (3.)  Derilion,  contempt, 
haraflmetit,  Ezek.  xxxvi.  6.  (4.)  What 
13  fliameful  ;  i^s  an  idol,  Avhofe  worfliip 
xvas  abominable,  and  tends  to  bring  its 
pi-aftifers  to  fhame,  Hof.  iv.  10.  ;  or 
thofe  parts  of  the  body  which  modefty 
requires  to  be  covered.  If.  xx.  4.  ;  or 
fcandalous  corruptions,  of  which  men 
ought  to  be  alliamed,  Jude  12.  ;  or 
difgrace,  diihonour,  Prov.  ix.  7.  ;  or 
a  bafe  and  difgraceful  "condition,  If. 
xlvii.-3.  The  JJj^me  of  fmners  naked- 
nefs,  is  their  abominable  guilt  and  cor- 
ntption,  Rev.  iii.  18.  When  pride  co- 
meth,  then  comeX}\  JJjnme  of  others,  and 
at  IzCcJIjiTine  to  the  proud  perfon,  Prov. 
xi.  2.  Tojlawe^  or  put  fo/hdjnSj  is  to 
render  one's  condition  difgraceful,  and 
to  fill  them  with  fliame,  Pfal.  xliv.  7. 
2  Sam.  xix.  5.  (2.)  To  make  tranf- 
greffors  biufh  at  their  conduct,  by 
chaPcifmg  and  reproving  them  for  it, 
Tudg.  xviii.  7,  (3.)  To  mock  at, 
Pial..  xiv.  6.  (4.)  To  difappoint, 
Prov.  xii:,  C.  Shamefacednkss,  is 
an  agreeable  modelly,  whereby  one  be- 
haves in  a  grave  and  decent  rr.?.nner, 
ready  to  blufh  at  the  fmalleft  approach 
to  any  thing  obfccnc,   i  Tim.  ii.  9. 

SHAMGAR,  the  fon  of  Anath, 
and  third  judge  of  Ifrael.     The  Philif- 
tines  having  invaded  his 
(lew  600  of  them    with 
Jiidg.  iii.  31. 

SHAMMAH,  the  fon  of  Agee  the 
Harante,  the  third  of  David's  migh- 
ties.  Along  with  E'-  a7:r  the  fon  of 
.Ocdo,  be  routed  the  PhilillineB  on  a 


countr}^,    he 
an   ox-goad. 


407    1         S  H  A 

by  field  of  lentilcs,  and  killed  prodigiWi' 
numbers  of  them.  They  two  breaking' 
through  the  hofl  of  the  Philiftines,  to- 
gether with  Jalhobeam,  brought  Da-»- 
vid  water  from  the  well  of  Bethlehem* 
2  Sam.  xxiii.  11. — 17.  Two  othei-s  of 
David's  worthies  were  called  Shammahu 
the  one  a  Harodite,  the  other  a  Ham- 
rite,   2  Sam.  j'.xiii.  25.  33.   •  •  •  • 

8HAPHAN.    SeejosiAH. 

SHARON,  8a RON  ;  the  name  of 
feveral  delightful  fpots  in  Canaan  ;  the 
lirll  lay  between  Cefarca  and  Joppa,  ore 
tiie  weft  of  the  promifcd  land,  A6\s  ix, 
35.  A  fecond  lay  betv/een  'jfabor  and. 
the  fea  of  Tiberias  ;  this  was  perhap© 
but  a  continuation  of  the  other.  A 
third  lay  on  the  eail  of  Jordan,  i  Chron^ 
v.  1 6.  Sharon  was  noted  for  its  excel- 
lent rofes,  and  pailure  for.fiocks,  Song' 
ii.  I.  It  is  made  an  emblem  of  afiiiit- 
ful  countr)^,  If.  xxxiii.  9.  and  of  the 
church  of  Chrifl,  fnn'tful  in  the  b'eau- 
ties  ofholinefs,  and  abounding  with  Je» 
fus's  fpiritual  flocks,  If.  xxxv.  2.  Ixv.io* 

SHARP  ;  (i.)  Fit,  eafily  to  cut, 
or  penetrate  into  matter.  If.  v.  24. 
Pfal.  hi.  2.  (2.)  What  is  very  power- 
ful and  piercing.  If.  xlix.  2.  Pfal.  xlv.j . 
( 3. )  Vehement  and  eager,  Afts  xv.  ^gl 
(4.)  Very  pernicious  and  hurtful,  PftJ. 
Ivii.  5.  Prov.  V.  4.  To  sharpen  j 
make  (harp,  yion  Jharpen  their  tongztesr 
likeferpentsj  wlien  they  llander  in  a  ma- 
licious and  outrageous  manner,  Pfal. 
cxl.  3.  Thty Jloarpen  their  tye  upon  one^ 
when  they  look  at  him  in  a  malicicuR 
and  coiittmptuous  manner.  Job  xvi.  9,. 
We  fiiVpen  afriendi  when  v/e  rtir  him 
up,  and  render  him  more  qualified  for 
afti6n,  Prov.  xxvii.  17.  Sharply;- 
(i.)  Angrily,  vehemently,  Ju dg.  vii!. 
I.  (2.)  In  a  cutting  and  convincing- 
manner.  Tit.  i.  13.  Sharpness,  very- 
cutting  admonitions  and  cenfures,  2. 
Cor.  xiii.  10. 

SHAVE.     See  BEARD,  HAIR. 

SHAVEH,  denotes  a  valley  or 
dale,  fuch  as  that  belonging  to  the 
kings  of  Salem,  and  that  oi  Kirjathaim> 
Gen.  xiv.  5.  17. 

SHAUSHA,  or  Seraiah,  one  of 
David's  fcribes,  i  Chron.  xviii.  i6* 
2  Sam,  viii.  1 7. . 

SHEAF^ 


feaft  on  occafion    thereof, 
12.    I  Sam.  XXV.  4. — 11. 


SHE 

SHEAF  ;  a  bundle  of  corn 
iahe  thsficaf  from  the  hungry,  is  to  de- 
prive the  poor  of  their  juft  and  necef- 
fary  provifion,  Job  xxiv.  lo.  To  bring 
home  Jheavesy  is  to  enjoy  the  happy 
fruit  of  one's  labour,  Pfal.  cxxvi.  6. 
See  FEAST  of  unleavened  bread. 

SHEARD  ;  (i.)  A  piece  of  a 
broken  potter's  veflel,  Exod.  xxiii.  34. 
{2.)    A  fmall  remnant,   If.  xxx.  14. 

SHEAR  ;  To  cut  off  hair,  1  Cor. 
xi.  6. ;  but  particularly  to  take  off  the 
wool  'of  fheep.  In  China  they  fhear 
their  fheep  thrice  a-year.  The  Jews 
iifed  to  Oiear  them  in  June  or  July,  and 
had  houfes  for  that  purpofe,  and  a 
2  Kings  V. 
xjii.  23.  24. 

SHEATH,  or  fcabbard,  the  cafe 
or  covering  of  a  fword,  i  Sam.  xvii.  51. 

SHEBA,  or  Seba,  the  fon  of 
CusH,  who  alfo  gave  name  to  a  coun- 
try in  Arabia,  or  Abyfiinia,  Gen.  x. 
7.  Pfah  Ixxii.  10.  If.  xliii.  3.  (2.) 
Sheba  the  fon  of  Raamah,  and  grand- 
fon  of  Cufli,  Gen.  x.  7.  (3.)  The 
fon  of  Joktan,  Gen.  x.  28.  (4.)  The 
{on  of  Jokfhan,  and  grandfon  of  Abra- 
ham, Gen.  XXV.  3.  All  thefe  feem  to 
have  taken  up  their  refidence  in  Ara- 
bia, and  perhaps  moil  of  them  in  the 
fouth  part  of  it.  One  or  more  of  thefe 
8hebas  gave  name  to  a  country,  whofe 
<jueen  came  to  vilit  Solomon,  and 
brought  him  large  prefcnts  of  gold, 
fpices,  and  precious  Hones  ;  but  where 
this  Sheba  was  fituated,  whether  in  A- 
rabia  the  Happy,  or  in  AbyiTinia,  is 
not  agreed.  It  is  certain  that  both  of 
them  lie  fouthward  of  Canaan  ;.  and  as 
Arabia  was  bounded  with  the  ocean, 
and  Abyffinia  was  then  the  fouthmoil 
known  country,  both  may  be  called 
the  uttermojl  ends  of  the  earth.  Spices, 
gold,  and  precious  ftones,  Vv'ere  produ- 
ced, or  might  eafily  be  had  in  both. 
In  AbylTinia,  their  language,  and  their 
ancient,  nay,  their  prefcnt  rehgion, 
are  not  a  little  fimilar  to  the  Jewiih  ; 
and  they  pretend  to  give  us  an  account 
of  a  queen  of  theirs,  who  vifited  Solo- 
mon, and  had  by  him  a  fon,  whofe 
poflerity  continued  on  their  throne 
19V30  years,  if  they,  do  not  fo  ilill,   i 


408     ]         SHE 

l^o  Kings  X.  Matth.  xii.  42.  Luke  \\.  ^r* 
The  iahabitants  of  Sheba  traded  with 
the  Tyriais  in  fpices,  precious  flones, 
and  gold,  E/ek.  xxvii.  22.  I  fuppofe 
there  were  one  or  more  Shebas  in  A- 
rabia,  and  another  in  Abyffinia  ;  but 
it  is  more  certain,  that  the  men  of 
/Sheba  and  Seha,  were  in  the  primitive 
ages  of  Chrilb'anity,  and  (hall  in  the 
Millennium,  be  turned  to  the  Lord, 
Pfal.  Ixxii.  10.  15.  If.  Ix.  6.  No 
doubt,  the  Sabeans  were  the  offspring 
of  fome  of  the  above-mentioned  Siiebas 
or  Seba.  We  find  one  tribe  of  them 
In  Arabia  the  Di  fert,  near  the  land  of 
Uz,  who  carried  off  Job's  cattle,  Job 
i.  15.  and  to  whom  the  Jews  fo|d  the 
Tyrian  flaves  which  they  bought  from 
iyiexander's  troops,  Joel  iii.  8.  They 
were  conquered  by  Cyrus,   If.  xlv.  14. 

SHEBA,  the  fon  of  Bichri,  who 
decoyed  eleven  of  the  Hebrew  tribes 
into  a  revolt  from  King  David  imme- 
diately after  the  death  of  Abfalom  ;  but 
Joab  following  him  at  the  heels  with 
an  army,  his  partisans  were  foon  fcat- 
tered,  and  the  inhabitants  of  Abebbeth- 
maachah,  whither  he  fled,  cut  off  his 
head,  and  delivered  it  to  Joab,  who 
thereon  raifed  his^  fiege  of  the  place, 
2  Sam.  XX. 

SHEBA,  the  name  of  a  well  or 
city,  is  the.  fame  as  Beerfheba,  Gen. 
xxvi.  33.  Jofli.  xix.  2.  where  the  text 
fhould  be  read  Beerjhehay  or  Sheha^  and 
then  we  have  juft  1 3  cities,  as  is  faid 
ver.  6. 

SHEBAM.     See  Sibntah. 

SHEBARIM,  a  place  near  Ai, 
Jofh.  vli.  5. 

SHEBNAH,  a  treafurer  and  fecre- 
tary  to  King  Hezekiah.  He  was  one 
of  thofe,  who,  along  with  Ehakim, 
were  feat  to  hear  Sennacherib's  propo- 
fals.  He  was  extremely  proud,  aife'5l- 
ing  the  moft  fumptuous  buildings.  He 
had  prepared  himielf  a  magnificent  fe- 
piilchre,  but  being  carried  into  capti- 
vity, either  by  Sennacherib  or  by  Efar- 
haddon,  he  died  in  a  miferable  exile, 
2  Kings  xviii.  18.   If.  xxii.  15. — 20. 

SHECHEM,  SlCHEM,orSYCHEM, 

a    fon   of  H.\mor   the    Canaanite,  and 
prince  of  Shechem,  Sychem,  or  Sychar, 

who. 


SHE  [     409  -1 

who,  hj  defilinop  of  Dinah  the  daugh-  brutes, 
ter  of  Jacob,  and  in  order  to  have  her 
in  man-iage,  confenting  that  he  and  all 
the  males  of  his  city  fhoiild  be  circum- 
cifed,  occafioned  the  death  of  himfclf, 
bis  father,  and  all  the  inhabitants  of 
the  city,  Gen.  xxxiv.  See  Jacob. 
The  city  called  by  his  name  Hood  on 
mount  Ephraim,  about  10  miles  north 
from  Shiloh,  and  30,  or  rather,  ac- 
cording to  Reliind,  35  north  of  Jeru- 
falem.  Near  this  place  Jacob  bought 
a  piece  of  ground,  and  had  it  after- 
wards to  recover  by  foice  from  the 
Canaanitts.  This  lie  bequeathed  to 
Jofeph,  who  was  long  after  buried  in 
it,  Gen.  xxxiii.  19.  xlix.  22.  Atls  vii. 
16.  Jofli.  xxiv.  32.  It  fell  to  the  tribe 
of  Ephraim,  and  was  given  to  the  Le- 
vites,  and  was  a  city  of  refuge  ;  and 
here  Jofluia,  juft  before  his  death,  con- 
vened the  Hebrews  to  give  them  a  fo- 
lemn  charge,  Jofh.  xx.  7.  xxiv.  The 
inhabitants  hereof,  along  with  the  fa- 
mily of  Millo,  fet  up  Abimelech  the 
baftard  of  Gideon  for  king  ;  but  in  a- 
bout  three  years  after,  jie  rewarded 
them  with  the  murder  of  tlie  inhabi- 
tants, and  the  total  ruin  of  their  city, 
Judg.  ix.  It  was,  however,  rebui/'  ; 
and  here  Rehoboam  was  rejefted,  and 
Jeroboam  was  made  king  of  the  ten 
tribes.  He  further  repaired  it,  and, 
it  feems,  made  it  his  capital  for  a  time, 
I  Kings  xii.  i. — 25.  Long  after,  the 
Samaritans  made  it  their  capital,  and 
on  account  of  their  drimlennefsf  it  was 
called  Sychar.  'About  J.  M.  3870, 
Hircanus  king  of  the  Jews  took,  and 
pillaged  and  razed  it.  It  was  rebuilt  by 
Vefpafian  about  40  years  after  Chrift's 
death,  and  called  Flavia  and  Neapolis, 
or  the  new  city.  At  prefent  it  is  call- 
ed Naploufe,  and  is  the  capital  of  a 
fmall  government  under  the  Turks  ; 
and  here  the  remaining  Samaritans 
chiefly  refide.  Near  to  this  place  was 
Jacob's  well,  where  our  Saviour  con- 
verted the  harlot,  and  over  which  fu- 
perftition  erefted  a  church,  that  was 
ilanding  abqut  900  years  ago,  John  iv. 

SHED.     See  POUR. 

SHEEP  ;   a  moft  cleanly,  patient, 
harmlefs,  ufeful,  and  exDofed  kind  of 

Vol.  IL 


SHE 

Anciently  the  great  wealth, 
even  of  kings  and  princes,  lay  in  fhcep, 
goats,  &c.  2  Kings  iii.  4.  And  it  ftill 
doth,  among  tke  Turkmans,  Arabs^ 
and  others.  Chardin  fays,  that  he  faw 
a  clan  of  Turkmans  near  Aleppo,  which 
had  400,000  camels,  horfes,  affes,  oxen, 
and  cows,  and  3,000,000  of  (heep  and 
goats  with  them.  Their  two  once  pow- 
erful families  had  their  names  from  the 
ivhhe  or  Unci  colour  of  their  prodigious 
flocks  of  fheep.  It  feems,  that  when 
the  original  familv  divided  their  flock, 
one  had  taken  all  the  white,  and  the 
other  all  the  black  (heep,  even  as  Jacob 
took  the  brown  among  the  fheep  for 
his  fhare  of  wages.  In  fom.e  countries, 
their  tails  are  faid  to  be  very  large,  and 
all  covered  with  fat.  In  Madagafcar, 
thefe  tails  fometimes  weigh  about  \S 
pounds.  In  Arabia  and  Syria,  fome 
of  them  are  three  cubits  lonjr,  and 
weigh  about  25  or  30  pounds  ;  and,  it 
is  faid,  have  little  boards  below  them, 
left,  by  trailing  along  the  ground,  they 
fhould  become  ulcerated.  Kinfon  fays, 
there  are  fome  in  Tartary,  whofe  tails 
weigh  80  pounds  :  but  I  can  hardly- 
believe  all  this.  Rams  are  the  uncaf- 
trated  he-fheep,  which  are  flrong,  and 
violent  fighters.  TnMefopotamia,  Italy, 
&c.  the  ewes  bring  forth  their  lambs 
twice  a-year.  All  tlie  flieep  offered  \\\ 
the  ancient  facrifices  reprefented  Chrifl. 
He  and  his  people  are  likened  to Jheep 
and  lambs,  to  mark  their  innocence, 
patience,  harmleffnefs,  ufefulnefs,  and 
expofure  to  manifold  troubles  and  ene- 
mies,, If.  liii.  7.  John  x.  i. — 26. -xxi. 
f  5. — 17.  Chriil  i:;  God's  Lamh,  whom 
he  provided,  and  the  facrihce  of  whom 
fully  fatisfied  his  offended  juftice,  John 
i.  29.  Men  in  general  are  compared 
to  fheep  and  lamhs,  to  denote  tlieir  flu- 
pidity,  their  weakncfs,  expofure  to  dan- 
ger, and  need  of  government,  i  Kings 
xxii.  17.  Hof.  iv.  16.  If.  Ix.  7.  ;  or 
for  their  innocency  a^id  harmleffnefs  as 
to  a  particular  fin,  2  Sam.  xxiv.  17. 
Sinners  are  likened  to  Jljecp,  to  mark 
their  unthoughtfulnefs,  their  readinefs 
to  wander,  their  expofure  to  ruin,  their 
inability  to  defend  or  recover  themfelves, 
?ind  their  need  to  be  faved,  led,  and 
3   F  nei^vidicti 


SHE  [41 

jiourifhed  by  Jefus  the  great  Shepherd, 
Pfal.  xhx.  14.  If.  liii.  6.  i  Pet.  ii.  25. 
Xiuke  XV.  4. — 6.  The  r^/nj,  goatsy  and 
lambs,  denote  the  various  clafl'es  of  peo- 
ple %i  a  country  ;  great  and  powerful, 
or  poor  and  weak,  and  lets  or  more 
innocent,  If.  xxxiv.  6.  7.  Ix.  7.  Ezek. 
xxxiv.  17.  xxxix.  18.  Darius,  and 
his  two  kingdoms  of  Perfr:  nnd  Media, 
are  likened  to  a  tivo-horrud  ram,  pufh- 
ing  its  conquefts  northward,  weftward, 
and  fouthward,  but  deftroyed  by  the 
Greeks,  Dan.  viii.  3. — 7.  Wives  are 
likened  to  lambs,  becaufe  pleafant,  come- 
Jy,  and  tradable,  2  Sam. -xii.  3.  4.. 
Antichrift  is  likened  to  a  Iamb  luitJ)  tivo 
horns  ;  he  ufurps  the  place  of  Chriil 
our  great  fficrifice  ;  he  pretends  to  great 
humility,  holinefs,  and  ufefulnefs,  and 
claims  a  twofold  power,  civil  and  eccle- 
liafHc,   Rev.  xiii.  11. 

Battering-rams  were  inftruments  of 
war,  anciently  ufed  for  making  breach- 
es in  walls.  They  were  huge  beams 
hke  the  malls  of  fiiips,  caped  with  an 
iron  head,  fomewhat  like  a  ram*s.  Be- 
ing hung  by  ropes  to  another  crofs- 
beam  fupported  on  poles,  and  equally 
balanced,  a  number  of  men  thruil  it 
backward  and  forward,  and  fo  beat  the 
wall  with  its  iron  head,  till  they  made 
a  breach  \x\  it.  The  workers  of  the 
ram  were  meanwhile  covered  with  a- 
vinea,  to  prote6l  them  from  the  arrows 
of  the  befieged,  or  the  Hones  thrown 
by  them.  They  afterwards  had  bat- 
tering-rams that  run  on  wheels.  Whe- 
ther thefe  rams  were  invented  by  Epseus 
the  Greek  at  the  £itgQ.  of  Troy,  or  by 
the  Carthaginians  at  the  fiege  of  Cadiz, 
ive  know  not.  It  is  certain  that  no 
author  before  Ezeklel  mentions  them, 
Ezek.  iv.  2.  xxi.  22. 

SHEET.  Probably  the  Jews  ufed 
linen- fheets  in  the  fame  manner  our 
country  people  do  plaids  and  mads, 
Jiidg.  xiv.  12.  13.  Markxiv.  15.  The 
fheet  full  of  all  kinds  of  bealls,  thrice 
let  down  from  heaven,  and  then  taken 
up  for  good  and  all,  which  Peter  faw 
in  his  vifion,  might  reprefent  the  Chri- 
^ian  church  as  conftituted  of  all  nations, 
Jews  and  Gentiles,  thrice  eminently 
enlarged;  in  the  apollohc  age,  in  Con- 


o    ]         SHE 

ftantine's  time,  and  then  in  the  Mill eir-' 
nium,  and  at  laft  received  up  into  hea- 
ven, Acls  X.  II. — 16. 

SHEKEL  ;  a  weight  among  the 
Hebrev.'s,  but  its  precife  heavinefs  if 
not  agreed  on  ;  and  fo  fome  make  its 
value  in  filver  to  be  half-a-crown,  otherB 
three  fliiUings  ;  But  we,  with  Dr  Ar- 
buthnot,  -reckon  it  in  weight  nine  pen- 
ny-weight and  twenty-four  grains  Troy ; 
and  its  value  in  hlver  two  fhillings  three 
pence  and  one  and  an  half  farthing  ;  and 
in  gold  one  pound  fixteen  fliillings  and 
fixpence. 

SHEM,  or  Sf.m,  the  fecond  fon  of 
Noah,  born  Jl.  M.  1558,  To  reward 
his  filial  c'uty,  \n  allilling"  his  brother 
Japheth  in  the  covering  of  his  father's  ■ 
nakednefs,  he  had  his  father's  fignal 
bkfling,  which  imported,  that  in  hi« 
poiterity  the  church  of  God  fhould 
long  remain,  and  Canaan  fhould  be  hip 
fervant  ;  but  at  laft  the  pofterity  of 
Japheth  fhould  dwell  in  his  tents.  By 
his  fons  Elam,  Ashijr,  Arphaxad. 
LuD,  and  Aram,  he  peopled  moil  of 
the  fouth  po'.t  of  Afia,  and  the  iiles 
adjacent.  In  Shem's  pofterity,  efpc- 
eially  the  Hebrew  nation,  the  church 
almoft  wholly  continued  for  about  2000 
years  before  Chrift  ;  fince  which,  mul- 
titudes of  the  pofterity  of  Japheth  are 
entered  into  it.  See  Canaan,  and  Ja- 
FHETH.  Perhaps  Shem  was  the  Pluto 
or  Typhon  of  the  Heathen  ;  and  from 
him  tfie  city  Zama,  neai-  the  head  of 
the  Tigris,  feems  to  have  had  its  name. 

SHEMAIAH.  Ste  Rehoboam, 
Jeremiah,  Ne  he  mi  ah.  There  are 
about  18  of  this  name  in  fcripture. 

SHEMINITH;  a  mufical  inftru- 
ment  of  eight  ft  rings  ;  but  others  thiuk 
it  was  a  certain  mufical  air,  Pfal.  vi.  xii. 
title,    I  Chron.  xxv.  21. 

SHEPHAM,  a  city  on  thefouth 
of  Syria,  perhaps  the  fame  as  Apamea, 
Numb,  xxxiv.  10.  II. 

SHEPHERD.     See  pastor, 

SHERIFF.  We  cannot  fay  that 
the  TiPTAVE  had  the  fame  kind  of  pow- 
er in  the  Chaldean  kingdom  that  our 
fherifPs  have,  Dan.  iii.  2. 

SHESHACH  ;  a  name  given  to 
Babylon.   Jt  was  probably  derived  from 

one- 


S  H  E 


r     4"     1 


'S  HI 


«ne  of  their  idols,  which  might  be  the 
fame  as  the  moon,  and  to  which  they 
obferved  their  Sacxan  feafts,  much  in 
the  manner  of  the  Roman  Saturnah'a, 
in  revelh'ng,  drunkennefs,  and  all  man- 
ner of  deba,uclicry,  Jtr.  XXV.  26.  li.  41. 
SHE8Hr>AZZAR.     See  Zerub- 

BABEL. 

SHETHAR-BOZNAI.     See  Sa- 

MARITANS. 

S 11 E  W, ;  ( I . )  To  make  known  ; 
to  fct  a  thing  as  before  one's  eyes, 
Exod.  ix.  16.  (2.)  To  bellow;  ef- 
'fe(il  towards,  Pfal.  cxii.  ^.  A  shew 
is  an  appearance,: Pfal.  xxxix;  6.  Chriil 
made  lij/jtou  of  prindpalitu's  and poivers 
openly  on  his  crofs. :  he  openly  triumph- 
ed over  evil -fpirits,  as  conquered  by 
him,  even  as  conquerors  did  over  thofe 
they  had  conquered,  leading  them  a- 
long  by  their  , chariot,  CoL  ii.  15. 
To  make  ajd'trjheivinthejleft,  is  to 
make  a  fp^cious  appearance  in  oppofmg 
the  truth,  and,  in  ooriformity  to  the 
Jews,  in  order -to  avoid  perfecution, 
Gal.  vi.  12. 

SHIBBOLETH.     SeeEpHRAiM. 

SHIELD.     See  BUCKLER. 

SHIGGAION,  or  Shiggionoth, 
either  denotes  a  mufical  inftrument,  or 
•a  tune,  whofe  notes  were  exceedingly 
diverfilied,  and  perhaps  alfo,  that  thefe 
fongs  varied  in  their  matter  from  one 
oppofite  to  another  ;  as  from  deep 
forrow,  to  exultation  and  triumph,  Pfal, 
vii.  title.   Hab.  iii.  J. 

SHIHON,  or  Seoim  ;  a  city  of  the 
tribe  of  Iffachar,  near  the  foot  of  mount 
Tabor  ;  and  which  v/as  of  fume  i^.ute 
about  Jl.  I).  330. 

SHH^OAH,  or  Siloam,  isfaidto 
have  been  the  fame  as  the  Gihon,  and 
to  have  had  its  fpring  on  the  well  of 
the  city.  It  is  faid  to  have  had  two 
pools  ■;  the  pool  of  Siloam,  near  the 
ibuth-cafl  of  the  temple,  and  the  pool 
of  Shelah  or  Siloah,  fomewhere  to  the 
weft  ward,  Neh.  iii.  15.  Sometimes  the 
flream  of  Shiloah  is  faid  to  be  on  the 
fouth  of  the  city,  and  yet  in  the  Tal- 
mud mention  is  made  of  Shiloah  in  the 
midft  of  the  city.  I  am  apt  to  think 
that  the  water  that  came  from  fountains 
near  the  fame  place  for  ordinary  ran 


partly  through  the  city  eaftward,  artd 
partly  along  the  fouth  fide  of  it,  and 
met  near  the  pool  of  Siloam,  where 
our  Saviour  healed  tlic  blind  man,  Joha 
ix.  The  family  of  David  in  their  weak 
condition,  and  Jefus  in  his  humiliation, 
and  his  Spirit  and  grace,  are  likened 
to  the  foft-ilowing  v/aters  of  Siloah, 
If.  viii.  6.   Pfal.  xlvi.  4. 

SHILOH;  I.  A  name  of  the  Mef- 
fiah.  Some,  by  a  millake  of  the  la{t 
letter,  render  kfent.  Some  render  it 
his  fan  ;  others,  he  to  ivhom  ity  viz.  the 
kingdom,  belongs.  Le  Clerk  fooliihly 
enough  renders  it  tU  end  \  and  makes 
the  paffage  run  thus:  *'  The  fceptre 
Jhall  not  depart  from  Judah — tUl  the  end 
"**  of  it  come,'*  i.  e.  it  (hall  not  depart 
till  it  depart.  Gouffet  explains  it  of 
the  Meffiah,  as  a  luearied  Jiifferer.  But 
as  the  word  comes  from  Sh  alah,  which, 
iignifies  quietnefs.  Job  iii.  26.  and  prof- 
perity,  Pfal.  cxxii.  6.  7.  it  is  mofl: 
properly  rendered,  Theprofperoiis  Author 
offahation  arid  rejl :  and  the  whole  text 
might  run  thus.  The  power  of  govern- 
7nent  Jljall  not  depart  from  jfudahy  nor  a 
judge  from  among  his  defendants  t  till  the 
profperous  Saviour  come,  and  to  him  the 
gathering  and  obedience  of  the  Xjentiles  bcy 
Gen.  xlix.  10.  The  accomphfhment 
of  this  predi6lion  is  evident.  Nothing 
is  more  plain,  than  that  the  offspring 
of  Judah  preferved  their  diftinft  exift- 
ence  as  a  tribe,  together  with  ^  power 
of  government  and  judging  of  caufes, 
till  Jefus  came  in  the  flefh.  The  tribe 
of  Judah  were  moft  numerous  when 
they  came  out  of  Egypt ;  they  led  the 
van  in  the  wlldernefs ;  they  were  di- 
vinely ordered  to  make  the  firft  attack 
on  the  remaining  Canaanites,  Judg.  i, 
I.  2.  ;  and  againfl  the  Benjamites  at 
Gibeah,  Judg.  xx.  18.  Othniel,  the 
firft  of  the  judges,  was  of  this  tribe, 
Judg.  iii.  9.  Long  the  family  of  Da- 
vid, who  belonged  to  this  tribe,  had 
the  royal  power.  Even  under  the 
Chaldeans  and  Pcrfians,  Jehoiakin,  Ze- 
rubbabel,  and  Nehemiah,  all  of  this 
tribe,  held  a  fuperiority  ;  2  Kings  xxv. 
Ezra  i. — vi.  Neh.  i. — xiii.  For  a- 
bout  160  years  before  Chrift,  the  Mac- 
cabean  prielle,  and  the  family  of  He- 
3  F  2  rod^ 


SHI         [41 

rod,  rilled  over  the  Jews,  both  of 
which  were  in  a  manner  incorporated 
■with  the  tribe  of  Judah  ;  and  befides, 
the  fanhedriai  of  Jewifh  elders  had 
much  power  in  their  hand.— ^Not  long 
after  our  Saviour^s  incarnation,  Judea  . 
was  reduced  to  a  Roman  province. 
Not  long  had  the  Gentiles  begun  to 
gather  to,  and  obey  him,  when  the 
Jewifh  church  and  ftate  were  quite 
overturned,  and  the  diftindion  of  tribes 
for  ever  finidied,  the  genealogies  being 
loft.  It  is  true,  they  pretend  fince  to 
have  had  heads  of  their  captivity  ;  but 
where  is  their  evidence  !  or  where  is 
the  nation  wherein  they  have  authority 
from  their  tyrannic  mailers,  to  judge 
and  determine  in  any  important  point  ? 
If  they  cannot  produce  tokens  of  power 
for  1 700  years  paft,  the  Meffiah  muft 
certainly  be  come,  and  Jefus  of  Naza- 
reth be  the  perfon. 

2.  Shiloh  ;  a  famous  city  of  the 
tribe  of  Ephraim,  abo^t  10  miks  fouth 
of  Shechem,  and  25  north  of  Jerufalem. 
Here  Jofliua  divided  the  Weflern  Ca- 
naan to  the  nine  tribes  and  a  half  ;  and 
here  he  fi\ed  the  tabernacle  of  God  ; 
and  here  it  continued  about  310  years, 
if  not  350.  After  the  Phxliftines  car- 
ried off  the  ark,  it  was  nevier  returned 
to  Shiloh  ;  and  the  plaqe  gradually 
dwindled  away,  till  its  ruinous  con- 
dition became  a  proverb,  and  a  pattern 
of  defolation,  Jofh.  xviii.  Pfal,  Ixxviii. 
60.  Jer.  vii,  12.  14,  xxvi.  6.  9.  The 
inhabitants  of  it  are  perhaps  called 
Shilonites,  I  Chron.  ix.  5.  At  leafl 
Ah ij ah  the  prophet  was  one,  L  Kings 
xiv.  2.  So  many  of  their  daughters, 
as  they  danced  in  their  vineyards,  were 
feized  by  the  remaining  20Q  men  of 
the  Benjamites,  Judg.  xxi. 

SHIMEI,  the  fonofGer^,  a  Ben- 
jamitCj  and  a  kinfrnan  of  Saul.  When 
David,  in  a  moft  mournful  condition, 
fled  from  Jerufalem  for  fear  of  Abfa- 
lom,  Shimei  met  him  at  Bahurim,  and 
bitterly  curfed  him  as  a  murderer  and 
vi'icked  monfter,  and  threw  ftones  at 
him.  David  would  not  fuffer  him  to 
be  killed  for  his  infolence.  After  Ab- 
falom's  death,  Shimei,  with  1000  men 
of  his  tribe,  came  with  the  hrft,  par- 
ticularly of  the  three  tribes  of  the  camp 


2     1  SHI 

of  Ephraim,  to  welcome  David  Home 
to  his  capital.  He  confefTed  his  crime, 
and  begged  forgivenefs.  Notwith- 
ftanding  of  Abilhai's  pleading,  David 
gave  Shimei  his  oath,  that  he  would 
fpare  his  life,  and  never  put  him  to 
death  :  2  Sam.  xvi.  5. — 11.  xix.  16. — 
23.  But  as  it  v/ds  dangerous  to  let 
fuch  an  afTront  of  royal  majefty  go  un- 
puniihed,  David,  on  his  death-bed, 
charged  Solomon  to  refcnt  it  as  he 
thought  proper.  In  full  confillency 
with  his  father's  oath,  Solomon  order- 
ed Shimei,  under  pain  of  dt^ath,  not  to 
go  without  the  limits  of  Jerufalem. 
Shimei  was  content  with  the  relhitilion. 
About  three  years  after,  fome  of  his 
flaves  fled  off  and  took  ftielter  with 
Achifh  king  of  Gath.  Informed  here- 
of, Shimei  went  after  them,  and 
brought  them  back  to  Jerufalem.  So- 
lomon having  heard  of  it,  called  Shi- 
mei before  him,  and  after  convicting 
him  of  his  wickednefs,  ordered  Benaiah 
to  difpatch  him  with  his  fv/ord,  i  Kings 
ii.  36 — 46. 

SHINAR  ;  the  province  of  Baby- 
lon, where  the  famed  tower  was  built.  It 
was  probably  fo  called,  becaufe  thence 
the  Lord  /hook  out,  or  difperfed  the 
nations.  Gen.  xi.  2.  Dan.  i.  2.  In 
this  country^,  we  find  the  mountains 
Zagrxi,  or  Singares,  and  the  city  and 
river  of  Singara.  Shinar  may  not  only 
mean  Babylonia;  but  the  whole  coun- 
tries whither  the  Jews  have  been  for 
many  ages  difperfed,  and  whence  they 
fhali  be  brought  back  at  laft,  Zech.  v 
II-     If.  xi.  II. 

SHINE  ;  to  appear  bright  as  the 
fun  in  a  clear  day,  Job  xxxi.  26.  God 
Jhin^s  forth,  v^hen  he  manifefts  his  glo- 
rious excellencies  and  confers  his  fa- 
vours, Pfal.  1.  2,  Ixxx.  I,  cxix.  135. 
His  gofpel  or  truths  [h'me^  when  they 
are  clearly  publiftied  and  powerfully  ap- 
phed,  If.  ix.  2.  2  Pet.  i.  19.  Mtnjhincy 
when  they  appear  clearly  to  be  found 
in  doilrinc,  bolyin  prattice,  and  abound 
iii  outward  honour  and  power,  Matth. 
v.  15.  16.  Job  xi.  17.  Dan.  xii.  3. 
The  light  or  candle  of  profperity^j/W 
on  men,  when  they  enjoy  much  of  it, 
Job  xxii.  ?8.  xxix,  3- 

SHIPHRA 


S  H  I 

SHIPHRA  and  PIT  AH 

noted  midwives  in  the  land  of  Goilien  ; 
but  whether  they,  were  Hebrews  or 
Egyptians,  we  know  not.  To  prevent 
the  increale  of  the  Ifraeh'tes,  Pharaoh 
fent  for  .them,  and  cliargcd  them  to 
ilifle  in  the  birth  all  the  Hebrew  male 
children.  They  neglected  to  obey  his 
orders.  He  fent  for  them  again,  and 
CKpollulated  with  them.  They  told 
him,  that  the  Hebrevv  women  were - 
not  like  the  Egyptians,  but  could,  and 
oft  did  bring  forlh  theii  infants  without 
help  of  midwives.  Poihbly  thifre  might 
be  a  great  deal  of  truth  in  this.  But 
whatever  falfehood  was  in  their  Tpeech, 
God  did  not  reward  it  ;  but  he  re- 
warded their  fear  of  him,  and  their 
love  to  the  Hebrews,  and  he  built  them 
houfes,  that  is,  he  rewarded  them  with 
numerous  and  profperous  famiiies.  Cal- 
met  thinks,  it  was  not  the  houfes  of 
the  midwives,  but  of  the  Hebrews, 
that  God  built  up,  Exod.  i.  15. — 19. 
SHIPS.'  Probably  Noah's  ark  gave 
the  hrft  origin  to  (hipping.  The  tribes 
of  Zebulun  and  Dan  appear  to  have 
€arly  begun  a  fea-trade,  Gen.  xlix.  13. 
Judg.  V.  17.  Solomon,  and  after  him 
Jehoihaphat,  fet  on  foot  a  confiderable 
trade  by  fhipping,  i  Kings  x.  xxii. 
The  Trojans  were  early  powerful  at 
fea  ;  but  the  Tyrians  and  Sidonians  for 
many  ages  were  much  more  fo.  Nor 
were  their  colony  at  Carthage  inferior 
in  fhipping.  The  Greeks,  both  in  A- 
ila  and  Europe,  were  alfo  in  their  turn 
famous  by  fea  ;  particularly  thofe  of 
Miletus,  Rhodes,  Athens,  Sicily  ;  and 
the  Alexandrians  in  Egypt.  After 
the  Saracens  had  ruined  the  Grecian 
•fea-trade,  the  Venetians,  Pifans,  and 
Genoefe  in  Italy,  became  famous  in 
that  way.  About  280  years  ago,  the 
Spani.irds  and  Portuguefe,  by  pufliing 
their  African,  Indian,  and  American 
difcoveries,  engroifed  much  of  the  fea- 
trade  :  but  at  prefent  the  Englifh  and 
Dutch  cut  the  greateil  figure  at 
fea.  Some  of  the  ancient  fhips  were 
enormoufly  big.  Ptolemy  Philadelphus 
king  of  Egypt,  had  one  of  a  llupen- 
dous  magnitude  and  form  prefentcd  to 
him  by  Hiero  king  of  Syracufe.     Pto- 


king   was 
rulers 


[    41:5    1         SHI 

were  two  lemy  Philopater  had  one  of  280  cubitd 
long,  38  broad,  and  48  high,  and  ca- 
pable to  flow  3800  men.  Ships  of  Tar-- 
fi'ijh^  are  put  for  the  merchants  and  ma- 
riners concerned  in  them,  Ifa.  xxiii. 
14.  ;  and  for  the  glory  and  ftrength  of 
God's  enemies,  Ifa.  ii.  1 6.  Pfal.  xlviii. 
y.  The  Chaldeans  cried  in  the  Jhips^ 
when  bufied  in  their  trade,  on  the  ri- 
ver Euphrates  ;  and  when  hailing  to 
flee  away  from  Cyrus,  as  he  took  the 
city,  ap.d  the  water  of  the  river  was 
diverted,  If.  xliii.  14.  The  church  is 
likened  to  a  to/f:'ci  lh;p,  to  denote  her 
troubled  and  unfettlecl  condition  in  thia 
world.  If.  liv.  II.  The  AfTyrian  king- 
dom is  likened  to  a  iliip,  whereof  the 
the  nui/l,  the  princes  and 
the  tacklirigSy  and  the  common 
people  and  anny  the  fail.  If.  xxxiii. 
2  2.  24.  The  third  part  ofjhips  defiroyed 
under  the  fecond  trumpet,  may  denote, 
the  fnips,  iflands,  and  maritime  citie* 
dfcftroyed  by  the  Goths  and  Huns,  a- 
bout  the  end  of  the  4tK,  and  beginning; 
of  the  5  th  century  of  Chriilianity  ;  and 
the  corruption  of  multitudes  of  ufeful 
minifters  in  the  church,  troubled  by 
the  Arians  and  other  heretics.  Rev. 
viii.  9.  Mens  hfe  is  likened  to  f'luifi 
Jlj'ips^  or  fhips  of  pleafure  ;,  how  quickly 
it  haflens  to  an  end  !  Job  ix.  26. 
Shipwreck,  is  the  Ixjfs  of  a  fhip  and 
its  loading,  by  iloi-ms,  rocks,  or  the 
like.  Men  make  [Ijipivrech  of  faith  and 
a  good  confcience,  when,  to  the  wound- 
ing of  their  confcience,  they  apoftatize 
from  the  love,  profefTion,  or  praftice 
of  divine  truths  which  they  once  be- 
lieved,   I  Tim.  i.  19. 

SHISHAK,  king  of  Egypt,  and, 
we  fuppofe,  brother-in-law  to  King 
Solomon.  We,  with  Sir  Ifaac  New- 
ton, believe  him  the  fame  as  Sefoftris, 
Piacclms,  Ofiris,  and  the  Egyptian 
Hercules,  and  perhaps  the  Belus  of 
the  Chaldeans,  and  Mars,  or  Mavor* 
of  the  Thracians.  Offended  with  So- 
lomon, perhaps  for  difhonouring  his 
filler,  by  his  infatiable  lull  after  new 
wives,  he  protected  Jeroboam,  when 
a  fugitive  in  Egypt.  After  enlarging 
his  kingdom  to  the  weft,  perhaps  to 
the  QQz?inj  he  turned  his  arms  again  ft 

Afia, 


SHI  [    414    1 

^fia,  wrth  1 200  chariots  of  war,  60,000     fiderable 
"horfemen,  and  an  innumerable  multi- 
tude of  Egyptians,  Lubims,  Lukiims, 
and  Cufhims  ;  he  invaded  the  kingdom 
ofjudah,  took  Jerufalem,  and  carried 
off  the   riches  of  the  palace  and   tem- 
ple :  but  he  does  not   appear  to  have 
diftrefled  the   kingdom   of  ifrael,  be- 
caufe   perhaps   Jeroboam  was   his  ally. 
After   ravaging   Afia,  from  the  north 
of  India  to  the   Black  fea,  he   crofTed 
•over  into  Greece,  and  was  there  rout- 
ed by   Perfeus  ;  or  perhaps  rather  ob- 
liged to  haften   home   to  chaftife  his 
brother  Danaus,  who  being  left  gover- 
nor of  Egypt  had  afTumed  the  royalty. 
On  his  return,  Danaus   was. forced  to 
^ee,  and   failed    to   Greece,    and  Avas 
-there  celebrated  by  the  names  of  Kfep- 
tune.    Python,    Typhon  ;  if  not   alfo 
Japetus.      In  his  arrogancy,  Shifhak  is 
"faid  to  have  caufed  his   captive  kings 
draw  his   chariot,  till  one  day  he  ob- 
ferved  one   of    threm   in   his   draught, 
keep  his  eye  (leadily  fixed  on  tJie  wheel; 
and  being  afked  the  reafon,  faid,  that 
be  took   the  turning  of  the   wheel  to 
fuggeft,  how  quickly  thofe  in  hicfh  fca- 


S  H  O 

time,  Numb.  xxv.  I,  Mic. 
vi.  5.  Jofh.  ii.  I.  In  Joel  iii.  1 8.  it 
may  reprefent  the  dry,  barren  Gentile 
world,  watered  by  the  word  and  Spi- 
rit of  Chrift. 

To  be  broken  to  SHIVERS,  or 
ver)'  fmall  pieces,  is  to  be  utterly  ruin- 
ed,  Rev.  ii.  27. 

SHOBACH,  or  Shophach.  Sec 
Hadadezer. 

SHOBI.     See  Nahash. 

SHOCK  ;  flieaves  of  corn  fet  up  in 
the  field  for  winnowing.  One  comes 
to  his  grave -as  Tijloock  of  corn,  in  his 
feafan,  when,  bei.ng  well  prepared  for 
death,  he  dies  iar  a  good  old  age,  Job 
V.  26. 

SHOE.  Among  the  Hebrews 
flaves  went  barefooted  i  others  gene- 
rally had  their  feet  and  legs  covered 
when  they  went  abroad  ;  and  their 
women  of  quality  had  thefe  parts  co- 
vered with  materials  veiy  rich  and  beau- 
tiful, Song  vii.  I.  Ezek.  xvi.  10.; 
but  it  fcems  their  fhoes  were  ordinarily 
of  no  great  value,  and  fo  a  pair  offices 
denote  a  very  incon fiderable  bribe, 
Amos   ii.  6.      Probably   their   foldiers 


tion  would  be   brought  low,  and  thofe    -ohtw  were fijoes  of  iron  ?i.\\dt.  brafs  ;   and 

to  this  day,  many  of  the  eaftern  peo- 
ple wear  iron  plates  on  the  heejs  and 
the  fore-fole  of  their  flioes;  but  Afhei'^^ 


in  low  ftations  be  exalted.  This  fpeech 
affeded  Shifhak,  and  indeed  was  veri- 
fied in  his  cafe  ;  for  not  long  after  his 
death,  his  empire  fell  to  pieces,  and 
the  Ethiopians  or  Cufhims  were  m^f- 
ters  of  Egypt,  2  Chron.  xii.  i  Kings 
xiv. 

SHITTIM-WOOD;  a  kind  of 
timber  very  valuable,  and  much  ufed 
by  Mofes  in  the  formation  of  the  taber- 
nacle and  its  furniture.  Jerome  repre- 
fents  it  as  fmiiiar  to  the  white  thorn. 
It  is  moil  like  to  have  been  the  black 
Acacia^  which  is  faid  to  be  the  only 
tree  that  grows  in  the  Arabian  defert. 
Its  wood  is  fmooth,  beautiful,  tough, 
hard,  and  almoil  incorruptible.  As 
ufed  in  the  tabernacle,  it  might  denote 
the  excellency  and  durablenefs  of 
Chriil's  manhood,  and  the  ftrength  and 
beauty  of  his  true  faints.  It  was  pro- 
bably from  the  plenty  of  this  wood 
growing  there,  that  a  place  on  the  eaft 
of  Jordan  was  called  Shittim,  and 
^'iiere  the  Hebrews  encamped  a  con- 


fioes  being  of  iron  and  braf,  may  de- 
note the  abundance  of  thefe  metals  in 
their  territory,  and  their  llrength  to 
conquer  and  crufli  their  enemies,  Deut. 
xxxiii.  25.  The  Hebrews  eating  of 
the  firit  paffover  with  their  fioes  on^ 
loins  girded  J  and  fiaffin  their  hand,  im- 
ported that  they  were  immediately  af- 
ter to  begin  their  journey,  Exod.  xii. 
^11.  Putting  nff fioes,  imported  reverence 
of  the  prcfence  of  God,  Exod.  iii.  ^ 
Jofh.  V.  5.  Want  of  fioes,  imported 
mourning,  debafement,  and  flavery, 
2.  Sam.  XV.  30.  Ezek.  xxiv.  17.  If. 
XX.  2.  4.  The  plucking  ojf  a  fioe  and 
giving  it  to  anoiher,  imported  refignation 
of  right  to  him,  Ruth  iv.  7.  But  a 
widovv^'s  loofing  the  flioe  from  his  foot 
who  refufed  to  marry  her,  and  raife  up 
feed  to  his  deceafed  brother',  imported 
that  he  deferved  to  be  treated  as  a 
ilave,  and  bafe   perfon,  Deut,  xxv.  9. 

To 


S  H  O         [    41 

To  bear  or  unlooje  one's  Jhoesy  imports 
doing  him  the  meaneft  offices,  Matth. 
iii.  II.  Luke  iii»  16.  David  r^  his 
Jhoe  over  Edam,  when  he  took  poflef- 
fion  of  the  country,  and  ufed  the  peo- 
ple as  flaves,  Pfal.  Ix,  8.  cviii.  9.  The 
faints  have  their  feet  beaitt'iful  nv'ith  Jhoesy 
have  Jhoei  of  badgers  ikins,  and  are 
-Jhod  tv'tth  the  preparation  of  the  gofpel  of 
peace,  when  by  the  truths  of  the  gof* 
pel,  their  fouls  are  made  free,  are  ena- 
bled, and  difpofed  to,  and  ready  in  all 
holy  obedience.  Song  vii.  i.  Ezek. 
xvi.  10.   Eph.  vi.  15. 

SHOOT;  (i.)  To  move  quickly, 
Exod.  XXX vi.  33.  (2.)  To  launch  ar- 
rows from  a  bow,  2  Kings  xiii.  17. 
(3.)  To  fprout  ;  grow  up  as  corn^ 
Job  viii.  16.  If.  xxvii.  S.  God  /hoots 
at  men,  when  he  fuddenly  deftroys 
them,  Pfal.  cxhv.  6.  Ixiv.  7.  Men 
/hoot  at  th^  faints,  when  they  opprefs 
andperfecutethem,  Pfal.  xi.2.  Ixiv.  3.4. 

SHOPMAN  or  Zaphon,  a  city  of 
the  Gadites,  a  little  eallward  of  the 
lea  of  Tiberias,  Numb,  xxxii.  7^^.  Jofh. 
xiii.  27. 

SHORE  ;  the  bank  of  land  at  the 
iide  of  a  fea  or  river,  Matth.  xiii.  2. 

SHORT;  (i.)  Of  fmall  length 
and  duration,  Job  xx.  5.  Job's  light 
or  profperity  feemed  fhorf,  becaufe  of 
the  darknefs,  tlie  fore  trouble,  that 
followed  it.  Job  xvii.  12.  (2.)  Of 
fmall  power  and  ability,  .Numb.  xi.  23. 
Shortnefs  of  fpirit,  imports  grief;  vex- 
ation, Exod.  vi.  9.  To  come  Jhnrt,  is 
not  to  obtain,  Rom.  iii.  23.  To  cut 
JhoHy  is  to  defttoy  ;.confume,  2  Kings 
X.  32.  For  the  prcfervation  of  the 
eledl  among  and  in  the  loins  of  the 
Jews,  the  days  or  time  of  the  Rom^an 
ravages  WQVtJhortcned,  Matth.  xxiv.  22. 
The  feventh  head  of  the  Roman  govern- 
ment continued  but  for  a  Jhort  fpace. 
The  Chriftian  emperors  there  continu- 
ed but  about  16c  years,  till  A.  D, 
476.  The  kingdom  of  the  Oftrogoths 
contiaued  about  60  years,  till  553  : 
tjie  exarchs  of  Ravenna  continued  a- 
Kout  160  years,  till  727,  when  the 
city  fell  under  the  power  of  the  Pope, 
Rev.  xvii.  10. 

SHOULDER;     (i.)  A  part  of 


^  S  H  IT 

the  animal  body  fit  for  bearing  of  bnr«  • 
dens.      Hence  burdens  on  the  fjjotdder^ 
import  labour,    fervitude,    oppreflion,.. 
Gen.  xlix.  15,    If.  ix.  4.    x.  27.   Pfal, 
Ixxxi.  6.     To  ferve  with  one  Jhonlikr^ 
is  to   do  it  with  one  confent,  Zeph. 
iii.  9.      To  pxdl  aivay   the  f?ouldery  is 
rebellioufly  to  rcfufe  fubjedion  to  God's 
law,  as  an  unruly  beall  refufes  to  dravr 
in  a  yoke,  Neh.  ix.  27.   Zech.  vii.  11^, 
To  be   carried  on  the  JhouhJer,   is  to  be 
carried  honourably,  as    royal   perfons. 
If.  xhx.  22.     (2.)   Ability  to  execute 
an  office.  The  government  is  on  ChriftV- 
/houlder;  the  whole  care  and  rule  of  the 
church  is  committed  to  his  power,  and 
wifdom,  and  love,  •  If.  ix.  6.     As  bad-  - 
ges  of  honour  and  rule  were  worn  on  the 
Jhoulders,  keys  on  the  (houlder  denote 
the  power  of  government,  Job  xxxi.  36*  - 
If.   xxii.  22.      (3.)   The  border   of  a 
country,  as  perhaps,  If.  xi.  14.     God 
dwelt  between  Benjamin's  //oz/Mtj',  as 
his   temple  flood  on   Moriah,  in  their 
border,  Deut.  xxxiii.  12. 

SHOUT;  a  great  noife  of  alarm, 
I  ThefT.  iv.  16.  ;  or  of  joy  and  tri- 
umph, Exod.  xxxii.  18.  Pfal.  xlvii.  • 
or  of  lamentation  and  earneft  prayer. 
Lam.  iii.  8.  ;  of  encouragement  and 
excitem.ent,  i  Sam.  xvii,  20.  ;  of  ter- 
ror, given  to  affright  an  enemy,  Jer.. 
1.  15.  li.  14. ;  or  of  applaufe,  i  Sam. 
X.  24.  A£is  xii.  12. 

SHOWER.     See  rain. 

SHRED  ;  to  cut  in  pieces,  and 
call  into  a  pot,   i  Kings  iv.'  39. 

SHRINES  ;  either  fmall  forms  of 
the  temple  of  Ephefus,  with  Diana's 
image  in  them  ;  or  medals  with  the  fi- 
gure of  the  tem^ple  impreffed  thereon « 
A6ls  xix.  24. 

SHROUD;  a    covering;    top;  a- 
grove,   Ezek.  xxxi.  3. 

SHRUB  ;  fuch  wood  as  grows,  or 
is    grown    but    to  "a    fmall  height,  ae- 
bufhes. 

SHULAMITE  ;  a  name  given  to 
the  church,  to  denote  that  fhe  pertain- 
ed to  Jerufalem  ;  or  rather  was  reconcil- 
ed to  God,  peaceable  in  difpofition,  and 
made  perfetl  through  Jefus's  comelinefs 
put  upon  her,  Song  vi.  13. 

Th«i  family  of    the    S  H  U  M  A- 
THITES^ 


SHU  [    4 

TTHITES,  were  lb  called,  either  from 
•ne  Shumath  their  chief,  or  from  She- 
ma  a  city  of  Jiidah,    i  Chron.  if.  53. 

SHUNEM  ;  a  city  of  Iffachar,  a- 
bout  five  miles  foiith  of  Tabor,  JoHi. 
xix.  18.  Here,  in  a  great  plain,  the 
PhiHiliiies  army  encamped,  while  Saul's 
lay  at  Gilboa,  I  Sam.  xxvili.  4.  A- 
bifhag,  David's  concubine,  was  a  na- 
tive of  it,  I  Kings  i.  3.  Here  Ehfha 
was  kindly  entertained,  and  procured 
a  child  to  his  kind  hoilefs,  and  after- 
wards rellored  him  to  life,  2  Kings  iv. 
SeeEbisHA;  Jehoram. 

SHUR,  or  SuR  ;  a  city  of  Arabia, 
on  the  north-eail  fide  of  the  Red  fea, 
and  which  gave  name  to  the  adjacent 
part  of  the  defert,  w^hich  ccnfifted  of 
about  the  4th  part  of  the  wildernefs  of 
Etham,  Gen.  xvi.  7.  Exod.  xv.  22. 
It  appears  to  have  been  the  weft  bor- 
der of  the  Amalekites,  i  Sam.  xv.  7. 
xxvii.  8.  :  and  here  the  Suratte  of 
Ptolemy  flood. 

SHUSHAN,  or  SusA,  on  the  bank 
«f  the  river  Ulai,  and  the  capital  of 
Sufiana  or  Shufiftan  in  Perfia.  It 
feems  to  have  had  its  nam.e  from  the 
plenty  of  lilies  growing  about  it.  It 
is  faid  to  have  been  built  by  Memnon, 
a  little  before  the  Trojan  war.  It 
■was  the  winter-refidence  of  the  Perfian 
kings  from  the  time  of  Cyrus,  as  a 
high  ridge  of  mountains  flieitered  it 
from  the  north-eaft  wind :  but  the 
bright  fun  fo  fcorched  it  in  the  fum- 
mer,  that  the  inhabitants  were  obliged 
to  cover  their  houfes  with  earth  to  a- 
bout  the  depth  of  a  yard  ;  and  if  a  li- 
zard or  ferpent  crept  out  of  his  hole 
in  the  ftreets,  they  were  almoft  fure 
to  be  burnt  to  death.  Here  Daniel 
had  his  vlfion  of  the  ram  and  he-goat, 
Dan.  viii.  Darius  Hyilafpis,  or  Aha- 
fuerus,  exceedingly  adorned  this  place. 
From  hence  he  iffued  his  decree  for 
perfecting  the  rebuilding  of  the  tem- 
ple, in  gratitude  for  which,  the  Jews 
called  the  eaftern  gate  of  their  temple, 
the  gate  of  Shufhan,  and  had  a  kind 
i)f  refemblance  of  it  carved  thereon. 
Jiere  aUb  he  kept  his  fplendid  feaft, 
'fefth.  i.  vi.  When  Alexander  feized 
|his  city,  he  found  in   it  50,000  ta- 


16    ]         SHU 

lents  of  gold,  befides  jewels,  and  gold-^ 
en  and  filver  veflels,  to  an  immenfc 
value.  It  now,  and  I  fuppofe  for  al- 
moft I  TOO  years  back,  hes  in  ruins, 
and  Is  called  Valdak  :  but  Tavernier 
thinks  that  the  prefent  Shuftera  is 
built  near  to  the  fpot. 

SHUT  ;  to  clofe  up  ;  bar,  Judg. 
ix.  5.  To  fi^ut  out,  is  to  put  out  to 
another  place  ;  to  refufe  to  regard. 
Numb,  xii,  14.  Lam.  iii.  8.  To  fhut 
up  orjlout  in,  implies  imprifonment,  re- 
ftraint.  Job  xii.  .14.     Rev.  xx.  3.     To 

Jhut  the  rycj,  imports  a  difregarding  of 
means  of  convicllon,  Prov.  xvi.  30.  ; 
or  an  abhorrence.   If.  x     iii.  15.     To 

JJ:id  the  lips,  is  to  fpeak  fparingly, 
Prov.  xvli.  28.  To  JJmt  the  hand,  is 
to  deny  alms,  and  refufe  alhftance, 
Deut.  XV.  7.  To  he  Jhut  of  a  hand, 
is  to  be  lame  of  it,  Judg.  iii.  f  15. 
Tojtjut  up  mercies  and  bowels,  is  to 
fnew  no  pity,  fympathy,  or  help,  PfaL 
Ix.vvii.  9.  I  John  ill.  17.  To_/7^;// up 
a  vlfion  or  word,  is  to  conceal  it,  or 
the  meaning  thereof,  from  the  rfioft, 
Dan.  viii.  26.  xii.  4.  Heaven  hjhut 
up,  when  rain,  natural  or  fpiritual,  is 
denied,  i  Kings  viii.  35.  Rev.  xl.  6. 
ISlnnJhut  up  the  kingdom  of  heaven,  when 
they  miireprefent  the  true  method  of 
accefs  to  everlafting  happinefs,  and  hin- 
der and  difcourage  otliers  from  the  ufe 
of  proper  means  of  falvation,  Matth. 
xxiii.  13.  Men  are  JJ  ut  up  in  unbelief, 
when  God,  for  the  puniiliment  of  form- 
er fin,  juftly  gives  them  up  to  Satan 
and  their  owm  corrupt  lufts,  till  they 
be  further  fixed  in  their  difregard  of 
Chrift  and  his  Father,  Rom.  xi.  32. 
Men  2.xzjhut  up  to  the  faith,  w^hen  God's 
providences,  ordinances,  and  influen- 
ces, concur  to  promote  their  believing 
in  Jefus  as  the  only  Saviour,  GaL  lii- 
23.  The  doors  are  jhut  in  the  Jireeis, 
when  the  dying  man's  teeth  are  gone  ; 
or  he  can  icarce  open  his  lips  ;  or  when 
betwixt  his  death  and  interment,  bufi- 
nefs  in  the  houfe  is  flopped,  Eccl. 
xii.  4. 

SHUTTLE  ;  an  inftrument  ufed 
by  weavers,  for  intermingling  their 
woof  with  the  warp.  As  It  very  quick- 
ly moves  from  one  fide  of  the  web  to 

the 


SIB  [4 

tKe  otKer,  our  days  are  rcprefented  as 
f'tvifter  than   a   'Weaver's    Ihuttlcy  to  de- 
note the   fhortnefs   of  life,  and   quick 
motion  of  time,  Job  vii.  6. 

SIBMAH,  Shebmah,  or  Shebam; 
a  city  about  half  a  mile  from  PlelTi- 
bon.  The  very  bell  vin'es  g-rew  about 
?t,  If.  xvi.  8.  It  was  originally  the 
property  of  the  Moabite^  :  but  Sihon 
having  taken  it  from  them,  it  fell  to 
the  Reubenites  after  his  overthrow, 
Numb,  xxxif.  38.  Jo(h.  xiii.  19.  Du- 
ring the  decline  of  the  kingdom  of  If- 
rael,  the  Moabites  feized  on  it.  It 
was  deftroyed  or  pillaged  by  the  Afly- 
vians,  If.  Kvi.  8^. ;  and  afterwards  by 
the  Chaldeans,  Jer.  xlviii.  32. 

SIBRAIM;  a  city  on  the  north- 
('aft  of  Canaan,  between  Hamath  and 
Damafcus,  Ezek.  xlvii.  16. 

SICHEM,    Sychar.      See    She- 

CHEM. 

-  SICK.  A  body  is  fck,.  when  dif- 
<afed.  Gen.  xlviii.  i.  A  kingdom  or 
nation  is  JJcl',  when  corrupted  with  fm, 
and  opprefTed,  perplexed,  and  alraoft 
ruined,  If.  i.  15.  Mic.  vi.  13.  Hof. 
V.  13.  A  foul  hficki  when  .diftreffed 
with  trouble,  or  witb  the  want  of 
things  hoped  for,  Prov.  xiii.  12.  ; 
when  guilty  and  corrupted  with  fm, 
Matth.  ix.  12.  ;  when  pained  with  ar- 
dent love  to,  and  defire  after  tellow- 
fhip  with  Chrifl,  Song  v.  8.  ;  and  when 
overpowered  and  ravifhed  with  the 
iweet  enjoyment  of  Chriil  and  his  ful- 
«efs,   ?ong  ii.  5. 

SICKLE  ;  an  inflrument  for  cut- 
ting down  corn,  Deut.  xvi.  9.  God's 
judgements,  whereby  he  deftroys  Anti- 
chrift  and  other  nations,  are  likened  to 
it.   Rev.  xiv.  14. — 17.    Joei  iii.  13. 

SIDE  ;  (i.)  Out-part  of  a  thing, 
Jofh.  viii.  33.  (2.)  Party,  Exod.  xxxii. 
26.  (3.)  The  frontiers  of  a  country, 
or  gates  of  its  cities,  Ezek.  xxv.  9. 
To  know  the  fignification  of  the  phra- 
fes,  on  this  fide,  on  that  fids,  or  on  the 
other  fide y^  v.' t  muit  know  where  the 
fpeaker  or  writer  was  at  the  time  ; 
Mofes  being  on  the  eaft  of  Jordan, 
calls  the  eaft  fide  of  it,  en  this  fide , 
Numb,  xxxii.  19.  xxxv.  14.  In  Jo- 
fiiua,  Judges,    Samuel,    Ifaiah,  Chro- 

YOL.  II. 


12    1  S  I  G 

nicies,  nn  this  fide  of  Jordan,  denotes 
the  weft  fide,  Jofh.  ix.  10.  iffc.  As 
Ezra  ana  Nehemiah  were  written  on 
the  weft  of  the  Euphrates,  on  this  fide 
of  the  rivery  denotes  the  weft  of  the  , 
Euphrates,   Ezra  v.  3.      Neh.  iii.  7. 

SIDON,  ZiDov.     See  Phen-icia. 

SIEGE  ;  the  furrounding  of  a  city 
or  caftle  with  an  army,  in  order  to 
ftarve  or  force  the  inhabitants  to  a  fur- 
render.  The  fcriptures  mention  the  . 
fieges  of  Samaria,,  Nineveh,  Babylon, 
Jerufalefn,  and  Tyre,  as  moft  noted. 
The  other  famed  fieges  of  antiquity, 
are  thofe  of  Troy,  Afhdod,  Tyre,  A- 
lexandria,  and  Numantium.  The  more 
noted  fieges  of  modern  times  are  thofe 
of  Conftantinople,  Oftend,  and  Graves; 
but  efpecially  that  of  Candia  in 
Crete.  The  furrounding  judgements 
of  God,  reducing  men  to  great  hard- 
fliips,  are  called  ci  fege.  If.  xxix.  3. 

SIEVE  ;  an  inftrument  for  fepara- 
ting  the  finer  parts  of  powder,  ^c. 
from  the  coarfer  ;  or  for  cleanfing  corn 
fi-om  fand,  chaff,  or  light  grain.  God 
ffts  his  people  in  a  feve,  when  by  his 
judgements  he  fcatters  and  toffes  them, 
till  the  naughtier  part  be  feparated 
from  them,  Amos  ix.  9.  Heffted  the 
Affyrians  'ivifh  a  feve  of  vanity,  that 
paffes  every  thing,  when  he  almoft  cut 
off  their  whole  army.  If.  xxx.  28. 
Satan  ffls  men  as  wheat,  when  he 
tempts  and  haraifes  them,  ftudying  to 
ihake  their  grace  out  of  their  heart,  till 
they  are  in  apparent  danger  of  lofing 
all,  Luke  xxii.  31. 

,  SIGH  ;  to  mark  grief  for  fin  or  ml- 
fery  by  a  kind  of^  groaning.  If.  xxiv.  7, 
To  fgh  'With  the  breaking  of  loins,  is-  to 
be  in  extreme  gi'iefy  Ezek.  xxi.  6.  Jill 
the  fglnng  thereof  I  have  made  to  ceafe. 
Babylon's  deftrudion  (liall  come  fo  fud- 
denly,  as  that  they  fnall  have  fcarce 
time  to  figh  ;.  and  then  fliall  the  Jews 
and  other  captives  ceafe  from  their  for- 
row,  and  be  glad,   If.  xxi.  2. 

SIG'iT.      .ee   .EE. 

SIG  •■•      ^ee  MARK. 

SIGNET.     .^eeaiN-G. 

SIG:>^IFY;  ( I.)  To  mean,  point 
out.  Acts  XXV.  27.  I  Pet.  i.  II.  (2.) 
To  foretell,  Afts  i,  28.   Rev.  i.  i. 

I  G  i;iHON, 


S  I  H  r    4 

SIHON,  king  of  the  AmorJtesi  on 
the  eaft  of  Jordan.  About  A.  M.  2540, 
he  invaded  the  kingdom  of  Moab,  and 
feized  a  confiderable  pa^rt  of  it,-  A- 
bouty/.  M.  2552,  he  r(;fufcd  a  pafTage 
to  the  Hebrews  through  his  country. 
Mofes  therefore  attacked  him  in  war,- 
took  his  country  from  him,  and  gave 
it  to  the  tribe  of  Reuben,  Numb,  xxi^ 
xxxii.  Deut.  ii.  26.;— 27.  Jofh.  xiii. 
Pf.  cxxxvi.  19.  21. 

SIHOR,  Shihor.     See  Nile. 

SIHOR,  or  Shihor-libnath  ;  a 
place  not  far  from  North  Carmel,  and 
in  the  weft  border  of  the  Aflierites, 
Jofli*  xix.  26.  ;  but  whether  it  was  a 
city,  or  the  river  of  crocodiles,  or  the 
white  promontory  between  Ecdippa  and 
Tyre,  I  know  not, 

SILAS,  Sylvanus,  orTERTius, 
Tt  is  thought  that  he  and  Carpus  were 
John's  two  meffengers  to  Jefus,  Matth, 
jii.  2.  3.  He  was  a  chief  man  among 
the  primitive  preachers,  and  a  pretty 
clofe  attendant  of  Paul.  He  was  fent 
along  with  him  from  Antioch  to  the 
fynod  at  Jerufalem  ;•  and  he  and  Judas 
were  fent  by  the  fynod  along  with  Paul 
and  Barnabas,  to  bear  their  decrees  to 
the  churches,  Adls  xv.  22.  He  went 
with  Paul  to  Lycaonia,  Fhrygia,  Ga- 
latia,  Macedonia,  and.  at  Philippi  was 
his  fellow-prifoner,  Ads  xv.  16.  He 
and  Timothy  remained  at  Berea,  in- 
ftru£ling  the  difciples,  after  Paul  was 
obliged  to  flee.  Nor  does  it  appear 
they  came  up  to  him  till  he  came  to  Co- 
rinth, andthere  Silas- fervently  preach- 
ed the  gofpel,  A6ls  xvii.  15.  xviii.  j. 
2  Cor.-i.  19.  It  is  like,  Silas  is  the 
brother  whofe  praife  was  in  all  the 
churches,  and  was  chofen  with  him  to 
bear  the  charitable  contributions  to  Je- 
rufalem, and  who,  along  with  Titus, 
carried  Paul's  fecond  epiftle  to  the  Co- 
rinthians, 2  Cor.  viii.  18.  19.  Being 
with  Paul,  he  fends  his  falutation  to  the 
Theflalonians,  in  both  the  epiilles  di- 
reded  to  them.  He  wrote  the  copy 
fent  to  the  Romans,  and  fends  his  fa- 
Ititation,  Rom.  xvi.  22.  By  him  Peter 
wrote  his  lirft  epiiUe  to  the  difperfed 
Jews,  I  Pet.  v.  12.  He  is  faid  to  have 
d5ed  in  Macedonia ;  but  whether  by 
martyrdom  or  not^  we  know  not*- 


18     1  STL 

SILENCE;  (i.)  Without  fpeccfe 
or  noife.  Job  xxix.  21.  Jer.  viii.  14. 
(2.)  Quietnefs  ;  fubmiflion  ;  abftinencc 
from  murmuring,  Zech.  ii.  12.  (3.) 
Itiadivity  ;  ftillnefs,  Prov.  xxvi.  \  20. 
If.  xxiii.  f  2.  E)eath,  and  the  utter 
ruin  of  cities,  are  calledy?/f7/f^,  as  noife 
has  ceafed  ;.  and  in  the  grave,  and  ruin- 
ed city,  there  is  a  dreary  lilence,  Pfai.- 
xciv.  17.  Jer.  viii.  14.  If.  xv.  i.  .9i- 
knee  In  heaven  for  the  fpace  of  half  an 
hour,  denotes  the  calm  in  the  Chrillian 
church  between  ^.  D.  "^2^  and  338, 
Rev.  viii.  i.  God  kt^eps  JilencSf  when 
he  delays  to  grant  his  peoples  requefts, 
Pfal.  xxviii.'i.  ;  or  to  punifh  the  wic- 
ked for  their  fins,  Pfal.  xxxv.  22.  1.  21. 
Men  are  pztl  tofiknce,  when  they  are  fo 
baffled  by  the  force  of  arguments  or  ho- 
ly converfation,.that  they  have  nothing 
to  fay,  Matth.  xxii.  34,    i^Pet.  ii.  15-, 

SILK.  Perhaps  the  ancient  He- 
brews knew  nothing  of  filk  ;  for  their 
SHESH  and  meshl,  which  is  fo  render- 
ed, may  fignify  cotton^  ovjlne  linens  Gen. 
xli.  42.  Pfov.  xxxi.  22.  Ezek.  xvi.  10. 
13.  Silk  is  a  commodity  much  traded 
in  by  the  Antichriftians,  Rev.  xviii.  1 2^ 
It  is  now  well  known,  that  a  certain 
kind  of  worma  fpin  the  filk  out  of  their 
bowels  ;  and  it  is  only  twifted  and  wo- 
ven by  us.  There  are  fome  very  cu- 
rious milb  for  winding  and  twiiling  it. 
The  Seres,  perhaps  the  fame  as  the- 
Chinefe,  were  tlie  tirft  improvers  of  it. 
Thence  the  art  was  introduced  into  Per- 
fia.  Nor,  till  after  the  conquefts  of 
Alexander,  was  filk  known  in  Europe  ; 
and,  even  then,  it  was-  valued  at  its 
weiglit  in  gold.  Tiberius  the  emperor 
prohibited  his  male  fubjedls  to  wear  any 
of  it :  and  about  200  years  after,  Au~ 
i-elian  obftinately  refufed  his  emprefs  a 
gown  of  it,  as  too  coftly  and  luxurious 
for  her  high  ftation.  Till  about  J,  D, 
^^^y  the  art  of  manufacturing  it  was 
kept  a  clofe  fecret  in  the  eaft.  At  laft, 
Juftinian  tlie  emperor  got  fome  of  the 
worms  to  Conftantinoplc.  They  fuc- 
ceeded  fo  well,  that  rery  foon  filkeii 
manufadures  were  eftabHlhed  there,  and. 
at  Athens,  Thebes,  and  Corinth.  At 
prefent,  filk  is  fo  common,  both  in  Afia 
and.  Europe,  and  pride  of  apparel  fo 
^XUavagant/ 


STL  [    419 

extiavagant,  that  it  is  hard  to  fay,  how 
quickly  our  kitchen-girls  may  daily 
wear  what  was  once  thought  too  grand 
for  a  Roman  emprefs. 

"SILL A  ;  a  place  near  the  houfe  of 
Millo  in  Jcrufalem.  Some  think  it  was 
a  part  or  luburb  of  the  city  ;  but  I  am 
apt  to  think  it  wii^  a  terrace,  or  raifcd 
way  between  the  two  hills  on  which  the 
city  was  built,  2  Kines  xii.  go. 

SILOAM.     See  Shiloaho 

SILVANUS.     See  Silas. 

SILVER.  We  read  nothing  of  it 
before  the  flood  as  in  U*e  ;  but-in  Abra- 
ham's time  traffic  was  carried  on  with 
it,  though  it  was  not  coined  till  long 
after;  fee  money.  Its  ore  is  conlide- 
rably  impure,  and  it  mull:  be  often  pur- 
ged to  render  it  fine,  Pfal.  xii.  7.  It 
is  found  ming^led  with  lead,  tin,  tjfc. 
The  fine  filver  of  the  Jincients  was  found 
in   the   mines  of  Tarrnifii,  Jer.    x.   9^ 


Great  quantities  of  it  were  ufed  in  the 
building  of  the  Jewifii  temple  by  Solo- 
mon, I  Ghron.  xxix.  4.  It  is  put  foi' 
sXl  temporal  wealth,  Hof.  ix.  6.  As 
an  emblem,  it  denotes  what  is  ufeful^ 
precious,  pure,  and  glorioiis.  Rulers 
of  church  and  ftate  are  hkened  to  filver^ 
to  mark  how  precious  and  ufeful  they 
ought  to  bQ,  If.  i.  22.  2-3.  Saints  arc 
like  tried  fiher,  to  mark  their  true  ex- 
cellency ;  and  they  are  proven  in  the 
fire  of  manifold  tribulation,  If.  Ixvi.  10. 
Zech.  xiii.  9.  Wifdom,  and  her  reve- 
nue, or  merchandifc,  i.  e,  Chrift  and 
his  graces,  are  more  pure,  precious, 
comely,  and  ufeful  than  fiher,  Job 
xxviii.  15.  Prov.  xvi.  16.  viii.  jo.  19. 
iii.  14.     The  Jews  were  like  reprobate 

fihery  not  capable  to  abide  the  trial  ; 
they  had  the  appearance  of  goodncfs  ; 
but  when  tried  by  the  law.,  or  provi- 
dence of  God,  their  naughtinefs  and 
drofs  became  evident,  Jer.  vi,  30.  The 
tongue  of  the  juil  is  as  choice  fiher  j 
their  fpeech  is  pure,  ufeful,  and  edify- 
ing,  Prov.  X.  20.     To    feek  a  thing  as 

Jiherj  and  dig  for  it  as  hid  treqfures,  is 
to  feek  it  earneftly,  and  by  all  proper 
methods,  Prov.   ii.  4.      They  that  bear 

Jilvcr,  are  the  wealthy,  the  merchants, 
the  exchangers,  Zeph.  i.  11.  A  sil- 
ver ling,  ox  piece  offdver^  is  the  fame 


]  SIM 

as  a  SHEKEL..  God's  people  arc  reprc? 
fented  as  a  loft  piece  offdvert  fought  out 
by  him  in  the  day  of 'his  power,  Luke 
XV.  8. 

SIMILITUDE.  See  likeness* 
SIMEON,  the  fecondfon  of  Jacob, 
was  born  about  yl.  M.  2247.  When 
he  was  about  1 8  years  of  age,  he  and 
Levi  his  younger  brother,  contrary  to 
treaty,  murdered  the   people  of  She« 


chem,  while  they  were  at  the  foreft, 
by  their  circumcifion.  Gen.  xxxlv.  Af« 
ter  Jofeph  had  kept  all  his  brethren  \n 
prifon  for  three  da-ys,  he  liberated  the 
reft.,  but  retained  Simeon.,  perhaps  be- 
:Caufe  he  v^'as  of  a  mo  ft  violent  temper, 
or  becaufe  ke  had  been  moft  inhuman 
lo  him,  Oen.  xlii..  17.-^—24.  On  his 
deathbed,  Jacob  curfed  not  the  per» 
fons,  but  the  rage  and  murder  of  Si- 
meon and  Levi,  in  the  cafe  of  the  She- 
chemites  ;  and  prophefied,  that  their 
combination  in  fm  fhould  ifTue  in  their 
perpetual  difperfion  among  the  reft  of 
the  Hebrew  tribes.  Gen.  xlix.  5.  6. 
The  fons  of  Sim.eon  were  Jemuel  or 
Kemuel,  Jamin,  Ohad,  Jachin,  Zoar 
or  Zerah,  and  Shaul.  Ohad  feems  to 
have  died  childlefs  ;  but  by  the  reft  he 
had  a  nunaerous  iflue.  W^hen  this  tribe 
came  out  of  Egypt,  they  amounted  to 
59,300  men  capable  of  war,  under  the 
-command  of  Shelumiel  the  fon  of  Zu- 
rifhaddi,  and  marched  the  fifth  in  or- 
t!er  of  the  tribes,  Shaphat  the  fon  of 
Hori  was  their  fpy  to  view  the  promi- 
fcd  land,  und  Shemuel  the  fon  of  Am- 
mikud  was  their  agent  to  divide  it.  Gen. 
xlvi.  10,  Exod.  vi.  15.  Numb.  xxvi. 
12. — 14.  ii.  12.  13.  xiii.  5.  xxxiv.  20. 
It  feems  they  had  been  fignally  guilty 
in  the  affair  of  Peor,  as  well  as  Zimri 
their  chief  prince  ;  and  that  the  24,000 
cut  off"  in  tluit  affair  were  mollly  of  this 
tribe  ;  for,  at  the  reckoning  immedi- 
ately after,  it  was  decreafed  to  2 a, 200, 
Numb.  XXV.  xxvi.  14.  15.  This  their 
recent  wickednefs  was  perhaps  the  rta- 
fon  why  Mofcs  did  not  exprefsly  blefs 
them  along  with  the  other  tribes,  Deut. 
xxxiii.  They  got  their  portion  out  of 
the  inheritance  of  Judah  ;  and  they, 
and  the  tribe  of  Judah,  affifted  one  an- 
other in  clearing  their  lot  of  the  Ca- 
.    3  Q  2  naanitcs 


SIM  f    420    1  SIM 

«aanites,  Jofli.  xix.  i. —  8.  Judg.  i.  i.  that  the  Jews  who  led  Jefus  to  be  cru- 
—■20.  The  Simconites  never  made  any  clfied,  finding  him  ready  to  fink  under 
4iftinguifhed  figflre.  We  fcarce  find  a  his  crofs,  and  meeting  with  Simon  as 
noted  perfon  among  them  :  but  it  is  he  cam.e  in  from  the  country,  compel- 
fiaid,  that  the  narrow  limits  of  their  in-     led  him  to  afiift  in  bearing  the  one  i^nd 

of  it,-Matth.  xxvii.  ^2.  It  is  faid,  that 
he  was  afterwards  bilhop  of  Boflra  or 
Bexetj  and  died  a  inartyr  for  the  faith. 
Simon  Zelotes,  or  the  Canaan- 
ite  ;  one  of  ChrilPs  apoftles.  Why  he- 
was  called  Zelotes,  is  not  hard  to 
guefs.  It  feems  he  had  been  one  of 
thofe  Galileans,  or  furious  bigots,  who 
obftinattly  refufed  to  pay  tribute  to 
the  Romans.  Perhaps  his  name  Ca- 
naanite,  iignifies  no  more  than  that  he 
was  fuch  a  zealot,  or  that  he  was  of 
Cana  in  Galilee,  Luke  vi.  15.  Matth. 
X.  4.  It  is  faid,  that  he  preached  the 
gofpel  in  Egypt,  Cyrenaica,  Lybia,  and 
Mauritania,  if  not  ^fo  in  Britain.  O- 
thers  will  have  him  to  have  been  murder- 
ed at  Lunir  in  Perlia,  along  with  Jude. 
Simon,  the  brother  or  coufin  of  our 
Saviour,  and  the  fon  of  Cleophas.  He 
is  faid  to  have  been  bifnop  of  Jerufa- 
lem,  after  the  death  of  his  brother 
James  the  Lefs  ;  and  that  when  Tra- 
jan made  Itritl  inquiry  for  all  thofe  of 
the  family  of  David,  he  was  for  fome 
days  terribly  tortured,  and  then  cruci- 
fied, A.  D.  107  ;  after  he  had  for  a- 
bove  forty  years  governed  the  church 
at  Jerufalem  :  but  as  moft  of  that  time 
that  city  lay  in  mere  rubbifh,  I  know 
of  fmall  uie  for  a  bilhop  to  it. 

Simon  the  Pharifee,  who,  having 
invited  our  Saviour  to  an  entertain- 
ment, though  he  fcarce  fhewed  him 
due  civility  when  he  came,  yet  took 
offence  at  his  allowing  Mary  Magdalene 
to  wafli  and  anoint  his  feet  :  but  Jefus, 
by  the  parable  of  the  two  debtors,  con- 
vinced him  of  his  miltake,  Luke  vii. 
36. — 50.  Whether  it  was  he  whom 
Jefus  healed  of  a  leprofy,  and  in  whofe 
houfe  at  Bethany  Jefus  fupped  a  few 
days  before  his  death,  and  had  his 
head  anointed  by  Mary  the  filler  of 
Lazarus,  I  know  '  not,  Mark  xxvi.  6. 
John  xii.  3. — 5. 

Simon  Magus,  or  the  Sorcerer. 
By  his  enchantments  he  acquired  him- 
felf  a  great  fame   in  his  country  of  Sa^ 

mariii^ 


heritance  obliged  many  of  them  to  be- 
come fcribes,  and  difperfe  themfelves 
among  the  other  tribes.  At  David's 
coronation  to  be  king  of  Ifrael,  '7100 
of  them  were  prefent,  1  Chron.  xii.  25. 
They  revolted  to  Jeroboam  with  the 
other  nine  tribes  ;  but  many  of  them 
afterwards  fubmitted  to  Ala  king  of 
Judah,  2  Chron.  xi.  xv.  9.  When  Ca- 
naan was  ravaged  by  the  AfTyrians,  it 
feems  a  body  of  the  Simeonites  retired 
fouthward,  and  feizcd  on  the  country 
of  the  Amalekites,  about  the  well  end 
of  mount  Seir,  i  Chron.  iv.  39. — 43. 
Jofiah  purged  their  countr)^  from  idols, 
2  Chron.  xxxiv.  6. 

Simeon;  an  old  man  at  Jerufalem, 
who  earneftly  waited  for  the  incarna- 
tion of  the  Mefllah.  God,  by  his  fpi- 
rit,  afTured  him,  that  he  fhould  not  die 
till  he  had  feen  it.  Moved  by  a  fuper- 
natural  impulfe,  he  came  to  tihe  temple 
jull  as  Mary  and  Jofeph  prefented  their 
divine  Babe.  He  clafpcd  him  in  his 
arms,  and  bleffed  God  for  his  com.ing: 
he  declared  his  defire  of  immediate 
death,  as  he  had  feen  the  divine  Savi^ 
our,  the  light  to  lighten  the  Gentiles, 
and  the  glory  of  Ifrael :  he  bleffed  Jo- 
feph and  Mary,  and  told  them,  that 
their  child  was  fet  up  as  an  occafion  of 
the  ruin,  and  as  the  author  of  the  fal- 
vation  of  many  Ifraelites,  and  as  a  fign 
to  be  every  where  fpoken  againd';  he 
allured  Mary,  that  her  heart  ihould  be 
pierced  with  grief  at  the  fight  of  the 
maltreatment  and  death  of  her  Son  ; 
and  that  ftrange  difcoveries  fhould  by 
the  gofpel  be  made  of  mens  hearts, 
Luke  ii.  25. — 35.  It  has  been  faid, 
that  this  Simeon  was  the  fon  of  the 
famed  Hillel,  and  teacher  of  Gamaliel. 

SIMON,  the  Cyrenian,  and  father 
of  Alexander  and  Rufus,  who,  it  feems, 
were  afterv/ards  noted  ChriitianS.  He 
lis  thought  by  fome  to  be  the  fame  as 
Niger,  the  teacher  at  Antioch,  Ads 
xiii.  I.  We_know  not  whether  he  was 
J.  Jew  or  a  Gentik  j  but  it  is  certain, 


.SIM  f    4 

siiark,  as  fome  very  extraordinary  per- 
fon.  He  was  fo  aifefted  with  the  doc- 
trine and  miracles  of  the  apoilles  Peter 
and  John,  that  he  profelied  himfelf  a 
Chriftian,  and  was  baptized.  Obier- 
ving  how  they  conferred  the  fingular 
influence  of  the  Holy  Ghoft,  by  the 
laying  on  of  hands,  he  offered  them 
money  for  a  fliarc  of  their  powers.  Pe- 
ter bid  his  money  perilh  with  him,  be- 
caufe  he  had  thougllt  to  pm-chafe  the 
free  gift  of  God  with  money  ;  and  told 
him,  he  had  need  to  aflv  the  forgiveneis 
of  fiich  wicked  thoughts,  as  they 
ihrewdly  marked  him  to  be  flill  in  an 
unregenerated  Hate.  Struck  witli  terr.or 
at  this  reply,  Simon  begged  they  would 
intercede  with  God  for  him,  that  the 
^vils  threatened  him  might  be  averted. 
Ads  viii.  5. — 2^.  It  feems,  that  af- 
terwards he  did  what  he  could  to  op- 
pofe  the  gofpel  and  the  preachers  there- 
of. He  feems  to  have  abandon-.^d  him- 
felf to- the  vilefi  whoredoms,  andisfaid 
to  have  founded  the  feC:t  of  the  Gnof^ 
tics,  who  believed  men  would  be  faved 
by  their  knowledge,  be  their  lives  as 
vicious  as  they  would  ;  and  held  a  yall 
number  of  Eons,  or  inferior  gods.  It 
is  faid,  that  he  gave  out  himfelf  to  be 
a  divine  perfon,  and  the  Meffiah  fent  to 
the  kjamaritans,  as  Jefus  of  Nazareth 
was  to  the  Jews  ;  and  that  Helena  his 
whore,  was  the  Holy  Gholl,  and  the  Pa- 
gan Minerva,  Helena,  <z)c.  His  follow- 
ers pretended  to  be  a  fort  of  Chriftians, 
and  yet  worfliipped  him  and  her  under 
the  notion  of  Jupiter  and  Minerva. 
Nay,  Juftin  Martyr  fays,  that  about 
^1.  D,  150,  almoil  all  the  Samaritans 
worfiiipped  him  as  their  god.  .The 
fenfcleis  fable  of  his  conflid  with,  and 
overthrow  by  the  apoftle  Peter  at  Rome, 
is  unworthy  of  a  place  here. 

SIxMPLE;  (i.)  Harmlefs;  free 
from  deceit :  and  to  hcjimple  concerning 
evil,  is  to  have  little  knowledge  of  the 
art  of  committing  it,  and  to  be  ready 
to  fliun  the  lead  appearance  of  it,  Rom. 
xvi.  19.  Th.tfimpriciiy  that  is  in  ChriJ}, 
is  either  the  plain  felf-conlUlent  truths 
of  the  gofpel,  which  centre  in  Chriil  ; 
or  an  unfeigned  faith  in,  and  obedience 
tO;  thefe  truths,    3  Cor.  xi.  3.     Men 


21    •]  SIN 

live  in  godly  Jtmplicityy  when,  with  a 
fingle  view  to  the  glory  of.  God,  they 
live  in  a  fair,  open,  and  candid  man- 
ner of  profefTion  and  practice  of  gofpel 
truths,  2  Cor.  i.  12.  (2.)  Ignorant; 
credulous,  and  eafily  cheated  by  men, 
by  Satan,  and  by  their  lufts,  Provi 
xiv.  15.  ii.  23.  ix.  4.;  and  fo  this 
Jimplicily  lies  in  a  lilly  eafmefs  to  be  de- 
ceived, 2  Sam.  XV.  II.   Prov.  i,  22. 

SIN,  or  SiNiM  ;  (i.)  A  ilrong  city 
in  tl/e  land  of  Egypt,  perhaps  the  fame 
with  Ptlufumi,  now  called  Damietta, 
near  the  north-eall  border.  It  was  ra- 
vaged by  the  Chaldeans,  and  has  been 
often  fmce  pillaged,  Ezek.  xxx.  15. 
From  hence  fom.e  Jews  returned  to  Ca- 
naan, and  many  of  the  inhabitants  em- 
braced the  Chriilian  faith.  If.  xhx.  12. 
Whether  the  Siiv'ites,  who  defcended 
of  Canaan,  dwelt  near  Lebanon,  where 
Strabo  mentions  a  caftle  called  Sinnae, 
or  whether  they  dwelt  at  Tripoli  in 
Phenicia,  or  lived  about  Sin,  in  the 
northrcaft  of  Egypi,  we  cannot  deter- 
mine. Gen.  X.  17,  {2.)  The  wilder- 
nefs  of  Sim,  on  the  eall  fide  of  the 
weftern  gulf  of  the  Red  fea,  and  to  the 
north-well  of  Siucft,   Exod.  xvi.  i. 

SINAI,  SiNA,  or  HoREB,.afamous 
mountain  of  Arabia  the  Rocky,  Hands 
on  the  fouth  corner  of  the  bofom  of  the 
Red  fea,  between  the  gulf  of  Colzum  on 
the  weft,  and  the  Elanitic  gulf  on  the 
eaft.  It  Hands  about  260  miles  eaftward 
of  Cairo  m  Egypt.  The  defert  on  the 
fouth  and  weft  of  it  is  a  pretty  high 
ground  for  about  twelve  miles,  and  is 
diilinguifhed  with  a  variety  of  lelTer 
hills.  This  mountain  is  of  a  fmall  ex- 
tent, but  very  high,  and  hath  two  tops, 
the  weftern  of  v/hich  is  called  Horeb  ; 
and  the  eaftern,  which  is  a  third  high- 
er, is  properly  called  Sinai.  It  is  faid, 
there  aie  fome  fp rings,  and  fruit-trees 
on  Ploreb  ;  but  nothing  but  rain-water 
on  the  top  of  Sinai.  The  afcent'of 
both  is  very  fteep,  and  is  by  fteps, 
which  the  Emprefs  Jit-'lena,  the  mo- 
ther ofiiConftantine  the  Great,  caufed 
to  be  cut  out  in  the  marble-rock.  Ac 
the  top  of  Sinai,  there  is  an  uneven 
and  rugged  place,  fufficient  to  hold 
iixty  perfonsv     Here  Hands  a  chapel 

facred 


JStered  to  St  Catharine  ;  ana  near  to  it,  i.  15. 
'©n  the  brow  of  the  barren  rock,  is  a 
fountain  of  frefh  water.  The  laborious 
monks  that  dwell  here,  have,  with 
afhes  and  fweepings,  made  a  kind  of 
foil  for  a  garden.  From  the  top  of 
this  mount,  God  proclaimed  his  law  to 
the  Hebrews,  from  amidft  terrible 
flames-  of  fire  ;  and  here  Mofes  had 
long  an  almoft  immediate  fellowfliip 
vi'ith  God  ;  and  hence  the  place  came 
*o  be  called  the  mount  of  God;  and  here 
lie  fpoke  to  Elijah,  i  Kings  xix.  8. 
At  prefent  the  Arabs  call  it  Mqfes*? 
liill,  Exod.  xix,  XX.  xxiv.  It  was  a 
SBOunt  that  might  he  touched ;  though 
the  Hebrews  were  forbidden  to  touch 
it,  yet  it  was  touchable,  and  not  of  a 


S  I  N 

the  fefjj,  Rom.  viii.  x.;  the 
body  of  firif  Rom.  vi.  6. ;  the  body  of 
death,  Rom.  vii.  24. ;  the  laiv  of  the 
members,  Rom.  vii.  23.;  the  hw  of  fin 
and  death y  Rom.  viii.  2.  (3.)  A6lual 
fin,  or  a  particular  kind  of  it,  James 
i.  15.  Pfd.  vii.  3.  Actual  fin,  is  that 
which,  proceeding  from  our  inward 
corruption,  is  daily  committed  i\\  our 
thoughts,  words,  and  deeds  ;  and  ia 
formed  according  to  the  particular  lulls 
:that  reign,  or  are  in  our  heart,  whe- 
ithcr  of  the  flefli  or  mind,  Tit.  iii.  3. 
Eph.  ii.  3. :  and  it  is  called  the  hiiquity 
of  the  heels,  or  conversation,  Pfal.  xlix, 
5.  Adiual  fins  are  either  fecret,  or 
open  and  fcfindalous,,  Pfal.  xix.  13.  ^ 
Tim.  V.  22.     They  are  either  of  hifir- 


fpiritual  nature,  as  the  mount  Zion  of  m'lty,  done  through  ignorance,  inattenr 
the  church,  Heb.  xii.  18.  It  is  made  tion,  and  hurry  of  temptation  ;  ox  pre- 
an  emblem  of  the  broken  covenant  of  fumptuous,    done  boldly,    and    againll 

light  and  conviction,  Pfal.  xix.  13. 
■Unbelief,  or  the  rejedion  of  Chriil 
and  his  truths  when  revealed  and  of- 
fered, is  the  worll  of  aftual  fins,  and 
in  comparifon  of  which,  other  fins  are, 
as  it  were,  no  fina,  John  ix.  4.1.  xv, 
22.;  and  this  carried  on  to  the  highefl: 
degree  of  prefumption  and  malice.,  is 
.called  hlafphemy  agoinjl  the  Holy  Ghojl,, 
as  .it  rejects  and  tramples  on  all  his  e- 
vidence  and  couvitlions  ;  aiid  is  called 
the  fin  unto  death,  b.ecaufe  being  never 
pardoned,  it  inevitably  ruins  men,  i 
John  V.  16.  (4.)  The  wicked  men 
who  commit  fin.  Job  v.  16.:  hence 
the  Jews  feem  to  be  called  ivickednefs,^ 
Zech.  Y.  8.:  and  evil  angels  arc  called 


works,  which  terrifies  awakened  tranf 
greflbrs,  and  gendereth  to  bondage, 
aifefting  all  that  are  under  it  with  a 
ipirit  of  bondage,  Gal.  iv.  24. 

SIN,  or  that  condud  whereby  we 
snifs  the  mark  of  God's  law  and  our 
own  happinefs,  is  called  iniquity  or 
tJNRiGHTEOusKESs'',  as  it  implies  a 
with-holding  of  what  is  due  to  God  or 
men.  It  is  calkd  wickedness  and 
UNGODLINESS,  as  it  implies  an  obili- 
nate  oppofition  to  the  nature,  worfhip, 
and  fervice  of  God.  It  is  called  tres- 
pass and  TRANSGRESSION,  as  it  is  a 
contrariety  to  the  precepts  of  the  di- 
vine law.  Sin,  iniquity,  or  wicked- 
fiefs,  denotes,    (i.)   What  in  general 


T-  contrary  to  the  law  of  God,  l  John  fpintual  ivickedneffes  in  high  places,  as 
iii.  5.  Matth.  vii.  23.  Ezek.  iii.  19,  '  ' 
(2.)  Original  fin,  whereby  our  whole 
nature  is  defiled,  and  rendered  contrary 
to  the  nature  and  law  of  God,  Pfal.  li. 
5. ;  and  hence  the  inward  part  is  faid 
to  be  very  ^wickednefs  ;  the  heart  is  fil- 
led with  enmity  againft  God,  and  ma- 
lice againft  men,  Pfal.  v.  9.  Tjiis  cor- 
iruption  of  nature  is  the  fin  that  dwells 
an  us,  Rom.  vii.  17.  20..;  and  works 
in    us 


with  great  power  and  vigour  they 
work  wickednefs,  Eph.  vi.  11.  (5.) 
The  punifhment  of  iniquity.  Gen.  iv.  7. 
xix.  15.  Lev.  v.  I.:  fo  God  lays  up 
mens  iniquity  for  their  children,  when  he 
delays  the  temporal  punifhment  of  it, 
till  it  be  executed  on  their  children, 
Job  xxi.  19. — In  allufion  hereto,  fin  is 
taken  for  the  offering  which  makes  a- 
tonement  for  fin,  and  what  we  render 
:ri.ri{ 


all  manner  of  concup^fcence.  Jin-ojerlng,  is  often  the  fame  in  the 
Rjm.  vii.  8.;  wars  in  us,  Rom.  vii.  Hebrew,  as  what  we  render^///.  Lev. 
^3«»  reigns  in  and  over  us,  Rom.  vi.  iv.  3.  25.  29.:  and  the  prieils  are  faid 
II.  12.14.;  and  deceives  and  flays  us,  to  eat  fin,  i.e.  with  plcafure,  feall  on 
Ronj.  vii.  Ji,     It  in  c'd]kd  luj,  Jamc^    fm-oficric^s,  Hof.  iv.  8.     God  for fn. 


SIN      r  42 

L  e,  by  the  iin-offering  of  his  Son,  con- 
Jemned  Jut  in  the  ficjh^  Rom.  viii.  3. 
Chrift  IS  faid  to  be  macfefiny  that  we 
might  be  made  the  rlghteoufnefs  of 
God  in  him,  /".  e.  he  had  our  fms  char- 
ged to  his  account  ;  was  condemned 
by  the  curfe  of  the  law,  and  bare  due 
punifliment  for  them,  to  the  fatisfaiilion 
of  his  Father's  julUce,  in  order  tliat 
we,  having  his  finidied  righteoufnefs 
placed  to  our  account,  miglit,  in  a  ftate 
of  union  with  liim,  be  legally  fuftained 
as  perfe6^1y  righteous  before  God,  2 
Gor.  V.  21.  Pfal.  xl.  12.  I  Pet.  ii.  24. 
If.  liii.  6.  He  died  unto  fin,  u  e.  to 
make  full  fatibfaclion  for  it,  Rom.  vi. 
10.  ^  and  all  faints  are  dead  to  it,,  freed 
from  the  reign  and  curfe  of  it,  Rom. 
vi.  It.  ( 6. )  Idols,  idolatrous  altars, 
and  high  places,  and  the  like,  arc  cal- 
hdjin,  becaufe  they  a:e  the  occafions 
«f  committing  it,  Amos  viii.  14.   Hof. 

X.  8v   viii.  ii.     Jer.  xvii.  3. What 

Sn  a  man  is  peculiarly  addi(!:led  to,  is 
emphatically  called  his  own,  Pfal.  xviii. 
21.  23,  IV/jaffoever  is  not  of  faith y  is 
Jin ;  whatever  a  man  doth  while  he 
doubts  of  the  lawfulnefs  thereof,  it  is 
fmful  to  him  ;  whatever  proceeds  not 
from  true  faith  in  Chrift,  is  fmtul,  in 
its  fource,  motive,  manner,  and  end, 
'  Rom.  xiv.  23.  The  ploiving  of  the 
miicked  is  finy  and  their  prayer  and  facri- 
fice  an  ahominatiouy  as  it  is  not  done  in 
faith,  and  from  a  principle  of  love  to 
God,  and  regard  to  his  authority,  nor 
with  a  fuperlative  aim  to  his  glory, 
Frov.  xxi.  4.  XV.  8.  The  prayer  of 
tlie  wicked  becomes  fin,  when  God  re- 
jects it,  and  punilhes  them  for  the 
wickedncfs  included  in  it,  Pial.  cix.  7.. 
To  caft  iniquity  on  men,  is  to  charge 
them  falfely  with  crimes,  Pfal.  Iv.  3. 
Iniquity  is  found  hateful,  when  its  fads 
and  abominable  nature  are  clearly  dif- 
covered,  and  when  men  are  permitted 
to  run  on  in  grofs  ads  of  it,  and  when 
feverc  puniflimcnt  is  inflkted  on  account 
of  it,  Pfal.  xxxvi.  2.  To  be  fervants 
«i  iniquity  unto  iniquity,  is  to  commit 
the  worft  crimes  with  the  worft  ends ; 
©r  to  proceed  from  one  iin  to  a  worfe, 
Rom.  vi.  19.  God  fets  mGns  fns  in 
fie  li^kt  of  his  ccu2itenancej  when  they 


3    ]         SIN 

are  fully  known  and  openly  puni!(Kc^ 
Pfal.  xc,  8. 

To  SIN,  or  do  iniquity,  or  wickedly^ 
is  often  taken  for  difobedience  to  God's 
law  in  general,  Eccl.  vii.  20.  But; 
fometimes  in  an  emphatic  fenfe,  it  fi^-» 
nifiesy  to  live  in  a  courfe  of  fm  with 
conftant  pleafure  and  delight.  In  thi» 
fenfe,  he  that  comviiiteth  fin,  is  of  the 
devil,  ami  is  the  fervant  of  fin,  but  the 
children  of  God  do  not,  and  cannot^w, 
John  viii.  32.  I  John  iii.  6.  9.  v.  18- 
Thou  ftialt  vifit  thine  habitation, and  not 
fin^  /.  e.  fhalt  not  live  in  a  wicked  man- 
ner at  home,  nor  be  difappointed  of 
thy  good  hopes,  Job  v.  24. Sin- 
ners and  wicked  perfons,  are  fuch  a» 
are  guilty  of  fm,.  and  under  the  power 
of  it,  I  Tim.  i.  15.  Pfal.  ix.  17.;  but; 
emphatically,  fuch  as  are  notorious, 
malefadors  before  men  to  fome  noted 
degree,  Luke  vii.  37..  39.  Numb.  xvi. 
38.  ix,  10.  Luke  vi.  32.  33.  Gen. 
xviii.  23.  If.  liii.  12.  Satan  is  calledi 
the  ivicked  one,  becaufe  he,  in  the  moit 
malicious  manner,  exerts  himfelf  to  the 
utmoft  againft  God  and  his  law,  i  John 
ii.  13.  14.  iii.  12.  V.  18.  By  one 
man's  difobedience  many  were  made 
fnners  ;  by  the  difobedience  of  Adara^ 
our  covenant-head,  imputed  to  us,  we 
are  in  law-reckoning  conftituted  guilty 
perfons  ;  and  in  confequence  thereof^ 
our  whole  man  is  laid  under  the  reign- 
ing power  of  fniy,  Rom.  w  19.  1  Cor* 
XV.  $6^ 

SINCERE;  (i.)  Pure,  and  un- 
mixed with  error,  deceit,  or  drofs,  i 
Pet.  ii.  2.  (2.)  Single,  candid,  and 
upright  ;  the  heart,  fpeech,  and  ac- 
tions, all  harmonioufly  agreeing  toge- 
ther, PhiL  i.  10.  And  SINCERITY  or 
SINGLENESS  of  heart,  is  pure  upright- 
nefs  and  candour,  without  any  finful 
bias  to  a  fide,  Jofli.  xxiv.  14.  2  Cor.  f  v 
12.   Ads  ii.  46.   Eph.  vi.  5.  _ 

SINEWS,  are  as  the  cords  where- 
by the  body  of  animals  is  bound  toge- 
ther, and  which  are  the  great  means  of 
feeling.  They  ftirink,  wlien  they  be- 
come ihort  or  benumbed.  Gen.  xxxii, 
32.  Sine<ws  may  be  taken  for  power, 
llrength,  Ezek*  xxxvi.  6.  8.  Mens 
neck  i$  dis  an  ironjinetuy  when  they  are 

oblUjiatt 


S  I  N 

their  finful 


courfes, 


•tftinate  In 
xlvHi.,  4. 

SING.     See  song. 

SIRION.     See  Hermon. 

SIRNAME  ;  a  name  added  to  a 
man^s  principal  one,  denoting  his  familyy 
Csff.  Men  firname  themfelvcs  hy  the 
name  of  IJraeU  when,  being  Gentiles 
and  fmners,  they  join  themfelvcs  to  Je- 
fus  and  his  church,   If.  xliv.  5. 

SISERA,  general  of  the  Canaan- 
kes,  ynd^r  King  Jabin  II.  After  his 
army  was  quite  routed  by  Deborah  and 
Barak,  and  multitudes  of  them  drown-, 
ed  in  the  river  Kilhon,  Sifera,  to  avoid 
difcovery,  fled  away  on  foot  towards 
Haroflieth.  As  he  paffed  the  tent  of 
Heber  the  Kenite,  who  was  then  at 
peace  with  his  mailer,  Jael,  his  wife,- 
invited  him  into  her  houfe  to  hide  hlm- 
fel£  After  fiie  had  given  him  fome 
milk  to  refrefli  him,  he  laid  himfelf 
<lpwn  to  fleep,  and  defired  her  to  watch 
in  the  door,  and  to  deny  him,  if  any 
body  allvcd  for  him.  He  had  fcainre 
fallen  into  a  deep  fleep,  through  his 
cxceifive  fatigue,  when  Jael,  inftfgated 
of  God  to  deftroy  this  murderous  ido- 
later and  devoted  Canaanite,  drove  a 
nail  through  his  temples,  and  failened 
his  head  to  the  ground,  that  he  died. 
Barak  purfuing  him,  liad  him  fhewed 
to  him,  in  this  condition.  For  a  while, 
his  mother  and  her  ladies,  though  wea- 
ried for  his  return,  comforted  them- 
felves  with  the  fancy,  that  he  would 
be  taken  up  in  dividing  the  fpoil, 
chiefly  the  fine  robes,  and  in  receiving 
his  fhare  of  the  captive  girls,  for  the 
life  of  his  lull,  Judg.  iv.  v. 
.SISTER.     See  brother. 

SIT  "5  a  well  known  pollure  of  the 
body,  ufed  in  taking  rell.  Gen.  xviii. 
II.  ;  in  taking  meat.  Gen.  xxxvii.  25.; 
ih  giving  judgement,  Ruth  iv.  i.  i 
Kings  ii.  12.  ;  in  grief,  Ezra  ix.  i.  4.  ; 
in  teaching  and  hearing,  Matth.  xxiii. 
2.  Luke  X.  39.  ;  in  prayer  and  failing, 
2  Sam.  vii.  18.  Judg.  xx.  26.  ;  in  re- 
ceiving the  Lord's  fupper,  Matth.  xxvi. 
20.  Sitting  alfo  denotes  fixed  con- 
tinuance, Mic.  iv.  4.  2  Kings  v.  3. 
A6l:s  viii.  2S»  To^/  nv'ith  one,  imports 
intimate  fellowfhip  with  him,  Pfal.  xxvi. 


424 
If. 


]  SIT 

5.  "Vofit  in  duft  or  darknefs,  impofts 
being  in  great  poverty,  contempt,  ig- 
norance, and  trouble,  If.  xlvii.  i.  Luke 
i.  79.  Mic.  vii.  8*  To^/  on  thrones, 
imports  fixed  glory,  power,  and  au- 
thority, Matth.  xix.  28.  Sittln^^  afcri- 
bed  to  God,  or  Chrifl  as  Mediator, 
imports  their  undifturbed  refl  and  au- 
thority, Pfal.  xlvii.  8.  xxix.  10.  ;  or 
their  judging  and  punifhmg  of  mcn^ 
Dan.  vii.  9.  26.  Joel  iii.  12.  Matth. 
xxvi.  64.  Q\ir\?i' ^  fitt'mg  at  Gcd's  right 
hand,  imports  his  fixed  and  reflful  pof- 
feffion  of  the  nearell  fellowfhip  with 
God;,  and  his  continued  power  of  go- 
verning the  church  and  her  concerns, 
Pfal.  ex.  I.  Eph.  1.  20.  The  faints 
Jit  together  in  heavenly  places  :  in  Chrifl 
their  head,  they  are  already  poffefTors' 
of  the  celeilial  glories,  and  fhall  quickly 
enjoy  them  in  tl-.eir  own  perfon,  Eph, 
n.  6.  Antichrifl's  fitting  in  the  temple 
of  God,  imports  his  refidence  in  the 
church,  and  his  pretence  to  rule  the 
confcienccs  of  her  members,  2  ThefL 

Seat  ;  a  place  for  fitting  in,  fof 
refl,  or  for  judgement,  i  Sam.  iv.  i8<, 
Job  xxix.  7.  A  magnificent  feat  for  a 
king  to  iit  upon,  in  receiving  the  ho- 
m.age  of  his  fubjefts  ;  or  in  giving  au- 
dience to  ambaffadors,  and  in  difpen- 
fingjuflice,  is  called  a  throne.  Solo- 
mon had  one  very  grand  :  it  was  all  of 
ivory,  and  overlaid  with  gold  ;  it  had 
fix  lleps,  at  the  twelve  ends  of  which 
were  carved  lions  :  the  top  was  round 
behind  ;  and  it  had  two  arms,  fup- 
ported  by  two  carved  lions,  I  Kings  x. 
18.  19.  Seat,  alfo  denotes  a  flation 
of  authority,  Edh.  iii.  i.  ;'and  a  throne, 
the  royal  authority  of  kings,  Gen.  xli. 
10.  Angels  are  c-^t^  thrones  and  do- 
minions,  becaufe  of  then*  great  power 
and  authority.  Col.  i.  16.  The' cere- 
monial mercy-feat  that  covered  the  ark 
with  a  cherubim  on  either  fide,  figni- 
fied  Jcfus's  atonement,  as  the  refl  and 
throne  of  grace,  for  a  reconciled  God, 
ready  to  declare  his  love,  and  bellow 
his  bleflings  on  poor  finful  men,  2  Kings 
xix.  15.  Heb.  iv.  16.  God's  feat  or 
throne,  is  alfo  either  the  Jewifh  temple, 
where  the  fymbols  of  his  pvefence-  re- 

fided^' 


.S  I  T  [     4 

fided,  Jer.  xvii.  12.  Pfal.  Ixxviil.  69.  ; 
or  heaven,  where  his  glory  and  autho- 
rity art  chiefly  manifefled,  If.  Ixvi.  i.  ; 
or  a  fymbol  of  his  glorious  prefcnce, 
Rev.  iv.  9. ;  or  his  fovereign  pov^'er 
and  authority  to  execute  judgement, 
or  beftow  fiivours,  Job  xxiii.  3.  Pfal. 
Ixxxix.  14.  Heb.  iv.  16.  ;  or  the  high 
degree  of  his  authority  and  happinefs, 
Ezek.  xxviii.  2.  And  the  Jewilh  royal- 
ty, and  the  Hate  of  emperor  of  the 
Chriftian  world,  is  called  God's  throne, 
as  he  beftows  it,  2  .'am.  xiv.  9.  Rev. 
xii.  5.  Chrift's  fitting  on  his  Father's 
throne  at  the  ri^ht  hand  of  //,  or  in  the 
tnldjl  of  it,  imports  his  fixed  exaltation 
to  the  highell  dignity,  authority,  and 
happinefs.  Rev.  iii.  21.  v.  6.  Heb. 
xii.  2.  The  faints  fit  on  thrones,  or 
feats  before  the  throne,  and  ivlth  Chr'ifl  on 
his  throne  ;  they  have  an  honourable 
fliation  in  their  new-coveilant  union 
with  Chriih  ;  they  have  honourable  of- 
fices or  flations  in  the  militant  church  : 
chiefly  in  heaven,  they  have  as  much 
holinefs,  reft,  honour,  nearnefs  to  God, 
vifion  and  fruition  of  him,  and  joy  in 
him,  as  they  can  defire,  Rev.  i-"/.  6. 
xi.  16.  Luke  xxii.  30.  Rev,  iii.  21. 
Mofes^sfeat,  is  the  ftation  of  civil  power 
and  authority  among  the  Jevvs^  and  of 
judging  according  to  Mofes's  law, 
Matth.  xxiii.  i.  Satan's  feat,  is  the 
place  where  he  hath  great  power  and 
authority.  Rev.  ii.  15.  The  feat  of 
the  dragon,  or  of  heathenifh  power, 
and  of  Antichrift,  is  Rome,  where 
their  authority  was  or  is  eftablilhed. 
Rev.  xiii.  2.  xvi.  10.  The  feat  of 
violence  comes  nigh,  when  men  hold 
courts,  and  exercife  their  authority, 
to  commit  injuftice  and  oppreflion, 
Amos  vi.  3.  To  fit  in  the  feat  offcor- 
ners,  is  to  have  an  habitual  and  fixed 
intimacy  with  them,  and  to  atl  after 
their  manner  with  pleafure,  Pfal.  i.  i, 
Eliakim  and  Chrift,  are  th  glorious  throne 
to  their  Father's  houfe  ;  their  adfiiini- 
ftration  was,  or  is  an  eminent  honour 
to  him  that  employed  them,   If.  xxii. 

?3-  ' 

SITUATE;  placed.  The  situ- 
ation, or  placing  of  the  temple,  was 
tery  beautiful,  as  i^   ftood  on  a  m<i>u:> 

Vol.  II. 


25     1  SKI 

tain,  whence   it   was  feen  all  arouncf, 
Pfal.  xlviii.  8. 

SIVAN;  the  third  month  of  the 
Jewifli  facred  year,  and  ninth  of  their 
civil,  anfwering  to  part  of  our  May 
and  June,  and  confifting  of  30  days. 
On  the  fixth  d?.y,  was  the  feaft  of  Pen- 
tecoft.  On  the  15th  and  1 6th,  is  a 
fcaft  to  commemorate  the  vi6lor/  of 
the  Maccabees  over  the  Heathen*;  of 
Bethflian.  On  the  23d,  a  fad  to  be- 
wail Jeroboam's  ilopping  of  the  firft- 
fruits  from  being  brought  to  Jerufalcm. 
There  are  in  it  fome  other  fuperftitious 
f^iftivals  of  fmall  note,   EHih.  viii.  7. 

SKILL  ;  knowledge  ;  efpecially 
what  is  gained  by  ftady  and  experience, 
Dan.  i.  17.   v.  18.    Pfal.  Ixxviii.  72. 

SKIN;  (i.)  The  covering  of  an 
animal's  flefh,  Lev.  vii.  8.  The  hu- 
man l]<in  is  covered  with  fcales  fo  line, 
that  the  naked  eye  cannot  perceive 
them  ;  and  each  foot  fquare  contains 
about  144  millions  of  pores.  Mens 
firft  clcathing  was  of  fl<;ins  of  beafts. 
Gen.  iii.  21.  Prophets,  perfccuted 
faints,  and  barbarous  nations,  have  of- 
ten fmce  ufed  coats  of  flcin,  Heb.  xi. 
37.  The  orientals  did,  and  many  of 
them  ftill  do,  not  only  make  their  facks 
and  bags,  but  their  bottles  for  liquor, 
butter,  &c.  of  flcins.  (2.)  The  out- 
ward colour  of  the  ^vw,  jer.  xiii.  23. 
To  fay  ofthefkin  ;  pluch  off  fin  ovfehy 
imports,  to  opprcls  men,  till  nothing 
bat  the  rnere  life  is  left  them,  M^"c.  iii. 
2.  3.  To  efcape  luith  the  fin  of  one's: 
teeth,  is  to  elcape  with  nothing  but  life, 
having,  as  it  were,  the  very  teeth  dafh- 
ed  out,  and  fcarce  a  mouth  left  to 
complain.  Job  xix.  20.  Shin  for  fin, 
was  an  ancient  proverb,  importing, 
that  a  man  will  gladly  fave  his  own  life, 
at  the  expence  of  the  death  of  relations, 
or  any  other  outward  lofs,  Job  ii.  4. 

SKIP.     See  leap. 

SKIRT;  that  part  of  upper  gar- 
ments wliich  is  bdow  the  waift.  A 
mail's  fpreadhig  hisjlirt  over  a  tuoman, 
imported  :;i3  taking  her  under  his  care 
and  protection,  and  to  be  his  wife, 
Ruth  iii.  9.  Gvjd's  f treading  his  firt 
over  the  Hebrews,  imported  his  taking 
them  ipto  a  fpecial  churcii -relation  to 
3  H  biirjflf, 


SKY  [     426    1 


S  L  E 


Iiimfelf,  and  giving  them  his  kind  and 
honourable  proteclion  :  his  fpreading  his 
Jk'irt  over  his  elecl,  imports  his  uniting 
them  to  Chrift,  clothing  them  with  his 
righteoufnefs,  and  granting  them  his 
fpirituai  prote6lion  and  comfort,  Ezek. 
'  xvi.  8.  Jerufalem  had  filthinefs  and 
blood  in  ■ /»<?r   fhirts  ;  her  (liamelefs  lin- 


nmg 


was   mar. 


ked 


diiVraceful 


afflidlions,  Lam.  i.  9.  J^r.  ii.  34.  The 
Ijord  dijcovered  ths  jfetji^s  Jhirts  on  their 
faces,  whcii  he  removed  every  covering . 
oftlieirfin,  and  reduced  them  for  it, 
to  a  moil  debafed  and  ihameful  condi- 
tion, Jer.  xiii.  26.  A  man's  uncovering 
of  his  father'^  s  fitrt,  imported  lewd  be- 
haviour with  his  ilep-mother,  Deut. 
xxn.  30. 

SKY  ;  the  vlfible  appearance  of  the 
heavens  :  it  is  likened  to  a  molten  looli- 
ing-glafsy  becaufe  of  its  bluifh  and  tranf- 
parent  colour.  This  bluilh  azure  co- 
lour, Sir  Ifaac  Newton  thinks  is  owing 
to  the  thin  vapours  in  the  upper  part 
of  the  atmofphere,  reflefting  only  the 
moll  reflexible  rays  of  light,  which  are 
thofe  of  a  violet  colour  :  but  Leonarda 
and  La  Hire  think  it  is  owing  to  our 
viewing  a  dark  fpace  beyond  the  atmof- 
pherc,  through  a  white  and  lucid  me- 
dium.— -Stars,  clouds,'  and  thunders, 
are  reprefented  as  in  the  Jky^  Heb.  xi, 
12.  2  Sam.  ^\ii.  iz,  Pfal.  Ixxvii.  17. 
God's  riding  on  the  Jkiesy  imports  his 
thundering  ;  his  raifing  ftorras  at  plea- 
fure  ;  and  the  quick  and  majeftic  work 
of  his  providence,  Deut.  xxxiii.  26. 
Righteoufnefs  j^o;/?-fL-/  doionfrom  thejhies 
or  heaven,  imports  God's  abundant  be- 
ilowal  of  his  gracious "  influences,  and 
the  fruits  of  his  Son's  righteoufnefs  on 
men,  If.  xlv.  9.  Judgements  are  lifted 
rip  to  thejkiesy  when  they  are  veiy  ter- 
rible and  confpicuoiis,  Jer.  li.  9 

SLACK  ;  ina6live  ;  given  to  delays, 
Jofh.  xviii.  3.  God  is  not  Jlach  con- 
cerning his  promifcs  or  judgements,  but 
fulfils  the  one,  and  executes  the  other, 
with  proper  a6livity,  and  in  due  time, 
2  Pet.  iii.  9.  Deut.  vii.  10.  Let  not 
thy  hands,  O  Zion,  ho-Jlach,  but^be  ac- 
tive in  rebuildii.g  the  temple,  and  fet- 
tling the  affairs  c  religion  and  liberty, 
Zeph,  iii.  16,     He  becomes  poor  tliat 


deals  with  a /lack  hand ;  i.  t.  is  lazy  and  ' 
lingering  in  his  bufniefs,   Prov.  x.  4. 

SLANDER  ;  a  charging  one  falfe- 
ly  with  faults';  or  rehearfmg  his  real 
faults  with  a  bad  end,  and  without  a 
proper  call.  It  is  mud  ordinarily  done, 
when  the  perfons  charged  are  abfent, 
and  proceeds  from  hatred  of  their  per- 
f(in,  or  envy  of  their  excellency.  The 
n<\mt  Jlnndercr  is  the  fame  in  Greek  ae 
that  of>  a  de'vil,  i  Tim.  iii.  11.  Gr. 
Yet  what  multitudes  of  men  feem  am- 
bitious of  the  character !  Meals,  and 
civil'  fellovvraip,  are  feafoned  v^nihjlan- 
der,  as  if  men  had  got  their  tongues 
fcrr  no  other  end  but  to  fpeak  evil  of 
their  neighbour.  In  refpe6l  of  this  fin, 
our  tongue  is  full  of  deadly  poifon  j. 
has  underneath  it  the  poifon  of  afps ; 
is  a  world  of  iniquity,  fet  on  fire  of  hell, 
and  fetting  on  fire  the  courfe  of  nature  ; 
is  a  deceitful  rafor  ;  is  like  a  fword 
and  fpear,  a  bow  of  lies,  fhooting  bit- 
ter words,  James  iii.  6.  8.  Pfal.  cxl.  3. 
Iii.  2.  Iv.  21.  Ivii.  4.  cii.  3.  Ixiv.  3.4. 
Prov.  xii.  18.    Jer.  ix.  3. 

SLAVE,     See  SERVANT. 

SLAY.     See  kill. 

^■^LEEP,  or  SLUIMBER,  is  fourfold  ; 
(i.)  Natural,  when  the  life  of  the  ani- 
mal body  continues,  but  its  fenfations 
in  a  great  meafure  ccafe,  in  order  to 
the  refrefnment  and  invigorating  there- 
of. Gen.  xxviii.  11.  (2.)  x^piritual, 
confining  in  ignorance,  indolence,  flu- 
pidity,  and  unconcern,  in  a  finful  flate 
or  courfe,  Eph.  v.  14.  (3.)  Civil, 
when  men  are  .  inaftive  in  their  work, 
or  carelefs  about  it.  If.  v.  27.  Nah. 
iii.  18.  (4.)  They7ff/>  of  death,  where- 
in mens  foul  being  feparated  from  the 
body,  the  body  becomes  quite  infen- 
fible,  Jer.  li.  .30.  Dan.  vii.  2.  John 
y.i.  II.  iCor.  XV.  51.  God's^Jlirping, 
imports  his  feemiag  unconcern  and  in- 
adivity  to  deliver  his  people  or  punifli 
their  enimies,  Pfal.  xHv.  23.  Ixxviii, 
6^.  ^Jlepty  hut  my  heart  nvaketh ;  my 
foul  was  under  the  prevalence  of  great 
duh^efs  ;  yet  there  was  a  fecret  work- 
ing of  my  conlcience,  defire,  and  af- 
fection towards  Chrill,   Song  v.  2. 

SLEIGHT;  crafty  and  juggling 
tricks,  Eph.  iv.  14.  ' 

SLIDE  ; 


S  L  I  [    427 

SLIDE  ;  (i.)  To  foifake  God  and 
bis  truths,  and  oui;  duty,  and  to  fall 
into  fin,  Jer.  viii.  5.  Hof.  iv.  16. 
(2.)  To  tofe  happincfji  aiid  comfort, 
and  fnll  into  mlieiy  and  dreadful  cala- 
mities, jjvut.  <s.ii.  35.  Both  figni- 
fications  crc  joined  in  the  word,  Pfal. 
XX vi.  I,   :  V :  vii.^l. 

>  LIGTiTLY.  The  falfe  prophets  , 
healed  the  hurt  of  the  Jews  ^P'lgh^lyt 
when  they  infinunted  to  thtm  that  their 
fins  were  but  (mali,  and  fo  tbeir  cala- 
mities would  be  light,  a^.d  foon  ovcy, 
Jer.  vi.  14.  viii.  1 1. 

SLIME,  or  BITUMEN,  is  a  kind  of 
clayey  pitch,  got  out  of  the  earth. 
The  river  Is  carried  down  a  great  deal 
of  it  in  ancient  times,  and  mingling 
with  the  Euphrates,  carried  it  to  ,the 
very  walls  of  Babylon.  The  tower  of 
Babel  was  built  with  it,  inftead  of  mor- 
tar ;  and  Diodcrus  tells  us,  that  the 
people  there^ibouts,  not  only  built  their 
.walls  of  it,  but  dried  and  burnt  it,  in- 
llcad  of  coals.  There  was  and  is  a  great 
deal  of  the  fmeft  of  it,  very  heavy,  ai>d 
jof  a  fhining  purple  colour,  and  llrong 
fm.ell,  about  the  Dead  fea  ;  and,  it 
feems,  they  had  a  vaft  number  of  pits 
out  of  which  they  dug  it,  ere  the  val- 
ley of  biddim  was  turned  iivto  a  lake. 
Gen.  xiv.  10.  Jochebed  pitched  her 
ark  with  this  fiime  ;  and  perhaps  Noair 
did  fo  too,  Exod.  ii.  3.  The  bitumen 
or  afphaltus  fold  in  our  fhops  i)nder  the 
name  of  Jewifh,  is  not  really  of  this 
kind  of  (lime,  but  is  a  compofition  of 
^oil,  brimilone,  and  pitch. 

SLING  ;  an  inilrument  of  cords  for 
throwing  Itones  with  great  violence. 
The  invention  hereof  is  afcnbed  .to  the 
Phenicians,  or  their  colonics  in  Majorca 
and  Minorca,  anciently  called  the  Bide- 
ares,  or  inafiers  of  thejling.  It  is  certain, 
that  not  long  after  the  death  of  JofiiUa, 
tl  e  Hebrews,  particularly  fome  of  the 
Eenjamites,  were  fo  expert  (lingers, 
that  they  could  hit  their  mark  almoft 
to  an  hairbreadth,  Judg.  "xx.  1 6.  ;  and 
fome  of  them  in  the  time  of  David 
could  fling  with  botii  hand.-,  I  Chron. 
xii.  2.  Uzziah  had  flings  on  the  walls 
of  Jerufalem,  for  throwing  great  Hones, 
-f2  Chron.  xxvi..i4.     The   hox^  Jliugs 


]        s  M  E 

out  men,  when  he  fuddenly  deffroys 
them,  and  drives  them  from  their 
country,    i  Sam.  xxv.  29.   Jer.  x.  18. 

SLIP;  (i.)  To  fall  off,  Deut. 
xix.  5.  12.  (2.)  To  fall  inadvertent- 
ly  or  fuddenly  into  fui  and  trouble, 
Job  xii.  5.  Pfal  xvil.  5.  We  let  the 
things  which  we  have  \\Qinr6.  Jl'ip  out  of 
our  7nind,  when  we  inadvertently  for- 
get them,   Heb.  ii.  i. 

SLIPPERY;  unfiable;  ready  to 
make  one  fall  at  every  turn,  Pfal. 
xxxv.  6.    Ixxiii.  16. 

A  SLIP,      See  TWIG. 

SLOTHFUL;  SLUGGARD  ;  lazy 
and  inactive  with  refpeft  to  the  con- 
cerns of  tim>c  or  eternity,  Judg.  xviii., 
19.  Slothful  perfons  defire,  but  ara 
at  no  pains  to  obtain,  Prov.  xxi.  25. 
Every  thing  affrights  them,  as  if  it 
•were  a  thorn-hedge  or  lion  in  th^Ir 
way,  ProV.  xx.  4.  xv.  19.  xxii.  They 
retain  not  what  they  got  by  hunting 
or  labour,  Prov.  xii.  27.  13.  They 
hide  their  hand  iij  their  bofcm,  and 
can  hardly  take  pains  to  ufe  what  they 
have,  Prov.  xix.  24.  ;  and  yet  are  ex- 
tremely wife  in  their  own  conceit,  Prov. 
xxvi.  16. ;  hence  no  wonder  their  houfes 
go  to  ruin  ;  their  vineyard  or  bufmefs 
be  mifmanaged,  Eccl.  x.  18.  Prov. 
xxiv.  30.  ;  and  they  be  under  tribute, 
deprived  of  their  liberty,  Prov.  xii.  24.; 
and  their  foul  fuffer  hunger,  and  they 
come  to  deep  poverty,  Prov.  xviii.  19. 
xxiii.  21.;  and  be  cad  into  a  deep 
flcep,  rendered  more  and  more  inactive 
and  ilupid,   Prov.  xix.  15. 

SLOW.  To  be  Jlcw  of  fpeech  or 
tongue,  is  to  fpeak  in  a  Hammering 
and  lingering  manner,  Exod.  iv.  10. 
To  be  Jlcw  to  anger,  is  to  be  very  pa- 
tient, bearing  n.any  injuries  without 
revenging  them,  Neh.  ix.  17.  Siozu- 
ntfs  to  ivrathy  is  a  mark  of  much  wifdom., 
Prcv.  xiv.  29.  Men  are  Jlvw  of  heart 
to  lelieiie,  when  avcrfe  to  do  it  without 
uncommon,  or  even  Improper  evidence, 
Luke  xxiv.  2^. 

SLUICE  ;  a  dam  for  catching  fifh; 
If.  xix.  10. 

SLUMBER.     See  sleep. 
SMALL.     See  little. 
SMELL.     See  savour. 

3  H  ,3  <SMITE  i. 


SMI  r     428     J  S  M  Y 

SMITE  ;   (i.)   To  gi'vc  a  ftroke  to     crltes,  are   a  fmoke  and  hurnlrtg  fre  fa 

God's  nofe  ;  are  very  ofFenfive  and  dif- 
agrceable  to  him.  If.  Ixv.  5.  Men  and 
their  devices  are  hkened  to  fmohcy  to 
denote  how  unfubflantial,  fliort-hved, 
eafily  dcftroyed,  and  full  of  perplexity 
and  darki.efs  they  arc,  Pfal.  xxxvii.  20. 
Ixviii.  2.  cii.  3.  If.  ix.  18.  Ignoranc? 
and  delufion  are  a  fviohe  arifing  from 
hell,  and  ftupifying  men,  that  they 
know  not  what  they  do,  or  where  they 
are,  or  w^hat  is  a-doing  around  them, 
Rev.  ix.  2.  17.  In  alluhon  to  the  cafe 
of  Sodom  and  its  neighbouring  cities, 
\X\tfmohe  of  a  Imni  is  faid  to  afcend  up. 
unto  heaven,  when  the  judgements  in-^ 
flifted  thereon  are  very  vihble  and  ter- 
rible,  If.  xxxiv.  10.   Rev.  xviii.  9.  10, 

^WOOTYiJlones  are  fuch  as  are  not 
rough,  I  Sam.  xvii.  4.0.  ;  of  fuch  idols 
were  made  ;  or  men  worlhipped  them, 
as  they  faw  them  by  the  fides  of  brooks 
or  rivers.  If.  Ivii.  6.  A  fmooth  Jh'in  is 
one  not  overgrown  with  hair.  Gen. 
xxvii.  II.  16.  S.mQoth  nvays  are  fuch 
as  are  plain,  v/ithout  any  thing  to  make 
one  ftumble,  Luke  iii.  5.  SmootJy 
<7Juords,  or  mouthy  denotes  flattering 
fpeech,  that  has  no  tendency  to  con- 
vince or  alarm.  If.  xxx,  \o.  Jer.  xxiii, 
31.    Pfal.  Iv.  21.   Prov.  v.  3, 

SMYRNA  ;  a  city  of  LefTer  Afia, 
on  the  eaft  fnore  of  the  MediteiTanean 
fea,  about  46  rniles  north  of  Ephefus. 
It  was  built  by  the  EoHans,  and  de- 
ftroyed  by  the  lonians  ;  but  quickly 
after  rebuilt  ;  and  was  a  famous  city 
as  early  as  t|ie  time  of  Homer.  About 
j1,  M.  3400  the  Lydians  deftroycd  it ; 
but  Ai.Li'gonus,  one  of  Alexander's 
fuccelTors,  rebuilt  it,  near  300  years 
after.  About  the  tiir^e  of  our  Saviour's 
birth,  it  yvas  one  of  the  moll  wealthy 
and  populous  cities'  in  LefTer  Afia  t. 
nor,  except  Ephefus,  was  any  more 
honoured  and  favoured  by  the  Ro- 
mans ;  nor  did  -the  inhabitants  of  any 
other  fhew  equal  regard  to  Rome. 
Belides  a  variety  of  fieges,  Smyrna  has 
fuflered  fix  dreadful  earthquakes,  which 
dcHroyed  the  moft  part  of  it :  but  its 
delightful  fituatipn,  and  conveniency 
for  fea-trade,  occalioncd  ics  being  al- 
ways ;'.ebuilti     A  ChriiL;;;n  church  v/as 

planted 


a  perfon  or  thing,  Exod.  xxi.  26.  wiu 
(5.  {2.)  To  diftrefs  ;  afflia,.  l)cut. 
xxviif.  22.  27.  Prov.  xix.  25.  (3.) 
To  kill,  Deut.  xiii.  15.  To  fmite  an 
Gnnyy  is  to  rout  it,  Deut.  xxix.  7.  To 
ft7ute  tutth  the  tongue^  ,  is  to  reproach, 
Jer.  xviii.  18.  To  fmite  the  hands y  im- 
ports, to  give  an  alarm  ;  to  mourn  ; 
or  to  rejoice,  Ezek.  xxi.  14.  Tp 
finite  on  the  thigh  or  brcaf},  is  exprefiive 
of  repentance,  grief,  Jer.  xxxi.  18. 
Luke  xviii.  13.  To  fmite  one  on  the 
cheeki  imports  infolent  contempt,  Mic. 
V.  I.  One's  heart  f mites  him,  when  his 
coifcience,  with  challenge  of  guilt, 
aneds  him  with  remorfe  and  grief,  i 
Sam.  xxiv.  6.  Smiting  by  the  I'ighteous,  is 
faithful  and  friendly  reproof,  Pfal.  cxli. 
5.  To  fmite  men  on  the  cheek-hone,  is  to 
confound  and  deftroy  them,  Pfal.  iii.  7. 

SMITH  ;  ( I.)  A  worker  in  metal, 
gold,  filver,  iron,  &c.  Acls  xix.  24. 
(2.)  An  executioner  of  God's  judge- 
ments,  If.  liv.  16. 

SMOKE.  The  glorious  difplay  of 
God's  excellencies  is  likened  to  smoke; 
it  is  myfterious  and  incomprchenfible. 
If.  vi.  4.  His  protedlion  of  his  peo- 
ple is  likened  to  smoke;  it  is  terri- 
ble to  their  enemies,  and  conceals 
them  from  hurt,  If.  iv.  5.  It  being 
ufual  for.  angr)'  penons  to  breathe 
hard,  and  emit  from  their  mouth  a 
Jcind  of  fmoke,  God's  wrath  is  likened 
to  fmoke;  it  is  very  awful,  difagree- 
able,  and  confounding,  Pfal.  xviii.  8. 
Terrible  calamities  are  like  y7/2(5/t',-  they 
proceed  from  the  fire  of  God's  v.-rath, 
and  bring  on  fearful  perplexity,  dark- 
nefs,  and  dcfolation,  If.  xiv.  31.  The 
fmoke  in  the  temple  at  Antichrifl's  down- 
fall, is  either  God's  full  protedion  of 
his  church,  barring  out  his  enemies 
from  hurting  her,  or  the  terrible  cala- 
mities that  (hall  deter  people  from  pray- 
ine  for  the  Papifts  ;  and  till  which  be 
over,  men  fhall  be  afraid  to  join  them- 
felves  to  the  true  church.  Rev.  xv.  8. 
SaiptR,  and  their  prayers  and  praifes, 
are  likened  to  the  fmoke  afcending  from 
the  facred  incenfe  of  old  :  how  heaven- 
teiiding  !  and  how  acceptable  to  God  ! 
Song  iii.  6.  Rev.  viii.  4.  See  flax. 
T.he  Jcwifh  Pharifees,  and  other  hypo- 


SNA  r     429     1  S  N  O 

planted  here  very  early  ;  and  whatever     out  ;  and  their  own   conduct  plun^ei 

them  deeper   and   deeper  into  mifery, 
Pfal.  xi.  6.  Ezek.  xii.  13.     The  Jew- 
i(h  priefts   and   rulers  were   a  friar c  on 
Mi%pahy  and  a  net  fpread  upon  Talor  ; 
they,  in  the  moft  open  manner,  by  their 
example  and   enticement,  tempted  the 
people  to   idolatry  and  other  wicked- 
nefs,    Hof.  V.  I.     The  Caiiaanites  who 
were   fmfully   left   in   their  land,  were 
fnares  ami  traps  to  the    Hebrews,    and 
fcourges  in  their  fidcsy  and  thorns  in  their 
eyes,  and  their  idols  and  idolatries  were 
fnares  to  them  ;  they  were  means  of  de- 
coying them   into  fin,  and  iiillruments 
by  which   God   punidied  them,  Jofti» 
xxiii.  13.     Exod.  xxili.  33.     Pfal.  cvi. 
36.     The  Jewidi  table,  or  ceremonies, 
were  2ijnare  and  trap   to  the  Jews,  as, 
leaning    on    thefe,    they    encouraged 
themfelves  to  defpife  the  promifed  Mef- 
fiah,  Pfal.  kix,  22.   Rom.  xi.  9.    The 
temptations  of  Satan,  the  lips  or  fpeech 
of  a  fool,  breach  of  vows  by  facrilege, 
bad   example,  fiavilh  fear  of  men,  and 
the  flattering  tongue  of  an   harlot,  arff 
fnares  and  traps,  Prov.  xvili.  y.   xx.  25. 
xxix.  6.  25.      Eccl.  vii.  26.      Men  arc 
flared,  when,   by   the  devices  or  traps 
laid  for  their  hurt,  they  are   decoyed 
into   fin  and   expofed  to   punifhment, 
Deut.vii.25.  PfaLix.  16.   Eccl.  ix.  12. 
Scornful  n  e  1  bring  a  city  into  ^fnare^ 
by  their  bad  example  and  enticement, 
or    by    provoking    their    fuperiors    or 
neighbours  againib  them,  Prov.  xxix.  8. 
SNATCH  ;  to  catch  at  ;  rend   oflf 
a  piece  to  eat  it.      They  (hall  f natch  on 
the  right  hand,  and  be  hungry,  and  eat  on 
the  left,  and  not  be  fatisf.ed ;    they    (hall 
greedily   feize   on   whatever  comes   in 
their  way,  but  find  no  comfort  therein. 
If.  ix.  20. 

SNORT  ;  to  make  a  noife  through 
the  nollrils,  as  a  mettlefome  horfe.  To 
mark  the  terror  of  the  Chaldean  inva- 
fion  of  Judah,  it  is  faid,  that  t\itfnort' 
ing  of  their  horfes  was  heard  from  Dan, 
a  place  about  150  miles  diftant,  Jer. 
viii.  16. 

SNOW  is  formed  of  vapours  frozen 
in  the  air.  It  is  foft,  and  fometimes, 
efpecially  in  the  Eaft,  broad  a^  locks 
of  wool,   Pfal.  cxlvii.  1 6.     It  and  rain 


perfecution  they  fuffered  from  Jews  cr 
Gentiles,  they  maintained  the  Chriftian 
faith  with  fueh  exad:nefs,  that  In  the 
divine  epiftle  fent  them  by  John,  there 
is  not  a  fentence  of  reproof,  but  of 
praife  and  diredion,  Rev.  ii.  8,  9.  10.; 
and  ever  fince  Chriflianity  has  continu- 
ed in  this  place.  About  u^l.  I).  1676, 
this  city  was  repaired  by  Achmct  the 
Turkifli  vizier.  At  preient,  it  is  one 
of  the  moft  flourifliing  places  in  all  the 
Levant,  or  eaft  fide  of  the  Mediter- 
jranean  fea,  and  is  reforted  to  by  the 
traders  in  Afia,  Africa,  and  Europe. 
It  contains  about  28,000  fouls,  of 
which  above  10,000  are  Chriftians  of 
the  Greek  church,  and  the  reft  are 
Turks  and  Jews. 

SNAILS  are  well-known  animals, 
exceeding  fat,  and  eafily  melted  to 
death  by  a  fcorching  fun,  or  by  the 
application  of  fait.  Nay,  they  wafte 
their  fubftance  by  their  own  motion, 
leaving  always  a  moifture  where  they 
creep.  They  are  not  a  little  hurtful 
to  corns  and  garden-herbs.  They 
have  their  eyes  in  their  horns  ;  and,  it 
is  faid,  that  each,  at  leaft  of  thofe 
fnalls  that  live  in  ftiells  formed  of  the 
moifture  of  their  owii  bodies,  has  in 
itfelf  the  qualities  of  both  male  and  fe- 
male. The  Romans  and  others  have 
ufed  them  as  food  ;  but  they  were  for- 
bidden to  the  ancient  Jews  ;  and  might 
reprefent  men  felf-righteous,  fenfual, 
and  inadive.  Men  pafs  away  as  nfnail, 
■when  quickly,  eafily,  and  even  by  their 
own  m.eans,  they  are  deftroyed,  Plal. 
Iviii.  8. 

SNARE,  TRAP,  GIN,  grin;  ade- 
vice  for  catching  fi(hes,  fowls,  ^c. 
Job  xl.  24.  Amos  ill.  5.  Prov.  vii.  23. 
and  in  metaphoric  language,  fignlfies 
whatever  tends  to  entangle  one  to  his 
hurt.  Jefus  Chrift  is  a  gin  and  fiare, 
and  ftumbllng-block,  and  rock  of  of- 
fence to  men,  when,  on  account  of  his 
appearances  fo  oppofite  tv>  our  finful 
corruption,  he  is  rejected,  and  fo  our 
guilt  and  ruin  increafed.  If.  viii.  14. 
God  rzins  fnares  on  men,  when,  by  his 
providence,  he  involves  them  in  per- 
plexing ftraits,  that  they  cannot  •  get 


S  N  U  [     4JO    1         $  O  C    _  _ 

^ftre  vety  unfeafomble  in  fummerorhar-    truths  of  God,    and  pra£lice  of  !i^ 

people,  tnade  to  (hiue  clear  and  bright? 
Exod.  x^xvii.  23.   XXV.  38. 

SO  ;  a  king  of  Egypt,  who  e'Tga- 
ged  to  aflift  Hofliea  againfl  Shalmane- 
fer  king  of  Aflyria,  but,  it  feems,  did 
it  not,  at  Icall  not  cfTeAually,  2  Kings 
xvii.  4.  Probably  this  So  is  the  fame 
as  vSabachon  the  Ethiopian,  who  burnt 
to  death  Bocchoris  the  former  king  of 
Egypt,  and  after  retaiiiing  the  govern- 
ment of  the  country  for  50  years, 
was  fucceeded  by  Sevechus  or  Sethon, 
who  it  feems  was  prieil  of  Vulcan, 
and  whofe  prayers  the  Egyptians  pre- 
tended to  ?I';rodotiis  brought  ruin  on 
the  AfTyrian  hoft. 

SOBER;  confiderate;  thaughtful; 
humble;  grave;  and  temperate,  Rom, 
xii.  3.  Tit.  ii.  4.  12.  OBERNESs.; 
foundnefs  of  mind,  Acts  xxvi.  25.  So- 
briety includes  pru,dence,  gravity,  hu- 
mil'ty,  and  temperance,  i  Tim.  ii.  9. 15. 
To  li/efoberly,  right eovjlyy  And  godly,  is 
to  live,  rightly  managing  ourfelves, 
doing  juftice  to  our  neighbours,  and 
duly  honouring,  worflaipping,  and  fer- 
ving  our  God,  Tit.  ii.  12. 


veil,  Prov.  xxvi.  i.  but  its  cold  and 
water  are  refreflifiil  to  fcorched  reap- 
-ers:  or  referved  fnow  is  ufeful  to  cool 
wine  in  the  |ieat  of  harveft,  Prov. 
XXV.  13.  It  is  moft  pure  and  white  ; 
and  its  whitenefs  and  purity  are  made 
an  emblem  of  freedom  from  guilt  and 
corruption,  If.  i.  18.  Pfal.  H.  7.;  and 
of  glory  and  excellency,  Eam.  iv.  y. 
God's  fcattering  of  the  Canaanitifli 
kings,  and'  their  armies,  v/as  nvhite  as 
fmto  in  Salmon  ;  the  providence  was 
moftjuft  and  glorious  ;  and  the  carcafes 
lay  deep  on  the  furface  of  the  ground, 
pfal.  Ixviii.  15.  Sometimes  God  has 
made  fnowTin  inftrument  of  his  judge- 
TTients,  burying  towns  and  armies  a- 
jmidll  it,  Job  xxxviii.  22.  230  Snoiv- 
nvatcr  is  reckoned  exce]lent  for  wafhing 
with,  Job  ix.  30.;  and  for  refrediing 
the  earth,  and  rendering  it  fruitful, 
If.  iv.  10.:  at  Icail,  that  of  the  fnow 
of  Lebanon  was  eileemed  an  excellent 
and  refrefliful  drink.  God  is  compared 
to  the  fno'U}  of  Lebanon^  and  the  cold 
Jlowing  ^waters  that  proceed  from  it,  fg 
ufeful  to  refrefh  men  in  thefe  hot  coun- 
tries ;  for,  how  delightful!  how  re- 
-frefhing  his  goodnefs  and  grace  !  and 
liow  foolifh  to  forfake  him  for  other 
enjoyments!  or  the  words  might 'be 
tranflatcd,  Willavmn  leai)e  pure  loatersy 
Springing yrom  a  rock,  for  the  melted 
fno'w  of  Lebaiwt2,  all  mixed  with  mud  ? 
IVill  they  ever  dig  tip  the  dirty  waters  of 
an  inundation^  rather  than  tvaters  Jioiving 
from  a  fountain  ?  i.  e*  Will  ever  men 
■forfake  the  true  God,  for  mere  lofs  and 
Jer.  xviii.  14.  15. 

To  SNUFF  ;  (  I.)  To  draw  up  the 
air  into  the  nole,  Jer.  ii.  24.  xiv.  6. 
(2.)  To  mark  contempt,  by  a  fneer, 
or  tlie  like,  Mai.  i.  i  ^. 

SNUFFERS;  a  kind  of  tongs  for 
-fnuffing  of  burning  lamps,  and  making 
them  burn  more  brightly :  and  \\\(tfnuff- 
difhes  were  Imall  dirties  for  holding  what 
was  fnuffed  off,  that  it  might  not  pol- 
lute the  floor  of  the  fan6luary.  Both 
•were  appointed  of  God,  and  were  form- 
ed of  gold.  Did  they  figure  out  to  us 
the  divinely  -  inftituted  ordinances  of 
church-difcipline,  whereby  the  purity 
of  the    church  is  preferved,   and  the 


dung? 


SOCHO,  or  Shochoh.;  the  name 
of  two  cities  belonsrinp-  to  the  tribe  of 
Judah.;  one  \Xi  the  valley,  and  another 
in  the  hill-country,  weftward*  of  Jeru- 
falem,  Jofii.  xv.  35.  48.  Near  to  one 
of  them,  David  killed  Goliath,  andoc- 
cafioned  the  jrout  of  the  Phihllines,  I 
Sam.  xvii.  i.  Shochoh  was  one  of  the 
15  cities  which  R.ehoboam  repaired 
and  fortified,  2  Chron.  xi.  7. 
.  SOCKET  ;  a  kind  of  foot  m  wliich 
eredt  pillais  are  fixed  by  hollow  mor- 
tailes.  A  vail  number  of  fockets  were 
made  for  the  erection  of  the  tabernacle  ; 
of  which  I  GO  were  of  lilver,  a  talent 
to  eacli,  Exod.  xxxviii.  127,  Tlie  five 
fockets  ot  the  entrance  of  the  fan6lu~ 
ary,  and  the  60  which  fupported  the 
pillars  around  the  court,  were  of  brafs, 
Exod.  x:qri.  37.  xxvii. ;  the  weight  of 
thefe  fockets  tended  to  make  the  pil- 
lars iland  firm.  They  might  reprelent 
the  glorious,  fixed,  and  kiting  purpo- 
fes  of  God,  whereon  Jelus's  mediatory 
office  and  church  are  foimded  and  ella- 
bhflied,  Song  v.  i  ^. 

SOD- 


SOD  I"     43 

SODDER;  to  make  difTerent 
pieces  of  metal  join  fall  together,  If. 
xli.  7. 

SODOM,  Gomorrah,  Admah,  Ze- 
boim,  and  Zoar,  were  five  of  the  an- 
cient cities  of  the  Canaanltc§,  which 
flood  to  the  fouth-eall  of  the  mouih  of 
tlie  brook  Kidron,  or  thereabouts. 
In  the  days  of  Abraham  they  had  eacli 
a  king,  viz,.  Bera,  of  8odom  ;  Birfha, 
of  Gomori-ah  ;  Shinab,  of  Admah  ; 
Shemeber,  of  Zebotm  ;  and  one,  whofe 
name  is  not  mentioned,  of  Bela  or 
Zoar.  Chedorlaomer  reduced  them 
all  to  be  his  tributaries*  After  twelve 
years  fervitude  they  rebelled  ;  but, 
on  the  14th,  were  attacked,  and  had 
been  almoll  totally  ruined,  had  not 
God,  by  Abraham,  routed  the  con- 
ijuerors.  As  they  proceeded  in  their 
ivickednefs,  particularly  in  abufe  of 
themfelves  with  mankind,  God,  about 
16  years  after,  told  Abraham,  and  Lot, 
who  now  dwelt  in  Sodom,  of  his  in- 
tention to  deftroy  the  city.  Lot  and 
his  two  daughters  were  preferved,  and 
the  city  of  Bela,-  or  Zoar,  i.  e.  the  I'M 
one,  was,  at  his  requell,  preferved  for 
ihelter  to  him ;  but  the  other  four 
were  deftroyed  with  fire  and  brimllone 
from  heaven.  As  Sodom  flood  near 
to  Zoar, -it  feemsto  have  been  fituated 
near  the  fouth -point  of  the  Dead  fea. 
Strabo  talks  of  the  ruins  of  Sodom,  as 
feven  miles  and  a  half  m  compafs.  The 
ccclefiaftical  Notitia  mention  a  biihop 
of  Sodom,  in  the  primitive  ages  of 
Ghrillianity :  but,  with  the  judicious 
Reland,  we  cannot  believe  that  Sodom 
ever  was  rebuilt,  or  any  city  of  that 
name  built  near  to  the  fpot.  Moil  \>ri-. 
ters  believe  that  the  place  where  thefe 
cities  flood  was  fwallowed  up  by  an 
earthquake  ;  and  that  now  the  Dead 
fea  occupies  the  fpot :  and  fome,  we 
fuppofe  without  ground,  pretend  that 
the  ruins  of  them  are  Ib'll  to  be  feen  at 
low  water.  But  as  the  fcripture  re- 
prefents  the  country  as  fullering  the 
vengeance  of  continued  fire  ;  as  neither 
plowed,  nor  fown  ;  as  a  dry  defert  in- 
habited by  owls  and  wild  bealls ;  as  a 
dry  place  for  breeding  of  nettles,  •;nd 
25  li-aps  of  fait,  Jade  7.    Deut.  xxix. 


I     ]  SOL 

22.  Jer.  xlix.  18.  1.  38.  Zeph.  ii.  9.- 
Reland  thinks  their  place  is  not  cover- 
ed with  the  Dead  fea,  but  is  at  the 
fide  thereof.  Whenever  the  facred- 
prophets  would  mark  fome  fearful  and 
lallmg  dellruclion,  they  compare  it  to 
that  of  thefe  four  cities,  as  Hof.  xi.  8» 
Amos  iv.  II.  If.  i.  9.  Zeph.  ii.  9, 
Jer.  xHx.  18.  II.  xiii.  19.  Jer.  1.  38^ 
— 40.  Nay  the  terrible  ruin  of  thefe 
cities  is  ufcd  as  an  emblem  of  the  tor- 
ments of  ht  11,  Jude  7.  Rev.  xx,  12. — 
15.  Thofe  who  in  after  times  abufed 
males  for  the  gratification  of  their  filthy 
lull,  were  called  Sodomites^  They  were 
not  only  commqn  among  the  Heathens, 
Rom.  i.  26.  27.  J  but  numbers  of  them, 
were  among  the  Jews.  Afa  and  Jeho- 
Ihaphat  cut  off  multitudes  of  them, 
and  Jofiah  demolilhed  the  houfes  where 
they  pmilifed  that  horrible  villany,  i 
Kings  xiv.  34.  xxii.  46.  2  KJngs  xxiiio 
7.  The  Jewifli  rulers  and  people  are 
likened  to  thofe  of  Sodom  and  Gomor- 
rah, on  account  of  their  great  wicked- 
ncfs,  If.  i.  10.  Jer.  xxiii.  14.  Rome, 
or  the  Antichrillian  ftate,  is  called  So- 
dom, becaufe  of  the  fodomy,  and  all 
other  wickednefs,  particularly  of  the- 
flefhly  kind,  that  there  abounds,  Rev, 
xi.  8.    ' 

SOFT  cloth-ing,  is  what  is  fine  and. 
gorgeous,  Matth.  xi.  8.  Ay©//  hearty 
is  one  tender,  and  broken  with  griefj^ 
Job  xxiii.  16.  Sofi  -words,  are  either 
fuch  as  are  mild  and  gentle,  Prov.  xv. 
I.  XXV.  15.;  or  fuch  as  are  flattering 
and  deceitful,  Pfal.  Iv.  21.  Softly, 
(i.)  Slowly, ,  Gen.  xxxiii.  14.  (2.) 
Mildly  ;  gently  ;  without  any  noife,. 
Acls  xxvii.  13.  (3.)  In  a  debafed 
and  humble  manner,  If.  xxxviii.  15. 
i  Kings  xxi.  27. 

SOJOURN;  to  d^vell  in  a  land  with- 
out any  fixed  abode  or  poffeffion,  as 
the  Hebrew  patriarchs  did  in  Canaan, 
Egypt,  cfr.  Gen.  XX.  i.  Pfal.  cv.  23. 
Saints  -AXt  Jojourners  on  earth  ;  they  have 
no  pK:»rtion  here,  and  only  tariy  in  this 
world  till  they  be  ready  for  their  pro- 
per coailtry  in  heaven,  PfaL  xxxix,  12. 
I  Pet.  i.  17. 

SOLACE  ;  to  comfort  ;  delight, 
Prov.  yih  iS. 

SOL- 


SOL 

SOLDIERS;  ftated  warriors  for 
proteding  or  preierving  the  peace  of  a 
country,  and  fighting  with  the  enemy. 
We  find  no  ftated  warriors  amoncr  the 
Hebrews  till  the  time  of  Saul.  Mini- 
fters  and  faints  are  JolJlers,  enlifted  un- 
der, armed  and  direfted  by,  Jefus  the 
captain  of  our  falvation  ;  they  fight 
for  him  and  his  caufe  in  a  fplritual  man- 
ner, againft  fin,  Satan,  aad  the  world, 
3  Tim.  ii.  3.     See  army. 

SOLEMN;  fixed  to  a  particular 
©ccafion  ;  done  with  awe  and  reverence. 
Numb.  X.  10.  Pfal.  xcii.  3.  Solem- 
nity ;  the  time  of  an  appointed  feail, 
and  the  meeting  of  the  people  thereat, 
as  at  the  feaft  of  Palfover,  Pente- 
coft,  Tabernacles,  &c.  If.  xxx.  29. 
Deut.  xxxi.  10.  Solemnly  ;  in  a 
grave,  bold,  and  earnelt  manner,  i 
Sam.  viii.  9. 

SOLITARY.  See  desolate. 
^  SOLOMON,  the  fon  of  King  Da- 
vid by  Bathiheba,  born  about  J.  M, 
2971.  He  was  called  Solomon,-  to 
fignify  his  peaceful  temper  and  reign, 
and  Jedidiah,  to  mark  him  the  darling 
of  the  Lord,  2  Sam.  xii.  24.  25.  His 
father,  knowing  that  he  was  to  build 
the  temple,  made  great  preparations 
for  it,  and  trained  him  up  with  great 
care.  As  his  brother  Adonijah  thought 
to  ufurp  the  throne,  David,  by  the  in- 
iligation  of  Bathflieba  and  Nathan, 
caufed  Solomon  to  be  anointed  king 
while  himfelf  yet  lived,  which  was 
done  with  great  folemnity.  After  his 
father  had  directed  him,  concerninsr  the 
temple,  concerning  Joab  and  Shimei, 
and  folemnly  charged  him  to  walk  in 
the  v/ay  of  the  Lord,  and  bleffed  him, 
he  died,  Prov.  iv.  i  Kings  i.  ii.  i  Chron. 
xxii.  xxviii.  xxix.  Solomon,  who,  a- 
bout  two  years  before,  had  married 
Naamah  the  Ammonitefs,  and  had  Re- 
hoboam  by  her,  was  now  about  18 
years  of  age,  when  he  entered  on  the 
fole  government  of  the  kingdom.  Ha- 
ving put  Adonijah,  Joab,  and  Shimei 
to  death,  and  confined  Abiathar  the 
high  prieft,  for  their  refpcftive  crimes, 
he  married  the  daughter  of  Pharaoh 
King  of  Egypt,  who  feems  to  have 
fcecome  a  Jewifh  profelyte  5   fgr  Sol«- 


432    1  SOL 

mon  appears  not  to  have  fallen  into  tfce 
idolatry  of  her  country.  To  procufc 
divine  aiTi (lance,  and  fuccefs  in  his  go- 
vernment, he  and  his  nobles  offered 
1000  burnt-olTerings  at  Gibeon,  where 
the  tabernacle  then  was.  That  night 
the  Lord  appeared  to  him,  and  offered 
to  grant  him  whatever  he  fhould  afl<:. 
He  reqiefted  wifdom  to  qualify  him 
for  the  government  of  fo  great  a  peo- 
ple. His  requeft  pleafed  the  Lord, 
and  he  granted  him  fuch  wifdom,  ho- 
nour, and  wealth,  as  none  before  or 
after  him  ever  poiTefTed.  Rifing  from 
his  lleep,  he  came  to  Jerufalem,  and 
offered  a  great  number  of  facrifices  be- 
fore the  ark  ;  and  then  made  a  feaft 
for  his  family.  Soon  after  he  had  an 
opportunity  for  trying  his  wifdom. 
Two  harlots  lived  together  in  onehoufe, 
and  were  brought  to  bed  about  the 
fame  time.  One  of  them  killing  her 
own  child  by  overlaying  it,  laid  it  in 
her  neighbour's  bofom,  and  took  the 
living  child  into  her's.  Her  neighbour, 
on  viewing  the  dead  infant,  knew  it 
was  not  her's,  and  claimed  the  living 
one.  The  other  no  lefs  vehemently 
denied  the  dead  babe  to  be  her's,  and 
claimed  the  quick  one.  The  caufe 
came  before  Solomon  ;  and  as  parties 
on  both  fides  were  equally  ftiff,  and  tlie 
matter  admitted  of  no  formal  proof, 
Solomon,  conceiving  that  the  real  mo- 
ther would  (how  a  diltingruinied  regfard 
for  the  life  of  her  child,  called  for  a 
fword,  that  he  might  cut  the  living 
infant  in  two,  and  give  each  of  the 
claimants  an  half.  The  pretended  mo- 
ther was  content  it  fhpuld  be  fo  ;  but 
the  other  begged,  that  the  life  of  the 
babe  might  be  preferved,  and  given  to 
her  competitor.  By  this  evidence  of 
affe&ion,  Solomon  knew  her  to  be  the 
real  mother,  and  ordered  the  child  to 
be  given  her.      i  Kings  ii.  iii. 

Solomon's  kingdom,  which  extend- 
ed from  the  north-eaft  border  of  Egypt 
to  the  Euphrates,  if  not  a  little  beyond, 
was  altogether  peaceful  and  affluent* 
He  divided  it  into  cantons,  under  the 
direction  of  proper  governors,  who, 
each  in  his  month,  provided  for  the 
fubfiftencc  of  the  roy^  family,  which 

might 


SOL  [    433    ]  SOL 


might  amount  to  30,000,  or  40,000, 
nay,  the  Jews  fay  60,000  perions. 
His  horfcs  and  chariots,  which  were 
many,  were  properly  difpofed  of. 
Hiinfelf  exceeded  all  men  in  wifdom 
and  knowkdge.  He  colleded  or  framed 
3000  proverbvS,  and  1005  fongs.  He 
fenfibly  explained  the  nature  of  vege- 
tables and  animals  of  every  kind  then 
known.  His  fame  made  all  the  kings 
around,  who  were  generally  either  his 
tributaries  or  allies,  fend  to  enquire  of 
his  wifdom.  By  his  trade  witli  E- 
gypt,  he  introduced  plenty  of  fine  hor- 
fes,  and  a  manufadure  of  linen  ;  and 
by  his  trade  with  Ophir  and  other 
places,  he  rentlercd  gold  and  filver  as 
common'  in  Jerufalem,  as  the  ftones  of 
the  llreet,  and  cedar-trees  as  plentiftd 
as  fycamores.  The  fleet  which  ,he  fent 
once  in  three  years  from  Elath  on  the 
Red  fea,  and  managed  by  Tyrian  ma- 
riners, brought  him  from  Ophir  near 
2,000,000/.  Sterling.  I'Kings  iv.  ix.  28. 
X.  14.  26. — 23.   2  Chron.  i.  ix.  27.  , 

When  Hiram  king  of  Tyre  heard 
that  Solomon  fucceeded  his  father,  he 
fent  him  a  folemn  embafty,  to  congra- 
tulate his  accefiion  to  the  throne.  So- 
lomon returned  him  another,  requeft- 
ing  his  afiillance  to  build  a  magnificent 
temple  for  the  Lord,  as  his  people 
were  more  fkilful  in  cutting  timber  and 
ftone.  Hiram  returned  him  word,  that 
he  would  caufe  his  fubjecls  cut  cedars 
in  Lebanon,  and  bring  them  to  Joppa 
in  floats.  To  reward  which,  Solomon 
gave  Hiram,  for  the  maintenance  of 
his  family  and  workmen,  20,000  mea- 
fures  of  wheat,  and  as  much  of  bar-ley, 
and  20,000  baths  of  oil,  which  lafl:  are 
alfo  called  20  mcafures  ;  or  there  were 
20  meafures  added  to  them  for  fome 
other  ufe.  In  the  4th  year  of  his  reign, 
y/.  M.  2993,  the  temple  began  to  be 
built,  and  was  finiil-ved  in  feven  years. 
Befides  the  fervants  of  Hiram,  there 
were  153,600  Canaanites  employed  in 
this  work  ;  70,000  of  which  were 
bearers  of  burdens,  and  80,000  dig- 
gers, and  cutters  of  ft:one  ;  and  3300 
were  overfeers  ;  and  300  more  were  a 
referve,  to  fupply  the  places  of  fuch 
officers  as  fell  lick.     All  the  materials 


were  prepared  at  a  diHance,  that  there 
was  nothing  to  do  on  the  fpot,  but  to 
join  them  together.  Hiram,  an  ex- 
cellent artifl.  from  Tyre,  had  the  charge 
of  the  foundery.  In  the  feventh  month, 
yl.  M.  3001,  it  was  finiflied,  and  de- 
dicated with  great  folemnity,  Solorr.on, 
and  the  elders  of  Ifrael,  and  almoll  all 
the  people,  being  prefent.  After  car- 
rying in  the  ark,  and  fome  prefents 
which  David  had  left  for  it,  and  fixing 
its  var-ious  utenlils  and  ornaments  in 
their  proper  places,  the  temple  was  fil- 
led with  the  cloud  of  the  divine  glory, 
which  obliged  the  pricils  for  a  while  to 
difcontinue  their  miniilrations.  '  After 
profl:rating  himfelf,  Solomon  fliood  up 
on  a  high  fcafFoldj  where  his  throne 
was  placed,  and  turning  his  face  to  the 
temple,  did,  in  a  moll  folemn  manner, 
beg  that  God  would  accept,  and  blefs 
the  houfe  for  his  fervice,  and  hear  fhe 
various  prayers  which  the  Jews  fhould 
make  tov/ards  it  in  their  various  af- 
fiidions  ;  and  tliat  he  would  fulfil  the 
promifes  made  to  David  and  his  feed. 
He  then  turned  himfelf  to  the  people, 
and  blefled  them.  As  a  tok>jn  of  ac- 
ceptance, a  fire  from  heaven  cuafumed 
the  facrifices  on  the  altar,  and  the  glo- 
ry of  the  Lord  again  filled  the  temple. 
Awed  herewith,  the  people  fell  upon 
their  faces,  and  worfliipp-d  God.  At 
this  time  Solomon  facrificed  22,000 
oxen,  and  120,000  flieep,  for  peace- 
oiterings  ;  and  as  the  altar  of  burnt-of- 
fering w^as  too  fmall  for  the  fat  of  all 
thefe,  the  middle  of  the  court  was 
confecrated  to  be  an  occafional  altar. 
Soon  after,  perhaps  the  night  follow- 
ing, God  appeared  to  Solomon,  and 
affured  Irim,  that  he  had  accepted 
his  prayers,  and  would  grant  his 
requefl:s  ;  but  would  bring  ruin  on  Da- 
vid's family,  and  on  iiVacl,  and  on  the 
temple,  if  they  rebelled  again (l  his 
commandments.  A^t-r  14  days  fpent 
in  this  dedication,  and  in  the  tcjii  of 
tabernacles  that  followed  it,  Solomon 
gave  the  people  a  folemn  difmifiion  ; 
and  they  reurncd  home,  rejoicing,  and 
praying  for  bleflings  to  their  ki:ig, 
I  Kings  vi.  vii.  viii.  ix.  2  Chron.  iii. 
iv.  v.  vi.  \i\. 

^  I  Aft«r 


S  G  L  [454 

After  Solomon  hnd  linifhed  the  tem- 
Jjle,  he  built  a  magniiicent  palace  for 
himfelf,  another  for  his  Egyptian 
queen,  and  a  third  called  the  foreft  of 
jLebanon,  where  he  fometimes,  if  not 
chiefly  refided.  Thefe  were  all  fini(h- 
ed  in  about  22  years.  To  reward  Hi- 
ram for  his  kind  afllllmce,  Solomon 
made  him  a  prefent  of  20  cities  in  the 
land  of  Galilee,  which,  it  feems,  he 
or  his  father  took  from  the  Canaanites  ; 
but  as  the  cities  and  foil  did  not  pleafe 


Hiram,  it  feems,  he  reflorcd  them  to 
Solom.on,  who  repaired  them  and  ga?e 
them  to  the  Hebrews  ;  and  no  doubt 
repaid  Hiram  his  120  talents  of  gold, 
and  his  friendly  afliftance,.  fome  other 
way.  He  alfo  ftized  on  Hamath- 
zobah,  and  "built  Tadmor,  and  other 
cities  in  thefe  parts.  He  alfo  repaired' 
the  two  Beth-horons,  and  Baa'ath, 
and  Gezer.  In  carrying  on  thefe 
ftruftures,  Solomon  allowed  none  of 
the  Hebrews  to  work  as  (laves  ;  but 
caufed  the  rem.ains  of  the  Canaanites  to 
be  his  drudges.  It  feems,  however, 
that  his  taxes  on  the  Hebrews,  raifed 
in  order  to  carry  on  thefe  works,  pro- 
voked them  againft  him.  It  appears, 
that  his  annual  revenue  was  about  666 
talents  of  gold,  befides  what  he  had  in 
prefents  from  his  allies  and  tributary 
kings,  and  what  he  had  from  merchants.. 
—-It  is  faid,  that  Hiram  king  of  Tyre 
and  Solomon  maintained  a  correfpon- 
dence,  pofing  one  .another  with  haid 
queftions.  It  is  far  m.ore  certain,  that 
the  queen  of  Sheba,  hearing  of  his 
fame,  came  from  the  utmoft  parts  of  the 
louth,  to  hear  and  fee  his  wifdom  ;  and 
having  heard  his  anfwers  to  her  puz- 
zling queftions,  having  feen  the  beauty 
and  worfhip  of  the  temple,  and  the 
magnificence  and  order  of  his  court, 
table,  and  attendants,  fhe  fainted  with 
lurprife,  and  confefted,  that  it  far  ex- 
ceeded all  fhe  had  heard.  Loaded  with 
prefents,  fhe  returned  to  her  country, 
I  Kings  X. 

Hitherto  every  thing  in  Solomon's 
character  appears  grand  aiid  admirable  ; 
but  his  abominable  condud  in  the  after 
part  of  his  life,  has  marked  liim  with 
lafting  difgrace.  He  had  700  vives,- 
and  300  concubines,  molUy  iieatlien- 


]        s  o  M 

I'h  idolaters.  In  compliance  with  thefi^;, 
he  forfook  the  Lord,  and  worfliipped, 
and  built  temples  to  their  idols,  Afh- 
taroth,  Moloch,  Chemofli,  and  others. 
The  Lord  appeared  to  him,  and  told 
him,  that  as  he  had  fo  wickedly  broken 
his  covenant,  he  would  rend  off  ten  of 
the  Hebrew  tribes  from  their  fubjec- 
tion  to  his  feed.  Alarmed  herewith, 
Solomon  repented  of  his  Im,  and  it  is 
like,  about  this  time  wrote  his  Eccle- 
siASTEs,  wherein  he  declares  all  things 
vnnity,  and  vexation  of  fpirit  ;  and 
that  he  had  found  whorifh  women  more 
bitter  than  death :  and,  it  is  like,  a 
pail  of  his  Proverbs,  wherein  he  fo 
earneftly  warns  his  fon  againft  whorifh 
women.  His  temporal  punifhment  was. 
not  turned  away.  Ere  he  died,  Ha- 
dad  the  Edomite,  Rezon  the  Syrian, 
and  Jeroboam  the  fon  of  Nebat,  began 
to  give  him  uneafmefs^  After  a  reign, 
of  40  years  he  died,  and  was  fucceeded 
by  Rehoboam.  The  hiftory  of  his 
reign  was  vi^ritten  by  Nathan,  AKijah, 
and  Iddo..  If  he  wrote  any  more  be- 
fides his  Song  of  Songs,  Proverbs,  and 
Ecclefiaftes,  it  was  miinfpired,  and  is 
now  loft,    I  Kings^xi. 

Jefus  Chrift  is  called  Solomon,  and 
was  typiiied  by  that  prince.  What  a 
darling  of  Heaven  is  he  !  how  infinitely 
wife  and  peaceful  !  Notwithftanding 
all  oppofition,  how  folemnly  inftalled 
in  his  throne  by  the  Father  !  and  hew 
extenfive  his  kingdom!  Howju^Iy 
he  punifnes  the  guilty  !  how  wifely  he 
judges  !  and  how  plentifully  he  enriches 
his  people  !  What  multitudes  come  to, 
and  admire  his  wifdom  and  glory  i 
How  hcbuilds  the  temple  of  his  churchy 
and  confccrates  her  to  the  Loi*d,  by 
his  unmatched  facrifice,  and  all-preva- 
lent intercelTion  !  Song  iii.  6.  ii.  viif. 
10.  ' 

SOME;  a  part,  either  fmaller'or 
greater  ;  ftw  or  many,  Matth.  xxviii. 
17.  Rom.  iii.  3.  Something,  or 
SOMEWHAT,  denotes  both  what  is  of 
fmall,  and /what  is  of  much  value,  2 
Chron.  X.  4.  6.  Gal.  ii.  6.  vi.  3.  ;  and; 
what  is  good,  as  alms,  A6ls  iii.  5.  j 
and' what  is  diftrefsful,  as  afflidion, 
I  Simi.  XX.  26. 

90M, 


SON 

SON.     See  child. 

SONG,  or  HYMN  ;  (l.)  A  ditty, 
or  poem,  to  be  fung  either  in  joy  and 
thankfgiving,  as  of  Mofes  at  tlie  Red 
fea  ;  of  D;;borah,  Hannah,  David, 
Hezekiah,  Habakkuk,  Mary,  Zacha- 
rias,  vSimeon,  izfc,  Exod.  xv.  Judg. 
v.  I  Sam.  ,ii.  2  Sam.  x  .ii.  If.  xxxviii. 
Hab.  iii.  Luke  i.  ii.  ;  crc  of  lamenta- 
tion, as  of  David,  over  the  death  -of 
Saul  and  Jonathan,  and  of  Abner,  2 
Sam.  i.  iii.  33.;  and  of  Jeremiah,  on 
the  death  of  Jofiah,  and  on  the  de- 
ilruction  of  Jeriilalein,  2  Ghron.  xxxv. 
25.  Lam.  i. — V.  ;  or  of  preditlory 
warning,  as  of  Mofts  before  his  death, 
Deut.  xNxii.  (2.)  The  fubjccl-matter 
on  wliich  a  fong  is  compofed  :  thus 
God  is  the  fong  of  his  people  :  his  ex- 
cellencies and  favours  are  the  fubje^l- 
matter  of  it,  Exod.  xv.  2.  Job  and 
.David  were  the  ff;>ng  of  their  enemies  ^ 
i,  e.  were  the  object  of  their  mockery 
and  derifion.  Job  XXX..9.  Pfal.  Ixix. 
12.  Neiv  fotigs.  are  fuch  as  are  newly 
made,  or  for  new  mercies,  and  are  e-ver 
fweet  apd  delightful,  Pfal.  xxxiii.  3. 
xl.  3.  Sblriiualfuugs,  are  thofe  whofe 
fubjvjc.t-! natter  is  fpiritual  and  divine, 
in  oppofition  to  empty,  falfe,  fulfome, 
and  iafcivious  fongs,  c<iiied  the  fong  of' 
fools^  E^;h.  v.  19.  Col.  iii.  16.  Eccl. 
vii.  5.  They  are  called,  the'  Lord's 
Jongy  or  x\\e  fong  of  the  Lamb.,  becaufe 
God  and  his  Chrift  are  the  fubjedl- 
xnatter  or  them,  ajid  to  his,  honour  tlicy 
are  fu.ig,  Pfnl.  xlii.  8.  -c^xxyii.  3.. 
Rev.  XV.  3.  The  Jews  had  fongs  fung 
almod  the  waole  iu'ght  of  their  more 
folemn  fealls,  efpecially  on  the  firil 
night  of  the  palfover.  If.  y.xx.  29. 
Solomon's  ^ong  of  Songs^  could  not  be 
a  nuptial  iiym.i,  co4npoftd  on  occafion 
of  nis  marriage  with  any  of  his  wives. 
It  was  not  penned  till  the  tower  of 
Lebanon  was  built,  chap.  vii.  4.  ;  and 
fo  not  till  about  20  year^  after  his  mar- 
riage with  Piiaraoh's  daughter.  Many 
pf  the  emblems  in  it,  it  applied  to  a 
lady,  as  when  ihe  is  called  a  keeper  of 
the  vineyardy  faid  to  have  an  head  like 
Carmely  a  nrfe  like  the  toiver  of  Lebanon  ; 
eyes  like  a  Jifh-pool ;  teeth  like  ajlock  of 
Jheep  ;   and  to  be  terrible  as  an  army  avith 


435    1         SON      . 

bannersy  Iffc.  are  abfurd  to  the  laft  de- 
gree :  but  if  underftood  of  the  marriage 
and  fcllowfliip  between  Chrift  and  his 
people,  it  will  appear  mod  exalted,  in- 
Itrudivc,  and  heart  warming.  In  vain 
Whiilon,  and  fome  other  carnalifts, 
upon  fcarce  the  fhadow  of  grounds, 
have  denied  its  authenticity.  Though, 
the  name  of  God  is  not  found  in  it, 
any  more  than  in  Efther,  as  indeed 
the  allegory  of  this  book  fcarce  admits 
it  ;  yet  its  majeftic  ftyle,  its  power  on 
mens  confcience  to  promote  holinefs 
and  purity,  the  harmony  of  its  language 
with  that  of  Chrift's  parables,  and  of 
the  book  of  Revelati.^r.  ;  the  fincerity 
of  the  bride  in  acknowledging  her 
faults  ;  and,  in  line,  its  general  recep- 
tion by  the  Jevvifh  aiid  Chrillian  churchy 
fufliciently  prove  it  irifpired  of  God. 
To  iuch  as  read  it  with  a  carnal,  and 
efpecially  a  wanton  mind,  it  is  the  fa- 
vour of  death  unto  death,  as  the  mind 
and  confcience  of  fuch  are  defiled ; 
but  to  Xuch  as  have  experienced  much 
fellowfliip  with  Chrift,  and  read  it  with 
a  heavenly  and  fpfritual  temp:  r  of  mind, 
it  will  be  the  favour  of  life  unto  life. 
The  fpeakers  in  it  are  Chrift,  believers, 
and  the  daughters  of  Jerufalem.  As 
the  following  attempt  tovv^ards  a  fpirit- 
ual paraphraie  thereof,  explains  a  book, 
of  continued  allegories,  and  exempli- 
fies how  the  detached  exphcations  of 
fcripture  in  this  work  may  be  connec- 
ted, it  is  hoped  it  will  not  be  alto- 
gether difguftful  to  the  devout  reader, 
who,  in  the.perufal,  is  denred  to  com* 
pare  yerfe  by  verfe  with  his  Bible, 

CHAP.    I. 

Bklievers.  Vetf.  2.  Let  him, 
wliofe  name  is  wonderful,  inexprcfliMe, 
and  unmatched  ;  him,  who  loved  me, 
and  gave  himfelf  for  mt:  ;  him,  who 
is  the  only  darling  of  my  heart,  the 
great  objeA  of  my  thoughts,  the  fub- 
ilance  and  fource  of  all  my  joys  ;  let 
him,  who  is  my  Saviour,  my  huband, 
my  God,  my  all  in  all,  kindly, 
but  powerfully,  apply-  his  precious 
truths  to  my  foul :  and  thereby  give 
me  ONE,   give    me    manifold,   large, 


and  raviHiino;  difc( 


3 


I    2 


of  his  perfon, 


SON       L  .  436 

his  rlghteoufnefs,  and  fulnefs :  give  my 
ine  fvveet  intimations,  feelings,  and 
tokens,  of  his  diflinguifhed,  cverlafting 
love  ; — give  me  full  alTuiance  of  my 
peace,  and  reconciliation  with  him  ; 
pleafant  incentives,  and  inflammations 
of  my  love  towards  him.  For  thrice  a- 
jniable  Jefus,  thy  unmatched,  thy  free, 
thy  ancient,  and  unchangeable,  thy 
almighty  and  efficacious  lovcy  in  under- 
taking, in  obeying,  a>id  dying  for  me  ; 
. — in  rifing  from  the  dc  ad,  in  afcending 
to  glory,  and  interceding  for  me  ; — 
and  in  bellowing  thy  all-ravifh'ing  and 
marvellous  Self,  with  all  the  fulnefs  of 
G -)d,  on  guilty,  polluted,  and  wretch- 
ed M  E  ; — how  m;iny  thoufand-fold  more 
precious  !  more  eaOly  obtained  !  more 
fweet  and  refrefhing  to  my  heart,  than 
<vine  !  tlian  any  created  enjoyment  ! — 
never  is  it  four,  or  taileleis  ;  never  is 
jiiy  foul  furfeited  therewith,  or  hurt 
thereby  ;  it  quickens  me  under  dead- 
nefs  ;  it  fupports  and  ilrengthens  me 
under  burdens  ;  it  comforts  me  againit 
griefs  ;  it  fills  me  with  joy  unfpeakable, 
and  full  of  glory  ;  it  begets,  and  in- 
flames  my  love    to   a  reconciled  God  ; 


conforms  me  to  his  image;  and  nou- 
rifhes  me  up  to  '  everlalling  felicity. 
Verf.  3.  Such,  thrice  blell  Redeemer, 
is  the  divine  fweetnefs  and  favour,  the 
heart-foftening,  healing,  and  beautify- 
ing virtue  of  thy  perfonal  excellencies, 
as  God-man  ;  and  of  the  fulnefs  of 
grace  and  glory  lodged  in,  thee  :  fuch 
the  delightful,  the  heart-captivating 
in<iuence  of  the  gofpel-exhibition  of 
thee  as  uur  ahr.ightv,  our  compaflion- 
ate,  and  everlaftirig  Mediator,  prophet, 
prieR,  king,  phylkian,  friend,  brother, 
parent,  and  hufband  ;  that  every  foul 
inwardly  renewed,  every  foul  endowed 
with  gofpel-purity,  humility,  heaven- 
ly aifedtion,  and  holy  con  vcrfation,  docs, 
and  miuft,  w^ith  fuperlative  and  univer- 
fal,  with  unfeigned,  ceafelefs,  and  ar- 
dent love,  elleem,  defire,  dehght,  glo- 
ry in,  and  extol  thee.  Verf.  4.  O  all- 
gracious  Redeemer,  whom  my  foul 
loveth,  confider  my  deferted,  my  temp- 
ted, my  diftreffed  cafe ;  reach  forth 
thine  arm  that  is  full  of  power;  apply 
thy  promiies  to  ray  diltaiit,  my  weak. 


1       SON 

dead,  my  obflinately-rebellious, 
and  hell-ward-drav/n  heart ;  let  the 
powerful  arguments,  the  almighty  in- 
fluence of  thy  grace,  m.elt  my  inward 
rock,  quicken  and  inflame  my  foul  with 
love  to  thee  :  O  work  in  me,  to  will 
and  to  do  :  bring  me  into  the  ncaieft, 
the  mofl  ravilhing  intimacy  w'ith  thy- 
felf ; — THEN,  in  the  exercife  of  grace, 
and  pra6lice  of  virtue,  fliall  every  in- 
ward power  of  mine,  bend,  run,  and 
fly  towards  thee  ;  and  others,  by  me  ex- 
cited, fliall,  with  fpeed,  alacrity,  and 
vigour,  feek  for,  cleave  to,  and  follow 
after  thee, — Allonifliing  ! — What  fud- 
den  change  I  feel !  how  excellent  and 
rich  !  how  fovereign  and  free  !  how 
powerful,  and  feafonable  interpofing  is 
the  grace,  the  love  of  my  divine  King 
of  angels  and  men,  chiefly  of  his  body 
the  church  ! — While  I  yet  fpake,  he 
hath  heard  ;  w4iile  I  called,  he  hath 
faidto  my  foul.  Here  i  am  :  he  hath 
brought  me  near  to  himfelf,  and  gran- 
ted me  the  mofl:  diftindl,  fenfible,  and 
traiifporting  fellowfliip  with  him,  in 
the  promiies,  and  ordinances  of  his 
grace :  here,  in  his  prefence'chamber, 
what  wonders  of  redeeming  kindnefs  he 
difcovers  to  my  view ! — my  fms,  which 
are  many,  blotted  out  1 — my  eternal 
peace  and  felicity  fecured  !  and  the 
perfe6lions,  purpofes,  and  promifes  of 
God,  fhining  in  the  face  of  Jefus  ;  and 
my  full  and  everlafl:ing  intereil  therein  ! 
. — O  what  unutterable  views  of  God, 
and  of  glory,  I  now  fee  !  w^hat  inex- 
preliibly  pleafant,  and  captivating  in- 
fluence of  everlalting  love  flied  abroad 
m  my  heart,  I  feel !  how  all  my  in- 
ward powers  are  melted,  quickened, 
ftrengthened,  and  fet  on  fire  with  love ! 
O  what  inconteftable  evidence  of  the 
truth  of  religion,  I  perceive  the  power 
of!  what  defence  from  temptation  ! 
what  freedom  from  the  rage  of  corrup- 
tion !  what  fi.:ed  arrefl:ment  of  heart 
on  God,  I  enjoy  ! — What,  Lord, 
fliall  I  render  to  thee,  for  thy  bene- 
fits ! — Mounting  my  foul,  above  every 
created  enjoynient,  I  will  delight  in, 
praife,  and  boafl:  of  thy  infinite  and 
all-lovciy  Self,  as  my  God,  and  my 
exceeding  joy  5  and  Avith  others,  by  m«? 

excited, 


SON         r  .  437    1 

cxc'ted,  will  think  of,  dcfire,  receive,  impofed 
and  extol,  thy  redeeming  grace,  mer- 
cyj  and  goodnefs,  7norc  ilnin  '  iv'ine  ; 
more  than  any  created  <ielights  ; — for 
truly,  every  one  who  is  pofleffed  of 
real  candour  and  integrity,  m  a  re- 
ligious ptofeffion  or  pniAiee,  docs, 
and  muil,  with  the  whole  heart,  efteem, 
defire,  and  delight  in  thee  !  Verf.  5. 
Ah  !  how  quickly  defileineat  and  dif- 
trefs  fucceed  to  my  ravilhmg  frame  ! — 
but,  O  noniinal  profeffors,  or  you 
babes  in  Chriil,  Humble  not  at  reli- 
gion, becaufe  of  what  I  appear  in  my- 
ielf,  or  in  the  view  of  a  carnal  world  : 
for,  though,  in  refemblance  to  the 
<:oarfe,  fun-burut  tents  of  Arabia,  I 
be  Itained  with  remaining  guilt,  pollu- 
tion, and  weaknefcj  ;  be  oppreikd  with 
countlefs  temptations  and  troubles  ;  be 
mingled  with  hypocrites  ;  be  defpifed 
and  perfecuted  of  men  :  yet  in  Jefus 
my  head,  and  in  his  righteoufnefs  im- 
puted, and  in  his  gracious  efceem,  and 
wearing  his  graces  imparted,  and  ex- 
ercillng  patience  and  refignation  under 
my  futFerings,  I  am  more  comely  and 
glorious  than  the  curtains  of  SolomonU 
palace,  Verf.  6.  Pore  not  therefore 
upon  my  fmful  imperfedions,  my  va- 
rious afflictions,  my  grievous  tempta- 
tions, as  if  thefe  were  my  all  ;  ridi- 
cule, defpife,  and  deteft  me  not,  on 
their  account ;  nor,  either  with  plea- 
fure  or  aftonilhment,  ilumble  at  the 
ways  of  God,  for  my  fake.  Ah  ! 
fcorching  difailers  weaken  my  itrength, 
and  wither  my  blofloming  glory  and 
honour  ! — my  outragco-is  corruptions, 
conceived  with  me  in  m.y  mother*s 
belly,  war  againft  my  foul ;  captivate 
me  to  the  law  of  fm  and  death  ;  embar- 
rafs  me  with  carnal  care,  and  finful 
intermeddling  with  the  concerns  of 
others  ;  and  fo  divert  me  from  my  pro- 
per duty,  from  the  things  which  be- 
long to  my  eternal  peace  ! — Hypocri- 
tical profefibrs  too,  children  of  my  mo- 
ther the  church,  but  never  begotten 
of  the  will  of  God,  my  heavenly  Fa- 
ther, conceiving  a  relentlefs  hatred, 
have  expofed  me  to  pain  and  difgrace  ; 
have  hindered    my  attendance    of   the 


SON 

on  me  for  do(9:rincs  the 
commandments  of  men  ;  have  entang- 
led me  in  fccular  bulinefs  ;  have  fmful- 
ly  diverted  me  from  watching  over  my 
heart  and  practice  ;  and  obllru6ted  my 
proper  improvement  of  the  olFice,  the 
gifts,  and  grace  committed  to  my  truft. 
Verf. 7.  But  O  all-compafllonate  Shep- 
herd of  the  ihccp,  whom  my  foul,  at 
leall,  wiilies  to  love,  with  all  her  powers, 
and  with  all  her  might  ;  and  in  com- 
parifon  of  whom,  I  undervalue  and  ab- 
hor the  higheil  excellencies  of  creation  ; 
tell  me  plainly,  oh !  tell  me,  in  what 
ordinances  thou  now  direftell,  watch- 
ell  over,prote6le{l,  quickened,  ilrength- 
eneft:,  and  comforted  thy  people  :  and 
fcedeil:  them  with  thy  flefh,  which  is 
meat  indeed,  and  thy  blood,  which  is 
drink  indeed  ; — with  the  promifes  of 
thy  v/ord  ;  the  difcoveries  of  thy  lovt  ; 
and  the  communications  of  thy  grace  ; 
O  tell  mcy  nvhere  thou  mahejlthy  I'lltky  bi.t 
beautiful  j^Oo-Z'  of  flaughter,  whofe  eter- 
nal redemption  is  committed  to  thy  care, 
to  enjoy  fpiritual  comfort  and  rell,  :;- 
midil  the  fcorching,  the  withering  rnd 
tormenting  noon  of  diftrefs,  tempta- 
tion, perfecution,  and  rage  of  indwel- 
Hng  luit  ;— r-for  why,  my  great  all, 
why  fnould  I,  who  am  redeemed  by  thy 
blood  ;  I,  to  whofe  foul  lin  is  a  very 
hell,  be  expofed  to  the  danger  of  a 
whorilh  apollafy  from  thee  ;  the  dan- 
ger of  an  impious  conjunction  wi  h 
falfe  testchers,  or  inward  idols,  w!  o, 
under  colour  of  friend  fliip,  are  thme 
enemies,  thy  rivals,  on  earth  ! 

Christ.  Verf.  8.  O  thou  my  fair, 
lovely,  beloved  one,  whom  I  have 
decked  with  my  righteoufnefs,  and 
rendered  fpotlefs  and  comely  before 
Jehovah,  the  Judge  of  all;  and  whom 
my  implanted  grace  hath  made  all  glo- 

good 


rious   within,     and   beautiful 


works  ;  fince  notwithllanding  of  former 
fiillrudlions,  ignorance  of  duty  is  tl.y 
continued,  thy  mournful  complaint, 
be  kindly  admoniflied,  to  follow  the 
mofl  eminent  patterns  of  ancient  belie- 
vers,— bring  thy  rifmg  children,  thy 
weak  profellbrs,  and  thy  languirtiing 
graces,  to  the  moveable  and  oft  dcf-  '- 
ordinances  of    God  ;     have    violently     fed  ordinances  of  my  gofpel,  difpenled 

by 


SON         r    43S    1  SON 

^y  thefe  faithful  paftors,    who  watch     and  from  forrow,  thou  become  perfeft. 


«ver,  dire6l,  and  nourifli  my  church. 
Verf.  9.  O  my  love,  whom  from  eter- 
nity I  chofe,  efteemed,  delired,  and 
■Relighted  in,  indulge  not  fainting,  on 
account  of  continued  corruption  and 
trouble  ;  for,  however  defpicable  thou 
5irt  in  thine  own  eyes,  or  in  the  view 
-of  the  wicked  around  ;  yet,  being  pur- 
chafed  with  my  blood,  decked  with 
.my  righteoufnefs,  adorned  with  my 
grace,  and  nouriflied  with  my  fulnefs, 
J  have  made  thee  like  a  company  of  horfes 
in  Pharaoh^s  chariots  :  —  how  diftin- 
guifhed  thy  fpiritual  comelinefs  !  thy 
ilrength,  vigour,  and  boldnef%  in  run- 
ning the  race  of  gofpel  holinefs  !  in 
fighting  the  Chriftian  v/arfare  !  in  joint 
bearing  with  others,  the  yoke  of  my 
law  !  and  in  being  the  means ,  of  my 
lionourable  triumphs  over  fin,  Satan, 
the  world,  and  death  !  Verf.  lo. 
•"With  an  holy,  humble,  and  well  or- 
.dered  convcrfation  of  public  and  pri- 
vate duties,  how  adorned  are  thy  cheeks, 
thine  outv^ard  appearance  \ — and  thy 
faith,  which  unites  thy  perfon  to  me 
as  aa  head  ;  and  which,  from  my  ful- 
ijefs,  conveys  nourirtiment  to  thy  heart, 
how  encompafled  !  how  richly  orna- 
mented with  the  precious  and  golden 
promifes  which  it  embraces  !  with  the 
numerous  and  laftiiig  blelfings  and  gifts 
which  it  receives  !  with  the  connedled 
and   valuable   graces   and  endowments 

w'hich  it  excites! rAnd  h*s  not  the 

<:hurch.,  whofe  member  thou  art,  her 
pr-ie^ors,  decked  with  my  ordinances 
and  trutiiti?  and  her  minifters,  farniih- 
<d  with  a  chain  like  conne<R:ion  of  gifts 
and  grace,  to  render  them  fit  for  their 
fei-vice  ?  Verf.  11.  And  much,  much, 
&all  thy  glory  and  comelinefs  increafe: 
♦—our  iiillituted  ordinances,  will  I,  and 
my  Father,  and  blcilcd  opirit,  bwghten 
and  poHfh  ;  and  tlierein  give  thee  more 
abundant  and  powerful  difcoveries  of 
gofpel-truth. — More  and  more  we  will 
apply  to  thy  foul,  my  righteoufnefs, 
that  border  of  gold  :  more  and  more  we 
will  increafe  the  permanent,  the  preci- 
ous, and  fhining  graces  and  gifts  of 
thine  heart ;  and  the  beauties  of  holineis 
m  thy  coaverfation,  till,  freed  from  iin. 


as  thy  Father  which  is  in  heaven  is  per- 

Believ.  Verf.  12.  O  Jefus,  how 
my  foul  panteth  for  this  promifed  fel- 
?owfliip  with  thee  !  for,  while  thou, 
my  bleiTed  King  of  kings,  to  whom 
all  ray  powers  are  in  fubjedtion,  grant- 
dl  me  calm,  fixed,  and  familiar  inti- 
macy with,  and  feafling  on  tliy  all-glo- 
rious Self;  in  the  inftitutions  of  thy 
grace,  in  the  difplays  of  thy  love,  how 
tranfcendently  pleafant,  and  refreHiful 
'to  my  heart,  are  thy  promifes  and 
truths;  and  thou,  in  them !  Nay^ 
how  lively  !  how  a<tlive  !  how  pleafant 
to  thee,  and  agreeable  to  myfelf,  are 
my  inwardly  perfuming  graces  of  faith, 
love,  repentance,  humility,  patience, 
and  new  obedience!-  Verf.  13.  But, 
in  my  beft  eflate,  what  am  I  but  va- 
nity, in  comparifon  of  him  my  well- 
beloved  hufhand  and  friend!  Thrice 
blelFed  bundle  of  myrrh  !  whatever  bit- 
ter fufPerings  he  underwent  for  my 
fake ;  whatever  bitter  crofs  attend 
my  following  of  him  ;  yet  how !  O 
how  tranfcendently  precious,  pleafant, 
and  favoury  is  this  gift  of  Heaven  to 
my  foul  i  how  reftoriiig  and  refrelhful ! 
how  purifying  and  prcfervi^ig !  how 
.perfuming  and  medicinal,  is  the  applied 
virtue  of  his  perfon,  his  names,  rcici- 
tions,  love,  righteoufnefs,  interceflioU;, 
words,  and  ordinances  !  Shall  not  then 
HE,  who,  during  the  nigiit  of  time, 
reiides  amidft  the  two  nouridiing  tcila- 
ments  of  his  word,  and  amidii  the  pub- 
lic and  private  inftitutions  of  the  gof- 
pel,  refide  in  my  heart  ! — and,  during 
the  night  of  an  ai^ifted  and  mortal  life, 
fliall  not  my  faith  and  love  think  of,  e- 
lleem,  4efire,  embrace,  entertaiiu,  de- 
light in,  and  rejoice  over  him  1  Verf. 
^4.  O  what  a  matchlefsly  delightful 
and  precious  fyftem,  of  excellencies, 
fountain  of  graces,  fource  of  bielfings, 
repofitory  of  promifes,  treafure  of  par- 
doning, heahng,  comforting,  nouriih- 
ing,  quickening,  and  refrelhful  influ- 
ence, io  this  amiable,  this  ialinitely  a- 
miable  Jefus,  to  my  foul ! 

Christ.     Verf.  15.   Bleffed  object 

of  my  uncaufed  and,  unbounded,  of  my 

diilinguifhed 


SON         [    439    1 


SON 


diftinp^uinied  and  dying  love,  behold,  a- 
midft  unfearchable  defilement  and  un- 
fightlinefs,  thou,  as  clothed  with  my 
finifhed  rfghteoufncfs  ;  and  as  adorned 
ill  heart  and  converfation  with  my 
grace  ;  and  in  my  gracious  and  kind 
efteem,  art  fair  y  beautiful,  and   come- 


y ;— y< 


let  thy  fainting, 
be    affured  ;  behold 


thy  doubt- 
ing foul,  be  affured  ;  behold  thou  art 
truly,  extenfively,  eminently  fair :  — 
how  adorned  is  thy  heart  with  fpiritual 
underrtanding,  to  pry  into  the  myiteries 
of  God  ;  with  finglenefs,  and  with 
challity  of  affection  to  me  ;  with  rcadi- 
nefs  to  bewail  thy  finfulnefs,  and  the 
hidings  (^f  my  face  ;  and  with  a  candid 
fmcerity,  in  dependehce  on,  and  fol- 
lowing  after  me  !  —  and  as  endowed 
with  my  ordinances,  and  reformed  by 
my  word  and  Spirit,  how  comely  is  my 
church !  how  beautified  with  intelh'gent, 
and  fincere,  with  peaceful,  peace-pro- 
claiming, and  faithful  paftors,  to  fcarch 
into,  and  efpy  gofpel-truth  ;  and  to 
watch  over,  direct,  and  go  before  her 
private  members  ! 

Believ.  Verf.  i6.  Bleffed  Jefus, 
G  darhng  of  my  heart,  if,  amidft  this 
unmatched  pollution  and  deformity,  I 
am,  in  any  refpect,  comely  ;  how  fair/ 
how  infinitely -y^/V  /  how  glorious  and 
amiable  !  how  ravifliingly  fvveet  and 
pleafant,  muft  thou,  divine  fource  of 
every  thing  lovely,  be,  in  thy  perfon, 
thy  offices,  relations,  excellencies,  and 
works  !  O  brightnefs  of  the  Father's 
glory  !  how  my  foul  prizeth  thy  per- 
fon !  how  {i\€  adores  thy  beauty  !  and, 
with  tranfporting  pleafuie,  delights  in 
thee,  as  my  great,'  my  gracious,  my 
amiable- ALL  in  all  !  How  refrefliful 
and  reviving  I  how  delightful  and  ever- 
flourifhing,  are  the  word,  the  covenant, 
the  promifcs,  the  ordinances,,  and 
frames,  wherein  thou  fheweft  forth  thy 
gloiy,  and  conferreil  the  captivating, 
the  frucxifying  influence  of  thy  love,  to 
my  fbul !  And  how  comely  and  re- 
frefhful  is  thy  church,  wherein  faints 
and  their  graces  are  begotten  and 
born  to  God  !  Verf  1 7.  How  high 
towering,  heavenly,  upright,  and  du- 
table  !  how  deep  rooted  in,  and  a  good 
favour  of  thee;-  sre  tliefe  miniiters  and- 


faints,  fixed,  as  decorating  and  fup- 
•pori'mg pillars  and  beams,  in  thy  church, 
which  thou  hall  built  and  furnifhed  ; 
and  in  which  thou  dwelleft  with  us,  for 
pur  good !  How  delightful  and  lalling 
are  thefe  ordinances^  which,  as  rafters^ 
fupport  the  fabric  of  thy  church  ;  and 
in  which,  as  galleries,  we  walk  with 
thee  ;  and  in  which,  as  ii'afcring  troughs^ 
thy  people  quench  their  fpiritual  third! 

CHAP.    n. 

Christ.  Verf.  i.  Inexpreffible  in- 
deed, is  my  excellency,  glory,  and 
ufefuhiefs  !,  Like  the  rofe  of  Sharon,  I 
grew  as  a  root  out  of  dry  ground  ; 
ruddy  in  my  humanity  and  bloody  fuf- 
fering  ;  but  how  fweet  perfume,  to 
heaven  and  earth,  is  the  favour  of  my 
name !  how  fovereign  my  virtue,  to  al- 
lay the  burning  fever  of  enmity  and 
luft  ;  and  to  reilore  from  fpiritual  con- 
fumption  !•  Like  the  lily  of  the  valley^ 
I  am  white,  divine,  holy,  harmlefs, 
undefikd  ;  and  though  once  expofed 
and  debafed,  am  higher  than  the  hea- 
vens ;  filled  with  all  the  fruits  of  righ- 
teoufnefs  ;  productive  of  faints  unnum- 
bered ;  am  fitted  for,  and  offered  to, 
the  mofl  wretched  and  debafed  finners; 
and  with  the  lowly  in  heart,  T  dvv^ll, 
and  take  my  dehght.  Verf.  2.  Ad, 
through  my  comelinefs  put  upon  thee, 
art  tlH)u,  redeemed  object  of  my  love, 
as  a  lily,  holy,"  humble,  heavenly  mind- 
ed, fruitful,  fragrant,  and  ufeful,  a- 
midfl  the  hurtful  thorns  of  wicked  men^^ 
and  of  reproaches,  troubles,  and  cor- 
ruptions: 

Believ.  Verf.  3.  In  refpc6l  of 
greatnefs,  and  of  fruitfulncfs  in  righte- 
oufnefs,  in  grace  and  glory  ;  and  in  re-' 
fpe6l  of  heart- refrefhing,  love-produ- 
cing, prayer-exciting,  foul-liealing,  and 
fin-killiiig  influence,  furely,  O  my  ado- 
red Jefus,  thou  infinitely  tranfcendcft 
angels  and  men  !  How  often  have  I, 
with  ravifhing  plcafure,  fafety,  and  i-ell, 
applied  thy  obedience  and  death,  as  my 
protection  from  the  curfe  of  a  broken 
law,  and  from  the  vengeance  of  Hea- 
ven, and  the  challenges  of  a  guilty 
confcicnce  !  How  often  have  I  trulled 
thy  almighty  power  and  lore,  to  defend 

mc 


SON  r    440    ]  SON 

»e  from  Sin,  Satan,  and  an  evil  world!     reign  pTeafure.     Verf.    8 
—How  often  have  I,  dreadlefs  of  dan 


gcr  from  heaven,  earth,  and  hell,  by- 
faith  viewed,  admired,  and  fed  npon 
thy  perfon,  offices,  and  relations  ;  and 
•n  the  pardon,  acceptance,  adoption, 
fanctification,  comfort,  and  endlefs  glo- 
ry, that  flow  therefrom  !  —  Verf.  4. 
While  I  fpeak  of  him,  how  my  foul  is 
•aptivated  !  how  tranfported  !  —  My 
thrice  bleJTed  Bridegroom  hath  brought 
me  into  the  bond,  and  manifefted  to 
me  the  fecrets  of  his  covenant  ;  he  hath 
made  me  penetrate  into  the  very  fpirit 
and  marrow  of  his  word,  his  prpmifc  ; 
hath  given  me  the  mod  pleafant  and 
tranfporting  intimacy  with  himfelf  ; 
hath  made  me  drink  plentifully  of  the 
new  wine  of  his  redeeming,  his  bleed- 
ing love  ;  and,  by  difplays  thereof,  hath 
diredled,  encouraged,  and  determined 
me,  vigoroufly  to  fight  with,  and  rclifc 
Satan  ;  and  to  war  againft,  and  mortify 
my  fmful  corruptions  ;  and  to  trample 
•n  the  fmiles  and  frowns  of  a  prefent 
world.  Verf.  5.  But  oh  !  —  for  ftiil 
more  enlarged — for  unfpeakably  more 
enlarged  enjoyment  of  him,  and  his 
unfearchable  fulnefs  ;  to  enable  me  to 
bear  and  improve  what  I  behold  and 
feel ! — For  now  is  my  foul  overwhelm- 
ed with  joy  ;  deep  fixed  in  wonder ; 
quite  tranfported  with  the  enrapturing 
fight,  and  fvveet  fenfation  of  his  dying, 
his  giving  love  ;  and  with  the  view  of 
the  perfections,  purpofes,  words,  and 
works  of  God,  as  (hining  in  him ! 
How  loft  in  fweet  amaze,  I  languifh, 
all  inflamed  with  love  !  Verf.  6.  Thrice 
pleafant  frame  !  thrice  happy  cafe  ! 
while  I  enjoy  the  fafe,  the  delightful, 
the  near,  the  tender  embraces  of  an  in- 
carnate God  !  while  I  have  the  fecrets 
of  his  love  imparted  to  my  foul  !  and 
am,  by  his  promife,  his  power,  and 
grace,  inwardly  upheld,  (Relighted,  and 
ilrengthened  !  Verf.  7.  While  I  enjoy 
this  rapturous  fellowfhip  with  Jcfus, 
diilurb  mc  not,  ye  nominal  profeflbrs, 
or  ye  fellow  faints  :  by  all  that  is  de- 
hghtful,  I  charge  you  to  beware  of  gi- 
ving him,  or  caufing  me  give  him,  any 
provocation  to  withdraw  his  fenfible 
riiit  of  love,  till  he  do  it  of  his  fove- 


Ah!    how 

quickly  !  how  finfully,  I  have  lofl:  the 
rapturous  fram.e,!  but  blefled  be  my 
glorious  Vifitant,  that  in  a  little  wratb^ 
he  hides  but  for  a  moment. — What  is 
this  which  already  warms  my  cold,  and 
cheers  my  fainting  heart !  —  It  is  the 
majeftic,  the  almighty,  the  attradive, 
the  refrefiiful  voice,  word,  and  promife 
cf  Jefus,  the  darling  of  my  foul. — Be- 
hold !  thrice  furprifing  1  he  returns 
with  loving-kindnefs  and  tender  mer- 
cies !  —  Behold,  with  iirfinite  pleafure 
and  fpccd,  he  overleaped  the  mountain 
of  diftance  betwixt  his  adored,  and  my 
debafed  nature  ! — for  me  he  overleaped 
the  flamiiig  mountain  of  the  broken 
law,  and  of  the  incenfed  vengeance  of 
an  angry  God  ;  —  overleaped  the  dark 
mountains  of  death  and  the  grave  !  — 
And  with  what  power,  joy,  triumph, 
and  fpeed  he  pow  comes  Jkipp'wg  on  the 
bills  of  inftituted  ordinances,  and  o'vcr 
"  the  mountains  of  guilt  and  of  defertion, 
temptation,  rebellion,  and  fpiritual 
plagues,  to  fave,  reftore,  and  comfort 
my  foul' !  Verf.  o.  As  a  roe,  or  a  young 
hartj  how  infinitely  beautiful  and  love- 
ly is  he,  in  his  perfon,  office,  and 
work  ! — how  pleafant,  gracious,  and 
kind  in  his  difpofition  i  —  How  alert, 
ready,  and  nimble,  are  his  motions  of 
grace  towards  his  people  ! — Hov;  no-" 
ted  his  hatred  of,  and  his  fuffering 
from,  and  triumphant  victory  over,  Sa- 
tan the  old  ferpent,  and  his  works  1 
How  extenfive  his  duration,  and  the 
continuance  of  his  faving  work  !  His 
fiefh  and  blood,  how  pure  !  and  how 
divinely  allowed  provifion  for  my  foul  I 
— Behold,  under  the  Old  Teftament, 
how  he  Itood  behind,  and  was  repre- 
fented  by  the  partition-wall  of  Hebrev^ 
rites  !  Behold,  while  we  are  walled  in 
by  a  frail  body,' and  by  fins,  tcmpta-r 
tions,  defertion,  and  diftrefs,  he  is  not 
far  off,  but  ever  ready,  through  the  lat* 
ticesf  the  ordinances  of  his  grace,  to 
afford  us  partial  difplays  of  his  glory, 
and  tranfient  taftes  of  his  all-endearing 
love  !  Verf.  10.  In  anfwer  to  my  cor- 
dial wifli,  now  is  come  he  whom  my 
foul  loveth  ;  in  melting  fl:rains,  he  in- 
vites me  to  his  prerenc<?,   his  embrace  1 

««  Arife, 


SON       r  441 

•*  Arife,  dear  object  of  my  everlafting 
love,  beautified  with  my  rightfout- 
nefs  and  grace,  a-zvahy  fliakeoffthy 
fpirltual  iloth,  thy  flavifh  fear,  and 
carnal  care  ;  let  every  grace  be  Itir- 
red  up  to  a'  lively  exefcilLr.  Come 
azuaVi  be  directed  and  drawn  by  nie, 
into  the  mod  familiar,  delightfi/1, 
ufeful,  and  enriching  fellovvfliip  of 
God,  Father,  Son,  and  lioly  Gliofl. 
Verf.  II.  For  being  exhauded  on 
me,  the  winter-llorm,  the  deluging 
rain  of  boundlefs^'rath  is  over  and 
gone  ;  being  tinidied  in  thy  efpoufals 
to  me,  the  flormy  winter  of  thy  na- 
tural Hate  is  over ;  the  deluging 
curfe  that  once  hovered  on  thy  head 
is  pail  ;  in  my  prefent  return  to  thy 
foui,  thy  late  winter  of  guilt,  cor- 
ruption, temptation,  defertion,  and 
dilirefs,  pafTeth  over,  and  evaniiheth. 
Verf.  12.  And  now  is  come  a  fpring- 
tide  of  evangelic,  of  refrefliful  dif- 
coveries  and  influence  ;  now,  fra- 
grant, comely,  and  cheerful  faints, 
are  fafhioned  and  fiourilh  ;  with 
beauteous  form,  and  dehghtful  vir- 
tue, their  graces  fpring  -  forth  :  — 
with  livelinefs,  wifdom,  and  fuccefs, 
miniilers  publifli  the  glad  tidings  of 
peace  and  felicity  ;  faints  have  their 
luxuriances  pruned,  and  do  publifli 
the  Saviour's  praife  :  now,  men  fpi- 
ritually  know  the  joyful  found  of  the 
gofpel ;  and  the  blefled  Spirit,  that 
heavenly,  that  harmlefs,  pure,  meek, 
and  beauteous  turtle,  fpeaks  life 
and  joy  to  their  inmofl:  heart.  Verf. 
13.  Now,  with  pleafure  and  profit, 
do  the  profeflbrs  of  my  name,  root- 
ed and  grounded  in  me,  and  who, 
fenfible  of  their  weaknefs  and  guilt, 
depend  on  me,  and  through  my  in- 
fluence, and  manifold  rods,  become 
fruitful,  thrive  under  the  means  of 
grace,  and  abound  in  the  precious, 
though  imperfeft  fruits  of  know- 
ledge, of  faith,  of  love,  repentance, 
humility  ;  of  patience,  zeal,  and  new 
obedience  ; — numbers  of  young  con- 
verts are  produced  in  the  particular 
worfliipping  aflemblies  of  my  church. 
— y^rije,  therefore,  my  love,  my  fair 
onCf  (verf.  10.)  quit  thy  perverfe  un- 

voL.  ir. 


1  SON 

willingnefs ;  away  with  delays  ;  and, 
with  vigour,  boldnels,  and  fpeed, 
comey  even  to  my  feat.  Verf.  14* 
O  beloved  foul,  poor,  weak,  timo- 
rous, and  expoled  ;  pure  in  thy  new 
nature  and  food  ;  comely  and  harm- 
lefs J  fociable  with  faints  ;  chaft:e  to- 
wards me,  and  by  my  grace  fruitful 
in  holinefs  ; — and  whofe  exercife  is 
mourning  for  fin,  and  flying  to  the 
Saviour; — and  whofe  name  was,  from 
everlalling,  hid  in  my  fecret  purpofe 
and  choice  ; — whofe  perfon  is  hid  in 
my  perfon  and  blood  ; — whofe  duty 
it  is,  to  hide  thyfelf  under  the  (hade 
of  my  power  and  love,  and  to  culti- 
vate a  fecret  intimacy  with  me  aid 
my  Father  ;  and  who  often  hidefl: 
thyfelf  amidll  finful  defpondency, 
fullen  grief,  and  flavifli  dread,  ap- 
proach jne  now  with  holy  boldnefs, 
and  full  afli)rance  of  faith,  and  with 
fervency  of  prayer:  for,  delightful  to 
me  is  thy  crying  out  of  the  deeps  of 
guilt,  corruption,  temptation,  and 
trouble  ;  thy  confefling  and  praifing 
my  name  ;  and  moil  amiable  is  thy 
looking  to,  and  bold  acting  of  faith 
upon  my  promlfe,  perfon,  characler^ 
and  work.  Verf.  15.  And  to  further 
my  peoj^les  Intimacy  with,  and  llke- 
nefs  to  myfelf,  in  holinefs  and  com- 
fort, I  charge  you,  rulers  of  my 
church,  and  every  member  in  his 
ilatlon,  to  w^atch  the  condudl,  and 
to  pr*)mote  the  cenfure  of  falfe  teach- 
ers, crafty,  covetous,  deceitful,  wick- 
ed, and  abominable  ;  who  fpoil  her 
vines;  root  out  and  overturn  her  true 
doctrine  ;  corrupt  her  worfliip ;  dif- 
turb  her  order,  peace,  and  unity  ;  per- 
vert her  diicipline  and  government; 
and  check  mens  Chriitian  pra<!if 'ce  : 
— for  fome  true  members  are  but 
weak  in  knowledge  and  prudence, 
in  gifts  and  grace. — And  I  charge 
every  profefTor  to  obierve,  to  watch 
againit,  and  mortify  his  fox-l'ihe  in- 
ward corruptions,  crafty,  lurking, 
wandering,  unconfl:ant,  defperately 
wicked,  and  dellructivt  ;  and  .\-ry 
firil  motion  thereof;  and  to  refiit 
the  manifold  temptations  of  Satan, 
which  with  fubtle  fecrecy,  hurt  their 
3   K  **  inward 


41 


SON  [ 

**  inward  grace,  efpecially  if  weak,  or 
**  budding  forth  new  fruits  of  holy  en- 
**  deavours."  Verf.  i6.  Beloved  Je- 
fus,  arifing,  at  thy  call,  I  come  with 
boMnefs,  even  to  thy  feat :  in  the  full 
affurance  of  faith,  I  believe,  and  ac- 
cept thee  as  mine  :  I  love,  and  am  fa- 
tisfied  with  thee  as  my  Saviour,  my 
hufband,  my  wifdom,  righteoufnefs, 
fanftification,  and  redcinption ;  as  mine, 
by  divine  gift,  by  fpiritual  marriage, 
and  by  cordial  embracement ;  my  por- 
tion, my  God,  my  all  in  all: — and 
\vhatfoever  unworthy  I  am  in  my  per- 
fon,  my  grace,  my  gifts,  my  cares,  and 
concerns^  I  acknowledge  and  fun-ender 
to  thee,  as  thine;  thine  by  thy  ancient 
choice  ;  by  thy  Father's  gift ;  by  thy 
bloody  purchafe  ;  by  thy  gracious  e- 
fpoufal ;  and  by  my  cordial  vows. — O 
with  what  delightful  pleafure  thou  and 
thy  people  enjoy  one  another,  Vv-hilft 
in  thy  ordinances  thou  difcovereft  thy 
glory  to  their  view,  and  conveyed  thy 
all-nourifliing  fulnefs  to  their  heart  ! 
Verf.  17.  Not  only ////the  gofyd-day 
breaki  when  the  Sun  of  righteoufnefs 
difplays  his  glory,.performs  great  things 
Jn  hfs  church,  makes  the  wind  of  his 
divine  influence  to  blow,  renders  his 
people  aflive  in  their  labour  of  love, 
and  caufeth  the  fhadows  of  ceremonial 
rites,  and:  of  many  grofs  corruptions,. 
to  flee  away  : — but  till  the  more  clear 
and  glorious  day  of  endlefs  light  break 
and  dawn,  wherein  we  fliall  fee- God  as 
he  is,  fliall  fer\'e  him  without  ceafing, 
and  bafl-:  in  the  tranfporting  rays  of  his 
redeeming  love;  and  when  'every j/Z^t?- 
doxu  of  weaknefs,  pollution,,  forrow,. 
defertion,  temptation,  and  trial,  nay, 
of  outward  enjoyment,  and  inftituted 
ordinances,  fliall  fee  anvayy  fliall'be 
quickly  and  finally  removed ;  turn  thtc, 
my  beloved  Saviour: — in  the  appointed 
means  of  thy  worfhip,  often  lurprifc 
me  with  thy  kind  vilits  ;  difcover  thy- 
felf  to  my  foul,  as  infinitely  gracious, 
lovely,  and  pure  ;  as  an  enemy  of,  and 
triumpher  over  Satan  and  his  works  ; 
— as,  through  the  gift  of  God,  and 
thine  own  iuffcrings,  our  choice,  fpi- 
ritual, and  ever'alling  provifion  : — and 
according  to  the  riches  of  thy  grace, 


2    1        SON 

tread  down,  and  overleap  every  inter- 
rupting mountain  of  guilt,  of  corrup- 
tion, and  diflance,  which  impede  thy 
delightful  and  ealy  accefs  to  my  ncart. 

CHAP.    III. 

Believ.  Verf.  I.  When  the  much- 
defired  Jefus,  nvhom  my  foul  in  fincer'tr 
lovetb,  and  whom  I  would  gladly  l<-ve 
with  ten  thoufand-fold  more  ardency, 
withdrew  his  fenfible  prelence,  /,  on  my 
^<r/ of  trouble,  darknefs,  confufion,  and 
floth,  at  ^x^ fought  him;  begging  the 
return  of  his  wonted  fmiles,  and  the 
favourable  communications  of  his  love  ; 
but,  for  anfwer,  had  continued  filence, 
defertion,  daTknefs,  frowns,  terrors, 
and  even  flafhes  of  wrath  darted  into 
my  confcience.  Verf.  2.  Amidft  deep 
perplexity  and  grief,  I  then  bellirred 
myfelf  to  an  earnefl  attendance  on  his 
public  ordinances  ;  thefe  Jireets  and 
broad  ivays  of  his  beloved  city  the 
church ;  calling  on,  and  feeking  for 
the  fenfible  prefence  of  this  unmatched 
darling  of  my  foul  ;  but  to  try  my 
grace,,  to  punifli  my  floth,  and  my  fin- 
ful  dependence  on  ordinances,  I  was 
fl:ill  anfwered  with  filent  defertion, 
heavy  challenges,  or  angry  frowns. 
Verf.  3.  Minifters,  divi-nely  placed  in 
the  populous,  the  pleafant  and  privi- 
leged, in  the  fortified  and  well-ordered 
city  of  the  chmxh  ;  and  appointed  to 
efpy  lier  danger,  to  preferve  her  fafety 
and  peace,  to  aflifl:  and  direft  her  pure 
and  peaceable  members,  and  to  check 
the  unruly,  often  touching  my  cafe  ift 
their  dlfcourfes,  as  if  they  had  been 
privy  thereto,  I  eftceraed  them  the  in- 
timate fecretaries  of  Heaven,  and  laid 
before  them  my  condition  :  and  amidft 
dift:refs  and  confufion,  begged  them  to 
inform  me,  how  I  might  regain  the 
wonted  favour  and  fmiles  of  my  darling, 
Chrill.  Verf.  4.  Still  pained  with  con- 
tinued defertion  and  frowns,  and  fearing 
that  I  had  relied  on  means,  I,  as  one 
betwixt  hope  and  dcfpair,  attended  his 
ordinances,  carneilly  looking  through 
and  beyond  them,  to  his  perfon,  office*, 
free  grace,  all-cleanfing  blood,  and  fa- 
ving  power  ;  and  with  inward  agonies, 
and  ilrong  cries  and  teais,   and  groan- 

incfs 


SON  [     443     ■> 


SON 


ings  diat  could  not  be  uttered,   I  jufti- 
fitd   liim   in   all  he  had  done  to  afflidl 
me,  and  fuppofe  he  (hould  caft  mc  into 
the  lowed   hell  :   meanwhile,   I  remon- 
flrated  to  him,  my  incapacity  of  bear- 
ing the  thoughts  of  endlefs  feparation 
from  him,  or   of  being  condemned  to 
everlailing    rebellion,    rage,    and   blaf- 
phejjny  agalnll  him,  a  God  and  Saviour 
of  unbounded  love  ;— r-and  that  my  life 
on  earth  was  to  me  an  hell,  while,  like 
Cain,   I  was  driven  out   from   his   pre- 
fence. — With  heart-breaking  longings, 
I  pled  the  promifes,  chieily  thofe  which 
I    once    thought   had   pierced    to   the 
centre  of  my  foul ;  out  of  the  deeps  I 
cried,  that    for    his   name's   fake,    he 
would   make    uncommon    ftretches  of 
mercy  to  fave,  and  fmije  on  a  monfter 
of  folly,  ingratitude,  and  backfliding. 
— Quickly  I  found  the  darling  of  my 
foul  :    In  his  word  I  difcerned  his  glo- 
ry ;    I  fmelt  the  ravifhing  favour  of  his 
iiame  ;   I  felt  his  powerful  prefence,  re- 
turning with  loving- kindaefs  and   ten- 
der mercies  ;  I  heard  his  voice  faying^ 
Fear  noty  for  I  am  iv'ith  thee  ;  he  not  d'lf- 
niaycdy  for  I  am  thy  God.      /,  even  I  am 
ht  that  Ihtteth  out  thy  tranfgrejfions,  for 
my  name^s  fahcy  &c.  &c. — Immediately 
cvcwy  inward  band  Was  loofed^  every 
mountain  of  ignorance,  unbelief,  athe- 
ifm,  ei.mity,  hardnefs,  pride,  legality, 
melted  before  the  Lord  God  of  Ifrael ; 
every    languifhing    grace   was   enabled 
and   emboldened    to    fight    with,    and 
tread  under  foot  corruptions  and  temp- 
tations ;  every  former  manifellation   of 
his  love  was  cleared  and  conlirme<^  ;  and 
with   ravifliing  fweetnefs,  unnumbered 
views  of  glory,  and  of  my  new-cove- 
nant   intcred   therein,  came  crowding 
Into  my   \\fiz.a.  —  Having  thus  found 
my  Redeemer  ;   I,  by    the  exercife  of 
faith  and  love,  excited  and  ftiengthen- 
cd  by,  and  fixed  on  him  ;  and  through 
bis  infinite    coudefcer.fion  to  me-waid, 
held h'lm^  v.hen  he  fccr.ied  ready  to  de- 
part, and  luould not  let  h'mgo:  —  fatia- 
ting  my  foul  with  hit.  kindnefs,    I  pled 
his  promife,  to  do  me  good :  I  filled  my 
mouth  with  arguments  :    I  ordered  my 
cauft  before  him. — And  importunately 
X  wreiUed  for  his  gratioy?  return  t9 


his  church,  and  the  ordinances  of  his 
grace,  wherein  I  and  others  are  con* 
verted  from  iniquity,  and  born  to  him; 
nor  ceafed,  till  by  prpmife,  or  by  ful- 
filnvent,  he  affurcd  mc,  of  his  making 
all  the  places  round  about  hi^  hill  a 
blelTmg.  Verf.  5.  Readmitted  into 
near  and  fenfible  fellowl'hip  with  Jefus, 
the  quintefience,  the  unbounded  ful- 
nefs  of  everlafting  love,  I  folemnly 
charge  you,  fellow  faints  and  profef- 
fors  ;  and  adjure  you,  by  every  thing 
interefliug,  lovely,  or  dreadful,  to  be^ 
ware  of  whatever  may  provoke  him,  or 
dilhirb  my  foul  !    chap.  ii.  7, 

Companions,  or  daujhfrrs  of  y^ru- 
falem,  Verf.  6.  What  amazing  perfon 
is  this,  who,  turning  her  back  on  the 
defert,  the  thorny,  the  Itony,  the  fa- 
miihed,  the  dangerous,  the  trouble- 
fome,  the  pathlefs,  the  barr-^n,  the  be- 
milling  wildernefs  of  a  prefent  v/orld, 
and  of  a  natural  ftate,  and  of  her  late 
fpiritual  diftrefs, — and  who,  mortified 
to  every  carnal  enjoyment,  and  tri- 
umphing over  every  impediment,- -r— 
and  who,  Graving  her  heart  divinely  in- 
flamed with  love,  fo  myfteriouily,  up- 
rightly, and  fo  regularly,  fteadily,  and 
delightfully  mounts  up  towards  God, 
towards  Chrill,  and  things  above,  in 
holy  defire,  cordial  prayer,  and  affec- 
tionate praife  ;  and  in  felf-dedication  5 
and  a  well-ordered  praftice  ! — and  who, 
in  her  perfon  and  work,  is  perfumed^  i* 
rendered  acceptable,  by  the  meritori- 
ous obedience  and  death,  and  the  pre- 
valent intcrccflion,  and  manifuld  grace 
of  Jefus  Chrift,  our  flcilful  apothecary, 
and  heavenly  merchant,  who  counfels  to 
buy  of  him  yvithout  money,  and  with- 
out price  1 

Belie V.  Verf.  7.  8.  Gaze  not  up- 
on,  nor  admire  me,  a  polluted  finner, 
who,  ly  the  grace  of  God,  am  what  I 
am,  in  comehntfb  and  virtue  ;  but  he' 
hold  his  BED  ;  behold  the  church  e- 
refted  by  him,  who,  in  wifdom,  power, 
authority,  renown  ;  and  in  the  extent, 
peace,  and  weakh  of  his  kingdom  ; 
and  in  building  a  fpiritual  temple  for 
God,  and  in  his  pointed  and  prevalent 
interccffion,  far  tranfcends  Kirg  Solo- 
mon  i— the.  church  wherein  multitudes 
j[  K  2  are 


SON  r    444     j 

are  (pirltually  begotten  and  born  to  covenant 
him.  Behold  the  rellful,  the  quick- 
eniug,  and  everlafting  covenant  of 
grace,  made  with,  fidiilled,  and  admi- 
niftrated  by  him  !  behold  his  refrefhfiil, 
comforting,  reiloring,  and  life-giving 
WORD  !  behold  the  precious,  enliven- 
ing, the  beautifying,  envigorating,  and 
ienriching blelfing  of  fellowship  with 
him!  and  which  is  purchafed,  conferred, 
and  maintained  by  him  ! — Behold  the 
perfect  fafety,  honour,  and  happinefs 
of  thofe  who  are  true  members  of  his 
church  ;  are  in  the  bond  of  his  cove- 
nant ;  and  through  his  word,  enjoy  in- 
timacy with  him  !  —  What  regulated 
troops  of  vigilant,  aftive,  and  courage- 
ous xniniilers,  armed  with  the  fword  of 


SON 

of  which  the  promifes  are 
rnore  ftrong,  (hining,  and  valuable, 
than  pillars  of  fiher  :  Its  Mediator, 
and  bottom  of  divine  perfections  and 
purpofes,  are  more  precious,  fubflan- 
tial,  and  glorious  \.\\^w  gold ;  its  condi- 
tion for  covering  and  protection  of  finful 
men,  is  more  fplcadid  than  purple ^  tl  e 
blood  and  righteoufnefs  of  an  incarnate 
God  ;  and  its  midft,  its  centre  and  fub- 
flance,  are  God's  infinite,,  amazing  love 
and  condefcenfion. — And  to  render  this 
covenant  effedlual,  he  hath,  for  his  own 
honour  and  ufe,  framed  and  pubhfhed 
a  glorious,  delightful,  a  deep-rooted, 
lirtri,  and  everlalling  gospel  of  peace; 
whofe  pillars  of  truth   are  more  pure. 


precious,  more  comely  and  ftrong,  than 
the  Spirit,  which  is  the  word  of  God;    jiher  feven  times   purified  ;  whofe  boi- 


and  armed  with  authority  to  exercife 
difcipline  and  government  in  the  church! 
what  hofts  of  mighty  angels,  armed 
with  power  and  commiiTion  from  God! 
— and  what  hofts  of  divine  perfections, 
conftantly  watph  over,  and  defend 
them,  from  the  fears,  the  doubts,  the 
troubles,  and  temptations,  fo  incident, 
during  the  nights  of  this  prefent  life, 
and  of  diftreftcs  unnumbtred  !  Verf.  9. 
10.  For  his  perfonal  reiidence  and  mo- 
tions, hath  Jefus,  my  King  of  kings, 
and  all-glorious  Prince  of  peace,  aliu- 
med  a  real  human  nature,  more  pre- 
cious, durable  ;  more  fragrant,  deep- 
rooted,  ftrong,  and  con.ely,  than  the 
cedars  of  Lebanon  :  a's  with  pillars ^  this 
chariot  is  eftabliflied  witli  the  precious, 
firm,  and  fliining  graces  of  the  blelled 
{Spirit  ;  it  is  bottomed  and  founded,  on 
his  infjnitely-exctlknt,  his  everlafting 
and  unchangeable  Godhead  :  its  cover- 
ing is  of  purple  ;  Uierein,  he  had  our  fins 
charged  and  puniP:ed  on  him,  and  con- 
quered all  liis  enemies,  and  now  appears 
in  his  royal  majefty ;  in  it,  he  bears  the 
kindfcft  /cuf,  exercifetli  the  inm.oft  fym- 
pathy  toward  hi?  people  ;  and,  in  his 
iriteiccihon,  preients  them  before  his 
Father,  as  written  on  his  heart. — And 
for  traafporting  his  elect  from  a  ftate 
ot  nn  and  mifery,  to  endlels  felicity,  he, 
to  the  praife  of  the  gloiy  of  his  grace, 
hath  entered  into  a  precious,  firm,  fra- 
grant,  -well-ordered,    ar.d    cverialling 


torn,  Chrift  the  power  and  w^ifdora  of 
God,  is  more  firm,  folid,  fhining,  va- 
luable, ufeful,  and  enriching,  than- 
goldj  whofe  doftrincs  of  complete  re- 
milFion,  through  his  blood,  and  of  the 
crofs  his  people  muft  bear  for  his  fake, 
are  more  illuilrious,  grand,  and  ufeful, 
than  coverings  of  purple ;  whofe  midit 
and  centre  is  Jehovah's  redeeming 
love,  undeferved,  ancient,  almighty, 
and  unchangeable.' — ^And  for  publifh- 
ing  this  ineftin;able  gofpcl,  he,  for  his 
own  praile,  and  his  people's  advantage, 
hath  ereeted  a  beautiiul  and  firm,  a 
well- grounded,  delightful,  and  durable 
CHURCH  ;  the  fuppurting,  ?.dorning, 
and  filver  like  pillars,  of  which  are 
faithful  paftors,  and  precious  faints  ; 
its  golden  bottom  is  the  everlafting  per- 
lon,  truth,  power,  and  promife  of 
Ctnift;  it i>  purple  covering  is  not  chiefly 
the  futierings  of  hev  true  members  for 
Jefus's  fake,  but  his  bleeding  obedience 
and  death,  which  proteCl  from  the  fury 
of  God,  the  rage  of  devils,  and  the 
ruinous  malice  of  men  ;  and  its  ordi- 
nances, its  aftemblies,  are  furnifl^ed  and 
filled  with  declarations  and  difplays  of 
divine  love  to  finful  men  ;  ai.d  its  tiue 
membeis  have  the  love  oi  God  Ihed  a- 
broad  in  their  heart. — And  for  dif- 
playing  his  glor}^>  and  vouchiafing  bis 
grace,  to  the  higheft,  hath  formed  the 
invaluable  -and.  fragia.t,  /hcfinn  a.'.o 
CYcr-enduifni>-  marnayc-'  'o ,   ■'  --     •   ' 


SON         r    445     1 


SON 


yenly  ftate,  whofe  Jiher  pif/ars  are  jaft 
men  made  perfect  ;  whole  golden  bottom 
and  foundation  is  Jefus  the  pearl  of 
great  price  ;  whofe  purple  covering  is 
his  royal  majelly,  and  evcrlalling  righte- 
oufaefs  ;  and  the  centre  and  lubilaiice 
of  whofe  happinefs,  and  the  fiim  and 
burden  of  whofe  fongs,  are  God's  re- 
deeming love  to  men.  Verf.  ii.  Go 
forth  then,  ye  noyiinal  profelfors,  from 
your  natural  ftate,  your  fcU'-righteouf- 
nefs,  your  carnal  care,  your  filthy 
iults  :  go  forth,  ye  weak  believers,  from 
vour  legal,  your  carnal,  your  dead  and 
lluggilh  frames,  and  from  the  unnum- 
bered remains  of  corruption  j  go  forth 
to  Jefus's  word  and  ordinance  ;  Iteadi- 
ly  contemplate,  believe  Oii,  defire,  and 
delight  in  him,  my  all-glorious  Prince 
of  peace,  (chap.  i.  4.  iii.  7.).  Be- 
hold HIM  wearing  the  croivn  ot  divine, 
and  of  mediatorial  glory,  power,  and 
authority,  which  his  church,  and  every 
true  member  thereof,  united  to  him, 
and  having  him  formed  in  their  heart, 
do  folemnly  afcribe  to  him,  in  their  e- 
ftecm  and  acceptance  of  him  ;  and  in 
their  fubmilfion  to,  and  praifing  of 
him,  on  the  noted  day  of  their  ipiri- 
tual  efpoufals  with'  him,  at  converlion, 
at  death,  or  in  the  judgement  to  come ; 
and  whereon,  with  delightful  plcafure 
in,  and  joy  over  them,  as  the  children 
of  his.  love,  as  the  feed  produced  by 
the  travel  of  his  foul,  and  as  the  birth 
of  his  Father's  promife,  he  welcomes, 
apprehends,  and  unites  them  to  him- 
felf,  and  accepts  and  perfects  them. 


CHAP.  IV. 
Christ.  Verf.  1.   Beloved  foul. 


to 


encourage  thy  faith,  behold,  notwith- 
ftanding  of  remaining  detilement  and 
trouble,  my  righteoufneis  and  grace 
render  thee  fair  and  beautiful,  before 
God,  angels,  and  men,  chap.  i.  8.  15. 
Thy  fpiritual  knowledge,  faith,  and 
affection,  are  fincere,  hngle,  humble, 
comely,  and  feafonably  diicovered  ; 
thy  thoughts  and  aClions,  inhgnilicant 
indeed  in  themielves,  but  fpru.ig  troni 
my  influence,  are  regular,  comely,  con- 
fpicuous,  and  ornameiitul  j  tney  all  con- 
centre  in  livir.g  by  fuitii  ou  me,  a.id, 


under  a  fenfe  of  felf-unworthincfs,  gi- 
ving up  thyfelf  to  my  fervicc. — Behold^ 
too,  the  church,  whofe  member  thou 
art,  is  by  ordinances,  oflicers,  and 
faints,  rendered  beautiful  and  glorious; 
her  eye-Vik.^:  minillers,  though  imperfeifl, 
are  modeil,  humble,  holy  ;  walking  in 
all  godly  hmplicity,  and  harmony  ;  not 
indulging  themfelves  in  pride,  conten- 
tion, or  carnal  policy; — her  j6<sr/>  like 
young  converts,  weak  and  finful  in 
themfelves,  but  rooted  and  grounded 
in  ME,  her  head,  grow  up  in  holinefs  ; 
and  as  goats,  browle  on  the  rich  p:if- 
tures  of  my  word  ;  and  are  acceptable 
facrifices  to  God.  Verf.  2.  How  fweet- 
ly  do  the  pure  and  well  connedled  a6ts 
of  thy  faith  and  meditation  apply  thy 
fpiritual  provifion,  nourifh  thy  foul; 
and  with  much  labour  and  profit  bring- 
forth  fruits  of  righteoufnefs  ! — and  thy 
zeal  is  pure,  regular  moderate  ;  and 
acl;ive  in  holinefs. — The  able  and  zea- 
lous miniflers  of  the  church,  who  pre- 
pare the  fpiritual  nourifhment  for  their 
people,  are  pure  and  found  in  their 
doclrine  ;  holy  and  harmlefs  in  their 
lives  ;  equal  in  their  power  and  com- 
miffion  ;  harmonious  and  meek  in  their 
purpofe'  and  behaviour  ;  and  do  vi^itk 
diligence  and  fuccefs,  travail  as  in  birth, 
to  win  fouls  to  me  their  Lord.  Verf.  3. 
Thy  humble,  conftant,  cordial,  and 
fervent  prayer,  praife,  and  fpiritual 
conference,  turning  chiefly  on  the 
myliery  of  a  bleeding  Redeemer,  are 
very  proiitable,  pleafant,  and  diilincl  ; 
marking  thy  heart  found,  thy  foul  en- 
flamed,  and  thy  confcience  purged, 
with  my  dying  love  ;  and  that  through 
my  bloody  fuiiering,  thy  fervice  i3  pre- 
fented  to,  and  accepted  of  God  : — and 
in  my  eiteem,  thy  felf-abafement  and 
modelly,  thy  fhamc  and  reje6tion  of 
thy  belt  fcrvices  before  me,  render  thee 
notably  beautiful  and  comely. — In  the 
church,  my  bleeding  obedience  and 
death,  and  redemption  thereby,  as  the 
great  theme  of  her  paftors,  render 
tiiem,  an^  their  miniftrations,  lively, 
pleafant,  ar,d  comely  : — and  with  mo- 
delly, hnglenefs,  prudence,  and  order, 
do  her  rulers  govern,  diredt,  and  edi- 
fy her  members.     Verf.  4.  Thy  faith, 

which 


ON  r    446    T  SON 

and  exalts  me.  thine     ancj  ceremonial    fhadows    flee    away  j 

till  the  bright  morning  of  gl 


head,  and  which  receives  out  of  my 
fulnefs,  and  grace  for  grace,  and  is 
upright  in  itfelf,  and  ado'ncd  with 
many  fifter-gracts  and  good  works,  is 
as  a  lofty,  ftrong,  impregnable  tower. 
What  fafety  it  procMres  to  thy  foul  1 
what  deadly  blows  are  thence  aimed  at 
thy  fpiritual  foes  !  From  my  well-fto- 
r-d  magazine,  whence  fain-ts,  the  moft 
valiant,  have  in  every  age  been  fup- 
plied,  what  divine  armour  it  furnifhes 
thee  with,  to  refift  ^very  temptation, 
flay  every  luft,  repel  every  doubt,  en- 
dare  every  trouble,  and  conquer  the 
world  ! — In  the  church,  minifters,  who 
are  above  others  in  flation,  are  notably 
adorned  with  gifts  and  grace;  are  clofe- 
ly  connedled  with  me  their  head  ;  bear 
my  name  before,  and  are  the  inftru- 
ments  of  uniting  others  to  me,  and  of 
conveying  from  me  fpiritual  nouridi- 
ment  to  them, — as  toiuers  are  high  rai- 
fed,  upright,  fleady,  and  llrong  j  and 
do  watch  over,  and  improve  the  whole 
armour  of  God,  for  the  defence  and 
honoar  of  his  church. — The  infpired 
oracles,  too,  fo  glorioufly  adorned  with 
various  forms  of  truth  ;  fo  ufeful  to 
bring  finners  to,  and  unite  them  with 
my  perfon,  as  their  head,  and  to  con- 
vey my  fulnefs  to  their  foul,  are  an 
high,  impregnable  florehoufe  of  fpi- 
ritual armour,  fuilicicnt  to  repel  every 
enticement  to  fm,  mortify  every  deed 
of  the  body,  defend  every  truth,  and 
thoroughly  furaifh  for  evei  y  good  word 
and  work.  Verf.  5.  In  my  fight,  the 
lively  exercife  of  thy  faith  and  love, 
and  thy  tender  care  to  edify  others  ; 
. — things  harmonious,  ^pleafant,  and 
amiable,  ufeful  to  faints,  but  ruinous 
to  Satan, — exceedingly  add  to  thy 
comelinefs.— Nor,  in  the  church,  are 
pallors  and  teachers,  or  the  Old  and 
New  Tellaments,  or  the  gofpel-inilitu- 
tions,  folemn  and  ordinary,  or  the  two 
facraments,  from  all  which,  as  hreajlsy 
my  children  fuck  the  fmcere  milk  of  my 
word,  unornamental ;  they  aje  harmo- 
nious, comely,  pleafant,  profitable  to 
faints  ;  but  hated  of  Satan,  and  ruinous 
to  his  interefts.  Verf.  6.  Until  the 
day  of  the  gofpel-difpenfation   dawn, 


nay,  tui  tne  ongnr.  mornmg  ot  glory 
dawn,  and  every  fliadow  of  corruption, 
weaknefs,  and  doubting ;  tvery  iha- 
dow  of  deiertion,  temptation,  and 
trouble  ;  and  of  unfubllantial  enjoy- 
ments, and  inftituted  ordinances,  Jlec 
aavayy  never  to  return,  wull  I,  accor- 
ding to  thy  req^eft,  (chap.  ii.  17.) 
with  pleafure  dwtll  in,  and  continue  to 
difcover  my  glory,  in  the  lofty,  the 
proteding,  and  immoveable,  in  the 
wholefome,  the  fruitful,  and  devoted 
mount  of  my  church,  and  tlie  ordinan- 
ces therein  difpenfed  ;  and  which,  by 
the  graces  therein  exerc'fed,  and  fer- 
vice  performed,  but  chieHy,  by  the  in- 
fluence of  my  righteoufiiefs  and  inter- 
cellion,  is  rendered  delightfome  and 
fragrant,  as  with  myrrh  and  frankin- 
cenfe.  Verf.  7.  In  refpe<5l  of  thy  com- 
plete juftihcatlon  ;  in  reipecl  of  the  ex- 
tent of  thy  faniftification  ;  and  in  thy 
difallowment  ^i  remaining  defilement,, 
and  thy  labour  to  perfedl  holinefs  in 
the  fear  of  God,  art  thou,  dear  objefi: 
of  my  love,  all  fair.,  beautiful,  and 
comely  ;  there  is  no  fpoi  of  legal  guik  on 
thy  perfon,  no  reigning  fin  or  allowed 
guile  in  thy  heart,  no  hated  ildin,  that 
Ihall  not  be  quickly  purged  oilt. — And 
is  not  the  church  altogdh-r  fair  and 
comely,  in  her  dodtrine,  her  worfhip, 
and  order  ?  is  not  the  fluning  conver- 
fation  of  her  members,  glorious  and 
beautiful  I  Verf.  8.  Beloved  foul,  cho- 
fen  from  eternity,  wooed  by  tlie  gof- 
pel,  and  efpoufed  to  m,;,  in  the  day 
of  my  power,  in  promifing,  thoujljalty 
I  folcmnly  invite  thee,  to  come  with 
ME,  with  ME,  thy  great,  thy  gracious, 
and  unmatched  father,  brother  and 
hufband  ;  with  me,  thy  God,  and 
thine  all  ;  come,  without  delay  come, 
live  the  fafe,  delightful,  and  profitable 
life  of  faith  on  me  ;  the  life  of  intimate 
fellow jQiip  with  me  ;  and  of  holy  0- 
bedience  .to  me;  —  earneftly  lludy 
an  holy  deadnefs  to,  and  dillance 
from  Liie  lofty,  the  alluring  heights  of 
outward  honour,  pleafure  and  profit ; 
— where  corrupt,' brutifii,  cruel,  and 
violent  men,  reil  andf  itisfy  themfelves; 
anq  by  mca^iis  whcrtof,  finful  lulls  and 
*  temptations^. 


SON         [    447    1  SON 

temptatfons,  oft  ruin  their  precious  and    men,  her  converts  to  God,  planted  in  Je 
immortal   fouls.     VeH'.   9.   Dear  faint, 
begotten  and   adopted  by  my  Father  ; 


fanftified,  though  witli  inferior  glory, 
by  my  own  Spirit  ;  and,  betrothed  to 
me,  in  loving-kindnefs  and  tender  mer- 
cies ;  how,  even  with  the  weakefl  att 
of  thy  faith,  and  with  the  exercife  of 
that  chain  of  graces,  which  attend  it, 
hafl  thou  clalnwJf  attraL'rdy  and  encou- 
raged, my  heart !  how  coupled  mine  af-  thy  grac 
fedlion  to,  and  drawn  forth  my  war- 
meft  Icve  towards  thee  !  Verf.  10. 
Beloved  relation,  and  bride,  how  ex- 
cellent, glorious,  and  comely,  is  thy 
love,  to  me,  and  to  my  members'!  how 
much  more  deliorhtful,  and  acceptable, 


fns,  do  flourilh,  more  fragrant,  delight- 
ful, precious,  and  uteful,  morf  numerous 
and  diiferent  incircumllauce,  than  allthe 
fruit  bearing  trees,  fruits,  and  fplcs 
of  an  orchard! — And  thou,  particular 
faint,  my  liiler,  my  fpoufe,  (verf.  8. 
9.),  as  a  garden  inwardly  digged  by 
my  Spirit,  fown  with  my  word,  hedg- 
ed by  my  power  and  law,  guarded  by 
ious    vig-ilance,    watered     by 


more  delightful, 
than  ceremonial  offerings,  or  outward 
enjoyments  !  — and  thy  beautifying, 
foftening,  medicinal  cititmcnt  of  grace, 
how  far  preferable  to  Mufaic  incenfe, 
or  ravifhing  outward  delights!  Verf.  1 1. 
How  thy  private  prayer,  thy  praife,  thy 
confeflion  of  my  name,  and  thy  fpfri- 
cual  convei-fe  for  the  inftru<5lion,  com- 
fort, or  reproof  of  others;  and  thy 
prudent,  fmcere,  and  edifying  conver- 
fation,  mark  the  reality  of  thy  grace  ! 
How  freely,  gradually,  conflantly,  and 
readil)',  from  thy  own  faith  and  expe- 
rience, doll  thou  communicate  to  o- 
thers,  the  fweet,  the  enlightening,  the 


watered 
the  heavenly  dew,  and  flourifhing  with 
various  graces,  and  fruitful  in  good 
works,  art  reftrved  for,  and  walked  in, 
by  me  •  alone  : — in  purity,  fre(hnefs, 
fafety,  and  feparation  from,  polluted 
perfons,  doctrines,  or  a£ls,  how,  as  a 
fpr'mg  J]:ut  up  and  fountain  fcaled,  thou 
art  unknown  to  the  world,  (liut  up 
from  Satan,  kept  challe  and  pure,  for 
conjugal  fellowlhip  with  me  aJone  ! — 
And,  in  value,  variety,  beauty,  and 
ufefulnefs,  how  thy  budding  know- 
ledge, faith,  repentance,  and  love,  thy 
humility,  brotherly  kindnefs,  tempe- 
rance, meeknefsj-zeal,  and  fimilar graces, 
refemble  the  precious  pomegranates^ 
fruits,  and  fpices,  of  a  choice  orchard  \ 
Believ.  Verf.  15.  Bleffed  Jefus> 
uncreated  fountaik,  vvhofe  it  is  to 
run  in,  and  water  all  the  churches,  and 
every  true  member  thereof,  and  to  fup- 


nourilhing,  and  medicinal  truths  of  the    ply  them  with  every  neceffary  promife 


gofpel  ! — how  infinitely  fragrant  are 
thy  garments  of  imputed  righteoufnefs ! 
nor  doth  thy  holy  and  benevolent  prac- 
tice fail  to  ipread  a  favour  of  Chriil  all 
arounll,  to  attraft  and  gain  others  to 
him.     Verf.  12. — 14.    My    church  is 


and  influence  ;.  O  what  a  deep,  alarge^ 
a  full,  and  overflowing  fource  of  ever- 
running,  -of  life-producing,  life-main- 
taining, life-reftoring,  and  life-perfec- 
ting virtue  art  thou! — how  freely! 
how  abundantly  and  delightfully  !   how 


n  £araen   fnci 


lofed,    fcparated    from   the     varioufly,  conilantly,  and    powerfully. 


world,  digged  by  gofpel-miniflrations, 
t^'atered  with  divine  truths  and  inflaen- 
ces  ;  diftinguifhed  into  various  ilations, 
and  worfliipping  alTcmblies  ;  protedled 
and  hedged  by  the  care  of  my  provi- 
dence, and  by  the  rules  of  order  con- 
tained in  my  woM  : — in  her  alone  do 
run  the  pure,  the  medicinal,  and  clean- 
fmg  waters  of  gofpcl-truih,  which  are 
hid  from  the  rell  of  the  world,  and  in 
their  fpiritual  glory,  and  refrtfhful  vir- 
tue, fhut  up  from,  a.^d  fealed  to  every 
one,  v/ho  is  not  a  true  member. — How, 


doll  thou  communicate  thy  precious 
truths,  and  thy  gracious  influences  to 
men ! — To  thee.  Lord,  I  owe  my 
whole  fruitfulnefs, — O,  run  more  plen- 
tifully into  my  foul,  that,  by  the  ex- 
ercife of  thy  grace,  I  may  be  rendered 
ufeful,  to  water  and  refrcfh  others  a- 
round  !  Verf.  16.  A-ud,  Lord,  lince 
I  am  THY  garden,  thine  by  thy  ancient 
choice,  by  thy  Father's  gift,  and  by 
thy  collly  purchafe,  thy  gracious^cul- 
tivation,  and"  fpecial  ufe,  let  every 
freezing  and  deftruc^live  blall  of  trouble. 


y.'hen  pureed  of  wicked  and  fcacdalgu?     temptation,  gr  itar,  be  rclliaimJd  from 

blowing 


SON  [    448     1 


SON 


blowing  on,  and  hurting  my  foul  ; — 
and  may  the  bicfled  Spirit,  in  his  fo- 
■verei<yn  and  myllerious,  his  invifible 
and  powerful  manner,  convince  me  of, 
reprove  me  for,  and  embitter  my  fui  ; 
€Ool,  pierce,  and  purify  my  confcience  ; 
<juiet,  comfort,  warm,  and  melt  my 
heart ;  revive,  cherilh,  llrengtljen,  and 
caufe  to  flourilh  in  good  \Nork?,  1ny 
languifhing  grace ! — and  do  thou,  Jefus, 
my  dear  hufband,  mafter,  and  friend, 
come,  dwell  in,  and  more  glorioufly 
difcover  thyfelf  to  thy  church,  and 
to  my  foul,—- rejoice  over  me,  to  do  me 
good  ;  grant  me  the  nearcft,  and  moft 
delightful  intimacy  with  thee  ;  accept 
of,  and  take  pleafure  in  thefe,  my 
various,  gracious,  and  amiable  habits 
and  acts,  whofe  author,  proprietor, 
and  objed,  thou  art, 

CHAP.    V. 

Christ.  Verf.  i.  At  thy  requeft, 
i3ear  foul,  who  arc  fpiritually  begotten 
by  my  Father's  will,  and  united  to  my 
glorious  perfon,  I  am  fpeedily  cotne,  to 
"bellow  my  diilinguiihed,  and  power- 
ful prefence  on  my  church  ;  to  delight 
myfelf  in  the  lively  preaching,  and 
gracious  application  of  my  fweet,  freih, 
nourifliing,  reftorative,  medicinal,  and 
emboldening  gofpel-truth' : — in  refpcd 
of  fenfible  prefence,  /  am  come  to  thy 
foul  ;  and  with  pleafure  to  cultivate, 
and  accept  of  thy  fpiritual  graces,  weak 
or  ftrong  ; — and,  folemnly  I  charge, 
und  earnellly  invite  you,  O  highly  fa- 
voured objecfls  of  my  everlafting  love 
and  diilinguifhed  care,  to  receive  a- 
bundantly  from  me,  and  to  rejoice  in 
the  unfearchable  fulnefs  of  grace  and 
glory  lodged  in  me  ;  and  to  take  the 
©omfort  of  your  inward  grace,  as  evi- 
dential of  your  election,  and  everlalbng 
felicity. 

Believ.  Verf.  2.  How  often  does 
Jefus,  my  glorious  Bridegroom,  fmd 
churches  almoll  wholly  alleep,  when 
lie  cometh  to  blefs  them  ;  and  when 
by  his  gofpel-inllitutions,  and  diver- 
fined  providences,  he  knocks  for  ad- 
miflion  ! — And  when,  at  my  earneft 
cry,  he  gracioufly  offered  me  his  fen- 
lible  prefence,  fuch  was  my  fpiritual 


deadnefs,  my  duhiefs,  confuffon,  and 
lloth,  my  carnality  and  deep  unconcern, 
that  contrary  to  conviclion  of  guilt, 
contrai7  to  thoughts  about,  and  (lir- 
rings  of  affeftion  towards  him  ;  and 
while  I  could  not  but  hear  and  feel  his 
mighty,  his  charming  voice,  make  a 
powerful  and  repeated  impreflion  on 
my  heart,  tenderly  entreating  me,  by 
the  endearing  chara6lers  of  his  sister, 
his  LOVE,  his  DOVE,  his  undefiled, 
(chap.  iv.  9.  i.  9.  ii.  to.  14.  iv.  7.  ;) 
and  earneftly  beleeching  me  to  open  it 
to  him,  by  a  lively  aAing  of  faith  up- 
on him,  a  vigorous  exercife  of  ardent 
love  towards  him,  and  a  folcmn  and 
familiar  pouring  out  of  my  requells  and 
defires  before  "him  ; — and  obtelling  me, 
by  his  infinite  love,  in  cheerfully  un- 
dertaking for,  and,  in  my  room,  bear- 
ing the  numerous,  dreadful,  deftruc- 
tive  drops  of  his  Father^  wrath  ;  and 
in  patiently  enduring  fo  manifold  af- 
fronts and  injuries,  while  he  waited  to 
be  gracious  to  my  foul.  Verf.  ^.  Alas  ! 
I  refufed  h  i  m  admiffion  ;  I  fliifted  him 
off,  with  the  moil  abfurd  excufe,  im- 
porting, that  I  now  poffefled  not  my 
wonted  livelinefs  of  frame  ;  had  loit 
my  wonted  flcill  and  care  to  improve 
him  as  my  righteoufnefs,  and  to  per- 
form any  part  of  my  duty  ;  and  that 
I  had  decreafed  in  my  knowledge  and 
fenfe  of  gofpel-principles,  thefe  fpiritual 
fhoes  ;  and  was  weary  of,  and  averfe 
to  every  gracious  exercife,  and  could 
not  prefeiuly  perfuade,  or  (tir  up  my- 
felf tliereto.  Verf.  4.  While  I  pradli- 
cally  returned' 'this  wretched  reply,  to 
his  heart-charming,  his  ailonifhingly 
gracious,  and  condefcending  entreaty  ; 
he,  fecretly,  but  powerfully  quickened 
my  faith  ;  touched  my  heart  ;  awaken- 
ed my  affeclion;  and  hlled  me  with 
inward  agony,  grief,  and  fhame,  for 
my  finful  refufal  ;  and  with  an  hungry 
and  carnell  dehre,  after  renewed  and 
fenfible  fellowihip  with  him.  Verf.  5. 
Hereupon,  I  (hook  off  my  deadnefs 
and  floth,  and  bitterly  repented  of  my 
flighting  HIM.  Receiving  influence 
from  him,  my  faith,  my  love,  and 
every  grace,  in  the  moll  eafy,  agree- 
able,    and    fragrant    manner,     exerted 

themfelvee 


SON 

themfelves  to  remove  ignorance 
unconcern,    and    fuch  other  evils,    as 
had  obftruded   his  ready  accefs  to  my 
heart.     Verf.  6.   Eagerly  I  aded  faith 
upon  his  promife  ;   I    panted  u^ith  de- 
fire  towards    him  ;   I  lifted   up  my  cry 
for  fenfible  fellowlhip   with   him  ;  but 
to  punifh  and  embitter  my  former  re- 
fufal  ;  to  humble  my  foul ;  to  endear 
his  prefence  ;  to  try  and   exercife  my 
grace ;  to    enflame  my    love,    he    had 
juftly,  had  quickly,  and  fearfully  with- 
drawn ;  and    refufed  to   grant  me  the 
fmiles,  or  the  powerful  influence  of  his 
diflinguifhed    vifit.       At    the    remem- 
brance of  his  kind   invitation,  and  my 
worfe  than  mad  rejection    thereof,  my 
foul  was  thrown   into  a  dreadful  damp 
of   confulion   and    fear,    of  grief  and 
Ihame,  and    with  fupplications,  ftrong 
cries    and    tears,     I    fought  him,    but 
found  no  appearance  of  his  fenfible  fa- 
vours ;  with  my  whole  heart  and  foul, 
I  begged   his  gracious   return,  but  he 
gave  me  no  comfortable  anfwer,   (chap, 
lii.  I.  2.)       Verf.  7.  When   minifters, 
whofe  office    it   is  to   overfee,  guard, 
guide,  and  comfort  the  church  ;  to  ob- 
ferve  and  watch   againft  fpiritual   ene- 
mies, and  warn  men  of  their  approach  ; 
touched  my  cafe,  in  their  pubhc  minif- 
trations,  they  but  razed  my  hopes,  and 
encreafed  my  anguifh  :  when  I  privately 
informed  them   of  my   cafe,  they  up- 
braided  me  with  my  finful  mifcarrlage  ; 
they    mifconftrufted    my    defire    of  a 
meeting  with  Chrift  ;  and  difcouraged 
my  expe(R:ation  thereof ;  or,  they  rob- 
bed me  of  the  comfort  of  my  juflifying 
vail  of  righteoufnefs,  and  put  me  upon 
legal  and   unfuccefsful  methods  to  re- 
gain   my  beloved  : — fome    impofed  on 
my  confcience   the   fuperftitious  com- 
mandmentb'  of  men  ;  while  others  re- 
proached me  as  an  hypocrite,  and  ridi- 
culed me  as  one  whimfical  and  deprived 
of  reafon.     Verf.  8.  Thus  abufed  by 
pallors  ignorant  and  unfaithful,  I  turn 
to    you,  my  fellow,    though  younger 
profeffors ;     earneflly    I    befeech,  and 
folemnly  I  charge  and  adjure  you,  that 
if  the   bkffed    Jefus,  whom    my    foul 
loveth,  grant  you  any  view  of  his  glory, 
any   talle   of  his   goodnefs,  you  will 
Vol.  II. 


r  449  1     SON 

pride,  fpread  my  cafe  before  him,  and  with 
eagemefs  remonftrate  to  him,  not  that 
men,  that  miiiillers  h^ve  injured  me; 
but  that  I  languifh  and  pine  with  pain, 
with  vexation  and  grief,  for  want  of, 
and  with  earnell  loiiging,  and  burning 
defire  to  enjoy,  his  fenfible  prefence  ; 
—and  that  my  fnil  mult  quickly  perifh, 
if  he  return  not  in  love. 

Com  PAN.  Verf.  9.  Diftrefled,  but 
precious  and  lovely  faint,  how  thy 
charge  excites  and  animates  our  heart, 
to  wifh  further  knowledge  of  Jefus, 
thy  fo  prized  HuflDand  !  Wh.it  !  O 
what  tnmfcendent  excellency  is  in  this 
beloved  of  thy  foul,  above  what  can 
be  found  in  the  lufts  and  pleafures  of  ' 
fm  !  in  the  profits,  the  honours,  de- 
lights, and  applaufe  of  this  world  !  or 
in  near  and  beloved  relations  !  or  at 
lead  in  our  own  life,  and  inward  en- 
dowments !  What  !  O  what  peculiar 
lovelinefs,  glory,  and  fulnefs  is  in  him, 
that  thou  dcjft  fo  charg€  and  intreat  us 
concerning  him  ! 

Be  LIE  v.  Verf.  10.  Mention  no- 
thing as  comparable  to  my  infinitely 
endearing  Hu(band  and  Saviour :  O 
his  boundlefs  and  all-comprehending 
excellency  !  He  is  nvh'ite  and  ruddy  : 
•white  In  his  glorious  divinity,  ruddy  in 
his  fuffering  humanity  ;  nvhite  in  the 
holinefs  of  his  human  nature,  and  obe- 
dience of  his  life  ;  ruddy  in  his  bloody 
paffion  and  death  ;  'white  in  his  glorious 
exaltation,  but  ruddy  in  his  humbled 
debafement  ;  luhite  In  his  mercy  and 
love  towards  his  people,  ruddy  in  his 
wrath  and  vengeance  againft  his  ene- 
mies ;  and  in  every  refpedl  the  miracle 
of  beauty,  the  wonder  of  angels,  the 
ravlfhmerit  of  faints,  the  delight  of  Je- 
hovah.— How  iniiiiitely  more  kind, 
rich,  pleafant,  glorious,  excellent,  and 
comely,  than  all  the  ten  thoufands  of 
created  beings  ixi  heaven  or  earth  !— — 
and  Is  1k:  not  the  Jlandard-hearer^  who 
fubdues  the  nations  to  the  obedience  of 
himfclf ;  and  whom  thoufands  and  my- 
riads of  aiigcls  and  faints  follow,  and 
fight  under  !  Verf.  ii.  Hfs  Godhead, 
his  authority  and  governm>  nt  of  hit 
church,  and  his  being  the  head  of  in- 
fluence to  his  people,  how  much  more 
3  L  excellent. 


SON  [45 

^'Kcellent,  precious,    pure,    fubftantlal, 
and  glorious  !   how  much  more  ufeful, 
enriching,    unchangeable,   and    lafting, 
than  gold  the  mojl  fol'id  and  Jhlmng  ! — 
his  numerous,  his  well-connected   pur- 
pofes    and    providences,    how   comely, 
myfterious,  majeftic,  and   awful  ! — his 
whole  glory,  and  even  the   well -joined 
multitudes  of  faints  rooted  and  ground- 
ed  in   him,   as  their  head,    h.ow   ever 
comely,  frefh,  and  unfading  1     Verf.  1 2. 
His   all-feeing   knowledge,   his   tender 
pity  and  care,  how  pure,  penetrating, 
pleafant,  and  beautiful  !   how  attentive- 
ly he  waits  to  fliew  mercy  !     With  what 
deep  compafiion  his  lovely   eyes   run  to 
and  fro   through   the   whole   earth,  to 
Jhew  himfelf  llrong  in  behalf  of  them 
that  fear  him  !   how  fixed  were  his  heart 
and  eyes  on  xhefu/nefs  of  lime  for  his  in- 
carnation !   how  conflantly  they  attend 
to  the  fulnefs  of  virtue   in   himfelf,  to 
communicate  the  fame  to  the  fulnefs  of 
his  body  the  church  !     Verf.  1 3.  The 
manifeftations  of  his    courage,  of  his 
glory,  and  grace,  and  of  his  condefcen- 
iion  and  love,  exhibited  in  word  and  or- 
dinances, how  delightful !   attrafting  ! 
reviving  !   and   refreihful ! — His  graci- 
ous  words   how   pure,   mild,  glorious, 
fragrant,  and   fruitful ! — Attended  by 
the  influence  of  his  Spirit,  how  gently, 
how  gradually,  how  feafonably,  and  in- 
ceflantly  they  drop  into  our  heart,  fpi- 
ritual  virtue,  refreihing,  quickening,  pu- 
rifying, and  pleafant !      Verf.  14.   His 
munificent    liberahty,    his    unbounded 
power,  his  mighty  works,  efpecially  of 
our  redemption, how  aftonifliingly  large, 
or  numerous  !   and   how  perfect,  refo- 
hite,  and  glorious  !   and   how  encoura- 
ging, medicinal,  and  marvellous,  their 
virtue  ! — His  fecret   purpofes  of  love, 
his    tender   bowels   of  compafiion,   his 
fympathifing  interceifion,  how  precious, 
pure,  fincere,  firm,  and  durable  !   how 
ftrengthening  and  attradive  the  virtue  ! 
Verf.  15.  His  ftrength   to   uphold   all 
things,  to  bear  the  weight  of  the  new 
covenant,  and  of  all  our  perfons,  our 
fins,  our  punilhment,  our  falvation,  our 
burdens,  our  cares  ;  and  of  all  the  go- 
vernment   and    glory   of   his    Father's 
houfe,  how  firm,  lailing,  and  divine  ! 


o     ]  SON 

His  paths  in  undertaking  for  us  ;  in  af- 
fuming  our  nature,  and   fulfilling   our 
righteoufnefs;  in  walking  in  the  church- 
es ;  in  converting,  correcting,  and  help- 
ing his  people,  and  in  trampling  down 
his  enemies,  how  myfierious,  Ikilfully 
contrived,  and  founded  o-n  Godhead  ! — 
His  whole   perfonage,   office,  relation, 
and   every   manifeilation  thereof,  how 
elevated,  amiable,  fragrant,  refrefliful, 
fruitful,    and  lafting  I      Verf.  16.    His 
voice,  his  word,  the  fenfibk  communi- 
cations of  his  love,  the   breathings  of 
his  Spirit,  the  power  of  his  intercefiion, 
how  tranfcendently  fweet,  and  delight^ 
ful!      In  fine,   he,  the   unmatched  Je- 
fus,    He,    my    inexhauftible    fubjeft,   in 
his  perfon,  natures,  names,  and  offices, 
and  in  his  relations,  qualities, and  v/orks; 
and  in  his  undertaking, birth,  life, death ; 
in  his  refurredlion,  afcenfion  ;  and  in  his 
appearance  in  the  prefence  of  God  for 
us,  his  dealing  in  the  gofpel   with   us, 
and  at  laft  coming  in  the  clouds  to  judge 
devils  and  men,  is  altogether  lovely^  defi- 
rable,  and  glorious.     Eveiy  lovely  ex- 
cellency in  heaven  and  earth  he  contains 
to  the  highefl:  :   infinitely   he   deferves, 
and  by  all  that  know  him,  will  he  be 
earneftly  coveted,  as  the   beft,  as  the 
fum  of  all  things  excellent  and  valuable. 
This,  my  fellow-profefibrs,  t  h  i  s,  t h i s     ^ 
amazing   Lord,  is   the  beloved  of  my 
foul,  and  my  kind,  liberal,  condefcend- 
ing,  and  everlafting  friend,  who  loved 
me,  and  gave  himfelf  for  me. 

CHAP.     VT. 

Com  PAN.  Verf.  i.  Thrice  amiable 
and  happy  faint,  now  we  believe  and 
are  perfuaded  of  the  tranfcendent  excel- 
lency of  thy  darling  Redeemer:  now  our 
hearts  are  attraded  with  the  thoughts 
of  his  glory. — Whither,  O  whither  is 
THY — oh  could  we  fay,  our — un- 
matched Jefus  gone  ?  Inform  us  m 
what  ordinance,  in  what  manner  he  is 
to  be  found,  that,  with  ardent  long- 
ing, we  may  cry  after,  wait  for,  and 
feek  him  'with  thee. 

Belie V.  Verf.  2.  My  lovely  and 
dear  Bridegroom  hath  indeed  deferted 
my  foul  ;  but  I  certainly  know,  that, 
in   infinite  condefcenfion,  he   employs 

himfelf 


SON 

himfelf  in  his  church,  (chap,  v 
chiefly  in  thefe  worfliipping  afTembhcs 
and  hearts  where  his  peoples  graces  are 
moft  vigorous  and  adive  ;  that  he  may 
convert,  difcover  his  glory  to,  give  his 
Spirit,  and  confer  more  abundant  grace 
and  comfort  on,  r^'joice  over,  and  de- 
h'ght  in  his  chofca  Hh'es,  and  at  lall 
tranfport  them  to  the  cclcftial  Hate. 
Verf.  3.  Notwithftandiiig  his  hiding 
and  frowns,  I  cannot  but  highly  value 
his  perfon,  offices,  relations,  and  way; 
cannot  but  boldly  and  humbly  attempt 
to  maintain  and  affert  my  fpecial  inte- 
reil  in  him  :  in  the  firm  faith  that  he 
is  MINE,  divinely  made  over  to  me  in 
his  new-covenant  promife  and  grant,  I 
lolemiily  furrender  my  perfon,  and  my 
all  to  him  ;  my  foul  and  body  to  be  fa- 
ved  ;  my  fins  to  be  forgiven  and  de- 
stroyed ;  my  burdens  and  cares  to  be 
borne  ;  and  my  gifts,  graces,  and  out- 
ward enjoyments,  to  be  managed  by 
him,  to  his  honour. — Nor,  defert  me 
as  he  will,  ihall  I  allow  myfelf  to  dif- 
credit  his  feeding  himfeii  among  his 
people,  delighting  in,  and  rejoicing  over 
them,  to  do  them  good,  chap.  ii.  16. 

Christ.  Verf.  4.  Beloved  foul,  be- 
trothed to  me  in  the  day  of  my  power, 
now,  after  much  pleafed  beholding  of 
t'hy  carriage  in  my  abfence,  I  return  to 
vouchfafe  thee  my  .  fenfible  prefence  : 
nor,  in  my  fight,  art  thou  lefs  precious 
a;-.d  honourable  than  ever. — My  church 
is  more  delighttully  fituated,  more  beau- 
tiful in  form,  than  Tirzah,  the  refidence 
of  Hebrew  monarchs  j  and  in  compa6l- 
nefs,  fafety,  beauty,  freedom,  and  en- 
joym^ent  of  the  prefence  and  worlhip  of 
God,  more  comely  than  Jerufalem  ; 
and,  with  fpirit-ual  armour  and  majeilic 
air,  more  terrible  than  an  army  ivith  ban- 
ners ;  and,  in  my  view,  how  far,  blelfed 
fou),  thou  eKcelleft  in  comelincfs  thefe 
beautiful  cities  !  With  what  joy  and 
pleafare  have  I  beheld  thy  faith  and 
love  boldly  defend  thy  heart  for  me, 
againft  every  attempt  of  corruption, 
every  attempt  of  devils  or  men  !  With 
what  tranfporting  delight  have  I  fuffer- 
ed  myfelf  to  be  overcome  with  thy  fer- 
vent prayers  !  Verf.  5. — 7.  How  di- 
vinely  tranfport^d  I    how  fwectly  de- 


[    451    ^       SON 

.  T.),  lighted,  with  the  eager  a6lings  of  thy 
faith  and  love  towards  me,  amidll  hi- 
ding and  abfence  ! — Now,  returned,  I. 
folcmnly  affure  thee,  thy  holy  thoughts, 
and  gracious  exercife,  thy  unfeigned 
and  operative  f:\ith,  thy  fpiiitual  medi- 
t'ltion  ;  thy  regular  and  active  zeal,  thy 
humiHty  and  felf-abafement,  together 
with  every  thing  belonging  to  my 
church,  arc  of  me  efleemed  as  comely 
and  precious  as  ever,  (Chap.  iv.  9.  i. 
2.  3.)  Verf.  8.  9.  My  true  church 
alone,  how  choice  and  valuable  !  how 
preferable  to  all  the  nations,  the  gay 
affemblies,  and  the  different  fe6ls  upon 
earth  !  and  how  much  approven  by 
their  inmoft  confcience  ! — In  her,  are 
faints  habitually  honoured  with  my  dif- 
tinguifhed  fellowihip  ;  others  more  le- 
gal In  temper,  and  rarely  admitted  to 
my  fenfible  prefence  ;  others  indeed 
julllfied,  wafhed,  fmcere,  holy,  and 
humble,  but  merely  commencing  a  re- 
ligious courfe. — In  me  they  are  all  one; 
are  the  only  true  and  choice  members, 
and  children  of  my  church,  each  born 
from  above  ;  faints  of  every  fize,  wITh 
well  to,  pray  for,  affe6lionately  love, 
truly  efteem,  and  highly  commend 
thera. — And  thou,  ranfomed  foul,  ia 
mine  eyes,  how  much  mofe  comely, 
amiable,  and  delightful,  than  every 
beauty  of  palaces,  or  of  blooming 
youth  1  hovi^  gracioufly  chofen,  choice, 
choiie,  fpotlefs,  and  meek  !  nor  can 
any  acquainted  with  thy  comehnefs, 
fail  to  blefs,  commend,  and  extol  thee. 
Verf.  lb.  With  admiring  applaufe,  to 
which  I  affent,  and  which  I  confirm, 
they  cried  out,  "  What  m-arvellous 
church  is  this!  which,  in  the  patri- 
archal age,  (hone  forth  as  the  rifing 
morn  !  which,  In  the  Mofaic,  fliowed 
fair  with  a  moon-like  brightnefs  of  ce- 
remonies, all  illuminated  of  Jefus  her 
Sun  !  which,  in  the  Chrlltian  xra, 
chiefly  in  the  happy  Millennium,  fhines 
clear  as  the  fun  afcendlng  his  zenith  I 
and  which  llrikes  folemn  dread  upon 
■perfecutors,  and  others  around  ! — And 
what  marvellous  perfons  are  thofe,  who, 
turned  from  darknefs  to  light,  do,  in 
their  gracious  ilate  and  exercife,  as  the 
?noniin^-Hghtf  flilnc  pleafaut  and  frefh, 
3  L  3  going. 


SON  f    45 

going  on  to  perfeclion  !  an4  who,  in 
borrowed  and  'inperfeA  holinefs,  fhew 
fair  as  the  chan  T^iiig  moon  !  and  who,  in 
their  imputed  ri<rhteoufnefs,  fliine  clear 
as  the  meridian  yt/;2  /  and  armed  with  the 
•uhole  armour  ot  God,  wifely  and  brill^- 
ly,  war  with  fin,  Satan,  and  the  world  ! 
and  by  the  awe  of  their  holy  life,  and 
their  regular  reproofs,  are  terrible  as  an 
Qrmy  with  banners.*'  Verf.  ii.  Even 
while  my  fenfible  viflt  was  withdrawn, 
I  promoted  thy  joy  and  welfare  :  eager- 
ly I  employed  myfelf,  working  falva- 
tion,  for  the  divinely  planted,  the  hea- 
ven-pruned, watered,  and  weeded,  and 
fruitful  garden  of  my  church  ;  where 
grow,  and  Are  ripened  for  bliis,  my 
poor,  hidden,  well-protefted,  and  c6- 
vei  ed,  my  oft  bruifed  and  broken,  but 
inwardly  rich  and  glorious  faints  :  there 
1  obferved  the  holy  fruits  of  lowly,  de- 
bafcd,  and  opprefled  fouls  ;  obferved  if 
my  vine-Yikt  people  increafed  in  num- 
bers, in  gifts,  graces,  and  good  works  ; 
and  if,  as  lofty,  upright,  fruitful  ^^wf- 
granaiesy  planted  in  a  rich  foil,  they, 
with  much  humility  and  felf-denial, 
blofibmed,  and  brought  forth  abun- 
dantly, the  fruits  of  righteoufnefs,  pre- 
cious, fragrant,  favoury,  and  ufcful  ; — 
and  lecretly  I  obferved,  an  efteem  of, 
a  love  to,  and  defire  alter  me,  growing 
in  thy  affliv5ted  and  forrowful  heart. 
Verf.  12.  Often  all  of  a  (udden,  I  bring 
falvation  to  my  cholen  people,  who,  in 
the  day  of  my  power,  are  made  'willing 
to  forego  fin,  Iclf-rightcoufneis,  world- 
ly enjoyments,  and  wicked  men,  and 
to  ferve  me,  and  take  up  my  crofs  ; 
and  who,  endowed  with  a  princely  dif- 
pofjtion,  are  qualified  to  fit  and  reign 
with  me  on  my  throne  : — all  of  a  fud- 
deii,  divinely  delighted  with  thy  ex- 
^rcife  of  laith,  love,  repentiance,  and 
prayer,  during  mine  abfence;  my  warm- 
eft  afFe<ition,  my  yearning  bowels  of 
compafllon,  effedually  determined  me, 
triumphantly,  quickly,  and  royally,  to 
come,  iupport,  lave,  and  comiort  thee  ; 
granting  thee  the  end  of  thy  faith  and 
hope,  and  the  return  of  thy  prayer. 
Verf.  I  3.  True  daughter  of  the  church  ; 
perftci  in  ti.y  head,  in  his  righteoufnefs 
imputed,  and  in  the  extent  of  thy  fane- 


2     1  SON 

tification  ;  poflelTed  of  peace  with  God 
and  thy  confcience  ;  endowed  with  a 
peaceful  difpofition,  and  intitled  to  un^ 
ceafing  quiet,  in  the  regions  of  light, 
am  I  returned  to  thy  foul  ?  Return 
then,  return,  in  more  fpirited  adts  of 
faith  and  love  ;  of  earnell  defire,  and 
penitential  grief,  of  humble  blufhing, 
and  holy  boldnefs,  that  I,  my  Father, 
and  blefied  Spirit,  with  holy  angels, 
and  regenerated  men,  may  look  upon, 
and  be  dehghted  with  obferving  thy 
glories,  graces,  and  labours. — Aik  not 
what  thing,  valuable  or  pleafant,  is  to 
be  feen  in  thyfelf,  or  the  church  :  for 
how  ravifliing  and  delightful  to  behold 
Jews  and  Gentiles  gathered  into  one 
body  of  faints  !  to  behold  divine  per- 
fons,  perfeftions,  and  holy  angels,  fur- 
round  and  protedl  thee  !  to  behold  thy 
heavenly  graces  and  holy  duties  ftand 
muilered  in  battle-array,  valiantly  fight- 
ing with  fpiritual  foes,  and  threfhing 
down  thefe  accurfed  mountains,  and 
treading  them  under  thy  feet  \ 

CHAP.  VII. 
Christ.  Verf.  i.  In  refpeds  iiir- 
numbered,  how  glorious  the  fight  ! 
My  princely  and  heaven-born  church, 
how  adorned  with  minifters,  fully  fur- 
nifhed  with  the  preparation  of  the  gof- 
pel  of  peace,  and  intrepid  and  prompt 
to  fpread  the  meffages  of  fovereign 
love  ! — how  adorned  with  young  con- 
verts, a-new  formed  by  the  manifold 
power  and  wifdom  ci"  God  ! — And 
thou,  bleffed  foul,  begotten  of  God, 
and  heircfs  of  heaven,  how  beautifully 
are  thy  ads  of  faith,  thy  gracious  af- 
feftions,  and  holy  converfation,  found- 
ed on,  and  inlligated  by  the  free,  the 
honourable,  the  prefei-ving,  and  em» 
boldcning  doftrines  and  motives  of  the 
glorious  gofpel  ! — how  dehghtful  is 
thy  ready  and  cheerful  willingnefs  and 
progrefs  in  evangelic  holinefs !  and 
every  principle  and  firft  ^notion  of  thy 
new  nature,  how  exquifitely  curious, 
framed  by  the  Spirit  of  wifdom  and 
knowledge  !  Verf.  2.  In  my  church, 
how  complete  !  how  curioufiy  formed, 
capacious  of  gofpel-truth,  and  furnifhed 
with  pure  and  purifying  infiuence,  arc 

her 


SON         r    45 

her  paftors  and  ordinances,  which,  in 
mldll  thereof,  pofTefs  an  exalted  fta- 
tion,  and  contribute  much  to  her  vi- 
gour and  health !  and  how  glorious, 
numerous,  fubftantial,  and  fruitful,  as 
an  heap  of  nvheat  fit  about  ivilh  lilies,  do 
her  converts  quickly  become  ! — And, 
bleft  foul,  how  large,  extenfive,  and 
richly  fupplied  with  heavenly  influence, 
are  thy  gracious  exeicife,  and  ardent 
defires,  which,  in  thy  piefent  ftate, 
convey  in  thy  fpiritual  nourifliment  ! 
By  fpiritual  digeilion  of  my  word,  how 
is  thy  inner  man  nourifhed,  and  ren- 
dered fruitful  in  good  works,  pure, 
folid,  and  comely,  and  rendered  an 
honoured  inftrument,  to  promote  the 
heavenly  birth,  and  gracious  edification 
of  others  !  Verf.  3.  The  church's 
breads  of  divine  teftaments,  ordinances, 
facraments,  and  minifters,  fmgularly 
add  to  her  beauty  and  ufe  : — thy  faith 
in  and  love  to  me  and  my  people,  and 
thy  well-ordered  endeavours  to  quicken, 
comfort,  nourifh,  and  refrelh  others, 
with  the  fincere  milk  of  the  word,  how 
muck  more  comely  and  dehghtful  than 
tivin-t'ocs,  luhich  feed  among  lilies  I  Verf. 
4.  My  church,  how  ornamented  with 
the  precious  and  impregnable  fort  of 
the  fcripture  ;  and  by  her  officers, 
who,  like  a  toiver  of  ivory ,  are  pure  in 
the  faith,  flrong  in  the  grace,  conhrm- 
ed  in  the  truth,  and  fct  for  the  defence 
of  the  gofpel  : — and  who,  as  fifh-poolsy 
have  clear  views  of  the  mylteries  of 
Chrlil,  are  full  of  his  blefling,  conftant 
in  adherence  to  truth,  and  quiet  in 
converfation,  and  are  a  blefling  to  o- 
tliers  unnumbered  :  —  and  who,  like  a 
nofe  and  toiver  of  JLebanon,  loohing  to- 
nvards  Damafcus,  fagacioufly  difcern, 
watch  againft,  and  briildy  oppofe, 
chiefly,  her  principal  enemies', — And, 
believer,  how  adorned  art  thou,  with 
the  glorious,  the  impregnable,  and  all- 
defending  grace  of  faith,  which  unites 
thy  foul  to  myfelf !  hov.-  adorned  with 
clear,  diftindl,  pure,  felf-fearching,  and 
repentance-producing  fpiritual  know- 
ledge !  how  adorned  with  a  gracious 
fagacity,  to  difcern  good  from  evil, 
and  with  prudent  zeal,  bold  courage, 
and  exadi  vigilance  againil  every  fpiri- 


-?    J         SON 

tual  danger  and  foe,  chiefly  predomi- 
nant lulls,  and  fins  and  temptations, 
which  do  often  and  eafrly  befet  thee ! 
Verf.  5.  In  the  church,  my  beinj 
your  futfering  furety,  your  king,  huf- 
band,  and  glorious  fruitful  head  of  in- 
fluence ;  and  my  making  every  foul 
and  grace  rooted  and  growing  up  in 
me,  partakers  of  my  bleeding  atone- 
ment, and  royal  greatnefs  ;  how  much 
it  adds  to  your  comehnefs  ! — And  thy- 
crowning  grace  of  hope,  fupported  by 
f:iith  as  a  neck,  how  imbrujd  with  my 
blood  !  how  high  towering,  heavenly, 
and  fruitful  !  her  profpecl  of  divine 
and  eternal  things,  how  wide  and  de- 
lightful !  Thy  numerous  /»«ir-like 
thoughts,  and  even  moft:  inconfiderable 
acts  of  life,  fpringing  therefrom,  how 
a6luated  by  my  bleeding  kindnefs  ! 
and  how  royal  !  majeftic  ! — With  thy 
extenfive  comehnefs,  thy  lively  faith 
in^  ardent  love  to,  and  raifed  efl:eem 
of  my  perfon  and  fulnefs,  thy  godly 
forrow  for  pafl  oft'ence,  thy  ardent  de- 
fire,  and  humble  prayer  for,  and  holy 
fear  of  lofing,  my  ienfible  vifit,  am  I 
the  King  eternal,  immortal,  invifible, 
fo  divinely  delighted,  and  enamoured, 
— and  by  my  infinite  love,  and  my  un- 
bleiniflied  faithfulneis  to  God,  and  thy 
foul,  fo  powerfully  determined,  that,, 
with  pleafure  and  joy,  I  must  abide, 
walk,  and  fealt  with  thee,  and  thy  fel- 
low-faints, in  the  magnificent,  delight- 
ful, lofty,  and  lightiome  galleries  and 
ordinances  of  my  grace.  Verf.  6.  Dear 
objeft  of  miy  diilinguifhed,  my  redeem- 
ing love,  and  ardent  lover  of  my  per- 
fon,— in  my  fight,  how  inexpreffibly 
pure,  agreeable,  amiable,  and  comely, 
art  thou  !  and  v;ith  what  tranfporting 
pleafure,  I  rejoice  over,  and  delight  to 
do  thee  good  !  Verl*.  7.  Thy  whole 
frame  and  flature  of  grace,  rooted  in 
me,  and  under  my  warming  rays,  and 
amid  heavieft  preffures  of  trouble,  how 
high  grown,  upright,  precious,  and 
comely  1  how  incorruptible,  ever-living, 
peace-fpeaking,  vitSlorious !  how  flou- 
rifhiug  and  fruitful  in  a  moll  fweet  and 
nourilhing  product  !  thy  life  and  fruc- 
tifying virtue,  how  mylleriouily  deri- 
ved from  thy  head  ! — from  the  breafls 

of 


SON  [     454     ]  SON 

fcriptures,  ordinances,  and     fully  furrender  my  whole  felf,  and  all  I 


«f  minifters 

iacraments,how  plentifully  thy  foul  ex- 
tra6ls  my  heavenly  influence,  frefli,  ex- 
hilarating, and  ftrengthening  ! — thy  en- 
deavours to  retain  me  amid  the  em- 
braces of  thy  faith  and  love,  and  to 
edify  others  around,  with  gracious 
fpeech,  and  holy  converfation,  how  de- 
lightful, nourifhing,  ufeful  !  Verf.  8. 
In  my  ancient  counfel  I  purpofed,  in 
my  faithful  word  I  promifed,  to  abide 
with,  and  to  difplay  my  glory,  and 
communicate  my  grace  to,  and  in  arms 
of  everlafting  love  to  embrace  thee,  and 
every  true  member  of  my  church. — 
And  now,  that  I  fignally  do  fo,  now 
ought,  and  Ihall,  minifters,  fcriptures, 
ordinances,  facraments,  heavenly  influ- 
ence, and  thy  private  endeavours  to 
edify  others,  be  eminently  ncuirifhing, 
flrengthening,  and  effeAual  to  the  wel- 
fare of  fouls  :  now  ought,  and  fliall, 
thy  faith  and  love,  thy  fpiritual  defire 
and  delight,  be  efHcacious,  refreihing, 
and  pleafant  to  ray  heart  :  now  fhall  the 
faithful  preaching  of  the  gofpel,  the 
agreeable  character  of  church-members, 
and  their  fpiritual  fagacity  to  difcern 
good  from  evil,  with  their  fervent  pray- 
er, thefe  toliens  of  foundnefs  in  a 
church's  conftitution,  or  of  newnefs  of 
nature,  and  livelinefs  in  religion,  be 
more  favoury  and  pleafant  than  mellow- 
ed apples,  Verf.  9.  Not  only  flialt  thou 
breathe  after,  and  relifh  the  beft  fpiri- 
tual nourifliment  ;  but  thy  fpeech,  thy 
prayers,  praifes,  and  holy  conference, 
and  the  miniftrations  of  the  gofpel  unth 
thee,  fhall  turn  upon  me  as  their  fub- 
jeft  and  end: — (how  my  foul  acquiefces 
in  their  tendency  to  honour  and  delight 
thee,  beloved  Saviour  !  ) — and  how  rou- 
fmg,  quickening,  reftoring,  ftrengthen- 
ing, and  refrefhful  to  the  dead,  drowfy, 
and  infenfible,  to  the  weak,  flothful,  and 
inadlive  members  of  my  church  ! 

Believ.  Verf.  10.  What,  bleffed 
Jefus,  am  I,  a  worthlefs  and  vile  mon- 
fter  in  myfelf,  to  be  thus  commended, 
exalted,  and  favoured  by  thee  ! — Be- 
fore God,  angels,  and  men,  I  profefs, 
that  by  thy  grace  alone,  I  am  what  I 
am,  in  comelinefs,  value,  or  ufe  :  I  call 
"heaven  and  earth  to  record,  that  I  grate- 


have,  to  thee  as  my  Saviour,  my  cove- 
nant-head, my  everlafting  hulband,  my 
mafter,  my  God,  and  my  all  in  all: 
— and  that  I  believe,  admire,  delight 
in,  and  am  fatisfied  with,  and  boaft  of 
thine  early,  ardent,  almighty,  everlaft- 
ing, thy  free,  coftly,  marvellous,  and 
often-manifefted,  redeeming  love  to  my 
foul.  Verf.  II.  O  thrice  worthy  dar- 
ling of  my  foul,  cotne,  fulfil  my  defircs 
in  the  powerful  fpread  of  the  gofpel  in 
eveiy  country,  the  bafeft  and  moll  ido- 
latrous on  earth  not  excepted  ;  let  me 
have  intimate  fellowfhip  with  thee  in 
the  word  and  ordinances  of  thy  grace  ; 
draw  my  heart  entirely  afide  from  this 
vain  diftrafting  world  ;  arreft  it  wholly 
on  thyfelf ;  grant  'me  retired,  abiding, 
refrefhful,  and  raviihing  enjoyment  of 
thee,  as  my  God,  my  exceeding  joy, 
Verf.  12.  Come  to  my  foul,  feafonably, 
quickly,  and  powerfully  !  and  with  mc 
review  the  ftate  and  condition  of  thy 
church  ;  enable  me  to  pour  forth,  and 
gracioufly  anfwer,  my  earneft  requefts, 
for  the  faints,  weak  or  ftrong  ;  (chap, 
ii.  13.  vi.  II.) — Aflift  me  to  examine 
the  condition  of  my  various,  felf-denied, 
fragrant,  fruitful,  and  ufeful  graces;  and 
to  pour  out  my  requefts  in  relation  there- 
to ;  and,  by  thine  almighty  influence, 
caufe  them  flourifh,  bloffom,  and  bring 
forth  good  works,  (chap.  iv.  13.  14. ) 
Then,  all  inflamed  with  thy  kiudnefs, 
and  burning  with  love  to  thee,  fliall  my 
inward  powers,  dcfire,  delight  in,  arid 
boaft  of  thee  ;  flhiall  furrender  myfelf  to 
thy  fervice  ;  and  more  and  more  bring 
forth  the  flowers  and  fruits  of  holinefs 
to  the  praife  of  thy  glory.  Verf.  13. 
Lord  Jefus,  defer  not  the  fpecial  mani- 
feftations  of  thy  grace  !  Nay,  furely 
thou  haft  begun  to  vouchfafe  them  ;  for 
thy  meek,  amiable,  fragrant,  and  fa- 
voury, thy  pacififC,  love-exciting,  and 
fruit-bearing,  (though  fometimes  ileepy 
and  flothful),  faints  begin  to  flourifli, 
and  fpread  their  heavenly  influence  ;— 
the  medicinal,  heart-cooling,  love-pro- 
ducing, fructifying,  and  dehghtful  (tho% 
alas !  lometimes  occalionaliy  lleepening  ) 
doclriues  of  thy  gofpel,  become  to  ma- 
ny a  favour  of  life  unto  life  :  tiie  various 

an4 


SON  [    455    ]         SON 

and  lovely   flowers  or   fruits  of  grace     coming  in  the  clouds  to  fave  me 
1,  bloffom,  flourilh,  ripen  for 


in  our  fou 

glory,  and  fpread  abroad  a  fweet  fa- 
vour of  thee  -and  for  Uiy  fervlce  and 
honour,  thrice  beloved  Jc  fus,  are  ma- 
ny promifes.  doftrines,  and  bleflings 
of  the  gofpel  of  peace,  laid  up  in  our 
heart  ;  and  various,  and  much  diverfi- 
fjed  exercifes  of  grace,  and  a(its  of  ho- 
linefs,  are  plainly  and  openly  brought 
forth  in  our  conduit. 

CHAP.  VIII. 
Beluv.  Verf.  I.  Oh!  when  fiiall 
God  mercifully  vouchfafc  that  bleffcd 
period,  when  thou,  adored  Saviour, 
defcending  from  thy  Father's  bofom 
and  throne,  fhalt  affume  our  debafed 
nature  ;  become  a  member  of  our  vi- 
fible  church  ;  and  walk  among  us,  in 
the  likenefs  of  finful  flefh!— O  for 
that  happy  day,  when  I  fhall  enjoy 
thy  moil  familiar  intercourfe,  in  the 
ordinances  of  thy  grace  !  how  boldly 
then,  chiefly  to  eftranged  linners  of 
the  Gentiles,  fhould  I  fpread  and  pub- 
lifti  thy  fame  ! — how  publicly  fhould  I 
profefs  my  love,  my  reverence,  my 
obedience  and  lubjedlion  to  thy  glori- 
ous Self !  None  fhould  have  reafon  to 
contemn  my  choice  of  an  hufband,  or 
upbraid  my  barrennefs  in  good  works ; 
nor  fliould  I  regard  contempt  or  re- 
proach for  thy  fake  ;  as,  in  the  ifTue, 
God,  angels,  and  men,  fhould  eileem 
me  truly  honoured,  and  wife  unto  fal- 
vation.  Verf.  2.  By  the  effeflual  fer- 
vent prayer  of  faith,  fhould  I  obtain 
thy  powerful  prefence  in  the  ordinan- 
ces bellowed  on  my  mother  the  church: 
eagerly  fhould  1  fpread  thy  renourn, 
and  bear  thy  fame  through  the  world  ; 
eagerly  fhould  thy  miniflers,  and 
chiefly  thyfelf,  teach  me  my  duty  ; 
and  mightily  fliouldfl  thou  be  delight- 
ed with  the  fpirited  exercifes  of  my 
grace,  and  with  my  abounding  in  ho- 
linefs.  Verf.  3.  Ardently  my  foul 
pants  for  the  nearefl  fellowfliip  with 
Chrifl  :  atid  furcly  had  I  obtained  it, 
1  fhould  be  at  once  fupported  and  ra- 
vifhed  therewith. — Already,  how  have 
the  thoughts  of  his  coming  in  the  fif  fh, 
of  his  coming  in  the  Spa  it,  and  at  lail 


and 
the  views  of  his  excellency,  the  intima- 
tions and  embraces  of  his  love,  enrap- 
tured all  my  powers  ! — By  the  pro- 
mifes, difplays,  and  influences  thereof, 
how  fweetly  refrefhed  !  how  mightily 
upheld  is  my  inner  man  I  (chap.  ii.  6.) 
Verl.  4.  Having  once  more  regained 
this  delightful  intimacy,  this  ravifhing 
fellowfhip  with  Jcfus,  foltmnly  I  re- 
adjure,  and  re-charge  you,  his  profef- 
fed  friends,  and  children  of  the  true 
church,  that  you  give  It  no  interrup- 
tion :  for  why!  O  why  fliould  you, 
in  the  leafl:  provoke  him,  the  qulntef- 
fence  of  kindnefs,  this  all-lovely  Re- 
deemer, to  withdraw  his  fenfible  pre- 
fence from  my  foul  .'  chap.  ii.  7.  iii.  5. 
CoMPAN.  Verf.  5.  What  dlftin- 
guiflied  !  what  happy  foul,  is  this  5 
who,  from  the  barren,  deftitute,  and 
entangling,  the  comfortlefs,  danger- 
ous, and  pathlefs  defert,  of  an  unre- 
generate  ftate,  of  a  prefent  evil  world, 
and  of  remaining  ignorance,  unbelief,, 
tribulation,  temptation,  and  carnal 
care,  gradually  and  deliberately 
mounts  heavenward,  in  fervent  defire* 
fpiritual-mindednefs,  and  holy  em- 
ploys ;  all  along  direded  by,  depend- 
ing on,  drawing  virtue  from,  and  de- 
lightfully folacing  herfelf  in  Jefus  her 
beloved ! 

Believ.— Let  no  created  perfon  or 
thing  difturb  me  ;  let  no  commenda- 
tion of  me,  an  infignificant,  a  (inful 
worm,  tickle  my  pride.  Thou,  Je- 
sus, hafl  engroffed  all  my  thought, 
all  my  attention.  ProteAed  and  re- 
freflied  by  thy  ftiadow,  O  blefled  apple- 
tree  ;  revived  and  invigorated  with 
the  fweet  fruits  of  thy  benefits  unnum- 
bered, and  all  aduated  by  thee,  with 
what  fervent  prayers,  lively  faith,  and 
flaming  defire,  have  1  llirred  thee  up, 
gracioufly  to  relieve,  refrefh,  and 
enrapture  my  ioul  !  —  In  this  manner 
the  Old-Tellaraent  faints  travailed,  as 
in  birth,  for  thine  incarnation. — In 
this  manner,  faithful  pallors,  and  zea- 
lous believers,  travail  as  in  birth,  till 
thou  art  formed  in  mens  heart,  and 
till  thou  return  in  the  clouds.—  In  this 
manner,  every  perfon   in   whofe  heart 

thou 


SON     r 

tliou  art  formed  by  faith,  mourns 
thine  abfence,  and  travails  as  in  birth, 
for  thy  fenfible  vifits.  Verf.  6.  O 
what  inexprcffible  nearnefs  to  Jefus  ! 
Avhat  entrancing  difcoveries  of  redeem- 
ing love  !  what  countlefs  numbers,  and 
unbounded  meafures  of  fpiritual  blef- 
fings,  faving  mercies— my  ei-larged 
ioul  pants  for  !  ~0  to  be  an  unmatch- 
ed debtor  to,  objedl  and  wonder  of, 
endlefs  and  almighty  love  !  O  to  be 
inceffantly  remembered  in  thy  all -pre- 
valent interceffion,  and  to  Have  thy 
whole  power  and  providence  flilne 
forth  dilHnguifhed,  unbounded,  and 
eternal  kindnefs  to  my  foul  ! — O  to 
lie  for  ever  in  thy  bofoni,  having  all 
my  powers  melted  in  thy  love  to  me, 
and  burning  with  mine  toward  thee  !  — 
So  vehement,  fo  irrefirtible  is  my  felf- 
conquering,  ray  all-conquering  affec- 
tion ;  fo  ftrong,  ardent,  and  txten- 
five  is  my  defire,  that  nothing  but  the 
full,  the  everlafting  fruition  of  thy 
infinite  and  all-lovely  Self  can  fatisfy 
it!  If  this  be  withheld,  — I  muft  dif- 
folve  and  die  of  love  !  Not  long  can 
my  mortal  frame  fupport  thefe  fweet- 
ly  ponderous  loads  of  bllfs  !  —  thefe 
fweetly  violent  fhocks  of  panting  for 
my  God  !  -  My  flaming  ardour  to  en- 
joy thee,  my  holy  jealoufy,  ray  impa- 
tience of  thy  delay,  and  ray  tear  of 
.difappointment,  how  they  engrofs, 
and,  as  the  grave,  fwallow  up  every 
thought!— how  like  to  unhinge  my 
conHitution,  and  wafte  my  fail  ; — 
With  what  inexpreflible  pleafure  and 
force  do  the  flames  of  my  Kjvc,  as  of 
a  fire  kindled  on  Jehovah's  altar,  and 
as  of  a  fire  kindUdby  Jehovah*s,  by 
Jefus's  infinite  kindnefs,  warm  and 
melt  all  my  inward  powers  !  confume 
and  burn  up  my  corruptions,  my  car- 
nal cares  !  Verf.  7.  Adored  Immanuel, 
if  the  many  waters  of  my  infignifican- 
cy,  ray  diftance  and  unworthinefs  ; 
the  overwhelming  floods  of  my  furpri- 
fing  guilt,  pollution,  rebellion  ;  or  of 
unmixed  divine  wrath,  Satanic  temp- 
tation, and  fafi'erings  innumerable,  to 
be  endured  in  my  fl:ead,  could  not 
quench  thy  flamiBg  love  to  me  I — why 
then  fhould  the  many  waters  ot  afflic- 


456    T      .SON 

for  tion,  or  divine  withdrawment,  quench 
my  love  to  thee  ?  How  can  the  roar- 
ing, the  outrageous  floods  of  ungodly 
men,  of  violent  perfccution.  of  horrid 
temptation,  of  heart-breaking  hardfliip 
and  reproach,  or  of  legal  terror,  or 
-raging  luft,  drown  and  de<^roy  it? 
Were  all  the  gold,  the  wealth,  the 
enjoyments  of  creation  ofl^i  red  as  a 
bribe,  a  price,  for  ray  upmoft  love, 
how  fhould  my  foul  contemn,  llartle 
at,  and  abhor  the  infernal  prop  ifal  ! 
Verf.  8.  But,  bleffcd  Jefus,  while  I 
enjoy  thy  favour,  and  poffefs  thy 
grace,  how  many  of  thy  chofen  ones, 
of  the  fame  my'lical  body  with  us, 
arc  among  the  unhappy  Gentiles,  de- 
ftitutc  of  the  gofoel-^rc'^x  ot  fcrip- 
tures,  ordinances,  facraments,  and 
minliters  !  how  many,  whether  Jews 
or  Gentiles,  are  unconverted,  deftitute 
of  the  hreafis  of  faith,  love,  holy  de- 
fire,  or  edifying  influence,  and  alto- 
gether unripe  for  a  fpiritual  marriage 
with  thee  !  how,  Lord,  fliould  1  pro- 
mote their  cff"edual  calling  !  and  what 
wilt  thou  do  for  them,  in  the  time  ap- 
pointed for  their  fpiritual  efpoufals  to 
thee,  and  gracious  reconciliation  to 
God! 

Christ.  Verf.  9.  Since  their  fal- 
vation  is  firmly,  is  unchangeably  fixed 
in  ray  decree :  fiuce,  in  due  time, 
their  perfons  fliail  be  united  to  me,  as 
their  fare  foundation,  and  rendered 
impregnable  againft  every  effort  of 
hell  and  earth,  I,  my  Father,  and 
blefled  Spirit,  vvj'll  build  them  into  a 
glorious,  and  unfailing  church  ;  will 
build  them  up  in  holinefs  :  endow 
them  with  manifold  gifts  and  graces, 
pure,  precious,  fliiuing,  and  ufeful  ; 
and  rcndc;r  them  a  firm  tower,  ^nd 
beautiful  temple,  and  palace  for 
God. — And  when  the  door  of  faith 
(hall  be  opened  to  them,  and  their 
hearts  opened  to  receive  me  and  my 
fulneft?,  WE,  notwithltanding  of  their 
inligiiificancy,  weaknefs,  troubles,  and 
temptations,  will  thoroughly  beauti- 
fy, fl:iengthcn,  and  proted  them. 

Believ.  Verf.  ^o  Bleffed  Re- 
deemer, the  fulfilment  of  thy  promife 
is   fufficiently  pledged.     Thy  church 

is- 


SON 

h  a  wall  compofed  of  lively 
built  on  thee,  their  fure  foundation  ; — 
/he  is  firmly  compadled,  and  edablKh- 
ed  in  the  faith;  is  fafely  protefted 
by  thy  power  and  providence  ;  is  ad- 
orned with  breajls  and  tonuers  of  wcll- 
furnirtied  fcriptiires,  ordinances,  facra- 
ments,  and  minillers  ;  and  is  highly 
favoured  of  thee,  with  precious  bief- 
lings  unnumbered.-— And  1,  being  by 
faith  rooted  and  grounded  in  thee, 
firmly  bufit  up  in  thy  truths,  prefer- 
ved  by  thy  power,  and  eftablifhed  in 
thy  way,  refreflied  and  nourifhed  by 
tbe  breafts  of  the  church,  and  fafiiion- 
cd  with  the  towering  breads  of  well- 
grown  faith,  love,  holy  defire,  and 
iifeful  influence; — how  highly  have 
1  been  regarded  of  thee  ;  and  by  thy 
favour  and  feliowfhip,  how  made  to 
jncreafe  in  every  good  principle  and 
adion  !  Verf.  ii.  Jefus,  my  weal- 
thy, wife,  and  glorious  Prince  of 
Peace^  has  chofen,  has  aflvcd,  and  re- 
ceived of  his  Father ;  has  purchafed 
with  his  blood  ;  has  planted  and  pu- 
rilied  by  his  grace  ;  has  fown  with  his 
word  ;  and  protects  and  manages  by 
his  providence,  the  vineyard  of  his 
church  ;  and  by  convincing,  enlight- 
ening, fanclifying,  and  comforting  in- 
fluence, renders  her  noted  in  the  num- 
ber of  faints,  and  the  multitude  of  gra- 
ces and  good  works. — This  vineyard 
he  has  committed  to  the  care  and  ma- 
nagement of  gofpel-minifters  ;  every 
one  of  whom  is  obliged  diligently  to 
watch  over,  carefully  to  water  with 
gofpel-do6lrine,  and  faithfully  to  weed 
and  prune  her,  by  reproofs'^  warnings, 
and  cenfures  ; — and  is  obliged  to  fup- 
port  and  ftrengthen  the  weak,  proted; 
the  members  from  fpiritual  danger, 
and  cflay  to  make  her  fruitful  in  faints, 
and  in  works  of  righteoufnefs,  to  the 
praife  and  glory  of  him,  to  whom  they 
mull  quickly  give  an  account.  Verf.  i  2. 
Under  his  eye  and  care,  is  the  whole 
vineyard  of  his  church,  and  of  every 
particular  foul  therein  ;  and  with  joy 
and  pleafure  he  infpedls  his  ordinances 
and  faints. — And  have  not  I,  and  eve- 
ry faint,  in  charge,  the  vineyard  of 
our  heart,  to  \va:ch  ovei',  keep,  and 
Vol.  il. 


[    457    ]         SON 

ftones,  defend  from  temptation  ;  to  weed  and 
purge  from  corruption  ;  and  fo  render 
fruitful  in  gracious  habits  and  holy 
employs?  —  Thou  great  Prince  of 
Peacdy  mull  have  the  chief  honour  and 
fruit  thereof;  and  thy  miniilers  and 
ordinances  muft  have  their  fubordlnate 
fliare  of  my  love  and  regard  ;  and  with 
the  honour  of  winning  fouls,  and  of 
endlefs  crowns,  wilt  thou  reward  thy 
fervants,  who  are  faithful  to  their 
truft. 

Christ.  Verf.  13.  BlefTed  foul, 
who,  to  my  honour,  and  to  thy  end- 
lefs advantage,  art  a  member  of  the 
worfhipping  affeinblies  of  my  militant 
church,  and  who  do(t,  and  (halt  a'lide 
therein,  and  with  diligence  and  plea- 
fure, labour  in  the  work,  of  thy  ila- 
tion,  and  make  an  open  profeflion  of 
my  name  ; — how  oft  have  thy  fellow- 
profeflbrs,  (harers  with  thee  in  the 
fame  Saviour  and  covenant,  and  in  the 
fame  graces,  privileges,  and  fuffcrings, 
familiarly,  and  with  delightful  fatisfac- 
tion,  attended  to  thy  vnice,  ana  been 
thereby  inftrudled,  edified,  and  refrcfh- 
ed  i  — O,  till  the  day-fpring  of  glory  a- 
rife  in  its  brightnefs,  and  every  interpo- 
fing  fhadow  flee  away,  be  frequent  ia 
addreffing  my  throne  with  thy  prayers 
and  praifes  ;  and  to  our  mutual  de- 
light, let  a  clofe  correfpondence,  andi- 
intimatc  feliowfhip.  be  carried  on  be- 
twixt us  :  be  careful  for  nothing  ;  but 
in  every  thing,  by  prayer  and  fupplica- 
tion,  let  thy  requtfts  be  made  known 
to  God. 

Believ.  Verf.  14.  Thrice  lovely 
Immanuel,  divine  darling  of  my  hearty 
required,  encouraged  thou,  my  fre- 
quent and  familiar  intercourfe  with 
Thyfelf!  My  whole  foul  complies. — 
Not  only  did  Jewidi  believers  ardent- 
ly long,  and  plead  for  thy  coming  in 
the  fleih  : — not  only  do  I  eagerly  pant 
forthy  coming  in  the  power  of  thy  Spi- 
rit, and  the  fpread  of  the  gofpel  among 
the  nations  around  : — but,  oh  !  with 
proper  fpeed,difpatch  every  providence  • 
appointed  for  me,  or  for  thy  people 
on  earth  !  haden  that  ravifhing  pe- 
riod, when  we  fhall  be  admitted  to  the 
royal  manfions  above  !  fhall  fee  thee  as 
3  M  th(^tt 


s  o  o       [   45S  1       sou 


tliou  art,  and  know  thee  even  as  we 
are  known  !  fliall  fully  enjoy  thee  in 
all  thy  lovelinefs  ;  in  all  the  wondrous 
leaps,  or  dlfcoverles,  of  thy  redeem- 
ing love  ;  and  in  thy  marvellous  vi6lo- 
ries  over  thefe  cuifed  ferpents,  fin, 
Satan,  and  the  world  !  and  (hall,  with 
tranfporting  and  full  fatlsfafiion,  feed 
upon  thy  perfon,  righteoufnefs,  and 
fulnefs,  in  the  glorious,  the  fragrant, 
refrefhful,  and  lading  hills  and  heights 
of  eternal  felicity,  where  the  odorife- 
rous fmell  of  thy  natures,  office,  and 
work,  (hall  for  ever  perfume  the  re- 
gion, dart  rapturous  joy  into  every 
heart,  angelic  and  human,  and  fill  e- 
very  mouth  with  triumphant  hallelu- 
jahs of  the  higheft  praife  ! 

SOOTHSAYER.  See  Divina- 
tion. 

SOPE ;  a  kind  of  pade  made  of 
a(hes  and  tallow  ;  or  of  thefe  and  lime  ; 
and  much  ufed  for  wa(hing  and  white- 
ning of  cloth  ;  and  fometimes  in  medi- 
cine. Perhaps  the  Jewilh  borith  was 
only  the  herb  fopewort,  or  allum. 
Jefus  Chrift  is  likened  \.q  fullers  fope^  as, 
by  his  Word,  his  Spirit  and  blood,  he 
reforms  the  world,  and  cleanfes  the 
fouls  of  men,  Mai.  iii.  2.  Mens  en- 
deavours to  hide  or  di(remble  their 
*'ice3,  or  even  their  lef^al  attempts  to 
forfake  them,  are  called  vmch  fope^ 
Jer.  ii.  22. 

SORCERY;  Sorcerer.     See  di- 

\'INATION. 

SORE;  (r.)  Painful,  i  Kings 
xvii.  17.  (2.)  Very  much;  with 
much  pain  and  grief;  If.  xxxviii.  3. 
Pfal.  Iv.  4.  A  SORE  is,  (i.)  A  boil, 
L.ev.  xiii.  42.  (2.)  Any  difeafe, 
"Deut.  xxviii.  59.  (3.)  A  great  ca- 
lamity, Rev.  xvi.  21.  Men  are  fore, 
when  pained  with  a.  wound,  Gen. 
xxxiv.  25.  ;  or  diftreffed  with  fome 
•calamity.  Job  v.  18.  Putrlfying  fores 
arc  fins,  and  the  punitliments  thereof, 
which  tend  to  walle  and  ruin  perfons 
and  nations.  If.  i.  6.  Men  know  their 
Ki^NW  fores  and  griefs  y  when  .they  have 
an  hearty  and  kindly  feeling  of  their 
fins  and  miferies,  2  Chron.  vi.  2$. 

SOREK  ;  a  brook  that  runs  well- 


ward  through  the  country  of  the  Da- 
nites  and  Philiilines,  Judg.  xvi.  4.  I 
am  apt  to  think  it  had  its  name  from 
Xh-tckoice  vines  or yelloivifj grapes  which, 
grew  on  the  banks  of  it,  Gen.  xlix.  11. 
If.  V.  12.    ler.  ii.  21.   Heb, 

SORROW.     See  grief. 

SORT;  (r.)  Manner,  2  Cor.  vli. 
II.  (2.)  Kind,  Pfal.  Ixxviii.  45'. 
(3.)    Materials,  Deut.  xxii.  11. 

SOSIPATER  ;  a  kinfman  of  Paul, 
who  fent  his  falutation  to  the  Roman 
church,  Rom.  xvi.  21.  Pofiibly  he 
ia  the  fame  as  Sopater  of  Berea,  who 
attended  Paul  part  of  his  way  from 
Corinth  to  Jerufalem,  Ads  xx.  4. 

SOSTHENES,  the  chief  ruler  of 
the  [evvidi  fynagogue  at  Corinth. 
When  Gallio  refufed  to  hear  the  Jews 
accufation  againft  Paul,  the  Heathen 
Greeks  feverely  beat  Softhencs  before 
the  tribunal.  Ads  xix.  12.  —  19. 
Whether  this  Softhenes  was  after- 
wards converted,  and  is  called  a  bro- 
ther by  Paul,  we  know  not,  i  Cor.  i.  1. 

SOTTISH;  quite  ignorant,  ftu- 
pid,  and  foolidi,   Jer.  iv.  22. 

SOUL;  fignihes,  (i.)  That  fpi- 
ritual,  reafonable,  and  immortal  fub- 
llance  in  men,  which  diltinguifhes 
them  from  beads,  and  is  the  fource 
o^  our  thoughts  and  reafonings,  Mat. 
X.  28.  ;  and  To  mens  glory  may  be 
their  foul,  Pfal.  Ivii.  8.  Gen.  xlix.  6. 
(2.)  A  whole  human  perfon,  of  which 
the  foul  is  the  principal  part.  Gen. 
xiv.  21.  xii.  5.  (3.)  Human  life, 
which  is  begun  by  the  infufion  of  the 
foul,  and  ceafes  by  the  departure  of 
it,  Pfal.  xxxiii.  19.  vii.  5.  i  Theff. 
ii.  8.  (4.)  Affeaion  ;  defire  ;  fo  Jo- 
nathan's foul  was  knit  to  the  foul  of 
David,  I  Sam.  xviii.  i.  When  foul 
and fp'irit  are  joined,  foul  may  denote 
the  will  and  afledions,  zndi  Jpirit  may 
denote  the  underilanding  and  con- 
fcience,  i  Theff.  v.  23.  Heb.  iv.  12. 
(5.)  Appetite;  ftomach,  Prov.  xxvii. 
7.  Job  Kxxiii.  20.  If.  xxix.  8.  (6.)  The 
Jews  called  dead  bodies  fouls,  becaufe 
they  were  once  their  refidence,  Num. 
ix.  16.  vi.  6»  Heb*  God's y3«/ is  him- 
felf,  his  nature,  will,  or  delight,  Jer. 
vi.  8.    V.  9.      If.  i.  14.     Heb.  x.  38. 

Chrift's 


sou         [    459    1 

Clirift:*s  fouly  which  fets  him  on,  or  ntfs, 
makes  him  like  the  chariots  of  Aml- 
nadab,  is  his  ardent  love  to  his  people, 
which  makes  him  rejrard  their  graces 
and  prayers,  and  haflen  to  their  relief, 
Song  vi.  12.  Thou  wilt  not  leave  my 
foul  in  hell  ;  thou  wilt  not  detain  my 
foul  amid  infupportable  troubles,  nor 
my  body  in  the  grave,  Pfal.  xvi.  lo. 
Antichrid  trades  in  bodies  and  fouls  of 
men,  in  relics  of  dead  bodies,  and 
in  pardons,  indulgences,  deliverances 
from  purgatory,  iiSc.  fc^r  fouls  of  men. 
Rev.  xviii.  13.  The  officers,  efpecial- 
ly  the  general,  is  the  foul  of  an  army, 
and  the  common  loldiers  are  the  body 
of  it.  If.  X.  18.  To  love,  or  do  any 
thing  with  the  foul,  is  to  do  it  with 
the  utmoll  ardency  and  affedion, 
Song  1.7.    Luke  i.  46.     Pfal.  Ixi.  10. 

XXV.    I. 

SOUND;  (t.)  Whole;  healthy, 
Luke  XV.  27.  (2.)  True  and  fubftan- 
tial,  Prov.  ii.  7.  iii.  2  1.  (;?.)  Free 
from  error,  2  Tim.  i.  7.  Tit.  i.  9. 
(4.)  Well  inftruaed,  and  candid,  Pf. 
cxix.  8.  From  the  fie  of  the  foot  even 
to  the  croiun  of  the  head,  there  is  no 
foundnefs  ;  hut  nvounds,  andbrutfes,  and 
putrifying  fores  ;  that  have  not  been  do- 
fed,  nor  bound  up^  nor  mollified  nvith 
ointment.  In  the  whole  ilate,  among 
ruled  or  rulers,  fmall  or  great,  couu- 
try  or  city,  there  is  nothing  but  fin 
unrepented  of,  and  miferies  quite  un- 
redreffed  ;  and  in  their  whole  nature 
and  life,  there  is  nothing  but  corrup- 
tions, vices,  and  troubles.   If.  i.  6. 

To  SOUND  ;  (i.)  To  make  a  noife 
with  a  trumpet,  or  otherwife,  Neh. 
iv.  18.  (2.)  To  examine  the  depth 
of  a  fea  or  pond,  A£ls  xxvii.  28.  (3,) 
To  fearch  out  one's  intentions  and  de- 
figns,  I  Sam.  xx.  12.  The  founding 
of  God's  bowels,  is  the  difcovery  of 
his  compaffion,  mercy,  and  love.  If. 
Ixiii.  15.  The  gofpel  is  called  a  joy- 
fil  found,  in  allufion  to  the  proclama- 
tions at  the  Jewifh  fealts,  or  of  the 
year  of  releafe  or  jubilee,  by  the  found 
of  trumpets.  It  is  preached  far  and 
wide,  and  delightfully  reaches  mens 
hearts,  and  brings  them  the  good  ti- 
dings of  peace,  falvation,  a?.d  happi- 


sow 

Rom.  X.  18.  Pfal.  Ixxxix.  k, 
Chrifl's  voice  is  like  the  found  of  many 
^waters  :  his  gracious  word  and  influ- 
ence are  powerful  to  awaken  and 
quicken  mens  fouls,  and  his  provi- 
dence to  terrify  and  overwhelm  his  e- 
nemies  '  with  ruin.  Rev.  i.  15.  The 
found  of  the  cheruh'ims  imngs,  like  the 
voice  cf  the  Almiahty,  demotes  the  ter- 
rible and  alarming  nature  of  provi- 
dences, executed  by  the  angels  or 
miniftersof  God's  dcfigns,  Ezek.  x.  5. 
The  day  of  trouble  is  near,  and  not 
the  founding  again  of  the  mountains  ;  not 
mere  echoes,  or  empty  alarms,  fit  on- 
ly to  ftartle  children  ;  not  fhoutings 
of  the  vintage  in  the  mountains  ;  nor 
the  found  of  joyful  feftivals  obferved 
to  idols  in  high  places,  Ezek.  vii.  7. 

SOUTH;  a  place  or  country  ly- 
ing fouthward  from  fome  other  place. 
Thus  Sheba,  Egypt,  and  Arabia, 
were  the  fouth  In  refpeft  of  Canaan, 
Matth.  xii.  42.  Dan.  vlii.  9.  xi.  5.  ^c. 
Numb,  xiii.  29.  Obad.  xix.  The 
fouth  part  of  Judea,  or  Canaan,  is 
called  \\\z  fouthy  Ezek.  xx.  46.  Gen, 
xiii.  I.  V  1'^c  fouth  country  into 
which  Zechariah's  grizzled  horfes 
went,  may  be  Africa,  Leffer  Afia> 
Syria,  Palelline,  Egypt,  l^c.  which 
lie  fouth  of  Italy,  Zech.  vi.  6.  Though 
in  moft  part  of  Dan.  xi.  the  kings  of 
the  fouth  and  north  are  the  Syro- Gre- 
cian kings  of  Egypt  and  Syria  ;  yet 
in  verfe  4c.  the  kings  of  the  fouth  and 
north  pufhing  at  Antichrift,  may  be 
the  Saracens  and  fultans  of  Egypt,  and 
the  northern  Turks  ;  or,  that  the  nor- 
thern Ottomans  having  become  maf- 
ters  of  Egypt,  and  other  fouthern 
countries,  Ihall  harafs  the  Papills. 
But  the  church  is  rcprcfented  as  on 
the  fouth  fide  of  a  mountain,  to  de- 
note her  quiet,  comfortable,  and  flou- 
rifliing  (late,   Ezek.  xl.  2. 

SOW  ;  to  fcatter  feed  in  the  earth, 
that  it  may  grow  up  and  yield  increafe. 
Gen.  xxvi.  12.,  God  fonvs  people, 
when  he  fcatters  them  abroad,  or 
makes  them  to  dwell  and  increafe  in 
a  place,  Zech.  x.  9.  Qhx'i'i^  fo'ws  Jeed, 
when  he  publifhes  the  truths  of  his 
word,  and  beltows  the  influences  of 
3  M  3  his 


sow      [   460  ]      sow 

Kis  grace,  in  order  that  churches  may  the  feed  of  eternal  woe, 
be  formed,  and  men  may  bring  forth 
good  works  unto  eternal  life,  Matth. 
xiii.  18.  19.  The  preaching  of  the 
gofpel,  which  is  good  feed,  that 
grows  up  in  an  increafe  of  faints  and 
good  works,  is  called  a  fonuing  ;  and 
prcacners  are  d;{lingui(hed  into  fuch 
as  fo<w.  and  fuch  as  reap.  The  pro- 
phets and  John  Baptiil  fowed  the 
pri  ciples  of  divine  truth  :  but  by  the 
miniftry  of  the  apoUles  men  were 
more  eminently  cut  off  from  their  na- 
tural ftate  and  gathered  to  Chrift, 
Jfhi'  xxxvi.  ^y.  Mens  charitable  dif- 
tributions  are  called  a  fanvirig  of  feed ; 
tht  y  are  icattered  to  the  needy,  and 
tend  to  their  comfort,  ai  d,  through 
the  blc'fling  of  God,  to  the  advantage 
of  the  giver.  2  Cor.  ix.  6.  Eccl.  xi. 
1.4.6.  Mens  pra<ilice  is  called  a 
fonvin^i  as  they  fliall  quickly  leceive 
the  reward  or  punifhment  thereof, 
Gat.  vi  7,  A  good  practice  is  to  fonu 
to  the  Spirit-,  as  one  therein,  by  the  in- 
Huence  of  the  Holy  Ghoft,  and  in  the 
cxercife  of  inward  grace,  lays  out 
liimielf,  anvl  what  he  has,  to  the  ho- 
nour of  God,  and  to  promote  his  own 
fpiiitual  holinefs  and  comfort,  Gal.  vi. 
8.  It  Is  to  fo<w  in  rtghteoufnefs,  in  re- 
ceiving Jelus's  imputed  righteoufnefs, 
and  in  performing  good  works,  Prov. 
xi.  I  i^.  Hof.  X.  12.  It  {?,  f own  in  peace y 
in  embracing  reconciliation  with  God, 
and  promoting  peace  with  all  men,  as 
far  as  may  confiil  with  holinefs.  Jam. 
iii.  18.  It  is  a  fo<wi7ig  hefide  all  I'ja' 
tersy  when  one  improves  every  oppor- 
tunity of  getting  or  doing  good.  If. 
xxxii.  20.  Men  go  forth  weeping, 
bearing  precious  feed  with  them,  and 
fo<VJ  in  tears,  when,  ajnid  trouble  and 
forrow  for  fin,  they  ierve  God  ;  and 
ihey  reap  in  joy  ^  and  bring  their  Jlje aver 
'with  theniy  when  they  are  glorioufly 
rewarded,  Pfal.  cxxvi.  5,  6. — A  bad 
praftlce  is  afonuing  to  the  flefh.^  as  there* 
in  one  is  influenced  by  fmful  principles 
and  motives,  and  a^ls  to  gratify  finiul 
and  corrupt  lufts,  Gal.  vi.  8.  It  is  a 
foiuing  of  'wickednejs,  or  of  Iniquity, 
as  men  fcatter  abroad  their  fmful 
thoughts,    words,    and  deeds,    to   be 


Job  Iv.  8. 
Prov.^xii.  8.  It  is  2. fining  among 
thorn^  a  pradice  that  will  not  turn 
out  to  any  good  account,  Jer.  Iv.  3. 
To  fenjo  d: [cord  or  ftrife^/is  to  be  in- 
llrumental  in  IHrring  it  up,  Prov.  vi. 
14.  19.  xvi.  28.  The  Jews  trulling 
to  idols,  or  the  afilftance  of  Egypt, 
_  is  called  th^  foiu'tng  of  luind ;  it  was  al- 
together foolidi  and  ineffecftual,  Hof. 
viii.  7.  The  death  or  burial  of  men 
is  called  afo'vuin^  ;  the  laying  of  them 
in  the  grave,  iffues  In  refurreftion  to 
life  and  immortality,  1  Cor.  xv.  36.  37. 
Seed,  is,  (».)  That  grain  which 
being  fown  produces  corn,  l^c.  Gen. 
xlvii.  .'9.  And  the  Jews  were  not  to 
fow  their  fields  with  7ninoled  feed,  to 
teach  us  that  God's  truth  and  mens 
Inventi6ns,  and  that  works  and  grace, 
fhould  not  be  mingled  together,  Lev. 
xix.  19.  (2.)  The  fluid  fubftance  in 
animals  from  which  their  young  is 
produced,  Gen.  xxxvlii.  9.  (3.) 
Children  orpollerity,  Rom.  I.  3.  Pfal. 
cxii.  I.  Gen.  iv.  25.  vii,  6.  8.  Abra- 
ham had  a  threefold  feed,  (r.)  A  natu- 
ral feed,  comprehending  all  his  natural 
defcendants,  Rom.ix.  7.  (2.)  A  fpi- 
ritual  feed,  comprehending  all,  both 
Jwes  and  CJentiles,  which  pofiefs  likff 
precious  faith  in  Chriit,  Rom.  iv.  j6. 
(3.)  Afupernatural  feed,v;2:.  Chrift,  de- 
fcendcd  from  him  according  to  the  flefli, 
Gal.  iii,  16.  Chriil  is  the  feed  oi  the 
wouiau  ;  he  is  the  moil  noted  of  the 
polterily  of  Eve,  and  was  born  of  a 
virgin,  (jen.  Iii.  15.  The  faints  are  a 
feed,  are  but  a  fmall  part  of  mankind  ; 
hut  hy  the  grace  of  God  and  the  care 
of  his  provldetice,  arc  nuide  exceeding 
ufeful  10  bring  forth  glory  to  God, 
and  bleflings  to  the  world,  Horn. 
ix.  29.  They  are  the  feed  of  the 
church,  begotten  to  God  in  her,  Rev, 
>;ii.  17.;  are  an  holy  feed,  fanftified 
and  fet  apart  to  the  fervice  of  God, 
If.  vi.  13.;  are  good  fed^  fixed  in  a 
good  ftate,  endowed  with  good  qua- 
lities, and  produdlive  of  good  works, 
Matth.  xiii.  38.;  2,  godly Jeed^  are  tru- 
ly In  covenant  with  God,  conformed 
to    his    image,    and  do    worfnip   and 


fcrve  hiro,    Mii^i  'A'  'S* 


The  fed  of 


sow 


vien<t  are  the  Goths,  and  other  barba- 
rians, that  were  mingled  with  the 
Homans  a  little  before  the  fall  of 
their  empire,  Dan.  ii.  43.  K  feed  of 
evil  doers ^  or  iricrsafe  of  JinfiU  ??ien^  is 
a  generation  defcended  of  'wicked  pa- 
rents and  given  to  wicked  works,  If. 
i.  4.  The  word  of  God  is  iikened  to 
feed  >  as  applied  to  our  heart,  it  pro- 
duces excellent  ^;:aces  and  good 
works,  Luke  viil.  11.  The  princi- 
ple of  grace  in  the  faints  heart  is  cA- 
\ti\feedj  and  fald  to  fecure  agalnft  lin- 
ning  :  conftantiy  refiding  In  every 
power  of  the  foul,  and  bringing  forth 
holy  thoughts,  defjres,  and  acts,  it 
prevents  from  following  fin  with  plea- 
fure  and  delight,   I  John  ill.  9.   1  Pet, 

SOWRE.  Their  drink  Is  fonxsre  ; 
they  offered  foivrs  wine  to  the  Lord 
in  their  drink-offerings  ;  or  thelfi  ido- 
latrous offerings  and  pradice  were 
abominable,  Kof.  Iv,  18. 

SPACE;  (i.)  A  diftance  or  Inter- 
vrl  of  place,  Gen.  xxxli.  16.  (2.)  A 
certain  length  of  time,  Gen.  xxix.  14. 

SPAIN  ;  a  large  country  In  the 
weft  end  of  Europe.  It  anciently  com- 
prehended both  Spain  and  Portugal, 
and  is  furrounded  by  the  fea  on  every 
fide,  except  towards  the  eaft,  where 
it  borders  on  Gaul  or  France.  Per- 
haps'it  was  the  moil  noted  Tarfhifli  of 
the  ancients.  The  Spaniards  fuppofe 
Tubal  the  fon  of  Japheth  to  have  come 
hither  about  143  years  after  the  flood, 
and  to  have  brought  the  true  religion 
of  the  patriarchs  along  with  him.  But 
we  (uppofe  it  was  peopled  by  the  Cel- 
tlan  defcendants  of  Gomer,  who 
might  be  almoft  a  thoufand  years  after 
the  flood  before  they  fettled  here. 
The  country  was  afterwards  invaded 
by  the  Egyptians,  Phenlcians,  and 
Carthaginians;  who,  no  doubt,  brought 
along  many  of  their  cullonifi.  V/ith 
prodigious  difficulty  the  Romans  vvrcll- 
ed  it  from  the  valiant  natives  and  the 
Carthaginians,  ftrlpt  It  of  its  immenfe 
wealth,  ruined  Its  golden  mines,  and 
kept  it  In  bondage  almoit  700  years. 
— About  J.  D.  468,  the  Goths  ai^d 
other  barbarians,  after  a  war  of  aboi^t 


[    461    1         s  !>  A 


70  years,  felzed  on  the  country,  and 
relgr.edin  It  till  about  //.  Z).  710;  when 
Count  Julian,  to  revenge  an  affront 
done  to  his  daughter,  called  in  the 
Saracen?  and  Moors  from  Africa.  Af- 
ter a  battle  of  eight  days  continuance, 
and  in  about  eight  months,  they  felz- 
ed on  moft  of  the  kingdom.  After  a- 
bout  9CC  years  itruggling,  they  were 
at  laft  driven  out.  About  200  years  a- 
go,  their  Internal  ftrength,  and  their 
conquefts  of  America,  had  rendered 
this  nation  noted  ;  but  fince  they  fi- 
nlfhed  their  horrid  murders  in  Ameri- 
ca, and  began  to  pcrfecute  the  Prote- 
flants  in  the  Netherlands,  it  has,  on 
the  main,  dwindled  into  weaknefs  and 
poverty,  and  few  of  their  monarchs 
appear  capacitated  for  govciument. 
The  banllhment  of  about  1,400,000 
Jews  and  Moors  alfo  mightily  weaken- 
ed the  kingdom.  A  Chrlftian  church 
was  early  planted  here  ;  but  whether 
by  Paul,  we  know  not.  For  fome  a- 
ges  the  Chriftian  church  here  conti- 
nued In  greater  purity  than  fome  of  her 
neighbours  ;  but  fmce  the  Inquifitlon 
was  hereellablirhed,  aftupid  fubjedion 
to  the  Pope  and  his  delufions  is  almoll 
all  the  religion  they  dare  think  of. 
Rom.  XV.  24.  28. 

SPAN  ;  a  meafure  of  three  hand- 
breadths,  or  near  1 1  inches,  Exod, 
xxvlii.  1 6.  God's  fpanning  or  mea- 
furing  out  th£  heavens^  imports  howea- 
fily  he  knows  and  governs  the  hea- 
vens, and  all  their  contents,  If.  xl.  12. 
xlvili.  13. 

SPARE;  (j.)  In  pity,  to  refrain 
from  due  feverlty,  2  Pet.  ii.  4.  (2.) 
To  hold  back,,  Prov.  xvil.  27.  God 
f pared  not  his  Son;  be  did  not 
with-hold  him  from  being  our  Media- 
tor; nor,  in  punlfhing  him,  did  he, 
out  of  pity,  abate  the  leaft  degree  of 
what  was  due,    Rom.  vlii.  32. 

SPARK  of  fire;  the  exceffively 
warm  breath  of  the  leviathan  is  com- 
pared thereto.  Job  xli.  19.  Idolaters, 
and  other  wicked  men,  are  like  zf parky 
eafily  blown  away,  and  ruined  in  an 
inilant.  If.  i.  30.  Mens  vain  imagi- 
nations of  their  wifdom  or  religion, 
9nd  their  ill-grounded   hopes  of  hap- 

ptnels, 


S  P'A  [     462     ] 


S  P  I 


pinefs,  arc   likened   to  /parks   of  fire 
which  are  of    h"ttle  ufe*,  and    of   fiiort 
continuance.    If.  1.  ii. 

SPARROW;  a  well-known  bird, 
with  a  black  throat  and  brown  tem- 
ples :  it  feenns  they  were  ordinary  food 
among  the  Jews,  and  were  fold  two 
for  a  farthing  ;  or  five  for  two  far- 
things, Matth.  X.  29.  Luke  xii.  6. 
The  Hebrew  Tzippor,  fignifies  any 
clean  bird.  To  mark  his  afflicted  and 
forrowful  condition,  David  likens  him- 
felf  to  a  fparro"jj  alone  upon  the  houfi-topy 
Pfal.  Ixxxiv.  3. 

SPEAK,  say;  (i.)  To  tell;  to 
relate,  Gen.  xxxvii.  20.  (2.)  To  pro- 
nounce, Judg.  xii.  6.  (3.)  To  will  and 
command  with  efficacious  power,  Gen. 
1.  3.  6.  9.  (4.)  To  promife,  Luke 
xxiii.  43.  (5.)  To  afli,  Mark  xi.  31. 
(6.)  To  anfwer,  Exod.  iii.  13.  14. 
(7.)  To  teach;  affirm,  Matth.  xvii. 
JO.  (8.)  To  expound,  Heb.  v.  i!. 
(9.)  To  warn.  Col.  iv.  17.  (10.)  To 
confefs  ;  acknowledge,  Luke  xvii,  10. 
(11.)  To  bear  witnefs,  Afts  xxvii.  20. 
(12.)  To  reafon  ;  argue,  James  ii.  18. 
Jefus  Chrift  and  the  Holy  Ghoil /peak 
not  of  themfelves.  Chrift  faid  nothing 
but  what  his  Father  authorifed  him  to 
do  ;  and  what  had  been  materially 
laid  by  God  in  the  law  and  the  pro- 
phets :  ^nd  the  Holy  Ghoft  taught 
men  concerning  Chrift,  as  fent  by 
Chrift  and  his  Father,  John  xiv.  10. 
xvi.  13.  Chrift  Jpeaketh  from  heaveti  ; 
he  does  it  now,  when  afcended  ;  and 
an  a  way  more  grand  and  efficacious 
than  MoffS,  Heb.  xii.  26.  Evtl-fpeak- 
ingy  fignifies  {lander,  reproach,  i  Pet, 
iv.  4.  To  be  fpeechlefs,  imports  to  be 
dumb,  Luke  i.  22.  ;  to  be  confound- 
ed, having  nothing  to  fay  for  one's 
felf,  Matth.  xxii.  12. 

SPEAR,  or  HALBERD,  fecms  to 
have  been  anciently  a  common  piece 
of  warlike  armour  ;  and  hence  their 
foldlers  were  called  fpeannen,  A  (lis 
xxiii.  23.  Kings  and  generals  ufed 
them,  perhaps  in  place  of  colours,  i 
Sam.  xxvi.  7.  Jofli.  viii.  26.  Some- 
times Jpear  is  put  for  all  kind  of  ofi'eu- 
live  armour,  Nah.  iii.  3.  God'sj'/>t'Jr 
is  his  deftru£tive  judgements,  or  his 
flaming  thunderbolts,    Hab.   iii.    11. 


Company  of  ^fi7r;/?d';?,  or  wild  beafts 
of  the  reeds,  are  favage  and  wicked 
people,  Pfal.  Ixviii.  3c.    See  teeth. 

SPECIAL;  (i.)  Chofcn  from  a- 
mong  others,  Deyt.  vii.  6.  (2.)  Ex- 
traordinary,  Afts  xix.  II. 

SPECKLED;  fpotted  with  divers 
colours,   Gen.  xxx.   32. 

SPECTACL'E  ;  a  fight  to  be  gaz- 
ed at,  as  when  perfons,  for  a  fhow, 
were  condemned  to  fight  with  Avild 
beafts,   1  Cor.  iv.  9. 

SPEED;  (i.)  Hafte,  Aas  xvIL 
15.  (2.)  Succefs,  Gen.  xxiv.  12.  To 
wifh  one  God  j'peed^  is  to  wifh  that 
God  would  fucceed  him  in  his  work, 
2  John  10. 

SPEND;  (i.)  To  make  ufe  of. 
Gen.  xlvii.  18.  (2.)  To  wafte  in  a 
prodigal  manner,  Prov.  xxi.  20.  xxix. 
3.  (3.)  To  labour  till  one's  ftrength 
and  lIFe  be  wafted,  2  Cor.  xii.  15. 

SPICE  ;  spic^:Ry  ;  any  kind  of 
aromatic  drug,  having  hot  and  pun- 
gent qualities,  as  ginger,  pepper,  nut- 
meg, cinnamon,  cloves,  caffia,  frank- 
incenfe,  calamus,  myrrh,  l^c.  With 
fpices  the  ancients  feafoned  their  fiefii, 
Ezek.  xxiv.  ic.  ;  gave  their  wines 
what  flavour  they  pleafed,  Song  viii. 
2,  ;  perfumed  their  women,  and  their 
beds,  arid  clothes,  Efth.  ii.  12.  Prov. 
vii.  17.  Pfal.  xlv.  8. ;  and  feafoned  and 
embalmed  their  dead  bodies,  Mark  xvi. 
I.  2  Chron.  xvi.  14.  Jer.  xxxiv,  9,  It 
feems,  they  alfo  burnt  heaps  of  fpices, 
to  honour  the  death  ot  their  kings. 
The  Arabians  traded  in  carrying  fpices 
to  Egypt,  Gen.  xxxvii.  2  j.  The  faints 
and  their  graces  are  compared  to 
fpices  ;  themfelves  feafon,  preferve,  and 
purify  nations  and  churches  ;  and  their 
graces  feafon,  warm,  and  purify  their 
hearts,   Song  iv.  12. — 14. 

SPIDER.  ;  a  well-known  infed,  of 
which  there  are  about  24  kinds.  Some 
are  all  over  hairy  ;  others  arefmooth  ; 
and,  it  is  faid,  a  kind  in  America  are 
50  times  as  big  as  ours.  Many  of  the 
fpiders  are  extremely  venomous,  and 
their  bite,  though  very  fmall,  is  dange- 
rous, and  fometimes  fpecdily  mortal. 
The  I'arantula  of  Italy,  &c.  hath 
eight  eyes,  and  a  moft  dangerous  bite. 
There   is   no  curing  it,  but  by  fuitirig 

mufic 


S  P  I 


miific  to  the  maddened  patients,  and 
making  them  dance  till  they  fweat  out 
the  poifon.  The  bite  is  not  poifonous 
but  when  the  weather  is  hot.  Spiders 
lay  a  vail  number  of  eggs,  fometimes 
to  about  5C0  or  60c.  To  entrap  the 
flies,  they  weave  webs,  formed  of  a 
glue  extracted  from  their  own  bowels  ; 
and  in  fpinning  which  t'ley  can  dart 
themfelves  a  great  way  up  into  the  air. 
When  a  fly  is  caught  in  this  web,  the 
favage  fpider,  who  waxS  before  hid, 
darts  itfelf  upon  it,  fixes  its  claws 
therein,  and  fucks  out  the  juice  of  the 
poor  creature,  leaving  the  reft.  After 
all,  fpiders  are  by  fotne  naturalids 
famed  for  their  prudence,  fortitude, 
equity,  temperance,  and  cleanh'nefs. — 
Mens  carnal  confidence,  and  their  car- 
nal attempts  to  fave  themfelves,  are  li- 
kened to  zfp'ders  iveo  i  after  one  has 
wearied  himfclf  therein,  how  unfub- 
ftantial,  and  infufficient  for  every  good 
purpofe  !   Job  viii.  14*    If,  lix.  5. 

SPIKENARD?  a  plant  of  a  very 
fragrant  fmell  and  ftrong  tafte.  Its 
(hoots  grow  even  with  the  furface  of 
the  ground,  or  even  below  it.  l^he 
fpica  or  ear  is  about  the  length  and 
thicknefs  of  one's  finger,  and  is  very 
light,  covered  over  with  long  reddifh 
hairs  ;  and  is  of  a  llrong  fiiieil  and 
bitterifh  tafte.  The  plant  is  of  a  heart- 
warming and  poifon-expelling  quality, 
and,  as  fuch,  is  ufed  in  the  treacle  of 
Venice.  The  ointment  made  of  it  was 
very  precious,  jMarkxiv.  3.  The  heft 
fpikenard  comes  from  the  Eafl  Indies  f 
that  which  is  found  in  the  Pyrenean 
and  Tirol  mountains  has  much  the 
fame  virtue  as  the  valerian.  Chrill 
and  his  gofj)el,  and  his  people,  and  their 
grace,  are  likened  to  fpikenard',  how 
condefiX'nding,  precious,  heart-warm- 
ing, delightful,  and  reftorative,  are 
Jefus  and  his  truths,  applied  to  our 
foul  ! — how  felf  denied  are  faintsj  and 
how  ufeful  and  acceptable  are  they  and 
their  graces  !   Song  i.  12.  iv.  13.  14. 

SPINDLE  ;  an  inftrument  for  fpin- 
ning  with,  w|iieh  \z  ftill  ufed  by  forae 
of  our  old  .women.  Anciently  the 
wives  and  daughters  of  gredt  men  car- 
neftly  applied  themfelves  to  fpinuing, 
Exod.  XXXV.  25.  Prov.  xxxi.  J<>. 


[    463    1         SPI 


SPIRIT;  a  name  given  to  fuch 
fubltances  as  are  not  grofs,  as  to  wind, 
John  iii.  8.  Gr.  or  the  mod  fubtlc 
and  volatile  parts  of  a  body,  v/hereby 
its  funftions,  if  alive,  are  performed. 
Animal  bodies  have  a  twofold  fpirit, 
a  vital  in  the  blood,  and  an  animal  ivi 
the  nerves.  Such  fpirits  have  bcalls, 
which  go  down  to  the  earth  with  them 
at  death,  Eccl.  iii.  21.  Among  di- 
vines, SPIRIT  or  GHOST  ordinarily  fig- 
nifies  an  immaterial,  immortal,  and 
thinking  fubllance  ;  hence  God  is  call- 
ed a  Spirit,  John  iv.  24.  Chrifl's  di- 
vine nature  is  called  a  Spirit,  Spirit  of 
holinefs,  and  eternal  Spirit,  i  Pet.  iii« 
18.  Rom.  1.4.  Heb.  ix.  14.;  and 
Chrift  is  called  a  quickening  Spirit,  as 
he  quickens  his  people,  and  gives  thena 
fpiritual  life,  i  Cor.  xv.  45.  But  the 
third  perfon  in  t'l'-  Godhead  is  parti- 
cularly called  the  Holy  Spirit,  or  Boty 
Ghrft,  to  exprefs  the  mode  of  his  rela- 
tion to  the  Father  and  Son  ;  and  be- 
caufe  he,  by  fpiritual  methods,  works 
fpiritual  qualities  and  affcdions  in  us, 
I  Pet.  i.  2.  He  is  called y^'t'^^/.S'^/^rrJ^j-, 
becaufe  of  his  perfedi  and  dlverfified 
fulnefs  of  gifts,  graces,  and  operations. 
Rev.  i.  4.  Ke  is  called  the  Spirit  of 
God ;  his  nature  is  divine,  and  he  is 
fent  by  God  to  perform  his  ceconomic 
operations,  2  Chron.  xv.  i.  He  is  the 
Spirit  of  Chrift^  as  he  proceeds  from, 
him  as  the  Son  of  God,  qualifies  him, 
and  rcfts  on  him  as  Mediator,  and  isfcnt 
by  him  to  execute  the  application  of 
Oiir  redemption,  Rom.  viii.  9.  Pie  is 
the  Spirit  nf  promife^  becaufe  promifed 
to  men,  and  he  applies  the  promifes 
of  the  new  covenant  to  our  heart, 
Eph.  i.  I  j.  He  is  the  Spirit  cftruth\ 
he  is  the  true  God^  and  teacheth  no- 
thing but  truth,  John  xiv.  17.  He  is 
a  holy,  good,  2in6.  free  Spirit  ',  being  holy 
and  good  in  himfelf,  he  works  holincfs 
and  goodnefs  in  us,  of  his  ov/n  fove- 
reign  will,  and  renders  us  of  a  noble 
and  benevolent  temper,  Pfal.  li.  ic. 
1 1,  cxliii.  10.  He  is  a  S/>irit  of  judges 
ment,  counfel,  wifdom,  and  underftand- 
ing  :  being  infinite  in  knowledge  and 
wifdom  hiznfelf,  he  ^qualified  ChriiVs 
manhood,  and  qualifies  his  people  with 

wifdom 


S  P  I 

Wifdom  and  underftandlng.  If.  xxviii. 
16.  xi.  2.  Eph.  i.  17.  He  is  a  Spirit 
of  bondage  and  fear,  when,  by  the  ap- 
plication of  the  broken  law  to  mens 
confcience,  he  fills  their  mind  with 
great  preffure  and  fear,  Rom.  viii.  15. 
He  is  the  Spirit  of  adoptiony  that  brings 
us  into  the  family  of  God,  dwells  in 
every  one  of  God's  children,  and  ren- 
ders them  conform  to  his  image,  Rom. 
viii.  15.  He  is  the  Spirit  of  life  in 
Chrifl  Jejusy  as,  by  uniting  men  to 
Chrift,  he  bellows  life  on  them,  and 
by  maintaining  their  fellowfhip  with 
Chrift,  he  reftores,  increafes,  and  per- 
fefts  their  fpiritual  life,  Rom.  viii.  2. 
He  is  the  Spirit  of po^ver,  and  of  faith  y 
and  ofiovet  and  of  a  fiiund  mindy  and 
cfjupplication  :  by  his  Almighty  power 
he  works  faith,  love,  and  found  wif- 
dom  in  tlie  heart,  ^nd  he  directs  and 
enables  to  pray,  and  to  wait  for  the 
anfwer  thereof,  2  Tim.  i.  7.  2  Cor. 
iv.  13.  Zech.  xii.  10.  Rom.  viii.  27. 
And  the  love  of  the  Spirit,  is  love  of 
him,  or  gracious  love  produced  by  him, 
Rom.  XV.  30.  He  is  the  Spirit  of 
grace  and  of  glory  ;  as,  from  the  ful- 
nefs  of  Chrift,  he  conveys  to  the  faints 
their  gracious  endowments  and  glori- 
ous happinefs,  Heb.  x.  29.  i  Pet.  iv. 
3.4.  He  is  the  Spirit  of  the  Uvirrg  crea- 
tures, which  is  in  the  wheels,  as  he 
aftuates  angels  and  minifters,  and  the 
church,  and  the  world  managed  by 
them,  Ezck.  i.  2c.  He  is  faid  to  be 
fs7it,  becaufe  anthorifed  by  the  Father 
and  Son,  John  xvi,  7. ;  to  be  given, 
becaufe  freely  beitowed  in  his  perfon, 
and  gifts  and  graces,  John  vii.  39  ; 
to  be  poured  out,  becaufe  carefully 
and  plentifully  bellowed,  Prov.  i.  23. ; 
and  to  come  upon,  and  fall  upon  men, 
in  refpeft  of  his  beginning  to  acl  on 
them,  Ads  i.  8.  xi.  25.  ;  and  lojirive 
fiu'ith  them,  in  oppofition  to  their  cor- 
rupt inclinatidns,  Gen.  vi.  3.:  and- 
men,  in  their  refillance  of  his  opera- 
tions, are 'faid  to  grieve,  rebel  againji, 
reftji,    quench,    do  dejpite  to,  and    blaf- 


pheme  him,  Eph 


30. 


If.  Ixiii.  10. 


4%    ]  .     S  P  I 

immaterial  and  thinking  fubftances* 
Heb.  i.  14.  AAs  vii.  99.  Men  arc 
faid  to  give  up  the  ghof,  when  their 
foul  is  feparated  from  their  body,  Gen. 
XXV.  17,  Fallen  angels  are  called y^«/, 
or  unclean  fpirits,  Mark  i.  27.  The 
fpirit  going  out  of  a  man,  and  travel- 
ling through  dry  places,  finding  no  reft, 
and  at  laft  returning  to  his  old  lodging 
with  feven  other  fpirits  worfe  than  him- 
felf,  may  denote  the  devil  as  returning 
to  the  Jewifli  nation,  to  render  them 
monftroufly  wicked,  after  he  had  been 
caft  out  of  many,  and  could  find  no 
reft  among  the  Gentiles,  for  the  fpread 
of  the  gofpel,  Matth.  xii.  43. — 45. 
Familiar  Jpirits,  are  fuch  devils  as 
converfe  with  wizards,  and  the  like, 
2  Kings  xxi.  6. — Many  things,  on  ac- 
count of  their  fource,  their  nature,  their 
fubjeft,  or  influence,  arc  Q?Mtd.  fpirit ; 
as,  (i.)  The  infpiring  influences  or 
uncommon  gifts  bellowed  by  the  Holy 
Ghofl,  are  called  by  his  name,  Matth. 
xxii.  43.  Rev.  i.  10.  iv.  2.  Ktb.  vi.  4. 
John  vii.  39.  A6ls  viii.  15.  16.  r  7.  Gal. 
iii.  2.  1  Cor.  xiv.  15.  (2.)  1  he  renew- 
ed nature  of  the  faints,  which  is  pro- 
duced by,  and  confo*.  ms  men  to  the 
Holy  Ghoft,  Gal.  v.  17.  Matth.  xxvi. 
41.  John  iii.  6.  In  many  texts  Spirit 
denotes  both  the  new  nature  of  belie- 
vers, and  the  Spirit  of  God  dwelling  in 
and  aduating  it,  Rom.  viii.  1.4.  Gal. 
V.  21.  (3.)  A  temper  or  difpofition 
of  foul ;  hence  we  read  of  a  right  fpirit, 
an    humble  fpirit,  a  fpirit-  of  meeknefs. 


Ads  vii.  51.  I  Their,  v.  19.  Heb.  x. 
29.  Matth.  xii.  31. —  Angels  and  hu- 
man fouls   are   called  Spirits^    becaufe 


Pfal.  li.  10.  Prov.  xvi.  19.  i  Cor.  iv. 
21.  Timothy  was  an  example  of  the 
believers  in  fpirit,  i.  e»  in  the  fpiri- 
tuality  and  right  temper  of  his  foul, 
I  Tim.  iv.  12.  Paul,  though  at  Rome, 
was  prefent  with  the  Cololhans  in  fpirit, 
in  care  and  affedion,  Col.  ii.  5.;  and 
his  fpirit,  i,  e.  his  care,  judgement, 
and  authority,  was  with  the  Corin- 
thians in  their  cenfuring  of  the  in- 
celtuous  perfon,  i  Cor.  v.  4.  (4.) 
The  gofpel  and  word  of  Chrift,  by 
which,  accompanied  by  the  Holy 
Ghoft,  mens  natures  are  changed,  and 
fpiritual  life  begotten,  maintained,  and 
perfeded,  2  Cor.  iii.  6.  8.  (5.)  per- 
Ibns  infpired  by  the  Holy  Ghoft,  or 
pretending 


S  P  I 

pretending^    to    be    fo,    i  John  iv.    i. 
Falfe  teachers  are  called  fpir'its  of  devils  ^ 
and  faid  to  have  the  fp'irit  of  error  and 
of  Antichrijl :  they  have  Satan  in  them, 
aduatirg  and    direAing-them  in  their 
crrvTueous  judgement,   and  corrupt  in- 
dinations,  It-ading  them  out  to  oppole 
the  Lord  Jefus  Chriil,   Rev.   xvi.    14. 
I  Tiin,  iv.  I.     1  John   iv.  ^.   6. — The 
7ieix>  fpirit  put  within  men,  is  the  Holy 
Gholt  entering   to  dwell  in  them,  and 
a   gracious  nature   and  temper    newly 
produceil  by  him,  Ezck.  xi.  19.  xxxvi. 
26.     The  four  S/>irits,  or  winds  ofi6e 
heavens^  are  angels,  aftuated  by  God 
to   execute  his    providential    work   in 
every  part  of  the  world  \  or,  the  Chal- 
dean,   Perfian,   Grecian,    and    Roman 
monarchies,  railed  up  of  God   in   dif- 
ferent quarters,  to  accomplifii  his  pur- 
pofes ;  or,  the  New-Tellament  preach- 
ers, under  God's  influence,  fpreading 
the  gofpel  into  the  various  parts  of  the 
world,    Zech.  vi.  5.     To   live,    walk, 
or  worfliip,  or  ferve  God  in  Jt>intf    is 
to  ^t\  In  our  ivorfhip,  and  other  work, 
as  inliubnced,  directed,  and  drawn  by 
the  Holy  Ghofl  ;  and   in  the  exercife 


465    1         S  P  I 

neft  them  with  him,  and  with  one  an» 
other.  I  Pet.  ii.  5:  Prophets  and  o- 
thcr  church-oHicers,  are  fp'tritual }x\txi ; 
their  oflice  lies  in  fpiritual  exercifcs, 
Hof.  ix.  7.  Chritllans  are  fpiritual \ 
they  have  the  Spirit  of  God,  and  arc 
chiefly  concerned  about  fpiritual  and 
eternal  things,  Gal.vl.  i.  Such  as  are 
much  under  the  influence  of  God's 
Spirit,  and  of  their  own  new  nature, 
are  fpiritual ^  1  Cor.  iii.  i.  God's 
\d.w  IS  fpiritual  \  it  is  a  tranfcript  of 
the  divine  nature  ;  it  is  given  by  the 
Holy  Ghoft,  and  extends  its  authori- 
ty to  every  power  and  acfl  ot  the  foul^ 
and  chiefly  requires  duties  of  a  fpiri- 
tual nature,  Rom.  vii.  14.  The  gof- 
pel, the  influence  it  convey?,  the  ex- 
traordinary gifts  of  the  Holy  Gholl, 
the  bl  fiings  of  juflification,  adoption, 
fandtihcation,  gracious  comfort,  and 
eternal  happinefs,  are  fpiritual^  pro- 
ceed from  the  Holy  Ghoft^  and  arc  of 
an  immaterial  nature,  and  fuit  the  na- 
ture and  dehres  of  our  foul,  Rom.  xv. 
27.  i.  II.  I  Cor.  xii.  i.  Eph.  i.  3. 
The  manna  and  water  vrhereon  the 
Hebrews  lived  in  the  wildernefs,  were 


of   inward    grace,    and    with    all    the    fpiritual  food,     as    they    figured    out 


vigorouily  concfir- 
25.  Rom. 


powers  of  our  foul, 
ring  therein,  Gal. 

John  iv.  24.  Phil.  iii.  3.  They  that 
are  joined  to  the  L,ord,  are  cnt:  fpirit  ; 
Chrift  and  they  have  the  fame  Holy 
Gholl  dwelling  in  them  ;  and  they  are 
conformed  to  him  in  the  gracious  tem- 
pers of  their  foul,  I  Cor.  vi.  17.  The 
tcftimony  of  Jefus  is  the  fpirit  of  pro- 
phecy ;  faithful  viitneHing  for  his  truths, 
is  equally  honourable  as  to  have  the 
infpiring  fpirit  of  prophecy.  Rev.  xlx. 
10.  The  Jpir  its  of  the  prophet  s  are  Jiib 
jclI  to  the  prophets'^  the  opinions  and 
tempers  of  prophets  mufl:  be  fubjecl:  to 
the  trial  of  others,  i  Cor.  xiv.  16. 
7'o  have  \S\^  fpirit  ofjlumher,  is  to  have 
one's  mind  rendered  Itupid  and  lenfe- 
iefs,  by  Satan  and  indwelling  corrup- 
tions,  Rom.  xi.  -8. 

Spiritual  ;  that  which  belongs  to 
rpirlts.  The  church  is  z  fpiritual  hoaie 


J  (as,    his    perfon,  righteoufnefs,  and 
Spirit,     and    blelTings,  which   are   the 
food  of  our  foul,    1  Cor.  x.  3.  4.     The 
faints  prayers,  praifes,  felf-dedication, 
and  the    like,    are  fpiritual  facrifices, 
not  material  and  fl^-flily,  as  thofe  of  the 
Mofaic  law,    i  Pet.  ii.  5.     Such  fongs 
as  turn  upon  fpiritual    things,  and  are 
fung  vvith  a  gracious    temper  of  foul, 
diXt  fpiritual,   Eph.  v.  19.     Satan,  who 
is    a   fpint,    and  pride,   unbelief,  and 
luch  like  lulls  of  our  mind,  as  are  en- 
throned in  our  heart,  arey^/Vv/a.i/oy/ci- , 
edneffis   in   high   places,    Eph.  vi.    12. 
To  ht  fpirit ually  m\'c\^t^^  is,  under  the 
influence  of  the  Holy  Gholl,  to   have 
all  the  powers  of  our  foul   concurring^ 
in  fpiritual  thoughts,  de.'ires,  and  de- 
lights,   in   divine   and  eternal    things, 
P^om.  viii.  6.    The  things  of  the  Spirit 
of  God,  /.  e.  things  relative  to  Chriil, 
and  the  method  ot  our  redemption,  are 


her  members  are  rei.ewed  in  the  fpirit  fpiritually  difccrned,    are   known,    not 

of  their  minds  5  Jefus  is  her  foundation;  by  carnal   reafon,  but  by  the  peculiar 

and  his  word,  Spirit,  and  grnce,  con-  ainilance   of  the   Holy'  Ghod,    i  Cor. 

Vol.  jr.  3N                            .i. 


SPI  [    46<5    ] 


S  P  U 


i'l.  14.  Rome  hjf)irituallyy  i.  e»  in  the 
language  of  the  Holy  Ghoft,  called 
Sodom  and  Egypt,  becaufe  fo  like  thefe 
places  in  wickednefs,    Rev.  xi.  8. 

To  SPIT  upon  one,  or  in  his  face, 
cxprefTcs  the  hlgheft  contempt,  Numb, 
xii.  14.  Job  XXX.  10,  Matth.  xxvi.  6;". 
\{.  1.  6.  As  the  Orientals  feldom 
or  never  fpit  as  a  natural  difcharge, 
the  fpitting  before  one,  or  on  the 
ground,  when  fpeaking  of  his  adions, 
js  reckoned  by  them  a  mark  of  extreme 
deteltation  and  difgrace,  Deut.  xxv. 
9.    Numb.  xii.  14. 

SPITE.     See  despite. 

SPOIL.  See  BOOTY.  (i.)To>/7, 
IS  to  take  away  the  fubftancc  of  a  per- 
fon  or  nation,  Gen.  xxxiv.  27*  (2.) 
To  waile  ;  to  render  ufelefs.  Song  ii. 
15.  Chrift  /polled  principalities  and 
powers,  when  by  his  death  he  remov- 
ed the  guilt  of  fm  and  the  curfe  of  the 
law  ;  and  fo  deprived  Satan  and  his 
agents  of  power  to  hurt  his  people. 
Col.  ii.  15.  Church-members  are ^0/7- 
<f^,  when  deprived  of  their  fcripture 
principles,  tempers,  or  esercifes,  and 
are  as  it  were  led  bound  and  captive 
into  fome  vain  or  finfut  fentimcnt  or 
pradlice,  Col.  ii.  8.  A  fpoiler^  is  a 
plundering  ravager,  fuch  as  the  Phili- 
flines,  1  Sam.  xiii.  7.  ;  the  Chaldeans, 
Jer.  xii.  12.;  or  the  Medes  and  Per- 
iians,  Jer.  Ii.  48. 

The  ufe  of  the  golden  SPOONS, 
was  to  lift  the  frankincenfe  to  put  it  on 
the  altar  to  be  burnt,  ejc.  Ex^d.  xxv. 
29.  The  Arabs  feldom  ufe  fpoons, 
but  the  hollow  of  their  hand,  in  fup- 
ping  their  milk,  broth,  6'C.  The  Chi- 
nefe  ufe  two  IHcks  inftcad  of  fpoons 
in  fuppirig  their  meat. 

SPORT;  jeft;  diverfion.  He  that 
loves  it  too  much,  fiiall  be  poor,  as  it 
■will  hinder  him  from  profecutin^  his 
bufinefs,  Prov.  xxi.  17.  Men  /port 
luith  their  onxjn  deceivings,  when  they 
make  their  jeft,  or  boalt  of  the  finful 
and  erroneous  courfes  they  bring  them- 
felves  and  others  into,  2  Pet.  ii.  13. 
Prov.  xxvi.  19. 

SPOT;  ( I.)  A  fmall  mark,  differ- 
ent in  colour,  from  the  reft  about :  fo 
leopards  have  multitudes  of  beautiful 
ipots,  Jer.  xiii.  23.    (2.)    A  flaiii   or 


outward  blemidi.  Numb.  xix.  2.  xxviiL 
3.  Sin  is  called  a  fpot^  as  it  renders 
our  nature,  or  the  garments  of  our 
converfation,  ugly  before  God  and 
good  men,  I  Tim.  vi.  14.  Jude  23. 
Such  fins  as  are  inconfiftent  with  a 
ftate  of  grace,  are  not  the ^5/ of  God's 
children,  Deut.  xxxii.  5.  Chrift  was 
without  y^/  and  hletnijh  ;  was  free  from 
all  finful  pollution  of  nature  or  practice, 

1  Pet.  i.  1 9.  The  faints  have  no  fpoi 
in  this  life  ;  have  no  fin  uncovered  with 
Jcfus's  juftifying  rightcoufnefs,  and 
they  give  not  themfelves  allowance  in 
any  known  fin, .Song  iv.  7.  Inthefuture 
ftate,  they  fhall  be  ^without  [pot  or  lurin- 
klcy  or  any  fuch  thing  ;  freed  from  all 
remains  of  fin  and  mifery,  Eph.  v.  27. 

2  Pet.  iii.  14.  Scandalous  profeffors 
2^x0.  Jpots  ;  are  a  difgrace  to  the  church, 
and  a  means  of  infedling  others,  Jude 
12. 

SPOUSE.    See  bride,  marriage. 

To  SPRING  ;  (i.)  To  ifTue  forth 
as  water  out  of  a  fountain.  Numb, 
xxi.  17.  (2.)  To  fhoot  up  and  flourifh, 
as  corn  and  trees  from  their  feed,  Pfal. 
xcii.  7.  (3.)  To  proceed  from,  as  a 
child  from  his  parents,  Heb.  vii.  14. 
(4.)  To  move  forward  with  great 
hafte,  A6ls  xvi.  29.  Sfrikg,  (i.) 
A  FOUNTAIN.  (2.)  The  beginning 
of  a  thing,  as  of  the  day,  i  Sam.  ix.  26. 

The  SPRINKLING  of  the  blood, 
oil,  and  water  of  feparation,  under  the 
law,  figured  God's  cleanfing  of  fin- 
ncrs  from  their  fin,  by  the  careful, 
clofe,  and  extenfive  fprinkling  or  ap- 
plication of  Jefus*s  word,  blood,  and 
Spirit,  to  their  foul,  Lev.  xiv.  7.  16. 
Heb.  ix.  13.  If.  Iri.  15.  Ezek.  xx,xvi. 
29.  I  Pet.  i.  2.  Heb.  x.  22.  xii.  24. 
The  fprinkling  of  blood,  water,  or  oil, 
on  the  tip  of  the  right  ear,  thumb, 
and  toe,  in  the  confecration  of  priefts, 
or  cleanfing  of  lepers,  imported  a  pre- 
paration to  hear  holy  words,  touch 
lioiy  things,  and  walk  in  holy  places  ; 
and  fignified  a  purification  of  the 
whole  man,  foul  and  body,  by  the 
blood.  Spirit,  and  grace  of  Chrift, 
and  a  confecration  thereof  to  the  fer- 
vice  of  God,  Exod.  xxix^  20.  Lev, 
viii.  2-}.  xiv.  14.  17. 

To  SPUE  ;  VOMIT.     God  fpues  a 

church 


SV  U         I 

cKurch  out  of  his  mouth,  when 
abhorrence  of  her  fin,  he  gives  her  up 
to  be  a  fynagogue  of  Satan,  Rev.  iil. 
26.  Men  vomii  up  richest  vvhen,  to 
their  grief  and  Ihame,  they  part  with 
them  to  others,  Job  xx.  15.  Prov. 
XXV.  16.  yitn  drink,  Jpuc,  af:d  /ally 
when  God's  judgements  render  them 
ftupid,  difgraced,  and  miferable,  Jer. 
XXV.  27.  Hab.ii.  16.  Men  return 
to  their  vomit ,  or  what  they  had  fpu- 
ed,  when  they  return  to  finful  prafti- 
ces  which  they  had  once  left  off  and 
been  forry  for,  Prov.  xxvi.  4.  2  Pet. 
ii.  22.  They  nvaf/oiv  in  their  vomit, 
when  expofed  to  the  moil  difgraceful 
diilrefs,  Jer.  xlviii.  26.  A  \diXi6.  f puss 
out  its  inhabitants,  when  they  are 
wrathfully  driven  out  of  it  by  flaugh- 
ter  and  captivity,    Lev.  xviii.   2^. 

SPUNGE.  Whether 7^««^<rx,  a  fea 
produdion  found  adhering  to  rocks, 
(hells,  <^c.  be  a  vegetable,  a  mineral, 
or  an  animal,  has  been  not  a  little  dif- 
puted  :  but  they  are  row  generally  al- 
lowed to  be  plants.  They  are  dillin- 
guiflied  for  drawing  up  a  great  deal 
of  moillure,  and  are  of  confiderable 
ufe,  for  fomenting  wounds,  for  yield- 
ing volatile  fait,  and  for  choking  nox- 
ious animals.     Matth.  xxvii.  48. 

SPY  i  ESPY  ;  to  take  a  view  of. 
GoA  efpied  a  land  for  Ifrael  ;  he  de- 
termined to  give  them  a  choice  one, 
Ezek.  xx.  6.  Spies  are  fuch  as  come 
from  an  enemy,  to  obferve  the  nature 
and  circumftances  of  a  place  or  coun- 
try, in  order  to  the  feizing  upon  it. 
Jofeph  pretended  that  his  ten  brethren 
were /pies  come  to  obferve  the  naked- 
nefs  of  Egypt,  how  eafily  it  might  be 
taken,  and  what  was  the  moft  proper 
method  of  doing  it,  Gen.  xlii.  9.  14. 
16.  By  the  permifiion  of  God,  Mo- 
fes  fent  twelve  /pies,  one  for  each 
tribe,  to  view  the  land  of  Canaan ; 
they  went  through  it  to  the  very- 
north  borders,  and  after  40  days,  re- 
turned to  Mofes  at  Kadefli-barnea. 
Ten  of  them  brought  up  a  bad  report 
of  it  as  unwholefome,  and  as  impoflible 
to  be  conquered.  Thefe,  for  their 
falfe  report,  and  their  occafioning  a 
mutiny  in     the     congregation,     were 


467    ]  S  T  A 

with  llruck  dead  by  the  Lord  in  an  inftant; 
but  the  other  two,  Qaleb  and  Jofhua, 
who  maintained  th<it  the  land  was  ex- 
ceeding good,  and  it  feems  brought 
a  large  clufter  of  grapes  along  with 
them,  and  maintained,  that,  by  the 
afliftance  of  God,  they  could  eafily 
conquer  it,  were  preferved,  and  38 
years  after,  entered  into  Canaan,  Num. 
xiii.  xiv.  When  Jofhua  intended  to 
pafs  the  Jordan,  lie  fent  two  /pies  to 
view  Jericho,  with  the  taking  of 
which  he  intended  to  begin  his  con- 
quefts.  They,  after  being  preferved 
by  Rahab,  and  lurking  fome  days  a- 
bout  the  adjacent  hill,  returned  fafe  to 
the  camp,  and  informed  him,  that 
the  Canaanltes  were  in  a  terrible  panic 
for  fear  of  him,  Jofh.  ii. 

A  SQUARE,  is  what  has  four 
equal  fides.  The  general  ufe  of  the 
fquare  form,  in  the  tabernacle,  tem- 
ple, or  in  Ezekiel's  vifionary  ftruc- 
tures  and  portions,  or  in  John's  vlfiou 
of  the  new  Jerufalem,  may  denote  the 
ftability  and  felf-confiilency  of  all 
things  in  Chriftand  his  church,  Ezek. 
xlv.  I. — 8.    Rev.  xxl.  16. 

STABLE  ;  (i.)  A  lodging  place 
for  horfes,  camels,  and  the  like,  Ezek. 
XXV,  5.  (2.)  Firm;  fixed  ;  and  fure, 
I  Chron.  xvi.  30.  ;  and  to  stablish, 
is  to  make  firm  and  fure.  See  esta- 
blish. Wifdom  and  knowledge  arc 
the  STABILITY  of  the  times,  and/irength 
of/alvation',  the  exercife  thereof  tends 
to  ilrengthen  and  ellablKh  churches 
and  nations  ;  and  by  the  exercife  there- 
of by  Hezekiah  and  his  godly  fubjefls, 
was  the  Jewifh  ftate  then  preferved 
and  delivered  from  ruin,  by  the  Af- 
fyrians.    If.  xxxiii.  6. 

STACTE  ;  the  gum  that  diftili 
from  the  myrrh-tree.  But  perhaps 
the  Hebrew  neteph  might  be  a  kind 
of  liquid  that  was  extraded  by  bruifing 
of  the  myrrh.  Some  take  it  alfo  to 
fignify  halm.  It  is  certain  (lafte  was 
very  valuable  and  fragrant,  and  was 
an  Ingredient  in  the  Jews  lacred  per* 
fume,  Exod.  xxx.  33. 

STAFF.     See  rod. 

STAGGER.     See  reel. 

STAIN  :  to  mark  with  difgrace; 
3  N  a  Jofe 


5  T  A         [468 

Job  iii,  5.  If.  xxiii.  9,  But  Chrifl's 
jftainln^  all  his  raiment  with  the  blood 
of  his  foes.  Imports  that  all  his  ap- 
pearances and  works  fhouM  be  marked 
with  tokens  of  his  vidory  over  fin,  Sa- 
tanj  and  the  world,   If.  Ixiii.  5. 

STAIRS.  Thofe  of  Ezckiel's  vi- 
fionary  temple,  may  denote  our  gra- 
dual entrance  into  the  cliurch,  and 
fellowfhip  of  God,  Ezek.  xliii.  17. 
1  he J^airs  in  the  fecret  phccs  of  which 
the  church  as  a  dove  refuJes,  may  de- 
note God's  purpofcs,  and  peculiar 
proteftion  of  his  people  ;  or  Chrill  as 
their  way  to  the  Father  ;  or  their  un 
believing  fears  and  dcfpondencies, 
wherein  they  as  it  were  hide  themfelves 
from  Chrift,  Song- {1.14. 

STRIKE  ;  roda  or  boards  for  erec- 
ting tents,  Cffc.  Not  one  of  th^ _/Iakes 
of  church  or  ftate  is  removed,  when, 
notwithftanding  all  that  enemies  can 
do,  flie  enjoys  peace  and  quietnefs, 
IL  XXX.  20.  Tht  Jlrenothenin^  of  thi^ 
church's  Jlake Si  and  lengthening  of  her 
cordsy  import  her  confirmation  and 
enlargement,  If.  liv.  2. 

STALK.     See  STEM. 

STALL  ;  a  place  for  an  horfc  or 
ox  to  (land  and  lie  in.  Solomon  had 
j^OfOOO falls,  in  4000  llables,  1  Kings 
iv.  26.  2  Chron  ix.  25.  Stalled  ; 
long  kept  in  the  Rail  for  fattening, 
Prov.  XV,  1  7. 

STAMMERING;  fluttering  in 
fpeech.  The  tongue  of  the  fivmnerer 
Jpeaks  plainly,  when  fuch  as  before 
fpoke,  in  a  dark,  doubtful,  and  unto- 
ward manner,  of  divine  things,  are 
enabled  to  do  it  with  great  clearnefs, 
energy,  and  delight,  H.  xxxii.  4..  The 
Affyrians  were  the  fiaymmring  lips^ 
and  people  of  flammering  lips,  by 
whom  God  fpoke  out  his  wrath  and 
indignation  againll  the  Jews,  If.  xxviii. 
II.  xxxiii.  19, 

STAMP;  (I,)  To  tread  with 
violence  upon  the  ground,  2  Sam.  xxii. 
43.  (2.)  To  tread  or  beat  to  pieces, 
Peut.  ix.  2:.  2  Kings  xxiii.  6.  15. 
Stumping  imports,  (i.)  Complete  and 
deftru6tive  vi<flory  over  enemies,  Dan. 
vii.  7.  viii.  7.  10.  (2.)  Infulting  over 
the  njifery  of  the  aiHidled,  Ezek.  :;xv. 


j       s  T  A    . 

6.      (3.'^  Grief  for,     and  fear  of  ap- 
proachino- calamities,  Ezek.  vi,  ii. 

^  STANCHED  :   flopped  from  run- 
ning,   Luke  viii.  44. 

vSTAND,  denotes,  (i.)  Diligent 
fer\ice,  Plal.  cxxxv.  2.  Ixxxlv.  1.  i 
Kings  xvii.  r.  2.)  Fixednefs  ;  con- 
tinuance, I  Pet  v.  12.  ,'3.)  To  be 
fulfilled  ;  to  prcfper,  If.  xl.  S.  Dan* 
ii.  44.  (4.)  'Po  abide  trial  and  judge- 
ment, Pfal.  i.  5;.  (5.)  To  maintain 
ground  ;  refill  ;  conquer.  Eph.  vi-  13. 
14.  God's  fiunding  in  the  congrega- 
tion of  tb.c  mighty,  denotes  his  autho- 
rity over  rulers  and  their  courts,  and 
his  calling  them  to  an  account,  Pfal. 
Ixxxii.  I.  Chriil's  funding  on  the 
throne,  or  at  the  right  hand  of  the  po-jr^ 
and  at  the  door  of  our  heart,  itrports 
his  adlivlty,  and  readincfs  to  help  and 
fave  us  ;  and  his  patient  and  continued 
earneilnefs  to  have  admifiion  into  our 
heart,  Acls  vii.  ^^.  Pfal.  cix.  31. 
Rev.  iii.  20.  To  fandbefre  God,  is 
with  reverence,  to  minifter  to,  and  be 
ready  to  execute  his  will.  Rev.  xi.  4. 
viii.  2.  I  Kings  xviii,  15.  ;  or  to  inter- 
cede with  him  in  the  molt  earnell  man- 
ner, Jer.  XV.  I.  To  f  and  up  before  a 
man,  imports  reverence  ©f  him,  and 
readincfs  to  ferve  him.  Job  xxix.  9. 
The  dragon's  fandino  before  the  wo- 
man, imports  the  readinefs  and  aftivi- 
ty  of  the  Heathens  to  deflroy  Conftan- 
tine  the  Great,  and  the  Chrillians  of 
that  gge.  Rev.  xii.  4.  Chrifl's  wit- 
neifes  fand'ing  on  their  fct,  imports 
their  having  courage  and  ability  to  de- 
fend thtmftlvcs  againll  the  Antichrif- 
tians,  who  had  juft  before  reduced 
them  to  the  lowell  plunge  of  diilrefs. 
Rev.  xi.  I  I.  Four  angcls^/?<^/;^'i«^'  on 
the  four  corners  of  the  earth,  imports 
their  power  and  readinefs  to  execute 
God's  will  in  any  part  of  the  world. 
Rev.  vii.  I.  The  angel  fanding  with 
one  foot  on  the  fea  and  another  on  the 
earth,  is  Clirift,  whofe  power  is  over 
all  things,  whether  fixed  or  troubled, 
key.  X.  2.  The  angel's  fandnig  hi 
the  fun,  and  inviting  the  beafts  to 
feed  on  the  iiefli  of  the  Antichriflians, 
imports  that  their  ruin  fhouid  be  moll 
publicly  knov.'i];  and  its  good   effedtf? 

feh 


S  T  A  [ 

felt  all  the  worici  over,  Rev.  :;!;:.  i-. 
STARS  ;  thofc  fparkling  bodies  in 
the  heavens  that  give  h'ght  to  our  earth 
by  night,  were  formed  on  the  fourth 
day  of  the  creation,  and  had  their 
motions  and  life  £{ri<jned  them  Gen.i. 
14.  Their  nun.btr  is  unknown.  Ric- 
cioli  thinks  there  may  be  400,000,000, 
but  moll  of  them  are  invifible  to  the 
naked  eye,  Ir  cannot  perhaps  per- 
ceive above  icco.  Flamfteed,  with 
his  f;ne  telefcopcs,  could  dilcoveronly 
about  300c.  Of  tbefe  ftavs,  fome 
are  planets,  and  fome  arc  fixed  Oars. 
The  ancient  Heathens  held  the  inn, 
moon,  Mercury,  Mars,  Jupiter,  Ve- 
nus, and  Saturn,  for  ^laneisy  /'.  <?. 
wandering  luminaries  ;  and,  as  our 
fathers  worfliippcd  thefe,  they  dedi- 
cated the  feveral  days  of  the  week  to 
them,  as  the  names  they  Hill  bear,  do 
ihow.  But  according  to  the  new  a- 
ftronomy,  the  folar  fyflem  cunfids  of 
fix  primary  planets,  Mercury,  Venus, 
the  earth,  Mais,  Jupiter,  and  Saturn  ; 
ten  fecondary  planets,  of  which  the 
earth  has  one,  viz.  the  moon,  Jupiter 
has  four,  and  Saturn  five*.  All  thefe 
planets  move  round  the  fun,  from  well 
by  fouth  to  eaft,  as  well  as  round 
theii'  own  axis  ;  and  the  fecondary 
planets  move  round  their  principal 
ones.  They  all  receive  their  light  by 
the  reflection  of  the  rays  of  trie  fun. 
Mercury's  diameter  is  2600,  or  3000 
miles,  and  its  diltance  from  the  fun  is 
32,000,000,  or  36,500,000 miles,  and 
goes  round  it  in  87  days,  23  hours. 
Venu3!s  diameter  is  7900  or  9300 
miles  ;  its  diilance  from  the  fun 
59,000,000  or  68,000,000  and  it  goes 
round  the  fun  in  224  days,  17  hours. 
Klars's  diameter  is  4444  or  ^400  miles ; 
ii3  diflance  from  the  fun  123,000,000 
or  145,000,000;  and  it  goes  round 
liim  in  6S6  days,  and  23  hours.  Ju- 
piter's diameter  is  81, coo  or  94,000 
miles  ;  his  diilance  from  the  fun 
424,000,000  or  495,000,000;  and  h^ 

*  The  celebrated  Mr  Herfchell,  by  his 
improved  tclelcopcs,  has  lately  difcovcred  a 
jrreat  many  fixed  (Urs;  and  like  wife  another 
plaiict  beyond  Sjturn,  w}:::h  hc  has  culled 
tb'.:  Georgium  Sidi.-. 


469    ]        S  T  A 

.  goes  round  him  in  4332  days,  12 
hours.  Satuni's  diameter  is  67,000 
or  7^,000  miles  ;  hisdiitance  from  the 
fun  777, CO  ,coo  or  908.000,000  ;  and 
he  goes  round  him  in  10,759  days, 
feven  Ih'Uvs.  See  moon;  earth. 
T'hc  comets,  too,  are  a  kind  of  wan- 
dering liars,  but  which  make  fuch  pro- 
digious eKCurfions  through  the  valt 
tradls  of  iky,  that  for  many  years  their 
appearance  is  loft  to  uk.  The  lixed 
liars,  arc  fuch  as  do  not  wander  from 
one  point  of  the  cchptic  circle  to  ano- 
ther ;  and  whufe  diftance  from  the  fuu 
venders  it  impoflible  lor  them  to  be  il- 
luminated by  the  reflection  of  his  rays. 
From  their  nearnefs  to  us,  and  their 
apparent  meafure  of  light,  the  'vifible 
fixed  liars  are  diltinguiOied  intofeverai 
magnitudes,  ill,  2d,  3d,  4th,  5th,  and 
6th.  From  their  relation  of  place  to 
one  another,  they  have  been  divided 
into  59  conllellations.  Terhaps  the 
fixed  liars  are  all  as  big  as  our  fun, 
and  only  appear  fmall  by  reafon  of 
their  diilance.  Nay,  as  new  {lars  have 
become  vifiblc  in  later  times,  perhaps 
there  are  fixed  liars  vyhofe  light,  fincc 
the  creation,  has  not  yet  arrived  on 
our  earth,  though  it  travels  about  thir- 
teen or  fourteen  millions  of  miles  in  a 
minute.  Oh,  how  immenfe  then  mud 
the  Almighty  be,  whom  the  heavens, 
and  heavens  of  heavens  cannot  contain  I 
— God  numbers  the  liars,  and  knows 
them  as  by  their  name  ;  but  we  have 
few  of  their  names  in  fcripture,  as, 
Chiun,  Mazzaroth,  Arv5lurus,  Orion, 
Pleiades.  Wliat  influences  the  liars 
have  on  our  earth,  hefides  the  ilhirai- 
nation  thereof,  or  how  they  fought  a> 
gainft  Jabin's  army,  whether  merely  . 
by  giving  the  Hebrews  light  to  purfue 
and  flay  them,  or  by  emitting  fome 
dellru6live  influence,  we  dare  not  pre- 
tend to  determine,  Judg.  v.  2C. — An 
extraordinary  liar  appeared  at  the  time 
of  our  Saviour's  birth,  and  condu(fled 
the  wife  men  to  him  :  but  this  we  fup' 
pofe  was  merely  an  inflamed  meteor, 
which  moved  in  the  middle  region  of 
the  air,  fomewhat  \\\  the  manner  of 
the  cloudy  pillar  before  the  Hebrews 
in  the  wilderDefs,  Matth.  ii. 

Perhaps, 


S  T  A  [4 

Perhaps,    in  a   lower    fenfe,    David 
IS  the  Jicir  that  came  out  of  Jacob,  and 
fmote   the  corners  of  Moab,   and   de- 
ftroyed  the  children  of  Sheth  ;  but  in 
the  higheft  fenfe,  it  is  Jefus,  the  /^rijf/:t 
and  morynng  Star.,  whofe  glory  is  bright, 
and  ulhers  in  an  eternal  day  to  his  peo- 
ple ;  and  fo  is  their  joy,   and    the  ter- 
ror of  the  wicked,  who  love  the  works 
of  darknefs,  Numb.  xxiv.  (7.    Rev.  ii. 
28.  xxii.  16.     Minifters  are  called /?«r/ 
in  ChnjVs  right  hand  \  upheld  by  him, 
and   directed  in  their  courfe,  they,    in 
their  high  ftation,  convey  light,  know- 
ledge, and  comfort  to  men.  Rev.  1.  10. \ 
and  when,  they    apoltatize   from   the 
truth,    and  fall  into  error  and  wicked- 
nefs,  and  lead  others  into  it,  they  are 
reprefented  as  'wandering,  fmitten^  and 
fallen  JicirSj    Jade  13.    Rev.  viii.    <o. 
11.  12.  xii.  3.   Dan.  \i\u  re.  ;  but   in 
the    lad    text,  Jiars   may    denote  the 
Maccabean  captains. — The  tnvslve  Jiars 
which  form   the   church's    crown,  are 
the   twelve   apoftles    in    their  infpired 
do£trinep,  Rev.  xii.  i.      Saints  are  call- 
ed y?^r/,  to  denote  their  glory  and  ufe- 
fulncfs,  and  their  diveriity  of  appear- 
ance,   Dan.  xii.  3.  :   aqd   the    day-Jlar 
which  rifes  in  their  heart,   is  either  the 
more  clear  difcoveries  of  divine  thmgs 
now    under  the    gofpel,  or  the  full  vi- 
iion   of  God  in   heaven,  2  Pet,  i.  19. 
Magiftrates    are   likened  to  Jl.irst  be-- 
caufe  of  the  diredion  and  comfort  they 
do,    or  fhould   give   to   others.     The 
king   of  Babylon  is   called  Lucifer^  or 
the  ynorning-Jlar  \  his  glory  and  power 
far  furpafling    that  of  his   ftllow»fove- 
reigns,  If. xiv.  12.  Thejiar called nuorm- 
luoodf  may   be    unflerllood  of  Pelagius 
in   the   church,  who  exceedingly    cor- 
yupted  the  dotf^rines  thereof  j  and  of 
Genferic  in  the  Itate,  who  with  300,000 
Vandals,  from  Africa,  invaded   Italy, 
and  committed  the    moll  horrible   ra- 
vages.    Rev.  viii.  10.  II.      Whet)  Jiars 
in  a  ftate  are  joined  with  fun  and  moon, 
they  may  denote   inferior  magiftrates. 
Rev.  viii.  12. 

STARE;    to  gaze  upon  one   as    a 
fpedacle,  Pfal.  xxii.  17. 

STATE  ;  i^j.)  Condition,  Gen.  xliii. 
7.    (2.)    )?omp  and  greatnefs,    Ellh. 


1 


S  T  A 


STATELY;  honourable;  grand, 
and  comely,  Ezek.  xxiii.  41.  Sta- 
tion ;  fixed  office  or  place.  If.  xxii.  19. 
STATURE;  (I.)  The  height  of 
a  perfon  or  thing,  Luke  xix.  3.  (2.) 
The  meafure  of  knowledge  and  grace 
attained  by  the  church  and  her  true 
members.  Song  vii.  7.  Eph.  iv.  13, 
(3.)  Degree  of  power,  authority,  and 
wealth,  Ezek.  xvii.  6.  xxxi.  3.  (4.) 
Perfons  in  different  ages  and  condi- 
tions,  Ezek.  xiii.  1  8 

STATUTE.  See  Law. 
STAY;  (1.)  To  abide;  remain. 
Gen.  xix.  17.  (2.)  To  delay  ;  wait, 
Jo(h.  X.  19.  Ruth  i.  13.  (3.)  To  leave 
off,  2  Sam.  xxiv.  16.  (4.)  To  ftop  ; 
hinder,  Job  xxxviii.  37.  Prov.  xxviii* 
I  7.  (5,)  To  uphold  ;  comfort,  Exod. 
xvii.  12.  Song  ii.  5.  (6.)  To  truft  to 
one  for  fupport  and  comfort.  If.  x.  20. 
XXX.  12.  A  STAY,  is  a  ttop  ;  ceafing. 
Lev.  xiii.  5.  ;  or  a  fupporter,  i  Kings 
X.  19.  God  is  the  Jlay  of  his  people  : 
he  preferves  a-nd  upholds  them  amid 
diflrefs,  and  comforts  them  amidll 
grief,  Pfal.  xviii.  18.  Magiftrates  and 
great  men  are  the  Jiay  of  a  nation, 
who  preferve  them  in  order,  and  from 
ruin.  If.  xix.  13.  The  means  where- 
by mens  life  is  preferved,  and  nations 
fupported,  are  called  a  Jlay  and  JiaJ^^ 
If.  iii.  I. 

STEAD  :  place  ;  room.  Gen.  iv.  25. 
Deut.  ii.  12.  Steady  ;  firm,  and  fet- 
tled ;— held  up,  in  a  firm  perfnalion 
of  God's  power  and  promife,  Exod, 
xvii.  12. 

STEAL  ;  (i.)  To  commit  theft  ; 
to  take  away  what  belongs  to  one, 
without  his  confent,  Exod.  xx.  15. 
(2.)  To  go  off,  or  carry  off  privily, 
as  with  ftolen  goods.  Gen.  xxxi.  2C. 
Job  xxvii.  20.  ;  and  fo  by  Jlealih,  is  in 
a  fecret  manner,  as  if  afliamed  to  be 
feen,  2  Sam.  xix.  3.  Abfalom  ftole 
the  hearts  of  the  Hebrews,  when  he 
decoyed  their  affcttions  from  his  fa- 
ther to  himfelf,  as  their  king,  2  Sam.  ' 
XV.  6.  The  Hebrews  were  allowed  to 
kill  thieves  breaking  their  houfe  in  the 
night,  Exod.  xxii.  1.  If  a  thief  was 
apprehended  with  the  life,  he  was  not 
to  be  put  to  death,  but  was  to  reftore 

four 


STE  [47 

four  times  the  worth  of  a  fliecp,  and  five 
times  the  worth  of  an  ox  ;  and  It  fccms 
fevenfold  for  what  was  taken  in  break- 
ing a  houfe  :  and  if  his  fubdance  did 
not  amount  to  the  prefcribcd  reflitu- 
tlon,  himfelf  was  fold  for  a  flave,  to 
procure  it.  But  if  a  thief  Jlole  a  man, 
at  leail  an  Hebrew,  and  made  or  fold 
liim  for  a  Have,  he  was  puniihed  with 
death,  Prov,  vi.  30.  Exod.  xxii.  2.  3. 
xxi.  16.  Deut.  xxiv.  7.  Perhaps,  the 
thieves  crucified  along  with  our  Saviour 
had  been  g;uilty  of  both  theft  and  mur- 
der.— Falfe  prophets  Jlole  God's  word 
from  their  neighbour  ;  what  hints  they 
could  get  of  what  had  been  revealed  to 
true  prophets,  they  publillied  as  their 
own  ;  and  they  agreed  to  fay  all  one 
thing,  for  the  better  deceiving  of  the 
people,  Jer.  xxiii.  30.  Thieves  are, 
(i.)  Such  as  privately,  or  by  violence, 
take  away  what  belongs  to  another, 
without  his  confent,  Job  xxx.  5.  (2.) 
Such  as  pra6life  difhoneft  dealing,  and 
hunt  after  unlawful  gain,  Matth.  xxi. 
1 3.  Chrill  comes  as  a  thief  in  the  ni^^ht^ 
when  he  comes  to  execute  judgements, 
or  to  judge  the  world,  in  a  fudden, 
unexpected,  and  to  many,  an  undefi- 
ved  and  dangerous  manner,  Rev.  xvi. 
15.  I  Thefl'.  V.  2.  Seducers  are  called 
thieves  ;  by  falfe  doftrlnes,  and  other 
fraudulent  courfes,  they  craftily  be- 
reave the  church  of  divine  truth,  and 
of  proper  explications  of  fcripture  ; 
they  rob  God  of  his  glory,  and  men 
of  their  true  and  everlaiting  happinefs. 
Such  as  came  before  Chrill  without  his 
miflion,  were  fucli  thieves  and  robbers, 
John  X.  8.  10, 

STEDFAST;  (i.)  Fixed;  furc, 
and  lailing,  Dan.  vi.  26.^  (2,)  Fixed 
in  upright  difpofitions  and  pradice, 
Pfal.  Ixxviii.  8.  37. 

STEEL,  is  iron  hardened  by  a  mix- 
ture of  fait  and  fulphur,  and  by  heating 
it  to  a  proper  degree,  and  then  plun- 
ging it  into  cold  water.  It  requires 
great  care  and  fl<ill  to  render  it  hard 
without  rendering  It  brittle.  The  Ger- 
mans, who  are  moil  flciiful  In  this  way, 
affedl  to  keep  their  art  a  deep  fecret. 
Bows  were  anciently  made  of  ileel  and 
brafs,  Job  xx.  24.  2  Sam.  xxli.  35. 


I     1         STE 

STEEP  ;  hard  to  be  climbed :  fo 
towers  and  walls  ^rejleep  places,  Ezck. 
xxxviii.  20. 

STEM,  or  STALK  ;  that  part  of  a 
plant  which  riling  out  of  the  ground, 
lupports  the  leaves,  flowers,  and  fruit. 
Thajfem  of  "Jfjfe^  is  the  royal  family  of 
David  hisfon.  If.  xi.  i.  The  Hebrew 
idolatries  and  dependence  on  the  Egyp- 
tians and  other  Heathens  had  no  Jialk  ; 
the  bud  yielded  no  meal ;  or  if  it  did, 
ftrangers  fwallowed  it  up  :  they  turned 
to  no  good  account  ;  and  whatever  ap- 
pearances tliere  were  of  temporary 
advantage,  the  AfTyrlans  deftroyed  all 
in  the  end,   Hof.  viii.  7. 

STEP;  (i.)  A  meafure  of  about 
two  feet  ;  and  to  have  but  a  JJep  be- 
tween one  and  death,  is  to  be  in  great 
and  near  danger,  i  Sam.  xx.  3.  (2.) 
The  fleps  of  a  Hair,  to  which  we  move 
one  foot  after  another,  i  Kings  x.  10* 
No  fteps  ot  this  kind  were  allowed  in 
the  afcent  to  God's  altar,  left  the  na- 
kednefs  of  the  priefts  fliould  have  been 
difcovered  to  any  below,  Exod.  xx.  26. 
{3.)  A  foot.  Job  xxix.  6.  (4.)  A 
motion  ;  a  courfe  of  aftlon,  Prov.  v.  5. 
God's  fleps  are  the  praftice  command- 
ed in  his  law,  and  exemplified  in  his 
conduil:,  Job  xxiii.  11.  Chriil's^i'^x 
are  his  holy  actions  imitable  by  us,  r 
Pet.  ii.  21.  Mens  Jleps  are  their  mo- 
tions on  a  journey,  John  v.  4.  5. ;  or 
their  counfels,  endeavours,  and  afts, 
Pfal.  Ixxili.  2.  cxix.  133.  The  fleps  of 
mens  flrength  are  flraitened,  when  their 
bell  planned  devices,  and  their  moll 
vigorous  and  Ikillful  endeavours  are 
hardly  fuccefsful.  Job  xviii.  7.  The 
Ethiopians  are  at  the  fleps  of  the  Turks , 
when  eafily  opprefied  by  them,  Dan^ 
xi.  43. 

STEPHANAS,  or  Stephen; 
( I.)  One  of  the  firil  converts  to  Chri- 
llianity  at  Corinth.  He  and  his  fami- 
ly were  baptized  by  Paul,  i  Cor.  i.  i6,» 
He,  Fortunatus,  and  Achaicus,  came 
to  Paul  at  Ephefus,  probably  with  a 
letter.  In  anfwer  to  which  Paul  wrote 
his  firft  epilllc,  and  fent  it  by  thefe 
perfons,  i  Cor.  xvi.  17.  (2.)  Ste- 
phen the  deacon.  Tnat  he  was  one 
of  our  Saviour's  70  difciples,  or   that 

he 


S  T  E  [    472     1  S  T  I 

he  WJTS  brought   up  at  the  fe^t  of  Ga-    doing  good,  which  they  ought  to  ma 
maliel,  is  without  proof.     He  appears 
to  have  been  a  principal   man   of  tlie 


Hclleniil  Jews.  After  he  was  made  a 
tleacon,  being  filled  with  the  Holy 
Ghoil,  he  wrought  many  miracles. 
Some  of  the  Libertine,  Cyrenian, 
and  Alexandrian  Jews,  fell  into  a 
difpute  with  him  ;  but  not  being  a- 
ble  to  witliftand  his    nervous  reafon- 


nage  to  his  honour  and  their  own  advan- 
tage, Luke  xvi.  I. — 12.  I  Pet.  iv.  10: 
To  STICK  ;  to  cleave  clofely  and 
firmly.  The  Egyptians  ftuck  to  the 
fcales  of  Pharaoh-hophrah  their  king  ; 
fome  of  them  adhered  clofely  to  him, 
at  the  expence  of  lofmg  every  thing- 
dear  to  them  by  the  rebels  and  Chal- 
deans :    and  the   rebels  under  Amalis 


ings,  they  fuborned  witneflcs  falfely  to  ftuck  faft  to  him,  purfuing  and  lighting 
depofe,  that  he  had  blafphcmed  jvlo-  againft  him  till  they  had  got  him  utter- 
fes  and  God*     They  hurried    him  be-     ly  dellroyed,  Ezek.  xxix.  4.    See  rod. 


fore  the  fanhedrim,  and  charged  him 
with  reproaching  the  temple  and  the 
law  ;  and  with  affirming,  that  Jefus 
would  deitroy  the  temple,  and  abolidi 
the  obfervance  of  Mofcs's  laws.  In- 
ibiiad  of  being  damped,  Stephen,  with 
a   countenance   bold  and  Ihining  as  an 


STH^F,     See  neck  ;   heart. 

STILL.     See  rest. 

STING  ;  that  part  of  fome  animals 
which  they  ufe  as  their  offenfive  wea- 
pon, and  thereby  wound  and  diftil  ve- 
nom into  the  flefa  of  their  enemy. 
Some  of  thefe  ftings  are  bearded  ;  and 


angel,  rehearfed  what    God  had  done  fo  their  wound  is  the  more   painful  ; 

for  the  Jewifli   nation  in   former  times,  and   if  the   infedl    that   ftings   be   too 

and  how  they  had  rebelled  agai^ift  him  ;  quickly  hurrieii  off,  the  fting  is  left  in 

ajid  he  rebuked  them  for  their  murder  the  wound.      Sin  is  the  Jl'ing   of  death, 

of  JefuTr  and  hij  prophets.      Filled  with  as   it   renders   death    troublefome  and 

rage,  thofe  prefent  gnafhed  their  teeth  dangerous  to  men  :  but  to  fuch  as  are 

at  him,  as  if  they  would  have  torn  him  in  Chrifl,  this  fting  is  taken  away  by 

to  pieces  therewith.     Lifting  up  his  his  death  for  fm  ;  and  they  depart   m 

eyes  to  heaven,  he  told  them,  he  faw  peace  to  be  with  the  Lord,   i  Cor.  xv, 

Jfefus    fitting    on     th<;    right    hand  of  SS'  S^^-   The_y?/7z^j  of  the  tails  of  the  lo- 

God.     As  if  fliocked  with  blalphemy,  cufts,  may  denote  the  hurtful  andruinous 

they  ftopped  their  ears,   and  with  ter-  delufious  fpread  by  the  Papifts  and  Sa- 

rible   outcries  dragged  him  out  of  the  raccns,  or  the  hurtful  ravages  of  the  corn- 


city,  and  ftoned  him  to  death.  Stephen 
expired,  beggi.ig  forgivenefs  oi  God 
to  his  murderers  ;  and,  with  great  dc- 
rnonllration  of  grief,  was  buritd  by  his 
Chriftian  friends.     Ads  vi.  \u,  viii.  2. 


m.on  troops  of  the  latter.   Rev.  ix.  10. 

Men  TINK,  when  they  become 
abliorred  of  others.  Gen.  xxxiv.  30. 
I  Sam.  xiii.  f  4. 

STIR;  a  noify  tumult.   If.  xxii.  I. 


STERN  ;  the  hinder  part  of  a  fliip,     Ads  xix.  23.      God  Jlirs  up  himftJf,  or 
Ads  xxvii.  29.  Jlirs  up  b'ls  jealoufy,  when,  in  a  vigorous 

STEWARD;  an  officer  In  great  fa-    lilce  manner,  he   helps  and  delivers  his 


mllles,  who  has  the  management  of  the 
affairs  of  the  family,  and  of  the  otlier 
fervants.  Gen.  xv.  2.  xliii.  I9.  Mini- 
mi ers  ?ixtjie<wards  of  the  myflerits  of  (Jod  : 
they  are  appointed  to  preach  the  truths 
of  God,  and  difpenfc  the  feals  of 
the  new  covenant,  together  Avith  the 
government  and  diicipline  of  the 
cimrch,  to  their  people,  as  is  for  the 
glory  of  God,  and  their  edification,. 
I  Cor.  iv.  I.  2.  Saints  are  Jie^zvards  ; 
God  hath  entrufted  to  them  gifts, 
■grace,  and  manifold   opportunities    of 


people,  and  deftroys  his  enemies,  Pial. 
xxxv.  23.  If.  xliii.  13.  Chrift  is  lin- 
Fv.WyJIirred  w/>,  when  he  is  provoked  to 
withdraw  his  fenlible  prefence  from  his 
people.  Song  ii.  7.  iii.  5.  Men^/r  up 
themfdves  to  take  hold  of  God,  when 
they,  1)1  an  adtlve  manner,  ufe  all  means 
of  meditation  and  prayer,  &c.  to  trult 
in,  and  intercede  with  him.  If.  Ixiv.  7. 
Men  Jlir  up  the  gft  of  God  in  them, 
v.hen  tiiey  ufe  every  endeavour  in  their 
power  to  improve  their  gifts  and  grace, 
~i,6.  ^ 

3T0CK ; 


in  fcrving  Qoi^f  2  Ti 


S  T  O  [4 

STOCK  ;  ( I.)  Tlvdt  part  of  a  tree 
which  bears  the  branches,  Job  xiv.  8. 
(2.)  Kindred  that  grow  from  one 
root,  Lev.  XXV.  47.  Ads  xiii.  26.  (3.) 
An  idol,  fo  called,  becaufe  framed  of 
the  flock  of  a  tree  ;  or  becaufe  upright, 
and  as  llupid  and  lifelefs  as  one,  Jer. 
ii.  27.  X.  t?.  Hof.  iv.  12.  The  JIocL- 
were  a  kind  of  inllrument  for  torturing 
malefa6lors  ;  in  which  one  fits  in  the 
mofl  uuieafy  manner,  hanging  as  it 
were  by  the  legs,  A6\s  xvi.  24.  Jer.  xx. 
2.  To  them  terrible  and  tormenting 
dillrefs  is  compared,  Job  xiii.  27.  Prov. 
vii.  22. 

STOICKS,  were  a  fed  of  Heathen 
philofophers,  who  took  their  rife  from 
one  Zeno  a  Cypnan,  who  being  ihip- 
wrecked  near  Tyre,  commenced  a  phi- 
lofopher.  It  is  faid,  he  borrowed  a 
great  deal  of  his  opinions  from  the 
Jewifh  fcriptures  ;  but  it  is  certain  that 
.Socrates  and  Plato  had  taught  much 
of  them  before.  From  his  teaching 
his  fcholars  in  the  Stoa,  or  porch  at 
Athens,  they  came  to  be  called  Stoichs 
or  porchers.  They  generally  taught, 
that  God,  as  a  kind  of  foul,  actuates  all 
things  ;  that  all  men  have  naturally  in- 
ward feeds  of  knowledge  ;  that  it  is 
wifdom  alone  that  renders  men  happy; 
and  that  pains,  poverty,  and  the  like, 
are  but  fancied  evils  ;  and  that  a  wife 
man  ought  not  to  be  affetled  with  either 
joy  or  grief:  and  in  their  pradlice,  they 
affecled  much  ftiffnefs,  patience,  au- 
fterity,  and  infenfibility  :  but  fome  of 
them  held  different  opinions.  The 
Stoicks  were  for  many  ages  in  vogue, 
cfpecially  at  Atliens,  where  fome  of 
them  encountered  Paul,  A<^s  xvii.  18, 

STOMACHER.  Whether  the 
Hebrew  Pethigil  fignify  a  floma- 
cher,  or  an  upper  garment,  or  a  girdle 
of  twilled  filk,  or  a  filken  fwathing 
band,   I  cannot  determine.  If.  iii.  24. 

STONE,  What  llones  are  gradu- 
ally formed  into  a  confiilence  and  hard- 
nefs  is  not  yet  known.  It  is  certain, 
there  are  many  faftitious  flones,  made 
by  the  art  of  man,  as  tyle,  brick,  &c. 
In  refpecft  of  value,  flones  are  either 
£9mmon,  as  free-flone,  rag-flone,  flate, 
flint.  Others  are  riud-pncedi  as  marble, 
:    Vol.  II. 


73     1         S  T  O 

alabafler,  jafper,  loadllone,  afl^eflos,  and 
metal-ore  ;  others  are  precious,  fome  of 
which  are  colourlefs,  as  the  diamond  ; 
others  red,  as  the  ruby,  carbuncle, 
garnet,  fardius,  cornelian  ;  others 
pale,  as  the  onyx  ;  others  yellow,  as 
the  chryfolite  and  topaz  ;  others  green, 
as  the  emerald,  fmaragd,  and  beryl  ; 
others  bluifti,  as  the  fapphire,  and  tur- 
quois  ;  others  purple-coloured,  as  the 
arnethyfl.  Such  gems  are  cTAle&JJone^ 
of  frt,  u  e.  very  bright  and  fliining, 
Ezek.  xxviii.  14.  -—  Some  think  the 
Hebrews  had  knives  of  ilone,  but  per- 
haps TZUR   may,   in  thefe  places,  fig- 

-  nify  thed-^^/f,  Exod.  iv.  25.  Jofli.  v.  2. 
It  is  certain,  they  fet  up  flones  to  com- 
memorate noted  exploits,  or  mark  the 
graves  of  noted  perfons  ;  hence .  we 
read  of  the  flone  of  Bohan  a  Reuben- 
ite,  the  flone  of  Ezel,  and  the  flone  of 
Gibeon,  the  flone  of  Zoheleth,  &c.  ; 
or  heaps  of  flones  ;  fuch  an  heap  Jacob 
reared  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  his 
covenant  with  Laban,  Gen.  xxxi.  46. 
T©  commemorate  Ifrael's  fafe  paiTage 
through  Jordan,  Jofliua  ereded  12 
flones  in  the  bed  of  the  river,  and  fet 
up  other  12,  which  he  carried  out 
of  the  middle  bed  of  the  river,  on  its 
bank,  Jofh.  iv.  5. — '.9.  To  be  a  me- 
morial of  their  being  part  of  the  people 
of  the  God  of  Ifrael,  the  Reubenites, 
Gadites,  and  eaflern  Maqaffites,  built 
an  altar  of  flones  called  Ed,  on  the 
bank  of  Jordan,  ^ut  to  (hew  that  na 
human  inventions  are  acceptable  ia 
God's  worlhip,  no  altar  was  to  be 
built  of  flones  in  the  leafl  hewn,'Deut, 
XX vii.  5.  Stones  of  darknefs,  are  thofc 
hid  deep  in  the  bowels  of  the  earth. 
Job  xxviii.  3.  Chrifl  is  called  a  J} one y 
to  mark  his  finnnefs  and  duration  :  he 
is  the  foundation-flone  v^rhich  fupports: 
the  whole  church,  and  the  work  of  our 
redemption,  If.  xxviii.  16.:  he  is  the 
chief  corner-Jhne,  which  connects  and 
eflabhflies  the  church,  and  all  her  con- 
cerns ;  and  by  which  Jews  and  Gen- 
tiles, and  angels  and  men,  are  as  it 
were  joined  into  one,  Matth.  xxi.  42. 
Eph.  ii.  15.  20.:  he  is  a  mofl  precious 

Jione  ;  infinite  in  glory,  excellency,  and 

ufcfulnefs ;  he  is  a  tried  JlotK^t  proved 

3  O  by 


S  T  O  r     474    1  S  T  O 


by  his  Father,  and  by  his  people,  and 
by  fiery  fufferings,  and  yet  no  fault  or 
deficiency  found  in  him:  he  is  a  cho- 
fen,  or  ekdjlonct  chofen  by  the  Father 
to  be  our  Mediator,  valuable  in  him- 
felf,  and  chofen  by  the  faints  in  the 
day  of  his  power  :  he  is  a  living  Jlone  ; 


fed  by  the  word  or  providence  of  God, 
are  likened  to  Jiones^  Ezek.  xi.  19. 
xxxvi.  26.  I  Sam.  xxv.  27.  Mark  iv. 
5.  16.  Stones  crying  out  of  the  iu  all ^  and 
the  beam  anfwer'ing  it,  denotes  the  hor- 
rid wickednefs  of  building  with  what 
is  unju'lly  gotten,  _Hab.  ii.  Ii.     One 


has  all  life  in  himfelf,  and  gives  to  his  ^one  not  left  upon  nnotherj  and  Jloiies  of 
people  the  beginning,  continuance,  and 
perfedlion  of  their  life,  Rev.  xxi.  11. 
If.  xxviii.  16.  I  Pet.  ii.  4.:  he  is  to 
many  2i  flumhling-flone  and  rock  of  offence, 
as  they,  taking  offence  at  his  mean  ap- 
pearances, or  at  his  doctrine  and  ways. 


Humble  into  everlafting  ruin  ,  and  on 
"whomfoever  he  falls  in  the  execution  of 
his  wrath,  they  are  miferably  deftroy- 
ed,  If.  viii.  14.  15.  i  Pet.  ii.  8. 
Matth.  xxi.  44. :  he  and  his  church  are 
a  little  Jlone,  cut  out  of  the  mountain 
"without  hands,  and  increafing  into  a 
mountain  that  filled  the  whole  earth  : 
he  was  born  of  a  virgin,  and  appeared 
in  a  low  condition  ;  but  his  glory  gra- 
dually incrcafes,  till  it  fill  the  w^hole 
earth  :  his  Chriftian  church,  fmall  at 
firft,  and  formed  without  carnal  means, 
gradually  increafeth,  till  it  extend  o- 
ver  the  whole  earth,  Dan.  ii.  44.  The 
faints  are  lively  Jlones  ;  they  are  hardy 
and  durable,  and  are  united  to  Chriit 
as  their  foundation,  quickened  by  his 
Spirit,  and  acl:ive  in  his  fervice,  Amos 
ix.  9.  I  Pet.  ii.  5.  Th.^!  precious  Jlones, 
foundations  of  the  new  Jerufalem,  de- 
note Jefus  Chrill  preached  by  the 
twelve  apoftles,  and  as  the  foundation 
of  his  church  and  people,  in  his  various 
and  unnumbered  excellencies,  Rev.  xxi. 
19.  20.  The  precious  Jlones  on  the 
fhoulder  of  the  high-prieft,  and  thofe 
fixed  in  his  breafl-plate,  denoted  the 
faints  of  Jews  and  Gentiles,  precious 
and  honourable  by  the  grace  of  God, 
and  diverfified  in  their  condition  ;  but 
all  unchangeably  fixed  in  their  new-co- 
venant Hate,  and  by  Jefus  daily  fup- 
ported  and  prefented  to  God,  Exod. 
xxviii.  II.  L7. — 2 J.  Daughters  of  a 
family  are  likened  to  poliflied  corner- 
Jlones,  to  mark  their  beauty  and  their 
ufefulnefs  for  connefting  and  building 
up  families,  Pfal.  cxliv.  12.  Hearts 
jEtupid  and  obllinatej  not  eafily  impref- 


emptinefs,  -dnd.  fcattered Jlones  fpread  over 
a  place,  denote  utter  defolation,  and 
the  turning  of  Idumea  into  a  barren 
rock,  Matth.  xxiv.  2.  If.  xxxiv.  11. 
Pfal.  cxli.  6.  In  allufion  to  the  Greek 
cuilom  of  marking  their  abfolution  by 
w^hite  ftones,  a  ivhite  Jlone  given  by 
Chrill,  denotes  a  full  pardon  and  a 
glorious  reward  ;  or  what  if  it  denote 
Jefus  himfelf  ?  Rev.  ii.  17.  A  gift  is 
like  a  precious  Jlone  ;  it  is  highly  valued, 
and  tends  to  procure  to  us  what  we 
wifli,  Prov.  xvii.  8.  As  he  that  bindeth 
a  Jlone  in  a  Jling,  rendereth  it  unfit  for  , 
being  thrown  ;  fo  to  give  honour  to  a 
fool,  is  quite  unprofitable  :  or  it  is  as 
ufekfs  work,  as  to  call  a  precious  Hone 
into  a  heap  of  ftones  :  or  it  is  as  ill 
placed  as  a  cQarfe  ftone,  when  bound 
up  in  a  piece  of  fine  purple  cloth,  Prov. 
XX vi.  8. 

STOOLS  ;  a  feat  for  women  in 
child-birth,  to  promote  their  delivery, 
Exod.  i.  16.;  but  the  fame  word  is 
trandated  ivheels,  ox  frame  for  a  potter, 
Jer.  xviii.  3. 

STOP;  (i.)  Toclofeup,  2  Tim. 
iii.  19.  (2.)  To  hinder;  caufe  to 
ceafe,  2  Cor.  xi.  10.  To  flop  breaches^ 
is  to  repair  and  build  up,   Neh.  iv.  7. 

See   MOUTH,   EAR. 

STOOP;  (i.)  To  bow  down, 
John  viii.  6.  (2.)  To  fall  into  a  low 
condition  ;  to  come  to  ruin.  If.  xlvi.  i. 
(3.)   To  a6l  fecretly.   Gen.  xlix.  9. 

STORE;  (i.)  Provifion  laid  up, 
Gen.  xH.  36.  (2.)  Abundance  ;  plen- 
ty. Gen.  xxvi.  14.  God  lays  up  his 
judgements  injlore,  and  feals  them  a- 
mong  his  treafures,  when  he  decrees 
them,  and  prepares  to  execute  them, 
Deut.  xxxii.  34.  'Mcnjlore  up  violence 
and  robbery,  when  they  increafe  in  it 
more  and  more,  and  lay  up  what  they 
procure  by  means  of  it,  Amos  iii.  10. 
They  lay  up  in  Jlore  for  the  poor^    when 

'  they 


S  T  O  f 

they  fet  afide  and  colle£l  money  for 
them,  I  Cor.  xvi.  2.  Store-elites,  are 
fuch  wherein  fopd,  clothing,  armour, 
or  other  necefTary  things,  are  laid  up, 
2  Chron.  viii,  4.  xvii.  12.  Store-houjls 
or  garners,  are  houfes  for  laying  up 
corns,  and  other  provlfion,  in  them, 
I  Chron.  xxvii.  25.  God  lays  up  tlie 
fea  in  Jiorc-houfes  ;  in  its  proper  bed, 
that  it  may  remain  there  till  he  draw 
it  forth  for  rain,  hail,  or  fnow,  as  he 
pleafeth,  Pfal.  xxxiii.  7.  The  gofpel- 
church,  and  heaven,  are  Chrill's  gar- 
ner or  BARN,  into  which  he  brings  his 
chofen  people,  and  lays  them  up  for 
his  own   ufe,  Matth.  iii.  12.    xiii.  30. 

See  TREASURE. 

STORK;  a  fowl.  Its  beak  and 
legs  are  long  and  red.  Its  plumage  or 
feathers  are  white,  except  that  the  tip 
of  its  wings,  and  fome  part  of  its  head 
and  thighs  are  black.  Storks  are  a- 
bout  the  fize  of  a  goofe  ;  but  when 
they  Hand  ered,  they  are  about  three 
or  four  feet  high.  They  feed  on  frogs, 
ferpents,  and  infe6ts :  they  are  ex- 
tremely careful  of,  and  kind  to  their 
parents  :  they  build  their  nefts  in  fir- 
trees,  in  Canaan,  as  the  houfes  were 
flat,  Pfal.  civ.  17.:  but  in  Europe, 
they  build  their  nefts  on  towers  and 
tops  of  houfes.  They  arc  birds  of  paf- 
fage,  which  in  Auguft  leave  the  cold 
climates,  and  return  to  them  in  the 
Spring,  Jer.  viii.  7.  The  Jewilh  law 
declared  them  unclean.  Lev.  xi.  19.; 
but  they  are  now  reckoned  a  delicate 
dilh.  Befides  the  common  llork,  there 
is  a  black  kind  in  Egypt,  called  Ibis, 
famed  for  devouring  the  ferpents  that 
attempt  to  come  into  that  country ;  and 
there  is  a  grey  kind  In  Brafil,  called 
magauri.  Some  ftorks  are  extremely 
fet  on  revenging  injuries  done  them, 
even  long  after  they  are  done. 

STORM  ;  tempeft  of  wind  or  rain, 
or  of  both  mixed,  Acls  xxvii.  18.  20. 
God's  judgements  are  likened  to  TnJIorm 
or  tempejlf  as  they  terrify,  diftrefs,  and 
hurl  away  men,  and  ruin  the  wicked. 
Job  xxvii.  21.  Pfal.  Ixxxiii.  15.  xi.  6. 
If.  XXX.  30.  llv.  1 1.  Deftroying  armies 
arc  likened  to  a  Jlorm ;  they,  with 
great  noife,  fuddenly  attack,   ruin  and 


475    ]     .  S  T  R 

deftroy  nations  and  places,  Ezek.  xiii. 
1 1,  xxxviii.  9.  \X.JJ:aU  be  very  tempejlu- 
ous  or  Itormy  round  about  him.  —  God's 
deliverance  of  his  people  from  the  Af- 
fyrians  and  Chaldeans,  was  ufhered  in 
with  terrible  calamities  on  the  nations. 
Chrift's  coming  in  the  flefli,  was  pre- 
ceded by  terrible  wars,  by,  and  among 
the  Romans  ;  and  his  death  and  afcen- 
fion  were  followed  by  the  terrible  o- 
verthrow  of  the  Jevvifli  nation  :  his  de- 
liverance of  his  church  from  the  Hea- 
then emperors,  was  attended  with  fear- 
ful commotions  and  bloodflied  ;  and  fo 
fliall  his  coming  to  deftroy  Antichrift  : 
—  and  what  tremendous  appearances 
may  urtier  in  his  laft  coming,  we  can- 
not conceive,   Pfal.  1.  3. 

STORY;  (i.)  Ahiftory,  an  ac- 
count of  events,  2  Chron.  xiii.  22. 
(  2. )  A  floor  of  a  building,  where  there 
are  rooms  one  above  another.  Noah's 
ark,  and  Ezekiel's  vifionaiy  fide-cham- 
bers, had  three  ftories,  one  above  ano- 
ther. Gen.  vi.  16.  Ezek.  xH.  16- 
The  heavens  being,  as  it  were,  erefted 
one  above  another,  are  called  God's 
Jlories,  I.  e.   of  his  palace,  Amos  ix.  6. 

8T0UT  ;  ftrong,  full  of  courage, 
and  terrible.  Job  iv.  11.  Dan.  vii.  20. 
Stovlnefs  of  heart  and  words,  import 
obftinate  haughtinefs  and  pride,  If. 
xlvi.  12.   Mai.  iii.  1 3. 

STRAIGHT;  (ll)  Even;  with- 
out crookedaiefs,  Luke  xiii.  13.  Acts 
ix.  II.  (2.)  Plain;  without  rifings 
and  hollows,  or  impediments,  (s*) 
Diredly  forward,  witho.ut  turning  toi 
either  fide,  Jofh.  vi.  5.  None  can 
Ta?ikt  Jiraight  what  God  has  made  crook' 
ed,  i.  e.  no  body  can  alter  the  purpofes 
or  providences  of  God,  or  free  their 
own  lot  of  thofe  afflictions  that  God 
has  appointed  to  it,  Eccl.  vii.  13.  i.  15. 

STRAIGHTWAY;  in  a  little 
while;   immediately,    i  Sam.  ix.  13. 

STRAIN.      See  GNAT. 

STRAIT;  (i.)  Narrov^  and  with 
little  room,  2  Kings  vi.  i.  (2.)  A 
diftrefsful  difficulty,  wherein  one  knows 
not  what  to  do,  2  Sam.  xxlv.  14.  Job 
xxxvi.  16.     See  gate. 

To  straiten  perfons,  is  to  difable 
them,  Mic.  ii.  7. ;  or  to  trouble  them. 


O  2 


Job 


ST  R  [     476    1 

Job  xviii.  7.  Ye  are  not  Jlralknsd  in 
us,  but  ye  are  Jlrmtened  in  your  own 
bowels  J  your  trouble  and  forrow  con- ' 
cerning  the  incefluous  pcrfon,  is  ov,-- 
ing  to  yourfclves,  not  to  me  ;  and  your 
not  having  more  comfort  and  plea- 
fure  in  us,  is  owing  to  yourfelvcs, 
2  Cor.  vi.  12.  Straitness  ;  want  of 
liberty  j  trouble ;  perplexity,  Job  xxxvi. 
16.  Deut.  xxviii.  53.  Jcr.  xix.  9. 
^  STRANGE;  (i.)  Of  another  na- 
tion, family,  or,  religion,  I  Kings  xi. 
I.  (2.)  Uncommon,  Job  xxxi.  3.  If. 
xxviii.  21.  (3.)  Unacquainted  with  ; 
unknown,  Gen.  xhi.  7.  Job  xix.  3. 
Ezek.  iii.  6.  (4.)  Not  allowed  of 
God  ;  not  proper  to  be  ufcd  in  fuch  a 
manner  ;  fo  common  fire  is  Q-;^\^^Jirange 
firey  as  not  proper  to  be  ufed  in  burn- 
ing incenfe.  Lev.  x.  i.  Jude  7.  Prov. 
XX.  16.   Heb.  xiii.  9. 

A  STRANGER,  is,  (i.)  One  wlio  is 
in  a  foreign  land,  at  a  diilance  from  the 
place  of  his  nativity,  Gen.  xxiii.  4. 
(2.)  One  who  is  not  a  Jew,  Exod. 
XX.  10.  If.  XIV.  I.  (3.)  One  not  of 
Aaron's  family,  Numb.  iii.  10.  xvi. 
40.  {4.)  One  that  is  not  of  the  royal 
iioqk  and  family,  Matth.  xvii.  25.  26. 
(5.)  Unknown;  difregarded,  Pfal. 
Ixix.  8.  (6.)  Not  our  own  property  : 
thus  whorifli  women  are  c?i\\^^J}rangers, 
znd  Ji range  ivomen,  Prov.  v."  10.  20. 
{7.)  Captive;  perfecuted,  Obad.  12. 
Heb.  xiii.  2.  (8.)  The  faints  are 
jirangers  on  earth  ;  they  are  born  from 
above;  have  their  pofTeilion  and  conver- 
fation  in  heaven,  and  do  but  travel 
through  this'  ^-orld  to  their  home  ;  and 
are  difliked,  und  often  ill-uled  by  the 
jncn  of  it,  Pfal.  xxxijc.  22.  Heb.  xi. 
^3«  (9')  Heathens,  and  profane  and 
wicked  perfons,  are  called  firangcrs  ; 
they  are  ilrangers  to  themlelvcs,  to 
God,  to  Chrill,  and  to  the  new  cove- 
nant, and  to  fellowlliip  with  God  ;  and 
they  hate  and  abhor  the  people  of  God, 
3Eph.  ii.  12.  Joel  iii.  17.  Pfal.  hv.  3. 
(10.)  Falfe  teachers  are  called  7?r^n- 
gersy  as  they  have  no  right  to  the  of- 
fice they  affume  ;  nor  do  Chrift,  or  his 
people,  as  dire6ted  of  him,  own  them,. 
or  cultivate  intimacy  with  them,  John 
x»  '$.-    T\itjlrange.n  that  devoured  the 


S  T  R 


itrength  of  Ephraim,  were  the  Syriarf^ 
and  Alfyrians,  Hof.vii.  9.  The  Zi- 
phitcs  were  Jirangers ;  were  wicked 
men,  were  unfriendly  to  David,  even 
though  they  knew  not  of  any  oft'ence  he 
had  given,  Ffal.  liv.  i.  —  Anciently 
hofpitality  and  kindnefs  to  ftrangers 
was  much  in  vogue.  As  there  were  but 
few  inns,  it  was  common  for  vrelldifpo- 
fed  people  to  invite  fuch  ftrangers  as 
they  obferved,  to  lodging  a:nd  enter- 
tainment in  their  houfes,  Gen.  xviii. 
xix.  Judg.  xix.:  nor  is  it  to  ouj  ho- 
nour that  this  cullom  is  fo  much  dropt, 
liith.  xiii.  2.  God  required  the  He- 
brews to  ufe  great  kindnefs  to  Grangers 
who  were  not  of  the  accurfed  nations  ; 
and  in  refpe6l  of  gleaning  of  the  fields 
or  vineyards,  and  feveral  other  cafes, 
they  were  to  be  ufed  as  the  f^therlefs 
and  the  widow,  and  had  accefs  to  the 
ordinances  of  God,  and  benefit  of  the 
cities  of  refuge*  Did  not  this  prefi- 
gmCj  that,  by  the  tender  mercy  of 
God,  the  Gentiles,  once  long  ahena- 
ted  from  him,  fliould  be  brought  inta 
a  church-ftate,  and  enjoy  the  diftin- 
guifhed  bleflings  of  Heaven  ?  Bxod.; 
xxii.  I.  Lev.  xix.  10.  Numb.  xv.  14. 
xix.  10.  XXXV.  19. 

STRANGLE;  to  kill  by  a  kind 
of  hanging,  or  tearing  afunder  ;  or  it 
may  be  put  for  killing  in  general.  Job 
vii.  5.  The  Affyrian  I'lo^i  JlrcngUd  for 
Ins  lionefs  /  their  kings  murdered  and 
fpoiled  other  nations,  that  they  might 
enrich  their  ladies  and  their  ftatc  with 
the  prey,  Nah.  ii.  T2.  Animals^r^^w^- 
led  had  not  the  blood  duly  feparated 
from  the  flefh,  and  were  forborne  by 
the  primitive  Chriilians,  for  preventing 
the  offence  of  Jewilh  converts,  A6l» 
XV.  20. 

To  STRAW,  is  to  fcatter;  fpread 
along,  Exod.  xxxii.  20.  Matth.  xxi.  8. 
To  ejlecm  iron  as  ftrazvy  and  darts  .  as 
Jluhhle,  is  to  fear  no  hurt  from  darts, 
and  other  weapons  made  of  it.  Job  xh. 
27.  29.  The  Itonjhall  eat  Jlraw  as  the 
ox;  the  moft  furious  perfecutors  fhall 
be  rendered  meek  and  laborious  faints, 
feeding  upon  the  fimple  and  wholefomc 
truths  of  the  gofpel.  If.  xi.  7. 

STREAM*     iSee  water. 

STREET^ 


S  T  R  [    477    ]  S  T  R 

STREET;   (i.)^Tlie  broad  _^\iys     his  youtliful  and  flrong  conilitution  \n 

whoredom,  Prov.  xxxi.  3.  (5.)  Ef- 
feds  of  ftrength  :  fo  the  high  praifes 
of  Chrift  by  the  babes  of  Jerufalem  are 
called  Jln-ngih ;  they   praifed    with   all 


/s 
in  cities  and  towns,  Gen.  xix.  2.  Prov. 
vii.  12.  (2.)  The  houfes  that  face 
thefe  broad  ways,  Dan.  ix.  25.  Pub- 
lic ordinances,  to  which  all  men,  great 
and  fmall,  good  and  bad,  have  acccls, 
are  c-AXdAJIreets  and  broad  nvays^  Pro\'. 
i.  20.  Song  iii.  e.  The  golden  Jlrcds 
of  the  nc\<'  Jerufalem,  may  either  de- 
note the  pure  and  precious  ordinances 
of  the  church  in  her  millennial  (late  ; 
or  Jefus  as  the  foundation  of  the  faints 
holy  walk  in  heaven,  as  well  as  on  earth, 
Rev.  xxi.  21.  Minillcrs  are  to  go  out 
into  th«  JireetSy  lanes,  highways,  and 
hedges,  to  call  men  to  Chrift  ;  i.  e.  they 
are  in  the  moil  open  and  diligent  man- 
ner, to  fearch  out,  and  call  finners  of 
ever)'  ft:ation,  and  in  every  place,  where 
Providence  gi\t:s  them  an  opportunity, 
to  come  to  a  Saviour,  I^uke  xiv.  21.  23. 
STRENGTH;  (1.)  Ability,  na- 
tural  or  fpiritiial,  job  xxxix.  19.  Pfal. 
XX.  6.  Rev.  iii.  8.  (2.)  The  caufe  of 
llrength  and  ability,  Neh.  viii.  lo.  ;  fo 
God  and  Chrill  are  called  the-  Jlrengt.b 
of  the  faints,  Exod.  xv.  2.  Pfal.  xcix.  4. 
Phil.  iv.  13.  God  is  thu  Jirength  of 
Chrift  ;  he  aflifts  and  fupports  him  in 
his  mediatory  work,  Pfal.  xxviii.  8. 
Chrift  is  G^ji^sfirength,  as,  in  his  work 
of  mediation,  Go6^s  J} rength  is  difplay- 
ed,  and  his  powerful  influences  convey- 
ed to  our  heart,  1  Chron.  xvi.  4.  If. 
xxvii.  5.  Tiie  ark  is  called  God's 
ftrengthy  as  it  was  the  fymbol  or  badge 
of  the  prefence  of  God  with  Ifracl,  as 
their  fupporter,  defender,  and  the  caufe 
of  their  llrength,  Pfal.  Ixxviii.  61.  com- 
pared with  Pfal.  cxxxii.  8.  The  inha- 
bitants of  Jerufalem   arc   their  rulers, 

Jh-ength  in  the  Lord  ;  i.  e.  through  his 
aflifiancejthey  kipport  and  defend  them, 
and  procure  vidtory,  Zech.  xii.  5.  ( 3. ) 
That  which  poll'cfleth  great  power  and 
ability  :  thus  a  numerous  and  valiant 
army  are  c2X[q(}i  Jlnngtby  Judg.  v.  21. 
The   firlt-bom   are    confidered   as    the 

Jircngthy  or  chief  fupport  of  families. 
Gen.  xllx.  3.  Deut.xxi.  17.  Pf.  Ixxviii. 
51.  cv.  36.  (4.)  Youth,  or  mid-time 
vf  life,  when  one  is  at  his  full  degree 
of  ftrength,  Job  xxi.  23.  ;  and  lo  give 
ene*t  Jirength  unto  womcnj   is   to  walle 


their  might,  and  t! 


the 


of 


God  was  manifeftcd,  Pfal.  viii.  2.  :  and 
a   orreat   deliverance    wrought   for  the 

o  o 

church  is  CdWuAJIrengthj  Rev.  xii.  10.  ; 
and  the  earth  yields  its  ftrength^  when 
it  produces  fueh  a  plentiful  crop,  as  its 
natural  quality,  maiun-e,  and  feafon,  arc 
capable  of.  Gen. iv.  12.  To  strength- 
en, ivS,  (i.)  To  make  ft:rong,  2  Chron. 
xii.  I.  (2.)  To  encourage,  in  order  to 
render  bold  and  vigorous,  Deut.  iii.  28. 
Pfal.  Iii.  7.  (3.)  To  repair  what  ia 
weak  and  decayed,   Rev.  iii.  2.     God 

Jlrcngthens  what  he  wrought  for  his 
people,  when  he  fccures  Jto  them  the 
mercies  he  has  already  beftowed,  and 
works  for  them  fliill  greater  favours, 
Pfal.  Ixviii.  28.  He  Jlrengthened  the 
fountains  of  the  great  deep,  when  he 
fixed  their  channels  of  conveyance,  and 
gave  them  their  powers  to  caft  fortll 
their  water,  Prov.  viii.  28. 

STRONG;  (i.)  That  which  has 
much  ftrength,  or  difcovcrs  much  of 
it,  Exod.  vi.  I.  (2.)  Firm  and  furc, 
Pfal.  XXX.  7.  (3.)  Vehement  and  vi- 
gorous. Song  viii.  6.  Job  xxxiii.  19. 
(4.)  Courageous,  Hag.  ii.  4.  Ezek. 
iii.  8.  (5.)  Large;  abundant;  and 
very  invigorating,  Heb.  vi.  18.  (6.) 
Loud,  Rev.  xviii.  2.  Satan  is  called 
thejlrovg  many  and  Chrift;  the  Jlronger  : 
with  much  power  and  aftivity  Satan 
keeps  poftcfTion  of,  and  exercifts  domi- 
nion over  our  heart  ;  but  with  fuperior 
power,  flcill,  and  vigour,  Jefus  conquers 
it  from  him,  and  drives  him  out,  Mat. 
xii.  29.  Luke  xi.  22. 

STRETCH;  (i.)  To  extend; 
fpread  out.  If.  xhv.  13.  Pf.  civ.    God's 

JlretcJAng  out  his  handy  imports  his  noted 
difplay  of  his  power,  Afts  iv.  30. ;  or 
his  earneft:  invitation  of  finners  to  the 
fellowftiip  of  his  fon,  Prov.  i.  24.  Mens 

Jlr etching  their  hands  to  God  or  idols, 
imports  worftu'p  of  them,  as  wnth  hands 
lifted  up,  and  expectation  of  good  from 
them,  Pfal.  Ixviii.  31.  Ixxxviii.  9.  xliv. 
2C.    To  JIn:uh  out  the  hand  vl^'aiuH  one. 


STR  [    478 

ss  to  rebel ;  to  feek  to  deflroy  liim,  Job  pie, 
XV.  25.  Luke  xxii.  53.  To  Jlretch  or 
reach  the  hand  to  the  poor,  imports  de- 
iire  and  readinefs  to  fupply  their  wants, 
Prov.  xxxi.  20.  Stretching  out  of  the  iiech, 
imports  immodeily,  haughtinefs,  and 
pride,  If.  iii.  1 6.  Stretching  on  beds  of 
ivory,  and  eating  fatted  lambs  and  calves, 
imports  living  in  fecurity,  eafe,  and  lux- 
ury, Amos  vi.  4. 

STRIKE;  (i.)  To  give  blows, 
Mark  xiv.  65.  (2.)  To  cut,  Deut. 
xxi.  4,  (3.)  To  pierce,  Prov.  vii.  23. 
Job  XX.  24.  (4.)  To  affli6l  ;  to  pu- 
nifh.  If.  i.  5.  liii.  4.  8.  (5.)  To  ftroke 
gently,  2  Kings  v.  1 1.  (6. )  To  fprinkle 
with  force,  Exod.  xii.  7.  22.     To  be 

Jlrtchen  in  years  or  age,  is  to  be  old, 
X.uke  i.  7.  Kflrihery  is  one  ready  to 
come  to  blows  with  his  neighbour  on 
the  leaft  provocation.  Tit.  i.  7.  A 
STROKE,  is,  (i.)  A  blow  given,  Deut. 
xix.  5.  (2.)  DiHrefs  ;  a  calamity,  Job 
xxiii.  2.  (3.)  A  fudden  death,  Job 
xxxvi.  18.    Ezek.  xxiv.  16.     A  fool's 

.mouth  calleih  for  frohes  ;  his  foohfh  lan- 
guage provokes  God  to  affli6l  him,  and 
men  to  beat  him,  Prov.  xviii.  6. 

•  STRING  for  a  bow,  Pfal.  xxi.  12.  ; 
©r  for  a  mufical  inltruraent,  Pf.  xxxii.  2. 
STRIP  ;  ( I.)  To  take  off  clothes, 
Numb.  XX.  26.  (2.)  To  bereave  men 
of  wealth,  honour,  liberty,  and  other 
things  agreeable,  Hof.  ii.  3.  Ezek.  xvi. 

39- 

STRIPE  ;  a  lafh  with  a  whip  or 
fcourge,  Deut.  xxv.  3.  (2.)  A  wound 
made  by  fuch  a  lafh,  Adls  xvi.  33.  (  3. ) 
Affliftions  and  punifliments,  If.  liii.  5. 
2  Sam.  vii.  14.   Luke  xii.  47. 

STRIPLING  ;  a  young  man,  i  Sam. 
xvii.  ^6, 

STRIVE  ;  (i.)  To  contend  in  de- 
fires,  in  words,  or  with  hands,  Gen. 
xxvi.  20.  (2.)  To  endeavour  earneft- 
ly,  Rom.  XV.  20.  (3.)  To  be  given 
to  llrife  and  debate,  2  Tim,  ii.  24.  God 
Jlrives  iv'ith  men,  when,  by  the  revelation 
of  his  will,  the  convidlions  of  his  Spi- 
rit, and  the  difpenfations  of  his  provi- 
dence, he  checks  their  going  on  in  hn, 
Gen.  vi.  3.  God  frove  with  the  Le- 
^ites  at  Kadell:i,  wlien  he  reproved,  and 
chaftifed  Mofes  and  Aaron,  their  chiefs, 
Jor  Dot  fan«^fying  him  before  the  peo- 


1        s  T  u 

Deut.  xxxiii.  8.  Men  fir'ive  with 
God,  when  they  refill  the  motions  of 
his  Spirit,  contemn  the  offers  of  his 
grace,  rebel  againfl  his  laws,  and  op- 
pofe  his  providence,  by  going  on  in 
their  wickednefs,  If.  xlv.  9.  Job  xxxiii. 
1 3 .  lihty  flrive  together  in  prayer,  when , 
witli  the  utmofl  earneftnefs,  they  jointly 
aflc,  and  plead  for  the  beflowal  of  good 
things  on  miniflers  and  others,  Rom. 
XV.  30.  T^hcy  firive  to  enter  in  at  the 
llrait  gate,  when,  in  the  careful  and  ear- 
neil  ufe  of  God's  ordinances,  they  fludy 
to  receive  Chrift,  and  be  created  anew 
in  him,  Luke  xiii.  24.  They  Jlrive  for 
the  faith,  and  againjlfin,  when  they  do 
or  fuffer,  as  called,  to  the  uttermoft, 
to  maintain  and  promote  the  honour  of 
gofpel-truth,  and  to  fhun  and  oppofe 
fin  in  tliemfelves  and  others,  Phil.  i.  27. 
Heb.  xii.  4.  Striving  or  strife,  im- 
ports all  kind  of  contention,  i  Tim. 
vi.  4.  Tit.  iii.  9.  ;  or  war,  Judg.  xii.  2. 
Pfal.  xxii.  44.  The  firife  of  tongues,  is 
abufive  language,  reproach,  Pfal.  xxxi. 
20.  The  Hebrews  were  made  ^Jirife 
to  their  neighbours,  when  the  nations 
around  ftrove  with  them,  and  fought 
their  ruin  ;  or  when  they  contended 
who  fliould  have  the  largeft  (hare  of 
the  captives  and  fpoil,  Pfal.  Ixxx.  6. 

STRONG.     See  strength. 

STRUGGLE  ;  to  ftrive  earneftly 
as  in  clofe  gripes.  Gen.  xxv.  22*. 

STUBBLE,  is  of  fmall  or  no  value  ; 
of  no  flrejigth  or  force  ;  is  eafily  fcat- 
tered  wich  the  wind,  and  eafily  burnt. 
Job  xiii.  25.  xii.  29.  xxi.  18.  Joelii.  5. 
Wicked  men  are  as  Jlubhle,  of  fmall 
flrength  or  worth,  are  eafily  fcattered 
by  the  blall  of  God's  judgements,  and 
burnt  in  the  fire  of  his  wrath,  Pfal. 
Ixxxiii.  14.  If.  xl.- 24.  Mai.  iv.  I.  Falfe 
doctrines  are  as  stubble,  of  no  worth; 
of  no  force  to  convince  or  comfort  mens 
confcience,  and  cannot  abide  the  trial 
of  God's  word,  i  Cor.  iii.  12.  The 
AfTyrian  projefts  againil  the  Jews  were 
?i9,fiuhhle  ;  their  onvn  breath  as  fre  devour- 
ed them,  and  they  <were  as  the  burning  of 
lime ;  their  purpofes  were  quite  fruit- 
Icfs,  and  their  mad  rage  againfl  the 
people  of  God  brought  ruin  on  them, 
felves,   If.  xxxiii.  Ii.  12, 

STUBBORN 


S  T  U  [4 

STUBBORN  ;  obfti'nately  bent  up- 
on an  evil  way,  contrary  to  the  will  of 
God,  or  of  human  fuperiors,  Deut. 
ix.  27.  Prov.  vii.  11.  The  Jewllh  law 
allowed  parents  to  profecute  thciry////'- 
born  children  to  death,  Deut.  xxl.  18. 
— 21. 

STUD  in  clothing,  is  a  button,  or  or- 
nament. The  ordinances  of  the  church, 
and  the  gifts  and  graces  of  her  mem- 
bers, are  cdWcdiJluds  of  fiher,  as  they 
Uiightily  adorn  her,   Soiig  i.  11. 

STUDY;  (i.)  To  meditate  ;  think 
of,  Prov.  XV.  28.  (2.)  To  devife  ;  to 
plot,  Prov.  xxiv.  2.  (3.)  To  endea- 
vour earnetUy,  i  TheiT.  iv.  11.  The 
chiefy///^  of  the  Hebrews,  command- 
ed of  God,  was  the  knowledge  and  ob- 
fervation  of  his  law  :  this  they  were  to 
have  deep  fixed  on  their  heart,  and  on 
every  proper  occafion  to  difcourfe  there- 
of to  their  children,  Exod.xiii.9.  Deut. 
vi.  7.  They  fearched  into  the  meaning 
of  the  predictions,  and,  no  doubt,  alfo 
of  the  types,  Dan.  ix.  2.  i  Pet.  i.  11. 
They  ftudied  the  hiilories  and  genea- 
logies with  great  care  ;  and  it  is  faid, 
their  children  could  have  exaftly  re- 
hearfed  all  thefe  in  the  book  of  Chro- 
nicles. After  the  time  of  Alexander 
they  began  to  iHudy  Heathen  learning. 
In  our  Saviour's  time,  their  great  care 
was  to  invent  carnal  explications  of  the 
types  and  prediftions  of  the  fcripture, 
but  chiefly  the  traditions  of  the  elders  : 
nor  are  they  to  this  day  cured  of  their 
folly. 

STUFF;  (i.)  Houfehold-furniture, 
Gen.  xxxi.  37.  (2.)  Corn  ;  provifion, 
I  Sam.  X.  22. 

STUMBLE  ;  (i.)  To  trip  or  Aide 
with  the  foot,  till  one  is  in  danger  of 
falling,  I  Chron.  xiii.  9.  (2.)  To  fall 
into  miftakes,  dangers,  or  dillrefs.  If. 
Ixix.  10.  viii.  15.  (3.)  To  take  of- 
fence at  any  thing  ;  and  fo  fall  into 
fm  and  danger.  Men  Humble  at  Chrift 
and  his  law,  as  their  Jlumb ling-block  or 
Hone,  when,  from  their  wicked  and 
carnal  difpofition,  they  difreliili  his  ap- 
pearances, rejecl  his  perfon,  and  miftake 
the  meaning  of  his  law,  and  rebel  againft 
it,  Rom.  ix.  33.  xi.  1 1.  i  Cor.  i.  23. 
I  Pet.  ii.  8.    Mai.  fi,  8.     A  pmUhg- 


79     1  SUB 

blocks  is  what,  lying  in  one's  way,  occa- 
fions  his  falling.  Lev.  xix.  14. ;  or  what 
occafions  mens  failing  into/in  and  dan- 
ger. Mens  idols,  and  their  wealth,  arc 
thc.Jlumbl'ing-hloch  of  their  iniquity  ;  as  they 
are  the  temptations  to,  and  objed  or 
occaiion  of  their  fm,  and  the  means 
of  their  ruin,  E/ek.  xiv.  13.  vii.  19. 
Zeph.  i.  3.  God  lays  a  Jlumbling-hlocf^ 
bifore  men^  when  he  tryftcs  them  with 
fuch  fmiling  and  afHidive  providences 
as  they  improve  for  their  finning  and 
ruin,  Ezek.  iii.  20.  Jer.  vi.  21.  By 
the  imprudent  ufe  of  Chriftian  liberty 
in  things  indifferent,  men  lay  a  Jhim- 
bling-block  before  others,  as  it  occafioiis 
their  lofmg  their  integrity  and  comfort, 
Rom.  xiv.  13.  I  Cor.  viii.  9.  By  ad- 
vifmg  Midianitifh  women  to  go  into  the 
Hebrew  camp,  and  feduce  them  to 
whoredom  and  idolatry,  Balaam  laid  a 
JlumUing-bloch  before  the  children  of  If- 
rael,  by  means  oT  which  they  were  en- 
ticed to  fm,  and  puniflied  with  diflrefs. 
Rev.  ii.  14.   Numb,  xxv, 

STUMP;  (i.)  The  thickcfl  part 
of  a  tree,  Dan.  iv.  15.;  and  denoted 
Nebuchadnezzar's  manhood,  and  his 
title  to  the  kingdom.  (2.)  The  body 
of  the  id.  1,  between  the  legs  and  neck, 
I  Sam.  V.  4. 

SUBDUE.  See  conquer. 
^  SUBJECT  :  (i.)  Under  law;  obe- 
dient, Eph.  v.  24.  Col.ii.20.  Tit. iii.  I, 
And  to  subject,  is  to  bring  into  a 
ftate  of  obedience:  and  subjection, 
is  a  Hate  of  obedience  or  bondage,  Heb. 
ii.  5.  8.  Pfal.  cvi.  42.  ;  or  performance 
of  obedience,  iTim.  ii.  11.  iii.  4.  The 
creature  nvas  made  fuhjeci  to  vanity,  not 
tuilUnglyy  but  by  reafon  of  him  ivho  fub- 
jeBed  the  fame  in  hope.  The  lower  crea- 
tion, in  its  various  parts,  did  not  of  its 
own  accord  fall  into  its  prefent  empty, 
difagreeable,  and  perifhing  eftate  ;  but 
God,  to  punifh  man's  fm,  reduced  it 
hereto,  meanwhile  intending  to  recover 
it  to  its  former  liberty  and  glor)-,  Rom. 
viii.  20. 

SUBMIT  ;  to  yield  one's  felf  to  the 
will  of  another,  i  Chron.  xxix.  24.  To 
fubmit  to  the  rightcoufnefs  of  God,  is  to 
prefer  the  obedience  and  fuffering  of 
Jcfus  Chri/l  to  our  own  rightcoufnefs, 

and 


SUB  [     480     1  sue 


and  accept  it  as  the  fole  rigbteoufnefs 
that  can  juftlfy  us  before  God,  Rom. 
X.  3. 

SUBORN  ;  to  exciie,  hire,  and  di- 
re6l  qne  to  bear  falfe  witnefs,  Ads vi.  1 1 . 

SUBSCRIBE  ;  to  confirm  a  writ 
of  petition,  bargain,  or  donation,  by- 
writing  our  name  under  it.  To  fubfcribe 
<with  the  hand  to  the  Lord,  imports  a 
folemn  funender  of  ourfelvcs  to  Jefus 
Chrift,  as  an  all-fufficient  Saviour  and 
honourable  Mailer,  whether  in  thought, 
word,  or  writ.  If.  xliv.  5. 

SUBSTANCE;  (i.)  That  which 
a  perfon  or  thing  coniiils  of,  Pfal. 
cy^yiviiyi.  15.  (2.)  A  creature,  Gen. 
vii.  4.  (3.)  The  moifture,  natural 
ftrength  of  a  tree.  If.  vi.  13.  (4. )  The 
wealth  that  belongs  to  one,  Deut.  xi.  6. 
Jofh.  xiv.  4.  (5.)  A  folid  and  lading 
happinefs  of  grace  and  glory,  Prov. 
viii.  21.  Heb.  x.  34.  The  faints  are 
t\Lt  fuhftance  of  a  land  i  they  are  the  rnoft 
valuable  perfons  in  it,  and  are  the  means 
of  averting  judgements,  and  procuring 
blefTmgs  to  it.  If.  vi.  13.  Faith  is  the 
Juhjlance  of  things  hoped  for  ;  it  is  a  hear- 
ty, fure,  fubHantial,  and  hope-fupport- 
ing  perfuafion  of  the  fulfilment  of  God's 
promlfes,  which  renders  us  as  truly  cer- 
tain of  the  future  blefiednefs,  as  if  we 
already  poffefled  it,  Heb.  xi.  i.  If  a 
man  as^ould give  all  the  fuhjiance  of  his  houfe 
for  lovCi  it  nuould  utterly  be  contemned. 
Love  to  Jefus  Chrift  cannot  be  purcha- 
fed  with  worldly  wealth  ;  nor  could  all 
the  wealth  of  creation  bribe  a  lover  of 
him  into  a  hater  of  him,   Song  viii.  7. 

SUBTLE  ;  crafty  ;  capable  and 
ready  to  beguile,  Gen.  iii.  i.  Prov, 
vii.  10.  Subtlety,  with  mifchievous 
craft  and  deceit,  i  Sam.  xxiii.  22.  Acls 
vii.  19.  Subtlety,  (i.)  Extenfive 
^illand  prudence,  Prov.  i.  4.  viii.  f  12. 
(2.)  Deceitful  craftinefs,  A6ls  xiii.  10. 

SUBVERT ;  to  turn  away  from 
truth  and  equity.  Tit.  i.  11.  Lam. 
iii.  36.  One  is  fubvertedy  when  quite 
turned  from  divine  truth,  and  fixed  In 
«rror,  Tit.  ill.  1 1. 

The  Hebrew  SUBURBS,  included 
not  only  the  buildings  without  the  walls 
cf  their  cities,  but  alfo  the  pafture- 
grounds  about.     The  Levites  had  the 


ground  without  the  walls  of  their  cI" 
ties,  to  the  extent  of  3000  cubits,  or 
5472  feet  on  every   fide.   Numb.  xxxv. 

SUCCEED  ;  to  come  into  the  place 
of  others  after  they  are  gone  out  of  it : 
fo  a  ion  fucceeds  his  fatlier,  by  poffefTrng 
what  he  had  ;  and  fo  the  Hebrewsy/y^- 
ceeded  the  Canaanites  in  poffelfing  their 
land,  Deut.  xxv.  6.  xii.  24.  It  alfo 
fignifies  to  profper  in  a  work  ;  and  fo 
SUCCESS,  is  an  happy  Iffue,  Jofli.  i.  8. 

SUCCOTH;  (i.)  A  place  in  E- 
gypt,  where  the  Hebrews,  firft  fet  up 
their  tents  or  fuccoth^  Exod.  xii.  37. 
(2.)  A  city  on  the  call  of  Jordan,  and 
fouth  of  the  fea  of  Galilee,  built  where 
Jacob  fet  up  his  tents  or  fuccoth,  as 
he  came  from  Padan-aram,  Gen.  xxxiii. 
17.  It  belonged  to  the  Gadltes,  Jofli. 
xiii.  27.  The  elders  thereof  were  torn 
to  pieces  with  thorns  by  Gideon,  be- 
caufe  they  refufed  a  refrefhment  to  his 
wearied  troops,  Judg.  viii.  It  feems 
there  was  a  valley  near  it,  where  per- 
haps Hiram  caft  the. large  utenfils  for 
the  temple,  Pfal.  Ix.  6.    i  Kings  vii.  46. 

Whether  Succoth-Benoth  be  the 
AiTyrlan  Venus  or  Milytta,  the  obfcene 
goddefs,  in  honour  of  whom  the  Chal- 
dean young  women  were  bound  once 
to  proftitute  themfelves,  by  prefenting 
themfelves  in  or  before  her  temple  ;  and 
each,  being  called  by  a  ftranger's  throw- 
ing a  piece  of  money  into  their  lap,  re- 
tired with  him,  and  fubmitted  to  his 
luft,  we  can  hardly  fay  :  but  if  fo,  it 
is  plain  the  Babylonian  Samaritans  in- 
troduced this  abominable  cuilom  into 
Canaan,   2  Kings  xvii.  30. 

SUCCOUR;  to  help  and  relieve, 
2  Sam.  xviii,  3. 

SUCK.  To  fuck  honey  out  of  the  roch^ 
Is  to  enjoy  great  plenty  of  outwarcl 
happinefs,  Deut.  xxxli.  13.  To  fuck 
the  abundance  of  the  feas,  is  to  enjoy 
profitable  fiflieries  and  fea-trade,  Deut 
xxxiii.  19.  To  fuck  the' milk  of  the  Gen^ 
tiles,  and  the  breajl  of  kings.  Is  to  be 
highly  favoured  by  Cyrus,  Antlochus  - 
the  Great,  and  other  Gentile  kings, 
and  their  fubjedls  ;  or  rather  to  have 
a  multitude  of  Gentiles,  and  fome  of 
their   chief  rulers,    converted  to    the 

true 


S  U  D         [    481     I         SUN 


tTtte  cliurch,  and  recei've  from  ihem 
favour,  afliftnnce,  wealth,  If.  Ix.  16. 
Ixvi.  II.  2.  xlix.  23.  To  fuck  the  poifon 
ofafpsy  and  the  cup  of  God'3  wrath,  is 
to  underly  his  aftunifliing  and  dcllruc- 
tive  judgements,  Job  xx-.  16.  E/ck. 
xxiii.  34.  Suckling,  an  infant  that 
fucks  hi;;  mother's  breails,  Lam.  ii.  11. 
SUDDEN  ;  hady  ;  unexpected,  i 
Theff.  V.  3.  Suddenly,  (i.)  In  a 
very  ihort  time.  Job  v.  3.  (2.)  Un- 
expeftedly,    A«£ts  ii.  2.  Mark  xiii.  36. 


lightful  and  flounOiing,  Gen.  viil,  22." 
In  countries  north  of  the  equinotliai 
line,  it  begins  about  the  iith  of  June, 
and  ends  about  the  i  ith  of  September  : 
on  the  louth  of  the  equinoctial,  it  be- 
gins about  the  i  ith  of  December,  and 
ends  about  the  nth  of  March.  For 
when  the  fun  is  neareft  to  us,  he  is  far- 
thellfrom  them.  In  another  reckoning. 
May,  June,  July,  are  our  furamer- 
months  ;  and  November,  December, 
and   January    are   theirs.      Seafons  of 


(3.)   Quickly,   with   much  fpeed  and     profperity,  and  of  opportunities  of  fal- 


diligence,  2  Chron.  xxix.  36. 

SUFFER;  (i.)  To  permit;  give 
leave  to,  Gen.  xx.  6.  Luke  ix.  59. 
{2.)  To  bear  afHiclion  and  death,  i 
Their,  ii.  2.  Heb.  ii.  18.  Chrift's/z^^r- 
In^s,  are  either  what  himfelf  fuffered, 
Heb.  ii.  10.  ;  or  what  his  people  fuf- 
fer  for  his  fake,  2  Cor.  i.  5.  Col.  i.  24. 
To  fuffer  iv'ith  Chri/i,  and  as  a  Chr'tjl'iany 
and  according  to  the  iv'dl  of  God.,  is,  in 
E  ftate  of  union  to  Chrilt,  cleaving  to 
him,  and   dependence  on  him,    to  fuf-     provifion,  Luke  xvi.  19. 


vation,  are  called  fummer,  as  they  are 
mofi  ufeful  and  agreeable,  Prov.  x.  5. 
Zech.  xiv.  8.  Summer-fruits y  are  fucli 
as  are  ripe  and  mull  be  eaten  in  fum- 
mer,.  2  Sam.  xvi.  j.  The  fowls  fliall 
fummer,  i,  e,  feed  a  whole  fummer,  and 
the  bealls  of  the  earth  'winter,  /.  e.  feed 
a  whole  winter,  on  their  carcafes,  If. 
xviii.  6. 

To  fare  SUMPTUOUSLY,  Is  to 
live  merrily  on  great  plenty  ©f  delicate 


fer  perfecutions  for  his  fake,  in  a  holy, 
humble,  patient,  and  felf-denied  man- 
ner, Rom.  viii,  18.  i  Pet.  iv.  16.  19. 

SUFFICE;  (i.)  To  1^11  the  belly, 
Numb.  xl.  22.  (2.)  Tobe  enough  for, 
I  Kings  XX.  10,  (3.)  To  give  con- 
tent to,  Deut.  Hi.  26.  John  xlv.  8. 
Sufficient;  (i.)  Wijat  is  needful, 
Exod.  xxxvi.  7.  (2.)  Fit;  able,  2  Con 
I'l.  1 6.  S undent  to  the  day  is  the  evil 
thereof :  ever)^  day  has  enough  of  trou- 
bles of  Its  own,  though  we  do  not  add 
thereto,  by  anxious  thoughts  about 
future  times  we  may  never  fee,  Matth, 
vi.  34. 

SUIT.  There  Is,  (l.)  A  fuit  of 
apparel,    Judg.   xvil,    10.     If.   Hi.  22. 


SUN ;  the  well  known  luminary, 
which  by  his  prefenee  forms  our  day, 
and  by  his  abfence  our  night.  He  is 
the  great  fource  of  light  and  keat  to 
our  world,  and  his  Iniiuencee  have  a, 
hrge  (hare  In  the  caufe  of  vegetative 
growth.  Perhaps  he  and  the  iixed 
Itars,  are  Iramenfe  bodies  all  enilamed, 
and  whofe  heat  Is  preferved  by  their 
magnitude,  and  the  mutual  adion  and 
reaction  between  them  and  the  rays 
they  emit.  The  diameter  of  the  fun  is 
reckoned  about  764,320  Englifh  miles  ; 
but  Derham  reckons  It  at  822,148,  and 
Fergufon  at  895,000.  His  middle  dif- 
tance  from  our  earth  is  reckoned  76, 
80,  or  81    milllon'3   of  miles  Englifli  : 


^2.)   A  fuIt  or   controverfy  to   be  de-     and  fo  light   comes  from  him  to   us  in 


cided  by  a  judge,  2  Sam.  xv.  4.    (3.) 
A  petition  or  requeft.  Job  xi.  19. 

SUM;  (i.)  A  certain  quantity,  or 
tale  of  money,  Exod.  xxi.  30.  (2.) 
The  whole  number.  Numb.  i.  2.  Pfal. 
cxxxix.    17.       (3.  J     An    abridgement 

containing  the  principal  fubftance  of  generally  agreed  among  phllofophers, 
many  particulars  faid,  or  to  be  fald,  except  fuch  as  are  tied  up  by  the  fla^ 
H^b.  viil.  I .  very  of  the  Pope,  that  the  fun  movea 

SUMMER;  the  warm    feafon   of    round  his  own  axis,  without  much  al- 
the  year,  wherein  all  things  appear  dc-     tcratlyii  of  bis  place  ;    and  that   the 

Vol..  II.  3   P  ca,rtb. 


about  eight  mlm.ites  ;  but  a  cannon- 
ball  fhot  thence,  and  moving  480  miles 
every  hour,  would  take  about  19  years' 
and  three  months,  to  reach  our  earth. 
Perhaps  its  diilance  from  our  earth  Is 
95,000,000  miles.      It  Is   now   pretty 


SUN         [48 

tZTlh,  and  other  planets,  move  around 
him,  as  well  as  around  their  own  axis, 
in  their  refpeAive  times  :  the  mod  of 
their  arguments  are  too  ab drafted  for 
this  work.  They  fhew,  that  if  the 
fun  was  to  move  around  the  earth,  his 
motion,  when  in  the  equator,  mull  be 
at  the  rate  of  about  330,000  miles  in  a 
minute,  and  the  motion  of  Saturn,  in 
the  fame  time,  to  be  about  3,124,000 
miles,  and  the  motion  of  the  fixed  ilars 
to  be  who  knows  how  much  more  fwiit: 
they  obferve,  that  things  falling  from  a 
great  height,  do  not  fall  perpendicular- 
ly ;  they  ihew,  that  the  fuppofition  of 
the  fixed  reft  of  the  earth,  renders  the 
motionsof  the  planets  quite  inextricable, 
and  deftroys  the  order  and  connexion 
of  the  univerfe.  They  fliew,  that  the  ri- 
fmg  and  fetting  of  the  fun  mentioned  in 
fcripture,  do  but  note  the  appearance 
and  difappearance  thereof  with  refpeft 
to  our  horizion  ;  that  his  ruiming  only 
fignifies  the  alteration  of  his  afpeft  with 
reipeft  to  our  earth,  and  his  Jland'mg 
flUl,  the  continuance  for  a  time  of  the 
fame  afpeft.  His  ftanding  flill  at  the 
prayer  of  Jofluia  ;  his  going  backward 
as  a  fign  to  Hezekiah  ;  and  his  preter- 
natural eclipfe,  at  the  full  moon,  when 
our  Saviour  died,  are  the  moit  noted 
circumftances  that  have  happened  to 
this  luminary.  Multitudes  have  taken 
occafion,  from  the  fhining  brightnefs 
and  great  ufefulnefs  of  the  fun,  to  wor- 
ihip  him,  and  his  reprelentative  idols, 
as  one  of  their  principal  gods,  under 
the  charafter  of  Baal,  Chembfh,  Mo- 
loch, Phoebus,  &c.  Even  with  the 
Jews,  the  worfliip  of  the  fun  was  prac- 
•tifed,  and  Jofiah  had  to  take  away  the 
borfes,  and  burn  the  chariots,  confecra- 
ted  in  the  temple  to  the  fun,  2  Kings 
xxiii.  II.;  and  after  his  death,  we 
fmd  the  Jews  worlhipping  the  fun,  as 
he  rofe  in  the  eaft,  with  their  backs  to 
the  temple,  Ezek.  vlii.  16. — From  the 
rlfmg  to  the  Jetting  of  the  Jim,  imports  the 
whole  world  over,  Pfal.  cxiii.  3.  Before 
the  fun,  or  in  thejace  ojthejitn,  importstiie 
moit  daring,  public,  and  open  manner, 
Jer.  xviii.  2.  Numb.  xxv.  4.  To  con- 
tinue 'while  Jun  and  moon  endures^  is  to 
lall  very  long,  or  for  ever,  Pfal.  ixxii. 


17 


I* 


2     ]  SUN 

Al  noil  every  thing  very  glorious, 
lovely,  and  ufeful,  is  likened  to  the  fun. 
To  mark  their  infinite  gloiy,  excellen- 
cy, gradual  diicovery  to  men,  and 
their  being  the  fountain  of  all  true  light 
and  comfort,  God  is  called  a  fun^  Pfal. 
Ixxxiv.  II.  and  Chrift  ayw/i  oj  right  eon J- 
iiejs,  that  rifes  with  healing  under 
his  wings,  or  rays,  Mai.  iv.  2.  ;  and 
with  tbis  Sun  of  righteoufnels,  as 
her  head,  and  her  righteoufnefs,  and 
fanclification,  is  the  church  clothed. 
Rev.  xii.  I.  To  mark  their  amaz^ing 
and  unchanged  glory,  efpccially  in  the 
heavenly  ilate,  the  faints  are  likened  to 
the  Jniiy  Song  vi.  10.  Matth.  xiii.  46. 
When  a  date  is  hkened  to  the  vifiblc 
heaven,  the  kings  and  cliiet  magidrates 
are  likened  to  the  Jun,  and  the  inferior 
magidrates,  councils,  officers,  5cc.  are 
likened  to  the  moon  and  Jlars ;  and 
bloody  colour  or  darknefs  coming  on 
thefe,  denote  terrible  diiorder  and  ruin, 
Matth.  xxiv.  29.  Ezek.  xxxii.  7.  Rev. 
vi.  12.  viii.  12.  A6ls  ii.  20.  When 
the  church  is  likened  to  the  vifible  hea- 
vens J  the  fun-mTny  denote  the  fcripture, 
the  moon  indituted  ordinances,  and  the 
Jars  minifters  and  their  minidrations  ; 
and  their  being  darkened,  imports  the 
fpread  of  ignorance,  delufion,  and  er- 
ror. Rev.  viii.  12.  ix.  2.  To  mark 
the  deb'ghtfulnefs  of  profperity  and 
happinels,  fpiritual  or  temporal,  it  is 
likened  to  the  Jun  and  moon,  and  the 
darkening,  or  going  down  thereof,  im- 
ports adverfity.  Rev.  xxi.  23.  II.  Ix.  20. 
Job  XXX.  28.  Amos  viii.  9.  Jer.  xv.  9. 
"The  moonjljall  be  cq7 founded,  and  the  Jun 
ajlamed,  auhen  the  Lord  of  hojls  Jhall 
reign  in  mount  Zion,  and  before  his  ancients 
glorioujly.  Idols,  even  the  chief  ones, 
fhall  be  abhorred ;  kings  and  great  men 
diall  be  adonidied,  when  the  Lord 
faves  his  people  from  the  Adyrians  and 
Chaldeans,  and  when  he  re-ellablifheth 
them  in  the  millennial  date  ;  and  then 
fnall  there  be  greater  degrees  of  holi- 
nefs  and  obedience  to  Chriil,  than  had 
been  either  under  the  Old  or  New  Teda- 
ment  period  before.  If.  xxiv.  23.  The 
fun  nnijl  not  go  doavn  upon  our  ivrath  ;  an- 
gry pafTions  mud  be  quickly  checked, 
that   the  prince  of  darknefs  may  not> 

.^during 


SUP       r   48 

diiniif^  the  night,  more  and  more  inflame 
them,  Eph.  iv.  26. 

'  SUP  ;  to  take  food,  efpecially  at 
night,  Luke  xvii.  8.  Chrill's  fnpp'mg 
<w\th  his  people,  denotes  their  deh'ght- 
ful  fellow fliip  with  him,  and  receiving 
out  of  his  fulnefs,  to  the  fpiritual  com- 
fort and  ftrengthening  of  cheir  foul, 
Rev.  iii.  20.  To  fup  upy  is  to  wafte  ; 
deftroy.  If.  xlii.  f  14.  Their  faces 
Jhall  fup  up  as  an  eafi-nvind  ;  the  Chal- 
deans from  the  eail  Ihall  as  cafily  con- 
fume  the  Jews  and  their  wealth,  as  the 
call-wind  blafts  the  fruits  of  the  ground, 
Hab.  i.  9. 

Supper,  is  an  evening  meal.  The 
fecond  facrament  of  the  goipel-church 
is  called  the  Lord's  Supper,  becaufe 
firft  obferved  'n\  the  evening  of  the  day; 
and  as  his  body  and  blood,  or  perfon 
and  righteoufnefs,  and  bleffings,  un- 
der the  fymbols  of  bread  and  wine,  are 
therein  reprefented,  fealed,  and  applied 
to  his  people,  in  the  evening,  or  lall 
ages  of  the  world,  till  he  return  to 
judgement,  i  Cor.  xi.  20.  The  gof- 
pel-difpenfation  is  called  z  great fipper  ; 
it  is  bellowed  by  the  great  God  in  the 
lafl  ages  of  the  world  ;  and  by  the 
large  communication  of  bleilings  there- 
in, are  multitudes  fitted  to  enter  the 
eternal  ftate  ;  and  along  with  it  fhall 
the  myftery  of  God's  temporary  pro- 
vidence be  finiflied,  Luke  xiv.  16. — 
24.  The  happinefs  of  the  Millennium 
is  called  a  marringefupper  :  what  multi- 
tudes fliall  be  converted  to  Chrift,  and 
delightfully  fhare  of  his  bleilings  in 
thefe  lad  times  !  Rev.  xix.  9.  The 
terrible  carnage  and  fpoil  of  the  Pa- 
plfts  before  the  Millennium,  is  called 
t\iQ  fupper  of  the  great  God,  with  which 
"he  fealls  the  bealis  and  the  Proteflants, 
Rev.  xix.  17. 

SUPERFLUITY  ofnaugkhicfe,  is 
much  of  wicked  and  corrupt  affections. 
Jam.  i.  21. 

Superfluous;  (  i  . )  Not  necefTary, 
2  Cor.  ix.  I.  (2.)  More  than  enough, 
Lev.  xxi.  18. 

SUPERSCRIPTION;(i.)  A 
fliort  note  on  coined  money,  (hewing 
by  whofe  order  it  was  coined,  Matth. 
xxii.  20.    (2.)  A  note  on  Chriirs  crofs, 


%  ^ 


SUP 


bearing  that  he  was  King  of  the  Jews. 
When  the  Romans  condemned  a  man 
to  be  publicly  executed,  his  crime  for 
which  he  fulFered  ufed  to  be  written  in 
large  letters  on  a  table,  and  carried  be- 
fore him  ;  and  if  he  was  crucified,  it 
was  at  leaft  fometimes  marked  on  the 
top  of  his  crofs,  that  all  might  read, 
and  avoid  the  like  crime  :  but  to  ma- 
nifeft  our  Saviour's  innocence,  his  crofs 
was  marked  with  no  crime,  but  with 
an  cxprefs  affertion  of  his  true  Mefliah- 
fliip.   Murk  XV.  26. 

SUPERbTITlON,  or  will-wor- 
SHIP,  is  an  excefs  in  religion,  doing 
things  therein  not  required  by  God,  or 
abllaining  from  what  he  has  not  forbid- 
den. Col.  ii.  13.  Feilus  the  Roman 
reckoned  the  Jewifh  religion  fjiper/Iitiofiy 
A61:s  XXV.  19.  The  Athenians  were 
WGYj  fupeifiiliouSf   Adis  xvii.  22. 

SUPPLANT;  to  trip  up  one's 
heels,  and  by  deceit  get  into  the  pof- 
felhon  of  what  belongs  to  him.  Gen. 
xxvii.  36.   Jer.  ix.  4. 

SUPPLIANTS;  fuch  as  in  the 
hum.bleil  manner  requeft  favours  :  fuch 
Jcvvifli  and  Gentile  converts  are  to  God 
under  the  gofpel,  Zeph.  iii.  10.  SuppU" 
cation,  is  a  begging  by  humble  prayer, 
I  Sam.  xiii.  12.   Phil.  iv.  6. 

SUPPLY;  to  furnifli  what  is  want- 
ing, whether  in  temporals  or  fpirituals. 
Paul's  Chriftian  brethren  fuppl'icd  him 
with  outward  neceffaries,  2  Cor.  xi.  9. 
Epaphroditus  fupplied  the  Corinthians 
with  gofpel-inltructions,  Phil.  ii.  30. 
And  God  fiipplies  all  the  needs  of  his 
people,  whether  of  grace  or  glory,  out 
of,  and  according  to  his  riches  of  mer- 
cy trcafured  up  in  Chrifl  Jefus,  Phil, 
iv.  19. 

SUPPORT;  to  uphold;  to  re- 
lieve and  fupply  as  is  neceliary.  Ads 
XX.  35.    I  Thefl".  V.  II. 

SUPPOSE;  (i.)  To  think;  to 
take  for  granted,  2  Sam.  xiii.  22.  (2.) 
To  intend,  Phil.  i.  1 6.  Our  Saviour 
was  fipl'fed  or  thought  to  be  the  fon 
of  Jofcph,  Luke  iii.  23.  Vtttv  fuppofed 
the  difperfcd  Jews  would  reckon  Sil- 
vanus  a  faithful  ajid  friendly  brother, 
and  would  reckon  his  mifliv:  but  Ihort, 
I  Pet.  V,  12. 

c;   P  z  SU- 


SUP  [     4S4    1         S  U  R 

f^UPREME  ;  highell  ;  the  chief    i.e.   without   fail,  I  will  cxercife  my 


ynagifliate,   i  Pet.  ii.  13. 

8UR  ;  the  call  gate  of  the  Jewifli 
temple,  called  the  gate  of  the  foundation, 
aChron.  xxiii.  5.  ;  and  the  higher  gate, 
becaufe  of  its  beauty  and  height,  2 
Kings.  XV.  23.  ;  and  the  new  gate,  as 
it  was  rebuilt  by  King  Jotham,  Jer. 
xxxvi.  10.  2  Chron.  xxvii.  '^.  ;  and 
afterwards  called   leautful,  Afts  iii.  2. 

SURE;  (i.)  Firm  and  Ming,  i 
Sam.  ii.  35.  ( 2. )  Certain,  and  of  which 
T\'e  may  be  fully  pcrfuaded,  Exod.  iii. 
19.  Numb,  xxxii.  23.  (3.)  Veryheed- 
ful,  Deut.  xii.  23.  Men  make  their 
calling  and  eleftion/w/r,  not  by  having 
any  hand  in  fixing  God's  purpofe  of 
eleftion  ;  but  by  rendering  the  evidence 
of  it  fare,  in  a  courfe  of  good  works, 
2  Pet,  i.  10.  Where  our  tranflation 
has  a  more  fiire  nvovd  of  prophecy,  it  is  by 
ihe  Dutch,  French,  and  otlier  valua- 
ble tranilations,  r<znd.'i:rtd.mcj}  fnre  word 
^f  prophecy  ;  and  it  is  evident  our  own 
tranflators  in  Matth*  xi.  11.  xxii.  13. 
I  Cor.  xiii.  13.  xv.  19.  render  a  Greek 
comparative  by  a  fuperlatiye.  How- 
ever, it  may  be  faid,  the  Old-Teftament 
prophecies,  which  were  infpired  by 
God,  uttered  and  fpoken  by  prophets, 
and  already  fulfilled,  were  more  fare 
than  the  human  teftimony  of  Peter, 
James,  and  John,  as  to  what  they  had 
heard  in  the  mount  of  transfiguration  ; 
iit  leait  were  accounted  nwrt  f^re  by  the 
Jews,  not  than  the  Father's  declara- 
tion, but  than  Peter,  James,  and  John's 
report  of  it  j  or  the  prophecies  did 
more  clearly  and  firmly  aicertain  Chrill's 
feccnd  cor-.:i..g,  than  his  transfiguration 
in  the  mount  did,  2  Pet.  i.  19. 

SURELY,  is,  without  the  leaft 
<3oubt  or  failure,  Exod.  iii.  7.  xxii.  6. 
Where  furely  occurs  in  our  Cld-Tefta- 
ment  verfion,  the  Plebrcws  have  very 
often  a  redoubled  verb,  which  at  once 
enhances  the  fenfe.  and  adds  folerinity 
to  the  affirmation.  Thou  JJ:alt  fiircly 
'd'le^'  Heb.  in  dying  thou  Jhalt  die;  i.  e. 
thou  flialt  certainly  die  every  kind  of 
<ieath  in  a  moll  fhameful  and  terrible 
manner.  Gen.  ii.  17.  \ furely  iiill hai^e 
vurcy  on  him :  Heb.  in  haring  tender 
werry^  I  ii'ill  have  tender  mercy  en  him  : 


tenderefl  mercy  towards  him,  in  every 
form,  fuited  to  his  cafe,  and  in  every 
degree,  above  what  he  can  afk  or  think, 
Jer.  xxxi.  20.  Of  a  furety,  is  certain- 
lyy  without  fally  Gen,  xv.  13.  Ads 
xii.  II. 

SURETY  ;  one  who  undertakes  to 
pay  debt  or  perform  ferviee  for  ano- 
ther ;  or  to  procure  his  fafety.  Judah 
hecd.mc  furety  to  Jacob  for  the  fafety  of 
Benjamin  in  his  journey  to  Egypt, 
Gen*  xhii.  9.  xliv.  32.  Paul  became 
furety  to  Philemon,  to  pay  him  what 
debt  Onefimus  owed  him,  Philem.  18. 
19.  Sureties'  \iitd  to  ftrike  hands  with 
the  creditor,  to  mark  their  obligation 
to  fee  the  debt  paid  or  the  ferviee  per- 
formed, Prov.  vi.  I.  2.  The  fcripture 
forbids  furetyplp,  or  engagement  for 
'  tl>e  payment  of  other  people's  debt,  as 
it  tends  to  ruin  one's  own  family  and 
eilate  ;  multitudes  being  carelefs  of 
paying  their  debt  if  once  a  neighbouy 
has  become  furety  for  them,  Prov.  xxii. 
26.  xl.  15.  It  is  efpecially  dangerous 
to  he  furety  for  the  debt  or  the  good  be- 
haviour of  llrangers  and  whores,  Prov* 
XX.  1 6.  xxvii.  13.  Job  begs,  that  God 
would  lay  down  his  pledge,  and  give 
him  his  furety,  that  would  fecure  his 
having  his  caufe  fairly  heard  and  tried, 
as  his  friends  had,  through  ignorance 
and  prejudice,  quite  misjudged  it.  Job 
xvii.  3.  4.  David  prays,  that  God 
would  be  his  furety  for  good,  i.  e.  would 
infallibly,  and  through  Chrift,  fecure 
his  fafety  and  happinefs,  as  a  furety - 
protedls  the  debtor  from  the  hands  of 
unmerciful  creditors,  Pfal.  cxix*  122, 
Jefus  Chriil,  is  the  furety  of  the  better 
tejtament,  or  covenant  :  he,  not  along 
with  finful  tranfgrelTors,  but  taking  the 
whol^!  upon  hin.felf,  undertook  in  the 
new  covenant  to  bear  the  punifhment 
due  to  his  people's  fin,  and  to  fulfil 
the  whole  precepts  of  the  law  in  their 
Head,  Heb.  vii.  22.  Luke  xxix.  26. 
Matth.  iii.  15.  As  God  owes  no  debt, 
and  his  promifes  cannot  be  rendered 
more  iiire  in  thcmlclves,  Chriil  is  not 
a  furety  for  God  to  lis,  though  as  a  wit- 
nefs  he  attefts  the  promifes,  and  though 
the  lodgnig  of  all  their  fulnefs  in  his 

hand 


S  U  R  [ 

Jiand  encourages  our  faith  to  believe 
them.  Nor  hOXirx'^furety  for  our  faith, 
repentance,  and  ne-iu  obedience,  as  thefe 
are  in  no  fenfc  proper  and  purchalmg- 
conditions  of  the  new  covenant,  but 
are  bleflings  fecured  to  us  by  the  Fa- 
ther, as  the  reward  of  Chrili's  finilhed 
righteoufnefs,  Ffal.  xxii.  26. — 31.  If. 
liii.  10. — 12. 

SURFEITING;  an  overcharge  of 
the  ilomacli  with  too  much  meat,  Luke 
xxi.  34. 

SURMISINGS;  fufpicious 
thoughts  and  hints,  to  the  hurt  of  our 
neighbour's  reputation,   i  Tim.  vi.  4. 

SURPRISE  ;  to  feize  all  of  a  fud- 
den.   If.  xxxiii.  14.   Jer.  xlviii.  41. 

SUSTAIN;  (i.)  To  uphold  in 
danger,  and  under  prefiures,  Pfal.  iil. 
5.  (2.)  To  fecure  provifion  to  fup- 
port  one's  life.  Gen.  xxvii.  37.  i  Kings 
xvii.  9.:  and  sustenance,  is  necef- 
fary  provihon  for  the  fupport  of  life, 
Judg.  vi.  4. 

SWADDLE  ;  to  roll  up  young  in- 
fants in  bands,  in  order  to  keep  their 
joints  in  a  proper  (late,  till  they  be  fome- 
what  fixed.  Lam.  ii.  22.  Darknefs  is 
reprefented  as  a  faoaddling-hand  to  the 
ocean,  as  it  long,  dwells  on  the  fouth 
and  north  parts  of  it  at  once.  Job 
xxxviii.  7. 

SWALLOW  ;  a  blackifh  bird  with 
fome  fpots  of  a  dirty  black  under  its 
belly.  Its  voice  is  peeping,  If.  xxxviii. 
14.  its  fight  quick,  and  its  flight  very 
unequal.  It  builds  its  nell  of  clay, 
commonly  in  chimneys  or  defolate 
houfes  ;  and,  it  is  faid,  from  year  to 
year  in  the  fame  place.  Swallows  are 
birds  of  paffage,  Jer.  viii.  7.  Prov. 
xxvi.  2.  In  fpring  and  fummer  they 
tarry  in  cold  countries,  and  retire  to 
warmer  in  the  harveil  and  winter ;  and 
are  faid  to  breed  in  both :  but  vaft 
numbers  of  them  continue  in  cold  coun- 
tries during  the  winter,  in  a  benumbed 
ftate,  wherein  they  hang  cluflered  in 
holes  ot  walls,  banks  of  rivers,  or  even 
under  water  in  marfhes  and  lakes.  As 
it  is  very'  unlikely  that  fwallows  or  fpar- 
rows  could  build  their  neil  in  the  altar, 
whereon  the  facrifices  were  daily  burnt, 
Pfalm  Ixxxiv.  3.  mull  either  only  mean, 


485     ]         S  W  E 

that  they  had  their  nefls  near  to  thtf 
altar  ;  or  what  if  the  words  were  tranf- 
lated  fo  as  to  fignify,  that  the  Pfal- 
mift's  foul  as  affedionately  longecf  for 
God's  altars,  or  public  ordinances,  as 
birds  do  to  return  to  their  nefts  and 
young?  Perhaps,  the  deror  means 
the  ring  dove  or  wild  pigeon,  Prov, 
xxvi.  2..  Pfal,  Ixxxiv.  3, 

To  SWALLOW  ;  (1.)  To  take  down, 
by  the  throat,  into  the  belly,  Exod- 
vll.  12.  Nmnb.  xvi.  30.  (2.)  To  fcize 
upon  ;  opprefs  ;  retain,  or  deftroy  ir- 
recoverably. Job  XX.  18.  Ezek.  xxxvi. 
3.  Job's  words  were  fivallowed  up^ 
when  quite  infufficient  to  exprefs  his 
inward  grief.  Job  vi.  3.  Death  is 
fivallonved  up  in  viBory-,  and  martalify  of 
life,  when  death  and  diflrefs  for  ever 
give  place  to  evcrlafting  life  and  hap- 
pinefs,  I  Cor.  xv.  54.  2  Cor.  v.  4. 
The  e^irth  ftval/oived up  the  flood  which 
the  dragon  vomited  forth  agalnil  the 
church.  The  Romans,  and  the  bar- 
barous Goths,  &c.  b)^  their  mutual  war, 
prevented  one  another  from  perfecuting 
the  church  ;  and  carnal  councils  for 
their  felhlh  ends,  confuted  the  herefics 
that  fprung  up  in  the  church,  Rev. 
xii.  16. 

SWAN  ;  a  fowl,  white,  and  con- 
fiderably  comely  in  its  body  ;  but  its 
feet  are  broad  and  blackifli,  It  is  very 
meek  and  gentle  ;  haunts  rivers,  but 
feldom  dives  into  them,  or  flies  much.. 
The  flefli  of  fwans  is  blackifh,  and  hard 
of  digeftion.  They  are  faid  to  fing 
fweetly  when  aged  and  near  deaths 
They  were  unclean  by  the  Jewifh  law, 
and  might  figure  out  wicked  men,  glo- 
rious in  their  gifts  and  outward  endow- 
ments, but  unfeemly,  and  earthly  ia 
their  behaviour,  Lev.  xi.  18.:  but  Bo- 
chart  virill  have  this  tinshemeth,  to 
be  the  night-owl. 

SWARM;  a  great  multitude  of  in- 
fefts,  Judg.  xiv.  8. 

SWEAR.     See  oath. 

SWEAT  ;  (i.)  The  moiflure  that 
evaporates  from  the  pores  of  an  animal 
body  when  warmed  with  heat  or  fore 
labour ;  and  alfo  fuch  hard  labour  as 
caufes  fweat.  Gen.  lii.  19.  Sometimes 
terror  ha$  caufcd  perfons  fweat  blood. 

Our 


S  W  E         [ 

Our  Saviour,  opprefTcd  with  the  im- 
preflion  of  his  Father's  wrath,  fvvate 
great  drops  of  blood,  when  lying  on  the 
ground,  in  a  cold  night,  Luke  xxii. 
44..  Gofpel-minillers  not  being  clothed 
ivith  what  caufes  fweat,  imports  their 
not  being  under  the  power  of  lloth,  to 
render  their  bufinefs  toilfome  to  them  ; 
or  bent  on  felf-righteoufnefs  and  fuper- 
Hition,  in  working  out  which,  men  do 
but  toilfomely  fvveat  forth  their  own 
corruption,   Ezek.  xliv.  18. 

SWEEP  ;  to  carry  off  with  great 
cafe,  Judg.  v.  21.  Chrift  f weeps  the 
houfe  to  find  his  loft  piece  of  filver, 
■when  he  carries  off  the  wealth,  and 
cuts  oft  the  life  of  multij:udcs  ;  when 
he  removes  their  vain  confidences,  re- 
forms the  corruptions  of  a  country,  and 
raifes  a  mighty  ftir  in  mens  confcience, 
in  order  to  promote  their  coming  to 
liimfelf,  Luke  xv.  8.  God*s  judge- 
ments y^w^f/'  nations,  when  they  cut 
them  moftly  off,  and  deftroy  their 
%vealth.  If.  xiv.  23.  xxviii.  17.  So 
oppreftors  of  the  poor,  like  a  fzveeping 
rain,  that  carries  oft'  every  thing  before 
it,  feize  on  every  thing  that  comes  in 
their  way,  ProY.  xxviii.  3.  Satan's 
iioufe  was  ftuept  and  garrjjhed :  the 
Jewiili  nation,  after  their  rejedlion  of 
the  gofpel,  were,  and  all  apoftatps  are, 
fully  prepared  for  his  return  into  them, 
Matth.  xii.  44. 

SWEET;  delightful;  pleafant, 
Prov.  ix.  17.  The  wine  of  gofpel- 
truth  goeth  doavn  fiueetly y  when  it  is  re- 
ceived into  mens  hearts  with  readinefs, 
delight,  and  pleafure  ;  or  it  goeth  down 
Jlraightly,  has  a  diredl  tendency  to  bring 
fouls  to  Chrift  ;  or  it  goeth  down  to  iip- 
rightnejjesj  leads  men  to  embrace  Jefus's 
imputed  righteoufnefs,  and  to  praclife 
gofpel-holinefs  ; — or  goeth  down  to  the 
upright,  tends  to  their  profit  and  ad- 
vantage. Song  vii.  9.  The  fweetnefs 
cj  the  lips,  isufefuland  kind  talk,  Prov. 
xvi.  21.  T\\Q  fweetnefs  of  a  friend,  is 
iiis  (lelightful  company  and  converfa- 
tion,  Prov.  xxvii.  9. 

SWELL  ;  (i.)  To  rife  in  boils,  or 
as  leavened  dough,  Dcut.  viii.  4.  (2.J 
To  rife  higher  than  ordinary  :  fo  the 
Jordan /:c;f/Zf^  when  the  fnovv  on  Le-' 


486    ]         S  W  I 

banon  melted,  and  overflowed  its  banks, 
and  fo  diflodged  the  lions  from  the 
thickets  thereon,  i  Chron.  xii.  15.  In 
this  manner  the  Chaldeans  invaded  the 
countries  around  ;  and  the  Medes  in- 
vaded Chaldea,  and  deftroyed,  or  dravc 
out  the  inhabitants,  Jer.  xlix.  19.  1. 
44.  The  fwellings  of  Jordan  denote 
extreme  trouble,  through  which  there 
is  fcarce  any  pafTing,  as  when  the  Jews 
were  led  captive  to  Babylon,  Jer.  xii. 
5.  Sivellingf,  are  proud,  envious  in- 
dignation at  others,  2  Cor.  xii.  20. 
Swelling  words,  are  heretics  proud 
boafting  of  their  diftinguiflied  fenfe  ;  or 
their  high  bombaft  language  without 
fentiment  ;  or  their  horrid  blafphemies 
againft  God,  and  his  caufe  and  people  ; 
or  the  high  titles  they  take  to  them- 
felves,  and  give  to  their  favourites,  2 
Pet.  ii.  18.  Jude  16. 

SWIFT;  (i.)  Quick  in  motion, 
EccL  ix.  II.  (2.)  That  which  will 
come  in  a  very  little  time,  2  Pet.  ii.  i . 
Mai.  iii.  5.  (3.)  Very  much  inchned 
and  ready  to  a  thing,  as  to  hear,  &c. 
James  i.  19.  To  figure  out  how  quick- 
ly our  life  pafteth  away,  it  is  likened 
to  a  fwift  fhuttle,  poft,  fliip,  fliadow, 
and  wind,   Job  vii.  6.   ix.  25.  26.  &c. 


SWIM;  to  move  in  the  water. 
One's  cauihig  his  bed  to  fwim  with 
tears,  imports  great  grief  and  forrow, 
Pfal.  vi.  7.  God  is  like  a  fwiinmer 
fpreading  out  his  hands  to  fwim,  when 
he  extends  his  judgements  far  and  wide. 
If.  XXV.  II.  Pharaoh-hophra  was  like 
-3l  fwimming  fifh,  when  he  almoft  con- 
ftantly  proipeved,  and  rioted  in  eafc 
and  luxury,  E/ek.  xxxii.  6. 

SWINE;  well-known  animals  of  a 
ravenous  kind  :  they  feed  on  carrion, 
hufks,  and  fuch-like  vile  provifion  :  nay, 
fome  of  them  eat  their  own  young,  af- 
ter they  have  brought  them  forth. 
They  look  towards,  and  dig  in  the 
earth,  wallow  in  mires  ;  and  by  excef- 
ftve  wallowing,  or  dancing,  or  carrying 
of  flraw  to  tlieir  fty,  they  prcfage  bad 
weather  ;  they  are  very  lazy  and  fleepy, 
and  no  lefs  mifchievous  to  gardens  and 
fields.  The  Scythians,  Arabs,  and 
Egyptians,  had  an  avcrfion  at  fwine. 
The  Jewifti  law  flated  them  to  be  un- 
clean 


S  W  O  [4^7]  S  Y  C 

and  the  Jews  fo  abhor-     rity  and  will ;  and  are  girt  on  hh  th'^h, 
ready  to  be   the  means  of  convincing 
and  convertinpj  Tinners  to  himfelf,  Eph. 
vi.  17.   Song  iii.  8.    Rev,  i.  16.  xix.  i  9. 
Pfal.  xlv.  3.      Perhaps    Chrilt   himWf, 
for  his  fearching,  convincing,  and  con- 
quering influence,  is  likened  to  a. Jljarff 
tiuO'cdgeri piuoirly  Heb.  iv.  il.  12.    The 
magillrates  power  of  defending  the  in- 
nocent and  punifhing  tlie  guiky,  h  call- 
ed a  pworJ,   Rom.  xiii.  4.  Pf.  cxlix.  6. 
All   that   tah   tbe  /word,  perifJj   by   the 
f'word :  feif-avengers,  and   ufurpers   of 
magillracy,  generally  perilh  in  their  at' 
tempts,  Matth.  xxvi.  52.     A   wicked 
tongue,  malicious  and  reproachful  lan- 
guage,  are  like  Jwords  and  fpears  ;  it 
works  ruin,  and  wounds  mens  charac- 
ter and  fpirit,  and  tends  to   hurt  their 
pcrfon  or   wealth,   Pfal.  Ivii.  4.    Ixiv.  5. 
To  turn  back  the  edge  of  one's  fwor,d^   is 
to  diiable  him   for  felf-defence,  and  to 
reduce  him  to  trouble  and  mifery,  Pfal. 
l<Kxi.;.  43.     To  beat  /words  into  plough- 


clean  animals 

red  fwine,  that  they  would  not  name 
them.  They  arc  emblems  of  fmners 
dehghting  in  their  wickednefs,  deeping 
in  their  fm,  contemni.ig  Chriit  the 
pearl  of  great  price,  returning  to  their 
old  lins,  perfecuting  the  laints,  and  li- 
\ing  to  no  fpiritual  ufe  in  the  world. 
Lev.  xi.  7.  Matth.  vii.  6.  2  Pet.  ii.  22. 
Though  under  Antiochus  Epiphanes, 
fundry  of  the  Jews  fuffered  death  ra- 
ther than  eat  fwine's  flefh,  yet  in  our 
Saviour's  time  we  find  them  brought 
\ip  in  Galilee,  and  2000  of  them  pof- 
fefTcd  and  drowned  by  devils,  Matth. 
viii.  30. — 34.  To  mark  his  contempt 
of  their  religion,  Adrian,  the  Roman 
Emperor,  fet  up  a  fwine's  piclure  in 
the  gate  of  the  city,  which  he  built  on 
mount  Calvary,  about  fixty  years  after 
the  deilrudion  of  Jerufalem. 

SWOON  ;  to  faint  away  for  want 
of  food,   Lam.  ii.  11.  12. 

SWORD;   (i.)  A  warlike   inftru- 
ment  for  defending  one's  felf  or  attack-    Jhares,  and  fpears  Into  prunlng-hooks,  im- 


ing  an  enemy.  (2.)  War,  and  its  at- 
tendant calamities,  Lev.  xxvi.  25.  Jer. 
xhi.  16.  Eiau  hved  by  his  fivord ;  by 
rapine  and  \\  ar  were  he  and  his  pofte- 
rity,  the  Edomites,  much  maintained 
and  fubfifled.  Gen.  xxvii.  40.  And  the 
fword  is  faid  to  return  into  its  Jlicath  or 
fcabbard,  and  to  be  qniety  when  warlike 
calamities  ceafe,  Jer.  xlvii.  6.  Ezek. 
xxi.  ^o.  (3.)  All  kinds  of  judgements 
fent  for  the  punilhment  of  tranfgreffors, 
Deut.  xxxii.  41.  42.  :  particularly,  the 
perfecution,  contention,  and  other  evils 
occafioned  by  mens  oppofition  to  the 
goipel,  Matth.  x.  34.  God  is  thefiuord 
of  his  peoples  excellency,  as  by  him 
they  are  protected,  and  obtain  victory 
and  triumph  over  their  enemies,  Deut. 
xxxiii.  29.  The  fcriptures  are  a/zrorc/, 
and  -Si JJmrp  two-edged fwordy  ^ndi  fivord 
of  the  Spirit ;  ufed  by  Jefus  Chriil  and 
his  Spirit,  and  by  miniilers  and  faints, 
they  wound  the  confcience,  defend  the 
new  nature,  and  the  foul,  and  are  iife- 
ful  in  the  fpjritual  warfare,  for  refill- 
ing and  overcoming  fm,  Satan,  and  the 
world,  of  profane,  hypocritic,  and  he- 
retical men  ;  they  are  Chrijl^s  fword  pro- 
ceeding out  of  his  mouih,  from  his  autho- 


ports  the  leaving  off  war,  and  the  en- 
joyment of  great  peace  and  liberty,  fpi- 
ritual or  temporal,  attended  with  much 
adivity  and  diligence  in  improving  one's 
fields,  gifts,  or  graces.  If.  ii.  4.  Mic* 
iv.  3.  To  heat  plough-Jhares  into  f words ^ 
and  priining-hoohs  into  fpears-,  imports 
fuch  terrible  war  that  will  require  all 
hands,  and  occafion  the  iields  to  He  un- 
cultivated, Joel  iii.  10.  What  if  ths 
fword  contemn  the  rod  P  it  fhall  be  na 
more :  what  if  the  enraged  Chaldeans, 
contemning  the  king  and  governors  of 
Judah,  exceed  the  bounds  of  a  trial, 
and  make  an  utter  deilrudlion  ?  it  fliall 
not  fo  happen,  Ezek.  xxi.  13.  I o. 

SYCAMINE,  SYCAMORE,  or  the 
Egyptian  fig-tree,  was  a  kind  of  com- 
pound of  the  fig  and  mulberry  trees,  as 
its  name  Imports.  Its  leaves  refembled 
thofe  of  the  mulberry,  and  its  fruit  that 
of  the  fig-tree,  and  grows  llicking  to 
the  trunk  of  the  tree,  which  is  fome- 
times  fo  large  that  three  men  can  hard- 
ly grafp  it.  It  is  always  green,  and 
bears  fruit  at  feveral  feafons  of  the  year. 
To  render  it  fruitful,  chinks  are  made 
in  the  bark,  that  thereby  a  whitlfh  li- 
quor may  run  out ;  and  it  is  faid,  the 

fruits 


S  Y 

fmits  arc  not  ripe, 

be  fcratched  by  the  rrail,  or  rubbed 
with  an  iron  comb.  Sycamore  figs  arc 
yellowifh,  and  difgufl fully  fweet,  and, 
at  beft,  coarfe  provifion,  but  greatly 
liked  by  the  Egyptians.  Sycamores 
were  common  in  Egypt,  Juciea,  and 
other  places  ;  and  the  wood  was  ufed 
in  Egypt  for  barks,  and  for  coffins, 
and,  in  the  i-nummy  pits,  has  been  found 
frefh  when  "3000  years  old  ;  and  in  Ju- 
dea,  was  ufed  for  building  of  common 
houfes,  I  Kings  x.  27.  ;  and  fo,  to 
coange  fycam^rc-  into  cedarsy  is  to  render 
the  buildings  of  cities,  and  the  ftate  of 
the  nation,  much  more  glorious  than 
before,   If.  ix.  10. 


E  [4.58]  S  Y  N      _ 

or  fweet,  except  it     prayed  by  himfelf;  they  were  in  retired 


SYENE  ;  an  ancient  citv  of  Ei 


TPti 


fiear  the  north  border  of  Ethiopia,  on 
the  eail  of  the  Nile,  whofe  ruins  are 
iHU  feen  near  the  prefent  Affouan. 
Cur  verfion  reprefents  the  tower  of 
Syene  at  the  greatefl  diftance  from 
Cufh,  or  Ethiopia ;  but  either  Cujh 
fignifies  Cufhan  in  Arabia,  or  Syene 
is  the  fame  as  Sin  :  or  rather  the  words 
may  be  read,  From  Migdol  to  Syene, 
€ven  to  the  border  of  Ethiopia,  i.  e, 
over  the  whole  countiy  of  Egypt,  Ezek. 
xxix.  10. 

SYNAGOGUE  ;  the  place  where 
the  Jews  met  for  their  public  worfliip 
©n  ordinary  occafions,  as  we  do  in  our 
fchurches.  When  fynagogues,  proper- 
ly fo  called,  had  their  rife,  we  are  un- 
certain ;  but  the  meetings  at  the  doors 
of  houfes  might  in  fome  meafure  fup- 
ply  the  want  of  them.  It  is  pretty 
plain,  that  before  the  captivity,  the 
!aw  was  not  read  in*  them  every  Sab- 
feath,  as  it  was  afterwards  :  hence  Je- 
jhofliaphat's  reforming  teachers  had  to 
carry  a  copy  of  it  along  with  them, 
2  Chron.  xviL  9. ;  and  its  contents  were 
much  unknown  in  the  time  of  Jofiah, 
2  Kings  xxii.  1 1.  As  moft  of  the  Jews, 
from  the  beginning  -of  their  fettlement, 
attended  the  tabernacle  or  temple  only 
at  the  three  folemn  feafts,  it  is  pro- 
bable they  had  a  kind  of  fynagogues  or 
jchools,  or  profeuchae,  or  prayer  places, 
xa  one  of  which  laft  our  Saviour  prayed 
gll  night,  Lukevi.  12.  Thefe  differed 
fiam  fynagogues,  as  in  them  every  one 


places,  as  by  river  fides,  A<fts  xvi.  13.16. 
and  were  uncovered,  like  orroves:  where- 
as  fync^gogues  were  in  elevated  places, 
were  covered  with  a  roof,  and  one  pray- 
ed as  the  mouth  of  the  reft.  Perhaps 
it  was  the  profeuchse  that  were  the  mo- 
HEDE,  (fynagogues),  or  meeting-places, 
burnt  up  by  the  Chaldeans,  Pf.  Ixxiv.  8. 
Soon  after  the  captivity,  the  Jews  had 
a  great  number  of  fynagogues,  which 
increafed,  till  there  were  about  480  of 
them  in  Jerufalcm.  Every  trading  fra- 
ternity had  their  fynagogues,  and  com- 
panies of  llrangers,  as  Alexandrians, 
Cyrenians,  and  others,  had  theirs,  for 
public  prayer,  and  for  reading  of  the 
fcriptures.  The  fcattered  Jev/s,  too, 
had  theirs  about  Babylon  ;  and  almoft 
every  where  in  the  eartern  part  of  the 
Roman  empire  :  and  in  the  fynagogues 
we  find  our  Saviour  and  his  apoilles 
oft  teaching  the  multitudes,  till  they 
were  fliut  out.  On  the  fynagogue- 
days  the  people  affembled  thrice  ;  at 
the  time  of  the  morning  and  evening 
facrifice,  andjn  the  dullc  of  the  even- 
ing ;  and  thither  the  devout  perfons 
oft  retired  for  their  fecret  prayers  ;  and 
the  Pharifees  ftood,  that  their  neigh- 
bours might  hear  them  the  better, 
Matth.  vi.  5. 

Wherever  there  are  ten  Batehwn,  i.  e. 
as  I  think,  ten  free  men,  who  can  at- 
tend the  fervice  of  the  fynagogue,  the 
Jews  ere6l  one.  In  each,  they  have 
an  ark  or  cheft,  of  the  fize  of  the  Mo- 
faic  one,  for  holding  the  five  books  of 
Mofes,  and  which  is  placed  in  that  part 
of  the  fynagogue  that  looks  towards 
the  place  of  the  ancient  temple.  On 
that  fide  are  the  chief  feats  for  the  el- 
ders, who  fit  with  their  backs  to  the 
ark  :  the  reft  of  the  men  fit  on  other 
feats,  with  their  faces  to  the  ark.  The 
women  fit  by  themfelves,  in  a  galle- 
ry, fo  inclofed  with  lattice-work,  that 
they  hear  and  fee,  but  are  not  feen  by 
the  men.  Minifters  are  the  ftated  read- 
ers and  fingers  in  the  fynagogues  ;  but 
the  rulers  might  defire  any  man  prefent 
to  read  or  fpeak.  Hence  our  Saviour 
read  and  expounded  at  Nazareth,  Luke 
iv.  1 6, ;  and  Paul  and  Barnabas  exhort- 
ed 


SYR  r  .  4S9    1 

cd  at  Antioch  of  Pifidia,  A<^s  xiii.  part  of 
The  Sheliach-zibbor,  or  angel  of  the 
congregation,  reads  the  h'turgy.  The 
chazan  either  read,  or  looked  over  fiich 
as  read,  chat  he  might  corre£t  their 
mittakes  ;  but  his  chief  bufinefs  was, 
to  expound  the  leflbn  of  the  day,  or 
appoint  another  to  do  it  for  him  ;  or 
lo  preach  a  fermon  on  fome  proper  fub- 
je6t.  Thefc  two,  with  the  other  rulers 
of  the  meeting,  compofed  a  council, 
whofe  prefident  was  called  the  chief  ru- 
ler. They  order  the  affairs  of  tlie  fy- 
nagogue,  ceufure  the  fcandalous,  and 
provide  for  the  poor.  To  procure  a 
fund  for  the  poor,  they  keep  two  chells 
at  the  door  of  the  houfe,  one  for  the 
fake  of  their  own  poor,  and  the  other 
to  colled  for  flrangers  ;  and  into  thefe 
people  put  what  they  pleafe,  as  they 
go  in  or  out.  On  extraordinary  occa- 
iions,  a  colleftor  an<s  at  each  what  he 
intends  to  give,  and  the  money  is  ga- 
thered at  their  houfes,  when  the  Sab- 
bath is  over. 

SYRACUSE,  was  a  famous  city 
on  the  fouth-eaft  of  Sicily,  about  22 
miles  in  circumference,  which  had  a 
fine  profped  both  by  fea  and  land,  and 
was  once  the  largeft  and  richeft  city  of 
the  Greeks.  It  was  built  about  J.  M. 
3269,  and  in  a  manner  confifted  of  four 
cities  united  into  one.  For  about  25b 
years  it  made  little  noife  in  the  world  : 
but  in  the  next  280,  it  cut  a  furprifing 
figure  in  war,  in  fea-tiade,  and  in  wealth, 
under  its  kings  Gelon,  Dionyfuis  eider 
and  younger,  Dion,  Agathocles,  and 
Hiero.  Here  the  famed  mathemati- 
cian Archimedes,  with  aftonifhing  in- 
ventions, defended  the  place  from  the 
Romans  ;  but  about  A.  M.  3800,  it 
was  taken,  and  he  was  (lain.  The  Sa- 
racens felzed  on  it,  y^.  Z).  675  ;  but  in 
1090,  it  was  taken  from  them  by  Ro- 
ger duke  of  Apulia.  Here  Paul  tar- 
ried three  days  as  he  went  pril'oner  to 
Rome  ;  and  here  Chriftianity  was  early 
planted,  and  ftill,  at  leaft  in  name,  con- 
tinues ;  but  the  city  has  lolt  its  ancient 
fplendor.     A£ls  xxviii.  12. 

SYRIA,  or  Aram.     The   Syrians 
or   Arameans   deicended  from   Aram, 
poflefTed  Mefopoumia,   Clialdea,   and 
Vet.  II. 


SYR 

Armenia,  and  of  them  Abra!« 
ham  and  his  friends  were  a  part.  But 
Syria,  properly  fo  called,  had  the  Me- 
diterranean fea  on  the  weft  and  north  ; 
Cilicia  on  the  north  ;  and  Phcnicia,  Ca- 
naan, and  part  of  Arabia  the  Defert, 
on  the  fouth.  Its  excellent  foil  and 
agreeable  rivers,  the  Euphrates,  Oron- 
tes,  Caflimire,  Adonis,  Barrady,  &c. 
rendered  it  a  moft  delightful  country. 
It  was  anciently  divided  into  a  variety 
of  cantons,  as  Aram-naharaim,  Aram- 
zobah,  Aram-maachah,  Aram  rehob^ 
and  Aram  of  Damafcus. — Zobah,  Da- 
mafcus,  Hamath,  Gefhur,  &c.  were  its 
moft  noted  ftates  about  the  time  of  Da- 
vid, who  conquered  it,  2  Sam.  viii. — x. 
About  60  years  after,  Rezon,  who  had 
fled  from  Hadadkzer  hismafter,  ereft- 
ed  a  kingdom  at  Damafcus.  He,  and 
his  fucceifors,  Benhadad  and  Hazael, 
did  much  mifchief  to  the  Hebrews, 
I  Kings  XV.   XX.   xxii.    2  Kings  vl,  vill. 


but  Joafti  and  Jeroboam  kings  of 
Ifrael,  fuiFic'en.ly  refented  thefe  Inju- 
ries, and  broug  it  the  Syrian  kingdom 
to  the  point  of  ruin,  2  Kings  xiii.  xlv. 
They  recovered  themfelves,  and  under 
Rezin,  they  made  a  confiderable  figure, 
and  terribly  haraffed  Ahaz  and  his  fub- 
je6ls,  and  even  took  Elath  on  the  Red 
fea.  But  Tiglath-pilefer,  inftlgated  by 
Ahaz,  ravaged  their  country,  demolifh- 
ed  their  cities,  and  carried  the  inhabi- 
tants to  Media.  During  the  decline 
of  the  Affyrian  empire,  the  Syrians  re- 
turned, and  recovered  themfelves  not  a 
little,  but  Nebuchadnezzar  again  redu- 
ced them,  2  Kings  xvi.  Syria  next  fell 
under  the  Perfians.  After  Alexander's 
death,  it  became  one  of  the  four  Greek 
kingdoms  formed  of  his  empire.  Af- 
ter it  had  fubfifted  about  257  years  in 
this  form,  it  was  reduced  to  a  Roman 
province,  about  j4.  M.  3939.  About 
696  years  after,  the  Saracens  felzed  on 
it.  In  the  end  of  the  nth  century, 
the  Seljukian  Turks  felzed  on  it,  aad 
eredted  one  of  their  four  fultanies  at 
Aleppo,  and  another  at  Damafcus. 
Soon  after,  the  European  Croifader$ 
took  the  moft  of  it,  and  after  terrible 
ftruggling  were,  about  an  hundred  years 
after,  drivett  gut  of  It,  by  Saladin,  ful- 
3  CL  ^** 


SYR  r     4 

i::an  of  Egypt,  and  his  fucceflbrs.  In 
the  beginning  of  the  i6th  century,  it 
was  feized  by  the  Ottoman  Turks,  who 
retain  it  to  this  day.  We  know  no 
place  in  it  prefently  of  note,  except 
Aleppo  and  Damafcus.  Its  principal 
rarities  are  the  ruins  of  noted  buildings, 
efpecially  thoi'e  of  Tadmor  snd  Baal- 
bek. A  Chriftian  church  \%-as  early 
planted  here,  and  was  famous,  at  An- 
lioch>  and  other  places  of  the  country  : 


90     1  S  Y  R 

and  there  is  ftill  a  (hadow  of  Chriftianiti^' 
with  not  a  few.  A6ls  xv.  23.  41.  Amos 
i.  3. — 5.  iii.  12.  If.  vii.  4.  viii.  4.  ix. 
II.  12.  xvii.  I. — 3.  Jer.  xlix.  23. — 27. 
Z.ch.  ix.  I.  2.    If.  xi.  II.      ' 

SYRO-PHENICIA,  was  either  that 
part  of  Phenicia  bordering  on  Syria,  or 
perhaps  the  whole  of  Phenicia,  which 
by  conquefl  had  been  united  to  Syria. 
The  people  were  originally  Canaanites, 
Mark  vii.  26.    Matth.  xv.  22. — 28. 


T    A    A 

TA  ANATH-SHILOH  ;  a  place 
about  ten  miles  eaftward  of  She- 
chem,  and  whereabouts  was  the  village 
Thenath,  as  late  as  j4.  D.  400. 

TABERNACLE;  tent;  (i.)  A 
moveable  lodging,  formed  of  cloth  or 
ficins,  fpread  over  poles.  Jabal,  a  fon 
of^Lamech  the  Cainite,  was  the  inven- 
tor of  fuch  tents,  as  he  might  remove 
where  he  pleafed  to  feed  his  cattle. 
Gen.  iv.  20.  In  fuch  lodgings,  did 
Noah,  Abraham,  and  other  patriarchs, 
and  the  Rechabites,  dwell :  and  to  this 
day,  the  wild  Arabs,  Tartars,  and 
others,  live  in  a  kind  of  tents.  The 
tents  of  the  Arabs  are  covered  with 
black  hair-cloth,  but  thofe  of  the  now 
•pacific  Turkmans  with  white  cloth. 
The  great  men  among  both  liave  very 
magnificent  tents,  and  fome  Turkmans 
moll  fplendid  trains  and  equipage.  ( 2. ) 
An  houfe  or  dwelling,  2  Chron.  xxv.  22. 
Job  xi.  14.  The  tents  of  Shemy  are  the 
countries  or  church-flate  of  his  defcend- 
ants.  Gen.  ix.  27.  Tents  of  -zmchednefsy 
are  places  where  wicked  men  live,  Pfal. 
Ixxxiv.  10.  (3.)  The  dwellers  in /*?,v/j-, 
Pfal.  Ixxxiii.  6.  ;  and  the  tents  of  yudah, 
are  fuch  Jews  as  dwell  in  unfortified 
cities,  Zech.  xii.  7.  The  church's  tent 
<was  enlarged y  and  her  curtains  fl retched 
oiUy  hur  cords  lengthened y  and  her  Jlahs 
Jlrengthcn'.dy  when  the  Gentiles  were 
converted  to  Chrift,  and  her  gofpel-llate 
elbbhrhed,  If.  liv.  2.  (4.)  That  tent 
ereded  for  the  worfliip  of  God,  called 
the  tdbernack  of  tejlimonyy  becaufe  ft  tef- 
tified  God's  relation  to  and  prefence 
with  the  Hebrews,  and  in  it  were  the 


TAB 

laws  of  God  depofited,  Numb.  ix.  15.  ; 
or  the  covering  of  it,  Exod.  xl.  19. 
God's  tahernacle  is  iv'ith  men  on  earth, 
when  they  enjoy  his  eminent  fellowfliip 
and  favour,  Rev.  xxi.  3.  The  church 
and  her  true  members  are  like  the  tents 
of  Kedar  ;  their  outward  appearance  is 
mean  and  defpicable,  and  their  condi- 
tion in  this  world  very  unfettled.  Song 
i.  5.  Our  bodies  are  2i  tabernacle,  eafily 
demolilhed,  and  removed  to  and  fro, 
and  yet,  in  faints,  are  the  curious  dwel- 
ling of  the  Holy  Ghoft.  2  Cor.  v.  i. 

At  Sinai,  Mofes  fet  up  a  tent,  and. 
called  it  the  tabernacle  of  the  congregation, 
becaufe  thither  the  Hebrews  repaired 
to  worfhip  God  after  their  idolatry  of 
the  golden  calf,  Exod.  xxxiii.  7. — 10. 
Soon  after,  a  more  noted  tabernacle 
was  framed  by  Bezaleel  and  Aholiab. 
Its  form  was  in  this  manner  :  firft,  there 
was  a  court  of  100  cubits,  or  61  yards 
long,  and  50  cubits  broad,  inclofed  and 
hung  round  to  the  height  of  5  cubits, 
or  9  feet  and  a  little  more,  with  cui-- 
tains  of  fine  twined  linen,  fufpended  by 
filver  hooks,  on  56  pillars  of  brafs,  or 
of  fliittlm-wood  overlaid  with  brafs,  and 
fiUetted  vv'ith  filver,  and  fet  in  large 
fockets  of  brafs.  The  only  entrance 
of  this  court  was  from  the  eaft,  by  a 
hangin  .;  vail  of  blue,  purple,  and  fcar- 
let,  and  fine  twined  linen  of  needle- 
work, twenty  cubits  in  length,  and  fuf- 
pended on  four  pillars.  Here,  under 
the  open  ficy,  flood  the  altar  of  burnt- 
offering  and  the  brazen  laver ;  and  hi- 
ther every  clean  Hebrew  or  profelyte 
of  the  covenant  might  come  with  his 

offerings. 


TAB  [40 

ofTenn^s.  At  the  weft  end  of  this 
court  ftood  the  tabernacle,  properly  fo 
called,  which  was  a  clofe  tent,  in  the 
form  of  our  houfes.  It  was  30  cubits, 
or  about  1 8  yards  8  inches  long,  and 
6  yards  and  almoft  3  inches  broad,  and 
as  much  in  height.  It  wns  reared  with 
48  boards  of  Slnttim  wood,  each  a  cu- 
bit and  half  broad,  overlaid  with  gold, 
and  fet  upright  in  96  large  fockets  of 
filvcr,  and  all  fupported  behind  with 
five  crofs  bars  of  Shittim-wood,  over- 
laid with  gold, and failened  to  the  boards 
by  rings  of  gold.  On  this  frame  was 
fufpended  a  fourfold  covering,  the  in- 
moft  confifted  of  ten  curtains  of  fine 
twined  linen,  with  blue,  purple,  and 
fcarlet,  embroidered  with  figures  of 
cherubims  of  cunning  work,  each  cur- 
tain 28  cubits  long  and  four  cubits 
broad,  and  all  coupled  together  by 
loops  of  blue,  and  taches  of  gold.  Next 
there  was  a  covering  of  eleven  curtains 
of  goats  hair,  coupled  together  with 
taches  of  brafs.  It  had  next  a  cover- 
ing of  rams  fkins  dyed  red  ;  and,  in 
fine,  a  4th  of  llrong  leather,  or  badgers 
fkins.     The  whole  eaft  end,  juft  before 

I.  which  the  brazen  altar  and  laver  ftood, 
'  was  allotted  for  an  entrance.  It  was 
hung  over  with  a  vail  of  blue,  purple, 
fcarlet,  and  fine  twined  linen,  curioufly 
embroidered,  and  fufpended  by  golden 
*  hooks,  on  five  pillars  of  Shittim-wood, 
overlaid  with  gold,  and  fet  in  large  foc- 
kets of  brafs.  The  whole  of  the  gold 
about  the  tabernacle  amounted  to  about 
j  148,719/.  the  filver  to  3772/.  Sterling. 
This  tabernacle  or  fancluary  was  divided 
into  two  apartments.  The  firft  apart- 
ment was  20  cubits  long,  and  was  call- 
ed the  holy  place^  and  into  it  only  the 
priefts  durft  enter  or  look.  At  its  in- 
ner end  ftood  the  golden  candleftick, 
and  the  altar  of  iiicenfe,  and  table  of 
fhew-bread  ;  and  here  the  filver  trum- 
pets, and  ftandards  of  weight  and  mea- 
fure,  feem  to  have  been  kept.  Beyond 
this  there  was  another  apartment  of  ten 
cubits  fquare,  which  was  feparated  by 
a  vail  of  blue,  purple,  and  fcarkt,  and 
fine  twined  linen,  embroidered  with  che- 
rubims of  cunning  work,  and  fufpended 
•by  gfl^ti^ij  taches,  qn  four  pillars  of  Shit- 


1     1  TAT? 

tim-wood,  overlaid   with  gold,  and  fet 
in  fockets  of  filver.     Here,  amidft  grofs 
darknefs,  were  repofitcd  the  ark  of  the 
covenant,  overfliadowed  by  the  cheru- 
bims, between  which  hovered  the  She- 
chinah  or  fymbolic  cloud  of  t"he  divine 
prefence  ;   and  here   were  the   goldea 
pot  of  manna,  Aaron's  budding   rod, 
and  a  copy  of  the  law  of  Mofes  :  into 
this  apartment  only  the  high-prieft  en- 
tered, one  day  of  the  year.     The  ta- 
bernacle being  reared  on   the   firft  day 
of  the  fecond  year  of  the  Hebrews  de- 
parture from  Egypt,  was,  with  all   its 
utenfils,  confecratcd  by  the   fprinkling 
of  blood,   and   anointing   of  oil  ;    and 
every  year  it  v.'as  atoned  by  the  fprink- 
ling of  blood  on  the  day  of  expiation. 
After  its  eredion,  the  twelve  Hebrew 
princes  folemnized  the  dedication  of  it, 
by  prefents  and  facrifices,  each  in  his 
day.     The  whole  off"cring  was  1 2  char- 
gers, and   12  bowls  of  filver,  and   12 
fpoons  of  gold,  amounting  in  all  to  25  20 
fhekels  in  weight,  or  4598/.  Sterhng  in 
value,  together  with  a   large    quantity 
of  incenfe,  and  36   bullocks,   72  rams, 
as  many  lambs,  and  ae  many  kids,  Exod» 
Kxv. — xxvii.  xxxvi. — xxxviii.  xl.  Num. 
vii.     In  the  wildcrnefs,  the  tabernacle 
flood  in  the  midft  of  the  Hebrew  camp  : 
llie  priefts  alone  unreared   it  ;  but    the 
Levites  bare  it  and  its  furniture  on  their 
waggons  and  ftioulders.     The  ark,  the 
altar  of  incenfe,  table   of  ftiew-bread, 
golden  candleftick,  nay,  even  the  bra- 
zen altar,  were  carried  under  a  cover  ; 
and  it  was  death  for  the  Levites  to  fee 
them.  Numb.  iv.     After  it  had  been 
carried   about  with   the  Hebrew  camp 
for  46  years,  it  was  fixed   at  Shiloh  ; 
and  on  a  particular  occafion,  before  Jo- 
fliua's-deaih,  feems  to  have  been  brought 
to  Shechem,  Jofli.xviii.  xxiv.  26.   Some 
time  after  the  death  of  Eli,  the  taber- 
nacle was  fixed  for  -a  while  at   Nt  b  ; 
and  thence  it  was   carried   to    Gibeon. 
At  laft,  the   ark,  an-d   other  principal 
pertinents  thereof,  were  placed  in    So- 
lomon's temple,  and  the  reft  difregard- 
ed,  I  Sam.  xxi.   2  Chron.  i.  13.   v.  4.  5.. 
Did  this  tabernacle  reprefent  our  Re- 
deemer, parricularly  in    his  manhood  ? 
•It  is  devifed  of  God,  and  reared   up 
3  C^2  witU 


TAB  [49 

With  infinite  fl^ill,  and  confecrated  by 
the  oil  of  the  divine  Spirit,  and  his  own 
bloody  fufFering.  In  it  dwells  the  ful- 
Tiefs  of  Godhead  ;  and  after  mdch  toff- 
jng  and  unfixednefs  on  earth,  it,  drop- 
ping every  infirmity,  yvks  folemnly  in- 
troduced to  the  heaveiily  reft.  Nay,  is 
not  his  perfon  as  God-man,  the  allo- 
rifliing  effed  of  the  wifdom  of  God  ? 
He  is  the  means  of  all  our  fellowihip 
with  God,  and  the  treafury  of  all  that 
atonement,  purification,  light,  fuod, 
and  acceptance,  necefTary  for  our  fouls, 
Heb.  ix.  21.  viii.  2.  Did  it  not  repre- 
fent  the  gofpel-church,  the  tabernacle  of 
our  mjiftical David  ?  By  the  wifdom  of 
God  fhe  was  planned  ;  by  his  order  flie 
was  erected  by  the  infpired  minifters  of 
Chrift.  In  her  the  glory  of  God  re- 
iides ;  and  here  he  is  worfliipped  ;  and 
here  a  fulnefs  of  atonement,  purifica- 
tioii,  fpiritual  light,  and  provifion  ;  and 
of  acceptable  prayers,  praifes,  and  good 
works,  are  to  be  found.  Here  is  the 
word  of  God,  the  true  ftandard  of  our 
faith  and  pradlice  ;  and  here  are  the 
uriearchable  riches  and  gofpel  of  Chrift. 
After  a  while's  expofure  to  ftorms,  and 
various  removals  from  place  to  place, 
Ihe,  in  all  her  true  members  and  glory, 
enters  into  the  temple  above.  Nay,  did 
not  this  facred  tent  prefigure  heaven, 
where  Jehovah,  Jefus,  and  the  whole 
of  the  chief  fubftance  of  the  church, 
are  to  be  found  ?     See  feast. 

TABITHA,  or  DORCAS,  a  Chrif- 
tian  widow  at  Joppa,  who  much  a- 
bounded  in  alms-deeds,  and  other  good 
works,  dying  of  fome  ailment,  flie  was 
waftied,  and  laid  on  a  table,  in  order 
to  be  coffined.  Peter  was  fent  for,  and 
the  attending  widows  were  all  in  tears, 
and  ftiewed  him  the  clothes  which  fiie 
had  made  for  them,  and  reported  to 
him  her  other  generous  deeds.  Peter 
putting  out  the  people,  and  praying 
over  her,  bid  her  arife,  She  immedi- 
ately opened  her  eyes,  and,  he  helping 
her  a  little,  ftood  up.  He  then  called 
in  the  Chriftian  neighbours,  and  pre- 
fented  her  to  them  alive  and  well,  Acls 
ix.  36.-42. 

TABLE;  (i.)  Abroad  piece  of 
ilpne,  hrafs,  or  t.be  like,    H^b.  ii.  2, 


2     ]  TAB 

Luke  i.  63.  Such  the  ancients  ufed 
to  write  upon,  as  they  had  no  paper  ; 
and  they  v.'iftied  what  they  wrote  to 
continue  recorded  to  many  generations. 
Twice  God  wrote  his  law  on  tables  of 
ftone.  The  Romans  wrote  their  an- 
cient laws  on  12  tables  of  brafs.  In 
alhifion  hereto,  mens  heart  is  reprefent- 
ed  as  fl  nvr'tting  table,  and  ajlejhly  table y 
ready  to  receive,  and  be  affefted  with 
divine  truths,  Prov.  iii.  .3.  vli.  3.  2  Cor. 
iii.  3.  (2.)  A  frame  or  feat  for  people 
to  eat  meat  off,  i  Sam.  xx.  29.  It 
feems  the  Hebrews  ufed  the  facred 
perfume  of  incenfe  and  oil  at  their  com- 
mon tables,  Ezek.  xxiii.  41.  The  al- 
tar of  burnt-offering  is  called  God's 
table.,  becaufe  the  facrifices  thereon  of- 
fered were  acceptable  to  him,  and 
were  food  to  the  hungry,  Mai.  i.  7. 
12.  The  ordinances  of  the  church 
are  likened  to  a  table,  as  they  exhibit 
to  us  the  fulnefs  of  God,  for  the  nou- 
rifhment  of  our  foul,  Pfal.  Ixix.  22. 
Song  i.  12.  Luke  xxii.  30.  (3.)  The 
provifion  fet  upon  a  table  to  be  eaten 
or  drunk,  nay  all  kind  of  provifion, 
fpiritual  and  temporal :  and  Gody«r- 
n'ljlies  one's  table,  when  he  gives  them 
profperity,  fpiritual  or  temporal,  Pfal. 
xxiii.  5.  Jefus  Jits  at  his  table,  when 
in  heaven,  before  his  incarnation  ;  when 
on  earth,  during  his  debafement;  when 
he,  in  our  nature,  fits  on  his  Father's 
throne  ;  and  when  he  is  prefent  m  the 
ordinances  of  the  gofpel,  by  the  effi- 
cacy of  his  power,  hong  i.  12.  Men 
cannot  be  partakers  of  the  table  of  the 
Lord,  and  of  the  table  of  devils  ;  cannot 
confiftently  eat  of  the  things  facrificed 
to  idols  as  fuch,  and  partake  of  the 
Lord's  fupper,  i  Cor.  x.  21.  The 
office  of  the  church- deacons,  is  to  pro- 
vide neceffaries  for  the  table  of  the 
poor ;  to  provide  a  maintenance  for 
paftors;  and  officiate  in  diftributing 
the  elements  at  the  Lord's  table.  Ads 
vi.  2.  The  preparing  of  a  table  when 
Babylon  was  taken,  imports,  either 
the  Medes  and  Perfians  providing  vie-* 
tuals  for  their  army ;  or  the  Chaldeans 
luxurious  feafting  and  drunkennefs,  If« 
xxi.  5.  The  eight  tables  of  hewn  ftone 
in  Ezekiel's  vifipnary  temple,  may  de- 
note 


TAB  r    493     1  .      T  A  H 

note  the  frequently  adminiftered  fup-    foot  of  it,  defeated  the  hoft  of  Jabin, 


per  of  the  Lord,  firmly  ellablifticd  in 
the  church,  and  acceflible  to  Chriftians 
in  every  corner,  Ezek.  xl.  41.  42. 

The  table  of  Jhew-hread  was  of  Shit- 
tim-wood  overlaid  with  gold,  two  cu- 
bits in  length,  one  in  breadth,  and  one 
and  an  half  in  height.  At  the  top, 
it  was  furrounded  with  a  double  cor- 
nice, which  preferved  the  loaves  from 
falling  off.  It  was  portable  by  flaves 
of  Shittim-wood,  overlaid  with  gold. 
It  was  confecrated  by  fprinkling  of 
blood,  and  anointing  with  oil.  It 
Hood  on  the  north-weft  corner  of  the 
holy  place,  juft  before  the  inner  vail, 
and  on  it  were  fet  the  12  loaves  of 
fhew-bread.  Solomon  made  ten  tables 
of  fhew-bread.  Did  this  table  repre- 
fent  Jefus's  perfon,  as  in  his  intercef- 
fion,  prefenting  all  his  chofen  tribes 
before  God  ;  or  the  gofpel,  as  prefent- 
ing Chrift  and  his  fulnefs,  for  our  fpi- 
ritual  provifion  ?  Exod.  xxv.  23. — 30. 
XXX.  27.   2  Chron.  iv.  8.  19. 

TABLET  ;  an  ornament,  or  per- 
haps a  bos  for  perfume,  to  refrefh 
fainting  fpirits,  Exod.  xxxv.  22. 

TABOR;  (i.)  A  mountain  fome- 
what  of  the  form  of  a  fugar-loaf,  near 
Kadcfh  in  Galilee,  where  the  territories 
of  IfTachar  and  Naphtali  almoil  met, 
Jofh.  xix.  12.  22.  It  ftood  almoft 
ftraight  weft  of  Hermon,  but  on  the 
other  fide  of  Jordan,  and  in  the  great 
plain  of  Jezreel.  Jofephus  fays,  it  is 
about  four  miles  high,  and  on  the  top 
is  a  beautiful  plain  about  three  miles 
and  an  half  in  circumference,  and  in- 
clofed  with  trees,  except  towards  the 
fouth  ;  but  according  to  Maundrel, 
Thevenot,  and  Pocock,  one  may  ride 
to  the  top,  and  it  is  little  more  than 
one  mile  and  an  half  of  afcent ;  and  on 
the  top  is  but  half  a  mile  long,  and  a 
quarter  broad  :  whether  an  earthquake 
may  have  partly  funk  it,  and  altered 
its  form,  fince  the  time  of  Jofephus,  I 
know  not.  The  top,  from  whence  is 
one  of  the  moft  delightful  profpecls  in 
the  world,  was  once  furrounded  with 
a  wall  and  trench,  and  perhaps  there 
were  houfes  on  it.  On  this  mount  Ba- 
rak alTenibled  his  army,  and,  at  the 


Judg.  iv.  6.  8.  On  the  top  of  it,  it 
was  long  thought  our  Saviour  was 
transfigured  ;  but  as  it  is  fo  far  diftant 
from  Cefarea-Philippi,  where  he  was 
before  and  after,  that  is  now  doubt- 
ed by  moft  people  of  judgement.  (2.) 
Tabor  was  alfo  the  name  of  a  city- 
given  by  the  Zebulunites  to  the  Le- 
vites  of  Merari's  family,  i  Chron  vL 
77.;  andof  a  place  near  Bethel,  i  Sam. 
X.  3.  . 

TABRET,  or  timbrel,  a  kind 
of  mulical  drum  for  expreffing  of  glad- 
nefs  at  feafts  and  dancings,  and  in  re- 
ligious worfliip,  Exod.  xv.  20.  29.  To 
be  as  a  tahret\  is  to  be  greatly  loved 
and  delighted  in,  Job  xvii.  6.  To  be 
adorned  nvitb  tabretSy  is  to  be  filled  with 
gladnefs,  on  account  of  profperity  and 
happinefs,  Jer.  xxxi.  4.  To  taber  on 
the  breajlsy  is  to  beat  them,  as  if  a 
drum,  for  vexation  and  grief,  Nah.  ii.  7. 

T  A  C  H  E  S  ;  hooks ;  clafps;  or 
latches  of  gold  and  brafs,  for  faftening 
together  the  curtains  of  the  tabernacle^ 
Exod;  xxvi.  6.  II. 

TACKLING  ;  the  roping  of  a  (hip. 

TADMOR,  now  PALMYRA, 
was  built  by  Solomon,  about  60  miles 
eaft  of  Damafcus,  and  above  20,  weft 
of  the  Euphrates,  in  a  moft  delightful 
fpot,  furrounded  with  a  wide  fandy  de- 
fert,  and  with  mountains  on  the  eaft, 
north,  and  weft  fides.  Here  lived  the 
famed  critic  Longinus  ;  and  here  Ode- 
natus,  and  Zenobia  his  queen,  formed 
a  fmall  kingdom,  and  performed  won- 
drous exploits  ;  but  the  Romans  feized 
on  it  by  force  about  ^.  Z).  273.  At 
prefent  there  are  about  30  wretched 
families  in  it,  and  plenty  of  magnificent 
ruins,  fufficient  to  aftonifh  every  judi- 
cious beholder,   I  Kings  ix.  18. 

TAHPANHES,  Tehaphne- 
HEs,  or  Han  Es  ;  a  city  of  Egypt,  and 
probably  the  Daphnae  Pelufiacae,  a- 
bout  16  miles  fouth  of  Pelufium,  and 
on  the  eaft  of  the  Nile.  Hitlier  the 
rebeUious  Jews,  under  Johanan  the  fon 
of  Kareah,  retired  ;  and  not  long  af- 
ter, Nebuchadnezzar  took  It,  and  pla- 
ced his  throne  at  the  entry  of  ic,  as 
Jeremiah  had  pointed  out,  by  the  hid- 

ing 


T  A  I         r    494    ]         T  A  M 

jfig  of  flones,  Jer.  xlili.  7. — II.  Ezek.     450/.  Sterling,  and  one  of  goM  to  ifi 


ccclefiaftic, 
I  Of  19.  xii. 


XXX.   18. 

TAIL,  the  hinder  part  of  a  beaft, 
Judg.  XV.  4.:  in  allufion  to  which, 
whatever  is  low  and  contemptible,  is 
called  the  tail,  Deut.  xxviii.  i  ;^.  If. 
ix.  14.  15.  xix.  15.  Becaufe  fcor- 
j)ions  and  ftrpents  do  much  hurt  with 
their  tails y  the  power,  policy,  anr:  bat- 
tery, wherewith  the  Papifts  and  Ma- 
V.ometans  fpread  their  delufion,  to  the 
Tuin  of  multitudes,  are  called  their 
tails ;  or  the  tails  may  fignify  fubordi 
nate  officers  and  agents, 
civil,  or  military.  Rev.  ix. 
4.  Rezin  and  Pekah  were  two  tails  of 
fmoaking  Jirebrandsy  able  to  perform 
little  of  what  they  boafled,  and  near  to 
litter  deftru'Aion,   If.  vii.  4. 

TAKE  ;  (i.)  To  receive,  2  Kings 
y.v.  15.  16.  (2.)  To  choofe,  Deut. 
i.  13.  (3.)  To  feize  on,  i  Kings  xviii. 
4.0.  H«-b.  V.  4.  (4.)  To  bear  away, 
John  ii,  16.  (5.)  To  improve;  ex- 
ert, Eph,  vi.  13.  Rev.  xi.  17.  To 
take  away,  oft  fignifies  the  entire  de- 
ilruftion  of  a  thing,  and  its  caufes  and 
effefts,  Heb.  x.  4.  9.  Chrift  takes  a- 
KLuay  fm  ;  his  righteoufnefs  removes  the 
guilt  ;  his  Spirit  its  power  and  ftain  -, 
and  his  benefits  conferred,  the  fruit 
thereof,  John  i.  29.  Troubles  take  a- 
Kvayfin  ;  they  caufe  men  give  up  with 
their  idols  and  idolatries,  and  to  abhor 
and  watch  agalnfl  linful  praftices.  If. 
Kxvii.  9,  To  take  the  foxes  in  the  church, 
is  to  deteft,  and  cenfure,  and  remove 
falfe  teachers,  and  to  fearch  out,  and 
mortify  inward  corruptions,  Songii.  15. 
A  man  k  taken  and  heldfafl  by  his  fins, 
ivhen  he  is  enfaared  and  ruined  by  them, 
Pro  v.  V.  22. 

TALE;  (i.)  Sum;  number,  Exod. 
V.  8.  (2.)  Story,  Luke  xxiv.  11.  Our 
life  is  like  a  tale  thai  is  told,  very  fhort 
an4  unfubilantial,  Pfal.  xc.  9.  Tale- 
hearers  are  fuch  as  carry  tales  to  raife 
ilrife  and  contention  ;  or  who  fiander 
and  backbite.  Lev.  xix,  1-6.  Ezek. 
y.xii.  9. 

TALENT  ;  a  weight  among  the 
Jews  containing  3000  fhekels  ;  fo,  if 
a  fliekel  of  filver  is  leckoned  at  three 
fliillinga?  a  talent  of  it  will  amount  to 


times  as  much,  'vi%.  7200'.  But  we, 
fuppofmg  a  fliekel  of  filver  to  be  confi- 
derably  lefs,  viz.  2x.  3  \d.  compute  the 
talent  of  filver  at  342'.  33-.  ^d.  and  a 
talent  of  gold  p.t  5475/.  Sterling,  Exod. 
xxxviii.  24.  27.  The  weight  of  a  Jew- 
ifh  talent  for  weighing  filver  was  1 1 3 
pounds  10  ounces  i  pennyweight  and 
10^  grains  ;  but  their  talent  ufed  in 
weighing  other  things  was  perhaps  a 
fifth  part  heavier.  The  Egyptian  ta- 
lent was  86  pounds  and  almofi  9  ounces. 
They  had  a  talent  at  Antioch  that 
weighed  390  pounds  and  about  j^ 
ounces.  Whatever  gifts  or  opportu- 
nities God  gives  to  men  for  their  ufe- 
fulnefs,  are  called  pounds  and  talents; 
and  to  fome  he  gives  thefe  in  greater, 
and  to  others  in  leffer  proportion  ;  but 
all  ought  to  improve  what  they  receive, 
and  mull  give  account  of  their  ufe  there- 
of, Mitth.  XXV.  15. — 29.  Luke  xix. 
To  mark  the  infinite  difproportion  be- 
tween the  injuries  done  by  us  to  God, 
and  thofe  done  by  men  to  us ;  the  for- 
mer are  called  10,000  talents,  and  the 
latter  100  pence,  Matth.  xviii.  24.  28. 
God's  heavy  judgements  on"  the  Jews 
and  Antichrillians,  are  reprefented  as 
of  the  weight  of  a  talent,  Zech.  v.  7. 
Rev.  xvi.  21. 

TALK ;  fpeech  to  another,  Job 
xi.  2.  Talkers,  are  fuch  as  are  exceed- 
ingly given  to  talk,  Ezek.  xxxvi.  3. 
Talk  fometimes  fignifies  meditation,  as 
we  ihould  never  fpeak  but  after  due 
thought,  Pfal.  Ixxi.  24. 

TALITHA-KUMI ;  a  Syriac  ex- 
preiTion,  which  iignifies,  Maid  arife, 
Mark  V.  41. 

TALMAI.     See  Geshur. 

TAMAR.  See  JuDAH,  Absalom, 
Amnon.  Tamar,  a  city^  is  probably 
the  fame  as  Engedi. 

TAMMUZ,  or  THAMMUZ,  the 
4th  month  of  the  Jews  facred  year,  and 
loth  of  their  civil.  It  confiils  of  29 
days,  and  anfwers  to  part  of  our  June 
and  July.  On  the  17th  day  of  it,  the 
Jews  fail  for  the  fin  and  punifhment  of 
making  the  golden  calf.  During  the 
captivity  of  Babylon,  they  in  this  month 
obfer-ved  a  fail,  to  bewail  the  dellruc- 

tion 


TAN         r     495     1 

tion  ef  Jerufalem,  Jer.  xxxix.  2.  Zech.  figured 
"viii.  19.  (2.)  Tammuz,  an  idol,  call- 
ed alfo  Adonis,  Ofiris,  Adonoliris,  and 
perhaps  Chemofh,  and  Baal-peor.  It 
is  fald,  he  was  either  Thamus,  an  an- 
cient king  of  Upper  Egypt,  or  was 
Adonis  the  fon  of  Cyniras,  an  Alfy- 
rian,  who  founded  the  city  of  Paphos 
in  Cyprus,  by  his  own  daughter  Myrr- 
ha.      To  cover  his  inceihious  birth,  he 


TAR 

in  the  loom,  or  with  the  needle. 


■was  brought  up  among  the  fliepherds. 
Venus,  the  goddefs  of  whoredom,  fell 
in  love  with  him  for  his  beauty,  on  ac- 
count of  which  Mars  her  hufhand  kill- 
ed him.  Venus  lamented  his  death  in 
the  mod  inconfolable  manner.  To  com- 
ply with  her  pattern,  the  taftern  na- 
tions of  Syria,  Phenicia,  &c.  had  a 
Hated  folemnity,  to  bewj.il  the  ruin  oi 
the  celebrated  whoremonger.  When 
the  rain  or  melting  fnow  made  the  river 
Adonis  appear  reddifh  in  colour,,  the 
women  began  their  lamentatior.s,  fo 
loud  and  tender,  as  if  f  .  the  death  of 
an  only  child.  Aftr-  ^iiey  had  fuffi- 
ciently  difciplined  -  .L:mfelves  with  whips, 
they  proceeded  to  the  facrifices  of  the 
dead,  Pfal.  cvi.  28.  Next  day,  pretend- 
ing that  he  was  revived,  and  afcended 
to  heaven,  they  rejoiced,  and  fhaved 
their  heads  ;  and  luch  as  did  not,  at 
ieaft  at  Byblus,  were  obliged  to  prolli- 
tute  themfelves  a  whole  day  to  ftran- 
gers,  and  confecrate  their  gain  to  Ve- 
nus. On  this  day  the  Phenician  priefts 
caufed  a  letter  come  into  their  harbour, 
in  a  boat  of  paper-reeds,  as  if  from 
Egypt,  importing,  that  the  priefts  there 
had  found  Adonis  alive.  When  this 
boat  entered  the  harbour  of  Byblus, 
the  women  danced  and  fhouced  as  per- 
fons  mad  for  joy.  In  the  time  of  Eze- 
kicl,  the  Jewilh  women  celebrated  this 
folemnity  in  all  the  obfcene  rites  there- 
of, Ezek.  viii.  14.  To  this  day  fome 
veiliges  of  this  mad  revel  remain  at 
Aleppo. 

TANACH,  or  Taanach  ;  a  city 
of  the  Manaffites,  near  Endor,  and  Me- 
giddo.  It  was  given  to  the  Kohath- 
ites  ;  but  the  Canaanites  long  retained 
it  in  their  hands,  Jofli.  xvii.  11.  xxi.  25. 
.  Judg.  i.  27. 

TAPESTRY  i    cloth  beautifully 


It  was  anciently  ufed  in  the  eaft,  aa 
early  as  the  age  of  Solomon.  The  Cru-" 
faders  fecm  to  have  introduced  the  art 
of  m.aking  it  into  Europe,  about  500 
or  600  years  ago.  The  Englifli  and 
Flcmidi  fn-ft  dillinguiflied  themfelves  in 
making  it  ;  but  the  French  knew  little 
of  it  till  within  160  years  backward- 
It  is  ufed  to  cover  beds,  and  to  hang- 
fine  rooms.  Its  figures  are  frequent- 
ly formed  with  threads  of  gold,  Prov. 
vii.  16. 

TAPPUAH,  or  the  apple  city,  be- 
longed ta  the  tribe  of  Ephraim,  and  Is 
probably  the  fame  as  Entappuah,  wlilch 
was  fortiiied  by  Bacchldes,  the  Syro- 
Grecian  gener.  1,  Jofh.  xvii.  7.  8.  An- 
oincr  fituated  in  the  low  country,  be- 
longed to  Judah,  and  was  different  from 
Bethtappuah  in  tlie  hiU -country,  Jofh. 

XV.  34-  53- 

TARES.  We  have  a  kind  of  pcafc 
called  tares  ;  but  what  the  fcripturc 
mentions  under  that  name,  appears  to 
be  a  weed  very  hurtful  to  corn.  Its 
ftem  is  fmaller  than  that  of  wheat ;  and 
at  the  top  fprings  forth  a  long  ear,  with 
fmall  huflcs  furrounding  three  or  four 
grains.  The  meal  of  tares  is  unwhole- 
fome,  loads  the  ftomach,  and  intoxi- 
cates, creating  drowfinefs,  heavinefs, 
and  headachs.  Wicked  men  ai-c  liken.- 
ed  to  tares  :  they  grow  up  among  the 
faints,  are  fomewhat  firailar,  and  very* 
hurtful,  but  cannot  be  fully  feparated 
till  the  laft  day,  when  they  fhall  be  caft 
into  everlafting  fire. 

TARGET,  See  SHIELD,  But  Go- 
liath's chidon  probably  fignifies  a  gorget, 
cordet,  or  neck-piece,    i  oam.  xvii.  6. 

Tx\RRY;  (i.)  To  abide;  conti- 
nue.  Gen.  xxvii.  44.  (2.)  To  flay  be- 
hind, Exod.  xii.  39.  (3.)  To  defer  ; 
delay,  Gen.  xlv.  9.  (4.)  To  wait;  ftay 
for,  Exod.  xxiv.  14.  God  and  his 
falvation  tarry ^  when,  notwithftandlng 
his  peoples  diftrefs  and  prayers,  he,  for 
a  time,  defers  to  dehver  them,  Pfal. 
xl.  17.   If.  xlvl.  13. 

TARSHISH,  Tarsus  ;  the  fon  of 
J.  I  van,  and  u  ho  probably  foiuided  Tar- 
fhifh,  or  Tarfus  in  Cihcia,  and  gave  hi» 
name  to  the  country,  and  wao  perhaps 

the 


TAR         [    496    1         TAX 


the  father  of  the  Etrufci  in  Italy.  Per- 
haps different  places  are  called  Tar- 
SHiSH.  Tarsus  in  Cillcia  was  the 
neareft  to  Canaan  that  we  know  of. 
It  was  the  capital  city  of  the  country, 
and  built  on  the  river  Cydnus,  about 
fix  miles  from  the  fea;  and  which  Strabo 
fays,  was  built  by  Sardanapalus,  the 
king  of  AfTyria.  It  is  faid  once  to  have 
equalled  Athens  and  Alexandria  in  po- 
lite learning.  Julius  C^efar  bellowed 
on  it  the  fame  privileges  as  Rome  had  ; 
and  hence  Paul  was  htr^  free  born.  To 
mark  their  gratitude,  the  inhabitants 
turned  the  name  of  the  city  into  Julio- 
pnlis^  or  the  city  of  Julius.  During 
the  wars  of  the  Greek  emperors  with 
the  Perfians  and  Saracens,  this  city  fuf- 
fered  much,  and  is  at  prefent  of  no  im- 
portance :  but  Chriftianity  being  here 
planted  by  Paul,  has  never  fince  been 
wholly  extinft.  Perhaps  this  is  the 
Tarfhifh  for  which  Jonah  fet  out,  Jon. 
i.  3.  Sometimes  Tatjhtjh  feems  to  de- 
note the  fea  in  general,  fo  called  from 
its  blue-greenifh  colour,  as  If.  Ix.  9. 
Pfal.  xlviii.  7.  Sometimes  it  feems  to 
mean  Carthage  in  Africa,  or  Tarteffus 
in  Spain,  If.  xxiii.  6.  ;   for  in  vain  would 


quired  of  one  ;  and  TASKMASTERS  arc 
fuch  overfeers  as  make  the  tafked  to 
perform  their  work,  Exod.  v.  11. 

To  TASTE  ;  (i.)  To  try  the  re- 
lifh  of  a  thing  by  the  tongue  or  palate, 
Job  xxxiv.  3.  (2.)  To  eat  or  drink  a 
little,  as  if  trying  the  reli/h  of  the  food, 
I  Sam.  xiv.  29.  Dan.  v.  2.  (3.)  To 
have  an  experimental  knowledge  of; 
thus  men  iajie  death,  when  they  feel  it, 
Matth.  xvi.  28.  ;  they  tajie  that  the 
Lord  is  gracious  and  goody  when  they 
fpiritually  difcern  and  feel  his  grace 
and  goodnefs  working  for  and  in  them, 
iPet.ii.  2.  Pfal.  xxxiv.  8.  Hypocrites 
taJie  the  good  n.vord  of  God^  and  the  hea- 
venly gft,  w^hen  they  have  fuch  tranfient 
experience  of  the  power  of  the  Holy 
Gholl,  in  and  by  the  word,  as  fills 
them  with  a  kind  of  comfort  and  joy, 
Heb.  vi.  4.  5. 

Taste,  is,  (i.)  Relifh,  Exod.  xvL 
31.  Job  vi.  6.  (2.)  The  roof  of  the 
mouth,  which  ^  difcerns  the  relifli  of 
meats,  Prov.  xxiv.  13.  (3.)  Our  judge- 
ment and  affeftions,  which  difcern  the 
propriety  and  agreeablenefs  of  things 
to  the  foul,  Pfal.  cxix.  103.  Song  ii.  3. 
Moab*s    tafte   remained  in  hintf  and  his 


the  Tyrians  have  fled   from  Nebuchad-    fcent  luas  not  changed.    Their  power  and 

their  idolatry,  pride,  prefumption,  lux- 
ury, and  other  wickednefs,  continued 
the  fame  from  age  to  age,  as  wine  ftand- 
ing  on  its  lees,  retains  its  ftrength,  co- 
lour, and  relifh,  Jer.  xlviii.  1 1. 

TATLERS  ;  fuch  as  fooh(hly  and 
rafhly  fpcak  of  things  without  know- 
ing, or  being  concerned  about  them, 
I  Tim.  v.  13. 

TATNAI.     See  Samaritans. 

The  THREE-TAVERNS,  was  a 
place  about  33  miles  fouth  of  Rome, 
where  it  feems  there  were  three  taverns 
or  drinking-houfes,  Acls  xxviii.  15. 

TAUNT  ;  a  common  by-word  ;  a 
laughing-llock,  Jer.  xxiv.  9.  Ezek. 
v.  15. 

TAX  ;  TOLL  ;  TRIBUTE  ;  a  fum  of 
money  or  goods  paid  to  rulers,  as  a  to- 
ken of  fubmiffion  to  them,  and  in  or- 
der to  reward  their  labour  in  govern- 
ment, 2  Chron.  xvii.  21.  2  Kingsxxiif. 
35.  The  revenues  oi  eaitern  piinces 
are  paid  in  the  productions  of  their  (ub- 

je6ls 


nezzar,  or  Alexander,  to  Tarfus  in  Ci- 
licia.  Hiller  will  have  Ta/fhfh  to  fig- 
nify  the  country  of  the  Celtx  in  Gaul, 
Spain,  &c.  Pfal.  Ixxii.  10.  But  there 
muft  Hill  be  another  Tarjloifh^  to  which 
Solomon  traded  from  the  Red  fea  ;  and 
for  which  Jehofhaphat  fitted  out  his 
ileet.  This  could  not  be  in  North 
Africa,  or  in  Spain  ;  as  the  way  to 
thefe  places  by  fea  was  6000  or  7000 
miles  nearer  from  Joppa  than  from  the 
Red  fea.  We  muft  therefore  fuppofe 
a  TarJJoi/lj  on  the  eafl.  of  Africa,  or  in 
the  Indies,  and  perhaps  near  to  the 
moil  diflant  Ophir,  i  Kings  x.  22. 
2  Chron.  xx.  36.   Jer.  x.  9. 

TARTAK,  the  idol  of  the  Avites. 
The  Jewiih  writers  think  he  had  the 
figure  of  an  afs  ;  but  Jurieu  will  have 
this  idol  to  be  the  chariot  of  the  fun,  or 
the  fun  in  his  chariot,  2  Kings  xvii.  3 1 . 

TARTAN.  See  Esarhaddon, 
Sennacherib. 

TASK;  the  quantity  of  work  re- 


TEA  r    497    1         T  E  K 


jeSiS  lands,  i  Kings  iv.  7. — 19.  Eccl. 
V.  9.  As  the  Hebrews  acknowledged 
God  for  their  proper  King,  they  paid 
their  tribute  to  him  in  tithes,  offerings, 
and  foul-money,  Exod.  xxx.  13.  Lev. 
i. — vii.  &c.  Wherever  they  prevailed 
over  the  Canaanites,  they  laid  them 
under  tribute,  Jofh.  xvi.  10.  Jiidg.  i.  30. 
— 35.  Towar4s  the  end  of  his  reign, 
Solomon  impofed  a  tribute  on  the  He- 
brews, which  ilTued  in  the  revolt  of  ten 
tribes  from  his  fon,  i  Kings  xii.  The 
Syrians,  too,  and  AfTynans,  Chaldeans, 
Perfians,  Greeks,  and  Romans,  in  their 
turn,  impofed  tribute  on  them,  and  other 
conquered  nations.  Seleucus,  the  fon 
of  Antiochus  the  Great,  was  a  rai/er  of 
taxes  in  the  glory  of  his  kingdom  ;  i.  e.  fa- 
med for  nothing,  but  raiimg  of  taxes, 
to  pay  his  father's  debt  to  the  Romans, 
Dan.  xi.  20.  Cefar  Auguftus  ordered 
that  an  inrolment,  taxingy  or  cenfus, 
Ihould  be  made  of  all  his  fubjeds  fa- 
milies and  fubftance,  in  order  to  lay 
on  the  tribute  in  proportion  to  their  abi- 
lity :  this  was  begun  three  or  four  years 
before  the  birth  of  our  Saviour  ;  but 
Providence  fo  ordered  it,  that  it  was 
rot  got  carried  through  to  Bethlehem 
till  the  time  of  his  birth,  Luke  ii.  2. 
This  tribute  was  not  levied  till  about 
10  or  II  years  after;  th^  publicans 
who  gathered  it  were  terribly  detefted. 
Judas  of  Galilee  formed  a  party  of  zea- 
lots, who  feditioufly  oppofed  the  raifing 
of  it.  As  Jefus  miraculoufly  procured 
money  from  a  fi fh  to  pay  it,  for  him- 
felf  and  Peter  ;  he,  in  a  convincing 
manner,  direfted  the  Jews  to  pay  it, 
as,  by  their  ufing  of  the  Roman  coin, 
rhey'  acknowledged  their  fubjedion, 
Matth.  xxii.  16. — 18.  Tributary  ; 
one  under  tribute,  Judg.  i. 

TEACH;  instruct;  (i.)  To 
make  to  know,  Pfal.  cxix.  26.  (2.) 
To  admonilh  ;  to  direft,  Mark  viii.  3 1 . 
God  teaches  men,  by  his  word  inform- 
ing their  judgement ;  by  his  Spirit, 
opening  their  underftanding  to  difcern 
divine  things  ;  and  by  his  providence, 
pointing  out  what  we  have  done,  or 
ought  to  do,  and  what  we  may  expedl 
at  his  hand,  Rom.  ii.  18.  Neh.  ix.  20. 
Jcr.  vi.  8.  Prov.  xxiv.  ^2.  Pf.  xxv.  8.9. 

Vol.  1L 


Chrifl's  right  hand  teaches  him  terrible 
things,  when  he  performs  marvellous 
works  for  the  falvation  of  his  people 
and  the  de(lru6lion  of  th'iir  enemies, 
Pfal.  xlv.  4.  To  teach  by  the  hand  of 
God,  is  to  do  it  by  his  aflillance.  Job 
xxvii.  II.  To  teach  luith  the  fingers,  is 
by  geftures  to  excite  others  to  what  is 
fliameful  to  be  expreffcd  in  words,  Prov. 
vi.  13.  A  TEACHER,  IS,  ( I . ) ,  A  ma- 
fter,  an  inftru^ftor,  i  Chron.  ?cxv.  .8. 
(2.)  A  minifter  of  the  gofpel,  who, 
by  his  do6lrine  and  pra6tice,  makes 
men  to  underftand  the  -truths  of  God, 
Eph.  iv.  II.  (3.)  One  who  by  private 
inllruftion  or  example,  makes  others  to 
know  fpiritual  things,  Tit.  ii.  3. 

TEAR.     See  rend. 

TEARS;  (i.)  Drops  of  humour 
which  fall  from  weeping  eyes,  Pfal. 
vi.  6.  (2.)  Affliction  and  forrow,  Pf, 
cxxvi.  5.   If.  xxv.  8. 

TEATS;  (i.)  Paps,  dugs.  The 
Jews  had  their  teats  of  -virginity  bruifed^ 
when  they  were  feduced  into  the  ido- 
latry of  the  Heathens  aromid,  Ezek. 
xxiii.  3.  (2.)  Profperity  ;  plentiful 
crops  :  for  want  of  fuch  the  Jewidi 
women  lamented.   If.  xxxii.  12. 

TEDIOUS  ;  wearifome. 

TEBET,  or  Thebet,  the  tenth 
month  of  the  Jewifli  facred  year,  and 
fourth  of  their  civil.  It  confided  of 
29  days.  On  the  eighth,  they  obferve 
a  fail  for  the  tranflation  of  their  law 
into  Greek  :  on  the  tenth,  a  fall  for 
the  fiege  of  Jerufalem  by  the  Chal- 
deans, 2  Kings  xxv.  I.  On  the  28th, 
a  feaft  of  joy  for  the  ejeftion  of  the  Sad- 
ducees  from  the  fanhedrim,  where,  un- 
der Janneus,  they  had  almoll  the  whole 
power. 

TEKOAH;  a  pleafant  city,  about 
12  miles  fouth  of  Jerufalem,  built  by- 
one  Aflier,  or  Afliur,  i  Chron.  ii.  24. 
iv.  5.  and  vi^hich  had  a  wildeniefs  adja- 
cent to  it,  that  reached  almoll  to  the 
Dead  fea.  A  widow  of  it  perfuaded 
David  to  recall  Abfalom,  2  Sam.  xiv. 
Rehoboam  repaired  and  fortified  it, 
2  Chron.  xi.  6.  Near  to  it  Jehofha- 
phat's  enemies  raaffacred  one  another, 
2  Chron.  XX.  20. — 23.  Amos  the  pro- 
phet was  a  herdman  of  it,  Amos  i.  i. 
3  R  Hither 


TEL  r    49 

Hither  Jonathan  the  Maccabee  retired 
from  Bacchides,  the  ."yrlan  general,  as   '* 
the  city  had  but   one  entrance.     Per- 
haps there  was  another  Tekoah,  north 
of  Jerufalem,  Jer.  vi.  i. 

TELAS5AR.     See  Eden. 

TELABIB;  a  place  of  Chaldea, 
between  the  rivers  Chebar  and  Saoco- 
ras,  Ezek.  iii.  15. 

TELEM,  or  TELAIM  ;  a  city  on 
the  fouth  frontiers  of  Judea,  where  Saul 
fnuftered  his  forces  to  march  againil  the 
Amalekites,  Jofh.  xv.  24.    1  Sam.xv.4. 

TELMELA,  Telharsha  ;  Che- 
rub, Addan,  and  Immer,  were  per- 
haps all  cities  of  Chaldea,  Ezra  ii.  59. 

TELL  f  (i.)  To  count  ;  to  num- 
ber, Gen.  XV.  5.  (2.)  To  make  known 
to,  Gen.  xii.  18.  2  Sam.  i.  20.  (3.) 
To  explain;  interpret,  Ezek.  xxiv.  19. 
I)an.  ii.  36. 

TEMA  ;  a  fon  of  Ifhmael,  who  pro- 
bably founded  the  city  Thema  orTham- 
ma,  near  the  vi-eft  of  Chaldea,  and  was 
the  parent  of  the  troops  of  Tenia,  Gen. 
XXV.  5.   Job  ix.  TO. 

TEMAN,  orTiMNAH  ;  the  grand- 
fon  of  Efau,  by  his  fon  Eliphaz,  and 
parent  of  the  Temanites,  of  whom  E- 
liphaz,  Job's  friend,  v/as  one,  and 
Hufliam,  an  ancient  king  of  Edom, 
another.  Gen.  xxxvi.  34.  We  fuppofe 
lie  built  a  city  'called  Teman,  about 
five  miles  from  Petra.  Moft,  if  not 
the  whole  of  the  land  of  Edom,  is 
fometimes  called  Temnn,  Jer.  xlix.  20. 
Amos  i.  12.  The  fymbols  of  the  di- 
vine prcfence,  feemcd  to  vwve  frem  a- 
bove  the  land  of  Teman  and  Paran,  to 
Sinai,  which  lay  fouth-well  therefrom, 
Hab.  iii.  3. 

TEMPEST.     See  storm. 

TEMPLE.  The  Jews  fometimes 
called  the  tabernacle  by  this  name, 
I  Sam.  i.  9.  iii.  3.  The  houfes  built 
for  the  refidence  of  idols  were  alfo  fo 
called  ;  but  that  built  at  Jerufalem  for 
the  worfliip  of  the  true  God,  is  fo  cal- 
led by  way  of  eminence.  We  have  dif- 
ferent defcriptions  of  this  magnificent 
ftrufture.  Villalpandus,  a  learned  Je- 
fuite  and  famed  archited,  has  publifli- 
ed  a  fplendid  one  in  three  volumes  in 
f^lio  5  but  it  is  chiefly  founded  on  E- 


8    1        T  E  M 

zeklel's  vlfionary  defcriptions,  and  his 
own  fancy,  and  rules  of  architefture, 
and  not  on  the  plain  reports  of  fcrip- 
ture.  Lightfoot  too,  and  Prideaux, 
have  given  us  laboured  defcriptions ; 
but  as  thefe  are  founded  on  Jofcphus's 
account  of  Herod's  form  of  it,  and  011. 
the  Talmud,  whofe  authors  lived  long 
after  it -was  in  ruins,  we  cannot  depend 
on  them  as  defcriptions  of  Solomon's. 
Our  account  fliall  be  taken  from  the 
hiftory  of  the  Bible,  which  alone,  we 
fuppofe,  is  to  be  regards^'d  in  this  mat- 
ter. 

The  preparations  for  this  temple 
were  immenfe.  David  and  his  princes 
afTigned  thereto  108,000  talents  of 
gold,  1,017,000  talents  of  filver,  both 
which  together  amounted  to  about 
942,719,750/.  or  939,299,687/.  Ster- 
ling, and  in  weight  amounted  to  about 
46,000  ton  weight  of  gold  and  filver. 
About  183,600  men,  Hebrews  and 
Canaanites,  were  employed  in  building 
it.  Every  thing  was  made  ready  ere  it 
came  to  the  fpot,  that  nothing  was  to 
do  but  join  the  xnaterials  ;  and  yet  it 
was  feven  years  in  building.  It  was 
erefted  on  mount  Moriah.  The  top 
of  this  hill  was  jnclofed  with  a  wall. 
Into  this  there  was  an  entrance  on  e- 
very  fide ;  befides  one  tov^-ards  the 
fouth-weil,  for  the  royal  family,  where- 
by, by  a  raifed  way,  called  the  gate  of 
Shallechethy  they  came  to  their  place  in 
the  covert  of  the  Sabbath,  The  eall  gate 
was  called  Sur :  the  fouth  gate  was 
called  Afuppinii  becaufe  it  feems  there 
the  Levites  convened  to  receive  their  di- 
rections ;  and  the  gate  Parbar  was  at 
the  north-weft  of  the  temple.  At  the 
fide  of  every  gate,  and  at  every  corner 
of  the  court,  houfes  feem  to  have  been 
built.  Into  this  outer  court,  every 
clean  Hebrew,  or  profylete  of  the  co- 
venant, might  enter.  In  our  Saviour's 
time,  there  was  a  court  of  the  Gentiles 
without  this.  In  the  middle  of  the 
outer  court,  but  nearer  to  the  weft 
end,  there  was  a  court  for  the  priefts 
and  Levites,  ftretching  oblongly,  from 
weft  to  eaft,  and  was  furrounded  with 
a  low  wall,  of  about  four  feet  high, 
that  the  people  might,  ov^r  the  top  of 

it, 


T  E  M        r    49s)    ]        T  E  M 


it,  fee  what  was  doing  by  the  pricfts. 
This  court  had  two  entrances  ;  one  on 
the  north  fide,  and  another  on  the 
fouth.  -  In  this  court,  juft  before  the 
eaft  end  of  tlie  temple,  flood  the  bra- 
2:en  akar,  20  cubits  long,  as  many 
broad,  and  10  high;  and  the  brazen 
fea  and  lavers,  which  brafs-work  was 
cad  in  the  clay  ground  near  Succoth 
and  Zaretan.  The  temple,  properly 
fo  called,  flood  from  well  to  eall,  near 
'the  wefl  end  of  the  court  of  the  prieils  ; 
and  had  its  fole  entrance  on  the  eafl 
end.  Firfl,  you  came  to  a  porch  20 
cubits  from  north  to  fouth,  and  10 
from  eall  to  wefl,  and  120  in  height. 
This  ferved  as  a  fleeple  to  adorn  it,  and 
was  a  place  of  Ihelter  and  of  prayer  to 
the  ferving  priefls.  On  each  fide  of 
its  entrance  was  a  pillar  about  18  cu- 
bits high  and  12  cubits  in  circumfe- 
rence, and  adorned  with  chapiters,  and 
about  200  figures  of  pomegranates. 
The  one  was  called  jfachiny  Jlabilify  ; 
and  tlie  other  Boax,  Jlrength. — PaiTing 
through  this  porch,  you  entered  the 
fa'iiCluary  or  holy  place,  which  was  40 
cubits  in  length,  20  in  breadth,  and 
30  in  height,  at  the  wefl  end  of  which, 
ilood  ten  golden  candleflicks  on  the 
fouth  fide,  and  on  the  north  10  tables, 
with  1 2  loaves  of  fhew-bread  on  each  ; 
and  In  the  middle  between  them,  flood 
the  golden  altar  of  incenfe.  In  this  a- 
partment,  too,  were  lodged  the  filver 
trumpets,  the  flandards  of  weight  and 
meafure,  and  the  facred  treafures.  Faf- 
fing through  the  fan6luary  lengthwife, 
you  entered  by  a  fine  vail,  and  a  two- 
leaved  door  of  olive-tree,  into  the  oracle 
or  mojl  holy  place.,  into  which  only  the 
Wgh-prieil  might  enter,  and  that  only 
iipon  the  day  of  atonement.  It  was  a 
fquare  of  20  cubits  every  way,  and  here 
flood  the  ark  with  its  furniture  ;  and 
Solomon  made  two  new  cherubims  of 
olive-tree,  which  overfhadowed  the  two 
golden  ones,  and  flretched  their  wings 
the  whole  breadth  of  the  houfe.  The 
wall  of  the  houfe  was  reared  with  alter- 
nate rows  of  fine  cedar-wood  and  hewn 
ftone,  probably  poliflicd  marble  ;  the 
fnfide  was  carved  with  figures  of  che- 
rubims and  palm  trees,  and  the  whole 


infide,  floor,  walls,  and  roof,  was  ovfr- 
laid  with  gold.  "The  oracle  had  no 
windows  at  all,  but  was  perpetually- 
dark  ;  the  fancluary  had  narrow  win- 
dows, light  again  ft  light.  If  the  90 
priefls  chambers  of  three  flories,  30  m 
each,  were  built  on  the  wall  of  the 
temple,  the  windows  of  the  fandluary 
might  have  been  high  ;  but  if,  with 
fome,  we  fuppofe  the  priefts  chambers 
built  on  the  top  of  the  temple,  the 
windows  might  be  low  enough.  About 
1 1  months  after  the  building  was  fi- 
niflied,  and  jufl  before  the  feall  of  ta- 
bernacles, this  temple  was  furnilhed 
with  the  ark,  and  other  facred  utenfils, 
and  the  Shechinah,  or  cloud  of  divine 
glory,  entered  it,  to  take  up  its  reft 
over  the  ark,  between  the  cherubims  ; 
and  it  was  dedicated  with  a  folemn 
prayer  by  Solomon,  and  by  feven  days 
of  facred  feafling,  and  by  a  peace-of- 
fering of  20,000  oxen  and  120,000 
fiieep,  to  confume  which,  the  holy  fire 
anew  came  down  from  heaven.  The 
temple  -  fervice  coniifled  in  facrifices, 
fongs,     prayer,  ^  l^c,     I   Chron.    xxil. 

xxvi.  xxix.  I 9.     I  Kings  vi. — viii. 

2  Chron.  iii. — vi.  Did  not  this  temple 
typify  Chrifl's  manhood,  as  the  won- 
derfully prepared,  the  curious,  pure, 
and  glorious  refidence  of  his  Godhead, 
and  through  which  we  have  accefs  to 
worfnip  God  ?  John  ii.  19.  Did  it  re- 
prefent  his  perfon,  freely  fet  up  to  be 
our  Mediator,  as  the  glorious,  fixed, 
and  lafting  means  of  our  fellowfhip 
with  God,  and  of  receiving  all  blefiings 
from  him?  Col.  i.  T9.  ii.  9.  Did  it 
typify  the  gofpel-church,  large,  glo- 
rious, and  firmly  founded,  reared  up 
with  lively  Hones,  and  cedars  of  God, 
with  chofen  men,  and  connefted  to- 
gether with  the  oracles,  ordinances, 
blood.  Spirit,  and  grace  of  Chrifl,  and 
fitted  to  be  the  refidence  of  God,  Fa- 
ther, Son,  and  Holy  Ghofl  ?  Eph.  ii. 
20. — 22.  Did  it  alfo  prefigure  hea- 
ven, as  the  glorious  and  fixed  refidence 
of  the  Molt  High,  where  he  is  ferved 
by  multitudes  of  angels  and  men,  and 
honoured  with  endlefs  anthems  of 
praffe?  Pfal,  xi.  4.  Rev.  vii.  15.  The 
faints  are  temples  ;  their  fouls,  and  evea 
3  R  J  their 


T  E  M        [     500     ]        T 

their  bodies,   are  by  the  blood,   Spirit,     notwithftanding 

and  grace  of  Chriil,  fitted  and  fet  apart 

to,  the  fervice,  and  to  be  the  refidence 

of  God,   I  Cor.  iii.  16.  vl.  19.   2  Cor. 

vi.  16.      John   faw  710   temple  in  heaven, 

for  the  Lord  God  and  the  Lamb  are  the 

temple  thereof.     In  the  millennial  period, 

outward  pomp  and  ceremony    ihall   be 

imdervalued,  and  real  fellowlhip   with 

God  alone  prized  :  and  in  heaven,  in- 

ftituted  ordinances  fliall  ceafc,   and  the 

full  enjoyment  of  God  be  all,  and  in  all. 

Rev.  xxl.  22. 

The  Jewlfh  temple  remained  but  a- 
bout  34  years  in  its  glory,  when  Shi- 
fhak  carried  off  its  treafures,  1  Kings 
xiv.  25.  Under  Jehoram,  Ahaziah, 
and  Athaliah,  It  was  much  decayed, 
but  Jehoiada  and  Joafli  repaired  it  a- 
bout  ^.  M.  3150.  Soon  after,  Joaih 
robbed  It  of  its  treafures,  to  give  them 
to  Hazael  king  of  Syria,  2  Kings  xii. 
2  Chron.  xxiv.  To  procure  ;the  alTiil- 
ance  of  Tiglath-pilefer  the  AiTyrlan, 
Ahaz  prefented  him  with  the  treafures 
of  the  temple.  He  removed  the  brazen 
altar,  and  put  his  idolatrous  one  In  Its 
place.  He  removed  the  brazen  fea  from 
off  the  oxen,  and  the  brazen  lavers  from 
off  their  pedeilals  or  fupporters,  and 
placed  them  on  the  ground.  He  alfo 
brake  many  of  the  facred  vefTels,  and 
fhut  up  the  temple,  2  Chron.  xxvili. 
2  Kings  xvi.  Hezekiah  repaired  it,  and 
made  fuch  vefTels  for  it  as  it  wanted  j 
but  in  the  14th  year  of  his  reign,  he 
was  obliged  to  rob  it  of  much  of  its 
wealth,  to  give  it  to  Sennacherib, 
2  Chron.  xxix.  2  Kings  xvili.  Manaf- 
feh  reared  altars  to  the  hoil  of  heaven 
in  the  facred  courts,  but  afterwards  re- 
Itored  the  true  worfliip  of  God.  Joliah 
Ills  grandfon  further  purged  the  temple, 
and  replaced  the  ark  of  God  therein, 
2  Kings  xxi.  xxli.  2  Chr.  xxxlli.  xxxv. 
About  ^.  M.  3398,  Nebuchadnezzar 
carried  part  of  the  facred  veffels  to  Ba- 
bylon,  and  about  feven  years  after  he 
carried  others  ;  and  at  laft,  in  3416,  en- 
tirely burnt  and  demoliihed  the  temple, 
Ezek.vil. 20. — 22.  xxiv. 21.  Jer.lil.  13. 
About  yl.  M.  3469,  amldfl  the  joy  of 
fome,  and  mourning  of  others,  it,  by 
Cyru5-s  ofder,  began  to  be  rebuilt,  and^ 


EM 

of  much  hinderance, 
was  finllhed  in  about  20  years,  and  fo- 
lemnly  dedicated  to  the  fervice  of  God. 
The  Pcrfian  king's  decree  feems  to  or- 
der its  height  to  be  60  cubits,  and  its 
breadth  to  be  60  :  perhaps  the  porch 
might  be  only  allowed  to  be  60  cubits 
high,  which  was  but  the  half  of  the 
height  of  that  erected-  by  Solomon  : 
or  whnt  we  render  breadth  may  fignify 
the  length,  as'  it  is  fcarce  probable  Cyrus 
would  order  the  height  and  breadth, 
and  not  the  lengtli.  Or  perhaps,  the* 
Solomon's  temple  was  but  20  cubits 
from  fide  to  fide  within,  yet  the  breadth 
of  the  walls,  and  priefts  chambers  added 
thereto,  might  make  it  60  cubits.  This 
fecond  temple,  built  under  the  direction 
of  Zerubbabel,  and  Jofhua  the  hlgh- 
priell:,  wanted,  as  the  Jews  fay,  five 
things,  which  were  the  chief  glory  of 
the  former,  viz.  the  ark  and  Its  furni- 
ture, tlie  Shechlnah  or  cloud  of  the  di- 
vine prefenee,  the  holy  fire,  the  Urim 
and  Thummim,  and  the  fpirit  of  pro- 
phecy :  but  the  want  of  thefe  could 
hardly  be  the  reafon  of  the  old  mens 
mourning  when  they  faw  the  founda- 
tion of  it  laid  ;  but  the  true  reafon 
feems  to  be,  the  unlikelihood,  that  It, 
when  founded  by  a  few  poor  tributaries, 
would  ever  attain  to  the  glory  of  the 
former,  reared  by  the  wifcll  and  richefl 
of  kings,  Ezra!.  Hi.  vl.  About  ^.  M. 
3837,  Antlochus  profaned  it,  flopt  the 
daily  facrifice,  and  eredled  the  image 
of  Jupiter  his  chief  idol,  on  the  altar 
pf  burnt-ofiering ;  but,  about  three 
years  after,  Judas  Maccabeus  purified 
and  repaired  it,  and  reltorcd  the  true 
worfl.Ip  of  God. 

To  gain  the  affeclion  of  the  Jews, 
and  humour  his  own  pride,  Herod  the 
Great,  about  J.  M.  3987,  began  to 
build  It  anew.  In  about  nine  years  he 
finiflied  the  principal  parts  of  it  ;  but 
46  years  after,  when  our  Saviour  had 
begun  his  public  mlnlftry,  it  was  not 
quite  finiflied  :  nay,  till  the  beginning 
of  their  ruinous  wars,  they  flill  added 
to  its  buildings.  Jofephus  defciibes 
this  temple  as  follows  :  It  was  built  on 
a  very  hard  rock,  wherein  the  founda- 
tions were  laid  with  incredible  expence,. 

The 


T  E  M  [     50 

The  temple  itfelf  was  60  cubits  high, 
and  as  many  broad.  But  in  the  front 
Herod  added  two  wings  or  (houlders, 
each  of  which  projeding  20  cubits, 
made  the  whole  length  of  the  front  100 
cubits,  and  the  breath  as  many  ;  aild 
the  gate  was  70  cubits  high,  and  20 
broad,  but  without  any  doors.  The 
flones  were  white  marble,  25  cubits  in 
length,  12  in  height,  and  9  in  breadth, 
all  polifiied,  and  unfpeakably  beautiful. 
Inftead  of  doors,  the  gate  was  clofed 
with  vails,  flowered  with  gold,  filver, 
purple,  and  every  thing  rich  and  cu- 
rious. At  each  fide  of  the  gate  were 
two  (lately  pillars,  from  whence  hung 
golden  feiloons,  and  vines  with  leaves 
and  cluilers  of  grapes,  curioufly  wrought. 
— The  whole  inclofure  was  about  a  fur- 
long fquare,  furrounded  with  an  high 
wall  of  large  ifones,  fome  of  them  a- 
bove  40  cubits  long,  and  all  fallened  to 
one  another  with  lead  or  iron.  Where 
the  wall  was  raifed  from  the  bottom  of 
the  adjacent  valley,  its  height  was  a- 
bove  300  or  400  cubits.  On  the  in- 
fide  of  this  high  wall,  round  about, 
were  erefted  three  fine  galleries,  the 
narroweft  about  30  feet  wide  and  50 
in  height,  but  the  largeft,  which  was 
between  the  other  two,  was  45  feet 
wide,  and  a  100  feet  high.  Thefe 
galleries  were  fupported  by  163  pillars 
of  marble,  each  about  27  feet  in  cir- 
cumference. The  wall  of  this  inclo- 
fure had  four  gates  towards  the  weft, 
and  one  towards  each  of  the  other  three 
alrths.  Solomon's  porch  was  at  the 
eaft  gate  of  the  temple  called  Beautiful, 
Acts  iii.  2.  II.  The  piazzas  and  court 
,were  paved  with  marble.  Within  this 
inclofure,  and  near  to  the  galleries,  was 
a  fecond,  furrounded  with  a  flight  of 
beautiful  marble  rails,  and  with  llately 
columns  at  proper  diilances,  infcribed 
with  mottos,  prohibiting  the  Gentiles 
and  unclean  Jews  to  proceed  any  fur- 
ther. This  inclofure  had  one  gate  on 
the  eaft  fide,  three  on  the  fouth,  and 
as  many  on  the  north,  placed  at  equal 
dillances.  Within  this,  a  third  inclo- 
fure furrounded  the  tem.ple  and  altar  of 
burnt-offering.  Its  v/all  had  a  flight  of 
14  fteps  on  the  outfide,  wiiicii  hid  a 
confiderable  part  of  it,  and  on  the  top. 


I    1       T  E  M 

quite  round,  it  had  a  terrace  ,of  it 
feet  broad.  This  inclofure  had  one 
gate  on  the  eaft,  four  on  the  fouth, 
and  as  many  on  the  north,  at  equal  di- 
ftances.  At  the  in  fide  of  each  gate, 
were  two  large  fquare  chambers,  30 
cubits  wide,  and  40  higli,  fupported 
by  pillars  of  1 2  cubits  in  circumference. 
On  the  inhde,  except  on  the  weft  fide, 
there  was  a  double  flight  of  galleries, 
fupported  by  a  double  row  of  pillars. 
The  gates  were  30  cubits  high,  and 
15  broad.  The  women,  it  feems,  had 
their  feparate  court,  and  entered  by 
the  eaft  gate,  which  was  overlaid  with 
Corinthian  brafs.  Within  this  third 
inclofure,  the  court  of  the  priefts  was 
feparated  from  that  of  the  people,  by 
a  low  wall.  Here  flood  the  altar  of 
burnt-offering,  which  was  of  hcvm 
ftone,  40  cubits  broad,  and  15  in 
height  ;  and  the  lavers,  and  the  tem- 
ple properly  fo  called.  The  wall  of" 
the  temple  and  its  roof  being  covered 
with  gold  on  the  outfide,  made  a  glo- 
rious appearance  in  fun-lhine.  ^  Herod 
folemnly  dedicated  his  new  temple.  It 
had  not  ftood  much  above  70  years, 
when  the  Jews^ade  a  fort  of  it  in  their 
ruinous  war.  After  it  had  been  pol- 
luted with  murder,  and  every  other 
wickednefs,  it  was,  to  the  extreme  grief 
of  Titus  the  Roman  prince,  burnt  to 
the  ground.  To  give  the  lie  to  our 
Saviour,  who  had  faid,  one  Jhne  of  k 
fionld  not  he  left  above  another,  Juliaa 
the  Roman  emperor,  in  concurrence 
with  the  Jews,  twice  attempted  to  re- 
build it,  about  A.  D.  360.  Earth- 
quakes and  flames  of  fire  difperfed  their 
materials,  and  killed  a  vaft  number  of 
the  workmen.  At  prcfent,  there  is  a 
mock-temple  on  the  foutaii-eaft  of  Jeru- 
falem,  whofe  court  is  3' 70  paces  long, 
and  370  broad.  In  the  middle,  where 
it  is  luppofed  the  Holy  of  holies  ftood, 
there  is  a  Mahometan  mofque.  To 
this  the  Mahometans  pay  great  vene- 
ration ;  but  no  Jew  or  Chriftian  dai-e 
enter  this  court,  under  pain  of  death, 
or  of  redeeming  his  life  by  becoming  a 
Mahometan.  The  Heathens  had  tem- 
ples for  their  idols.  That  of  Belus  at 
Babylon,  of  Diana  at  Ephefus,  and  of 

Jupiter 


T  E  M 


Jupiter  In  the  Capitol  at  Rome,  and 
that  of  Serapis  in  /Alexandria,  were  the 
moll  famous  ;  but  the  ancient  Pei-fians, 
&c.  v/ould  build  none,  as  God  is  om- 
niprefent. 

TEMPORAL  ;  belonging  to  time, 
2  Cor.  iv.  1 8. 

TEMPT;  (i.)  To  try  ;  fo  God 
tempts  men,  when  he  puts  them  on  hard 
duties  to  difcover  their  grace,  their 
faith,  love,  and  obedience.  Gen.  xxii. 
I.  Men  tempt  Gody  when  they  un- 
feafonably  and  irreverently  require 
proofs  of  his  prefence,  power,  and 
goodnefs  ;  when  they  expofe  themfelves 
to  danger,  from  which  they  cannot  ef- 
cape  viathout  the  miraculous  interpofi- 
tion  of  his  providence  ;  and  when  they 
fm  with  fuch  boldnefs,  as  if  they  want- 
ed to  try  whether  God  could  or  would 
know  and  puniih  them,  Exod.  xvii.  2. 
Matth.  iv.  7.  Mai.  iii.  15.  Afts  v.  9. 
The  Jews  tempted  Chrijl,  by  endeavour- 
ing to  provoke  or  enfnare  hira,  Matth. 
xvi.  I.  xxii.  16.  (2.)  To  entice  to 
fm  :  fo  Satan  and  his  2r;ents  tempt  men, 
and  on  that  account  he  is  called  the 
tempter,  I  Cor.  vii.  5.  i  Thelf.  iii.  5.  : 
and  fo  God  tempts  no  man,  nor  is  he  ef- 
fetlually  tempted  of  any,  Jam.  i.  13. 
The  Hebrew  martyrs  were  t.mpted, 
were  tortured  or  burnt,  Heb.  xi.  37. 
Temptation,  is,  (i.)  The  entice- 
ment of  a  perfon  to  fin,  and  the  means 
thereof;  this  men  are  to  watch  and 
pray  againft,  Matth.  xxvi.  41.  God 
leads  men  into  temptation,  when  he  with- 
holds his  grace  and  providential  re- 
flraints  ;  when  he  gives  them  up  to  Sa- 
tan and  their  own  lufts,  or  to  their 
wicked  neighbours,  to  be  enticed  to 
fm  J  or  when  he  lays  before  them  fuch 
occafions  as  they  will  improve  to  en- 
courage and  perpetrate  their  wicked- 
nefs,  Matth.  vi.  12.  (2.)"Trial3  ;  fore 
afRidlions  ;  perfecutions.  Jam.  i.  2.  12. 
Luke  viii.  13.  xxii.  28.  God's  mi- 
racles of  mercy  and  judgement,  where- 
by he  tried  the  Hebrews  and  Egyp- 
tians obedience  to  his  will,  are  called 
temptations,  Deut.  iv.  34.  vii.  19. 

TEN  is  a  number  of  perfection ;  and 
ten  times,  is  often,  Gen.  xxxi.  7.  Numb. 
xiv.  I2^    Job  xix,  3.      Ten  pounds y    or 


[    502    1 


T  E  R 


talentsy  denote  many  gifts  and  opportu- 
nities, Luke  xix.  13.  Matth.  xxv.  28.  ; 
but  ten  days  of  irihnlatton,  denote  a  fliort 
fpace  ;  or  perhaps  is  an  allufion  to  the 
ten  years  "^^xiitcvXxoxi  of  Dioclefian,  Rev. 
ii.  10.  See  horns,  crowns,  toes, 
TITHES.  A  tenth  part,  may  fignify 
one  kingdom,  or  a  confiderable  part  of 
the  Popiih  territory,  Rev.  xi.  13.  : 
but  in  If.  vi.  13.  a  tenth  or  tenth  part, 
may  denote  a  fevv'  perfons  confecrated 
to  the  fervicc  of  God. 

To  TEND  ;  to  work  towards, 
Prov,  X.  16. 

TENDER  ;  {  i.)Weak  and  feeble, 
Gen.  xxxiii.  13.  (2.)  Nice  and  deli- 
cate, Deut.  xxviii.  56.  (3.)  , Young 
and  carefully  educated,  Prov.  iv.  3. 
(4.)  Of  a  compaffionate,  kindly,  and 
forgiving  temper,  Eph.  iv.  32.  God's 
mercy  is  faid  to  be  tender,  to  import, 
that  it  is  infinitely  kind  and  affectionate, 
Pfal.  xxv.  6.  A  teiider  heart,  is  one 
which  is  eafily  afrefted  with  God's  law 
or  providence,  and  cannot  endure  what 
is  fmful,  2  Chron.  xxxiv.  27.  Young 
and  v>eak  btlievers,  and  the  firft  mo- 
tions of  good  works,  are  called  tender 
gropes.   Song  ii.  13.  15. 

TENT.     See  tabernacle. 

TERAH,  the  fon  of  Nahor,  and 
father  of  Haran,  Nahor,  and  Abra- 
ham, v/as  born,  A.  M.  1878  ;  and 
at  the  130th  year  of  his  hfe,  had  A- 
bram  born  to  him.  He  and  his  fami- 
ly  were  idolaters  ;  but  we  hope  God's 
call  of  Abraham  was  blefled  for  the 
convcrflon  of  fundry  in  it.  It  is  cer- 
tain that  Terah  went  along  with  Abra- 
ham to  Haran,  and  died  there.  Gen. 
xi.  24. — 32.   Jofh.  xxiv.  2.  14- 

TERAPHIM  ;  a  certain  kind  of 
images  ufed  by  the  ancients.  Some 
think  they  were  talifmans,  or  figures  of 
metal,  formed  under  a  particular  afpecl 
of  the  planets  ;  and  to  which  they  afcri- 
bed  the  prefcrvation  of  the  family  from 
evil,  and  their  enjoyment  of  happinefs. 
To  fuch  the  eaftern  nations  have  for 
many  ages  been  exceedingly  addicted  ; 
and  the  Perfians  call  them  telcph'm,  which 
is  much  the  fame  as  teraphim.  Rabbe 
Eliez-er,  the  Jew,  fays,  teraphims  were 
thus  formed  :  they  killed  a  firft-born 

child. 


T  F  R  [ 

child,  clove  ]\'s  brad,  and  fpiinklcd  it 
with  fait  and  oil ;  they  WTOte  down 
the  nanie  of  iome  devil  in  a  golden 
plate,  which  they  put  under  the  child's 
tongue  :  they  thc?i  placed  the  head  in 
fonie  niche  of  the  houfc-vvall,  and  light- 
ed lamps  to  it,  and  aflced  it  queftions. 
Othei-s  think  the  teraphim  were  little 
images  of  deceafed  friends,  and  ranch 
the  fame  as  the  hoylehold-gods  of 
the  Romans,  or  the  anceftors  of  the 
Chinefe.  It  is  certain  they  were  con- 
fuited  for  oracles,  Zech.  x.  2.  To 
transfer  her  father's  good  fortune  to 
herfcir  and  family,  ,or  in  order  to  wor- 
fhip  it,  Rachel  ilole  her  father*s  tera- 
phinu  He  carefully  fearched  to  recover 
it,  but  could  not.  Jacob  caufed  her 
foon  after  deliver  it,  and  he  hid  it  un- 
der an  oak,  never  more  to  be  ufed, 
Gen.  xxxi.  19. — 35.  xxxv.  4.  Micah 
tlie  Ephraimite  formed  a  teraphim,  but 
the  Danites  took  it,  and  placed  it  at 
their  city  Dan,  Jndg.  xvii.  xviii.  Mi- 
chal  laid  a  teraphim  in  the  bed,  inilead 
of  David  her  hufband,  and  thereby  de- 
ceived her  father's  raeflengers,  i  Sam. 
xix.  13.  16.  Dealers  with  familiar  fpi- 
rits  confulted  the  teraphim,  2  King:, 
xxiii.  24.  Nebuchadnezzar  confulted 
his  teraphim,  whether  he  (liould  firil 
befiege  Rabbah  or  Jerufalem,  Ezek. 
xxi.  21.  The  Jews,  in  their  prefent 
difperfion,  are  without  images  and  tera- 
pb'im,  as  they  profefs  great  deteflatian 
of  idolatry,  Hof.  iii.  4. 

TERM  ;  to  name.   If.  Ixii.  4.. 

TERRESTRIAL  ;  belonging  to 
the  earth,  i  Cor.  xv.  40.   John  hi.  12, 

TERRIBLE  ;  waat  by  horrible 
afpett,  or  by  cruelty,  power,  or  awful 
greatnefs,  affrights  men,  Deut.  i.  19. 
If  xiii.  II.  God  is  called  terrible,  to 
point  out  his  awful  greatnefs,  iiis  infi- 
nite ftrength,  ftrict  jullice,  and  fearful 
judgements,  Jer.  xx.  11.  Zeph.  ii.  11. 
The  Chaldeans  and  Romans  are  called 
terrible;  what  fear  and  dread  their  pow- 
er, conquefts,  and  cruelty,  fpread  among 
the  nations  around  !  Hab.  i.  7.  Dan. 
ii.  31.  vii.  7. 

To  TERRIFY,  is  to  fill  with  fear 
and  dread,  Deut.  xx.  3. 

Terror,  is,    (i.)   Great   fear  and 


903    1  T  E  s 

dread.  Gen.  xxxv.  5.  (2.)  Fearful 
and  unexpected  calamities,  which  caufe 
fear  and  dread,  Pfal.  Ixxiii.  19.  (3.) 
A  terrible  example  or  inilance,  Uriking 
others  with  dread  and  awe,  Ezek. 
xxvii.  36.  ;  fo  the  invafion  and  ravage 
of  Judea  were  a  terror  to  the  Egyp- 
tians, If.  xix.  17.  The  terror  of  God, 
is  either  his  awiul  appearances,  judge- 
ments, and  views  of  him.  Job  vi.  4.  ; 
or  the  fearful  and  majeftic  appearance 
of  Chrift  to  judge  the  world,  2  Cor. 
V.  1 1.  The  terror  of  the  iviched,  is  their 
threatenings,  whereby  they  attempt  to 
terrify  the  faints  from  their  duty,  i  Pet. 
iii.  14. 

TERRISE,  or  terrace  ;  a  ftair  ; 
a  raifcd  way,   2  Chron.  ix.  11. 

TERTIUS  is  the  Latin  name  of 
Silas. 

TERTULLUS;  a  famed  orator 
among  the  Jews,  who,  with  flattery  of 
Felix  the  wicked  judge,  and  with  plen- 
ty of  falfehood,  accufed  Paul  at  Cefa- 
rea.  Ads  xxiv.  i. — 10. 

TESTAMENT  ;  the  will  of  a  dy- 
ing man,  whereby  he  determines  how 
his  property  fhall  be  difpofed  of  after 
his  death.  Gal.  iii.  15.  :  and  a  testa- 
tor is  one  that  makes  fuch  a  latter-will. 
Jefus  Chrift  is  called  a  Tejlator,  becaufe 
in  his  word  he  has  freely  bequeathed  to 
finful  men  all  his  unfearchable  riches  of 
grace  and  glory,  Heb.  ix.  16.  17.:  and 
the  covenant  of  grace,  as  ratified  by  his 
death,  is  called  a  icjlament.  Rev.  xi.  19. 
The  former  difpenfation  of  that  cove- 
nant, in  the  infpired  writings  of  Mofes 
and  the  prophets,  is  called  the  Old,  or 
Firfl  Tefiament :  it  was  publiOied  before 
our  Saviour's  incarnation  ;  it  was  rati- 
fied by  his  typical  death  in  facriiices, 
and  was  lefs  excellent ;  and  now,  in  its 
ceremonial  part,  is  ()uite  aboiifhed,  Heb* 
ix.  15.  2  Cor.  iii.  15.  The  diipenfition 
of  tiie  covenant  o:  ;<race,  in  trvj  writings 
of  the  apoftlcb  i\-:A  cvangelilis,  is  called 
the  Neiv  Tejlament  :  it  is  lail  in  order, 
and  is  ratified  by  the  adual  death  of 
our  Saviour  ;  and  never  till  the  end  of 
time  fliall  it  be  aboh(hed  :  and  though 
it  be  the  fame  in  fubftance  with  the  01d> 
it  is  more  clear,  fpiritual,  efiicacious, 
eafv,  and   extenlive    than  the   former, 

Heb, 


n^h. 


IX.  IC. 


T  E  S         [504 

The  wine  in  the  Lord's 


Supper  is  called  the  neiu  tejiament  in 
Chrill's  blood,  as  it  reprefents  and  fcals 
all  the  promifes  of  the  new  covenant, 
which  are  ratified  and  confirmed  by  his 
death,  and  applies  the  benefits  thereof, 
•which  are  purchafed  by  it,  Luke  xxii. 
20.  Matth.  xxviii.  28. 

TESTIFY;   TESTIMONY.     See  WIT- 
NESS. 

TEIL-TREE  :  fome  think  it  an 
ELM  ;  ethers  reckon  it  an  oak  ;  others 
a  CHESNut-TREE  ;  othcrs  a  turpentine, 
which  refembles  the  afh-tree  in  its  leaves; 
only  they  are  more  thick  and  glutinous  ; 
and  its  fruit  grows  in  cluflers,  and  is 
hard  and  refmous  ;  and  a  kind  of  gum 
called  turpentine-pitch,  dillils  from  its 
root.  Others  will  have  it  the  tilia  or 
lime-tree;  v;hich  has  broad  leaves,  and 
which  propagates  faft  by  layers.  The 
Jews  were  like  an  elm,  oakj  cljefnut,  tur- 
pentine, or  lime-tree,  whofe  fubflance  was 
in  itfelfj  or  its  flump  was  in  or  at  the 
fide  of  the  Shallecheth,  or  raifed  entry 
to  the  temple  from  the  palace  ;  though 
their  leaves  withered  in  their  diflrefs 
by  the  AfTyrians,  and  in  their  Chaldean 
and  other  captivity,  yet  they  quickly 
fprtmg  up  into  a  prodigious  multitude, 
If.  vi.  13. 

THADDEUS.     See  Jude. 

THANK  ;  to  acknowledge  a  bene- 
fit as  freely  received,  i  Chron.  xvi.  4. 
What  thanh  have  ye  ?  What  grateful  ac- 
knowledgement or  reward  can  ye  ex- 
pcA  God  will  <g\^t  you  for  your  felfifli 
condud  ?  Luke  vi.  J2. — 34.  Thanh- 
tvorthy,  is  what  is  worthy  of  thanks 
and  praife,  i  Pet.  ii.  19.  Giving  of 
thanh,  is  a  hearty  and  cheerful  acknow- 
ledgem.ent  of  favours,  fpiritual,  tempo- 
ral, or  eternal,  bellowed  on  ourfelvcs 
©r  on  others,  Phil.  iv.  6.  i  Tim.  ii.  i. 
Thank-offerings  and  pfalms  of  praife, 
are  called  than^fgiving.  Lev.  vii.  12. — 
15.  xxii.  29.  Neh.  xi.  17,  AW  than  if - 
giving  is  to  be  offered  in  Chrift^s  name, 
and  is  to  be  always  continued  in,  as  in 
«very  condition  there  is  a  great  mixture 
of  God's  mercy,  Eph.  v.  20.  2  Cor. 
ii.  14.  Aflcing  of  a  bleffing  on  food  is 
called  thani' /giving,  as  we  therein  ac- 
'kaowledge  God's  kindncfs  in  providing 


]  THE 

fuch    provifion,   Liike  xxiv.  30.    xxif, 
17.  19.   Matth.  XV.  36.  xiv.  19. 

THAT,  if  connefted  immediately 
with  a  perfon  or  thing,  often  denotes 
it  to  be  notable  for  excellency,  bafenefs, 
wickednefs,  or  the  like,  Afts  vii.  37. 
Dan.  vi.  13.  When  connefted  with  a 
verb,  it  denotes  the  tendency  of  the  a6t 
to  which  it  is  joined  ;  as,  I  am  come, 
that  ye  might  have  life,  and  that  ye 
might  have  it  more   abundantly,  John 

X.   II. 

THEATRE  ;  a  place  where  the 
people  affembled  to  behold  plays  and 
flievvs.  It  was  often  a  place  half  or  al- 
moft  wholly  furrounded  with  feats  of 
flone  or  wood  gradually  afcending,  in 
the  manner  of  our  galleries  in  churches, 
or  of  thofe  in  play-houfes,  Afts  xix. 
24.  31. 

THEBEZ,  or  Thebes  ;  a  city  of 
the  Ephraimites,  about  13  miles  wefl 
from  Bethfiian,  and  about  half  a  mile 
from  Shechem.  The  inhabitants  feera 
to  have  revolted  from  Abimelech  the 
fon  of  Gideon,  and  afTifled  the  She- 
chemites.  When  he  affaulted  it,  they 
fled  to  their  tower  ;  and  thence  a  wo- 
man brake  his  fl<:ull  with  a  piece  of  a 
millflone.  It  was  a  village  about  400 
years  after  Chriil,  Judg.  ix.  50. — 54. 

THEOPHILUS  ;  a  noted  ChnT- 
tian,  to  whom  Luke  directs  his  Gofpel, 
and  A6ls  of  the  Apoflles.  It  feems 
he  was  a  perfon  much  noted  for  his 
gifts  and  graces,  if  not  alfo  for  his  high 
fiation.  Some  think  that  the  name  de- 
denotes  any  lover  of  God,  Luke  i.  3. 
Ads  i.  I. 

THESSALONICA  ;  the  capital 
city  of  Macedonia,  and  fituated  on  the 
north-eail  of  the  Thermaic  or  Saloniki 
bay,  and  on  the  fouth-weft  frontier  of 
Thracia.  It  was  anciently  called  Halis, 
and  Thermae  ;  but  Philip  the  father  of 
Alexander  the  Great  called  it  Theffah' 
nica,  to  commemorate  his  victory  over 
the  Theffahans.  About  J.  M,  3837, 
the  Romans  feized  it.  About  y^.  Z>. 
885,  the  Saracens  took  it;  but  Simeon, 
one  of  the  Greek  emperor's  fecretaries, 
redeemed  it  from  them  with  a  large 
fura  of  money.  About  j4.  D.  il^o, 
William  of   Sicily  took   it   from  the 

Greek 


THE         [     505     J         T  H  I 


Creek  emperor  ;  but  he  retained  ft  but 
a  fliort  time.  In  1 3 13,  it  was  fold  to 
the  Venetians.  About  1430,  Anui- 
rath,  the  fultan  or  emperor  of  the  Ot- 
toman Turks,  fci/cd  on  it,  and  they 
flill  retain  it.  About  ji,  D.  52,  Paul, 
Silas,  and  Timothy,  planted  a  clunch 
here.  A  pcrfecution  ilirrcd  up  by  the 
Jews,  obli<^ed  Paul  and  Silas  to  leave 
the  place,  after  they  had  preached  here 
about  three  or  four  Sabbaths.  They 
continued  to  perfecute  the  Chriflians. 
To  comfort  them  under  their  tribula- 
tions, Paul  fent  them  an  epiftle,  not 
from  Athens,  as  the  poftil  bears  ;  for 
there  Silas,  or  Silvanus,  was  not  with 
him  ;  but  from  Corinth,  where 
and    Timothy    were    both    with 


Silas 
him, 
deep 
have 


I  Their,  i.  I.  He  exprefles  his 
concern  for  them  ;  his  defire  to 
vifited  them  in  their  affliction  ;  warns 
them  of  the  laft  judgement,  and  incul- 
cates fuch  duties  as  tended  to  prepare 
them  for  it.  As  fome  had  taken  oc- 
cafion  herefrom  to  terrify  them,  as  if 
the  laft  judgement  were  juft  at  hand, 
he  wrote  them  a  fecond  epiftle,  inform- 
ing them  of  the  gracious  tendency  of 
the  laft  judgement  towards  them  ;  and 
that  it  would  not  happen  till  after  the 
rife  and  fall  of  AnticVirift.  He  recom- 
mends a  conftant  adherence  to  divine 
truths,  and  a  regularity  and  purity  in 
their  church-fellowfhip,  and  to  a  dili- 
gent activity  in  temporal  affairs.  But 
it  is  not  to  the  honour  of  the  ThefTar 
lonians,  that  Paul  there  needed  a  fup. 
j)ly  of  neceflaries  from  Philippi,  Phil. 
iv.  16.  At  prefent,  Theftalonica,  or 
Saloniki,  is  a  confiderable  place,  and 
its  trade  is  not  contemptible.  There 
are  about  48  Mahometan  mofques  or 
temples,  about  40  Jewilli  fynagogues, 
and  about  30  churches  belonging  to 
the  Chriftians  of  the  Greek  church. 
There  are  alfu  here  magnificent  ruins 
•f  antiquity. 

THEUDAS,  fome  time  before  our 
Saviour's  death,  fet  up  as  fome  noted 
p<;rfon,  and  was  joined  by  about  400 
men  ;  but  he  being  killed,  they  were 
difperfed.  Perhaps  he  is  the  Judas  that 
revolted  on  the  occafion  of  Herod's 
death  ;   or  Jofeplius  is  wrong  in  his 


chronology,  and  places  the  Thcudas  he 
mentions  as  the  head  of  a  fedition  too 
late  by  fome  years.     A6ls  v.  36. 

THEFT,  THIEF.     See  steal. 

THICK;  (i.)  Great  in  depth  or 
breadth,  2  Chron.  iv.  5.  Pfal.  Uxiv.  5. 
(2.)  Crowded  together,  Luke  xi.  29. 
Ezek.  xix.  II.  A  THICKET  ;  a  thick 
plot  of  buPaes  or  trees  crowded  toge- 
ther. Gen.  xxii.  13.  Multitudes  of 
lions  lodged  in  the  thickets  of  Jordan. 
Sometimes  people  hid  themfelves  in 
ihicLdSf  to  ftiun  the  rage  of  a  cruel  ene- 
my, I  Sam.  xiii.  6.  Jer.  iv.  29.  Vaft: 
multitudes  of  people  are  called  dithlcket^ 
If.  ix.  i^.  X.  34. 

THIGH  ;  the  upper  part  of  the 
legs  of  an  animal.  'Vofmite  on  it,  de- 
notes great  grief  and  forrow,  Ezek. 
xxi.  12.  To  have  a  name  nuritten  on  tha 
thighj  imports,  that  the  perfon's  fame 
and  vidloiy  are  publicly  known,  and 
fiiall  be  marked  in  his  fpiritual  feed. 
Rev.  xix.  16.  The  rulers  and  great 
men  of  Judah,  in  which  the  ftrength 
of  the  nation  confifted,  are  the  thigh 
2.\\Af:ouIdcr  of  flefh,  put  into  Jerufalem, 
the  boiling  pot  of  God's  judgements, 
to  be  deftroyed,  Ezek.  xxiv.  4.  The 
two  brazen  thighs  of  Nebuchadnezzar's 
vifionary  image,  denote  the  two  power- 
ful kingdoms  of  Eg^'pt  and  Syria,  into 
wdiich  the  belly-like  empire  of  Alexan- 
der was  divided  after  his  death,  Dan. 
ii.  3?. 

THIN;  the  contrary  of  thick,  Exod. 
xxxix.  3.  The  glory  of  Jacob  was 
made  thin,  or  emptied,  when  the  Jews  of 
power,  wealth,  wifdom,  or  piety,  were 
generally  cut  off ;  or  when  the  people 
were  deftroyed,  till  they  were  few  in 
number,  and  their  wealth  and  profpe- 
rity  had  ceafed.   If.  xvii,  4. 

THING  ;  ( I.)  A  real  fubftancc  or 
quality.  Lev.  xii.  4.  Prov.  iv.  7. 
A  matter  ;  an  afluir.  If.  vii.  13. 
A  doctrine,  or  opinion,  Ezek.  xiv.  9, 
(4.)  Pcrfons,  or  qualities,  Rev.  xxi.  27. 
ylll  things  in  heaven  and  earth  are  recon- 
ciled by  Chriit  ;  Jews  and  Gentiles  are 
brought  into  one  vifible  church  :  faints 
glorified,  and  faints  on  earth,  are  united 
under  one  head  :  angels  and  redeemed 
men  are  joined  iw  one  family  ;  and  aU 
3^6  ibing^. 


\',\ 


5° 


T  H  I         [ 

things  in  heaven  and  earth  are  made  to 
promote  the  fame  ends,  of  glory  to  God 
and  good  to  his  people,  Col.  i.  20. 

THINK;  (i.)  To  form  thoughts, 
Pfal.  xlvii;.  9.  (2.)  To  elteem  ;  rec- 
kon, Johnxvi.  2.  (3.)  To  remember; 
care  for,  Gen.  xl.  14.  (4.)  To  devife; 
refolve,  Neh.  vi,  6.  God  thinks  on  men, 
when  he  kindly  takes  notice  of  them 
and  their  good  works,  and  vouchfafes 
to  them  his  iaVom-s  and  benefits,"  Neh. 
V.  19.  What  think  ye  of  Chrtfl  P  What 
do  ye  know,  heheve,  meditate  of,efteem, 
or  defire,  about  the  perlon,  office,  and 
mediation  of  Chrift  ?  Matth.  xxii.  42. 

THOUGHT,  is,  (i.)  The  exer- 
cife  of  thinking.  (2.)  Inward  reafon- 
ings  of  confcience  ;  fo  mens  thoughts 
accufe  or  excufe  their  works.  Km, 
ii.  15.  Luke  ix.  46.  47.  (3.)  Anxious 
and  imuioderate  care,  Matth.  vi.  31.  34. 
X.  19.  ;  and  thefe  texts  oiight  to  be  ren- 
dered, Exercife  no  anxious  care.  (4.) 
Opinion,  Job  xii.  5.  (5.)  Parpofes  ; 
refolutions,  Pf.  xxxiii.  1 1.  Prov.  xii.  5. 
Fial.  Ivi.  5.  God's  thoughts,  are  either 
his  lentiments  and  purpofes  concerning 
us  ;  or  our  thoughts  and  meditations 
concerning  his  nature,  excellencies,  and 
works,  Pfal.  xl.  5.   cxxxix.  17. 

THIRD.  The  Jews  obferve  a.great 
many  noted  tblrd  days  ;  as  the  3d  day 
of  the  loofing  of  the  patriarchs.  Gen. 
xhi.  18.  ;  the  3d  day  of  the  return  of 
the  Hebrev/  Ipies,  Jolh.  iii.  16.  ;  the 
3d  day  of  the,  giving  of  the  layv  ;  the 
3d  day  of  the  Hebrews  revival,  ^c.  : 
but  the  3d  day  of  Ifaac's  efcape  from 
death.  Gen.  xxii.  4.  ;  the  3d  day  of 
Jonah's  deliverance  from  the  whale's 
belly,  Jon.  i.  17.;  the  3d  day  of  He- 
zekiah's  rehef  from  his  mortal  diftem- 
per,  2  Kings  XX.  5.;  and  the  3d  day 
of  Jefus's  refurreftion  from  the  dead, 
thereby  typified,  do  more  nearly  con- 
cern us,  I  Cor.  XV.  4.  A  third  part  de- 
notes a  very  large  one  :  fo  the  dragon, 
with  his  tail,  drew  the  third  part  of  the 
liars  of  heaven,  and  cad  them  to  the 
ground.  By  the  Heathen  perfecution 
of  the  Chriilians,  efpecially  under  Dio- 
clenan,  vail  numbers  of  minifters  were 
killed,  or  obliged  to  defift  from  their 
tvork,  and  employ   themfeives  in  civil 


6     ]  T  H  I 

bufinefs  ;  and  not  a  few  were  forced  in- 
to comphance  with  Heathen  idolatry. 
Rev.  xii.  4.  A  thij-d part  of  trees  burnt 
up  under  the  firil  trumpet,  denotes  a 
multitude  of  great  men  deflroyed  by 
the  Goths,  between  jl,  D.  395^  and 
408  ;  or  a  multitude  of  miuiilers  and 
noted  Chriftians,  feduccd  by  the  Arian 
herefy,  after  J.  D.  338,  to  that  time. 
ji  third  part  of  the  {i^ix  beceming  blood, 
and  a  third  part  of  the  creatures  dying 
in  it,  and  a  third  part  of  the  fhips  de- 
flroyed, under  the  fecond  trumpet,  de- 
notes vaft  multitudes  of  the  fubjetts  of 
the  tumultuous  Roman  empire,  and 
their  cities  and  wealth,  being  deflroyed 
by  the  Goths,  Alans,  Vandals,  Suevi, 
and  Burgundians,  from  j4.  D.  408  to 
455  ;  or  vafl  numbers  of  fouls  ruined 
by  the  tumultuous  and  bloody  conten- 
tions in  the  church.  The  ihird part  of 
the  'ivaters,  upon  which  the  flar  called 
Wormwood  fell,  under  the  third  trum- 
pet, is  a  great  part  of  the  provinces, 
and  populous  cities  of  the  empire,  ruin- 
ed by  Attila  and  his  Huns  ;  or  the  ma- 
ny doctrines  of  the  gofpel  perverted  by 
Pelagius  and  his  foluiWers.  The  third 
part  of  the  fun,  moon,  and  Hars,  being 
darkened'  under  the  fourth  trumpet, 
Tmports,  the  obfcurity  and  diminution 
of  the  power  and  glory  of  the  empe- 
ror, and  of  the  fenate,  and  great  men 
in  the  empire,  when  the  empire  was 
ruined  by  Odoacer  and  his  HeVuli,  and 
other  barbarians,  A.  D.  476  ;  or  the 
obfcuring  of  the  fcripture  and  of  ordi- 
nances, and  the  decay  of  gifts  and  ho- 
linefs  in  minillers,  that  followed  the 
fpread  of  the  Pelagian  errors,  Rev.  viii. 
7. — 12.  When  two  thirds,  that  is,  a 
very  great  number  of  the  Jews,  were 
cut  off  by  the  Romans  and  others  ;  a 
third  part,  i.  e.  a  comfiderable  number, 
pafled  through  the  fire,  enduring  much  ~ 
perfecution,  but  were  faved  by  the  grace 
of  God,  Zech.  xiii.  8.  9.  xiv.  2. 

THIRST;  (i.)  A  vehement  de- 
fire  for  water,  Pfal.  civ.  11.  (2.)  An 
eager  defire  after  any  thing  fuppoicd  to 
be  fatisfying,  as  after  Chrill  and  his 
righteoufnefs,  Matth,  v.  6.  ;  or  after 
happinefs,  and  pleafure  in  general,  If. 
Iv.  I.  Rev.  xxii.  17.  ;  or  after  the  fol- 

filme«t 


T  H  I         [50 

filment  of  fome  filthy  lulls,  as  to  com- 
mit whoredom,  idolatry,  &c.  Dcut. 
xxix.  19.  Jer.  il.  25.  (3.)  That  which 
caufcth  thirft,  as  the  want  of  water, 
or  fore  affliftions,  which  beget  an  ea- 
ger defire  of  deliverance,  Deut.  xxviii. 
48.  If.  Ixv.  13.  Amos  viii.  3.  ;  and  fo 
men  are  thirfty,  when  in  great  need  of 
refrefliful  liquor,  Judg.  iv.  19.  ;  or 
>vhen  they  greatly  need  the  influences 
of  God's  fpirit,  If.  xliv.  3.  ;  or  when 
in  great  mifery.  If.  Ixv.  13.  A  tbir- 
./?y  ground^  or  land,  is  either  a  field 
fcorched  and  withered,  and  fo  in  great 
need  of  dew  and  rain,  Pfal.  Ixiii.  i.  ; 
or  an  unprofperous  and.  difagreeable 
condition,  Ezek.  xix.  13.  ;  or  the  Gen- 
tiles, or  others,  in  great  need  of  fpi- 
ritual  blefinigs.  If.  xxxv.  7.  Blood- 
thirjlyy  are  fuch  as  delight  in  murder- 
ing others,  Prov.  xxix.  10. 

THISTLE  ;  .a  prickly  weed  that 
grows  among  corn  and  in  fields.  Tour- 
nefort  mentions  80  kinds  of  thiflles. 
Wicked  men  are  likened  to  them,  to 
denote  how  ufelefs,  how  barren  of 
good,  and  hurtful  to  faints,  and  to 
churches  and  nations,  they  are,  Luke 
vi.  44.    2  Chron.  xxv.  18. 

THOMAS,  or  DiDYMus,  one  of 
bur  Saviour's  apoflles,  Matth.  x.  3. 
"When  he  heard  that  Lazarus  was  dead, 
he  propofed  they  fliould  all  teflify  their 
affection  by  going  to  the  fpot,  and  dy- 
ing along  with  him,  or  die  with  Chrill, 
who  endangered  his  life;'  by  returning 
to  Judea,  John  xi.  16.  Jefus,  after 
his  laft  fupper,  talking  of  the  m.anfions 
in  his  Father's  houfe,  which  he  was 
jgoing  to  prepare  for  them,  Thom.as 
very  ignorantly  aflced,  whither  he  was 
going  ?  and  which  way  he  would  take  ? 
Jefus  replied,  that  himfelf  was  the  way, 
the  truth,  and  the  Hfe,  John  xiv.  5.  6. 
Thomas  being  abfent  when  the  other, 
ten,  on  the  refurreftion-even,  faw  their 
rifen  Lord,  and  afterwards  hearing  of 
it,  he  told  them,  that  unlefs  he  faw  in 
Jefus's  hands  the  prints  of  the  nails, 
and  put  his  fingers  into  them,  and 
thruil  his  hand  into  the  wound  made  by 
the  fpear  in  his  fide,  he  would  never 
believe  he  was  rifen  frpm  the  dead. 
When  Jefus  appeared  to  them    next 


7    1       T  H  o 

Lord's  evening,  he  offered  Thomas  the 
proof  of  his  refurre6lion  he  had  men- 
tioned. Thomas,  all  captivated  with 
fuch  condefccnfion,  and,  it  feems,  with- 
out making  the  trial,  cried  out.  My 
Lord  and  my  God.  Jefus  told  him,  that 
it  had  been  more  to  his  honour,  if  he 
had  believed  without  any  fenfible  proof, 
John  XX.  20. — 29.  A  few  days  after, 
Thomas  faw  his  Mailer  agiiin  at  the 
fea  of  Galilee,  John  xxi.  After  he 
had  flaid  feveral  years  at  Jernfalem, 
he  went,  it  is  faid,  to  preach  among 
the  Parthians,  Medes,  Hytcanians,  and 
Baftrians,  and  at  laft  fullered  martyr- 
dom in  Meliapour  in  the  Eaft  Indies, 
near  to  which  the  Portugucfe,  about 
300  years  ago,  found  Chriftians  of  St 
Thomas ;  nay,  fome  think,  he  preach- 
ed in  China. 

THONG;  a  leathern    whip,  Ads 
xxii.  25. 

THORNS;  a  general  name  for  a 
great  many  prickly  trees  or  fhrubs  ;  the 
leffer  kind  are  called  briers  ;  both  of 
them  are  pretty  ufelefs  in  their  wood, 
except  for  fuel  :  both  of  them  mar 
the  encreafe  of  the  ground,  but  are 
very  ufeful  for  hedging.  The  great 
abundance  of  thorns,  is  a  continued 
memorial  of  Adam's  fall.  Gen.  iii.  1 8. 
With  thorns  Gideon  tore  the  flefli  off 
the  elders  of  Succoth,  Judg.  viii.  7.  16. 
To  torment  our  Saviour,  and  mark 
contempt  of  his  royalty,  and  his  bear- 
ing the  curfe  for  us,  his  enemies  crown- 
ed him  with  a  crown  of  platted  thorns, 
John  xix.  2.  Thorns  make  a  fpeedy 
and  violent  fire  :  but  it  is  foon  quench- 
ed, Pfal.  Iviii.  9.  cxviii.  12.  Thorns 
and  briers  covering  a  place,  imports  its 
being  rediiced  to  defolation,  Hof.  ix. 
6.  x.  8.  Miichievous  and  wicked  men, 
who  moleft  their  neighbours,  entangle 
them  by  their  devices,  hinder  the  ufe- 
fulnefs  of  faints  and  faithful  minifters, 
and  ripen  themfclves  for  eternal  tire  ; 
and  yet  are  fometimes  made  ufe  of  to 
protecl  the  godly,  are  likened  to  thorns 
andbriersy  Ezek.  ii.  6.  Mic.  vii.  4.  Song 
ii.  2.  2  .  >am.  xxiii.  6.  The  Alfyrians, 
and  other  enemies  of  the  people  of  God, ' 
are  like  thorns  and  briers;  how  harafling- 
for  a  time  !  but  how  quickly  confumed 
3  S  2  in 


T  H  O        [ 

Iti  the  terrible  fire  of  God's  judgements! 
If.  X.  17.  xxxiii.  12.  Nah.  i.  10.  Pfal. 
cxviii.  12.  The  Cananitcs  were  to  the 
Ifraehtes  h'ke  thorns  or  fcourgcs  in  their 
fides,  pricks  in  their  eyes,  fnares  and 
traps  to  them  :  they  were  means  of  fe- 
ducing  them  into  fin  ;  and  were  inftru- 
ments  of  God's  vengeance  agalnft  them, 
Numb,  xxxiii.  55.  Joih.  xxiii.  1 3.  The 
Sidonians  were  a  grieving  thorn  and 
pricking  brier^to  the  houfe  of  Ifrael ;  did 
much  mifchief  to  them,  Ezek.  xxviii. 
24.  Wicked  hifts,  carnal  cares,  and 
fmful  practices,  are  called  briers  and 
thorns  :  theyproceed  from  a  ftony  heart, 
hinder  true  peace  and  quiet,  choke  the 
good  feed  of  God's  word,  and  are  the 
means  of  eternal  torments  to  fuch  as 
indulge  themfelves  therein,  Heb.  vi.  8. 
Jer.  iv.  3.   Matth.  xiii.  7. 

Thorns  are  put  for  great  dIfficuU 
ties  and  hinderi^nces,  which  ftop  mens 
progrefs,  as  a  thorn-hedge  :  io  thorns  are 
in  the  way  of  thejlothfuU  Prov.  xv.  1 9. ; 
and  thorns  are  in  the  nvay  of  the  fro'dtard ; 
great  calamities  and  oppofition  await 
him,  Prov.  xxii.  2^.  ;  and  to  take  the 
harveft  out  of  the  thorns,  is  to  take  the 
fruit  of  the  field  from  one,  notwith- 
ftnnding  every  hinderance,  Job  v.  5. 
Troubles  are  called  thorns,  as  they 
prick,  harafs,  and  confine  men  ;  fo 
God  hedges  up  mens  way  with  thorns, 
reftrains  them  by  fore  trials  and  afflic- 
tioas,  Hof.  ii.  6,  Paul  had  a  thorn  in  the 
jleJJi,  a  meflenger  of  Satan  fent  to  buf- 


m 
with  fome  fore 

2  Cor.  xii.  7. 

the 


fet  him  ;  was  diilreffed 
trouble  or  temptation, 
jA.8  a  thorn  goeth  up  into  the  hand  of  a 
drunkard,  fo  is  a  parable  in  the  mouth 
of  fools  ;  it,  however  good  in  itfelf, 
doth  rather  hurt  than  good,  Prov.  xxvi. 
9.  The  Afly^ians  reiled  on  all  thorns 
and  hedges,  Hke  grafiioppers  and  locufls, 
vhen  they  fpread  ruin  and  havock  eve- 
ry where  through  the  cities  and  coun- 
try of  Judea,   If.  vii.  19. 

THOUGHT.     See  Think. 

THOUSAND,  ten  hundred  ;  but 
often  thoufojids,  and  ten  thoufands,  are 
put  for  great  numbers  in  general,  Rev. 
V.  II.  Eccl.  vi.  6.  vii.  28.  If.  xxx.  17. 
The  city  that  went  out  by  a  thoufand 
^i^U  leave  aji  hundred^  and  that  which 


508    ]       T  H  R 

went  out  by  an  hundred  (hall  leave  ten  t» 
the  houfe  of  Iftael  ;  ;'.  e.  the  tenth  part 
of  the  inhabitants  fhall  fcarcely  be  pre- 
ferved,  Amos  v.  3.  Chrift  has  a  thou' 
fand  from  his  vineyard  of  the  church, 
when  he  has  the  chief  glory  afcribed  to 
him  ;  and  his  minillers  or  keepers  have 
two  hundred,  when  they  have  their 
due  fliare  of  love,  regard,  and  reward,, 
but  far  fubordinate  to  his,  Song  viii* 
II.  12. 

TPIREAD.  To  break  things  as  a 
thread  of  toiv,  is  to  do  it  very  eafily, 
Judg.  xvi.  9.  12.  Not  to  take  from  a 
thread  to  a  fhoe-latchet,  is  not  to  re- 
ceive  the  very  leaft  thing,  Gen.  xiv.  23. 

THREATEN  ;  to  denounce  evil 
againft  one,  A6i:s  iv.  17. 

THREE  TIMES,  or  thrice,  de- 
notes frequently,  or  with  frequency 
and  earneilnefs,  2  Cor.  xii.  8.  Three- 
score, fometimes  denotes  a  confider- 
able  number,  Song  iii.  7.  vi.  8. 

THRESH  ;  (i.)  To  beat  out  corit 
from  the  car  or  pod.  If.  xxviii.  28.  The 
threjhing  reached  unto  the  vintage,  and 
the  vintage,  or  treading  of  grapes,  unto 
the  fowing  time;  when  the  one  was  not 
got  finifhed  when  the  other  began,  and 
fo  marked  great  plenty;  fo  the  plowman 
overtook  the  reaper,  and  the  lower  of 
feed,  him  that  treadeth  grapes.  Their 
harveil;  was  in  our  Spring,  and  their  vin- 
tage in  our  Augull,  and  their  fowing- 
time  about  the  end  of  Oftober  or  the 
beginning  of  November,  Lev.  xxvi.  5". 
Amos  ix.  13.  (2.)  To  harafs,  de- 
ftroy,  Hab.  iii.  12.  Amos  i.  3.  Ba- 
bylon is  reprefented  as  a  threjhing,  or 
as  the  coi'n  of  the  floor,  to  denote  the 
fudden  and  terrible  nature  of  God's 
judgments  upon  her.  If.  xxi.  10.  Jer. 
li.  33.  The  church  is  reprefented  as 
thrijhing  mountains  and  hills,  and  fan- 
ning them  to  the  wind,  i.  e.  through. 
Jefus  overcoming  whatever  oppofers 
and  oppofition  Hands  in  the  way  of  her 
happinefs  and  duty,  Mic.  iv.  15.  If, 
xh.  15. 

THRESHOLD  ;  thegroundfel  of 
a  door  or  gate,  Judg.  xix.  27.  The 
Jews  fet  up  their  threfloold  by  God'e 
threfJjcld,  and  their  pojis  by  his  pojls,  and 
defied  the  ivall  bet-ween  him  and  them^ 

whea 


T  H  R 

tvTien  they  made  their  own 
fcent  and  common  molality  the  trround 
©f  their  church-memberlhip,  inilead  of 
Chrill,  behevtd  on,  and  fubmitted  to; 
and  when  they  fubilituted  their  own 
inventions  into  the  room  and  ftation  of 
the  ordinances  of  God,   E/.ek.  xhii.  8. 

THROAT;  (i.)  That  pafTage 
from  our  mouth  to  our  inward  parts, 
and  whereby  we  are  afliiled  in  fpeak- 
ing,  Pfal.  cxv.  7.  (2.)  Speech  itfelf, 
Pl'al.  V.  10.    Rom.  iii.  12. 

THRONE.     See  sit. 

THRONG;  to  crown  and  prefs 
thick  about  one,   Mark  iii.  9. 

THROUGH;  (I.)  From  the 
one  fide  to  the  other,  Numb.  xxv.  8. 
(2.)  Up  and  down  in,  Pfal.  viii.  5. 
(3.)  By  means  of:  we  are  jullified 
through  Chrill,  by  his  fulfdment  of  the 
law  as  our  furety,  and  the  i?r»putation 
«f  his  righteoufnefs  to  our  perfons, 
Rom.  V.  I.  iii.  24.  We  are  faved 
through  faith,  as  thereby  we  receive 
Chrift,  and  his  falvation  offered  to  us 
in  the  gofpel,  Eph.  ii.  8.  God  is 
through  all,  taking  care  of,  and  difplay- 
ing  his  perfections  in  all  things  ;  and  is 
in  all  the  faints,  by  his  gracious  pre- 
fence,  Eph.  iv.  6.  All  things  are  through 
God,  are  prefervedand  c^overned  by  him; 
and  are  to  him,  arc  to  his  glory  as  their 
lall  end,  Rom.  xi.  36.  Thp.oughly, 
is,  (i.)  Exactly;  fully.  Job  vi.  i. 
Matth.  iii.  12.  (2.)  Sincerely  Jer. 
vii.  5. 

THROW;  to  cad  with  force, 
Numb.  XXXV.  I  7.  To  thronv  donvn,  is 
to  call  on  the  ground  with  violence, 
I^uke  ix.  42.  ;  or  to  deflioy  ;  demo- 
lifn  ;  overturn,   Ezek.  xvi.  39. 

THRUST;  (i.)  To  prcfsforcl- 
bly,  2  Kings  iv.  22.  (2.)  To  drive, 
Dcut.  xxxiii.  27.  God  thrujls  doivn 
men,  when  he  lays  heavy  a'Hictions  up- 
on them,  one  after  another.  Job  xxxii. 
13.  To  thrujl  through,  is  to  pierce, 
kill,   Jer.  li.  4. 

THUNDER,  is  formed  in  the 
clouds,  by  the  kindlin^r  of  fuch  ful- 
phurous  matter  as  is  exhaled  from  the 
earth  or  fea,  by  the  heat  of  the  fun, 
&c.  This  being  kindled,  doth,  as  ful- 
pliur,  vitriol,  gr  liiirgs  of  ll'^dj  v»-h^.n 


r    509    1       T  H  u 

legal  de-     mixed  with  a  little  water,  make  a  noiHi 
as  gunpowder  ;  and  runs  along,  where 
it   finds  fulphurous    particles,     in  the 
fame  manner.     The  flafh  of  lightning, 
and  the  noife,  are  really  contemporary  ; 
but    the  lightning   making  a  quicker 
motion  towards  our  eye,  than  the  noifc.- 
can  do  towards  our  ear,  is  fecn  before 
the   noife  be   heard,    efpecially    if  the 
thunder  is  at  any  confiderable  dillancc. 
We  often  call  the    flalh   of  fire,    the 
thunderbolt,  as  it  often   breaks,  bruifes, 
and  rends  whatever  hard  bodies  are  in 
its  way  ;  the  fulphur,  meanwhile,  con- 
tributes to  the  Rifling  of  animals  ;  but 
when  the  flame  is  weak,  or   the   relifl- 
ing  body    is  foft,    it    only    linges  or 
fcorches    it.       Great   flones,  however, 
have  fometimes  fallen  from   heaven  m 
the   time  of  thunder,    Exod.   ix.    23. 
The  uafearchable  majeily  and  almighty 
influence  of  God's  perfections,  are  cal- 
led the  thunder  of  his  ponver,  or  prevail- 
ing   excellency.    Job  xxvi.    14.      The 
preaching  of  the  gofpel  is  like  thunder  ; 
it  makes  mens  hearts  to   tremble,    and 
breaks  their  fliubbornnefs,  Mark  iii.  17. 
Rev.  xiv.  2.     Terrible  and  detlruclive 
calamities   are   likened   to  thunder.  If. 
xxix.  6.     The  noife  of  an  army  is  cal- 
led   the   thunder   of  the   captains,     Joh 
xxxix.  25.     The   war-horfe's   neck  is 
clothed  'unth  thunder,   his  neighing  for 
the  battle  and  the  fhaking  of  his  mane 
make  a  noife  :  but  might  not  the  words 
be  rather  rendered  clothed  tuith  a  cheer^ 
ful  tremor,  or  triumphant  floaking  ?  Job 
xxxix.  19.      The  lightnings  and  thunder' 
ings  proceeding  from  God's  throne,  de- 
note the  majeily  of  his  appearances, 
the    enlightening    and     heart-affe6lingr 
publication  of  his  will,  and  the  awful 
judgements,   which  he,    as    our   great 
Sovereign,  fends  upon  the  earth,    Rev« 
iv.  5. :  but  the  voices,  thunderings,  light- 
ning;, earthquakes,  and  hail,  following  on 
Ciiriit's  calting  the  fire  of  his  vengeance 
on  the  earth,  during  the  feven  trumpets, 
and  that  which  attends  the  founding  of' 
the  fevcr.th  trumpet,  are  terrible  cala- 
mities  of  ma!iy  different   kinds,    Rev. 
viii.  5.   xi.  19.    The  fewn  thunders  Xh^t 
uttered   their   voice  when  Chriil  fpake 
<i;idej  tiie  fiXtU   trumpet;  may  denote 

t1;e 


"TK.^     r..5 

.fTie  infli<5lion  of  manifold  calamities, 
'particularly  of  flie  feven  vials  on  Anti- 
chrlft,  or  the  violent  rending  of  the 
fe-ven  llatcs  of  England,  Scotland,  Den- 
mark, -Sweden,  Holland,  fome  princi- 
palities of  Germany,  and  part  of  Swlt- 
terland  and  Fx-ance,  from  their  fubjec- 
tion  to  the  Pope,   Rev.  x.  3.  4. 

THYATIRA,  was  a  very  confi- 
^crahle  city  of  Lefier  Afia,  about  26 
jnlles  north  o£  Sard  Is,  and  ^6  north- 
eall  of  Smyrna.  Anciently  it  was  cal- 
led Pelopla,  but .  Seleucus  the  Syro- 
Grecian  king,  having  repaired  it,  called 
h  Thygateira.  A  Chriitian  church 
was  very  early  pla.nted  here  :  but  they 
fmfully  permitted  a  woman  called,  or 
like  to  Jezebel,  to  fcduec  their  members 
to  commit  fornication,  and  eat  things 
facnficfcd  to  idols :  to  reform  them  from 
wh.Ich,  John  fent  them  a  divine,  epiille  ; 
but  what  fiiccefs  it  had,  we  know  not. 
The  fate  of  this  city  is  fo  wrapt  up  in 
cbfcurity,  that  the  very  place  where  it 
was  is  not  agreed  iipon.i  We  follow 
Rycaut,  taking  it  to  be  the  fame  as 
AkhiiTar,  where  there  now  dwell  a- 
bout  4000  or  5000  Turks,  in  a  good 
air  and  foil,  but  amidft  multitudes  of 
ancient  ruins,  and  in  a  condition  luili- 
•cientlv  wretched,    Rev.  ii.  18.— 29. 

THYNE-VV  001)  is  very  durable, 
and  may  denote  all  durable  and  odori- 
ferous wood,  as  cyprefs,  cedar,  and 
cdmug-trees,  &c.  which  the  Papllls  ufe 
for  rafters  to  their  churches,  or  in 
.forming  their  images.   Rev.  xviii.  12. 

TIBERIAS,  was  a  famed  city  of 
Weftern  Galilee,  built .  by  Herod  A- 
guppa,  in  honour  of  the  Emperor  Ti- 
berius. It  ftood  on  the  fouth-weft 
fhore  of  the  fea  of  Galilee,  about  80 
miles  north  of  Jerufaiem,  and  12  eail- 
ward  of  Nazareth.  In  the  time  of  the 
Jewiih  wars,  this  city  was  the  capital 
of  Galilee,  and  was  bravely  defended 
by  Jofephus  the  hiftorian  ;  but  being 
taken  by  Vefpafian,  the  father  of  Ti- 
tus, and  afterwards  emperor,  it  was 
grealy  demoliftied.  It  'was,  however, 
a  place  of  confiderable  note,  many 
ages  after.  Here  was  both  a  Chrillian 
church,  and  a  famed  JewiPa  academy, 
John  vi.  I.  23. 


10     r         TIG  X 

TIBERIUS.  ^  CsfarAuguftusha* 
ving  married  Livia  his  mother,  adopt- 
ed him  to  be  his  heir  in  the  empire.  la 
the  beginning  of  his  reign,  Tiberius  be- 
haved himfelf  decently,  but  afterwards 
became  quite  peevifh,  cruel,  and  op- 
preffive.  About  the  lixth  year  of  it, 
the  fenate  ordered  all  the  Jews  to  de- 
part from  Rome,  or  become  flaves.  A.- 
bout  the  13th  year  he  made  Pilate  go- 
vernor of  Judea.  In  the  15th  year, 
John  Baptill  began  to  preach,  Luke 
iii.  I.  Soon  after,  he  took  from  the 
Jews  the  power  of  putting  criminals  to 
death.      It  is  faid,  that  hearing  of  the 


miracles  of  our  Savl 


he  was  earnell 


to  have  him  enrolled  among  the  Ro- 
man deities,  but  w^as  hindered  by  the 
fenate.  He  fo  favoured  the  Chriflians, 
as  to  tlireaten  death  to  fuch  as  moleft- 
ed  them  on  account  of  their  religion. 

TIBNI.      See  Omri. 

TIDAL,  the  ally  of  Chedorlaomer, 
was  chilled  king  of  Gojim,  or  nations, 
either  becaufe  Gojim  was  the  place  of 
his  abode,  or  that  lundry  tribes  had 
coalefced  iinder  his  government,  Geij. 
xiv.  I. 

TIDINGS;  news  ^  report.  The 
gofpel  is  called  gooJ  or  glad  tidings.  It 
publifnes  and  offers  pardon  to  the 
guilty  ;  righteoufnefs  to  the  naked  and 
unlioly  ;  fplritual  liberty  to  the  cap- 
tives of  fm  and  Satan  ;  falvation  to  the 
lofi:  ;  and  eternal  riches  of  grace  and 
glory  to  the  poor  and  wretched.  If. 
xl.  9.  Hi.  7.   Luke  i.  19.  ii.  10. 

TIGLATH-PILESER,  or  Tig- 
LATH-PiLNESER,  king of  AiTyrla.  Re- 
ceiving the  kingdom  in  a  profperous 
ftate,  after  the  death  of  his  fother  Pul, 
he  laboured  to  extend  his  dominions. 
Infligated  by  Ahaz'king  of  Judah,  l\e 
invaded  Syria,  Hew  Rezm  their  king, 
plundered  Damafcus  and  other  places, 
and  carried  the  people  captive  to  Kir 
in  Media.  He  ravaged  the  Hebrew 
territories  ealhvard  of  Jordan,  and  car- 
ried the  people  captive  to  Halah,  Ha- 
bor,  and  Hara,  on  the  river  Gozan. 
Pie  alfo  ravaged  Weflern  Galilee,  and 
took  Ijon,  Abel-bethmaachah,  Janoah, 
K'edefn,  Hazor,  &c.  and  carried  the 
people  captives  into  Aflyria.  Not  con- 
tent, 


TIL  [     51 

tent,  it  feems,  with  Ahaz's  prefents, 
and  his  comph'mentary  vifit  of  him  at 
Damafcus,  he  appears  to  have  ravaged 
part  of  Judea,  2  Chron.  xxviii.  20. 
I  Chron.  V.  26.  2  Kings  xv.  29.  Af- 
ter a  reign  of  about  19  years,  he  left 
his  throne  to  Sliahnanefer. 

TILES  were  ufed  to  cover  houfes  ; 
and  hence  a  roof  is  called  the  tiling  : 
but  as  the  Jewifh  roofs  were  fiat,  their 
iiles  might  be  iilie  our  fl-ig  Hones,  or 
broad  bricks.  Nay,  perhaps  •  the  tile 
on  which  Ezekiel  pourtfayed  the  city 
of  Jerufalem,  miglit  be  a  table  of  free- 
ftone,  Ezek.  iv.  i. 

TILL  ;  to  turn  over  the  ground, 
that  it  may  be  lit  for  receiving  feed. 
Cain  was  the  firfl  tiller  or  plowman. 
Gen.  iv.  2.  Tillage  is  hufbandry  ;  ma- 
cur'no;  of  the  fields,  1  Chron.  xxvii.  26. 

TIME;  season;  (r.)  The  meafure 
of  motion,  or  the  duration  of  things, 
Pfd.  Ixxxix.  47.  (2.)  The  particular 
appointed  feafon  or  opportunity  of  do- 
ing a  thing,  Eccl.  iii.  i.  Gen.  xviii.  10. 
Pial.  Ixxxi.  I.  In  feafon  and  out  of  fea- 
fon, i,  e.  when  there  is-  more  or  lefs"  op- 
portunity, 2  Tim.  iv.  2.  The  diilortnt 
times  of  Spring,  Summer,  H'lrveil,  and 
Winter,  are  called  the  feqfons.  Gen. 
i.  14.  The  time  of  the  faints  10  years 
fiifiering  under  Dioclefian,  and  of  the 
devil's  raging  at  the  end  of  the  Millen- 
nium, is  called  a  Hide  feafr^n,  Rev.  vi.  1 1. 
XX.  3.  The  appointed  feafon  of  God's 
vengeance  on  men,  is  called  hh  times  or 
clays,  as  he  difplays  his  power  and  per- 
fections therein  ;  tind  their  time,  or  the 
time  of  the  Heathen,  as  they  then  receive 
the  due  reward  of  their  deeds,  Job 
xxiv.  I.  Jer.  1.  27.  31.  Ezek.  iii.  3. 
Chrift's  time,  is  either  the  time  of  his 
going  up  to  the  feaft  of  tabernacles,  or 
the  time  of  his  death,  John  vii.  6.  8.  ; 
or  the  time  of  his  appearance  to  judge- 
ment, I  Tim.  vi.  15.,  which  will  be  a 
time  of  refrejhing  and  reflitution  of  all  things, 
as  then  he  will  difplay  his  gloiy  to  the 
highell,  fully  comfort  his  faints,  and 
rellore  the  fyllem  of  irrational  nature 
to  its  original  purity  and  honour,  A6ls 
iii.  20.  21.  Rom.  viii.  21.  That  fea- 
fon in  which  God  calls  finncrs  to  him, 
•«nd  quickens  and  unites  their  foul  to 


I     1  TIM 

Chrift,  is  called  his  time  of  love,  Ezek, 
xvi.  8.  :  and  it  is  an  acceptable  time  and' 
day  of filvation,  when  God  beftovvs  hit 
fpecial  favours  on  men,  Pfal.  Ixix.  13. 
2  Cor.  vi.  2.  According  to  the  time  of  life, 
is  after  going  nine  months  with  child, 
Gert.  xviii.  10.  14.  The  lafl  limes  or 
days,  denote  either  the  whole  latter  part 
of  the  duration  of  the  world  ;  or  the 
whole  of  the  gofpel-period,  particularly 
that  in  which  the  Jewilh  ceremonies 
were  going  to  be  abolllhed,  1  Pet.  i.  2o. 
If.  ii.  2.  Mic.  iv.  1.  I  John  ii.  18.  :  or 
the  latter  part  of  the  Chriftian  period, 
which  are  reprefented  as  perilous  times, 
abounding  with  fcoffers  and  wicked  pro- 
feffbrs,  I  Tim.  iv.  i.  2  Tim.  iii.  i. — ^. 
i  Pet.  iii.  3.  .  To  knoiv  the  times,  is  to 
know  the  hiilory  of  forrher  times,  and 
to  obferve  the  prefent  times  in  tlieir  va- 
rious circumftances,  and  what  is  proper 
to  be  done  therein,  thus  dfceniing  time 
and  judgement,  Eith.  i.  13.  I  Chron, 
xii.  32.  Eccl.  viii.  5.  :  but  the  know- 
ledge of  future  times  in  their  events,  is 
not  for  men  to  dive  into,  further  thaa 
G-^d  pleafes,  to  reveal,  Ads  i.  7.  The 
Chaldean  wife  men  fought  to  gain  the 
time,  i.  e.  to  put  it  off,  till  the  kin^j 
ifhould  call  to  mind  his  dream,  or  be  di- 
verted to  fome  other  hufinefs,  Dan.ii.  8. 
Time,  in  the  prophetic  ftyle,  fignlfies  a 
natural  year  :  iofeven  times  pafTed  over 
Nebuchadnezzar  in  his  madnefs  ;  he 
was  feven  years  in  it,  Dan.  iv.  16.  :  or 
a  prophetic  year;  fo  a/i/w<?  is  360  years, 
and  time,  times,  and  the  half  or  divi^ 
ding  of  time,  are  three  proplietic  years 
and  an  half,  or  1260  natural  years, 
Dan.  vii,  25.  xii.  7.  Rev.  xii.  14.  xi» 
2.3.  xii.  6.  !k;iii.  5.  Dan.  xii.  1 1.  12. 
To  every  thing  there  is  a  time  and  fea* 
fon  ;  Providence  permits  every  event  ia 
Its  feafon  :  but  that  does  not  infer,  that 
God's  law  allows  to  fpend  time  in  each 
of  thefe  things  there  mentioned  ;  for  it 
is  plain,  though  God  permits  us  to  hate 
fuch  as  we  once  loved,  yet  he  never  al- 
lows us  to  hate  whom  we  once  lawfully- 
loved,  Eccl.  iii.  I. — 8.  Paul  was  born 
out  of  due  time,  was  too  late  of  coming 
to  Chrift,  and  not  called  to  the  apollle- 
fliip  till  after  our  Saviour's  afcenfion, 
2  Cor.  XV.  8. 

TIMNAHf 


TIM     r  ^ 

Y'IMNAH;  Timnath;  Timna- 
THAH  ;  a  city  which  it  feems  flood  m 
the  weft  corner  of  the  lot  of  Judah, 
and  was  given  to  the  Danites.  It  is 
faid  to  have  been  fix  miles  from  Adul- 
1am,  where  Judah  lived,  and  twelve 
from  Efhtaol,  where  Samfon  lived. 
Near  to  this  place,  Judah  committed 
lewdnefs  with  Tamar,  and  Samfon  mar- 
ried his  wife,  Gen.  xxxviii.  1 2.  Judg. 
xiv.  I.  It  was  a  village  about  400 
years  after  Chrift.  Timnath-serah, 
or  Timnath-heres,  was  a  city  of  the 
Ephraimites,  where  Jofhua  lived  and 
was  buried,  Jolh.  xix.  50.  xxiv.  30. 
Judg.  ii.  9. 

TIMOTHY,  or  TiMOTKEus  ;  a 
noted  evangelift.  He  was  a  native  of 
Lyftra  in  LefTer  Afia.  His  father  was 
a  Greek,  but  his  grandmother  I^ois, 
and  his  mother  Eunice,  being  pious 
Jewifh  women,  trained  him  up  from  a 
child  in  the  knowledge  of  the  fcrip- 
tares ;  and  Paul  circumcifed  him,  to 
render  him  the  more  acceptable  to  the 
Jews.  His  bodily  conftitution  was  very 
weak,  but  his  gifts  and  graces  were 
eminent,  Afts  xvi.  i.  2  Tim.  i.  5.  15. 
iii.  15.  iTim.  V.  23.  iCor.iv.  17.  Af- 
ter he  had  been  ordained  a  miniiler  by 
Paul  and  the  prefbytery  of  Lyilra,  he 
became  very  dear  to  Paul,  for  his  faitli- 
fulnefs  and  piety  ;  and  fo  he  calls  lu'm 
his  dear  f on  in  the  faith,  \\h  faithful fcl- 
loiu-nvorkery  8cc,  2  Tim.  i.  6.  i  Tim, 
iv.  14.  i.  2.  I  Cor.  iv.  17.  Pie  accom- 
panied Paul  to  Macedonia,  and  was 
with  him  at  Philippi,  Theffalonica,  and 
Berea.  At  Paul's  defire  he  followed 
liira  from  Berea  to  Athens  ;  but  was 
quickly  fent  back  to  confirm  the  Chrif- 
tians  of  Theffalonica  under  their  perfc- 
cution,  A6ls  xvii.  i  ThefT.  iii.  2.  3. 
Thence  he  and  Silas  came  to  Paul  at 
Corinth,  A<5ts  xviii.  5.  ;  and,  together 
with  him,  fend  their  falutation  to  the 
Chrillians  of  Theffalonica,  i  Theff.  i.  i. 
2  Theif.  i.  I.  Some  years  after,  Paul 
fent  him  and  Erallus  from  Ephcfus  to 
Macedonia  and  Corinth,  to  confirm  the 
Chrillians  there.  Ads  xix.  21.  22. 
I  Cor.  iv.  17.  xvi.  10.  Having  return- 
ed to  Ephefus  before  Paul  left  the  place, 
he  was  left  there  to  fettle  the  affairs  of 


12     ]  TIP 

tliat  'nfant  church,  i  Tim.  i.  3.  ;  and 
there  he  received  his  firft  epiflle,  about 
y^.  D.  56.  After  ordering  matters  at 
Ephefus,  he  followed  Paul  to  Macedo- 
nia, v.'hence,  along  with  Paul,  he  fent 
his  falutation  to  the  Corinthians,  2  Cor. 
i.  I.  Soon  after,  he  attended  Paul  to 
Corinth,  and  thence,  along  with  him, 
fends  his  falutation  to  the  Romans, 
Rom.  xvi.  21.  Returning  through  Ma- 
cedonia, he  went  with  Paul  to  Afia, 
A£ls  XX.  4.  Thither  he  was  called, 
fome  years  after,  by  Paul  to  Rome,  in 
his  fecond  epiflle  to  him,  2  Tim.  iv, 
9.  13.  He  was  witli  Paul  at  Rome 
when  he  wrote  his  epiftlcs  to  the  Phi- 
lippianr.,  ColoiTians,  and  Philemon,  Phil, 
i.  I.  Col.  i.  I.  He  v/as  for  a  while  a 
prifoner  atRome,  but  was  afterwards 
fet  at  liberty,  Heb.  xiii,  23.  After 
which,  we  know  not  what  became  of 
him.  The  two  epillles  direclcd  to  him, 
encouraged  and  diredled  him  in  his  feed- 
ing and  government  of  the  church,  and 
warned  him  of  the  troubles  impending 
over  her. 

TIN  ;  a  well-known  coarfe  metal, 
hnrder  than  lead,  and  of  the  fame  kind 
with  a  mixture  of  fxlver,  and  which 
formed  part  of  the  Tyrian  trade  with 
Tarfhifh,  Ezek.  xxvii.  12.  Perhaps 
tin-mines  renew  their  ftore  in  procefs 
of  time.  Trees  are  found  in  them  at 
the  depth  of  50  fathoms.  Naughty 
fmners,  and  their  abundant  corruptions, 
that  are  ready  for  the  fire  of  God's 
wrath,  are  likened  to  lead,  thiy  brafs, 
iron,  and  drofs,  Ezek.  xxii.  18.  20. 
If.  i.  25. 

TINGLING  of  the  ears,  imports 
tr<;mbl;ng  and  horror,  beqaufe  of  fear- 
ful calamities,   i  Sam.  iii.  11. 

TIP  ;  utmoft  point. 

TIPHSAH;  (i.)  A  city  of  the 
tribe  of  Ephraim,  at  no  great  diflance 
from  Tirzah,  and  about  fix  miles  from 
Samaria.  It  feems  this  city  refufed  t» 
fubmit  to  Menahem;  and  being  taken, 
the  inhabitants  were  put  to  the  fword, 
and  the  women  with  child  ripped  up, 
2  Kings  XV.  16.  (2.)  TiPHSAH,  or 
Thapfacus,  on  the  Euphrates,  on  the 
ealt  of  Syria,  and  about  600  miles 
north-weft  of  Babylon.     Some  geogr^r 

phers 


.  TI  R  r     5 

l^hers  place  it  on  the  eaft,  and  others 
on  the  weft  fide  of  the  river;  but  as 
there  was  a  famous  bridge  here,  I  fup- 
pofe  pArt  of" the  city  flood  on  the  one 
fide,  and  part  on  the  other.  This  city- 
was  the  north-eail  border  of  Solomon's 
territories,    i  Kin^rs  iv.  24. 

TIRAS,  or  Thiras;  the  feventh 
fon  of  Japheth.  He  is  fupiwfed  to  have 
been  the  father  of  the  Thracians,  in 
whofe  country  was  the  river  Atyrus  ; 
and  they  Nyorfliipped  the  god  of  war, 
under  the  name  of  Odryfus  and  Thu- 
ras,  probably  the  fame  as  Tiras  :  and 
there  was  here  a  nation  called  theThrau- 
fi.  The  Thracians  were  lon^  a  very 
ignorant  and  barbarous,  but  idolatrous 
people.  They  werexlivided  into  a  great 
many  nations  or  tribes,  till  tlie  Greeks 
conquered  them,   Gen.  x.  2. 

TIRE  ;  a  drjfs  for  the  head,  Ezek. 
XX iv.  17.  23.  Round  tires  I'lhe  the  mooriy 
may  denote  the  golden  necklaces,  fome- 
what  like  thofe  worn  by  the  kings  of 
Midian,  and  their  camels.   If.  iii.  18. 

TIRHAKAIi,  or  Thearchon,  as 
Strabo  calls  him,  was  king  of  Cush  ; 
but  whether  that  in  Arabia,  or  in  Abyf- 
fmia,  is  not  agreed.  We  fuppofe  him 
the  fovereifvn  of  Abyflinia  and  Egypt, 
and  that  he  was  defeated  by  Sennache- 
rib, againfl  whom  he  marched  for  the 
relief  of  King  Hezekiah  ;  and  that  at 
this  time,  to  the  terror  of  the  Jews,  the 
Ethiopians  and  Egyptians  were  taken 
prifoners,   2  Kings  xix.  19.     If.  xx.  4. 

TIRSHATHA  ;  a  name  given  to 
Zerubbabel  and  Nehemiah.  Some  think 
it  denotes  the  cup-bearer  ;  but  more  pro- 
perly it  denotes  a  governor,  or  a  com- 
mifTary,  appointed  by  the  Perfian  king, 
to  carry  his  orders  to  a  province,  and 
fee  them  put  in  execution,  Ezra  ii.  65. 
Neh.  X.  i\ 

TIRZAFI  ;  a  city  of  the  Ephraim- 
Ites.  It  was  a  raofi  beautiful  place. 
Jeroboam  the  fon  of  Nebat,  Nadab, 
Baafha,  Elah,  Zimri,  and  Omri,  kings 
of  Ifrael,  refided  liere;  but  after  Sama- 
ria was  built,  the  court  moftly  aban- 
doned Tirzah,  I  Kings  xiv.  17.  XV.  21. 
It  appears  to  have  fhared  in  the  above- 
xnentioned  fate  of  Wellern  Tiphsah, 

Vol.  IL 


13     1  TIT 

2  Kings  XV.  1 6.  To  mark  the  beauty 
of  the  church,  in  refpetl  of  her  ordi- 
nances, influences,  and  graces,  fhe  is 
compared  to  T'lr-z.ah^   Song  vi.  4. 

TISHBEH  ;  a  city  of  Gilead,  and 
the  native  place  of  Elijah.  It  feems 
to  have  tlill  remained  about  400  years 
after  Ghrifl  ;  but  was  in  the  hand  of 
the  Arabians,    i  Kings  xvii.  i. 

TI  ^RI,  or  TrzRi.     See  Ethanim. 

TITHES,  or  TENTH   PARTS.       We 

fuppofe  God  fuggelled  to  the  ancient 
patriarchs  his  claim  to  the  tenth  part 
of  their  gain  or  product.  When  Abram 
returned  from  his  victory  over  Chedor- 
laomer  and  his  allies,  he  gave  to  Mel- 
chizedek,  the  Lord's  prieft,  the  tenth 
part  of  his  fpoils.  Gen.  xiv.  20.  Jacob 
dedicated  to  God,  by  a  vow,  the  tenth 
part  01  his  gain  in  Mefopotamia,  Gen. 
xxviii.  22.  Nay,  multitudes  of  Greeks, 
Romans,  and  other  Pleathens,  devoted 
the  tenth  part  of  their  incomes  to  the 
fervice  of  God.  To  commemorate  the 
Hebrews  living  in  the  wildernefs  on 
omers  or  tenth  deals  of  manna,  God  not 
only  regulated  their  meat  offerings  by 
tenth  deals  of  line  flour,  but  he  further 
regulated  the  affair  of  their  t'lthes  in  the 
following  manner  :  After  the  tirft-fruits 
and  their  attendant  offerings  were  de- 
ducted, the  tenth  part  of  their  remain- 
ing produd  of  corn,  cattle,  ^r.  were 
affigncd  to  the  Levites.  Of  this  the 
priefts  had  the  tenth  part  for  their  fhare* 
Of  what  remained  to  the  proprietor, 
another  tithe  was  levied,  and,  in  value 
or  kind,  fent  to  the  fervice  of  the  ta- 
bernacle and  temple,  and  the  miqiflers 
thereof,  at  the  folemn  feafts.  On  every 
third  year  a  third  tithe  was  levied  from 
the  proprietor  for  the  ufe  of  the  Le- 
vites, the  fatherlefs,  v/idows,  and  itran- 
gers ;  if  tiiis  was  not  the  fame  as  the 
i'econd  tithe,  and  only  in  the  third  year 
applied  to  this  ufe,  and  eaten  at  home 
in  their  cities.  It  does  not  appear  that 
the  tithe  of  their  herbs  was  demanded. 
The  Pharifees,  however,  tithed  their 
mint,  anife,  cummin,  and  rue;  nor  does 
Jefus  coiidcmn  them  for  it,  but  for  ne- 
glediing  weightier  things,  as  mercy, 
judgement,  and  faith,  while  they  were 
fo  v/Quderfully  exatt  in  fmall  matters, 
3  T  D^v^ 


T  I  T  [ 

I3eut.xiv.22. — 29.  xii.iy.  fNum.xviu. 
20. — 32.  At  prefcnt,  the  Jews  regard 
the  law  of  tithes  very  httle;  .nor  is  there 
any  warrant  for  denianaing  them  to  the 
clergy  under  the  ChriftiRn  difpeutation. 
As  the  patriarchs  before  Mofes  devoted 
their  tithes  to  the  Lord,  1  fi^ppofe  it 
is  Hill  proper,  if  poffible,  to  ;  ijip-n  the 
tenth  part  of  our  income  to  l>)e  JLord, 
for  the  relief  of  the  poor,  j-nd  other 
pious  -ufes  ;  nor  can  I  belit  ve  there 
would  be  much  diuiculty  wilh  mcft  in 
io  doing,  if  all  luxuriances  in  our  vic- 
tuals «nd  drefs  were  laid  afide..  Were 
thefe  tithes  emblems  of  the  fulnefs  of 
Jefus,  coliefted  from  every  proniife  and 
providence,  for  the  fuftenar.ce  of  liis 
people  ?  Or  were  they  emblems  of  the 
faints,  and  their  fervices,  devoted  to 
the  honour  of  Cliriil,  and  as  the  end- 
lefs  fatisfaction  of  his  foul,  and  as  ufe- 
ful  to  thofe  around  them  ? 

TITUS,  a  noted  evangelift.  E-ing 
originally  a  Gentile,  he  v/as  utver  cir- 
Gumcifed.  He  attended  Paul,  by  vt^hoie 
miniftry  lie  had  been  converted,  from 
Syria  to  the  fynod  at  Jerufalem,  GaL 
li.  I. — 3.  Some  years  after,  Paul  fent 
him  to  Corinth,  w-here  his  piety,  and 
his  difmterefted  and  zealous  preaching 
of  the  gofpel,  procured  him  a  kindly 
reception.  Coming  from  thence  to 
Paul  in  Macedonia,  he  gave  him  an  ac- 
count of  the  Hate  of  the  Corinthian 
church,  and  was  returned  to  them, 
bearing  a  fecond  epiille  from  Paul, 
'2  Cor.  xii.  18.  vii.  6. 15.  viii.  6.  16.  17. 
When  Paul  left  him  in  Crete,  to  fettle 
Ihe  affairs  of  that  church,  and  ordain 
elders  in  it,  we  are  uncertain  ;  but  it 
is  certain,  that,  in  the  epiille  fent  thi- 
ther to  him,  he  dehres  him  to  come  to 
-iu"m  at  NicopoHs,  and  bring^  Zen  as  the 
■lawyer  and  Apollos  with  him,  as  foon 
■as  Tychiciis  and  Artemas  fhould  come 
•to  fupply  his  room.  Tit.  iii.  12.  13. 
After  this,  Paul  fent  him  into  Dalma- 
tia,  2Tim.  iv.  10.  ;  but  it  is  faid,  he 
returned  to  Crete,  and  thence  propa- 
gated the  gofpel  into  the  neighbouring 
illands.  The  epiille  fent  to  Titus,  di- 
•Tefts  him  to  ordain  officers  ;  to  warn 
and  cenfure  the  unruly  ;  and  to  infti- 
gate  all  ranks  to  a6l  agreeably  to  their 
Chrillian  chara<5lcr. 


5H    1         T  0  L 

TITLE  ;  ( I . )  Nam^  ;  charaacr. 
Job  XX xii.  21.  22.  (2.)  A  motto  or 
iufcriptiun  on  a  grave-ilone,  2  King-s 
xxiii.  17.;  or  on  a  crofs,  John  xix. 
19.  20. 

TITTLE  ;  tlie  leai>  part  ;  the  leail 
fenlcnce,   Matlh.  v.  18. 

TO,  often  exprefles  ^the  end  of  au 
aft,  or  courfe,  Rom.  ix.  22.  i  TheiT. 
v.  9.  ;  or  the  place  or  perfon  to  which 
one  moves.  Job  xxiii.  3. 

The  Ten  TOES  of  Nebuchadnezr 
zar's  villonary  image,  denote  the  ten 
kingdoms  formed  out  of  the  Roman 
empire.      See  horns.  Dan.  ii.  41.  42. 

TOB,  or  IsHTOp  ;  a  fmall  canton 
on  the  fouth-eaft  of  Syria,  where 
Jephthah  retired,  when  driven  from 
his  native  country  by  his  brethren, 
Judg.  xi.  3.5.  In  the  time  of  the  Macj- 
cabees,  the  people  here  were  called  the 
Tubieni. 

TOBIAH.     See  Nehemiah. 

TOBIJAH.     See  Zachariah.     • 

TOGARMAH,  the  third  fon  of 
,Gomer,  and  grandfon  of  Japheth,  Gen, 
X.  3.  Jofephus  makes  him  the  father 
of  the  Phrygians  ;  Bochart,  of  the 
Cappadocians,  of  whom  there  was  a 
tribe  called  Trogmi,  Trocmi,  or  Trog- 
mades.  Others  niake  him  the  father  of 
the  Turcomans  in  Tartaiy.  The  Arr 
menians  too  pretend  to  be  his  defcen- 
dants.  It  is  certain  that  his  pofterity 
traded  with  the  Tyrians,  in  horfemen^ 
iiorfes,  and  mules,  Ezek.  xxvii.  14.  ; 
and  that  they  will  afTift  Gog  and  Ma- 
gog, againil  the  Hebrews,  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Millennium,  Ezek. 
xxxviii.  6. 

TOGETIiER;  (i.)  United  in 
one  place,  condition,  inclination,  or 
.deiign.  Job  iii.  18.  Acts  v.  9.  (2,) 
Whaliy  ;  every  whit,  Job  x.  8.  (3.) 
By  ourfelves  alone,   Ezra  iv.  3. 

TO  I,  or  Tou.     See  David,  Ha- 

MATH. 

TOKEN.     See  Mark. 

TOLA;  (i.)  The  eldell  fon  of 
Iflfachar,  and  father  of  the  Tolaites, 
Numb.  xxvi.  23.  (2.)  Tola  the  loth 
judge  of  Ifrael.  He  ;was  the  fon  of 
Puah,  and  grandfon  of  Dodo,  of  the 
tribe  of  IfTachar,     He  fucceeded  Abi- 

.    melechij^ 


T  O  L         [     5 

nielecli,  and  judged  lirael  23  years, 
and  was  buried  at  Shamir  in  mount 
Eplii'aim,  y/.  M.  2794,  Judg.  x.  i. 

TOLERABLE;  what  may  be 
borne  cr  endured.  It  will  be  mors  tole- 
rahk  for  Tyre  and  Sidon,  Sodom  and 
Gomorrah,  in  the  day  of  judgement, 
than  for  fuch  as  c!:j:^yed  Chrilt's  mira- 
cles and  gofpel,  but  believed  not ;  as 
tlie  eternal  torments  of  the  former  will 
be  lefs  grievou-3>  than  of  the  latter, 
Mitth.  X.  15.  xi.  22. 

TOMB.     See  grave. 

TONGUE.     See  mooth.- 

TOOTH.  The  teeth  of  anrmals 
are  thofe  bony  fubilances  that  grow  in 
tlicir  jaw?,  and  wlierewith  they  hold 
or  ehew  their  food.  Some  have  fore- 
teeth in  both  jaws  ;  fom«  only  in  one  ; 
and  fome  have  more  than  one  row  of 
teeth  in  the  fame  jaw.  Some  animals 
have  tuflcs  higher  than  the  rell,  for  the 
catching  and  holding  of  their  prey. 
Confidence  in  an  unfaithful  friend,  is 
like  a  broken  tooth,  that  may  pain,  but 
cannot  chew  ;  or  a  foot  out  of  j^inf', 
painful,  but  not  ufeful  ;  it  hurts  men 
that  have  it,  Prov.  xxv.  19.  Men  be- 
ing likened  to  wild  beails,  their  perni- 
-cious  and  reproachful  Ipeeches,  and 
their  power  and  ability  to  do  mifchief, 
are  called  teeth  like  fpearsy  fivords,  and 
knives,  Pfal.  Ivii.  4.  Prov.  xxx.  14.  Job 
iv.  10.  :  and  God  breaks  thefe  teeth, 
when  he  difables  men  for  hurtivig  o- 
•thers,  Pfal.  Iviii.  6.  :  but  he  breaks  the 
teeth  of  his  people  with  gravel  flones, 
when  he  involves  them  in  a  track  of 
dillrefsful  providences.  Lam.  iii.  16. 
Great  iron  teeth  import  terrible  power, 
and  readinefs  to  dcllroy  others,  Dan. 
vii.  7.  To  have  the  teeth  ft  on  edge, 
imports  to  be  painfully  afflicted,  Jer. 
xxxi.  29.  30.  To  take  one^s  oivn  fejh 
In  his  teeth,  imports,  being  maddened 
with  pain  and  defpair,  Job  xiii.  14. 
To  gnajh  the  //?cf/j,  1  imports  great  tor- 
ment and  rage,  Macth.  viii.  12.  Ads 
vii.  54.  The  churches  teeth,  like  an  even 
Jhorn  and  newly  nvaJJoed  jlock  of  JljCcp, 
are  her  holy,  harmonious,  and  ufeful 
miniilers,  who  break  the  bread  of  life 
to  their  people  ;  or  the  comely,  holy, 
and  harmonious  exercifes  of  faith  and 


15    1         TOP 

meditation,  whereby  the  faints  render 
God's  truths  the  nourilliing  food  of 
their  foul.   Song  iv.  2.   vi.  6. 

TOP  ;  (  I.)  The  utmoft  end  of  a 
thing,  Edh.  V.  2.  Lam.  ii,  19^  (2.) 
The  higheft  part  of  any  thing,  Geii. 
viii.  5.  xxviii.  r3.  (3.)  The  height 
of  power  and  wealth,  and  the  pride 
that  attended  it,  Ezek.  xxxi.  3.  10. 
14.  On,  or  abo've  the  tops  of  mountains  ^ 
lulls,  and  houfes,  imports  a  moil  pu- 
blic and  vifible  ftate  or  manner,  If, 
ii.  2.  Matth.  X.  27.  Ezek.  xxiv.  7.  : 
.  but  the  Jews  lieing  on  hoiife-tops  when 
the  Romans  invaded  their  country,  im- 
ports their  hiding  themfelves  in  fecret 
places,  Matth.  xxiv.  17.  Luke  xvH. 
13.  ;  or  meivs  pofting  themfelves  where 
they  can  beil  difcern  the  approach  of" 
the  enemy,   If.  xxii.  i.   xv.  3. 

TOPAZ  ;  a  precious  and  tranfpa- 
rent  jewel,  third  in  value  to  th«  dia- 
mond. The  hneft  topazes  are  brought 
from  the  Eall  Indies,  aiad  are  often 
found  about  the  bignefs  of  a  pin-head ; 
and  fcarce  any  exceed  the  6th  part  of 
an  inch  in  diameter.  The  belt  are  of 
a  yellow  golden  colour  ;  but  Pliny  fays 
the  bed  are  of  a  green  colour.  The 
moil  valuable  topaz  in  the  W'Orld,  we 
know  of,  is  in  the  poflcffion  of  the 
Great  Mogul.  It  weighs  about  137 
carats,  and  coft  200,300/.  Sterling. 
The  topaz  was  anciently  found  in  an 
iiland  of  the  Red  fea,  called  Topazion, 
and  hence  it  is  called  the  topa%  of  Cujb, 
Job  xxviii.  19.  If  the  Pitdath  tigni- 
fies  a  topa%,  it  was  fecond  in  the  high 
priell's  breall-plate  ;  and  it  was  the  9tli 
foundation  of  the  new  Jerufalem,  Exod. 
xxviii.  17.  Rev.  xxi.  20.  At  prefent, 
the  topazes  of  Eaft- India  are  the  beft; 
thofe  of  Abyffinia  the  next  ;  thofe  of 
Peru  in  America  are  m.uch  fotter  ;  and 
thofe  of  Bohemia  in'  Germany  are  ilill 
fofter,  and  a  little  cloudy.  By  proper 
firing,  cryftal  is  formed  into  a  kiud  of 
topaz. 

TOPHET  ;  a  place  on  the  eaft  of 
Jerufalem  ;  fo  called  from  the  beating 
of  drums  to  drown  the  cries  ot  the 
children  burnt  in  the  fire  to  Molech. 
It  was  alio  called  the  valley  of  Hin- 
Hom,  either  from  fome  proprietor  of 
%  T  2  it, 


TOR  [    s 

it,  or  it  mav  be  rendered  the  valley  of 
JJor'teh'ing  :  but  Reland  places  the  valley 

01  Hiiinom  on  the  weft  of  Jerufalem. 
It  18  faid  to  have  been  a  very  dehght- 
ful  fpot,  watered  by  the  Itreams  of 
Shiloah,  and  (liaded  with  a  number  of 
gardetiS.  But  it  is  more  certain,  that 
litre  tne  Jews  burnt  their  children  to 
Molech,  Jer.  vii.  30.    Here,  according 

o  tlie  purpofe  ol  God,  a  great  part  of 
the  Aflyrian  holl  were  cut  oft',  as  in  a 
fire,  by  a  burning  pellilence,  If.  xxx. 
33.  To  flop  the  idolatries  here  prac- 
tifed,  Joiiah  rendered  it  as  nally  as  he 
could,  probably  making  it  a  burying 
place,  or  a  place  of  burning  dead  car- 
cafes  to  which  burial  was  not  allowed, 

2  Kings  xxiii.  10.  ii.  It  feems,  that 
multitudes  of  the  Jews  (lain  by  the 
Chaldeans  at  the  taking  of  Jerufa- 
lem were  buried  here,  Jer.  vii.  32.  xix. 
II. — 13.  Afterwards  it  feems  to  have 
become  the  common  receptacle  of  car- 
cafes,  garbage,  and  filth,  and  a  fire 
was  kept  burning  to  confume  ft.  The 
word  Gehenna,  ufed  for  hell,  is  the 
fame  as  Gehinnom,  the  vaJ/ey  of  Hin- 
no/rii  or  of  Jhr'ieh'ing, 

TORCH.     See  lamp. 

TORMENT.     See  pain. 

TORTOISE.  There  are  two  ge- 
neral kinds  of  tortoifes,  "01%,  lea  and 
land  ones  ;  and  12  particular  kinds.  It 
is  the  land-tortoife  that  is  mentioned  in 
fcripture  ;  the  fhell  that  covers  it,  ren- 
ders it  fomewhat  like  a  covered  wag- 
gon. Some  call  ft  the  land- crocodile. 
It  feeds  on  flowers  ;  and  in  Syria,  and 
places  adjacent,  is  reckoned  a  fine  difli. 
In  Eail  India,  the  land-tortoilcs  are 
feldom  above  three  inches  long  ;  but  in 
the  Ille  of  Madagafcar,  it  is  laid  there 
are  fome  about  a  foot  long,  and  co- 
vered with  a  Ihell  mixed  of  white,  yel- 
low, and  other  colours.  There  is  a 
moil  ugly  kind  ot  tortoife  that  haunts 
old  walls,  and  will  live  leveral  days  af- 
ter its  head  is  cut  off.  This,  I  am  apt 
to  think,  is  the  xzABof  the  Hebrews, 
if  that  animal  be  not  rather  what  Dr 
Shaw  calls,  the  fharp-fcaled  tailed  li- 
zard. 

TOSS  J  violently  to  drive  hither  and 
thither.     Men  are  tojfed  to  and  fro  in 


16    ]       TOW 

their  condition,  when  they  have  no  refl 
from  troubles,  arihng  from  different 
airths,  Pial.  cix.  23.  If.  hv.  11.  ;  and 
Tos SINGS  denote  trouble  and  diiquiet 
of  muid.  Job  vii.  4.  Profeffors  are  toff" 
ed  to  and  fro  m  their  religion,  when  tiicy 
are  unfettled  in  their  opinions  and  prac- 
tice,  Epli.  iv.  14. 

TOTTERING;  fhaking  hither  and 
thither,   Pial.  Ixii.  3. 

TOUCH;  (i.)  Lightly  to  feel  a 
thing,  Luke  viii.  44.  (2.)  To  di- 
ftrets  ;  afflict,  Gen.  xxvi.  11.  29.  John 
xix.  21.  (3.)  To  prevail  againft  ;  de- 
ffroy  ;  i  John  v.  18.  Heb.  x'i.  28. 
(4.}  To  approach  ;  come  clofe  to,  Ex- 
od.  xix.  16.  Acts  xxvii.  3.  (5.)  To 
meddle  with.  Numb.  xvi.  26.  God 
toucheth  mens  hearts,  when  he  inclines 
and  periuades  them  to  a  thing,  i  Sam. 
X.  26.  He  toucheth  the  earth  till  ft 
melt,  when  he  executes  his  fearful 
judgements  on  the  inhabitants,  Amos 
ix.  5,  He  toucheth  the  mountains,  and 
they  fmoke,  when  he  readily  removes 
hinderances  in  his  way,  and  debafes  the 
proud  and  great,  Pfai.  cxliv.  5.  Chrift 
is  touched  with  the  feeling  of  our  infir- 
mities ;  he  readily  and  kindly  fympa- 
thizes  with  us  under  our  troubles,  Heb. 
fv.  15.  Alexander  and  his  arm.y  did 
not  touch  the  ground  in  their  marcii  a- 
gainll  the  Periians  ;  i,  e.  they  marched 
with  allonilhing  Ipeed,  as  if  ifying,  and 
meeting  with  no  eftedtual  reliltance, 
Dan,  viii.  5.  Blood  toucheth  blood,  when 
murder  and  other  ruinous  fins  are  com- 
mitted every  where,  and  ciolely  after 
one  another,  Hof.  iv.  2.  Carnal  deal- 
ing with  a  woman  is  called  touching  of 
her.  Gen.  xx.  6.  Prov.  vi.  29.  i  Cor. 
vii.  I.  Touching  ;  with  rclpect  to, 
2  Theff.  iii.  4. 

TOW.  Wicked  men  are  hkened 
to  it,  to  mark  their  ripenefs  for  the  de- 
ftrudive  judgem.ents  ot  God,  and  their 
eaiy  and  quick  ruin  by  means  of  them, 
and  their  inability  to  withftand  them, 
If.  i.  31.   xhii.  17. 

TOWARDS;  ( I.)  Inclining  to. 
Numb.  xxiv.  i.  (2.)  On  the  way  to. 
Gen.  xii.  9.  (3.)  With  refped  to, 
Deut.  XX viii.  54.  ^().  Repentance  is 
towards  God^  as  thereby  we  Ioitow  tor 

fm 


TOW        [51 

fm  as  againfl:  his  honour  and  law,  and 
turn  from  it  to  hiin,  as  our  portion, 
luafter,  and  laft  end  ;  faith  is  to^^uards 
jfejiis  Chr'iJU  as  by  it,  we  look  to,  and 
depend  on  him,  for  every  thing  necef- 
fary  to  our  falvation,  A<Sts  xx.  21.  Our 
heart  is  toivanls  one,  when  we  are 
greatly  plealed  with  him,  and  his  work, 
Judg.  V.  9.  Mens  eyes  are  toivanls  the 
Lord,  when  they  feek,  and  expett 
their  help  and  falvation  only  from  him, 
Pfal.  XXV.  15.   If.  xvii.  7. 

TOWER  ;  a  ih-ong  and  high  build- 
ing, for  protecting  againft  enemies,  and 
for  annoying  of  them ;  or  for  profpcct, 
2  Chron.  xiv.  7.  In  fcripture,  we  read 
of  the  towers  of  Babylon,  Jerufalem, 
Penuel,  Shechem,  Thtbez,  Eder,  &c. 
The  toiver  of  the  luatcJjmen,  may  be  one 
erefted  for  watching  the  invafion  of  e- 
nemies  ;  andy'ro/??  the  tower  of  the  ivatch- 
nien  to  the  fenced  city,  is  in  all  places  more 
or  lefs  populous,  2  Kii  gs  xvii.  9.  The 
totuer  of  the  jloch,  may  denote  Bethle- 
hem, near  to  which  was  the  tower  ot  E- 
der,  or  of  the  foch  ;  or  Jerufalem,  where 
the  tribes  of  God  afiembledas  a  flock;  or 
Jefus  and  God  him.felt,  who  is  the  pro- 
tecting Saviour  of  his  people,  Mic. 
iv.  8.  2  Sam.  xxii.  3.  Prov.  xviii.  10. 
Jerufalem,  the  temple,  and  the  ordi- 
Viances  of  God,  were  a  tonvev  in  God's 
vineyard  ;  were  mioft  vihble,  aad  uie- 
ful  for  prote»5ling  men.  If.  v.  2.  Matth. 
xxi.  33.  Song  viii.  10.  The  chuich's 
neck  is  like  a  toiver,  or  toiver  of  ivory  ; 
quite  upright,  pure,  and  heavenly- 
minded.  By  the  fcriptures,  and  mini- 
fters,  is  the  church  protected  from 
temptations,  errors,  and  corruptions  : 
by  faith  is  every  believing  foul  furnilhed 
with  the  whole  arm.our  and  protection 
of  God,  Song  iv.  4.  vii.  4.  Her  nofc 
is  as  the  toiuer  of  Lebanon,  which  look- 
eth  towards  Damafcus,  where  the  Sy- 
rian 'foes  of  Ilrael  dwelt  :  Pier  watch- 
ful minifters  watchfully  guard  her  a- 
gainit  her  moll  dangerous  leducers ; 
and,  by  fpiritual  prudence  and  difere- 
tion,  the  faints  watch  and  keep  them- 
felves  in  readmeis,  to  refill  their  moil 
dangerous  temptations  and  foes.  Song 
vii.  4.  Jeremiah  was  hke  a  tower  and 
forlrefs  to  fpy  out  and  repiove  the  Jews 


7    ]        T  R  A 

for  their  fins,  and  they  could  not  pre* 
vail  to  filence  or  deltroy  him,  Jer. 
vi.  27. 

TOWN;  (i.)  A  city,  I  Sam. 
xxiii.  7.  (2.)  A  burgh  or  village, 
Efth.  ix.  19. 

f  RAXHONITIS  ;  a  fmall  canton 
on  the  fouth  of  Damafcus,  which  pro- 
perly pertained  to  Arabia,  not  to  Ca- 
naan. It  had  Ituria  on  the  fouth,  and 
Baflian  on  the  weft.  It  abounded  with 
rocks  ;  and  here  the  robbers,  that  gave 
Plerod  the  Great  fo  much  work,  fliel- 
tcred  thcmfelves.  Philip  his  fon  was 
tetrarch  here,  Luke  iii.  i. 

To  TRADE  ;  to  deal  in  any  law- 
ful bufmefs,  as  of  buying  and  iehing, 
&c.  Gen.  xlvi.  32.  34.  To  trade  with 
the  talents,  or  pounds,  which  God  gives, 
is  to  exercife  our  gifts  and  graces,  and 
improve  our  opportunities  to  the  ho- 
nour of  God,  and  the  good  of  (ur- 
felves  and  our  neighbours,  Matth.  xxv. 
16. 

TRADITION  ;  fome  things  hand, 
ed  down  from  age  to  age,  without  be- 
ing com.mitted  to  writing.  The  Jews 
pretend,  that  befides  the  laws  of  Mo- 
fes  written  in  the  Pentateuch,  God 
gave  him  a  great  many  more,  of  which 
he  informed  Aaron  and  his  fons  :  they 
handed  them  dov.ui  to  the  elders  ;  and 
thefe  informed  the  prophets  thereof; 
thefe  from  one  generation  to  another 
conveyed  them  to  pofterity.  This 
oral  law,  conveyed  without  writing, 
they  reckon  the  loul  of  the  written  law, 
which,  as  it  were,  gives  life  and  fenfc 
to  it.  Theie  traditions,  however,  were 
but  the  inventions  of  prefumptuous 
men.  Mofes  exprefsly  calls  us  to  re- 
gard only  what  God  has  revealed  to  us 
\\\  his  word,  Deut.  xxix.  29.  After 
the  time  ot  Malachi,  thefe  traditions 
were  exceedingly  Uiultiphed,  but  fome 
of  them  were  triflijig,  as  prefcrjptions 
of  wafning  of  hands,  pots,  and  tables  ; 
and  fome  whimfical,  as  thofe  relative 
to  the  phylacteries  ;  fome  of  them 
vrere  abiolutely  wicked,  as  the  notion 
that  a  man's  confccrating  things  to 
God,  freed  him  from  the  duty  of  fup- 
portuig  his  aged  parents ;  and  their 
allowance  to  Iwear  by  creatures,  and 
pretending 


ffrftending  that  an  oath  was  more  bind- 
ing if  fwoni  by  the  gift  on  the  altar, 
thaii  by  the  altar  itfelf ;  and  their  pre- 
tending it  was  lav/ful  to  hate  their  ene- 
mies, (ffc.  Oar  Saviour  inveighs  a- 
gainfl:  them,  as  making  void  the  com- 
mandments of  God,  and  rendering 
theii-  devotion  ufelefs  by  their  tradi- 
tions, Matth.  XV.  xxiii.  Soon  after, 
their  religion  confriled  almofl:  wholly  in 
obforvance  of  their  traditions.  Rabbi 
Judah,  about  y^.  D,  19c,  coUe^^ed 
what  traditions  he  could,  and  called 
his  work  the  Miflina,  or  feconcl  la'W. 
This  not  being  furficiently  clear  on  ma- 
ny heads.  Rabbi  Jochanan,  about  100 
years  after,  wrote  a  commentary  on  it. 
This  he  called  the  Gemara,  or  the 
JPerfeciion.  Thefe  two  joined  together, 
•are  called  the  Talmud,  or  dirediory  of 
Jeiufalera,  becaufe  compofed  chiefly 
for  the  ufe  of  the  Jews  in  Canaan.  But 
as  this  Gemara  was  written  in  an  ob- 
fcure  ilyle,  and  :nany  traditions  known 
in  the  Eail  not  mentioned  in  it.  Rabbi 
Afe  and  his  difciples  compofed  ano- 
ther, and,  which  being  joined  to  the 
Milhna,  formed  the  Babylonian  Tal- 
mud. It  confifts  of  6  parts,  63  trea- 
tifes,  and  524  chapters;  and  rehearfes 
the  various  decifions  of  their  rabbins 
4:oncerning  feeds,  plants,  a&d  fruits ; 
feilivals  ;  women  ;  injuries  ;  facnfices, 
and  other  things  facred  ;  and  purinca- 
tions.  Though  thefe  Talmiids  be 
ftuifed  with  trifles  and  nonfenfe,  yet 
they,  efpecially  the  Babylonian,  for 
the  Jerufalem  is  little  regarded,  are 
what  we  may  call  the  body  of  the  civil 
and  canon  law  of  the  modern  Jews,  if 
we  might  not  only  fay  their  creed, 
which  they  reckon  incomparably  pre- 
ferable to  the  Old  Teilament ;  and  for 
reje6ling  of  which,  they  abhor  their 
brethren  the  Karaite;?,  wlio  regard  on- 
ly  the  Bible,  as  ahnolt  devils  incarnate. 
As  the  Talmud  is  fo  large  that  few  of 
their  doctors  could  render  themfelves 
millers  of  it,  Mofes  Maimonides,  a 
Spanifh  rabbin,  about  A.  D.  1180, 
compofed  an  abridgement  of  ic,  which 
is  publiihed  '\\\  four  volumes  folio,  and 
to  him  tiiey  are  obliged  for  curtailing, 
at  leail  for  ab-idg'-ig,  a  great  deal  of 
sonfenfc.  .  After  ail,  a  reader  endow- 


18    1       T  R  A 

ed  with  a  fufficient  flock  of  patiaidtf, 
may  find  a  variety  of  things  in  the  Tal- 
mud, tending  to  illuftrate  fevcral  paf- 
fages  of  the  oracles  o-f  God. 

Under  the  New-TeAament  difpen- 
fation,  the  Papifts  have  pretended  to 
hold  a  multitude  of  traditions,  faid  to 
be  conveyed  from  the  apoftles.  Thefe 
are  for  the  moil  pirt  never  a  whit  bet- 
ter than  their  fellows  of  the  Talmud. 
Nor  docs  the  v^ord  of  God  allow  us  to 
regard  any  fuch,  in  the  matter  of  reli- 
gion. The  Theffalonians  were  requi- 
red to  hold  the  traditions,  i.  e.-  what 
had  been  dt'livered  to  them  in  the  e- 
piilles  fent  them,  and  ia  the  preaching 
of  Paul  and  his  brethren,  according  to 
the  fcriptures.  But  now  the  canoa  is 
finifhed,  with  a  terrible  curfe  denoun- 
ced againll  the  pcffon  who,  m  his  re- 
ligion, adds  to,  or  takes  from  what  is 
written  in  the  Bible,  2  TheiT.  iii.  15. 
Rev.  xxii.  18.  19. 

TRAFFIC;  merchandife,  Ezek. 
xvii.  4.  Traffickers  ;  merchants. 
If.  xxiii.  8. 

A  TRAIN,  is  a  company  of  at- 
tendants, I  Kings  X.  2.  Chrifl's  train 
filing  the  terftph,  may  denote  either  a 
multitude  of  angels  ;  or  that  the  per- 
fections of  the  Deity  dwell  in,  and  a 
rich  variety  of  graces  furnifn  his  man- 
hood, and  that  the  fruits  of  his  media- 
toiy  oflice  fill  the  church  with  oraclesj 
ordinances,  and  miniilers,  and  with 
faints,  gifts,   and  graces.   If.  vi.  i. 

TRAITOR  ;  one  that  betrays  his 
king,  mailer,  or  friend,  Luke  vi.  16. 
John  vi.  71. 

T  R  A  ?>!  P  L  E  ;  to  T  R  E  A  D  u nder 
foot,  Pfal.  xci.  13. 

TRxlNCE;  thatilateofaperfon's 
m.ind,  wherein,  by  wonder  or  other- 
wife,  his  outward  fenfes  are  bound  up, 
and  fupernatural  things  are  revealed  to 
him.  When  EzekieT,  and  John  the 
apoille,  had  their  vifions,  they  were 
often  call  into  a  trance,  Ezek.  i.  £ffr. 
Rev.  i.  iv.  If^c.  And  fo  was  Peter, 
when  admonilhed  to  go  and  preach  to 
the  Gentiles  :  AAs  x.  10.  xi.  5.  and 
Balaam  boalls  that  he,  falling  into  a 
trance,  faw  the  glory  of  the  Lord, 
Numb.  xxiv.  4-. 

TRAN- 


T  R  A         f     51 

TRAKQUILLITY;  qmetnefs 
and  profperity,   Dan.  iv.  27. 

TRANSFER;  to  apply  to  one 
that  which  refptcts  another  ;  thus  Paul 
in  a  fgure  tyansfcrred,  or  applied  to 
iiimfelf  and  ApoUos,  the  comparifon 
of  planters,  watertrs,  itc wards,  i  Cor. 
iv.  6. 

TRANSFIGURE  ;  transform  ; 
to  turn  into  another  ihape.  To  give 
our  Saviour  a  foretafte  of  his  future 
glory,  and  to  fortify  fon\e  of  his  dii- 
ciplcs  againrt  the  offence  of  his  after 
fufferings,  he,  as  he  prayed,  was  glo- 
riouily  transfigured  X)n  the  mount, 
Matth.  xvii.  I. — 5.  Men  are  irans- 
fonned  by  the  renewing  of  their  minds, 
when  tlicir  nature  is  changed  from  its 
Ijkentfs  to  Satan,  into  the  ima^^e  of 
God,  in  knowledge,  righteoufnefs,  and 
true  holinefs,  and  their  practice  is  ren- 
dered conforaiable  to  his  law,  Rom. 
xii.  2.  Satan  is  transformed  itiio  an  an- 
gel  of  light,  when  he  tempts  to  things 
under  the  appearance  of  knowledge, 
holinefs,  fpiritual  liberty,  eminent  fel- 
lowihip  with  God  ;  and  his  miniilers 
are  transformed  into  apoilles  of  Chrift, 
when  they  pretend  an  uncommon  mif- 
iion  from  Chrift,  and  have  great  ap- 
pearances of  ferioufnefs,  zeal,  aud  de- 
votion,  2  Cor.  xi.  13. — 15. 

TRANSGRESS  ;  to  difobey  a  law, 
going  over  the  limits  which  it  fixeth 
for  adion  or  forbearance,  Eilh.  iii.  3. 
.3in  is  a  tranfgrejjion,  a^  thereby  we 
treacheroufly  overpafs  the  limits  which 
God  hath  iixed  for  our  duty  in  his 
law,  and  do  what  he  forbids,  or  omit 
what  he  requires,  i  John  iii.  4.:  and 
a  TRANSGRESSOR  is  a  finner,  particu- 
larly a  noted  one.  If.  xlviii.  8.  GaL  11. 
18.    If.  hii.  12. 

TRANSLATE  ;  to  remove  from 
.one  perfon,  place,  or  ftate  to  another : 
fo  Abner  intended  to  iranfiate  tlie  king- 
•dom  of  Ifrael,  taking  it  from  IHibo- 
Cieth,  and  giving  it  to  David,  2  Sam. 
iii.  JO.  Enoch  was  tranjlated ;  when 
he  was  removed,  foul  and  body  at 
.once,  from  earth  to  heaven,  Heb.  xi. 
5.  The  elect  at  their  converfion  are 
■tranjlated ;  are  brought  out  of  the 
-iin^dpro  .of  Satan,  and  a  flate  of  fin 


9    1        T  R  A 

and  mifery,  to  a  ftate   of  union  wit}^ 
and  fubjcftion  to  Chrift,  CoL  i.  13. 

TRANSPARENT;  what  may  be 
feen  through,  as  glafs,  i^f.  Rev.  sxi, 
21. 

TRAP.     See  SNARE. 

TRAVAIL  ;  womens  painful  la- 
bour in  bringing  forth  children,  Gen. 
XXXV.  16.  Exquilitc,  painful,  andfud- 
den  calamities  and  diftrefs,  are  likened 
to  it,  If.  xiii.  8.  Hof.  xiii.  13.  Jer» 
XXX.  6.  7.  I  Their,  v.  3.  God  is  like 
to  a  travaUmg  ivoman,  when,  after 
long  patience,  he,  by  the  vigorous  ex- 
ertion of  his  power,  brings  about  deli- 
verance to  his  people  and  ruin  to  their 
enemies.  If.  xiii.  14.  The  travad  of 
Chrift's  foul,  is  the  painful  fuff"erings 
he  endured,  for  bringing  forth  glory  to 
God  and  redemption  to  us  ;  and  the 
faints,  who,  by  means  thereof,  are 
begotten  again,  and  brought  forth 
into  their  new-covenant  ftate,  If.  liiL 
1 1 .  The  church  travaUeth,  when, 
by  prayers  and  vigorous  endeavours, 
and  by  enduring  fore  perfecutions 
and  troubles,  (he  brings  forth  reform- 
ation, and  children  to  Chrift,  Mic. 
V.  3.  Rev.  xii.  2.  Gal.  iv.  19.  Zion 
brought  forth  children  before  ftie 
travailed ;  her  deliverance  came  very 
fpeedily  and  unexpecledly  ;  or  before 
the  ruin  of  the  Jewifii  chnrch,  the  gof- 
pel-church  was  founded,  If.  Ixvi.  7. 
Men  travad  ivith  .iniquity,  when,  even 
to  the  diftreiling  of  themfelves,  they 
labour  to  commit.it,  Pfal.  vii.  14.  Not 
to  travail,  is  exprcflive  of  barrennefs, 
and  of  want  of  inhabitants,  or  of  good 
ones  in  a  land.   If.  xxiii.  4.   iv.  i. 

TRAVEL;  (.1.)  Walking  a  jour- 
ney  from  one  place  to  another,  Adls 
xix.  29.  (2.)  Hard  labour  and  toil, 
Eccl.  iii.  10.  (3.)  Trouble  ;  diftrefs. 
Numb.  XX.  14.  God  is  like  a  traveller^ 
or  ivay-faring  man,  when  his  vifits  to 
his  .people  are  feldom  and  fhort,  and 
he  fecms  to  take  httle  notice  of  them, 
Jer.  xiv.  8.  Chrift  is  likened  to  a  tra- 
veller ;  he  came  into  our  world  ;  he 
left  it,  and  retired  into  heaven  ;  but 
ftill  in  his  fpiritual  power  and  influence, 
he  travels  through  his  churches,  Xa 
help  and  prated  tii/omj  Matth.  xxv.  14. 

If. 


T  R  A         r    520     1  T  R  E 

Saints  are  pilgrims,  or     fqueeze  ;  prefs  out  the  juice  of  grapes^ 


If.  Ixii'i.  I 

nuny  faring  men;  travellers  from  one 
place  to  another ;  their  condition  here 
is  very  unfettled  ;  but  united  to,  and 
afiifted  by  Jefi«,  they,  through  much 
danger  and  oppofition,  proceed  from 
one  degree  of  grace  to  another,  till 
they  at  laft  arrive  at  their  everlalling 
home,  I  Pet.  ii.  11.  Heb.  xi.  13.  If. 
XXXV.  8.  S:itan  is  a  traveller,  who 
goes  about  feeking  entertainment  in 
mens  hearts,  2  Sam.  xii.  4. :  and  be- 
ing dilhirbed  by  the  fuccefs  of  the  gof- 
pel  in  the  dry  places  of  the  Heathen 
world,  he  returned  to  the  Jews,  and 
Tuade  them  more  hardf  ned  againil 
Chn'll:,  and  more  wicked  than  before, 
Luke  xi.  24.  25.  26.  Matth.  xii.  43. 
—4^.  Poverty  and  vvaat  come  on 
fluggards  as  a  traveller  and  an  armed 
man  :  gradually,  but  unexpedledly-,  and 
irrefiftibly,  and  render  them  miferable, 
Prov.  vi.  II.   xxiv.  34. 

TRAVERSE  ;  to  go  hither  and 
thither.  The  Jews  traverfed their  luays, 
by  fometimes  following  the  Lord,  and 
immediately  after,  following  their  i- 
doU  ;  and  now  one  idol,  and  anon  an- 
other,   jer.  ii.  2^. 

TREACHERY,  or  treason,  is 
^  perfidious  afting  contrary  to  cove- 
nant-obligation ;  as  when  a  fubjeci, 
contrary  to  Ws  oath  and  duty  of  alle- 
giance, rebels  againft,  and  murders  his 
Sovereign,  2  Kings  ix.  23.  xi.  14.  The 
Jews  were  treacherous ;  guilty  of  de 
ceit  and  covenant-breaking  with  God 
and  men,  Jer.  iii.  7.  11.  The  AfTy- 
rians  dealt  treacheroujly,  when,  contrary 
to  treaty,  they  ravaged  Judea  :  and 
they  were  dealt  treacheroujly  iviih,  when 
Sennacherib's  fons  murdered  him,  and 
when  the  Medes  and  Chaldeans  de- 
ilroyed  their  kingdom.  If.  xxxiii.  i. 
The  Medes  and  Perfians  dealt  very 
treacheroujly,  when,  calling  off  their  al- 
legiance, they  dellroyed  Babylon,  If. 
xxi.  2. 

TREAD;  (i.)  To  walk  on, 
Deut.  xi.  24.  :  and  men  tread  God^s 
fourts,  when  there  is  no  more  of  fpi- 
ritu?a  fervice  in  their  worfhip  than  if 
th.'y  were  bcaits.  If.  i.  12.  (2.)  To 
pailure  ;  to  feed.  If.  vii 


Job  xxiv.  II.  :  and  hence  Chrift  treads 
the  wine-prefs,  when  he  deflroys  his 
enemies,  and  tramples  them,  as  if  un- 
der his  feet,  If.  Ixiii.  3.  Rev.  xix.  15.  ; 
arid  treading,  or  treading  down,  imports 
great  af|li6lion  and  debafement  ;  full 
conqueft  and  ruin,  If.  xxii.  5.  Pfal. 
xliv.  5.  vii.  5.  Ix.  12.  Chrifl's  mini- 
flers  and  people  tread  on  adders,  lions ^ 
ferpents,  and  all  the  power  of  the  enemy, 
when  they  prevail  over  Satan  and  all 
his  agents,  to  the  fpreading  of  the  gof- 
pel  and  a  growing  in  grace,  Luke  x. 
19.  Pfal.  xci.  13.  Antichrift  treads 
underfoot  the  holy  city  ;  oppreffes  and 
murders  the  faints,  and^  debafes  the 
ordinances  and  form  of  the  church. 
Rev.  xi.  2.  To  t)-ead  the  poor,  is  to 
opprefs  and  afflicl  them,  Amos  v.  i  r. 
To  be  trodden  down  as Jlraw  for  the  dung- 
hill,  is  to  be  reduced  to  great  mifery 
and  contemot,  If.  xxv.  10. 

TREASURE;  (i.)  A  ftore  or 
collection  of  valuable  things,  as  of  corn, 
wine,  oil,  gold,  liiver,  brafs,  Jer.  xii. 
8.  Ezek.  xxviii.  4.  Dan.  xi.  43.  (2.) 
A  TREASURY,  or  that  which  contains 
a  valuable  collection,  as  a  bundle,  pac- 
ket, cabinet,  place  ;  and  that  part  of 
the  tabernacle  or  temple,  where  the 
facred  gifts  were  gathered  or  laid  up, 
was  called  the  treasury,  Matth.  ii. 
II  Jofli.  vi.  19.  Mark  xii.  41.  God's 
treafures  are  collefted  quantities  of  fnow^ 
hail,  rain,  waters,  wind.  Job.  xxxviii. 
22.  Jer.  Ii.  6.  Pfal.  cxxxv.  7.  The 
clouds  which  water  and  frudify  the 
earth,  are  called  his  o-Wi/Z/v/?////-/?,  Deut. 
xxviii.  il.  The  wealth  hid  in  the 
bowels  of  the  earth,  is  called  his  hidden 
treafurc,  Pfal.  xvii.  14.  His  people 
are  his  trcafare,  collected  from  among 
men,  and  carefully  kept,  and  highly 
valued  by  him  as  his  jewels,  Exod.  xix, 
5.   Mai.  iii.  17.     Chrift  is  reprefented 


as  a  treafury  ;  in  him  dwells  all  the  ful- 
nefs  of  God,  and  in  him  are  laid  up, 
hid,  and  fafely  preferved,  all  the  trea- 
fures of  wifdom  and  knowledge,  and 
all  that  is  proper  to  be  communicated 
to  linful  men,  Col.  ii.  3.9.  i.  19.  He, 
a  id  his  gofpel,  are  a  ircafure  hid  in  the 
25-   (sO  To   feld;  he,  in   all  liis  precious,  diverfi- 

fied. 


T  R  E         r     5 

fied,  and  enriching  fulnefs  of  grace  and 
gloiy,  and  the  gofpel  in  all  its  precious 
promifes  and  bkffings,  are  laid  up  in 
the  Icriptures,  and  are  invifible  to  moll 
men,  Matth.  xiii.  44.  :  and  this  trea- 
fiire  is  in  earthen  veiiels,  as  it  is  com- 
mitted to  poor  weak  men  to  preach  and 
exhibit,  2  Cor.  iv.  7.  Men  have  within 
them  ^ gooihreaf'j re  oi  holy  diipofitions, 
gilts,  graces,  and  thoughts,  Matth. 
xii.  35.  ;  or  an  evii  treafure  of  wicked 
inclinations,  and  erroneous  opinions, 
Luke  vl.  45.  Their  wealth  obtained  by 
fraud,  oppieffion,  and  the  hke,  is  cal- 
led trtafures  of  iv'ickednejs^  Fro  v.  x.  2. 
The  fear  of  the  Lord  ts  his  treafure  ; 
it  is  delightful  to  God,  and  very  pro- 
fitable to  the  faints,  Tf.  xxxiii.  6.  Mens 
treafure  laid  up  for  them,  is  either  eter- 
nal glory  prepared  in  heaven  for  the 
faints,  and  which  is  laid  up  by  receiv- 
ing Chrift:  and  walking  in  him,  Matth. 
vi.  19.  20.;  or  2i  treafure  of  <wrath,  laid 
up  for  the  everlalling  punifhment  of  the 
wicked,  Jam.  v.  3.    Rom.  ii.  5. 

TREATISE  ;  a  book  ;  the  gofpel 
of  Luke,  Ads  i.  I. 

TREVES  ;  a  large  kind  of  plants, 
fome  of  which  are  ufeful  for  wood  ;  o- 
thers  for  fruit ;  and  fonie  for  both  pur- 
pofes.  The  fcripture  mentions  fliit- 
tah,  cedar,  chefnut,  cyprefs,  almug 
or  aigum,  oak,  teil,  afli,  elm,  box,  fir, 
oil,  olive,  apple,  pomegranate,  fig,  fy- 
camore,  mulberry,  &.c.  trees.  Every 
pleaiant  and  fruitful  tree  grew  in  the 
garden  of  Eden  ;  but  the  free  of  knonv- 
ledge  of  good  and  evil ^  fo  called,  becaufe 
thereby  God  tried  man's  perfeverance 
in  good,  or  fall  into  evil ;  and  by  eat- 
ing of  its  fruit,  man  experienced  what 
it  was  to  fall  from  good  into  evil,  and 
the  fruit  of  which,  if  eaten,  fealcd  up 
man  under  mifery  and  woe  ;  aiid  the 
tree  of  life,  fo  called,  perh-<ps,  becaufe 
it  was  a  natural  means  of  preierving 
joian's  animal  vigour,  but  chieily,  as  it 
confirmed  to  him  eternal  life,  upon  iup- 
pofition  of  his  perpetual  obedience  du- 
ring his  time  of  trial.  Gen.  ii.  9.  17. 
Of  what  kind  thcfe  two  trees  were,  it 
is  impofiible  for  us  to  determine.  Je- 
fus  Chrill  is  called  the  tree  of  life,  in  tne 
niidil  of  the  ftreet,  and  gi*  either  fide 

Vol.  IL 


21     1         T  R  E 

of  the  river  of  life,  or  between  the 
ftreet  and  river ;  and  which  yield* 
its  fruit  every  month,  and  the  leaves  of 
which  are  for  the  healing  of  the  na- 
tions. He  has  all  life  in  himfelf,  and 
through  union  to  him,  and  fellowfhip 
with  him,  in  his  ever  ready  bleffingt 
aiid  fruits,  are  finful  men  quickened, 
juilified,  adoped,  fandtilied,  and  heal- 
ed, and  partake  of  eternal  life,  Rev. 
xxii.  2.  ii.  7.  Tlie  faints  are  trees  of 
right eoufnefs,  planted  by  the  river  of 
Chrill's  blood  and  fpiritual  Influence, 
and  whofe  fruit  is  for  food,  and  leaves 
for  medicine.  Rooted  and  grounded 
in  Chrift,  and  partaking  of  his  influen- 
ces, they  grow  heavenward,  and  bring 
forth  the  fruits  of  righteous  works,  to 
the  praife  and  glory  of  God,  and  the 
edification  of  thofe  around  ;  nor  do 
they  ever  wither  and  fadcj  but  perfe- 
vere  in  grace  to  the  end,  Rev.  ix.  4. 
Pfal.  i.  3.  Ezek.  xlvll.  7.  12.  If.  Ixi. 
3.  Jer.  xvli.  7.  8.  Kings  and  great 
or  proud  men,  are  likened  to  trees ; 
their  honour,  power,  and  wealth,  or 
pride,  are  confpicuous  and  fuperior  to 
others,  and  they  are  means  of  proteding 
or  overihadowing  others,  Ezek.  xxxi. 
5.  9.  Dan.  iv.  10.  23.  Rev.  viii.  7. 
Creatures  in  general,  are  called  trees  of 
the  <wood,  are  all  contemptible,  unlove- 
ly, and  unfruitful,  in  comparifon  of 
Chrill,  Song  ii.  3.  Wifdom,  or  real 
religion,  and  the  fruit  of  the  righte- 
ous, are  a  tree  of  life  ;  they  render  one 
lively  and  active  in  holinefs,  and  Iffue 
in  the  eternal  life  of  himfelf  and  others, 
Prov.  ill.  18.  xi.  30.  A  man's  hope 
Is  removed  like  an  old  tree  cut  down, 
when    it     cannot    be    recovered,    Job 

TREMBLE;  (i.)  To  fhake. 
Job  ix.  6.  xxvi.  II.  Eccl.  xli.  3.  (2.) 
To  fear  exceedingly,  till  one  fhakc 
with  dread,  Deut.  ii.  25.  ;  and  that 
either  as  impreffed  with  awful  great- 
nefs,  or  alarming  judgements,  Amo« 
viii.  8.  Jam.  ii.  19.  ;  or  under  a  holy 
awe  of  the  purity  and  goodnefs  of  God, 
and  the  authority  and  hollnels  of  his 
we'd,  Jer.  xxxiii.  9.  If.  Ixv.  5.  Ixvi.  2. 
When  Epliraim  fpahe  trembling,  he  ex- 
alted himfelf}  but  when  he  offended 
3U  in 


T  R  E  r     5 

n  Baal,  he  died.  As  long  as  the  ten 
tribes  behaved  humblvj  they  profpered  ; 
but  their  proud  introdudion  of  the 
worfhip  of  Baal  haftened  their  ruin, 
Hof.  xii.  I. 

TRENCH;  a  ditch  digged  about 
a  can  p,  for  its  protection  ;  or  about 
a  city,  to  proteft  it,  or  to  prevent  the 
efcape  of  the  inhabitants,  i  Sam.  vvii. 
20.  Luke  xix.  43.  ;  or  a  ditch  about 
an  altar,    1  Kings  xviii.  32. 

TRESPASS  ;  a  failing  of  duty  to- 
wards  God  or  men  ;  or  an  offence  and 
injury  done  them,  Matth.  vi.  15.  The 
Hebrew  pashahhk,  fignifies  an  inju- 
ry done  in  a  feditious  and  rebellious 
manner,  Gen.  xxxi.  36.  Trefpafs- 
money,  was  that  which  was  given  by 
people  who  lived  at  a  diftance  from 
the  tem.ple,  to  purchafe  animals  for  a 
trefpafs-offering,   2  Kings  xii.  16. 

TRIAL.    "See  try. 

TRIBE  ;  a  clafs  of  people,  fprung 
as  branches  from  one  root  ;  and  lo  the 
twelve  families  of  Jacob's  twelve  fons, 
are  called  tribes.  The  Gentiles  fuc- 
ceeding  into  the  church-ftate,  when 
the  Jews  were  call  out,  are  called  the 
intehe  tribes  of  Ifrael,  Ezek.  xlv.  8. 
Matth.  xix.  28.    Rev.  vii.  4.   xxi.  12. 

TRIBULATON  ;  fore  trouble,  in 
which  men  are  pinched,  fqueezed,  and 
as  it  were  threfhed  as  corn  on  a  floor, 
Kom.  V.  4.  In  Rom.  ii.  9.  and  in 
Rev.  ii.  22.  it  may  denote  the  torments 
of  hell. 

TRIBUTE.     See  tax. 

TRICKLE  ;  to  run  down  in  drops. 
Tricklhig  of  the  •  eye,  imports  great 
weeping  and  forrow.   Lam.  iii.  49. 

TRIM  ;  to  remove  every  thing  im- 
proper, and  render  neat,  2  Sam.  xix. 
24.  The  trimming  of  lamps,  by  fnuf- 
iing  them,  and  cauOne  them  to  burn 
more  brightly,  denotes  menS'  ftirring 
up  themfelves  to  an  adivity  in  the  du- 
ties of  holinefs,  in  order  to  obtain  a 
comfortable  meeting  with  Chrift, 
Matth.  XXV.  y.  The  Jews  trimmed 
their  ivay  to  feek  love,  and  taught  the 
*wicked  ones  their  ivays  :  they  let  out 
their  own  power  and  wealth,  to  gain 
the  ellieem  and  friendHiip  of  theii  neigh- 
bours J  and  offered  lacriiices  to  procure 


22    ]        T  R  o 

God's  favour,  while  they  went  on  m 
fin  ;  and  they  even  inflructed  the  very 
Heathen,  in  idolatry  and  wickednefs, 
Jer.  ii.  33. 

TRIUMPH;  great  fliouting  and 
joy,  on  account  of  vitlory  over  an  e- 
nemy.  God  triumphs  over  his  enemies, 
when  he  has  an  eafy  and  glorious  vidfo- 
ry  over  them,  Exod.  xv.  i.  21.  Chrift 
triuw.phed  over  principalities  and  poivers 
on  the  crofs:  he  joyfully  finillied  tranf- 
greiTion,  made  fatisfadion  for  fm,  and 
thus  undermined  the  power  of  fcatan, 
and  laid  an  elfedual  foundation  for  the 
overthrow  of  his  kingdom  in  the  world, 
and  in  the  hearts  of  the  eled,  Col.  ii. 
15.  The  faints  triumph  al^tvay  in  Chri/l^ 
and  in  God's  ivork  and  pratfc  ;  amidll 
weaknefs,  hnfulnefs,  and  trouble,  they 
rejoice  in  Chriil's  perfon,  offices,  righ- 
teoufnefs,  power,  and  love,  and  with 
joy,  think  of,  delight  in,  and  extol  the 
work  of  redemption,  and  the  whole 
providence  of  God  connefted  there- 
with, 2  Cor.  ii.  14.  PfaL  xcii.  4.  cvi. 
47.  Philiilia's  triumphing  becaufe  of 
David,  may  either  be  an  irony,  figni- 
fying  their  mourning  and  howling  at 
his  conqueft  of  them  ;  or  it  may  de- 
note, their  having  reafon  to  rejoice,  as 
they  had  got  a  better  mafter  than  their 
tyrannic  lords  ;  or  the  phrafe  may  fig- 
nify,  his  triumphing  over  them,  Pfal. 
Ix.  8.   cviii.  9. 

TROAS,  or  Troy,  a  city  of  Phry- 
gia  or  Myfia,  a  little  to  the  fouth-welt 
of  the  mouth  of  the  Hellefpont,  and 
on  the  fliore  of  the  Mediterranean  fea. 
To  the  north  of  this,  in  the  earhefl 
ages,  itood  the  famed  city  of  Troy. 
After  it  had  been  for  fome  generations 
the  head  of  a  noted  kingdom,  it  was, 
after  a  fiege  of  ten  years,  taken  by  che 
Greeks  of  Europe.  This  occafioned 
the  difperfion  of  the  Trojans  into  a 
variety  of  places ;  and  many  nations 
affeded  to  be  reckoned  their  offspring. 
It  ieems  too,  that  florms  difperfed  the 
returning  Greeks  into  a  variety  of  the 
iflands  and  coalls  of  the  Mediterranean 
fea.  It  is  generally  believed,  that  this 
Troy  was  deifroyed  about  1 1 84  years 
before  Chrift's  birth  ;  but  wt,  with 
Sir  Ifaac  Newton,  fuppofe  it  to  have 
.    happened 


T  R  O  [5 

happened  about  280  years  later,  in  the 
time  of  Jehofhapliat,  which  will  tally- 
well  Avith  Eneas's  being  the  cotempo- 
rary  of  Dido,  the  founder,  or  rather 
the  adorner,  of  Cartilage,  and  will  cor- 
refpond  with  the  flight  of  Cadmus,  for 
fear  of  David's  arms,  and  with  the 
wide  fpread  ravages  of  Shi'hak.  A 
new  Troy  was  foon  after  built,  about 
four  miles  nearer  the  fliure,  and  but 
one  from  the  fea,  This,  in  the  titne 
of  Alexander,  was  dwindled  into  a  for- 
ry  village,  with  nothing  remarkable, 
iave  an  old  temple  of  Minerva.  By 
his  order,  Lyinnachus  his  general  re- 
paired it,  and  furrounded  it  with  a  wail 
of  five  miles  in  circumference.  The 
Romans  afterwards  entering  Aha, 
found  it  in  a  poor  condition  ;  and  be- 
lieving tliemfelves  the  offspring  of  the 
ancient  Trojans,  fpared  no  coil  or 
pains  to  repair  and  embelliili  it.  Au- 
guftus  fent  a  colony  of  Romans  to  in- 
habit it.  Here  Paul  often  preachrj, 
and  planted  a  church,  and  with  one 
Carpus  he  here  left  his  cloak,  and  fome 
parchments.  A  church  long  remained 
in  this  place  ;  but  at  prefent  we  know 
of  nothing  in  it,  but  fome  old  ruins, 
A6I3  xvi.  8.   XX.  5.  12.   2  Tim.  iv.  13. 

TROGYLLIUM,  Trogilias,  or 
Trogilia,  was  a  promontory,  or  head 
of  land,  of  Mycale,  about  live  miles 
from  Snmos,  Ads  xx.  15. 

TROOP  ;  a  band  of  men,  efpecially 
warriors  or  robbers,  Job  vi.  i^j.  Hofea 
vi.  9.  Perhaps  the  Gad  and  Meni, 
rendered  troop  and  number,  m.ay  be  tiie 
fun  and  moon,  or  thefe  with  the  flars  ; 
or  it  may  mean,  that  the  Jews,  in  their 
wars  with  the  Chaldeans,  depended 
entirely  on  their  good  fortune  and  the 
valour  of  their  troops.  If.  Ixv.  i  f . 
The  Chaldeans,  multitudes  of  concur- 
rent afRietions,  and  the  various  crea- 
tures on  earth,  and  efpecially  the  faints, 
are  called  God's  troops.,  as  he  orders 
their  form,  motion,  and  influence  ;  and 
they  accomplifli  his  end,  Hab.  iii.  16. 
Job  xix.  12.   Amos  ix.  6. 

TPvOUBLE.     Sec  distress. 

TROW;  an  old  word  for  think, 
Luke  xvii.  9. 

TRUCE  5    agreement,  particularly 


23     1         T  R  U 

fuch  as  wan-ing  Hates  make,  for  at 
leaR  delaying  the  profecution  of  the 
war  for  a  time.  Truce-breakers,  are 
fuch  as  break  through  their  engage- 
ments ;  and  who  being  once  offended, 
can  fcarce  ever  be  reconciled,  2  Tim. 
iii.  <?. 

TRUE  ;  ( I.)  Real  :  fo  God  is  the 
only  true  God  ;  he  alone  is  poflefled  of  in- 
finite perfection.  (2.)  Not  falfe  ;  faith- 
ful ;  candid  ;  God  is  true,  and  every  man 
is  a  liar  ;  God  cannot  be  guilty  of  any 
deceit  or  falfehood,  and  every  one  that 
contradifts  him  will  be  found  a  liai*, 
Rom.  iii.  4.  JofejiJi's  brethren  were 
true  men,  who  did  not  feek  to  deceive. 
Gen.  xlii.  II.  A  true  heart,  is  one 
that  has  real  grace  ;  and  is  upright  and 
candid,  Heb.  x.  22.  (3.)  Moll  ex- 
cellent ;  fo  Chrifl:  is  true  bread,  John 
vi.  32.;  the  true  vine,  John  xv.  I.;  the 
true  light,  John  i.  9.  God's  word  is 
TRUE,  and  the  truth  ;  is  quite  confifl:- 
ent  with  the  things  of  which  it  fpeaks, 
and  one  part  of  it  with  another  ;  nor 
fliall  any  promife,  threatening,  or  pre- 
di£lion  thereof,  be  left  unaccompliflied, 
Pfal.  cxix.  His  judgements  are  truey 
as  in  them  he  fulfils  his  word,  (hews 
his  candour,  and  manifells  his  bithful- 
nefs.  Rev.  xvi.  7.  And  truly,  of  a 
truth,  or  in  truth,  is,  (i.)  Really,  and 
fincercly  ;  without  deceit,  Luke  xx. 
21.  ( 2. )  Verily  ;  without  fail,  Matth. 
xvii.  II.  Jer.  iii.  23.  Truth,  or  ve- 
rity, is,  (i.)  What  is  oppofite  to 
falfehood  and  error  :  in  this  fenfe,  the 
law  and  gofpel  of  God  are  the  truths 
Pfal.  cxix.  151.  Gal.  iii.  i.  (2.)  What 
is  real  and  fubftantial,  oppofed  to  what 
is  fliadowy  and  typical:  thus  truth 
comes  by  Jefus  Chrifl:,  /'.  e.  the  glori- 
ous realities  fhadowed  forth  by  the 
types,  are  fulfilled  in  his  incarnation, 
riglitcoufnefs,  intercefnon,  and  govern- 
ment, John  i.  17.  (3.)  Candid  fi  ve- 
rity, in  oppofition  to  diihmulation, 
John  iv.  24.  (4.)  Faithfuineis,  or  ve- 
racity, in  fulfilling  what  one  is  bound 
to,  by  word,  engagement,  or  relation^, 
Pfal.  xxxi.  5.  God's  truth,  is  his  can- 
dour and  faithfulnels,  Pfal.  Ix^ci.  22.; 
or  his  revealed  will,  in  which,  in  a  way 
tf  obedience  to  it,  his  people  do  walk, 
3  ¥  a  PiaK 


T  R  U         [     5H    1 

Pfal.  XXVI.  3.  His  works  are,  verity  morning 
and  judgement ;  are  preclfcly  a  fulfil- 
ment of  his  word,  and  of  his  relations 
to  men,  and  are  all  performed  in  infi- 
nite wifdom,  Pfal.  cxi.  7.  He  cuts  off 
men  in  his  truth,  when  he  does  it  in 
fulfilling  his  prediftions,  and  his  pro- 
mifcs  or  thrcatenings,  Pfal.  liv.  5.  Je- 
fus  Chrift  is  the  truth  ;  he  compre- 
hends in  himfelf  all  real  excellencies  ; 
he  is  full  of  unfailing  candour  and  faith 
fulnefs  to  God  and  men  ;  he  is  the  fuh- 
Itance  of  all  the  ancient  types  ;  he  is 
the  fubftance  or  centre  of  every  thing 
important  in  facrtd  hiftory,  law,  or 
gofpel,  John  xiv.  6.  The  truth  is  in 
Jefuo  ;  it  centres  in  him,  and  is  really, 
and  without  any  falfe  glofs,  reprefent- 
ed  in  his  perfon,  office,  and  work, 
Eph.  iv.  21.  To  do  truth,  is,  with  in- 
ward candour  and  fincerity,  to  profefs 
and  praftife  what  God's  word  directs, 
John  iii.  21.  To  hold  the  truth  in  un- 
righteoufnefsy  is,  through  the  prevalent 
power  of  finful  lufts,  to  acl  contrary  to 
the  truth  of  God's  word,  manifefled  to, 
and  in  fome  degree  impreffed  on  the 
confcience,   Rom.  i.  18. 

TRUMP,  or  TRUMPET  ;  an  hol- 
low inllrument  of  filver,  brafs,  horn, 
or  the  like,  for  founding  with  the 
breath,  in  order  to  convene  afTemblies 
iand  encourage  to  war,  Jer.  iv.  5.  By 
the  direction  of  God,  Mofes  made  two 
filver  trumpets,  wherevvith  the  priefts 
were  to  call  together  the  Hebrews  to 
their  folemn  afTemblies,  and  to  direct 
their  marches,  or  encourage  them  to 
war.  When  the  whole  congregation 
was  required  to  afTcmble,  the  found 
was  to  be  fimple  and  uniform  :  when 
only  the  princes  v/ere  required  to  meet 
with  Mofes,  the  found  was  Hirill.  A 
long  and  quivering  found  directed  thofe 
on  the  eail  fide  of  the  tabernacle  to  de- 
camp and  march  :  a  fecond  found  of 
the  fame  airs,  direiled  thofe  on  the 
fouth  fide  to  do  the  fame  :  at  a  third 
found,  thofe  on  the  weft  fide  marched  ; 
and  at  the  fourth,  thofe  on  the  north. 
The  priefts  blew  with  thefe  trumpets 
over  the  burning  facrifices,  efpecially 
at  the  folemn  feftivals  ;  and  on  the 
FEAST  of  trumpets   they  blew  from 


T  R  IT 

to  night :  Numb.  X.  Le?', 
XXV.  9.  10.  It  feems,  Solomon  made 
1 20  filver  trumpets  inftead  of  thefe  two, 
2  Chron.  V.  12.  With  trumpets  of 
rams-horns  the  priefts  founded  around 
Jericlio,  till  its  walls  fell  down  flat ; 
and  with  fuch,  it  feems,  the  jubilee 
was  proclaimed,  Jofh.  vi.  4.  Did  not 
thefe  trumpets  prefigure  the  gofpel, 
which,  publifiied  by  minifters,  calk 
men  to  Jtfus  Chrift  and  his  ordinances, 
and  encourages  them  in  their  heavenly 
journey  and  fpiritual  warfare  ! — What- 
ever tends  to  iilarm  or  affemble  men,  is 
called  a  trumpet,  as  the  noify  thunders 
that  called  and  alarmed  the  Hebrews 
to  hear  God's  law  at  Sinai,  Exod.  xx. 
18.;  or  the  majeftic  and  awful  means 
whereby  God  will  raife  the  dead,  and 
call  mankind  to  his  tribunal  at  the  laft 
day.  I  Cor.  xv.  52.  I  Theft,  iv.  16.; 
or  the  alarming  declarations  of  God's 
prophets  and  minifters,  warning  their 
h«.arers  of  the  judgements  of  God,  and 
to  flee  from  their  fins,  Hof.  viii.  i.  If. 
Iviii.  I.  Ezek.  xxxiii.  3.  6.  Tht great 
trumpet,  that  convened  the  outcafts  of 
Egypt  and  Aftyria,  to  worftiip  the 
Lord  at  Jerufalem,  is  either  the  edidl 
of  Cyrus,  that  proclaimed  to  the  Jews 
their  allowance  to  return  home  and  re- 
build the  temple  of  their  God  ;  or  the 
gofpel,  by  the  publifliing  of  which, 
multitudes  are  converted  to  the  Chrif- 
tlan  faith,  If.  xxvii.  13.  The  gofpel- 
cjiurch,  being  fettled  under  the  apoca- 
lyptic SEALS,  or  fcenes  of  Providence, 
the  alarming  judgements  which  after- 
wards befel  her,  are  reprefented  by  the 
foundiuor 
of 


^  of  feven  trumpets,  the  firft  fix 

which  reach  from  Jl,  D.  338,  to  a- 

bout    1866,    or    2016,     Rev.  viii.  ix. ; 

iind   the   feventh,    to   the  end  of  the 

world. 

TRUST  ;  ( r.)  To  be  perfuaded  ; 
to  hope  well,  Heb.  xiii.  18.  Luke 
xxiv.  21.  (2.)  To  depend  on  with- 
out fear,  If.  xxvi,  3.  To  tru/i  in  the 
Lord,  is  firmly  to  expe6l,  that  he  will 
do  for  us,  in  time  and  eternity,  what- 
ever correfponds  to  his  word,  his  per- 
fedlions,  and  relations,  and  fo  in  quiet- 
ncfs  wait  for  the  event,  Pfal.  Ixii.  8. 
To  tnifl  in  men  lawfully,  is  firmly  to 

expe6l3 


T  R  u      r   52 

€xpc6l,  that  they,  afiifted  of  God,  will 
do  to  and  for  us  according  to  their 
promifes  and  relations  to  us-vvard,  Prov. 
xxxi.  1 1.  To  triij}  in  men  finfiiUy,  is  to 
depend  upon  their  friendfhip  and  help, 
jnllead  of  God's,  Jcr.  xvii.  5.  If.  xxx. 
3.  Trusty  perfons,  are  fuch  as  we 
may  depend  on  for  fure  information, 
good  advice,  and  exadl  fulfilment  of 
cngap^ements,   Job  xii.  20. 

TRUTH.     See  true. 

TRY;  to  examine  ;  prove  ;  to  fearch 
carefully  into  the  nature,  quality,  and 
Sufficiency  of  perfons  or  things.  The 
allufion  is  to  the  trial  of  metal,  whether 
it  be  goed  or  not,  Pfal.  xii.  6.  God 
tries  and  examines  men^  not  by  making 
new  difcoveries  for  himfelf,  for  he 
knows  them  fully,  but  by  his  word  or 
providence  making  difcoveries  of  them 
to  themfelves  or  others,  Pfal.  xi.  5. 
xxvi.  2.  Prov.  xvii.  7,.  And  the  af- 
flictions of  his  people  are  called  triahy 
as  they  tend  to  exercife,  poliili,  and 
difcover  their  grace,  not  to  deftroy 
tlvem,  Heb.  xi.  36.  Job  ix.  23:  and 
they  are  called  Jtery^  becaufe  terrible, 
piercing,  and  purifying,  i  Pet.  iv.  12.: 
and  they  tend  to  exercife  and  increafe 
their  patience.  Jam.  i.  3.  Rom.  v.  4. 
Jefus  Chrill  is  tried ;  neither  the  know- 
ledge of  his  Father,  nor  his  manifold 
fufferings,  nor  all  the  diverfified  expe- 
riments of  the  faints,  nor  the  fcrutinies 
of  his  enemies,  can  find  any  thing 
faulty  ordefc6live  in  him.  Rev.  iii.  18. 
If.  xxviii.  1 6.  The  word  of  the  Lord 
is  tried ;  it  is  exactly  conform  to  the 
nature  of  God  ;  neither  friends  nor 
foes  can  find  real  faults  therein  :  eveiy 
promife  being  believed  by  the  faints, 
they  obtain  the  liappy  accomplifhment 
thereof;  every  threatening  contemned 
by  finners,  is,  to  their  experience,  ex- 
jecuted  upon  them  at  lalt,  Pfal.  xviii. 
30.  cxix.  140.  Kulevs  try  or  examine 
by  a  judicial  fearch,  whether  fuch  per- 
fons be  guilty  of  alledged  crimes  or  not ; 
and  fometimes  civil  rulers  have  tortured 
or  fcourged  pannels,  in  order  to  make 
them  declare  what  they  fuppofed  they 
had  done,    Rtv.  ii.  2*  Acts  xxii.  24. 

TRYPHENA  and  TRYPHOSA, 
trtre  two  noted   Chrillian   women  at 


5    1        TUR 

Rome,  who,  by  their  private  inllritc* 
tions  and  generofity,  mightily  contri- 
buted to  the  fuccefs  of  the  gofpel  there, 
Rom.  xvi.  12. 

TUBAL;  (i.)  The  fifth  fon  of 
Japheth,  Gen.  x.  Jofephus  makes 
him  the  father  of  the  Iberians  on  the 
call  of  the  Black  fea.  Bochart  makea 
him  the  father  of  the  Tibarenes  on  the 
north  of  Armenia  the  Lefs  ;  and  I  fee 
nothing  to  hinder  his  being  the  parent 
of  both  thefe  tribes,  as  their  fituation 
is  not  very  dlilant.  Others,  I  think 
without  ground,  make  him  the  father 
of  the  Itahans,  or  Spaniards.  (2.) 
TuBAL-CAiN,  a  fon  of  Lamech  the 
bigamifl,  and  the  inventor  of  fmith- 
work  and  foundeiy  ;  and,  it  is  believed, 
the  Vulcan,  or  god  of  fmiths,  of  the 
Heathen,   Gen.  iv.  22. 

TUMULT,  uproar;  (i.)Adif- 
orderly,  feditious,  and  noily  rifing  of 
the  mob,  Hof.  x.  14.  Matth.  xxvii, 
24.  Ads  xvii.  5.  (2.)  Any  terrible 
and  confufed  hubbub,  Zech.  xiv.  13* 
Tumultuous  perfons  are  fuch  as  are  fet 
upon  uproars,  and  feditious  mobbings, 
Jer.  xlviii.  45.  A  tumultuous  city,  is  one 
filled  with  noife,  confufion,  and  mobs, 
If.  xxii.  2.  A  tumultuous  noife,  is  that 
which  is  like  the  roaring  of  an  enraged 
mob.   If.  xlii.  4. 

To  TURN ;  ( I . )  To  make  a  change 
of  motion  or  conduft  ;  and  fo  turn- 
ing, denotes  inconftancy,  change  from 
good  to  bad,  or  from  bad  to  good, 
James  i.  17.  Ezek.  xxxiii.  11.:  and 
the  corner  of  the  wall  is  called  its  turn' 
ingy  2  Chron.  xxvi.  9. :  and  to  turn  to 
the  Lord,  is  to  leave  off  a  finful  ftate  or 
courfe,  in  coming  to  him,  as  our  vSa- 
viour,  portion,  and  governor,  and 
walking  in  his  way,  i  Theff.  i.  9.  To 
turn  ofnle,  is  to  quit  one's  holy  pro- 
fefTion  and  courfe  of  duty,  i  Tim.  i.  6. 
Exod.  xxxil.  8.  To  turn  a'way,  is  to 
forlake,  refufe  to  hear,  or  keep  com- 
pany with,  Jer.  xxxii.  40.  Heb.  xii. 
25.  To  turn  hacky  is  to  aportatizc 
from  the  fervice  of  God,  Plal.  xliv. 
18.;  and  to  flee  from  a  conquering  e- 
nemy,  Pfah  ix.  3.  (2.)  To  caufe  o- 
thers  to  change  their  conduct,  Adls 
jiii.  8.     God  turns  men,  when,  by  his 

word 


TUT         [     5 

word  and  Spirit  working  on  their  fouls, 
he  caufes  them  turn  from  their  evil  ways 
to  himfelf,  Jer.  xxxi.  i8.  Minifters 
itum  many  to  righteoufnefsy  when  they  are 
means  of  their  embracing  Jefus's  rightc- 
oufnefs,  and  juftitication  through  it, 
Dan.  xi.  3.  To  turn  things  up  fide  donvny 
IS  to  throw  all  into  diforder  and  confu- 
fion,   2  Kings  xxi.  13. 

TUTOR  ;  one  that  takes  care  of  a 
child  and  his  eftate,  while  he  is  under 
age.  The  ceremonial  law  was  a  tutor 
Mud governor^  it  ruled  over  the  church 
in  her  infant  Hate,   Gal.  iv.  3. 

TWELVE.  In  allufion  to  the  12 
tribes  of  Ifrael,  1 2  loaves  of  Ihew-bread 
were  on  the  table  of  the  fanduary  ; 
Chrlft  chofe  12  apollles,  whofe  doc- 
trines are  called  12  ftars  on  the  head 
•f  the  gofpel-church  ;  twelve  thoufand 
are  faid  to  be  fealed  of  every  tribe  ;  the 
new  Jerufalem  has  12  gates  and  12 
foundations  ;  and  the  tree  of  life  bears 
12  manner  of  fruits,  Matth.  x.  Rev. 
xii.  I.  vii.   xxi.   xxii.  2. 

TWICE,  fometimes  denotes  fre- 
quently,  Pfal.  Ixii.  II.  Job  xxxlii.  14. 

TWIG;  SLIP  ;  (i.)  Afmallbranch 
of  a  tree.  (2.)  Men,  chiefly  when 
young  and  flourifliing,  as  Daniel  and 
his  companions  were  when  carried  to 
Babylon,  are  called /li^/s^^x,  Ezek.  xvii.4. 

TWILIGHT; 'a  mixture  of  light 
and  darknefs,  as  in  the  morning  after 
day -break,  and  at  even  when  the  fun  is 
iet,    I  Sam.  xxx.  17.   Prov,  vii.  9. 

TWINKLING  of  an  eye,  a  fmall 
>jiioment,    i  Cor.  xv.  22. 

TWINS  ;  two  brought  forth  at  a 
birth.  Bearing  of  tivins,  denotes  great 
fruitfulnefs  in  the  converfion  of  men  to 
Chrift,  or  in  good  works,   Song  iv.  2. 

TYCHICUS  ;  a  noted  evangelift, 
who  attended  Paul  with  the  collection 
for  the  poor  faints  at  Jerufalem,  A6ls 
XX.  4.  Paul  afterwards  fent  him  to 
Ephefus  and  Coloffe,  with  his  epillles 
to  thefe  churches,  Eph.  vi.  21.  22. 
2  Tim.  iv.  12.  Col.  iv.  7.  8.  He  ap- 
pears to  have  been  the  fucceffor  of  Ti- 
tus, in  ordering  the  affairs  of  the  church 
gf  Crete,  Tit.  iii.  12. 

TYPE,  properly  fignifies  a  perfon 
«r  thing,  that,  by  the   deftination  of 


26     1  T  Y  P 

God,  prefigured  fomething  relative  tm 
Jefus  Clu-i(l  and  his  church.  Thefc 
were  many,  as  none  of  them  could  fully 
point  out  its  antitype  ;  and  they  were 
a  kind  of  real  predictions  ot  things  to 
come,  as  thofe  uttered  by  the  prophets 
were  verbaL  There  were  typical  per  fans, 
as  Adam,  i\bel,  Enoch,  Noah,  Mel- 
chizedek,  Abraham,  Ifaac,  Jacob,  Job, 
Mofes,  Aaron,  Bezaleel,  Ahoh'ab, 
Pliinehas,  Jofhua,  Gideon,  Samfon, 
Boaz,  Samuel,  David,  Solomon,  Eli- 
jah, EhiTia,  Jonah,  Eliakim,  Daniel, 
Zerubbabel,  Jofliua  the  high  prieil, 
and  John  Baptill  :  iyptc<il  clajfes  of  per- 
fans,  as  Ifraelites  ;  their  firft-born  males ; 
unmarried  brothers  of  him  that  left  his 
widow  childlefs ;  kinfman-redeemers  ; 
voluntary  bond-fervants  ;  hanged  male- 
fa  tlors  ;  fojourning  ft  rangers ;  Naza- 
rites  ;  Nethinims  ;  Levites  ;  priefts  ; 
high  priefts  ;  holy  prophets  ;  and  kings 
of  David's  family.  Occafional  typical 
th'mgSy  as  Noah's  ark  ;  Jacob's  ladder  ; 
Moies's  burning  bufii  ;  the  cloudy  pil- 
lar ;  the  fweetened  water  of  Marah  ; 
the  MANNA  ;  the  water-yielding  rocks  ; 
the  well  of  Beer  ;  the  clufter  of  grapes 
from  ,  Efhcol  ;  Aaron's  budding  rod  ; 
the  brazen  ferpent  ;  the  healing  pool 
of  Bethefda  ;  the  waters  of  Shiloah  ; 
the  deliverance  ot  the  Hebrews  from 
Egypt ;  their  palFage  through  the  Red 
fea  ;  their  travels  in  the  wilderneis  ; 
their  entrance  into  Canaan;  their  wars 
with  the  Heathens  ;  and  their  return 
from  Babylon.  The  yn'ifccllaneoiis  typi- 
cal inlll  tut  ions  y  were  circumcilion  ;  fane- 
tification  of  fruit-trees,  offering  no  bafe 
things  to  God  ;  fcourging  of  bond-wo- 
men for  whoredom  ;  protection  of  fu- 
gitive fervants  ;  exclufion  from  the  con- 
gregation of  the  Lord  ;  wearing  pro- 
per apparel ;  blue  fringes  ;  cutting  of 
no  flelh  for  the  dead  ;  abltinence  from 
blood  and  fat,  and  things  torn,  or  dy- 
ing of  themfelves  ;  reaping  of  fields  ; 
avoiding  of  mixed  garments,  fowing  of 
mingled  feed,  of  plowing  with  oxcHi 
and  afTes,  or  of  gendering  between 
cattle  of  different  kinds  ;  tendernefs  to 
beafts  ;  not  muzzling  the  treading  ox  ; 
covering  of  filth  ;  freedom  from  the 
fervice  of  war.    The  typical  places^  were 

CanaaAi 


TYP  [52 

Canaan  ;  the  cities  ot  refuge  ;  Jei  ufa 
lei.  ;  Zion  ;  the  tabetnacle,  and  the 
temple.  The  typical  uteriftls  w^rt^  the 
ark  of  the  covenant  ;  the  pot  of  man- 
na ;  the  table  of  Ihcw-brciul,  with  its 
loavi  s  ;  the  golden  altar  with  its  in- 
cenle  ;  the  golden  candlcftick  with  its 
oil ;  the  hlver  trumpets  ;  the  brazen 
Javers  and  lea  ;  the  brazen  altar  ;  the 
altars  of  ilone  or  earth  ;  and  the  altar 
of  Ebal.  The  typical  q^erifigs  were, 
the  burnt-offering  j  the  lin-ufftring  ; 
the  trefpafs  offering  ;  the  ptace-offer- 
ing  ;  the  meat-offering  ;  the  driuk- 
j  offering  ;  the  holy  anoinr.ing  oil  ;  the 
I  foul  ranfom-money  ;  the  tithes  ;  the 
I  firit-fruits  ;  the  things  voluntarily  de- 
voted ;  Abraham's  oblation  of  birda 
and  cattle  ;  his  offering  of  the  ram 
caught  in  the  thicket;  Mofes's  obla- 
tion for  ratifying  the  covenant  between 
God  and  llracl.  The  typical  jeajons 
were,  the  time  of  the  daily  iacrihccs  j 


7    ]         T  Y  R 

the  weekly  fabbath  in  its  cei'emonial 
ufe  ;  the  feaft  of  new-moons  ,  the 
paffover,  and  feaft  of  unleavened  bread  ; 
Pentecoft  ;  the  feait  of  trumpets  ;  the 
fall  of  general  expiation;  the  ftait  of 
tabernacles  ;  the  year  of  releafe  ,  and 
the  jubilee.  The  typical  purific .U'wns 
were,  puigation  from  the  dttilement 
of  holy  things ;  and  from  the  de- 
filement of  touching  or  eating  of 
beafts  ;  purgation  from  the  defilement 
of  child  birth,  of  leprofy,  of  running 
iffucs,  and  of  infection  by  dead  corp- 
ies  ;  the  trial  of  fulpetted  adultery; 
and  the  expiation  of  uncertain  murder. 
— To  him  that  dilcerns  the  evange- 
lic figiiification  of  thefe  various  types, 
the  narratives  of  the  Old  Teftament 
are  not  a  dry  hiftory,  but  appear  re- 
plenifhed  with  the  inoft  ufetul  inllruc- 
tion^'  concerning  our  Saviour,  and  his 
body  the  church 

TYKE.     See  Fhlnicia. 


V  A  G 

VAGABOND  ;  one  who  has  no 
fettled  abode,  Gen.  iv.  12.  It 
ordmarily  fignifies,  one  who  is  alfo 
naui^jhty  and  wicked,  Afts  xix.  ,3. 

VxAlL  ;  a  covering.  To  mark  their 
modetty,  and  their  reverent  fubjeClion 
to  their  hufbands,  women,  efpecially 
I  in  the  eaft,  were  wont  to  wear  vails 
on  their  face,  Gen.  xxiv.  65.  If.  iii. 
23.  Poffibly  it  was  with  Inch  that 
Paul  admonilhes  the  Corinthian  wo- 
men to  be  covered  in  their  public  wor- 
Tfiipping  affemblies,  i  Cor.xi.  ^.—  10. 
Mofes  covered  his  face  with  a  vail^that 
the  Hebrews  might  not  be  affrighted, 
or  their  eyes  dazzled,  with  the  bright- 
nefs  thereof,  after  he  cam.e  down  laff 
from  Sinai,  Exod.  xxxiv.  33.  It  fig- 
nified  the  oblcurity  of  his  ceremonial 
laws.  A  vail  was  fpread  over  the  face 
of  perfons  condemned  to  death  Effh. 
vii.  8.  In  the  tabernacle  and  temple 
a  fine  and  ftrong  hanging  or  vail  fe- 
parated  between  the  holy,  and  the  raoft 
holy  apartment.     The  renting  of  this 


V  A  I 

vail  at  the  death  of  our  Saviour,  im- 
ported the  abolifhment  of  the  ceremo- 
nial law,  which  feparated  between  Jcvvs 
and  Gentiles  ;  the  opening  of  a  free 
paffage  into  the  heavenly  ftate  ;  and 
the  finifhmg  of  Jefus's  oebafed  appear- 
ances, which,  for  a  while,  concealed 
his  glory  from  men,  Matth.  xxvii.  ?i. 
Eph.  ii.  14.  Heb.  vi.  19.  x.  2C.  The 
vail  of  the  ceremonial  law  is  done  a- 
way  in  Chrift,  as  in  him  are  fulfilled 
the  whole  ritesthereof,  2  Cor.  iii.  »3'  14. 
But  this  vail  /till  reyjiaim  on  the  Jew- 
ifli  nation,  as  they  cleave  to  it,  and  fo 
blind  and  harden  themfclves  againil 
Chrift  ;  but  when  that  nation,  and 
their  blinded  hearts,  are  turned  to  the 
Lord,  they  fhall  relinquifh  thefe  abo- 
lifhed  ceremonies,  and  embrace  the  gof- 
pel,  2  Cor.  iii.  ij.  16.  The  churches 
vail  taken  from  her  by  the  watchmen, 
is  the  dodrine  of  her  juftifying  righ- 
teoufnefs,  and  her  amiable  charader, 
Song  V.  7.  The  vail  and  face  of  cover- 
ing fpread   over   the  nations;    which 

Jefus 


V  A  I         r     528     T         VAN 


Jefus  deftroys,  is  their  ignorance,  un 
belief,  error,  and  marks  of  divine  con- 
demnation,   If.  XXV.  7. 

VAIN:  (1.)  E:npty  ;  worthlefs  ; 
unprofitable,  Pfak  Ix.  11.  (2.)  Wick- 
ed, 2  Sam.  vi.  zo.  {^,)  GroundKfs; 
falfe,  Pfal.  ii.  i.  4.  (4.J  Proud,  fool 
ifh,  li^ht,  and  inconftant.  Job  xi.  11. 
12.  Pfal.  xxvi.  4.  The  Jews  imagined 
a  vain  thin^  concerning  the  Meffiah  ; 
that  he  would  be  a  temporal  potentate 
and  deliverer  ;  and  that  the  debafe- 
ment  of  jefus  of  Naxcireth,  and  his 
profefling  to  be  the  Son  of  God,  were 
evidences  of  his  being,  not  the  Mefliah, 
but  an  impoltor,  Pfal.  ii.  i-  In  vairi^ 
without  due  truth  ;  without  due  rea- 
fon  ;  without  proper  tendency,  Exod. 
XX.  7.  Roa>.  xiii.  4.  Vanity  is,  (i.^ 
What  is  empty  and  unproiitable,  Eccl. 
].  2.  (2.)  Changeablenefs  ;  corrup 
tion,  Rom.  viii.  20.  (3.)  Wickeduefs  ; 
falfehood,  Pfal.  cxix.  37.  iv.  2.  xii.  2. 
(4.)  Pride;  lightnefs  ;  and  inron- 
llancy,  Eph.  iv.  17.  (5.)  Fruitlefs 
toil  ;  trouble  ;  wretchednels,  Pfal. 
Ixxviii.  33,  Job  vii.  3.  » 6.  Idols  are 
vanity^  and  lying  vanities  ;  they  have 
no  real  divinity  ;  the  fervice  of  Ihem 
can  do  no  real  good,  as  is  pretended, 
Jer.  ii,  5.  x.  14.  15.  Adts  xiv.  -5. 
Jon.  ii.  8.  Treafures  got  by  lying, 
arc  a  vanity  to  fed  to  and  fro^  of  them 
that  feek  death  ;  they  are  very  uncer- 
tain and  unliable,  and  tend  to  the  ruin 
of  their  piflcfTtirs,  Prov.  xxi.  6. 

VALL,  vallly;  a  hollow  ground 
between  hills,  whether  ahjtig  the  banks 
of  rivers  or  not.  The  {cripture  men- 
tions a  great  number  of  valleys  ;  as 
the  valley  of  Siddim,  in  cr  near  to 
W'.:ch  Jw^dom  and  G  -monah  Hood, 
G  .  xiv.  3.  ;  ot  Berachah,  wed:  of 
the  Dead  fea  ;  of  Zeboim,  near  Jeri 
CM'.  I  Sam.  xiii.  i'^.  2  (^^liron.  xx. 
6.  i  ot  Zcphatha,  near  Martfhah,  2 
Chton.  xiv.  10.;  of  Erticol,  Numb, 
xxxii.  <^.  ;  of  Gerar,  Gen.  xxvi.  17.  ; 
of  borek,  where  Deliiah  dwelt,  Judg. 
Xi'i  4  ',  of  Aijalon,  Jofli.  x.  .2.;  of 
Rcphaim,  or  the  giants.  If.  xvii.  5.  ; 
of  Elah,  where  Goliaih  was  flaip,  \ 
Sam.  XXI.  y.  \  kA  Achor,  Jofli,  vii. 
^4.5  ot  Gibea,  Judg.  xx.  33.  ;  of  To-    feen,  Luke  xxiv.  31. 


phet,  Hinnom,  or  flauq:hter,  Jer.  v\u 
32. ;  of  the  mountains  about  fcrufa- 
lem,  Zech.  xiv.  5.  ;  of  Jthoflianhat, 
or  decifion,  perhaps  the  fame  as  Be- 
rachah,  or  Toph-^t,  Joel  lii.  14.  ;  of 
Baca  Pfal.  Ixxxiv  6.  ;  of  Kanah,  or 
reeds,  Jolh.  xvi.  8  ;  of  Ono,  Chara- 
fh-m,  or  cvaftfir.en,  i  Chron.  iv.  14.  ; 
of  Keziz,  Jofli  xviii.  24.  Tlieie  were 
all  in  the  fouth  of  Weftern  Canaan. 
Northward,  we  find  the  fat  valleys^ 
near  Samaria  If.  xxviii.  24.  perhaps 
the  fame  as  the  plain  or  valley  of  If- 
rael,  Jofh.xi.  16.;  the  v^ //^  of  Moreh, 
between  thai  and  Gerlzzim,  Gen, 
xii.  6.  ;  of  Meonenim,  Judg.  ix.  37  ; 
of  Zaanaim,  Judg.iv.  11.;  of  Shave, 
near  Salem,  Gen.  xiv.  17.  ;  of  Jezreel, 
Jofh.  xix.  18.;  of  Megiddo,  2  Chron. 
XXXV.  22.  ;  of  Jiphthael,  Jofh.  xix. 
14.  27.  ;  of  Lebanon,  Jofh.xi.  17. 
Thofe  beyond  Jordan  were,  the  valley 
of  Shittim,  which  may  reprefent  the 
barren  Gentile  world,  Joel  iii.  18.  ; 
of  Aharim,  or  pajferi'^ers.,  on  the  eaft 
of  the  Dead  fea  Ezek.  xxxix.  IJ.  ; 
of  Zared,  Numb.  xxi.  12.;  of  Gad, 
2  Sam  xxiv.  j,  ;  of  Succoth,  Pfal.  Ix. 
6.  ;  OT  Mizpeh,  Jolh.  xi.  8.  ;  of  Salt, 
near  Tadir.or,  ferutalem,  or  the  land 
of  Judea,  is  called  a  valley  of  vifion  ; 
as  they  had  the  oracles,  ordinances, 
and  prophets  of  God  among  tl-em,  If. 
xxii.  I.  Hinderances  of  the  fprtad 
and  fuccefs  of  the  gofpel  are  likened 
to  valleys ;  and  they  art-  filled  up, 
when  rtndered  incapable  to  hiadrr  its 
pro-rrefs,  Luke  iii  5.  Of  the  four 
words  which  the  Hehr'-wj.  nl'c  to  ex- 
prefs  a  valley,  nachai  lign-fie?  one 
with  a  bro(jk  in  it.  ge  a  kind  of  rou'id- 
ifh  hollow  without  a  brook,  and  Hke- 
mtk  fine  large  and  wide,  or  a  plain, 
and  bikhhath  a  narrow  cliff .  bur  per- 
haps this  obfervation  will  not  always 
hold. 

V  A  LOUR  ;  courage  and  flrength, 
Judg.  111.   29. 

VALUE  ;  the   worth  of  a  thing, 
Matth.  X.  31.  ;  and  to  value  a  thing, 
ib'  to  fct  a   proper  price  upon  it,  Lev.- 
xxvii.    !6. 

VANISH;     (i.)    To  ceafe  to  be 

(2.)  To  come 

to 


to    1) 


V  A  P 

to  nought,  Hch.  vili.  :  3 
away  imperceptibly,  (o 
more  (<:cn.  Jam.  iv     14. 

VAPOUR;  a  dewy  mift,  like  the 
fmoke  of  a  boilinp^  pot,  Job  xxxvi.  27. 
The  confounding  judgements  of  God, 
or  the  terrible  fmoke  afcending  from 
the  burning  of  Jerufalem,  is  called 
-Mjpour  of  fwohj  Ai^s  ii.  19.  Our  life  is 
like  ?i.v:ipour\  how  linfubllantial,  fhort, 
and  t-afily  deftrovcd  !  Jam.  iv.  14. 

VARIABLENESS;  inconltancy, 
readinefs  to  change.  Our  natural  fun 
is  very  changeable  in  his  appearance  ; 
now  in  the  ealt,  anon  in  the  vi^cil .; 
now  as  far  north  as  to  create  our  Sum- 
mer, anon  fo  far  fouth  as  to  occafion 
our  Winter;  but  with  God,  the  Sun, 
or  Father  of  lights,  there  is  no  vari- 
nblenefs  or  Jhado'w  of  turning  \  but  he 
is  ever  the  fame  in  his  nature  aud  pur- 
pofe,  Jam.  i.  17. 
"VASHTI.     See  Ahasuehus. 

VAUNT,  to  be  rafh  ;  to  boaft,  i 
Cor.  xiii.    1 4. 

VEHEMENT;  Itrong;  violent, 
Jon.  ive  8.  J^ehemently\  eagerly:  fierce- 
ly ;  boldly,  Luke  xi.  55.  xxili.  10. 

VEIN;  a  place  for  (liver  to  fpread 


itfelf 


the    mine ;   or   a   pafTage   to 


bring  it  out  of  it,  Job  xxviii.  1 

VENGEANCE.     See  revenge. 

VENOiM      S.^e  poison. 

VENT,   outlet.   Job  xxxil.  19. 

At  a  VENTURE,  is  byguefs,  with- 
out minding  where  it  hit,  i  Kings 
xxii.  34. 

VERIFIED;  proved  to  be  true. 
Gen.  xlii.  40.  God's  promife  is  ver'ifi- 
edf  when  It  is  fuUilled,  1  Kings  viii.  26. 

VERILY,  without  mitlake  or  fail- 
ure. When  doubled  it  approaches  to 
the  folemnity  of  an  oath  ;  and  denotes 
the  great  importance  of  what  is  laid, 
and  the  ncccfiity  and  difficulty  of  be- 
lieving It,  John  iii.  3. 

VERITY.     See  TRUE. 

VERY;  ( i.)Keal;  true,  Gen  xxvIL 
21.     (2.)   Exceeding,   Numb.  xii.  3. 

VERMILLION;  a  kind  of  red 
earth,  ufed  by  painters  for  garnifhing 
chambers,  Jer.  xxii.  14.;  or  colour- 
ing images,  Ez^k.  xxili.  14.  But  per- 
haps the  Hebrew  Shafhar  was  the  cIk^ 

Vol.  XL 


[     5^9    I         V  E  S 

(3.)  To  fly  7uibar  of  the  Arabians,  which  h  aHo  a 
red  paint  Stockitis,  and  fomc  other 
good  authors,  render  it  hidico. 

VESSEL  ;  a  difh  av  any  utenfil  In 
a  houfe,  2  Tim.  ii.  20  The  ▼  {Tels 
of  the  Lord's  tahernacle  or  temple  were 
HOLY  ;  but  other  vefiels  were  call- 
ed common.  Men  are  vejjelsi  and  vejjl-ls 
of  mercy  a7td'\vrat}u  as  thev  are  appoint- 
ed to  be  for  ever  iilled  with  the  cffeds 
of  God's  mercy,  or  juft  wrath,  Rom. 
ix.  22.  23.  Men  are  called  vcljelf 
therein  there  is  no  plea/arc^  /.  e,  a 
chamber  pot  or  box,  to  mark  how^ 
full  theyare  of  abominable  corruptions, 
ajid  how  quickly  they  (hall  be  emptied 
and  ruined,  Jer.  xxii.  28.  viii.  8.  xlviii„ 
38^  :  theyare  likened  to  broken  vejj'elsi 
or  potters  vejfels^  to  denote  their  great 
and  irrecovcrrable  diltrefs,  fo  eafily  in- 
fli(!L'^ed  by  God,  Pfal.  xxxi.  i  2.  ii.  9.. 
Miiiifters  are  chcjen,  hut  earthen  veJJ'els , 
appointed  to  hold  the  gofpeJ,  and  pu- 
bfiih  it  to  others  ;  but  how  mean  and 
Irail  in  themfelves  !  and  how  oftea 
contemned  by  men!  Ads  ix.  15.  2 
Cor.  iv.  7.  Women  are  'weaker  vef- 
fels  ;  the  ftrength  of  their  body  and 
the  underftanding  of  their  mind  are 
ordinarily  inferi(>r  to  thofe  of  men,  i 
Pet,  iii.  7.  Mens  bodies  are  called 
vejels  ;  they  are  curlouily  fafhioned  of 
God,  to  be  the  lodging  of  the  foul 
and  her  furniture,  If.  Ixvi.  20.  i  Thefll 
Iv.  4.  Jerufalem,  and  the  country  a- 
bout,  were  made  an  empty  vcjfei^  when 
moll  of  the  inhabitants  and  wealth 
were  deftroyed  or  carried  off  by  the 
Chaldean;^,  Jer.  Ii.  ^4.  To  be  empti- 
ed fro  ?n  veffel  to  veJfeU  is  fo  be  varioufly 
dlltreiTed,  driven  from  one  place  or  con- 
dition to  another,   Jer.  xlviii.  11. 

VESTMENTS;  robes  for  the  f- 
dolatrous  priefls.;  and  the  vestry 
was  the  place  where  they  lay,  and 
were  put  off  and  on,  2  Kings  x.  2  2- 
A  VESTURE  is  chiefly  an  upper  robe, 
Dcut.  xxii.  1 2.  Chrift's  having  his 
vejiure  dipt  in  bloody  and  infcribeo  with 
his  name.  King  cf  kings ,  and  Lord  of 
Lcrds^  imports,  that,  in  conquering 
and  deftroying  his  enemies,  he  mighti- 
ly fhews  his  fovereign  power  and  do- 
minion, Rev.  xix.  13.  16.  God  changes 
3  X  the 


V  F  X         f    530    1 


V  t  N 


t!ie  liearens  and  the  earthy  and  folds 
them  'ip  as  a  vejiare  )r  g  rmenty  when, 
at  the  end  of  the  world,  he  lays  afide 
their  prefent  form  and  ;jive9  them  an- 
other,  Pfal.  cii.  26.   Heb.  i.  12. 

VEX  ;  to  ditlrefs  one  exceeding;! y, 
by  provocation,  frowns,  torture,  war, 
Ac  Ezek.  xxli.  7.  Matth.  xv.  22. 
Numb,  xxxi.  2.  Sinners  vex  and  •grieve 
the  Spirii  of  God,  when  they  rebel  a- 
gainft  his  word,  refift  and  qiunch  his 
motions,  and  do  what  is  dctcftable  to 
him.  If.  Ixiii  i  .  Lot  vexed  hit  onun 
foul  with  the  wickednefs  of  Sodom, 
when  he  ftudied  to  be  dc-ply  burden- 
ed with,  a  id  grieved  for  the  di  honour 
done  to  God,  and  the  hurt  done  to 
their  fouls,  by  the  fame,   2  V^tX..  ii.  s. 

VI  \L  ;  a  kind  of  vcflel  ;  but  whe- 
ther wid.^r  or  narrower  at  the  top  than 
at  the  bottom,  1  cannot  certainly  fay. 
Peihap-  they  were  much  of  the  form 
of  the  cenfers.  i  Sam.  x.  i.  The  faints 
hearts  are  golden  via  It  full  of  odour  s  : 
being  renewed  after  the  image  of  God, 
th.  V  are  filled  with  the  graces  of  the 
Spirit,  an  :  pour  forth  acceptable  pray- 
ers and  praifes  for  themfelves  and  o- 
thers.  Rev.  v.  8.  The  complete  num 
ber  of  righteous  and  ruinous  llri  kes 
for  deltroying  Antichrift,  are  called 
Jeven  g^oiden  vials  full  of  the  'wrjth  of 
God-,  given  by  one  of  the  four  btalls, 
to  ieven  angels  clothed  in  fine  linen, 
clean  and  white,  that  they  might,  in 
their  turn,  pour  them  out.  Accord- 
ing to  the  prayers  and  preaching  of 
faithful  minillers,  and  perhaps  by  their 
infligation,  (hall  thefe  plagues  be  gra- 
duiiiy  xecuted  by  inftrurnents,  juft 
in  their  condud,  and  powerful,  cou- 
rageous, and  prudent  and  aftive,  Rev. 
XV.  6.  7.  xvi     See  Antichrist. 

VICTORY^  (i,)  An  overcoming 
of  an  enemy  in  battle.  It  is  the  Lord's^ 
as  e  enables  to  gain  it,  and  the  praife 
of  it  ought  to  be  afcribed  to  him,  i 
Chron,  xxix.  11.  Chrift's  vi£ioryy  is 
his  overcoming  Satan,  finiihing  fin, 
deltroying  death,  and  rendering  the 
whole  plan  of  our  falvation  fuccefsful. 
If.  XXV,  8.  Matth.  xii.  2:,  The  faints 
vi^ory,  IS  their  overci^ining  the  temp- 
tations of  Satan,  the  power  of  fin^  the 


fnarcs  of  Antichrift,  and  the  world; 
and  the  fenr,  hurt,  and,  in  due  time, 
thr  i- fluence  of  death,  Rev.  xvr.  2  I 
C  -r.  XV.  57,  I  2.)  The  means  of  vic- 
tory ;  fo  faith  is  our  v'l^ory  ;  u  e.  the 
means  of  obtaining  victory  over  the 
world  \n  its  various  lulls  and  fnares, 
I  J->hn  V.  4.     See  conquer. 

VICTUALS;  meal  and  drink  to 
live  <  n,   Gen.  xiv.  1  i. 

VIEW  ;  to  take  a  careful  look  of, 
Jofh.  ii.  -T. 

VKHLANT.     See  WATCH. 

V  f  i  E  ;  ( I .  Of  no  value  or  worth, 
Deut.  XXV.  ?.  Jer.  xxix.  17.  ( 2. )  Bafe  ; 
corruptible,  Phil.  iii.  2  .  {t^.}  Con- 
te'ni;ed  ;  dilirefTed,  Lam.  i.  m.  4.) 
Coarfe  ;  unclean;  naily.  Jam.  ii.  2. 
5.)  Unholy  ;  very  wicked  and  abomi- 
nable, Rom.  i.  26  Pfal.  XV  4.  xii.  8. 
ViLKLY  ;  in  a  contemptuous  and  dif- 
graccful  manner,   2  Sam.  i.  2r. 

VILLAGK;  a  fmall  town  without 
walls,  Ezek.  xxxviii.  i.  In  time 
of  war,  the  inhabitants:  fometimes  dc- 
fert  them,  and  flee  into  fortified  cities, 
Jud^]^    V.  7. 

"VILLANYj  words  or  works  de- 
ceitful, diflioneft,  or  very  wicked,  if. 
xxxii'  6.  Jer.  xxix.  23. 

VINE  ;  a  v\'idc  fpreading  fhrub, 
which  bears  the  grapes  out  of  which 
wine  IS  Iqueezvjd.  Vines  are  produ- 
ced, either  by  layers  or  cuttings  al- 
molt  buried  in  the  ground.  There  are 
about  20  kinds  of  vines,  and  all  of 
them  thrive  belt  in  a  fouthern,  warm, 
and  dry  foil.  Tfiey  are  eafily  hurt  by 
froft,  by  reafon  of  their  thin  juice.  A 
great  deal  of  labour  is  necefTary  to  cul- 
tivate vines  ;  for  their  branches  are  fo 
weak,  that  they  need  to  be  propped 
by  walls,  trees,  ftakes,  &c.  Nor  is 
their  wood  ufeful  for  any  thing  but 
the  fire,  if  they  are  barren.  Perhaps 
Noah  was  the  firtl  that  cultivated  vines 
and  fqueezed  their  grapes.  Gen  ix.  20. 
They  were  anciently  vry  plentiful  in 
Canaan,  efpecially  in  the  territory  of 
Ju  lah,  Gen,  xlix.  11.:  and  are  at 
prefent  plentiful  in  Italy,  France, 
Spain,  Portugal,  &c.  and  fome  are  in 
England.  v")ome  vines  bear  very  large 
That  clultcr  which 
th? 


qlulters  of  grapes. 


V  T  N 


the  Hebrew  fpies  brought  from  E  hcol, 
was  cavried  on  a  ftdfF  between  two  of 
them,  Numb.  xfii.  23.  ;  and  we  read 
of  clufters  there,  about  25  pounds 
weight.  Wc  read  of  a  clufter  in  the 
ealt  parts  of  Perfia,  that  produced  a- 
bout  three  Scotch  gallons  of  wine  ; 
and  of  another  about  three  feet  an  1 
an  half  long.  As  the  Hebrews  were 
muih  employed  about  their  vines  and 
fig  trees  ;  their  ftttin^  under  thsm^  im- 
ported rheir  larety  and  profperity,  i 
Kings  iv.  '5.  Mic.  iv,  4.  Zech.  in*.  10. 
They  had  amonjjf  them  a  'w'lLl  vine, 
vhich,  of  its  own  accord,  grew  by  the 
way-fide,  and  which  produced  wild 
grapes,  of  a  foiirirti  and  bitter  tafte. 
If  V  4.  The  vine  of  Sodovi^  or  thofe 
that  vrrew  near  to  the  Dead  lea,  b'  ing 
imprejrnated  with  its  nitre  and  fulphur, 
produced  grapes  as  bittf r  as  g'iH,  Dtut. 
xxxii  32.  Thefe  were  perhaps  the 
fame  as  the  wild  gourds,  2  King^  iv. 
39.  They  had  their  cuhivated  vines 
often  inclofed  in  a  kind  of  garden  and 
orchard,  calleo  tin f-: yards,  that  the 
vines  might  not  be  hurt  by  cattle. 
Near  J^ppa,  they  inclofed  them  with 
ilone  walls,  to  prevent  the  foxes  or 
jackalls  breaking  into  them,  II.  v. 
I.  Prov.  xxiv.  31.  A  vineyard,  if 
good,  procured  a  yearly  rent  of  icoo 
Ihekels  of  Giver,  If.  vii.  Z3.;  it  requi- 
red 2  o  more,  to  pay  the  dreffers.  Song 
vlii~  12.  In  thefe,  the  keepers  and 
vine-dreffers  laboured,  planting,  prun- 
ing, and  propping  the  vines,  and  ga- 
thering the  grapes.  This  was  at  once 
a  laborious  talk,  and  often  reckoned  a 
bafe  one,  2  Kings  xxv.  12.  If.  Ixi.  5. 
Song  i.  6.  Some  ot  ttie  beft  vi.ieyards 
were  at  En-gedi,  or-'perhaps  at  Baal- 
hamon,  which  might  be  not  far  diftant, 
Eccl.  ii.  4.  Song  i.  14  viii.  1  .  The 
eating  up  ofvinsy^ird'!^  imports  the  fpoil- 
ing  men  of  the  fruits  of  their  giound, 
If.  iii.  ii|.  Samaria  became  a  vineyard^ 
when,  being  defolate,  it  became  arable 
fields,  Mic.  i.  6.  Good  vineyards  be- 
coming fields  of  l.riers  and  thorns,  de- 
notes great  def  elation  in  the  country. 
If.  vii.  23.  The  gathering  and  tread- 
ing of  the  grapes,  was  called  the  vin- 
tage \  and   when  the  crop  was  very 


[  53»  ^ 


V  T  N 


large,  it  began  in  June,  at  the  end  ol 
harvclt,  andcontinued  till  October,  Lev, 
xxvi.  5.  They  generally  had  their  fata 
or  prefTeb  f  jr  treading  out  the  ^^rapes, 
and  fqueezing  out  the  wine,  without 
the  city,  Rev.  xiv.  ;o.  Of  the  juice 
of  the  fqueezed  trrapes  were  formed 
WINE  and  viNKGAR.  The  wines  of 
Helbon,  near  Damafcus,  and  »f  Leba- 
non, where  the  vines  had  ?  hne  fun> 
were  reckoned  m»ift  excellent,  T  zek. 
xxvii.  iS.  Hof.  xiv.  7.  The  wi.  es  of 
Canaan  being  very  heady,  were  ordi- 
narily nr.ixed  with  water  for  common 
ule,  as  the  Italians  do  theirs,  and  fome- 
tinies  they  fcetited  tliem  with  frankin- 
cenfe,  myrrh,  calamus,  and  other  fpi- 
ces,  Prov.ix.  2.  ^.  Song  viii.  2,;  they' 
alfo  either  fcented  their  wine  with 
pomegranates,  or  made  wine  of  their 
juice,  as  we  do  of  the  juice  of  cur- 
rants, goofe  berries,  &c.  fermented 
with  fugar.  When  wine  ferments  ex- 
ccffively,  and  is  in  danger  of  renting" 
the  itrongeft  cafl'C,  a  little  fraoke  of 
fulphur  below  it,  or  put  into  it,  will 
Hop  it.  Wine  may  be  llrengthened  by 
caufing  it  to  freeze,  and  throwing  a- 
way  the  icy  part  of  it.  Sour  wine 
may  be  reftified,  by  mixing  it  well 
with  a  little  of  the  tartarized  fpirit  of 
wine.  No  Nazarite  during  his  vow, 
or  prieft  during  his  fervice  at  the  fanc- 
tuary,  was  to  drink  wine,  Numb,  vi, 
3.  Lev.  X.  7.  Wine  is  beft,  when  old, 
and  on  the  lees,  the  dregs  having  funk 
to  the  bottom  ;  and  is  very  ufeiul  for 
refr' (hing,  {lengthening,  and  cheering 
perfons  ;  and  in  fome  dangerous  difea^ 
fcs,  is  ufeful  in  medicine.  In  the  Eafl, 
it  is  kept  in  jugs,  and  d»unk  in  bowls,, 
It  is  the  firft  part  of  their  entertain- 
ments, is  poured  out  with  great  foiem- 
nity,  and  from  vcfTel  toveffel;  andinfum- 
mer  is  cooled  by  their  referved  fnow. 
Siueet  nutnty  is  thai  which  ispreffed  from 
grapes  fully  ripe  Joeliii.  18.  If.xlx,  26. 
IVine  of  violence^  U  that  which  is  pro- 
cured by  opprefGon  and  robbery,  Prov. 
iv.  I  7.  IVifie  of  the  condemned^  is  that 
which  is  taken  from,  or  procured  at 
the  expence  of  perfons  unjulUy  coa- 
demntd,  Amos  ii.  M.  The  Hebrews 
had  two  kinds  of  vinsoarj  the  on^ 
3  X  a  wa$ 


V  r  N 


[    532    ]         V  I  N 


Nivas  a  weak  xm'dc,  which  they  ufed  for 
their  common  drink  on  harveft-fields, 
Sec.  as  the  Spaniards  and  Itahansftilldo, 
Ruth  ii.  14. ;  the  other  had  a  fharp  and 
acid  tafte  like  ours,  and  hence  Solo- 
mon hints,  that  a  flu^gard  vexes  and 
Jiurts  iuch  as  employ  him  in  biifinefs, 
as  vinegar  is  difagreeable  to  the  teeth, 
and  imoke  to  the  eyes,  Fruv^  x.  26.  : 
and  as  vinegar  poured  on  nun  ipoils  its 
virtue  ;  fo  he  that  fings  fongs  to  an 
heavy  heart,  does  hut  add  to  its  gnef, 
Prov.  xxi.  2C.  Vinegar  may  be  made 
of  middling  beer,  mall<cd  wath  rape 
or  hnflcs  of  grapes  ;  after  which  the 
liquid  part  being  cafl-ced,  and  the  bung- 
hole  covered  with  a  tile,  and  fet  in  a 
hot  fun,  it  in  about  30  or  4c  days 
will  be  formed  into  vinegar.  Malaga 
raifins  maflied  with  fpring-water  in 
an  earthen  jar,  andfet  in  a  hot  fun  three  fore  htm,  watching  over  his  heart  and 
or  four  months,  form  vinegar.  Any  life.  Song  viii.  11.  12.  i.  6.  Th« 
kind  of  wine  mingled  with  its  lees,  or  church  is  called  a  vine  planted,  pro* 
the  fourifh  llalks  of  the  grapes  and  te<fted,  fupported,  and  pruned  by  Je- 
pulveriztd  tartar,  and  put  into  a  vefTei     fus    and    his    Father,  how    her   fdints 

formerly  fcented  with  vinegar,  will  fer-     flourifh,  and  bring  forth   the  fruits  oi" 

inent  anew,  and  become  vinegar.     If    righteoufnefs,  acceptable  to  God  and 

the  watery  part  were  extracted   from 

vinegar,  it  might  be  rendered  fo  ilrong, 

as  eafily  to  difTolvc  a  large  mafs  of  iron. 
Chriit  is  likened  to  a  vtf2ey  is  called 

the  true  vine.    Being  planted  anddrelT- 

ed  by  his.   Father,  how  he  fpread  and 

produced   the  fruits  of   righttoufnefs  ! 

and  *>eing   trodden   in    the    wine-prefs 

of  his    Father's   wrath,     what  fweet, 

nounfhing,  new,   ever  frefli,    bell,  or 


of  time  and  life  calls  men  to  labour  fa 
it.  If.  V.  I. —  7.  Matth.  xxi.  2J?. — 4 J. 
Luke  xiii.  6.  7.  Matth.  xx.  i. — 16. 
It  is  a  vineyard  cf  rtd  ix)inef  kept  and 
watered  night  and  day  by  the  Lord; 
amid  bloody  perfecuticns  and  fore 
troubles,  God  by  his  preferving  and 
aftuating  influences,  caufes  his  people 
bring  forth  the  bell  of  fruits  tohis  glory, 
and  their  ov.n  good.  If.  xxvii.  2.  3. 
It  is  a  vineyard  planted  at  Baal-hamon, 
Lord  oj  the  ynult'itude^  and  let  out  to 
keepers,  and  for  wliich  Chriil  mufl: 
have  a  thoufand  filverlings,  and  the 
drefTers  2cc.  How  rich  its  foil  in  the 
redeeming  love  of  God  1  what  m.ulti- 
tudes  enter  into  it  !  all  which  ought  to 
give  Jefus  the  chief  honour,  and  his 
minilters  their  fubordinate  fhare  ;  and 
each  one  ought  to  have  his  vineyard  he- 


ufeful  to  men  .'  but  how  ready  are  Sa- 
taji,  indwelling  lufts,  and  falfe  teachers, 
like  fornany  foxes,  to  undermine  her 
roots  and  fpoil  her  growth  !  Song  vi» 
II.  ii.  15.  Her  tender  grapes,  are 
young  converts,  and  the  firft  motions 
of  good  works,  which  are  eafily  hurt  ; 
and  her  good  grapes^  are  faints  and 
their  good  works,  excelleat  and  ufefuf. 
Song  ii.  13.  15.    vii.  12.      The'  faints 


on  the  lees,  and  mingled  wi/?^  of  com-  and  their  graces  are  conneded  with 
plete  righteoufnefs,  gofpel  promifes,  manifold  prelfures  and  fufferings,  but 
influences,  and  everlaflingblefiings,  are     as  w/w,  are  very  delightful  to  Chrift. 

and  refrefhfal  and  ftreirgthening  to  his 
people.  Song,  viii,  2.  vii.  9.  The  'vjintf 
and  milk  which  Chritt  and  his  people 
feait  on  together,  are  the  refreJhful: 
and  llrengthening  promifes  and  blef- 
fings  of  the  gofpel  ;  or  the  faints  gra- 
ces, which  are  acceptable  to  him  and 
delightful  to  themfelves,  Song  v.  i. 
See  Bottle. — The  Jews  arc  likened 
to  a  vine  or  vineyard  \  God  planted 
them  a  noble  and  choice  vine,  -ivhoUy  a 
right  Jeed  ;  their  anceilors  being  pi  >us, 
and  their  original  !;:ws  iruod,  he  pro- 
tected, pruned,  anddreffed^  andcauf- 

ed 


produced  for  weak,  difeafed,  and  for- 
rowful  men!  John.  xv.  i.  Prov.  ix.  2.5. 
^L  XXV.  6.  Iv.  I.  Matth.  xxvi.  29.  The 
church  is  a  vineVarD;  God  the  pro- 
prietor, firtl  planted  the  Jews  therein 
as  his  vine,  and  gave  them  his  taber- 
nacle or  temple  as  their  nvine  prefs^ 
and  his  oracles,  ordinances,  and  bltff- 
ings.  He  let  out  this  vineyard  to  their 
keepers^  and  fent  tht-  prophets,  and  at 
laii  his  Son,  to  demand  their  gtiod 
fruits;  but  thefe  being  abufed  and 
maltreated,  he  gave  thei?  church-Hate 
to  the  G-entil'es,  and  at  different  feafons 


V  I  N  [     533     ]        V  I  O 


ed  them  to  fpread  by  his  kind  provi- 
dences ;  but  through  their  apoftafy 
and  idolatry,  they  rendered  themfelves 
■3>.barrenzvi^  eiyiptyviney  bringing  forth 
no  good  fruit  ;  a  degenerate  plant  of  a 
firatige  vine^  like  other  idolatrous  na- 
tions ;  a  'wild  virie^  a  vine  of  Sodorfi,  bring- 
ing forth  four  grapes  of  gall,  which 
produced  nuine  like  the  vsncm  of  afps^ 
wicked  courfes,  very  oft'enfive  to  God, 
and  in  the  ifliie  tending  to  fet  their 
teeth  on  edge,  bringing  many  and 
painful  calamities  upon  them,  Jer.  ii. 
2  1.  22.  Pfal.  ixxx.  8.  Ezek.  xv.  Hof. 
X.  1.  If.  V.  I. — 7.  Deut.  xxxii.  33. 
Jer.  xxxi.  29.   Ezek.vxviii.  2.       Anti- 


nriirds  with  anguifr  and  horror,  ara 
called  it'iw,  Plal.  Ix.  3.  Ixxv.  8.  If. 
li.  17.21.22  Jer.  XXV.  15.  'V^fw'ine 
vv'hertwith  Babylon  made  the  natiorrs 
drunk,  was  the  judgements  of  God 
executed  by  the  Chaldeans  ;  01  the 
idolatry  and  fuperftition  into  which 
they  feduced  them,  Jer.  li.  7.  Rev. 
xvii.  2.  Men  (hake  off  their  unripe 
grape,  when  they  are  cut  off  by  an  un- 
expeded  ftroke  in  the  prime  of  their 
days,  or  amid  the  growth  of  their  prof- 
perity  ;  or  when  their  wealth  is  taken 
from  them,  as  they  are  bufy  adding 
to  it,  Job  XV.  35.  Afterdeath,  wick- 
ed men  behold  not  the  ^way  of  the  vine' 


chrift  is  the  vine  of  the  earth  ;   the  Po-    yards  ^  they  lofe  all    their  wealth  and 


pifli  Hate  bears  fome  refemblance  to 
the  true  church,  but  fpreads  and  bears 
fruits  of  error  and  corruption,  hurt- 
ful to  the  fouls  and  bodies  of  men,  as 
the  fruit  of  wild  vines  is  to  the  body  ; 
intoxicates  and  ftupifies  multitudes 
with  the  lu'tne  of  her  /ornication,  her 
fuperftition,  idolatry,  error,  and  pro- 
fanenefs  :  but  at  the  end,  in  the  vin- 
tage of  God's  judgements  againft  her, 
(hall  thefe  idolaters  be  terribly  fqueezcd 
and  preffed  with  diftrefsful  and  ruinous 
calamities,  Rev.  xir.  f8. 19.  2G.  yivu,  2. 
4. — The  deftrudtion  of  a  nation,  or 
army,  or  Chrill's  deftroying  his  ene- 
mies in  the  ifjine-prefs  of  his  wrath,  is 
likened  to  a  vintage^  in  which  fome- 
times  there  are  gleanings  Ith,  a  fmall 
remnant  fpared  ;  and  fometimes  the 
poor  remains  are  ^/^^«i'i2',  and  put  into 
the  bafket.  i.  e^  arcdeftroyed,  or  earned 
captive,  If.  Ixiii.  i. — 4.  Rev.  xiv.  18. 
— ic,  Zech.  xi.  2.  Lam.  i.  1 5.  If. 
xxiv.  13.  Jer.  vi.  9.  xlix.  9.  Obad.  5. 
Judges  viii.  2,  The  Chaldeans  are 
called  grape-gatherers f  as  they  deitroy- 
ed  the  nations,  and  carried  them  out 
of  their  own  lands,  Jer.  xlix.  9.  The 
outward  comforts  of  a  land  are  called 
•avrff,  as  thefe  refrefh  and  ftrengthen 
the  inhabitants,  Jer.  xlviii.  3^  Hof. 
ii.  9. ;  and  their  nvine  h  mixed  ixiith  nva- 
ter,  when  their  ruler^,  culli>ii.s,  ordi- 
nances, and  belt  people,  are  much 
.corrupted  and  weakened.  If.  i.  22. 
Great  calamities  and^fufterings  appoint- 
ed by  God,  and  which   diituvb  mens 


pleafure,  Job  xxiv.  18.  Th^  fathers 
have  eaten  ths  four  grape,  and  thechil" 
dren's  teeth  are  fet  on  edge  ;  the  parents 
finned,  and  their  children  are  unjuftly 
punilhed  for  it,  Ezek.  xviii.  2.  God'^s 
judgements  on  men  here,  or  in  hell, 
which  ftupify  and  madden  them,  are 
called  'wine,  and  red  or  flrong  ^wine^ 
'Wine  mixed  with  fpices,  'wine  'withoui 
mixture  of  water,  and  ^wiyie  of  afhn'ifh" 
menty  Jer.  xxv.  15.  Pfal.  Ix.  3.  Ixxv 
8.  Rev.  xiv.  10.  His  judgements  are 
as  four  grapes  ripen'in'^  in  the  fio'wer^ 
when  their  execution  is  very  near  "at 
hand,  If.  xviii.  c. 

VINEGAR;  VINEYARD;  VIN- 
TAGE.    See  VINE. 

VIOL;  a  mufical  inftrument,  IL 
V.  12. 

VIOLATE;  profanely  to  tranf- 
grefs,   Ezek.  xxii.  26. 

VIOLENT  ;  (i.)  Earned  to  obtain 
what  is  neceff:iry,  Luke  xvi.  16.  (2.) 
Given  to  exercife  unjuil  force,  2  Sam. 
xxii.  49.  Violence,  is,  (i.)Earncft 
endeavour  :  fo  the  kingdom  of  heaven 
juffereth  violence^  and  the  violent  take  '^ 
by  force  \  men  muft  ftrive  to  enter  in 
at  the  itrait  gate,  into  a  new-covenant 
ilate,  and  by  eainell  diligence  in  ho- 
Hnefs,  prepare  for  the  heavenly  glory» 
Matth.  xi.  12.  (2.)  Outrageous  force. 
Ads  xxi.  2  J.  xxvii.  41.  (3.)  Unjuft 
and  forcible  harrdling,  hurting,  opreff- 
ing,  and  robbing  of  others.  Flab.  i.  2. 
3,  9.  ii.  8.  (4.J  What  i^  go?  bv  op- 
prtfiion    and   robbcrv,    Zeph.   i.    19 

The 


VIP         r  .534    1.        UNA 

Tlie  violence  of    Lebanon,  and  fpoil  of    Chriftian  courage  aod  baldnefi?,  2  Pet 
beads,  w'lich   covered   the  Chaldeans, 
was   their   unjui^    and    brutal   murder, 
opprefli  )n     and  robbery  of  the  Jews, 
which   brought    venj^^eance     on     their 


heads.  Flab.  ii.  i 

VIPEl^S;  a  kind  of  ferpents, 
which  are  fcarcc  ever  above  an  ell 
long  and  an  inch  thick,  and  whofe 
Jiead   is   flat,    and    they  hnve  a   incut 


1.  3.  5.  To  be  viRTuot'S,  is  to  be 
given  to  true  goodnels  in  heart,  fpeech, 
and  behaviour,    Ruth  iii.   .  1. 

VISAGll.      See  FACE. 

VISIBLE;  VISION.     See  SEE. 

VISIT;  V'.)  To  go  to  fee,  and 
meet  with,  A£ts  \v.  23.  xv.  36.  In 
the  Edit,  vifits  are  preceded  by  pre- 
fents  ;  and   ladies  go   to  them  attend- 


like   that  of  a  pig.       Whereas   other  cd  by  their  maids  in   a  folemn  procef- 

ferpents  have  two  rows    of  teeth,  vi-  fion.     The  perfuming  of  the  vifitants 

pers  have  but  one,    co  ififting  of  fix-  wains  them  to  depart.     ^2.)     To  take 

teen   fmall    ones   in  fach   jaw;  and  at  a  view  of,  in   order  to  redrefs  grievan- 

leall  the   male   vipers    have  two  large  ces  and  do  fervice  :  fo  magiftrates  ana 

teeth,  which   bei  ig   raifed  when  they  minillers   ought  to  vi/it   their  people. 


*re  angry,  their  bite  diftil-s  poifon  in- 
to the  wound.  Ttieir  body  is  either 
of  an  afh  or  yellow  colour,  fpeckled 
with    longi'h    brown    fpots,     and    the 


Jer.  xxiii.  2.  God  v/Jits  men,  either 
in  mercy,  when  he  ma:iite;ts  hi;-  pre- 
fence,  grants  them  their  requefts.  de- 
livers them  from  diltrefs,  and  upholds 


fcales  under  their  belly  are  of  the  co-  and  comforts  them,  Zcch.  x.  3.    Luke 

lour    of    well  polifhed     Heel.      Their  vii.    16.  Gen.  xxi.  i.     1  Sam.  ii.  21.; 

poifon     is    extremely    dangeruus,    but  or  in  wrath,  when  he  vi/iis  their  iniqui' 

their   fle(h,  or  bro*h  made  of  it,  is  an  ties,    in    challiling    or    puniihing    for 

excellent    medicine  in   the    more  dan-  them,  Exod.  xx.  5.  Jer.  vi.  6.   If.  xxvi. 

gerous  maladies,  and  is  of  ufe  in  form-  14-.   Ezek.  xxxviii.  r.      And  hence  vi- 

ing  the  Venice  treacle.     The  male  vi-  sitation  is,    ('.i   Powerful  and  com- 

per  is  blacker   than  the   female.     The  fortable  frllowfhip   from  God,  Job  x. 

females  bri"g  forth  their  young  about  12.    i  Pet.  li.  12   ;    or,    (2.)   Punifh- 

30  ac   a  birth,    and   one   day  by  day,  ment  and  afflidion,    Hof  ix.  7.    Mic. 

\.\'apt  up  alive  in  fmall  flcins,  which  vii,  4.     Lhriit  the  day-ipring  from  on 

buri>   about  the   third  day   after,    If.  high  vijits  men,  when  he  afTumed  our 


3txx.  6. — The  Piiarifees,  nnd  other 
wicked  men,  are  likened  t  •  vipers  ;  by 
their  poilonou^  .otlrines,  bad  exam- 
ple, and  fintal  exciteinents,  t!iey  effec- 
tually ruin  the  fouls  ol  men  :  and  by 
their  angry  tnahce  ihey  murder  fuch 
as  oppofe  them,   Matth.  iii.  7.      Mens 


nature,  and  when  he  fends  his  word 
and  Spirit,  that  we  may  have  fellow- 
fhip  with  hira,  and  fharc  of  his  blef- 
fings,  ^uke  i.  ■  s.  To  vi/it  the  fa- 
thcrlfcfs  and  widow,  or  the  Tick  and 
imprifoued  members  of  Chrift,  is  to 
(liew   them   regard   and  pity,    and   to 


wicked  and  carnal  devices  and  errors  help  them  according  to  their  need  and 
are  faid  to  break  out  into  u  viper^  when  our  ability,  Jam.  i.  27.  Matth.  xxv. 
they  ifTue  in  the   tormenting  ruin   of    36.  43 


their  projett'-rs,  or  in  the  reproach 
and  perf'Cution  of  fuch  as  tludy  to  op- 
pofe and  crulh  them,  If.  lix.  5.  1  he 
vipers  tongue  Jhall  Jlny  him  ;  he  fhail 
die  of  a  certain,  fudden,  and  torment- 
ing death,  Job  xx.  1  6. 

VIRG  N.     bee  MAN. 

VIR  rUE  ;    (1.)    Efficacy  for  pro- 
ducing an  cffcdl.    Mark  v.  30.    (2  )   A 
•W'ondertul    work,   produced   by  diltin 
guiih^d  po    er,  Mattii.  vii.  f     2.   ^3') 
Holinels  of  heart  and  practice.     ^4.) 


ULAI,  or  EuL/Kus  ;  a  river  of 
Perha,  near  to  the  ci  y  of  Shuihan,  on 
whofe  bank  Daniel  had  his  vifion  of 
the  ram  and  he-goat,  Dan.  viii.  2.  16. 
Probably  it  is  the  fame  with  the  Che- 
ajpes  of  the  ancients,  and  the  Caron  of 
the  moderns. 

UN  ACCUSTOMED  ;  not  ufed  to 
Jer.  XXXI.  18.  V.  B.  The  prepofi- 
tion  un  or  /«,  prefixed  to  many  words, 
fig.dlies  not  only  the  abfence  of  the 
(Quality   imported   by  the  feparate  or 

iimple 


UNA  f     535    1        U  N  C 


fimple  word,  but  the  prefence  of  con- 
trarv  qualities. 

UNADVISEDLY;  ralhly,  with- 
out  dtliheration,   Pfal.  cvi    3;^. 

UNAWARES;  ( 1.)  Secretly  ;  un 
perceived,  Jude  4.  2.)  Suddenly; 
not  expeftci,  ^Mal.  xxxv.  S  Luke 
xxi.  34.  3.  Without  defign  aad  in- 
tention. Numb.  xxxv.  I.. 

UNBELIEF;    dittrurt    of    God'8 
faithtulneU    pledged    in    his    declared 
pron)ife.-    and   threaienings  ;   and   par- 
ticularly   the   difcredit    of  his  g^fpel 
declarations,    offering  his  Son  to  fin- 
nrrs  of  n:\ank.i;id,  even  the  chief;   and 
which  is  a    moft    horrid    and   damning 
crime,    as  it   makes  God  a  liar,    blal- 
phemes    all    his    perfeftions,  contemns 
and  rcfufes  Jcfus   and  his  whole  falva- 
tion,  and  leads  to  other  fins      Nor  do 
we  believe    the  fin  a^ainll    the    Holy 
Glioft  to  be  any  thing  elfe,  than  unbe- 
lief carried  to  the  highelt  degree,  John 
xvi.  « o.  Heb.  iii.  1 1.    1  John  v.  i o.    I. 
Heb.  r.  26.— 31.     Unbelief  is  either 
negative,  in  fuch  as  have  not  heard  the 
gofpel ;  and  fo  Heathens  are  called  un- 
believers^  or  infidels.,   1  Cor.  vi.  6.  2  Cor. 
y'u  14.  ;  or  pofitive^  in  thofe  unbelievers^ 
who,    though   ihey    hear    the    gofpel, 
an.i  profefs  to  regard  ii,    yet  believe 
n.vc  with  their  heart  the  record  of  God, 
off- ring    his  bon,  and  whoie  falvanon, 
to    them   in    particular,  Luke  xii.  46. 
Tit.  i.  iv     Rev.  xxi.  8.       Unbelief  is 
cither  with    reipedl  to  a  particular  de- 
claration   of  God  ;  as  when   Zacharias 
difcredited  God  s    promife  of  a  ion  to 
him,    Luke  i.  20.  ;   or   univerfal,  with 
refptdl    to   the    whole  declarations  of 
Gv^d.  —  Itis    cither  partial,   importinyr 
fome    degrees    of  diftruft,     Mark    ix. 
24.  ;  or  total,  where  there  is  no  tiuft 
at   all,     I  Tim.  i.  13.     'I'he  Jews  who 
came    out  of   Egypt,    could  not  enter 
into  Canaan  hecaufe  of  unbelief ;  on  ac- 
count   of    their    diftruihng   of   God*3 
power  and  kindnefs,  and  of  his  pro- 
mife   to   bring   them  in,  and  for  their 
rebellion   and   murmuring,  it   was  in- 
confifteni    with  the  divine  honour  and 
purpofe  to  admit  them,  Heb.  iii.  19. 
Chnll  coul  i  not  do  viany  7)iighty   luorks 
i^  \xi%  9wa  countrvj  becavfe  of  their  u?i» 


elief:    their  dilUurt  and  contempt  of 
h'S  miracl'  s    rendered  them    unht    fub- 
jefts  to  have  miracles   wrought    upoa 
or  among  them,    Mark  vi.  5.  6.       Phe 
apolUes  dillruil   of  Chrift's  promife  of 
enabling  them  to   caft  out  devils,  ren- 
dered them  incapable  to  call   one  out. 
Mart  xvii.  16.;  and  Peters  diflrufl  of 
his     Marter's    power,     occafioned     his 
finking  into  the  water,  Macth.  xiv.  30. 
31.     X\\Q  unhelief  iov  which   the  Jews 
were  broken  off  from  their  church-lL  te, 
wa3   their  diltrult  of  Chriil  s  McfTi-ih- 
flnp,  theii  contcm  t  and  retufalof  him, 
and    their  violent    perfecution    of   his 
caule    and     members,     Rom.    xi.    20. 
Paul  v\as    forgiven  his    blafpnen  y  and 
perftcution  of    the  faints,  as  he    ciid  it 
ignorantly  and    in    unbeliefs  before  he 
knew   the    truth    concerning  jeius,  or 
tclt  the  drawings  of  his  Spirit,    ;    lira. 
i.  •.3. 

UNBI  AMEABLE  ;  unrebuke- 

ABLE.  UNREPRi,)Vt  ABLE',  wuhout  ican- 

dal  ;  without  faults  that  deferve  to  he 
reproved,  or  complained  of,  i  LhcfH 
ii.  ir.    I  Tim.  vi.  14.  Col    i.  22. 

UNCERTAIN;  (i.i  Doubtful, 
that  one  knows  nc^t  what  is  intended 
by  it,  «  Cor.  xiv.  .^.  yz.)  Change- 
able, that  one  knows  not  how  Ihort 
while  a  thiny  may  endure  or  be  pof- 
ieffed,  »  Tim.  vi.  m.  Uncertain- 
ly ;  without  knowing  the  means  or 
end,  or  without  any  fecurity  of  ob- 
taining it,    I  Cor.  ix.  26 

UNCHANGEABLE  ;  that  cannot 
be  altered  in  itfclf,  or  which  cannot 
pafs  to  anot'  er,  Heb.  vii.  24. 

UNCIRCUMCISED.     See    cir- 

CUMCISI  >J*. 

UNCLEAN.  Perfons  or  things 
are  uncican,  ;i.)  Naturally  :  fo  Oung- 
hills,  and  hateful  animals  are  unclean. 
Rev.  xviii.  2.  (2.-  Ceremonially  : 
fuch  pcrlons  as  touched  dead  corples, 
mourned  for  the  dead,  and  a  great  num- 
ber of  bea  8  were  thus  unclean,  N  nib. 
xix.  Lev.  xii. — xvi,  ^3.)  Federally: 
thus  the  children  of  Heathens  are  un- 
clean ;  are  not  in  covenant  with  God, 
nor  entitled  to  receive  the  feal  of  bap- 
tilm,  I  Cor.  vii.  14.  (4.;  In  fcrupu- 
I0U8    opinion  :     fo   fome   meats    were 

reckoned 


U  N  C        [    536    ]        U  N  D 

teckoned    unclean    by    the    primitive  curfe^uc,  under  the  impreflion,  influ- 

Chriftians,  Rom.  xiv.  14.    (j.)  Moral-  ence,  and   reif^n    thereof,    Rom.  iii.  9.' 

ly,   being  polluted  with  fin:   fo  devils  vi,   14,     And  men  are  under  God,  when~ 

zxt  unclean  Jpir its ^  Matth.  x.  i.;   and  fubjedl  to  his  laws,    Hof.  iv.  12.       3.) 

all   men  are   as   an  unclean   thinly    If.  Below  in  refped   of   proteAion  :    thus 

Ixiv.    6,      Partic'ilarly   Tinners   againft  the   faints  are   under  the  Jhadoiu^    fea- 

the   feventh   commandment,   which    at  thers^    or    iv'wj^s    of.  God    in    Chr  ft, 

once  pollute  both   foul   and  body,  are  Song   ii,    3.     Matth.   xxili.  37,     Pfal. 

tinc/ean,    Eph.  v.  5.       Unclean ness.  xci.   i. —  3.     (4.)   Below  in  refped  of 

is  either  «jr«ri7/ tilthinefs*  Matth.  xxiii.  eflfedual  fupport ;  fo  the  arms  of  God 

27.;    or  cerenionialy   Lev,  xv.  31.  ;    or  in  Chr  ill  zrc  under  his  peofde^  to  uphold 

tnoraly    L   c.    all    kinds    of  fin,  Eaek.  them   under   every  burden,    Song  viil. 

xxxvi.    29.;     or    nuhorijlyy    Col.  iii.  5.  3,     Deut.  xxxiii.  27.       (5.)   Ready  to 

2  Pet.  ii.  10.  be  brought    lorth  :   fo  good   and    bad 

UNCLOTHED;    fo  our  fouls  ar^  ^angua^^e  is   wider  the  tovgue,  when  in 

at  death,    when    difl-^di^ed   from    our  the   heart,    and   ready  to  be   uttered, 

bodiee,  whichare,  as  it  were,  a  cover-  Soi-g  i^^.  ji.    Pfal.  cxl.  3. 
ins:  oi"  robe  to  them,   2  Cor.  v.  4.  To  UN'DERGIRD  a   fhip,    is  to 

UNCOMELY  ;(  t.)  Not  becoming,  bind  her   round    with    ropes,   that  Ihc 

I  Cor.  vii.  37.      (2.)  Shameful:    fuch  may  not  be  torn  afunder,  Ads  xxvii. 

parts    of  our    body   as    are   fo,    have  17. 

more    abundant    cov/elhieff    put    upon  UNDERSETTERS ;    a    kind    of 

them,  when   we   carefully  cover  them,  fupporters   or   feet  at   the   corners  of 

]  Cor.  xii.  23.  the     facred    laverf,     which,    together 

UNCONDEMNED  ;  not   examin-  with  the   wheels,  held  them   up    from 

fid  ;   not   convicted,    or   found  guilty,  the  ground,    1  Kings  vii.  3c.  '34. 


A6ts  xvi.  c^7.  xxii.    ^. 

UNCORRUPTNESS  ;     freedom 
irom  error,   Tit.  ii.  7. 

UNCOVER.     See  discover. 

UNCTION.     See  anointing. 

UNDE FILED;    clean.      Chrift 
is  undeiled ;  is   free   from   all  fin,  infi- 


UNDERSTAND  ;  to  know  things 
in  a  natural,  fupernatural,  or  fpiri- 
tual  manner,  2  Sam.  iii.  27.  Gen.  xli. 
\^.  Dan.  iv.  IQ.  Pfal.  cxix.  »GO.  I 
Cor.  li.  9.— »4.  Understanding,  is 
( (.)  Knowledge;  wifdom,  Exod.  xxxi. 
%.,  Prov.  ii.  2.  3.      (2)    The  ppwet    or 


fiitcly  hv>ly  as  God,  and  pertettly  ho-     faculty  of   the  foul,  whereby,  it  per 

ly    in    his    manhood,     Heb*    vii.    26. 

Saints    are  undefiled ;    are    completely 

righteous   in    Chrift,  in  his  obedience 

and   iuffcring   imputed  to   them  ;  and 

they    aim    at    perfeSion    in    holinefs, 

arnd    are   not    polluted    with  fin  in  the 

fame    degree    as    others.     Song   v.    7^ 

Pfal.  cxix.  I.      Heaven  is   incorruptible 


ceivtfs  objeds,  l...uke  xxiv.  45.  Eph. 
i.ii8.  A  people  of  nn  unaerJiamUng^ 
are  perfuns  ignorant  and  unwilling  to 
learn.  If.  xxvii.  1  u  ^  My  underfiaridin^ 
is  unfruitful  ;  what  I  fay,  however 
fenfible  and  well  underfiood  by  me, 
is  ufelefs  to  others,  if  I  fpcak  it  in  an 
unknov/n  tongue,    i  Cor.  xiv.    .4.    To' 


and  undepUd i  great  is  the  fhining  glo-  love    God  'viith    the    under]} arJing    or 

ry  thereof,   and  every  perfon   and  adl  vi'uid^  is  to  love  him  judicioufly,  from 

there,   are    perfectly   pure  and    holy,  a  real  and   fpiritual  knowledge   of  his 

i  Pet.  i.  4.  excellency  and  kindnefs,  Mark  xii.  33. 

UNDER  ;    (  r.)   Below  in  refpedl  A  fool  hath  no  delight  tn  under/landing 

cf  place  :  fo  things  on   the  earth  are  but  that  his  heart  may  difcover  itfelf ; 

under  the  fun  ;  under  the  heavens  ^  Judg.  he  is  not   earneft   and   diligent    in  the 


■1.  7.  Deut.  iv.  '.I.  (2.)  Below  m 
5refpe6i:  of  condition,  ftate,  power,  au- 
th<.rity:  hence  we  read  of  being  ?<;«- 
^er  foot,  Rom.  xvi.  20.  Under  Jin^ 
under  the  iawj^  under  grQccj  under  the 


lludy  of  folid  knowledge  and  wifdom 
but  his  great    ftudy    and  pleafure   is 
to    vent    his    own     foolifhncfs,    being 
(low  to  hear  and  fwift  to  fpeak,   Proy. 
xviii.   2. 

UNDERTAKE;, 


U  N  t)        r     537    1  U  N  T 


UNDERTAKE;  (i.)  To  become 
bound,  Eith.  ix.  23.  (2.)  To  fecure, 
fupport>  and  deliver*  as  a  furety  does, 
who  engages  for  another,  to  get  hiin 
outofpn'fon,    If.  xxxvili.  14.  ' 

UNDO  ;  to  deftroy  ;  remove,  Zeph. 
fii.  fp.  If.  Ivili.  6.  Undone,  is,  (i.) 
Not  performed,  Jolh.  xi.  15.  ( ».) 
Dcftroved ;  ruined,  Numb.  xkI.  29. 
If.  vi.  9. 

UNDRESSED,  or  fepnrated.  The 
Hebrews  did  not  drefs  their  vines  on 
the  yoar  of  relcafc,  and  fo  had  no 
claim  to  their  fruit,   Lev.  xxv.  5. 

UNEC^UAL;  (i.)  Contrary  to 
what  equity  and  reafon  req'jires,  Ezek. 
xviii.  25.  (2.)  Not  right  matdied, 
as  to  religion,  temper,  and  condition, 
2  Cor.  vi.  14. 

UNFEIGNED-,  true  and  real; 
fincere,  without  diflimulation,  2  Cor. 
vi.  6.    I  Tim  I.  7. 

UNFAITHFUL  ;  not  ftudying 
to  fulfil  vows,  or  aft  according  to  re- 
lations and  truft,  Prov.  xxv.  19.  Pfal. 
Ixxviii.  57. 

UNFRUITFUL  ;  barren  ;  not 
tending  to  any  good  purpofe,  Matth. 
xiii.  22.  (2.)  Of  no  good  tendency, 
but  hurtful,  defiling,  and  damning, 
Eph.  V.  II. 

UNGODLY;  unlike  to,  and  contra- 
ry to  God's  will  and  glory.  Ungodly 
perfons,  are  fuch  as  are  without  God 
as  to  their  Hate,  and  unlike  God  in  thetr 
heart  and  life,  Rom.iv.  5'.  Ungodli- 
ness ;  wickednefs  In  general,  but  par- 
ticularly, it  comprehends  all  fins  a- 
gainft  the  firft  table  of  the  law,  as  ig- 
norance, atheiim,  idolatry,  fuperfti- 
tion,  blafphemy,  negleft  of  .  the  wor- 
fliip  of  God,  £5'c.  tit.  ii.  II. 

UNHOLY;  (i.)  Common,  as  the 
blood  of  a  beaft  unfacrificed.  Men  fo 
account  of  Chrill's  blood,  when  they 
look  on  him  as  an  impoltor  ;  or  im- 
prove his  rlghteoufnefs  to  encourage 
them  in  fmful  praftices,  Heb.  x.  29. 
(2.)  Not  fandliiied  according  to  the 
ceremcinial  law,  Lev.  x.  10.  (;?.) 
Without  faving  grace  ;  wicked,  2  Tim. 
ill.  2. 

UNICORN.  What  animal  the 
liEEM,    which   w?    render   u/j'ncrN^  is, 

Vol.  Ii. 


whether  the  wild  ox,  the  wild  gfoat, 
or  deer,  or  a  creature  called  the  ««/- 
ccr/7,  is  not  agreed.  Many  authors 
contend  that  there  is  no  fuch  creature 
a'j  the  unicorn  :  others,  but  more  ad- 
difted  to  tlic  marvellous,  talk  of  the 
un'icorn^  as  a  moll  terrible  creature, 
with  a  prodigious  horn  in  its  forehead, 
which  it  can  pufli  through  trees,  and 
almod  every  thing  elfe  ;  but  their  de- 
fcriptions  are  fo  HifFerent  that  I  cannot 
relt  in  any  of  them.  I  have  been  t  )ld 
of  an  unicorn's  horn  in  the  Britifh  mu- 
feiim  at  London,  about  10  or  12  feet 
long,  and  exceeding  ftrong  ;  but  this, 
I  fuppofe,  mull  be  the  horn  of  a  nar- 
val,  ox  fea-untcorrty  whofe  horn,  I  am 
aflurcd,  is  fometimes  14  or  ij  feet  in 
length,  and  of  which,  it  is  faid,  there 
is  a  whole  throne  made,  in  Denmark. 
It  is  certain  the  fcripture  feemt  are 
fierce,  ftrong,  and  almoll  unta.neable 
animals.  I  fuppofe  the  urus  or  wild 
ox,  which  is  found  in  Arabia,  Hun- 
gary, and  many  other  places,  is  of 
that  kind,  or  the  rhinoceros,  which  is 
the  ftrongeft  all  four-footed  beads  ; 
and  hath  one,  and  fometimes  two 
horns,  growing  on  its  nofe,  about  a 
yard  or  more  in  length.  It  is  certala 
thefe  animals  are  extremely  fttong, 
fierce,  and  untameable,  and  have  Urge 
horns.  Men  powerful  and  vvicked 
are  likened  to  unicorns  :  how  ii^rce, 
ftrong^,  and  furious,  are  they !  and 
how  jangerous  to  others  are  the  horns 
of  their  power!  If.  xxxiv.  7.  Pfal.  xxii. 
21.  Strength,  as  of  an  unicorn^  is 
that  which  is  very  great,  to  defend 
one^s  felf  and  deffroy  enemies,  "Nu  nb. 
xxiii.  22.  To  have  hms  as  of  ths 
unicorny  Is  to  have  great  authority, 
power,  and  honour,  Plal.  xcii.  10. 
Deut.  xxxiii.  17.  To  be  deliveredy;-<?z72 
the  horns  of  the  unicorn,  is  to  be  extri- 
cated out  of  the  very  greateft,  neart- ft, 
and  moft  dreadful  dangers,  Pfal.  xxii. 
21. 

UNITE  ;  to  join  into  one  fellow- 
fhip,  iffc.  Gen.  xlix.  6.  Mens  h'-art 
is  united  to  fear  Uod^s  name^  when  it  is 
ftrongly  Inclined  to,  and  ail  its  powers 
join  together  in  the  fear  and  fervice  of 
God,  with  ardour  and  delight  Pfal* 
3  Y  \\\7.v'u 


Ixxxvl.  II.  Unity:  ojicnefs,  whe- 
ther of  fentimeni,  affe<ftion,  or  beha- 
viour, Pfal.  cxxxiii.  I.  The  unity  of 
the  faiths  is  an  equal  belief  of  the 
fame  truths  of  God,  and  a  pc  ffeflion 
of  the  grace  of  faith,  m  a  fimilar  form 
and  degree,  Eph.  iv,  15.  The  witty 
of  the  Spirit,  is  that  onentfs  hrtween 
Chrilt  and  his  faints,  where). y  the 
fame  divine  Spirit  dwell.'  in  both, 
and  they  l^^e  fimilar  difpofiiions 
and  aims  ;  and  that  onenefs  of  tlie 
faints  among  themfelves,  whereby,  be- 
ing united  to  the  fame  head,  and  ha- 
ving the  fame  Spirit  dwelling  in  them, 
they  have  the  fame  graces  of  faith, 
love,  hope,  &c.  and  are  rooted  and 
grounded  in  the  fame  do^rines  of 
Chrift,  and  have  a  mutual  affedlion  to, 
and  care  for  one  another,   Eph.  iv.  3. 

UNJUST.     See  unrighteous. 

UNKNOWN;  (i.)  iVot  known; 
what  one  is  not  acquainted  with,  A(Sts 
:ivii.  23,  (2.)  Not  famed  or  renown- 
ed. Paul  and  his  fellow-preachers  were 
as  unknomin  to  the  world  in  their  fpi 
ritual  flate  and  exercile,  and  were  un- 
approved, unefteemed,  and  unfamed 
by  carnal  men  ;  but  'weil  hionvn  and 
approved  to  God,  Fathe; ,  Son,  and 
Holy  Ghoit,  2  Cor.  vi.  9. 

UNLADE  ;  to  put  out  or  take  off 
burdens  or  loading,   Afts  x\i.  3. 

UNLAWFUL;  (i.)  Not*  agree- 
able to  the  moral  law,  1  Pet.  ii.  «. 
(2.)  Not  agreeable  to  the  cevtmonial 
law,  Ads  X.  28. 

UNLEARNED  perfons,  are  fuch 
ash?.ve  had  little  inftrudion  in  fcience, 
A6ls  iv.  13.;  or  are  little  acquainted 
v'ith  the  mind  of  God,  and  the  teach- 
ing of  his  Spirit,  2  Pet.  iii.  16.  Vn^ 
learned  G^t^iQwz,  are  luch  as  minilter 
^o  true  and  fubftantial  knowledge, 
3  Tim.  ii.  23. 

UNLEAVENED.      See    bread, 

LEAVEN. 

UNLOOSE;  to  bind;  to  tie, 
Mark  i.  7. 

UNMERCIFUL;  cruel:  without 
pity,    Rom.  i.  31. 

UNMINDFUL;  forgetful;  un- 
thankful  ;  regardlefs,  Deut.  xxxii.  ib!. 

UNM0VEAI5LE;  (1.)  Firmly 
Sssd>  Ads  z.-^'^iu  41,      (,2.)  Conilant 


■58     J        U  N  R 

in  the  way  of  tfie  Lord,  not  to  be  d"i»- 
verted  or  drawn  ahde  by  temptations 
and  oppoHtion,    •  Cor.  xv.  t^%,- 

I'NOCCUPIED;  norofcdforbufi- 
nefs  or  trade  ;  not  travelled  in,  for  fear 
of  enemies    and  robbers,  Judg.  v.  6. 

^UNPERFECf;  wanting  parts  or 
d-grees  of  folid  fubftance  or  fhape, 
Pfal.  cxxxix.  16. 

UNPREPARED;  not  ready,  2 
Cor.  ix.  4. 

UNPROFITABLE;  ufelefs;  tend- 
ing  to  no  real  advantage,  but  hurt, 
Job  XV.  3..  \\  icked  men  are  unprofi- 
table,  are  fpiritually  rotten,  and  abo- 
minable to  God_,  neither  Itudying  hi« 
glory,  nor  the  real  good  of  themfelves 
or  others,  Pfal.  xiv.  3.  Philem.  c  i. 
The  ceremonial  law  was  unprojitchle  / 
it  could  not  really  remove  the  guilt  or 
power  of  fin  by  the  obfervance  ot  all  its 
rites,  Heh.  vii.  18.  The  gritvingof  mi- 
nifters  is  unproptable\.o\\\tvc -^to^Xt^  as 
it  mars  their  {Indies,  and  the  difcharge 
of  their  office  ;  leads  them  out  to  com- 
plain of  the  injury  to  God,  who  will 
not  fail  to  punifli  it,  in  this,  or  in  the 
world  to  come,  Heb.  xiii.  17. 

UNQUENCHABLE^  that  can  ne- 
ver be  put  out,  and  made  to  ceaie  froni 
burning,   Matth.  iii.  12. 

UNREASONABLE;  without  and 
contrary  to  reafon  and. common  fenfe, 
A^'ts  XXV.  27.  Unreafonable  men,  are 
inch  as  either  know  not,  or  regard 
not  reafon,  hut  furiouily  zSt  as  their 
lulls  excite  them,  2  Thcff.  iii.  2. 
UNREBUKEABLE;  cnreprove- 

ABLt.        See    UNBLAMKABLt. 

UNRIGHTEOUS;  uNjrsT;with. 
out,  or  contrary  to  jutlice  or  equity, 
Heb.  vi.  (o  Unrighteousness;  or. 
what  is  unrii^hteouiy  is,  either,  (i.) 
What  is  contrary  to  the  law  of  God 
in  general,  i  Cor.  vi.  9.  i  John  i.  9.  ; 
or,  (2.)  What  is  contrary  to  the  du- 
ty we  owe  to  men,  Rom.  i,  8^  Exod. 
xxiii.  1.;  or,  (3.)  What  is  deceitful, 
failc,  and  erroneouri,  and  unjullly  tends 
to  mi  Head  men,  John  vii.  18.  UrJuJ}, 
ov  unrighteous  perions,  are,  (i.y  Such 
as  wr».)ng  their  neighbours,  at.  David's 
oppolers,  under  Saul  or  Ablaloni,  did 
him,  Pial.  xliii.   l.j  or,  (2.;  Sinnert 

ip» 


U  N  R        [    539    ]        U  N  W 

in  general,  who  wrong  God  of  his  due     one  leg,  who  is  eatily  ovtrturned;  or 


fervice  and  honour,  and  in  his  iisjht 
much  wrong  their  neighbours,  i  Pet. 
ili.  8. 

UN  RU LY,  which  cannot  be brougrht 
under  due  order  and  jrovernment,  but 
are  as  headllrong  beafts,  that  cannot 
be  (^ot  yoked  ;  it  is  much  the  fame  as 
children  0/ Belial,  Tit.  i.  6.  lO.  i  Theill 
V.   »4. 

UNSATIABLE;  that  can  never 
get  till  they  have  what  they  re-ckon 
enough.  The  jews  were  unjatia'  le  in 
their  idolatries,  lliii  toiiowing  after  the 
-idols  arcMind,  and  (till  eager  after  new- 
gods,   Ezek.  Kvi.  iS. 

UN.^AVOUKY;  taftelefs  ;  or  ill 
tafted  or  fmtllcd  :  It  denotes*  (i.) 
"What  is  void  of  feulV,  Job  vi.  h. 
(2.)  What  is  horrid  and  abominable, 
Jer.  xxiii.   13. 

UNSEARCHABLE  :  that  c;)nnot 
be  fully  known  in  number,  properties, 
or  extent :  fo  the  hearty  orfecvetfcfiemes 


like  a  rolling  wave  o'  the  fea  tolled  to 
and  fro,  Gei;.  xlix.  4.  James  i.  8.  2 
Pet    il.   14.  ill.  16. 

UNSTOPPED  ,'  opened,  If.  xxxr. 

UNTEMPERED  ;  not  duly  mix- 
ed and  wrought  together.  The  flat- 
teries of  falfe  teachers  are  like  mortar 
made  of  fand  not  mixed  or  wrought 
with  lime  ;  and  hence  all  the  wall  like 
fcliemt's  they  build  therewith  (hall 
quitkly  come  to  an  end,  Ezek.  xiii« 
ic    15.  xxii.  2^. 

UNTHANKFUL  •  having  no  pro- 
per  fenfe  of  kindnefs  received  from 
God  or  men  ;  ndiipoted  to,  and  ne- 
gligent of  rendering  thanks,   Luke  vi* 

3  9- 

UNTIMELY;  not  in    the   proper 

feaioiu      Wicked  men  pafs  away  like 

an    untimely  birth,  which  happens  too 

foon,  and  fo   the    embryo  or  child    is 

imperltd  ;  their  ruin  comes  on    them 


of  kings   is   unjearchable^    hard  to    be  fuddenly,  ere  they  expeft  It,  and  ere 

known    and  pryed  into,   Prov.  xxv.  3^  they  get  time  to   enjoy  their   honour. 

But  the  riches   of  Chrift,    the  judge-  «-afe,   or  wealth,    PlaU  Iviii.  8,       The 

TTients  of  God,  and  his  greatnefs,  are  Heathen  pcrfecuturs  are  likened  to  w«- 

■tmich    more  fo,    and  cannot   be  fully  //wt'.{);/^/,  that  falL.ff  the  tree  ere  they 

underrtood  by  any    but    God  himfelf,  be  ript  :   they  were  dettroyed  by  Con* 


-Eph.  ill.  H.    Rom.  xi.  "^3.   Pfal.  cxlv.  ;^o 

UNSEE.vli.Y;  (u)  Abominable 
wrhat  is  not  fit  to  be  feen,  heard,  or 
thought  of,  Rom.  i.  27.  (2.)  Un- 
mannerly ;   indllcreetly,    1  Cor.  xlii.  5. 

U  N  3  H  O  n.  With-hnld  thy  foot  frovi 
he'ing  wiJl)od^  and  thy  throat  Jrom  thirj]  : 
iDo  not  wear  out  your  (hoes  going  to 
feek  foreign  alliances  and  foreign  i- 
dols ;  do  not  eaj^erly  delire  that  whicM 
will  iffue  ill  your  future  milery,  jera 
ii.  2(:. 

UMSKILFUt. ;  without  know- 
ledge and  expe'ience,    Heb.  v.  13, 

UNSPEAKABLE  ;  what  cannot 
be  expreffed  m  words  proportioned  to 
its  excellency  and  greatnefs,  2  Cor. 
ix.  I  9.    I  Pet.  i.  8. 

UNSPOriED  from  the  world; 
not  dehlcd  wiin  the  linful  falhiims  of  deferving,  l  Cor.  vi.  2.  The  Jewg 
the  world;  without  oftence  towards  judged  themfelves  «;?it;^rMj;  c/"  c-ti-v./fT/?' 
God  and  towards  men,  Jamcs  i.  27.         ing  I'lfe^  when   they  acted  as  if  Iti  up- 

UNSTABLE;   not  hxed    in    affec      .m    ruining    thcr..fvives,    A6ls  x.ii.  46* 
tion  or  condition  ;  like  a  man   upon    Men  eat  and  drink  un-vjorthlly  a',    the 


ilantine  ere  they  expe^Sled  it,  Rev.  vi, 

UNTOWARD;  perverfe;  rebel- 
lious a^ainrt  the  calls  ot  the  gofpel 
and  the  language  of  providence  :  fuch 
were  the  Jews,  who  contemned,  op- 
])ofed,  and  crucified  our  Saviour  and 
perfecuted  his  followers.  Acts  iu  40. 

UM  WALLED;  without  walla 
built  around  them  for  their  defence, 
Ezek.  Kxxviii.  1 1. 

UNWISE;  (i.)  Such  as  never 
learned  Iciencca,  Rom.  i.  (4.  (2.) 
Foollib,  without  the  true  knowledge 
ot  G  d  and  his  ways,   Eph.  v.  17. 

UNWITTINGLY;  11)  Without 
intending  it,  Jolh.  xx.  3.  (2.)  Not 
knowin,'  it.    Lev   xxii    14. 

UNWORTHY;    not  meet ;     not 


Lord*e 


V  O  C         r    540     ]         U  P  H 


Lord's  table,  when  they  do  it  in  an 
unworthy  ftate  of  voluntary  fubjedion 
to  fiij  and  Satan,  and  while  under  the 
broken  law  ;  in  an  unworthy  frame  of 
fpirit,  ignorant,  UJjbelieving,  impeni- 
tent, envious,  malicious  ;  andwitl;  an 
unworthy  end  of  felf-Mpplaufe,  ftlf- 
righteouinefs,  or  to  quality  for  a  civil 
polt  ;  and  when  the  elements  are  ufed 
as  if  they  were  common  provifion,  net 
as  the  fymbols  of  Jefus's  perfon,  righ- 
teoufnefs,  andbleflings,  i  Cor.  xi.  27, 
29 

VOCATION;  that  effeaual  call- 
ing, whereby  God  brings  men  out  of 
a  ftate  of  fin  and  mifery,  into  a  Hate 
of  falvation,  by  his  word  and  Spiiit, 
£ph.  iv.   I. 

VOICE,  in  general,  fignifies  any 
kind  of  nulfe,  whether  made  by  ani- 
malh  or  not.  God's  voice  is,  (1.)  The 
thunder,  which  is  very  terrible,  and 
loudly  declares  the  exiilence  and  pro- 
vidence of  God,  Pfal.  xxix.  ;  or,  (2.) 
IrVis  laws  and  the  offers  of  his  grace, 
in  which  he  declares  his  will  to  men, 
I!x"d.  XV.  26.  ;  or,  (^.)  His  alarming 
piiividencei-  wherein  he  publiflies  his 
own  excellencies,  awakens  us  from 
our  ilupid  ty,  and  calls  us  to  turn 
from  our  iin  to  duty,  Mic.  vi.  9.  A- 
mos  i.  2.  Chriit's  voice-  is  the  declara- 
tion of  his  gofpel,  and  the  influence 
of  hi^  Spirit,  Song  ii.  8.  12.  Mens 
voictf  denotes  their  words  of  com- 
mand, intfruftion,  and  advice,  Judg. 
XX.  13.  xiii.  9.  1  Sam.  ii^  25.  xix.  6. 
die  changes  k'ts  voice ^  when,  from 
fharp  reproofs,  he  turns  to  commen- 
dation and  comfort,  G9I.  iv.  20. 
Vokci  in  the  Revelation,  denote,  (i.j 
The  glorious  and  loud  proclamation 
of  the  gofpel,  by  the  authority  of 
God,  Rev  iv.  5,  xi.  19.  ;  or,  {2.} 
The  aftonifhing  events  of  Providence, 
that  roufe  and  alarm  the  world,  Rev. 
yiii.  5.  13.  X  3.  ,  or,  (3.)  I'he  great 
joy  of  tfie  faints,  and  their  praifes  of 
God,  for  his  <leiivergnce  of  the  church, 
and  the  'eltru(^ion  of  her  tnemics, 
Rev  xi.  '5.  To  maik  Joiin  Baptilt 
as  n- •  the  true  Mefhah,  but  a  pro- 
ci'  r  of  his  appearance,  he  is  cal- 
VQice^    li.  xL  6.     Terrible  out- 


cries trom  cities,  which  ufe  to  attend 
the  approach  of  a  furious  enemy  to- 
wards them,  are  called  a  voice^  If.  x.  30. 
The  ceafing  of  the  voice,  or  fou/iJ  of 
harps,  mirth,  miHlones,  and  of  the 
light  of  dndlcs,  (iV-  import,  that  the 
place  is  reduced  to  defolation.  If,  xv. 
1.  Jer.  vii.  34.  xlviii.  33.  Rev,  xviii, 
22.  23. 

VOID;  (i.)  Empty,  without  in- 
habitants or  furniture,  Gen.  i.  2.  (2.) 
Dclfltute  of;  quite  wanting,  Deut. 
xxxli.  28.  (3.)  Clear  from,  A<^3 
xxiv.  16.  (4.)  Of  no  force  or  effcdt ; 
hence  vows  are  faid  to  be  f/^ade  void, 
when  they  are  broken.  Numb,  xxx* 
12. — 15.  The  counfel  of  judah  was 
made  void,  when  their  projects  had  no 
good  fuccefs.  Jer.  xix.  7.  God's  law 
is  f/icide  void,  when  men  break  it,  and 
live  as  if  it  had  no  obligation  upon 
them,  Rom.  iii.  31.  Pfal.  cxix,  126.; 
^nd  faith  is  *^ade  void,  when  it  is  ufe- 
lefs,  ac  all  the  promifes  of  God,  and 
our  faith  that  embraces  them  Afrould 
be,  if  happinefs  could  come  by  the 
works  of  the  law,   Rom.  i-^»  l/^^ 

VOLUME.     See  ROLL. 

VOLUNTARY  ;  not   required  hj\ 
any  law  ;  but  proceeding  from   one's  ^ 
free  inclination,    Ezek.  xivi.  12.  Col. 
ii.  18. 

VOMIT.     See  SPUE. 

VOW.     See  OATH. 

UPBRAID;  (i.)  Serioufly  and 
fharply  to  reprove  men  for  their  faults  ; 
fo  our  Saviour  upbraided  the  people  of 
Capernaum,  Bethfaida,  and  Chora- 
zin,  for  their  faults,  Matth  xi.  20. 
(2.)  To  fcolf  and  Icold  at  one  to  his 
face,  Jam.  i.  5.  Judg.  viii.  15. 

UPHAZ  ;  a  place  where  there  was 
fine  gold ;  but  whether  it  was  the 
fame  as  Ophir,  or  fome  other  place 
called  Paz  or  Topaz,  we  know  not, 
Calmet  thinks  it  was  the  river  Phafis 
on  the  eait  of  the  Black  or  Euxine 
fea,  Jer   x.  9.  Dan.  x.  5. 

UPHOLj>  j  to  MAINTAIN  and  pre. 
ferve ;  to  caufe  things  continue  in 
their  being  and  flation.  God  upholds 
Chrill  and  his  people  :  by  his  provi- 
dences, he  ILrengthens  and  bears 
thcixj  up  agamfl  every  foe  and  undef 

every 


UP  P         r  .54 

every  prcflure  ;  and  by  hia  promifcs 
an.t  influences  he  refrcfhes  and  invigo- 
rates their  fpirits,  If.  xlil.  K  Pfal. 
cxix.  1 6.  Vit  upholds  ali things i  main- 
tains them  in  cxiftcnce  and  operation, 
by  his  piovidential  influences,  Heb. 
i.  3.  Men  «/»/;<? A/ others,  when  they  en- 
courage, comfort,  and  affill:  them,  thaf^ 
their  Ipirits  link  n^t,  nor  their  lives, 
offices,  or  ellates  be  ruined,  Pfal.  liv. 
4,  Ezek.  XXX.  6.  Job's  ?naintaini»g 
his  ways  before  God,  imports  his  de- 
fendini^  ot  his  integrity  and  candour, 
and  his  continuance  therein,  Jobxiii. 

'5- 

UPPERMOST;  (i.)    Highell  in 

place,  Gen.  xl.  17.  (2.)  Higheil  in 
dignity  and  honour,  Matth.  xxiil.  6. 

UPRIGHT;  (i.)  Straight  point- 
ed towards  heaven  ;  Handing  like  pil- 
lars, Jer.  X.  5.  (2.)  Perledt ;  with- 
out fm,  or  tendency  thereto,  Eccl. 
vii.  29.  (3.)  Honeil,  candid,  fincere, 
without  allowed  guile,  Mic.  vii.  2. 
The  Jews  might  be  the  upright  oneSy 
that  attended  Antiochus  the  Great  to 
Egypt,  and  adhering  to  their  own  re- 
ligion, were  more  to  be  trufled  than 
others  ;  or  the  text  may  import,  that 
Antiochus  did  many  things  upright  in 
appearance,  and  made  agreements  on 
te.rvc\s  Jeemitigly  rights  JDan.  xi.  17. 
Jefus's  righteoufncfs  is  called  his  up- 
rightnefsf  Job  xxxlii.  2<. 

UPROAR.     See  tumult. 

UR  ;  an  ancient  city  of  Chaldca  or 
Mefopotamia,  where  Terah  and  Abra- 
ham dwelt.  Some  think  it  was  the 
fame  as  Orchoe  in  proper  Chaidea  : 
but  I  rather  fuppofe  it  was  Ura,  which 
ftood  in  Eaftern  Mefopotamia,  between 
the  city  Nifibis  and  the  river  Tigris. 
About  //.  D,  360,  as  Jovinian  retreat- 
ed this  way,  after  the  mad  invafion  of 
Perfia  by  Julian  his  predeccflbr,  he 
found  a  Perfian  fort  here,  Ads  vii.  2. 
Gen.  xi.  28. 

URGE;  (i.)  To  entreat  earneft- 
ly.  Gen.  xxxiil.  1 1.  (2.)  To  pro- 
voke to  the  utmoft  of  one's  power, 
Luke  xi.  53. 

URIAH,  URIJAH,  URIAS; 
(i.)  An  Hiitite,  one  of  David's  wor- 
thies,   and  hufband  of    Bathsheua. 


I    ]         u  R  T 

The  defilement  ot  his  wife  by  T^avld, 
and  the  calling  him  from  the  army, 
and  endeavouring  to  fiU  him  drunk, 
and  caufc  him  fleep  with  his  wife,  in 
order  to  father  the  fpurlous  child  ;  and 
his  refinance  of  theft  temptations,  and 
being  made  the  carrier  of  a  letter  uirtdl- 
Ing  to  murder  himfelf  ;  his  death,  and 
the  vengeance  of  God  upon  David  and 
his  family  on  account  of  his  conduct 
towards  him,  art  related  in  the  a; tide 
David,  2 ►Sam.  xxlii.  31,..  xi.  (2.) 
The  Idolatrous  high  pried,  who.  at 
Ahaz's  dire<ftion,  formed  an  altar  like 
to  another  idolatrous  one  at  Damaf- 
cus,  and  ofl'ertd  facrifices  therron,  in- 
Itead  of  the  altar  of  the  Lord,  2  Kings 
xvi.  10.  i>.  12.  (3.)  A  faithful  pro- 
phet, who  warned  the  Jews  ot  their 
approaching  ruin,  and  admonifhed 
them  to  repent  of  their  evil  ways  ;  but 
JtHOiAKiM  hearing  thereof,  refolved 
to  put  him  to  death.  He  fled  into 
Egypt,  but  Jeholakim  fent  and 
brought  him  back,  and  having  order- 
ed him  to  be  murdered,  caufed  his 
corpfe  to  be  difhonourably  call  into 
the  graves  of  the  common  people,  Jer. 
jtxvii.  2C.  21.  *  *  *  • 

URIM  and  THUMMIM,  fignify 
lights  ^\ydiperfe6l'ions.  and  are  mention- 
ed as  in  the  high  prieit's  breait-plate  ; 
but  what  they  were  we  cannot  deter- 
mine. Some  think  they  were  two 
precious  Hones  added  to  the  other 
twelve,  by  the  extraordinary  luilrc 
of  which,  God  marked  his  approba- 
tion of  a  defign,  and  by  their  dimnefs, 
his  difallowance  of  it  :  others  think, 
thefe  two  words  were  written  on  a  pre- 
cious (tone,  or  plate  of  gold,  fixed 
in  the  brealt-plate  :  others  will  have 
the  name  Jehovah  infcribed  on  a  plate 
of  gold,  and  therein  fixed  ;  others 
think,  the  letters  of  the  names  of  the 
tribes,  were  the  Urim  and  Thummim  ; 
and  that  the  letters  by  ftanding  out, 
or  by  an  extraordinary  illumination, 
marked  fuch  words  as  contained  the 
anfwer  of  God  to  him  who  confultcd 
this  oracle.  Le  Clerc  will  have  them 
to  be  the  names  of  two  precious  (tones, 
fet  in  a  golden  collar,  and  coming 
dov/n  to  hi§  breafl^  as  the  magifhatcs 

of 


tr  R  T        [ 

©t  Sffypt  wore   a   golden    chain,    at 
the  end  of  which  hui  g  the  figures  of 
jiiftice  and   truth,  engraven    on    pre 
cious    ftones.        Weems    thinks    they 
were  feme   ornament  formed   by  God 
fiimfelf,  and  given  to  Mofes.      Hottin 
ger  thinks  they  might  m<:an  no  more, 
but  that  Mofcs  was  to  chufe  the   moft 
*fi3'!:tng  and  pcrfe£i  ftonts  of  the  various 
kinus   to  be  put  into  the  breaft-plate. 
Prideaux  thinks,  the  words  chitfiy  de- 
note the  <:Ieai  ntfs  of  the  oracles  dicta- 
ted   to   the    hiirh-prieft,    though  pre- 
liaps  the  luftre   of  the   ftones  m    his 
breaft  plate  might  reprefent  this  clear- 
nefs.      When  this  oracle  of  Urim  and 
Thunimim    was  to  be  confulted,  it  is 
laid,  the  high  pricft  put  on  His  golden 
ve?»ments,  and  in  ordinary  cafes  went 
into  the  fan6t«ary,  and  Itood  with  his 
face    to  the   holy  of  holies,  and  the 
-confulter  ftood  ss  near  him  as  the  law- 
allowed  :  but  how  the  anfv/er  was  gi- 
ven,   whether   by  an   articulate    voice 
from   the   mercy-feat,  or  by  the  out- 
Handing  or  lultre  of  the  letters  in  the 
brtalt  plate,  we  know  not*     This  o- 
racle  was  never  confulted  in  matters  of 
faiih;  as  in  ih.efe  the  Jev/s  had  the  writ- 
ten law  for  thfir  rule  :   nor  was  itcon- 
fulted  in   matters   of  fmall   moment  5 
and  it  is  even  faid,   I  fuppoie  without 
grout  d,  that  n<)ne  but  fuvereign  jud- 
ges,  kings,  and  generals,  confulted  it. 
It  is  certain  David  confuited  the  Lord 
in  this    manner  before  he  came  to   the 
throne.      While  Moles  lived  there  was 
no  occafion  to  confult  this  oracle,  as 
the    Lord  fpake  to    him    face  to  face. 
Atter  his    death,  it  was  <:>>nfulted  till 
the  age    of  the  temple  and  prophets, 
the  latter  of    wi)icli  feem  to  have  fup- 
plied  its  room  ;   for  we  read  not  of  one 
iirA^leinftance  of  the  then  conlultingit. 
JSlor  did   Jofiah,  when    terrifieu    with 
the  threatenings  of  God,  coniultit,  but 
Huldah  the    prophetefs,    in    order   to 
kn  vv  the  mind  of  God,   2  Kings  xxii 
14.  Jofephus  wilJ  have  the  ftones  of  the 
KJrim  and  rhummim  to  have  retained 
their    luftre   till  about  A.  M,  ^381^0; 
but  it  is  certain  the  oracle  was  want- 
in  ij  fame  ages  before,  in  the   days  of 
E;fra  and  Nehemiah,  Ezra  iu  6^<  Nth. 


542    1       u  s  u 

It  vii.  6^.  Nor  do  I  know  of  the  leafi 
ground  to  believe  that  it  exifted  under 
the  fecond  temple.  The  Jews  pretend, 
that  the  B-ithcol  fupplied  its  place, 
v^hofe  oraclts,  they  fay,  were  often  at- 
tended with  a  clap  of  thunder  ;  and 
it  feems,  thofe  with  our  Saviour  ima- 
gin<^d  the  voice  that  fpake  from  hea- 
ven to  he  of  this  kind,  John  xii.  29. 
See  f)RACLC. 

US.  God  fometimes  ufes  this  plu- 
ral, to  denote  there  being  more  than 
one  perfon  in  the  Godhead,  Gen.  i, 
26,  xi.  7.  If.  vi.  8. 

USE  J  ((.)  Service;  purpofe,  Lev* 
vii.  24.  (2.  Ciiftom  ;  often  repeat- 
ed exercife,  Heb.  v.  14.  And  te 
ufey  is  to  make  ufe  of  ^  ad  with  ;  em- 
ploy one's  felf  in,   Matth,  vi.  7.  2  Cor. 

USURP  ;  haughtily  to  claim,  or 
take  pofTcftion  of  power  and  authority 
which  doth  not  beloag  to  us,  1  Tim„ 
ii,  12. 

USURY  ;  the  gain  taken  for  the 
loan  of  money  or  wares.  The  li^w  of 
nature  forbids  not  the  receiving  ot  mo- 
derate intereft  for  the  loan  of  money, 
any  more  than  the  taking  of  rent  for 
the  leaft  of  lields  or  houfes.  If  ano- 
ther trade  on  my  ftock,  reafon  fays, 
I  may  receive  part  <«f  the  gain,  "^fhe 
intereft,  however,  (vught  to  be  mode- 
rate ;  and  if  the  borrower  is  a  very 
poor  man,  ought  to  be  little  or  no- 
thing at  all,  as  realfn  requires  lis  to 
be  compaf{I>)nate,  and  the  divine  law 
requires  u^  to  do  to  others,  as  we  in- 
cline they  Pnould  doito  us  in  like  cafes. 
If  Providence  frown  upon  th.  fe  perh^ns 
who  have  our  money  in  loan,  it  is  pro- 
per we  ftiouid  willingly  ftiare  with  them 
in  their  lofs,  as  well  as  v/c  would  wifk 
to  do  in  their  profit-  As  the  Jews 
had  very  little  concern  in  trade,  and 
fo  only  borrowed  in  cafe  of  nectflity, 
and  as  tlieir  f)ftcm  was  calculated  to 
eftablifti  every  man*b  inhen'tance  to 
his  own  family,  they  were  allowed  to 
lend  money  upon  ufury  to  ftrangers, 
Deut.  xxiii.  20.  \  but  vi^xt  prohibited 
to  take  ufury  from  their  brethren  of 
Ifratl,  at  leaft  if  they  were  poor,  Ex- 
od,  xxii.  ^5.  i^ev.  xxv.  35. — 3 7* 

To 


U  T  T         [     543    1        U  Z  Z 

To    UTTER;     (i.)     To    reveal;     (2.)  The    fon   of  D.llian   an  Hontc^- 


Ipeak  out;  declare,  Lev.  v.  i.  (2.) 
To  make  plain,  Heb.  v.  1 1.  God  «/- 
tcrs  judgement i<,  when  he  threatens  and 
executes  them  on  men,  Jer.  1.  •6.  And 
UTTERANCE,  is  ability,  freedom,  and 
boldnefs  in  fpeaking,  A6I3  ii.  4.  Eph. 
vi.  19. 

Utter  or  ouTEji,  (i.)  Moll:  out- 
ward, Ezek.  X.  5.  (2.)  Complete,  to 
the  utmoll  extent,  i  King's  xx.  42. 
And  fo  UTTERLY,  IS  altogether  ;  whol- 
ly, Exod.  xvli.  14.  ;  or  very  much, 
Ezek.  xxix.  10.  Pfal.  cxix.  8.  Ut- 
termost, or  utmost,  is,  (i.)  The 
moll  outwatd,  Exod.  xxvi.  4.  (i.', 
Farthell  diilant  ;  to  the  greatell  ex:- 
tent,  2  Kin^s  vii»  5.  (3.)  The  very 
Jail,  Match-  v.  i6.  Chrilt  hvcstothe. 
uttermoji  ;  he  faves  certainly,  wholly, 
fully,  perfectly,  and  perpetually  :  or 
he,  by  an  infinite  price,  faves  from  in- 
finite guilt,  pollution,  and  mifery,  and 
brings  to  the  highell  degrees  of  hap- 
pinels,  and  preferves  therein  to  all  e- 
ternity,  Hcb.  vii.  25.  Wrath  came 
upon  the  |ews  to  the  uttervioj}:  their 
ruin  was  wide-fpread,  almolt  univerfal 
in  extent,  molf  terrible  in  degree,  and 
laftlng  in  duration,  2  ThefT*  ii.  16. 
To  knoixi  the  uttermoji  of  a  matter^  is 
to  know  it  completely,  in  all  its 
points  and  circumilances,  A6ts  xxiv.22. 

VULTURE  ;  a  large  fowl  of  the 
eagle  kind*  There  are  fix  kinds  of 
vultures.  Their  neck  is  long  and  al- 
moft  bare  of  feathers  ;  and  their  legs 
are  feathered  to  the  ftet,  on  each  of 
which  they  have  four  toes,  three  for- 
ward, and  one  backward.  They  build 
their  nefts  in  high  rocks,  and  are  faidio 
live  about  100  years.  They  have  a  very 
quick  fight,  haunt  defolate  places,  and 
delight  to  teed  on  human  flcih ;  but  feed 
on  nothing  living.  It  is  laid,  they  at 
tend  armies,  expedingdeath  and  bloud, 
and  fmell  carrion  at  the  diltance  of  50 
miles.  They  are  faid  to  be  great  ene- 
mies to  ferpcnts,  and  tofeed  their  young 
with  their  own  blood,  in  cale  of  ne- 
cefiity,  Lev.  xiv.  14.  Deut.  xiv»  13. 
Job  xxviii.  7.   Ifa.  xxxiv.  15. 

UZ  ;  1 '.)  The  eldeli  fon  of  Aram, 
and  grandfon  of  vShem;    Gen.  x.  23. 


Gen.  xKxvi.  2S,     (^.)   A  country;  but 
where,  is   not  fo   well  agreed.     Some 
have  placed  it  at  the  fource  of  the  Hid- 
d^ikel  or  Tigris,  where  Pliny  and  Stra- 
bo  place  the  Uxii :  and    here  perhaps 
Uz    the   fon    of    Aram  refidcd.     The 
Hebrews  call  the   country  about  Da- 
mafcus,  the  land  of  Uzy  and    the    A  - 
rabs  call  it  Gant    or  Gauta     which   i» 
the  fame.      We  are,    moreover,    told, 
that  U2  the  fon   of    Aram  built   Da- 
mafcus.      Bochart,  the  authors  of  the 
Univerfal    Hiltory,  and   others,  plnce- 
the  land  of   Uz   a    go  )d  way  to    the 
fouth-eaft  of    Damafcus,     and    alaiolt 
flraight  eaft  from  the  lot  of  the  Reu- 
benites,    and    well    from    Chaldea,  in 
Arabia  the  Defert.     This,  they  thin'v, 
received  its  name  from  Huz,  the    foa 
of    Nahor  the  brocher    of    Abraham  t 
and  hereabouts  Ptolemy  places  the  ^- 
fitse  or  Aufitae.   Thi^  Spauheim  an  1  o- 
thers  reckon  to  have  been  the  country 
of  Job,  as  it  was  near  the   Chaldeans,. 
Job  i.  I.  17.     I  fuppofe  there  was  an- 
other land  of  Uz,  in  the  territories  of 
the   Edomites,    which   had    its    name 
from  Uz   the    Horite.     Nay,  the   A- 
rabian  writers  fay,  that  the  Adites,  de- 
fcended  of  Uz  the  fon  of  Aram,  relided 
here  for  fome  time  before  they  remo- 
ved into  Arabia  Felix.     Lam  iv.  21. 

UZAL,  the  fixth  fon  of  Joktan, 
whofe  pofterity  appear  to  have  fettled 
in  the  fouth  of  Arabia  Fe]"ix.  Here 
was  anciently  the  fca  port  Ocila  or 
Ocelis  and  Aufal  or  Aufar,  m  the 
kingdom  of  the  Gebaiiites  whofe 
myrrh  was  very  much  celebrated. 
Some  Jewifh  writers  call  the  capital  ci- 
ty of  Yaman,  or  Arabia  FcliXj  by  the 
name  of  UzaL     Gei.x    27. 

UZZAH  and  AHIO,  the  fans  of 
Abinadab,  ii\  whole  houfe  the  ark  of 
God  had  long  refidcd,  at  David's  or- 
ders, conducted  it,  upon  a  nev.'  cart, 
from  Kirjathjearimto  Jerufalcm.  Wtien 
the  oxen  Ituck  in  the  mire,  or  ttu  ;ib- 
led  as  they  paifed  the  thielhin.;-!!  )r 
of  Nachou  or  Chidon,  Uzzah,  though 
no  pricll,  and  perhaps  not  a  i.tvite, 
prefumed  to  roucii  the  ark,  in  u  Jcr 
to  hold  it  on  the  cart.     Oifcndtd  that 

the 


U  Z  Z         [    544    ]         U  Z  Z 

not  carried  on  the  (houl-      LTzzah,   that  Kingr  A.mon  was  buried, 
we  know  not.  2  King 


the  ark  wa* 

ders  of  the  Levites,  according  to  or- 
der, and  offended  with  Uzzah's  pre- 
fuming  to  touch  it,  and  oerhaps  alfo 
for  his  advifmg  to  convey  it  on  a  cart, 
God  ilruck  him  dead  on  the  fpot,  to 
the  no  fmall  grief  and  terror  of  King 
David  :  2  Sam.  vi.  vVhether  it  was 
in  a  garden   which  belonged   to    this 


2  lyings  XXI.  26. 

UZZENJSHEHAH;  a  city  of  the 
Ephraimites,  and  at  no  great  diftancc 
from  Beth-horon,  was  built  by  Serah^ 
the  daughter  or  granddaughter  of 
Bcriah,    i  Chron.  vii.  22. — 24. 

UZZEAH,  or  OziAS.  See  Az  a^ 
RiAH  the  fon  of  Jotham. 


W 


W  A  F 


WAFER  ;  a  thin  cake  of  fine  flour, 
anointed  or  baken  with  oil. 
Such  wafers  were  ufed  in  the  confecra- 
tion  offerings    of  the    priefts,    Exod. 


XXIX.   2. 


and  in   meat-ofterins 


X.ev.  ii.  4, ;  and  in  thank-offerings, 
Lev.  vii.  12.  ;  and  in  the  Nazarites 
offerings,  Numb.  vi.  15. 

WAGGING  of  the  head  or  hand, 
imported  mocking  and  infult,  Jer. 
Xviii.  16.  Zeph.  ii.  15. 

WAGES.     See  reward. 
WAIL;    to    mourn,    by    crying, 
howling,  wringing  the  hands,  or  beat- 
ing the   breafl,    thighs,    or  the   like, 
Ezek.  xxxii.  iS. 

WAIT;  (i.)  To  attend,  as  ready 
to  ferve,  Numb.  viii.  24.  (2.)  Pa- 
tiently to  fla j ,  deliring  and  looking 
for.  Gen.  slix,  18.  God  luaits  to  be 
gracious  ;  he  patiently  bears  with  fin- 
ners  j  with  delight  and  readinefs  lie 
feizes  the  firfl  proper  opportunity  of 
beflowing  his  favours  on  his  people, 
and  defers  them  till  that  come.  If. 
XXX.  18.  Our  nvaitin^  upon  God,  im- 
ports our  attendance  on  him  as  a 
Mafter,  being  ready  to  ferve  him  i 
and  our  patient  and  carnefl  looking  to 
him  as  a  Saviour  for  deliverance  and 
comfort,  Pfal.  xxv,  3.  Job's  neigh- 
bours oyc  2/^^ /3»r /^/?«.*  they  highly  ef- 
teemed  him,  and  were  ready  to  receive 
his  counfel,  Job  xxix.  21,  To  lie^  in 
rvaify  is  to  lie  hid  in  order  to  feize  an 
opportunity  of  affaulting  :  and  thus 
words  of  the  wicked  are  io  lie  in  ivait 
for  rlood ;  they  tend  to  ruin  men  be- 
fore  they  are  aware  :  but  the  mouth 
»r  words  of  the  upright  ^end  to  ddi- 


W  A  L 

ver  men,  Prov.  xii.  6.  Wicked  men 
Ii;  In  fwait  for  their  onvn  blood,  a5  al  1 
their  crafty  and  violent  fchemes  tend 
to  haf^en  ruin  on  their  own  head,  Prov. 
i.  19.  They  are  'waited for  of  the  fword  ; 
are  in  perpetual  danger  of  diftrefs  and 
ruin,  Job  xv.  1 2. 

WAKE;  (i.)  To  watch  without 
fieep,  natural  or  fpiritual,  Pfal.  cxxvii. 
I.  Song  V.  2.  (2.)  To  rife  from  fleep, 
Pfal.  cxxxix.  18.  (3.)  To  llir  up  ; 
roufe^  from  fleep  or  flumber,  Zech* 
iv.  r.  (4.)  To  flir  up  to  war,  Joel 
iii.  9.  12.  God  nxjakened  Chrift  mor- 
ning by  morning  ;  by  the  continued 
influences  of  his  Spirit,  he  render- 
ed him  alert  and  aftive  in  his  work 
of  obedience  and  fuffering.  If.  I.  4. 
Whether  the  faints  nuake  or  Jleep,  /.  e, 
whether  they  live  or  die,  they  live  to- 
gether with  Chrifl,  1  Theff.  v.  10. 
See  A-u'AKE  ;  sleep. 

WALK;  (i.)  With  pleafure  to 
move  from  one  place  to  another,  Exod. 
xxi.  19.  (2.)  Toad  and  behave  in. 
the  tenor  of  convcrfation  :  and  when 
thus  metaphorically  taken,  walking 
denotes  deliberation,  pleafure,  perfeve- 
rance,  and  progrels.  God's  or  Chrilt's 
'walking  In  his  church,  or  among  his 
pcoj)le,  imports  his  gracious  prefencc 
with  them,  his  conftant  delight  in  them, 
his  oblervation  of  them,  and  readinefs 
to  do  them  good.  Lev.  xxvi.  12.  Rev. 
ir,  I.  His  ivaJking  on  the  nvaves  of  the 
Jea^  and  the  *mijjgs  of  the  *wind,  de- 
notes the  uncontrouiable  fovereignty, 
fpeed,  compofure,  and  myfterious  na- 
ture of  his  providential  condud.  Job 
ix.  8.  Pfal.  xviif.  10.     His  'walking  '^n. 

the 


I 


W  A  L         r  .  545     ]         W  A  L 

ih  Circuit  cf  hejven,    imports   the  im-  in    a   very   hicjh    decree,    Afts  ix.  31. 

mt-nfity  of  his  pitfcnce,  Job  xxii.   14.  :  To  ixjalk  njjorthy  of  the    Lord^  is  to  be« 

but   his  'VJdlking  contrary  to  men,  im-  have  with  pleafiire  and  compofure,  a« 

pi-rts     h.j    thwartingf     their     purpofcs  perfons  redeemed  by,  called  tO;   united 

ant^    attempts,  and   i\ia    executing    his  with,    and    receiving    influence    from, 

iudgementb  upon  them.  l.^v.  xxvi.  24.  and  In  fu'jjeclion  to  the  holy  Jcfus, 
To  iy.//i  J.V  Chrifiy  is,  being  united  to 
his  perfoii,  olotiicd  with  his  righttouf- 
nefs,  and  animated  by  his  indwelling 
Spirit,  and  improving  him  as  our  wif 
dom,  lighteoufnefs,  lanftificatlon,  and 

redemption,  to    make    daily   advances  denying  uugodiincfs  and  worldly  lulls 

in    liolinels,    and  ntaruefs  to   heaven,  to  live  ioberly,  1  ightcoufly,  and  godl^y 

with   proper    compofure  and  delight,  in  this  prefent  wcrld,  Eph.  iv.  i.    To 

Ccl.  ii.  6.     To  mjAlk  hi   and  ^fter  ths  r^alk  as  men,  is  to  behave  like  the  car^ 

SMrit,    is,     having    the    Holy    Ghotl  nal  and  unregenerate  part  of  the  world, 

dwelling   m    our   ioul,  and  being  pof-  i  Cor.  iii.  v     To  ^Jjaik  after  the  fiej?}. 


who  left  U3  an  example,  that  we 
(iiouldWalk  in  his  fteps,  Col.  i.  10. 
I  ThefT.  ii.  12.  Vo  nvalk  nvorthy  of  our 
vocation  or  calltK^  ou^  of  the  world, 
into  the   fetlowli.ip   of   God*s    Son,  ia» 


fefTed  of  a  new  nature,  and  dirtfted, 
animated,  encouraged,  and  drawn  by 
the  Holy  Gholi,  to  order  our  whole 
eonverfation  according  to  his  word  and 
influence,  end  agreeably  to  the  in- 
clinations of  the  new  heart.  Gab  v. 
21.    Rom.  V iii.  i.      To  nualk   by  faith. 


or  after  luftsy  is  to  be  direftcd  and 
influenced  \v\  our  praAice  by  the  luft.s, 
appetites,  and  inclinations  of  our  cor- 
rupt nature,  Rom.  viii.  i.  i  Pet.  iv. 
5,  ,Jude  i*^.  To  ^alk  in  darknejss  ill 
faifehood,  and  craftinefs.,  is  to  Hve  in  an 
unregenerate   Itate,  and   with   a  mind 


is,  relying  i>pon  Chriil  as  freely  and  ignorant  of  divine  things,  and  with, 
fully  gifted  to  us  in  the  gofpcl,  and  pleafurc  to  proceed  on  in  more  and 
firmly  crediting  the  accorapliflimeut  of    more   lying,  deceit,  or  other   wicked 

courfes,  1  John  L  6.  zGor.  iv.  2.  And 
faife  prophets  '■jjalk  in  the  fpirit  and 
faljehood,  when,  pretending  to  have 
the  fpirit  of  God,  and  being  inlhga- 
ted  by  the  devil,  they  prophefy  falfe- 
ly  to  the  people,  Mic.  ii.  11.  To 
'walk  in  the  nvay  of  the  people  of  ^udah^ 
was  to  rellfli  their  forfaking  of  the 
Lord,  and  their  depending  on  the  Af- 


the  promifes,  and  receiving  out  of 
Chrill's  fulnefs  thereby  grace  for  grace, 
to  make  a  compofed  progrefs  in  holi-^ 
nefs,  and  towards  eternal  glory,  2  Cor. 
V.  7.  To  laalk  nxji^h  the  Lord,  hi; fore 
God,  and  after  the  Lord,  or  in  his  name, 
is  to  hear  and  believe  his  word,  de- 
pend on  him,  and  in  the  iludy  of  in- 
timate fellowfliip  with  him,  and  under 


a  continued  imprelTion  of  his  prefence     fyrians  and  Egyptians  for  help.  If.  viii 


to  worihip,  obey,  and  ple^fe  him. 
Gen.  V.  24.  xvii.  1.  Hof.  x.  12.  Zech. 
-X.  12.  To  <waik  in  ths  truths  or  in 
God's  fear,  nvay^  or  comwani^iMents, 
is  with  compofure  to  perfevere  in  the 
profcinon,    faith,    and    practical    im 


1  2.  Men  ivulA  through  fire  and  ojater, 
when  they  paft>  through  great  dangers 
and  troubles.  If.  xliii.  i.  Pi'al.  Ixvi^  12. 
The  King  of  Tyre  ivalked  in  the  vndfi 
off  cues  of  fire ;  he  was  furrcunded 
with  -honours  ;   his  very  garments  and 


provement  of  the  gofpel  of  Chrifl,  and     palace  were    hung,    or  fet  thick  with 


to  live  in  a  courfe  of  obedience  to  his 
law,  2  John  4.  Deut.  v-  3^.  2  Chron. 
:;vii.  4.  To  nvalk  in  the  light,  or  in  the 
light  of  God^s  countenance,  is  to  enjoy  the 
oracles  and  influences  of  Chriil,  and 
improve  them  to  promote  a  life  of  up- 
right conformity  to  the  command  and 
example  of  Chrifl,  If.  ii  5.  i  John 
vi,  7.  To  'walk  in  the  co?nforts  of  the 
Jioly  Ghojl,  13  habitually  to  enjoy  them 
Vql.  iK 


Ihining    and    fparkling    gems,    Ezek. 
XX  viii.    14. 

WALL,  ferves  for  defence,  and  for 
divilion  of  things,  Jolh.  ii.  15.  Numb, 
xxii  24.  Hence  God  and  his  falva- 
ti*jn  are  a  11;^//,  and  ivall  of  fire,  to  the 
church,  whereby  fhe  is  proteded  from 
all  danger,  Zech.  ii.  5.  If.  xxvi.  i. 
Ezek.  xl.  &c. :  and  the  government, 
•fafcty,  and  ilrength  of  a  church  Qr 
3  Z  nation 


W  A  L         (     546 

nation,  are  reprefented  as  their  iva-'sy 
Pfal  li.  )8.  If.  V.  5.  Rev.  xxU  i. 
Ez  k.  x'.  &c.  The  church  is  liken- 
ed to  a  ivaU^  to  denote  her  fure  foun 
dation,  her  firm  union  of  members  a- 
m ong  themfelves  and  with  Ohrlft  ;  her 
cxu  >fure   to   trouble,  and  her  ability 


1         WAR 

t  >  place,  or  his  Jiveriified  affl'^l'ons, 
?<al.  Ivi.  8.  He  that  '^mndereth  out  of 
the  ivay  of  underjiand'ingt  /hall  remain 
in  the  congregation  of  the  dead:  lie  that 
lives  in  ignorance  and  wlckednefs,  and 
ihuns  the  means  of  reformation,  fhali 
continue  among  the  unregenerate,  dead 


from   Chrift,    to   bear  the   afliiults   of    in  trefpaffcs  an.l  fins  ;   and  faints,   who 


cne*nies,  Soni^  viii.  9.  10.  Great  men 
are  likened  to  lualls  ;  they  are  eminent- 
ly inllrumentai  in  the  protedlion  and 
faft'gaard  of  a  nation,  If.  ii.  1  5.  ;  and 
Davi  I  and  his  men  were  as  a  nvall  to 
proteft  Nabal's  flocks  from  the  A- 
tabs  and  wild  beads,  i  Sam.  xxv  i(^* 
Jeremiah  was  like  a  fenced  brazen  nvall ; 
God  enabled  him  courag  oufly  to  de- 
clare ttie  truth,  and  prefewed  him  a- 
midft  ail  the  attempts  of  his  enemies, 
Jer.  1.  18.  XV.  20.  The  ceremonial 
law  was  a  nxfa//  of  partition,  that  fo  fe- 
parated  between  the  Jews  and  Gentiles, 
that  few  of  the  latter  entered  the  church 
durinjT  its  obligation.  Eph.  ii.  14.: 
and  our  fins  are  as  a  <wall  that  inter- 
rupt oqr  fellowfhip  with  Chrift,  Song 
ii.  ..  The  Ciialdeans  were  like  ^ 'u;-?// 
of  iron  round  about  Jerufalem  ;  they, 
in  a  bold  and  determined  manner,  laid 
fiege  to  it,  till  they  had  taken  it,  Ezrk, 
3V.  %.  Wicked  men  are  like  a  boiving 
*waU  their  ruin  proceeds  from  them- 
felves. and  is  very  fudden  and  dread- 
ful, ■  Pfal.  Ixii.  3.  Jeralalem  was  in- 
habited nuithout  iva/lsy  when  it  had 
full  peace,  and  its  fuburbs  were  large, 
Zech.  ii.  4.  In  that  day  thy  'walls  are 
to  be  built  floali  the  decree  for  repairing 
it  be  publifhed.  and  the  decree  againft 
it  htfar  removed^  or  hindered,  Mic.  vii. 
11.  compare  Ezra  I.  -  vi.  Neh,  ii.  vi. 
Violenee  and  Ifrife  go  about  on  the  'walls 
of  a  city,  when  they  are  openly  pradti- 
fed.  and  even  by  thofe  that  ought  to 
defend  and  proteft  men,   Pfal.  Iv.  ro. 

WALLOW;  to  roll  or  turn  from 
one  fide  to  another,  Mark  ix.  21. 

WANDER;  to  travel  hither  and 
thitb^fr,  without  knowing  where  to  go, 
Jer.  xlix  5.  Apoftafy  from  the  wor- 
ihip  and  ways  of  God,  and  following 
after  idols,  are  called  a  nvanderin^,  Pfal. 
CXiX.  10.  JcT.  iv.  10.  D:\v\A\  'wa':der- 
''{^^1  ^re  either  his  removals  from  place 


ftray  from  the  paths  of  duty,  (hall  much 
refembk:  finners,  Prov.  xxi.  16.  The 
Chaldean  armies  are  called  lUAnderers^ 
as  they  went  trom  One  country  to  an- 
other in  their  ravages  an;l  wars.  Jer. 
xlviii.  I  '.  Thofe  in  captivity  and  ex- 
ile, are  nvan  (erers,  driven  hither  and 
thither,  and  know  not  where  ihey  mull 
go,  Hof.  ix.  17.  Ezek.  xxxiv.  6.  If. 
xvi.  2.  3. 

WAMT,  denotes  either,  (i..  The 
entire  lack  of  a  thing,  Drui.  xxviii. 
57.  ;  or,  (2.)  Penury  ;  fcarcity,  Mark 
xii.  44. ;  and  it  either  refpcfts  the  wants 
of  foul  or  body.  Prodigal  Tinners  are 
faid  to  he^in  to  be  in  n.vanf,  when  God, 
bydiftrefs  and  convidu>n,  renders  them 
fenfible  of  their  need  of  Chrift,  and  his 
falvation,  and  pained  for  the  want  of 
it,   Luke  xv.  4 

WAN  ON,  lascivious;  light: 
dir[)ofed  to  unctiaftity,  Jam.  v.  j. 
Wanton  eves,  are  fuch  as,  by  their  air 
of  lightncfs,  tend  to  entice  others  to 
unchaftity,  If.  iii.  16.  To  <wax  nvan^ 
ton  againjl  Chrift,  is,  contrary  to  their 
Chriftian  profellion,  to  become  li^ht, 
and  diipofed  to  unchaftity,  I  Tim.  v. 
II. 

Wantonness,  or  lasciviousness, 
includes  every  thing  tending  to  pro- 
mote or  fulfil  fledily  lufts  ;  and  togive 
over  one's  lelf  to  it,  is  to  delight  in, 
and  praftife  it,  without  fliame  or  re- 
inorfe,  jMatth.  xv.  19.  Rom.  xiii.  13. 
Gal.  V.  19.  Eph.  iv,  19.  To  turn  the 
^race  of  '  '0:l  into  lafcivi 'ufnef s ,  is  to 
improve  his  kindnefs,  declared  in  the 
gofpel,  to  encourage  one's  Iclf  in  who- 
rifh  an  !  light  condu6l,  Jude  4. 

WAR,  WARFARE.  See  FIGHT.  In 
their  wars,  the  Arabs  and  fome  other 
eallern  nations,  cur  down  corn  and  trees, 
2  Kings  iii.  19.  25  And  fJdicrs  carry 
alon  ;  their  whole  families  with  them, 
but  can  fcarct  begin  their  war  till  Oc- 
tober, 


WAR         [     547     1        WAS 

tober,  on  account  of  the  heat  of  fiim-     Tamily :  only,  daughters  often  wadicd 
mer,   2  Sam.  xi.  i.  the  ft^t  of  their  parents.     To  ijj.Jhfhe 


WARD;      t.)    A  prifon,  Gen.  xl.    /ii/«^»  feet,  therefi)re,  implied  mud.  f.u 


3. — 7.  (2.)  Watch;  garrifon,  Neh. 
xii.  2^.  T  Chron.xii.  2v.  {\)  ^  clafs 
of  pcrfons  that  ferve  tigethtr  at  a  time, 
as  folfiiers  on  a  watch  :  fo  tlic  c'afTes 
of  the  priells  and  fingers  are  called 
*wardf,  Neh.  xlli.  30.  1  Chrcn  xxv. 
8.  Thf  Jtni^ers  and  porters  kept  the 
miard  of  their  (tody  and  the  nvard  of  pu- 
rification :  the  fingers  attended  theier 


mility  or  kindnets,  1  Tim.  v.  10.  VVhat 
love  and  condtlcenfion  It  then  fhewed 
in  our  Saviour,  to  wafh  his  difciples 
feet!  John  xiii.  '.  —  8.  Fhe  fupcrfti- 
tious  Jews  waiT.cd  their  hands  up  to  the 
elbows  before  they  took  their  n.eals, 
and  even  waflied  their  beds  wh«  reoa 
they  fat  at  meat,  and  their  tables, 
Mark  vii.  3.  4.      At    the  m^rriag*    of 


vice  of  rhe  temole  in  tfieir  turns;  and     Catia,  the  gutfrs  had  pots  full  of   wa«. 


the  porters  toak  care  that  no  unclean 
perfon  (hould  enter  by  the  gates  to  de- 
file the  court.    Neh.  xii.  4^ 

WARDROBE;  a  place  for  laying 
up  the  royal    and   other   garments  be 
longing  to  the  court  ;  or  t  ^r  laying  up 
the  p'ieils  robes  who  were   othciating 
in  the  temnlr-   .:  Kings  xxii.  14. 

To  be  WA!<E,  is  to  get  notice  ot 
athing^,  and  pru  iently  prepare  for  or 
fliun  it,  Matth.  xxiv.  50.  Adb  xiv.  6. 

WdRE,  WARES-,  ( I.)  Merchant 
goods,  fuch  as  precious  (ionet.  cloth, 
corns,  &c.  (2.)  What  the  Antichrif 
tians  pretend  to  fell  for  money,  as 
mafTrs.  pardons,  indulgences,  5cc.  Rev. 
xviii.   I  2.    The  Jews  gathering  up  nuires 


ter  fcr  to  wafh  in  as  they  entered,  John 
il.  6.  Th^:* ceremonial aL'<^;//7^o<  clothe* 
and  flclh,  imported  our  wartiing  the  gar- 
ments of  our  converfation  in  the  blood 
and  righteou(nefs  of  Chrill,  depending 
on  that  to  cover  all  our  fpots  of  life, 
and  be  our  only  ground  of  acceptance 
before  God,  and  our  being  influenced 
theieby  to  repent  of  our  fin,  and  turn 
from  it  to  God,  Exod.  xix.  10  Rev. 
vii.  14,  All  the  'Wiijhirijrs  of  priefla 
and  facrifices,  figured  out  the  Ipotlels 
purity  of  Chrift,  and  our  jultification, 
and  fa  notification  by  his  blood  and 
Spirit,  Heb.  ix.  'O.  G-d*s  or  Chrift > 
'wajjjtng  of  men,  imports  his  removal 
of  their  fin^ul  guilt  and  pollution,  by 


out  of  ike  land.  Imports   thci'  carrying     the  application  of  the  word,  blood,  and 

Spirit  of  Chrift,  John  xiii.  8.  If.  iv.  4^ 
Ffal.  II.  2*  -.  And  baptifm  nuajhes  a- 
nuay  fin^  as  it  reprefenrs,  feals:  and 
applies  the  blood  and  Spirit  of  jefug 
Chrift,  for  the  removal  of  the  guilt, 
power,  and  pollution  of  fin,  which  19 
called  iht  nuajhing  0/ regeneration^  AcEli 
xxii.  i6»  Tit.  iil.  7.  Mens  nu  ftxnff 
ot  themfelves  imports,  \\,)  Then  fet« 
ing  out  their  own  excellencies  to  the 
beft  advantage,  Ezek.  xxiii.  40. ;  or, 
(2.;  Their  legal  endeavours  to  cleaf 
or  purify  themielves,  notwithftandmg 
all  which,  God  (hall  plunge  them  io 
the  ditch,  making  tficir  fin  evident  ia 
the  troubles  ii.flided  on  them.  Job  ix» 
30.  Jer.  ii.  22.  (3.)  Their  application 
of  Jeius  s  word,  righteoufnefs,  and 
Spirit,  and  endeavouring,  under  the 
influence  thereof,  to  mortify  the  dred* 
of  the  body.  If.  i.  16.  Jer.  iv.  14, 
Wajloing  ofjieps  in  butter,  and  clothet 
in  wine,  imports  great  plenty  ot  t'»cfc 
3  Z  a  ihings, 


their  moveable  effedls  into  Jerulalem, 
to  iccure  them  from  tht-  Chaldeans  ; 
or  that  they  (hould  be  quickly  obliged 
to  lenve  their  country,  Jer.  x.  17. 

W\RM;  (i  )  Moderately  hot,  2 
K:ngs  iv.  :?4.  (2.)  Clothed,  Jam.  ii. 
16  Job  xxxi.  20.  What  time  the 
Arabian  rivulets  nuax  'warm,  they  va- 
nirii  away  ;  i.  e.  they  are  dried  up  in 
the  heat  of  fummer.   Job  vi.  17. 

W.-VRN;  to  advertife  of  danger; 
and  beforehand  advife  and  admonifh 
how  to  avoid  fin,  or  perform  duty,  or 
obtain  fafety,  Adls  xx.  31.  x.  2  2.  Heb. 
xi.  6. 

WASHING  was  much  ufed  among 
the  eaftern  nations.  As  they  often 
walked  barefoot,  or  only  with  i'andals, 
they  ufed,  for  cleaulinefs  and  refrefli- 
ment,  to  walh  their  feet  when  they 
came  from  a  journey.  Gen.  xviii.  4. 
xxiv.  ^2.  xiiii.  24.  Oidinardy,  ler- 
yants  vvaftied  the  feet  of  thofe  gf  the 


WAS         r    54S    1        WAT 


tfiingfl,  or  ofthe  like  comforts,  Job  xxix. 
6.  Gen.  xlix.  1 1.  Eyes  m}a,/^ecrin  milk) 
are  fuch  as  dre  very  clear  and  fhining, 
Song  V.  12  Mv^ab  was  David's  nxjajh- 
fot ;  was  by  him  reduced  to  a  mod  bafe 
and  iVrvile  condition,  Pfal.  Ix.  8.     See 

FOOT  ;    HAND. 

WASTE;  empty;  defolatc;  ruin- 
ous ;  as  ruined  cities,  a  wilderncls, 
Ezfk.  V.  •4.  xxxiii.  24.  27.  To  walk, 
is,  1^1.)  To  come  to  nothing,  i  Kings 
xvii.  14.;  to  ipend  to  little  or  bad 
purpoft;,  Mattb.  x-xvi.  8.  Luke  xv.  13. 
(3.)  To  harafs  ;  cutoiF;  make  ruin- 
ous. Numb.  xxiv.  22.  Gal.  i.  13.  i 
Ghron.  x^.  1.  jer.  xlix.  13.  Th€  Gen- 
tile world,  or  the  linfiil  and  ruinous 
condition  of  a  church  or  nation,  is  call- 
ed ivafies.   If.  Ixi.  4. 

And  WASTERS  are,  (i,)  Such  as 
lavifhly  fpend  what  they  have  to  no  or 
to  bad  purpofes,  Prov.  xviii.  9.  {2,) 
Armies,  who  ravage  countries,  and 
render  them  ruinous  or  defolate  ;  or 
perfccutors,  who  feek  to  deJiroy  the 
members  of  the  church,  and  hll  her 
with  diforder,  If.  liv,  1 6. 

WATCH;  (i.)  To  keep  awake, 
Hat.  xxvi.  40.  (2.)  To  fliake  ofTcarnal 
andfinful  fecurity,  and  take  the  utmoft 
heed,  left  fin,  Satan,  or  the  world, 
ihould  deceive,  overcome,  and  hurt 
"US  this  is  called  being  vigilant  or 
WATCHFUL,  I  Pet.  V.  8.  Rev,  iii.  2. 
(3.)  To  wait  and  look  for  a  thing  com- 
ing, with  eager  defirc,  Lam.  iv.  17.  ; 
is  fcrvants  do  for  their  mafters  return, 
XiUke  xii.  37.  (4.)  Carefully  to  ob- 
ferve  and  guard  a  thing,  that  it  may 
nei^ner  do  nor  receive  hurt.  So  fhep- 
h^rdb  nxratch  their  flocks,  to  prevent 
their  i^raying,  or  hurting  the  corn, 
or  being  hurt  by  wild  beaits,  Luke  ii. 
8.  God's  'vjafchin^^,  imports  his  exadl 
obfervation  of  mens  condud:.  Job  xiv. 
36. ;  his  patient  readinefs  and  care  to 
relieve  his  people,  Jer.  xxxi.  28.  :  and 
his  patient,  but  cmaiu  executi'm  of 
his  judi.era-ents  m  the  proptreit  feafon, 
Jer.  xliv.  z"].  Mmifters  nvatchiriJ  for 
mens  fouls,  imports  their  eager  and  ac- 
tive care  to  obferve  the  danger  men 
are  in,  and  warn  them  thereof,  and 
their  earnelt  endeavour  to  pronorc  their 
holintfs,  fafety,  and  happinefs,  and  to 


check  and  recl^m  unruly  church -mem- 
bers, Heb.  xiii.  17.  The  faints  lyj/c^- 
htg^  denotes  their  fhaking  oif  carnal 
fecurity;  their  eager  tx^^ettation  of 
ChriiPs  gracous  viiita  and  fecond  co- 
ming ;  their  careful  keeping  of  their 
heart,  care  to  efpy  temptations  at  a 
diftance,  and  to  pevent  their  being 
feduced  by  fin,  Satan,  or  the  worldp 
Rev.  xvi,  15.  I  Cor.  xvi.  13.  Luke 
xii.  37.  To  nvafch  unto  a72d  In  prayer^ 
is  carefully  to  keep  our  heart  in  a  pro- 
per frame  for  prayer,  eagerly  efpy 
and  feize  on  every  opportunity  for 
it  ;  and,  while  praying,  guard  againtt 
wandering  thoughts  j  and  after  prayer» 
wait  for,  and  carefully  cbferve  the 
anfwer  granted  to  it,  Goi.  iv.  2.  Eph. 
vi.  18.  Chrift's  enemies  oua/c/'fd' him, 
and  the  wicked  'watch  the  righteous, 
eagerly  looking  for  any  advantage  a- 
gainft  them,  or  opportunity  to  do  thetn 
hurt,  Luke  xx,  20.  Pfal.  xxxvii.  33. 
Theendiy^/cZ'if^for  the  Jews,  when  their 
ruin  was  juft  ready  to  overtake  them, 
Ezek.  vii.  6.  The  aijgels  are  called 
^jjitchers,  to  import  their  readinefs  to 
obey  the  will  of  God,  and  infpeft  the  na- 
tions, chielly  the  church,  Dan.iv.  ■6. 
The  Chaldeans  are  called  n^iatchers'^  they 
waited  for,  and  feized  their  opporti:r- 
nity  of  deftroying  the  nations  :  they 
proceeded  with  caution  in  their  wars  ; 
and  tlieir  fieges  of  cities  were  fo  or- 
derly and  determined,  that  few  could 
efcape,  Jer.  iv.  16.  A  watch  is^^ 
(i)  A  guard  of  performs  fet  to  ob- 
ferv-e  the  motions  of  an  enemy,  or  to 
keep  order  in  a  city,  or  to  keep  a 
trull,  Jer.  li.  12.  Neh.  iv»  Q.  Matth. 
xxviii.  1 1.  And  they  who  keep  watch, 
in  a  city  or  camp,  arc  callczd  luatch- 
tneKy  2  Kings  ix.  18.  Minillers,  and 
perhaps  alfo  rulers  in  the  ftate,  are 
called  'muichnien :  in  the  night  of 
time,  miniltcr  i  do,  or  ought  to  watcb 
over  the  church  and  fouls  of  men,, 
difccrn  fpiritual  dangers,  and  faith- 
tuily  warn  them  thereof;  and  magi- 
ftrates  are  to  efpy,  and  take  all  pro- 
per me«^hods  to  prevent  them,  S)iig 
iil.  3.  v.  7.  Ezek,  iii.  17.  if.  hi.  Ji. 
(2.)  The  place  or  ftation  where  the 
guard  is  kept,  which  is  alfo  called  the 
^watch-tonyjer^  Hab.  ii,  i.  (j.)  Watch- 
men* 


WAT        r    549    1        WAT 


Siena  difcliarge  of  their  duty,  doing 
what  in  them  lies  to  efpy  and  prevent 
danger  or  lofs,  2  Kings  xi.  6.  Luke 
ii.  8.  (4.)  The  time  in  which  a  par- 
ticular fet  oi  perfons  keep  watch  at 
once,  in  a  city  or  camp.  It  feems  the 
night  was  once  divided  into  the  even- 
ing, the  middle,  and  the  morning 
watch,  each  containing  four  hours, 
Judg.  vii.  19.  Exod.  xiv.  24.  ;  but 
afterwards,  the  Greeks  and  Romans 
relieved  their  centinels  at  three  hours 
a-piece,  and  made  four  watches  of  the 
night,  Luke  xii.  3S.  Mark  vi.  48. 
The  end  of  thefe  v/atches  were  an- 
ciently, and  in  the  eaft  are  ftill,  pro- 
claimed in  cities  by  a  crier. 

WATER  fignifies,  not  only  that 
which  is  moll  pioperly  fo  called,  but 
almoft  every  thing  liquid,  as  tears,  Jer. 
ix.  I.;  rain,  Job  xxii.  11,;  and  clouds, 
Pfal.  civ.  3.  ;  and  every  thing  proper 
to  be  drunk,  i  Sam.  xxv.  11.  If. 
xxxiii.  16.  In  the  dry  countries  of  the 
«ail  and  fouth,  water  is  generally  to 
be  found  where  there  is  any  verdure  ; 
and  travellers  Hop,  as  well  as  foldiers 
encamp,  near  it.  It  is  generally  brought 
to  houfes  and  tents,  morning  and  even- 
ing, by  the  unmarried  women,  Gen. 
xxiv.  13.  and  they  have  fometimes  ve- 
ry angry  brawllngs  at  the  drav/ing  of 
it  ;  and  travellers  and  others  are  in 
great  danger  by  the  wild  Arabs  or  o- 
ther  robbers,  that  lurk  among  the 
grafs  or  (hrubs,  Judg.  v.  11.  In  dry 
deferts,  the  rays  of  the  fun  reflected 
by  the  fand,  often  produce  an  appear- 
ance of  a  river  or  lake  of  v/ater,  by 
which  travellers  at  a,  diftance  are  de- 
luded. Thg  water  of  the  Nile  is  the 
moll  delicious  in  the  world  ;  but  that 
of  Egyptian  wells  is  very  bad.  Wa- 
ter is  of  a  cleanfmg,  refreihful,  and 
healing  nature,  and  is  a  common  and 
free  gift  of  God  to  men  ;  but  flreams 
of  it  are  fometimes  noify  and  deftruc- 
tive.  Jefus  Chrift,  his  Spirit,  and  gof- 
pel-ordinances,  are  Hkened  to  luatersyjiill 
^waters,  d.nd Jireanuy  living  luateff  or  fzva- 
ter  of  life.  How  abundant  !  how  free! 
how  fitted  for,  offered  to,  and  bellow- 
ed on  multitudes,  rre  Jefus  and  his 
rijfhteoufnefs,  and  iaiv^tion;  the  Jie- 


ly  Gholl,  and  his  influences ;  and  trie 
truths  and  promifcs  of  the  everlafling 
gofpel !  and  how  effe<5lually,  when 
applied,  they  cleanfe  the  confcience» 
heart,  and  life  of  men  !  how  they  re- 
frefli  our  fouls,  and  cure  our  fpiritual 
maladies  !  how  they  fpread,  and  irre- 
fiilibly  overpower  what  Hands  in  their 
way  !  how  they  defend  from  danger, 
enrich,  and  render  fruitful  in  good 
works  !  how  fiill^  deep,  pleafant,  and 
abundant !  and  how  they  beget,  re- 
ftore,  maintain,  and  perfect  fpiritual 
life  in  our  foul !  how  they  now  run  in- 
to our  defert  Gcntiie-world  !  Song  iv. 
15.  Rev.  xxii.  17.  Pfal.  xxiii.  2.  If. 
xxxii.  21.  XXXV.  6.  Ezek.  xlvii.  i. — 
II.  Chrill  came  by  ^.vater  and  by 
blood  ;  by  holinefs  of  nature,  an  obe- 
dient life,  and  bloody  death ;  or  with 
fulnefs  of  fpiritual  influence  and  bloody 
atonement,  for  our  j unification  and 
fandtification,  i  John  v.  6.  As  the 
Jews  had  their  markets  for  fifli  by  the 
water-fide,  perhaps  '■Maters  in  If.lv.  i. 
may  denote  the  ordinances  of  the  gof- 
pel, as  market-places  for  buying,  /.  e. 
confiderately,  but  freely,  receiving  Je- 
fus Chrift  and  his  fulnefs.  The  nuaters 
of  divine  truths  and  ordinances  arc 
made  bitter,  when  corrupted  with  er- 
ror and  fuperfliition,  Rev.  viii.  II. 
Whatever  tends  to  comfort,  is  called 
waters  ;  the  delight  which  people  en- 
joy in  the  marriage-ft;ate,  is  called  w«- 
ters,  and  running  or  frej/y  tvalers,  far 
more  truly  delightful  than  the  pleafures 
of  whoredom,  which  are  Jlolen  ivaters, 
Prov.  V.  15.  ix.  17.  ;  and  idols  are  re- 
prefented  as  broken  cillerns,  that  caa 
hold  no  ivaterj  i.  e.  can  afford  no  true 
help  or  comfort^  Jer.  ii.  13.  The  flate 
of  captivity  in  Babylon,  and  a  ilate  of 
coi-rupt  nature,  is  reprefented  as  a  prU 
[on  nvherein  there  is  no  ivater  ;  i,  e.  no 
true  comfort,  Zech.  ix,  11.  The  a- 
bundant  incrcafe  and  glory  of  the  gof- 
pel-church  are  likened  to  a  Jloiuing 
Jlream:  in  what  multitudes,  and  in  what 
pleafant  and  comely  order,  the  Gen- 
tiles, notv;ithllanding  of  manifold  op- 
pofition,  came  toward  Jefus  and  his 
truth!  If.  Ixvi.  12.  Multitudes  of  men, 
as  armies,  perfecutors,  arc  likened  ta 

*ivateni 


WAT         f     5 

tvaters  ;  how  numerous  and  noify  !  how 

they  fpread  abroad,  and  bear  down, 
and  ruin  whatever  (lands  in  their  way  ! 
Rev.  xvii.  15.  If.  viii.  7.  xvii.  12. 
Pfal.  cxxiv.  5.  Men  are  as  nuater  fpilt 
on  the  ground ;  when  once  dead,  they 
cannot  without  a  miracle  be  reflored 
to  hfe,  2  Sam.  xfv.  14.  Wicked  men 
2iXt  f'w'ift  as  the  'waters,  and  melt  away 
as  the  ivaters ;  they  are  not  to  be  de- 
pended on  :  and  how  quickly  fhall  they 
come  to  nought,  and  be  hurried  into 
the  ocean  of  divine  wrath,  and  feel  the 
iire  of  God's  indignation  !  Job  xxiv. 
J  8.  Pfal.  Iviii.  7,  Job's  enemies  came 
in  as  a  *unde  breahing  in  of  waters  ;  in 
great  number,  and  with  mighty  force, 
to  harafs  and  overwhelm,  Job  xxx.  14. 
Counfel  in  the  heart  of  man,  is  as  deep 
■waters  ;  ferious  thoughts  and  purpofes, 
are  pure  and  fettled,  and  hard  to  come 
at,  Prov.  XX.  5.  The  words  of  a  man's 
mouth,  are  as  deep  ivaters,  and  the 
well-fpring  of  wifdom  as  a  floiving 
brook  ;  good  inftrufkions  are  myiterious 
and  refrefliful  to  mens  fouls,  Prov. 
xviii.  4.  Judgement  runs  down  as  wa- 
ters, and  righteoufnefs  as  a  mighty 
Jlream,  when  there  is  great  uprightness 
and  equity  in  judging  of  caufes,  and 
equity  and  holinefs  are  every  where 
pradlifed,  and  make  iniquity  afhamed 
to  fhew  itfelf,  Amos  v.  24.  The  w^ath 
of  God,  terrors,  /.  e,  fears  and  great 
troubles,  calamities,  temptations,  are 
likened  to  waters  ;  in  what  forcible 
and  refiftlefs  manner  they  attack  men 
fometimes  !  and  how  fearful,  perplex- 
ing, or  deftruftive  !  If.  xxx.  28.  33. 
Job  xxvii.  20»  Pfal.  Ixix.  i.  Song 
viii.  7.  As  waters  and  ftreams  flop  the 
way,  impediments  of  accefs  to  the 
church,  to  the  land  of  Canaan,  are 
called  waters,  Rev.  xvi.  12.  If.  xi.  15. 
As  waters  or  ftr.ams  flow  from  foun- 
tains, mens  children  or  pofterity  are 
called  waers,  If.  xlviii.  i.  Prov.  v. 
16.  Water-springs,  denote  ground 
well  moiftened  or  fruitful,  in  Pfal.  cvii. 
33.  Water-courses,  are  either  the 
beds  of  rivers,  wherein  they  rurf,  or 
tiie  running  ftreams.  If.  xliv.  4.  Wa- 
ter SPOUTS,  arc  falls  of  water  from 
the  clouds,  in  the  manner  that  a  river 


?o    1  WAY 

burfts  over  a  precipice  ;  or  which  are 
forced  with  a  mighty  noife  from  the 
fea,  by  an  earthquake  at  the  bottom. 
They  are  more  frequent  on  the  coafts 
of  Canaan  and  Syria,  than  any  where 
elfe  in  the  Mediterranean  fea.  To 
thefe,  heavy,  overwhelming,  and  ter- 
rifying affliftions,  are  compared,  Pfal. 
xhi.  7. — To  WATER,  is,  (i.)  To  moif- 
ten,  Pfal.  vi.  6.  Gen.  ii.  6.  (2.)  To 
comfort,  refrefh,  and  render  fruitful : 
thus  God  waters  his  church  every  mo- 
ment with  new  influences  of  his  love 
and  Spirit,  If.  xxvii.  3. ;  and  minifters 
water  the  church,  by  the  frequent 
preaching  of  divine  truths  to  them, 
as  gardeners  do  their  beds  in  the  time 
of  drought,    I  Cor.  iii.  6. — 8. 

WAVE,  to  (hake  to  and  fro.  Some 
will  have  the  wave-ojtenngs  to  have 
been  waved  towards  the  four  airths ; 
but  otliers  think  they  were  only  turned 
from  the  one  hand  to  the  other,  Lev. 
viii.  27.      See  billow. 

To  WAVER,  is  to  be  like  an  un- 
fettled  wave  df  the  fea,  unfixed  in  faith, 
profefTion,  or  practice  ;  particularly 
toffed  between  doubts  and  faith  of  the 
power  and  will  of  God,  as  to  what  we 
requeft  in  prayer,  Heb.  x.  23.  Jam, 
i.  16. 

WAX:  a  well-known  fubftance, 
wherewith  bees  form  their  combs.  It 
is  excellent  for  candles,  and  is  eafily 
melted ;  it  is  alio  much  ufed  in  the 
fealing  of  letters,  Pfal.  xcvii.  5.  Chrift's 
heart  was  melted  as  the  wax  ;  aftonifh- 
ing  was  his  inward  trouble  and  perplex- 
ity, when  lyiiig  amid  the  flames  of  his 
Father's  wrath  for  our  fake,  Pfal.  xxii. 
14.  The  wicked  melt  as  wax,  when 
terrible  calamities  from  an  angr)'-  God 
annoy,  torment,  and  ruin  them,  Pfal. 
Ixviii.  2.      Mic.  i.  4. 

WAY;  path;  (i.)  A  road  to 
walk  in,  l  Kings  xviii.  6,  (2,)  A 
method  of  formation  or  agency  ;  how 
the  Spirit  a6is  in  forming  us,  or  how 
our  foul  is  joined  to  our  body,  John 
iii.  8.  Ecci.  xi.  •  5.  God's  paths  or 
ways,  are  his  works  of  creation.  Job 
xl.  19.  ;  the  difpenfations  of  his  pro- 
vidence, wherein  he  walks  towards  his 
creatures,    Pfal.  xxv.  10.    If.lv.  8.  9.; 

or 


WAY         r     55 

cr  the  clouds  which  diftil  his  rain,  Pfal. 
Ixv.  II.;  or  his  truths  and  precepts, 
in  which  he  requires  men  to  walk, 
Plai.  xvii,  5.  Chrid  is  t/je  nuay^  and 
he,  and  the  method  of  falvation,  are  a 
neiv  and  living  way.  He  is  the  means 
and  pattern  of  our  approach  to  God, 
and  in  the  way  of  union  to  him,  and  fel- 
lowihip  with  him,  are  we  jullitied,  fanc- 
tilied,  and  prepared  for  heaven.  This 
way  fucceeds  the  old  covenant-way  of 
happinefs  by  our  own  works  ;  and  it 
is  ever  the  fame,  and  tlTrou^h  it  we 
pafs  from  a  ftate  of  fm  and  mii'ery,  in- 
to a  ftatc  of  endlefs  feh'city,  John  xiv. 
6.  Heb.  X.  20.  The  laws  and  doc- 
trines of  God  are  the  w^jy  of  truths  al- 
together true  in  themfelves,  and  with 
an  honeft  and  true  heart  and  ♦practice 
mull  we  walk  therein,  and  fo  (hall  ar- 
rive at  true  and  everlaflinjij  happinefs, 
2  Pet.  ii.  2.  Mens  paths  and  ivays, 
are  their  practice  or  bufinefs,  good  or 
bad ;  or  their  circumftances  in  life 
which  they  pafs  through,  Prov.  ii.  20. 
If.  ix.  7.  Lam.  iii.  9.  The  tuay  of 
the  Lord  is  Jlrength  to  the  upright  ;  Jefus 
affords  him  fpiritual  ftrength ;  divine 
providences  and  ordinances  do  him 
good  ;  and  his  pious  courfe  tends  to 
ftrengthen  and  comfort  his  foul,  Prov. 
X.  29.  The  paths  of  the  righteous 
are  paths  of  judgement,  of  uprightnefs, 
and  of  life  ;  his  religious  courfe  is  ju- 
dicioufly  chofen,  he  is  candid  and  up- 
right in  following  out ;  in  his  prefent 
walk,  he  has  life  fpiritual  here,  and 
fhall  attain  hfe  eternal  hereafter,  If. 
xl.  14.  Prov.  ii.  13.  V.  6-  God 
makes  2ifiraight  nvay  ov  path,  when  he 
removes  every  thing  tending  to  the 
hinderance  of  his  glory  and  gofpel,  If. 
xHi.  16.  xl.  3.  4.  ;  and  of  his  people's 
happinefs,  Jer.  xxxi.  9.  CWxiVo  paths 
are  made  ftraight,  when  things  are  pre- 
pared for  his  public  appearances  on 
earth,  JVIatth.  iii.  3.  Men  md.ke  Jraight 
paths  for  their  feet,  lell  that  which  is 
lame  be  turned  out  of  the  way,  when  they 
take  care  of  adding  to,  or  taking  from 
the  rules  of  God's  word,  and  iludy  to 
walk  exaftly  according  to  it,  left  forae 
ihould  ftu-.-.ible  at  religion  on  their  ac- 
count, Heb.  xii.  13.     Men  do  uotjind 


I     1        W  E  A 

their  paths,  when  they  cannot  get  their 
purpofes  fulfilled,  Hof.  ii.  6.  To  go 
m  the  avay  of  one,  is  to  follow  his  ex- 
ample, Jude  ir.  The  Jews  went  in 
the  avay  of  Afyria  and  Egypt,  when 
they  courted  their  alliances,  and  de- 
pended on  them  for  fupport,  Jer.  ii. 
18.  The  houfe  of  harlots  is  the  a'^jr 
to  hell,  as  moft  of  thofe  that  deal  with 
fuch  inherit  everlalting  damnation, 
Prov.  vii.  27.  Thofe  in  the  high-ways 
and  hedges  invited  to  Chrift,  may  be? 
the  Gentiles,  or  the  worft  or  meaneft: 
of  men,  Luke  xiv.  13.  Wayfaring- 
men,  are  paflengers.  See  travel. 
Way-marks,  are  tokens  fet  up  by, 
the  way-fide,  or  at  crofs-ways,  to  di- 
rect paiTengers.  To  encourage  the 
Jews  in  the  hope  of  a  return  from  Ba- 
bylon, they  were  commanded  to  fet  up 
way-marks  as  they  went  to  it,  to  di- 
rect their  children  how  to  find  the  way- 
back,  Jer.  xxxi.  21. 

WEAK;  feeble;  (i.)  Of  little 
ftrength  of  body  or  foul,  Matth.  xxvl, 
41.  I  Their,  v.  14.  One  weak  hi  the 
faith,  is  one  who  has  little  know)  ..;ge, 
and  an  unfirm  perfuafion  of  the  doc- 
trines of  the  gofpel,  Rom.  xiv.  i.  A 
confcience  is  weak,  when  it  has  fmall 
degrees  of  judgement,  i  Cor.  viii.  7. 
Men  are  faid  to  have  weak  hands  and 
feeble  knees,  when  they  have  fmall  cou- 
rage and  vigour.  If.  xxxV.  3.  ;  and  men 
are  weakdmnded,  when  they  have  nei- 
ther counfel,  courage,  nor  ftrength,  to 
withftand  an  enemy,  2  Sam.  xvii.  2. 
One  is  made  weak  by  offences,  is  con- 
founded in  judgement,  and  vexed,  dif- 
pirited,  and  difcouraged,  Rom.  xiv. 
21.  To  the  weak  Paul  became  as 
weak;  he  fympathized  with,  and  con- 
defcended  to  their  weaknefs,  I  Cor. 
ix.  22.  (2.)  Of  no  ftrength  at  all: 
thus  death  is  called  a  weaknefs,  i  Cor. 
XV.  43.  The  law  as  a  covenaiit  is 
weak,  through  fin  is  wholly  incapable 
to  juftify  us,  though  ftrong  cnougli  to 
condemn  us,  Rom.  viii.  3.  Mens  heart 
is  weak,  has  no  pow^er  at  all  to  refift 
fin,  Ezek.  xvi.  30.  (3.)  Sunje^l  to 
trouble  and  death  ;  and  fo  Chrift  was 
crucified  through  weaknefs,  2  Cor.  xiif. 
4.      (4.)    Actur.Uy    under    reproach, 

diftrcfj. 


W  E  A         r     S5^ 

^rflnefs,  perfecution,  temptation,  Pfal. 
VI.  2.  xxxviii.  8.  ;  thus  the  faints  are 
fiveak  in  Chr'ijl^  when  perfecuted  and 
diftrcfTcd  for  his  fake,  2  Cor.  xiii.  4. 
5.  When  I  am  nveak^  then  am  I Jlrong : 
■when  I  am  in  the  deeped  diflrcffes, 
^nd  moll  fenfible  of  my  own  weaknefs, 
3  feel  the  ftrength  of  Chrifl  moft  e- 
spincntly  exerted  to  fupport,  aduate, 
and  encourage  me,  2  Cor.  xii.  10. 

Weakness;  infirmity;  (i.)  Dif- 
cafe  or  weaknefs  of  the  body,  Lev.  xii.  2. 
J  Tim.  Vc  23.     (2.)    Outward   afflic- 
tions,   reproaches,    perfecutions,    and 
temptations,   Hcb.    v.    2.     2  Cor.  xii. 
5.  10.      (3.)   Spiritual   weaknefs,   and 
5efe(?ts  in   grace,   Rom.  vi.  19.      Fail- 
'ings  and  miftakes  committed  through 
-furprife,  and  want  of  fpiritual  courage 
and  ftrcngth,  Rom.  xv.  i.     The  'weak- 
nefs of  God  is  fironger   than   men  ;  the 
contemned   method  of  falvation   thro' 
the  death  of  Chrift,  is  more   effedual 
to  render  men   holy   and   happy,  than 
all  the  fuppQfed  wife  fchemc!,  of  men, 
J  Cor.  i,  25.      The  nvcahiefs   and  infir- 
mnty  of  Chrift  that  he  had,  was  his  frail 
human  nature,  and  the  various  reproach- 
es, temptations,  and   troubles  he   was 
compafTcd   with,  2  Cor.  xiii.  4.    Heb. 
V.  2.      The  (weaknefs  of  the  ceremonial 
law,   that    occafioned   its   abolifiiment, 
■was  its  infuScieucy  to  juftify,  fandify, 
or  fave  men,  Heb.  vii,  1,8.     Chrift  took 
our  injinnlties  021  him,  and  lare  our  Jick- 
tiefs  ;  he  bare  the  punifhment  of  our  ini- 
quity ;  he  tenderly  fympathifes  with  his 
people,  and   teftifitd  {o   much  by  his 
-curing  of  the  diftrefied,  Matth.  viii.  17. 
Hcb.iv.  15.     The   Holy   Ghoft  helps 
our  infinnities ;  he  gradually  heals   our 
fpiritual  difeafts  j  and  notwithftanding 
thereof,  enables  us  to  worftiip  and  ferve 


God,  Rom.  viit.  26.     We  ought  to  bear    forhe 


1         W  E  A 

■    Wealth.     See  riches* 

WEAN.  It  feems  the  Jewifh  chil- 
dren had  three  weanings  ;  one  from  the 
breaft?,  when  they  were  about  three 
years  of  age,  or  far  fooner  in  moft  c^- 
fes  ;  the  fecond  from  tiieir  dry  nurfe, 
at  feven  years  of  age  ;  and  tlie  third 
from  their  childilh  manners,  at  [2.  The 
faints  are  likened  to  iveaned  children,. 
to  denote  their  humility,  teachablenefs, 
keeping  within  the  bounds  of  their  own 
ftation,  and  quiet  contentment  with  the 
will  of  God,  Pfal.  Gxxxi.  2.  ;  or  to  de- 
note their  weaknefs  and  inabihty  to 
help  and  defend  themfelves,  If.  xi.  8. 

WEAPONS.     See  arms. 

To  WEAR  out  the  faints^  is  gra- 
dually to  deftroy  them,  till  none  be 
left,   Dan.  vii.  25. 

WEARY  ;  (i.)  Fatigued  in  body, 
2  Sam.  xvii.  2.  (2.)  Defirous  to  be 
rid  of  a  thing,  as  if  it  was  a  burden. 
Gen.  xxvii.  46.  (3.)  Slack;  carelefs. 
Gal.  vi.  7«  (4.)  Sore  afflicled,  haying 
great  need  of  reft,  If.  xxviii.  12.  God 
is  iveaned  with  mens  iniquities,  and 
made  to  fcrvc  with  their  fins,  when  he 
has  been  long  provoked  with  grievous 
tranfgreflions,  and  even  a  turning  of  his 
kindnefs  and  grace  into  liceutioufnefs, 
and  his  judgements  may  be  expelled 
to  be  quickly  exe<:uted.  If.  i.  14.  vii.  13. 
xliii.  24.  Men  are  <wtary  and  heavy  la- 
dtUi  when  they  have  fatigued  themfelves 
in  carnal  and  v/icked  courfes,  or  can 
find  no  reft  in  them;  but  are  laden  with 
the  guilt  and  domineering  power  of  fin, 
or  with  a  fenfe  of  it,  and  with  fears  and 
cares  about  happinefs,  Matth.  xi.  28. 
David  was  'weary  oj  his  ctying,  when  he 
had  continued  inftant  in  prayer,  till  he 
could  fcarce  pray  any  more,  Pf.  Ixix.  3. 
Jeremiah  was  -weary  ^with  holding  in  and 


he  could  get   no   eafe,  but 


(wilh  the  infirmities  of  the  weak,  exercifing 
patience  and  love  >  towards  the  weak, 
notwithftanding  of  them,  and  by  kind- 
ly endeavouring  to  retlify  them,  Rom. 
XV.  I.  The  fiiints  glory  and  take  plea- 
fure  in  their  infirmities  and  troubles,  riOt 
in  themfelves,  hut  as  they  are  means  of 
glorifying  God,  and  occafions  of  his 
communicating  his  fulnefs  to  them^ 
■i-  Cor.  xii.  ^.  !o» 


in  a  way  of  faithfully  declaring  the 
threatcnings  of  God  againft  the  wicked 
Jews,  Jer.  vi.  II.  xx.  9.  Men  weary 
themfelves  for  very  vanity,  when  they 
take  great  labour  and  toil  to  no  good 
purpofe.  Thus  the  Chaldeans  fatigued 
themfelves,  endeavouring  to  quench  the 
fire  of  their  city,  Hab.  ii.  1 3. 

WEASELS  are  of  two' kinds,  the 
houie  weafcly  and  the  field  weafel  o; 

foumart  -0 


W  E  A         f     5 

foumirt :  they*are  coufKlerably  fuhtle, 
an<i  thouj^h  of  fmall  fize,  are  coiiii  le- 
rably  ftrong  :  they  are  enemies  to  fer- 
pents,  moles,  rats,  and  mice,  and  no 
friends  to  poultry :  they  will  fport  vvlth 
hares,  till  they  have  weaned  them^  and 
then  they  kill  them  :  they  bite  worfe 
than  a  dog,  when  they  are  provoked. 
It  is  faid,  the  females  carry  their  young 
oneo  daily,  from  one  place  to  another, 
that  none  m(iy  catch  them.  They  were 
unclean  by  the  ceremonial  law,  Lev. 
xl.  29. 

WSATFIER;  the  temper  of  the 
air,  Prov.  xxv.  20.  It  varies  exceed 
,  ingly  m  Syria  and  Canaan  ;  is  fome- 
times  very  hot,  and  anon  very  cold  ; 
hot  by  day,  and  extremely  cold  by 
night  ;  hot  in  valleys,  and  Extremely 
cold  on  the  tops  of  Lebanon  and  other 
mountains.  Fair  weather  cqmeth  out  of 
the  north  ;  <with  God  is  terrible  maje'Iy  : 
might  be  rendered,  the  god-Itke  glancing 
lightnings  come  out  of  the  north  :  on  God 
>is  a  robe  of  terrible  maj-^/ly,,  Job  xxxvii.  22. 

WEAVERS  -ire  (uch  as  wro--k  webs 
of  cloth,  of  which  the  threads  that  run 
fro.n  end  to  end  are  called  t^e  warp, 
and  the'  threads  that  run  from  fide  to 
Tide  are  the  woof  :  but  it  feems,  from 
the  account  we  have  of  our  Saviour's 
feamlefs  coat,  that  they  then  under- 
ftood  the  art  of  knitting  cloth  in  the 
^:vay  we  do  ftockings-:  nay,  perhaps, 
had  looms  for  working  gar  nents  with- 
out any  feam  at  all-  Hez^kiah  com- 
pares God's  catting  off  nis  life  to  the 
aveaver^s  cutting  his  \.ueb  out  of  the  loom 
when  it  is  tihi:hed,   If.  xxxviil.  12. 

WEDDING;  the  celebration  of 
MARRIAGE,  Luke  xiv.  8.  Mat.  xxii.  3. 
Wedlock,  the  tie  of  marriage  ;  and 
to  break  it,  is  to  commit  adultery, 
Ezek.  xvi.  38. 

WEEDS,  that  grow  among  corn, 
or  herbs.  The  nveeds  were  wrapt  about 
Jonah* s  head:  he  was  ip  the  deeps, 
where  the  fea-weeds  grow  ;  or  weeds 
fwallowed  by  the  fifli  might  be  wrapt 
about  his  head,  Jon.  ii.  5. 

WEEK  ;  a  natural  one  is  the  fpace 

of  feven  days  ;  fuch  a  week  of  nuptial 

feafting    for    Leah's    marriage    Jacob 

finifned,  ere  he  obtained  Hachd,  Gen. 

-  Vol.  XL 


n       1 


W  E  E 


xxix.  27.  A  prophetic  *m:eli  is  tli* 
fpace  of  feven  y>.'aiS,  a  day  for  a  year. 
Nor  was  this  method  of  calculation  ab- 
ftrufe  to  the  Jews,  who  had  their  fe- 
venth  year  a  Sabbath,  as  well  as  their 
feventh  d  ly  ;  and  who,  at  the  end  of 
feven  prophetical  weeks,  had  their  Sab" 
batical  jui)ilce.  That  the  70  weeks 
mentioned  by  Daniel  denote  weeks  of 
years,  is  agreed  by  every  fenfible  com« 
mentator,  hut  not  the  time  wh  ■:  aofe 
70  weeks,  or  490  years,  began. — It  is 
plain  they  began  from  an  edivfl  or  war- 
rant to  build  the  city  of  Jerufalem,  and 
not  from  an  ediA  to  rebuild  the  temple  : 
they  could  not  therefore  begin  at  the 
edidi  of  Cyrus  or  Darius  for  rebuilding 
the  temple  ;  but  at  the  ediil  of  Arta- 
xerxes  Longimanus  for  repairing  the 
city,  either  in  the  feventh  year  of  his 
reign,  when  he  gave  Ezra  his  commif- 
fion  for  that  efFe<R:,  Ezra  vii.  viii.  ;  or 
in  the  20th  year  of  it,  when  he  gave 
Nehemiah  his,  Neh.  ii.  The  zAiSi  in 
the  feventh  year  of  his  reign  v^^as  moft 
favo'i'-able,  and  was  ratified  by  the 
counfellors  as  well  as  by  the  king,  and 
appears  to  have  been  juft  490  years  be- 
fore' our  Saviour's  death,  wherein  he 
^nifhed  tranCgreilion,  and  made  an  end 
of  fm,  by  his  .complete  atonement.  Of 
thefe,  feven  iveeks,  or  49  years,  were 
fpent  in  rebuilding,  the  city  and  its 
walls,  amid  no  fmall  trouble  ;  and  thefe 
ended  about  the  death  of  Meheniah. 
Sixty-two  more  weeks,  or  434  years, 
elapied  ere  tiie  public  miniftry  of  John 
or  Chrill  began  ;  and  after  confirming 
the  covenant  with  many,  Jefus,  in  the 
lad  half  of  the  feventieth  week,  that 
is,  at  tne  end  of  it,  made  the  facrifice 
and  oblation  to  ceafe  in  point  of  obli- 
gation. If,  with  Mercatoi  and  Peta- 
vius,  we  Oiould  allow  Artaxerxes  to 
have  reigned  10  years  along  with  his 
father,  and  fo  the  20th  to  be  but  the 
loth  after  the  death  of  his  father  Xer- 
xes ;  then  483  years  elapfc  between  that 
and  the  com  nencement  of  our  Saviour's 
public  miniilry,  and  in  the  midlt  of  the 
70th  week,  or  about  three  years  and 
a'l  half  after,  the  facritices  were  abo- 
liihed  by  his  death.  If  we  date  the 
coranaencement  of  thefe  weeks  from  the 
4  A  20th 


WEE         r     554    1 

10th  of  Artaxerxes  after  the  death  of  Prov, 
his  father,  the  death  of  our  Saviour 
happened  478  years  after,  in  the  middle 
of  the  69  ih  week  ;  and  we  muft  leave 
the  70th  for  the  events  at  the  deilruc- 
tion  of  the  Jewifli  nation,  between y/.  D. 
65  and  72,  in  which,  after  making  co- 
venants or  leagues  with  a  variety  of  the 
eaftern  princes,  Vefpafian  and  his  fon 
Titus  entirely  overturned  the  Jcwilh 
church  and  ftate.  But  after  all,  it 
muft  be  allowed,  that  the  chronology 
of  that  period  is  not  fo  abfolutely  fixed 
and  clear,  as  to  occafion  any  warm  dil- 
pute  about  a  few  years-;  fo  that  to  me 
it  appears  a  Imall  matter,  whether  thefe 
490  years  be  reckoned  from  the  7th  or 
20th  year  of  Artaxerxes  Lchiigimanus, 
Dan.  ix.  24. — 26. 

WEEP.     See  mourn. 

WEIGH  ;  to  examine  the  heavinefs 
of  thmgs.     A   cubic    foot  of  common 


WEI 


water,  which  is  near  17  Scotch  pints, 
weighs  1000  avoirdupoiie  ounces  ;  a  cu- 
bic foot  of  pure  gold,  19,637  ounces  ; 
one  of  guinea  gold,  17,793  ;  of  quick- 
iilver,  14,000;  of  lead,  11,325;  of 
ilandard  filver,  10,535  '•>  ^^  copper, 
90CO  ;  of  plate-bralb,  8000  ;  of  iieel, 
7852  ;  of  iron,  7645  ;  of  block  tin, 
7321  ;  of  proof  fpnits,  928  ;  of  pure 
{pints,  860.  Ail  ilones  are,  in  difle- 
rent  degrees,  heavier  than  water  :  wood 
is  for  the  moft  part  lighter,  and  accor- 
dingly fwims.  A  cubic  foot  of  com 
^pon  air  weighs  507  grains  or  one  ounce 
27  grains.  God's  ^cigh'w^  the  moun- 
tains, imports  his  exact   knowledge  of 

«nd  power  over  them,  II.  xl.  12.  Pie  -  Divers  iveights  and  meafures,  forbidden 
*weighs  men,  or  their  Ipirits  and  paths,  by  the  divme  law,  are  unjult  ones  ;  a 
when  he  exactly  oblerves  and  judges  laiger  to  receive  things  with,  and  a 
them,  that  he  may  punifh  or  reward  lelier  to  give  them  out,  Deut.  xxv.  13© 
them  in  a  proper  manner,  Dan.  v.  27      Prov.  xx,  10. 


xvi.  2.  If.  xxvi.  7.  I  Sam.  iu  3, 
Htfefs  a  ID  eight  for  the  nuinds^  when  he 
determines  them  to  blow  preciiely  with 
fuch  force,  and  from  fueh  point,  and 
during  luch  time,  as  he  pleafeth  :  or 
when  he  checks  them  with  the  preiFure 
of  a  thick  cloud  pregnant  with  rain. 
Job  xxviii.  25.  A  Weight,  is  what 
is  heavy,  and  weighs  much.  So  car- 
nal affections  and  hns  lying  on  the  con- 
fcicnce  and  prevalent  in  the  heart,  or 
temptations  thereto,  are  a  weight  tliat 
opprefs  the  faints  fpirits,  and  difqua- 
lify  them  for  running  the  Chriitian  race, 
Heb.  xii.  I.  Eternal  glory  is  called  a 
iveighty  becaufe  of  its  unfpeakable  abun- 
dance  and  degree  ;  nor  could  one  fub- 
f)il  under  its  delightful  preflure,  2  Cor. 
iv.  17.  And  what  is  of  great  force  or 
importance  is  called  aveighiyy  2  Cor. 
X.  10.    Matth.  xxiii.  23. 

Weights,  denote  ftandards  for 
weighing  of  things  in  merchandife. 
As  neither  the  Jews,  nor  any  others, 
had  any  coined  money  for  a  long  time, 
they  weighed  it  in  their  tralhc.  The 
Hiekel,  the  maneh,  and  the  talent,  were 
all  originally  names  of  weight.  We 
can  find  no  foundation  for  luppofmg 
the  'Jews  to  have  had  two  kinds  of 
weights,  one  facred,  and  the  other 
common  ;  and  the  latter  only  the  half 
of  the  former.  Tlie  weights  are  deno- 
minated Irom  the  landtuary,  as,  a  fiie- 
kei  of  the  J'aridluaryy  becauie  the  exaft 
llandards  of  weight  and  meafure  were 
kept  in  the  fanCtuary  :  even  as  we  call 
exa(St    meafure,    Linlithgow    meafure. 


WEI  r     555     ] 


W  E  I 


The  lefs  ancient  Giecian  and  Roman  weights,  reduced  to  Engb'fh  Troy  weight. 


Lentcs             —          —           —             — 

Pounds.  O^in.  Pen  vr  (ii  ins, 
—           0—  0—  0—  0^^ 

4 

Siliquac              —              —              •— 

—         0—  0—  0—  3tV 

12 

3 

Obol 

JS              •—              —              — 

--       0-—  0—  0—   9rV 

24 

1    ^ 

Scrlptulum              —              — 

—      0 —  0 —  0 — i8J^ 

18 

6 

3 

Drachma             — =>. 

^           0—  0—  2—  6j% 

96 

24 

8       4 

H 

Se- 

<:t:ula              — 

—         0—  0—  3—  0? 

144 

36 

12 

6 

2 

It 

SJcillc 

us             -^ 
lella         -^ 

—        0—  <^—  4—13* 

192        48 

16       8 

2!- 

2 

i|Di 

—         0 —  0 —  6 —  If 

576|  144 

48     24 

^ 

6 

4     3 

Uncia 

-            °-  °-'8-  5^ 

,•6912  1728 

576I  288 

96 

72 

18136 

12  Libra 

—          0 — 10 — 18 — i3f 

The  Roman  ounce  is  the  Englifh  avoirdupoife  ounce,  which  they  divided  into 
fevcn  Denarii,  as  well  as  eight  Drachms ;  and  fincc  they  reckoned  their  De- 
narius equal  to  the  Attic  Drachm,  this  will  make  the  Attic  weights  *-  hea- 
vier than  the  corrcfpondcnt  Roman  weights. 

?/o.^r.  The  Grecians  divided  their  Obolus  into  Chalci  and  Lepta.  Some,  a« 
Diodorus  and  Suidas,  divided  the  Obolus  into  fix  Chalci,  and  every  Chalcus 
into  feven  Lepta  or  mites  ;  others  divided  the  Obolus  into  eight  Chalci,  and 
ftivery  Chalcus  into  eight  Lepta  or  Minuta. 


The  greater  weights  reduced  to  Enghfh  Troy  weight* 


Libi 


Pounds.  Oun.  Penwt  Grains. 
—  O — 10 — 18 — 13^;- 


iV:j:  Mina  Attica  communis 


3^-5  Mina  Attica  Medica  —  — 


62  i   )6o        46^Talentum  Atticum  comm. 


o — II —  7^i6t 

I 2 II  — IOt 


^6 — II —  o — i7f 


N'otey  There  was  another  Attic  talent,  by  fomc  faid  to  confill;  of  80,  by  others 
of  100  Attic  Mince. 

Note,  Every  Mina  contains  1 00  Drachma?,  and  every  Talent  60  Mina?  ;  but  the 
Talents  differ  in  weight,  according  to  the  different  ftandard  of  the  Drachmae 
and  Minae  of  which  they  are  compofcd.  The  value  of  fome  different  Minae 
and  Talents  in  Attic  Drachmas,  Minae,  and  Engliih  Troy  weight,  is  exhibi- 
ted in  the  following  Table. 

4  As  MINA, 


WEI         [     556     ]         W  H  E 


MINA,    or  Pound. 

JEgyptiaca       -         -  "]' 

Antiochica         -         -  !  eft  Drachm. 

Cleopatra"  Ptolemaica  r      Atticai". 

Alexandrina  Diofcorldis  J 

T  A  L  E  N  T  U  M 

^lEgyptiacum            -  "l 

Antiochicum       -       -  J        . 

Ptolemaicum  Cleop.  [^    eft  Minar. 

Alexandrian       -         -  [      Atticar. 

Tnfulanum          -          -  j 

Antiochiai          -         -  j 


1  H+ 
ti6o 


r   80 
I    80 

I    96 

120 

[360 


unil-   Oun 

Penwt  Hrainf 

I  — 

5- 

-  6- 

•22  7 

I  — 

5- 

-  6- 

"224-5- 

I  — 

6- 

-14— 

-ib'l 

I  — 

8- 

-16- 

-  n5 

86— 

8- 

-16- 

-  8 

86— 

8- 

-i6~ 

-  8 

93— 

u- 

-11  — 

-  Q 

104 — 

0- 

-19- 

-14 

130 — 

I- 

-  4- 

-12 

390— 

3- 

-13- 

-II 

The  nioft  ancient  weights  of  the  Greeks  were  a  Drachma,  weighing  6  penny- 
weight 2|-|  grains  :  a  Mihge,  weighing  i  pound  i  ounce  4^|-  grains  ^  and  a 
Talent^  weighing  d^  pound  12  pennyweight  and  5*|-  grains. 


Jewlfti  weights  reduced  to  EngliHi  Tioy  weight. 

Shekel 

3 


Pounds.  Oi'T.  Pcnwt  Grains. 
O—   O^    9—    2t 


60  'Maneh  —  — 


30oo5o!Talent         — 


2 —  % —  6 — 10^ 
113 — 10 —  I — 10^ 


Kote,  In  reckoning   money,  50   ftiekels  mad^    a   Maneh  ;  but  in  weight,   6e 
fhekels. 


WELL.     See  fountain. 

WELL  J  (i.)  Rightly,  according 
to  rule,  Gen.  iv.  7.  (2.)  Happily, 
Deut.  XV.  16.  ;  and  lb  happinefs  or  pro- 
fperity  is  called  'welfare,  Exod.  xvni.  7. 
(3.)  Fully,  Ads  XXV.  10.;  aiid  lb 
Chrift  is  called  lucll-bdo'vedy  becauie  his 
Father  and  his  people  eftecm,  deiire, 
and  delight  in  him,  above  all  things, 
Mark  xli.  6.  If.  v.  i.  Song  i.  13.  Well- 
^leafing,  is  what  is  very  acceptable  and 
pleafant  to  one,  Phil.  iv.  18.  God  is 
*ZL^ell pknfed  in  Chr't/I,  and  for  his  righ- 
teoufncfs  fake :  O  his  infinite  delight  in 
his  pcrfon,  offite,  and  in  his  full  atone- 
ment for  us  !  and  he  is  kindly  reconci- 
led to  us  in  him,  and  for  the  fake  of 
what  he  has  done  as  our  iurety,  Matth. 
ill.  17.   xvil.  5.  If.  xlii.  21. 

WEN  J  a  wart,  a  haid  knob  vt^Ithiii 
the  iiv.w.  It  unhtted  an  animal  for  fa- 
wrifice,  Lev.  xxii.  22. 


WENCH ;  a  young  girl,  2  Sam, 
xvli.  17. 

WHALE.     See  LEv^i.txHAN. 

WHEAT.;  a  grain  well  known,  for 
its  durablenefs,  and  delightful  aiid  nou- 
riflii ng  iubllance.  Part  of  it  grows 
with  long  awns  at  the  ear  thereof,  and 
part  of  it  without  them.  The  Jews 
began  their  wheat-harveft  about  Whit- 
funday  ;  and  their  writers  fay,  their 
belt  wheat  grew  in  Michmafli,  Mezo* 
nichah,  and'  Ephraim  j  but  it  feems 
that  of  Minnith  and  Pannag  was  every 
whit  as  good,  Ezek.  xxvii.  17.  With 
us,  v;heat  13  generally  lown  in  the  end 
of  harveit,  and  is  ten  or  eleven  months 
in  the  held.  JelUs  Chrift  is  a  corn  of 
ivheat ;  iiow  lubftantial  and  durable, 
to  cauure  winters  of  trouble  !  and 
what  precious,  nourifhing,  and  pleafant 
fruits  of  ngSiteoufnefs  and  blelimgs  he- 
brings  forth  to  meuj  in  conieq^uence  of 

his 


W  H  E         [     p'7     1        W  H  I 


his  death  and  refurredion  \  John  xii.  24, 
The  faints  are  called  ivbeaty  to  mark 
their  folidity,  ufefulaefs,  and  good  fruit, 
acceptable  to  God  through  JefusChrill, 
Matth.  iii.  1 2.  The  word  of  God  is 
likened  to  ivheat :  how  fweet,  fubftan- 
tial,  and  nouri.'hing,  is  tlic  fabicfs  of 
Jeius  therein  included  and  communi- 
cated to  our  foul  !  jer.  XKiii,  28.  To 
hcjhl  <wii/j  ihf  jhnjl  of  the  luLvaty  is  to 
polfefs  great  happinefs  and  comfort, 
PfaL  Ixxxi.  16.    The  Jews  fownl  wheat 


WHERE;  (i.)  In  what  place, 
Exod.  XX.  24.  (2.)  In  what  condi- 
tion, Zech.  i.  5.  IVI^ereis  God?  where> 
or  in  what,  is  his  prefcnce  and  power 
manifelled  !  Pfal.  Ixx.'x.  10.  ;  or  how 
fhall  I  obtain  relief  from  him  ?  Jer.  ii.  6. 
Job  XXXV.  10. 

WHET  ;  to  make  fliarp.  God  luljels 
his  fword,  when  lie  prepares  tilings,  in 
his  providence,  for  the  execution  of  his' 
judgements,  Dcut.  xxxiv.  41.  Pial.  vii. 
12.     Men  ivhct  God's  laws  upon  their 


and  r<^rt/)^^//>o/-«x  ;  when  their  apparent-     children,  when  they  teach    them   dili- 


ly  well-planned  fchemes  of  alliance  with 
Egypt  and  the  nations  around,  and  the 
like,  did  but,  in  the  iflue,  increafe  their 
vexation  and  mifery,  Jer.  xii.  13. 

WHEEL;  (i.)  A  round  Inilru- 
ment  for  chariots  and  waggons,  li^c.  to 
roll  upon.  It  ordinarily  confills  oi fel- 
loes ^  forming  the  circumference,  or  ring ; 
and  a  nave  in  the  middle,  in  which  the 
axle-tree  runs  ;  ^ndfpoLes  that  reach  be- 
tween the  nave  and  felloes,  Exod.  xiv. 
25.  (2.)  A  kind  of  punifhment  in- 
Hided  on  offenders  ;  or  one  kind  put 
for  all,  Prov.  xxviii.  26.  (3.)  The 
great  arteiy,  which,  being  joined  to  the 
left  ventricle  of  the  heart,  fets  the  blood 
in  motion,  and  keeps  it  in  perpetual 
circulation,  Eccl.  xii.  6.  The  ivheeh 
in  Ezekiel's  vilion,  'oery  high^  and  ixnlh 


gently  tiie  knowledge  thereof,  Dcut. 
vi.  7.  Men  <whet  their  tongues,  when 
they  adively  employ  them  in  ilandei* 
and  reproach,  Pfal.  Ixiv.  3. 

WHIP ;  ( I.)  A  lafli  to  drive  horfes 
or  other  cattle,  Prov.  xxvi.  3.  (2.) 
A  punifhment  for  lazy  and  difobedient 
fubjeC:ts,   i  Kings  xii,  11. 

WHIRLWIND.     See  wind. 

WHISPER;  (i.)  To  fpeak  very 
foftly,  fo  as  fcarce  to  be  heard,  2  Sam. 
x-ii.  19.  (2.)  To  bear  tales  ;  backbite, 
Prov.  xvi.  28.  (3.)  Tq  plot  lecretly, 
Pfal.  xii.  7.  The  Jews  'whfpercd  out  of 
the  (luflj  when  io  familhed  that  they 
were  fcarce  able  to  fpeak  ;  or  when 
ready  to  yield  to  what  terms  the  Afly- 
rians  pleafed,   II.  xxix.  4, 

WHITE,  being  the  pureft  and  mofl: 


dreadful  rings,  and  formed  as  a  wheel  fhining  colour,  is  often  uled  to  repre- 
within  a  wheel,  and  actuated  by  the  fpi^  fent  what  is  pure  and  glorious.  God's 
rit  of  the  living  creatures,  may  either  de-.  having  white  hair  as  wool  and  white  gar- 
note  the  awful  and  myflerious  provi-  ments,  and  riding  on  a  W^/V^  cloud,  de- 
dence  of  God,  much  executed  by  the  notes  his  antiquity,  wjfdom,  hohnefs^ 
miniftration  of  angels  ;  or  the  various  and  the  equity  of  his  providential  con- 
churches  of  Chrill,  myllerioully  united  du6t,  Dan.  vii.  9.  U,  xix.  1.  Rev.  xiv. 
into  one,  and  aduated  by  the  lame  Spi- 
rit, as  gofpel  mnniilers  are,  Ezek.  i.  10. 
And  God  makes  men/i/ra  wheel,  when 
he  fuddenly  turns  their  higii  honour, 
power,  and  proiperity,  ir.to  dcbaftment, 
diftrefs,  and  ruin,  Pfal.  Ixxxiii.  13. 
WHELP;  the  young  of  lions,  bears, 
iSfc,      So  Joliah's  Ions,   and   the 


do. 

courtiers  or  fubjects  of  the  Aflyrians, 
are  called,  to  denote  their  readinefs  to 
fpoi>  and  opprcfs  their  people,  Ezek. 
xix.  2. — 5.  Nah.  ii.  12. 

WHENCE;  (i.)  From  what  place, 
Geii.  xvi.  8.  (2.)  liom  what  caule, 
or  by  what  meaiis^  Matth.  xiii.  54. 
John  i.  48. 


14.  Chrilt  is  white,  pure  in  his  God- 
head, holy,  highly  exalted,  and  abound- 
ing in  love  ;  and  he  is  ruddy,  and  red- 
in  his  opparet,  appeared  in  our  nature, 
and  luhered  therein,  and  in  the  execu- 
tion of  hiS  wrath,  conquers  and  dcltroys 
his  enemies.  Song  v.  10.  II.  ixiii.  1.2. 
His  *tnhite  hairs  as  wool,  denote  his  an- 
tiquity and  wiidom.  Rev.  i.  14.  Tht 
wlouenejs  oj  his  throne,  imports  the  holi- 
nels,  equity,  and  glory  of  his  proce- 
dure, in  the  hnli  judgement,  Rev.  xx. 
1 1.  The  fwhitc  horfes  of  Chrill  and  his 
people,  art  the  puie  truths  of  the  gof- 
pel,  by  means  of  whicli   they   obtain 

IpiruuaL 


r 


WHO 

fpiritual  viftories,  Rev.  vi.  2.  xix.  II. 
Saints  are  luhitey  when  freed  from  g'uilt 
and  pollution,  Pfal.  li.  7. ;  and  their 
'white  raiment  is  their  imputed  righteouf- 
nefs  and  their  fanftification  ;  and  their 
iiate  of  heavenly  glory,  wherein  they 
•are  as  peaceable,  noble,  and  triumphant 
!kings  and  pricfts,  unto  God,  Rev.  iii. 
4.5.  iv.  4.  XV.  16.  vii.  14.  The  Na- 
•xarites  were  whiter  than  milky  wlien  they 
icpt  their  vows,  and  looked  freih  and 
comely,  Lam.  iv.  7.  The  fields  were 
*ivhite  to  ham\ft,  or  ripe,  when  multi- 
tudes feemed  fond  of  hearing  the  gof- 
pcl,  by  the  power  of  which  men  are 
cut  off  from  their  natural  ttatc,  gather- 
ed to  Jefus,  and  bound  up  in  the  bundle 
•f  life  with  him,  John  iv.  38. 

WHOLE;  (i.)  Full;  complete, 
Exod.  xxix.  18.  (2.)  Not  broken, 
Jer.  xix.  II. _  (3.)  Sound;  healthy; 
profperous,  Jofh.  v.  8.  Job  v.  18. 
Wholly;  (i.)  Altogether;  complete- 
ly. Lev.  vi.  22.  xix.  9.  (2.)  Sincere- 
ly ;  uprightly,  Jofn.  xiv.  8.-14.  ( 3. ) 
in  a  great  part  or  degree,  If.  xxii.  i. 
Job  xxi.  23.  Wholesome,  is  what 
•rnarks  or  promotes  health.  A'  'whole- 
foine  tcngue^  is  one  that  fpeaks  much  to 
the  edification  of  others,  Prov,  xv.  4. 
Wholejome  'words,  are  the  found  truths 
©f  the  gofpel,  which  promote  the  health 
and  cu^e  of  mens  fouls,  i  Tim.  vi.  3. 

WHORE,  or  harlot,  is,  (i.) 
One  that  for  wantonnefs  or  gain  yields 
her  body  to  unchaftity  :  and  a  whore- 
monger, is  one  that  unchaitely  deals 
with  her.  It  feems,  that  anciently  the 
women  who  kept  inns  were  generally 
reckoned  harlots  ;  and  fo  an  hofiefs 
and  Tiivhore  had  the  fame  name.  Whores 
C[uickly  become  entirely  void  of  modelly 
and  fliame  :  and  even  decoy  men  to 
their  lewd  embraces,  Jer.  iii.  3.  Prov. 
V.  vii.  Whoredom,  uNCLEANNEss,or 
FOR.XICATION,  comprehends  all  kinds 
of  uv;chaftity  between  men  and  women, 
whether  between  perfons  unmarried  ; 
or  adultery,  where  one  or  both  is  mar- 
ried ;  or  inceft,  where  they  are  too  near 
of  kin  one  to  another,  Gen.  xxxviii.  24, 
Gal.  V.  19.  I  Cor.  vi.  13.  v.  i.  This 
fm,  however  lightly  regarded  by  muiti- 
tudeo,  is  of  an  liorriblc  nature  ;  it  dif- 


558     ]        WHO 

graces  and  deftroys  the  body,  i  Cor. 
vi.  18.  Job  xxxi.  12.  Prov.  v.  11.  It 
brings  an  indeHble  llain  on  the  charac- 
ter, Prov.  vi.  33.  It  infatuates  and  (lu- 
pifies  the  coufcience,  and  fo  hardene 
the  heart  that  perfons  guilty  of  it  rare- 
ly obtain  grace  to  repent,  Hof.  iv.  u. 
Eccl.  vii.  26.  Rev.  y.-ni,  11.  Hof.  xiv. 
14.  It  is  a  bcallly  vice  in  itfelf,  and 
the  guilty  are  called  dogs,  ftallions,  and 
abominable,   ^V.  and  it  is  called  villany 


and  ahomination,  2  Sam.  iii.  8.  Jer.  v.  8. 
xxix.  23.  Rev.  xxi.  8.  It  is  an  inlet 
to  all  manner  of  impiety  and  wicked- 
nefs,  Prov.  V.  12. — 14.  It  expofes  per- 
fons to  the  vengeance  of  God  in  this 
life  ;  brings  the  curfe  of  God  on  fami- 
lies and  nations,  and  ordinarily  lands 
men  in  eternal  fire,  Prov.  vii,  26.  27. 
ix.  t8.  ii.  19.  Hof.  iv.  i. — 3.  Jer.  v. 
7.  9.  Eph.  V.  3. — 6.  Rom.  i.  24. — 29. 
Rev.  xxi.  8.  To  evite  falling  into  thia 
abomina.ble  fm,  it  is  neceffary  to  be  uni- 
ted to  and  habitually  walhcd  by  Jefus's 
blood,  and  dire6led  by  his  word  and 
Spirit,  I  Cor.  vi.  10.  il.  ;  and  to  live 
under  the  deep  impreifion  of  God's  ho- 
linefs,  omnifeience,  and  of  the  future 
judgement,  Gen.  xxxix.  9.  Heb.  xiii. 
4.  ;  neceffary  to  fhun  light  and  lewd 
companions,  and  all  immodeil  apparel, 
Prov.  V.  8.  9.  ;  to  be  diligent  in  lawful 
bufinefs,  2  Sam.  xL  2..  Gen.  xxxiv.  i. ; 
and  to  marry,  if  needful  and  proper  ; 
and  to  cultivate  a  Chrillian  affe£iion  in 
the  married  ilate,  i  Cor.  vii.  2.  9.  Prov, 
V.  19.  20.  (2.)  Such  as,  contraiy  to 
covenant  or  profefilon,  apoftatife  from 
the  true  worfiiip  and  fcrvice  of  Gcd. 
Tlie  Jews  are  rcprefented  as  *whorest 
harlots,  and  adultercjps,  becaufe  in  apo- 
flafy  from  God,  they  proilituted  them- 
felvcs  to  a  dependence  on  the  AfTyvians, 
Egyptians,  Chaldeans,  and  others,  in- 
ftead  of  God,  and  copied  after  their 
idolatries,  Jer.  iii.  Ezek.  xvi.  xxiii. 
The  Popifli  flate  is  called  the  girat 
rjjhors,  and  mother  of  harlots  and  abomi' 
nations,  becaufe  of  her  noted  apoflafy 
and  idolatry,  and  her  decoying  others 
into  it  :  and  fuch  apoflafy  is  called yb7> 
nication,  'v.horedom,  or  adultery,  Rev, 
Viviu  x'ix.  2.  Tyre  fung  as  an  harlot^ 
when,  by  fcir  Ipeeqhes,    the   Tyrians 

<eQt.ice4 


W  I  e  r     559    1  W  I  L 


enticed  the  nations  to  renew  their  trade 
with  them,  If.  xxiii.  15.  Whorish, 
is,  (1.)  Given  to  fornication  or  adul- 
tery, Prov.  vi.  26.  (2.)  Given  to  ido- 
latry and  apoilafy  from  God,  Ezck. 
vi.  9. 

WICKED.     See  Sin. 

WIDE.  The  gate  and  way  that 
leads  to  deftruftion  is  whIc  ;  there  are 
innnmerable  forms  of  iinning,  by  which 
jnen  may  eternally  ruin  themfelves, 
Matth,  vil.  13.  To  open  the  hand 
n/i/i',  is  to  be  very  liberal,  Dcut.  xv.  8. 
To  open  the  mouth  -^'uie,  imports  either 
the  moft  earneft  attention  to,  requelt 
of,  and  defire  after  things.  Job  xxix. 
23.  Pfal.  Ixxxi.  10.  ;  or  the  moil  out- 
rageous mockery  and  reproach,  Pfal. 
XXXV.  21. 

WIDOW;  a  woman  whofe  hufband 
was  dead.  More  than  2CO  years  be- 
fore the  giving  of  the  law,  widows 
whofe  hufbands  had  left  them  childlei's, 
married  his  younger  unmarried  bro- 
ther, to  obtain  feed  for  the  deceafed 
one  :  fo  Tamar  married  the  two  elder 
fons  of  Judah,  and  had  the  third  pro- 
mifed  to  her,  Gen.  xxxviii.  Under  the 
Mofaic  law,  this  was  exprefsly  enjoin- 
ed, Deut.  XXV.  5.  6.  <5c.  or  the  near- 
ejl  hinjman  might  do  it,  Ruth  iv.  As 
to  have  children  was  efteemed  a  great 
honour,  efpecially  in  a  nation  whence 
the  Meffiah  was  expelled,  widowhood 
in  fuch  as  were  not  paft  the  age  of 
childbearing,  as  well  as  barrennefs,  was 
reckoned  a  great  fhame  and  reproach. 
If.  iv.  I.  liv.  4.  It  was  prefumed  a- 
ny  young  woman  of  character  would 
certainly  find  a  hufband,  either  in  the 
family  of  her  deceafed  huiband,  or  fome 
other.  The  i-.  idoivs  of  kings,  howe- 
ver, continued  in  their  widowhood,  and 
were  the  property,  though  not  always 
wives  of  the  fucceflbr :  and  to  afl<  any 
of  them  in  marriage,  was  confidered  as 
an  indiredl  claim  of  the  kingdom, 
I  Kings  ii.  13.  14.  l^c*  In  the  Le- 
vant, widowers  and  widows  are  gene- 
rally married  to  one  another.  .  As  wi- 
dows are  too  often  overlooked  by  men, 
God  has  claimed  a  pecuhar  concern 
with  them,  as  their  hufband,  fupport- 
er,  and  judge,  Pfal.  Ixviii.  5.  c'^^lvi.  9, 


He  charged  the   Hebrews  to  take  pe- 
culiar care  of  them,  and   of  fatherleCi 
children,   Deut.  xiv.  29.     He  hath  af- 
certained    terrible   punilhment    agalnft 
fuch  as  opprefs  and  injure  them,   Pfal. 
xciv.  6.      Mai.  iii.  5.      Under  the  gof- 
pel,  the  church  is  to  provide  for  thofc 
that    are   ot/V/oiuj-  indeed^  /.   e.    widows 
of  a  good  charackr,  humble,  and  libe- 
ral when  able,  and  now  grown  old  and 
truly  dellitute  :   but    younger   widow* 
are  advifed  to  marry  again,    i   Tim.  v. 
3. — 10.      To   ihew  k'lndnejs  to  -Jdoiusj 
is  a  noted  branch  of  the  true  religion. 
Job  xxix.  13.     Jam.  i.  27.     To  mark 
their  dciolation,  and  being  deprived  of 
all  joy,  honour,  and  comfort,  Jerufa- 
lem  and   Babylon  are  likened  to    :<7- 
doiusy    Lam.  i.    i.      If.  xlvii.  8.  ;    and 
often   the    having    ^^li'ves   ivido^wSf    im- 
ports the  being  cut  off  by  the  fwcrd, 
or  by   fome   untimely  death.  Lam.  v. 
3.     Ezek.  xxii.  25.       Widoivhoud  and 
lojs  of  children  came  upon  Babylon  in  on: 
day.     Suddenly  fhe  loll  Bellhazzar,  and 
her   rulers   and  dignity,  and   had  vafl 
numbers    of  her    inhabitants   flain  by 
Cyrus.     Under  Darius  Hyllafpis,  her 
inhabitants  flew  their  wives  and  child- 
ren, and  almoil  all  that  were  not  able 
to    bear  arms,    that    the  provifion   ot 
their  befieged  city  might  not  be  wafl- 
ed  by  ufelefs  mouths.   If.  xlvii.  9. 

WIFE.  See  marriage  ;  adul^ 
TERY.  When  the  Orientals  buy  a 
wife,  they  generally  give  a  meafure  of 
corn  for  part  of  her  price,  Hof.  iii.  2. 
WILD;  (  I.)  Untamed  ;  fierce. 
Job  xxxix.  15.  (2.)  Uncultivated. 
Thus  vines,  gourds,  grapes,  and  olives, 
are  reprefented  as  'wiUU  2  Kings  iv.  35.- 
39.  If.  V.  2.  Rom.  xi.  17.  ;  and  ^wild- 
huney,  is  what  is  found  in  fields,  rocks, 
or  woods,  Matth.  iii.  4.  Ifliraael  Aves 
a  oi  ild,  or  ^lAld  free  man  :  he  and  hii 
feed  have  generally  been  a  kind  of  fa- 
vage  people,  robbers  of  all  around 
them,  but  never  fubjeded  to  any.  Gen. 
xvi.  12. 

WILDERNESS.     See  desert. 
WILES  ;    crafty   tricks  ;    enticing 
temptations,    Numb.    xxv.  18.       Eph. 
vi.  II. 

W  ILL  5  (i.)  That  power  of  our 

foul, 


W  T  L  I 

foul,  ttrhereby   we  freely   chufe   or  re- 
fufe  obje'ils.      It  however  cannot  chufe 
any   thing  fplritually    ^ood,  till  it  be 
renewed  by  the  ;  pirit  of  Chrift,    Rom. 
viii.  7.  8.      The  nuill  of  the  flejhj  is  the 
inclinations  and  lufts  of  an  unrenewed 
heart,    Eph.    ii.    3.      (2.)    The   thing 
chofen  by  the  will  :  tKus   the  ivlU  oj 
emmies^  is  the   mifchief  they  delire  or 
devife    againft    one,     Pfal.    xxvii.    12. 
God's  iDtll  denotes,  (i.)    His  natural 
power  to  chufe  or  reject,  Rom.  ix.  14. 
{2.)  His    purpofe  and  decree,  which 
is  his  rule  in   all  his  work,  Eph.  i.  11. 
{3.)    His  word,  his  laws,    and  gofpel- 
declarations,  whereby  he  intimates  what 
lie  is  willing   to  give   to   us  ;  or,  that 
we   fhould   do    in    obedience    to    him, 
Rom.  xii.    2.     Matth.   vii.    2 1.      (4.) 
His  kindnefs  and   favour  manifefttd  in 
a£ls  of  grace,  Deut.  xxxiii.  16.    Luke 
i\.  14.     Our  fandilicatidn   is  the    w/7/ 
€>f  God ;  it  is  purpofed,  promifed,  and 
commanded   by   him,    i   TheiT.   iv.   3, 
Ood    n.uill  have  all  men  faved,   and   to 
come  to  the  knowledge  of  the  truth  ; 
he  purpofes  to   have   men   of  all  forts 
faved  ;  all  mens  feeking  after  fpiritual 
knowledge    and   falvation,  is  agreeable 
to-  his  command,   i  Tim,  ii.  4.     Chrill 
had   a   twofold  luill ;    one   divine,   the 
fame  with  that  of  his  Father ;  and  the 
other  humany  of  which    he  fays   to  his 
Father,  '  Not   my    tuilfy    but   thine    be 
done,  Matth.  xxvi.  39.     To  will,  h, 
(1.)   To  chufe;    defire,  Phil.  ii.    13. 
(?)    Boldly    to   aflc,    John    xvii.    24. 
(3.)     To    command     with     authority, 
John  xxi.  23.      (4.)   To  j^ermit.   Jam. 
iv.  15.     Ele6liou  of  men  to  falvation, 
is  not   of  him    that   icilleth,  nor   of  him 
that  runneth  ;  it  is  not  obtained  by  their 
cagereft   inclinations,   or    moft   earnefl 
endeavours   with    refpeft    to    what   is 
good,  but  flows  from   the  mere   fove- 
reign  g'-^ce  and  mercy  of  God,   Rom. 
ix.  16.     Willing,  is  dehrous;  cheer- 
ful ;  ready  ;  from   choice    and  incHna- 
tion,    I  Their,  ii.  8.      Matth.  xxvi.  41. 
Wilfully,  of   fet   purpofe   and   ma- 
lice ;  contrary  to  light  and  conviftion, 
Heb.  x.  26.     See  Superstition. 

WILLOWS  ;    a    well-known  kind 
«f  trees    that  grow  ia   raoift   places  j 


^60     1  WIN     • 

they  readily  grow  from  cuts  ;  and  grow 
much  in  a  veiy  ftiort  time.  Nay,  if 
an  old  ftump,  not  altogether  rotten, 
do  but  lie  on  the  ground,  it  will  fprout 
forth  twigs.  It  feems,  willows  were 
very  plentiful  on  the  banks  of  tl>e  Eu- 
phrates, and  thereon  the  captive  He- 
brews hanged  their  harp?,  as  ufelefs  to 
them  in- their  didrefTed  and  mournful 
condition,  Pfal.  cxxxvii.  2.  If.  xv.  7. 
The  Jews  ufed  branches  of  willov/s  in 
ere  fling  their  tents  at  the  feaft  of  ta- 
bernacles. Lev.  xxiii.  40.  The  faints 
are  likened  to  ivilloivs  by  the  luater- 
courfes  :  being  planted  in  a  new-cove- 
nant ilate,  and  watered  of  God  every 
moment,  how  quick  is  their  fpiritual 
growth,  and  how  frefn  they  continue 
amid  winters  of  trouble  !    If.  xliv.  4. 

WIMPLES,  If.  iii.  22.  This  fame 
word  is  traaflated  veil,  Ruth  iii.  15. 
In  both  places,  I  am  perfuaded  mit- 
p  AC  HATH  fignifies  a  covering  (heet,  a 
plaid,  or  apron.  In  ihe  Dutch  lan- 
guage, WIMPLE  fignihes  the  large 
plaited  linen  cloth  wherewith  nuns  co- 
vered their  necks  and  brealts ;  as  weH 
as  the  Jlreamer  or  flag  of  a  fhip,  and 
fomctimes  t\\t  fail. 

WIN;  (i.)  To  get  poffeffion  of, 
2  Chron.  xxxii.  i.  One  tvins  ChriJI, 
when  he  gets  pofTeflion  of  him,  as  an 
eternal  portion  and  comfoit,  Phil.  iii. 
8.  (2.)  To  recover.  Men  'win  fouls, 
when  thry  are  inllrumental  in  gaining 
them  to  Chrill,  that  they  may  receive 
falvation  through  him,   Prov.  xi.  30. 

WIND;  a  ienfible  toffing  of  the 
air,  by  means  whereof  a  large  quanti- 
ty of  it  flows  from  one  place  to  an- 
otljer.  The  trade -winds  are  fuch  as 
blow  conftantly  from  eaft  to  weft,  and 
monfoons  are  thofe  which  blow  three 
or  fix  months  at  once  from  one  point, 
and  as  long  from  the  oppofite.  Where 
the  air,  by  the  heat  of  the  fun  or  o- 
therwife,  is  moft  rarelied,  thither  the 
denfer  part  of  the  diftant  air  bends  its 
courfe  ;  and  fo  a  very  rarefied  air  bodes 
a  ftorm.  The  trade -winds  which  are 
met  with  on  the  vaft  ocean,  chicfiy  on 
the  Pcicific,  blow  not  dire^dy  from  eaft 
to  well,  but  Ir'-iine  towards  the  equa- 
tor,   whert-    the    air  is  moft   ran'icd. 

This 


WIN         [5 

This  rarefaAion  of  the  air  under  the 
equator,  I  fuppole,  is  alfo  the  reafoii 
why  fo  much  rain  liappcns  in  the  tor- 
rid zone  in  the  rumrner-fcafon,  the 
clouds  from  other  places  pouring  thcm- 
felves  into  that  region,  where  the  heat 
has  i'o  exceedingly  rarefied  the  air. 
Winds  blow  almoli  conliantly  from  olF 
tlie  fea  in  places  exxeeding  hot.  Winds 
from  the  fea  are  vvannefl  in  winter 
and  coldeil  in  4mimer ;  and  land-winds 
are  coldeil  in  winter  and  hotted  in 
fammer.  Winds  blowing  over  hills 
covered  with  fnov/,  or  Gver  cold  coun- 
tries, are  hereby  rendered  colder.  In 
different  countries,  the  wind  is  often 
in  different,  or  even  oppofite  points  at 
the  fame  time;  and  the  north  and 
fouth  wind  are  Vvct  or  dry,  Prov.  xxv. 
23.  At  Aleppo  in  vSyria,  the  winds 
from  the  north,  and  efpecially  the 
north-ealt,  are  exceedingly  cold  in  the 
winter,  but  excelhvely  hot  in  fummer : 
and  yet  then  their  -water  kept  in  jars 
is  colder.  A  nvhirl-wind,  is  a  flrong, 
blail,  which  winds  about  in  a  fome- 
what  -circular  manner.  Multitudes  of 
fuch  blafls  come  from  the  defcrts  of 
Arabia  ;  and  out  of  one  of  them  the 
Lord  fpake  to  Job,  If.  xxi.  [.  Job 
xxxvii.  9.  xxxviii.  i.  Whirlwinds 
»  fometimes  fweep  down  trees,  houfes, 
£nd  every  -thing  in  their  way  •;  and 
carry  along  with  them  fuch  quantities 
of  dull  as  blind,  or,  even  bury  multi- 
tudes of  travellers.  They  generally, 
though  not  always,  come  from  the 
fouth  ;  and  thofe  in  Africa  have  of- 
ten a  poifonous  influence. 

The  Holy  Gholt  is  likened  to  'wind 
-or  fj-'irids  ;  how  incomprchenfible  is  his 
nature  \  and  how  fclf-moved,  power- 
ful, convincing,  quickening^  comi\>rt- 
ing,  and  purjfying  are  his  influences ! 
May  not  the  north-nvind  figure  out  his 
convincing,  and  iht^  fouf/j-'wuid  his  che- 
rifhing  and  comforting  eflicacy  ?  Johu 
iii.  8.  Song  iv.  16.  Ezek.  xxxvii.  The 
deftruclive  or  afHicting  judgements  of 
God  are  lik.e  iLnndy  or eaji-tuitid,  or<whtrl- 
-ivifid  ;  how  unfearchable  in  their  nature 
and  number!-  how  violently  they  bear 
■down  men  before  them,  and  blow  them 
iind  their  property  to  ruiji !  Or  arc  the 
.    Vol.  IL 


61       1 


W  I  N 


Affyrians,  who,  from  the  eafl,  came  and 
almofl  ruined  the  wliole  nation  of  the 
Jews,  and  bound  them  up  in  their 
wings,  to  carry  tKem  captive  to  a  fo- 
reign knd,  this  cjfc-iL'ind?  If.  xxvii. 
8.  Hof.  iv.  19.  jer.  xxiii.  19.  xxv.^ 
32.  >:xx.  2^.  The  Chaldeans  are  call- 
ed a  dry'iuind,  and  d.fuU  w/Wfrom  the 
v/ilderncfs,  not  to  fan  or  cleanfc  ;  or  a 
luhirlwlnd .:  from  the  fide  of  the  Arcf- 
bian  defert  they  came,  a'.id  furioufly 
marching  againii  the  Jx'ws,  they  wail- 
ed their  country,  and  dellroyed  iheir 
lives  and  wealth,  5<-'i"«  >^iii'  24.  iv.  I2. 
The  Turks  are  like  to  a  'zuhirliv'ind; 
how  furious  and  dellruclive  were  their 
iaroadc  i  Dan.  xi.  40.  Temptations 
of  any  kind  are  called  ivlnd ;  they  tend 
to  tofs  men '  from  one  principle  and 
pradlice  to  another  Kand  put  them  to 
the  trial,  whether  they  be  rooted  and 
grounded  in  Chrifl  and  *  his  truth,  or 
not,  Matth.  vii.  27.  God's  lifting  up 
yob  to  the  luindf  imports  his  cxpofurc 
of  him  to  terrible  troubles  and  temp- 
tations, in  order  to  try  the  truth  and 
ilrength  of  his  grace,  and  to  purge  a- 
way  his  corruption  ;  even  as  men  lift 
up  threflied  corn  to  the  wind,  to  fepa- 
rate  the  chaff  from  it.  Job  xxx.  22.  : 
and  Satan  is  faid  to  Jijt  men,  Luke 
ixiv.  31.  Mens  fins  are  called  ivind ', 
.how  they  unfettle  m.en,  and  tofs  them 
from  g-oodnefs  or  happinefs.  If.  Ixiv. 
6.  Any  thing  unprofitable  and  unfub- 
llantial,  is  called  ivind.  The  Hebrews 
in  the  defert,  and  proud  men  in  any 
age,  are  likened  to  ivind :  how  unfub- 
llantial  !  and  how  quickly  driven  away, 
and  pafTed  out  of  lite  !  Pfal.  Ixxviii.  39. 
Prov.  xxv.  14.  Mens  life  is  likened  to 
luind  :  it  depends  on  _  breath,  and  how 
vain  and  unfettled,  and  how  quickly 
paffed  away  !  Job  vii.  7-.  Falfe  pro- 
phets become  avind,'  when  their  pre- 
dictions arc  fidfilied^  and  themfelves 
contemned,  Jer.  v.  13.  Words' are 
^ind  or  Jirong  nvind,  wlien  dcilitute  ot 
fenfe,  noify  or  paifionate.  Job  vi.  26. 
viii.  2.  Falfe  doctrines  are  called 
nvind ;  how  unfettled,  inconfiflent,  and 
noify  !  how  they  carry  ofl'  light  and 
unfettled  pel  fons  !  but  make  little  im- 
preflion  on  fuch  as  are  well  rooted  and 
4  1j  grounded 


WIN  [ 

grounded  in  the  truth,  Eph.  iv.  14, 
Molten  images  are  called  w/W  and  con- 
fufion  ;  inftead  of  doing  men  fervrce 
they  contribute  to  their  difgrace,  fliame 
and    perplexity,   If.    xH.  29.      To  Jonx 


the  tu'ind,  and  reap  the  luhirlwiudy  13  to 
contri\'e  unprofitable  fchemes,  that  if- 
fue  in  the  ruin  of  the  contrivers,  Hof. 
viii.  7.  To  inherit  -indj  is  to  poflefs 
what  is  unfubllantial  and  hurtful,  Prov. 
xi.  29.  The  Ifraelitesj^<'/o/i  ii/zW  and 
follo'wed  after  eajl-nvind ;  their  depen- 
dence on  the  Syrians,  AlTyrians,  or 
Egyptians,  did  them  no  real  fervice, 
but  much  hurt,  blafting  and  ruining 
then-  country,  and  fo  incrcafed  their  lies 
ana  falfehood^  and  haftened  the  defola- 
tion  of  their  country,   Hof.  xii.  i. 

To  WIND  ;  ('i.)  To  go  round  about, 
Ezek.  xh.  7.  (2.)  To  warp  ;  roll  up, 
John  xix.  40. 

WINDOW  ;  a  well-known  pafTage 
for  the  light  to  enter  into,  and  illu- 
miiiate  houfes.    Lattesses,  or  case- 


561     ]         WIN 

WINE.     See  VINE. 

V\  INGS  ;  thefe  feathery  members 
of  fowls,  wherewith  they  fly  in  the  air. 
Job  xxxix.  13.  The  Hebrews  gave 
the  name  of  a  nAng  to   any  thing   that 


M^ 


NTS,  were  the  windows,  or  the  net- 


woi:.  of  wire  in  them,  before  the  in- 
vention of  glafs,  Judg.  V.  2^.  2  Kings 
i.  2.  The  ordinances  of  God  are 
caDed  ivindoius  and  lattejfes  ;  by  means 
of  them  is  his  church  enlightened 
in  this  world,  and  Jthereby  Chrill 
and  .his  people  meet  together,  and  fee 
one  another.  Song  ii.'  9.  If.  Ix.  9. 
liv.  12.  The  uarro<tu  ivindoius  of  the 
temple  reprefented  thefe  ordinances  as 
giving  but  fmall  degrees  of  light  in  the 
ceremonial,  and  even  in  the  militant 
ilate  ;  and  there  being  one  over  a- 
gainft  another,  may  denote,  that  di- 
vine ojrdinances,  if  duly  ufed,  do  mu- 
tually caft  light  upon  one  another, 
I  Kings  vi.  4.  vii.  4.  Our  eye-holes 
are  called  loindoavs,  becauie  we  receive 
the  light  by  them,  Eccl.  xii.  3.  The 
clouds,  efpecially  when  they  plentiful- 
ly pour  forth  their  rain,  are  called  the 
nvind onus  of  heaven  ;  but  aruboth  may 
fignify  catara^s  ox f pouts.  Gen.  yii.  11. 
viii.  2.  In  allufion  whereto,  the  it-m- 
doim  of  heaven  are  faid  to  be  opened, 
when  God  beftows  his  blellings  upon 
men  in  a  plentiful  degree,  Mai.  iii.  10.5 
or  when  he  pours  forth  terrible  and  o- 
%'erwhelming  judgements  upon  them, 
If.  xxiv.  j8. 


refembled  it  ;  as,   (i.) 


The  ildrt  of  a 
9.     Jer.  ii.    -|- 


garment,  Ruth  iii.  f 
34.  (2.)  The  outlide  or  end  of  a 
country.  Job  xxxviii.  f  13.  If.  xxiv. 
16.  (3.)  The  battlement  of  a  houfe ; 
hence  perhaps  what  of  the  temple  our 
Saviour  ftood  upon,  is  called  a  pinna- 
cle or  lum^,  Matth.  iv.  5.  (4.)  The 
fpreading  and  warming  rays  of  the  fun, 
Mai.  iv.  2.  (5.)  The  fails  of  ftiips, 
or  the  (hadows  of  high  mountains.  If. 
xviii.  I.  (6.)  An  army  ipread  out 
like  wings.  If.  viii.  8. ;  and  fo  the 
n.mng  of  abomination,  -may  denote  the 
Roman  armies  who  rendered  Judea  a 
defolation,  Dan.  ix.  f  27.  (7.)  The 
motions  of  the  wind,  Pfal.  xviii.  10. 
As  the  wings  and  feathers  of  birds  are 
inftrumental  of  their  flight,  and  of  hi- 
ding, protecting,  and  warming  their 
young,  <vjings  and  feathers,  afcribed  to 
God  or  Chrift,  import  his  fpeed  to  de- 
liver his  people,  and  the  full  and  com- 
fortable, and  grace- increafing  protec- 
tion and  influence  they  receive  from 
his  righteoufnels,  love,  power,  promife, 
and  providence,  Ruth  ii.  12.  Pfal 
xvii.  8.  xci.  4.  Matth.  xxiii.  37.  Wings 
afcribed  to  cherubims,  feraphims,  and 
living  creatures,  import  the  readinefs 
and  activity  of  angels  and  miniftere  in 
the  fervice  of  God,  If.  vi.  Eztk.  i. 
X.  The  faints  ivifigs,  are  their  faith, 
love,  hope,  holy  affedlion,  and  heaven- 
ly meditation,  whereby  they  mount  up 
towards  their  Saviour,  and  things  a- 
bove.  If.  xl.  31.  The  tnxio  nxings  of  a 
.  great  eagle,  given  to  the  true  church, 
for  flying  with  into  the  wildernefs, 
may  denote  God^s  fpecial  aflillance,  in 
bearing  her  up,  protecting,  and  com- 
forting her,  and  direfting  to  proper 
methods  of  fecurity  againil  Antichrif- 
tian  corruptions,  Rev.  xii.  14.  Wings 
afcribed  to  Pharaoh,  Nebuchadnezzar, 
and  Alexander,  and  their  kingdoms  or 
aimies,  may  denote  the  rapidity  of 
their  conqueils,  the  extent  of  their 
dominion,    and    their  great  power  to 

protc6t 


WIN         [563 

proteA  their  fiihje(5is  and  allies  but  fy 
Alexander's  four  tuhn'S^  may  alTo  de- 
rote  the  partition  of  his  empire  into 
four  kingdoms  foon  after  his  death, 
Ez<k.  xvii.  3.  7.  Dan.  vii  j.  "^  The 
r.oify  nvin  s  of  the  locufts  under  the 
fifth  trumpet,  may  denote  the  wide 
fpread  armies  of  the  Saracens,  or  the 
wide-fpreatl  threatenings  and  excom- 
munications of  the  Komifh  clergy, 
Rev.  IX.  q 

WINKING  with  the  eye,  is  ex- 
preffive  of  invjckery  and  derifion  or  of 
giving  one  a  token  to  do  his  neighbour 
a^  injury,  Prov.  vi.  13.  x.  ■  c.  Pfal. 
XXXV.  19.  G;)d's  ivinkin^  at  the  times 
0!  i^mrdncc^  imports  his  patient  lons:^- 
fuffcrinu;;  towards  the  heathen  world, 
A6ls  xvii.  ^o. 

WINNOW;  to  clean  corn  by  ex 
poling  it  to  the  'vind,  that  the  chaff 
and  duft  inay  be  blown  away.  If.  xxx. 
24.  God*s  'Ujin?io'wmg  of  mens  path, 
and  lying  down,  denotes  his  perfect 
knowledge  thereof,  and  hi?  tryfting 
men  with  frequent  trials,  Pial.  cxxxix. 

t  ^ 

WINTER;  the  cold  feafon,  when 

fields  and  trees  are  barren,  grafs  wi- 
thered, and  ttorms  frequent.  In  the 
middle  divifion  of  the  earth,  called  the 
torrid  zone,  which  is  about  ^270  miles 
broad  from  fouth  to  north,  they  have 
generally  two  winters  a-year,  but  both 
of  them  very  warm.  In  countriet^  near 
to  the  poles,  they  have  what  we  mieht 
call  a  perpetual  winter  :  nay  even  in 
Sweden,  one  mic^ht  fay,  nine  months 
are  a  fevere  winter,  and  all  the  reft  of 
the  year  is  fumme-.  In  fom»"  places 
the  winter  is  fo  exceflively  cold,  that 
it  is  almoft  impoflible  to  efcape  being 
frozen  to  death:  Gen.  viii.  22.  Even 
in  Canaan,  great  men  had  their  warm- 
er houfes  for  the  winter  feafon,  as  well 
as  their  cooler  ones  for  the  fummer, 
"  Jer.  xxxvi.  22.  Amos  iii.  15.  ;  and 
indeed  there  the  winter  is  very  wet 
and  cold,  efpecially  between  the  .  2th 
of  December  and  zcth  of  January,  its 
cold  is  fometimes  deadly,  Mat  xxiv. 
20.  Seafons  of  temptation,  prrTecu- 
tion,  and  diftrefb,  arc  like  to  a  ivin- 
ter  ;  QX  jummcr  ana  "winter^  may  figai- 


]         WIS 

r-ll  the  year  long ;  perpetually, 
Zech.  xiv.  8.  The  tv'inter  is  paj}^  and 
the  rain  is  over  and  ^one  .  t  e.  the  cold, 
dark,  and  barren  period  of  the  c  re- 
monies  is  pall,  and  the  ftorms  of  di* 
vine  wrath  are  fully  exhaufted  on 
Chrill  :  the  barren  winter  of  unrege- 
neracy,  and  of  curfes  lying  on  the 
conlcience,  is  over:  the  days  of  dead- 
nefs.  unfruitfulncfs,  and  perfecntion 
in  the  church,  and  of  temptation,  de- 
fertion,  and  fpiritual  grief  or  ftupidi- 
ty  in  the  foul,  are  over,  Song  ii.  ii. 
To  WINTER,  is  to  live  or  ftcy  during 
the  winter,  If.  xviii'  6.  Ki:Xz  xxvii. 
12. 

WIPE  ;  gently  to  rub  off  duft,  wet- 
nefs,  or  the  like,  from  any  thing",  John 
xiii.  ^.  God  ivipes  a'lvay  his  peoples 
tears^  when  he  removes  all  their 
S^rounds  of  grief,  and  fills  them  with 
joy  unfpeakable  and  full  of  glory,  If. 
XXV.  8.  Rev.  vii.  17.  He  nvipes  not 
out  mens  good  deeds,  when  he  accepts 
and  rewards  them,  Nch.  xiii.  14.  God 
Wiped  Jerufalern  as  a  ijh^  turning  it 
uofide  down,  when  he  grievoufly  af- 
flidled  the  Jews,  and  unhinged  the 
conftltution  of  theit  church  and  ftate, 
by  the  Aft'yrians,  Egyptians,  anci  Chal- 
deans, 2  Kings  xxi.  13.  The  whore*3 
Wiping  of  hsr  mouthy  imports  her  impu- 
dent refufal  of  guilt;  or  her  pretences 
to  holinefs  and  chaftity,  Prov.  xxx. 
2C.  An  adulterer's  reproach  (hall  not 
he  lutpsd  away  .  i.  8>  ftiall  fcarce  ever 
ceafe-    Prov    vi.  ^3. 

WISE;  (1.)  Prudent  in  the  ma- 
nagement of  things.  Gen.  xli.  33.  (2.) 
Learned;  knowing,  Rom.  i.  14.  God 
is  only  wife  ;  he  alone  has  in  and  of 
himfelt  an  infinite  knowledge  of  all 
things,  and  is  poflefled  of  an  infinite 
prudence,  for  the  diredtion  and  ma- 
nagement of  all  things,  Rom.  xvi.  27. 
I  Tim.  i.  <7.  (3.)  Godly  ;  pious;  be- 
ing taught  of  God,  and  made  wife 
unto  falvation,  Prov.  xiii  14.  2  Tim. 
iii.  15.  14.)  vSkiltul  artificers,  Exod. 
xxviii.  3.  (5.)  Subtle;  witty.  1  Sam. 
xiv.  2.  6.  •  Puffed  up  with  a  con- 
ceit of  their  own  wildom,  2  Cor.  xi. 
19.  Rom.  xii.  16.  Wise  alfo  ligni- 
fiea,  manner,  refp'.a,  rate,  Numb.  vi. 
4  B  2  23' 


w  IS      r 

xxii.  I  3.     The  wi^ 


2^.  Exod.  xxii.  13.  ine  wz/i*  men 
of  Egypt,  Chaldea,  &c.  not  only  com- 
prehended their  phllofophers,.  allrono- 
iners,  and  other  adepts  of  natural 
fcience ;  but  alfo  tli^ir  d'tvifiers  ;  fee 
BiviNATinM,  Gen.  xli,  8.  Dan.  ii,  10. 
- — 14.  What  the  wife  men,  who,  ex- 
cited by  the  reports  of  the  futJr*.?  ap- 
pearance of  the  Mefl!.ah,  ^^n-d  hv  the 
appearance  of  an  extraordinary  flar, 
came  to  vifit  our  Saviour,  pile  after 
bis  birth,  were  ;  whether  raa;^McIans  ; 
or  whether  of  the  feft  of  tht:  Perfian 
magians,  who  believed  two  fubordi- 
nate  principles,  one  of  good,  and  an- 
othc;r  of  evil,  and  detcfted  images  a-^id 
temples,  and  wor(hipped  God  only  by 
the  emblem  of  fire  ;  or  whether  tht?y 
were  only  philofophers,  we  cannot  de- 
termine. Nor  know  we  a  whit  bet- 
ter, what  particular  country  they 
came,    from  ;     whetlicr    from     Pcrfja, 


564    1         WIS 


Chaldea,  or  eattern  Arabia 


nor  what 
journey  : 


time  they  took  up  in  their 
nor  whether  the  extraordinary  ilar 
went  before  them  all  the  way  till  thsy 
came  near  to  Jerufalenu  But  being 
arrived  there,  they  enquired  where 
was  the  dom  Kins[  of  the  Jews,  whofe 
ftar  tbey  had  feen  in  the  eaft.  In- 
formed by  Herod,  after  hk  delibera- 
tion with  his  council,  that  Bethlehem 
was  the  place  marked  out  m  prophe- 
cy for  the   birth  of  the  Meffiah,  th«y     dily'to  receive  the  perfuafior>3  of  God's 


the  rx)ijdovi  of  the  Eayptiafis,  A£ls  vh. 
22.  (;^.)  Quicknefs  of  invention  and 
dexterity  in  framing  of  curious  works  : 
with  fuch  ivif$^n  Bezaleel  and  -\holiab 
were  qualified  to  fafnion  the  pertinents 
of  the  tabernacle, N  Exod.  xxxi.  2.  5.. 
(4.')  Cr^ftinefs  in  carrying  on  proje6^s: 
fuch  was  the  iy;/./i»^//  of  Pharaoh  in  op- 
preffing  the  Hebre«vs,  Exod.  i.  IG.  ; 
and  of  Jonadab,  v/ho  contrived  how 
Amnon  might  he  with  his  half-filte.r, 
2  Sam.  xiii.  3  The  three  laftare  call- 
ed the  nvifihm  cfthis  'world,  I  Cor.  ii.  ($. 
(^.)  Natural  inilinCt  and  fagacity  : 
thus  the  oflrich  is  made  .nvlthout  nuif- 
dciVy  Job  xxxix.17.  (6.)  True  godli- 
ncfs,  wherein  one  being  taught  pf  God 
to  know  his  will,  feeks  what  is  proper 
and  ihuns  what  is  improper,  and  ilu- 
dies  to  perform  every  duty  in  the  pro- 
per feaibn  thereof,  Pfal.  xc  12.  fob 
xxviii.  28.  :  this  wifdom  h  f?-ovi  above, 
is  a  fpecial  gift  of  God ;  is  pitre,  ma- 
king men  careful  to  avoid  error,  and 
every  thing  finful,  and  to  cleave  to 
truth  and  holinefs  ;  is  peaceable-,  difpo- 
fmg  men  to  make  and  keep  peace  with 
others,  as  far  as  is  confident  with  ho- 
linefs :  it  {^gentle,  difpo-fing  n^en  to 
bear  with  the  infirmities  of  others,  and 
to  forgive  injuries,  and  interpret  every 
thing  to  the  bed  fenfe  it  will  bear :  it 
Ueafy  to  be  intreated^  raaking  men  rea- 


had  fcarce  departed  Trom  Jerufalem, 
v/hen  the  ilar,  to  their  great  joy,  ap- 
peared, and  directed  them  to  the  very 
houfe.  As  foon  as  they  came  in,  they 
worfhipped  him,  and  presented  him 
wirh  various  gifts,  gold,  frankincenle, 
and  myrrh.  Thus  the  Gentiles  began 
to  gather  to  Shiloh,  Herod  had  char- 
ged them  to  come  back,  and  inform 
him  where  they  found  the  young  Mef- 
iiar  but  being  warned  by  an  angel 
in  ..  dream,  they  went  home  another 
way,  and,  no  doubt,  fpread  the  re- 
port of  the  Mcffiah's  birth,  Matth.  ii. 
WISDOM;  (1.)  Prudence  and  dif- 
cretion  to  perceive  v/hat  is  fit  or  unfit 
to  be  done,  with  refped  to  lime,  place, 
manner,  inftruments,  or  end,  of  an  ac- 
tion, Eccl.  ii.  i^.  (2.)  Knowledge  of 
ioiencc? ;  fo  Mofes  was  learned  in  all 


word,  and  yield  to  good  counfel  and 
reafon  :  it  \z  full  of  mercy  and  pity  to- 
wards fuch  as  are  m  poverty  or  dillrefs, 
or  have  offended  :  it  is  full  of  good 
fruits.,  henevolcn<:e,  liberality,  brother- 
ly-kindnefs  :  it  is  <vj{thout  partiality, 
not  preferring  one  to  another  on  car- 
nal accounts  ;  and  'without  hypocrlf^^ 
difpofing  a  man  to  unfeigned  holinefs, 
and  to  judge  himfelf  by  the  law  where- 
by he  judge?  others,  Jam.  i.  17.  (7.) 
The  gofpel  1^  called  ivifiorny  and  the 
wifdom  of  God  in  a  luyflery,  or  hidden 
nvifdom  :  it  is  a  difplay  of  the  wife  pur- 
pofes  and  methods  of  God  concerning 
the  falvation  of  men,  and  renders  them 
wife  unto  falvation.  No  creature  could 
difcovf^r  it  Anciently,  it  was  altoge- 
ther u;iknown  amon,',  the  Gentile  na- 
tions, and  was  but  diirkly  revealed  to 

thQ 


W  I  s 


ihe  Jews  in  myfterious  types  ;  nor  is  it 
even  now  fully  underftood,  i  Cor.  il. 
6.  7.  (8.)  Chrill  is  called  w/'/j'^w,  and 
the  'w'lfiiom  of  God :  as  God  he  is  infi- 
nitely wife  :  as  God-man  Mediator, 
all  the  trsajures  of  nvlf.h'n  and  kno'valed^s 
are  hid  in  him:   he  hath   infinite   wif- 


I    s(>S    ^        WIT 


maxims  relative  thereto,  which  oft  ra- 
ther promote  ruin,  than  fecure  men 
againll  it,  i  Cor.  ii.  7..  Flefhly  'wifdy.^f^ 
is  that  craft  and  carnal  policy  which 
tends  to  promote  the  fervlce  of  fin, 
2  Cor.  i.  12.  No  doubt,  ye  are  the 
people^  and  n.viJdovi  JI1  ill  die  nvith  you  ; 


dom  for  managinp^   all   the   affairs    of     /.  (?.  you  imagine    yourfelves  the  only 
providence  and  grace  to    promote  our     wife   perfons,  and   that,  if   you    were 


falvation  :  in  him  is  given  the  moil 
grand  and  full  difplay  of  the  wifdom 
and  knowledge  of  God  :  he  is  made  of 
God  to  us  nviJdo?ft ;  he  favingly  reveals 
to  us  the  nature  and  vvill  of  God,  and 
renders  us   wife   unto  falvation,  Prov. 


dead,  knowledge  of  divine  things  would 
perifh  from  the  earth  ;  an  irony,  Joh 
xii.  2.  Scornersy^t';4  nvijdomy  but  find 
it  not ;  their  attempts  towards  know- 
ledge do  but  render  them  vain  and  felf- 
conceited,  Prov.  xiv.   6.     To    preach 


ili.  19.  vili.  ix.      Wifdom  is  jujiified  of    the    gofpel   with    ivifdo?n  of  nvords^or 


her  children  :  that  Jefus  Chrilt  was  no 
wine-bibber,  or  gluttonous  perfon,  but 
one  perfctiitly  righteous,  and  the  true 
MefTial),  is  truly  believed,  profeffcd, 
and  evidenced  by  the  practice  of  his 
true  followers  :  and  the  gofpel,  and 
true  godlinefs  founded  thereon,  are 
fufficiently  acknowledged  to  be  full  of 
wifdom,  holinefs,  ant!  equity  ;  and  by 
fuch  as  devote  themfelves  to  the  (ludy 


'Words  of  mafi*!  n.v'/fdoj^i,  or  excellency  of 
fpeechy  is  ta  do  it  in  bombaft  and  af- 
fe^?!ted  eloquence,  pompous  and  fwo>len 
phrales,   i  Cor.  i.  17.    ii.  i.  4. 

WISH ;  to  defire ;  to  pray  for, 
3  John  2.    Jon.  iv.  8. 

WIT,  WOT  ;  to  know,, Gen.  :cxi.  26. 
We  do  you  to  nvity  is  an  obfolete  phrafc 
for  ivfT  inform  yoiiy  7.  Cor.  viii.  t.  To 
be  at  one's  nviV s  end,  is  to  be  in   fuch 


and  pra^^ice  of  holinefs,  arc  vindicated     perplexity  as  not  to  know  what  to  do. 


againft  all  the  cavils  of  the  ungodly, 
Matth.  xi.  19;  The  mouth  of  the 
righteous  fpeaketh  ioiJd&?n ;  when  the 
difcourfes  of  others  are  wicked  or  vain, 
his  are  pious  and  profitable,  flowing 
from  an  inw^ard  knowledge  of  God, 
turning  upon  divine  things  as  their 
objeft,  and  tending  to' render  men  wife 
unto  falvation,  Pfal.  xxxvii.  30.  The 
ivifdo7n  of  God  in  the  hand  of  Ezra,  was 
either  the  law  of  God  which  he  iludied 


Pfal.  cvii.  27.  Wittingly,  is  wife- 
ly ;  warily  ;  well  kuowing  what  he  did.> 
Gen.  xlviii.  14.  Witty,  is  dexterous; 
that  requires  great  wifdom  and  /Icill, 
Prov.  viii.  1  2. 

WITCH  is  a  woman,  and  wizAtRd 
is  a  man  that  has  dealing  with  Satan, 
if  not  a6lually  entered  into  formal  com- 
padl  with  him.  That  fuch  perfons  arc 
among  men,  is  abundantly  plain  from 
fcripture,  and  that  they  ought   to   be 


the 

it,  Ezra  vii.  2  j.  The  ivifdom  that  So- 
lomon had,  implied  knowledge  of  {c'l- 
encts,  and  fagacity  and  prudence  for 
government,  j  Kings  iii.  9.  12.  In 
the  '•u.'jfdom  of  God,  the  world  by  ivif~ 
doffi  knew  not  God  ;  God  wifely  fo  or- 
der^d^it,  that  neither  by  the  difcove- 
ries  of  God  in  the  works  of  creation 
and  providence,  nor  by  all  their  philo- 

fophy,  did  the  heathens  attain  to  the  Ihipping  of  Satan.  Witchcraft  com- 
true  and  faving  knowledge  of  God,  prehends  all  kinds  of  influence  produ- 
iCor.  i.  21.  l^ht'ivifdomofthis^jjortdy  ced  by  collufion  with  Satan,  and  ex- 
and  of  its  princes,  which  comes  to  eludes  the  ufcr  from  the  kingdom  c^ 
nought,  is  their  carnal  policy  in  ma-  God,  Gal.  v.  20.  The  •'witchcrafts  of 
naging  temporal  or  flatc  affairs 3  or  the     Ninsvehf    may   import  the   diviiiacion 

there 


knowledge  of,  or  his  knowledge  of    put  to   death,  Deut.  xviii.  ic.    Exod- 
--.        .       ~         ^^..    ^^^     j^    .^   plain,  however,  that. 

great  caution  i:^  neceffary  in  the  detec- 
tion of  the  guilty,  and  in  punifhin^^ 
them,  left  the  innocent  fiiffer,  as  many 
inrtances  in  New  England,  and  othtr 
places,  (hew.  Nor  can  I  believe  that 
peoples  flanding  in  awe  of  perfons  as 
fufpe6tcd  for  this  infernal  power,  is 
any  thing  elfe   than  an  indiredl  wor- 


W  I 

there  pra£lifed  \  zn^ 
ful  and  enfnarin^  behaviour  to  the  na- 
tions   arouud,    Nah.   iii.   4.     See    be- 
witch. 

WITHAL;  (..)  Alfo,  I  Kings 
xix.  «.  (2.)  Wholly,  Pfal.  cxli.  10. 
(3.)  With;  by  means  of,  Exod.  xxv. 
29^    xxx.  u 

WITHDRAW;  (i.)  To  ceafe ; 
leave  off,  i  Sam.  xiv.  19.  (2.)  To  re- 
move, Job  xili.  2f,  (3.)  To  draw  or 
turn  afide.  Job  xxxiii.  17.  (4.)  To 
entice;  feduce,  Deut.  xiii.  13.  (5.) 
To  abfent  ;  forbear  keeping  company 
with,  Prov.  xxv.  17.  God  and  Chrilt 
^withdraiv  themfelves,  vi^hen  they  ceafe 
granting  fweet  intimacy  with  men,  and 
inllead  of  delivering  them,  give  them 
up  into  the  hands  of  their  enemies,  or 
to  diftrefs  and  forrow,  Song  v.  6.  Hof. 
V.  6.  God  tuithdr.Aivs  his  right  hand, 
when  he  fe'^mingly  works  nothing  for 
their  advantage,  and  does  not  fupport 
or  proteA  them  as  formerly,  Pf.  Ixxiv. 
1 1.  He  ivithdraiveth  not  his  eyes  from 
the  righteous  ;  never  ceafes  his  tender 
obfervation  of  or  care  about  them,  Job 
xxxvi.  7.  To  '■juirhdraiu  fro?n  brethren 
that  ivaik  diforderly^  from  men  of  cor- 
rupt minds,  or  Antichriftians,  is  to 
forbear  familiar  intimacy  v^'ith  them, 
and  ceafe  from  religious  fellowOiip  with 
them  in  the  feals  of  the  new  covenant, 
2  Theff.  iii.  6.  i  Tim.  vi.  5.  2  Tim. 
iii   5. 

WITHER;  to  dry  up,  and  decay, 
Jcr.  xii.  4.  Men  nvither,  when  they 
lofe  their  vigour  of  life  or  profperity, 
and  fall  under  weaknefs,  poverty,  and 
diftrefs,  Pfal  xc  6.  Ezek.  xvii.  9.  10. 
Pfal.  cii.  4.  ;  or  when  they  lofe  their 
fair  profeflion,  or  activity  in  grace,  and 
become  apparently  carnal  and  wicked, 
or  ina<^ive  and  flothful  in  holinefs, 
Matth.  xiii.  6.  Jude  xii.  Pfal.  cii.  4. 
The  top  of  Carmel  JhiU  'wither ;  the 
m(  ft  fertile  and  well  inhabited  places 
fhall  become  barren  and  defolate,  Amos 
i.  2. 

WITH  HOI,D.    See  restrain. 

WITHIN;  I.)  In  theinfideof  a 
houfe,  city,  vefTel,  &c.  Ezek.  iii.  24. 
(2.)  Ere  a  certain  time  be  finiflied, 
Lev.  xxv.  29.    Judg.  xi.  26.     (3.)  In 


T  I     S&6    ^         WIT 

alfo  their  deceit-  the  heart,  Mat.  xxiii.  2j. — 27.  2  Cor, 
v.  T.  4.^  In  the  church,  as  members 
thereof,  i  Cor.  v.  i?.  Without; 
{ I .  I  On  the  outfide  of  an  houfe,  &c. 
2  Kings  x.  24.  (2.)  Wanting  pof- 
fefli'on,  wordiip  command,  alTiftancc, 
company,  hapoinefs,  Eph.  ii.  :  2.  2  Chr. 
XV.  3.  2  Kings  xviii.  25.  i  Pet.  iii.  i. 
(3.)  Not  members  of  the  church,  i  Cor. 
v.  ;2.  13.  Col.  iv.  5.  (4.)  Shut  out 
from  heaven  ;  caft  into  hell,  Rev. 
xxii.  I  J.  '<^.)  Pnl^licly  in  the  ordinan- 
ces of  the  gofpeL  and  among  the  Gen- 
tih^s,  Prov.  i.  20.    Song  viii.  i. 

WITHS  ;  twifted  boughs,  willows. 
Sec.  fuch  as  thofe  wher-.  with  faggots 
are  often  bound  together,  Judg.  xvi. 
7.8. 

WITHSTAND  ;  effeaually  to  op- 
pofe,  Dan.  xi.  19.  Paul  'withjiood'^t- 
ter  to  the  face,  when  he  fliarply  rebu- 
ked him,  and  checked  his  diflimula- 
tion.  Gal.  ii.  1 1. 

WITNESS  .  (i.)  One  who  folemn- 
ly,  or  upon  oath,  gives  his  declaration 
concerning  a  matter.  Numb.  v.  13. 
No  perfon  is  to  be  condemned  on  the 
teftimony  of  one  witnefs  ;  but  at  leaft: 
two  or  three  are  to  depofe  harmoni- 
oufly  for  proving  the  fame  or  a  fimi- 
lar  fad.  As  fome  men,  efpecially  fuch 
as  are  given  to  fwearing  in  their  com- 
mon converfation,  by  prejudice,  or  by 
the  influence  of  a  bribe,  are  ready  to 
fwear  falfely,  God,  to  deter  the  He- 
brew witnefles  from  falfe  fwearing,  ap- 
pointed them  to  begin  the  execution  of 
the  fentence  againft  him  that  was  con- 
demned to  death  upon  the  tooting  of 
their  depofition,  by  cafting  the  firfl: 
flione  at  him,  Deut.  xvii.  6.  7.  If  a 
witnefs  was  deteftedof  falfe  teftimony, 
he  was  condemned  to  the  very  fame 
form  of  puniftiment  to  which  his  talfe 
depofition  tended  to  bring  his  neigh- 
bour, Deut.  xix.  t  6. — 18.  When  our 
Saviour  was  crucified,  his  adverfaries 
fuborned  as  many  falfe  witnefles  as  they 
could  ;  but  their  teftimony  never  agreed 
on  any  tiling  criminal,  Mark  xiv.  5J. 
^6.  Falfe  witnrftes  too  were  fuborn- 
ed againft  Naboth  and  Stephen, 
I  Kiuisxxi.  I'-.  13.  A6l^,  vi.  13.  God 
is  a  nuiinefsf  ?^x\6.  f'wi/t  luitnefst  againft 

fmnersJ 


WIT         [    567     J  W 

Tinners,  falfe  fwcarcrs,  or  others  :  he  that  the  deeds  or 
obferves,  and  will  fpeedily  manifeft  and 
punifti  their  fin,  Jer.  xxix.  23.  Mai. 
iii.  5.  Chrill  is  a  ivitnejs  given  to  the 
people:  faitlifuUy  ann  folcmnly  he  de 
clarts  to  men  the  various  truths  of  the 
gofpel  ;  and  the  conttitution  of  his  per 
fon  and  mediation,  and  his  word,  mi- 
racles, oath,  death,  and  ordinances, 
do  all  concur  to  attell  the  fame,  Rev. 
i.  5.  iii.  15.  If  Iv.  4.  The  Holy  Ghoil 
is  a  ivitnefs  «  by  his  powerful  miracles, 
and  by  his  infljences  on  the  conlcience 
of  men,  he  attelts  the  truth  of  God's 
word,  a.nd  the  Mtffiahfhip  M  Chrilt 
by  caufing  to  undertland  the  marks  ot 
real  grace  laid  down  in  fcripture,  by 
fhining  on,  and  quickening  our  holy 
difpohtions,  and  enabling  us  to  difcern 
the  reality  of  our  grace,  and  by  a  migh- 
ty application  of  the  pi  omifes,  he  bears 
'VJttneJs  with  our  fpirits,  that  we  are 
the  children  of  God,  Rom.  viii.  16. 
Heb.  X.  I  5.  As  the  Father,  Son,  and 
Holy  Ghoil,  are  heavenly  ■x^Ht?iejJes,  at- 
teiiing  the  mifTion  and  incarnation  of 
Chrift,  and  his  being  given  to  us,  and 
eternal  lite  in  him  ;  fo  the  Spirit^  i.e. 
the  Holy  Ghoil's  extraordinary  and  or- 
dinary influence,  and  his  refidence  in 
the  hearts  of  his  people, //6<"  luater,  the 
purity  and  hdlinels  of  Chrift's  life,  the 
doftrines  of  the  >?ofpel,  the  ordinance 
of  baptifm,  and  the  fantlificatim  of 
the  faints,  and  the  bloody  the  expiatory 
fuffering  of  Chrill,  and  reprcicntalion 
of  it  in  the  fupper,  the  jultification  or 
his  people,  and  their  fuflerings  for  his 
fake,  do  all  on  earth  atteit  the  fame  : 
and  he  that  believes  hath  the  muitnefs  in 
himjelf:  has  the  truth  attelled  aud  ve- 
rified in  his  heart,  and  his  confcience 
bears  witnefs  thereto  ;  and  he  has  the 
fix  witnefTes  as  it  were  dwelling  in  his 
foul,  *  John  v.  7. — 9.  Mens  own  con- 
fcience and  fpirit  bears  ivitnejs,  by  cau- 
fing them  to  affent  to  the  truth  of  the 
gofpel,  Rom.  vi,  16.  Prophets,  apo- 
ftles,  and  minifters,  are  'xuttnejj'es  :  up- 
on their  certain  knowledge,  tliey  fo- 
lemnly  declare  the  truth  concerning 
God's  perfeftions,  will,  and  work,  and 
concerning  Jefus's  perfon,  and  offices, 
and  Hates  j  and  CGnccrnin|^  the  world, 


I  T 

t  arc  evil,  Rom.  lif. 
22.  \c^s  X.  43.  v.  ^2.  The  faints  arc 
God's  nuitnejjes  :  by  their  profelli-n  and 
practice,  tiiey  f.»lemnly  attcft  tin*  ex- 
cellencies ot  a  God  in  Chrill,  the  truth 
and  importance  of  his  word,  the  grace 
and  glory  of  his  works,  and  the  vanity 
of  everything  in  comparifon  of  him. 
If.  xliii.  ic.  12.  xliv.  8.:  and  when 
they  bear  "witnejs  unto  death,  they  are 
called  MARTYRS,  Rev.  ii.  i  <.  The  mi- 
nilUrs  and  Chviitians  who  oppofe  ihe 
abominations  of  Antichrid,  are  Chrill's 
tiuOf  final  I,  but  Sufficient  number  of 
^tjitnejfefy  who,  aflitled  of  God,  con- 
tinue prophejying^  adhering  to,  and  de- 
claring divine  truths,  clothed  in  fack.  loth ^ 
in  a  humble,  dilbefled,  and  m(  urning 
condition.  T\\ty /land  before  God,  are 
under  his  fpecial  care  and  proted;ion, 
and  live  as  under  his  eye  :  Jire  ^oethoui 
of  their  mouth  to  hurt  their  enemies  ; 
the  gofpel  they  preach  or  profels,  tends 
to  the  ruin  of  Antichriil,  and  th^ir 
prayers  bring  judgements  upon  him  : 
they  (hut  heaven  by  folemn  cenfure,  or 
by  declaring  of  God's  tbreatcnings. 
Nor  does  the  rain  of  gofpel-^ruth  or 
influence  fall  on  the  Popifli  liate  ;  and 
their  witneffing  occafions  bloody  wars. 
Antichriil  at  lad  almoft  ruins  them  ; 
but  God  (hall  fuddenly  render  them 
more  powerful   than   ever,    Rev.  xi.  3. 

— 19.   See  CHURCH. Whatever  ma- 

nifefts  the  truth  of  any  point,  is  called 
a  'witnejs  .  lo  the  impudent  fliew  of  hn« 
ners  countenance,  and  their  boldnefs 
in  fin,  is  a  nuitnefs  againfi  them,  that 
they  deferve  and  are  ripe  for  calamities, 
11.  iii.  9.  Job's  troubles  vv-ere  ivitnejfes 
of  his  guilt,  and  of  God's  great  dif- 
pleafure  with  him,  Job  x.  17.  xvi.  8. 
The  moon  is  a  faithful  imtriefs^  that 
God  keeps  his  covenant  with  day  and 
night,  to  caufe  them  return  in  their 
fealon  ;  and  the  rainbow  is  a  faithful 
'voitncfs^  a  never-failing  token  of  God'» 
covenant  to  preferve  the  earth  from  a 
fecond  deluge,  Pfal.  Ixxxix.  37.  Rain 
and  fruitful  feafons  are  nuitnejjjs  of" 
God's  continued  patience  and  kindnefs 
to  men.  Ads  xiv.  17-  The  fettlement 
of  the  true  religion  in  Egypt,  was  a 
nuitnefs  to  the  Lord;  a  proof  of  his  re- 
deeming 


W  I  Z         [    568     ]         W  O  L 

-deeming  power  and  kindnefs,  and  of    curfes    and    threatenin.;s.   denotes  the 

approach  ol:  fomc  heavy  calamity.  Mat, 
xxiii.  13.— 29.     WoFUL,  full     .f  dif- 


his  exad  accomplifhment  of  his  pro- 
mifes,  If.  xix.  20-  (2.)  Witness  or 
TESTIMONY,  fignlfies  alfo  the  folemn 
declaration  of  a  vvitnefs,  or  the  truth 
attefted,  i  John  v.  y.  AAs  xiv.  5.  The 
two  tables  of  the  moral  law  ave  called 
2.  tejltmony^  becaufe  they  were  proofs 
cf  the  covenant-relation  between  God 
and  IfraeUand  infallibly  declared  what 
he  required  of  them,  Exod.  xxv.  16. 
2 1,  xxxi.  18.  Tiie  whole  word  of  God 
is  called  his  teflimoniest  as  therein  is 
Tolemnly  declared  what  we  ought  to 
believe,  and  pra6iife,  or  expe«Sl,  Pfal. 
xix.  7.  His  law  is  a  tefiimonys  as  it  fo- 
lemnly  declares  his  will  and  our  duty, 
2  Kin^s  xi.  1 2.  The  gofpel  is  a  UjU- 
fnony.  that  declares  what  God  has  done 
for  and  is  ready  to  give  to  finners,  for 
their  eternal  falvation,  j  Cor.  i,  6.  ii.  i. 
2  Tim.  i.  8.  The  '•Jjitnefs  or  teflimony 
of  Jefus-t  is  the  truths  he  declared,  and 
of  which  he  is  the  fubjeA-matter  and 
end,  and  which  his  people  believe  and 
profefs  concerning  him.  Rev.  xx.  4, 
i.  9.  ;  and  it  is  called  the  faints  tefii- 
monyy  as  they  profefs  and  adhere  there- 
to, even  unto  death,  Rev.  xii.  1 1..  xi.  7. 
To  have  the  tcflimoJiy  of  Jefus  Chrift^  is 
to  preach  his  gofpeJ,  and  abide  firmly 
in  the  profeffion,  faith,  and  mainte- 
nance of  his  truth,  Rev.  xix.  10.     To 

WITNESS,   BEAK    WITNESS,  Or  TESTIFY, 

is,  (i.)  Solenifily  to  declare  a  point 
before  a  judge,  Adsxx.  24.  xxvi.  5. 
(2.)  Boldly  and  folemnly  to  declare 
any  point,  John  iii.  11.  v.  32.  i  Tim. 
vl.  IV  (s*)  ^"^eriouOy  and  folemnly 
to  lay  a  charge  or  a  truth  home  to 
mens  confcience,  PL  1.  7.  Nch.  xiii.  15. 

WIZARD.     See  witch. 

WO,  is  a  word  of  mourning.  Wo 
^Morth  ;  alas  for  1  Ezek.  xxx.  2.  JVoes 
QTtc  ;  alas  !  how  unhappy  I  am  !  Pfal. 
cxx.  5.  A  WG,  is  an  heavy  calamity  j 
the  rife  of  Popery  and  Mahometifm, 
the  396  years  ravage  of  the  Ottoman 
Turks,  and  the  fearful  overthrov/  of 
Popery  and  Mahometifm,  are  the  three 
terrible  woes,  thai,  under  the  -5th, 
6th,  and  7th  apocalyptic  trumpets, 
fall  on  the  inhabitants  of  the  earth, 
Rev.  viii.  13.  i>;.  12.   xL  14^     Wo,  n\ 


trels  and  forrow,   Jer.  xvii.  26. 

WOLF.  Wolves  are  four -footed 
beads  of  the  dog  kind,  with  theii  tail 
bending  inward,  and  their  ears  prick- 
ed up.  Their  head  is  fqaarifn,  and 
their  hair  greyidi.  They  are  crafty, 
greedy,  ravenous,  fierce,  and  of  a 
quick  fniell  :  they  abide  in  foicils, 
and  are  great  enemies  to  cattle  :  they 
howl  inilead  ol  barking :  they  can 
bear  hunger  long,  but  are  then  ex- 
ceeding fierce,  and  will  fall  on  either 
man  or  beail  that  comes  in  their  way, 
or  even  upon  one  another.  Hence  in 
the  evening,  when  they  come  hungry 
out  of  their  holes,  they  are  molt  herce 
and  dangerous,  Jer.  v.  6.  'Kab.  i.  8, 
Nay,  they  ar<;  ordinarily  timorous, 
except  when  hunger  prompts  them. 
Throwing  offtones,  fight  of  fire,  fouu^l 
of  bells  or  of  Tinging,  it  is  faid,  terri- 
fies them.  In  cloudy  and  dark  days, 
they  attack  flocks  of  Iheep,  but  go 
contrary  to  the  wind,  that  the  fheep- 
dogs  may  not  fmell  them  out.  It  is 
faid,  the  females  grow  more  fruitful 
by  one,  every  year  till  the  ftinth.  Ma- 
ny other  things  1  omit,  as  I  fufped: 
them  to  be  fabulous.  Wicked  rulers 
and  others',  chiefly  perfecutors,  are  li- 
kened to  <wo  vcs  :  their  god  is  their 
belly  ;  they  delight  In  daricnefs  ;  they 
harafs  and  dellroy  Chriil'^ij  flieep  ;  and 
if  mercy  change  them  not,  they  (hall 
howl  for  ever  in  hell,  Ezek.  xxii.  27. 
Matth.  X.  16.  Ttie  vjol/  dive/is  ivitb 
the  lamby  and  tt}e  leopard  lies  do^'^vn  <vjith 
the  kid ;  and  the  young  lion  a7id  the  fat- 
tl'in^  together^  an  I  a  little  chili  leads 
them  ;  and  th^  co'w  anj  bear  feeu  and 
lie  do'wn  together  .  and  the  fucking  child 
puts  his  ham  on  the  hole  of  the  a/p^  and 
the  lueaned  child  puts  his  hand  upm  the 
cockatrice-aen^  when  perfecutors,  and 
the  very  worlt  of  men,  are  converted 
by  the  gofpel,  and  kindly  coalefce 
with  the  poorefl  and  metkeft  faints, 
into  one  church.  If.  xi.  6. — 8.  Ixv. 
25.  I'he  Chaldeans,  and  the  Jewifh 
rulers,  are   likened   to  evening  wolves^ 


toiijark   their  iafatiabi 


avarice^  and 
rcadine|!§  , 


W  O  M        [    569    ]       WOO 

rca(3inefs   to    deltroy    every   one    that     tacle,    becaufe   of   hh    diftrefs,    Pfg^. 
comes   in   the   way,  Jer.   v.  6.     Hab.     Ixxi.  7.     Wonderful,^  MARvtiLLOus; 


i.  8-  Zeph.  iii.  3.  The  tribe  of  Ben- 
jamin ravene-^  as  a  ivolf;  their  war- 
riors were  fierce  :  twice,  25,000  of 
them  put  about  360,000  of  the  other 
tribes  to  flight  near  Gjheah,  and  the 
remnant  of  them  feiz^cl  the  young  wo- 
men of  Shiloh,  Jud^.  XX.  xxi.  In  the 
begtnnincf  of  '^is  reign,  "aiil  mightily 
liarafll-d  the  Phililtines,  Moabitcs,  and 
others,  and  deitroyed  moil  of  the  A- 
malckitcs,  i  Sam.  xiv.  xv.  By  means 
of  Mordecai  and  Eltiier,  two  Benja- 
mites,  Haman  and  about  76.000  of 
the  Jews  enemies  were  flain,  Eflh.  ix. 
After  ceafing  his  perfecution  of  the 
faints,  how  ufeful  was  Paul  in  rava- 
ging the  kingdom  of  Satan,  and  con- 
vertiiig  multitudes  to  Chriit  !  Gen. 
xlix    27. 

WOMAN.     See  MAV. 

WOMB  ;  that  part  of  the  mother's 
belly  wherein  children  arc  conceived 
and  nouriflied  till  their  birth,  Luke 
i.  31.     The  luomh  of  the  mormng,  are 


hard  to  be  done  ;  not  eafy,  or  inpof- 
fible  to  be  underftood,  2  Sa-n.  xiil.  2. 
Job  v.  9.  Chritl  is  'wonderful ;  xw  his 
divine  nature  ;  in  his  eternal  genera- 
tion ;  in  his  ofiice  of  Mediat  r,  and 
the  execution  thereof;  m  the  depth 
of  his  debafemrnt,  and  glory  of  his 
exalntion  ;  in  his  kindnefs  to  his 
people  ;  in  his  dwelling  in  their  heart 
by  faith,  he  is  alto^rether  amazing  and 
incomprehenfible,  If.  ix.  6.  God  (hew- 
ed himielf  marvelous  xipon  Job:  he 
inflicted  very  uncommon  troubles  up- 
on liim.  Job  x.  J  6. 

WOOD;  (1.)  The  timber  of  trees. 
Gen.  xxii.  6.  They  ufed  it  for  fuel, 
though  they  had  but  little  of  it  in  Ju- 
dea  ;  and  it  was  all  private  property  : 
and  to  fall  under  the  nvoou  is  to  raint 
under  the  moft  flaviih  fervice,  as  bear- 
ing of  wood,  Lam.  v.  13.  Cedar  is  the 
'Uiood  of  LelKinon^  Song  iii.  q.  See  cha- 
riot. The  AfTyrian  army  before  Je- 
rufalem   were  as  luood  or  fueU  when 


the  clouds  which   dilf  il  their  drops  of  the  Lord  by  fome  fiery  plague  cut  off 

dew;  and  may   reprefent   the  church,  185,000  of  them  in  one  night.   If.  xxx. 

in    the   apoltolic  age,  bririging   forth  33.    Dodrlnes  vain,  empty,  and  falfe, 

multitudes  to  Chrill,   Pfal.  ex.  3.  which  cannot  abide  the  trial   ot  God's 

WONDER;  marvel;  (i.)  To  be  word,  which  is  likened  to  a   fire,  are 

ftruck    with   furprife   at    the  fight  or  called  1^00 1,   i  Cor.  iii.  I2.     (2.)  Aa 

thought  of  any  thing  ftrange  and  un-  idol  made  of  wood,   Hab.  ii.  19.    (3.) 

common,    jer.  iv.    9.     (2.)    To  exer-  A  forest,  or  multitude  of  trees  grow- 


cife  a  reverential  regard  to  any  thing 
or  with  wonder  to  adore  and  ferve  it, 
Rev.  iii.  C3.  Wonders  or  marvels, 
('.      fhings   Itrange    and   ailoniHiinar, 


ing  together ;  or  the  place  where  they" 
grow.  It  is  probable  that  marflies 
producing  (hrubs  were  called  woods. 
In  fuch  a   one,  might   David's  battle 


as  the  more  rare   appearances   of  na-  with  Abfalom  be,  as  it  is  certain  an- 

ture,   Pfal.  cvii.  27.  ;    or   the  miracles  clent  warriors  iifed  to  encamp  in  them; 

which  God  wrought   in  delivering   If-  and  they  were  extremely  fatal  toafly- 

rael   out  of  Egypt,  Pfal.  cv.  27.    (2.)  ing  army,  2  Sarn.  xviii.  6.  8.      There 

A  token   or   fign  :   thus  Ifaiah    was    a  were  a  variety  of  forefis    in    Canaan  ; 

nvon.-er  on    Egypt   and    Ethiopia,    as  as  the  foreil   of    Hareth,  in   the  fouth 


his  walking  without  his  upper  robe, 
anrl  barefoot,  was  a  prefagc  of  cala- 
mities to  thefe  countries,  If.  xx.  3. 
The  faints  are  luonders^  or  men  ivon* 
dered  at  :  they  are  objects  of  the  won- 
derful kindnefs  and  care  of  God,  and 
are  wondered  at  by  carnal  men,  as 
perfons  foolifh  and  odd  in  their  faith 
and  pradice.  If.  viii.  18.  David  was 
a  'Wonder  to  manv  ;  was  a  kind  of  fpec- 
.   Vol.  n.      ' 


of  Judah,  I  Sam.  xxii.  5.  ;  of  mount 
Ephraim,  Jofh.  xvii.  18.  ;  of  Bethel, 
2  Kings  ii.  14.  ;  and  of  Carmel,  2 
Kings  xix.  23.  On  the  eail  of  Jor- 
dan was  a  foreft  called  the  ivood  0!  E- 
phra'wif  becaufe  there  Jephthjti  had 
routed  andcut  ofFmultitudes  of  t'l'.  E- 
phrairaites,  2  Sam.  xviii.  6.  Jndg.  xii. 
5.  Wc  read  nlfo  of  the  forej}  of  A'-a- 
bicif  JU.  xxi.  13. ;  but  that  of  Leba- 
4  C  noa 


woo        I     570    1        W  O  R 


^00n  IS  tlie  moft  noted,  and  It  13  called 
the  kin^*s  forefi^  as  the  Perfian  kings 
took  it  under  their  fpeclal  care,  Neh. 
ii.  8.  The  Affyrlan  army  is  called  a 
forejl  :  how  numerous,  and  how  ftate 
ly  was  their  appearance  !  but  how 
foon  were  they  confumed  by  the  wrath 
of  God!  If.  X.  18.  19.  xxxii.  19.  E- 
gypt  and  her  numerous  cities,  or  their 
large  army  under  Plvaraoh-necho,  ts 
called  a  forej},  ]c\\  xlvi.  23,  Jerufa- 
lem  is  called  the  /(?;v^/?  of  the  Jouth  field\ 
it  lay  near  the  fouth  of  Canaan ;  the 
Chaldeans  marched  fouthward  to  it, 
and  numerous  were  its  houfcs  and  in- 
habitants, Ezek.  XX.  46.  A  dange- 
rous and  troubk'fbme-ltke  condition, 
is  Kkened  to  a  tvood^  where  ferpents 
and  wild  beafts  abound  ^  and  to  deep 
Jctfely  in  wildernejfes  and  ivoods^  is  to 
enjoy  the  moft  complete  fafety  and 
happfnefs,  Ezek,  xxxiv.  25. 

WOOL  was  anciently  plucked  off 
the  (heep,  though  a!ive  j  and  fo  a 
Heece  borne  by  a  (heep  at  a  time,  was 
called  by  the  Romans  Vellus,  th^ pluck 
ing.  In  China  the  (heep  are  Ihorn 
thrice  every  year.  Anciently  the  beft 
wool  was  had  from  about  Damafcus, 
Ezek.  xxvii.  18.  ;  now  the  Spanifli  is 
reckoned  the  beft  in  Europe.  In  coun- 
tries either  too  cold  or  too  hot,  the 
wool  is  coarfe  or  fhort.  Snow  is  like 
ti'ool,  in  foftnefs  and  whitenefs ;  its 
broad  flakes  are  like  locks  of  wool, 
and  it  warm?  the  earth  as  a  woollen 
garment  does  the  body,-  Pfal.  cxlvii. 
16.  Crimfon-like,  or  very  aggrava- 
ted tranfgreffions,  are  as  'white-wool, 
when  fully  pardoned,  If.  i.  iS.  Su- 
perftition,  carnal  floth,  and  felf-righ- 
teoufnefs,  are  like  nvool  that  caujetb 
Jiveat  how  defiling  and  fatiguing  ! 
Ezek.  xllv.  17.  See  v/hite. 
.  WORD;  ([.)  Afpeech,  exprefling 
report,  requeft,  command,  promile, 
i^c.  Gen.  xxxvii.  14,  xiiv.  i8J  fcxod. 
viii.  13.  Dan.  iii.  2«.  2  Sam.  vii. 
25.  The  king  iom  of  God  is  not  in 
'word,  but  in  po<vjsr  ;  God  does  not  e* 
rert  his  church  by  mere  words,  but 
by  tlu  almighty  influences  of  his  ^pi 
rit,  '.  Cor.  iv.  ic-  Mf'n  -hve  not  in 
ivordy  nor  in  ton^uCi  but  in  deed  and 


in  truth,  when  iru  y  IbcW  their  Jov«v 
not  chiefly  in  kind  fpecches.  h.A  ia 
kind  works,  1  John  iii  18.  (2.)  The 
thing  about  which  a  fpeeeh  is  m?d-  ; 
fo  the  affair  of  John  Baptiit's  birth,  is 
called  a  word^  Luke  i.  nsf,  ^ 0  nvhom 
hajl  thou  uttered  nvords  ?  a^  nvhofe  fp't- 
rit  cajne  from  thee  ?  Doft  thou  not 
know,  that  he  to  whoiTi  you  fpeak 
knows  all  that  you  havt  fairi  ;  and 
that  his  circumttances  are  m^t  proper 
for  fuch  a  difcourie  ?  Have  yru  net 
rather  repeated  what  Elipbaz  faid, 
than  fpoken  under  the  dtredlion  of 
God's  Spirit  ?  and  what  encourage- 
ment have  you  ever  given  to  my 
drooping  fpirit  ?  job  xxvi.  4.  The 
nvord  of  Go  {  is,  {  i,)  Jefus  Chrift,  wha, 
by  the  Cbaldee  paraphraft,  and  by 
the  apoftles  and  others,  is  called  the 
WORD.  He  is  the  exprefs  image  of  has 
Father,  as  words  are  of  our  thoughts. 
He  fpoke  for  us  in  the  council  of  peace; 
he  fpoke  all  things  into  being  at  the 
creation  ;  he  fpoke  to  the  ancient  pa- 
triarchs and  prophets  ;  he  preached 
the  gofpel  in  the  days  of  hib  fle  h  ;  he 
fpeaks  for  men  in  hi<?  intercefli-^n  ;  and 
fpeaks  to  their  hearts  in  the  day  of  hi-3 
power ;  and  he  is  the  g^reat  iubjcf^- 
matter  of  what  is  fpoken  in  fcripture, 
John  i.  1.4.  Rcv.xix.  if?.  (2.)  Th« 
declared  will  of  God  in  the  fcripture, 
doctrines,  commands,  promifes,  thrtat- 
enings,  hiftories,  predictions.  Rev.  xix. 
9,  Rom.  ix.  6.  ;  and  it,  chiefly  the 
gofpel,  is  the  ivord  of  Chrijiy  as  he  is 
the  author,  fubjedt-matter,  and  entl 
of  it,  Col.  iii.  16.  The  word  of  ri^h- 
teoufnejs,  as  it  reveals  to  us  the  righte- 
oulnefs  of  Chrift,  is  the  fole  price  of 
our  falvation  ;  and  it  teaches  us  to 
follow  righteoufnefs,  faith,  and  chari- 
ty, Heb.  V.  15.  It  is  the  tvord  cf 
faith  is  a  declaration  of  divine  truths, 
t(j  be  received  and  credited  by  us,  a^ 
the  ground  of  our  claim  to  (alvation, 
Rom.  X-  H,  It  is  the  luord  of  falvation^ 
ab  it  reveals  and  offers  to  us  a  full  lal- 
vation  j  and  by  believing  and  impro- 
ving it,  are  we  pofleffed  of  begun  fal- 
vation, and  prepared  for  eternal  glory. 
Ads  xiii.  20.  It  is  the  'wor4S  of  this 
lije :  it  is  now  preached  to  men  >  and 

by 


w  o  R      r   5 

by  it  they  become  pan.ikerf?  of  cter- 
r?!  n^e,  Ada  v.  20.  The  <word  of 
Coifs  grace^  and  the  'word  0}  li-et  or 
efern  il  life,  o  either  Chriil,  who  is 
freely  given  to  be  our  Saviour,  and  by 
whom  we  have  our  I'plriiual  and  eter- 
nal life  ;  or  tlie  word  of  God's  ^ofpel- 
promtfes,  whicl»  declare  and  convey 
the  free  favours  of  God  to  tnen,  for 
the  quickening  and  eternal  falvation 
of  their  foul,    Ads  xx.  32.      I  John  i. 

1.  John  vi.  ^,8.  Phil.  ii.  16.  The 
tvjord  of  the  oath,  is  God's  ancient  and 
iblemn  declaration,  that  Chrill   (hould 

'be  a  priell  for  ever,  Heb.  vii.  ;8. 
The  njjord  of-  nv'ijdom  and  of  kno'wU-ge, 
is  an  eminent  faculty  wifely  to  take 
up  and  publish  divide  things,  i  Cor- 
xii.  8. 

To  WORK;  to  ad  in  making, 
forming,  ordering,  or  upholdingthings, 

1  Cor.  xli»    6.     Jan.es   x,  ^.      Pfal.  lil. 

2.  12.)  To  prepare;  make  meet :  fo 
God  'vjorks  glory  for  his  people,  and 
ht  works  them  into  a  meetnefs  for  it, 
Pfal.  XX xi.  I  8.  2  Cor.  v-  5'.  To  nijork 
Go.i'  s  judgements,  is  to  obey  his  laws, 
oblerve  his  ordinances,  and  be  duly  af- 
feded  with  his  ftrokes,  Zeph.  ii.  3. 
All  things  'Work  together  for  the  good 
of  the  faints  ;  their  troubles  rwcrk  for 
thtm  an  exceeding  and  eternal  weight 
of  glory ;  God,  by  his  wife  dilpoial 
of  them,  and  by  his  influence  accom 
panying  them,  makes  them  concur  to 
alarm  and  excite  them  to  their  duty 
here,  and  to  prepare  them  for  the  fu- 
ture  glory  hereafter,    Rom.   viii.   28. 

2  Cor.  iv.  17. 

A  WORK  or  DEED,  (u)  Temporal 
labour,  fuch  as  may  be  done  on  the 
fix  labouriiicr  days,  Exod.  xx.  q.  (2.) 
Any  kind  of  agency  in  tho'.i^h^:,  word, 
or  ad,  Eccl.  xli.  14.  (v)  -A-n  un- 
common or  miiaculous  work-  John  vii. 
21.  14.)  The  thing  effe(ited  by  any 
agency  or  mfluence  :  fo  all  creatures 
are  the  oyori  of  God's  hands.  Job 
sxxiv.  19.  (5.;  The  materials  tor 
forming  an  effed  out  of,  particularly 
for  building,  Prov.  xxiv.  27.  (6.) 
The  wages  or  reward  of  a  \vork.  Lev. 
xix.  t  13.  J-  i)  vii  f  2,  Rev.  xiv.  13. 
The  'work  of  God  iS)  (i.j  That  which 


Ti    ]       w  o  R 

he  effeds,  as  of  creation.  Gen.  il.  2. : 
or  of  providence,  John  v.  '  7.  If.  v. 
l<^  Hab.  iil.  2-  ;  or  of  redemption, 
John  ix.  4.  Thele  are  God's  viarveU 
bus  nvork^,  I  Chron.  xvi.  12.  Rev  xv. 
3.  In  redemption,  each  of  the  divine 
perfons  have  ihclr  diliind  ftation  and 
work.  See  G<»d.  (2,)  The  works 
which  God  commands  us  to  do,  John 
vL  2"^.  ;  and  fo  iervice  done  to  Chrifl: 
is  called  his  ivork..  i  Cor.  xv.  58.  xvi. 
10.  Phil.  ii.  3'.  Faith  is  the  ivork 
of  God,  as  he  produces  and  maintains 
it  in  us,  and  as  he  commands  us  to 
pradife  it,  John  vi.  29.  Mens  'workst 
are  either,  (i.)  Good,  proceeding 
from  a  right  principle  and  motive,  di- 
reded  by  God's  law,  and  in  a  right 
manner,  calculated  to  promote  his  ho- 
nour, and  our  own  true  happinefs. 
Such  works  not  being  performed  un- 
der the  law  as  a  covenant,  cannot  en- 
ter into  our  juftilication  ;  nor,  becaufe 
of  Imperfedion,  are  they  fit  to  do  it  ; 
but  they  manifeft  one  to  be  juftlfied, 
and  poflVfTed  of  true  faith  ;  and  jullify 
him  againft  the  charges  of  men,  Eph. 
ii.  10.  Rom.  ill.  20.  Gal,  ii.  16. 
James  ii.  24.  Or,  (2.)  Bad  works, 
which  are  performed  by  men  not  uni- 
ted to  Chrifl,  not  pofTeffed  of  true 
grace,  not  performed  from  regard  to 
the  authority  of  God,  nor  with  a  view- 
to  promote  his  glory  :  thefe  are  nvorks 
of  the  Jie/Ij,  and  >iee  .s  of  the  body  of  in- 
dwelling lin  J  flow  from  a  carnal  and 
corrupt  nature,  and  cannot  juilify, 
but  are  an  abomination  to  t'le  Lord, 
Pial.  lix.  6.  If.  Ivli.  2.  Gal.  v.  19. 
Roh)-  vui.  13.  T\ity  z-xt  dead 'works; 
proceed  from  no  fpiritual  hfe,  fliew 
one  s  death  or  deadncfs  in  fin,  and  of 
themielves  t^nd  to  prepare  ior  eternal 
death,  Htb.  vi.  1.  ix.  14.  Some  of 
-  thefe  are  fworks  of  the  la'w,  that  have 
fome  fen  blance  of  conformity  to  the 
law  as  a  covenant :  and  to  be  of^  the 
'works  of  the  lam),  is  to  truft  to  our 
own  works  for  eternal  happinefs.  Gal. 
iii.  ic.  :  but  nvorks  oj  the  la'w  nt  gene- 
ral, are  whatever  it  commands,  Rom. 
ill.  20  28.  Some  are  'works  of  dark' 
nefs  ,  fl-iameful  tranfgrefTions  of  God's 
law,  Rom.  xiii.  12.  Eph.  v.  12.  Thefe 
4  C  2  sire 


W  O  R        i    S7i    1        W  O  R 


are  alfo  the  deedi  unci  nvorks  of  the  d^ 
vih  as  he  tempts  to  and  exemplifies 
many  of  them,  John  viii.  41.  44.  But 
his  ivorks  alfo  include  the  ruin  of  men, 
which  he  effects,  i  John  iii.  8,  Idols 
are  the  nvork  of  errors  ;  error  inftluates 
men  to  form  and  wovfhip  them,  and 
they  lead  men  from  one  error  to  an- 
other,    Jei.    X-    1  ^,       A    WORKMAN    is, 

{l,^  One  that  labours  in  Come  handi- 
craft, If.  xl.  19.  (2.)  A  miniiler  who 
labours  hard  in  preaching  the  g-ofpel, 
2  Tim.  ii.  15.  Anti  WRKMANSMfp 
is,  (i.)  The  art  and  labour  in  form- 
ing of  things,  Exod.  xxxi.  3.  (2.) 
The  thing  formed  by  art,  2  Kings 
xvi.  10.  We  are  Gods  'wvhnanjly'ip^ 
made  by  him  in  creation,  renewed  by 
him  in  regeneration,  being  created  a- 


or  the  Gentiles  as  diltinguifhed  from 
the  Jews,  i  John  ii.  2.  ;  or  God'e 
chofen  people,  his  eleft,  Pfal.  xxii.  27. 
John  iii.  i6.  vi.  33,  51.  :  they  may  be 
fo  called,  becaufe  they  are  the  fub- 
fiance  of  the  world,  and  becanfc  chief- 
ly gathered  from  among  the  Gentiles; 
and  hitlierto  moftly  out  of  thofe  coun- 
tries once  fubjecl  to  the  Romans  :  or 
the  reprobite,  wicked,  and  curfcd  part 
of  the  men  on  earth ;  fo  called,  be- 
caufe they  are  the  greateft  part  of  the 
men  on  earth  1  John  v.  19.  Johu 
xlv.  17;  22.  XV.  19,  xvii,  9.  Kev. 
xiii.  3.  (3.)  rhe  cariial  corruption 
that  prevails  on  earth.  Gal.  i.-  4.  Bph. 
ii.  2.  [am.  i.  27.  i  John  i».  16.  4.) 
A  worldly  or  earthly  ilate  and  condi- 
tion, Pfal.    Ixxiii.    12.      Luke   xvi.   8. 


new    in    Chrift   Jefus,  capable  of,  and  Jolin    xviji.    36.       1    jolm    iv.    5.  ;    to 

difp.'jfed  to  L'oo  1  works.    Eph.  ii.  10.  whicii  may    be  reduced,  the   outward 

WORLD.     The   Jews    dillinguilli  pomp,  pleafure,  and  good  things  of  a 

the  world,  in  refped  of  place,  into  the  prefent  life,  Gal.  vi.    14.      1   Cor.  vii, 

lower   world    of   earth     and  ,  air,  the  31.     This 'voo rid y  denotes  this  earth  in 

world  of  heavens  and    ftars,  and  the  its    prefent  carnal   and   corrupt  ftate^ 

highefl    world:     or,    as     others,    the  Tit.  ii.  12.     Chrifl's  kingdom  is   not 

world  of  earth    and    air,  the  world  of  of  it,  is   not  of  an  earthly  rife,  form, 

angel;,  ihe  world  of  fpheres  and  liars,  or    tendency,    John  xviii.    36.       That 

an  i  the  higheR  world  of  fpirits  depart-  ivorldf     denotes    the     heavenly    ftate, 

ed      nlled  the   third    heaven.     In  re-  Luke  xx.  35.     ^h^  nvorld  to  comSf  fig- 

fpeft  of  duration,  they    dillinguiOi  it  nifies   the    gofpel-period,  after  the  re- 

into  the  old    world    before   the   flood,  furreftion  of  ChriA,  or   the  church  in 


the  prefent  world  before  the  iMefliah, 
the  world  to  come  under  the  Mefiiah, 
the  world  ot  the  refurredlicn,  and  the 
eternal  world.  In  alhtfion  to  thefe  di- 
vifions,  Paul  mentions  worlds,  Hel>. 
i,  2.       In    fcripture,    world   denotes,     ved  by,  and    fubjedl    to    Chrill,  John 


her  New-Teftamcnt  form,  Heb.  ii.  5. 
vi.  5.;  or  the  future  and  eternal  ftate, 
Matth.  xii.  32.  The  t\e6t  and  faints 
are  given  out  of  the  fworld  \  fet  alide 
from  the   reft    of  mankind,  to   be  fa- 


(1.)  The  world  containing  ;  and  that 
either  the  whole  frame  of  heaven  and 
earth  together,  and  all  things  therein, 
John  i.  I  .  or  the  heavens  and  what 
they  contain,  Pfal.  xc.  2.  ;  or  the  ha 
biiahle  part  ot  the  earth,  Pfal.  xxiv. 
I.  xcviii.  T.  (2.)  The  men  that  dwell 
on  thii,  earth  :  and  that   either  all  of 


xvu.  6. ;  but  they  are  not  out  of  it  in 
refpe(fl  of  their  abode,  v/hile  they  live 
on  earth,  John  xvii.  15.  Mens  tongue 
IS  a  rvorld  of  iniquity  ;  its  words  con- 
tain inconceivable  wickednefs ;  or,  it 
is  an  ornament  of  iniquity y  which  oft 
fets  off  fin  in  fair  colours.  Jam.  iii.  6. 
Worldly,  is  what  is  of  a  carnal  and 


them  Rom.  v.  12.;  or  an  indefinite  earthly  nature,  Tit.  li.  12.  Heb.  ix.  i. 
number  of  them,  John  vii.  4.  If.  xiii.  WORMS,  are  creeping  animals,  al- 
ii. ;  or  many,  a  great  part  of   tliem,     moft  infinite  in   number,  and  even  in 


Matth.  xvin.  7..  John  iv.  42.  Matth. 
xx'v.  14.  xxvi.  13.  Rom.  i.  8.  x.  18.; 
or  all  or  moft  of  the  fubjc^ls  of  the 
Roman  empire,  fo  called  becauie  of 
Jts  extent,  Luke  ii.    r.     Rev.  xiii.  3. 


kinds :  nay,  vaft  numbers  of  infers, 
as  bees,  wafps,  flies,  S;c.  are  w6rras 
in  their  firft  ftate  of  life.  As  worms 
are  produced  from  eggs,  multitudes 
of  them  breed  m  the  human  body  from 

eggs 


W  O  R      .  r     573     1        W  O  R 

eggs  thither  conveyed.     Multitudes  of    excellency,  mercy,  power,  wiMom,  and 


difeafes,  as  the  itch,  &c.  are  produ- 
ced in  the  fkin  by  a  kind  of  worms. 
It  feems  Job  s  diltemper  was  owing  to 
a  colleftion  of  worms  nellling  in  his 
flcin  and  flelh;  Job  vii.  5.  It  is  cer- 
tain Herod  was  eaten  up  alive  by  them. 
Ads  ^ii.  23.  ;  and  dead  corples  are 
devoured  by  them.  Job  xxi.  26.  If. 
::iv.  II.  Some  have  even  thong^ht, 
that  all  matter  was  compofcd  of  living 
%'ermin.  To  denote  mens  earthh'nefs, 
meannefs,  weakncfs,  and  expofure  to 
danger  and  corruption,  thev  are  call- 
ed av(7;;//j.  Job  XXV.  6.  IVlic.  vii.  I7. 
To    mark    our    Saviour's    debafement 


the  like,  John  iv.  74.  The  faints  arc 
the  circumcifion^  or  really  rene<ved  per- 
fons,  who  ivorjloip  God  in  the  fptrit^ 
with  their  Ipiiitual  powers,  aduated 
by  the  Holy  G!ioft,  and  in  the  way  of 
viewing  and  dealing  with  God  as  a 
moil  pure  fpirit,  and  have  no  confi lence 
in  the  fltfljt  rcnounciuii  all  dependence 
on  the  world,  and  particularly  on  their 
own  righteoufnefs  for  acceptance,  or 
on  their  ftrength  for  performance  of 
duty,  but  rejoice  in  Chriji.  as  their  huf- 
band,  righteoufnefs,  ilrength,  portion, 
and  Lord,  Phil.  iii.  3.  The  church** 
enemies   come   and   nuorlhtp  before  her 


and  bloody  fuffering,  he   calls   himfelf  feet.,   when  they  fubjecl   themfelves    to 


a  fcarlet-coloured  ivor?^^  and  no  man, 
Pfal-  xxii.  6.  Ccnifcicnce,  as  for  ever 
upbraiding  and  tormenting  the  wick 
ed  in  hell,  is  called  a  nvorm  that  d'leth 
72oti  but  as  it  were,  for  ever  preys  on 
their  vitals,  If.  Ixvi.  74.  Mark  ix.  44. 
WORMWOOD  ;  an  herb,  of  which 
Tournefort  fays  there  are  24  kinds. 
It  has  a  very  bitter  talle,  but  is  ufe- 
ful  in  medicine  for  killing  worms  in 
the  belly,  is  a  fine  medicine  for  the 
llomach  and  fiver,  and  is  ufeful  in  the 
jaundice  and  dropfy :  the  very  fmell 
of  it  is  odious  to  vermin.  Idolatry, 
profanenefs,  apoftafy,  and  other  wick- 


her  authority,  and  manifetl  a  due  re- 
verence an  I  regard  to  her,  Rev.  iii.  9. 
Men  fworfhtf)  the  dragon  andhetjiy  when 
they  adore  the  Komifh  emperors  and 
popes,  and  comply  with  their  fuperttl- 
tious,  finful,  and  bla'uhemous  lavvs^ 
Rev.  xiii.  4.  Men  luo'Jh'p  devils ywhtay 
in  compliance  with  iheir  temptations^ 
they  profefs  their  falfe  doftrines,  adore 
idols,  that  reprcfcnt  them,  and  deal 
with  them  in  charms,  and  divination  ; 
or  when  they  worfhip  under  the  name 
of  faints,  perfons  monftroufiy  wicked. 
Rev.  xix.  20.   Deu'.xxxii.  17. 

WORST.  The  Chaldeans  were  the 


ednefs,  are  likened  to  ixjorwnxoodi  how     <ivoi-Ji  of  the  Heathen^  exceedingly  given 

to    idolatry,    divination,    covcloulnefs, 
cruelty,   if^c,  Ezek.  vii.  24. 

WORTH,  is  the  juil  value  of  any- 
thing, 1  Kings  xxi.  2.  Worth,  or 
WORTHY,  is,  {I.)  Valuable;  deferving; 
thus  Jefus  is  nuorthy  of  all  honour  and 
glory.  Rev.  iv.  i-.  v.  y.  12.  Valiant 
men  are  called  ^worthies,  they  could 
do  great  and  r.tighty  exploits,  which 
deferved  praife  and  reward,  \'ah.  ii.  ^.  ; 
and  wicked  men  are  ivorthy  ot  fearful 
calamities,  Rev.  xvi.  6.  :  and  the  world 
is  not  ^worthy  ot  eminent  laints  ;  it  de- 
fervcs  not  their  prclence  or  ufetulnefs, 
Heb.  xi.  3??.  (2.)  Meet;  anfwerablc 
to  ;  thus  the  faints  walk  nuorthy  of  the 
Lord,  and  of  their  vocation.  Col  i.  lo. 
I  Thcfl'.  ii.  12.  Eph.  iv.  i.  The  faint8 
are  ^worthy  ;  being  accepted  in  Jefus's 
imputed  righteouintfs,  they  by  fanc- 
tification  are  made  meet  ior  the  eter- 
nal 


difagreable  to  God  and  his  people  ! 
and  in  the  end*  how  bitter  to  linners 
themfelves!  Deut.  xxix.  18.  Heb.  xii. 
15.  The  end  of  an  harlot  is  hitter  as 
ivorm'woQd,  and  fharp  as  a  two-edged 
{word  ;  what  pain,  and  ruin  of  cha- 
racter, body  and  foul,  follows  upon 
whoredom  and  uncleanncfs  !  Prov.  v. 
4.  Afflidion  and  opprefTion  are  like 
*wornrj.'ooj^  Lam.  iii.  15.  19.  Amos 
V.  7.     See  Star. 

WORSHIP  ;  to  bow  down  with  re- 
verence ;  and  fo  WORSHIP,  is,  (i.'  Ci- 
vil reverence,  given  to  one  of  autho- 
rity or  worth,  Matth.  ix.  18.  xviii.  .  6. 
Luke  xiv.  10.  ^2.)  Outward  religious 
homage,  given  as  an  acknowledgement 
of  Oeity,  Matth.  iv.  10.  Dan.  iii.  5. 
12.  14.  (^.)  Inward  religious  honour, 
whereby  one  thinks  on,  trufts  to,  loves 
and  fears  God,  becaufe  of  his  inliaiie 


w  o  u 

Aal  pjlory,  Rev.  iii.  4.    Luke  xxi.  36 
WOULD  to  God:  O  if  God  would 
grant  ;   I  wifh  to  God,  Exod.  xvi.  3, 

To  WOUND;  (i.)  To  make  fores 
in  the  body  with  a  fword,  fcourge,  or 
the  like  :  and  a  ivound^  is  a  fore  made 
by  a  fall,  a  fword,  or  like  inllrument, 
2  Kings  viii.  29.  (2.)  To  diftrefs, 
Dcut.  xxxii.  39.  Song  v.  7.  :  and  fo 
great  afflidlion  in  the  foul,   Prov.  sviii. 

14.  and  outward  on  the  body,  charac 
ter,  family,  or  nation,  is  called  a  ivoundn 
Jobxxxiv.  6.  Prov.  vi,  ^3.  Jcr.  x.  19. 
XV.  1 8.  Reproof  is  calJed  a  nuoundt  be- 
caufe  it  pains  the  offender,  and  tends 
to  bring  forth  or  expel  the  corruption 
of  his  offence,  if  it  is  kindly  taken, 
Prov.  xxvii.  6.  The  words  of  a  talc 
bearer  are  as  nuounds  ;  they  mar  or  ruin 
the  charader,  trade,  Jiealth,  and  pro- 
fperity^of  men,  Prov.  xxvi.  22.  Both 
fins  and  afHiftion?  are  *woundss  If.  i.  6. 
One's  iMounds  Jiink  and  are  corrupt^  when 
fins  prevail,  and  lie  heavy  on  the  mind, 
and  when  afflidiions  exceedingly  a- 
bound,  Pfal.  xxxviii.  4.     See  sound. 

WRAP;  (i.)  To  roll  up  in  a  co- 
vering, I  Kings  xix.  13.  Men  'wrap 
up  fin,  when  they  agree  together  in  it, 
and  take  methods  to  couceal  it,  Mic. 
vii.  3.  The  fword  is  'vjrapt  upforjlaugh* 
ier  ;  it  is  kept  from  ruil  by  Iheathing, 
and  is  juft  ready  to  execute  the  judge- 
ments of  God  on  the  Jews,  Ezek.  xxi. 

15.  (2.)  To  faften  ;  take  hold  of: 
the  roots  of  the  wicked  are  ivrapt  a- 
hout  the  heapi  oi  good  foil,  when  they 
have  a  promifing  appearance  of  a  liable 
profperity.  Job  viii.  17. 

WRATH;  (i.)  A  furious  paflion, 
prompting  one  to  revenge  injuries,  and 
do  hurt,  Gal.  v.  20.  (2.)  The  hurt- 
ful effedls  of  fuch  a  furious  paffion, 
i'rov.  xxvii.  3.  (3.)  The  juft  punifh 
IT. ent  of  crimes,  Rom.  xiii.  4.  5.  God*s 
nurath  denotes,  (  •.)  His  holy  indigna- 
tion at  and  readinefs  to  punifh  fin, 
Rom.  i.  :8,  (2.)  His  manifellation  of 
his  hatred  at  fin,  in  the  juli  punifhment 
thereof,  in  time  and  eternity,  Pfal. 
sc.  12.  1  ThefT.  V.  9.  Men  pa/s  their 
days  in  God's  ivratht  when  they  fpcnd 
theai  uncier  the  tokens  of  his  diiplea- 
fure,  Pfal.  xc.  9.    His  chaHifement  cf 


574   1     .  w  R  E 

his  people,  is  called  a  little  nvrath  :  it 
marks  his  difpleafure  at  the-'r  fin,  but 
his  love  to  their  perfon  ;  and  it  is  far 
lefs  durable  or  heavy  than  the  deilruc- 
tion  of  the  Jewifh  nation,  which  is  call- 
ed nurath  to  the  utter7noft;  or  than  the 
future  punifhmc^nt  of  the  wicked,  which 
is  lurath  to  come^  ftill  but  d  beginning. 
If.  liv.  8.  I  ThefT.  ii.  16.  i.  10.  Wrath 
bn'n^eth  the  punijhments  of  the  /'word ; 
mens  wrath  agfainil  the  faints  procures, 
and  God'n  wrath  againft  men  b'-ings 
on,  fearful  calamities,  Job  xix.  29. 
Men  treafure  up  for  themlclv^.^s  'wrath 
againji  the  day  of  'wrath ^  when  they  ex- 
pofi  themfelvcs  to  juft  puniihments,  in 
time  and  through  eternity.  Rom.  11.  j. 
To  be  WROTH,  is  to  be  full  of  wrath  : 
God  is  'Wroth  with  his  people  as  a  kind 
Father,  Pfal.  Ixxxix.  ^8.  ;  but  he  is 
not  'wroth  with  «^hem  as  an  angry  Judge, 
If.  hv.  9. 

WREATHS,  or  WREATHEN-WORK, 

was  a  kind  of  neUw.-rk  interlaced  with 
the  form  of  fprigs,  leaves,  flowers,  and 
fruit,  and  as  it  were  twilled  in  the 
form  of  a  rope  :  with"  fuch    a   ij olden 


wreath  was  the  ephod  faflencd  on  the 
high-pricft's  fhoulders  :  fuch  a  wreath, 
with  200  figures  of  pomegranates,  was 
around  the  pommel  of  the  pillars  in  the 
porch  of  Solomon's  ttmple,  Exod. 
xxviii.  14.  2  Chron.  iv.  \2.  13.  Mens 
tranfgrcflions  are  wreathed  or  twifled 
about  their  neck,  when  they  are  fall 
entangled  in  the  punifhment  of  their 
fin.  Lam.  i.  14. 

WREST  ;  to  turn  by  force  to  a 
wrong  fenfc  or  purpofe  :  fo  words  are 
nurejiedy  2  Pet.  iii.  16.  Pfal.  Ivi.  5. 
Judgement  is  fwrefledy  when  unjufl  fen- 
tences  are  given  for  or  againll  men, 
Exod.  xxiii.  2,  6. 

WRESTLE  ;  to  flruggle  with  one 
for  vidory,  Jacob  not  only  flruggled 
with  the  Angel  by  handygrips,  but 
chiefly  by  earnefl  and  humble  prayer* 
for  the  biefling.  Gen.  xxxii.  24. — 26. 
With  great  fwr eji lings y  or  'wreji lings  of 
God.  u.  e.  with  violent  delires  and  ear- 
nclt  endeavours,  Rachel  thought  fhe 
obtained  ciiildren  by  her  handmaid. 
Gen.  XXX.  8.  fhe  faints  'wrejlle  not 
with  fie Ih  and  blood,  but  with  pnnci* 

palitifs 


W  R  E        [    575 

palities  and    powers  ;  they   watch    a-     ten 
gainft,  they  rcfift  temptationa,  and  cry 
to   God  for  fupport,   and  deliverance 
from  fin,  Satan,  and  the  world,  Eph. 
vi.  12. 

WRETCHED,  is  the  fame  as  mi- 
serable. Sinners  are  ivretched-^  defti- 
tute  of  the  grace  and  favour  of  God, 
and  under  the  power  of  their  liifts,  and 
liable  to  the  everlafting  vengeance  of 
God,  Rev.  iii.  17.  Saints  are  'wretch- 
cdf  whcH  fore  afflicted  with  tempta- 
tions, troubles,  divine  ^hidings,  and 
particularly  with  the  (lining  and  pre- 
valency  of  indwelling  fin,  Rom.  vii.  24. 
To  fee  one^s  onvn  ivretchednefs-^  is  to  fuf- 
fer  great  mifery  and  difgrace,  Numb. 
xi.  15. 

WRING;  to  prcfs  out  moifture. 
The  fivringing  off  the  head  of  the  fa- 
crificed  bird,  imported  the  exquifite- 
nefs  of  Chrift's  fufferings.  Lev.  i.  15. 
V.  8.  The  wicked  nvring  out  and  drink 
the  dregs  of  God^s  cup  of  nurath^  when, 
with  great  pain,  they  fuffer  his  ven- 
geance to  the  very  uttermofl,  Pfal. 
Ixxv.  8. 

WRINKLE;  (i.)  Afurrowy  ble- 
mifh  in  the  face  or  body,  occafioned  by 
old  age  or  dillrefs.  Job  xviii.  8.  (2.) 
Deformity  of  fin,  or  afflidion,  Eph. 
V.  25. 

WRITE;  (i.)  To  note  down  any 
thing  on  a  book  or  table.  If.  x.  i.  In 
Arabia  and  Egypt  they  anciently  wrote 
on  ftones,  by  ftaining  or  colouring, 
which  continued  for  many  generations. 
The  children  learnt  to  write  by  mark- 
ing letters  on  whitened  boards,  or  in 
the  fand  or  duft.     This  is  foon  forgot- 


]       W  R  o 

that  in  books  continues  longer  3 
but  that  on  ftones  or  rocks  is  moft  laft- 
ing.  Job  xix.  23.  24.  Nor  was  that 
on  linen  (hort-lived.  (2.)  To  count 
the  number  in  writing,  If.  x.  19.  )  ^  ) 
To  declare  a  thing  as  quite  certain, 
and  mark  it  in  a  prophtcy,  Jer  xxii. 
30.  God's  fealed  book  being  'written 
'within  and  'withouty  or  on  both  fides  of 
the  paper,  imported  the  vatt  quantity 
of  matter  contained  in  it,  Rev.  v.  i. 
God  'Writes  his  la'w  on  mens  hearts^  whea 
he  deeply  imprefles  it  on  their  foul, 
and  forms  their  inward  qualities  into 
a  conformity  with  it,  lob  xxxi.  32. 
Heb.  viii.  10.  He  *ivrote  bitter  things 
againft  Job,  when  he  fentenced  him  to 
and  executed  upon  him  fore  afflidions. 
Job  xiii.  26.  The  faints  being  'wntten 
in  heaven i  in  tJje  book  of  lifet  or  among 
the  living,  denotes  their  being  divinely 
chofen,  and  predeftinated  to  ettrnal 
life  and  happinefs,  Luke  x.  2s.  Heb. 
xii.  23.  Rev  xxi.  27.  But  God's  cwr/- 
ting  up  the  people^  denotes  his  inrolment 
of  ihem  among  the  true  members  of 
his  church,  Pfal.  Ixxxvii.  5.  Mens 
ivriting  God*s  la'w  on  the  pofis  ef  their 
houfe,  or  the  table  of  their  heart,  im- 
ports their  frequent  thinking  and  fpeak- 
ing  of  it,  as  an  evidence  of  its  being 
deeply  impreffed  on  their  heart,  Deut. 
vi.  9.  Prov.  iii,  3.  Men  are  11  r  it  ten 
in  the  earth,  when  they  are  rendered 
very  debafed  and  wretched,  as  ii  for- 
gotten by  God  and  his  church.,  Jer* 
xvii.   (3. 

WRONG  ;  what  is  unreafonable 
and  unjult,  Exod.  ii.  13. 

WROTH.     See  wrath. 


Y  A  R 

YARN.  Solomon  brought  great 
quantities  of  linen  yarn  from  E- 
gypt ;  but  fome  render  the  word  mik- 
V£H,a  colle^ion,  viz.  of  horfes,  1  Kings 
X.  28. 

YEA,  denotes,  (i.)  Affirmation, 
Matth.  ix.  28.  (2.)  Conftancy  and 
earneftnefs,  Philem.  20.  Phil.  i.  18. 
iii.  8.     (3.)  Doubting,  Gen,    iii.    i. 


YEA 

The  Son  of  God  preached  to  men,  is 
not  yea  ana  nay^  but  in  him  it  is  yea ; 
all  the  promifes  are  m  him,  yea  and 
atnen.  The  gofpel-do<ftrines  concern- 
ing Jefus  C  hrift,  have  no  inconfiflen- 
cies,  no  inconilancy.  but  all  harmc^nize 
in  matter  and  tendency  :  every  pK-mife 
is  infallibly  confirmed  by  his  word,  and 
ratified  by  his  blood,  2  Cor.  i.  19.  20. 

There 


YEA  [     576    1  YEA 


There  is  with  one  yea^  yea*  and  nayy 
Piayy  when  his  purpofes  are  inconftant, 
and  his  declarations  inconfillent,  z  Cor, 
i.  17.  Let  your  converlation  be  yea^ 
yea  nay.,  nay  :  let  your  fpeech  confift 
of  fimple  affirmations  or  denials,  with- 
out the  lealt  appearam:c  of  an  oath  or 
imprecation  to  confirm  what  you  fay, 
Matth.  V.  37.  Lei  your  jr<7  be  yea; 
and  your  «<7y,  nay:  let  your  affi'ma- 
tions  and  denials  be  altogether  limple 
and  candid,  Jam.  v,  12. 

YEAR  ,  that  fpace  of  time  wherein 
the  fun  finishes  his  courfe  through  all 
the  figns  of  the  Zodiac  circle  of  the 
heavens,  confiding  of  the  four  fea- 
fons  of  Spring,  Summer,  Harvell,  and 
Winter.  It  confiRs  of  36c  days  5 
hours  49  minutes.  The  patriarchs  be- 
fore the  flood  appear  to  have  divided 
their  year  into  i  2  months,  each  con- 
fifting  of  .50  days  ;  and  whether  they 
added  9  days  to  the  lad,  or  had  an  in- 
tercalary month  every  5th  or  6th  year, 
to  exhauft  the  odd  time  of  5  day^l  5 
hours  and  49  minutes  that  was  over  in 
each  year,  we  know  not.  Some  think 
the  Egyptians  and  others  once  reckon- 
ed the  time  of  one  revolution  of  the 
moon  their  year,  and  that  this  is  the 
fource  of  their  extravagant  reckonings 
concerning  antiquity.  It  is  more  cer- 
tain, that  before  the  Hebrews  depar-, 
ture  from  Egypt,  they  reckoned  by  a 
year,  confiding  of  1  2  months,  each  of 
which  confided  of  30  days,  and  began 
their  year  about  the  beginning  of  our 
September.  Pofiibly  the  Chaldean 
year  was  much  the  fame,  till  Nabunaf- 
iar,  about  tlie  time  of  Hezekiah,  or- 
dered them  to  reckon  the  year  by  12 
months,  or  365  days  ;  and  I  fuppofe 
the  Egyptians  foon  after  admitted  this 
form.  After  long  confufion,  the  Greeks 
reckoned  the  year  by  12  months,  of 
30  days  each  ;  but  feem  afterwards  to 
jhave  reckoned  by  r2  moons,  or  354 
•days.  They  modly  began  their  year 
at  the  Summer  foldice,  when  .the  fun 
is  mod  northerly  in  June  ;  but  the  Ma- 
cedonians began  theirs  about  the  middle 
of  our  September.  At  firft,  the  Ro 
man  year  confided  of  10  months,  or 
304  days.    King  Numa  extended  it  to 


12  months,  or  359  days,  and  every  fc- 

cond  year  they  added  22  or  23  days 
by  turns.  Julius  Caefar,  their  firft  em- 
peror, fixed  it  at  365  days  and  6  hours, 
whi  h  in  four  years  make  one  day, 
which  n  the  fourth  is  added  to  Febru- 
ary, and  occafions  that  year  being  call- 
ed leap  year.  By  this  year  we  ftill 
reckon  our  time;  but  as  it  includes 
about  1 1  minutes  too  much,  this,  in 
130  years,  runs  the  reckoning  forward 
one  day,  and  in  our  reckoning  had  run 
forward  the  year  fall  1 1  days,  till  this 
was  rertified  by  the  introduction  of  the 
new  dyle  among  us,  as  it  was  in  feve- 
ral  countries  abroad,  by  Pope  Grego- 
ry, almod  200  years  ago.  The  old 
Perfian  year  began  about  the  begin- 
ning of  June,  and  confitfed  of  365  days, 
or  12  months.  Mod  of  the  Mahome- 
tans reckon  their  year  by  !2  moons, 
or  354  days  8  hours  48  minutes  38 
feconds  ^nd  1  2  thirds  ;  and  fo  in  about 
35  years  the  beginning  of  their  year 
runs  backward  through  all  the  feafons. 
The  Jcwidi  year  too  was  of  the  lunar 
kind,  reckoning  by  12  moons  ;  their 
facred  year  began  in  March,  becaufe 
therein  they  came  out  of  E  rypt  at  the 
new  moon  ;  in  which  the  names  and 
order  of  their  months,  were,  1  Abib 
or  Nifan  ;  2  Zif  or  Jair  ;  3  Sivan  ;  4 
Thammuz  ;  5  Ab  ^  6  Elul ;  -'  Etha- 
nim  or  Tizri  ;  8  Bui  or  Marchefvan  ; 
9  Chifleu  ;  10  Thebet  ;  ii'Shebet; 
I  >  Adar  ;  and  on  every  third  year  they 
added  an  intercalary  month,  formed 
out  of  the  odd  days,  and  called  it  Vea- 
dar,  or  fecond  Adar.  It  is  generally 
agreed,  that  all  their  odd  months,  ar> 
fird,  third,  &c.  confided  of  30  days, 
and  all  the  even  ones  of  29  ;  but  Sel- 
den's  old  calendar  gives  30  days  to  the 
even  months,  and  29  to  the  odd  ones. 
Their  civil  year  began  with  Ethanim. 
the  fcventfi  month  of  the  facred,  as  it 
was  fuppofed  the  world  was  created 
about  that  time  ;  and  fo  Abib  was  the 
feventh  month  of  it. — Months,  in  the 
reckoning  of  all  nations,  appear  to 
have  had  their  rife  from  the  revolu- 
tions of  the  moon. 

Ignorance  of  chronology,  and  pi-ide 

of  antic^uity,    made    the    Egyptians, 

Chaldeans, 


ChaMf'ans,  Chinefe.   Indians,    and 
thers,  to  run  up   the   creation    of  the 
world,  or  even    the   rife  of  their   own 
nation,  to  the  diftance  of  a  ridiculous 
nuraher  v)f  years  ;  but  the  learned  now 
generally  acquiefce  in    or  near   to  the 
ch!.>nol(igy  ofBifhop  Uilier,  accordincr 
to  which  the  creation  took  place  40^4 
years  before  ourcoinmon  account  trom 
the  birth  of  our  Saviour  :   but  it  is  fuf- 
pected  that  coinreion  reckoning  begins 
two  or  three  years  too  late.      But  Or 
Caverhill  will  have   our    Saviour    born 
A»  /).  6.     The  1.30  years  of  the    He- 
brew fojourning   be^ian   at  Abraham's 
call  to  leave  iiis   native    couiitry.  Gen. 
xii.  I.     Exod   xii.   ;C.   41.     The    400 
years  of  the  fojourning  of  his  feed  be- 
gan at  the  birth  of  Ifaac,  Gen.  xv.  13. 
The  about  450  years  mentioned,   Acfls 
xiii.  20.  may  reach  from   the   birth  ot 
Ifaac  to  the  fettlement   in  Canaan  ;  or 
from   that    fettlement,   reckoning    the 
years   of  bondage  different   from   the 
years  of  the  judges,  to  the  government 
of  Samuel.    Th^  Jixfy-ftve years ,  againft 
the  end  of  which,  Ephraim,  or  the  ten 
tribes,  were  to  be  no  people,  i,e.  have 
no  form  o£government  at  all,  and  fcarce 
any  be  left  in  Canaan,  extends  from  the 
fourth  year  of  Ahaz  to  the  2  2d  of  Ma- 
nafTeh,  If.  viL  8.     The  years  of  an  hire- 
Jin^y  denote  exad  ones  ;  and  it  fcems 
were  three  on  end,  If.  xxi.  16.   xvi.  14. 
In  prophetic  ftyle  a  year  fignifies  three 
hundred  ana  ftxty  years y  and  a  month  _^o, 
a  day  being  put  for  a  year  j  and  fo  three 
years  and  an  half,  and  timet^  time^  and 
half  a   tifTie,  or    42    months,  or    1260 
days,  denote  the  tnuelvs  hundred  and  fix- 
iy  years   duration  of  Antichrill,   Rev. 
xi.  2.  3.    xii.  6.  14.     The  jive   months 
ravag^  of  the  locufts,  may  denote  the 
period  between  yl   Z).  6c6  and  760,  in 
which  Popery  and  Mahometifm  migh- 
tily   gained    ground,    Rev.  ix.   5.    10. 
T\\t  year.,  months  Jay^t  and  /mur,  of  the 
Turkifh  ravage,  is  391  years  from  1281 
to  1672,  or  396  from    1302   to  1698. 
See  Antichrist,  Gog. 

Year  too  llgnlfies  the  feafon  or  pe- 
riod in  which  a  thing  happens.  The 
ihrce  years  of  G'  t's  patience  with  the 
barrai  Jews,  may  denote  the  time  of 

Vol.  it. 


577    1         Y  F  /V 

>.     the  miniftry  of  J^^hn  Baptift  and  Chriftj 
and  the  fourth  may  denote  the  time  af-w 
ter    Ch'-ift's    refurredion,    before    the 
breaking    out   of    their  ruinous    war, 
Luke  xiii.  6- — 10.     The  year  of  Vf/ita^' 
tiony  is  a  feafon  of  remarkable   calami- 
ties, Jcr.  xi.  23.     The  year  of  G  d's 
redeemed,  is    that    feafon  in  which  he 
effeminates  the   redemption  of  his  cho- 
fen  ;  as,  the   period   of   our   Saviour 'g 
debafement,  the    primitive   gofpel  pe- 
riod,  and    the    period   of   Autichri^Pa 
ruin,  If.  Ixiii.  4       In   allufion   to   the 
year  of  releafe  and  jubilee,  the  period 
of  the  ele6l's   converfion   to  Chrilt,  or 
the  gofpel  period,  is  called   the  accep- 
table  year  of  the  Lor  ,  If.  Ixi.  :.     God's 
years-,  are  the    unbounded  duration  of 
his  exiflence,   Heb.  i.  11.;  or  the   pe- 
riods of  his    mofl  noted  works,  as   of 
bringing  Ifracl  out  of  Egypt,   the   in- 
carnation of  Chrilt,  ^r.  Pf.  Ixxvii.  10. 
So  man's  months  are   his   time  of  life. 
Job  xiv.  5.  ;  and  he  pofTefFeth   months 
ofvanityt  when  he  is  long  under  trouble 
and  difappointment.  Job  vii.  3. 

Whether  the  Millennium,  or  thou- 
sand YEARS  of  Satan's  confinement, 
and  the  faints  reigning  with  Chri't,  de- 
note preciftly  fo  many  years,  or  only 
a  very  long  time,  we  dare  not  affirm* 
When  this  period  begins,  is  not  ai;reed« 


The  beginning  of  ii  ai  Chrill's   rtlur- 
redion,  or  at   the   fall  of  Htaihenifm 
in   the    Roman  empire,  about    A.   D. 
323,  is  (carce  worth  while  to   notice: 
nor  can  we  think,  with  others,  that  it 
began  at  the  reforaiation  from  Popery, 
about  20  .  years  ago.     The   mournful 
condition  of  the  church  too  plainly  tef- 
tifies,  that  Satan  is  notprefently  b<  und, 
but  freely  goes  about  fecking  wiom  he 
may   devour.     We  expcd,  that   after 
30  years  ot  terrible  bio  >dihed  ami  con- 
fufion,  at    the   downfal  of   Antichrifl, 
and  45    years  of  the  fpreading  of   the 
gofpel,  it  will  be  arrive^i  at   its  gl*  ry, 
about  J,  D.  1941,   or  2091,   Rev.  ^xi. 
2.3.  Dan.  vii.  25 — 27.  xi.  7.  11.12.: 
but  we  dare  not   be   pofitivc   that  our 
view  of  thefe  texts  is  abfolutely  ceriain. 
Some  think,  that  during  this    Millen- 
nium, the  wicked  fhail   be   all   cut  of? 
from  the  earth,  and  thedcceafed  faints, 
4  D  f^y 


YEA  f 

@r  at  lead  the  raarLy:^  arlfe  from  the 
dead*  and  rei^J^n  with  Chrift,  who  *>:al! 
defcend  from  heaven,  and  In  his  man- 
hood refidc  among  them  ;  and  that  at 
the  end  of  the  thonfand  years,  the  wic- 
ked being  raifed  from  their  graves, 
(hall  attack  the  faints  In  war,  and  think 
to  dcftroy  them.  An  opinion  of  this 
nature,  with  fome  variations,  obtained 
not  losig  after  the  age  of  the  aportles, 
and  has  been  efpouled  by  a  variety  of 
very  learned  Proteftants.  They  plead, 
that  the  martyrs  are  faid  to  rife  /rom 
the  dead.,  In  the  fame  fenfe  that  the  relt 
of  the  dead  rife,  at  the  end  of  the  Mil- 
lennium :  that  the  faints  (hall  enjoy 
nenxj  heavensy  and  a  new  earth.,  wherein 
dwelleth  rtghteoufnefs  :  that  God  (hall 
bring  his  only  begotten  Son  into  the 
nvor/o,  and  put  all  things  under  his 
feet  :  that  the  meek  fliall  inherit  the 
earth,  {hall  /it  upon  thrones.,  and  receive 
an  hundred  fold  in  this  life  ;  anc'  the  Ir- 
xational  creature  be  delivered  from  the 
bondage  of  corruption,  Into  the  glo- 
rious liberty  of  the  fons  of  God,  and 
the  time  of  the  reftitution  of  all  things 
happen,  Rev.  xx.  4.  5.  6.  2  Pet.  iii.  5. 
—  13.  Heb.  I.  6.  ii.  5.  Matth.  v.  5. 
xix.  27. — 29.  Rom.  viii.  19,  2c.  Ads 
ill.  2a.  21.  But  it  may  be  replied, 
That  fundry  of  thefe  tcxt^  do  not  in 
the  ieaft  come  up  to  the  pomt ;  but 
may  denote  the  faints  fpiritual  privi- 
leges here,  or  their  eternal  glory  here- 
after ;  or  may  relate  to  the  laft  judge- 
ment :  or  even  could  quadrate  with  a 
happy  Itate  of  the  church  on  earth, 
withou".  fuppofing  the  human  prefence 
ot  Chrift,  the  death  of  all  the  wicked, 
or  the  refurre(flion  of  the  martyrs  in 
their  bodies.  This  refurre6lion  of  the 
faints  dots  not  neceifarily  Import  the 
revival  of  the  deceafed,  but  the  noted 
reformation,  deliverance,  and  comfort 
of  the  church,  in  the  fucceffors  of  the 
martyrs,  Rom.  xi.  «  5.  Ezek.  xxxvil. 
I. —  :4.  Pfal.  Ixxxv.  0.  Hof.  vi.  2.  3. 
Zech.  x.  Q.  And  the  death  of  the  wic- 
ked ciuring  the  iVlilltnnium,  muft  In 
like  manner  iignify,  a  deprcliion  of 
their  power  and  authority  ;  and  their 
revival  at  che  end,  iniport  a  recovery 
of  their  power   and   influence.     We 


1         Y  E  L 

•  fid.   How   can   this   doftrlne  of 


578 

niay 

the  Millennium,  as  above  hL-ittd.  ac- 
cord with  other  pafDiges  of  fcriprjre  ? 
How  can  it  confilf  with  the  faint«'  let- 
ting their  affections  on  tilings  atjnve, 
and  not  on  things  on  the  earth  ;  or 
looking  at  things  eternal,  not  at  things 
temporal  ?  Col.  iii.  i.  2  C^r.  iv.  18. 
How  could  it  conhil  with  the  fnnts 
happinefs,  to  leave  the  celeAial  ^iate^ 
and  return  to  our  earth,  not  Ir.  bodies 
fafhioned  like  unto  Chrlfl,*^  glorious 
body,  but  in  b'^dies  needing  meat  and 
drink?  Phil,  i  23.  iii.  21.  If  their 
bodies  are  raifed  y/^/ri/wa/ and  in  orriip^ 
tihle,  as  Is  faid,  1  Cor.  xv.  42.  49  what 
comfort  could  even  thefe  receive  from 
the  meat,  drink,  or  clothing  on  earth  I 
ox  what  folly  would  It  be  tor  Satan  to 
gather  his  troops  to  cut  off  incorrup- 
tible and  fpiritual  bodiei  ?  Nay,  who 
can  imagine,  that  the  wicked,  v/heii 
raifbd  up  to  everlafting  damnation, 
(hall  have  leifure  to  attack  the  faints  t 
Moreover,  the  dead  In  Chrift  are  re- 
prefented  as  all  rifing  together  ;  and 
fuch  as  are  alive  on  the  earth  have 
their  bodies  changed  In  a  moment, 
I  Cor.  XV.  51.  5;2.  On  thefe,  and  the 
like  accounts,  we  cannot  believe  that 
the  happinefs  of  the  Millennium  will 
amount  to  any  more  than  a  peaceable 
ftate  of  the  church,  wherein  great  mul- 
titudes of  Jews  and  Gentiles  fliall  be 
converted  to  Chrift,  and  enjoy  much 
fpiritual  and  delightful  fellowftiip  with 
him  and  with  one  another. —  One  day 
is  'with  the  Lord  as  a  thou fand years ,  and 
a  thfiufand years  as  one  day  :.  in  propor- 
tion to  his  infinite  d'uration,  the  one  is 
no  longer  than  the  other,  2  Pet.  iii.  8. 

YELl.;  to  cry  as  a  young  Hon, 
The  Aflyrians  and  Chaldeans  yelled 
agalnft  the  Jews  ;  with  terrible  noife, 
and  avaricious  greed,  they  ravaged  the 
country,  and  murdered  the  inhabitants, 
Jer.  ii.  I  J.  1  he  Medes  and  Perfians, 
and  even  the  Chaldeans,  made  a  ter- 
rible j^////;^,  or  outcries  of  joy  or  grief, 
when  Babylon  was  taken,  Jer.  Ii   38. 

YELLQVV  hair,  betokening  the  le- 
profv,  might  denote   a  weaknefi   and 


ftupidity  under  the  reigning   power  of 


iin,  Lev.  xlii.  3c. — 36. 


YERNING 


Y  F  R  [     579 

YE RNT VG  (?/"/io'ii;^A,  import-^    the      B 
ilirring!  of  the  moft  tender  pitv  and  af- 
fe(^>Ton.   Gen.  xliii.  3c.    1  Kings  iii.  26. 

YESFERD'W;  (r  )  The  day  be- 
fore,  1  Sam.  XX.  27.  (2.)  Any  time 
lately  paft,  fob  vfil.  7.  (^.)  All  time 
pall.  Chrift  is  the  fame  yeflerday,  to- 
J:v  and  for  ever  ;  he  is  the  fame  under 
the  ")ld  Tellament,  and  during  the 
gdfiiel,  and  eternal  period.  Heb.  xlii.  8. 
A  thouTand  years  are  in  God's  fighi  as 
yePsrday :  he  exatlly  knows  all  pa^ 
things,  and  thoufavds  of  yeirs  bear  no 
pronirrtion  to  his  infinite  duration,  Ff. 
xc.  X. 

YET;  (i.)  At  that  or  this  time^ 
Johnii.  4,  (2.^  Notwiihllan  ling,  Jam. 
ii.   10. 

YIELD;  (I.)  To  produce,  Gen. 
iv.  J  2.  xlix.  20.  i2.}  Vo  furrender ; 
fubnnit,  Prov.  vii.  z  1 .  Rom.  vi.  19. 
Men  yield  them  I  elves  to  the  I  ord.  when 
tht-v  receive  his  unfpeakable  gift,  fub- 
mit  to  his  righteoulnefs  as  their  robe, 
and  to  his  law  as  th<;ir  ruk,  2  Chron. 
XXX.  8. 

YOKE  ;  an  inftrument  put  on  the 
necK  of  cattle,  for  1 'rawing  ploughs, 
wa  :gons,  and  the  like  :  and  the  cattle 
yoked  together  in  one  plough  are  call- 
ed z  yoke^  \  Kini^s  xix.  9.  The  law 
of  G(.>d  is  a^<7i(^,  which  galls  the  car- 
nal man,  as  it  binds  hira  to  his  duty  ; 
but  as  receiv  d  in  Chritl,  it  is  ar  tafy 
yoke  ;  receiving  excitement  and  itrength 
fn'.p  Jefus.  men  with  pleafurc  and  com- 
fort obey  it ;  and  it  is  much  eafier  than 
the  iervice  of  fin,  thf  flavtry  of  the 
broktn  covenant,  or  the  bondage  of 
the  ceremonial  law,  which  is  called  a 
yoke^  or  yoke  of  bondage,  as  the  fervice 
required  by  it  wat>  carnal  and  burden- 
fomc,  MattK.  xi.  29.  30.    Gal.  v.   i. 


]        YOU 

n  ^age  or  flavery  is  called  2i  yoke  ^  ia 
it  men  are  obliged  to  fuller  and  labour 
in  a  molt  debafed  manner,  t  .ev.  xxvi. 
13.  If.  ix.  4.  X.  27.  ;  and  a  yoke  of  iron^ 
to  expreffi  its  hard  and  painful  influ- 
ence, I  Kings  viii.i)  .  Deut.  xxviii.  48. 
AffiiAion,  whether  penal  or  corrcdtory, 
is  called  ^yoke;  it  diitrefles  mens  per- 
fons,  circumltances,  and  fpirit  ;  and  it 
\°,  \\\^  yoke  of  trafiforejfions,  becaufe  in- 
fi idled  on  their  account.  Lam,  iii.  27. 
i.  14.  Marriage  is  called  a  y^fke,  as 
perfons  'herein  )bined  are  bound  to 
ferve  God,  and  aflift  one  another  ;  and 
they  are  unequally  yoked^  when  they  are 
different  in  their  religion,  and  are  much, 
fo  in  their  tempers  and  circum^ances, 
2  Cor.  vi.  14.  Paul  calls  his  fellow- 
preachers  his  trw!  yoke-fello^vs,  as  they 
laboured  m  the  fame  fervice  of  Chrill 
as  he  did,   Phil.  iv.  3^ 

YOU>-JG  ;  that  which  has  lived  but 
a  fliort  while,  John  xii.  14.  The  Jev;'s 
reckoned  perfons  young  till  married  or 
marriageable,  Deut.  xxviii.  57.  Nay, 
Joijiua  is  called  youn^^  at  fifty-fix  years 
of  age,  as  it  feems  he  was  then  in  the 
prime  of  his  ftrength.  Rehoboam  Is 
called  young  and  tender  at  forty -one, 
2  Chron.  xiii.  7.  Sodom  is  called  the 
"^^w^  younger  fifter,  becaufe  the  p  -wer 
thereof  was  far  inferior  to  that  of  the 
Jews,  Ezek.  2fvi.  46.  61.  You  1  h  ; 
(  I.)  Early  age,  or  what  is  done  in  it, 
Eccl  xi.  9.  10.  And  hence  the  firft 
beginnings  of  nations,  as  of  Ifrael  in 
the  wildernefs,  and  at  their  entrance 
into  Canaan,  is  called  x.\\&\r  youth ^  Jer. 
ii,  2.  Ezek-  xvi.  22.  Hof.  ii.  is.  .'  i.) 
Young  perfons,  Job  xxx.  J  2,  If.  xi.  30. 
Chxi'^'h  youth,  is  either  the  early  period 
of  the  Ciiriftian  church,  or  his  new  con- 
vertSj  Pfal.  ex.  3. 


Z    A    A 

WHether  Z  A  AN  AN,  a  city  de- 
ftroyed  by  the  AflyriwUs,  was 
one  ut  the  tribe  of  Naphtali,  in  the 
plai:;  of  Zaa;  anim,  or  Zauaim  .  or  if 
:x.  was  Zenah,  a  city  of  Judah,  we  know 


Z 
II. 


A  C 

Judg.  iv.   II.    Jofh. 


not,  MIc.  i. 
xix.  if%>   XV.  37. 

Whether  Z^CCHEUS  was  a  Gen- 
tile, or  rather  a  Jew,  is  not  fo  cc;tuin, 
as  that  he  was  a  <-hief  publican-     As 
4  D  2  Jelut 


Z  A  C  [     580 

Jcfus  pafiefl  througli  Jericho,  gfoli^  to 
fufFer  at  Jeruialem,  Zaccheus  had  a 
great  curiifity  to  fee  him  ;  but  38  he 
was  low  of  ftature,  he  could  not,  till 
he  clinberl  up  on  a  fycamore  tree. 
W  If  n  Jrfus  came  to  the  fpot,  he  bade 
him  come  down  haftily,  as  he  intended 
to  'top  at  his  houfe.  With  great  joy 
Zaccheus  came  down,  and  conduded 
our  Saviour  to  his  houfe.  While  the 
Jews  murmured,  that  Jefus  was  ^one 
to  be  the  guert  of  a  publican,  Zac- 
ch-us,  convinced  of  his  fin,  told  him, 
that  he  intended  to  give  the  h^!f  of  his 
goods  to  the  poor,  and,  according  to 
the  Koman  law,  to  reftore  fourfold 
to  every  body  he  might  have  wronged 
by  falfe  accufation.  Jefus  told  him, 
that  after  all,  it  behoved  him  to  ex- 
pe6l  no  happinefs  by  his  own  repen- 
tance and  good  works,  but  merely 
through  Chrift,  the  falvation  of  God, 
now  come  to  his  houfe,  and  fent  to 
feck  and  fave  loft  finners,  Luke  xix. 
I. — 10. 

ZAi.HARIAH,  Zacharias,  Ze- 
CHARiAH  ;  (i.i  The  fon  of  Jeroboam 
the  ^d,  and  the  4th  defcendant  of  Je- 
hu      Perhaps   his   father  left   him  an 


]        Z  A  c 

do,  and  nth  oi  the  Icffer  prophets. 
He  returned  from  Babylon  wit'-.  Ze- 
rubbabel  ;  and  while  yet  young,  be- 
gan to  pronbefy  in  the  fecond  year  of 
JJarius  Hyllafpes,  y^.  M,  3JH4»  about 
two  months  after  Haggai.  They  two 
mighnly  encouraged  the  Jews  in  their 
building  of  the  d^cond  teinple,  Ezra 
v.  I.  Afte^  Zeriibbahel  had  exhorted 
the  people  to  repentance,  the  Lord 
appeared  to  hira  as  a  man  on  horfeback, 
in  the  middle  of  a  plot  of  myrtle-trees^  in 
a  lonv   place.   there4:)y    intimating,   the 


prelence  of  God  with,  and  care  for 
his  people,  in  their  dlitrcfs  :  and  hint- 
ed to  him,  that  Jc^rufalern  f)iould  be 
rebuilt.  By  the  vilion  of  four  hnns 
frayed  anvay  hy  four  CArpenten^  waa 
hinted,  that  God  would  raife  up  few- 
ifh  governors,  that  Ihould  refill  and 
harafs  the  Ammonites,  Moabites,  Sa- 
maritans, and  Philillints,  the  enemies 
of  Judah,  Zech.  i.  By  the  •v'lfionary 
7neajuring  of  Jerufilemy  was  hinted, 
that  it  (houJd  be  rebuilt ;  and  the  pro- 
phet was  informed,  that  its  inhabi- 
tants (hould  be  very  numerous,  and 
the  Lord  Hiould  rnarvellpufly  proteft 
them,  chap,  ii*      By  the   v'tjion  oj  jfc- 


infant.     It    was  about  23,  or  perhaps    JJ:>tia  the  high  prieji's  prejer-jathn  from 


no  more  than  i-i  years  after,  that  he 
mou-ited  the  throne,  and  having  reign- 
ed fix  months,  was  murdered  by  Shal- 
lur.'  I  he  fon  of  Jabefh,  //.  M,  .^232, 
2  K»ngs  XV.  8.  -  II.  \^z.\  The  fon  of 
Jehoiada  the  chief  prieft,  who  is  per- 
haps alfo  called  Azariah.  Having  re- 
proved King  JoASH,  his  coufin,  for 
his  ivjolatry  and  wickednefs,  that  un 
grateful  wretch  ordered  him  to  be  fto- 
ned  to  death  in  the  court  of  the  tem- 
ple. In  his  dying  moments,  he  told 
them,  that  the  Lord  would  fpeedily 
avenge  his  death,  2  Chron.  xxiv,  20. 
— -?>  {^.1  The  fon  of  Jtberecijiah, 
or  Barachiah,  who  had  underilanding 
in  t*»e  vifions  of  God,^  and  encouraged 
Uzziati  in  his  piety,  and  perhaps  with- 
ftood  him  when  he  attempted  to  offer 
jncenfe,  2  Chron.  xxvi.  9.  He  was 
one  ^f  the  faithful  witnefTes  that  at- 
tefted  Ifaiah  s  writing  concerning  Ma- 
her-fhalal-hafh-baz,  If.  viii.  2.  i^.  ) 
The  Ton  of  Barachiah,  grandfon  of  Id- 


Sat  any  and  the  chonge  of  his  filthy  robes 
for  nne  apparel,  and  he  and  his  fellow 
priefls  being  cronvnea  ixjith  goldy  was 
hinted,  the  fatety  a-tid  gh>ry  of  the 
priells  under  the  fecond  temple-  By 
the  vifion  of  the  Jlone  'with  jeven  eyes 
en  it,  was  hinted,  that  the  temple 
(hould,  under  the  care  of  divine  pro- 
vidence, be  finifhed,  and  Chrill:  come 
in  his  feafon,  chap.  iii.  By  the  vifion 
of  a  candlejlick  nvifh  fcven  branches y  pla- 
ce i  bttnx)een  fwo  olive-treet  that  >Jfued  oil 
out  of  themjelveSy  might  be  fignihed, 
the  comfort  of  the  Jews  by  means  of 
Zcrubbabcl  and  Jolhua,  and  the  com- 
fort of  the  church  by  Chriit  and  his 
Spirit,  chap.  iv.  By  a  large fiy'ing  roily 
nuritten  all  over  nvlth  curfeSy  was  hint- 
ed the  fpeedy  and  extenfive  vengeance 
of  God  ag:ainll  falfe  fwearers  and 
thieves.  The  vifionary  ephah-  filled 
fwith  a  'wohian  calle.t  Kvicke.^rtefSy  and 
fhut  m  lith  a  heavy  covering  of  lead. 
Gild  carried  by  tvjq  ringed  'women  into 


Z  A  G  [58 

ihe  land  of  Shinar^  in  ported  the  fpeedy 
and  terrible  vengeance  taken  .)n  Baby- 
lon,   ibotit    four    years    after,  by    the 
Mcdes    and    Perllans,    or   the  terrible 
ruin  and  difperfion  of  the  Jews,  about 
40  years  after  our  Saviour's  afccnfion, 
chap.  V.     By  four  chariots  proceedini^ 
from  bctw^een    brazen   mountains  and 
traverling^  the  earth,  was  fignified   the 
fate  of  the  Chaldean,  Periian,  Grecian, 
and  Roman  empires,  and   the    fate   of 
minilters,  in  the  various  periods  of  the 
gofpcl-church.     By  an  order   to  make 
crowns  of  filver  and  ^old  for  Joihua, 
and   for    Heldai   or    Helem,  Tobijah, 
Jedaiah,    and   Hen,    was  hinted,    the 
glory    of   the    Jewifli  priefthood,   and 
the  glory  of  Chrift,  as  the  builder  of 
his  church,   chap.  vi.      After  dirediing 
the    Jews   concerning    fading,  and  in- 
culcating a  variety  of  moral  daties,  he 
foretels    their  happinefs,  and   the  vait 
number  of  their  profely^es  and  favou- 
rites, chap.  vii.  viii-     He  then  foretels 
the  deftrucftive  wars  of  Syria,   Pheni- 
cia,  and  the  country  of  the  Philiilines; 
the    prefervation    of  the    Jews    under 
their    iigypto-Grecian   and    Syro-Grc- 
cian   opprefTors ;   the   birtli,  and    inju- 
rious abufe  of  the  MefTiah  ;  the  publi- 
cation and  fuccefs  of  the  gofpel ;  the 
ruin  of  the  Jewifh   church  and  ftate  ; 
and  the  convcrfion  of  the    Gentiles  to 
Chrift,  in  the  apoflolic  and  millennial 
periods,  chap.  ix.  — -  xiv. 

(5.)  Zach ARIAS  ;  an  ordinary  pried, 
of  the  courfe  of  Abia.  He  and  his 
wife  Elifabeth  were  eminently  godly 
and  blamelefs  ;  but  fhe  had  been  long 
barren.  About  15  months  before  our 
Saviour's  birth,  as  Zacharias  was  burn- 
ing incenfe  in  the  temple,  the  angel 
Gabriel  appeared  to  him,  and  told  him 
that  his  wife  fliould  bear  him  a  fon 
called  John,  who  fhould  be  the  fuc- 
cefsful  harbinger  of  the  MelTiah.  As 
the  prieft  refufed  to  credit  the  melTage, 
the  angel  told  him,  that  his  dumbnefs 
till  the  event  fhould  verify  the  predic- 
tion. When  he  came  out  of  the  tem- 
ple, he  could  fpeak  none,  but  made 
figns  to  the  people  who  were  praying 
in  the  court,  that  he  had  feen  a  viiion. 
V/hcn  his  turn  of  miniflration  was  fi- 


I    T        z  A  D 

nifhed,  he  went  home :  his  wife,  after 
about  nine  months,  was  happily  deli* 
vered  of  a  fon.  Contrary  to  the  re- 
monilrances  of  their  friends,  Elilabeth 
infided  the  child  fhould  be  named 
J;)hn  :  Zacharias  being  confulted  by 
figns,  wrote  that  he  fhould  be  fo  ctll- 
ed.  Hereupon  he  recovered  the  ufe  of 
his  fpeech,  and  uttt^red  an  hymn  of 
praifes  to  Ood,  for  the  donation  of  the 
Meffiah,  whofe  birth  was  a>  hand; 
and  turning  himfelf  to  his  babe,  fore- 
told, that  he  fhould,  by  his  inftr;:c- 
tions*  prepare  the  nation  to  rective  the 
MefTiah.      Luke  i. 

Who  that  Zacharias,  the  fon  of 
Barachias,  who  was  f1;n"n  between  the 
porch  of  the  temple  and  the  altar  ;  whe- 
ther he  was  the  fon  of  Jehoiada,  wfu>fc 
name  has  much  the  fame  fignification 
as  Barachia,  i.  <f.  a  hle[]er  of  the  Lord; 
or  the  fon  of  Jeberechiah,  whom  per- 
haps Ahaz  murdered  between  the 
porch  and  the  altar,  for  oppofing  his 
idolatrous  worftiip  ;  or  the  prophet  a- 
bove  mentioned,  who  was  perhaps 
naurdered  in  that  place ;  or  the  father 
of  the  Baptif^,  who  mie;ht  have  fhared 
the  fame  fate,  perhaps  about  the  time 
when  his  fon  was  a  public  preacher  ; 
or,  if  it  was  one  Zacharias  the  fon  of 
Baruch,  whom  Jefus  forefaw  the  Jews 
would  murder  in  that  place,  a  little 
before  the  lafl  deftru<Sf:ion  9f  their  ci- 
ty, is  not  agreed  by  the  learned.  But 
be  who  he  would,  the  coming  of  all 
the  bloodfhed,  from  that  of  Abel  to 
that  of  this  Zacharias,  upon  the  Jew 
ifh  nation,  imports,  that  as  their  re- 
j,edlion  and  murder  of  Chrill  and  his 
apoftles  approved  the  whole  of  it,  it 
fliould  be  all  revenged  on  them,  Matth* 
xxiii.  34. — 36.     Luke  xi.  50.  51. 

ZADOK  ;,  the  fon  of  Ahitub.  In 
his  perfon,  appointed  high  priert  ty 
Saul,  that  high  olHce  was  returned  to 
the  family  of  Eleazar,  after  it  had 
continued  near  120  years  in  the  houfe 
of  Eli,  and  the  family  of  Ithamar. 
Both  he  and  Lbiathar  were  a  kind  of 
high  priefts  under  the  reign  of  King 
David  ;  but  it  feems  David  chiefly 
confulted  Zadv)k,  as  perhaps  he  was  a 
prophet.     Both  the  two,  at  David's 

cjefi  re^ 


Z  A  I         [58 

&fir«,  tarried  at  Jerufalem  during  /\b- 
falom's  rebellion,  and  procured  him 
proper  information,  2  Sam,  xv.  xvii. 
They,  too,  infti^ated  the  tribe  of  Ju- 
dah,  to  make  all  ihe  hafte  they  could, 
to  bring  David  home  after  the  rebel- 
lion was  fuppreffed,  left  the  other 
tribes  fhould  get  the  ftart  of  them, 
2  Sam.  xix.  11.  12.  Zadok,  in- 
ftead  of  joining  Adonijah.  was  one  of 
thofe  moft  aftive  in  the  coronation  of 
Solomon,  and  actually  anointed  him 
to  the  royalty,  and  came  to  be  fole 
liigh  prieft  after  Abiathar*s  confine- 
ment, 1  Kings  i.  ii.  :  and  was  fuc 
ceedt'd  by  his  ion  Ahimaaz.-  Another 
Zadok,  fon  of  another  Ahiiub,  was 
iiigh  prieft  long  after,  and  Jerufha 
his  daughter  feems  to  have  been  the 
wife  of  King  Uzziah,  and  mother  of 
Jt  tfiam,  1  Chron.  vi.  12.  2  Chron. 
xxvii.  I. 

ZAIR  ;  a  place  in  the  land  of  E- 
<iom,    :  Kirgs  viii.  2  r« 

ZA:  MON.  or  Salmon;  a  hill 
near  Shechem,  where  it  feems  the  fnow 
lay  thick  :  and  the  Canaanitilh  carca- 
fes  were  like  the /miv  of  Salmon t  when 
they  covered  the  wnole  fur  face  of  the 
ground  ;  which  was  a  delightful  fight 
to  the  Hebrews,  Jucjg.  ix.  48,  Pfal. 
i?:viii.  14. 

ZAMZUMMIMS,  or  Zuzims  ;  a 
race  of  terrible  giants,  probably  fprung 
from  Ham,  and  which  dwelt  on  the 
eaft  of  Jordan,  and  had  their  country 
ravaged  by  Chedorlaomer,  Gen.  xiv. 
5.  They  were  afterwards  cut  off,  or 
driven  from  it,  by  the  Ammonites, 
Deut.  ii.  20, 

ZAPHNTATH.     Sec  Joseph. 

ZARAH,  or  Zerah  ;  the  fon  of 
Judah  by  Tamar,  and  twin-brother  of 
Pharez.  Of  his  five  ions,  Ethan,  Zim- 
ri,  ..  ^eman,  Calcol,  and  Dara,  fprung 
the  Zarhites,  who  were  lefs  numerous 
than  the  pofterity  of  Pharez,  Gen. 
xxxviji.  i8.  29.  I  Chron.  ii.  6.  Numb, 
xxvi.  20. 

ZARED,  or  Zered  ;  the  name  of 
a  brook  that  runs  into  the  river  Ar- 
non  ;  or  of  a  valley,  Numb.  xxi.  12. 

ZARKIM'.i  \H,  or  Sarepta  j  a 
icity  oi  the  Zidoni^ns,  on  the  ihorc  gf 


2     1        Z  E  B 

the  Mediterranean  ftra.  It  feems  they 
had  a  glafs-work  at  it.  Here  Elnah 
lodged  fome  time  with  a  wid<  tv,  i 
Kings  xvii-  »  ro.  Luke  iv.  26.  A- 
bout  //.  D.  400  it  was  ilill  of  fome 
note,  and  its  wines  were  exceeding 
heady. 

ZARETHAN,  Zartanah,  or  Ze- 
REDATHAH  ;  a  placc  on  the  welt  of 
Jordan,  near  to  which  the  wnters  Ifood 
in  heaps,  as  Jofhua  paffed  a  good  way 
below.  Near  to  this  place,  in  the 
plain  of  Jericho,  and  almoft  over  a- 
gainft  -^uccoth,  were  the  large  vrffels 
of  the  temple  formed  of  metal,  Jofh» 
iii.  16.  1  Kings  iv.  2.  2  Chron. 
iv.  17. 

ZEAL;  an  e^gernefs  towar 'S  or 
againft  a  thing,  2  Kings  x.  14.  God's 
zealy  is  his  wife,  high,  and  holv  re- 
gard '^o  his  own  honour,  and  to  the 
welfare  of  his  people,  2  Kings  xix. 
21.  Mens  zeal,  is  either  ho/y.  which 
is  an  intelligent  and  prudent  eager- 
nefs.  to  have  God  honoured,  true  ho- 
linefs  prom>>ted,  and  error  and  wic- 
kednefs  oppofed  and  extirpated,  Pfal. 
Ixix.  Q.  Numb.  XXV  i^,.;  or  i^^w*-anf 
and  furious,  when  men  are  zealous 
without  knowle«^ge  of  the  nature  of 
things,  and  prudence,  and  are  zeilous 
chiefly  for  trifles,  or  even  for  fin,  Rom. 
X.  2.  Phil.  iii.  6.  Zealous,  eagtrly 
concerned  and  a6livc  about  a  thing. 
Numb.  XXV.  II.     Tit.  ii.  14. 

ZEBAH,  ZALMUNNA.  See 
MiDiAN ;  Gideon. 

ZEBEDEE.     See  James. 

ZEBOIM;  one  of  the  four  cities 
which  perifhed  together  with  Sodom, 
Gen.  xiv.  xix.  Perhaps  it  ftood  a- 
bout  the  north-we^t  corner  of  the 
Dead  fta.  A  valley  of  Zeboim,  or 
jpotted  /erpents,  was  near  to  Jericho, 
'  Sam.  xiii.  1 8.  ;  and  hereabouts  the 
Benjamites  had  a  c:ty  of  this  name, 
which  continued  till  after  A»  D,  40© 
Neh.  xi.  34. 

ZEBUL.     See  Gaul. 

Z  E  B  U  L  U  N.  or  Zabulon,  the 
fixth  ion  of  Jacob  by  Leah,  bora  a- 
bout  //.  M.  22  6.  From  his  i;ree 
ions,  'eicd,  El^n,  and  Jahlcel,  .-.-ung 
ihree  numerous  families.     When  tiiia 

tribe 


ZED  [     583     1  Z  F  D 


tribe  came  out  of  Egypt,  their  fight- 
ing   men    amounted    to    57,400  men, 
coalman  ied  by  Eliab  the  fon  of  Elon  : 
they  increafed  ^lor.  in    the  wildeinefs. 
Their  fpy  to  fearch  Canaan,   was  Gad- 
diel  the  fon  of  Sodi  ;  'and  their  prince 
to  divide  it,  was  Elizaphan  the  fon  of 
Parnach,    Gen.    xxx.  •  20.      xlvi.   11. 
Numb.  i.    9.31-     xxvi,    26.    27.    xiii. 
10.    xxxiv.  27.     They  had  their  inhe- 
ritance on  the  fouth    of  the   tribes  of 
Afher  and  Naphtali,   and  had  the  fea 
of  Galilee  on  the  eaft,  and  the  Medi- 
terranean on   the  weft  :  they  emiched 
themfelves  by  their  fifhcries,  their  !ea 
trade,     and    makinjr    of  ^^^fs  :     they 
were  very    honeft    in    their    dealings, 
and,  notwithftanding  of  diflance,  were 
punAual  attenders   of  the   worfhip   of 
God    at     Jerufalem,     Gen.    xlix.    13. 
Deut.  xxxiii.  18. — 20      They  did  not 
drive  out  the  Canaanites  from  Kitron 
or   Nahah)],  Judg.    i     50.     But    they 
and    the    Naphtalites,    under    Barak, 
were  very  aftive   in  routing  the  hoft 
of  Jabin,    Judg.    iv.    10.     v.    14.    18. 
They  affifted  Gideon   againft   the  Mi- 
dianites,    Judg.   vi.    35.^     Elon,  a  Ze- 
bulunite,  was  for  ten   years  judge  of 
Ifrael,  Judg   xii.  11.:  and  50,0  c  of 
them  attended   at    David's  coronation 
to  be   king  over  Ifrael,  and  brought 
large  quantities  of  provilion,    i  Chron* 
xii.    33.  4c.     Pfal.   Ixviii.  27.     They 
were    opprefled,    and   many    of  them 
carried  captive  to  the  eaft,  by  Tiglath- 
pilefer,   i  Chron.  v.   26.     Such  as  re- 
mained   in    their    country    did    partly 
join  with  Hezekiah  in  his  reformation, 
2  Chron.  xxx.  i  i.    Their  country  was 
fignally  blefled  with  the  early  inllruc- 
tions  and  miracles  of  our  Saviour  ;  and 
perhaps  moil  of  his   difclples  were  of 
it,  H.  ix.    :.'  2.     Matth.  iv.  13.    15. 
Perhaps    there   was    alfo  a  city  called 
Zebulun  near  Accho,  which   is   faid  to 
have  been  built   in   the   form   of  Tyre 
and  Sidon,  and    to    have   been    taken 
and  burnt   by   Ceftius    the    Roman  a- 
boiit    ,'.  Z).  66.     Jofh.  xix.  27. 

ZEDEKIAH,  the  fon  of  Jofiah, 
by  Haniutal  the  daughter  of  Jeremiah, 
a  prince  of  Libnah.  When  Nebuchad- 
Eczzar  carried  Jehoiachin   prifoner  to 


Babylon,  he  made  Mattaniah  his  mr- 
cle  king  in  his  ftead,  after  he  had 
caufed  him  fwear  to  be  his  trihurHry^ 
and  changed  his  name  to  Zedekinh, 
He  began  to  reign  when  he  was  ii 
years  of  age,  and  reigned  fi.  Con- 
trary to  manifold  warnings  of  Gw  i  by 
the  Prophet  Jeremiah,  he  and  liis 
people  hardened  themfelves  in  their  i» 
dolatry  and  other  impitt.es,  2  Kings 

xxiv.  17,      2   Chron.   xxxvi.    10. 6* 

Ezek.  xvii.  13. —In  the  firft  year  of 
his  reign,  he  fent  Elatah  the  fon  of 
Shaphan,  and  Gemariah  the  fon  of 
Hilkiah,  to  Babylon,  probably  ah-ng 
wita  his  tribute :  with  thcfe,  Jercmi-.- 
ah  feems  to  have  fent  his  letter  to  the 
captives  at  Babylon,  Jer.  xxix.  A.- 
bout  four  years  after,  he  either  went 
himfelf,  or  at  leall  lent  Seraiah,  the 
brother  of  Baruch,  to  Babylon,  with 
whom  Jeremiah  fent  his  predidllon^ 
againd  Babylon,  to  be  read  by  him, 
and  then  cafl,  fixed  to  a  Hone,  into 
the  Euphrates,  Jer.  li.  59, — 64.  la 
the  ninth  year  of  his  reign,  Zedckiih, 
contrary  to  folemn  treaty  with  Ne  )U-» 
chadnezzar,  entered  into  a  league  with. 
Pharaoh-hophra  of  Egypt,  and,  it 
feems,  with  the  other  nations  around, 
to  throw  off  the  Chaldean  yoke.  Ne- 
buchadnezzar quickly  inarched  an  ar- 
ray into  Judea,  and  laid  fiege  to  Je- 
rufalem. Alarmed  herewith,  he  and 
his  fubjefts  difmified  their  bond  fer- 
vants,  whom  they  had  retained  lL>p.ger 
than  the  law  allowed,  and  feegged, 
that  Jeremiah  would  pray  for  them. 
Meanwhile,  the  Egyptians  marching 
an  army  into  Canaan,  Nebuchadnez- 
zar railed  the  fiege  of  Jerufalem  to 
attack  them.  During  this  interval, 
the  Jews  forced  back  their  fervants^ 
and  drew  new  puniihment  on  their 
heads.  Having  defeated  or  driven 
back  the  Egyptians^  Nebuchadnezzar 
renewed  his  fiege  of  Jerufalem.  Ze- 
dekiah  often  "con  fulted  the  Prophet  Je- 
remiah, but  had  not  patience  to  hear, 
or  refolution  to  follow,  his  good 
counfels.  Jeremiah  urged  him  to  go 
out,  and  fubmit  himfclf  to  Nebuchad- 


nezzar ,  mercy. 


and  it  ihoulu   b. 


dl 


with   him.     For   fear   of  dirnfion,.  he 

declined 


ZED         [    SH    1         Z  E  R 


declined  compliance,  and  it  is  like, 
Pel.ftiah  the  prince,  who  foon  after 
had  a  miferable  end,  diffu^ded  him, 
£zek.  xi.  1 3.  Zedekiah,  as  Jeremiah 
had  warned  him,  fell  into  ^reat  iprrio- 
miny  by  his  refufal  to  furrender.  When 
Jeruialem  was  taken,  he  and  a  num- 
ber of  his  troops  fled  off  in  the  night ; 
but  the  Chaldeans  purtued,  and  over- 
took them  near  Jericho.  He  was  car- 
ried prifoner  to  Nebuchadnezzar  at 
Riblah  of  Syria,  who,  after  upbraid- 
ing- him  with  his  treachery,  ordered 
his  children  to  be  murdered  before  his 
face,  and  then  his  eyes  to  be  plucked 
out ;  after  which  he  loaded  him  with 
chains,  and  fent  him  to  Babylon, 
where,  after  fome  time,  he  died  peace- 
ably, and  was  honourably  Interred  by 
his  friends,  Jer.  xxi.  xxvli.  xxxii.  4. 
—  7.  xxxiv.  xxxvii. — xxxix.     2  Kings 

Zkdekiah,  the  fon  of  Chenaanah, 
and  the  fon  of  Maafeiah,  were  both 
falfe  prophets.    See  MicaiaH;   Ahab. 

ZEEB;  a  Midianitifh  prince,  who 
gave  name  to  a  place  in  or  near  to  the 
Jot  of  the  Ephraimites,  and  not  tar 
from  Jordan,  Jud^r.  vii.  25. 

Perhaps  ZELAH,  where  Saul  and 
his  family  were  buried,  \Vas  the  fame 
as  Zelzah,  not  far  from  Ramah  ; 
but  in  the  fouth  frontier  of  the  tribe 
•f  Benjamin,  Jofh.  xviii.  28.  1  Sam. 
X.  2.      2  Sam.  xxi.  14, 

ZELOPHEHAD,  the  fon  of  He- 
phcr,  of  the  tribe  of  Manaffch,  died 
in  the  wildernefs,  not  in  a,iy  of  the 
more  noted  provocations.  -Not  long 
before  Mofes's  death,  his  five  daugh- 
ters, Mahlah,  Tirzah,  Hoglah,  Mil- 
cah,  and  Noah,  for  he  had  no  fon, 
applied  to  Mofts  to  have  an  inheri- 
taiice  in  Canaan,  as  heirs  to  their  fa- 
ther. The  Lord  approved  their  de- 
mand ;  only  confined  them  to  marry 
fuch  as  v/ere  of  their  own  tribe ;  and 
it  was  divinely  enabled,  that  to  pre- 
vent the  portion  of  one  tribe  going  in- 
to that  of  another,  no  heirefs  fhould 
marry  out  of  her  own  tribe  :  or  if  flie 
did,  Ihe  loll  her  inheritance.  Numb. 
XXVI.  17,.    xxvii.    xxxvi. 

ZEMARAIM  5  a  city  of  the  Ben^ 


)  unites  near  Bethtl,  i  d  near  to  which 
was  a  mount  of  the  fame  name  ;  .-.t  the 
foot  whereof,  Jeroboam  had  roc,v-  :o 
of  his  army  killed  by  Abijah's  troops, 
Jofh.  xviii.  22.      2  Chron.  xiii.  4. 

Th  ZEMARITES  were  the  de- 
fcendants  of  Caj^s^an  by  his  tenth  fon. 
It  is  like,  they  built  and  peopled  Si- 
myra  a  city  ot  Phenicia,  near  Orthofia, 
Gen.  x.  18. 

ZENAS  ;  the  only  pious  lawyer 
we  read  of  in  fcripture.  Whether  hifj 
learning  refpefted  the  Jewifh  or  the 
Roman  law,  we  know  not ;  but  he 
was  a  noted  Chriftian,  whom,  toge- 
ther with  Apollos,  Paul  defires  Titus 
to  bring  with  hiin  to  Nicopolis,  and  to 
take  care  they  were  fufficicntly  pro^ 
vided  for  in  the  journey,  Tit.  iii.  i  ^. 

ZEPHANIAH,  (i.)  A  prophet, 
the  fon  of  Cufhi,  and  jrrandfon  of  Ge» 
daliah  :  he  appears  to  have  lived  in 
the  time  of  King  Jofiah,  and  after  his 
children  were  gro-.vn  up,  to  wear  robes 
of  a  foreign  fafhion,  Zeph.  i.  i.  8.  In 
hivS  firll  and  third  chaptervS,  he  inveighs 
againft  the  wickedncfs  of  the  Jews  ; 
foretels  their  calamities  ^nd  captivity, 
and  their  deliverance  therefrom.  In 
the  fecond  he  exhorts  the  Jews  to  re- 
pentance, and  foretels  the  ruin  of  the 
Philiflines,  Moabites,  Ammonites  E- 
thiopians,  and  AfTyrians.  (2.)  Ze- 
ph an  i  ah  the  fecond  priefl,  or  fagan 
under  Seraiah  the  chief  prit  ft.  By  him 
Zedekiah,  oftener  than  once,  confult- 
ed  Jeremiah,  and  rc(Ju  fted  his  pray- 
ers 'n  behalf  of  the  kingdom,  Jer. 
xxi.  I.  xxxvii.  I  To  him  Shemaiah 
directed  his  letter  accufing  Jeremiah 
as  a  madman,  and  he  read  it  to  Jere- 
miah, chap.  xxix.  24. — 29.  When 
Jerufalem  was  taken,  he,  and  Seraiah 
the  chief  priefl,  were  carried  to  Rib- 
lah, and  there  murdered  by  the  order 
of  Nebuchadnezzar,  2  Kings  xxv.  18. 
Perhaps  he  lived  too  early  to  be  the 
father  of  Hen  and  Jofiah,  the  pricflsj. 
Zech.  vi.  10.  !  4. 

ZEPHAATH,  or  Zephatah.    See 

HORMAH. 

ZERAH;  (i.)  A  fon  of  Judah. 
See  Zarah.  (2.)  A  king  of  Cush, 
who,  in  the  tim*  of  A.sa,  iavaded  the 

lyn^dom 


Z  E  R  [ 

Icingdom  of  Jiidah  with  a   million 
footmen,  and    300  chariots:  but    be- 
ing fcized  with  a   panic,  mo{}  of  them 
were  cut  nfF,   2  Chron.  xiv.  q — i  ^. 

ZEREDlTHAH.    See  Zarrtan. 

ZERlSI-T.      See  Hamak. 

ZERUB BABEL,  the  fon  of  She- 
altiel  or  Salathicl  and  at  the  royal 
family  of  David,  As  Salatljjel,  who 
is  called  the  fon  of  Jehoiacliin,  might 
yet  be  the  fon  of  Neri,  a  deicendant 
of  Nathan  the  fon  of  David,  being 
begot  by  Jehoiachin  on  the  widow 
of  Neri,  whom  he  had  married  ,  or 
he  might  be  adopted  by  Neri  ;  or 
might  marry  the  only  daughter  of  Ne- 
ri, »  Chron.  iii.  17  Luke  iii»  27.  : 
fo  Zernbbabel  might,  at  once,  be  the 
immediate  fon  of  Pedaiah,  and  the 
grandfon  of  Salathicl ;  or,  Pedaiah,  a 
younger  brother,  might  have  married 
Shealtiel's  widow,  and  Zerubbabel  be 
the  fon  he  raifed  up  to  his  brother, 
1  Chron.  iii.  19.  Matth.  i.  12.  As 
Shclhbazzar  is  faid  to  build  the  fecond 
temple,  and  was  prince  of  the  Jews, 
it  feems  he  is  the  very  fame  with  Ze- 
rubbabel, and  the  one  is  his  Jev/ilh, 
and  the  other  his  Chaldean  name,  Ez- 
ra V.  .'6.  i.  8.  14.  Zech.  iv.  5.  Cy- 
rus delivered  into  his  hands  the  facred 
▼eflels,  which  had  been  carried  to  Ba- 
bylon, to  the  number  of  5400,  and 
appointed  him  governor  of  the  return- 
ing captives  ot  Judah.  After  condu<^- 
ing  42,360  of  them,  together  with 
7337  fervants,  from  Babylon  to  Ju- 
dea,  he  laid  the  foundation  of  the  fe- 
cond temple,  and  reftored  the  vvorfhip 
of  God  by  facrifice.  Notwith (landing 
of  manifold  obftrudions  to  the  work 
by  the  Samaritans,  whom  the  Jews 
refufed  to  allow  to  concur  with  them, 
he  and  Jofhua  the  high  prieft,  encou- 
raged by  Haggai  and  Zechariah  the 
prophets,  at  Tail  finilhed  the  temple, 
about  2C  years  after  it  was  begun, 
Ezra  i. — vi.  Hag.  i.  ii.  Zech.  iv. 
He  left  behind  him  fevcn  fons,  Me- 
fhullam,  Hananiah,  Hafhubah,  Ohel, 
Berechiah,  Hafadiah,  Jufhab-heled, 
and  a  daughter  called  Shelomith.  Some 
two   of  thefe  fons,  othcrvfift   named, 


585    1         Z  I  M 

of  Mary  defcended,  and  the  Abiud,  from 
whom  Jofeph  her  hufband  fprung, 
I  Chron.  iii.  19.  Luke  iii.  27.  Matth. 
i.  13.  Did  not  Zerubbabel  prefijjure 
oar  divine  Saviour,  who  is  the  fignet 
on  God's  right  hand ;  and  who  has 
all  thin. '8  neceffary  for  the  welfare  of 
the  church  dclivtr*  d  into  his  hand; 
and  who  brings  back  his  people  trom 
all  their  wandering  and  captivity,  and 
buildt)  the  temple  of  the  church,  with. 
(houtings  of  grace,  grace  unto  it,  and 
bear?  all  the  glory.  Hag.  ii.  2  ]. 
ZIBA.  See  Mephibosheth. 
ZIDON.  SeePHENiciA 
ZIF,  or  Jair  ;  the  fecond  month  of 
the  facred,  and  eighth  of  the  Jewifii 
civil  year.  It  confided  of  29  days, 
and  anfwered  in  part  to  our  April. 
On  the  14th  day  of  it,  fuch  as  had 
been  unclean,  or  on  a  journey,  that 
they  could  not  obferve  the  pafTover  in 
the  preceding  month,  obferved  it  now  ; 
and  on  it  the  paflbver-feftival  was  kept 
in  the  firft  year  of  Hezekiah's  refor- 
mation. Numb.  ix.  2  Chron.  XXX.  15. 
26.  On  the  loth  of  it,  the  Jews  ob- 
ferve a  fad  for  the  death  of  Eli,  and 


are  the 
Vol. 


fi-hcfa,  from  whom  the  Virgin 
IL 


another  on  the  28th,  for  the  death  o£ 
Samuel, 

ZIKLAG  ;  a  town  lltuate  in  the 
extreme  parts  of  the  tribe  of  Judah 
fouthwards,  not  far  from  Horam, 
where  the  Ifraelites  received  a  defeat 
while  they  fojourned  in  the  wildernefs. 
In  the  divifion  of  Canaan,  it  was  firft 
given  to  the  tribe  of  Judah,  Jofh.  xr. 
31.  and  afterwards  to  that  of  Simeon, 
Jofli.  xi::.  5,  It  was,  however,  in  pof- 
felTion  of  the  Philiilines  when  Achifh, 
king  of  Gath,  allotted  it  to  David 
and  his  men  to  dwell  in, 

ZILPAIL     See  Jac*)B. 

ZIMRAN;  the  eldeft  of  Abra- 
ham's fix  fons  by  Keturah.  He  was 
the  father  of  the  Zimri,  or  Zamarenes^ 
in  x\rabia-Fclix,  where  we  find  the  city 
Zebram  or  Zimram,  Gen.  xxv.  2,  Jer* 
XXV.  25. 

ZIMRI  j  a  general  to  Elah,  the  fon 
of  Baalha  king  of  Ifrael.  As  his  ma- 
fter  druuk  heartily  at  Tirzah,  he  mur- 
dered him,  and  mounted  the -throne. 
H^  immediately  murdered  the  wholes 
4  E  joyal 


Z  I  N  [    586    1  Z  O  H 

royal  family,  as  had  Heen  predl£led  to  gated  him  to  come  and  apprehend  him; 
Baa^a>  Hcar-incr  of  this  catalliophe,  and  the  other  was  fomewhere  about 
the  royal  army  broke  up   the  fic^ge  of    the  borders  of  Edom,  Jo{h.  xv.  24.  ^^, 


Gibhethon,  and  hafted  to  dethrone 
Zimri.  Finding  himfelf  incapable  to 
defend  it,  he  fet  the  palace  on  fire, 
and  burnt  himfelf  and  familv  to  death, 
after  a  (hort  reign  of  feven  days,  i  Kings 
xvi.  9.  — -20.     See  CozBi. 

ZIN  ;  the  name  of  a  place  about 
the  fouth  weft  of  Idumea  :  but  whe- 
ther it  was  the  name  of  a  city,  or  If  it 
was  the  name  of  a  part,  or  of  the  whole 
of  the  wildernefs  of  Paran,  we  know 
not.  Numb.  xlii.  21.  xx.  1.  Jofli.xv.  3, 
ZION,  or  tSiON  ;  (i.)  A  top  or 
part  of  mount  Hermon,  or  an  arrange- 
ment of  hills  near  to  its  Pfal.  cxxxiii.  3. 
(2.)  Cellarius,  Lightfoot,  and  others, 
think  the  other  famed  mount  Zion  was 
to  the  north  of  the  ancient  Jebus  ;  but 
Reland  has  offered  a  variety  of  argu- 
ments to  prove  that  it  was  on  the  louth 
of  it.  We,  with  the  authors  of  the 
Univerfal  Hiilory,  think  the  fouth  part 
of  Jerufalem  ftood  on  mount  Zion,  and 
that  the  king's  palace  ftood  on  the 
north  fide  of  it,  and  the  temple  on 
mount  Moriah,  to  the  north-eaft  of  it, 
2  Sam.  V.  I.  I  Kings  viii.  i.  Pf.  xlviii. 
2.  :  but  as  mount  Moriah  was  but  at 
the  end  of  it,  it  was  fometlmes  called 
Zion ;  and  even  the  temple  and  its 
courts  are  fo  called,  Pfal.  Ixv.  i.  Ixxxlv. 
7.;  and  the  worftiippers  at  the  temple, 
if  not  the  whole  inhabl:ants  of  Jerufa- 
lem, are  called  Zioriy  Pfal.  xcvii.  8.  In 
allufion  hereto,  the  church,  whether 
Jewifti  or  Chriftian,  or  heaven,  is  call- 
ed Zion:  how  gracioufly  was  ftie  cho- 
fen  of  God  for  his  refidence  !  how  firm 
is  her  foundation,  and  how  delightful 
her  profpe<£l  !  how  folemn  and  fweet 
the  fellowftilp  with  nnd  worfliipof  God 
therein  1  Pfal.cii.  13.  If.  il.  3.  Heb, 
:jii.  22.   Rev.  xiv.  I.   If.  11.  11. 

ZIPH  ;  two  cities  of  the  tribe  of 
Judah,  one  of  which  lay  about  eight 
miles  eaftward  from  Hebron,  which  is 
perhaps  that  befide  Maon  and  fouth 
Carmel,  and  whofe  inhabitants,  tho* 
of  the  fame  tribe,  were  fo  eager  to 
have  David  cut  off,  that  they  inform- 
ed S^ul  of  his  hiding  places,  and  infti- 


oam.  xxni. 
liv.  title. 

ZlPPOilAH  ;  the  daughter  of  Jc- 
thr)  or  Reuel.  Her  marriage  with 
Mofes,  and  bearing  him  two  fons  ;  her 
accompanying  him  part  of  his  way  to 
E^rypt  ;  her  angry  circumcifion  of  her 
child  ;  her  return  to  her  father's  houfe; 
htr  coming  with  her  father  fome  months 
after  to  Mofcs  ;  and  Aaron  and  Mi- 
riam's jealoufy  of  her  influence  over 
him,  have  been  related  in  the  article 
Moses,  Exod.  11.  iv.  xvill.  Numb.  xii. 

ZIZ,  or  ZIZA  ;  an  hill  in  the  fouth 
of  Canaan,  near  the  valley  of  Bera- 
chah.  We  fuppofe  it  was  north  of 
En-gedl,    2  Chron.  XX.  16. 

ZOAN,  orT^LNIS;  a  very  ancient 
city  of  Egypt,  Numb.  xlii.  7,  ;  and 
fomewhere  in  the  lower  part  of  that 
country,  not  very  far  from  the  Medi- 
terranean fea*  It  was  probably  the 
capital    for    many    ages,    If.  xix.   11. 

XXX,  4. 

ZOAR,  or  Bela,  was  one  of  the 
five  cities  that  rebelled  agalnft  and  was 
reduced  by  Chedorlaomer,  Gtn.  xiv. 
It  feems  to  have  been  in  the  utmoft 
danger  of  deftru6tion,  along  with  So- 
dom and  the  other  three  ;  but  Lot  beg- 
ged, that  as  it  was  but  fmall,  it  might 
be  preferved  as  a  refidence  for  him. 
His  requeft  was  granted,  and  the  place 
Wc\s  afterwards  called  Zoar,  the  little 
onsy  Gen.  xlx.  2C.  21.22.  It  feems  to 
have  ftood  fomewhere  about  the  foulh 
end  of  the  Dead  fea.  Probably  num- 
bers of  the  Moabltes  fled  hither  from 
the  ravages  of  the  Afi*yrlan  and  Chal- 
dean troops,  If.  XV.  ^.  Jer.  xlvlll.  34. 

ZOCAH,.  was  a  kingdom  of  Syria, 
near  about  vVhere  Damafcus  ftands,  and 
had  Rehob  and  Hadadezer  for  its 
kin'js,   2  Sam.  viii. 

ZOHELETH  ;  a  noted  ftone  near 
En-rogel,  at  which  Adonijah  held  his 
uiurpation-feaft.  Whether  this  ftone 
was  ufed  by  the  young  men,  to  exer- 
cife  themfelves  in  rolling  it  ;  or  if  the 
fullers  beat  their  cloth  upon  it,  we 
know  not,   i  Klogs  i.  <;. 

ZOPHAR, 


Z  O  P         [ 

ZOPHAR,  the  Naamathite.  one  of 
JoB*s  three  uncharitable  friends,  and 
who  fpoke  twice  again  ft  him,  Job  ii.  1 1. 
xi.  2C.  ;  and  was  pardoned  by  means  of 
Job's  prayers,  Job.  xlii.  7 — 9.  Whe- 
ther Naamath  was  the  name  of  his  an- 


cefto 


r,  or 


of  h 


IS  City,  we   cannot   de 


termine  ;  nor  whether  he  was  king  of 
the  Mineans,  or  of  the  Nomades  or 
wandering  Arabs. 

ZORAH  ;  a  city  of  the  Danites, 
near  the  border  of  Judah.  Here  Sam- 
fon  was  born,  Jud^.  xJii.  2.     Its  inha- 


587    ]        z  u  z 

bitants  are  called  Z(.rites  and  ZoratK- 
ites,  I  Chron.  li.  54.  iv.  2.  Probably 
this  was  one  of  the  cities  which  Reho- 
boam  fortified  for  the  fecurity  of  his 
kingdom,    2  Chron.  xi.  10. 

ZUPH  ;  a  Levite,  and  one  of  Sa- 
muel's anceftors.  As  he  was  the  chief 
of  the  Zuphites,  he  probably  occafim- 
ed  their  territory  to  be  caller!  the  land 
of  Zuph,  and  their  city  Ramath-zo- 
phim,    or    Ramaih    of  the    Zuphites, 


Chron.  vi.  3 
ZUZIMS. 


.    I  t»am.  ix.  5.  i.  i. 
See  Zamzummims. 


CHRONOLOGY     of     FACTS 

Relative  to  the  Hlftory  or  Predicllons  of  Scripture,  8cc, 


iV.  B.  (r.)  We  dare  not  allirm,  that  Tome  thinefs  here  are  fixed  tothepre- 
clfe  year.  (2.)  We  have  fomctimes  followed  a  different  authority  from  what 
wcv  followed  In  the  body  of  the  Didlonary,  as  we  knew  not  which  was  moft 
exad. 


l'4004 

129:3875 

i3%3o74 
987J3017 

16562348 
I753'2i46 


1787,2217 

19202084 

2006,1998 
2079  1925 
ao83  1921 
209a 1912 


IT07 
arc8 


2143 

2183 
2265 


2276 
2288 

2289 
2299 


189 
1896 

1863 

1821 

1739 


1728 
1716 

1 7 15 
1705 


15  74 


2430 


'^S^i 


2553 


149] 


Mil 


THFl  world's  creation;  Adam's  fall;  Cain's  hlrth,  Gen.  i.— iv. 
Cain  murders  Abel,  and  is  divinely  baniflied  to  Nod. 
Scrli  is  born,  to  the  great  comfort  of  his  parents,  Gen,  iv.  v. 
luioch,  the  feventh  from  Adam,  is  tranilated  to  heaven. 
God  commands  Noah  to   warn  the  now  fearfully  corrupted  inhabitants  of  the 

world  of  the  approaching  flood,  and  to  call  them  to  repent,  Gen.  vi. 
Methufelah  dies,  aged  969  years.     The  flood  overflows  the  earth,  and  continues 

a  whole  year,  Gen.  v. — ix. 
Pekg  is  born.     About  this  time,  or  about  240  years  after,  at  his  death,  Babel  \% 

built,  languages  confounded,  and  mankind  difpcrfed  ;  and  Noah  is  faid  to  have 

removed  eaftw^ard,  and  founded  the  kingdom  of  China,  Gen.  xi. 
Or  240  years  later,  Nimrod  founds  his  kingdom  at  Babylon,  and  Afhur  his  In  Af- 

fyria  ;  and  foon  after  Mizraim  founds  the  kingdom  of  Egypt,  Gen.  x.  9, 10.  xii. 
The  Arabian  fliepherds  invade  Egypt,  and  found  a  kingdom,  which  continues 

about  259  years. 
Noah  dies,  aged  950  years ;  and  two  years  after  Abram  Is  born. 
Chedorlaomer  fubducs  Sodom,  and  the  adjacent  kingdoms. 
Abram,  called  of  God,  leaves  Ur,  and  begins  his  pilgrimage. 
Cliedorlaomer  and  his  allies  wafte  the  eaflern  part   of  Canaan,  defeat  the   allied 

army  of  SoJom,  Gomorrah,  &c.  take  Lot  captive  ;  but  are  defeated  by  Abram, 

Gen.  xiv. 
Sodom  '.ind  its  neighbouring  cities  are  deftroyed.  Gen.  xix. 
Ifaac  Is  born  to  Abraham  ;  and  not  long  after,  Moab  and  Ben-amml   to  Lot, 

Gen.  xxi.  xix. 
Ifaac  is  intentionally  ofl*ered  In  facrifice  ;  and  feven  years  after,  he  is  married  to 

R.ebekah,  Gen.  xxii.  xxiv. 
Abraham  dies,  15  years  after  the  birth  of  Jacob  and  Efau. 
Jacob  returns  from  Padan-aram  with  a  ntimerous  family,  after  he  had  there  fer- 

ved  Lahan  for  20  years.     About  a  year  after,  Judah  marries  a  Canaanitcfs,  by 

whom  he  had  three  fons,  Er,  Onan,  and  Shelah,    Gen.  xxviii. — xixviii. 
Joftnli  is  fold  into  Egypt,  five  years  after  his  mother's  death. 
Ifaac  dies,  about  43  years  after  he  had  bleffed  Jacob  and  Eiau,  Gen.  xxxv.  with 

xxvii. 
Jofcph  interprets  Pharaoh'^  drearrt  ;  and  the  feven  years  of  plenty  begin,  Gen,  xli. 
Jacob  and  his  family  come  into  Egypt,  in  the  third  of  rhe  feven  year$  famine, 

Gen  xlvl.  with  xlii.— -xlv. 
Jofeph  dies,  aged  Iio  years,  Gcr.  \, 
The  oppreflion  of  the  Hebrews,  and  murder  of  their  children  is  begun,  Exod.  i.  ii. 

Afts  vii.  pfaL  cv. 
Mofes,  in  the  80th  year  of  ins  age,  brings  the  Hebrews  out  of  Egypt;  and  E- 

gvpt  is  almoft  ruined  by  ten  plagues,  and  the  drowning  of  their  ar;my,  Exod. 

iii. — XV,  Pfal.  cv. 
Mofes  dies,  and  the  Hebrews  enter  Canaan  ;  and  after  fix  years  are  fettled  in  if, 

Dcut.  ixxiv.  Jolh.  I. — xxi.     Perhaps  a  body  of  fugitive  Canaanites  found  a  fe« 

cond  kingdom  of  fbepherds  in  Egypt. 

[A)  Jofliua 


Y.oflBef. 

wld.lchr. 
2570 1434 


a59i 

or 
a6oo 

4699 

4719 

^75  2 
or 
*8c7 
a8i6 
or 
a872 
aSzo 

4848 
2888 


4909 
2931 

3941 

3949 
4960 


3989 


3029 


3049 


309c 

3100 
3120 


1413 

1404 

13-5 
ii8j 

1252 

1197 
1188 


1132 
1184 

J 156 
1116 


1095 
1073 

1063 

1055 
1044 


1015 


975 


955 


91, 

904 
884 


[    2    ] 


Jofliua  dies.  Soon  after  Judah  and  i-imeon  clear  their  lot  of  tV,c  Canaanites?  M(- 
cah's  idol  i-^  t.r(  dtd  ar  Dan  and  the  Benjamitcs  are  almofl  utterly  deftroyed, 
Jwfh.  xxiv.  Ju('g.  i,  xvii. — xxi. 

Culhan-rilhathaim  opprefTeth  the  Hebrews ;  and  after  eight  years  they  arc  deliver- 
ed by  Othniel,  Judg.  iii. 

Jabin  king  of  Canaan  begins  to  opprcfs  thf  Hebrews, 
hey  are  delivered  by  Barak,  Judg.  iv.  v. 

Tyre  Inbuilt;  ibe  Midianitcs  begin  to  opprefs  Ifrael  j  but  after  ftvcir  ycara  ape 
routed  by  Gideon,  Judg.  vi. — viii. 

Jair  dies;   and  Jephthah  delivers  Ifrael  from  the  Ammonites,  Judg.  t.  xi. 

According  to  mod  authors,  Troy  is  taken  and  burnt  by  the  Greeks,  after  a  fiegc 
of  fen  years. 

F.li  begins  to  judge  Ifrael.     Samfon  is  born,  Judg.  xiii. 

Samfon  pulls  down  the  idol-teniplc  on  fome  thoufamls  of  thp  Phillftlnes.  Hereon 
the  Hebrews  attack  them  ;  but  are  repulfcd,  with  ihe  lofs  of  4000.  Soon  after, 
they  are  again  def<fated,  with  the  lofs  of  30,000,  and  the  ark  is  taken.  Eli'3  two 
wicked  fons,  who  had  corrupted  the  natioit,  are  flaion  and  himfelf  dies  as  he 
hears  the  tidings, — Perhaps  tbefe  events  happened  20  years  looner. 

Or  perhaps  20  or  t,o  years  later,  Saul  was  made  king,   i  Sam.  x.  xi. 

Amafis  king  of  Egypt  drives  nut  the  lecond  dynafty  of  fiiepherds;  and  they  per- 
haps unite  with  the  Philiflines. 

David  is  anointed  kins;  over  Ifrael ;  and  about  four  years  atter,  Samuel  dies,  aged 
years,  I  Sam.  xvi.  xxv. 

Saul  is  flain  ;  and  David  begins  his  reign  orrer  Judah. 

Multitudes  of  Syrians  and  Phenicians,  to  avoid  being  tributaries  to  King  David, 
fiy  into  Crete,  Greece,  and  Lefler  Afia,  and  the  north  parts  of  Africa,  under 
the  command  of  Cadmus,  Cilix,  Phenix,  Thafus,  &c.  and  carry  letters  and  arts 
along  with  thtm,  %  Sam.  viii. — x. 

David  dies,  and  is  fucceedeil  by  Solomon,  who,  in  the  4th  year  of  his  reign,  lays 
the  foundation  of  the  temple,  and  finiihes  it  in  the  irth,  I  Chron.  xxix.  I  Kings 
i. — viii. 

Amnion  is  king  of  Egypt ;  Minos,  of  Crete  ;  Tros,  of  Troy ;  Cecrops,  of  Athens  ;. 
Helhn,  the  fon  or  Deucalion,  in  Phthiotis ;  Amphion  and  Z'thus  rtign  at 
Thebes  of  Greece,  Layus  the  fon  of  Cadmus  being  driven  out;  Sifyphus,  at 
Corinth.     About  this  time  Dcdalus  the  famous  artift  flourilhes. 

Rchoboam  and  Jeroboam  begin  to  reign  over  the  Hebrews. 

Shifhak  is  king  of  Egypt,  I  Kings  xii. — xiv.  %  Chron   xi.  xii.  - 

Layus  recovers  the  kiiTgdom  of  Thebes.  T'^oas  the  Cretian  is  king,  firft  in  Lem- 
nos,  and  afterwards  of  Cyprus.     Hercules  and  EuniUieus  are  born. 

Abijai'.  king  of  Judah  dies,  and  Afa  fucceeds  him. 

Nadat),  Baaiha,  Eiah,  Zimri,  and  O-mri,  arc,  in  fucceflion,  kings  of  Ifrael,  I  King* 
XV.  xvi.  a  Chron.  xiv. — xvi. 

The  Ethiopians  invade  Ei^vpt,  while  their  civil  war  continue;,  and  fcize  on  that 
country,  and  drown  Orus  the  king  in  the  Nile.  His  wife  Ifis  dies  of  gnef. 
Soon  after,  the  Ethiopians  are  routed  by  Afa. — Evander,  and  his  mother  Car- 
menta,  carry  the  letters  and  arts  of  Greece  into  Italy.  -  Aboui  this  time  happeirw 
eJ  the  Grecian  expedition  of  the  Aignnauts:  Hercules  and  Efculapiu'^  were  dei- 
fied. Thefeus  was  banilhed  from  Alliens,  and  tLe  Htradide-.  were  chafed  out 
of  Peloponnefus;   and  A/amemnun  was  king  of  Mycenae,  'a  Chron.  xiv. 

Jehofhaphat  fucceedshis  father  Ala  in  the  kingdom  ot' Judah. — Ahab,  Ahaziah,  and 
Jehoram    reign  over  Ifrael. 

Amenophis  the  Ethiopian,  king  of  Fgypt,  is  perhaps  the  Memnon  of  Perfia ;  and 
his  brother  Proteus,  who  governed  Egvpt,  might  be  his  viceroy,  2  Chron.  xvii. 
— XX.   1  Kings  xvi.— xxii.  2  Kings  1. — viii. 

According  to  Sir  Ifaac  Newton  and  us,  Troy  is  taken  and  ruined  ;  and  about  ad 
years  afcer,  Carthage  is  built,  at  lead  enlarged,  by  Dido  and  her  Phenicians y 
and  not  long  after,  the  Greek  poets  Homer  and  Hefiou  tlourifh. 

Jehu  murders  Jehoram  king  of  Ifrael  and  Ahaziah  king  of  Judah,  and 'reigns  over 
Ifrael-,   he  and  his  dcfcenaants,  Jehoahaz,  Jchoafh,  Jeroboam,  and    Zaihariah, 

'    retain  th^t  throne  112  years,     Meanwhile  tlazael  and  Benhadad  are  kings  o£ 

Syriaj 


-Y.of 
wid 


Bef. 
Chr. 


3150   854 


3194 


86: 


3218'  77^ 

3254 

3257 


75 --^ 
74 


3z6z    74i 


3-^^i 


[     3     ] 


Syria  ;  Athaliah,  Joafh,  Am  iziah,  and  Uzziah,  kiriffs  of  fudah  ;  Maris,  Cheops, 
and  Cephr.-n,  of  Euypt,  2  Kings  ix  — xv.  z  Chron.  xxii.—  xxvi. 
A  colony  ot   the  Eolians  remove  fron  Grt^tce  to  Leffer  Afia ;   and  about  50   years 

afttT,    another  of  I  .iiians;   and  t'le  Hciaclkies  rtiurn  to  Pcloponnefus. 
Or  ptrhaps  50  years  hter,  Jonah  pfeach-d  to  the  Niiievires. 

Uzziah  btp;ins  to  reign  over  Judah  :   with  him  were  fucceffivelv  cotemporary,  Je- 
roboam,  Zachariah,   Shallum,   Menan  m,  nnd  PeUahiah,  kmjjs  of  Ifrael ;   My- 
cerinus,  Nitocris,  Gnephedus,  Bocchoris,  and  others,  in  Egypt;  Amos,  Hofea, 
Micah,   and  IHiah  prf>phefv. 
The  Greek  Olympiads  be.rin,  each  of  which  contained  four  years, 
ir •  1,   the  founder  of  the  .AlTyrian  en^pire,   inva<.c    Canaan. 
Rome  is  budt,  or  at  leaft  much  enlarged  and  walled. 

Tht  kingdom  of  Babylon  i«  foiinde;*  by  Naboiiaflar   or  Baladan,  probably  the  fon 
of  Put  the  AlTyrian  :  he  gave  name  to  the  tamed  aira  of  Ptolemy  tht  hiftorian. 
[otham  king  of  Juiah  dies,  and  is  fuccoedcJ  by  Ahaz. 

'iglath  pilefer  king  of  AlTyria  fubdues  Mtdia,  Syria,  and  part  of  the  ten  Hebrew 
tribes.— So  and  Sevechus  are  kings  of  Egypt,  %  Kings  xv.  xvi    2  Chron.  xxviii. 
Inl  uaxiefer  king  of  Affyria  carries  the  ten  tribes  of  Ifrael  into   captivity,  in   the 
fixth  year  of  ilezekiah,  aKintjsxvii. 
3194    7^^^  i's^fnaclierib  and  his  AJjTyrian  hoft  are  cut  off  before  Jerofalem  ;  and  foon  after  he 
I         I     IS  murdered  by  two  of  his  own  fens,  and  lucceeded  by  Efarhaddon,  %  Kings  xix. 
'         !     If.  xsxvjj, 

-      ■  • The  M'".l:s  revolt  from  the  AlTynans,  and  ereft  a  kingdom  of  their  own.    About 

thi'  iinie,  Tirhakah  is  king  of  Erhioj-ia  ;  Merodach  king  of  Babylon  ;  Lycurgus 
lawgiver  at  Sparta;  and  the  Greeks  invade  Sicily,  and  there  found  a  multitude 
,of  cities. 

^36  668  Eiarhjddon  kin?  of  Affyria, 'after  extending  his  empire  from  Media  to  African 
E'hiopia,  die-  ;  and  moft  of  the  weftcrn  provinces  of  his  empire  revolt.  Pfam- 
miti  u>i,  atter  long  war,  defeats  the  other  eleven  princes  of  Egypt,  and  be- 
come'- king. The  Meffnians  of  Peloponnefus,  alter  two  lung  and  bloody  wars 

with  the  Lacedemr  nians,  ari,  betrayed  by  the  Arcadians,  and  obliged  to  retire 
into  Sicily  ;  but  Newton  places  this  70   years  -bter,  A.  M.  3406.     About  this 
time  Nahuni  prophefied. 
■J43-Man..ireh  iiing;  of  J.n'ah  dies,  after  a  reign  of  55  y.^ar's. 

641  Amon  kmg  of  Judah  dies,  and  Jofiah  fuccceds  him,   z  Kings  xxi.  a  Chron.  xxxiil. 
A  terrible  war  rages  between  the  Medes  and  Aflynans.     Nineveh  is  once  and  a- 

gain  befiejed. 
The  Scythians  under  Madyes  or   Oguz-kan,  CKtend   their  victories  into  Weftern 
China,  and  invade  Medsa  and  AITyria.     About  this  time  Zephaniah   and  Jere- 
miah begin  to  proi-hefy.  , 
About  thi-  time  8atTus  founds  a  Grecian  kingdom  in  Cyrene ;   and  not  long  after, 
'     Phalantus  founds  the  Gresk  ftate  ot  Tarentum  in  Ita;y. 
53 74'  6roJofi  h  king  of  Judah  i*-  (lain,  2  Kings  xxiii.   a  Chron.  xxxv. 

2)Z9^^  6c6,vJyaxares  king  of  Media  caufts  iuvite  all  the  noble  Scythians  who  ruled  his  king- 
dom to  a  f  sail:,  and  murders  them,  drive?   the  refl  out   of  his  territories,  and 
feiz'-s  on  Armenia,  Pontus,  and  C-ippadacia,  provinces  of  the  Affyrian  empire. 
Nabopolaffar,  who  recovered  the  kingdom    of   Babylon   from  the  Affyrians,  dies, 
and  Nabocolafiar,  or  Nebuchadnezzar  the   Great,  fucceeds  him,  aKingsxxiv. 
Dan.  1. — iv. 
Lfti  r  a  furi'^us  war  of  fix  years,  the  Medes  tnd  Lydians  make  a  peace  ;  and  they, 
together  with  the  Babylonians,   beiiege  and  dertroy  Nmevefi,  a:id  put  an  end  to 
the  Affyrian  empire,  after  it  had  continued  abour  170  years,  Nili.i. —  iii. 
The  Jewiih  capital  and  temple  are  burnt  to   the  ground  by  the  Chaldeans,  about 

the  a-'th  of  July,   2  Kings  xxv.  Jer.  Iii. 
Pharaoh- ^^ophra,  or  Apries,  receives  a  terrible   defeat  from   the  Cyrenians  :  this 

begins  his  diiafters. 
After  fuftaining  a  fiige  of  13  years,  the  Tyrlans  leave  their  city  to  the  Chaldeans, 
who  call  the  materials  of  it  into  the  fea,  and  leave  the  place  like  a  fcraped  rock, 
Ezrk.  xxvi. 
While  the  E^iyptians  arc  in  a  ftate  of  rebellion  againft  Pharaoh-hophra,  Nebuchad- 
nezzar invades  and  lubducs  the   country,  and   makes  Amalis,  the   chief  ot   the 
rebels,  his  general  or  deputy  in  that  kingdom,  Ezck   xxix. — xxxii. 
iNtbuchadnezzar  becomes  fiillr.<<5lcd   Dan.  iv.    Pharaoh  hophra,  having  got  a  num.- 
bcr  of  mercenary  foldiers  from  loma  and  Caria,  attempts  to  reduce  the  traitor  A- 
CA  2)  mafip, 


3363. 


3370 


634 


3399 

605 

3403 

6c  I 

*34i6 

588 

3430 

J74 

3432 

572 

3435 

569 

Bef. 
Chr. 


?6i 


[    4    ] 


mifis,  but  is  defeated;  and  Amafis  commences  king,  is  a  noted  lawgiver,  an^ 
reigns  44  year.*,  Ezek.  xxix. 
Nebuchadnezzar  dies,  and  is  fucceeded  by  Evll-merodach. 

dolon  the  Athenian  lawgiver,  and  Thales  the  philofopher,  flourifti.  Solon  died 
A.  M.  3445>  ^°d  Thales  twelve  years  after,  Jer.  lii.  1  Kings  xxv. 
548  Cyrus  and  Darius  the  Mede,  after  a  lon^;  war,  and  a  variety  of  conqueOs,  defeat 
the  huge  allied  army  of  Salfhazzar  king  of  Babylon,  Cr.-efus  king  of  Lydia,  and 
Amafis  king  of  Egypt :  and  the.  kingdom  of  Lydia,  after  it  had  ftood  2^8  years, 
is  made  a  provnice  of  Perfia. 
SZ^  Babylon  is  taken  by  Cyrus  and  Darius,  and  an  end   put  to  the  kingdom  of  the 

Chaldeans,  after  it  had  ftood  209  years,  and  their  empire  above  70,»Dan.  v. 
J36  Cyrus  fucceeds  his  uncle  and  father-in-law  in  the  whole  Medo-Pcrfian  empire;  the 
Jews  return  from  their  captivity  in  Babylon,  Ezra  i.  Nth.  vii. 
The  Carthaginians,  originally  a  colony  of  the  Phenicians  reduce  a  great  part  of 
Sicily.     A  plague  raging  at  Carthage,  they  iacriiice  their  children   to   appeafe 
their  gods.     The  Carthagmian  army  being  defeated  in   Sardinia,  are   declared 
exiles  by  their  own  fenate  ;  but  returning  home,  they  take  Carthage  by  force, 
and  put  the  f'enators  to  death. 
529  Cyrus  dies,  and  i'^  fucceeded  by  Ahafuerus  or  Cambyfts. 

jza^Artaxerxes  the  Magus  being  killed,  Darius  Hyftafpis,  whom  we  think  Ahafuerus 
the  hufband  of  Eflher,  is  chofen  king  of  Perfia,  by  the  neighing  of  his  horfe, 
\     Ezra  vi.  Efth.  i.— x. 
505.Tarquin,  fon  of  Tarquin  the  Second,  king  of  Rome,  liaving  raviflied  Lucretia,  he;- 
i     relations,  in  revenge,  nbolifh  the  roval  government  of  the  ftate,  and  two  annual 
<     confuls  are  appointed  inftead  of  the  king. 
502  Ariftagoras,  a  Perfiau  officer,  being  fined  for  his  mifcarriage,  flirs  up  the  Ionian 
Greeks  to  revolt  from  Darms,  and  is  allifted  by  the  Atiienians.    This  begins  the 
war  between  the  Perfians  and  Greeks,  which  ended  in  the  ruin  of  the  Perfiaa 
empire. 
•  A  terrible  war  rages  between  the  Romans  and  the   Sabines,  in  which  the  latter 
>     are  often  deTeated 

485  .Darius  Hyftafpis  king  of  Perfia,  after  one  fruitlefs  invafion  pf  Greece,  dies,  when 
I     juft  ready  to  begin  a  fecond,  and  at  the  fame  time  to  march  againft  the  revolted 
I     Egyptians. 
480|Xer?e£  king  of  Perfia,  after  reducing  Egypt   to  a  worfe  fcrvitude  than  before, 
marches  an  army  of  near  3,000,000   of  fighting  men   into  Grece,  and  engages 
the  Carthaginians  to  invade  the  Greek  cotonies  in  Sicily  at  the  fame  time.    The 
moft  of  this  army  was  ruined,  and  Xerxes  forced  to  efcape  hofaeward  in  a  fift*. 
ing  boat. 
Artaxerxcs  Longimanus,  or  long  bands,  fucceeds  Xerxes  his  father  in  the  throne  of 
Perfia,  and  reigns  41  years,      fn  the  7th  year  of  his  reign,  he  fends  Ezra,  and 
in  the  20th,  Nehemiah,  to  promote  the  repairs  of  Jcrufalem.     Some  think  \ix\u 
Ahafuerus  the  huftjand  of  EOher,  Ezra  vii.  viii.  Nch.  i.  ii. 
The  Peloponnefian  war,  betwixt  the  Athenians  and  Lacedemonians,  breaks  out, 

and  lafts  52  years. 
Sanljallat  builds  a  temple  on  mount  Gerizzim,  for  Eleazar  his  fon-in  law,  where 

he  and  his  fucceffors  officiate  as  high-pnefts  of  the  Samaritans,  Jolui  iv. 
Nehemiah   dies,  after  \\c  had   governed  the  Jews  about  36  years.     About  this 


464 
45  7 
444 

431 

422 

4C9 

404 


38-^ 

369 

360 


Darius  Nothus  king  of  Perfia  dies  in  the  19th  year  of  his  reign,  and  is  fucceeded 
by  Artaxerxcs  Mnemon,  who  reigns  44  years.  In  the  beginning;  of  his  reign, 
his  iirother  Cyrus  attempts  to  wreft  the  j;overnmerit  from  him  :  and  Xenophon, 
an  afTiftant  of  Cyrus,  after  his  defeat  and  death,  makes  the  famous  retreat  with 
his  10,000  Greeks. 

Terrible  wars  rage  between  the  Syracufans  and  Carthaginian*. — A  dreadful  plague 
depopulating  the  city  and  territory  of  Carthage,  their  tributary  Africans  and 
the  Sardinians  revolt. 

I'he  Gauls  take  and  burn  Rome,  but  are  routed  by  Camillu?. 

Epaniinondas  and  Pelopidas,  Thebans,  having  freed  their  ftate  from  the  yoke  of 
the  Lacedemonians,  attempt  to  render  it  the  miftrefs  of  all  Greece. 

The  cruel  Artaxerxes  Ochus  fucceeds  his  father  in  the  throne  of  Perfia.  J-Ie 
cruelly  murders  the  Jews. 

Philip  king  of  Macedonia  begins  his  conqucfts ;  Diou  frees  Syracufc  from  the  ty- 
rannv  of  Dionyfias  the  Elder. 

*     ■  ■  After 


Y.ofBef. 
wld.  Chr. 
3^54  3JO 

3668   336 


t    5    ] 


314 

312 
292 

280 


278 


227 
218 


ipiS 


After  64  years  (Iruggling  to  free  themfclves  from  the  Pcrfian  yoke,  Egypt  is  ter- 
ribly ravaged  and  reduced,  nor  has  a  native  ever  lince  reigned  therein. 

Alexander  the  Great  of  Macedonia  begins  his  reign  ;  in  two  years  finifties  the  re- 
duiljon  of  Greece,  begun  by  his  father.  In  yf.  AI.  367 1  he  marches  into  Afia  ; 
in  three  years  reduces  the  whole  Perfian  empire  ;  and  in  A.  M.  3681  dies  at 
Bahvlon.  About  the  fame  time,  or  foon  after,  Jaddua  the  Jewilh  high-prieft 
dies,  Dan.  vii.  viii.  xi. 

After  fomc  years  contention  among  his  captains  for  the  chief  ru!e,  Akxandcr's 
empire  is  divided  into  four  principal  part^ ;  bur  the  two  nioft  noted  and  lading 
were  the  kiuj^doms  of  Egypt  and  Syria,  Dun.  xi. 

A  terrib'e  war  rages  between  the  Romans  and  Saninites;  the  Syracufans  and  other 
Sicilians  are  cruelly  oppreiled  by  the  tyrant  Agathodes,  who  makes  war  with 
the  Carthaginians. 

Seleucuf.,  alter  much  ftruggling  with  Antlgonus,  another  of  Alexander's  captains, 
renders  himfelf  king  of  iiabylcjn,  and  not  long  after  of  Syria,  i>fc. 

The  .-era  of  the  Sch  ucidai,  or  kingdom  of  tiie  Greeks  in  Syria,  begins, 

Simon  the  Juil,  a  famous  highpnell  and  governor  of  the  Jews,  dies. 

Demetrius  ilie  fun  of  Antigonu.s  dying,  Scicucus  king  of  Babylon  feizcs  on  all  his 
dumii^ions  Iw  Afia  and  Syria. 

The  Samnltcs,  alter  many' dreadful  overthrows,  obtain  an  alliance  with  the  Ro- 
mans.——About  the  fame  time  the  Sabines  are  reduced:  feveral  Greek  ftates 
unite  themfelves  in  the  Acha;an  league,  and  are  headed  by  Aratus  :  the  Gauls, 
invited  by  the  king  of  Bithynia,  to  allilb  him  againil  his  rebellious  brother,  enter 
Afia-,  and  fettle  in  Galatia. 

After  fome  years  fpent  in  a  mad  warfare  with  the  Romans,  Sicilians,  Macedonians, 
and  Lacedemonians,  Pyrrhus  king  oJ-  Epirus  is  flain,  in  an  attack  upon  Sparta, 

Arfaces  eredls  the  potent  kingdom  of  the  Parthians. 

The  firft  war,  of  about  30  years,  bttween  the  Carthaginian?  and  Romans,  where- 
in the  former  loft  700  flilps  of  war,  and  the  latter  500,  is  finlfhed,  to  the  dif- 
advantage  of  Carthage. Sicily  foon  alter  is  given  up  to  the  Romans. 

The  difbanded  inercei-aries  of  Carthage  rife  in  arms ;  and  after  three  years  of 
bloody  war,  are  reduced  by  the  Carthaginians.  Meanwhile  Rome  is  overflowed 
by  the  Tiber  ;  and  the  upper  part  of  it  is  burnt  to  the  ground. 

The  Carthaginians,  under  Hamdcar  the  father  of  Hannibal,  invade  Spain,  and  in 
nine  years  reduce  the  moft  of  it. 

Upon  Hannibal's  taking  and  dcftroylng  the  city  Saguntum  in  Spain,  the  Romans 
declare  war  againft  the  Carthaginians.  Hannibal  marches  from  Spain  into  Italy, 
and  there,  though  ill  fuppcrted  by  his  ftatc,  maintains  the  war  againft  the  Rc»- 
mans  about  22  years,  and  fometimes  reduces  them  to  the  very  brink  of  ruin. 
Hif  fiate  obliging  him  to  bring  home  his  army  to  protect!  their  country,  the  fe* 


192 


cond  Carthaginian  war  foon  after  ended,  to  the  advantage  of  the  Romans.  Mean- 
while the  Romans  had  conquered  the  moft  of  Spam. 

Antiochus  the  Great  of  Syria  wars  with  Ptolemy  Philopater  of  Egypt,  Dan.  xi. 

While  the  Romans  wage  war  with  the  Gauls,  and  Nabis  tyrannizes  at  Sparta,  An- 
tiochus  the  Great,  inftigattd  by  the  now  fugitive  Hannibal,  and  after  various 
conquefts  of  the  (liores  and  illes  of  the  Medicerranean,  enters  into  a  league  with 
part  of  the  Greeks  in  Europe,  and  commences  a  war  againft  the  Romans  :  but: 
in  two  years  he  is  obliged  to  fiie  for  peace  on  the  moft  fhameful  teims.  About 
this  time,  Philopoemen,  loid  of  the  Greeks  of  the  Achaean  league,  carries  on  a 
war  wirh  Nabis,  the  tyrant  of  Sparta. 

Seleucns  king  of  Syria  is  poifoncd  by  Heliodorus  his  treafurer,  and  intended  ufurp- 
cr  of  the  throne.  Antiochus  Epiplianes,  his  brother,  fucceeds  him;  who,  for 
about  12  years,  proves  a  terrible  fcourge  to  the  Jews  and  Egyptians,  and  at  lafb 
dies  miferably,  Dan.  viii.  xi. 
l67Mattathias,  a  Jewilh  prieft,  finding  that  the  high-priefts  were  monftcrs  of  wicked- 
nefs,  and  bought  their  office  from,  and  every  way  complied  with  the  wicked 
Antiochus,  he  levies  an  army,  and  he  and  his  fons,  Judas,  Jonathan,  and  Simon 
Maccabeus,  perform  wonders  of  bravery  againft  the  Syro- Grecians,  and  at  la£k 
deliver  their  country,  Dan.  viii.  xi. 

Perfes,  the  king  of  Macedonia,  and  his  allie.s,  the  Epirots,  Ach^ans,  and  Bithy- 

nians,  are  reduced  by  the  Romans,  and  the  power  of  the  European  Greeks  is 

abollfhed. 

^?i5j  149'T'i^  Romans  fend  home  3C0  noted  Achseans,  after  they  had  kept  them   prifcncrB 

about  17  years.    While  the  Carthaginians  are  engaged  in  war  with  Mafllniffii 

king 


Y.ofBef. 
Vfld.  Chr. 


II 


"J 


[     6    ] 


3901    103 
3898 


king  of  Numidia,  the  Romans  villanoufly  declare  a  third  war  with  them  ;  which, 
in  two  or  three  years,  illues  in  the  total  ruin  of  the  Carthaginians,  and  the  utter 
demolition  o   their  capital,   /?.  M  3858. 
3872    132  Attains,  the  la:t  king  of  Perganius,  dies,  and  the  Romans  pretend  to  be  his  heir. 

The  Romans  finifh  their  conquelts  of  Spain. Soon  atter  Hircanus,   the  Jewifh 

king,  entirely  Ihakes  off  the  Syro-Grcdan  yoke,  and  conquers  the  Samaritans, 
EdomitCb,  and  others. 
Pto:emy  Ptvyfcun  dyin^,  leaves  the  kingdom  of  Cyrene  to  his  fon  Apion;  and  em- 
powers Cleopatra,  hi^  queen,  to  beftow  Egypt  upqri  his  other  tW9  fons,  Alexan- 
d'  r,  or  i.athyrus.  as  (he  picaie>*. 
The  two  Krothers,  Cyzicenus  and  Gryphns,  contend  in  war  for  the'  kingdom  of 
Syriri. — Not  long  atter,  the  Scordifci  ot  Thracia  cut  off  ihe  Roman  army  of  Por- 
tia Caco :  and  the  Citnbri  from  Germany  ravage  France  and  Switzerland.  Af- 
ter murdering  Hiempfjl,  his  adoptive  parent's  eldeft  fon,  Jusjurt'a  fcizes  on  the 
whole  kingdom  of  Numiiia;  but,  after  much  bluodOied,  i-  taken  captive  by  the 
Roman',  and  not  I  ng  after,  his  kingdom  reduced  to  a  province. 
ic6  Alexander  Janneus,  the  fon  of  Hir  anu'^,  fiiccecds  hh  brother  Arillobulus  in  the 
government  of  tlic  Jews,  and  raifes  that  nation  to  a  confiderable  pitch  of  gran- 
deur ;  rendering  h.infelt  mafler  of  the  territories  around,  und  compelling  the 
people  to  leave  thir  dwellings,  or  receive  circumcifion  but  hy  wars  rendered 
his'  kingdom  unhappy.  He  fo  heartily  hated  the  Phari'ees,  who  had  done  him 
fome  outrage,  that,  having  defeated  tht  rcbeh,  he  caufcd  800  of  the  prmcipal 
Phorifees  to  be  crucified  on  one  day,  while  he  and  his  concubines  feafled  upon 
an  oppcfitc  fcaffnld  :  he,  moreover,  caufed  their  wives  and  children  to  be  butch- 
ced  before  their  eyes.  After  his  death,  his  wifv-,  by  his  advice,  favoured  the 
Phanfecs 

94Tigranes  of  Greater  Armenia  recovers  his  father's  throne  ;  is  chofen  king  of  Syria, 
and  conquers  Armenia  ihc  Lefs,  Cappadocia,  &c,  Mithridates  king  of  Pontuc 
begins  to  flourifli,  who  for  a6  years  carries  on  a  moft  terrible  war  againll  the 
Ro.ii'in'«.  Some^imes  his  conquefts  were  very  extenfive,  conta^nmg  Ltffer  Afia, 
and  extending  to  Greece. — > — Sylla  and  Lucuilus,  the  Roman  Generals,  obtain 
■vreat  advantages  againfl  him,  but  Pon:,pey  finally  reduces  nim. 

^jj  After  the  Romans  had  reduced  their  revolting  confederates  in  Italy,  a  civil  war 
commences  between  Mariu^  ana  Sylla,  two  of  their  chief  men,  which,  for  a 
confidrrable  time,  renders  Rome  fhambles  of  human  blood.  'It  is  faid,  Sylla 
murdered  about  ioo,coo  citizens,  and  murdered  or  profcribed  90  fenatori  and 
,?6oo  knights. 

yi'Thct  Roman  flaves  rife  in  arms  againfl  their  mafters,  but  are  reduced  with  the  lof$ 
1     of  50,000.     Nixt  year,  the  famed  Heraclea  of  Pontus  is  betrayed,  plundered^ 
and  rcouctd  to  alhes  by  the  Roraans. 

68jCrete  is  reduced  hy  the  Romans. 

67Pompey  attacks  the  pirates,  and  in  four  months  takes  or  finks  I300  of  their  (hips, 
-kills  10,000,  and  takes  above  5^0,000  of  their  forces  prifoners,  and  takes  i20  of 
their  town^  or  ftrong  holds. 

64  After  the  rcdudion  of  Pontus,  Pumpey  recovers  Syria,  and  next  year,  under  pre- 
tence 01  deciding  between  Hircanus  and  Ariffobulus,  takes  Jerufalem  on  a  Sab- 
bath-dav,  enters  the  faiidiidry,  and  vit  ws  the  furniture  thereof. 

54  CrafCus  the  Roman  perfidioully  fcizes  28,000  talents  pertaining  to  the  Jewifh  teni^ 
pie,  and  never  after  profpers. 

52  Caffius  the  Roman  attacks  the  poor  remains  of  the  Jews  that  fided  with  Arirtobuj' 
lus,  and  carries  off  30,000  -rifoner?. 

44  After  Julius  Ctfar  had  murdered   m.ultitudes  of  the  Helvetians,  Gauls,  Belgians, 
and  Britons,  in  h  s  wars  with  thefe  nations,  and  infinite  numbers  of  Romans  in 
his  civil  war  with  Pompey,  he  becomes  emperor  or  ditflator  for  life,  but  is  foon 
after  murdered. 
Caffiu.s  one  of  his  murderers,  impofes  a  tribute  of  700  talents  upon  the  Jews. 

38|Jciufalem  is  taken  by  i -erod  and  Sofius  the  Roman. 

3o!After  two  years  fpent  in  war  with  Brutbs  and  Cfiius,  the  deftroyers  of  Julius  Ce- 

If.r,  and    welve  more  with  Antony  his  partner,  Auguflus  becomes  fble  emperor 
of  the  Romans. 
After  reducing  the  empire  to  a  pacific  ftate,  Augnftus  pretends  to  be  willing  to  lay 

down  his  authority.    Fhe  citizens  of  Rome  ar:i  ionud  to  be  4,233,000. iiorace 

and   Mecenas  die.     Caecilius  Ifiodorus  dies,  worth  4ii6flaves,  3600  oxen,  and 
aoOjOOO  of  other  cattle,  and  thrc.e  millions  Sterling  in  cafh. 


I 


y.oflBef. 
Chr. 
3 


2 

A.D. 

I 

7 

14 

4OZ0J     17 


t    7    ] 


Our  Saviour  is  born  •  ;  prace  reigns  throuj^hout  the  whole  world  ;  but  Caverhili- 
contends,  that  he  wa?  horn  A.  :lf.  4009,  or  A.  D  6.  Matth.  i.  Luke  ii.  He- 
rod dies  ;  Archelaus  fucceed*  liiin  as  king. 

Five  feditions  happen  in  judea,  and  are  headed  by  Judas  or  Theudas,  and  by  Si- 
mon, Athronges,  &c.  A<5ls  v. 

Chrift's  parents  return  from  Egypt,  and  fettle  at  Nazareth. 

Judas  of  Galilee  and  Sadducus  raifc  a  bloody  infurredion  in  Judea. 

Auguftus  c'ie^  on  the  19th  of  Auguft,  and  Tiberius,  his  adopted  ftepfon,  fuccecde 
him,  Luke  iii. 

A  mod  terrible  earthquake  overturns  la  cities  in  LelTer  Afi  x,  and  buries  moft  of 
the  inhabitants  in  ttie  ruins.  Tact'arinas,  a  Numidian,  begins  to  raifc  commo- 
tions in  Africa,  which  continue  feven  years. 

Caiaphas  is  madt^  high-pricft  ;  Pilart  governor  in  Judea. 

Or  two  years  before,  John  Baptilt  begins  to  preach. 

Jcfus  is  baptifed,   Matth.  i:i.    Mark  i.  Luke  iii. 

Chrift  is  crucified,  rifes  from  the  dead,  and  afcends  to  heaven.  The  Holy  Ghoft 
defccnds  on  the  apoftles  ;  and  multitudes  of  Jews,  at  Pentrcoft  and  afterwards, 
are  converted  to  Chrift,  Match,  xxvi.— xxviii.   Luke  xxii. — xxiv.   Adls  i. — v. 

Or  five  years  after,  Paul  is  converted,  A6ts  ix.  xxii.  xxvi. 

Tiberius  dies,  and  Caius  Caligula,  his  a  .opted  fnn,  fucceeds  him  ;  who,,  in  the 
4th  year,  is  fucceeded  by  Claudius,  the  fon  of  Drufus,  grandfon  of  Tiberiue. 

Cornelius  and  his  family  are  buptifed,  Ails  x.  xi. 

James  the  brother  <^f  John  is  beheaded  ;  Herod  is  eaten  up  ot  worms,  A(fls  xii. 

Two  tumults  happen  at  Jerufalem,  in  one  of  which  io,ooo  Jews  are  killed  by  the 

Romans, At  this  time,  it  is  faid  the  citizens  of  Rome  amounted  to  6,900,000* 

which  is  almoft  the  number  of  the  whf)le  inhabitants  of  England. 

rhe  council  of  apoftles  is  held  at  Jerulalem. 

Claudius  having,  with  30,000  men,  in  eleven  years,  drained  the  lake  Fucinus  by 
a  great  canal,  exhibits  a  diverting  (how,  of  19,000  criminals  in  lOO  gallies,  en- 
gaged in  a  fea-fighc 

Felix  fucceeds  Cumanus  in  the  government  of  Judea ;  and  next  year  Nero  fucceeds 
Claudius  in  the  empire. 

Mere,  now  become  a  monfter  of  cruelty,  caufes  burn  Rome  ;  and  laying  the  blame 
on  the  Chriftians,  commences  a  perfecution  againft  them.  Geflius  Florus  fuc- 
ceeds Albinus  in  the  government  of  Judea.  At  his  arrival,  the  Jews  pelt  him 
with  ftones,  which  occafions  a  dreadful  feries  of  murders,  rapines,  &c.  Rev.  vi» 
xii. 

roo,ooo  Jews  are  maffaored  at  Cefarei^  Ptolemais,  and  Alexandria,  befides  multi- 
tudes that  Florus  murdered  in  other  places.  Ceftius  Gallus  lays  fiege  to  Jeru- 
falem at  the  feafl  of  tabernacles,  but  fuddenly  raifcs  it  without  a  reaion,  and  has 
4500  of  his  troops  cut  off  in  their  retreat.  Vefpafian  invades  Galilee  with  an  army 
of6o,oro,  takes  Gadara,  Gamala,  &c.  Matth.  xxiv.  Luke  xxi.  Mark  xiii. 

Nero,  now  become  odious  to  all  for  his  murders,  &c.  hearing  of  the  revolt  of  the 
German  legions,  caufes  kill  himfclf. 

After  Galba,  Otho,  and  Vitellius,  had  each  of  them  been  emperor  fome  months, 
Vefpafian  is  chofen  emperor  by  the  armies  in  Judea  atid  Egypt. 

V^^fpafian  leaves  Titus  his  fon  to  profecute  the  war  againft  the  Jews. 

Jerufilem  is  taken  and  razed  ;  and  in  three  years  more,  the  war,  in  which  about 
1,350,000  Jews  are  cut  off,  i»  finifhed,  and  the  land  of  Judea  is  fold  far  the  em- 
peror'.s  ufe,  Dcut.  xxviii.  xxix.  xxxii.   M,»tth.  ixiv.  Luke  xix.  xxi. 

After  a  Ihort  reign  of  two  years,  Tjtus  dies,  and  is  fucceeded  by  Jiis  bloody  and 
brutifli  brother  Domitian. 

ApoUonius  Tyaneup.  a  Heathen  magician,  and  ape  of  Chrift,  flourifheth.  His 
lite  was  not  written  till  about  an  hundred  years  after,  from  fabulous  memoirs 
and  traditional  romances.  < 

After  barbarous  murders  of  multitudes  of  Romans,  Domitian  riif  s  a  fecond  perfe- 
cution againft  the  Chriftians;  but  by  his  wife  and  others,  is  next  year  ailalHua- 
ted,  to  the  great  joy  of  his  fid)je(5ts,  and  is  (uccee^ed  by  Nerva. 

Trajaii,  the  adopted  fon  of  Nerva,  fucceeds  him  :  his  war*;  with  the  Dacians  and. 
Parthians,  Arabs  and  Jews,  moftly  fuccelalui,  dillinguifii  his  reign.  He  per- 
fecuced  the  Chriftians,  Rev.  vi.'  xii. 

*  A  Chronological  Hiftory  of  Chrift,  or  harmony  of  the  four  Evangelifts,  may 
be  fecn  ui  Intrgdu<^ion  to  ^elf-\nUi ^reilng  Bible^  p.  ic8.— 114. 

The 


.Lo* 


[  8  1 


A.M 

4119  116  The  Jews  of  Syria,  KgypN  Sac.  revolt,  and  are  reduced  with  gfea::  blfiodfcea ; 
but  are  fcarce  quieted  till  about  20  years  after,  when  Adrian  cut  off  Barcocaba 
their  leader,  and  580,000  men,  deftroyed  985  towns,  Sec.  Perhaps  about  c; 
million  olfjews  were  cut  off,  befides  thofc  which  fell  by  the  fword,  Deut.  xxviii. 
Matth.  xxiv.  Luke  xvii.  xix.  xxi. 

4140  137  Adrian,  in  the  20th  year  of  his  reign,  finifhed  his  new  city  of  Jcrufaiem,  which 
he  called  Elia  Capitolina  ;  and  next  year  he  died,  and  w.is  fucceedcd  by  Anto- 
j     ninus  Pius,     Both  of  them  were  perfecutors  of  the  ChriiUaus,  Rev.  vi.  xii. 

4166  163  Marcus  Aurtlius,  another  |:crrecuror,  fucceeds  Antoninus  Pius.  His  reign  is  no- 
ted for  dilircfsful  wars  wkh  the  Piarthians  in  the  eaft,  and  with  the  Germans, 
Marcomans,  and  Quadiai!'>  i;i  I^urope. 

4195  l92jThc  temple  ol  Vtfla,  and  tisc  temple  of  Peace,  where  the  veffcis  of  the  Jcwifli 
fani5luary  were  dcpofited,  are  burnt  to  the  ground. 

4196  193  The  Saracens  defeat  the  Romans.  After  a  butchering  reign  of  twelve  years,  the 
Emperor  Commodu>  dies,  and  is  fucceeded  by  Severus,  who,  in  his  vic5lorious 
reign  of  18  years,  almoli  recovers  the  prilUne  grandeur  of  the  empire. 

4229  22.6  Or  fix  years  later,  Artaxerxef,  a  noble  Perfian,  having  rendered  himfelf  king  of 
his  country,  demands  from  the  Romans  their  territories  in  Alia,  and  receives  a 
terrible  defeat. 

4253  2^50  While  Decius  the  emperor  terribly  perfecutes  the  Chriftians,  a  plague,  of  fifteen 
years  continuance,  begins  to  rdvage  the  empire,  Rev.  vi.  xii. 

4265  262  Odenatus  lets  up  for  king  of  Palmyra  or  Tadmor ;  and  for  eleven  years,  he  and 
Zenobia  his-q,aeen  perforra  wonders  of  bravery  ag.aiiift  the  Perfians  and  Romans. 

4316  313  After  the  ChriiUans  had  for  ten  years  been  terribly  perfccuted  by  the  Heathens, 
and  after  the  empire  had  for  about  lOO  years  been  a  fcene  of  bloody  ftruggling 
with  the  PcrjSans,  and  with  the  Goths  of  various  denominations,  and  with  a 
ruultlrude  of  ufurpers,  Conftantine  the  Great  defenf.  Maxentius  the  Heathen 
emperor,  and  publiflies  an  ed'uSt  in  favour  of  the  Chriftians,  Rev.  vi.  xii.- 

43^6  323  Conftantine  having  defeated  Licinus  his  heathenilli  partner,  becomes  fole  emperor, 
and  applies  liimfelf  to  abolifh  idolatry  and  fuperitition  ;  and  in  about  two  years 
after,  convenes  the  council  of  Nice  to  fettle  the  affairs  of  the  Chriftian  church. 

^33"^  329  Conftantine  begins  to  build  Conftantinople,  where  Byzantium  had  been  built  about 
987  years  before  ;  and  foon  after  the  imperial  refidence  is  removed  to  it,-  ^.  I). 
334,  and  {o  more  opportunity  is  given  for  the  rife  of  Antichrift. 

4340  337  Conftantine  the  Great  dies,  and  divides  his  empire  among  his  three  fons,  Conftan- 
tine, Conftans,  and  Conftantius,  Great  contention  z.i\d  war  in  the  empire,  and 
bloody  perfecutian  of  the  orthodox  by  the  Arians,  eniue.  Rev.  viii. 

4364  361  Julian  the  apoftate,  and  nephevr  of  Conftantine,  fucceeds  the  laft  of  his  fons,  and 
re-eftabliihes  Pagafiifm  ;  but  is  cut  off,  after  he  had  been  Cefar  feven  years,  and 
emperor  two. 

439S  29s  Theodofuis  the  Great  dies,  after  he  bad  been  emperor  16  years,  and  with  great 
avSlivity  had  brought  the  empire,  and  the  Claiftian  church,  to  much  the  Janie 
condition  as  Conftantine  the  Great  had  left  them  in. — After  his  death  enfued 
terrible  ravages  of  the  Goths,  Huns,  Vandals,  <Scc.  till  the  weftern  part  of  the 
empire  was  abolifhed.  P.Iesnwhile  the  church  was  phgued  wit!i  'the  continued 
Arian,  and  the  rifing  Pelagian,  Neftorian,  and  Entycliian  hcreftes,  and  the  con- 
tentions and  perfecutions  that  iffued  therefrom,  Rev.  viii, 

4448  445  The  Britons,  fubjedl  to  the  Romans,  being  terribly  ditlireffed  by  the  Scots  and 
Pidls,  invite  the  Saxons  into  England  for  their  affiilance.  Thefc  barbarous  Hea- 
thens, fr(.m  time  to  time,  affifted  by  their  countrymen  from  Germany,  ruin 
the  Britifli  church,  and  murder  moit  of  the  ancient  Britons,  except  a  fmali 
handful  in  Wales.  Soon  after  the  Saxons  become  a  kind  of  Chriftians. 
4479  47^'  /A-uguftulus  the  laft  emperor  is  depofed  by  the  Htruli,  and  other  Barbarians,  which 
he  had  difbanded  from  his  army,  headed  by  Odoacer,  whom,  though  but  a  pri- 
vate fuldier  of  the  guards,  they  had  chofcn  for  their  general  or  king.  About 
this  time  the  empire  began  to  confift  of  ten  particular  lovereignties. 
4496  493'odoacer  is  reduced,  and  treacheroufty  murdered  by  Theodoric  king  of  the  Goths, 
who  feizes  on  his  territory  ;  bur  about  60  years  after,  in  A.  D.  S52t  this  Idng- 
dom  of  the  Goths  is  reduced  by  Narces,  tlie  famed  general  of  Juftinian,  the  em- 
peror of  the  eaftcrn  parts  of  the  Roman  empire. 
4609  60,6, After  the  Roman  bilhops  had  long,  and  chiefly  for  the  laft  300  years,  by  force  or 
fraud,  ftruggled  for  the  fupremacy  over  the  whole  Chriftian  church,  Boniface 
the  Third,  by  llartcry  of  the  bafe  Phocas  emperor  of  Conftantinople,  procure.? 
himfelf  the  charadler  of  univcrful  h:Jhoj> .-  and  from  this  time  we  date  the  rifs  of 
Antichrift,  Rev.  ix,  x,  %\,  x,iij. 

Much 


am;a 
4^09  606 


■,A  TV 


4625 
4635 

4669! 

4715 
4717 

4755 


^763 
4803 


48S3 


4913 

J053 
to 

5083 


5069 
5099 


5163 


5io6 


5113 
-63 

5184 


6»2 


631 


666 


712 


714 


752 


[    9    ] 

Much  about  the  fame  time,  Mahomet,  the  eaftern  Impoftor,  commenced  his 
pretences  to  a  fuoern^iural  iniflion  and  churafler ;  but  it  was  fome  years  aftcf, 
before  he  made  his  public  appearance.  Rev.  it.  x.—  11. 

Mahomet  was  expelled  (rem  Mecca ;  upm  which  he  began  to  propagate  his  de- 
lufi(-ns  by  the  fivord.  From  this,  the  ara  of  the  Mahometans,  called  the 
He.^ira  or  fl'oht,  viz.  of  Mahomet,  beijins. 

Or  two  years  later,  tfie  Mahometan  Saracens  cdnquer,  and  put  an  end  to  the  king- 
dom of  Perfia,  after  it  had,  for  400  years,  been  a  terrible  fcourge  to  the  Roman 
empire. 

Pope  Vitalian.  It  is  faid,  orders,  that  public  prayers  be  performed  in  the  Latin 
tongue,  and  fo  marks  the  weftern  churches  with  an  implicit  fuhjecftion  to  Rome. 

By  this  time,  the  eaftern,  or  Greek  church,  was  much  alienated  from  the  Romifh. 

Great  contention  ;'.bout  the  worfhip  of  images  began  in  the  church.  Wiiile  the 
eaftern  emperors,  Leo  Ifiuricus,  ^Conftantinus  Copronymas,  and  Ciarlcs  the 
Great  ot  France  and  Germany,  and  multitudes  of  the  clergy,  oppofed  it,  the 
Popes  and  ochers  promoted  ir. 
fhe  Saracens  enter  Spain,  and  continue  there  about  900  years  before  they  were 
finally  dfiven  out. 

Pope  Zacharias  begins  to  difpofe  of  kingdoms,  and  gives  away  the  khigdom  of 
Fraiice  from  the  true  heir  and  line,  to  Pepin,  whofe  young  mafter  King  Childeric 
is  (hut  up  in  a  monaftery.  In  return  of  which,  Pepin,  about  four  years  after, 
aflifti  Pope  Stephen  to  commence  a  civil  prince  of  the  duchy  of  Rome,  and 
places  adjacent,  and  Charles  the  Great,  the  Ion  of  Pepin,  having,  by  the  Pope's 
aflTiftance,  feized  the  kingdom  of  the  Lombards,  confirms  the  Pope's  civil  right 
to  his  territories,  and  adds  thereto  ;  nay,  kifles  the  ftcps  of  the  ilair  as  he  went 
up  to  the  Pope. 

About  this  tin-.e,  the  empire  of  the  Saracens  was  in  its  principal  grandeur. 

After  reducing  the  kingdom  of  France,  and  great  jrart  of  Germany,  Charles  the 
Great  has  the  title  of  Emperor  confirmed  to  him  by  the  Pope.  This  is  the  rife 
of  the  German  empire.  Afterwards  we  find  the  German  eledors  confirmed 
in  their  power  by  the  Pope  ;  and  fundry  of  the  emperors  depofed  when  they 
difpleafed  his  Holinefs. 

Claudt  bilhop  of  Turin,  with  great  boldnefs  and  fiiccefs,  propagates  the  truth  ia 
oppofition  to  Popery.  Multitudes  about  Savoy  and  Piedmoht  embrace,  and  ad- 
here to  it.  Rev.  xi. 

By  this  time,  the  Saracens  were  divided  into  a  vaft  number  of  foverelgnties,  and 
their  empire  much  weakened. 
1050  The  Seljukian  Turks,  who  had,  for  almoft  300  years  before,  been  pouring  them- 
felyes  from  the  riorth-eaft,  into  Perfia,  Mefopotamia,  Armenia,  &c.  ere«5ted 
thd^  four  fultanies  or  kingdoms  of  Bagdad,  Damafcus,  Aleppo,  and  Iconium, 
not  far  from  the  Euphrates.  But  fome  place  the  eredion  of  Tangrolipix  king- 
dom in  Perfia,  A.  I).  1033  or  1037,  and  his  conqueli  of  Bagdad  in  1041,  Aev, 
ix.  13.  &c. 

William,  with  an  army  of  Normans,  conquers  England. 

The  European  Chriflians  begin  their  mad  expeditions  or  croifades,  for  the  recovery 
of  Canaan  from  the  Turks  and  other  Mahometans.  At  the  expcnce  of  many 
millions  of  lives,  this  war  is  to  no  purpofe  carried  on  about  200  years.  Mean- 
while, the  Seljukian  Turks  not  a  little  haralVed  the  Conltantinopolitan  empire. 

About  this  time,  or  fo6ner,  the  Waldenfes  in  Savoy,  Piedmont,  and  the  fouth  of 
France,  become  famous  in  their  zealous  oppofition  to  Antichrift ;  and  on  that 
account,  about  a  million  of  them  are  afterwards  murdered  by  the  Papifts. 

The  French  and  Venetian  Croifaders,  in  their  way  to  Canaan,  drive  the  ufurping 
emperor  of  Conltantinople  from  has  capital,  ana  retain  it,  and  part  of  the  em- 
pire, for  5  7  years. 

rhe  Tartars,  under  Jenghiz-khan  and  lils  fons,  over-run  almofl  all  Afia,  and  a 
part  of  Europe,  and  lound  the  three  Tartar  empires  of  China,  Perfia,  and  Kip- 
jak. 

Or  about  20  years  later,  the  Ottoman  Turks  found  their  empire,  and  begin  their 
ravages  on  the  Chriftians. 

About  the  fame  time,  the  treachery  of  Edward  King  of  England,  in  the  afiair  of 
Bruce  and  Baliol,  occafions  a  ruinous  and  lading  war  between  Scotland  and 
England.  About  40  or  50  years  alter,  Edward  the  Third's  claim  to  the  crowa 
of  France,  occafions  a  fatal  and  peinunent  v/ar  between  France  and  Eng- 
land. 

Vol.  II.  ^B;  Aboui 


760 
800 


820 


910 


1080 


1066 
1096 


1 1 60 


1203 


1210 
-60 

1281 


A.M. 

5373 


5403 


54j6 


5520 


;5^6 


5601 
5621 

5644 
5691 

5869 

5944 


14CO 


453 


A.D.I         ..  t    10    1 

1370  About  this  time,  WicklifTc  and  his  /ollower-  io  Britain  become  famous  for  their  hoW 
oppoflti  >n  to  Popery,  and  their  adhen  uce  to  tru'h,   Rc"    t..  xiii.  xiv 
About  this  time,  John   Hufs  anrl  Jerome  of   Pracjutt,    iiiU    '  leir  Bohemian  an  !  o- 
ther  German  followers,   cotimence   thei.  vvnofitioo  to  Popery,  and  are  terribly 
perfecuted  and  murdered,  Rw.  xi.  xiii.  xiv. 
Tamerlane,  with  a  great  army  of  Tartars,  ravages  a  great  part  of  Afia,  and  gives 
the  Ottoman  Turks  a  mod  terrible  defeat,  and  carries  about  their  Emperor  Baja- 
zet  in  an  iron  cage. 
Couftantinople  is,  with  prodigious  bloodfhed,  taken  by  the  Ottoman  Turks.     On 
this  occafion,  multitudes  of  Greeks  letire  into  the   wellern  parts  ot  Europe,  and 
contribute  to  tlie  revival  of  Ic.irning  in  Itah',  <Scc. 
54951149a  America  U  difcovered  by  Columbus,  a  lailor  of  Genoa,   fupported  hv  the  King  of 
Spain. 
15 1 7  Ti'e  Reformation  from  Pop?^;  v  is  Vr^un   by  Luther    Zvi'inglius,  «?cc  ;    and  for  a- 
bi-ut  50  years  makes  adonifhing  progrefs.     Th.ir  '"me  year,  about  90,000  Ger- 
man Boors  take  up^arms,  but  are  crulhed,  Rev.  xiu.  xiv. 
'5*5  The  war  of  the   Anabaptifts,  Boors,    &c.  beguis  in  Germany,    In    which   about 

600,000  perilh.  

5J70  1567  'n  thia  and  the  year  following,  abont  500,000  or  6oo,oco,  moftly  Proteftants,  de- 
fert  their  habitation*  in  the  Netherlands,    and  flee  into  other  countries,  to  avoid' 
the  te-rible  cruelty  of  the   Duke  of   AW?,  deputy  of   the  King   of    Spain,  vvho- 
boadeti,  that  befides  thofe  llain  in  war,  he  cut  otf  above  i 8,000  by  the  hand  of 
the  public  executioner. 
159?  After  near  40  years  ftruggling,  and  the  murder  of  perhaps   near  a   million,  the 
Proteftants  of  France  ob;ain  in  their  favour  the  ediCit  of  Nintz,  but  which  is  re- 
called by  Lew;  i  XIV.  A.  D.  168?. 
l6l8The  German  Emperor  commences  a  war  againft  the  Proteftants  of  Bohemia,  and 
of  the  Palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  which  once  threatens  the  ruin  of  the  Proteftant 
intercft  in  Germany  ;  but  after  a  war  of  30  years,  moft  of  them,  except  the  Bo- 
hemians, have  their  liberties  confirmed  to  them  by  the  treaty  of  Munfter,  or 
Weftphalia,  in  1648. 
1641  While  God  grants  a  noted  revival  to  the  churches  in  Britain,  the  Papifts  of  Ireland- 

i     malTacre  about  aoo,ooo  or  300,000  of  the  Proteftant?. 
l688,The    attempts  of  James  11.  of   England,  and  Lewis  XIV.  of  France,    to  ruin  the 
J    Proteftant  intercft,  are  checked  by  William  Prince  of  Ordnge  and  King  of  bri. 
I     tain. 
r7l4'An  attempt  to  overthrow  the  Pfoteftant  rfeligion  in  Britain    is  happily  fruftrated^ 
I     by  the  feafonable  death  of  Queen  Anne,  and  acceffion  of  the  family  of  Hanover. 
1866  About  thi%  time,  we  exped  the  cjowufal  of  Antichrift,  and  Mahcynttifm. 
I941-We  expedl  the  full  glory  of  the  Millennium  :    but  others'- more  learned  and  judici- 
I     ous,  place  this,  and  the  former  event,  150  years  later  than  our  calculation. 


Though,  by  reafort  of  frequent  uncertainty,  the  explication  of  the- 
Proper  Names  of  Scr  pture  is  of  lefs  importance,  efpecially  for  fuch 
as  cannot  trace  their  derivation  from  the  Original  Languages ;  yet,  to 
gratify  fortie  Readers,  1  fhall  lubjoin  what  I  think  the  real  or  moft 
probable  Signification  of  a  great  many  of  them. 


AARON;  mountainou',  teaching. 
Abaddon  ;   deftrudion.' 
Abana  ;  ftony 
Abarim  ;  panages,  furie*. 
Abda;  fervant,  bondage. 
Abdiel ;  the  fervant  of  God. 
Abdon  ;  fervice,  cfoud  of  judgement. 
Abednego  ;  fervant  of  Nego,  or  light. 
Abel,  Htbel  ;  vanity,  vapour. 
Abe!  \  mourning,  when  it  figniiics  a  place/ 


Abez  -,  an  t<^^y  mudJy- 

Ahi,  my  father. 

Abiah,  Abijah  ;  the  Lord  my  father. 

Abialbon ;  my  father  overfees  the  buildinj. 

Ablathar ;  excellent,  or  furviving  father. 

Abib,  green  fruits. 

Abidah,  father  of  knowledge, 

Abidan,  my  father  is  judge. 

Abiel,  God  is  my  father. 

Abieser,  my  father's  help. 

Ablgaxl, 


•  Abigail,  my  father's  joy. 
Ablhail    father  or  Qrengtii,  or  trouble. 
Abihu,  lu  i";  my  father. 
Abijah,  the  Lord  is  my  father. 
Abijam,  fatlur  of  the  fea. 
Abimael,  a  father  from  God. 
AbimeU  ch,  my  father  is  kine. 
Abinadab,  my  father  is  a  willing  prince. 
Abiiioani  ;  my  father  is  beautiful. 
Abiram,  Al>ram  ;  high  iaiher. 
Abifhag,  my  father  fcizes. 
Abifhai,  father  of  the  prefcnt,  or  qbiation, 
~   Abifhua,   iarher  of  falvatioii. 

Abifhur,  my  father  is  firm,  upright. 
Abital,  lather  of  the  dew. 
Abirub,  my  father  is  aood. 
Abiud,  my  father's  glory  or  praife. 
Abner,  father's  lamp. 
^Abraham,  father  of  a  multitude. 
Abf  dom,  father  of  perfect  peace, 
Accad  ;  a  pitcher,  a  fparkle. 
Accho ;  chjfe,  prefled. 
Acliaia ;  grief,  trouble, 
Achan,  Achar ;  bruifiitg,  tronble, 
Achbor;  a  rar,  inclofing  the  well. 
Achfah  ;  adorned,  burfting  the  vail. 
Achfhaph  ;  poifon,  trick?,  burfting  the  Up, 
Achzib  ;  liar,  running,  delaying. 
Adadah ;  tH^  witnefs  of  the  alTembly. 
Adah  ;  an  alTembly. 
Adaiah  ;  the  wirnefs  of  the  I>ord. 
Adam,  Adamah,  Adami,  Admah  ;    earthy, 
r^ddifli,  man,  comely.     N.  B.  If  the  names 
of  the  ten  Antediluvian  patriarchs,  Adam, 
Sheth,  Enofn,  Kenan,  Mdhalaleel,  Jered, 
Enoch,    Methufelah,    Lamech,  Noali,  be 
jointly    explained,    their    fignification    is, 
JUan   being  placed  in  a  wretched  and  lament' 
able   condition^    the  hlejfed   God  Jhall   defcend, 
■■  teachings  that  his  death  produces  to  debufed  and 

fmitten  men^  reft  and  confolation. 
Adbeel ;  a  cloud,  or  vexer  of  Gud. 
Adar,  Ador  ;  excellent,  flock. 
Addi ;  ray  witnefs,  ornament,  prey, 
Adon ;  foundation,  Lord. 
Adiel ;  witnefs  of  the  Lord. 
Adin,   Adinah,  Adnah ;    adorned,   voluptu- 
ous. 
Adithaim  ;  two  afTemblies,  or  teflimonies. 
Adlai  ;  my  complaint,  diredbion. 
Adonibezek  ;  Lord  of  Bezek. 
Ad(jni]ah  ;  my  mafter  is  the  Lordl 
Adonicam  ;   my  Lord  hath  raifed. 
Adoniram  ;  my  Lord  is  high. 
Adonizedek  ;  I.ord  of  equity. 
Adoram  ;  their  beauty,  power,  praife. 
Adoraim  ;  double  excellency. 
Adrammeleh  ;  the  king's  glory. 
Adramyttium  ;  the  court  of  death. 
AduUam  ;  their  complaint,  their  building. 
Agabus  ;   a  locuft,  father'*  leaO. 
Agag ;  ro(>f,  floor. 
Agrippa     cauling  pain  at  the  birth. 
•Agur  ;  gathered,  llranger. 


ri    ] 

Ahab  ;  brother  of  the  father. 

Ahavah  ;  being,  generation. 

Ahaz ;  feizing,  feting. 

Ahaziah;  feizure,  or  feeing  of  tlie  Lord 

Ahiah,  Ahijah  ;  brother  of  the  Lord. 

Abiezer  ;  brother  of  help. 

Ahikam  ;  a  brother  raifing  up. 

Ahiiud  ;  a  brother  born. 

Ahimaaz  ;   brother  of  the  council. 

Ahiman  ;  a  brother  prepared. 

Ahimelech;  brother  uf  the  king. 

Ahimoth  ;  brother  of  death. 

Ahinoam ;    brother  of  beauty. 
'  Ahio  ;  his  brethren. 

Ahira  ;  brother  of  evil,  or  {hepherd*. 

Ahifimah  ;   my  brother  fupports. 

Ahiihar  ;   brother  of  a  prince. 

Ahitophel;  brother  of  folly  or  tuir. 

Ahitub  ;  brother  of  goodnefs. 

Ahihud  ;  brother  of  praife. 

Ahlab;  fat,  milky. 

Aholah ;  tent. 

Aholiab  ;  tent  ot  the  father, 

Aholibah  ;  my  tent  in  her. 

Aholibamah  ;  my  high  teiit. 

Ai,  Aiath,  Hai ;  a  heap. 

Ajalon  ;  chain,  ftrength,  deer. 

Akkub;  fuppbntcr. 

Alameleh  ;  God  is  King. 

Alexander  ;  an  helper  of  men. 

AUon-bachuth;  oak  of  weeping. 

Alniodad  ;  God  meafures, 

Alpheus  ;  learned,  chiej. 

Amalek;  a  people  licking. 

Amana ;  truth,  firmnefs. 

Amariah  ;  word  or  command  of  the  Lord. 

Amafa  ;  a  people  forgiving. 

Amafai ;  the  people's  prefent. 
Amaziah  ;  the  ftrength  of  the  Lord. 
Ammi,  Ammah  ;  my  people. 
Amminadib  ;    my   people  is  free,  princely, 

and  willing, 
Ammi-hud  ;  my  people  of  praife, 
Ammi-fliaddai ;  the  people  of  the  Almighty. 
-Amnion  ;  the  people. 
Amnon,  Amon  ;    firmnefs,    truth,  fofler-fa- 

ther. 
Amori ;  commanding,  .bitter,  rebellious. 
Amos ;  weighty  load. 
Anioz  ;  ftrong,  robuft. 
■  Amphipolis;  a  city  encompaffed  with  the  fea. 
A..mplias ;  large. 
Amram  ;  a  people  exalted. 
Amraphel ;  a  fpcaker  ot  hidden   thing?,  of 

judgement,  or  ruin. 
Anah  ;  anfwerer,  poor,  affliiSled. 
Anak  ;  a  collar,  ornament. 
Anammelech  ;  king  of  (beep. 
Anaihoth  ;  anfwers,  afBiclions,  poverty. 
Andrew  i  a  ftout  ftrong  man. 
Anuronicus  ;  a  vidlorious  man. 
Aner  ;  anfwer,  fong,  affl^ilion,  of  light. 
Anna,  Annaj* ;  gracicu^,  aflliifled,  hun:ble. 
Antioch  ;  equal  to,  or  againll  a  tharior. 

(B  a)  Antipasj 


Antipas;  agalnft  all. 

Ap-'lles ;  reparation,  difcourfe. 

Aphek;  a  rapid  ftream,  ftrength. 

«Apollonia,  ApoUos,  Apollyon ;  dcftruftion, 
a  dedroyer. 

^pphia  ;  tiuitfulnefs. 

Aquila;  an  eagle. 

Ar  ;  watching;,  empty,  uncovered. 

Arabia;  dcfcrt,  evening,  raven,  mixed. 

Aram  ;  bighnefs. 

Ararat ;  the  curfe  of  trembling. 

Araunah  ;  ark,  joyful  cry,  curfe. 

Arba  ;   four. 

Archclaus  ;  prince  of  the  people. 

Archippus ;  niafter  of  the  horfe, 

Ar.i>urus ;  gathering  togctherl 

Ard ;  command,  defcent. 

Ar^li ;  the  light  or  feeing  of  God. 

^reopagUF;  Mars  hill  or  town. 

Aretas ;  pleafant,  virtuous  :  but  in  the  Ara- 
bic, plower,  tearer. 

Argob  ;  fat  land. 

Ariel ;  altar,  light,  or  lion,  of  God. 

Arioch  ;  long,  tall,  thy  lion. 

Ariftarchus ;  bell  prince. 

Ariftobulus;  good  counfellor. 

Armageddon  ;  hill  of  Megiddo,  or  of  fruits, 
deftrucftion  of  troops. 

Arnon  ;  great  joy. 

Aroer  ;  heathy,  naked  Ikin. 

^rpad  ;  that  makes  his  bed, 

Arphaxad ;  healer,  releafer. 

Artemasj  whole,  found. 

Afa  ;  phyfic, 

Af^hel :  work  of  God. 

Afaiah  ;  work  of  the  Lord. 

Afaph  ;  gatherer,  finifher, 

Aflidod,  Azotus;  pouring,  leaning,  pillage, 
theft. 

Afhcr,  Alhur,  Aflyria ;  happy. 

Aftiiiria,  a  frame,  crime. 

Aftikenaz  ;   fpreading  fire. 

Afhcaroth  ;  flocks,  riches. 

Afia ;  muddy,  boggy. 

Alkclon  ;  weighing,  fire  of  infamy. 

Afnappar ;  unhappinefs  of  the  bull. 

Aflir ;  prifoner,  fettered. 

Aflos ;  approaching. 

Afyncritus ;  incomparable. 

Atad ;  a  thorn. 

Athaliah  ;  bar  of  the  Lord. 

Attalia  ;  increafing,  fending. 

Aven  ;  vanity,  idols,  trouble,  iniquity,  force, 
wealth. 

Auguftus ;  increafed,  majcftic. 

Azariah  ;  help  or  court  ot  the  Lord. 

Azekih;  ftrength  of  walls. 

Azgad  ;  ftrong  troop,  or  fortune. 

Azrioth;  ears,  hearings, 

Azur;  afilftance. 

BAAL ;  Lord,  hufband. 
Baalah  ;  her  idol,  a  lady. 
IJaal-bcrith ;  Lord  of  the  covenant. 


^    1 

Baal.hamon ;  lord  of  a  multitude, 

Baal-hermon  ;  lord  of  the  oath,  or  of  ruia. 

Baali ;  my  lordly  hufband. 

Baalim,  lords,  idols. 

Baal-zcphon  ;  lord  of  the  north,  or  fecret. 

Baanah  ;  in  the  anfwer,  or  afflidion. 

Baafiia;  in  the  work,  feeks,  walles. 

Babel,  Babylon  ;  confufion,  mixture. 

Baca  ;  mulberry  trees. 

Bahurim ;  choice,  valiant. 
,  Bajith,  or  Beth;  a  houfe. 

Balaam  ;  fwallower  of  tlie  people. 

Balak  ;  a  waller,  licker. 

Baniah,  Bamoth  ;  high  place. 

Barabbas ;  fon  of  the  lather,  or  of  ihame. 

Barachel ;  blelTer  of  God. 

Barachias ;  bleffer  of  the  Lord. 

Barak ;  thunder. 

Barjelus;  fonofjefus. 

Barjona  ;  fon  of  Jonas. 

Barnabas ;  fon  of  prophecy  or  comfort. 

Barfabas;  fon  of  the  oath,  or  return. 

Bartholomew ;  fon  of  the  fufpender  of  the 
waters,  or  of  Ptolemy. 

Bartimeus ;  fon  of  the  perfedl. 

Baruch  ;  blefled,  kneeling. 

Barzillai ;  niade  of  iron. 

Balhan  ;  in  ivory,  change,  or  fleep, 

Balhemath  ;  perfumed. 

Bathfheba  ;  daughter  of  the  oath,  or  of  full° 
ncfs,  or  the  feventh  daughter. 

Bedad ;   folitary,  in  the  bofom. 

Bedan ;   in  judgement. 

Beelzebub,  Baalzebub  ;  lord  of  flies. 

Beer;  a  well. 

Beer-la-hai-rol ;  the  well  of  him  that  liveth 
and  feeth  me. 

Beerlheba ;  the  well  of  the  oath. 

Bel ;  old,  nothing. 

Belial ;  without  profit,  yoke,  or  afcent. 

Belfhazzar,  Beltelhazzar  ;  mafter  of  the  fe- 
cret treafure. 

Ben  ;  fon. 

Benaiah  i  fon  or  building  of  the  Lord. 

Ben-am  mi ;  fon  of  my  people. 

Benhadad  ;  fon  of  Hadad. 

Benjamin  ;  fon  of  the  right  hand. 

Benoni ;  fon  of-niy  forrow. 

Beor ;  burning,  brutifh. 

Berachah ;  blcfling,  kneeling. 

Bcrea ;  heavy.       - 

Berith ;  covenant. 

Bernice  ;  bringer  of  vidory. 

Eefor  ;  glad  news,  incarnation. 

Beth ,  houfe,  temple. 

Bethab^ra ;  houfe  of  paffage. 

Bethany  ;  houfe  of  fong,  humility,  grace. 

Beth-birei ;  houfe  of  my  Creator,  or  choice, 

Beth-car  ;  houfe  of  the  lamb  or  knowledge. 

Btthel ;  the  houfe  of  God. 

Betlier ;  divifion,  fearch. 

Bethcfda  ;  houfe  of  mercy  or  pouring. 

Beth-gamul ;  houfe  of  recorapence  or  weanl- 
ing, or  of  caaielsc 

Beth-haccerem; 


[     x 

Befh-haccerem ;  the  houfe  of  vin^ya^ds. 
Beth-hot  on  ;  houfe  of  wrath  or  liberty. 
JBethleiiem  ;  boufj  ot  bread  or  war. 
Bethphage  ;  houfe  of  early  figs. 
Uethfaida  ;  houfe  of  truits,  tiftiing,  or  hunt- 
ing. 
Bethflian;  houfe  of  ivory,  fleep,  or  change. 
Bcthfliemelh  ;  houfe  of  the  lun. 
l^echuel ;   Ixmfliip  of  God. 
Beulah  ;  married. 
S^ezalicl ;  in  the  ftiadow  of  God. 
Bezek  ;  liglitning,  in  chains, 
liidkar  ;  in  Iharp  pains. 
Biliiad  ;  old  friendfhip,  or  motion. 
Bilhnh;  old,  troubled,  fpreading. 
Birfhi ,  in  evil. 

Bi::fii^h  ;  daughter  of  the  Lord. 
Bi'ljron  ;  divlfipn,  fearch. 
3>thyDia  ;  inner  country,  violent liafte. 
Blaitus ',  fprouting. 
Boanerges  ;  fons  ot  thunder. 
iBoaz,  Booz  ;  in  ftrcngth. 
Bochim  ;  weepers. 
Bozez ;  muddy. 
Bozrah  ;  in  dilirefs. 
Bui ;  old  age. 
Buz  ;  defpUed,  fpciled. 

CABUL  ;  dirty,  difpleafing. 
Caiaphas;  fecking,  vomitirig,  a  rock. 
Cain  ;  pofleffion. 

Calah  ;  iavourable,  like  green  fruit, 
Caleb ;  dog,  balket,  hearty. 
Calneh,  Calno  ;  our  finifliing. 
Calvary;  plate  of  flcuUs. 
Camon  ;  refurredion. 
Cana;  zeal,  poffeflion,  neft,  reed. 
Canaan  5  merchant,  afllicler. 
'  Candace  ;  governor  of  children. 
Capernaum  ;  place  ol  repentance  or  p]eafure. 
Caphtor;   pomegranate,  bowl. 
Carchemifli  ;  a  lamb,  taker  away. 
Carmel ;  vineyard  of  God. 
Carmi ;  my  vineyard. 
Carpus ;   fruitful. 
Cafiphia;  money,  covetoufnefs. 
Ccdron,  Kidron  ;  black,  mournfuL 
Cenchrea;  fmall  pulfe,  millet. 
Cephas ;  rock,  ftone. 
Cxfar;  tut,  hairy,  divine. 
Chalcol,  who  nourifhes  or  fuppoj^ts  all. 
Chaldea,  or  Chefed  ;  cutting  with  the  teeth, 

milking  with  the  fingers. 
Chebar  ;  force,  as  pure  wheat. 
Chedurlaomer ;    as  a   race   of  commanders, 

roundnels  of  the  fheaf. 
Chemofh  ;  handling,  taking  away. 
Chenaniah  ;  preparation  of  the  Lord.    * 
Chercthims ;  cutters  off,  piercers. 
Chileab  ;   pcrfedlion  of  the  father. 
Chilion  ;  perfedtion,  wafting. 
Chilmad  ;  as  teaching  or  learning. 
Chimham,  like  to  them, 
Ckios,  opcniijg. 


3    1 

Chiflcu ;  raflinefs,  confidence. 
Chittim  ;  btuifers,  golden. 
Chloe,  green  herb. 
Choraziii ;  the  myfterics. 
Cuflian-rifhathaim  ;  the  blackncfs  of  ini<|ur- 

ties. 
Chuza^  vifion,  prophecy. 
Cilicia  i   rolling. 
Clau'la;   lame,  mournful. 
Clement;  mild,  merciful. 
Cleophas;  learned,  chief. 
ColoiTe  i  whitening,  punifliment. 
Coniah  ;   (lability  of  the  Lord. 
Corinth ;  lati.-fied,  ^^dorned. 
Cornelius;  horny,  fun-beam. 
Cofbi ;  liar.  Aiding  away. 
Crefctns ;  growing. 
Crete  ;  cut  off,  carnal. 
Crifpus,  curled. 
Cu(h,  Cufhan;  black. 
Cvprns,  fairnefs. 
Cyrene  ;  a  wall,  coldncfs,  meeting. 

DABBASHETH  ;  flowing  with  honey, 
Dagon  ;  corn,  fifh. 
Baimanutha ;  exhaufting  leannefa. 
D^lmatia ;  vain  brightnds. 
Damaris ;  little  woman. 
Damalcus ;  bloody  fack,  Cmilitude  of  burn-^ 

ing. 
Dan,  Dtinah  ;  judgement. 
Daniel ;  judgement  of  God. 
Dara  ;  race  of  fheplierds,  or  wickednefs. 
Dathan,  Dothan.;  laws,  rites. 
X)avid,  Dod  ;  dear,  beloved,  uncle. 
Deborah,   Paberah,   Debirj    oracle,  wordi 

thing,  bee. 
Decapoiis;  ten  cities. 
Dedan  ;  their  breafls  or  friendfliip. 
Delilah  ;  fmall,  .poor,  bucket. 
Demas ;  popular. 
Demetrius;  belonging  to  Ceres  the  goddcft 

of  corn. 
Derbe ;  a  fting. 
Deuel ;  knowledge  of  God. 
Diana  ;  light-giving,  perfeft. 
Dibon  ;  abundance  of  underflandlng. 
Ditlyraus;  a  twin. 
Dimon  ;  red,  bloody. 
Dinhabah  ;  giving  judgement. 
Dionyfius ;  divinely  touched. 
Diotrephes ;  nnurilhed  by  Jupiter. 
Doeg  ;  uneafy  adior,  fifherman. 
Dor,  Dura  ;  generation,  dwelling. 
Dorcas  ;  female  of  a  roe-buck. 
Drufilia  ;  dew-watered« 
Dumah ;  lilencc,  likenefi. 

EBAL,  or  difperfed  heap. 
I     Ebed-melcch,  fcrvant  of  the  king. 
Eben-ezer,  ftone  of  help. 
Eber  ;    palTage,  fury. 
Ebialaph  ;  gathering,  father. 
Ed,  witncfj. 

£dco^ 


353cn,  plcaTure* 
vEdom,  red. 

Edrei ;  great  mafs,  cloud  of  the  wicked. 
Eglah,  Eglon ;  heifer,  chariot,  round. 
£hud,  the  praifc-  or  praifed. 
"TEkron,  barrennefs,  torn  away. 
Hah,  Elath;   an  oak,  curfe,  ftrcngtk. 
Elam ;  fecret,  virgin,  an  age. 
^TEI-bethel,  the  God  of  Bethel. 
lEldAd,  favoured  of  God. 
"^Xlealeh,  afcenfion,  or  offering  of  ^God. 
Xleazer,  Eliezer;  htflp  of  God. 
Hhanan,  God  is  gracious. 
XH,  my  offering. 
tEli,  Eloi ;   i  ly  God. 
■31iab,  my  Gud  is  a  father. 
-  jElirira;  knowledge  of  God. 
XIi  '-kim  ;  my  God  arifes  or  revenges,. 
Eiiam  ;   my  God's  people. 
JElias,  or  Elijah  ;  my  God  is  the  Lord. 
CEliafhib;  my  God  will  bring  back. 
jEiiathah  ;  my  God  comes, 
ilihoreph  ;  my  God  of  winter  or  youth. 
Sliha  ;  himfelf  is  my  God. 
JElika ;  pelican  of  God. 
Slim-,  llrong  ones,  rams,  harts,  valleys, 
\!Elimelcch ;  my  God  is  king. 
tSliphalet ;  my  God  of  deliverance. 
Eliphaz  ;  the  endeavour  of  God. 
SlKhcba,  Elifabeth;  oath  of  God. 
31i{ha,  Elifhua  ;  extenfive  falvatioo  of  Gqd. 
-SliQiah  ;  lamb  of  God. 
TElifhama ;  my  God  hears. 
Slihud  ;   my  God  be  praifed. 
.Elizur  ;  my  God  is  a  rock. 
.Xlkanah  ;  God  is  jealous,  or  ppffefTcs. 
.Elnarhan  ;  God  hath  given. 
Eion  ;  oak,  grove,  ftrong. 
\Elul;  outcry, 
Eluzai ;  God  is  my  fwengt-h« 
lElyaias;  forcfrer. 
JEnums;  terrible  one«. 
Em  maua  ;   hot  baths, 
Jimmor.,    See  Hanior. 
En,  or  Ain;  eye  or  fountain. 
Sndor;  fountain  of  race,  dwelling, 
^r.fas  ;  praile- worthy. 
;Aii  cglami ;  fountain  or  eye  of  calves,  cha 

Tioti.,  or  roundntfs. 
Er  gedi;  well  of  the  goats,  or  happinefs. 
Zr.-mifhphat ;  well  of  judgement. 
Enoch;  teaching,  drdicattd. 
Emn  ;  fountain,  dark  ma-s. 
Eonfti ;  milerable,  deliberate, 
inrogel ;  the  fuller,  or  traveller's  welL 
Enfhemefli ;  the  fun's  well. 
Epaphras  ;  foamy. 

Epaphroditus ;  agreeable,  handfamc« 
Epenetus ;  praifc-worthy. 
Erbal*.;  weary,  flying. 
Ephraim,  Ephrath  ;  very  fruitful. 
Ephron  ;  duft. 
Epicurus;  giving  affiftance. 
Hr;  watch,  enemy 


H    1 

E  raft  us  ;1ovcly. 

Erech,- length,  health. 

Efarhad.lon  ;  binding  joy,  or  the  point. 

Efau  ;   perfeAly  formed. 

Efck ;  contention. 

Eihbaal,  Ethbaal ;  fire,  or  man  of  Baal, 

Efhcol ;   bunch  of  grapes. 

Elhtaol ;  a  ftou'^  woman. 

Efh  emoa  ;  hearing,  woman's  bofom. 

Eili ;  near  feparated. 
-  Efrom,  or  Hezron  ;  dart  of  joy,  divifion  of 
long. 

Efther  ;  a  ftar,  excellent  myrtle. 

Etam  ;  their  bird -or  covering. 

Etham  ;  their  ftrength,  or  fign. 

Ethan,-  Ethanim ;  ftrong,  valiant. 

Ethiopia ;  burnt  face. 

Eubulijs;  prudent  in  counfel. 

Eve  ;  living,  enlivening. 

Evil-merodach  ;  foolifti  Mcrodach. 

Eunice ;  gt^od  vj^ftory. 

Euodids;  fweet  favcTbr, 

Euphrates;  frudiifying. 
'Eutychus;  fortunate. 

Ezekiel ;  God  is  my  ftrength. 

Ei:el ;  near,  walking,  dropping. 

Ezion-geber;  wood,  or  counfel  of  mac. 

Ezra  ;  help,  a  court. 

FEI.IX;  profperous,  happy. 
Feftus;  joyful. 
Fortunatus;  lucky. 

GAAL;  contempt,  abomination. 
Gaafti  :  ftorm,  overthrow. 

Gabbatha  ;  high,  elevated. 

Gabriel ;  God  is  my  excellency. 

Gad  ;  a  troop,  good  fortune. 

Gadarenes ;  walled  in,  hedged. 

Gadaiel ;  my  troop  or  fortune  is  from  God= 

Gaius;  earthy. 

Galatia;  white,  milky. 

Galeed  ;  heap  of  witnefs. 

Galilee  ;  heap,  rolling,  wheel. 

Galiim  ;  heapers,  rollers. 

Gallio;  liver  on  milk. 

Gatam  ;  their  lowing,  or  touch. 

Oath  ;   wineprefs. 

Gath-rimmon  ;  prefs  for  promegranateso' 

Gaza,  or     zza  ;  ftrong,  goatifti. 

Geba  ;  a  hill,  cup. 

Gebai;  boundary,  limit. 
,  Gebim  ;  graftioppers,  high  ones. 
•■  Gedaliah  ;  greatncTs  of  the  Lord. 

■Gehazi ;  valley  of  fight. 

Gemanah  ;  accompliftiment  of  the  Lord. 

Gcnncfaret ;  garden  of  the  prince. 

Gera,  Gerar  ;  pilgrimage,  difpute. 

Gergafcnes;  who  come  from  pilgrimage,  oi 
difpute. 

Gerizzim;  cutters. 

Gerftioni ;  ftranger  there. 

Gerllion;   change  of  pilgrimage. 

(ieihur  ;  valley  of  oxen. 

dether 


Gether  ;  valley  or  prefs  of  rnqtiiry. 

Gethfemane  ;  v  iUey  or  prefs  of  oil. 

C^iah  ;  diredion,  figh. 

Gibeah,  Gioeoti  ;  the  hill. 

Gideon  ;  bruiting,  breaking'. 

Gilhoa  ;  heap  of  inflamed  fvvclUng. 

Gilead  ;  heap  of  witnefs. 

Gilgal ;  rolling  away. 

Giloh,  Gilon ;  rejoicing,  overturning. 

Gittaim  ;  tvvo  preffes. 

Gob ;  gralhop^'cr,  ciftern,  height. 

Gog  ;  roof,  covering. 

Golan,  Goliath ;  heap,  rolling,  difcovery. 

Gomer  ;  finilhing,  confoming. 

Gomorrah  ;  people  rebellious  and  fearing. 

Goflion  ;  appioaching. 

Gcaan  ;  fleece,  nourifh'ment. 

Gur  ;  whelp,  dwelling,  fear. 

HABAKKUK;  embracer,  wreftler. 
Hachahah  ;  waiter  for'  the  Lord. 
Hadad  ;  joy,  outcry. 
Iladadezer  ;  joyful  outcry  of  hefp. 
l^adadrimmon;  joy  or  cry  of  pomegranates. 
Hadar  ;  beauty,  chamber. 
HadaiTah  ;  myrtk-trec. 

Hadoram ;  a  cry  lifted  up,  their  cloah  or  power. 
Hadrach  ;  -chamber,  or  beauty  of  tendernefs. 
Hagar  ;  a  ftrangcr,  fearing. 
Haggai ;  folemn  feaft. 
Haggith  ;  folemn  rejoicing. 
Ham ;  heat,   brownnefs. 
Haman  ;  noife,   preparation. 
Hamach  ;  heat,  anger,  wall. 
Wa'man.gog  ;  multitude  of  Gog. 
Hamor ;  an  afs,  clay,  wine. 
Hatiiutal;  his  heat  of  dew, 
Hanameel,  Hananecl ;    grace  and  pity  from 

or  of  God. 
Hananiah  ;  the  grace  and  gift  of  the  Lord. 
Hannah,  Hanun ;   gracious. 
Hanoch.    .  See  Enoch. 
Harau  ;  hilly,  finging,  hot  wrath; 
IJarod;  trembling. 

Haroftieth  "j  dumbnefs,  deafncfs,  tillage. 
Halhmonah  ;  embafly,  prefent. 
Havilah  ;   painful,  bearing. 
Havoth  ;  villages. 
Hazael;  beholding  God. 
Hazarmaveth  ;  court  of  death. 
Hagelelpeni;  forrow,  or  plunging  of  the  fice. 
Hazeroth;  courts,  villages. 
Hazor ;  court,  hay. 
Heb.r  ;  paflir  over,  wrath. 
Hebron  ;  fellowfhip,  enchantment. 
Helam  ;  their  army,  a  dream. 
Helbon ;  fatnefs,  milky. 
Hcldai  ;  worldly. 
Helkath-hazzurim  ;,  field  of  rocks,  or  ftrong 

men. 
Heman ;  trouble,  tumult. 
Hen  ;  grace,  reft, 
Hephzibah  ;  my  delight  is  in  her. 
Hermes;  gain. 
':krmcs».;  curfe,  dcftradion. 


r    15-  T 


tterod  ;  glory  of  the  Ikin. 

Hefhbon  ;  invention,  foon  built* 

Heth  ;  fcur,  tr£mbling. 

Hettilon;  fearful  dwelling. 

Hezrkiuh  ;  the  ftrength  and  fupport   of  iiia 

Lord. 
Hezron.     Sec  Efrom. 
Hiddckel ;  fharp  founding. 
Hiel ;  life  of  God. 
Hierapolis ;  holy  city, 
Higgaion,  Hegai ;   meditation. - 
Hilkiah  ;  the  Lord  my  portion. 
Hillel;  praifer,  foolifh. 
Hinnom  ;  their  ftirieking. 
Hiram,  Huram ;  their  whitenefs,  or  liberty^ 
Hivites  ;   lively,  fcrpcnts. 
Hobab ;  favoured,  beloved. 
Hobah  ;   friendfhip,  fecrecy,  debt. 
Hoddiah,  Hoda-viah  ;  the  Lord's  praife. 
Hoglah  ;  her  feftival,  throwing. 
Hophni  ;  covering  me,  my  fifk. 
Hor ;  conceiver,  (hewing. 
Horeb  ;  dry,  defert,   ruinous. 
Horhagidgad  ;  hill  of  fortune; 
Hori  ;  free  man,  wrathful. 
Horam,  Hormah  ;  curfe,  ruin. 
Horon,  Horonaim  ;  raging,  wrath. 
Hofea,  Hofhea  ;   Saviour. 
Hul;  piin,  fand,  birth,  hope. 
Huldah ;  habitable  world. 
Hupham,  Huppim ;  bed-covering. 
Hur;  white,  hole,  liberty. 
Hulhai ;  hafte,  filence,  fhame. 
Huzzab,  molten. 
Hymeneus ;  belonging  to  marriage, 

JAALAM  ;  hidden,  young  man» 
Jaazaniah ;  attention,  balance,   or  no»^ 
iihment  of  the  Lord. 
Jabal  ;  producing,  gliding  away. 
Jab'bok  ;  emptyings  difpeiiing. 
Jabefh  ;  drynefs,  (hame. 
Jabez ;  forrow,  trouble. 
Jabin ;  undcrftanding,  building, 
Jachin;  eftabliiher. 
Jacob,  James  ;  heeler,  fupplantcr. 
Jael ;  a  kid,  afcending. 
Jau  ;  everlafting,  felf-exiftent. 
Jahaz;  quarrel,  difpute. 
Jair ;   the  cnlightencr. 
Janna  ;  anfwer,  afflidlton,  poverty, 
Japheth;  perfuafion,  enlargement. 
Japhia ;  enlightening,  groaning. 
Jareb ;  contender,  revenger. 
Jared ;  defcending,  rulir-g. 
Jaihcr;  upright,  righteous. 
Jafon  ;  healer. 

Javan  •,  deceiving,  forrowful,  clay,  dirt. 
Jaztr  ;  helper. 
Ibhar ;  chofen  one. 
Ichabod  ;  where  is  the  glory  ? 
Iconium;  coming,  likenela. 
Iddo  ;  his  power,  praife,  ornament,  or  wit- 

Idumea, 


Idumca,  ias  Edom. 

Jebus ;  trading,  contempt. 

Jedidiah;   well  belovf  d. 

Jciiuthun  ;  who  gives  praife,  his  law. 

Jejjariahadutha  ;  heap  of  witnefs. 

Jthoahaz;   the  Lord  fees,  or  takes  poflL-fTion. 

Jeh'^afli,  Joafli;   fire  or  offering  of  the  Lord. 

Jehoiachin,  Jeconiah;    preparation    or  efla- 

blifliment  of  the  Lord. 
Jehoiada ;   praife,  or  knowledge  of  the  Lord. 
Jeholakini ;  theLord  will  eftablifh,  or  raife  up. 
Jehonadab,  Jonadab  ;  the  Lorvi  gives  freely. 
Jehoram,  Joram ;  the  Lord  will  exalt. 
Jehoftaphat;  the  Lord  will  judge. 
Jehovah  ;  felf-exifting,  giving  being  or  ex- 

ift'^nce. 
Jeuovah-tzidkenu;  the  Lord  oiir  rightc- 

ouinefs. 
Jehu  ;  himfelf,  exifting. 
Jehudijah  ;  praife  of  the  Lord.' 
Jemima  ;  handfome  as  the  day. 
Jephthah  ;  the  opener. 
Jephunneh  ;  the  beholder. 
Jerah ;  the  moon,  the  fmcll. 
Jerahmeel,  tender  mercy  of  God. 
Jeremiah  ;  exaltation  of  the  Lox-d. 
Jericho  j  his  moon,  his  fmell. 
Jerimoth  ;  heights,  rejedions. 
Jeroboam  ;  the  contender,  or  increafer  of  the 

people. 
Jerubbaal  j^  let  Baal  plead. 
Jerubbcfiiech ;  let  fhame  plead.  i 

Jerufalem,  vifion  of  pcrfedl  peace. 
Jerufha;  inheritor,  banilhed. 
Jefhimon  ;  defolation,  defert. 
Jelhurun  ;  upright, 
Jeffe ;  my  prefent. 
Jefui ;  equalj  proper,  flat  country, 
Jefus,  JefhuH  ;  a  Saviour. 
Jether,  Jethro ;  excellent,  remaining,  fearch. 
Jetur  ;  keeping  order,  hilly. 
Jeufh  ;  gnawed,  afTembled. 
Jew  ;  of  Judah. 

Jezebel ;  ifle  of  the  dwelling  or  dunghill. 
Jezreel  ;  feed  of  God. 
Jezrahiah  ;  the  Lord  arifes  brightly. 
Igdaliah ;  greatnefs  of  the  Lord. 
Jidlaph  ;  dropping, 
Ijon;  eye,  well. 
lUyricum  ;  rejoicing. 
Imlah ;  fulnefs,  circumcifion. 
Ijnmanuel;  God  with  us. 
India  or  Hodis ;  his  praife.  ^ 

Joab,  fatherlinefs. 
Joah,  brotherhood. 
Joannah,  grace  or  gift  of  the  Lord. 
Job;  weeping,   fobbing,  hated. 
Jochcbed,  glory  otthe  Lord. 
Joel ;  willing,  commanding,  fwearing. 
Joezer,  helper. 
Joha,  enlivening. 

Johanan,  John;  grace  of  the  Lord. 
Jokfhan ;  hard,  fcandalous. 
Jonah;  a  dove,  opprcfUng. 


16    ] 

Jonathan,  the  Lofd  halh  gi-verj-, 

Joppa,  or  Japho  ;  comdinefs. 

Jordan ;  defcent,  river  of  judgement. 

Jorim:   the  Lord  exalts,    or  cafls. 

Jofe ;  raifer,  pardoner,  faviour. 

[ofeph;  addition,  increafe. 

Jofhua,  the  Lord  the  Savioun 

Jofiah,  the  Lord  burns. 

Jotham,  perfedion  of  the  Lord. 

Iphediah,  redemption  of  the  Lord, 

Ira;  city,  wartch,  fpoil,  pouring. 

Irad,  wild  afs. 

Irijah,  fear  or  fight  of  the  Lord. 

Ifaac  ;  laughter,   joy. 

Ifaiah,  falvation  of  the  Lord. 

IfcaR  ;  anointing,  covering. 

Ifcariot,  man  of  the  bag,  hire,  or  murder. 

Ifhbak  ;  empty,  forfaken. 

Ilhbibenob  ;  fitting  in  force,  in  word. 

Ifhboftieth,  man  of  (hame. 

I{hi;  my  man,  my  falvation. 

Ifhmael,  God  will  hear. 

Ifrael,  princely  prevailer  with  God. 

Iffachar ;  hire,  rccompence. 

Italy,  calves. 

Ithamar,  ifle  of  palm-trees.  ' 

Itheel ;  God  comes,  God  with  me. 

Ithream,  excellency  of  the  people. 

Iturea  ;  guarded,  mountainous. 

Ivah,  pervcrfenefs. 

Jubal ;  produce,  trumpet. 

Judah,  the  praife  of  the  Lord. 

Julia,  foft  and  tender  hair. 

Junia  ;  young,  belonging  to  June 

Jupiter,  Lord  and  helping  father. 

Julius,  righteous. 

KADESH,  Kedesh;  hollnefs. 
Kadefh-barnea,  holinefsof  the  fugitive 
fon,  i.  e.  Ifiimael. 

Kedar ;  blacknefs,  forrow. 

Kedemah  ;  eaflern,  begiiming, 

Keilah  ;  the  divider,  cutter. 

Kemuel,  God  has  raifed  him. 

Kenaz ;    this   neft,    poffefllon,    or  lamenta- 
tion. 

Keren-happuch,  horn  of  painting. 

Ketnrah  ;  perfumed,  incenfe-burner. 

Keziu,  Caflia  ;  furface,  angle. 

Keziz,  furtheft  end. 

Kibroth-hattaavah,  graves  of  luft. 

Kidron.     See  Cedron. 

Kir,  Kirjath,  Kcrioth;   city,   wall,   calling, 
reading,  meeting. 

Kir-harelheth  ;  city  of  the  fun,  or  with  walls 
of  burnt  brick. 

Kiriathiim,  the  two  cities. 

Kirjaih-arba,  city  of  Arba. 

Kirjath-arim,  city  of  watchers. 

Kirjath  baal,  city  of  Baal. 

Kirjath-jearim,  city  of  woods, 

Kirjath-fannah,  city  of  bulhes,  or  hatred. 

Kirjath  fepher,  city  of  books,  or  letters. 

Kilh,  Kilhoui  hard,  flraw,  old,  entangling. 

Kittim. 


KIttlffl.    See  Chittlm. 

KcNatb  ;  aff... iv.lv.  obedience,  bluntnefs. 

Kurah  ;  bald,  'rozen,  calling. 

Kulhaiah;  hard  cfs,  or  chain  oi  the  Lord. 

LA  AD  AN,  for  pleafure. 
Laban  ;   white    a  brick. 
I^acliilh  ,   walker,  iclf-exiftcr. 
L.ahmi  ;  my  bread,  or  war. 
Lailh,  a  lion 

Lamech  ;  poor,  debafed,  ftricken. 
Laodicca,  juU  people. 
L.df)t(k)th,  lamps. 
L  zarus ;  helpleis,  helped  of  God. 
X.eah,  wearied. 

Lebanon  ;  white,  frankinceufe. 
Lcbbeus,  ftron;4-htarted. 
Lehabim,  flames. 
Lchi,  jaw  bone. 
Lemuel,  God  is  with  them. 
Levi,  joined,  affociated. 
Libnab,  Libni ;  whittnefs. 
Lybia,   Lubim  ;  hearty. 
Li     s,  nets. 

L    cbc\r    begetting  ot  the  word. 
L(h.  ^-tt:r. 

L'  t ;  >vfapt  up,  myrrh,  rofin. 
Lii-  •      i-uke,  Lucius;  light  giving^. 
Lii  •'    •;  morning-ftar,  light  bringer. 
L,\  -J     'epaiation,  almond,  or  hazzle-buflx. 
Lycaooja,  full  of  wolves. 
Lydda  or  Lod,    l^ydia  or  Lud ;  begetting  ; 
birth. 

MAACHAH    fqueezlng. 
Maafeiah,  work  of  the  Lord. 
Macedonia    liftCvi  up. 
Machir;  underftand>ng,  felling. 
Machpelah,  double. 
Maofdala  ;  a  tower,  greatnefs. 
Magog  .  covering,  meMng. 
Mahaialeel ;   nraiied  God.  nraifer  of  God. 
Mahalath  ;   nielodiou"- fong,  iiifirmity. 
Maranaim,  two  armi  -s. 
JVIj^  banc -dan,  ca;  p  of  Dan. 
JMaftier  (halal- .  afh  baz  ;     haftening    to    the 

fpoii,  he  hailens  to  the  prey. 
Mahlah,  Mahler. ;  fong,  infirmity. 
Makkeoah  ;  proftration,  adoring. 
Malchani     their  king, 
Malchiel,  iiod  is  m>  king. 
Malchifiiua,  my  Ki'  g  is  a  faviour. 
Mammon  ;  riches,  multitude. 
Mapiire;  rebellious,  changmg,  fat,  high, 
MaPaen.     See  Menahem., 
Manna,  prepared  portion. 
Manoah  ;  reft,  a  prclent. 
Maon,  dwelling. 
Marah,  bitrctneft. 
Mark  ;  polite,  fhining. 
Mary.     Sec  Miriam. 
>Mafrtkah  ;  whiftling,  hiffing, 
MafTah ;  temptation,  trial. 
Matrimv  ;  a  prifou. 

T»L.II. 


»7    1 

M.  tan  ;  gift,  reins,  their  death. 

Mcttathias,  Matthias,  Matthew;  gift  of  the 
Lord. 

Matthat ;  gilt,  giver. 

Mebunnai  ;  the  builder. 

Mtdad  ;  meafure,  juice  of  breafls. 

M.  dia  or  Madai ;   lucalu'e,  coverinfj. 

Meguido  ;   declarint^,  preci  ms  fr.  t,  fpoil, 

Mehctabeel ;  ho  '   good  is  God? 

Mehujacl ;  proclaiming  God,  or  blotted  out 
and  f'liirren  of  God. 

Mclcch  ;  a  king. 

Melchi-zcdek  ;  king  of  rightcoufnefs. 

Mclita ;  refuge,  honey. 

Memphis ;  drooping,  honey-comb. 

Menahcm,   Manaen;   comforter. 

Mcne  ;  he  has  numbered. 

Mepnibolheth  ;  from  my  mouth  proceeds 
fhame. 

Merab  ;  fighter,  multiplier. 

Merari ,  bitter,  provoking. 

Mercurius ;   merchant. 

Meribah  ,   ftrife. 

Meribaal ;  ftrife  of  Baal. 

Merodach-baladan ;  bitter  bruifing  of  Baal, 
the  lord;  bruifeci  myrrh  of  the  old  lord  or 
judge. 

Merom  ;  high  phce,  lifted  up. 

Meroz ;  fecrct,  leannefs. 

Meihech,  Mefhach  ;  drawn  by  force  fur- 
rounded. 

Meftitlemiah;  peace,  perfedlion,  or  rccom- 
pence  of  the  Lord 

Melopotamia ;  between  the  rivers. 

Mcfliah,  anointed. 

Mtrf>ufael;  death  is  hell. 

M>  rhuftitlah  ;  his  death  produces,  at  his 
death  ftiall  be  the  breakin,^  out,  vIt.  oi 
the  flood. 

Mi-: ah;  poor,  hunible,  ftricken. 

Michaiah      Michael  ;  who  is  like  God. 

Michul  ;  who  has  all,  all  is  wacer. 

Micha.ilh  ;  the  poor  or  ftrikcr  is  taken  a- 
way. 

Midian,  Medan  ;  judgement,  hatit,  covering. 

M;gron ;  fear,  farm,  throat. 

Milcah  ;  queen. 

Milcom  ;  their  king. 

Miletum  ;  red,  fcarlet,  foft  wool. 

Millo;  filling  up. 

Minni,  Minnith ;  numbered,  prepared. 

Miriam,  Mary;  exalted  bitternefs  oi  the  fea, 
lady  of  the  ;ea. 

Miftiael;  who  is  aflccd  for,  God  takes  away. 

lV1ilre})hoth-maim  ;  burnings  of  waters,  melt- 
ing furnaces. 

Mitylene  ;  purity,  prcfs. 

IVIizar  ;  little. 

Mizpeh,  Mizpah;  a  watching. 

Mizraiit    ;  tribulatmos. 

Mnaion  ;  a  diligent  leckcr,  a  rememberer. 

Moab  ,   cl  the  lathe: 

Moladah ;  generation,  birth. 

(C)  Molech, 


Alolecli,  Moloch,    Malluch,   Malchus  i    the 

k'wo. 
Moroecai ;  bitter  bruifing,  myrrh  bruifed. 
Aloriah  .  dodlrine,  or  fear  of  the  Lord. 
Moieroth;  teachings,  corredtlons,  bonds. 
Mofes  ;  <irawn  out  of  the  water. 
Mufhi :  toucher,  withdrawer. 
Myra;   tiowing,  weeping, 
Myfiii ;   criminal,  abominable. 

NAAMAN,  Naamah;  comely,  pl^fafant. 
Naboth,  N(.baioth;  fruits,  worus,  pro- 
plv.  ies, 
Nadab  ;  voluntary,  princely,  free. 
Nagge  ;  brightnefs. 

Naiiarai,  Nahnr ;   hoarfe,  hot,   dry,  angry. 
Nahflion,  N.ihalh  ;  ferjTent,  i\^retelling,  bra- 
zen. 
Nahum,  Naum  ;  comforter,  repenting. 
jN  in  ;   beauty,  pkafantnels. 
Naomi ;  my  agreeable  plcafantnefs,  my  come- 
ly one. 
Naphifh  ;  refrefhing  the  foul. 
Naphtali ;  my  wretlling. 
NarcffTus;  flujudity,  furprifc. 
Nathan ;    giver,  gift. 
Nathanael,  Nethaneel ;  gift  of  Goil. 
Nazareth  ;  kept,  flower,  branch. 
Neapolis  ;   new  city. 
Nehst;  beholder. 
Ncbo  ;  fpeaker,  prophet,  frudlifier, 
Nebuchadnezzar;   Nebo's  conqueror  of  trea- 
sures :  Nebuchadrezzar  ;    Nebo's  roller  of 
treafures  :    others  think,  it  fignifies    tear?, 
groans,  and  trouble,  of  judgement. 
Nebuzaradan  ;    Nebo's  winnower  of  lords  or 

judgement. 
Necho  ;  fmitten,  lame. 
Nehelamite  ;  dreamer. 
Nehemiah ;    comfort   or   repentance   of  the 

Lord. 
Nehuftita,  Nehufhtan  j   brafs-work,  ferpent, 

(outhfaying. 
Ner  ;  bright  lamp,  land  new  tilled» 
Neri ,  my  light. 
Neriah  ;  light  of  the  Lord. 
Nethinims  ,  given,   confecrated. 
Nicanor  ;  a  conqueror. 
Nicodemus ;    innocent  blood,    conqueror   of 

the  people. 
Nicolas,    Nieolailans;    conquering  the   peo- 
ple. 
Nicopolis;  city  of  vi<ftory. 
Niger  ;  black. 

Nimrim  ;  leopards,  change?,   rebellions. 
Nimrou  ;   rebellion,  ruler's  lleep. 
Nimfhi  ;  refcued,  touching. 
Nineveh  ;  pleafant  dwelling. 
Nifan  ;  flight,  itandard,  trial. 
No;   dwelling. 

Noadiah  ;  witnefs,  aflembly,  or  ornament  of 
the  Lord. 
■'Noah;  reft,  comfort. 
Neb;  prophecy,  difcourfe^ 


8    T 

Nobah ;  barklnjf.        * 

Nod  ;  vagabond,  wandering* 

Nohhah  ;  totreriMg 

Noph.     See  Memphis. 

Nun  ;  fon,  pollericy,  eternal. 

Nymphas ;  bridegroom. 

OBAniAH  ;  fervant  of  the  Lord. 
Obal,;  old  age,  fiux. 
Obed  ;'  a  fervant. 
01)c '-edom  ;  a  fervant  of  Edom. 
(Jbil ;  old,  brought,   v/eepiiig. 
Ocron  ;  diOurher.  * 

Odcd  ;  to  lift  '  r  hold  up. 
Og;  a  cake,  bread  baked  in  the  afhe?. 
Ohel  ,  tabernL-c?l'e,  brightnefs. 
Oiympas  ;  heavenly. 
Omar,  Omri;  commanding,  fpeech. 
Hhomri ;  (hi  af  of  corn. 
On,  Onan  ;  pain,  force,  iniquity, 
Oncfimus  ;  profitable. 
Onefiphorus  ;  briiigrnj»  prgfit. 
Ophel ;    tower,  obfcurity^. 
Ophir;  abounding  with  aflies, 
Ophrah  ;  duft,  lead,  a  fawn: 
Oreb  ;  a  raven,  evening,  mixture. 
Othniel ;  the  time  of  God. 
Ozeni;  falling,  eagernefs. 

PAARAl,  Peor;  hole,  opening. 
Padan-aram;  palace  of  Syria,  or  Syria 
of  the  two,  /.  e.  rivers. 
Pagiel,  intercefhon  with  God. 
Palet,  Paki,  Phalti;  deliverance,  flight. 
Pamphylia,  all  tribes^ 
Paphos ;    hoc,  boiling-. 
Paran  ;  beauty,  glory.  t 

Parmenas,  abidrng. 
Parofh  ;  a  flea,  fruit  of  moths. 
Paruah;  flouriftiing. 
Palhur;  extending  the  whole,  whitencf?,   &r 

freedom. 
Patara,  interpreting  oracle. 
Pathros,  corner  of  dew  or  water. 
Patmos ;  turpentine-tree,  fqueezing. 
Patrobas,  father's  fteps. 
Pau  ;  crying,  appearing. 
Paulus,  Paul ;  little. 
Pedahzur,  redeeming  rock. 
Pedaiah  ;  redemption  of  the  Lord, 
Pekah,  Pekahiah  ;  opening  of  the  Lord. 
Peldtiah  ;  deliverance  or  flight  of  the  Lord. 
Pdeg,  divifion. 
Pelethites  •,  judges,  deftroyers. 
Peniel.   Penuel,  Phanuel ;  face  of  God, 
Penmnah  ;  peanl,  precious  Hone. 
Perga,  very  earthy. 
Pergamos  ;   height,  raifing  up. 
Pcrizzites,  fcattered  in  villsgcs. 
Perfians,  Perfis,  Parthransj  divided,    horfe*- 

men. 
Peicr,  a  rock. 

Pethuel,  enlargement  or  perfuafion  of  God, 
rhallu  j  admirable,  hidden. 

Phar;^, 


( 


l*harcz,  Perazim ;  breaking  forth  violently. 

Pharpar,  Parhaf ;  frDitlul. 

Phebe  ;  fliinjng,   pure. 

Phenice  ;   red,  purple,  palm-tree. 

Phicliol,   completed  mouth 

Philadelphia,  love  of  brethren. 

Philemon  :   afFec^Lionate  kifler. 

Philetus ;   beloved,  efcaped. 

Philip,  Philippi ;  love  oi  horfts. 

Philiftine<=;,  Paleftiiie ;  rolling,  wrapping, 
digging,  fearching. 

Phi'ologiis,  lover  of  learning. 

Phinehas,  beholding  truft  or  protedion. 

Phlegon,  burning. 

Phrygia ;  dry,  barren,  burnt. 

Phurah  ;  growing,  fruitful. 

Phygelliis;   little,  fugitive. 

Pihahiroth  ;  pats  of  Hiroth,  opening  of  li- 
berty. 

Pilate    armed  with  darts. 

Pinon,  Punon  ;  beholding,  pearl,  jewel, 

Pirathon  ;  fcattering,   breach,  revenge. 

Pi.gah  ;  hill,  height,  fortrefs. 

Pifidia  ;   pitchy. 

Pifon  ;  changing,  doubling,  wide  motith, 

Pithon  ;  ptrfuafion,  gift  of  the  mouth. 

Pontius,  Pontus;  of  the  lea-. 

Prilca,   Hrilcilla;   ancient. 

Pro  horus,  chief  of  the  choir. 

Puah      corner,  groaning,  appearing. 

Pudens,  fhame- faced. 

Pul ;  beau,  deftrudion. 

Pur,  lot. 

Put  or  Phut,  fatnefs. 

Pu  :el,  God  is  my  fatnefs. 

Pureoli ;  (linking,  little  wells. 

QUARTUS,  the  fourth. 

RAAMAH;  thunder,  bruifing. 
Rabbah  ;  greatnefs,  contention, 
Rab,  maRer  :   Rabbi,  my  mailer. 
Rachil;   injurious,  perfuming. 
Rahab  ;   proud,  quarrelfome,  largenefs, 
Rakkath,  Rakon      empty,  fpittle. 
Ram,  R.miah,  Ramath,    Arimathea ;    high, 

lifting  up,  rejected. 
Ramathaim-zophim,    double  Ramah  ot  the 

watchmen. 
Rapha,  Raphu ;  healing,  loofing. 
Reba  ^  the  fourth. 
Rcbekah  ;   fatted,  pacified. 
Rechab  ;  fquare,  riding  chariot, 
Regem  ;  ftoning,  pnrpie. 
Rehabia,  the  Lord  will  extend. 
Rehob,  Rehoboth  ;  flreet,  widenefs, 
Reh'  boani,  enlarger  of  the  people. 
Rehum  ;  merciful,  friendly. 
Re  I,  my  friend. 

Rcniali.ili,  the  Lord  exalts,  or  rejedl«, 
Rcrr  nion,  Rimmon ;  height,  pomegranate* 
Rtjhael,  God  heals. 
Re|ji.aini ;  giants,  healers,  relaxer?, 
Rcphiaim,  beds  of  reft. 
Rslep,  a  bricflf. 


9    1        ..  . 

Reu  or  Ragau,  nis  friend, 

Rtuel,   Raguel;   friend  of  God. 

Reuben,   fee  a  fon. 

Re-  mah,  lofty. 

Rezin  ;  voluntary,  runner. 

Rczon  ;  lean,  fmall,  lecret,  prince, 

Rhegium,  breach. 

Rhcla  ;  will,  courfc. 

Rhoda,  Rhodes;  a  rofe. 

Riblah  ;   budding,  fifting, 

Riphath  ;   healing,  rcIeaCc. 

RilTath  ;   watering,  dewy. 

Rizpath  ;  bed,  coal,  free  flone. 

Rodanim  ;  dcfcending,  commjndIn<^. 

Romamti-ezer  ;  exalting,  help. 

Ronie  ;  ftrength,  height 

Rofh  ;  head,  beginning  poifon. 

Rufu«,  red. 

Ruhamah,  having  obtained  mercy. 

Rumah  ;  exalted,  rejc6led. 

Ruth  ;  drunk,  fatisfied. 

SABEANS.     See  §cba,  Shcba. 
Sabta,  f)irrounding. 
Sabtecha  ;  furrounding,  or  caufing  to  flrike. 
Salah.     See  Shelah 
Salamis  ;   peaceful,  toITed. 
Salathiel,  Shealtiel;    afked  of  God,    loan  of 

God. 
Salem,  Salim,  Salmon,   Salome ;    peaceable, 

perfedl,  reward. 
Samaria;  guard,  prifbn. 
Sam  la  ;  raiment,  left  hand. 
Samos,  fandy. 
Samfon  ;  fon,  fervice. 
Snmuel,  afked  of  and  lent  to  God, 
Sanbaliat ;  (ecret  bulb,  or  enemy. 
Sanfannah ;  bufhy. 
Saph,  Suph,  Sippai  ;  rufhes,  end,  flat,  thr€« 

{hold,  bafon. 
Saphir,  Sapphira ;  relation,  book. 
Sarah,  lady  ;  Sarai,  my  lady. 
Sarfechim,  mafter  of  the  wardrobea  or  per- 
fumes. 
Satan,  burning  adverfary. 
Saul;  afked,  lent,  grave,  hell. 
Scythian  ;  bowman,  tanner. 
Seba,  Sabeansj  drunken,  furrounding,  old, 
Sebat,  Shebet ;  twig,  fceptre,  tribe. 
Segub  ;  fortified,  raifed  high. 
Seir,  Shaarim  ;   hairy,  goat,    devil,  tempcftj> 

barley,  gate. 
Semei ;  hearing,  obedient. 
Sennacherib  ;    bufli   of  the  fvvord,  droughf, 

or  folitude. 
Sepharvaim  ;   the  two  books  or  fcribes. 
Serah  ;  lady  of  fcent,  morning  Oar. 
Seraiah  ;   prince  or  fong  of  the  Lord. 
Serug,  Saruch  ;  branch,  twining 
Seth,  Sheth  ;  placed,  appointed. 
Shaalbim,  Shaalbin,  Shaalbon ;  pertainiog 

foxes. 
Shaalim ;  foxes    fifts,  paths, 
Shaa'.ifha;  three,  third,  prince. 


r  20  1 

Shadrach ;  tender  nipple,  a  follower  of  Shach     Silvanus,  woody. 


the  I  jol 

Shallum,    Shalman;    peaceable,    perfe6l,  re- 
■w  .rder. 

Shalmancfer;    peace,  perfedlion,    or  reward, 
■  chained  ;  perftdion  of  Affyrla. 

Shamgar;  ailomflied,  ftran^er. 

fihdn.huth,    Shammah  ;  dclolation,  aftonifli- 
menr. 

Shamir,  Shemer ;  prifon,  bufh,  lees,  thorn. 

Shammuah  .  heard,  obeyed. 

Shaphan  ;  rabbit,  their  lip. 

Shuphat,  judging^. 

Sharai ;  my  prince,  my  fong. 

Sharazer  ;  mafter  of  the  treafury. 

Sharon,  a  prmcely  plain. 

Shafhak,  fixth  bag  ol  linen. 

Shaveh  ;  a  plain,  equality. 

Sheariah  ;  gate,  or  florm  of  the  Lord. 

Sheba,    Shebna ;    captivity,  converfion,    re- 
calling Irnm  captivity. 

Shechem;  (houider,  part,  early, 

Shcdeur,  dcftroyer  of  fire. 

Shekel,  weigh. n^. 

Shelah,  Sala;  fending,  reft. 

Shelemiah  ;  perfection,  peace,  or  reward  oi 

the  Lord 
Sheleph,  drawing  out. 
Shelomith,  Shuiamite ;    peace,  perfedion,  or 

recompence. 
Shelumit  1 ;  God  is  my  peace,  perfe<51:ion,  and 

reward. 
Sbem,  Sem;  putting,  name,  renown. 
Shemaiah  ;  hearing  of  the  Lord. 
Shenrariah  ;  guard,  or  diamond  of  the  Lord. 
Shemebtr  .  name  of  llrength,  or  wing. 
Shemida  ;  nanie  oi  knowledge. 
Shemiranioth  ;  names  of  exaltations. 
8hen  ;   tooth,  ivory,  change 
Bhenir;  fleeping,  or  renewed,  lamp. 
Sheva  ;  vanity,  height,  tumult. 
Shibboleth;  Itream,  bridge,  ear  of  corn. 
Shichron,  drunkennefs,  gift,  wages. 
Shiloah,  Silo^m  ;  fent. 
Shiioh;  peace,  tllvation. 
Shinieah,  81  unei  ;  hearing,  obedient. 
Shinar ;  flidki'g  out. 
Shiphrah ;  iiauufome,  trumpet. 
Shittim  ;  thorns,  turners  away. 
Shobab ;   turned  back. 
Shobach,  Shophach  ;  a  dove-houfe. 
Shoah  ;  a  pit,  fwimmiug,  humiliation,    me- 

Imitation,  fpeech. 
Shual;  fox,  fill,  path, 

Shunem;  their  change,  repeating,  or  fleep. 
Shur ;   beholding,  wall,  ox. 
Shuflian,  Sufanna  ■,  lily,  rofe,  joy. 
Shutlielah  ;  planting,  drinking  pot. 
Sibmah,  Shebam  ;  turning,  captivity,    reft. 

Old  age. 
Siddim,  bruifed  fields. 
Sihon ;  rontino  out,  conclufion. 
Sihor,  Sliihor;  blacl-:.  trouble,  early, 
Silas,  or  Tertius ;  the  third. 


Simeon,  Simon;  hearing,  obedient. 

Sin,  Smai,  Seneh,  Sivm  ;  bufh. 

Sion,  orShion;  noife,  tumult. 

Sirion,  breaft-platc. 

Sifera,  view  of  horfes  or  fwallows. 

Smyrna,  myrrh. 

Sodi,  my  fecret. 

Sodom  ;    their  fecret  :    but  in  the  Arabic  It 

fignifie  ,    hidden  pit,    anxious  defire,  .re« 

penr.ncc. 
Solomon,   the  fame  as  Shelomith. 
Sopater,  Sofipater  ;  favmg  the  father, 
Sorfk;  hilfii/g,  yellowifli,  vine. 
Softhenes  ;  ftrong  fa-.-iour, 
Spain  ;  rabbits,  precious. 
Stephanas,  Stephen  ;  a  crown. 
Succoth,  Socoh;,  tabernacles. 
Succoth-btnoth,  tents  of  daughters. 
Sur,  departure. 

Sufi,  •<  y  horfe,  moth,  or  fwallow. 
Sychar,  Jrunkennefs. 
Syene,  tiie  fame  as  Sin. 
Syntyche  ;  feliowfhip,  converfe. 
Syracufe ;  violent  drawing. 

''Y  AANACH;  thy  humbler,  anfwercr,  or 

I        affl.der. 
Taanath-fhiluh,  fig  producer. 
Tabbaoth,  funk  deejT. 
Tabbath,  goodncfs. 
Tabeel,  God  is  good. 
Tabitha  ;  clear  fighted,  wild  goat. 
Tabor  ;  choice,  purity. 
Tabrimmon ;  good  pomegranate. 
Tad  -.or  ;   paim-tree. 
Tc.lmai,  Telem ;  furrow, 
Tamar,  palm-tree. 
Tammuz  ;  concealed 
Tanhumeth  ;  comfort,  repentance. 
Tarfhilli;  blue-coloured,  making  poor^ 
Tartak,  chained  up. 
Tartan  ;  their  law,  or  inftrudion. 
Tatnai,  overieer  of  prefents. 
Tebah  ;  butchery,  cookery. 
Tebeth,  goodnefs. 
Tekel,  weighing. 

Tekoah ;  found  of  the  trumpet,  or  fufpcnfion. 
Tel-harfha.  heap  of  the  plow. 
Tel-melah,  heapoflalt. 
Tcma,  Ttmnn  ;  admiration, perfedlion,fouth. 
Terah,  brca'hing  fcent, 
Teraphim ;  images,  balenefs,  reproach. 
Tertullus;   a  cheat,  crefled  finger, 
Thaddeus  ;  praife,  confeflion, 
Thah;:fh  ;  haftening. 
Thamah  ;  blotting  out. 
Thebcz  ;  muddy,  egos,  fine  linen. 
Tht-ophilus,  lover  oi  God. 
Theffalonica ;  vidtory  over  the  Theffalians. 
Theudas,  the  fame  as  Thaddeus. 
Thomas  ;  a  twin,  found. 
Thyatira  ;  daughter,  facrifice  of  bruifing  hy 

boa.'-. 

Tiberias, 


Tiberias,  Tiberius ;  from  the  river  Tiber. 

Tibni ;  my  ftraw,  or  underftanding. 

Tidal ;  knowledge  of  high  things,  breaker  of 

the  yoke. 
Tiglath-pilczer;  the  captivating  work  of  Pul 

the  Affyrian;  or  the  wonderful  binder  of 

captives. 
Timnath  ;  figure,  reckoning. 
Timcus,  Timon ;  perfe»5l,  honourable. 
Timotheus,  honour  of  God. 
Tiphfah,  paflage  over. 
Tirhakah  ;  inquirer,  dull  lawgiver. 
Tirzah,  well  pleafing. 
Tiflibeh,  turning  back. 
Titus,  honourable. 
Tob,  goodnefs. 

Tobiah  ;  goodnefs  of  the  Lord, 
Tob-adonijah  ,  the  goodnefs  of  the  fupport- 

ing  Lord. 
Togarmah  ;  bony,  breaking  of  bones. 
Tohu,  living  and  declaring. 
Toi,  Tou,  wandering. 
Tophel ;  ruin,  folly,  taflelefs. 
Tophet ;  a  drum. 
Trophimus,  well  educated. 
Tryphena,  delicious. 
Tryphofa,  very  fhining. 
Tubal;  confufion,  world,  bringing  back. 
Tubal-cain ;    Cain    Ihall    be  brought  back ; 

worldly  poffeflion. 
Tychicus,  fortunate. 
Tyrannus,  reigning  prince. 
Tyre,  or  Tzur  ;  the  rock,  flrong. 

UCAL,  prevalent  power. 
Ulam  ;  their  folly,  the  porch. 
Ulla  ;   lifting  up,   burnt -offering,  leaf,  little 

child. 
Unni ;  poor,  afflicled,  anfwerer. 
Ur  ;  light,  fire,  a  valley. 
Urijah,   Uriah  ;  light  of  the  Lord. 
Uriel,  God  is  my  light. 
Uthai,  my  time. 
Uz,  council. 
Uzzen-iherah  ;  the  attention  of  the  reft  ;  the 

ear  of  flelh. 
Uzzah  ;  ftrength,  goat. 
Uzziah,  the  Lord  is  my  flrcngth. 
Uzziel,  God  is  my  ftrength. 
Vafhm,  the  fecond. 
Vophli;  fragment,  leflening. 

ZABBAT ;  my  flowing. 
Zabdi;  my  portion,  or  dowry. 
Zaccai,   Zaccheus  ;  pure,  juft. 
Zachariah,  memory  of  the  Lord. 
Zachur,  Zacher;   remembered. 
Zadok ;  righteous,  juftified. 


I    1 

Zaham ;  crime,  hlthmcfs. 

Zalmon,  Zalmonah ;  Ihadowy,  Image, 

Zalmunna  ;  fhadow,  or  tinghng  of  prohihi' 
tion,  or  commotion. 

Zamzummims,  projcilors  of  crimes. 

Zanoah  ;  forgetfulnefs,  dcfertiou. 

Zarah,  Zerah ;  eaft.  brightncft,  rifiug 

Zarephath;  cafting  of  metals,  a  crucible  ;  rc/^ 
fining. 

Zcbadiah,  Zebedee;  the  Lord  h  my  por- 
tion. 

Zeboim  ;  painted,  deer,  ferpents, 

Zebul,  Zebulun;  dwelling. 

Zedekiah,  righteoufuefs  of  the  Lord. 

Zeeb,  wolf.  /  j 

Zelek,  noify.  I 

Zeiophehad,  the  fliadow  of  fear.  L 

Zelotes,  full  of  zeal  and  jealoufy.  ti 

Zelzah,  noon-tide.  t 

Zenas,  living.  g 

Zephon,   Z  phaniah  ;  the  fecretof  the  Lord.  i 

Zephath,  Zepho,  Zephi,  Ziphion  ;  behold- 
ing, covering. 

Zereda,  Zcredatha  ;  ambufti,  plan  of  powec 

.Zeror  ;  binding,  .root. 

Zeruah  ;  leprous,   wafp. 

Zerubbabel ;  ftranger  in  Babel;  alien  from 
confufion. 

Zeruiah  ;  pain,  or  chain  of  the  Lord. 

Ziba,  Zibiah  ;  army,  battle,  ftag. 

Zibeon,  painting. 

Zichri ;  my  remembrance  or  male, 

Zidon ;  hunting,  fiftiing,  venifon. 

Zif;  brightnefs. 

Ziklag  ;  meafure,  preffed  down. 

Zillah  ;  (hadowy,  tingling  of  ears. 

Zilpah  ;  dropping. 

Zimran  ;  fong,  vine,  pruning. 

Zimri  ;  my  pruning  vine,  fong. 

Zin ;  buckler,  coldnefs. 

Zion,  Sion  ;  a  dry  fepulchral  heap. 

Zior  ;  fhip  of  the  watcher. 

Ziph  ;  falfity. 

Zippor,  Zipporah,  Zophar ;  turning  about, 
bird,  goat. 

Zithri ;  my  leannefs,  my  herb,  favoury. 

Ziz  ;  flower,  branch. 

Zoan  ;  motion,  laying  up. 

Zoar,  Zair,  Zior,  Zuar  ;   fmall,  chief. 

Zobebah  ;  fwelling. 

Zophah,  Zophim,  Zuph  ;  beholding,  honey' 
comb,  roof,  covering. 

Zorah ;  leprofy,  fcab. 

Zur  ;  ftoiic,  rock,  from  edge. 

Zuriftiaddai ;  the  Almighty  is  my  rock,  or 
ftrength. 

Zuzims;  pofts  of  a  door,  fplendor,  bcautjr.' 


THE      END. 


.yii. 


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